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CONTAINING THE REPORT OF Till': A(JEXT OF THE UMTElJ s'I'ATEH: PROTOCOLS OF 'J'ME COXFFRl'.XCKS ; niX'ISlOX AXl) AWAlilt (>F THE TRIBUNAL; OPLXIOXS OF THE AinHTl.'ATOl.'S ; REi'LV OF THE SECliETARYOF STATE, ACKNOWLEIXilNG THE RECEH'T OF THE REPORT OF THE A(iEXT OF TIH', rxm]]) STATES. ANJJ COMMEXJTXO FPOX THE OPIXlOX OF JHE ARBITRATOR APPOIXTED BY HER BRITANNIC MA.IES'l'Y ; REPORT OF TFH: COFXSEL OF THE UXITEl) S'lWrES : *■ OPINIONS OF Sl'ATKSMF.N, MAliAZINK.y AND .IGUHN'ALS ol- lUlLlAT P.ltlTAIN AN'I) TUK fuNTINF.NT ON TKF, CON- ST1U!CT[()N I IK TIIR TkKATY. ^- ,**«— -:r2!:j:::iv '5/ "-X -.MES^ WASHINGTON: GOVERNMEH^T PRINTING OFFICE 1872. TAWIA'] OV (a)X'I^KXTS. I I. li<'i)t)rt ot'.r. C. HiiiKToft Davis, a^'Mit of the Unitcil Stat«'s Award ami imttocols traiiHinitted A(,ti()ii of Joint Hijili Comiiiissioii on tlio indirect claims Protocol of May 4, 1H71, and statement of claims In liarmony with all nrevions action No ex(!ei»tion taken hy Uritish commissioncis Definition of "Alabama claims" in the jirotoccd l)indinj; on the a<;i'nt l'rei)aration of case I'rivate claims classed as indirect Emi)loyment of Mr. Ueaman His fidelity Arraiif^ement of the evidence J'reparation of case ; |)rincii)hs adoitted The tribunal u judicial body Case to be 8tateublicists I'resident Woolsey Mr. William Beach Ijawrencc Mr. E. li. Hoar (ieiuMal Cushing The Cabinet Last chai)ter not submitted for advice No claim made for a particular sum for indirect damages; tribunal ask(Ml to estimate Delivery of the case at fJeneva Language of the case mild Comments of the liritish jtrcss Action of the liritish government .Contemplated re(|uest for withdrawal of the American ca.^e '^')pinion of the continental jtress favorable to the United States .I'.xchange of the counter case 1 idustry and zeal of the secretaries 1 lieiidly view s of the ]iritish agent The argument by the counsel regarded as masterly ... Uiiited States argument Hied Brii ish move for long adjournment Conseiiuent negotiations Adjudication on the indirect claims Friendly feelings on both sides Briti.«h argument tiled ; motions for further argument Opinions on the Florida Supphiiuental arguments ordered and made Decisions of the tribunal Damages Aw aid Determination to aw.ird a sum in gross Counstd advise at every stage Independence and ability of neutral arbitrators Due (Ulinrence ; what was claimed by I'nited States Positum of Great Britain .' Views of Count Sclopis Decision of the tribunal Unfriendliness of Knglaml ; views of (,'ouut Sclopis Views of Viscount dTtajiiba Views of Mr. Adams His impartiality 1 1 1 I 1 1 I •J \> o •> ■2 ;> .") (! i; () t> () (> c 7 7 7 7 7 7 H H H H H H l» '.» !> 9 10 10 VI TAI5LE or CONTF.NTS. I. K'('|)i>il III' .1. ('. liiincrof'l Davis — CoiitiniiiMl. J'ln'cct of a (■(iimnission ; position of the I'liitfil Stale-: JJritisli iMisif ion American rejoinder N'icws of N'isconnf (ritajiilia l)('(!i.sioii of tlie tiilmiial Supplies of coal ; lM)sitioii of IJie lliired Stales Decision of tile tiiWunal \'i(!\vs of Mr. Adams ^'ie\vM of Count Sclopis A'icws of Mr. Staemjilli \'i()\vs of \'isc()unt (I'ltajulia ^Iunicii)al laws of Knj^land cannot lie set. np in JuHtiliciition Tile tribunal jiass upon tlio Suuiter, Nashville, A:c., ii()*\vith.standin;f Brit- ish olijectioiis Sir A. Cockburn's dissent in;;' o])iijion H(! is the. representative of (ireat Uritiiin.. His char}j;es against the American counsel 'I'liey need no vindication No o|)])ortnnity offered to consider or object to the cliar]u;es JIo charjjes the case with abuse and hostility The reasons for those <-liar :{. Delivery of American arjiument ; IJritish motion lor adjournment 4. Adjournment ;"). Arbitrators declare indirect claims not a subject for couiputation of dam- i>K«^ : t). The United States acquiesce in the decision 7. Decision made official. British argument filed. Sir K. I'almer ni()\es for re-ar. < )rdcr of i)roceedin};s lU. Same subject. Mr. Staem]»lli's paper ; Sir A. Cockburn's renewed motion for argument n. The Fhnida 12. The Florida i;{. Sir A. Cockburn's iuoti(ni for argument denit'd : the Alabama 14. Argument ordered as to due diligence, effect of commissions and .su)i- plies of coal : the Alabama ir>. IJritish arguments submitted: Sumter, Nashville, and Chickamanga 1(>. Tallaliasseo and IJetribntion 17. Oral argument of Mr. Evarts 15. Arguments of Mi. Evarts and General Cnahing 11>. lietributimi : argument ofMr. Waite 20. Sallit*, Jeff. Davis. Music, IJoston, and V. H. Joy 21. Effect of commission ; new evidence submitted bv (Jreat Britain 22. The ( Jeorgia ". 2H. The Shenandoah ; new tables i)resented by the agents 24. The Shenandoah ; argument ordered on the eft'ect of the entry of the Florida into Mobile 2r>. Lord Tenterden's statement about tables presented by Mr. Davis ; argu- nients as to Florida ; decisions as to Sumter, Nashville, Retribution, Georgia, Tallahassee, Chickamanga, and Shenandoah 26. Lord Ttiuterden presents new tables ; decisions as to Florida, Tuscaloosa, Clarence, Tacony, and Archer; Mr. Davis replies to Lord Tenterden's remarks on the American tables 27. Claims for expenses for pursuit of cruisers, for prospective profits, and for gross freights rejected 2*^. Argument ordered respecting int(;rest 29. Mr. Staemptirs statement, and Sir A. Cockburn's memorandum regard- ing a sum in gross ;W. Regarding draught of decision ;U. Form of decision adopted ; Viscountil'ItaJuba respecting supjdiesof coal.. 32. Signature of awnrJ and dissolution of tribnmil I'm;.'"'. 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 n. 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 ^•^ v^ V.i 14 14 14 15 If) 1*5 17 19 19 20 21 2;') 20 27 2H 29 29 :)(» : \2 i:{ i:{ r,i V.i v.\ 14 14 14 ir> 15 i(> 17 11) u» '^0 21 2;') 2(3 27 2H 21> •>{) :?o :u :5i :?2 :{2 ■x\ :y.\ :u 34 Ik") 30 37 43 III. I)f(isi(iii anil iiwunl 40 K.'iitiils 40 Award ["O i>nr (lili};tiicn .">'• Kll'fct of a cKiiimisNioii 'mi l',xtiTiiti>rialit,v <'!' vcsscIm of war ">(• I'jVcct of want ol' notifc ">0 Sni0 licspoiisiliility tor acts of Alabama T)! ]vc.s|)onsil>ilif.v for acts of Florida .M HcsponsiUIHty fur tlic acts of tin; Slicnandnali aflcr Icavinj^ Mclboniini .. .")2 licsponsihilitv for tlio acts of tlio Tuscaloosa, Clarence, 'I'acony, and Arclicr ..-■- .' -Vi \o icsponsibility for the Kctiihution, (icoijfia, Snnitcr, Nashville, Talla- liasscc. or C'lii Aanian<;a "'2 Tiic Sallic, Jctf. Davis, ^lusic, iJostoii, and V. H. Joy not, taken into con- sideration ;'>•> Claims for cost of imrsnit not allowed "):> Sann: as to itrospective earnin<;s T)'.! ( )nly net freijihts allowed oM I'ifteen and a lialf millions awaided for conii>ensation . ,. •"):> I\'. r)j)inions of tin? arbitrators .')."> ()j)ini7 Hritish unfriendliness <>2 ^'essels wliicli liave received commissions <)0 Su]>l)lies of coal 74 Tlui Alabama 7r> The Shenandoah f^l Th.^Fhnida 0(i ())iiiuons of \'iscoiint dTta,iul)a Ot! l''Jl'ect of a commission Oti 'i1ie Florida 'M The Alalianui 00 The (ie()rjj;ia, .Sumter, Nashville, K'etribution, Tallahassee, and Chicka- mau <.)pinions on the (luostions of law as to wliicdi the tribunal of arbitration leipiested elucidation 101! Kulesof the treaty take precedeiicu 103 (Questions to )»e d»!Cided 100 Definition of facts 100 A'essels whose acts arc to be a The .Sumter 134 The lietribution 13s Ojiiuions of Mr. Adams 141 Due diliy;ence 141 The effect of conimissicnis 140 .Supplies of provisions and coals 148 The Florida 150 The Alabama 17 1 The Tuscaloosa 18J The Geoiffia 187 The Shenandoah 100 The Sumter 208 The Nashville 212 The Chickamauga 214 The Tallahassee 21.5 The Retribution 217 Oi)inioii8 of Sir Alexander Cockbnrii 2:10 Causes of cuiuplaiut broujjlit forward by the Uuited .Slates 230 Kules of the treaty of Washington 230 Ditticulty arising from the treaty 231 Elemeiitx of iieiitralitv 2^54 VIII TAMM-: 01' CONTKNTH. 1\'. Opinions of tlif ailiitnitors — ('(intiiiucil. 01)ii;juti(inH (if tlh' nt'Utral state •2:i4 Olilif^a lions of tlic sul •,)('(• ts of a nt'iitial state )i'M Lial>ility of tlie statt^ Ibr acts of its siilijects M'M Jtijflits (if neutral sulijects in resjieet of trade 'iW^i l)ill'crenc(!liet\veeM ii state and its sulijects in it';;ard to trade )i'.\'t Kllect of war on neutral trade 2'M\ i{loc.kad(i and contraiiand of war 'S.17 DilleriMit \U-\v 2W M.IIautefeuillt! MW.) No oliliij;ati(in on lUMitral {roveiiinuMits to iireveiit trade in eonli'a'iand of war, or \vitli lihx l;!;) I'assivo C()ninieic(! of the neutral '^11 Liiuipredi 'JAl A/Auu ilA2 Massc' t>4-2 M. Ortolan "iA.i ireirtcr i>4:; I'rofessor Uluntsclili '^V.i Sir U. I'hilliniore '^44 M. llaulefeuille ^44 J'ractic(! in former wars !i4ri Auu-rican ant liori ties ^4") I'urdiase of contraiiand of war liy tlui Gcjvernuient of the I'liited States. "247 J{(!sult of discussion '^47 Sale (if slii|>s "247 I'rofessor Hlunlschli '^47 Opinion of Dana "^48 Opinion of M. Ortolan '•24'.» Opinion of rrofessor J{lunts(dili ^i.'t Opinion of M. llolin .Ja((|Ui'niyus. 'i.'iO Opinion of liie Judj^es of Kn;:laud. 'J.')! (.'ase, of tli(3 Sanlissinia Tiinidad '-i'll .Iud<;uient of Mr. Justice Story '2.') I Case of tlie (irau I'ara 'J.'i'^ American review 2^\2 Opinion of Mr. Adams , '2^^^^ Question as to iiroliibilion of sale of articles contraiiand of war '2W,\ Sliii) (if war sent Moans at disposal of government '265 Action of government iiUii Errors of j udgnient '2t)7 Dehiy......... ^Gl Seizure of vessels 2(17 Judicial miscarriage 2()8 Liability for acts of subordinates 2(58 Municipal law of Great Britain 27(1 Foreign-enlistment act 27(» I'reventi vo law 271 Comparison with American acts 271 Preventive powers of British and American acts 271 British act of 1H70 275 Negotiations for amendment of the foreign-enlistment act during the civil war 2-" TAUI.L OV CONTENTS. IX cf •j:(4 MM MM M-Xt •r.\r, Mm m:\7 MX) a:«» m:\[) y4i Mil ii42 M'iM MA.\ MV.\ Ml.i MU MU M4:> Mi7 ■247 •J47 •J4S ii41> m:>u M7,l Mra M'iM Mr>M 254 M-A •jr)r) •ir)-, 207 M'^H Mr>'j 2(12 2()4 •2(;r> 2t)r. Miii, ->()7 ■2{)7 2()7 2(:8 2(W 270 270 271 271 271 I'ugo. IV. 0|)iiiiinis (if tlio nil)itinfMrs— Cnntimiod. C'iiiii)'iii!.suii witli forcij^n laws 277 Law -if A list rill 27 .' Law (if l'niH>.ia 27H Law (il Swjt/.i rlaml 27 f< Law of I'raiicn 27H Law of Hfliiiiim 2Ht Lawof tlif Nrllu'iiainls 2^0 La\N of Spain 2H() Law of I'.irliiMal ami IJia/il 2H1 Law of Italy 2rt2 Law of Dciiinark 2H:$ Law of Swfdfii 283 Law of liiissia Mri'.\ Law ah to jiiIn atfciN 2815 ('oiii|)aiisoii lictwffii (iitat Hiitaiii iind UiiittMl iStatcH as to oliscrvaiKM! of uciitralitv 28H Lc;-islatioiM)f 171(4 2H!t Coiniiiaiiits of Spain 2H1> CoiiiiilaiiitHof rortn)j;al 2!»r. Aiiifri<'aii ai:t of l-<;ir! 2'JH Kx) It'll it ion of Lo])t'/, a);ain.st Cnba 21)!) WalUcr's t'X|i('(lition a);ainht Mexico and Central America liOl Fenian raids 'M)'.\ Kxpedition in aitl of the Cuban insurrection IJOfi Coni)daints of nii friendliness '.W'J Alli'j;ed e\ idence of unfriendly feeliiii; 151 1 Complaints of unfriendi.\ eonduet IJL5 AeUnowledj;nient of lielligeicney iUIJ VatKl ;u5 Hantefenille... :nr> I'rofessor lUnntscldi ;Ur> Mr. Ifan.i lUH Tile Saiitissinia Trinidad 15 17 AVliellier acknowledgment iirismatiire '.iVJ l»e((i;^niti li'euulatiousof .lliue 1, Ir^tll ;{:{1) L'ejiulations of :!lst January, 1^02 'XM) As to Nassau ." :M0 Aliened jiaitiality as to coaliufj; 1544 Su]ijilies of arms olitained fiH The Kappainmnock '.V)'.i The Amiihion 1554 The Hawk ;5r)4 Tim Ajax, the Hercules, the Virginia, tlie Louisa Ann Fanny 354 Anglo-Chinese tleet '. \ ;5r)r> General results '.\7yry Proceedings of other govern meuts 356 Brazil 356 !,,, Portugal 356 IT — B TAHl.K OF CONTKNTM. I \ . ( )|>iiiii>iiM ol' till' arltitratoi's — C.'oiiiiiiiii'il. 1 Fiiin 'I'lir StDiicwiill (.'i)iii|i|,'iiiils (if lilix'kiiili'-riiiiiiiii;; .S\iii|iiilhv ill tlm ciilDiiics A|ilili(';ilii>ii 111 |iai'li<'iilar vessels. The FIdiidii At liivci|)(iii At Nassim . . Allcjied reeruitiiien) dl' wow l''l(iiiila aCler leavin;^ (li'eeii Cay (^iiest mil as to ell'ec^t ol" yjoiii;;' into and n'maiiiiii;f at Moldle Alter Moliile (y'ase (if t lie United States rx. Del^niiiey (jMicstitin wliellier tlie Fldiida sluiuld liave lieeii seized (in aj;aiii eDininu. ill I II a ISrilisli pdrl, l''ill'i'el (if eiiniiiiissioiis on slilps of war . iSiiijis of war exierriloiial Helfler Si-' ]{. IMiilliniore Ortolan . l!ase of t lie ]';\elianjj(< C'oniinissioii of mere lielli^jerent KU'ect of a Helped violation of iKMitral teiritory llailtefeiiilU^ Ortolan Duty (if seiziny; for l)r(Ni(di of niiiniei|ial law Duty of excliKlin;^ iVoiii neutral ports C'as(! of tlie ('assitis Stay of lielli^^ei'ent sliips in neutral jiorts ; siiitjilies .if coal tiiere . i'ower of neutral sovereijj;!! \jA\v as asserteil liyt lie Ignited States VV'lietlier coaliiij; niaki^s a purr, a liasc of naval o|tei'ations Iiij;lit of as Imn Siil>ply of (Mai At Nassau At Nassau At nai'lvidoes At, Nassau At Hermuda At Mrest At Martini(]ii(! Aiiain at liermnda ...... The Alabama At liiverpool Alter lea vinu; Li ver))ool Arniin;>' off 'I'erceira At Martini(|ue. At .Jamaica At tlu! Cape of (lood 1 lope In the east(M'ii seas At (Mierbonrj? TuHc^aloosa Ooorfiia Shenandoah At Me]i)ourn(! Supi>ly of coal Meli)ourne a base of naval operations. After leaving; Melbourne Suuiter At Trinidad At Gibraltar At ]jiveri»ool Nasi) vi lie At Hermuda At Soutliami)ton . .. Afiain at H(!rnuida. Chickaniaiifja Tallaliassoi Ketribution IViU... :»:i: : 4i:{ 414 411; 41T 4lt> 411^ 4111 4-24 4-ir. 4-27 4;{(i 4SA 4:5:") 4:»7 4:nt 4:{it 44(i 447 4()(l 4ti2 4():'. 4()(> 4()8 471 472 47:» 477 4H4 4H!l 4S>7 4!>^ rio.-) ;')()() oi;? 51H 519 r)i!t 527 5J7 5;ui 5;n < '*^ SSBtsV" •i'Am,i: or cdN tknts. \i 356 :uir> :»;(; :«)7 :<(I7 4(1.") 4or. 4IMi t(ii; 4i»lt 4(»U 4111 410 410 411 41-^ 41'^ 41'^ 4 in 414 41(; 417 4lf 41H 411> ^•^'^ 42") 4-2". 4'i7 4:«> 4-SA 4: 4(>:'. 4tUi 4(18 471 47'2 47:> 477 4H4 4H!» 4!)7 4'.>r^ rio.-) ;")()() r.dc 51H 519 r)i<» 52-2 r.27 5.27 5;U) 5:u |\'. (>]tiiiic(iiH of till' ,irl)ili;itiiis --('iiiitiimi'il. CuscH III \\ hi I'll < ileal Itnliiiii lias Imtm hrlil rt-spdiisihlc As to I 111- a waul ol' a smii in yro.ss Amoiiiil oT claims ( 'jail lis lor <'ost ol ]tiir.-*iiil iinil rapliirc (Question of ii of tlic iti'liitrator appoiiileil liy Her Miitaiiiiic Majesty AckliowledLiill;; tlie receipt ol' tile re|iort The I'lesiil Ill's .approval ... The action of the arliitrators on tlm indirect claims •• Kntry of jndi^nient on the iiulirect claims KtVect of the jiidiiiiienl The award of the frilinnal The di;j;Mity and learnin;f of tiie arhilrators appi'int«ul l»y Italy, Swit/erland. and Hra/.il Mr. AdaniN itu'civcH Hm thanks of llor '■•ritaiinic- Majesty and of the I'nsi dent '....' The dissent iiiif opinion of Sir .Mexaniler Cockli ,rn ... This opinion not read or made known to his col leagues If the contents had been known it shoiihl li ;ve heeii objected to Sir A. Cockbiini |)rofi!sses to speak as the re]>resentiilive of (Sreat Mritain.. Resume of the |»ositionHhe maintains as the rcpresentati\ tMif (Jreal Mritain. Etl'ect of tilt) controversy in detininjj; neutral ri<;hts and ol»li;fations ... ... Till! importance of notinj; the views of tiie representative of ihe Mritish jjovcrnmnnt VI. Report of the (counsel of the United States VII. Ai»pendix : Opinions of statesmen, majjaziiuvs, anil Journals of (Jrcat Hritain and the oontinenl on the construction of the treaty of W'ashinjiliui .'>:((; 5:mi 5:c r.:{7 :t:i7 ,^:t7 '.:(!» .-.;«> .")4lt 540 541 541 .541 54a 5 l-J 544 54.'. 545 545 545 .54(1 .54(i .54(; 5»(; .'.4(1 .54(1 .54(1 54(1 547 547 54-^ .540 550 .551 [ -REPORT OF J. C. BANCROFT DAVIS, AGENT OF THE UNITED STATES. li E r () ]t T Actini. of juail hii{h rnininiHHinii on tlif iii»iirt'(jt rlditas. Mr. Davis to Mr. Fisli. Paris, September 21, 1872. (Received October 10, 1872.) Sir: I transmit herewith, in a separate inclosuro, the original award of the tribunal of arbitration, and, in another separate in- A«,r,i.in,i prou closure, the original protocols of the conferences. c.utran.m.tie,i. Having now conducted to fi successful termination the interests in- trusted to me by the President, 1 respectfully ask permission to make a statement respecting thon. At the conference of the joint high commissioners at AVashington, in vhich the subject of the Alabama claims was first consid- ered, the American commissioners, in their oi)euing state- ment,detined the demands of the United States against Great Britain, growing out of the acts of the Alabama, aiul the other cruisers, which were to be the subject of the negotiations, in the following lan- guage, viz: Extoiisivt' direct Iohhos in the ciiptur'j anil (Ifstrnction of a lari;!' n-iiubiM' of vcs.sel«, with tlit'ir (iar^joes, and in the heavy national expenditure in till) itnrsnit „ . , ,„ , ot" the ciiiiseivs ; and indirect injury in the transfer of a hir<;e part of the w\. .mj st.u-mcnf' American coiuinercial nuirine to the British Ihijjf, in the cnlianeed pay- "' '•''"""• nient of insurance, in the prolongation of th(> war, and in tiic addition of a largo sum to the cost of the war and the suppression of the rehellion. At the same time they indicated the manner in which some of these claims could be substantiated, viz: the claims for the loss and destruc- tion of private property in the ordinary ma'iner; the cost of the pursuit of the cruisers " by certiticates of Government accounting oflicers," and what they styled " indirect losses" by estimates. All the subsequent negotiations proceeded from this starting point. It has been shown, beyond possible question, in the argument of Gen- eral Gushing, Mr. Evarts, and Mr. Waite, presented to the ,„ h.m.ony «itu tribunal on the 15th of June last, that this definition of our anpr >'™^'"^^'i''- claims was in strict accordance with all previous negotiations between the two governments, with the action of the Senate of the United States, and with the official expressions of the President to Congress. The P»ritish members of the joint high commission took no exception to the definition when it was made by their American col- Nne„,i>mnMke,. leagues. They acquiesced in it. «.m„-r». VVlien I had the honor to receive the directions of the President to prepare the Case of the United States for submission to tin Dpfinitidti of "All!- tribunal, I regarded myself as bound by the definition of the p";;;;,!;.!;'',";!,.';^';;" words "Alabama Claims" which the American commission- ' """'•, ers had given in the opening conference, which they had adhered to throughout the negotiations, and which Iiad been placed in the protocol IB ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. Preparntion of <•»!*<' Pr'TatP claims rlii • ihi'ct HH ttidirt-'ct. His lulelilj-. by the joint mttot all the commissioners. I looked in vain in the treaty for any waiver or remission of those claims. On the contrary, I founll an express i)rovision that the United States were to have the judgment of the tribunal on ali their claims growing out of the acts of the cruisers. The question was a practical one : for the claims fc ' " enhanced rates of insurance" were among those which had been clas8ifieuhI B r i t i H li nM)ii!«t(>)>. Wfinl ot diT djli- KEPOKT OF THE AGENT OF THK UNITED STATES. the treaty y, I found judgment its of the Qced rates; I classified ed the ap- nimission. irtment ot ion of the ing out of iving that le time, to )f the evi lims. Mr. the hitter, work with collected, he several ual claim- :he Ameri- •ss and de- insurance i each ease tated and exactly as er of the ley were it Britain ucted on ies which el of the the argu- the arbi- bstituted powered )e settled herefore, court of would be United f any ap- haste in the in- Jt action jigress of Int of its. \\'h:a ;i(iM 111 «ul>- i.iriliiritc-* ;i rovitii- iDi-tit ni>t rt-^poMAibte l..r. neutrality laws, by its refraining for so long a time from seizing the rams at Liverpool, by its conduct in the affair of the Trent, and by its approval of the course of its colonial officers at various times; and that the individual members of the government, by their open and frequent expressions of sympathj' with the insurgents, and of desires for their success, had v?xhibited an ur:friendly feeling, which might att'eet their own course, .and could not but aft'ect the action of their subordinates; and that all this was a want of the "due diligence" in the observance of neutral duties which is required at once by the treaty and by inter- national law. It seemed to me that such facts, when proved, imbued with the char- acter of culpable negligence many acts of subonlinates in the British service for which, otherwise, the government might not be held responsible; as, for instance, acts of the collector of customs at Liveri)ool respecting tha Florida and the Ala- bama; acts of the authorities at Nassau respecting the arming of the Floridii at Green Bay, and subsequently respecting lier supplies of coal; acts of the authorities at Bermuda respecting the Florida; and acts of the authorities at ^[elbourne respecting the Shenandoah. There were many such acts of subordinates which, taken individually and by them- selves, would not form a Just basis for holding culpable a government which was honestly and witli vigilance striving to perform its duty as a neutral ; but which, taken in connection with each other, and with the proofs of animus which we offered, establish culpability in the gov- ernment itself. {d.) That the insurgents established and maintained, unmolested throughout the ilisurrection, administrative bureaus on British soil, by means of which the several cruisers werr dispatched from British i)orts, or were enabled to make them bases of hostile operations against the United States, and that the British government was cognizant of it. (e.) That Great Britain, from the outset, denied, and to the last per- sisted in denying, that the departure of vessels like the „,i,i,|, j„„,, „, Alabama and the Florida, under any cinnimstances, could ''''""'* be a breach of international duty ; and had refused to exercise diligence to prevent such departure. (/.) That in point of fact no such diligence had been exercised ; and that, while there were i^articular facts as to each vessel, tending to fix responsibility upon Great Britain, these general indisputable facts were sufiicient to carry responsibility for the acts of all the cruisers. The treatment of this line of argument exhausted five chapters of the (-ase. Tliese five chapters were printed in a memorandum form, and were submitted to several gentlemen, some of \y.n"'T>''"^l"lM' whose names I may mention without violating confidence; only remarking, in justice to them, that they should not be held respon- sible for the views in this part of the Case, by reason of having read it in advance. 1. They were sent to President AVoolsey, who made many valuable suggestions, most of which were adopted. 2. Mr. William Beach Lawrence, the eminent publicist, permitted me to consult him, not oidy after these chapters were Vtritten, but also during their composition. I did not adopt his well- known views respecting the Queen's proclamation and the unfriendli- ness of the British cabinet; nor do I suppose that he, knowing my coi. victions to be otherwise, had any idea that I would ado[)t them. 1 did, however, receive from him valuable hints, which improved the work. Maiiitt'nance of in rttirniMil ndinini'*tra- tivf b u r Hii It H (til i'..'tis|i Kuil ii want ot ,iiR' dihgi'nre. lidi'iit Wonlj-ey Mr. reiHc, ARniTKATlOX AT GENEVA. Mr. K. K. li'iM, MibmiUeil lor iul\ u ••. Nn claiiii iii.iilf (nr ii iirirtiriiliir sinii Inr nnlirt'rl tl;itM;i«''> - tnhunjil :isk'*«i \u t'-liin;iti'. 3. Mr. E. K. Hoar, one of the ineuiber.s of the Joint hi^li commission, read these chapters at my request, and expressed his gen- eral approval. J think that he made several suggestions, and that all were udoi)ted. 4. The veteran statesman and scholar, (ieneral Cushing, made several valuable contri1)utions, all of whicii were embodied in the (ii-MliT:iI f'll.-linn. , woik. 5. The different members of the Cabinet were consulted, and, so far as they made suggestions, their views were adopted. It is within your own knowledge that I received several valuable contributions or hints from you. It was not until I had thus received and acted on the advice of a wide circle of statesmen, jurists, and publicists, competent to criticise the work, of whose patriotic desire to have the interests of their country represented with dignity at Geneva no one could doubt, that the final chai)ter of the work was written. This chapter contained the formal statement of the claims submitted for adjudication under the treaty. Among them were those which have since be- (!ome known as "the indirect (ilaims." To prevent misapprehension it should be saiose of defining the claims to be submitted to the tribunal. Tliey were accompanied by references to the i)roofs respecting the individual claims, and the national claims for the ])ursuit of the cruisers; and with a request that the tribunal would estimate the natiQual losses in the transfer of the commercial marine, and in the prolongation of the war. And, in order that the statement might be com- plete, some reasons were added whj-, should the tribunal be of opinion tiiat (heat IJritain was responsible for the ])rolongation of the war, the l)rolongation should be diued irom July, 1803. The Case, as thus revised, was reprinted, and was, in accordance Avith iviv.ry of ii„ the terms of the treaty, taken to Geneva, and there de- '"'*'""'"' livered to the arbitrators and to the British agent in the official English, (and also in a French translation, made for the con- venience of the arbitrators,) together with seven volumes of accom- panying documents, correspondence ^ud evidence. Tl»e fa(^ts which were disclosed in the Case were, undoubtedly, such as The languiBc „, callcd for tlic rcprobatiou of j ust- thiukiug pcrsous but these ti,. c,,.,^ .„,.!. facts were told, so far as I was able to do so, in simple and temperate language, without harshness or violence. Nothing couUl have been further from my expectations than the outburst whicli 'fol- lowed. In about a fortnight after we left Geneva, it began to be said in the London newspapers that the good faith of the British government was called in question in the American Case, and soon the whole press, with the exception of the newspaper univer- sally recognized as the leading journal, opened an attack upon the chapter on unfriendliness. The Stand.ard thought we had "sacrificed the consistency and dig- nity of our pleadings to satisfy popular prejudice at home." The Tele- graph spoke of the " effrontery" with which the American demands were set forth, and said that " it must bo borne in mind that General Grant seeks re-election." The Saturday Review spoke of the narrative as "perverted and spiteful," and "a malignant composition," and said that " if the Americans wish to express still more hostile feelings, they must CfMnnii'ntr' British prrs^ Clf lli^ KEPOKT OF THE AGENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 5 mission, his gen- fcstions, '. several I ill the 1, so far il. It is valuable )f a wide icise the country the final a formal 111 under since be- nision it m as the guage of defining anied by national , request BS in the ongation t be com- opinioii war, the lice with here de- in the the con- accom- , sncli fis )ut these I pie and g could lich 'fol- d in the BritisU in Case, univer- pon the and dig- he Tele- leraands General arrative said that ey must \,Ii..r, .,1 th- liiilut) iV.-IIMIll'III. discontinue verbal controversy."' The Pall-Mall Gazette, usually fair and courteous, though hostile, charged that the claims had been bought up by "American legislators and officers of state oven among the higher and more influential grade." The Spectator charged us with "sharp practice," and " a discreditable forcing of the natural moaning of the treaty in order to win popularity at the elections." The Daily News <;alled the claims "extravagant demands intended as an electioneering card," and com[)laiiied thai the case was a " long and passionate plead- ing," in which "chapter after chapter is devoted to the presumed mo- tives of our [British] public men." In fact, fault was found indiscriminately with nearly everything in the Case except the one thing afterward made the main subject of com- plaint, namely, the allegation that it contained demainls which were not included in the submission in the treaty. That was an objection which did not appear in the British jiress until weekii after the exchange of the documents at Geneva, and, so far as I am aware, was not taken by any person entitled to speak by the authority of the government until a still later day. Even as late as the middle of Jaiuiary negotiations were going on between the respective agents and counsel regarding the times and the manner of making sui)plemental arguments at Geneva, (should the tribunal call for any,) without an intimation that there might be a difference as to the subjects to be argued. It was not until the 3d of February that the niiuistiy announced officially that they had not anticipated that theclaims which have im])roperly become known as the " indirect claims" would be ])resented at (Jeneva. Indeed, there is some evidence that the llritish government was occu- pied with the parts of the Case wMiich had offeuded the Brit- ish press ; for I gather from General Schenck's telegram of the liTth of rebruary, reporting to you an interview with Lord Gran- ville, that the cabinet had under consideration atone tinM» the i»ropriety of asking for the absolute withdrawal of the Aniericau Case, on other grounds than its presentation of the " indirect claims."' For several weeks, I may say months, the London press continued to nvened again, steps were taken for removing the difticulty" through the action of that body. In the proceedings which followed wo acted as a unit on our side. Happily they resulted in a solution by the tribunal, which proved to be acceptable to both governments. The A,,j, tiononih. arbitrators annouiuied their qjnnion that the claims known uuiirmohiims. jj ^^^^, JDdii'oct claims did not constitute, on principles of international law api/licable to such cases, good and sufficient founda- tion for an awaid of compensation or computation of damages between nations. On the side ofCJreat J'.ritain the solution was a practical one; no damages were to be awarded for this clars of claims. On our side the solution was reached in the mannei' i)ointed out by the treaty, viz, by the action of the co.irt. On the suggestion of the other side, this unofficial act was then formally enteied as an official judgment, in the following language: Coimt Sclopis, on behalf of fill tlie arbitrator.s, then (h^chued that rlie .suiil Hovcral oLaiiiiH for in»lii<'(t losses nuMitioned in the, statiiiiient made by the aj^ent of the United States on the 2'Ah instant, and referred to in the statement jnst made by the asout of Her Britannic Majesty, arc, and from luMieeforth will be, wlnilly exelnded from the eonsideration of the Tribnnal,and directed the secretary to embody tins declaration in the protocol of this day's proceedings. REPORT OF THK AGENT OF THE UMTED STATES. iiirections hit! lis of luslations ttod with •o(M> coni- ng, when 0. nd in tlic s govorii- 1 fi notice 5ty's gov- le British . But ho eft on my una! sub- li note of ent. vas occu- rgumeut. roughout terly vin- l counsel e United ch trans- 3 British or an ad- the two y of ad- nal. In- lierefore, it of two the tri • iftlculty owed w«i ution bv ts. The known iples of fonnda- ictweeii cal one 5 our side :ity, viz, (le, tliis , in the I (SO vera I o United iisout of from the ration in li b'>tl) Hid*H. i'.ritixh nrsmiM'fi', fi1«>d Motion tor I'lii V.uT ;irt,'uriiont. In all theye proceedings, I found the British agent and counsel sharing our sincere and earnest desire to save the treaty. The British urgunient was next filed, with my consent, and an effort was then made on their side to reopen argument and secure a new hearing on the whole (piestion. This was success- 'uUy resisted, and the tribunal took a recess for a fortnight. On Monday, the loth of July, it reassembled. The etforts on the )wrt of (iicat Britain to .secure re-argument were renewed. The neutral arbitrators said that they had examined the whole case, and that they wanted ik) re-hearing, It was decided by tlie tribunal to give the oi>inioii of tiie arliitratois sei-iatim on each cruiser, beginning with the •l-'lorida. Sir Alexander Cockburn presented the facts and reasoning atVc'^^ing rliis vessel at an extreme length, holding (heat Britain ,„„„„„„ o,, ti, . Vee of blame. , The other arbitrators held her responsible, '^'""'''■ reserving, however, the question as to the eft'ect of a commission. Sir Alexander Cockburn, then, in vigorous language, and with great warmtli of manner, urged tlie tribunal to permit an argument upon the meaning of the words " due diligence," upon the effect of a commission, and upon the law respecting the supplies of coal. The tribunal granted the request. I was, myself, in favor of allowing further arguments, within some defined scope. 1 thought that we had nothing to lose by an argument, in whi(;h we. had the reiily, in the hands of such :iiasters of discussion as General (Jushing, Mr. Evarts, and Mr. Waitc. The hearings were ordered, and, before the dissolution of the tribu lal, arguments had been made (alwavs on the suggestion of England) on the following points, the British counsel '"' ..-..i-. ur.i,.,v.i 'eading and ours following: 1, on the meaning of the words "due diligence;" 2, on the effect of a commission on the offending vessel; .!. on supplies of coal; 4, on the recruitment of men for the Shenandoah, at Melbourne; 5, on the effect of the entry of the Florida into the port of Mobile ; (I, on the subject of interest ; 7, on the general subject of the statement of claims. These arguments were presented generally both hi the English and the French languages. The protocols which accompany this dispatcii show the order in which tiieso various papers were delivered, and the order in which the arbitra- tors considered the various cruisers. It was not until after the argu- ments on the first four subjects that the formal votes required by the treaty were taken separately upon the responsibility of Great Britain as to each cruiser. The tribunal decided unanimously that there was responsibility for the a(;ts of the Alabama. Count Sclopis, j\[r. Stiimiilli, and Mr. Adams held that there was re- sponsibility for the acts of the Shenandoah after leaving jMelbourne, but not before. Great JJritain was released from resiKinsibility as to tin- other vessels, except the Florida ; 3rr. Adams holding that there was responsibility for the acts of the lletribution, and 3lr. Sti'im])lli holding ilirit there was responsibility for the acts of that vessel only so far as related to the I'mily Fisher. The formal vote on the Florida was taken at a subsequent conference, after agument by counsel on the special question of the effect of the entry into Mibile. Count Sclopis, Viscount d'ltajuba, Mr. Stiimpfli, and Mr. Adams held there was responsibility for her acts. The deliberations of the tribunal, on the subject of damages, were held with closed doors. The arbitrators asked each party for comparative tables, which were furnished. On our side. t><'risif>nl of l\f Dair.a«i;> 8 AKIJITRATION AT GENEVA. A v.iirtl. 'vnrJ ^iven, ■we limited ourselves to tlie recinest of the tiibuiial. On the other side, new tables were put in with new and elaborate criticisms upon our list of claims. We did not object to this irregular criticism, but claimed the right of reply given by the treaty. The tril)unal, at length, announcecl that a result had been reached — that lifteen and a half millions of dollars would be awarded as a gross sum, to be i)aid by (.Ireat Britain to the United States. It docs not ai)pear in the luotocols how the arbitrators arrived at this amount. T am informed that it wa^ reached by mutual conces- sions. The nei'.tral arbitrators and Mi. Adams, from the beginning of the nHcrminniin,, m procccdings, Avcrc convinced of the i)olicy of awarding a sum in gross. Por some weeks before the decision was 1 felt sure that the arbitrators would uot consent to send the <'ase to assessors until they should have exhausted all efforts to agree themselves upon the sum to be paid. ^Ve therefore devoted our ener- gies toward securing such a sum as should bo practically an indemnity ro the sufferers. Whether we have or have not been successful can be determined only by the ffnal division of the sum. It is due to our counsel to state that in all the proceedings which were i„„ taken since their arrival in Europe no step was made with .v,ry aug.. out their advice and consent, and many important ones were rakcn on their suggestion and origination. That their labors have been incessant any one may imagine wlio sees the mass of able papers which came from their pens. The oi)inions which the neutral arbitrators presented bear testi- mony to the sagacitj', good Judgment, and knov/ledge o! :! the principles of law and fact at issue, which they brought to bear on the case, and to the untiring labor with which they mastered the varied ami dillieult questions submitted by the ])arties for liieir decisions. It only remains to say that they exhib'ti'd throughout marked ])atience and good tem[)er, and that these admuable (jualities were sometimes needed. These opinions will undoubtedly be read with interest. 1 take the liberty, in closing, to make a few remarks ui)on the main points at is>;iu', as they are treated in the opinions of the different arbitrators. hidcpendt '. '.lay vi' ibitrator-. 1 1)1 E DILKiENCK. J):,l ,;.|.BMi. Whnt W!i«! t 1: til" United Stilt We mai)itaiiied in the Case that the diligence of the neutral should " be ]troportioned to the magnitude of the subject, and to the dignity and strength of the jwwer which is to exercise ,,y it," (page 158.) and that it should be "gauged by the character and magnitude of the matter which it may affect, by the relative condition of the ]>arties, by the ability of the party incurring theliability to exercise the diligence required by the exigencies of the (!ase, and by the extent of the injury Avhich may follow negli- gence," (page 152.) We thought, for instance, that it would not be just ii» hold IJrazil, with its extended coast, sparse population, and feeble means of internal communication, and Great Britain, with its compact population, its net-work of railways and telegraphs, and its administrative system always under the control of the central govenmient, to an identi cal standard of active vigilance. j'o .,,no(Greatnrit ,n. Oil tho othci sldc It was sald : Her Majost.y's jjovoinmoTit knows cf no distiuction hotwieii more (ligniHod and less dignified powers ; it regards all sovereign states .as enjoying equal rights, and equally REPORT OF THE A(;E\1" OF THE I'.MrED STATES. !i other side, ion our list ut (;1 aimed reached — )e awarded the United [)rs arrive*! Lial coiiees- inj? of the warding a cision was ► send the ts to agree our ener- indemnity sful can be A hieh Avere made with t ones were i have been pers which bear testi- )\vledge o! brought to rthich they l»arties for iiroughout e (lualities read witli s upon the e ilifferent liouhl "be and to the :o exercise ed by the ch it may f the party exigencies How negh- not be just and feeble s compact inistrativc au identi tied aud less aud equally 1 «ubj<'ct to all ordiiiiiiy intt'iiiatioiial olili;r;itio!is : and it is lirinly in'iHuadcd tliiit; then) Ih no Htatc' in Europe or AnnTli'a whicli wmilil lie willinj; to ciaiin or accept any iinnm- uity iu this respect, on (lie ground of its interioiity to otlicrs in extent, military i'oree, or |)opulation. Count Sclopis, in his oi)inion, says : v„u. .,, cmmis.u,,,,. The words duo dili^cnco necessarily imply tlie idea ol a relation between tliiMluty and its olijoct. It is impossible to detine a jiriori and abstiaetly an absolutes duty ol" dilijjence. The thin<; to which the dilif;once relates (a'ent will be exposed throni;li the laxity of the neutral, and in an inverse ratio to theilirect means wiiich the bellij;erefit can ccmtrol for averting? the dauiier. The Tribunal, in its award, says : l»t-tiHi'»n oi tlie tri- htiniil. The due dili<;ence referred to in the lirst ami third of the saiil rules ou};ht to be exercised by niuitral ffoverniniuits in exact proportion to the risks to which either of tlie bellif^erents maybe ex)>osed from a failure to fullill tlu'oldij-ations of neutrality on their part. # # » 'j'i,g circumstances out of which the facts eonsti- tutinj>; the subject-unvtter of the juesent controveisy arose Avere> of a natun; to eal'. for the exercise, on the part of Her Britannic^ Majesty's ;;()vernnient, of all possible solicitude for the observance of the rijj;hts aiul duties involved in the proclamation of neutrality issued by Her Majesty, (ui the i:5th of May, IStil. 2. Toleration of insuhoent operations in Knoland, AND English feeling acsainst the United States. Count Selopis says, respecting this point : I'lilri'MitildT"" Kll»hlLL(l. .Si'litpi*. rouiii Tlu! Uritish };overnnuMit was fully in fornu'd that the eonfederaterf had established in Eiifjland a branch of their means of attack and defense aj;a'inst tin; Fnited States. Commissioners i-epi^esentinj;' th(> uis(! that in their opinion it would be very difticult for the American I'nion to re-estai>lish itself as before. # » * » * *^ jj lesults from this, in my oiiinion, that the ICnj^lish ;^overnnu>nt found itself, durin<;' the (irst years of the Avar of secession, iu tin; midst of cireunistanees which could not but ha\e an inlluence, if iu)t diieetly upon itself, at least upon a part of thej]>opnlation subject to the British Crown. No j;overn- uu'Ut is safe aj;ainst certain wav<'s of imblic oi)inior. \vhicli it cannot nnister at its will. 1 am far from thinking!: that the iiiiimiifi of tht* Enirlisli ^overnnu^nt Avas hostile; to the Federal Government durin^j; the war. Yet there were j^rave danjicrs for the United Stiites in Great liritain iiml her colonies which th(;re W(;re no direct means for avertiuf^. En}j;land therefore should have fulfdled her duties as a neutral by the exercise of a dilijjence equal to the gravity of the danger. # # # It cannot be denied that there were moments when its watchfulness seemed to fail and when feebleness in certain branches of the public service resulted in great di'trimcnt to the United States. Viscount d'ltajuba has not phieed on record his opinion on this sub- ject, unless it can be gathered from a single passage iu his virwsoi v; «n„i rerparks upon the effect of a commission on an offending '■-'"'J "''»• cruiser, when he says, "By seizing or detaining the vessel the neutral only prevents the belligerent from deriving advantage from the fraud committed within its territory by the same belligerent ; while, by not proceeding against a guilty vessel it exposes itself to having its good faith justly called in question by the other belligerent.^^ 10 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. It would sc'ciu from some of Mr. Adiiiiis'.s oxpre.ssioiis that ho did not Mr. concur in these view.s of his colleagues. While regretting that he did not d»> so, because the views seem to me to be in accordance with the facts, and also in accordance with general prin- ciples whi(!h al! maritime powers would desire to maintain, F must bo«ar testimony to the j)erfect and dignitieil impartiality with which, not only in this respect, but throughout the i>roceed- ings, Mr. Adams niaintaiiu^d his position as a judge between the two contending nations. Of him, at least, it may be said that his love of country never controlled his .sense of justice, iiiid that at no time did he appear as an advocate. .'>. Duty to detain an ()FJ''KNJ)iMf cinisEi: when it comes auain WITHIN THE NEUTRAL'S .TrKISDICTION, AND EFFECT Ol' A COMMIS SIGN I I'ON SUCH CRl^ISEU. EITiTt 111 iniH^iuii. PoHiti(Hl ci! tl (iriitfd .still.-. Itwasinaintainedin the American (,'asi.'that,by the true construction of the second clan.se of the first rule of the treaty, when a vessel like the Florida, Alabama, (Jeorgia, or Shenandoah, which hovS been esi)eeially adapted within a neutral i)ort for tlie use of a belligerent in war, comes again within the neutral's juris- diction, it is the duty of the neutral to seize and detain it. This con struction was denied by Great Ihitain. It was maintained "'""""'"' in the British i)apers submitted to the tribunal, that the obligation created by this clause refers only to the duty of preventing the original departure of the vessel, and that the fact that the vessel was, after the original departure from the neutral port, commissioned as a sliip of war protects it against detention. To this point we rejoined that a coiumission is no protection against seizure in such case, and does not operate to release the neutral from the obligation to detain the ott'ender. The Viscount d'ltajuba seemed to favor the American V'lii'riciiii r.'ii.i Viinvsof \i-. .l'll:0"l);l. construction, llesaiu. Accoviliiifj; to tlu; lattor part of tlio fir.^t rule of Article VI of the Treaty of Wasliiiiij;- ton, flic iiciural is bountl also to iiso iliu; diligence to prevent the departnro from it.s Jurisiliction of any ve.s.sel intended to crnise or carry on war as above, [viz, against a. belligerent,] sneh vessel having been .specially adapted, in whole or in part, within its jnri.sdiction to warlike nse. » » * If, then, a vessel bnilt on neutral ter- , ritory for the Tise of a belligerent, frandnlently .nnil without the knowledge of the neu- tral, comes again within the jurisdiction of the f^overeign whose neutrality it ha.s vio- lated, it ought to be seized and detained. Count Sclopis says, on this point : It is on the nature of thos(^ special circumstances that tin; lirst rule laid dow^n iu Article VI of the Treaty of Washington spccitically rests. Tlie operation of that rule n'ould be illusory, if it could not bo applied to vessels subsoi|ueutly ci>mmis.sioned. The object iu view is to jirevent the construction, arming, and eiiuippiug of tho vessel, and to prevent her di^parture when there is sulUeient reason to believe that she is iu- tended to carry on war on behalf of one of the belligerents ; and when probability has become certainty, shall not the rule be .applicable to the direct ami palpable couso- quences which it originally was intended to prevent ' In the award the Tribunal says that — • The effects of a violation of neutrality committed by means of the construction, e([uipment and armament of a vessel are not done away with by any "■" commission which tho government of tho belligerent power, benefited by the violation of neutrality, may afterward have granted to that vessel ; and the ultimate step by which the oft'en.se is completed cannot be admissible as a ground for the absolution of tho offender, nor can the consummation of his fraud be- come the means of establishing his innocence. The privilege of exterritorality, ac- ne<'i.-*ioi fribuiiiil. RKPOKT OF THK ACKNT OF TWK r\ITKl> STATKS. 11 he (lid not regretting ;o mo to be nenvl prin- must boar iality with 10 proceed- en the two his h)ve of iiiii! did ho MKS AdAIN A COMIVIIS- struction of Jen a vessel ijWhichhavS tlio use of a tral's juris- This con maintained il, that the provouting tlio vessel issioned as ion against release the r. American of Wiishiiig- tnro from its iz, against a part, within neutral ter- , jo of tlioneii- y it lias vio- aid down in of that rule ininissioned. •f tilt) vessel, lat she is in- •hability lias l)iihle oonse- onstruetion, ft'ith by any er, benefited that vessel; nissible as a lis fraud be- torality, ac- i forded to voshpIs of war, has bei>n admitted into tlie law of nations, not an an al)Nolnt4» lifjlit, hut soh'ly as a proccfdiny founded on tin- principles of eonrteHy and mutual (iflerence between dill'erent iiati<>ns, and therefore can never l»e appealed to for tlio luoteetion ofaets thnie in violation (d" neutrality . It will be observed that the Tribunal, instead of adojitiii.u' the recogni- tion by the ^'is<;ount d'ltiijubii of a jmsitirr ohlif/t(tii)n on liie i)art of the neutral to detain tiie vessel, in the case supposed, limited itself to ox- i)ressiiig the opinion that, in such case, the lu'utral wotdd have the riffht (> make such detention. I. yrri'LlKS (»K CUAL. It, WiismaintaiiU'd in the American Case that the proofs showed t liat Iho insurgent cruisers were i)ermitted to supply thcmstOves with (mkW in Uritish ports in greater (piaiitities and with greater r-'-.'l"i',o„"!,r"!h,, .'Vectloin, and with less restrictions than were imposiMl upon i the United states; audit was insisted that, iu cousetiiu'uce ot these ; facts, there was an absence of neutrality, which made those ports bases : of hostile operations against th»> United States under the second rule ^ of the treaty. I On this point the award says that — I III order to impart to any supplies of coal a elucracter iiieonsi.steiit with the setMiiid > itilo, proiiihitiiiy the um! of neutral jiorts or wattns, as a base of luival operations for a liellijjereiit, it is necessary that tin- said supplies should (nill'n'iL' '' '' ' ^ ho connected with sjiecial eireuiustances of time, of jiersoiis, or of jilace, I which may combine to give them such character. It does not appear by the terms of the award that (Ireat llritain is held responsible for the acts of any vessel solely in conse(pieuce of ille- ; gal supplies of coal. The question is, therefore, a s|)ecidative one, so far ^ as relates to this controversy. The opinions of the four arbitrators who ': signed the award furnish, however, the explanation of what they mean , when they speak of "special circumstances of time, of persons, or of * ]>lace." Mr. Adams says : I perceive no other way to determiuo the degree of responsibility of a noutial in these cases, than by an oxaniination of the eviileiice to show the iiitoit of the grant in any gpecific case. Fraud or falsehood in such a (^ase poisons ^.h,.,'!.'' * "' ^'' everything it touches. Kveii inditfcrenco may degemnate into willful negligence, and that will impose a burden of proof ti> relieve it before re^poM.sil>iI;ty < an be relieved. Count Sclopis says : . I will not say that the simple fact id" liaving allowed a greater amount of i;,)al tl'.iii was iiece.-sary to enable a vessel to reach the nearest port of its coun- try constitutes in itself a suHicieiit grievance to call for iiti indemnity. s.iJIi.T "' '"'"" At, the lord chaneellor of England said on the IvJth of .June, 1S71, in the House of Lords, England and the United States ecjually hold the principle that it is no violation of the law of nations to furnisli arms to a belligerent. IJiit if an excessive sup- ply of coal is connected with other circumstances which show tliatil was used as a ver- itable rcn hontilis, then there is an infract ion of tln^ second article of the treaty. » » » Thus, for exani])le, v/heii I see the Florida and the Shenandoah choose for their fields tli< (Kilts ol iiiiinv otlici StatoH wlit'ir it Ntaid aiitl look in utiii] ' ' si> tluit it tiumot Im'. Ih'IiI tliiit llw |i(irt oi'l'iiiiidiut Hcrvcd um a lia>c of (l[lt!Jilt.ily of coals, that he is of the opinion that every j^oveninieiit is (Vee to rmiiish t«t tin' ItellijLjerents more or less of tha: article. ."». TlIK MI'NICIl'AL LAWS OK I'^NtiLANI). V.tiitliirul ciinnot t m-t up iti ju-'tilit; It was maintained in the Ainern an Case that the liability ot'CJreat Bri Mn„M.,.„i law. „i tiiinshonldbemeaHnredbythernh^sofinternationiil law; and thiit it iild not be est-aped by r«>ason of any allej^etl deti- ciemae.s in any internal lej«isIation enacted tor the purpose of enabliiif; the j;overnment to tuKill its internati(»nal ilutics. The pleadin<«\s and arjjuments on the part of (Jrcat JJritain Jire fdled with denials of this pr(>position in every possible way, from the opening Case to the last supplemental ar};iunent of Sir Itoundell Palmer. The award says, "the yovernnu'iit of Jler IJritaunic Majesty canno: justify itself for a failure in diu> dilij>ence on the insuflieiency of the lejjid means of action which it possessed.'" »!. The SiMTEii, JHK NAsiivrij.K. i^c. It was maintained in the Anu'riean Case tliat, under the terms of the treaty of Washinj^lon the parlies had it forced to submit to MH,!'' tiie'sJiiMrr" the tlecisiou of the tribunal of arbitration, not only the NaHlivillc, III., nut- , . . L I- 1_1 1 !■ il 1 -M • 1 i 1 « 1 1 ».!h«t,imii,itfiini..h claims j^^rowiii^- out ot the acts of tlu^ Morula, the Alabaimi, """" the (ieor;,;ia, and the Slieuaiidoali, which ori<»iiially pro- ceeded from ports of (Ireat Hrit.iiii, bin also all claims growing out ol the acts of other cruisers, such as tli<^ iNashviile, the Sumter, &c., which could in any way be shown to have used Jiritish ports as bases of sup plies. The Jbitish Case and Counter Case strtmiu)usly contended that the submission was limited to the four vessels lirst above named. Tiie tribunal unanimously, incltulinj;- Sir vVlexander Cockburn, took no notice of this claim of (ireat Ihitain, ;ind considered all the claim.4 presenteil and decided them uiiou their merits. r A. <'(iclvhirrti'-' entn.y !t:i"v. The nissENTiNCJ opinion of Sir A. Cockbuun. The «tlU:ltlVL' of (tir;it BriUin. frankness with which Sir Alexander Cockburu confesses in this o|)inion that lie sat on the Tribunal, not as a judge, but as, " in some .scM.se the repreHentaUve of (ireat Britain,^'' one of the parties to the controversy, i)laces before the world the knowledge of a fact of which, otherwise, it wouhl have been better to take no public nolice. The chief justice calls legal propositions made by General Cusbing, INIr. Evarts, and Mr. Waite, over their signatures and under the ihe Amera'^m'rom,' respousibiU ty of counsel, "strange misrepresentations," ami " assertions without the shadow of a foundation." Ho says that "their imaginations must have heen lively, while their consciences slept." He finds in a portion of their argument "an extraordinary series of propositions," and " the most singular confusion of ideas, misrepre- ing KKrour ov thk acjknt ov hie rMri;i) .siatks. l:) uiil took ill coii] ivory • less of that ot'CJivat J3ri iiial hiw; niid a!h»}?('(l (leti the piirposf s. liii are (iIUmI the (>i)ciiiii^ iluier. jjesty eamiot L'iency of the I terms of tln' to siibinit to not only the lie Alabaiiiii, i{>inally pro- owiii};' out ot r, &(!., \vhi(th jascs of sup iten(l(Ml that lameil. The ook no notici' n.4 preseiiteil ' fesses in this udge, but as, H," one of the le world the jeu better to Cusbing, Mr. id under the tations," and 0." He says r consciences dinary series as, misrepre- sentations of facts, and i^jnoranee both of law and history, whieh wore, periiaps, f^ver «'ro\V(led into the same space." lie t-alls tii(( part of their arfjument on \vhi(!h he was eoniinentinj:, "an afVronI oHered to this tribunal, by such an attempt to practice on our supposed eredidity <»r i<;uoran(!e," and .'-••lys that he " is at a loss to understand how counsel, iiiiniliar with I'-nj^lisli law, can take upon themselves to make statements of this sort." I need not assunu^ in the Iniited States to vindicate the ac(!Uracy of slatenn'uts or the souiulness of reasonin^^s which have the ,,,.., , „„. jfuaranteeof the names of our distinguished (!ounsel. The '"""■" <'harj;('H are sanctioned by the chief justice alone. 1 iiave no liesitation in expressinj; my eoiivi(!tion that they would have been in- difiiiantly repudiated by each and all of his colleagues had ivr.!! IV,'lXi,r\" • th(^ paper in whieh they are made been publicity read, or V jiad its contents been made known at the time when the Tribunal orderetl t it to be recorded. This voluminous paper was, in fact, not read in the Tribunal; its author presented it in bulk without any statement respect- infj its character; no one had any reason to imagine its contents; and it was not made public until several days after the dissolution of the Tribunal and the separation of its meml)ers. As Sir ^Vlexander Cock- burn says of the charges of unfriendliiu^ss which were made in the I American Case against members of J^ord ralinerstoii's cabinet, "Tlie I world must judges between the accusers and accused.*' I The Dritish arbitrator also charges that the (,' ise of the United States I "l)ours forth the ])ent up venom of national and i)ersonal ; hate." J le speaks of the "abuse" it "freely bestows," and .■■-<■ *^plication whiith was made of that i)roof in the issue respecting "due diligence"' which was pending ])efore the tribunal at Geneva. A complete vindication of the line of argument in the Case (if any were needed) could bo drawn from Sir Alexander Cock- Ti,.,uHiHH„r t.^ burn's paper. "There can be no doubt," ho says, "that these speeches not only expressed the sentiments of the »'*'"'"<^'' speakers, but may be taken to bo the exponent of the sentiments geu- ality does md in 13 this, line of iirf{Min»!iit irt til** Ain'-uciiu c *^M , spoiiiveis, uufc may ue uikoii lo uo liio expuiioui ui iiie seuLiuieni »| orally entertained at that time;" and he adds, "though partiality I not necessarily lead to want of diligence, yet it is apt to do so, a ? case of doubt would turn the scale.'' With such an admission as I it is surprising that a man of the robnst sense of the chief justice should have reproduced the rash imputations of the British press. That 1 charged individual members of Lord Palmerston's cabinet with a partiality foi the insurgents, is true; equally true is it that I supported the charge by proof from their own lips. But I never questioned their right to entertain such partiality, or to l^xpress it in any manner that suited them. I never even assumed to I criticise its justice before a tribunal created to try other issues. I cou- % fined myself strictl, • to the issues before that body, and I argued that gthis partiality of int. vidual members of the government would be apt Ito lead to wantof dl' gence,and in case of doubt would turn the scale — "a line of argument which is uoxr admitted to bo just. :tr 14 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. Lord Wnjithiiry MtMififs it. If 1 argued that these acts of individual members of the British gov- Lord Ru.v II „. ernment were incousisteiit with the "due diligence" re- ""•■'" quired by the treaty, I did only what Lord Russell had said to Mr. Adams must be the inevitable result of au arbitration. " Have *he British government acted with due diligence, or, in other icords, icith good faith and honesty P'' was the (|uestiou by which he said the liability of England was to bo determined. If I urged that, in any instance, the neutrality of Great Britain wais not sincere, I did but pursue the line of argument which Lord Westbury had defended in advance in the House ot Lords, and I did it nearly in his own language. I find no fault that Sir Alexander Cockburn does not agree with me, and with most of the world outside of England, as to the force of the evidence which was presented respecting these points. That is a subject on whicli persons may honestly differ. But I must be per- mitted to express some surprise that a lawyer of his deservedly grear re])utation should have made such a disagreement the cause of totally unfounded allegatictns against the Case of the United States and its author. With the exception of these jtersonal remarks, this long dissenting opinion (twice the length of the American case) adds little or nothing new to the arguments previously put forth by Great Britain in vindi- cation of her course toward the United States. There are several material errors in its statements of facts, but I shall not follow its example of injustice in attributing them to design. All right-thinkinj; persons will heartily echo the wish with which the paper closes, "tha: in the time to come no sense of past wrong unredressed will stand ir the way of the friendly and harmonious relations which should subsist between two great and kindred nations." Thus, surrounded by difliculties, which at one tUi;<^, seemed insuperable, «omUis,.,n, this great cause has reached its conclusion. Nations have, ere now, consented to adjust by arbitration questions of figures and Thcre.uiu of the qucstlous of bouudarics ; but the world has had few,if any, iVon'rf'h.%oi''y'';',i earlier examples of the voluntary submission to arbitration i.rb,tmtm,u jjf .^ question in which a deep-seated conviction of injuries and wrongs which no possible award could compensate, animated a whole nation. It is out of such sentiments and feelings that wars come. The United States elected the path of peace. Confident of receiving iustice, they laid the story of their wrongs before an impartial tribunal. This story, so grievous in its simple truthfulness, threatened for a time to break up the peaceful settlement which the parties had promised each other to make. ^Notwithstanding all obstacles, however, the great experiment has been carried to a successful end ; and hereafter it can not bo denied that questions involving national sentiment may be de cided by arbitration, as well as questions of figures. The commander who had been permitted, by Providence, to guide some of the greatest military events in history, has thus, in civil life, assisted in presenting to the nations of the world the most conspicuous example of the settlement of international disputes by peaceful arbi tration. It is within my i>ersonal knowledge that your own counsels have also had a large share in shaping this great result. I have, iSc^c, J. C. BANCKOFT DAVIS. Hon. Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State. % I British gov- ligence" re- Russell bad arbitration. . other words, he said the II -PROTOCOLS OF TKK CONFERENCES OF THE ARBITRATORS. Britain was imeut which the House of ; agree witli to the force its. That is iiust be per- srvedly grear se of totally States aiul ig disseutinj,^ e or nothing ain in viudi- are several ot follow its ght-thinking closes, " thar *vill stand iv. louhl subsis: insuperable, atious have, flgures and [I few, if any, arbitration n of injuries animated a ,t wars come, of receiving tial tribunal. d for a time [id promised er, the great after it can ; may be de ce, to guide in civil life, conspicuous i3aceful arbi unsels have DAVIS. PROTOCOL I. ition nntl y of utirte!*. Record of the proceedings of the tribunal of arhitratiou under the provifiionfi of the treaty between the United States of America and Her Britannic Majesty, concluded on the Sth of May, A. D. 1871, at the first conference held at (Jeneva in Su'itzerland, on the fifteenth day of December, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-one. The conference was convened at the Hotel de Ville at CJeneva, iu compliance with notices from ^Ir. J. C. Bancroft Davis, agent of the United States, and Lord Tenteriie(l liavinjjj been a[)iM)iiiten a<;ent of tho Uiiiteil States to atteiul tho tribunal of aibitration about to be convened at Geneva nnder the i)rovis-"J . , ions of the treaty between the United States and (jreat Britain of the 8th d.i.iely oi of May last, has th(.' honor to acfinaint Count Selopis that it is))rojiosedby thoGovtirnnient of the United States that the first meeting of the tribunal sliouUl bo held at Geneva, if not inconvenient to the arbitrators, «n the ir)th instant. .J. C. IIANCROFT DAVIS. The arbitrators who were present and ] produced their respective powers, which were examined and found to be in good and due form, wore : Charles Francis Adams, esquire, the arbitrator named bj^ the Presi- dent of the United States of America; the Right Honorable Sir Alexander Cockburn, the Lord Chief Justice of England, the arbitrator named by Her Britannic Majesty ; his excellency Count Selopis, the arbitrator named by His Majesty the King of Italy ; Mr. Jacques Sta^mpfli, the arbitrator named by the President of the Swiss Confederation, and his excellency the Baron d'ltajubj'i, the arbitrator named by His IVIajesty the Emperor of Brazil. J. C. Bancroft Davis, ICsquire, attended the conference as the agent ot the United States; the Right Honorable Lord Tenterden attended as the agent of Her Britannic ]Majesty. Mr. Adams proposed that Count Selopis, as being the arbitrator I named by the power first mentioned in the treaty after Great Britain I and the United States, should ineside over the labors of the tribunal. I The ]*roposal was seconded by Sir Alexander Cockburn, and was ^ unanimously adopted, and Count Selopis, having expressed his acknowl- I edgraents, assumed the presidency. I On the proposal of Count Selopis the tribunal of arbitration requeste m. J. C. BANCROFT DAVIS. TKNTKRDEN. ALEX. FA V ROT, Secretary. FROTOCOL IL Record oj the proceedings cf the arbitration at the second conference held at Geneva in /Switzerland on the Wth day of December, A. 1). 1871. The conference was held pursuant to adjournment. All the arbitrators At;]i day of .Inne next, unless sooner convened by the secretary, in the aiaiiner provided in the proceedings at the first eonference. J. 0. IJANOkOFT DyVVia TENTb]IM)KN. ALKX. FzVVROT, HccvHaire. IMIOTOCOl. 111. [irbitrators le 15th in- Jx'iroi'd of the ])rnci''>ill}U]'i of th", tribunal of arhlirat'mn at the third covfer- rncr lichl (it (renera, iu /SivitrZerlKud, on the \iSth duy of June, 1872. The coid'erence was held ])nrsuant to ailjeurnment. All the arbitrators were present. Mr. J. (.'. Uaneroft Davis a,nd Lord Tenterden attended theconreronce as a<,fents of tiie United States and iler liritannic Majesty, res[)ectively. Mr. J. C. Jlanerot't J)avis then delivered in duj)licate to each of the arl>itrators, and to Lord Tenterden, the ag^ent of Her Britan- „,i,„.,y„f a,,,,,. >]ic ^Majesty, a printed arjjfument, showin;,'' the points and '<^"' '""" <■■ veterrinjj to tiie evidence on whi(!h his Government relies. Lord Tenterden then, on behalf of Iler Lritannic Majesty's j?overn- nent, i)resented the note, of Avhicli a copy is annexed, re- nnti»i, m.ti..nfir •|iiestin,u' an adjournment of tlie tribnnal for tlie reasons »''j""""'" "'■ rherein stated, for such a period as iniijht enabU', a supplementary eon- \vs of his Government on lliis motion until he sliould i^novv the time tor which the adjournnu'ut was asked. Lord Tenterden statiMl that Her IJritannic Majesty's jjovernment be- •ieved that, in order to afford tinu', for the consideration of a aiii)])le- Tnt'ulary convention by the t^enate of the United States in their session (•onnn(>nciny in December next, and for its subsequent eonsideratiou by cU'v I>ritauni(; Majesty's *iovernment, a,nd for its ratification by the hi<;fh <'ontractin<»' parties respectively, it would be reijuisite that the adjourn- ment should be for a i)eriod of ei{;'ht nu)nt,hs, but that ])ower might bo reserved for the arbitrators to meet at a.t»y earlier date, upon being convened for that purpose by the secretary of the tribunal, upon the joint recpiest, in writing, o^" the agents of the two governments. Mr. IJaneroft Davis said that his instructions did not yet enable him to state to tlic arbitrators the views of the Government of tlie United Suites on this motion in full. * Ho said that he was in telegraphic commuiiica- 2h 18 AKniTKATlON AT GKNEVA. tion with Ills Govi.'ininent, imd he asked an adjouiiuiieiit until Monday, the 17th instant. ; The tribunal (hH;i(hMl that tlie protoco's sliouM be sif;:ned by the ])resi- i<' dent and secretary of the tribunal and the agents of the two govern- I menta. The conference was then adjourned to ^Eonday, the 17th day of June, at 2 o'cKx.'lc. f r ei) k rick sc lo pis. .]. (j. banckoft davis. ti:ntekden. ALEX. FAVllOT, Secretary. ANNEX. M The undersipicd aj:jent of IlerlJritannic Majesty is instructed by Her ]\Iajest,y's j^overnnieiit to state to Count iSclopin* the arbitrator named by His Mdjcsfy the King of Italy, th;it tiu-y re^^ret to be uiuler the necessity of inforniing the arbitrators tliat the (litference between Her Majest;\'s government and the (lovernnici't (»f the United States, referred to in the note wliielitlie undersigned had the honor to achlress to Count JSolopin when presenting the British {iKiiiter case on the 15th of April last, has not yet been removed. Her ila jesty's goveriunent have, lunvever, been engaged in negotia- tions with the (jovernnient of the I. iiitiMl States, which have continued down to the ])reKent time, for the suhition of the ditliculty whi<;h has thus arisen ; and they do not abandon the hope that, if further time wci'e given tor that purpose, such ii >(>lution might be i)ractieable. Under these circumstances, the course whicii Her iMaJesty's govern ment would resjiectfuily recjuest the tribunal to take is to aplicaiion, the undeisigned is instructed to withhold tlu^ wiitten or printed argiiment which the undersigned, as agent of Her Majesty, is directed to put in luider the 5th article of tlu> treaty, although that argument has bcvMi duly pre^tared aiul is in the. hands of the undersigned. The undersigned is further directed to say that Her Majesty's gov- ernnu'nt (while they would consider the tribunal to have lull power to proceed at the end of the period of adjournnuMit, if the diflerence bi'- tweenthe high (!onlra(;ting parties should then havel>een removed, not- withstanding the non-delivery on this day of the ai'gument by the un- dersigned) continue, while recpusting this adjournment, to reserve all Uer Majesty's rights, in the event of an agreement not being finally arrived at, in the same nninner as was expressed in the note addressed by the undersigned to Count loclopis on the 15th of Ajiril. The undersigned has tlie honor to renew to Count IScIopis the assur ance of his highest consideration. te:nterden. Geneva, June 15, 1872. [ing ' A similtti note was addressed to each of tlie arbitrators. I'ROTOCOLS or THE CONFERENCES. 19 [oiulay, o-overu- 3t' June, etary. ritoT()C(u. iv Rccoiil of flic proccetlinfis of the trilntnal of (l by Her | tor inuiHM\ I niulcr the ''. :wc(Mi Hor ■s, retVrriHl s to Coxmi h of April \\\ iiesf'tiiv- L> continued r whieU liiiH ut\»er time, y's govern luljonrn tiie, en tar y eon- coutractiniJ. IS instructed ersip;net\, as rtiele of the lul is in tlK' aiesty's gov- Lil uower to [tifference be lenioved, not- ]t by the un- Ito reserve all Ibeinf? finally l)te addresseil )\s the assur fereiice held at Gcnecii, in iSicit.zcrlaud, on the I'tk dmi ol' June, ISTl*. The conference was held pursuant t<> adjonrniueMt. All tlie arbitrators were present. m,,,,,,,,,. „i Mr. J. C. JJaneroft Davis and Lord Tentr lUitannic .Majesty, respectively. The protocol of the last conference was read and ap])roved, and was sij^iMMl by the {(resident and secretary of the triltunal aiiavis stated that he was still withont deliiiite instruc- tions from his (rovernuient regarding tlie iv((uest of the Ibitish agent for adjouriunent, and suggested a further adjournment of the tribunal until Wi'dnesday, the nineteenth instant. Lord Tenterden said that he could ma.ke no obje<;ti»in. Theconfere?iee was then adjourned to Wednesdav. the Jltlh instant, at 2 o'ch)ck. Fi{Ki)i<:iMCK s(;l()P[s. J. 0. r.AN(MIOFT 1)A\ iS. TKNTl':iil)KN. AIJOX. I'AVIJOT, Senrf'ini. riioTocoL y. Recoiil of the prtn-cedhujx of the trUntnal of arbitration ot the ffth confer- ciiee held at (reiieca, in Switzerland , on the VMIt of 'fane, 1872. The confcreiu'c was held pursuant to adjournnicnt. All the arbitra- tors were present. Ariuntor. df .Air. J. (!. liauci'oft Davis ami Lord Tenterden attendi'd h,,' 'ui'T', i,r.^t the ({oniercnce as agents ol the '. nited k^tutes and Her i.r , utr.tio.i ui liritannic Majesty, resi)ectively. The i>rotocol of the last conference was read and ajtproved, and was signed by the ])resident and secretary of the tribunal and the agents of the two governuieuts. Count .Sclopis, as i)resideut of the tribiuial, inrpiii'i'd wh(4h(M' Mr. I Bancroft Davis had yet received detinitive instructions iVom hisdovern- iment. Mr. Bancrofi^ Davis replied that he had not. Count tSdopis then, on behalf of all the arbitrators, made the follow- ling statement: Tlui iippliciitioii of tlu" iiffoiit of Hi^r liritiiiiiiic MaJcsfy'H f^jovcnuiicnt biMiijr now Uc- Ifore tltt) arl>itr;itor.H, tlio picsidont tit" tho tribiiniil (Count. Sclopis) proposes fo miiki- the |foUo\viiijr conniiunicatioti on the i)art of the arliitrjitors to tlin parties intcrcstoil: The arlntrutois wish it to l)o nndorstootl that in the observations whicii they are ibout to make tliey have in view sohily tiio application of tho a;fent of Her IJritannic "ajosty's govcrninont, which is now before them, for an ailjonrnnient, which nii^rht be [jroloiif^ed till tin; month of February in next year; and the motives for that application, ri/,, tlie dillercnce of oi»inion wliich existfi between Her Hiitannic Majesty's }j;overii lent and the Oovernment of tho United States iis to the. competency of the tribunal, indcr the treaty of Washington, to deal with the claims advanced in the case of the Jnited States in respect of hmses under tho several heads of — 1st, " Tue lo.sses in the Iranster of the American commercial marine to tho British Ha^;" '2il, "The enhanced payments of insurance;" aud 3d, "The prolongatiou of tho war, and the addition of.i tffjmggm 20 ARlMTRATInN AT iiV ,i:\ A. l;ir<;o 6i:iii to tlir cost (if tlic war and tin- Mi]t|)ifs.si()ii oC (lit- rciicllion ;"" anil tlu' liopo wliToIi Hit Britannic. Majct^ty's jrnvcrnnicnt iIkcs not abandon, that if ^nllicioiit time were }riv(;n t'ov tiiat i>ur)ii),se, a wolsition of tlir diltiuult.v « iiicli li;i« tinis arisen, l>y liii'. ncf^utiafion of a snpph'nifntary consentioii ln;twi;cii llu- two govfinnRMits, nii^^lit hv. found iiraci icaMf. Tlio ai'l>itratois do not juojioso to express <)r i' " , any opinion upon tlie point tlin,-* in difference lietween tlwlwo governments ' . .o the interpretation or effect of th«' treaty; hnt it x-ems to tlieni oli\ionsthat the substantial oliject of the adjournment must' 1).'. to oive tile two ^overnnienls an opportunity of deterniininj; \\ !ieth<'r tho (hiinis in (nnstion sjiall nv sjiall not he snbmittcil to the ih'cision of tlie arbitrators, and that any ditfcrenco Ixtween tlie two novernments on this jioint may make thi' adjonrnnient unproductive of any useful elfect, and, iifter a dela.N of uiany uionths, dnrin,n wliicli lioth uations ma.\ be lrinciples. lie \Nholl\- excluded from the consideration of the triluinal in Jruiliiuj;' its awaril. even if there were no disa;iree!ueut bct\V(<'n the two governments as to the ciunpetency of the tril)unal toikcidc thereon. With a view to the settlenu'nt of the other claims lo the consideration of which by the ti'ibuiml no exception has been taktui on the part of Ilei' JSritannic Majesty's jio\ - einnu'nt, the arbitrators have th(uii;ht it desirable to la\- before the parties this cx- ]>ression ot the views they have tormed upon tin; (|Ucstion of |>ublic law involved, iii order that after this declaration by the tiibunal it nuiy be cousidei'cd li>- the (lovern- nu'ut of the I'nitcd States whether iiny course can be adoi)teplication of Her lUitaunic JIajosty's goNcrnment. Count kSclopis jiddcd that it was the intt'iiticHi of tlic liibiiiial tliat tlii.s statciiK'iit s'lciild hcconsitlcved for the pie.sciit to 1m' coufidontial. Coiiiit Bclopi'i ti «Mi askt'd wlit'tlicr the aj^ciits or cither of them M'itslied to say aii.ythiii'j;' to lehiiiy' tlie dechiratioii Just math'. iMr. JJanerolt Davis said that he was necessarily without instructions to meet thecontin< ency wliicli had arisen from tht; action thus taken by rhe arbitrators, lie therefore left it with the tribunal to say whether, in view of thi.s fac't, it on<>ht Jiot of its own motion to make an adjourn- jnent sutVicient to aftbrd time for the i)roi>er consideration of the new position created by the announcement of the tiibunal. Tiie tribunal then ordered this coiderence to adjourn until Wednesday the 2()th instant, at 'J o'clock in the alteruooi*. FKKDKinCK SCLOriS. .1. C. IJANCIiOFT J)AVI8. TENTF.KDEN. ALi:X. I'AVK'OT, Si'r.rvUrii. PliOTOCOL \'f. Ereord of rhi' proci't'dinfjfi of the trihtoinl of nrhifrafion tit Hie ni,vfh ro)t- ;'| frencc hvid of 'it'twrn, in iSirit.urlaud, on the L'.")/// of June, 1S72. The conference was held pursuttnt to a cidl by the president, Coiuit J Ti„-'i„,t,,i s.,„, i^t'lopis. All the arbitnitors were present. JwliT '"'"'''''" ^''' '^' ^' ^^••"^'roft Davis and Lord Tenteiden attended the conference as agents of the United States and Jfer Britannic Majesty, respectively. Count Sclopis, us president of the tribuind, stated that he haitrati)i>, nay makf tln' iiaiiy moiilli^, may cikI in :' •jilon', that i>t' think it ii,nht III! the iiait i>r Ikivc ariivctl, l((t ((ilLstitlltr, oi\n(hitii>u ('i>\ s, aiul fihoiild. ic triloiiial in KveiiuiH'uts a^ 11 (»t' which h.v >hiji'.sly's jii)V- laitifs this r-N- \v iiivolviMl. in ly the (lov.'iii i'thc liisi-iiiiMi- (Iccidiuj. upnii libiiiiiil that )iiti(l«Miliitl. theiu wisht'd ,1. ceived I'roni Mr. Uanci'ot't Diivis the iiiloiiniitioii tliat he was lucpaicd to ('oinuiimicatiMo tlio trilmnal Mif action UMtlioriztMl by his (iovorn- iiuMit respect i II j;' the (h'cl:,*.i(ioii made by tli.' arbitrators at the hist eon- I'ereiiee. Count Sclopis adih'd that, beinu' d<-.>irons of advantiin^' the work of tlie trilninal, lie had, th<'refoi"e, convoked the conference this day, in- stead of Wcdnosihiy. the day to wliich the adjournment had been ma(h-. :\lr. Jiaiicrolt J>avis stated as foUows : The dei'laratioii niaiji' hy tlie trihiiaal, imiividiialiy ami colh'i-ti vcly, v(s|M'vernment of the (hclaration made hy the arhilrators oii tJie litl.li in.^tant, and of tlii! statement now made by the asjjent of the Uuited States, and rccti\ely. ' ""' The i)r()tocol of the last conference was I'ead and jijtproN cd, and was signed by the |)resident .md secretiiry of the tribunal, and the a;.i-eiits of the two governments. Count Scloi)is, as i)resideiit of the tribunal, impiired whether Lord Tenterden had received the instructions irotn his goveinnient Ibi' which he had said that he woidd ai)ply at the last conference. Lord Tenterden then read the following statement : "The undoisifrm'd. ajfcnt of Ilcr Britannic Majesty, is authorized U\ Her Majesty's ^ovorimie.iit to state that ITcU' Majesty's t^overnment linroceedinf>s of the IKth ii»- Htaiit, nothiii}.'; to which they cannot assent, coiisislently with the view of the iuter- prct.ition and effect of the treaty of Washington hitherto inaiutainei;;iieil. which has heeu jirepared on t lit^ part ol' ller I hi tannic, ilajesty's i;(>veriinnnt under the lil'th article of the treaty with reference to the other (dainrs, to the consideration of which hy the trihnnal no exception has ))eou taken on the ]iart of Her Majisiv's j^ovci'iunent. •■ti:\tp:ri)kn." Mv. IJaiicrot't Davis said that lift nuule no objtjction to the oraiiting of the i('((ii('st made l)y Lord Tcidfti'deii to lie ixMinitted to withdiaw liis ap[>liealioii lor an adjoiiniiiieiit. and to lile the aryiiiiieid of ller lli'i- tiinnie Majesty's jio vera men t. Connt ^elopis. on hclialfof all the arbitrators, thnt dectlarcd that the said several elaiuis for indireel losses mentioned in the statement made by the a}.''ent of the UnitiMl States on the L'.")th instant iind referred to in the stat(Mnt'nt Just 'made by the a^i-ent of Her Ibitannic AEajesty, are, and from heneeforth shall be, wholly <'\eluded from the consideration of the tribunal, and directed the se<'retary to endtody this declaration in the jirotoeol of this day's pi'oeeedinus. lie at the sanu' time informed Lonl Tcnterden that the tribunal as- sented to his re(iu<'st for leave to witlnlraw his ajtplication for a pro- lonji'ed adjournment, ami also to his re(inest for lea\<' to rinted arj;iinient which had been pre[>areritish jiovernments is conc<'rmMl, He then proceeded to read an address as follow.-,: Mi",ssii:i ns : An nu)nn'nt oit le nond .jni nn-naeait d'i'ntra\cv p.»iir ionji'tenips encore. I'l'xi'cution (hi trailc dc Washinjiton vient d'etre si iH^ureu-enn-nt tran(die. a I'lieureofi nos travanx V(mt prendre un cours lilire et r('<;nlier. pernielte/-nH(i de vous din^ me.s- siiiurs et trcs-hoiiores c(dlioii(.><, cumhiiMi J'apprc'cie riionneur de siejjer avec vons dan.s CO trilumal irarhilrai;c, sur lequel sont. lixc's anjonrd'hni les re^^ards du uionde civilise. I..aisse/-ni<)i ensnite vons exju'lmer tout ce rpie j'i''>'.\>iive de reconnaissance [lonr hi maripie Hal tense de contiance (ju'il vons a phi de iii'accorder en in'ajipehint a oecuper 00 fauteuil. .Jo eompi'ends ])arfiitement tout le jirix de cette distincticm si ]»eii nu'ritcc : inais Jt^ conipreniis mieux encoie le l)csoin fpie J'anrai tl'etre sontenn i)ai' h' concours de vo.s Inniieres, et i)ar I'appni de \otre indnlneiice dans I'exercice des fom-tions que vous in'ave/ conliees. ('c sera a \ ons i|Ue je ]k' deviai, si j<' ni' vais pas jvarattre trop an-de.s- snns de ma tache. Jjii nMinion de ce trihnnal d'arhitra;.;!' sinnale, .'i idle senle. nne nonv(dh' direotiou impriinee anx idc'cs i|ni nonvernent la i»olitiipic des nations les pins avanci-es snr hi V(Me de la civilisation. Nous ,sonimesa''riv*''s a une i-poiineoii. dans les sphi-res les pins ele\<'esde la politique, I'esi^rit de nnidt'ration et le sentiment d'c'iiniti- commenetiiit iiartont a i)revaloir sur les tendances des vieilles routines d'lin arhitraire insolent on d'une imlilfc'renee eonpahle.. Diminner les occasions de fairo hi j;uerre, attenuor les malhenrstiu'cdh! traine a sa suite, placer les intciets do rimmanit"'- aii-dessus de eeux do la ])oliti(iue, voila I'tenvro vers la(|Uolle se diriment toiites les jjrandes intellijrcnces, tons les co'urs haiit plac('.s. Aiissi avec quel honhenr n'a-t-on pas sain-' ' ) vten si nohlement ex])rime par le congri-s de I'aris eti IHoli, que les t'-tats entre lesqiiels s'l'leviM'ait un dissontiinent serieiix, avaut d'cii iippeler aux amies, enssent reeonrs, eii tant que les ciiconstanccs I'admettraient, aux bona otlices des puissances amies ! (^ue de hons etfets ii'avait-oii pas a attendro de la ddclaratiou do ce ineme congres concernaut I'abolitiou ilc la course, et lo respect de la. propriete privee / En tin uous ne .saurious oul)lier ici cette couventioii de Oeuevc, qui I PROTOCOLS OF Tlir, (M)NFK1?EN('F,S. 23 tluit tlie lubi- scvtTiil i;l;iiiii.s tinii, iiinl will tlicy liiivc iii- witliilrii \v tlic ii(1.j(>iiniiiu>iit I lirrwccii the ry,iniii'iil. now Hi!i' I!ril.;iniiic (' to trill' o1 lllT leoii tiikcii on sTERDKN." itliilraw liis of 1I(M- I'.ri (Ml tliitt the MIH'Ilt !ir,l(liiix ct t\n projvri's. A traversdes nei^ociationsneepssair-Mnent l(nit;nos,sonHl'action di's eonrants varialdcs de ropinH)n pnltliipn', ini'V itaUlcs ehez les ;;oiiverne-n)eiits a hase. popniaire, In Init do CCS nia^naninies elforts ne. t'nt. jamais jierda d, sy- steme de I'arliitray;!', de renoneer a ee privilei;i', si cImm' anx ambitions vnlnaires, de ho (.lire justice d(> sa main, voila ee qni e\i;;iait nnc. rare Cernn'te de conviution, un dcMnn-nient a tonte (■|)renve an\ intletei le at-il en raison de jcirler dn traiti' de \Va^hin;4t.on datis des terines <)ni earactf'riseiit a la t'ois la .ur.indeiir et les dil'licnlics de .rcntrcprisi-. "11 sc itent," (lisait- il, " (pn( cc soit nin) espr^rancc trop eelalante ponr ctie ri'.ilisi'e tlans c,e, nH)ndo do niisercs oh nons vivons; rexpcriniee dn moins est - pliipii's a assurer la ])aix. ct irni-scnlonnMit a ri^iflcr Ic.nrs proprc^s eonilits, mais aussi i\ si les cpii-siions ipn' mnis somnics appcliVs a rc'^sondre nous ari'iventa la suite ahsolne. Xons nons proincttons heaucoiip de I'aide einpresstie des aji'cnts des deux ])uissances «(iii ont en reeonrs a ee triluiual ; huir Iiauto intelligeiieo et leiir /i'.le celaiio nou.s sout e;j;;ilenient eonnns. I-aiiin le tribunal «e eonfie dans rassistance d(i9 cnnseils des hautes parties pr<^sonte.«! .1. la banc, di'. (les Jnriseonsnltes ('iiiiinents dont le noni vaiit nn (doife. N<)ns nous at- ttte fin a de lon<;s et piiiiibles dill'erends; (pii, o,n r('.;;lant de j^rav(!s int6r6t.s, apaise diulonhnireiises (^motions, et (pii no soit pas sans ipndipu! heureuse inllueucosur leuiaintien de la paix du nioiide et les pnj^^re.s de la civilisation. "•In the performance of a uudaneholy duty," dit Sir R(d)ert PhiHiinore daua la preface a la denzieine (>dition des Vommentaricx upon Internulioiinl Law, 1871, " I am «blii;fe(l to close tins chronicle of events by the admission that the siifjjjestion contained in till) last protocol to the treaty of Parish 1850, has remained a dead-hitter, except per- ; haps in the ease of Luxemburfjf. Neither of the bellijuerents in the present horrible war would listen to the suf^f^estion of such an arbitration." '^ Discours prououc(5 par Monsieur Gladstfme au b.anquet d'installation du nouveau lord-inaire, le 9 uovembre 1871. rrBB RRmOT^nm I!' 24 AKIilTKATION AT (iKNKVA. ill Von vd'iix, tli s-lidruiK's colIc^iUcH. s'acfonlcioiit siitiM iloiiti- iivcc 1«'n iiiini^ iioiir (|m»» I'oHi^ai qiKi I'oii vii fiiiio serve ii ('CHitcr duiiH I'uviMiir Icn occunioiih -iil»M;il(iii,^ lo (lie (rilmnal I'lutlier ar,i;iinK'iits, ill aruswei' tollioso coiitniiied in tlie ariiiinieiit ot llie United States de- livered on the inih instant; and that Sir IJonndell I'ahiier wunhl now, \vlth the ix'rniission of tins tiihiinal, read such statement, of whiel,, uith a. tianshttion which \von!d be piepared without delay, eoities wil.' l)c delivered to tlio .s(»veral aihiiratcrs and to the a;j;('nt ot tlu' IJniteei States in the conrse ol' the day; ait«l, as the |)re[)aration of any further arguments on those, or any other jxiiiits, v* ill ncessarily icMpurt? som<' time to he allowtd, li(^ l)e<><;((l respect fully to sui^^cst that 11m^ (MUinse' on both sides should b(> inforuu'd of th(^ time which the tribunal will be Avillinj:^ to allow, before »' > urin.n" their further attendance for the. ])ur- jujse of any ai^nnunts. if the inteival so granted can be extended to the lirst of An,i>ust next, it is believed tliat this nill meet tin; views o!' the counsel and aucids of both pinlis, and mav pioliably enable the <'ounsel, ^vhen ajiain before the tribunal, to (lisciiarjic their duty in a sliortei' time than mijiht otherwise be recjuisitt^ Sir I\ouud<'ll Palmer tlu'u r(^ad a statement. Mr. JIancrolt J)a\ is tiu'U said that upon bein.i;' turnished with u copy of the pajier, now ])resented on th(» part of Jler I'.ritannif; Majesty'.s counsel, he would lay the same before the counsel of the United States, and would present their vii'ws to thetriluinal after ^ru h coiisultation. Count Sclopis then stated thatthe tribunal had. at the request of the Hj^ent oi' Her IJiitannic! Majesty, granted p(M Miivsion to Sir Koundell Palmer to read the statement retiuesting' the tribunal to authorize him to furnisli the arbitrators with further arj^uments on the points therein spccided, and that, with referemie to this retjuest, Mr. Adams, as one of the arbitrators, had suirj^osted a i)relieaiuary (question, viz, whether under tlie terms of Article Y of the treaty of Washington it is (!ompe- teiit for th(^ agents or counsel to make re(piests of this nature, a.nd thai, the tril)unal, alter discussion, and ha\ing in view the precise terms of the treaty, liad decided that the arbitrators alone have the right, if tiioy desiie furt.hei- elucidation with regard to any ])oint, to recpiire a written or printed statement or argument, or oral arguiiient by counse] ni)on it, under the terms of the said article. The conference was then adjouitied until J^'riday, the I'Stli instant, at 11 o'clock a. m. FliEDKlMCK SULOPlS. J. C. P.ANC1{()FT DAVIS. TENTEPDKN. ALICX. FAVJtOT, Sccretan/. 'DisconrH proiione*^, lo 'AO avril 1789 daiiH la sdarico dii Ko'nat arui'ricaiii, lors de la proclainatiun de VVasbiiifftoii a la prdsuU-iico, ct, do John Adam.-, a la vice-presid«»no-<', d«H l?tafa-Uiils. F'K(>r(»('(»I.S ol' Tin: CONFKKMNCI'S. ({•^ jMiiir f|iie ^B s .Hiiii^laiil.fK ■ iiu'rii|Mi'. (l«i H ii ii'i-bas iir< ^m jmiiin- ct Itw 1 nritiiiiiiio 1 ' tribiinai, desires to vminu'iits, States «](•- loiild now, of wliicl., (•o])ies Nvir '.^/ Jie lJnit(^»i i>. iiy fintlier :■■ piire some -i. ln^ eoniistv ,:ii mil will he ■1 n- the luii' i xtended to e views oI' eiiiil)le tli«' 1 duty ill a 1 \ ith !i eopy ; Miijesty':'. ted States, ultatioii. H'st of the • Jiouiidell hoiizc hiii5 nts therein ■<, as one of A, Nvliether t is eoiiipe- \ and that ■ .'jjt- ;e terms ()■' M le rij;ht, if > re(iuire ;i )y eonnsel '« instant, at )iMS. )AVIS. :iiU((i\ii. II, lors de la -prcsideuo-t', Sir ^, ('(K-kliijtn • ivnl frir r»r-.ir);i.- • ■•ir : inwtioii 'l*- i l»K()T(M"()I. Vill. licronl of the jnotrfil iiu/s of the fflhiaio! of orhilrdfion of flu fUjhth conJi'fC/UT, Ik Id at (linvro, iStciturlaiui, on tlw -SlU of June, 1S7-. The eonfereiiee was held pnisnaiit to adjourninent. All the ailiitraturs and the ii.irents of I lie two ;;(»\ cniiiients were present. The prcitocol of the last eoiiferenco was read and approved, and was si^'iu'd by the president and secretary of tlie triluinal I tlie agents of tile two ^•overnnienls. Sir Alexander (.'oekhnrn, as om^ ot the arbitrators, then proposed to the tiionnal to re(pijie a written or ]>riiited statement oi ar.yiiiiient l>y the eoniisel of the two ^()\ eriiiiieiits for further elueidatiou on tln^ followinj;' points, vi/: 1, What is the '^ ihw dili^^cnee'' rcipiired fioiu a neutral stale, aeeordin;;' to tlie ;^'eneral rides of international law, and aeeordinjj; to til*' rules of the sixth ai'tiele of the treaty of Wa shin ••ton ? w'. What were the international obli^'atious of neutral stat<>s in resjteet to the const riiet ion, sale, and litiinj;' out, within neutral territory, of ships intended for warlike use by si bellii^'erent, independently of the, niunieipal le/4islatioii of the neutral state, and of the rules laid down by the treaty of \Vasiiiii;4tou ? ;>. What rights an; conferred uim»ii a belli^'-erent power by the innni- eipal le.nislatiou of a neutral state tor the maintenance of its niMitrality, if such legislation exceeds Mk; limits of the obliy,ations prs of war by ii iK'lligerent i>ower, whether such ])ower be or be not reeoynized as a .soveiei;;n state '.' r». Whether Her ."Majesty's iiroelaination of neutrality, recoj>ui7,in.ij the hellijjfcreney of tin,' Confederate States, is in any, and what, way material to the question of the liability of (!reat Uritaiii for losses sustained by tiie United States, in consecjnenee of the acts of the vessels referred to iji the treaty of Washington .' G. Whether the laws of (}i'(>at Ibiiain. neutral ,n-overnment, ought Hueli neutral state to be held res[»onsible to the otlier belligerent for captures made by such vessel I If so, to what period does this resi»on,sibility extend? ^fay it be modifted or terminated by circumstances afterwanl supervening, (as, for instanee, hy assistance afterward lendered to tlu^ vessel by an inde- pendent power, without which her capacity for warlike purposes would have ceased, or by her entrance into a p«»rt of the belligerent to whom she belongs,) or does it necessarily extend to the end of the war ? Furthermore, does this responsibility still exist, when the persons who made such captures were insurgent citizens of the state against Avhich they waged war, to whom, upon the conclusion of the war, such illegal acts have been condoned l 8. If a vessel, which has not been fitted out or armed in violation of 20 AltmrKATlnN AT CKNKVA. llie iH'Utriility (tl' ii ni'iitriil stiit(>, is jirtcrward pt'iinittiMl to icM^oivi* sup- ]>1h>.s of ('o:il iiiiil I'cpair.s in a neutral port, tlocs tlin iM'iitr.il state, in whose, i)ort sin; receives such supplies and ie|)airs, incur on that account a responsil»iiity lor her snbseipuint eaidnres, or any of thein 'i Afier ih'liberation a majority of tiie tribunal ihsciilcMl not to reipiiro sucli statement or arjiumcnt at present. The trii»unal then ileciih'd thai, in the course of their disiMissions and delibeiations, tin', a.uents should atteinl tluM'onh'reiH^es, accompanied by the counsi'l of their respective j^'overnments, except in (!ases \\\n\n tho tribunal should think it advisalile to conduct their discussions ami de- libeiations with closed doors. The tribunal then det«'rinined to iH'rmit juiblicity to be .ijivon to tli« statement made by the a;;('iit of Jler Jbitannic .Maji^sty at the third conference, the declaration of the. arbitrators made at the lifth confer- ence, tlie subsequent statements of the a^entof the: United States made at the sixth conferen(,'e, and of the aj^imt of ller Ilritannic Maji'sty made at the seventh confereiu'e, and the address of the president of the tribu- nal delivered at the seventh eonferenee. The tril>unal then adjourned until Monday, the l.>th proximo, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon. FIk'KDFMCK HCLOriS. .1 ', . r.ANCJliOFT J)AV18. TKXTi-:i;i)i';x. Ald-:X. FA \' HOT, Sroved, and was sif^ned by the president and secretary of the tribunal and the agents of the two governments. Count Selopis, as president, said that it would be necessary in the onier of iHuce.i- t'i"'"^t pUicc to KKMemiiue the method ami order of i)roeeeding '"*'■ in the considciaii n of the subjects referred to the tribunal. Mr. Stn-mittli stated that he had prepared, and ]>roposed to submit, for the adoption of the tiibanal, a written ]>rogranune on this (piestiou. After discussion the consideration of this programme was deferred to the next conference. The tribunal then adjourned until Tuesday, the IGth instant, at 2 ox'lock in the afternoon. FREDERICK SCLOPIS. J, C. BANCROFT DAVIS. TENTERDEN ALEX. FAVROT, Secretary. 1 ! rROTnroi,H ()!■' riu; < onkk.hkncf.s. 27 (UMVO sup- I HtiltC, ill it iic.c.ouilt to v(M)nii'o ssioiis ami |)ii!ii(Ml by when t.li« lis iuul ile- voii to tlici the third I'tll COIlltM'- iitos niiido ji'sty mado ■ tlio tribu- \iino, at 3 )ris. DAVIS. it'.creidvji. I'MOTOCOL \. (u»i/erence k3. arbitrators d, and Avas I', a,!j:t'nts of iiry in tlio )roceediiif; K tribunal, to submit, s question, letcrred to taut, at 2 )PIS. )AV1S. Secretary. Rtrord of the pnu'triliiijis of the iylhuna! of (ivhitmtUm . — ^ ''■'"''<>» rthilifi iiibniinidcs rn>i>i< ms-- nhi, rratii'iii i>i('Hiiiiiiiiiiin, I. /.<■ Snmlir: nsi(l('rant.s. I- .'iiijcini'iit. IV. I' Ahthnmii : a FaitM. l> Coii.'sitlf'r.'iiits. <■ .liij;('iiii-iil. V. Li' Uilrihiiliini : n Faits. /> Coii.siili'raiits, (■ .hio stati'd tiiidfr tiic. tlircc follnwiiij^ heads, viz • 1. That, l>y want, of due dilij^enco on tlio imit. of the IJritish .!j;overnnu>nt, vohhoIs of AViir were .suffered to be e(|uipi>od in ports of lior Mn,jt!sty, and to depart therefrom, to tlic injury of Anierieaii eonnnerco; 2. Tliat such vessels, havinjj; been afja/m founil in Uritisli ports or waters, wore not seized or detained, but were suiVensd to j;o forth agiiiu on the same dostructivo service : 3. That su( li vessels received undue asslstanco. or were permitted to renialu an unduly lonjj tinir , in ])ortH within Her Majesty's dominions. II. That on each of these heads of eomplaini} the decision of the tribunal must depend, not only (ui the facts relating to each ve.s.sel, but also on the priuciplos of ! international law a})plicable to the particular subject. III. That the rational, logical, and moat convenient course to be pursued will be, ■ before proceeding to de.-vl with each of these heads of compl.aint, to consider and determine what are the principles of law applicablo to the subject, and by which the decision of the tribunal must ultimately be determined. \I. I.I (tioi'jiii : (I Faits. /) Considc rants. (• .Jugeun-nt. VII. Le Ta}Jiihn-^Hir, on !■■ Ohi^l^'o: a l''aits. /) ( 'onsid('rants. r Jugenient. \ III. //(•' ('hirhamniKjii : F.-iits. h ('onsidi'raiits. <• .lugenient. IX. Fa' Shcnandoith : a Faits. /; Oonsiderants. c .Iiigement. i',—I>i'lrr)i>iniitio)i 'lu trihinioi il'iiitjiif/fr iiiiv iiommf I'll bloc. |>, — K.fanwn rfc-t i'1i'mt'»t:< pniir fi.r>T vne xommr in hloc. C. — I'oiicliixioii ''t adjiidicaliDii drjinWive d' Hill' xonniii' <•». him;. ^^^SI^SSE^S 28 AKHITKATION AT UENEVA. IV. Thiit, it will 1)1- cdiivoniiMit to tuko tlio tlirce lic'cis <»f coiriidiiiiit srfi.'iiatcly. and in tliti okI'M' iicifinlicl'on' Htiilfi!. V. Tliat tlwro in iiolliiiij;- in flio Vlltli ;irtich' <>!' tin- treaty wliicli iircvrnts tli«* a(loi)ti<>ii (tf tills nuidt! of jn'ocfi'iljnir, tlio only olijcct and ctti't-t of tliat nrticlo Ixiin^ to InKUic till' SI!] I, irate consideration of the faetH relatir ■ to eacli ves>;(d, and a sejiarat** and (Ml tinet JiidgiiK'nt of tlie t'ilmnal on the ('oni])l:i: us sjieeitiealiy referal)le to eacl! in ])artic ular. VI. 1'liat tlio C'onsidei'.'Uion of the lirst-nieutioned head of coni]dalnt, reteii'iiee lieinj^ had to the \'lth aitiele of tlu! treaty, and tho rnles therein laid down, luifessarily involves ttiri'i> (iiiestious of law: the lirst., what, elfeet is to bti ,<;lven to tho term ''due dilitfeiiee." with rel'erencti to tin; dilferent iillej^ations of tlio \v;int thereof put forward l»y the, 1'iiiled States (Joverninent ; tlie second, whether the jjeiu'ral jninciides of international law, referred to in such Vlth article, have relatively to the rights nu<] duties of neutrals any and what ell'ect in (h'ti;ruunin ()l>lii:atious ol' neiilialit v. i- to It d liable 1)V reason of mistal part of ;\, siiiiordinaie ol'lieer. rror in Jud";ment, accidental tlelay, oi even ne^lii;enee on the VII. That ir will h )nvenient, an'i ii deed n(>(M,'ssary. to commence onr [(VDceedinj^K with the consideration of these, (|Ue>^tions of l;iw, VIII. That, looUin diHiculty FT l>A\'JS. TKNTEHDhN. ALEX. FA V ROT. Sn-rcUtni. '1' riiOTOCOL XL Jit'cord of titc iiroccc(Uii()s of the trlbniial of arhitrutioit at the rlercntk coiiftf-vncCj held at (Jancoa, in tSicifzerlaH/ -Julji, ISTi'. The, coufeieni-e wii.s held ])ursu;uit to adjottniiaeiit. All the arbi- tratoris and the i. scuts of the two j^ovenunents were present. The])ro{()col of the last eonfere>iee was read iiiid approved, and was sif^ned by the, i)resident and secretary of the tiibatial, and fhe aoeut.s of the two {iovernmeiits. On the proposal of Sir Alexander Coekbiirn it w;is decided thtit the written opinions or stiiteinents read by the arbitrtitors to the; tribunal should be i)rinted, and distributed to the arbitrators and to the ageuts and eoiinsel of the two goverum"utwS. PROrOOOLS (W TUV. rc^NFERKNCKS. piiralcl,\ . ami livevcnts tho. iirti(!lc bcin.L; ml a si']>!irato ■I a) lie to eaci fcri'iH'i' liciiij^ ri, lU'ffSHaiil.v he ti'iiii ''nt fi»i'\vai<: iniiicijilcs ()<' lie ii;^lits aii(! due (lilijj;cMi<- ;il st;it« will' (.•liiiji ill 1 cm with thei" [iiieiitK may he thus have the (lilt a iiiattiM, chariieteii/.ei! all the )i()iii(s :aii Vie duly <>!■ fasc ()f the Mr. Stanii- i.sliuit, at ! xivUifii. rlcrcntk I;:. ISTl'. 1 till' itrbi- m1, and was tlM' a;;(mts mI that the lu> tribiiniil the ageutH The trihuiial thtMi procccjU'd with tho ••oiisidoiation of tho. ^.^ ^.^ ^^^^ (■•.ise (»t' the J'Moiithi. The, eoiireience was itdjoHnied ntiri! V'tithiy, the I'.Hii iit.>iai!t, at I (♦Vloek in tlie al'ternoon. 1'"j;i:i)i:ki('k st^Loris. .1. ('. r,Ar:('ii()FT day is. TKNTKlfDKN, A\A']\. VAVlUrV, Srn-rUmi. \niO'YOVA)L XII. I'roird of tlir procydUujs of the trihtnial of nrhitrotion at thr ttreW.h eon- /'frnifi\ held lit di'iifrii, in Sirit:er!a)iil. (>» the W^fh of liili/. 1^72. The eonferenee was liehl piiisiiant to adjoiiniiuent. .\1I the aroi- Irators ;md tiie aniMil.s of the two .yovciiuneiits were present. Tile i>roto('ol of the last eonferenee was read and ai)proved. and was .-igned by the |)resident and secretarv of the tribunal and the agents oi tlie two jiovenniU'iits. Tlie tiil)unal ctiutinued with tlie eonsideration of tlie case ^, ^., . Ill • t'l')riilii. of the Florida. The. tribunal //. i'lJOTOl OL XIII. '•''lord of the pnueedinif-s of the trihiiuiil of arnitration at the thirteenth eonfcronve, held ot Geneno, in kSirit:etiand, on the I'ld of ■hih/, 1872. The coiif(>rence was lichl pursuant to adjoui iimeiit. All the arbitra- orsaud the. agents of the two governuMMits were ]>reseut. Tl e i)roetocol of the, last eonferenee was read and approved, and was signed by the president and sccictary of tlie tribunal, and the, agents of the two governments. The tiibun.i.l conlimn-d with tin- consideration of (he ease of the, -'lorida. Sir Alexander ('(►ckbuiii, as one of the arbitratois, proiii>sed to the rrilumal under the tifth article of the treaty of Washingtcui, to call tbf ,he assistance of eounsil u|H)n the etfect of the t<'rin of <,,, a. e,„i,h„rn'. •' due diiiijenee" and as t»» the prim-iples of international law !;;;;,?;.;;! '"'ihVTi'^. ;:]>plicable to the ca;-.i> under the terms of that auicle. '"'"' After dtdiberation, a majority of the tiibunal decided that it does not it [u-esent require the assistance <»f the agents and counsel upon the, toint proposed l»y Sir Alexander <'oekburn; but that it reserves the "ight of recpiiring that assistancii ot any point, if lu'icssary, according 10 ' Ih( ilfth article of the treaty. 30 ARIilTKATlON AT GKNEVA. I The tribunal also decided to eotisider at the next conference the case of the Alabama, and the (iue;--tions of "duo diligence,'- and the ett'ect of a coniniissiou in coniu^ctiou with that vesae'. The conference was adjourned until Thursday, the 2ijth instant, at half past 12 o'clock. F It El )E PJC K SC; LOPI S. J. (J. HANCKOIT U4V1S. TENTEI?1>EN. ALEX. FAVKOT, Hxretan. rilOTOCOL XIV. Jieconl of iltr. proceeiJings of the tribnmd of arhitnit'ion at the fourteenth confereme, held at Geiieca, in iSicitzerUinil, on the 2bth of Julii, iSl'J. The conf 'ren(;e was held pursuant to adjourninent. All the arbitra- ArKumrnt oni.rrd tors aiul tlic agcuts of the two governments weie piesent. Ktil"/'."! '^.'Imiu!,- The protocol of the last conference was read and ap- Mmm«„d.ui,pi,.>i,i pioved, and was sij^ned by the jiresulent and secretary of The Ainb;,r.,... \l^^, trlbuTial and the ajieuts of the two governments. On the proposal of Daron d'ltajuLa, as one of the arbitral ^'s, the tri- bunal decided to re({uire a written or printed statemeiu ->r . iMueut from the counsel of (Jreat I»ritain u[>on the lollowing queiKjU ^ ,.< law: 1. The (juestion of «lue diligence, generiUy cousitleie*! ; 2. The special (juestion, as to the etlect of the commissions of confed- erate ships of war entering I'litish ports ; 3. The sjx'cial question, as to supplies of coal ia Ciitish ports to con- federate ships ; With the right t(» the other party to reply either orally or in writing, as the case may be. IJaron dMtaJubi'i proposed that Avhen a proposition should be made to e tribunal, the d.iseussion of that proi)osiuon should always be put of]' the next following c(Uiference; which was agreed to. The tribunal tlieii proceeded with the case of the Alabanni. Tlu': tribunal also (lecided to consider at the lu^xt conference the casi's of the Suintci', Xashville, and Chicka manga, suc(!essively. Th(! conl'crence was then adjourned until Monihiy, the2'Jth half past 12 o'clock. th to instant. FKEDEinCK SCLOPI^'. ,1. {). IJANCKOFT 1)AVI.N. TENTEl{l»EN. ALEX. FAN'IiOT. Sceretanj. at .ill rilOTOCOLXV. Record oj the peocnd'nujs of the till.dnnl of (trhitrafion at the Jifteeiitit conferenee, hdd at (Jeiieea^ in ISa'it.:erland, on the '2\)tk of J ;V. '>:72. Tuo conference was held i)ursuant to adjcuirnment. All iL. .c. M'.'ff itr.t.»h «rii.ipirni tors aud the agents ot the two governments were pr;.-..:'. ?Nt.il^ifksiJc'b.a: '^1'^' in'otoeol of the last conference was read and ai' .■Mi«.. ' proved, and was signed by the }<;"s dent and secretary ot the tribunal and the agents of the two g •• ' rmiie,i;t8. r,\a ice tlie case I the ett'ect instant, at HMS. IJAM.S. tSxretanj. rROTOCOLS OF THE CONFERENCES. 31 ic foartrcnth ulji, 187li. the arbitra- rOie present, ■cad and ap- secretary <.»t' nients. I >vs, the tri- •,r ■iimeut i.,i: . ... hiw : IS ol confcd- )ort.s to coM- )r in writing. 1 be made to lys be put otV a. ice the cases th instant. ' i.OJ^'. r DAVli^. , Sivrvtaiy. Lord Tenderden, ajjent of ITer Britannic IMajesty, announced that lie had already delivered to the secretary a written statement or ar()vernments were pr(!sent. T:,i:.ih.».»ie .w>.i a Tiie pr()to(;ol of tin' last conferences was read and a improved, "'"i""'""- land was si;;ned by the president and secretary of the tribunal and the f afjfents of tlie two j;()v<'rnnients. The trilinnal then proceeded with the cases of ihe vessels the Tusca- f h)osii, the Tallahassee, and tlu', Ketribution. I The uiliunal also decided to dexote the next « onference to receivin,i>' ithe wiitten or oral statetntMit or ar>;iiment of th-j counsel of the LTnited [States, in reply to the arjiument i>resenU'dat the last ctinference by the |cth of Au^iiust, I at half [last lU O'clock. FREDEinCK S(!L()IMS. .1. (!. i;AN(!i:()ET DAVKS. TEXTE1U)EN. vVLEX. EAVKOT. Serrctarv. I'ROTOCOL XVII. t the Jifteenth t/ ;y. iC4-. 11 iL. .'rn' were p; - read and ap secretary e' ^lierord of the proc<'>d(nffs of the tribune I of arhitrntion ai ihe nervntcenth conference, held at Uenera, in ISicitzerlund, on the ~)lk of AMjnst, 1871,'. The con^'erence was held pursiiaiit to adjournment. All the arbitrators U'd the ajicnts of the two {governments were present. or»i ,r«mn.,nt «i The protocol of the last conference was read and approved, "' ''"'"' "%«(! was sifrtied by the president and secretary of tlie tribunal and the agt-nts of ilio two governments. The tribunal proceeded with the hearin}; of the oral ai ^niment by Mr. ^Ba arts, counsel of the United States, iu reiily tothe arjjfiunent presented M 1^. 32 AUIUTKATION AT (;K\KVA. by Sir lionndell raluioi-, counsel of Ilcr Uritiinnic INIaJe.st.v, ;it the tif- ';( tooiitli conicioiu'c. * The tribunal tln'-n iKljoiiriicd until Tiirsday, the tUii instant, at half past I- o'clock. FKKDKRIClv SCLOriW. J. C. IJANCIIOFT J)AVLS. TENTIOKDJCN. ALEX. FA V ROT, Serretari/. i»R()Tt)(:oL xvm. Fecord of the procoedin^f^n of flic tribuiuil of urhifnifiim at tlif rujUtcenth conference, Ifhl at Genera, in iSu-itzerland, on tlieiUh of .h///(^^■^ 1H72. The conference was held [)iirsuaut to adjournment. Ail the arbitrators and tin- a.^ents of tlie two ^overnnients were i>r(\sent. ^ v,rt"Tm'i'V'n r, '• Tlic protocol of the last conference was read and ai)i>roved. ^ ' ""*' and was si;^ned by the president and secretary of the tribu- nal niid the a<;ents of the two j;'oYernnients. Mr. : 1^' concludiid the oi'al ari^unient on the i)art oi' tUi} counsel of the IJnif ites in rei»ly to the argument on liie ])art of the counsel of ller ]>rK lic Majesty. Mr. Cushiu|[i," delivered to the tribunal a written arjiument on tlu^ part of the counsel of the United States in re[»ly to a portion of tln^ argu- ment presentetl by the counsel of ller llritiinnic Majesty. The tribunal thi-n ;i,djourn<>d until Thursday, the 8th instant, at half past lU (('clock, I'KFDEIMCK SCLOIMS. .1. (J. ]lAxN('J{OFT J>AVIS. TENTEKDKN. ALEX. I' AY ROT, S>!Cfetarij. TROTOCOL XIX. i ,1 Record of the proeeeiUHijs of the trihnnal of (irhUration at the. nhwtee.nth conference, held at Geneva, in SuHt:::erland, on the )S//t of August, 1872. The conference was held pursuant to adjoui uuujnt. All the arbitrators H,.tr;i„itioi,; .run. ^"1 fhc a,^(Mi1s of tlu' two lufovcm lucu ts were prestuit. tMMMtoi Mr. w;.iu fpi,^. pioto(H)l of the last conference was read and approved, and was sijjued by the president and .secretary of the tribunal and the ai^ents of the two .governments. The tribunal concluded the e.vamiiuition of the case of tlui Retributiou. Mr. Waite red to the tribunal a written argument on the part of the counsel of the lJnit(Hl States, in re])ly to a portion of the argu- ment i>iesented by the <;ounsel of Her !>ritanuic Majesty. '. !io tribunal then a«ljourued until Wednesday, the 11th instant, at half past 12 o'clock. EREDEIilCK SCLOIMS. J. C. liANCItOKT DAVIS. TENTEUDEN. AliEX. FAVROT, Heoretary. PROTOCOLS OF THE CONFEKEr' ES. 33 ;ty, ;it the, lif- slant, at liall' Loris. r DAVIS. \ Si'rrntari/. the ei()ht('ii»th he arbitrators ])n\sciit. iinl approvedj V of the tnbu- the eoniisel of )t' the eouDsel it oil th«^ part I of the aigu- staiit, at half Loris. T ])AVIS. \lu; ninetrenth \igu^t^ 187U. ]e arbitrators IrentMit. lul approved, liiial and the lUetributioii. I on the part [)f the argu li instant, at loiMS. DAVIS. \;^e.i'.retary. TROTOCOL XX. Feconl of the proeeedhu/n of the trihumd of arhitnifioit at the fireiitieth conference, held at Genera, in ISwttzerland, on the \Uh of Au(/u.st, ISTi*. » The eonferenca was held pnrsnant to adjoiirninent. AW the arbitrators and the a.nents of the two goverinnents wen^ jiresent. MnM.","',;!,'* IT iV. The protocol of the last confereu ce was read and aitproved, •'"• and was signed by the president and secretary of the tri- bunal and the agents of the two governnients. Mr. Bancroft Davis, in reply to an in(xuiry from Count Sclopis on behalf of the tribunal, state(^ as follows : Till' claims for Iohsch jjrt)wiii>^- out of Mie' acts of the S;illii', tin- Jeff. Davis, tlui Music, tlic Uosioii, and the V. II. Joy, arc icspectfiilly subiiiitted for the (letcniiination of the ti'ihniial. Tlic aji'cnt of the United Stater, has no instructions resiU'dinj; them, excciit what appears Ml the list of claims itresentetl on tue l.')th of Decemlier last, and in tlie levised list of claims presented on the ir)th of Ajiril last. The tribunal directed this statn.^ : new e\ nl''lic« aulinutli'il liy (i. II. PROTOCOL XX r. Eeeord of tlie proccdinfis of the trilninal of arbitration at the twenti/firHt conference, held at Genera, in Siclt;:erland, on the ITith of Auffunt, ISTi*. The conference was held luirsuant to adjournment. All the arbi- tratiators and the agents of the two governnients were present. The protocol of the last conference was read and approved, and was signed by the president and secretary of the tribunal and tlie agents of the two governments. ^. The tribunal proceeded to consider the effects of the commissions of ^confederate ships of war entering Jjritish ports, and tlie siip])lies of &oal in Jiritish ports to confederate ships. ;| Lord Tenterden, as agent of Her JJritannic ^Nfa, Iffollowing statement : •:| As tli'! trihnnal is now approachinjx the consideration of tin; easo of tiie ( be set, when the appendices to the Ihitish case and couiiter- ase were prepared, and which were, therefore, not included in those appendices. 'l"o hu idate tiiis point, I have now in my possession, and am desirous of deliverinj;' to the [arbitrators, coi»it!S of four letters: No. 1. From Mr. Haminonv Connt Sclopis having expressed some doubts concerning .h.^.m.. the chief point of this discussion, requested the tribunal to permit the counsel to attbrd further elncid.ition with regard to that point. The tribunal decided to hear these explanations at the next con- ference. In com])liance with a recpiest of the tribunal, ^Ir..T.C.IJaiicroftDr»vis, as agent of the United States, and Lord Tenterden, as agent of Her Uritannic ]M}iJesty, resi)ectively, presented to the tribunal tables of ligures relating to tlie losses for which comi)ensation is claimed by the United States, with explanatory statements and ohservations. The conference was adjourned until Wednesday, the L'lst instant, at half-past 12 o'clock. FREDERICK SCU>l'IS. J. C. l)AN(M{OFT DA VIS- TENTER DEN. ALEX. FAVKOT, Sccretanj. Sht;nruiili)^4h : n eiHiiftit (iidtTMii 11 .'If.-, I. if t|i,-f,ifrv ■ Klotid.1 into Moliitc PKOTOOOL XXIV. Record of the proceed! nffn of the tribunal of arbitration at the twenty fourth conference, held at Geneva, in Switzerland, on the 2hst of August, 1872. The conference was held pursuant to adjournment. All the arbitral- tors and the agents of the two governments were {tresent. Tiie protocol of tlie last conference was read and ap|)roved, and was signed by the i)resident and se(!retary of the trihu- lial and the agents of the two governments. The tribunal continued the considtu'ation of the case of the Shenan- doah, by hearing explanations from Sir Koundell Palmer and Mr. C. Cashing. At the close of his remarks, Mr. C. Gushing requested to be informed "by the triltunal whether the (piestions outside «>f that of enlistment, on which the elucidation called for specially turned, remain oi)en betoro the tribunal. After deliberation, a majority of four to one declared the tribuna ; II r M 11 tlll'IltH II ?* to KI'lMil,! fiimlry i!'*(i.-«iitfi^. Record of the proceefl!nf/s of the iribimal of arhltratUm at the twentjififth conference, held at Genera, in tSuJitzerland, on the "S-id of August, 1872. The confcrciico was liold l)nrsn{iiit to adjonrnuieiit. All tlic arbitra- tors ami tlio ajjicnts of the two jiovt'riiiiu'iit.s were present. Tiie i)rotoi'ol of the last coiiierence was read and approved, and was signed by the i)resident and secretary of the trib- unal and theaj>ents of the two governments. Lord Tenterden, as agent of Her J3ritannic Majesty, read the following statement: Am iip'iit oClltr I!iitaiiiiio Maji'sty, I liiivo tlio honor rosiiectfiiUy to represent to tlio tribniiiil tliat tlic tallies of claiiiis wliicli were. i>ro forma presented to tliti arbitrators by the aj^ent of the Tiiited States ())i Monday, IDtli instant, but of wliieh I was only fur- nishe the arbitrators may think fit to iciiuire or permit for the elucid.'itiini ofany point contained in, or arising out of, the docunu'Uts previously put in by either party. I Imve also to sulnnit that the introduction of such additional claims is not author- ized by the I'dpiest made by the arbitrators. Tiiis re(|uest was that comparative statements of the results in figures of the claims already nuule, as apjiearing in the papers iirevionsly jiresented, according to the views of the respective jtarties, slumld be prepared, with explanatiuy observations, and laid beforethe tribunal, and it could not h.'ive been intended to afford the opportunity for bringing forward new, or increasing former, claims. Under tliesi' eirciimstaiices, I respectfully re(piest the arbitrators to disallow, as unauthorized by them, and as contrary to the treaty, the tables containing such addi- tioual.claims, presented by the iigeut of the United States, and the memoiandum re- hitiijg to them, without ])r(judice to his right to present other tables, accomj)anied by any e.\i»lanatoiy observations, wliich shall be limited to the particular claims iilready set i'orth in the case and counter-case of the United States, and the appendices thereto. The tribunal decided to adjourn the consideration of this matter until the next conference. Sir Itoundell I'almer, as counsel of Her Britannic Majesty, then read the. argument required by the tribunal on Sir Alexander Cockburu's 'W PROTOCOLS OF THE COXrEHEXCES. 37 u'cni}ij\ftli Hit, 18712. 10 arbitra- prescnt. approved, »t' the trib- e following resent to the rhitrutora l>y kiis only fur- tional chiinis e. (1 varying pe- jllects Imving ortecl by any iMit tunc, e.g. : le of ii vessel, United States liis now given indeed is that other foreign led under tlio t any gronnd the tirst time il numbers, to |l liy any evi- tiiil statement |i|i()se ofinlln- itw authority, istitnting the Ithe times and •r statements or jiermit for Its previously lis not author- |of the claims to the views |ons, and laid opportunity disallow, as Jug such addi- Inorandum re- loiupanied by llaims already Idieert thereto. liatter until :, then road ICockburu's ])r()posal, upon tho «piostion of law niontionod in I'rococol XXIV, and Mr. I'iVarts, as otmnsol of the United States, replied to it. On the projK)sal of Viscount (fitajiiba, one of tlie arbitrators, the tribunal decided to adjourn until the next <'onterence tln^ further dis- cussion upon the Florida, and to proceed with the delinitivi^ vote on each vessel separately. Tiu^ tribunal then d«'cided that it had to con.sider only such vessels witii rojLjai'd to wiiich claims were presented in the case and coiniter-case of the United States; every other (pu'stion \w'u\<^ conse(|uently under- stood as dismissed from consideratuui. Count Sclopis, as president of the trilmnal, having- read the Article Vll of the Treaty of Washington, asked the tribunal whether, as to the Sumter, (heat JJritain has, by any act or omission, failed to fulfill any of the duties set forth in the three rules mentioned in Article VI of tho treaty, or recogiii/ed by the principles of international law, not .incon- sistent with such rules. Tho tribunal umiinmously replied '' No." The .sanu> question was asked as to tho Nashville, and the tribunal unanimously replied "Xo." The same question was renewed as to the Retribution. Mr. Adams answered "Yes, for all the acts of this vessel." Mr. Sta'uiptli answered "Yes, as to the loss of the lOmily Fisher." Sir Alexander Cockburn, Viscount d'ltajuba, and (Jount Sclopis an- swered " No." The sanu' question Avas aske:iviM rfpli"'-* tn Lord Tenterden'.- re- mark!' on the Anier- ieaii titbtL'H. 38 AHHITKATION AT GENEVA. , Lord Tcntonlcii, ns ii{;t'iit of I Tor IJritaiiiiic Alajosty, delivered to the tribuiiiU iiiid the a^cnt of the United States tahh's of fi<;nreH rehitiiif? t" tlie elaiiiis contained in the tables presented on the part of the United States on the l!>th instant. The tribunal eoneliidcid the discussion of the question concerniufjthe entraiicu^ of the Florida into Mobile, and her stay at that port, anil pro- ceeded to the detinitive vote on this vessel. ('ouiit Sclopis, as i)resident of the tribunal, havinj>- asked, undei the Vll article of the treaty of Washiiif'tou, whether, as to the Florida, (rreat IJritain had, by any act or omission, failed to fulfil any of the du- ties set foith in the rules mentioned in Article VI of the treaty, or re- co};nized by the prim;iples of international law not inconsistent with such rules, Mr. Adams, Viscount d'ltajuba, M. StuMupHi, and Count Sdopis answered "Yes, " and Sir Alexander Cockburn answered "No." As a (pu'stion of i)riiu!iple, the tribunal then unatamously declared that (Jreat Jiritain should be considered as responsible for the tenders in the same degree as for the vessels to which they were attached. The same (piestion as had been put with re<»ard to the Florida, was next asked by Count Sclopis as to the Tuscaloosa, a tender to the Ala- bama, and the tribunal unanimously answered "Yes." The same (pu\stion was asked separately as to the Clarence, the Ta- cony, an«l the Archer, as tenders to the Florida, and Mr. Adams, Mr. Sta'mpHi, \'iseount d'ltajuba, and Count Sclopis answered " Yes," for each of these vessels, and Sir Alexander Cockburn answered "No" for each of these vessels. The tribunal then proceeded to the consideration of the representa- tion made by the agent of Jler Britannic Majesty, at the last confer- ence. 3Ir. J. C. IJaucroft Davis, as agent of the United States, read the fol- lowing statement in reply: L'lificiit (le sii Majostf^ biitanniiiuo a pr<^sojit(' an tiibmial un moinoraiuluin dcstiiK^ k ciiti(iiicr Ic if'siuiK^ dcs iiidoniiiitoH (leiiiaiidocH jiivr Itin l^tafH-Uiii.s, et stin(5 ■quel lo •t-mi. ■mont lie pai- ivauts: lans lc8 iratioUR, jlaitH'ut chittrea iKiinents i\6n dana uer l«inr no, niais aon 16- lait uiio ! cliaqiu) exipteut ippviiiier dans Hoii rf^siuiu'' li> (jliof dcs asHiiranncs, on celiii ilcs (VcfH, 011 rcliii d'nn iiavirt- (iiu'lcoii- (|iif, jiDiir soiistraire ce clit-l'a la ('(niiiaissiiiici' divs ail)itrfs. (.'t.« iic si-rait |»as Ic iiii>yt'ii di' ifiisfi^jni'r 1(! liilniiiid, mai.i jiliiMt ci'liii dn In troinpcr. lliii^ telle idi'c a Pair d'um' liiaisaiitcilo, (it iiiillt'iiit'iit d'uiK! (lUJcctimi si'iiciisc an taldeaii den I^tats-I'iiis. lit' tiiliuiial tixaiiiiiifia li s n'siiiacs dcs di-iix fioiivcriieiiiciitH. A la ImiiitTf dc ct^s n'.suiiK's, li» tribunal oxaiiiintTa tons Ics docimn'Mts rclatifr* conipris dans Ics moinoires et (KHitrc-nn'Miolros d«!s deux ^jouvi'incnicnts. Cent lo droit ct c'ost li'ili'voir dc cliaitut* jlouviTnennMit dc soiuncttro an trihniial Ics prcnvcs rcsiicctivcs sans ret nincliuincnt d'nn cAtf' ist sans suppression dc I'antrc. Alors lo tiil)nuai.jn;,'era. II. l^iumt a la conipetcn(iC : «) Le tViihi' comitreinl tdidt'H Ich nrhunatioiiH den lilalx-UniH qui Html (h'^'Kiiu'iH hokh 1c uom irnuritiitc (If m:luiniiHonn dc I'.llnlxinia. h) Le tribunal, par sou opinion preliniinaire, a liniile la ^jcuoralite rle ces mots, en ecartaiit des rc^cdainations certaines i)ertes nationales allc;.tn<'M's par Ics fitats-IJnis. Mais, a la suite do cetto o|>ini(Mi. le tribunal reste saisi dc la (|nestiou dc tontes les nnlainatlonM t'aites jtar les Elats-l'nis tlans Tinterct des individus li'si's, et comprises sons I>' noni g;cnci'i(|ne dc I'eelaniations dt; I'Alabania. Les jiertes des otlieicrs, (>t en ;^t''iicral dcs e(|nipa}jard. (■) Des n^fdaniationa pour les pertoa pcrsonuellcs des (^(juipaj^es desnavircs capture's soiit tbrniulees do la uianiL'ro la plus cxplieito ilauslo UKhiioiro dcs fltats-ruis, coninio suit: " Ui'clannitions por.r dommajres on numvais traiteuunts inlli^es aux personnes. et f)ui out 6{(- lo r(;Hultat do la destruction des vaisseaux appartouant, aux deux classes pn'cc'doiitus. it # # fr # # # "II est impossible a prc^seut pour les f!tats-ITnis de souniettre au tribunal un (^tat d('taill<'' des donima^^ea ou mauvais traitements personncds (jui sont r(''snlt(^ de la de- struetion do eha([ue classc dv vaisseaux. Les ot'tieiers (!t rt'(iiiipai;e de cliaiinii vaissean avaient droit a la protection du drapeau anidrieain; leura n'olamations doivent ('tro ineluscs dans la soinme totale ((ue le tribunal pent alloner. U'ajtrcs lt!s (^b'Mucnts d'ap- preciatiou (ini leur sont lonrnis, il no sera ]»as difdcib! aiix arbitres de eonnaifrt^ les iKuns et lo touinij^e des biltimonts cbHruits, do (h- terminer le nombre de ces liardis ina- rins sans ressources (pii ontt'tt'^ priv(^s ainsi do lours inoyons de subsisteneo et de lixcr la soiniue totalo ipii cos justilicatives. Nous distin^juons entro les f^ages dcs (M[uipaj5es do^' baleiniers et ceux des navires marcliauds propremeufc dits. Pour les (l(Uix classes do uaviies l(>s f;a plupart des cas le niontant des f^a^es so iixait, en tout ou (mi partie, sidon Ics btSit^l' • s, "t les familh^s des luatelots rec«}vaient do rarmateur mm partio notable de cos gaj^v..; icjiidant K; tt!iui)s du voyagti. D.ius cos cas, l(^s matelots des baleiuiiu's avaient ^U' vi(;tinios dos I'rais (li;s six ou uenfprenuers luois d'uii voyage, on aitiiinlant les bi'at^lices qui devraiout ('tre n>vu8 dans les trois mois i\ vonir. Do deux Glioses rune; pour iudemuisor ces gens, il faut lour alloner, ou des b(^ndfice8 cu porsi»ective, ou des gages so rapi)ortaut :\ ces iM^ni^tices. Pour les uavires inarchands, il pent se fairo ([uo la (luestion des gages des niattdots soit compli(iiu!o dt3 hKiuestion dcs frets. Eii supposant tpie les iudomuites domaii(I(5e8 sous lo chet'de fret soiont, commo nous lo croyons, les pertes actuidles des armateurs danscotte relation, il s'ousnifc (juo nous avons droit a ("'tre indoiuuisds pour les gages. Pour la plupart des navires, lea Etats-Unis i/sclament sous lo noiii de gages la perto (In temps des iuatel()ts,aussi bieu que les frais de Icur transitortdu lieu dc capture aux lioux rospectifs de leur residence liabituelle ; ot sous co cUitf nous allouous des gages ;■•:- ■:>: ii il \i ■ 'a 1:1 . 1 .'.j liJil 40 AKIilTKATloN AT GKN'KVA. (liiiiiiil. six iiioin on ilnraiit, m-iir iiinis, si'loii <|iii' In cnptiuc ii i-tr fiiitu iliiiis Ics cuiix do 1'Atlinilii|iii' oil bicii (Imiih ct'llis dii I'imIIIiimc. I'ji clVi't. iKiiiH doiMiDiis MccorHl <'iih. (/ii(ii(|iir (■cci im Hoit (iii'iiiii^ tNstiinii- tioii, If iv.snllat est iiii-dcssKiis dc lii V(''iilr pliitot (|ii'iiii-d('.s,siif<. Ndiih iivdiis cstiiiK' If tdiillVi' df l'('i|iii|i:i;;r dc cliiiiini' iijivii'f coiifDi'iiii'iiiiMit aux ddiiiifi's iiu'oii IroMVf dans mis |»iciM!s jiisiilicativcs, i-n ilisfiiictioii dii chitlri' di's Italid- uiiTs, i|iii hfcfssitcnt iin plus inland nondirn d'lioniini's ijiir It's navirfs niandiaiitls. III. I. IS l^tats-lJnis ic'diinifnt, \)o\\v toiili's Ics paitics iiidivisccs d'liii niivirc, sidt: ((iio Ic |ii'(i|ii'ii''lain' d'nm^ )>artii> niini'iint (|iii'Ii;imii|iic iiaiaissc nn non, ])ai'(;(> i[iM li'S r.tats- I'lMs aiii'diit i'l n-poiidri- a tniis li's pnipiii'taircs dans lo (^as oil Ir triliiinal ac.coidiu'ait en Idoc Miic solium' anx I'^tats-I'nis. Sans ccla, il y auiait injiisticc fvidoiito, L'(d»jt't dn traiti' rst, d'indciiiiiisi-r lis rUats-lInisponr tonics Ics pinti's snl>icsi>ar lours citoytsiiM, I't non d'iinposoi' nnc particdc ccfti\ imicinnillcatioii anx l^tats-lJnis ciix-nir'iiii's. IV. I 'auciit d»! sa -Nlajcstii lii'itaniiii|nc rdijccto ipic nous avons aii^incnto lo moiitaiit dcs I'ci-laination.s en ajontant Ics cIiUVk's apiiartcnaiit aux tiois diet's siiivants : (iaK»'s S'.KJi), r.!)7 Klicts , 44 1, (>r)0 Inti'icts indivisc.s 4'.i, y7;{ 1,4-J2,0'2() II s'aj;it do iiioiiis d'nn million ot domi, ot non dcs deux niillions allf^giids daiiH lo incmoramlnni do I'a^icnt ilc sa Majcsti- l)iitannii|nc. 11 est \ lai do dire qiTil y a tU- pins line addition a la valeiii' do eertains iiavires. C'e.st line ineprise dc I'exiieit einjdoyi' dans Ics calcnls relat it's a ccs navires. (Jetto erreiu' est expliiliit'c e! coiri^t'c dans line note |ila<'(''c a la suite do ee nieinorandiim. Mais, en nicino temps, muis avons mis de cote Ics ri'clamatiomi Ibiidt'cs sur de.s bdud- liceH en iicispeetive, i|iii est Ic doiildo «le.s additions faites. V. I'liilin, ct ponr lesnnicr ledi'ltat : L'Aiicletcrie ji <'oinpo.s(' nn taldean, non dcs i'aits actuols, luais tout d'estiiiiations, d'aiijirc'iiaiions ot do moyeniics arliitraircs et siippost-cs. Notre talilcan est compost' dc faits actncls et pronvt's, pour la pliinart, aveo uii petit iiomhre irappi't'ciatioiis tii's-siniples, et iM'lli*s-ei I'omlt'cs snr dcs [ireuves et dos aualoj^ies I'videiites et a])pny(ics par les docnments. N'ons avons pleincment Ic tlroit dc nous jilaimlrc dn taUlcan tout (Miti rt'sentti an mini dc rAiij;lctcrro: clle ii'a '"i fiiticincniiie iinclipics e lii tiros sci'omhiiro.- •nm ordrc a]))iai'tenant an ineinoramiuin dcs I.,tats-rnis>. L'a-icnt dc sa Majcsti' jiarait siipposer iine les lUats-Unis out on I'iutention, dans tout feci, dc prt'parer notre estiini' di.' manit'i'e a cxcreer nno intlutMiet! taclieuso snr la oonscioiicc tics ai'liitrcs. Kst-co lo triliunal (lu'tm soui>t,'onne .' lOst-oo I'airtnit ties f;tats- IJiiis .' On ponnait s'y mt''prendrt\ On jioniiait mi-mt' impntcrtlo tols motifs h ra<;t'ut do sa. Ma.jestt". Mais co no sciait difjiio ni tie liii, ni do iions, t;n viic dcs rolations coiir- toiscs tics a;>ents ot ties otniscils dcs deux f;tniveincnieiits. Mais a (pioi lion cottticrititiiic tie part on d'antre .' Si les arliilres allonent nut! soinino on Idoi;, cette soiumo sera ntSce.ssairoiuont iiiio ap- jin^ciati'ni en partie, sans (|noi le ivsnltat dos travanx des arliitros no surait pas iiiio iii- dciiiiiilieation ri'cllo tics r^lats-Unis. S'il y a i|ncli|ncs dt't'ants secontlain^s dans les jtrciivcs ties Ktats-Unis, il y a uu manque I'stiiic total lie preiivcs di'linios ilo la Dart dc la (irautli-Uretairno. pr Mais si le triliunal rtmvtiic cos ri'damatioiis a dcs a- •Ills, rAujilotorro sora ton no jiar les stiimlations du traite tie payor anx Ktats-Unis la soiiinio ailjnj^t^o par los assos- scnrs, sans restriction, ni do pn.'uvos atlirinatives, ni do iniMivos iH';iatives. Alors, les matelols i|ui ii'ont pas [irt'sontf' lours rt^claniations, ot int'nie les arniatoiirs, assurours on aiitrcs, aniont lo droit de rdclaiiior devant les assosseurs. Tel est le sous evident du traitf'. Ell atttiitiaiit, tout ce (ini so fait, soit do la part do rAint^riqiio, soit de la part do l'Ai)};letei re, tcml a essayer d'l'clairer, par Ics moyons tiui soiit A, notre disposition, le Jiitjcmont du tribunal. Kiitin, nous]iroti'stonsctintrocertainesapprcciationsdn traite do Wasliington, <|ui soiit on exprimt'cs on iniplii|udes dans lo mdnitiire de Tageiit do la Graude-Bi;etaj;ue, sans nous arreter pour les discuter ici. M)TK. A. — Les ii'clamationa pour les fiai;es des baleiniers et des peehoiirs dcs na- vires detriiits on (ItHenns jiar l'Alaliania,iiar lo riorida. on (lar le Slionan- doali apres sa sortie do Melliourno, (la eorroction t'tant faite des orronrs iiiitces dans It; iiienioramluin ipii accomi>a}fije iios tableaux,) estiuitk'S dapii's les preiives soumisos, s'tHevent a $5b8, 247 CO I '4 I'KOTOCOF.S OF TIIK CONri.UKNCKS. 41 uds diiiis lo ir di'S beiio- eHtiiuations, ('•' inoiitiiiit i( ("trt? smistiiiit «1(* In nuiiiiiio totiilo diUiH \v Hoinniiiiro aiiii<-x('', si !•' tiil)iiii:il iu'cmdr Ic^i ri'djiiiiivtiinis ties lialt'liiicis iniiii' la jd'cht' jdMsiifctivc ct pour I'iiitcnuiitioii ilii voyajif. II, — Lcs rrclanialitiiiM pmir Itsna^icsdcs olilicici'.st't ilfshomiiicM tli'M iiaviri-n niarrlianils aiiisi di-triiitu »»iMli')t»*mis, «'Mtiiiiri's d'apri^s Ics pn.'uvt'.s nou- miscs, sVlovfiit a _ 6-lt''^, iCd DO t^iifli|ii(^M-uiiH dfs iia\'ii'«>sd<'tiuitM()ii drtt'iiiis^taitMit sur l(»Mt, Kii tons (•as pait'ils, nous insistons siir co quo lo trihimal nous acfordo If total di's (^a^t'^ i«^i'lanu'"S. I'lnsicnis, on iiir>nit) la plnpart, dcs navin-s <'taifnt fharfii's d(! tVet. IJans tons Ics casoii lo triWnnal fst convaincn <|ni' If t'n't ivelanio fst fret pnr, il doit ai'cordcr Ics rt'iclaniations ponr ^•a;;cs; mitis dans tons k-s cas oh li^ trilinnal est convaincn (pu> la riM'laniation itoni' firt ost i)onr fret lirnt, 11 doit refuser d'a(;eorder les reclamations jionr jj;a;;cs. Ccci est exposii d'niie niauioro tres-prdctso dans lo inenu)randuni qui accoinpajjne nos taldt^anx. C— liCS estiiuat ions d<.'s rear 1« Shenaiuloali. Depuis quo ces tableaux out ^!ti; tcrndni's le tribunal a decide qutj la (jrande-Hretagne n'l.'st pas its- spoiisalde des actes dn Sbenandoali avaut sa sortie de Mtdl)ouiiu'. Lc niontantdcs rcclannitionsadednirt! par snito dt; cettodf^cisions'elevt) ;\ .. 4r)l{, *^'J0 4t) E. — II y a nn(^ erp'ur palpable de la part ilu eomptable dans lo tableau intitiib'i "Shenandoah, supplement, classo A." La valour ^^stim^'(! de liuit navires di' ten ns (o'est-ti-(iire, jJ-^n.OdiM.'hacnii) fut rettniuc jtarleeomptablo par nu'jiarde, et jointe aux cliillVes de la colonne dcs totaux de pertcs. Dans la discussion dctaillei^ dcvant It! tiibunal,()n st* scrait apervu tout de suite de ct^tte errcur, (|ui tUait demcnr('>ti inapcnv'io dans la bate di;s preparatifs ])()nr rcdi^rer les tableaux. On fournit ci-inclns un tableau nonvcau sons le nienu! titro. Lo uiontant do cotto orrour, qui so trouve corri-ree ici, est dt; 040,000 00 , F.— L'exposc revise ci-joint ; totaux des n'clan itions compart^es, exhibo CCS corrections: c"est-a-dire, qui; les montanl> D et E, (ini s't'devent a sl,m):VJlH).l!», sout :{, H07 78 47, h.^)0 00 r),.^)r)7,()t)0 o:{ 3.-j()7,()7.-i oo [Florida, y conipris lo Clarenco Classo A 2vH,«)41 92 Wri,-,m 00 et lo Tacouy. Classo B » r>:iy, 179 10 U44, 709 00 'Le eomptable, (|ui a fait I'arraiisenient des navires dans nos tablcatix, a placi'- dans lla classo C deux navires qui auraiout d(i etre duns la classo )i, savoir : JL'Oneida §471,849 12 ^0 Windward •i2,.")9ri 00 494,447 12 Cette errcur corrigt'^e, la flonuno totale de la clasae B (sous le noni du Florida) erait do .*1,0:{3,62(5.22, et do la classo C, .§2,844,962.90. Ct)nime les stuumes totales Jes reclamations sons le noni du Florida ne seraient aucun6inent ehange'es ])ar la cor- rection de cetto erreur, purement foriuelle, j'ui peusd qu'il ne valait pus lu peine do JBhangcr les tableaux ddtaillds. If IS i ilii 42 AKlilTRATION AT GENEVA. TOTAUX DES RfX'LAMATIONS COMPARr:ES-Contiiuics. Montnnfs rC-rlaiiies dans loH talileaux niiiLTicaiiiH. Flciida, y eonipris lo Claracnco Classo C I;!;?, 339, 410 02 ct IcTaconv— Contiimde. Classc D i:W, i)2"J17 ClasHOH E et B' 278, (i 1 8 62 Classu G 91,225 10 4, (iltl, 30:{ 93 Aloutaiits acconlrs dans Ic rapport ajoiit)'' a laitxu- infiit britanni- §1,770,375 00 44,570 00 (51,350 00 2,035,573 00 Slionandoali : Classo A et snpph'^nioiii: 3,203,149 55 1,171,404 00 Kccai.itnlatiou: Alabama 0,557,090 03 3,207,078 00 I'lorida 4, 010, 303 93 2, 035, 57:5 00 Shonaudoah 3, 203, 149 55 1 , 171 , 404 00 14,437,143 51 7,074,715 00 Reclamations a-tuoUos dos l^hits-llnis pour les dd- j>i'u.sc'.-i caiisees a lenr iiiariiic par suito dca actes du Elovida, do I'Alabama ot du Shcuaiuloab 0, 735, 002 49 940, 400 24 21, 172, 200 00 8, 015, 175 24 Rt'^clamationsprovoi.auT »le I'lntenuptiou dos voyages et des peites jiu" li(-ii.'t;.;''S eu perspective 4,099,302 50 SOM.MAIKK. Totanx des i/tTaijiatior::-!, 'y compris les ri^elamatioiis proveiiaiit do I'intorrupt.ou d ui vov vjjcv et des pertes siir bendliccs cii ]»crBpec- tivc) 825,281,508 50 Si k's siisditcs Ti^clajuatioiia soivt comprises, il faut ddduire, (cide A).. 588,247 50 j 24,093,201 00 On Totanx des rdclamatious, (nou conipris les dites r<:5c]amatious) $21, 272, 206 20 Dans le casoii uue p!»i"illo('''.imination scrait laitc, il iaiidrait ajouter '2't''^ snr la valrnr d.'s ua vires vi di-s ociuiponcuts, (vide le memoran- dum qui aecomptiguc les tableaux) , 400, 127 91 / •■ 21,072,334 11 En tons eas il faut njouter riut«?ri't do 7^o par an Jusiin'au jour dii paiement iudi([nd l)ar les termes dn. traite. After (I'libiiifiiion, the tiibmuil gave its (lecision as follows: Tlui tribniirtl ;1y one of the arbitrati»rs, Viscount d'ltajnba, to whicli the tribnnal will j^ive such attention as is rij^ht. Tlie ti'ilmiuil (letermiued to devote tlie next conference to the consid- eration of the questions concerning;' tlie claims for *' expenditure inciirred in pursuit of tlu^ cruisers, prospective protits, freights, and interest," and decided to deliberate with closed doors. Sir Alexander ('ockburn, as one of the arbitrators, declared that he objected to this latter de(;ision. The conferiMice was then adjourned until Thursday, the 20th instant, at half past 1- o'clock. FKKDETMCK S( LOPIS. J. C. IJANCItOFT DAVIS. TENTEHDEN. ALEX. FAVliOT, Sccrctanj. PKOTOCOLS OF THE CONFERENCES 43 : '■ I. i f PROTOCOL XXVII. Jiecordof the procccdiiif/s of the trihuiKtl of arhitrntlon at the twenfy-serenth conference held at Geneva, in iSicitzerhind, on the liOf/i of A^iyustj 1872. The conference was held with dosed doors, pursuant to adjournment. All the arbitrators were present. s„n.iry .h„« .,r Tiie luotocol of the last coni'erence was read; the ap- '''■ '•'^•^»'""'- proval and signing of the same was deferred until the next meeting. Tlie tribunal proceech'd to consider the (|uestions concerning the claims for " exi)enditure incurred in pursuit of the cruisers, pr(»spective prolits, and freights." As to the claims for exi)en«liture incurred in ])ursuit of liie cruisers, a majority of the tribunal deci«le«l to rejr'ct them as (comprised in the costs of the war; ^[r. ytaemplli and Mr. Adams declared them to be ad- 7iiissible, as belonging to the direct losses, reserving to appreciate their amount according to the bases laid down in the table at page 1L*(> of the seventh volume of the appendix to the case of the United States, As to the claims for ])r(ispective profits the tribunal unanimously decided to reject them, reserviuj;, however, the questioiis as to the wages for the whalers aiul the interest for the value of the vessels and tlu'ir outfit. As to the claiius for freights, the tribunal unanimously decided not to a''mit of the gross freight, but only the net freight. The tribunal also de(;ided to consider at the next conference theipies- tious concerning the valuation of the destroyed vessels aiul the claims for interest. Lastly the tribunal decided to adjourn this conference until Friday, tlie 30Lh instant, at 1- o'clock, and to deliberate again with closed doors. FliEDEHICK SCLOPIS. ALEX. FAVKOT, Hevvetanj. ritOTOCOL XXVIIL Record of the proceedings of the trihnntd of arbitration at the twentif-eiffhth conference held at ikneva, in Sa-itzcrland, on the 'MUh ofAni/nst, 1.S72. The conference was held with closed doors, pursuant to adjournment. All the arbitrators were i)resent. \,„,„ , „,,,^,,.,, Tlie protocol of the twenty-sixth conference having been '-'■'■' <""'<"^>-'-'^- C(»rre(;ted was approved, and tlu- proto<'ol •' *" the last conierence was read and approved, and was signed by the picsident and secretary of the tribunal. On the i)roposal of Sir Alexanikn- Ctickl)urn,as oneof tlu' arl»itrators, the tribunal permitted tliat tlie counsel of Her Britannii- Majesty should present, on the (pu'stion of interest, a note whicli should bo directly communicated by the agent of Her Brittannic Majesty to the agent of the United States, in order that the latter may [uepare u reply to it, if h(« thinks tit. The tribunal ,.,„ ti,', "'^'^ *''*^ arbitrators were present. (it,t^,r„ta',,J'>ir a' The protocol of the last conferen(!e was read and ap- ■».r!l!'n'«""H proved, and was signed by the president aiul secretary of the tribunal. Count Sclopis, as president of the tribunal, acknowledged the receipt, by the arbitrators, of the note presented by the agent of Ifer liritannic Majesty on the question of interest, and of the rei>iy to the same, presented by the agent of the Uniteil States. The tribunal tiien proceeded to consider that //t September, 1872. 1. At 5 iM-rrcnt. iluiiii'.M'inlit .v<'ar» untl oi^'lit and onclialf ni:)ntlM. .H x JtiflO,ono.-:*4,POO,000 «1 X 50,000 = 4-J5,000 *5,2'r),noo 17,'Jv!5.ii(«i Kvcntiuillj- ouc jciir's iuU- rest nioro 17,H'J5,ih*i PROTOCOLS OF THE COXFEHENCES. 45 " At fi pti' cent, (luring eigbt years .and eight and onc-lialf months. .8 ^''JO.OOO-^^ij.TeO.OOO " • ■ i'i '. C-0,000-^ 510,1)00 C.'J70,000 ?IH.270,000 Kvcntiially one year's interest more 18,;)!lO,000 3. At 7 per cent, during eiglit years and eiglit and onelialf months .8 x $8-10.000=: 8(i,7v!0,non ejx 70,000^^ ,"i!i."i,0(IO 7,Jir.,ooo 810,315,000 Eventually one year'.- interest more f -10,000 20,155.000 Round sum '.W.OOO.OOO Sir Alexander Cockbiirii, as one of the arbitrators, thi^n presented tbe following" meniorandiini on Mv, Sta^uiptli's estimate: Afimorandinn on Mr. Stnwp^ftVs edhnate. The fignros in Mr. Stiu'uplH's papor require somo niiiterial correctioii.s, .".-> t.) which, as (soon as they aris pointed out, thcic can Ik; no (hmht. The total claim by th« United States of SU.ltJTjOilD will' bo found, on an iuspuction of the I 'iiited .States tables, to include the followiiijr amounts: a. All the double claims, without exception, notwithstanding the clear expression of o]»iiiion on the part of the tribunal that they were to bo struck out These double claims amount io.Sl,f '02,2415. h. The gross freights of tlui nuMchant-vessels, amounting to $l,((()7,l.")l?. as to which tilt! tribunal ha.s d(;cided that at the utmost only half, that is to say !j,'>u:{.r)7(), should be allowed. c. The new claim of .fil,4.")0.00fl, advanced for tlie first time on the UUh of Augii.stlast, as to whir)^'H,(iClK (an allowance whi< ii can be shown to be excessive by at least sH>^,<)t)t», ) and he has therefore ineliid'-d in his calculation the claim for wages tvvic(> over. It is therefore clear that Mr. St,eiii])lli, wliihi he exclude-- some of the items of claim wliivli the tribunal has disallowed, has omitted to strik(! out the other iiems, against which the tribunal has prononneed its opinimi ; but it is ciinally clear t hat all the dis- allowed items must be excluded before a comiiari in In- fairly or usel'iilly made be- tween the United States claim ami the Hiirisji e>; It is ueces.sary, tlieref(U'e, in the first iilace, to dedu him the I nitcd States claiiii thethree amounts specified in paragraphs a, li, iind c, lespt'itivi'I' which will leave, as i>sliown by the annexed table, a pioperly reduced claim of -I '.-oI.:!-J|. asagaill.^t the lii'itish estimate of ^7.4()."t,7(!l, if the dilference between paiierand .-"Id iiiiTeiie, be (iiir the present purpose disregarded. It iiiiist, li(!),( "21 /<»• .vccdrcr/ <y tho masters of wlialcrs for \va;;i's, sometimes at the rate of $ir),0(J() or .'iii'i(>,(M)(> a year, aii«l which are, of course, siiixirseded by Mr. Sta'iiii>tli's allowance of SrjHHjdl Kt, and many other e([nally exorI>i- tant claims, moro particnlarly specilied m the British reports. From these considerations it is manifest that more than ami>le justice will he done to the United States by takinj; a mean hctwi-en the claim of 6l".-i''l,'^'-il, nnd tht( British esMniate of >r7,4l)4,7()4, and by adding thereto the allowiince of .'Ji!r)8"i,()(IO in lien of )>ros]iective catch. Mr. .Sta-mpdi has also added, for some nnknown reason, '25 i)er cent, on the values of the whalers, an addition which can be easily shown to be e([uivalcnt to alto- yetluiv allowing ov(!r and above the original values of the whalers ami their onttifs a percentage! exceeding l((( per cent., anil this although tho (juestion of interest is still loft opi'U to the decision of the tribunal. Adnutting.^however, this extraordinary addition of 25 per cent., and the excessive estinnite of the wages, it is shown l>y the cint^xed ta)>lo that if Mr. Sta»mplli's (igures be projterly corrected, the estimate would scarcely exceed §10,U00,dU0, even without any allowan(;e being made for the great difference between the values of the paper and tilt! gold currency. Mr. StaMiiplli's calculations of interest (supposing interest to be allowed) are made at the alteruiitive rates of 5, V), and 7 p«'r cent., for the period of eight and one-half years, from the lirst of January, Irttil, to the 15th of September, l"<7'i. But to this he i)roiK)ses to add anotluir year's interest for the period of dcday in pay- ment alter the date of thts award which is allowed by the treaty. The tribunal has no power, under the t''eaty, to award jyaynu'iitof because it is propos(Ml to charge a whole year's inter- est at »'ither 5, (i, or 7 per cent., whereas the British government h.-is the option, under the treaty, to pay the sum awarded at any time ivilhin the year allowed for that pir- jiose, ami might certainly raise the money, (if that operation were necessary,) at a eonsideruble lower rate of interest than 5 per cent. I'abh in reference to (he eBtimatc of Mr. Slampjii. Totnl Fiiitf'l States claim in tlio lust rovispd tables ^U, 4;)7, 143 Neccssaiv rcdiiclidiis to be iiiuilc IVom tlie aliove sii]i|ip(iHO irticle of t, at halt' TROTOCOL XXX. Record of the proceedinfjs of the tribunal of arbitration at the thirtieth conference held at Genera, in Switzerland, on the (jth of iSe2)teni- her, 1872. The conference was hekl with closed doors pursuant to adjournment. All the arbitrators were present. The protocol of the last conference was read and ap- ..faec'^ui""'"""'" proved, and was sifjned by the president and secretary of the tribunal. The tribunal proceeded to consider a draught of their decision. At the : C'uiest of the tribunal, ^Ir. Adams and Sir Alexander Cock- burn kindly undertook to provide for the translation into English of the French text of this act of decision. The conference was then adjourned until Monday, the 9th instant, at half past twelve o'clock, to be held with closed doors. FKEDEKICK SCLOPIS. ALEX. EAVIiOT, Secretary. PROTOCOL XX XL [j?t'cr)»Y7 of the proceed ings of the tribunal of arbitration at the thirfy-Jirst CO ifcrence held at Genera, in Switzerland, on the Jth of September, 1872. The conference was held with closed doors pursuant to adjournment, ill the arbitrators were present. The protocol of the last conference Avas read and ap- ,,ifip"'y 'Sw;?,',';," )roved, and was signed by the president and secretary of l',,';;,;;!;',,,';";;';'''''' the tribunal. Mr. Adani.s and Sir Alexander Cockburn presented the English trans- lation of the act of decision, which they had kindly undertaken to pre- are. The tribunal definitely adoi)ted the act of decision, which was consid- ered at the last conference, and decided to Uave it printed. Viscount d'ltajuba, as one of the arbitrators, made the following Itatement: Viseoiiut d'ltajuba, while sijjniiijx the decision, remarks, wi Hi regard to the reeital Jiicerning tiie Hiipply of coals, tliat he is of o[)inion that ovt;ry y;overnnient is free to iniisli to the hellifferents more or less of that article. The tribunal resolved that the decision should be signed at the next )nrer<'nce, which was to be held with open doors, juul adjourned until Iftturday, the 14th instant, at half past 12 o'clock. FREDERICK SCLOPIS. ALEX. FAVROT, Secretary. If V1 irciary. fW 48 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. PKOTOCOL XXXII. Record of the proceedings of the tribunal of arbitration at the thirtij-sec- and conference held at Ueneva, in iSwitzerland, on the lUh of iSepteni- her, 187L>. The conference was held with open doors, pursuant to adjournment. All the arbitrators aiul the agents of the two governments .'•isii.ilurt' of (iward . nnd diKKoi.m.... of ^\ow presLMit. trihtinal. The jnoiocol of the last confereiu'e was read and ap- l)roved, and was signed by the president and secretary of the tribunal. The president then presented the decision of the tribunal on the ques- tion of the "Alabama claims," and directed the secretary to read it ; which M'as done, and the «lecision was signed by Mr. Cliarles Francis Adams, Cou;;t^^ Frederic Sclopis, i\Ir. Jac(pies Sticniptii, and Viscount d'ltajuba, ar^i; ators, in the presence of the agents of the two govern- ments. A copy of the decision thus signed was delivered to each of the agents of the two governments, respectively, and the tribunal decided to liave a third copy placed upon record ; they further decided that the decisio.i should be i)rinted ami annexed to the present protocol." Sir AlexanEl{ICK SCLOPIS. J. C. UANCKOFT DAVIS. TENTER I )Fy. ALEX. FA\'1{(.)T, .Secrdan/. ' For a copy of this jiiipor, sor prrat, No. iii. -' Tliis i»iiiPt'r was not aniu'XiMl to tlic oHicial ]»i'oto('()l dclivored to tlio afj^cut of tlir rnitcd States. A ]»apiT I'lititk'd " Reasons of Sii' Ali-xaniliT CnUliiirn for (lissfiithiL; from tile awardof till- li'ilMinal of arliilratioii'' was inililishrd in tin- snpplcnicnt to tlii' London (Jazfttc of tin' •JUli of Si-ptiMiilier, lf^7'2, and a copy of tliis niiniIxT of tlir (ia/cttc was transmittt'd to the a^^i-nt of tlic I'niti'd States as tin- paper tliat .slionlil liavc hi'cn annexed to tlu! inotocol. This paper i.s printed liereafter under the titii' " fiir A. L'o(kl»urns Upinions." ii! i III.-DFX'ISION AND AWARD Maile 1 !i the tribunal of ayttitrnlion const if iifctl hi/ rirtKC of the Jir/it article of tic treat}/ concluded at W'ashiui/ton the ^ih of Mai/, ISTl, licfirecn the t'nited States of America anil Her M((Jesti/ the Queen of the inited Kinij- dom of' (ireat Britain and Ireland. IIi'cilil ol' |>r|H.iulriii-iit \^ it : Tlu' President of the United States, (.'hailes .'"'rancis Adams, es(|nire; Her iJritannic Majesty, Sir Alexander .lames lOdmnnd CocUhnrn, baronet, ii member of Her Majesty's piivy council, lord chief Justice of 1-ji^hind ; His Majesty the Kin>>- of Italy, His Excellency Count Fi'cderick Sclopis, of Salerano, a Unijiht of the Order of the Annunciata, njinistei- of state, senator of the Kin;idom of Italy; The I'resident of two Swiss Confederation, >[. James Stiimptii ; His >[ajesty the ICiuperor of JJrazil, his lOxcellency Marcos Antonio d'ArauJo. Viscount d'ltajuba, a j^randee of the I'^mpiie of IJrazil, nu'Ui- ber (»f the ciuiucil ot H. .\l. the 10m|)eror of IJrazil, and his envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiary in France. And the five arbitrators ajtove naiiu'd haviuj^' assend)led at (leneva (in Switzerland) in one of the chambeis of the Hotel de N'ille on the l.">th of J)eceml)er, ISTl, in conforndty with the terms of tlie sec(uul article of the treaty of \VHshin<;iton, of the 8th of May of that year, and havinj'' proci'cded to the inspectii>n anrey, Lord Tent- erden, a iieer of the United Kinjidom, companion of the Most Honor- able Order of the Jiath, assistant undersecretary of state for loreij^u affairs ; Whose powers were fouml likewise duly authenticated, then delivered to iwch of the arbitrators the printed case prejjared by r.elivery orcBBCB aceomi other evidence Oh which each relied, in cou- aided by the dueument8, the each of the two paities, otlicial correspondence, fornnty with the terms of the third article of the said treaty, 4 B •II !l 50 AKBITRATION AT GKNEVA. i 111 virtue of the decision iiinde It.v tli<' tiibuiial at its Hrst session, tlie „,.i,v,,y..i , ,1 eounter-ciisc and additional docniiu'nts, cori'esjiondt'nce, anverneeiice" referred to in the first and third of D.iintim, >,i ,i,„. the said rules ouf^ht to be exercised by neutral j;()vernnients "'""«■""• in exact proportion to the risks to which either of the bel- lif;erents may be exposed, from a lailure to I'ulfil the obligations of neu- trality on their i>art ; And whereas the circumstances outof which the facts constitutiiifj the subject-matter of the present <'ontroversy arose were of a nature to call for the exercise on the partof Her Britanni*; Majesty's government of all possibh' solicitmie fortius observance of Iherijihtsand the duties involved in the j)roclamatioii of neutrality issued by Her Majesty on the 13th day of May, 1S(J1 ; Aim! whereas the efU'ects of a violation of neutrality committe''' has becu admitted into the law of nations, not as an v,,,.uo( «»r. absolute right, but solely as a i)roceeding founded on the prin<;iple of courtesy and mutual deference between ditt'erent nations, and therefore can never be appealed to for the protection of acts done in violation of neutnality ; And whereas the absence of a previous notice cannot be regardeecially that it omitte«l,notwithstandinj;rlie \v;irninjis jindoflicial representations made bytlu' diplomatic agents of the I'liitiMl States during the construction of tln^ said number '"LMK»,"to take in due (iine any elfective measures of pievention, and that those orilers which it did give at last, for thedetenti(Ui of the vessel, were issued so lat(^ that their execution was not piacticable; And whereas, after the escape of that vessel, the iiu*asun's taken for its pui'suit and arrest were so injperfect as to lead to no result, and thei'efoi'c cannot be considered siillitient to release (Ireat Britain from the resp(tnsll)ility already incurred ; And whereas, in despite of the violations of the neutrality of (Ireat Hritain coaimitted by the "L'!M>," this siune vessel, later known as the confeclciate «;ruiser Alabama, was on several oc(tasions freely admitted into the ports of <;olonies of (treat Britain, instead of being juctceeded against as it ought to have been in any and (^very port within liritish Jurisdiction in which it might have l>een found ; And whereas the government of Her l»ritanni(! Majesty cannot justifv itself for a failure in due diligeiice on the plea of insidliciency of the legal means of action which it i)ossessed : i'our of the arbitrators, for the leasons above assigneil, and the fifth for reasons separately assigned by him, Are of opinion — That (Ireat Britain lias in this case failed, by omission, to fulfill the duties prescribed in thefirstand the third of the rules estaldished by the Vlth article of the treaty of Washingtcui. And wheieas, with respert io meas- ures aderpiate to prevent the violation of the neutrality of that nation, notwithstanding the warnings an[ajesty's goverumunt has failed to use due diligence to fulfil the duties of neutrality; And whereas it likewise results froai all the facts relative to the stay of the "Oreto" at Nassau, to her issue from that port, to her eulistuuMit of men, to her supplies, and to her armament, with the co-operation of the British vessel "Prince Alfre'.-li> II. tloult Ilil'T If.lV Mi^llKiiiriM'. Floriilii iMlt» dn' coiifcdiMiito port of ."Mol)!!*', and of its stay tlicic diiriiijf four iiumtlis. ('\tiii,i;iiisli tlie n'S|>()iisil)ility pivvi(nisly totlial lime inciir- lod by (Irciil IJiitain : For these iciisoiis, Tlic tiilniii.il, l»y a majority of tour vitices to one, is of opinion — Tliat (ileal Initain has in this case t'aih-y the eiilistiiu'nt of men within that port, that there was ne.nli,';eiice on the part (d' the, authorities at that place: For these reasons, Th<> trilauial is unanimously of opinion — That (iie;il ill i tain has not !ai!es that tlreat Britain has failed, by omission, to fultil the duties piesciibeton, or by the princi[>les of inter- national law not inconsistent tlier«nvith. And so far as relates to the vessels called — Tlie (leorjiia, 'J he SumU'r, The Nashville, The Tallahasse, and The Chickamauga, respectively, No rt'ftMMi'ibi'ity for th'- Kelnl.uln.n. (ii'orttia. S M 111 1(1, Na>hviIN-. Tdhihi*- M'f, nr Clin k.inu.uw I- DKC'ISION AM) AWAK'l) OF TIIK TI{[|U NAL i3 Tlic iiii;il is uiiiiiiiinotisly of Mpiiiinii — Tliiit (liciil I'ritiiiii lias not liiilcd, l»y any act oi' oinission, to Inllll any of till' dill ics |(r«'S('ril»t'.,»,. mu.m. 1 he .Music, .i".v I1..I i.k.Mi iiiM llie rxistoii. anil The \'. II. .loy, respectively, The tribnnal is niianiinously of opinion — That they oii;;ht to be excliuled ironi consideration for want of evi- dence. And whereas, so lar as relates to the particulars of the iiidenniity claimed by the Tnited States, the costs of pursuit of the con- ,i„„m h.mMt ..* fedeiate cruisers are not, in the Judgment of the tribunal, i ■ ■ > "'■< """"••i properly distin.yuishalile from the general expenses oi 1 he w.ir eariied on by the [ iiite(l Slates : The triltiinal is, therefore, of opini(tn, by a niajorily ol' three to two voices — That there is no ground for awardin.;; to the LTiiited Slates any sum by way of indemnity under this head. Ami whereas prospectiv*' earnin,i;s cannot i)roi)erly be made the sub- ject of compensation, inasmuch as they depend in tiieir na- ^,„| f„r pro.i..ci tiire upon future and uncertain eontinjicucies : .vtM.uiniiin. The tiibumil is unanimously ol oi)inion — That theri^ is no ground for awardinj;' to the United Slates any sum by way of indemnity under this head. Ami whereas, in oriler to arrive at an equitable i-ompeiisation for the damaiics which have been sustained, it is necessary to set v,., |>,,„|„ , aside all double cdaims for the same losses, and all claims tor '|''">'- " j^ross fn'i<4hts," so far as they exceed "' net freij;hts:" And whereas it is just and reasonable to allow interest at a reason- able rate ; And whereas, in a(;cordance with the spirit and letter of the treaty of \Vashiii.uton, it is i)referable to ailopt the forin of adjiuiication of a sum in ^^ross, rather than torefer the sni»jec.f of compeiis;ii!on ibi' further discussion and deliberation to a boaril of as.sessors, as [>rovided by Article X of the said treaty: The tribunal, nialvinj>'useof the autliority conferred upon it b.v Article A'il of the saiil treaty, by a majority of tour voices to one, .i.,;„kmi,ki ,„,„ awards to the Unitei'l States a sum'of .**1.V)0(MHK> in jiold, '"""■»»"■"■''«''• as the imleminty to bii i)aid by (Ireat Uritaiii to the Cnited States, for the satisfaction of all the claims referred to the consideiation of the tribunal, conformably to the i»rovisions (;ontained in Article Vll of the albresaid treaty. And, in accordance with tlie terms of Article XI of the said treaty, Thu piiymeut to be the tvibunal declaivs that "all the claims referred to in the treaty as snianitted to the tribunal are hereby fully, per- fectly, and linally settled." Furthermore it declares, that "ea<;h and everyone of the said claims, whether the same may or may not have been [iresented to the notice of, or made, i»ieferred, or laid before the tribnnal, shall liencelorth be con- sidered and treated as tinally settled, barred, and inadmissiide." In testimony whereof this present decision and award has been made r B Hotel lie Ville ol'Cieiieva, in Swit/erhinil, the 1 Itii iliiy of the month of Se|ileinlu>r, in the y<':ir of oiir Lord one tiioiisiiiid »'i;ihl liiindied iiiid seventy-two. i'llAIM.KS KliANCIS ADAMS. rh'KDKKICK kSCLOIMS. STAMP KM. VICOMTE D'rrAJlJlJA. I Ill IV.-OPINKINS (ir THK AIMMTIIATOUS. 1. OlMNIONS OK COINT FiM:I K.HU'K Sci.opih. •,'. OI'IMUNSOI' N'lXDl M dIIA.II l(\. :!. (ii-rMiiNs ()!■ Ml!. .)a( (iii-.s Sr i:mi'i I.I. I. ( H'IM<»N> Ol Ml!. ('MAIII.I.S I'llWClS A DA M.S. ."i. Oi'iNiu.Ns Ol Sii! .\i,r,\AM>i;i: ('ockiukn. OPINIONS OF COUNT SCLOIMS. I. TlIK TIIKKH (,•! KSTIONS OK LAW ON \VIII('|[ TIIH TIMIMNAL OF AKIUTUATION, IN ITS SITTINii <»K THK L*."»Tll .lULV, ISTL*, UKtJlKS T- i;i) KLICIUATIONS I'ltOM THK COl NSKL Ol' TIlK lIKill I'AKIIKS i'im;si;nt at tiih hak. Ill its sitting; of tlic L'."»tli .Inly, 1S72, on the i)roposiil of Vi.st-oiint (I'ltiijulti'i, oiu' of tlu^ arbitrators, tin* trilmiial dt'culcd to icciiiirc a wiit- tcii *n- priiitctl stat<'iiuMit or ar^iinnciit Iroiii tlic counsel of (iicat l»ritaiii npoii tlu' following' (jiU'stioiis of law: 1. Tlic <|ii('stioii of due dilij^i'iicc ;;(*ii('rally coiisidenMl. L*. TIk' special (nicstioM as to the elVcct of the comiiiissloiis of t'oiifed- erate shi|>s of war eiitcriii;;' Jiritish ports. .">. The special (piesti(»ii as to supplies (»f cckiI in Hritish ports to con- federate ships, with till' ri^ht to the other party to reply either orally or ill wiitiii}^', as the case may he; the whole under the terms of Article V of the treaty of Wasliinjitoii. The (pieslions refer to Article VI of the treaty of \Vashinf;i'»n. which is as lollows : Alii km; ^'I. 111 (Iccidini^ the iiiiilti'is .siilimittcd to the iirliitnitor.s tlit'.v sliiill lit- u;(tv- cnictl iiy till' rollowiny; tliit'c rules, wliicli iiiti ii;;rff(l ii|iiiii liy th<' lii;;li ciuitrai'tin;; liiirties jih nilu.s to be Uikcu its :i[i|ilic:il>lt' to tlit- ciisi-, iiiiil l»y .sucli princiiilt^.s of iiiti-r- Opiiiimis till Ciimtc i'lriU'ric Sflojiix mir lis Iroin i/iirilioiis i}f ilroil mir limimllrs U- Irihiiiinl (raihilniiji . duns su .srtiiiir ilii '2't jiiillit l-T'J. « dimniidv ilvx I'rln'inisxi mnilx niix coiiMtil" di s llllllll'i jillllii:'< l)li'.-«llU'< ;iiis la st-iiiicc (III 'i."> jiiillct 1^7'J, siir In )ii(i|Misitimi dc M. It* N'icninti^ (I'ltiijiiliii, I'uii (Ifs iiiliitrcs, Ic li'iliiiniil lU'cida dc di-iii:iiidrr iiii cniiscil di- lu (iiandf-ilrfi.ijfiif iiix; t'xpo^itioii oil iii'^'iiini'iiiiil ion, t'crilt'. on iiii))riiii('M', siir Ics trois i|iicstii)tis d<- droit .siii- ViHiti's: I. La (|ii(>stioii (Ics dues diliju'ciict's, Iriiitrc d'liuc inanii-n; !><''ni'i-iil(' ; ■J. La i|ii('st ion sp4'ciali' lie savoir (|ii('l ii vtv W-ti'vt dcs coiiiiiiissioiis posst'-dt'-cs piir Ics vaisscaiix do f^iicirc couIVmIi'ics <|ui sunt ciitrt's dans dcs ports lii'itaiiiii(|iics: :?. La (picstiiMi sp('cialc dcs iipprovi.^ioiiiiciiiciits dts charlion iiccordt-s iiiix vaissciinx (■iiiil'(''d('i(''s dans Ics ports liritannii|nc! out en nVscrviiiit a lii piirtie iidvcisc Ic droit dc r(^poiidi-<>, .soit oi'iiI(*iiicut. soit |)iif cerit. scion 1(^ las, Ic tout iiiix tcrnics dc r.-iiticlc V dii traitt> dc \Vashini,":'iiii, Ics (|Ues tions .sc n'rcicnt a I'iirticlc VI dn traitc dc \Vasliiii<;loii, ainsi eoiivii : "Aiii'K'i.K VI. Dans la decision dcs niatieres a cux Honiniscs, Ics arltitrcs scront ;;nid4\ par les trois ic;;lcs siii vantt's, doiit Its liaiitcs i>urtii;8 contructantcs convienncnt d*? lairc lino application spcciiilc a c.ettc iiiU'Stiun, et piu- Ics principcs dn droit den jfcns I' ^1 5(» AHIJITHATION AT (JKXKVA. ^t-l. :0' 'V s« i)iUii>ii;il l.i'.v not iiicKiisi.stiiit tlicri'widi as tlio aibitnitors .shall (lotoriiiiiic In liiivr 'iccti ii)i|)li>'alili- !(> till- faso : Hfl.KS. A iiciitral <;()\('nuiMMit is liniiml 1. To M-;r (liir (iili;4ciici' to pn'M'iit t In- (ittiinj; out, ariiiiiiy, or ctiiiiiiitiii;;. wil iiiii it> jiiiisilii't ion, ol" any vessel uliieli it has reasmiaUle ^rroiirni to l)elieve is iiitetided to cruise oi' to cany on will' anainst a power witii wliich it is at jieaite ; ano\ c, sneh \ essel havine lieeii specially a''i hose claims, the nil litra tors sin mid assume that llcr Maj( ••'s <;<)verninent li.a«l um'. rtaken f o act npon the principles set forth in these rules. .\!id the lii;ih coni rai't iii_, parties a;;ree to ohserve these rules as lietwecn thi'in- Hclvcs in fntnre, and to hiine them to the Unowledne of other maritime |»o\i-er.s, and to iliviie them to accede to tlleni. Sir llomidi'll I'aliiit'r. loiiiit'ilv iitlonicv-iiciicial, on Im-IijiU" ol' Ciicat Hi itaiii. ( it'iiciiil ( ". Ctisliiiij:, .Mcs.sis. lOvaits ami NN'aitt', on Itcliali' td tlie lIiiitiMl States, iiavc Wct'ii licaid l>y means of tlieii- respective arj>ti- menls. dm-s dilii;i'iiees poiii' |ire\'inir rarnieinent en j^neire on leiinipement, !a!/s lis limites oii s'exerce sa Jnridiction. de tout \aissean (pTil pent raisonn.ilileinent oiipcoiiner et re desi iiie a criMser on faire l.i einric eontie niie piiiss.incc a\ee lai|nclle UM'rucinent est n paix: de faire niiMne dili;,jeiiee poiir empi'cher le I'l pa't hors dcs limites de sa jiirit iction d'- ton! iiaviie dcsliiii- a croi il <'st dil ci-il ser on l.iire la j;nerre, conimt' essns, ip ,'imi ce iia\ ii'c ;inra etc ■•pieialemeiil ad.ipli . en toni on cii pailie (lulls Ies limites lie sa dite jni idict ion, a des nsaycs Itel,. •rants. •"J. Dene periiietl re ni sonlViir ijlle I'llll , D'i'Xcrccr tes dues i!ilii;elices dans ees cilllX, et d'empecher ipl'ancline persolilie, thins rcnceinttMle sa jnridiction, lie viole le-- oldijj.if ions et Ies devoirs pn'-ci'dents, a .Majeste hrilanniipie a chariji' si'^ haiits commissaires et idenipoleiitiaires de iiveriieineat de sa .Maji'sti' ni' saiiiait iloniier son asseiitinienl anx declarer ;pie Ii lee;hvs pieei'dcntes conilrie a. nil » \;pos<' de priiicipes dll droit des j;eii.i en viy;ili'in an Mioineiit nil se sunt elevces h's lu'chim iiions inentio.iees a I'article I; niais, jioiu diiiiin'r nil leimiiei)a;ie de son desir de to. ilier Ies I'latioMs amicales eiilie Ies denx jiays it de |)iendre eji ahi- de ra\enirdes pri'eantioiis .sali^t'ai>iantes, le e; )iiverni'ment iionces dans (res ree;|es. Les halites parties coiil raelantes >'enj;,n;ent. a ohserver ees rcy;leM dans lenrs rajiporlN luniindKa I'av eiiir, id a Ies porleia la ciiunai« .'.nee des aidres pnissames inaritiiiK-n, en le.«, invitaiit a v ai Iii'ii <>nt ('t*' eiitendiis, d.itis leiii's )>l,'iiilovers respectifs, Sir iioiindell Calmer, ci-ile\'aiit ntloniey-y:eneral. jioiir !a (irand-'-Mretajiiic, .\I.M. le i;«'m'n\l ('. ('nsliine, I'.vai-t.s »'t \Vait<'. pour lis litar.s-l'iiis. \\'( 1 1 1 Tl.c Ii |iii!(' s 1.. the iiilica eiiiplo treaty tlie ti 1 Sllillll) heel! ; •1 ease w W uitli < m stateii m of tilt m ijimt;'! M The M iiidi o M lel'eis M eliteis 1 text.) tliat t M ol)ii-a 'm imposi M (|iiiif( M tlie aii M tiiiie t m •• !!ese m lakes -1 mate 1 m stniet 1 sihilit; jj^ Nous eellc (|i faiidia la veiil ilaiis Ii file lo • retcllil .■isslllii -Cav" I opiell,> jnrispr; coins '■ l.cp I pay;e ' riipies. pics e\ Taats-I miiivel i|iii hii piiiii i| I'' ^lini passa^ lioniiil lc;;iliii I'nis (• OPIMONS OF COrXT SCLOPIS. 7. — J>uc (liliqence. 57 \''< 1 ' ' 1 i 1 Dii: im.Kii'Nci:. Nous alldiis iibiirtlt'i' Ics (|in'.stis t|Ui attniilfi.t iiotrr ili'ri.siuii. c'l'st la M'lilalilr si^iiiiliiMlioii a attiilMH-r aiix mots "iliic tlili;;rMi'i',' i|iii out t'li' cmiilnyr-M ilaii> la |ii'i'iiiii'rc (Ifs trois n-^jli-s ('talilics par rarticli- \'l liii traili^ ilii \Vasliiii;itoM. I'lii- In i;;iic iiiMU.»>iuii s"c.sl I'lalilii' riilii' Ii'.n ili'iix |nii>,saiii-('s siir Ic i»liis on Ic nioiii.s cr.s mi>lH. On iic pi'iil pas dire assiiiriiiint ((ii'il vail ili'l'aiit (I'l'ilairrisscax Mt> siir iiih- matiirc. l>aiis Ic pifiniiT " CaM'" ami'-rifain, Oh nous a domn' toiil iiii Ion;; jiassay,!' dcs paiidi'ili's d'Ayiilir, ilc lopiiiisfs citalioii-i dcs uii\ I jii;cs dc Sloivi't dc .loiics, aiiisi tpit' di-s iiidiial ioiir* dc la ,jnris|ii ail'iii'i' siiiv ic dans la niainTi' par la Conr siipri'mi' dts Miats-l'tiis ft par i''s iitnis I cD^saisi's : dc plus, on/.i' s I' ■ 'cncc.'" >t il en 1 pa;;c \!1, tcxtr aiijiiais) (pii n'cst point alisolnc. c| ipii s'cn rapporic aux tails liisio- iiipifs. liaii.s Ic •• t'onntcr-i'UMc," Ic ;i;onvcrncnicnt lii'ilaniiii|n(> cntrc dans di- pins ain- pics explications a cct <'';;anl, ( jkm^c 'JI, IcxIc anj^lais,) ct il s'liccoi'dc avcc cdni dcs r.tats-Cnis a i'(Misid('-rcr (pic ics mots, /cv f/oci lUltijciicvx, nc crccnt ancum- oldiy;atioii noiivcllc on supplcmcniaii'c. Ms cxiijcnt dn ncntic. duns Taccomplissi'mcnt dcs devoirs pM liii soni impom-s. cellc irwsiirc dc soin (et pas d'anlre) (pii est rcijnise en vt I'ln di prni. ipcs oiilinaiies i tela ini rndt ileiinit ionalc, SOU) dont i'aliscnec eonstiiiilc la iic;flj^ciiee et. ponr appnvci' sa doclrine, |e " ( 'onntcr-ease "' aiij^lais prodnit nn lon^j pasNa;;e dii livie dc licildie, " K'ecliciclics sur le didit mariliincet internalional." Sir lioaiMlell I'almer prend ees mots dans le sensiprnn nciitre doit cmplovef tons les nMiycns 1< i;iiiHics I'll son poiivoii' en doni.ant a ees mots nnc police rai.siMinaldc. Les T.lals- I nis eteiident le caw «l« rcHpousahilite ct lis Moiitieiimmt ijiit' lo hollij^rTant a Ic droit »l») 58 ARHITRATIOX AT GKNHVA. lUMitral to onfon^o its iiiiini«;ipal laws, and also tlu» proi^lainatioiis of its cxt'ciitivc. TIh'.v assert, morctjver, that tlic l)t'ili;4(M(Mit has tiic rij;ht to ri'qiiirc tiiat tlic powers with whiitii th(i lUMitial is aj-iiuMl shonUl he aii;;- iiH'iittMl by h'j'ishitive mcasuics. C'ctpioiis o.\[»hmation.s have Ihm'U InniisluMlon t'itJKM'side by the parties in dispnte. it seems to nie that the laoist siniph-i method of afrivinj; at a (h'lini- tive opinion npon the h'^^al hearing;' of tlie tpu'stion is to keep steadily in view the followinu- ideas: TUv words (hw ttiliiiciirc necessarily imply the idea oi' a i-ehitioii be- tween tlie dnty and its objli(s l»yliu' eiilitti ItiUi ami '-^/y/a h:ris to the ciiIiki Irris.simd, we find that tlieir ai>!di- cabiiity chanjics according' to tlie ol)jccts to wiiich tln'V refer. I pass over the respunsil»iliry of the ••nai'dian, of the trnstee, and several otlier eases speciticd in the hiw. and will tndy cite as examples cases in which responsibility is incnri<'d by {hv. cidpK Irris and excn Icrissima. Such is that, for instance, which attaches to [lersons char.ned with the <-arc (»f explosive snbstanctis, or with looking; alter the safety of di's iiiipiiialiiliti''^ si'liiii If driiil hhii.mis, cii pailaiit dii (/«/'/'< pniii' di'^^iriidrc par la ('((//)(( f((^( ct la (/(///d /( c/n jiiNi|n';i \;{ fiilini liris^inin. vt iiiMis I roiiv t-riiMs i|iii> lc<< applica'iiilili's SI' iiiiidiCiriii d'aprrs li's nlijcis aii\i|iii'ls rlli's si' ii'lrrcut. .Ic pa'>>i' siir la ri'spiiiisaliililr dii tiiii'iir, dii di'pnsitairi'. rt siir pliisinirs aiitrr^ ras sprrilit's dans li's lois, piiiir 111 citi'iiiiH' I'l'M'iiipU' di's cas nil la icspoiisaliilili' rsi I'lu'iiiiiiii- par la iiilim /( I'/'w, (Ml iiH'iiir par la lirixxinnt. Ti'lli- est ( rlli', par rxi'inpli'. ipii I'lappr rrliii i|iii I'si cliaifir di' ;;ardir drs mat n ics cxplnsilili's, tm i|iii dnit vi'lllrr a la siiri'tc dis l|jlr^u'^ dans Ir li'iiips di's itiondatioiis, ci'liii i|iii ;;ardr nil dipiit di' papiris d'mif iiiipi'ilanri' cxcrpliiiiiin'llc. 'i'linti-s ris prrsDiinrs, par It- snil la it ipi'i'llrs nut ai'i'fptf n's t'l phi ■! ions, sont ti'iiiicN tl't-xorftT iiiii' ilili<;i'nci' di'-tcriniiK't* par foliji't Npi'-cial df ccs inciiifs toni't ions. I'in .sr portunt Niir 1*> terrain politii|iii<, la pliiM ji^raiidi' t'tondiir <|iir Ion pnlssi' attiilnirr au\ dcvoirK di> dili;;i'iiri' d'nii ni'iitir sera dc liii iniposi'r d'cn ai^ir a I'l';;!!!!! tin ht'llioci'iiiit rtnnnif il a^iiaii pour sun propri' inti'ivl ilaiis tit s ras aii.'ilitiinf>. II t'st jiistf siins tliMitf ill' tfiiir di's rxini'iiri's irnii Iti'lli'^i'iant a ri'';,;ard d'nn iii'iitrr, iiiai.s il iir laiit point Ifs poiissi'r an |ioiiit ilr liriirr Ir nrniri- dans rail ion iii>rinali- ilr HL'8 (li'oitH, (liiiiM rurgaiiiNinii du turn luiicliiinH Koiivurnantcs. M Ik'ciimsc It iiiids itscU iiivoliiiitanly in a s|U'ciiil |)t)siti()ti witli r<><^.U'il t|>ir iiitiirl. II \ aiiiait la un imtyi'ii tacili' dc sc soiistiairi- a dfs rtspunsaliilili's |)(>>iti\ cs. i|iiit I'lijllilr li'i'iiMliait rl (|l|i' Ir dl'oil di'S ;;i'|i>» iiii|)iisi'. l.cs liat ions nut rut ic riles lui droit. coiniiMiii. oil, si nil aiiiif iiiiciix tin lien coninniii. roriin'' jiar I'l'iiiiiti' *') sanctiniiiii' pai lit ics]n'ci dis inli'irts ir'i'i|inM|ii('S ; <■»• droit conininn sr dt'Vt'lo|>|ic snrtonl i-n s'aiiiilii|iiaiit', mix tails i|iii sc passi'iit siir la iiii'i'. la on Ics conlins in- sont point Iraci >, on la lilicito doit I'll')- d'antant pins assnii'i- par nn droit ronininii sans l('i|ni-i 11 scrait iin|iossildi- do Sc niciirc a ci hi vert dcs pins llaj;iaiilcs injustices par dcs ;;araiil ics posit i\cs. ( 'est cii ipii I'aisait dire a cet aneicii. nonrii dans ics lial)il mlcs dn servilisnie : " l/llnipcreiircst Ic niaiiie dc la tcirc. inais la loi esl la inaiircsse dc la iiier." .raceorde, ilmic, an lielli;;crant d'cxiiii-r (|ni' Ic nenlic ne inctle ])oiiit a coiisert sa i'ci>onsaliillili' sons des rej,;lis ipi'il sc scrail lixics dans dcs \ nes de son selll inlelel, ct J'ellire ideilieinelit dailH les \ iie.s de I'aiticlc \' I dc iicni lalili', il anuuicntc xon pied iiiilitairc, son systcnio oidinairededelcnsc. Ilviinrait la niie inlVactiini a riniirpciidaiicc dc cliai|ne eiat, <|ni, piMir se trnnvcr involontaii'ciiicn' dans niie position spccialc a Tejiard dn lielli;;ci'aiil, 'I est pas tciiu d'alidii|ner nnc |kii t ion dc sa s< ni vera i lie ti' male rid Ic. On |tent deniaiidcr III) neiitic dc melt re en pleine act, vile Ics ressorls de .•■ Ill ;;oii veiiicnicnt jionr niaiiilcnii' sa nenlralitt' ; on ne pent pas iiu> (niiial)leinent altendie d<^ liii ijn'il modi lie roi^ianisii- tioii dc sa macliiiic ^oiiveincnici.iale, ponr servir les inleiets d'nnc autre pni-isaiK-c II taut liicii se ;;aidir dc rcndre la eondii ion iles neiilres partrop dillleije el prcs(|iio .nipossildc. On parl<* IiuiJouih dc rimporlanec de circi>ns(uir»j hi giicrri-, ct si tni acca- W m i' iff ' Dix, lii>. i, df \a%' liliodiii. no ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. w ■.n< ter of coiitimial ri'inark, and if neutrals are to be overwlielnied with a burden of precautions aner be any inrilii between combatants; the disasters of war will bt^ multij)lie(l, and the jiart ol mediators, which neutrals hav«' often undertaken and bron^^ht to a sue cessful (!oncIusion, will forever erformauce of the duties of a neutral, I thiidc the following- rule should be laid down: That It should be in a dii'cct ratio to the actiud dauj^er to which the belli,!H(Ment will be exposed throu^ih the laxity of the neutral, and in an inverse latio to the dire(!t uu'aus which the belli{;erent can control for arrestinji' the danger. This rule leads us to a solution of the(pU'stion, so often «liscusstd in the d(H'unu'nts |»resented, as to the initiative to be taken by the neutral in order to i)reserve his neutrality to the prolit of tlie belli^ieieut. Where the ordinary conditions of the country, or jtarticular circum- stances which have occurred on he territory of the neutral, constitute a special danj>«'r for the bellijicreut, who has no dii-ect nu-aus of protect inji' himself fn»n> them, the: neutral is bouml himself to take the initia ti\e in order that the state of neutrality nuiy be nuiintained with rej^anl to the two belligerents. Ml' Ics iiciitiis irim t':M(lr,Mi i\r ])i'<'i':int inns i) (rune ri'^iiionsiihilif i- i|iii ili'passi' I'iiitiMi I ijirils Kill ;i ri'stcr (laiis hi iK'Utralilt'. on Irs t'niccia a inciiilii- iiiic pail active a la jliicrrc: an lieu (riiiic rDinciialilc iiiacliini, on aura iim' aii;;iii('ii(ati()ii il'lmstilift's. II n'y aura pin-, dr ninlii ciil ir Ics citniliat t ants: Ics di'saslrcs dc la jiucrrc sc innll i|ilici'iiiit. ci If rule lie iiic'ilialciirs, toiii CO ipii ponnail pinciirer nn a\ aiilai;e a I'linc des ]iartics ltcllit;eiantes. '■i. C/n'on lie tolcre snr le leiritoii'i^ iieiitie anciinc liostilile imiiiediat*- d'mie paitic oiHitic l'antr<'. (/nant a la nn'snii'de Fact i vile d.ans r;iccoiiii)lissement di's devoirs dii nentrc, Jo crois (pi'il seiail a pnipos d'elabiii' la I'onnnle siiivanle: (/n'elle doil eiri' ell raisoii dii'cclc dcs ('anjrers I'eels ipie h> liellinerant ]ieiit couiir ]iar le tail on la lolciaiice dii ncnlre.ct, en rai.soii inverse, dcs inoycnsdirccts i|iie le Ix'l- li;.teraiil pent avoir d'l'viter ccs danjjers. Cetle I'ormnle miiis conduit a rt'soiidre la ipiestion. si son vent di'lialtne dans les docii- nieiils prodnils. de rinitiiitivo il ]iruiidro par le neiitre an profit dii l>clli;;'i''riint pour siiuvcf'arder sa neulraliti'. La oil les conditions ordiuiires dii jiays, on des ciri-onstanccm p!U'ti(Miri(^res Hiirvciino SUP le lerrilolrc ilii ii'iilre, eoustitnent nn ^\-y, p. 22. This iintii smiie eiiterp iipplicatioii would const would impn other. It does n( •Voiii res]>on (ItMice sutlic would be to tlie jiovernii with these i of assi.>'ereiits. If from abstract luinciples we passto the consideration of the particular facts l(U' which the United States Imld that (Ireat Ibitain is responsible, C'l'ttf iuitintivc jxMit ("tic misn cii inonvciui'iit.soit par ini cas tlaj^iiinl df (|ii<'l(|iu! i'i;trf|iiisr (if I'uii ,Mirer Ics inovciis dc ('('ptinicr proinplcinenl hnilc cntrcprisc pr(^pai<'-e snr Ic leiritoirt! G2 AKHITKATION AT GKNKVA. w(» u\ns{ couimcucc by discii^^siiiy; tlu' coiistniction of sliips, and tlMM-ir c-iimstaiicrs uiith'r wliicli such coiistniction took place. Indeed, the tact of tlie coii.stivuttion of tli<' vessj'ls, of tlieir arniainent and e(|iii|»ineut, and of the expoit of arms, assinnes a dilferent aspect aceordiMn to tlic circnnistances of th(^ time, the persons, and tin* localities in which it occunccl. If the govern iiuMit on whose territory the acts take place is aware <»f a permanent slate of affairs, leading' to a decided prol»al>ility that snch constriu'tion, armanxMits, and exports will h(M*tfected with the object of assist in;; the «|esi^ns of a belliju'eicnt, the duty of vigilance nti the part of the ;;(»verninent becomes more pressin^i", and exists to a ;;reater extent. Jiritish int/'rit'iuHiiicNs. '\iiih The Uiilish ^iovernnieiit was fidly informed that the coiitederates Inid est a I )li shed in l-]n;:land a liranch of theii' means of at l:ick and " defense against tin' I 'nit ed States. ( 'ommissioners re|»resent- in^rthe ^ovi'rnment ol bMchmond were domiciled in lionthm, and had pnt themseh es in commnnication with the l']n;:lish ;;overnment. Lord b'nssell had received these confederate representatives in an nnotlicial way. 'J'hc lirst \isit took place on the llth of .May, ISdI.ihat is to say, three days beloi'c the (^)inM iTs proclamation of nentrality, and fonr days liefoic Mv, Adams arriv<'d :n London as the minister of the ITnited States: and fnrtiier. t!ie Knylish u-overnment could not but kintw that.yi'i'at <'ommer- cial honses were mana,i;in;;' the interests of the confedeiat«'s at Liver- pool, a town which from that tinn* was very openly pi'ononnced in favor of the .Sonth. In Parliament itself opiidons were befoic hnii;' openly expressed in favor of the insnrycnts. The (^JnciMi's ministers themselves did not disguise that, in their opinion, it wonid be very diiHcnlt lor the American Lnitni to ie-estal>lish itself as before. Then, stran.uc to say, the nM»st inlliUMitial nu'inbeis of the House •" (.'omnM)ns were seen to '! di'vttii--; iralmnl pinlrr (If la const iiii-t ion d.'s iKiviifs .ft ties circonstiinci-M an iiiilit'ii (lfs(|iirllrs .('s coiistnictioiis iMii'ciil lii'ii. I^c fait, ell fH'ft, 'nii'nt, dc rt-xportalion rattaclicr nne.]>i'les constrnclions, arnu'ments ef ex port at ions se I'asscnt dans Ic Init dc .scivir aii\ piojet.s d'lin Itclliui'iant, le dexiiir dc snrvcillancc de la jiart dc cc ;;(»nverne- inent (lev icMl pins ('tciidn el plus pi'cssant. I.e non\ I'l nement lii'itanni(|ne <''tait pleinement infornn'' (luc les (■(»iif(Ml(^i'f's anii-ri- eains (III Slid avaieiit ('talili en .Vnelfteriv comnie mi(> siieciii-siilc dc, leiirs nioy«>iis d'alta(|iic el de d(''l'ense vis-avis dcs Mtals-l'iiis. I'll ei>iiiit(^ de rcpri'-scnlaiils dii ^roii- verncinent dc It'ieliniDiid a\ait (''ti'etaMi a Londrcs, et :l s'('-tail mis en rapporl avce le ^(iiivcriicinciit an^ilais. I^oril Russell avail re(;ii les d('l('';iii(''s des coiiriMhTes. mais sans caiacleic oDicicl. I, a piciiiierc visile avail en lien le 11 iiiai l-'til— c"est-a-dirc. trois jmirs avaiit la proilamation dc neutralin- de la rciiie ct (pii>^ re Jours .ivaiit raniv(M- de M. Adams a l.oiidrcs en (pialil(' de iniiiiNtrc dcs l.tals-l'iiis. Ijc ^roiivcnieiiicnt an;;lais iit>pon\ait pas i^riionM' lion plus i|iie dc fortes iiiais(Uis de comiiicrcc mii^iiaieiit ll^^ iii- (('•lelM d( s coiit(^(J(''res a Liverpool, villi^ tr('s-pronctne('e dcs Ioim en faveiir dc r.\m<'Mi(pic du Slid. II lie tarda jias a se pnuioncer en ]dciii I'ai'lcmeiit line opinion loiil a tail favoi'alile aiix iiiNiirj;(''s du siid. I.cs miiiistrcN dc sa Ma.j('-Mt(' la Iteinc, ciix-im'-ines, nc diMsiiiinlcrciit point i|n(> dans Iciir iiiaiii(>n> dti voir il <>tuit tii^s-dittieilc i|uc ITiiioii aiiit'ii" aiiie pill hc n^taldir telle (prellc clait jiiipaiaviiiit. Alius, cliose (^lrany;e. on vit d«'s ineiiilncN les |dus intliieiits dc la Cliaiiihrc dcs eoiniiimies se d(>taclier, snr ccttc «|iicsiioii. (Ill iniiiislcre. doiit ils avaicnt (''l(' «lc jniissaiits aiixiliaircs. I^ii voix dc M. Colideii et eullo di^ M. liright ho tiruiit untuiulro uii favuur duH l^tittH-UnLs. L(^H AiiK^ri- OriMONS OF COUNT SCLOI'IS. G3 cans oj' tlie Nortli »'(>iilnl)li(> opinion in contiaiy iliicctions t'oi'iii<' an atniosplicio of a<:'itation wliicli on;;iit to Inivc kept tlir liiitish ministry on its •^iiaid. in oiilcr that it nii;;lit siu-ct'ctl in nniintainin;^ per- Icctly «Mpial relations with the two lK'lli;;('i('nt parties. li«'t ns lunv tnrn from tln'sc icniarks on tin- tacts to the consith'ratioii of the sptM-ial hiw of the stion. in llic lirst of tlic rnlcs laid down ill Arlich' \'i of \hv treaty (»f Washin^itoii, iiientioii is made of the dne' (iilij;eiiee to prevent the liiiihliny. everniiient is hound to exercise, when it has ynisontihlv (/roinKl to l)eiie\e that this hiiildin^. arniiiiu', and e(pii|)pin<>- are for the purpose lit liirnishiny warlike aid to one of tin' lMllij;('rents, 'ihe same words occur ajiain in the third ride, wiiile they are want- iii;i in the second. " Why so.'" asked I^ord Cairns in tin' deliate on the •r(iil\ which to(dv place in the lioiise of Lords on the I'Jth .Mine of last year. It seems to ine that it minht he answt'ied : l»ecaiis»'. in the case of the liist ami third rules there is room for invest i^iatioiis ot pcisons mid circnmstances to ascertain tln^ facts denonnccil, whereas the secoiui relates to a series of evident facts on which no inquiry need he made as re;^aif Her I>ritannic Majesty's counsel on the lirst of the jtoints mentioned hy the tribunal in its reso- J::^: ciiiiis (111 nord n<< |iiMi\'aiciif iivitir il'uvocafs ])liis (If'snuf's ;"i Iciir cause, ft ils nc miin- >|ii<'i'i'iil |ias ill- sc |)rr'vali)ii' (!■■ Iriir aiitDiili''. ('r.s liiaiuls iiiiMivi-iiiriits ili- l'>i'iiiaii'iit (•imiiiir line aliiui.^iiliiir il'.inita- tiiiii. ijiii ili'vait ti'iiir i''\'i'i)l<> Ir iiiiiiisti'ir lii'ilaiiiiii|iii'. atiii » ]misi>cs i\ railiric \'I iln Iraiii' ilc WasliiiiMtnii, il rsi |Milc ill' la iliif (til'nidiii a ciiipcclici' Ics cinistnicliims, r'i|iii|)ciiiciits cl ai iiiiiiii'iits ill' \ai>scaiix iin'iin ^niivcriicinciit est tciin ilc iIi'iiIdsit i|naiiil il a \\n " nii-^aiKihlr ijnmiui" «lc criiirc (|uc ccs cmistriictioiis, arnicniiiits it I'liiiiitcnicnts out iiiuir olijct il'iiiilcr, pinir I'lisajjc At- la j;iicrrc. nii ilcs liclli^ir-raiits. I.cs iiiciiics nulls sc ictriMivciit ilaiisla tioisicinc ri';;lc ; lis iiiaiii|iiciit ilaiihia sccniiilc. " l'iiai'<|ii(ii cda /" ilciiianilait l.oul Cairns ilaiiN la iliscii.s.sioii siir li' traitc mimMi. i|iii cut Hill ilaiiH la Cliaiiilirc ilc pairs Ic l*i Jiiiii dc 1 aiiiicc ilciiiicic. II iiic sciiililc i|n'iiii Imiirrait rcpoiiilrc : c est pai :-c niic ilaiis Icscasdcia pieiiiieie i •t lie la ti DIslcme lejjU il V a lieu il lies iiivcsti<;at ions dc pcrsdiincs el ile clmses )MMir ccrtilier Ics tails iTiiiiiiies, an lieu ipic la secoiule sc rapportc i\ niic si'tIc iIc tails cvideiits, siir leM|ucls il ii'y a |ias dc rcdicielics i\ tairc en inatiere de ciediliilite. "(^ncl est tloiic rctaliiii.' ])(inrsnivait a dire Ic nolde lord, '•d'apres le(|iicl voiis iHiiivc/ iiicsnrcr la dii*' itUiijiuw ? line diliyi'iicc, U vWf seulc, ne sif^nilic rien. (,'c ipii cnI iliir dilii/ciirf avcc td honiinc ct tel ^ouvci'iiciiicnt iic Test plus avcc tcl autre lioniiiic, td autre ^iiuvcrncniciit pins puissant " l.a (liii (lilijiiiiif sc dctcrniim' done, a niou avis, ainsi que Jc I'ai H puhitH iiidiqiK^H pur Iv tribunal dans mm arrct<6 du '^4 juilict. Ju uo HI ' 1 1 64 AIMUTUATION AT GKNKVA. I .' ■■V < ■ \ !i:i Intion of tlic L'ltli .Inly. I will lio {•nidc*! by my own views only, while ivndt'riiiy' t;.(l Justice to tlir siiitlU'ty of rciisoniii;;, iiiid to tli«' wcultli oi' U'iivnin}; (i by t lie illiistiions iulvocatt^ who has drawn np this docnnicnU woithy of hcin;; placed in the same rank with the e(|ually nMiiarkahle papers whi<-h havt^ emanated from the [ten of the counsel oi the Anu'rican (iovei'nm<>nt. I read, at pa<;e 4 of this arj,'nnnMit, that the ease of a vessel whicli leaves the neutral country iiuaruu'd is entirely e broujuht to that ves sel, litlinji's mad<' to measure. It is exactly the case, to use an expres sion of iSir lvound(>ll Palmer, as i-eported in his s|»eech in the House oi ('(unnions on the l.Jth May, l.S(»I. to act niton susiH'cion, or npon monil In lic/tinin(ilHi/iinon its lace. All that is necessary to complete it is that arms and en^iines of war (»f every kind sluadtl be shipp«'d on board a vessel strictly mercantile, and that this vessel should meet the (ttiier on the hiiih seas, or in neutral waters ditlerent from those of the tenitois front which she oii^iually staite(l. It is the story of the Prince Alfred, the Laurel, th<> Alar, th(> A;>'iippina, and the liahama, of all th(>scconi binations. which cannot, in my opinion, in any way diminish the respoii sibilit.s incurred by (he Alabama, the Klorida, the Shenandoah, tli( M'iiii jiiiitlci' r spoiisaiiilitc y Sii' K'oltcrl Peel in a nienioraltle speecli delivered in llie i louse of Coiniiions on I he U^l li Apiil, isio. ■• If tlie tioops were on hoaitl one vessel iiliil tlieii' ai'iiis in anojher. did thai make any dilVereiice ."" and 1 do not liesitate to say thai if llie vessel was ill led out for war and read>' t ) receive hep , inn ■nis-ii! . and her arms were on hoard .mother vessel, ii made no difference. I conless that i do not (|iiite iimlersiaiid liie true nieanin;j ol what I rcail at pa^e!!: "• Willi rrsjxrf ti> the tliif i i:li ><" (those laid down hy Aiticle VI (d' the treaty of W'ashinu'lon.) '■ // h impovtidit to ohsrrrf Hint nil one of tliciii jtrcti mis llml It is tlir ilutii of a iirrtril (i:>rt niiiinif to prcniit, inulcr ((II (■(rc((iiist((iic(s irlidtcrcr, tlic ((rt.s <((/(( Inst irhicli tlicfi t(n- diicrtcil." If such is not the ro\ e this inc(mti'o\ ert iiily. How. i hen, can we snpp(»se that lliere exist cii ciim->lances. luveseeii and adinilled l)y the hiuh contriieliiii:' parlies, in wlii(di these rules aie Jiol old i;na lory, unless such <'ircnmsiances are expressly men;ioie i'aii ct Ics iiniics sni' nii ani ir, cclii lais;iil-il iini' diriV't-cncc .'" la ,)i' n'lii'sitc |iiiini iiliii'.si li' viii^.-cau i-lait a|i|iar(ill<' iioiii' la ;;ui'nr el pn t li ifcc. i.ir riUiin incni. i! lis an lies I'tiiirnt sni nii aiil ic iiii\ ire, crla in' I'aisaji aui'nnc difiri rnii'. ■I'av line (|ni' Jr iic nu' lends piis liicii cnniiilc ili' hi \<'i iliihlc iiurtic di- cc (iiic jc lis a la j'.ii;;'' (i . ■' I'mtr <■< ijni iniicmif rn< imi:. i-iijlir^," ^ci'lli's ( inl)lirs \\,\v I'artiili' \\ K\n Iraili' (If W'asliiii^ltni, ) " (/ ci/ 'imi>iir(niil ih ii imiiiii'i r ijii'iiiiinnc it'illi-i /ic y(r<7(i((/ (iii'il mk/ (//( ilrroir (t'loi j/oiiiiriK nil III iiiiilri: il'i mfivihi i\ iltiiis luiis lis cum, Im iiilcs nmlir lixijiiih illm loiit mliijiJi/<." Si icl ii"csl pas 1(> devoir d'nii fiouvcniciiiciit, on iiiii;iii dii spt'cilicr Icn IMS oil il (''tait iiccrssiiirc dc 1(*m (disci'vt^r I't ccnx oil il iic I'l'lait pas. l/inti'iitinn *\v ;4i'iii'nilis('r rohsiTvaiici^ dc ccs r(';;li's iiic parait ronncllc. Lcs mots sidciiiicls — " « iitii- liid ijitviviiiiuiil !■•< Iioiiiiil" — cl la clause liiiaic dc eel artii'lc. mni nioins sidciinclle, (pie lis lianies piirlies coiiti'iictantcs s'cnuiinciil, iion-scnlciii 'ill ;i oliscrs cr ecs ic^^lcs eiitic I'llcs dans ravcnii', niais encore ii Ics jiorlci' a lii coimiiissanccdes anlns pniw8iuu;i«* inuy- tiiiicsct ;i Ics iiuitcra y iicc('(lcr, le proiivent a ri-vidciiee. ('oimiiciit done pininions-iunis sii|)posei' ipi'il exisl(! dcs eireonstaiiecs ]ir<''vnes ct iivoni'cs |iar les liiintes parties cinilractiinies oil (.'cs rc<;les n'olilijieiil pii>, siiiis ((ii'oii I'll ait I'ait inentioii expre.'-se ? Certcs, il I'liiit ([lie le cas (I'jipplifution do cos rcijlet* suit dotcrmino n-giiliiveinout ot 5 B ik; AinUTIJA I'lnN \l (iKNK.V\. l hi' diiiw n from the viile^ and pi iiieiph's of Icuislalioii peculiar to imcIi of the roii tractiii;^ parties; that islosav. thai the neiierality and lireadlh of the ride ma> he limited l),\ the miiiiieipal law. No, assuredly, siieh eoiild not have heeii the intention of the iii.uii eoiitraeliiiu' parlies in franiin;.;- llie sixth aitiele. l'jiL;laiid has deelareil. il is true, thai she <'ould iiol assent to the tore^oin^ rules as a staleiiieni of principles ol' iiiternational law which were in fore*- at I he linie when the claims mentioned in Articl'- I ar.tse: this is a simpl.' retiiopeelivf tjUestioii of the sense and interpretation of the law. iSut Iroiii thi' moment when I'lnyland, w il h the view ol sticiiwtheniny the Crieiidls r<'lalii>iis iH'tweeii the two eoiiiiliies. ami of makiiiu' satisfactory pro\ is ion for the Iriliire, e(Uisenls that these rules sleiidd he hiiidin;;- for tin- past also. >he iiiiisl consider tliein as |)ro\ isioiis of the ^eiieial luw nj nations. coii\»'!ilional, if yon ph-ase. luit superior to an> provision oi municipal hiw. It is not. in my opinion, in strtiin the natui'e of interna tionai law , to rc(|uire that it shoititi he applied without uny admixture of political interesls h\ the powers who lia\e acceptc<| it. I ayrce thai wccaniioi re«piiie t he exeeiil iim of what is aclmilly iin|ios.sihle. Thiii is a ease of c. lis ii ^I.'h (l(ii\ciit ii]i(i(r (Ic |»lciii (lidii. I'l siin.s jiurnnc ri'sliictioii. ('is I'culi'S, ill- lil fiiriill ilitlU I'llcs sDiil itahiii'S. ('iiiisl il i|i-nl ilin- ii1ili<;atioll l'oil(l<''(' MM If tlioil ilrs Willis ^I'hiTal : <■! ri- sciail rii rlianiifi' la nal me, rn (ifliniri' riiiiii>!i't( iiiriii rrllrt (|l!f il (ic s;i .Miijislc hiilaii iiii|iit', (|iii' III ini'siiir ili's lints ililiiiiiiris a riii|iiii\ i-r, il I'miu la di'iivrr dcs limit's it • Il .■' i)riiii'i|ir> ill' la II i;islal inn inoinc a cliacnui' ili's jiail ii's cDntiai'taMtt's — c'csta-diii- unr la LiiMiiialiti' Il la ^iianili iir ili- la ii i;li' pnin i i«nt I'l ir sDniiiisrs n (Irs liiiiitatiDii-- (■'laliti' I'l li |iar la Im iiinni('i|>ali' \(.i I. |iiini' ^'lll'. Il h'a iMi I'ti'f riMlcntion ilt's liaiiii pai'tii's ('(inlrarlaiili's en ii-!li;;raMl Tailicli' \'l. l.'Ant;li'trri«' a ili-claii'. il est \ lai, iiii'i'llr n'mti'mlail iioint ail nu'llri" ijin- Ifs iculi's pn'ritci's mssnii li- r.-iractrcf i\f priaripi's ({<• (Imit iiUi'rnalioti.il I'M vi;;iiciir a ri'iMii|iii' 111! Ii's it'claniiU inns cnDin'i'cs a rarlidi' I dii traiti piiicnt nai« sani'c; c'cst la nii-.' simple i|ii)>sti(iii irtrospcclivc (I'intcllijirnci' ct ui. J'ai consenfi a poser la icule. inais Ins inoyeiis d'y mitisfiiir« mo iiiaiiiiii<1 to I'ciii' licit tin* :i|)|)Ii<'ii tinii of these lilies eiiii ;;(» so liir j|s tti \ iohile the plilieiph's oil \\iii( d iiiitioliill };o\«'rilllH'llts rest. 'I'he iiiiliiie of the eiiyiljieiiielil Woes iiol n;icli thiit point. It is \cr,v |Missil)h' Ihiit t iieir ;i|>|ili(;ilioii iiiii\ soiiit times eiiihiii Tiiss jl^on ('niiiieiits in Iheir political eoiidiiel : but it wil' irioi'c often prevent disoidel s eapalile oi leadilij; to liiisfoilnnes wliieh eollld !iot l>e siinieielitiv deplored. 'i'lie rides of the sixth arti(deof t lie treat v of W'ashiiiyloii are des- tined to heeoiiie principles of iiiiiv<'rsal law for the>inaiiitenance (d' lu'u lialilv. The \erv text of the treaty sa\s so. and Mr. (lladsiniie and Lord (iran\ille liaxc al\va.\s, and with reason, insisted on this prospe* l i\e Iteiielil to eivili /a! ion. In order to reali/i- it, the sexcral ,il;'o\ evn- incuts 11111.--' take measures to olitain tilting' powers for the e\eeiiti<»ii o' the law. As rej^ards the past, there lia\e lieeii ;;real ;' reunlatioiis to lie made ill iHirsiiance of Article \'l of the treaty. It is to lie hopi'd that this process of reetifyin.u' sc aniv IT an iMiinl i|iic la. II est t ics-|iiissil)lc (|Hf <'iiti' a|i|ili<'ati I's ill' la iliiiiaiii' rt ill' rai'i'isi'. .Ic nc ilii.'tc pdini i|iii' I'lm "'I'xriiilicni iln liaili' ili- \\'asliiii;;tiin not hope Col' (><|iiiil iinxictv now to rouronii to the 1*1 tci' iiiiii spiiit ol tin- tn'iit.v ol W !i.s|iinyt(»ii t I coiiif lo III*' :i|>|ilinilioii of tlir roiisitlt-nit itins I )iii\f |int t'oi'w iml. It n-siilis I'loiii (Ills, iicciiKliii^: to iiiv \i«'\\s. ilmt ilif IjiuMnIi yovcii; niciit IoiiihI ils»'If. i iijiom n |i:ii t ot I Im' |)o|tnl.il ion >ni)iffl to tin III it i>li ( 'low n. No jio\ ci Mini'iil is siilc ii^iiiii.Nt rntiiin Wiivfs (>f |inti lie o|>iiiion wliicli il ciinnoi nnislrr :il il>\\ill. I iini far IVoin I iiinkiiiL; tint 1 lu' iininms ol ilic l-'ji^lisji yo\ crnnKMil \^ as hostilr lo tin- I'rtlcii! (io\ fi'iiniciif (liii'iii;>' the wiii'. Vft titric were j:i;i\t' \ t'icisc of a diliuviiic ('<|Mal to the jira\it\ of llir dan.m-r. I imtiI oiilv here r<'|Mat a passauc from a ifport of tin- law oflifcrs n! Ilcr Uiilaimic Majcstv. yixi'n in uplv to a r»'<|in'st of Loid K'ns sell, on the iLMii J >t'('(MilM'r. isil,".. SpcaKinji •>" •'"<' snWjfrl ol tin seemed to fail, and w lien lechleness in certain Uianclies of llie piihiii service resulted in i;ieal detriineiit to the riiited States. The con setpiences ol such let Idciiess can lie no other than a rep, nation l*rr tin damaiics snlfcred. Mail li'iissell writes lo Lord l.voiis. ii a letter of tin liTlli .March, is(;s. that "he had said to Mr. .\danis that the cahiiift were of opinion that the law wassullicieiil. lint that leyal e\ ideiice coiilil liotalwaxs he procured. That the I'.ritish ydverniiiciit had done eveiv thili.u in its power to execute the law ; hut that headiiiitlcd that tin riiMr<|iiiii III- pas rspt'^rcr <|ii'iiii sera I'lnincss)' aiiiiiiinl'lini a sr ('iiiirni'iniT a la It'llirr' a ri's|iiil (Irs sti|iiil:iti(iiis (II- \\'asliiii;;liiii .' .i'l'ii viciis a ra|ip!iiat ion iiii> irAnnlrli'irr. Nnl umiv i-iiii-iiii'iil n'l-sl a TalMi ilf i rilaiin-s si i-unsM-.s ili- r lihri- ili- mail ri-^i-r a >-i>ii iivr. .Ji- siii> luiii tli- pi-iisi-r inn- Viiinniii- (In i;uii\ I rni-ini'iit aiii;lais ail i-lr liostili- piinlaiil irltr <;iii'i ir an (i ilaii;;i-is m Aii^ilcici i r i-t dans si-s rnlmiirs pinir li- I'^.tals-I'iiis. ijiii ii°a\aii>iil aiiriin iiii>\<'ii ilii'i-i'l ili- ics ciiiijiiri'i'. II I'aillail iloiir i|ii> r.Vii;;li tn i(- mil. a nanli-i- li-s ilt-vniis ili- l.i in-iit ralili-, iiin' (liliy;i-nri- i-i)Hi'.-.piinilaiilr :i la ;;ia\ ill' (li- I'i's ilaii;;i-is. II ini- snilil ili- rapprli-r ici iiii pa*sai;i' irniir cimsnllati-ii: (Irs runsrilli-rs ir-;;an\ ill- sa Maji-sli- l)rilaiiiiii|iii>. (-inisr, snr I'iin ilalion di- LkiiI I>u>- .s(-ll, II- Iv ili-rrinlirr tsiilt. i'ai'|,-iiit ail siiji-t (III (iriM-jia. ('CM ('iiiis(-ill(-rs ii'isi-rvaii'iil (|ni- lis fails I't-siiltani di- (|i-pi>sitii)iis ii-riirs ••/uiniiissnirnl ilrs ruisiniK it tijniilir a irllt'- ijia iui!*liiiiiil ill jii fiinir iidnssir ill rin s riiiiniilrioiiix mi iiiniiiriiinniil iniijiiliii', it j)Vi)i>itn ili ''i riiilaliiiii Kiitli'iiiiiliiiiii til In mnliiilili' niiiilnisr, inmiiiini' pitr «('« iii/nils mtr /<■ tirrititirc lirilun- nil/Ill."' ( ApiK'iidici- lii'itaiiiiii|iii>. \ol. i. p, 141*.) <.>ii IK- saniaii iiii-r tniitcCnis ipi'il v ciil di-s iiinmi-iils oil la riirnciir dc snrvcillaiii'i' jiaiht faildir. , Dc la di-s ({(-raillaiicrs dans (-i-riaiiics parlii-sdii s(-rvi('(- piihlic, (pii mil iiiiirnr- all ^iraiid drsavania;;!- ilis I Jatst'nis. el la coiisiipii-iK-c di- ci-s dcl'aillaiiccs iir pent I'-t re autre (|u'imt' n'-paratioii di- (liniiiiia;;(-s sniill'i-rls. Le ('iniit(f Kiissell ('-cril u 1,111(1 Lyons, dans iiin- li-tlri? dii '21 mars l^flit, (pi'll "avail (lit a .M. .Vdiiiiis (pic h' calii in-t ('-lait d'ltpiiiidii iinc hi loi siiHisait. iiiais (pi'dii n'avait pas pii toiijoiirs app(>rt(!r ili'< jin-iivcH W-fjalcs; (pic 1(- jfoiivciia-iiiciit dc la tiraiidu-Hicta'iiK^ avail fail tniif, co ipn (■lail ell HiHi pDiiviiir pour cxcciilcr la loi; iiiai.s ipril rci-oiiimiNHait ((lie Iv8 cas ili' i';is<'S t oi'iMoNs oy (((INI SCI. oris. )l the .\l:il>iilii:i iilid ()icl() wcic ji siiiinhil. iiiiil i\\) III .siiiiir (Inirn ii '/' iirli. In tlic Mlitsli lilW: Siili>('(|it('iill,v. ill llic \cr,v tiioiiiciit wlicii \\v iiiiidc the iiiotioti |ir:i.\ ill'*' ihc (^Mircii l(» ictiisc to rat ily t lie treat vol" NNashiin'titii. Ilaii l{ii>sfll (• iiiditlly adiiiitli'il I liat I lie ^^hiccirs prntlaiiial ioii ol' Mav Ii, iSdI.cii jditiiiiL;' iiciilralilv in llic iiiirtntiiiialc civil w.w in Nortli .Xiiiciic: , Inid •icviial limes Iteeii |traetieall\ set at iiaii;;lit <>ii I'.iilisli tenitorv 1>.\ llie ilcH i>r |t,ilties, 'riie()i).>^tacles u liieli, at tlie nniineiil w licii llic letlei wiiicli I have jiist (|iiut('(l was writ leii, let ler('(| the action ol' the liiitisli i.in\t'riinienl. no idii;.;!'!' exist. I lianK>< t(» t lie lilteial |tiinci|iles iiii|iii.se(l l»y Article \ I ot llic treaty ol' W asliinulon : itiil tlie cuiisei|iietices of tlie acis w Inch I'.ail i;a>seil so ciiinliilly and so eiier^ictically condeniiied. still exist ; and il is III I lie reparation of (lie>ie damages in a just niea sure, and Itased alwa.\ s on oiillicicnl ;:roiiiids. I lial I he decisions ut t he I rilinnal ol' aihit i at ion slnxild li-Mil I willdilali- no tniiher on tiiis point. As to the dispusition which >!i(uild prevail to iiiakc pro\ isioii I'oi- the I'litiire, I iie<'d only cite the llrilidi lore!;;!! ciilisliin'iit act. passed on ihe \)\\\ Aiii;ii>l. is7M. This ,ict sl|(l\^swhal piojuress has lieen made in tlir means lor prcsciv in;;' iiciiirality. The three rules laii! down in Arliule \'l of the treaty appeared to the Kiiulisli ministry less eiiiharrassjii'j;- lor the '.;o\( rnmeiit than the act i have just alluded t(». '" There is iioi one ol' i hcse rules," said Lord (li an \il!c III Ihe [louse ol' Lords oil Hie iL'tii .lime. jSTI. *' which is not coiii- |il('Ul\ coxcii'd l»y ttiat act. and il cm-ii noes I'inthcr than lliey do." 'i'he r(lrus|>ccti\ (' cliai;;ctcr of these rules loinis ihcir especial chaiader. wliii'h ;4<>veiiis the whole (piestioii siil»mitte(l to the decision ol the arldtiiitors. 11 we II.— \ K.-;si:i.s wiiMii 11 \vi; i;i-.»'r,i\!:i> cMxiMissniNs. consult I lie lllo^l esiceincd aiilliois on |Mililic international law \l |li:ilil;l i-l il l'( drill ;l\ .lii'iil i-li' III 1 <(iiiiii(i la), r\ II ifii- hiiii III (ii'i nil 1 1 1 iriiclir :ill\ I'Pis .lllUi.ll^l-: rills |;ilil, ;lll liiiillli'lll lUi'liH' uii il r;ii-.:ill \:i liinliiiil ill ^iiiiiiiicr l:i l.'ciiic (Ir II liisiT l;i iiiiruMtiiiii (III ii'iiiti' di' W.'islilii^tDti, II- CiiiMtf I'lissi-ll iiviiii^iir ioviili'iiifiit i|iir la iiriii'laiiiatiiiii di- la l>i-'ini' ilii ]'•'> iiitii l^dl, i'ii,iiii<;ii:iiit la iiriil ralitr ilaiis la iiialhi'iirriisi' ,iii-ri't' civile (If l".\iinTit|iii' tin Nuitl. avait ('li' |>liisiriiis inis |irarii|iii'iii('iil rcdiiili- a I'.iMiil Mir Ir Irnitoiii- aiiniaiN ]'. ili- iIIit tut iiiilr. cut ra\ aji'iit i :irliciii (III ii : in. lis lis (•inisi'i|iii'iirc> dr^ tail-*, ijiic ^' Ciillllr K'lissril li'|>lim\ ail >i li>> alrliidlt i-t si iM|i'lj;ii|ili'llirlit , siilisislciil I'liinii'. rt 'i^t 1 ii'iiarrr rrs diiiiiiiiaui'-> daiw iiiif jiisti' iiii-inrc. ci Imi jmirs a\ n- rappiii d'niif ijiIxhi ^iiMi--:m|i'. i|iii' diiivriit ti'iidri' Irs ili»i'isii>ii-< dii triliiinal d'arliitiani'. •-piit ill- |»ri'Vi>\aii |iii dnil pn-va- ii' II iiai |ia^ • Ins I mil Mir r.' ii'ir.iiii. <,>iiaiil a II' . I ravriiir, il snilii ipic jc citi' \f fon iiiii-iiilistuii nl ml i\f la (iraiiilr-|{irtau:iii'. vntf 11' '.I aiiiit 1-7(1. Ti-t act aiaiiiti'iiir In iiciitc-ilili I' mills iiHiiiIri' i(ii('ls piKni'i's una lait i|iiaiit aii\ iimyi'iis di ■ Ir I.cs ti'itis r(';;li's pKsci's a I'mi'I iclf W (In tfaiti' mit pain an iniiiisli'ir aii^lai-; iiiuiiis laiili's pi III I' II' uDiiM'i'iii-iih-nt i|ni' raclc i|iii' Jc \ ii-iis di- «'itt'r. ■• II n'v a pas iiiir sciiU' I'l'S ri'LJll-: disait Lord (iiaiiv illc a la ('liaiiilni- di's lords li- Iv* injii 1-^71. " iiiii lit --oil rniiiprisc iluns III acli'. i|ni \a iiii'iiii> ln'aiit'iHip aii-ili I. iitrnai'l ivili' dr i I's •n ruriiii' Ir rarai'lii'f sprrial. i|iii dniiiiiir tniilr la inatirri' siiiimi^i' an in;irnirnt arliitii II.— \ Aissi VI X i>i;vi;m s \v\ lui'.s i (»\;miss[()nxk.s. iKitis cinisiilteiis IcsaiiU'iirs Ics [dns aicn'Mlitcs dc dniit iniUlic iiUiTiiuliiniiil, <* par- i- w 7*> AKIH i K'A HON AT (iH\K\ A. ;iii nntliorits will lie (IniictI ,.„,,,„ „„.. iM'itlu'i Ity AiiH'iifa ii(»f Ity ICii.uliiiui, n;mn'l> . Sloiv ;iii(i """" i'liiliiniiMc. \v«' fiii({ tliiit tlir |»ri\ ilc;^r. nsnjilly iircoi'dcil in nllips of Wiir. (>r Itcili::' r(»ii.siti"l»'(l ;is a piHtioli ol'tiif sl;ilc w liosc Ihi^ tlH'V ctirry. aitd li«'i!i;>, ilnis cxciiii)! Iiom ail other imisdict ion, was in its cii'^iii ii |tiivili'u«' only ;4raiit('(l ])\ <'oiMt('s\.* As tii s |tri\ ilcnc is only ti('i;\('(l tVoMi !!ir iisa^^r ot nations, it can Ix' ( aiirclcil ;ii :iii\ inoninit villKint caMsc litf olVi-nsr hcin^ jii^cn. '!'l)i' opinion of Story, dcliNcrctl in (In- case' ol' the Mxcliaii;;*', ai|rvi>(lic jicaci' aiil siiiliil to tlicii ilijiiiity iiiitl ri;ilils. It wmilil. intlccd, lir straii;;i', it' a licciisr, iiii lilii'ti liy ].iw IVom tlif yi'iirral prai-tirr nf nrilioiis lor ilii- piirposi's of |i(ai c nIioiiIiI '"■ roiislnicil as a I'icciim' to do wroiii, lo tin- iialion jtscll". ami jiislily tln' liii'a<-li ot' nil iliKHf oliliiiiiiioiis \\ liifli IX I iaitli and (Vifmlslii)>. Ity tin- same implitatioii. im|iovi iHMMi llioM' • . Iio mtK an as\ Inni in onv p'irt.>."' 'I'akinu' ihcse general piineiples, and alio\c;ili the elcnial iiiles oj' ofMid sen>e and the dictates of oo,„| iiiith. ;is out' point oj' depaitiiie, is :t possihle t't admit that a \essel, wjilcii has been riamlnleiitly hnill <»i! tlie leriitory of a so\ eicion, in oiieii eon Ira vent ion of t lie duties of nen ti; lit.\ wh;eh that savoiirc, in par rAnniii|nr. ni par rAny;li't"i it, tfl-« i|iii Slor\ ci I'hillimoic, n nis inni.inis i|iif \< privili'nr, jiii'ncialfim'iit ai'cordi' anx lial iincnls dc ynnn', d"ctri' (•on>idt'Trs coniim' iim '.laction di' I'l'lat doiit ijs purli'iit li* pavilion, ct par la rxiinpls d>' loiili' antrc Jiiiidi< - ;io!>, n'a rl> 111 iuiinaiirmi'iil iiniim" roni'i'«'>ioii laiti pav coiirloisic. Cinnna' ccttf con «i'S'iio;i m- diii\f <[iir di" I'lisaiic dcs nation-*, rllf pint rlrr ii'\ (iiiin'i- a i|nrii| lint' I'l- suit, sans ijin- I'i'l.a pni-^si' firi' rnti-^idrri' roininr nn 111- I'OOIIIIi ilViiiN li'opinioii ill' .siiny, ' noiii' nil' pari. It ili'i'i-.i\ i> h ras ill' n; ■\i li.in. I'l i'a|ip'ii III' pal I'liilliini ■ On ji.ni." dii it. •• lialilir .'ivi r in>i ii'i'. roinnii' pi'iposil ion ffi'iii'iali'. <|ni' lonli' pn •uMiiir it loll!" piopi ill!', dan?' l;i |nii:li<'!ion li'iriloiiali' il'nii snnvrrain, .miiiI .soiimi.si'x .'(. til Jiiridit'lion ill' I'l- sonvciain on tU' nivs I'liiirs lU- jn.Htici- ; I'l i|n'il n°\ a d'i'Xri'plioii« a ri'ttf ii'uli' i|Hi' ridli'.s nni-|nfinrni ijiii sunt aiimi-i"* par I'lisay;!' roinniiia ft par l;i jitililiijni' piiiiliipii'. dans If inil ilf inaiiili'iiir la pa'ix ft I'L.ti niotiif fiili'f Ifs nation.^, ii • If ffuli'i' li'iirs rappiiils df 1:1 laroii la niiiiis d'ai'ioid avff 1. in dijiiiiti' fl Ifiiis ilioiis. 1'. M'i'ail. I'll M'lil.'. lull < liaii^ri' i|n'nni' anloi i>.ilioii. ijiii' It dioii a lafitfiiifiit ilfdiiitr It I' I.I prat iijiif ilfs \ iifs fa voiahli 1.1 paix, pill fill' II Ifi pi'i'lff I'nuinii' iii.f antoi i'nal ion do I'airf dii mal .t I'i's iiifiiit's niitioiis, ft fiMiinif Jiinlili- at ii'.n df rinliart ion iif n-fi i\r\ niis, ipif la I ton in ' I'oi i-t I a ml if. pro\ maul df la iiifim onii'f, inipo'-i nl ipii I'lifi'i'lifiit iiti a^ilf ll'ln^ iio> poii' I'^n pailant tU- l.i ;;i'n.'!aliii' df ffs prim-ipfs, I'l hiiiIoiii iIi'm if uIi"^ df I'l'lfriifl lion Hf n.s, f I dfs iiispir.ii inns df l.i I ion i if foi. i >l il poNsililf d'adnn lln- ijii'iiii naviif. qui a fill' rraiidnlf nsf ini'iil ''oiisl rnil .siir If li 1 1 iloiif d'lin souviTain. f n )>lf iiif fiinl rav f iilioii ;i:>iilf ifd li> ol liiT li.il ioii.-i 111 III' a liarl id tin- Ifililinv of lllf slalf « lio'^f llaii sin cai I'll , hf ri fioMiii/i's this assnmption of Ifi i iiorialii y onl> in ifspfil to lln- inlirn.il iiiaiia);i'mi'iil ol llif ship and tlic ri\ il and poUlii al iflations of lliosf mi lniaid id' li R ol'IMttS.s •»!•• c.H N (• .se\L(>l'l>. 71 soMTcij^iity iiuiiinst wliicli slic liiid iit tlic outset so livjivclv olVriHlctl .' AssMi il'\ not; these (■li.ili;;es to lliee_\e, like the sliilt ill;; ol il scene, tliese triiiisloniiiilioiis, eHecled with e()ii;il iimhicity iiiid esise, e;iiiiiot In- talveii seii(»ilslN . Tlie <'uiit laveiil ion ot' whieli the shi|» Wiis iniiilly ;it the ciiltillU'lieeinent of her l!iita;;<'iii. All the wiiiieii iiiaxiiiis ot' reason if\olt against siieli tiic'vei_\ : ilitlnx iiiiiiiiii jtdlrixiiimi drhtt. We must look lo tlie bottom ot' the matter, anil mete imr lull Just ice to tin- I'laml : /this roirt iimxl ti' prolil l»y the I'laiid in llii,:;raiit. violation of all I lie rights of iien'.ality. Th" weiiihly autlioi'il\ of Story, in the <'ase of lli<' Saiit'>sima 'I'liiii (lad, is ncneiall.x w raised hefoi'e IIS. laiid I lia\e myself <|iioted him.) Uiil I oltsei\f Ihal S|,n,\'s doe- 1 1 inc. on I he icsjieet d lie lo I he com mission ni\ en lo a shiji hy a ,uo\ em imiii. is only a ;;em'ial thesis on which evciyliody agrees; il does noi (lirccily toMch itn llie (|iieslioii of I'e ori!;iiial ;^iiilt inciiiied 1»\ a \fsscl hcloic her (•(niinii.vsioiiiii^'. and which eaninit lie iilolled oiii witlioiit a (Ji>lMrl>ance of all the |Minci|»|fs whieli j4 that the teller and spirit of tin tliiee Miles laiil down in the sixih article of the treaty ol \\'ashin;^ioii do not alltiu lis to lollow the old nilili]i>'. Il iiiiist iie st( a(|il\ lioriie in mind that il is a new law, full of .'ipiily and foicsiiiht. which wc are now to follow. h is inie Ihal. acontliiiu io uciieiallN accepied ideas, a so\ereiiin who i-- an 1 1 Ml lie :• w ilium' '•» U'aiil the pri\ ileue of e\tcrriiin'ialit,\ to i he com laissioiied sidps of other powers, must pre\ioiis|\ ;ii\e nolici' |«»ihat ( ilccl . so Ihal Ion i;.;,n iia\ ies. forewarned, iiia\ lake their piccaiil ions in 11 liililll si LJiaS f'llll'llt (tll'i'MHi'i- ,' Noll. I'll MTJIr: trs iIlMIIU'llI'llls :'l vile. (•illMlllf s'll -":n;is:-<:iil ilcs diiiiis d'nii I IiimI it. res liaiisloriii:)' iiiii> itpinrs mvcc anlanl (l";iiiila<-r Mill' <|i' tarililr. Ill- |M>ii\tiil |iiiiiii I'li'i- |iri.s iiii >iiirn\. I.:i (uiitraM'iil inn iliml 1 1' iiiiviic .'*"Hait ii'IhIii i'iiii|ml»li' iiii ('iiiiimi'in'iiiii'iil i|r s.i run ini'. ciiv its li- sunvcraiii •In iiiii nil il a I'M' r<..i>liiiil. Ill' s'l'llai'i' )iiiiiii |i;ir rilii I il iiiir iiim' iiiilci riili'. Toiili's \i-, iiiii\iiiii-s (If la r;ii>iiii I'irilc siIcn cnt iniiiir dr >.iinli:ilili s .sniiciclnaics : ilnlnn iiiiiinii )iiitnti i till I i ill III I. II I nil I I'l'^^iinlcr Ir 1 1 nil I tie la i'liiisi> rl liiiii' I mil lie J list Ire ilr la si inn l;iliiiii: jilns iiiIiIiiii.hI iiijiliii ijiiiuii iiiihiI siiniiliili iiiiii ijiiliir. I,i' vice inlniciil .in ^iiis 'X'liii lit' i|is|)Mi.nlia |iiiiiil i|iian In |MiisHa!iri' i|ni in- inn I ijn':! innlili'i il< f i li ninii'. i-ii luiit rinlii-l imi mix iitr I Inns lis limits (In innlijiiili'. • •ii liir iirilinniri ini'iil . n |iii>|iiis di- la i|ni'^lii>ii 'jii'ini ;i ^inili'M'i' i|i<\anl innis. i'iiii|Hisiini(- aiitmili' dc St.nv (iim- J'ai niiiiini'ini' iiiviii|nti' i d.'iiis li- rus de la s;niii>ii'ia Tiiiiidail. Mai.-. |'iil>si-i \ .- ijiir i.i (Inclriin' Ar Stnr\,siir li- ri".|ti'rl dn n l,i ' iiiiiiiiissinii limit nil ;^iiii\ iMiiiiiiiiil a nvi'tn nn iniviii', ii'rsi (in'ani' tlnsi- ;.',i'iniiili'. siii lai|iii-lli' iinil II' iiiiiiid rst d'aii'inii; illi in- Imirln' pas diic'li'iiii'iil a la ijiicsi inn tin Mil' iri'ii^ine rDiitr.icl' par nn iiaviic asait i|n'il s'lii riimiiii>^iiniiii- : \ irr d'nriniin^ '|iii lit' |ii'Ml .s'l'llai-cr sai.s triiiild' r tnii^ lis jiiinripi's i|iii <;iiii\ riiii-nt li^ liiMiii s ili- la III iiliaiili'. .\prrs (/ml , i|iiaiiil niriiii' mi imnnalt cilri iji > piici lints iniilraiifs :, I'lipinimi nm- ji siMilu-ii«. jo rcpmnlrai i|iit' la It'll ii- fi I'l'-piit dis iiois ii-^jlt's pnsfcs ,'i I'artirli' \l ilii f till'- «lc \\'asliiii;;imi iif nulls piniiii'l ti'iil pins dr snivic raiifiiiiin' juris- I'l iiili'iii'.i, n ('.'111 SI' iiit'llif liicn ilaiis fi'spiil niic r'i'sl nn limil nnnsraii, liint inilni d'fiiniti- el 'It pvr rii\aiiri', tiiii' nn'is iIi'Mhis snix H' inainti ii.'inl. II I'-^l vrai i|in'. srimi Irs idi'i'S tii'iii'rali'iiii'iil h'i.ih's, nn .smisi'iain ijni in m'Ii' pins 1 'I 'til' r If pi'ivilf i;f d'f \tf ri iliirialiti' aii\ ini\ iifs iinnniissiiiiiiif -. ili-s ani if., piii>.>aint's, • 'I' I'll iit tliis (lues iiof mcjni tli:it tlnMc Miiiy not he cncciiI ioii> ;irisiii;i irum ;i cci'tMiii special tiiiiii uf (•iiciimslaiiccs. and iioi tVoiii tlif siiiiplf caiiriiM' ot llic sii\ crciiiii and his •^ovcniinciit. Ndw. il is on the iialnrcol' ihcsc special eirciimsl aiiees that tlie lirst rale, laid down in Ai tii-le \'[ ot till' treat\ of Wasliih.uloii. siiecilic illv resls. The opera t ion t»r tiiis rule v.otild 1m" illiisoi'v il it eonid nof l)e applied to \essels sni)se- • picntly eounnissioneartui'e wlien there is sni'licieni j^i-onnd I'or ixdievin.u' that she is intended to carry on \;ar on iiehalT of oim' of i he l)elli!.;-erents; and when pioi»a!)ilit\ has 1. ■coii:c eei'tainfy, shall not I h(> rnle l>e appli('al)le to the direct and )Mipal»ie eons(Mn -nces whicn il oriuimilly was intended to ]>n>v( nt .' (an this act. in \ indication i»f a li.uht which hns at, the (irst l»een olui onsl\ violated. i)e looi<:'d npcHi as a \iolation of- pn!)lic i^'ood faith and I'f ihelaw of nation.^ in ii'uard to one of the belligerents'^ 1 can see no vi(dalith ()f iMay, l.S(»l. in reply to Mr. Itaiiii'4'. foi lually deciaie(i •■ ( hat he had not the least doui>t that Vax'^ land had the riijut, if she thouji'ht lit, to exclude from her jiorts any part icniar .^liio. or class ot' ships, if >lie considered that they had violateocnments. \ol. v, |). oS;}.) >\'hy was not. then, thi- I'uhr e\t'rciscd at least witii respect to the Vessels which had lla,iirant l.\ \ iolated (he d ii m's ol neuiralit\' .' I will iKtt follow the aruunicnl of the Cnited States in tlu' .li^l inct! ». il seeks to (iraw lietwcen pui»lie ships of reco_iini/,e(i and sovereign iia tioiis and tiie shii)s lieloiniiny' to a belligerent power whose soverei^Li'lity i•^ not recifjiii/.ed. Tlu' stains ol' l»elli,n('rents ha\iu'4' been acciu'delllll:ill)ll s'iqipllii' pli c-;-i lU-Mt. I,,l ';;li- M'liOt piiri'iiin-iiiriit illiisuiii' si 1)11 III- riipplii|'!il luiiiiiiissiDiiiii's. On vi'iit riiiprilicr la i uiislriU'iiini. I'iii'ini-iiii'iit I't ri'i|iiip('iiii-iit (I'liii \aissiMii. cm riii|ir>'lii'i' la smi ic i|iianit il y .i raism: 'iillisaiiif (if iTiiec unc i-f vaisM-aii isi ili'siiin'' a fairc lii ;iiii'ii-i' an prnlit il'iiii if - lii'ili;^!! ants; i-l c .,,,i(l leu piiilialiiliiis aiiniiil fall lirii a la < iTiitiulf, la ir;;li' iic s, i 'iln.-. apjiliialif ilaiis lis riinsi'iincncis iliri-di's el p.dpalili's iiii'i'lji' vuiilail d'a'i.ni I'liipi'i'lii'r. < t ai't<' n ilc la t'ni pMl)lii|iii', ai 11^ i|iii' ilii ilioil ilrs ;{i'ns, I'livi'i's I'lni ill's lirlli;ii'ranl;. .' ,lr lie sanrais vuir viulaliun ili' I;. |\ la s/'aiii'i' ill- la Cliaiiiliri- ilcs rnininiUU's It- |:> iiiai iStU, cii irpoiisr a "I'liii ili' M. ilaiiirj;, a l'>riiii'ili-iui-ii( ilii'laii' ' n'y asi.ir Ir inniiHhi' doiili' ipii' rAii.!;lrtii r a Ic ilrm: •mIiiii' ill piirl- •lli- I I' rrnit riinvriianh', Innl vaisoi-aii nn (Miai rlassi* ilr vaissi-aiix. si cllr i rnit i|ni- res \'aissi-an\ niit \ii>li' la nriUialih : niais i|iii' i-i' ili-i,it i-si Innl siiiipli'iiii'iu ill -ni I II III na Ml' i-l (lull s'l'Mici-r cii i g.uii a innlcs Irs i iirnnslaiKM-s ilii as." ( 1 1, prnniriits pruilinls par li-s P.! a is- I'm is, vnl. v, p. .')•'. 1. ) |*oin'i|niii ilmic n'li-t-it!! pas an nniiii.s iisi- lic ir i lii'it a f' aiil ili's \aisii'aii\ ijci I'l.iirnI ni rnilnivcnf inii a^iaiitc iin\ ili-vniis ili> I i mntialitr ! .Il' III' siiivi'ai pas II- piaiiloyi'i' ili-s r.l.tls I'liis ilans la ilislinctinii ipi'il piopiei •nin- li's iiavircK '.miIiI'i's iK-s nalioiis ii-nniniii'H vi snini-raiiii's iI'.'ivit Ii-s imvirr^ ipparli-nint a inn- )Miis.siini'( I. liiii'ianli' i|ni II i-s| puH iiiit- .-toiiviTaiiii-ti- ri-i;iitniiii'. i.'i i:it ill- Ill-ill;.;! laiil ayaiil I'-li' I'i'rininii di-.s iii-n\ roll's ili-s piipnlaliniis iiini-rii'iiiiiri III s| pniiii in-i'i-ssiiiri' iriii.siMtrr Hiir ci-lti- i)iii'i>liini ; Je ilirai i^mi' Ii- .jni^c aiin^'iraii nl'lMoNS or (olM' S( l.ol'I.' 73 Ixttli ))iirti('s ill AiiKMicii. it is not iifcfssury to dwell on tliis »|ii('stion. I will s;iy, Willi tlic Aincriciiii .lii t!i;il llicrc is war l>_v ;i iMnchniiat ion ol' nciii ralii \ ."' Tin' liU't ill at a vessel, at'ler Inivin.n" been eoniiiiissioned, lias l>een re- c'ivetl as a sliip ot' war in the |MMis of ilitfcri'iil powers before her en- liaiicc into the parts of the power whose iienirality she had (niijiiially violated, shoidd not, in my opinion, inlbiein-e the rei-oL;'nition oi' the (liai'.ieter ol" such vessel. Where the vessel had no liability to answei' tar. it was iiatnral ihat she should beadtnitleil as a >liip ol' war; bnt ciiciimstiinees entirely ehaii^e when the \essel enters tlie territorial waters of the soxcreiun towards wlnnn she is ;4iHlt.\ . of t he so\erei!^ii wlioin she has eoini)roiiii-.e(l as re'^ards the other beili".ereiit. Here her ;^iiilty eliaraeler cannot lie (n crlooked ; she may lie >ei/ed and eoii- ilcnined. 1 ihink thai it is for the inleielieiild hold to the prineiples which have just iteeii proponnded. 'J'lie iiiiiiiher (if \ ('-(st'ls frandiileiit ly iuiilt on iieiilral territory, with tlie in- li'iilioii of privateerin;^' on behalt' of belligerents, will deert-ase in pio- |ii)ition as iiicirased severity is shown towards them, cncii when they liresciit themselves under t he jUDteet ion oi' t'alse pretensions |o »vhieli ilicy are not entitled. Tlie poweis which si;^ned the treaty of Washington expiess. fli tliis same Artieie \' I. the desire and hope that the t hree rules which they have there laid down will' be adopted by tlu' other maritime powers. II iiinst then be inferre ' that the siyniii.u: poweis considered lliesi- rides as clear, jneiise. and applicable to the various ci'ses which are therein ciiiiteuiplaled. If. on the contrary, it is to lie supposed that the inteii- thai of the conliactiiijji' parrn-s at W'ashiiintini was to admit explaiia- tiaiis and reser\ ations of thes«* same rules in tlie sens(> "of not largely Maiisceiidinn the views of international iiiMritiine law and poli.-s which Would be likely to commend thcinsehes |(» i he ;;enerai interests and in- |clli;^elice of that p(Ut ion ol mankind." ' t he ad\ antaue o| i he example laii'i' : •• I,cs iiatiuii> i| i,iii;iri('s icciinii.o>siiii i|ii'il \ ;i j^iiii ic jiar iiiir iiiiirlaiii;il ion ilc iMiuiaiilc." I,:i ciicdiistaiiii' iju'iia \:iissiaii. ilisciiii (■(l||||l'i.^^it'Illl^. ail « |i- ri i, a iimaac vaisscaii «lc' ^iii-nr (liiiis (li's pints lies (lilti'TcMlr-* |iaissaiifc.s avani (|iir iffiitifr dans di's ports ill' la piiissaiici- iluiit it avail d'alxinl viitlc la iiriitraiili', iii< ine p:,rait puiiit il<-M>ii' iiilliicr siir la rcciiiniaissaiirt' dii carai'lcrr i!c cc naviir. I.a oii '•(• vaissi-aii ii'avait uiriiiic ( (iiiiplaliilili' a ii'!;li'i^ c'etail iiatniil i|n'il lilt adiids coniiiic lialiiiiiiit dc '^iii'iii-; mais la rliuM- cliaicj;!' •■•.ilaliaiifin des i|Mi- cr sais>i'aM tinic dans Ics ian\ III! itoi iaii's dii 'i'>l irndn I'onpaMi'. dii stia\i'rain i|n'it ii, (• sii iMiiiiiiinds \is-avis ilc I'aiilic Itflliuiiani . |i I" 'f.'.iwv ; il pent cUi- Hai^i i-t con l.inon III |M nt Ini lairc ii'ini»' d .II- pcnsi' i(ii'il cut d»' I'inlcn'l dc inn lis Irx iia lions inai il ini< > dc «<'rn tcnii aii\ pi in < i|ifs i|iii> |'(M) s inn d inunrrr, II v ania d'autain nin-< l!aiidnli'n>c: ''III' an Icri'ltni it' Ileal IT di- iiavirrs di-xi mo n la I'lUU'-r i-ii lax <'Mi lii- It t am. I pills d I' Ml'Vfllll' fllN I'l ■'. I'lll\-Cl. litis llll'llll' llll i ii'iiiiiii ■* ;{ai'anli^s, ipi'ils m nn nli'iit pas. il-i -.1' pi an|x i|i lit i^i'lilil'ali'hl Mill' ill' pit' l.i's puissances si;in.jti»iii's llll trail'' dn \\'asliin;.,ti>n r\priiiii-nl, daii.s cc nifiiic iirti- I i" \'l, It' di'>{r i fs r«'>.;|i's cniniiic I'laii'cs, picfists, ri appliralili"> aiiN dini'ii-nls fas ipn y ■*'ni\ riinti'inpjes. S'il fallail 'iippnsi-r. an laiiitrairi'. i|ne riiitcntmii di". pariiis rnntiac- i-aili'^ a WaslniiLttitn t'lait If sell'* " td*' lie p'ts di p.t-si-r tie lnaiii'iiii)! If idi'-is dc lei rt piili'iijiH' mil i iiiii' inli'inal iiiiuilf i|iii a^ aie'iit If pin-* df iliaiiii'' df <«f laiic ayjircr dfs inti rets ill till' riifiif case id'tlif I'iawatti.'i, Hiitisli pii/f, laptintil li\ llif fnilfd Stales at 1^ ' iiiiimi'iiienii III 111' I lie f i vi I war. \r;;iiiiient nl' Her Kniannif Ma,jcst\'s cDiinsel on thf puinls nii'itiiined in llie resn- ' li'iii of till- ar! < iialois of .Inly '.'a. I-T'J. p. :•». ;! f ' m n > ■ipplM' ■!. «4 AHiUTKATKlN A I fiKNKVA. ;;i\«'ii woiiM be cMtiicIy Inst. Tlic mici-rtiiiiiJy of its intcrpn'tiitioii would iilwiiNs ciKlaii.uci' tin- stiiUilily (»l llic iiilc. III. — SI i'i'i.ii;s Of (■<»Ai,. I ciili only trcjit the (|ii('sliuii of tlic siiiiply ;iih1 sliipinciil uf coiil ii> coiiliccl) (1 with tlic use ol :i 1i:im' of ii;i\;il opciiltloiis (liicclctl ;i,L;;iiiist (tiic ul' tln' l»ri!i<^cr('iits, ur ii^ ;i lliijiiiiiii 4'ilS(> of colli I ;il):ili(l of \V;ll'. I will not s;iy iliiit till' simple fact of Innin.n iilloucd ;i ;;r<':it<'r iiiii(Hiiii of r(»;il tliiiii \\;is iiccf-^sary to ciiiiUlc n \ <'ss('l to icacli llic iiransl port of its coiiiilrv' const it iitcs in itsdf :i siiriiciciil liiicx aiicc to call foi' an iiMlcnmify. As tiic F.md (Miaiiccllor of l-Ji^^laiid said (»n tlic iL'tli itl .June. 1^71. ill tlic House of Isolds. Iliinland find the riiited States cipially hold tin- piiiii'i|ile that it is no violation of iiiteniat ioiial law to fnniisli anus to a liclli;^-ci'cnl. I'tiit if an excessive siipplv of coal i> connected with other circiinistanccs which show that it was used as n veritahle iis IkihHIIs.^ then there is an inlViiinciiiciit of the scctnid rnli of Article \l of the treaty. It is in this sense also that the same i.oid rhanccllor. in the speech lieforc ineiititnicd, explained the intcntiini oi the latter jiarl of the said rule. 'I'liiis. when 1 .-c, for example, the i'loiida and the Shenandoah choose for their Held ol adicm one. tin slrelch of sea hetvvcen Hm- IJahania Arcliip('la;^(» and ricriniida. In cruise there a) its ease, and the other. .MeII»oiiiiic and llobsou's Ihi.v. for the purposes, iinmediati'ly carriecj out. of ^ioin^- to the .\rctie seas, there to attach t he wlialin;^- vessels, I cannot hut rc;:ai(i the siipplio H<'iirr;iii V I't di' cclli' )iiii'lii> di' I'limiiiinid'," Tii\ ;inlam' ili' I'lAi'iiii'Ir ilimiu' sciaii riitii'ii'ini'Jit |iir(lii. l/iiih'i inc'liil lull lloi liiiitc ('iii|ii< iii .ni iiiniiiiii.> .^lu l;i I'l t'liU'ti' ili la. vol... II. — M'i'i.'ov isii>\m:\ii:m di. < ii m;i;i)V. II <,*li:int M l:i <|lli'sliii|| ilr l°a|i|il'ii\ i>|ciiini'lllt'Ml rl lill rli;ir<;'i'liii>Ml lie cllill'lion, Ji- III >iim :ii-. 1:1 I laHi'i "llic xMi^ If iioiiii ilr \ in- d'nii c.'i'- ciiiiiicm' :i\ cc i'ii-.aL;i' d'niH' liasi d'i>|i' ral iniis navalis diiij;iis innlir rim di^ lulliuri aiil>. tui d'niic < a.-- llani.iiil ili < mil ii'liandr di- j;iii'iir. ,)>' III' diiai |i'is i|iir Ic siiiipli- I'ait d'iivnir alliiiic iiii" i|iiaiitili' di' diai lioii plus lini' (|i!e ci'llc I Msaiic aiix \ai>':\\> ii pliix viii.-'iii riiiisl it III' a till si'iil nil jti'iirl' .•.nllisaiil |iiiiii' dDiiiii'i' lirii a iinc iiidi iiiiiili'. Aiiisi i|ni' h di-ail Ii; cliaiKi'liiT irAiiylfli'iri' li- I'J.imii 1-71. a la <:|iaiiiliiv iIih liuds. rAnnli-lrii' il li'N l\lal> I 'ills sp liiMiiii'iil r-jialrinriil aUaili>>aii )iriiiri|ii' |ii'al ii|iii- qti'll n'y a |i.i- viiilal imi dii iliuit drs ui'iis I'li ruiiniissaiil di-^ ai'iiii>aii\ rriii^i ranis. Mais >i r> I I'Nci daiil ilr |ii i>|iiii I iiiii dans |'a|i|iiii\ i^iiiiiiii'iiH'iil dr rlia I l»'i. v niii sr jiiiiidrr a ir:iiilr< - ririi(iislaini> i|iii niari|iiriil i|!i"i»ii s'cii «->i siTvi < >>i'uiir (i'lini' vi'iilaldi' rti hoxlili' alms il \ a iiilVacliDii a la diiixiiini- rr;;le di' rarlirlr \'l dn liaili'. ("est dans n sens ••iii^-si i|ii<' II' iiiriiir Inid iliaiircliiT i'\|dii|nail dans \v di>-r>.iiri« iiii'iiii- la jimti'i' il' la ili'inirir )>artir dr l.i dilr II ;:(<•. Aiiisi. Imsi|iii' Ji' \ i>|s. pai i M'ni|ilr. Il' t'lmida ri 1' Sliriiaiidnaii I'liiii il' |iuiir I< iir rliain)i d'ailimi, I'lin, l'i'S|ta<'i> dr ini'i i|iii I'sl I'lilii l'arrlii|ii'l ilis Mrs Kaliannis i i Irs liiiutiidi's, iioiir > nois.-r ;i huh uisr; r.-wilrc. Midlimiiiii (>t la liaii' ill' liidison. ;ivi'<- !«• dr.ssfiu, I'M-i-iitr iiniiii'ilialfiiifiil !iinrs, i\v sc ii'iidrr d;ii!- Ii's iiii'is ,\ii lii|iirH. piiiit y allai|iit'r Irs li:ilfiiiii-i>. jc tn- puis Hriinpi-clivl' dc cnlisiilrli i ■'lill' Irariii'ii l,an')iii'di, spi'nk !l^ ul' • oiiiialiaiiM of was . -sa* -. : "'!'\vu cmii'iiririi! riiriiiii.staiii'i's an- iir('r.s.surv ill i-rm'r that tiirsc iirt iclfK N||«M»jiii tiK'^Mnii' tliu i liarai'di (if rmilialiaiid : •'!. Tlii'.v iiiiist lia\«' !I<'(huI!v J>^ min' !lir piotHM-tA'-itl »Ik> rrn-ni,, ,m, ;a |i"!s,', 1m' i!i- |iii,si'd ill iiiaiiiirr tli'it tlu-y may im« in'roiiic. "'2. 'I'lii'V innst lia\f tifi-ii >< iil out id' tlic f'rritwv snKioct to l!ii> iii-nlral nnd paf'li' Movcri'lifii. 'I'lii'V tlii'ii Iwruiiii' ri •< IiosHHh ; ilii>\ MS9.>in:i tli*; rliararliT 111' I'liiitraliaM'i j{imhIm. iVc." (,(i. M. I, iiii|uiil •• • M till- ('iMiiiitiM'c ••! %'■ I. (ml Nation - in I-hh' ol \\ .ii oi'iMoNs OK rnuNT sci.ons. <.) cii ((Kil 11 «|iiiiiititi('s sunicit'iil lor such piii'iHtscs as inlViii,ii:(('iiionts oftlu^ MMiiiiil rule ol' Hie sixtli iirticle. IN. — TlIK 'ALAUAMA. TIm' vessel wliicli lias had the iin<>uh' inivMc^ic ul juivin.i; its iiaiiie In the mass ot" chiiiiis ailxaiieed l),v the ( Ion (•iiiiiieiit of the I'liited States a;^aiiist tlie ^•ovenimeiit of Her Uritaiinie Majestv was the ohjeet of aii\iplied with the eoal necessary for a crinse she drew \'> feet of water. Her en.L;ines weie of ."KIO horse power: >h(' carried ei;;Ii| ;^ii ns, six broadside and t wo on pivots, one I'oiward. die other altaft the mainmast. On the l.'ttli of Ma\. l.sfil!. llie vessel was iaiiiii'hed under the iiiime of i he '_VM>. her Itiiildiiiu iinmlicr in the \;iiii. !''oiii'aI represeiilalioiis were addressed lo l.nid li'us- on pnlt- lie report, on special piesinnpl ions, and on a letter iiiiercepled liy the ('in\ eriiliieiit of the I liiled Stall's. ].i\\t\ l»'ii>sell relerrcd tin matter to the |noper deparlmeiil of Her llrilaiinic .Majeslv's i^'iveiiimcni. .\ repoit was received from the ens mills olliceis in which it was.-iaid that the builders of I lie vessel did not iillcinpt to disjii'inse what was. in fad . apparent, namely, llial she was iiilciided lor a ship of war. 'rite lliilish ;;o\ einiiieiil proiiii>ed to Ueep >|K'ciiil watch upon her. The svstem adopled bv the cnsioms otliciuU li- I lliiruiiili'lil". i\f liiiirlMiM ell i|iMiitilc' ;ili:iIi'^Hc' :ill tir,«.(iiii ilc cc-i i-.\|ii (liliiill.i lollllili- 1" - ipli .11 I iiMis ;i ill (liii\iiiiic ii lilr lie rarlicli' \'!. I. M Ml \M \. I.r vaj'isi'iin t|iii :i I'll Ir 1 1 i-.li |)i'is ilri;!' ill' (lull Ml T --Dn iiDiii a 'a iii:i-<.si' tie n riainat lulls .iiliiSM'i's liar li- (iuiiv cnirini'iil di'.-- f'.talN I'lii-. ati ijKiiM'i'iiriiii'iit dr >.a .Maji'>|i' luitaii- Mii|iii', a rfi' riiliji't til' vivfs Millicitiiili'.s ilr la pari iIi'n ii')iii','«i'iitaiil-. ilrs l''.lal>-l \i\» ilr.s !i' ti'iii|M nil it i-hiit (Ml riitiHli-iii'liiiii. 1.1' I'oiitral iiiinr ci'tlf riiiislriictiiiii avail rti' rmiilii par Ir laiiil.iiiii' lliilliiili, af^fiit ' 'iiiiMi ilrs ciinri'ili'ics, iriiiic jiai't. t'l jiai .MM Laird lii- faiilrr. C'rlaii rv idi'iniiK nt iin ^.n-.iail ill' y;iii'rri'. 11 il.iil d'rll\ iliili '.HHi iniilii's. avail '2'M> jiirds dr lo",;. :!"J dr lary;('. '.'" ilr )iiiil°iitiilMir ; i|iiaiiil il ilail a|i|iri)\ iNiniiiu' d t'tnit |iiiiiivii ilc rliailxui in'ri'sviili'i- .1 mil' i'iiii>ji'ir, .sun liraiif dail di' !."■ jiii-ds. Sa iiiailiiiii' I'-lait dc la I'lnrr dc Heo rlii'- *.iu.\ : il I'lail ariiii' di- linil raiiniis^six •^iir Irs ri.iis r\ di'ii.x a |ii\ ni |)lari'<., I'liti a I'avanl, '•iiilii' a Taiiii II' ill) ;;i'aiiil iiial. I.r l.'i iiiai l-li",'. If vaissraii till laiiri' smis '„• nuiii li' '-II'.' I liiifir ih' ruiislni'l lull ail rliaiilii'!. I>rs rri'laiiialiiiiis roriiii-llis I'lmnl |iiirl' ''s I i.uiti liiissi'll |i,ir M, .\daiiis li ■,':! jiiiii : il _v ilait exjiri'ssi'iiii'iit lail di'iiiaiidi'i d"i\r- I'l'i I'l'Npi diliiiii pri'jrlrr, nil liii h d'l lalilii ijiii Ir vai^si'a'i ii'iivail pas iriiitiiiliiiiiM li"> ilrs ciiiiiri' )i' pciipli' (Its r.lals-riiis. M. .\daiiis SI- riiiidait Mil In \ iii\ piildiipii'. Mill' li'^ |iiv.,iinipi inns spcclali's, ci sin niir Iri t if iiiii'iri'pii'i' pal If <'ioiiv('rii<'iiii-iit d'-s r.tiu«- I lii-.. I.i'id liiisMfll ii'init i'allaiir an di'pai'ti'incnl fnni|ii'ti nt du ^fniiMinrnn nt dc sa Miiji'.^ti- lii'ilaiin'i|iic. II s'ciisiii\ ii nn rappnrl ilcs nUiciiTv di s dunaiii'^, dans Iciitnd il ■ ' ilii i|in' !i'H riiii^lrnrti'iiis dn naviii' n'rhsaNaii'iit pas dr ilis>iiniili'r nn fail Ins ('\i- 'I' ill, >aMiir. ipi'ii II ait di'siinr a drvi'iiii nn \ ais^raii dc yin iir. I'nc siii \ lillaiirc ^pc- ' 1' till iMi'tni.sf dc lu pai t (III ^niivcincint'iil III iLuiiiiMiiic. Ia .syNtdiic adnptc par Ich ill TT 7(i AlMii rii'A I loN AT (iKNKNA. (Iiiiiii;^*' the wlidlc (•(uirsc of Mr. Afliiiiis's ('oiii|iI;iiiifs was to take un i!iiliati\('. iiihI to rciniirr always a rmiiial i('i|iiisiti(iii on the part (d" the I'liitrtl Slates, athnisNililc liffoic an Mniilisli ''(MII'I of law. An cMiiiMMii Kiiylisli < 'oiiiiscl. Sir \l. r. < 'ollici. roiisnltrd l>y t lie Aiiiciicaii consul at !,i\ ('rpool, (lid not licsitatc to dcclair that the vessel in (|i!e>tinii iniuiil he sei/ed l»y llie piineipal olli'-ei' of casjonis at that poiM. and iir advised llie Slid consid to a|>|ily (o tlie Seei-etaiy ol' State lor l-'inei;.;!! .'i 'lairs to lal ily the sei/nre if inade, (U' to direct ihat it shonid Ite made, l''i\e allidavils were |)rodneei|. which Mr. (".)Ii!er, in the lirsl instance. and the ;l;o\ eminent alteruards. reco^ni/,ed as fmidshin;:; eonciusixc e\ ideiice (liat the cliaracter and ijestination of the* vessel were in direct coni ra\ eld ion of the foreign cidis; aient act. If the ad is not enforce(l (HI this o(77rs/(i;/. added Mr. ('olliei'. // Is lilfh hilfif lliiin oai(l of ci:>loi;!s. The under secretary of .>»lale took no iinincdiale steps npon thi> e were also commniiicaled In Lord iJiissell. ( )n the same da\ . t he -"^t h, I he lawotlicers ol t he ( 'row n iiaNc I heir opinion Ihat the \essel vlioiild It •i/ed; orders to that eifect were coiiMipienllN jii\('ii mi the L'lilh 1».\ Ihe IJrilisli i^ovcriiineiit. Tie cirennistaiice of the illness of the (Jneen's ,id\ocate has heeii adxaiiceil to Jll>!ify the leli;4tll of time which elap>i'd helweeii the presentation el the do(aiiiients to the minister lor l'oiei;;n alVaifs and the delivery ni the opinion to t he law oflicers of t he < 'rowii. It is dillicnll to accept thi> e\(aise \ hen we i»ear in mind that there were oilier i-oimsel to replace this oflicer. and Ihat aii.\ dela> was perihai-. I'lider these cireniii >taiices. the \t'ssel had ample time to escape I will not enter into the det.iils of the precaniions taken hythe commander of t he .MahaiiiM to elude the Hot over strict vi^iiaiice of t he laishmis oHicers, inn- iiile the caieidalions of the distances, longer, or shorter, which had lo he traversed, in order to arrive in time to arrest the vessel on her toiudiiii" rmii I iiiiiniiiii's il<' I;' <|iiii:iiii' |m'IiiImmI IiiiH iv idiiin iIc |il.'iiiil('-i (If M. Ail.iiiis ihiil ii I'IImI^- ■|ii!« i« Tl Mililr |iiir li's triliiiiianx iiii;'l;ns. I'li tiiiiiii'iil li'^isliiiiiiilai-.. Sir ti. I'. Ci til in. ilUriro^i- )iiif'4r I'ciiisiil : •>!i".'s(':ui I'lt i|ni'siiiiii imiivail I'ti'i' saisi |i!ii' It- clicr drs olliricrs dr (loiiaiirs an ■.ii-^ilit imri, el i! niiiM'iila an lit I r(iii>iil (li- fi'ailiTssiT an niinisiiM'filrs alVaii'i'S(Mr,Mi;;ii'ri's, aliii ijii'il raliliiii ci'ttc H.'iisii- ?.i flic I'liiit t'ailf. mi I'urilniiii.it si tlii' uv I'l-lait pas. Cill'l illhiliirih ilUtMit inoiliilbt, i|Mi' M. ( 'iillii'l' it'alioiil 4't clisiiili' Ir j;iiii Viinclili'lit rrcDiiiiiiiiMil I'oiiiiiic |ii'cii vi-s riiiirliiaiili's siir la i|iialit - ct la ili'il iual ioi> lin v ai>'ti'a>i <'ii il (III : ni (•)■ .-.t.it 111 u'cnI pa,^ a|ijilii|iii, f/ri/ei II .7i pliiMi' cnnliav Minoii :i\i tnrihin-i n lixlli (ircinc'I'iiiiu , ajiiiitail M. ('uliii'i-, il :i'(sl (/iiiic (fn l( I, imirlc. h (■ <'i>ii-.iil aim ritaiii hiv 4Tpiiiil rt'init crltc I'liiiMilialioii ail -iiiii hiii'i' (111 liiirt-aii ilf> iliiiiaMf-4. I.i an xci'i'i ri'lairc il'i'tat di-s atfairi's r|iaii'j,fri> it 'iis-si'ci<>fiiiii' il'i lal lie iliiinia pas it" suit'' iiiiiiii-iliati' a crilf i'iiiiiiniiiiiraiiiill. I'c nicitu- Jniir. ','- inillfl, li« I'liiisrillrrH li<;>aii\ dc lt» ciiiii'itieii- av aiit liiriiiiili' li-iir avin dc l"i«irc arivirr l^ \aissiMii, Ic *.i:(.di's urdifs liirnit diiniii's ilnMH i r >t'lis par )<' I'DiiMTiM-iiiriit lil'ilaliliii|ll<-. I'mii jiiHlilici II' liiii^ di'diii i|iii i-i:iil iitli'i'vciiii I'litrc In pi'<>Miitaiiiiiciit i|ii il --i- Iriniv.-iii d amies piMivaiciil rcinplaccr cc lunciioiinairc. ci t)i .1 V cllll'cr.lllcs, Ic vaisNc;iii cill lillll dct ilKSI IcMtp dl ivait pen liappcr. I:i d Ic-ist ciiii'iirc lii CS Hill .Sill ri'> I lie 111 clciidiai pas sin 111 Mt'caiUiMnM prises par Ic cnniiiiaiidaiil dc I'Alaliaiiia pmir clnilci la s i;{ilaii '/ pi-'i si'Vt !(' «!• s i.iiicicis ills iliinaiics, ni Miir Ic: Ills dus iIislaiK'iN, |>liis uiiiiiis luiii^iicH. 'in'iiii iiiiniit a tVaiiclilr |ioin' arrivci a icinps dc fiiic I'aitc aricicr Ic iia\ ii' uI'lMdNS ()]• ( (H \r SCI.dl'IS. < < ;it ''.caiiiiiaris. .MocllVii liny. ;iiitl INfiiil I.yriiis. TIm'sc dilliciilt ic?^ in tlic \\,\\ 1)1' prompt iiclioii ;it llic hist in<»iiiiMit to leproducc a passage iVoin tlic jileadinus ol' (lieat r.nlain. in wliicn it is said, with ret'ereiice to the coinphiintstd the Inited Slalc> on the siihject of the escape ol' the Ahiltania. '• It is asUini;- that ;i niiveiniiieul . uilii its \arions depart ineiits. wiili its modes ol iriion wliicli are. of iii'cessity. inelliodical and more or h-ss complex, shall act at all times with a inechaiii<-il preci>ioii which is not apjiln- ihle I'* the jiiactiia! !)usiiirss of life." It seems to me. in liie lirst jdace. thai liie ciiraiii^iances in whicli tlie llrilish liitv ernment was phiced .ii iliis iiiiiiiieiit were not exaci ly t he ordinary cfuirse of li te. Too many mirrc-ts were at .Niake. too,nian\ contendin;; tears and hopes were Inouulil into play at 1 he comnieiicciiriit nf I he formidalile i-onte.-t lieiueenihe North ,iiid liie South of llic American I'nioii. to allow of the matters which ri lalcil lo these ;^reat a^ilat ions followiii;:;- t lie oidiiiars course of life. 'I'lie measures to he taken lor the preser\ at ion ot l'Ji,i;lish iieaiialil\ were, luoititv cr. iieiiher \ eiy complicaleil nor o\er arduous, it would !ia\(' siilhced thai the customs olliceis should have lieeii iiioie ; lleulixe. iimie alert, and. perhaps, less prejudiced In la\orot' a caii^e wliiiii iiad hccoiiie popular at Lixeipool. and other llii.ish shij) iMiildiiiu centers.* Tliere is ;;idiind l' .'laiuie, neutral ;;o\ (■rniiieiits onliiiKfllii expect lo receive iulormaiioii iKiai the ministers or consuls of l(elll;;eient powers lesideiii within (heir Il riitiuies. I stop at the word o/7///((0'////. and ! inter from ii iiiit ihe iailish uo\i iniucnl iiself reco'^iii/e^. and with ureat reason, thai 1 here iiiiii'Ji;int !i lti':!iuiiin')-<. a .Moi-lliii Itiiv ri :i I'iimU I.nii.'is. Co iliDii'iillrs <|'ii>;ir |iriiiii|ili' III) al a la ilcriiii'ii' liiun' iic cinivii'iit jias. il I'aitl ravmii-i', li- iii:mii|||<' iI'mm" siirvcillaiii'i .icii\i , !'.-!lf r;!!"cllf avail rli |ii. >..i<:r ri-tiii;iti' il i'>i ilil .1 |in>|iit,-. ili'M plainli's di-, laal>-l'niN, an ■•iiji'l tie riva.siim ilc rAlaliam ( I'st ilciiiaiiili'r iiii'mi "imi\ci iii'iiirnl. avi'r m's luaiiilii's \ai If'.'.iill^ iloiii iMi'lliill rst III i'i'ssail'i'li:rnl i'uiil|ili<|lli'i' I'l jillls nil llliillis lint iiiiilii|ni', liilli't Inline I'll toiil ti'iii|is avi-i- iiiii- |in')'i>i<>ii iiii<'aiiii|iir i|iii iirsl \i;ts a|ijilii'alili' an iiain ortiinain- <|i' .1 Ur." II llir [laiall iraliiHll ijllf li"« il I iiMl>laliri'N oil sc 1 1 nil V a i I ii- UiMI ViTlli'llllMI t 'Il il:iiinii|iir. I'll re iiiiillli'lit. li'i'laii'lil |iiiiiil |ii if i-i'rain'i''' •>«• rniMirranaii'!!! iiii 'illlllli'liri-llli'lll ill' la llllti' I'm lllili.'lltli' I'lllli' II' linKJ I'l ir >tlii ili 11 Minn anil rD'ainiv ii'iiir i|iii< li's iilVairi's i|iii a\ aiiiif I rail a ''i-< nianilfs a^ilatimis iliis>i'iit '-nix r.' Ir iraiii "iliiiaiic ill' la v if. I.i-N Micsnri'H a ini'inhr |iniii' saiivc^anii'i la iiriilialili' aii^iai-i' ii'i'tai'iii il'ailli ins ni l|ii|i I nlll|i|ii|lli'<>s lii trnp alillli'S. II aillail >lll)i ijllr li'<< nllirli'ls ilr... ilnllaili's I'llssi'lll ' Il |illls al Miilil--, pill-. .(Ii'lli's, I'l pi'llti'lli' ninilis pi I' VI 'I I Its I'll I a Veil I if line railM' <|lll, l.i ripnni i[ ilaiis iriiiilirs rltaiilii'r> iiii^lai'". •'■ a il ili'Viiini' pnpniaiir.t II \ a lieit il 1 111' i|iii'lipii' pen •.iiipiis, en I'liii'iiilaiil li' iiii Irtli'iir < Ics ill nil's s i'ii!;i-r I'h appii'c li'iii (Ir pii'iois liMali's, laiiilis ijii'll ainail lallii ircniiiii' )iininpli'iiiriil a ile-. nmv riis I'l lis ili I III.., lit- Maraiitir lis i lev mis ilr la in ill oil in-. I >aiis le ■ ( 'miiiii'i-iasf " pri'snitc I'll' li' ^>mi\ I'liii'ini'iil tic sa .Majcsli' In ilamiii|iii', ( pani "I, ) Jr hs iin'il isi \ lai i|iii'. • la lis il ^ I Is i!i- I (1 1 1' iiatiiir, li's L>mivri iiciiu'iils iiiiii ii's s'al teiiili'iii (t iinliiiiiiiT n n itn nir iles Il iiMiyiicini'ins ill's iiiiiiislri s mi el j <-n ileiliiis i(' Ic ^uiivriiii'iiii'iil lii'itaiiiii(|iie ri'i'tiiiiiail iiii-iiirinr, aver j.|;i'iiiiili raisnii. ipfil priil y • See Hpri'clns ami Itispalelus nt' l''.ail KiimsiU, \nl. ij, iiaj^rs 'J.'.'.i, •.'liti. f Voir " SprcrlirH uiiU iliNitaldirs of Kail Hn.-srll," Mil, li, pp. •j;")!* a •J'iil. 78 .\WI»ril{ATl<»N AT (;!.\i:VA. iiriiis ill iiiiollicr. (Ih! Ilmt iii;ikt' :iii\ (liircrt'iirc '. Was siicli ;i pit'lciisc Im Itc t()lfi;llr(l Its' ('(iiiiiiiuii sciinc '." TIm' \t'ssc|. coiiiplclclN aiiiifd. iil»iiii»l<>ii(Ml licr iii'illiiiM-t iciil ilf-ii^iiiit inn '•l!!N>" tor tlic iMiiiif III' tlic Aliiitiiiiiii ;iii(l liuiNliil llic ll;i,n ol I lit' foiilt'd (Tiilc ]Lj:(t\ «i iiiiu'iil. which liuwcvcr, on ocfusioiis. shr rcpliu'cd Ity tin I'.iiiuh ll;i;t ill onlci' the lii'ltcr to (h'c|irclcr sa iMiitialil" (^iir Ir ras ilit N" '.".HI ni' liil |iiiinl nil t'.'i> li iiii'iil il III' |iiiiii'i'ait |ilns t'tiT ani'lc tiaiis Irs laiis imi mi allail |i' ilnii Imt aiiN ii'ili -- '! rAiiuli'li'iii', ilit iin'an .--miilns i! iliininiail ili-' i>riln'> iimii I'aiuti r a NaN^air. mi : t'lait |>liili.lli'r ijU'oll Ir tl'iillX I'lail. <(>iiaii(irAlaliaiii:i i|uilla la liair ilr Miirll'ia. il avail nii i >|.ii|i'i;;r dr ijiialri'-v inu liiiiiiiiirs, il >iii\ It |ii'iiilaiil i|iii'li|nr triii|i.>. la itirr il'li'laiiilr. i>iii.- toiirna la rotr iiot'il >! rrltr llr rl sr ililiyra sill' 'rrlrriia. rillir ill's Arint's, nil rllr ailivil Ir HI amit. I/Alaliaiiia Int irjniiil ilaiis Irs ranx ilr Triiriia par (h-nx \ais.sranx; rA;;i ijiiiina i If llaliaina, sdIIIn i'';;alr|nrlll ilrs purls irAll;r|,.trirr. ijlli illi a))p(M trii'lir nil I'i'liliil'I I'lMi HiilriaMr llr laiiniis, <|r iiiiiiiit iiiiis rt d'apprm i- inilhll lull'' 'I ill vi. iiililii'liii'iils I'linst it III' nil fait ruiiipli'M' riiipnl'laiil illir rr>|iiiii--aliiliti' siiliilai mix ijni MiiiIrN nairiit ilrs ilmitrs a rrt I'iiaiil, mi pmiriait n piiiiilrr avir Irs pari>ir> il' Sir If rt I" niiiiiMiii'rs (tans la Ni'aiii'r llr la ( 'li.iinln r ilr.s iDiiiinniirs Ir "J- avril I";!!!: "I'.taii ri a iliir i|iraMi'iliir rvpnlit inn n'riail iiiir rxpnlilimi iiiililairr a iiiiiiii^ till Irs t iiiiiirs irnissriii II Ill's ai'inrs avri' rlirs siir Ir niriiir \ aissran .' si Irs iroiMii" rtairiit siir nn vaissraii rt Irs ariiirs siir iiii antrr. nla I'aisait-il iiiir ilillrrriirr .' I' trilr prrlriltiDIl riait-rllr silp|)iii'tal>lr par Ir srlis riniiliinil •»' M I i.r vaissraii aril miipli'lrinriit ni ;;iiri'rr i|iiitla sun itnliralrni at itlMnrlii|iii iinr prriiili'c Ir iimiiirAlaliania, liissa Ir pa\illnii tin y;mivrriiriiiriil dis ridilrilrrrs, i|ii';i 'iicrasiiiii rrpriidaiit il iriiiplarail par Ir pa\ illmi In itaiiiiiijnr. pmir inirii\ tnnntirr Ir- \assraiix ipi il \nnlail allai|iiri'. II nlrrpril it pmiisiiuil aiii.-.i srs riMirst'savrnlni' M's <.'( dr-va«(atrlrrs. I';ilrs painrriit diiritrs avrr dru di't.iils iiiiiinlirnx rt lrriiiiii|i tlltiliji "'Il ill-tails, ill till' I'ol'lll II lliai liint' l»v tlic Ah On nil i\ \('SSt'I.S ol nulisli si with till' n Alahaina iiiiiN Ik' (•\ti;i(>i'din;ii'v ciiscs in wliicii a nciilral should taUc action n cnlorcc respect lor its nciitiality, witlioiit a\viiitii!<; inronnatioii IVoni ; l»cllii;cit'iil. 'Ihat the case of the No. L".Mt was not an ordinary ease seems to nn evident, since Ihe const;iielion ot the xcssel had ,i;iveii lise to m» iiinri anxiety. \\ hen the depaitnie of this xcsscl was ascertained, le answered in the words of Sir Ifoheit I'eel, pronounced in the Mouse ol ('oinmons eii thcL'Sih April, ls.l(»: •• W as it then to he contended Ihat no expedit inn was a military expedition except the troops had theirarms on hoaid llir same vessels with them .' Il tlie\ weieon hoard one\essel and their Hope. The col was appn inipe that ivpairs w e l>i! her Hope, and ilie comin: Mito this 1» Tlic III! ihal llie \ riaiidesl in namely. 1 1 Ihltlire. 'I ilie Alahai 'hat this II jnrisdici io Al'Ki hi iDiiiied tin m| lli.s pic d.nis Ir jiinri nil iiiivraL-r ( nili'tinils i\r 'i'lal. Ir Hal Arrivr a l;i iiiiilais. A I !i.i'.>r y ii'i'iit i'lilis aplrs I I >|ii'raiirr. I.ii <',mi f.:"iivriiiciiii. '' I'll^i- linos n|'l\HiN> HI' (ol \l scl.nlMM. 79 i;itiii;t rniiscs. 'riic.v iipiHiirtd. ilcscrilu'd willi Miimitr ;iii;ilii;l wiis llic l''cd<'l;il war-jiti.'illlirr I liilti'iiis. On 111 ri\ iiiu ;il -Iniiiaii ;i, tlif A l;ilt;iii'i;i loiiiid in llic port tlnrc I'lii^lisli vcssi'ls of Wiir. I lisle, id ol' Imim^- arirstcd in i;ii;Ji>ii waters l»\ ilw Iji^lisli ships, llieerew iiit't willi the Itcsl reception; slie was supplied Willi till' iiicans of rcpairiiiLi' her daniaucs, and se\ eii days allerwai d the A tall. I ma steered lor the coast oi I5ra/il. and I hence lo t he ( ape of (lood Hope. The eoiidiiei ol the l".iii;lisli authorities, under these eircniiislaiic««s, was approved 1»> Lord iinsseli. who eonliiied hiiiisell to e\pr<'ssiii;;' n iiope I hat t he \ essel w oiihl Ite leipiired to lea\ e as snoii as t he necessary lepairs weie liinshed." (hi her arri\al at Saldana ilax.iii the coloii.\ ol ihe ('a|eot' Ciood llupe. and coiiseipieiiily III the territorial waters ol the liiitish empire. ilie coiiiinander of the Alaiiaiiia inrorined the '^oNcnior that he had put luio this iiay with Iheolijeei ol' eti'ecl inn' some imlispeiisaltle repairs. Tlu' I'niled Stales consul protested, without los> ul time, deiiiiihdiiii: ilial the vessel should he seized and sent to lai^land. >.\ hence she had riaiidestiiicly escaped, aildiiiu thai the repairs Hiakiiiy lo Ihe vessel, namely. Ihiil of repaiiil iii'^ her. could iiol be considercil asolaii iirueiil nature, 'i'lie >aiiie consul added that he had, w il li his own eyes, seen 1 lie Alabama laUe a prize in I hose same waters. 'I'lie govern men t replied liat this had taken place at a distance Iroin the shore lo which iiritish jiiiisiliclioii did not extend. Micr her arrival at the Cipe. the commander ol Ihe .Mabania iii- iHiiiiedthe government that he had left outside ol llril ish w aters one •ij liis previous prizes, the 'Tiixaloosa. and tlial >he would >hoill.\ ar- U I i- B' ' ' 'IIC'IIII'MI- imiNiiiii • i.iiis Ic j(inni;il ti'im :"i lii>r{<■ j;iirri(' Ii • i' i.ii. \r Hall. ra>. \iri\i' a la .lania'ii|iii', i'Alaliaina .\ ii'iii'<>nii;i ii I" |mii\ ail pasriiiisidr'rfi'ciihiiiii' iiiii' irparalimi iir^iriili'dn na\ iir ndlc i|iii' I'dii faisait — ''I a din-, df It' I'l'pi'iiidiv. la- iiii'-liir coiisiil a.joiilail ipfil asail vii dr scs priipr*-s ^I'lix i'Alaliaiiia I'M'riilrr di's prises dans ITS inriiirs raiix. II In! Int rrpDiidii par Ir i.>>ii\('niriiii'iil i|Mi> ci'la s'l'lail pasKi- a iiin- distanri- dr la <'i>li' a laiinrllc la Jtii idid inn iii;laisi' III- pmivail pas s'rli'iidii'. \|iii's M)ii arrui'i- a la \illi' dii Cap, h- rniiiiiiaiidaiil >\r rviahaiiia inruniia !•' 'iiMi iii'iiiiMil i|u'il avail lai'«si' lim's di's rails aiiulaisi's hih' dr sis rapt iiirs pin rdnilrs. I ii~i' liiiiisa. rl i|ii'i'lli' an ivirail liirnlnl m i|iialilr dr tiiidn-. i\' naviir iuriv a, m * l.rtirr iVmn Mi. Ilainninnd In Sir I'. K'urrrs, l^'rlnMaiy II, It'll:!, t laltir dr .M. Ilaiiiiiiniid a .• rixc ill llir (';i|»;U'ilv <»r tciidcl'. This \cs;c| ill t'lict ;iili\ III. ;ill(l iici «'iiruc (»r wool Wiis iii:i over !<» a liicicliailt ol (".i|m' Tinvii in lie tilliCii to I'iiinipi' :iii(l Mi'il ilii-i'i'. Till' nnuo wiis tlisiiiiliinlvtMl ni n pnin; iiiiiiit'il Aiiuiii .l'fi|iii>iiii, iiiitsiilc of liiilislr iiiristljci ion. W'licll I III- TiisimIoio;! :i|>|M';iifi| in the pari, llic r.iil>ll H;ii' iidriiii ii|. Sii' llnldwiii \\ mII^i r, wioir to liic ;i()V»Tnor to know il' tliis \i">s('l oii:Ji, .-•till loin- coiisiiU'r.il ,is :i [ui/.c. nil lion i;li she Imtl nc\ rr lictii coiHlriiitii il as such iiv n roiii|M'|i-iit 1 1 ilniiinl. lie pi-rsisiiMl in liis o|iinion, wlmh was ill (liii'cl MiriaiHc with the loli-riiiicc ot tin- ;4o\('inor : the lain i r«'l'»'nc(l to the ntlorncN •;;('ii('iiil. niid he siil»st'i|n<'nll\ . repjit d on ih, iidvicrol this hist olliccr, Init in tcniis which liclniycd u tiiltcriii;:^ cmi vij'tion that the vessel nii;;ht he considered as a \es-el of war. A eonespoiMlenee ensued bet ween the f;o\ criioi' ol t he < 'ape and I in Colonial iiiinislei'. the hiilvc ol Newcastle, as to llie li;^alii v ol the c;iji lines. That minister disapproved the I'oiidiici ol' ihe ;^i)\ ei inn- and tin appli<-allon oi' the piiin ijiie,-, ot law on wiiieh the attininN general ii.u! based liis opinion. \\ Idle this was taking place ilie 'I'nsi aloosa had reliiriied lt> the ]>nit. and having thus plae<'d hcisell' within the liinils of Ibili-li jnrisdii lion she was seized. The llritish jioveiiiinent . w hen iiii.riiiril ol' tlii- act. di-.a\owed il. and lUih red ihat the \ esM'l shonid \t\ ii ase inat otiieer ii.iii lell the Cape, direclioiis were ;;iv«'ll to wall till llu* Vi'(*««'l eoidd 1m- handed o\ er to some pel .son whom the e(nnm.iiider of tin- .VlaWaiiia oi I he -^ov eriiiiieiit ol' the t 'onledeiale Slates ini;;lii i;';ii: iaan' ! )i the pin pose. The rji;ilish lllillistei, re\ elsili;; ill soliie lit'.ufee his huiiier (lecis uni, based llic iii>t lilrl ions as to |he reslitiition ul" liie \cs. .■ir;4;iisuii I'lii ili'lMi'i|iii-f siir iiii p liiii .i]>)ii'ir' .\iiU'.' I'fi|iii'iia, fii ili'lior.H lie lajiii iilit'liiiii l>ritaniiii|iii'. ],i>r^i|iii- II- 'rii.scalixtsa jiai'iil ilaii.-> r< I iiiiliuil. Ir rnnlii'-.iinii.ii aii;ilais, .sir llalil\Mi. Wa]l\fr. iM-ris il an yniivfiin'iir iiiiiir -.avoir .si r.' \ai-M'aii ilr\ ail ill" cMi-nri' I'on.siilii' I'oiiinii- mil- pii.-.r, liii'ii i|irii ii'i'iil jniiais rii' I'luiilaiien- i-imiiiii>- I >'lli- |i.ir iiii trilnni.i r< Mil pri rill, II iiisjsla I la IIS .'.I II I I ipi nil III loill ,1 tail oppuM-i- a la IuIiMMIIi' ■ illl ;;i>IIVrl'llrni . ii'liii ri I'll ii'li'ia a I'al liiriirv-;;i'iii lal, rt I'l'piniilii i-iisiiii >, il'a|>i\-.> I'a^ is ilr n- ili 1 niri Miais ilaiis (Ir-H ii'iiiiis ipii 1 i'alii^>airiil iiin' I'liiivici imi rliaiiri'laMii'. ipir co iia\ii' poiisail sc riiii>i(|i irr ruiiiiiu' \ ai.ssi'aii ili- ]L;iiri rr. I 'ill' i-i nil spell 11 la I Ml' s'l'iisiiiv il ml ro Ir ;iiiii\ n iniii ilu ( 'ap d li- iiiini^l ii' ilrn ctilniih ■ «lni' ill- Nrwi'aslli', .siir la lr.;alili' ili"i rapluii's. Ci- ininislii' ilrsippr iii\ a l.i I'liinliiii (111 Umiv ri iii'Mi rl r.ippiiral iiiii (li"i piiiM'ip's ilr iliiiii siir 'iMpii is !'ai Illl iii',\ j;!-!! I .s't'tail I'l'iiili'. I'i'iiilaiil ipir ri'la SI' pass.iil. Ir 'I'lisi-aliKisa r-liiil miilri' iIiiiin Ic pml : il .s'l-tuiit aiii'i plan- ilatis W- liiiiiti's ill' |;i jiiriilicliiiii aii^laisi-, il I'm Haisi. l.ii< ii'iiiiviM'iii'iiiiiii lii'ilaiiiiiiiiii', iiil'iii nil' ill' ri'l ai'ii', Ir ili'savoiia, ci lit ii'inlrr cr vaissi-au an liriili'iiiii': i;iiiii'i'ili'ii'. i|ni II' riMiiniaiiilail ; itaiis lo cas oil crt iillirii r I'lil ipiilli- Ir Cap, il aj<'iii • ipi'll lallail all''nilir pmu' rriiii'llni It' vaissi-aii a la piT-iKiiiir ipii' li- riiinniaiiilanl , aiiiail «lrsi;;nir a ccl cllrl ; i' lllilllsl 11' ail-^lais, |'i'\ rliaill rll ipli'li|llf sollr sill' jHi'S plrinii'l'i'S i|i ri>iiilis, llil.sail ill' in;«l 1 iirliiiiis nlaliM's a la I'l'si II ni inn (In iiasiir snr hs riiiiiiintiiii^'' I'air.'iiii'. 1,1' iniiiisH'i' ill' .'-a Maji'sti' Writ :inniipii« iliilaii' il.iiis la nn nn' (l.'priln' iin'il n't"! |'l■ utiU■tll^lH''|^ll(l^l' iiy the (;nii.s('r» of cilhcr ln'lliyi^ii'iil, Inii mi 'lie i"'"' liar i.:ii'(iiiiittlaiu't'.s ol' lln; caae." OlMNIONS OF COUNT .SCUH'IS. 81 Tiisnilnimn still ftttihinl thv charnrtcr of ti /o'/rc, or iclirlhrr .she fun! lost lliot I'lmrortvr oml liml aysiinuil lliuf of on onnnt Ini^lrr to thv Alnhiiimt, mill ii'lo llirr tliiit inir rliKtiofrr, if jniipi ilji t shihllslml and ailiiilitnl, icniilil hun cittillnl lor to Hit: saiitr itririhyr oj' it latoi'. I (MiiiDtl :i\oi(l ii (lisciissioii, i-vcii tlioii^ii it .sliiMild III' wiiiiuiit use to uim> uI tlir iMiiics, hikI I iiiiist ;ii|iiiil tliiii it, Ncciiis ti* nil- tli;it till' oliscix ill ions oi'i;;iiiiill> iiiiii|i> wii li iiiiuii lliat tin* iinitiiility id' (insit l>ritiiiti Wiis ^lilM'lv ctiiiiiiioiiiiscd li\ (111' \ I'sscI iiifiiird t III' AliilMiiiil. < iilisci|in'iil ly (iii'iit Uiiliiiii is ii's|ntiisil»li' lor tin- iirls ol' tin' s;iid ve.ssi'I, iis wt'll us till tliosi' ol liiT tciidcr till' 'rusciilovts.i. V. — Tin: SlIKNANDiiAII '///(/.s SKA KIMi. First iiort. Till' liist cliiirjic wliicli tlic I'liitrd Stiitcs biiim" iii-iiiiist tin- lliiljsh "Iiivcniiiii'iit with ii'Liiiid to this m'sscI, wliicli Uiis iiiiilt mi iIh' slioii's of till' Ciydi', 's liiiit sill" wiis sold to liirliiird Wiiiilit, of Livi'ipool, ii Ut.lisji siihji'cl, iiiid fiitlicr-iii liiw of .Mr. I'rioliiiii of Soiitli ( 'iii'oliiiii : this liittrr liciii;;' tlif liciid |)iirtiii'i' ul' tlir liriii of I'liist'i. 'I'rciilioliii «\: ( 'o., notorious lor its iiitiiiiiitc, ichitions wiili tln^ ciiiifcdciiiti' ;;ov ('innu'iit. Tlic (iiili'd Siitii's iiiiiintiiiii thiit in \ ii'W of (lir iiliovc rrhilioiis, wliirli rollid Mot lie lllil\llo\\ii to tlir l'!ii;;li.sh !^o\ rl lltiirli! , lliis liitti-l' oll;;lit to liiiVii' UiMi'hril (he t liiiisfi-rs ol t lir cliiss id' vcsst'ls w liirh lloiii thrir liitihl lii'liiiycd dcsiuns hostile to tlir I'liitrd St;it('s. Mr. Adiiins, on Ilic ;:ioiiiid ol t wo drpositioiis of siiilois on ho;ird I ids vcs.sci, dinoiiiu*t.'d lit'i" to Ijoi'd Jinssill iis dcstini'd tor tin- coiili'di'ijitr j^ovcnniu'iit. .•ili.-irin.' iih. 'Ill x'il (irail firnlil rr citntitiir noiir pvinttw nliii il'iiil hi'itininil ilv •»< friliitir iii|, i|ih- !r ^iiiivi'i iii'iiifiit liritaiiiiii|iir I'ln isa^rail cimhiik' ililiiiilf <■! ilDiilciix. Mil iiK' ii'siiiiianl, Jc siiis il'avis (|ii(' Ir \ai.>>raii tioiiiiin- rAlaliama a ;^ra\ i-iiii'nt ■ oiiiprniiiiH la III III lalili' lii'ilaniiii|iii-. ( 'iiiis> i|iii'iiiiiii'iit, la rrspniisaliiliti' ilc la I Iraiiili'- ilii ta^iu- m' i nun <• rii;;a;^(-o taut pour ics I'aits ilii ilit \aisscaii iiiii' par ci'iix ilc Kim liiiili r, Ic TiiscaluKNa. I.K SIIi;\.\M>OAlI. \l.l\s S|:.\ KI.NIi. I'lriiiiiic inirlk, '.I' prt'inicrri'iinxOu' nui', It's l-.tats-I'nis ailri'ssnit an j^oiivi'i'iiriiu'iit an!;;lais A prupoM ill' 1 1- vaixsraii III 'r'il -air Irs liorils dr la Clvdr, r'i->l ipril a ili- m-iuIii a l>ii'liard Wi i^li I, df l,i\ 'ip'.! ! 'iiji't a II;; la IS, ct lii-aii-piTc df M. I'linlraii. ili' la ( 'aiidiiii' dii Suit ; (■(• driiiirr assi. '.'■ I'll i.ipal i\>- la maisdii f'rasrr, Tiriilioliii ct ('", ronmir jiar m's irla- liiilis ilitiiiii'S a\ ' • 'i' ,■ illVrl'llt'lilrlll dcs cdiili'dt'l'i'S. i-i's i^tatsfii s ,;>iili 'iiiii'iit iiiic, Ml li's rt'lal ions -iiisditi'H, ipii ii<> poiivaii-iit ^tro i>^no- I'ls par Ic ^iMi' rrih'iiiciil ;iii)^liiis, it deiiiifr aiirail do snivcillcr Irs luiiisCfrfs di' I'dtn riitfy;(irir dc vii is.-'i'aiix, i|iii, jtar Iciir i-oiistnictiini ari'iisaii'iit drs projcts linslilrs aiix Kiats-t!iii.s. Nl Adams, appiivi' dr dt'iix tli'p'^iilii'iis di' mati'lids a Imrd di- ri' iiaviic, ili'iiDiivait a Lord Kiissull iadi'Mtiiiatioiido lo vaissi-iiii an j;onv<-riii'iiii'iit ilfs ri(iilV'dcn''H. G 1) > I '■..■■■ ?/i, .r*. ^<-^> ^ .o^.-\^>Tv% IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) c 1.0 I.I '.SO ""'== IM 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" - ► V] <^ /a %: ^^ ^ o / em.. ^\ •;> 7 w Photographic Sciences Corpomdon ,\ 4 ,v ^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 w /^< w 82 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. TIk', St'ii Kiiiji' look out a ('l«'{U'aiico for Boiiihay, jiiid coal and supplies for a ciiiisc of twelve mouths. Ilai'dly had she wei-^licd auclw/r, when a tele.niaui sent to Liverpool autioiuiced her de|)art[ii'e to tlie eouredf'rate ayciit at that ]»oit, Tiu- same eveuiu.n' a sfrew-steauu'i', ricaily new, adniirahly achipled lor e(|uipmeiit as a privateei", iiaiiu'd the Laurel, luauued l)y men thorouyldy devoted to the confederate ciinse, wlio Inn! served on Itoard the Snmter, .Mahama, ami (!eor_i;ia, wiis laiU'ii with arms ami steered for the bay of Fuuchal, in the island of Madeir;i. where she awaited the Sea Kiui--, which ariived two days sifter her. in a desert coiiier of the bay of ."Madeira, the arms aud ammunitioii were transshipjx'd Irom the Laurel to the Sea Kin.i;'. A man named Corbett, an faiulishmau, who had recei\('d from ^Vl■i^■ilt a power of ai toruey to sell tlic vessel, addressed the (!i('w, announced the sale of the vessel, which was about to chanjic her nanu' aud take that of Sheuan- tloah, and endeavoi'cd to persuade the nu'U of the crew to follow the ^•essel in her lU'W career in the confcderale ser\ice. Of eij^hty saih>rs. tweidy-three only consented to remaiu in the uew vessel of war. The comltict ol' Corbett appeared to be in such evident contra\'ention of the f(»rci,ij;n-enlistnH'nt act, that the ibitish consul at l-^nu hal sent bin) home in custody to 10uglau\labama. The Slieiiaudoah went from Madeira to ^Melbourne; on the ))assaj;e. Avliich lasted ninety days, she destroxed sev(M'al vessels ot the merchant navy ot the Cinted States with theii cargoes, and linished by anchor inn on the l*~»th flauuary, 180."), at Saudrid^i^'c, a small vill;i.ne two m^lcs from Melbourne. If we are to believe a letter addressed by ^Ir. I'danchard, United lli'^^ I.c !^lii'ii;ni(l(iali in'it scs imjiici's do Ixird 'hiiii' l?i)nihi\y. vt du cliarlioii cf dcs ajiiirovi- sioiiut'inciits ])(iiir iinc crDisii'ic dc doii/.f, iimis. A iiciiic li' Sen Kiiii.'; avait-il Icvt' raiu'ic (lu'iiii t<''I('',uiiiiimii' csiH'dii' It I>iv<'r)ii)nl aminiicait son d<'iiart a I'aLi'ciit coiiti'ihTt' dc cr ])(>it:. 1 'aiis la iik'HK' soirt'i' uii steamer a hi'lice. ]ii esijue iieiil', adiiiiiablemeiil aiiinopric' u nil .niiiieiiieiit di> e(iuis(>, iio'inne le J.amel, nidiitt' ]iar oiis, et liiiit par ,jett»r I'ancre, lo '^5 Janvier Mi^i, a ISandriilj;o, mm petit villiti.;e a detix inilles ii, the mail IVoiri I'^iiropc, \vhic!i liiid arrived some days iK^I'orc, had bi'oii.iiiit news that the Sea l\iiij;' had h-l't ICiii^Iaiid with the inteiitioii of bt'iiiii' transformed into a vcssc! of war to cruise a<;aiust the commerce of the I'uited States. The I'nited States consul at ^lelhouiiie informed the governor, with- out loss of time, of all the circumstances which lie consideicd as proofs that tlie Slienandoah was not a vessel of war of a rec(».iinizerell>ourne are accused of havin<>- been ex- ('essiv<'ly complaisiint toward the comman(U'r and crew ot the Shenan- doah ; it is asserted that tlie .governor had unoflicially re-assured lu'r commaiMU'r belbre ofticially .yrantinj; him what he re(|uested. Captain Waddell did not hurry himself to state what were the repairs and supplies which he nee(h'd, and the ^^overnor, instead of adherin.i!; rigorously to the ;n'eneral instructions with which the British jiovern- iiiciit had furnislu'd him, referred it ratlu-r to ^Vaddell to determine the length of time to be .granted him. While the I'cpairs were slowly u'oiii.n' on, Wacidell was makiut;' recruits in the town of iMelbonrne to till up the yaps which were left in his crew. in the American .Vpi»endix (vol. v, ]»p. (I(>() ct Ncq.) i\n\ inserted tlie rc'ixirts of the |)roceediu,u,s of the legislative {issend)ly at Melliourne, which show that the opinion of the majority was in iavor of treating' the commander of the Shenandoali with h'uii'iu'y, and leaving' the mat- ter to the decision of the j^overnment and the colonial authorities.* j'ressed by the riMuimstrances ami protests of the I'lnted States con- sul, the uovermtr referred the tTi(;ers of the colo- nial iioverinnent, who rt'idied that there was no evidence of ))irac\ hav- ing- been committed by any onc^ on boai'd the vessel, and that she should he treated as a ship of war. s-/ Imurni'. h M. Scwiird. Sccrotairc d't'tut fi Wasliiiiiitoii, la iiiallc d'Europc, ani\('i' (jiicl <|iU's jdurs aii|iara\ant, avait ajuiorlt' la Moiivcilc (|iu' U- Sea Kiiij; avait (|iiitf(' fAii.nlc- tcri'c a\c(; I'iiili^'iitiiiu dc se traiisl'oniier en vaisscau dc jriiciic jioiir I'roiscr (joiitrf 1(3 (■(HiiuiiTcc (ii's lltats-l'iii.s. 1a' consul (li's fitatN-Tiiis dans ('rtti>. villc iic tai'da pas a iiiforint'r Ic lioiivcriicur dn tdiitcs los (•ircoiistaiicii.s pal' ltsi(iifllt's il<'r(,yait jinrnvt' qnc Ir Sticiiaiidoali n'l'lait point oiunc d'avuir cti' cxccssivciiicnt coinlcsccii- iliiiilcs en vers Ic coininainlant ct rt'i|uipai;'c dii SlieiiaiMlnali ; on ]»i(''tend ([lie ee yonvcr- iicnr avail lassnii- ollicienscnient Ic conmiandant avant dc Ini accordcr ((I'ticiidicnient I'c (jii'il deinandait. l.e caiiitainc Waddi'U lu^ sc jircssa point ])onr (aire coiinaitrc (|ncllcs etaient ]i'h i'i'|)aralii)n.'-; ct les approvisionncmciUs ipril lui I'allait, ct Ic nonvernciu', an lieu dc s'cu tciiir ;i la rio-eiu- dcs instructions <;('n(M'alcs ipw^ Ic jj,dnvcrnciuciit auj;lai.s lui avait naiisiniscs, s'cii rapportu pliUot a Waddell snr I'cspacc d( temps a lui accordcr. Pendant (inNui pi'itci'ilait Icntcnu'nt aux i('|iarations, Waddell Caisait dcs recaaies dans la ville de McUionrnc, ponr roniplir Ics vides (pic laissait son ('(piipajrc. Dans rap)>ciHlicc anuMicain (vol. v, paj^cs (idO ct snivantcs) on a ins('T(' dcs rappoits des aites (Ic riisscinlil(''c l('';;islativc iW Mcll)(>uruc. (pii nianpuMit (pu' Topinioii dc la niajoritcj iiiciinait a ni(''naf;(,'r h^ (H)innnuidant dii Shenandoah ot a s'on rcnitsttre a I'avis du ,i;on- virneuu'nt ct dcs ant((rttos colonialcs.t I'iess('' ]iar les instances ct les protcstaticuis dn eonsnl dts I^tats-Unis, lo. gouveinciu- (lil'i'ia la (piestion aux conseillei's h^jjaiix du ffonvcrueincut colonial, (pii n'-pondircnt i|u'il n"y avait ancnnt^ preuvc; dc piratcrie oonnnisc par iaiit('oveniinent published a proclamation for- l)iddin<«' IJritish subjects to yive aid or assistance to the Siu-nandoah. The assertion of the fact of the clandestine shii)nuMit of certain men on board the Sheinindoah was borne out. and the commander ami oHi- fci'rs of that vessel had to yive explanations as to the assurance they had <>iven that no shipment of this kind had taken place, and as to the fact that they had unfortunately not fulhlled this engagement made on their word of honor. The American case and the British counter case contain details as to the facilities which the to])ographical situation of Jlobson's Bay and Port Pliilii* afforded for the escai)e of men watched by thejiolice, whose insuthcient means di',1 not allow of thvir exercising sut)ervision at eveiy point, in order to prevent the departure of the persons enlisted. It may also be doubted whether the legal advisers of the colonial gov- ernor and his ])oli<;e oflicers were over-anxious to second the energetic eliorts of the United States consul. I will note two circumstances which appear to me to deserve special attention : I. The confidential instructions, by which the autlnnities at IMel- bonrne had, from the first, said that they must be guided, are published at page 125 of the tilth volume of the Ai)pendix to the British Case, and the last document contained in them traces exactly the line of conduct which was hnallv followed by the government towaid Captain AVaddell. L*. The postscript of a letter from ]\lr. Adamson to "Sir. Davis, whicli is to be found at page (J.'JT of the documents annexed to the American counter case, (French translation,) reveals a moral pressure producing a i'ynical disavowal. Tlie Shenandoah, on leaving the ])ort of ^Melbourne, took with her 40(> tons of coal, if the American consul is to be believed, with full Lcs soupfons qne I'oii avait do rcmharqneniont claiidcstin de (lUflcjues porHoiiiies a l)()i(l du Siioiiaiidoah no iirt^iit qii'auffiiKuitor. La pormi.ssion accordot* aii ('a[)itaiiio de faiit' dcs ai)pr()vi8ioiiiii!iiii'ntM of dcx ivparation.s t'lit susmoikIiio, ot to f^oiivoinoinciit jinblia iino pioi'lamatiou pimi- di'loiidre aiix HUJctH IjritamiKiucs do proter aide et assis- taiico an .Stujiiandoali. L'a8.s(atioii du fait do I'cmbarqtieiiiPiit cland(!8tin do (luolciuos liommes dn Slioiian- doah fut inaintomto, ot lo coiniiiandaiit ot li's olilicicrs do (m; vaissoaii duront doniior dcs oxplicatitms siir la parolo (pi'ils avaioiit doiin(''i! (|ii"aiiouu onil)arqiioiiiont do. co ^^'onrc ii'a vait on lion, ot .snr lo fait (pi'lls n'aviiient malliouiousenieut pas rdpoudn il cot ciiga^e- luoiit do parolo d'honiionr. Lo "CaHo" ainorioain ot le "Conntoi'-caso" anj^lai.s coiitionnont dos d<^tails snr la faoidto (pio la sitnation t()p()j>rai)lii((no do Hobsoii's Way ot Port Philip piotaifc a i'ova- sion d'hoiiunos survoillos par la polico, dnnt Ioh failtlo.s nioycHM no i)ernu^ttaiont point d'cxorcer \uio siu'voillanco Hur tons lo8 points, atin d'c^nipoclior oos sortios do gons o,ni- lianolios. II est anssi ponnis do dontor (pio los consoillor.s loyanx du {ronvornonr coloniiil ot SOS otiioiors do polico fnssont dos luicux disi)osos a seconder I'enipressoiuout (U'S dounirdios dn consul dos Jltats-Unis. Jo )U)torai deux circonstancos (|ni nic paraissent nKiritor nno attention spocialo: I. Los instructions conlidoutiollos d'apros losqnollos los autoritos do Molbonnic avaiont dit d'abord otro obli{j;oos do s(! rd<;lor fnront publiees a la page 12'^ dn cincinioine volume do Tappoudico an "Case" anjrlais, ot la dernioro pioco iiui s'y rattacho tracii exactniont la lij^ne (ini a 6U'' suivie par lo youveruemeut on dernier lieu vis-u-vis du capitaino Waddoll. 'ut Captain Wad- dell's knowledge, I shall I'eturn to this (piestion of the number of re- ciuits, wiiich is evidently exaggerated. One cannot resist the belii^f that the tolerance of the authorities at Melbourne contributed greatly to enable the vessel to pursue her adven- turous career in th(! Arcti(; seas, whither she re[)aired by JJehring's Straits. The number of whaling-vessels which the Shenandoah destroyed in these waters, at a time when the ('.onfederate government had ceased lo exist, raises the amount wiiich tlu' United States lay to Inn- charge, to a sum little less than that for which the Alabama is held responsiljje. It is not pi'oved that the Shenandoah absolutely lost her original character of a IJritish vessel nuinned by a Ibitish erew. It is aflinned that this vessel shipped at ^lelbonrne .'>(>b tons of (toals, v.hieh liad been sent to her iVom Li\erpool. The (iovei'nment of the United States adds that the name of the vessel which bi-ought this coal was the John Fraser, and this occurrence it seeks to adduce as an iucaini- iiiating circumstance. ' The JJritish goviu'nment, in its counter ease, (page 110 of tho Fi'eiu-li translation,) says that, at the i)resent day, wheu the distance of time and place prevents an exact kin)wledge of all the ]»artieular circum- stances, it would serve no useful puriiose to follov.- all the details of a techiucal discussion founded largely on conjecture. cliarltou, si Von en croit Ir consul ioiu'ri iiin, inn! iiiiUun; comitli'tc. s'cn ti'iiaiit jiliis a la voile ((iTa la vapi'iii'. Co liix(* d'approvisiomu'iiifiit tut (U'lniiict' an j^oiivei in-nr, ot Ics I'Uats-Cnis, en sniipntant Ics divers (•liar^i'nients de eliarlimi I'aits par W Slienandoaii, til (h^diiiseiit r( di'vciiait poni' les insnrjfes line base d'opi'iatioiis navales. La (•i(ii>ier(' dn Slienandoaii (oiniiit la niatierc a une description lout'.' partieiiliere, ct paniii les appii'cialions des t'aits (pii coiieenient ce vaissean il y en a iini> (pie Je lappiirle ici, celled de M. Moiinta^iR' Bernard, (pii ilit (prim iionilire aiissi ^raiid (1(! icci'iies (pi'dn i»i'nr (^roire, (pii ait (^t('' enihaiipK' a son hi>rd. n'aiirail ]ni s'y reiidre sans (pii' le eaiiitaine W^iddell en cut connaissaiice. .Je vais reveiiir siir ce iKiiiilire de iccnii's ('N ideiiiineiit exa'^'i'ic < In lie pent se I'etuser a croiic (pie la loji'rance des aiit (pie le Slieiiandiiali ait etVeetiveiiieiit perdu son caiact(''r(^ luiniitit' (le \aisseaii et d"(''(piipae(' l)ritanni(pie. II est allii'iiK' (pK^ >•(' vaisseau einltaitpia ii Mclliiiimie, '.](){) ((limes de cliai'lion, (pii liii avaii'iit ('ti' ex]i('di('es de Liverpool. \,i' (ioiiveriicnient des I'Uats-lTnis ajoiite (pie le. iioni dii vaisscan (pii apporta ce cliarbon ('■tiiit le John I'laser, et il piu'tend (Mi dcdnire. iin ai'^innent dv. (•nlpal>ilit(^ Lc jto'ivciiieuient britiiinil(iiit, dans son contni-inenioiio, (p. 110 dc; IV'ditioii franfai.se,) (lit (pi'il ci'tti) heiin?, oii le temps et la distance eiiipeclient de reconnaltre avc<.' exaeti- tiide tons les (l .yrcjiti'st inijiorliince to dwell on liic swoiii depositions ot the two iniisteis of wliidiiiy-vessels, Mhene/.er Mve nnd 'i'iioiuiis Ihitliuwiiy. wliieli are jiiveii iit tin- end of tlie second part of (lie selections from the Appendix to the Ciise of the IJniti' States, (French translation.) Tt» replace the force of a vessel in a projiortion ecpial to that which it lind lost, is not, strictly speaUin,ii', sni un<;nientation of force. W'v find this maxim laid down in a Jnd<>inent oi' the Wnpreme Conrt ol' the I'lnted States, quotero\e an extraoidinary ini;^- mentation of force ' ,\ order to establisii a solid presnnii)tion ol fresh attemjyts ayaiiist tlie dnties of neutrality. It is on these mnch-dis- ])ntcd I'acts, which are, in my belief, capable ol' further elucidation, that I beu' my hom>iable colleaj>ues to assist me with their information. It neci ssary 1 will apply to the jtarties theuiselves for tnrther explanations. ISccond jmrt. In t^e session of the (hiy before yesterihiy, beiny jthieed in the d(>li- eate position of haviii,h supi)orted by [)lausible reasoning, mi^^ht, never- theless, be deceittul. 1 m)w bej»' you, j^ontlemen, to allow me to state to you my ojnnioii, hesitatinj4' the day before yesterihiy, coidirmed to-day by the results of the discussion which I havi^ elicited, and whi(;h you have succeeded iii iienderinj;' fruitful and decisive bv vour information. liO fi'ouvcriicinoiit aiiu^ripiiiii iw so (l('sist<' ])iis dc scs ))ljiiiit('s. ,Tn rrois (pril (>sr d'liMc fxtrfiiH! iiii|i(irt;iiH'(', iKiiir t'oriiicr iin Jimciiiciit siir la dcniii'rci jn'riodt^ dc l;i croisicii' (III Siii'iiaiidiiah. dc s'arn'lcr siir Ics dt'iiositioiis assrriiifiitiM.s drs deux ]>atrriiis dcs iiaviifs tialciiiicis. i^hciic/cr Nye ft 'I'lKiiiias llatliuway. iinc I'oii troiivc vers la liii *h' iii dfiixicnic [laitic dii flioix dcs jjii'i/fs jiistilicalivcs ii fapinii dii iixMiioirc dew Etats- I'liis. Li! rciii))lacciiiciit dc la force d'nii vaisscau dans uiic ])i'()))()rt ion ci^alc a ccllc qii'd avait jicrdnc n'cst pas, a parlcr rij;dnrciisciiiciit, niic augmentation dc fojcc. Nous tronvons cctte, niaxiinc eonsiniw'c dans nii Jnjicnicnt de la (joiirsupienic dcs lUat.s-lInis, eitt' d.ins rintt'icssant mcniorandiini de M. Aiiboti. ( Loid 'J'cnterdcii.) II taut done «'tal>lir line an<4Mientation di- ibrce. en sus de l'ordlnair<', pour (|n'il y ait i)icsoini)tiim jbiidi't! de noii\'clles cntrcpiiscs eontre les devoirs ile neat lalilc. (''est snr Ics I'aits t res-con trovers(''s. ci, a ec i|Ue Jc crois. snscciitililcsd'nnc plus ;;randc ('dMcidation, (pie je ])iie iiics li(Hioral)lc> collcs;iics dc nraidcr dc Iciiis luniicics. >S'il est iKiuessaire, jc d(!- uiandciai encore aiix parties ellcs-nu'iiics dcs liclaircissenicnts. DcHxlime parlic. Hans la s('ance d'avant-liier, ]dac(' dans la cireonstanct^ tics-d(?licate. do ddterniiiici' \y,ii- iMoii vote la majoi'iti' ])oiir la lU^'ision dii cas aiissi j>iavc (pK^ conipli(|U(- dii SluMian- doali.Je deinaiidais a ni(s lionoi'al>les collc;riics dcs ('claiicisscnients i)ro)ires a tixcrnies idees .;;;it<''es p.i'' le donle. On nie pardonnera ces aj;itations ])i'odiiitcs par (^er<^aiii('s contradictions apparentes dcs fait.s de la eaiisis, vt ]»ar le (h^sir dt; no jms nut laissei' enliaiiicr par rensemltlc d'ap)»aiences (|iii, bien (pio ruttaeliees a des iiiolif's pluusibles, }»oiivaient nt'unnioins ('Aw, ti'oni)tcuses. .le voiis deniandc inaintenant, incssicnrs, la jierndssion de vous exi^oser nion opinion, cliiiMcclante iivant-liicr, arict(''e aiijourd'lmi i)ar siiifo de la discussion que j'ai Houlevce, et ove all the elandestiiie recruitment of |)art of tlie crew, effeefed nt Melbourne, assume, or' not, the eliaraeter of a base of na\al o])erii- tioMs, such as is e()ntemi)lated in the seconaitnre from lOn.uiand, in tin? month of October, ISdl, had a crinv, according to the American I'ejjorts, of forty- seven men.* At tli(^ time wlien slie ])art<'d from tlie Laurel, the Slit iiandoah had no more than twenty-three men on l)oard, including oflicei's.t It appears that in the voyage fnuii .Madeira to .Melbourne she shipped many more men, since the governor at .Melbourne says that on liei' ar- rival at Jlobson's l:>ay the crew of the vessel amounted to ninety men. J It api)ears, also, that a considerable iiuml)er dispersed themselves i^lter that arri\ al, as Captain W'addell de(;lares, since an oflicer in the coali- (leiice of the governor, instruiited to make conlideiitial iiKpiiries as to the state of the vessel, estimates the number of the crew at no more than forty or lilty, all rough and undisciplined meu.4 It is v(>ry diiliciilt to ascertain exactly the number of men who were, oil board the JSheiiaiidoah when she left .Melbourne on her way to the Arctic seas. According to a rejiort of the !M<'lb()urue ])olice,§ the i:iimb(>r of men shipped at Melbourne on board the Shenandoah was said to an; ^uiit to sixty or seventy. According to the atli(hivit of William A. Temple, the .Tc (li)i.s (Vnlionl rt'ix'tfr ct- i\\u\ J'ni ;ili a Mcllioiinic const it iic. a liii sciil, iiu ai'niuiiciit lit' \inlatioii (If iiciitialiti- II est jo-oiivi' ([Ik; ccs it'iiaiat ions (■laicnt n('(;('s- saiii's. ct il n'cst pas (h'nioul it' (jiic Ic icniiiiaccnicut i\v la force dc co vaisscaii, piir siiito dc CCS i('|)aratioiis, ait (li'|)as-('- la iiicsurc dc son ('-tat idi'ci'ilcnf. 11 faiil iUi\ir voir si I'cMihcraiicc dc i',i|)](rov'isii)iinc!iiciit (K; ( liarlxni, (^t siirtoiit lo iccMitciiiciit (.'laiidcst ill d'linc ])ai'li(!(lc rt'tiiiipani' (i|M'Tt'' a. Mclliouriic, iircnnciit, ou aoii. Ic caractiTc d(; base, d'opi'rat ions navalcs, telle ((u'clle est pn-vuc par la •^""-' I'cj^lo del-article VI. Le .Slicnaiidoah, a son d('pai't d'Aiijihiterrc, an nutis d'octobro ISfJI, avait iiii 0([iiipaf5iuirs(! reiidrc dans les iiiers Arcti(|iies. D'apri's 111! rapp(Mt de la ixdice allidavit of 1Vmi)le may be jiiathered certain details as to the men who came on board the Shenandoah from several vessels captured in tins Ai'clic seas. They seem to have been twenty-six in nnniber, wliicii, adde, ]«()(}, whiUs he examines the beariii.i!," of some of the remarks in Temple's list, makes no obseivation as to the correctness of the hj^ures. The law-ofticers oi' the Crown themselves, in their o]»inion of the 2.Stli of INIarch, ISdO, while refusin.u' to attach credencci <;'enerally to Temple's statement, do not specially discredit the list. They seem to beliisve that none of the pei'soiis on board the Shcnaiuloah had been j^uilty of acts on which leual i)roceedin,ns could be founded; and they advise tiat the matter should be allowed to drop. dc William A. Temple. lV'i)uii)!i(j;(' du Sheiiiiiulonli a son retour riLiverjxjol anniit ()>!ition du eapitain 5 Kl)enezei' Nye, il est dit «[ne, lorsipiMl ])a.ssai a bord du Slieniuidoali, lciiiaii((ne de niatelolsse faisait vivenieni, sentir, ]>uis(iu'il n'y en avait qne qnarantre-cinti, la nioitie dn noinlire vonln. II y est dit anssi (jne M. Nyo, eii «'enti'etenant ave(^ M. Uniit. second dii SlitMiandoali, Ini avidt appris (pie (|naiante-deiix lionmies f'lticnt eniiile.s a Melhonrnc, (pie le eapitaiiie Wadtlell avait refuse an j^onver- nenrh^ dioit de visite tandis (\\\nii iirlaiii iininhvv dc rccyiicx claiciil u hord. De. Vafftilavit de, Teiii]>le, il n>su]t(^ eertain di'tail des honunes (pii seiaieiit veiins a hord dn Slienaii- doali, sintaiit de }ilnsi('iirs navires eaptiir(\s dans le.s iners Arefiipics. Lenr noinhrc Kerait de viin;tsi\. qni. se joinnaiit anx eiminanic t i'ois, ('(|nii)a!i'e piesnnie dn Slienaii- doali (|iiittanl McHioni'ne, et en jijontant lesoiiieii is an noniliri^ de eiiuinante-sepf, don- iieijiit mi tola! de cent tiHMitc-trois, coirespondaiil au eiiitiVe indinui' par Teniph;, soi's la deduction {\o lU'w^ homines morts en mer. I.a personne (In temoin a snbi, a la V('rit(', de ti(vs-j;rands reproehes, inais dans la leltre (le M. iiiill a M. IJateson, on tionve iii(^ I'ormellenient, an mnn i\n capit.'iiuc Waddell. )iliisienis des assertions de Teniide, sans f|n'on y piirle de la liste de r('(|nipaj;i', qui nn'ritait. sans donte, nne attention spi'ciale, et c|iii, ee])endant, n'est point contestee, J.ord ('liireiidoii, lni-ni(-me, dans sa lettr(! a M. Adams dn 11) Janvier l^'liH, tandis (pi'il ex.iiniiie la pord'e de (iUi'!i|nes indications de la liste de Temple, no I'ait aiiciine obser- vation (plant a Tcxactitiide des cliilVres. l.es ollicieis l('t;;Mi\ de la conronne, eiix-nn~mes, dans Icnr avis dn 28 mars 1H(56, tout en ret'nsaiit (rajonter I'oi !;en('ri(in(Miient anx allirmations de Temiile, n'inliriiient jioint sp(>cialenient sa liste. lis paraissent eroire (praiuaiini des persoiiiie!' a hord du Slieiiandoah lie s'est nMidue eonpaldo d'acdions jioiivaut doniior lieu a des poursuites judiciaives, et ils couseillent do laisser toiuber I'affaire. * American Appendix, vol. iii, pp. 501, 502. OPINIONS OF COUNT SCLOPIS. 89 I will smnniarizo the principal Uocuinents relative to the violation of neutrality. At Mclboiirno, the authorities believed jjenerally that the neutrality ],.i(l been violated by (Japtain Waddell. The attent'ral of the colony, in his report of tiie 14th of February, ISO"),* expressed, as I tliink, a very scMisible opinion, in deelarinj;' tiiat the exemption which Wa(l(lell clainie'overnor had adopted this opinion while awaitinj; instructions from London. t The lej^al aleli>ourne. Tiiat iiijih officei" had, in fact, limilly formed a correct idea of the whoh^ case, when, writin*;' to tlu' j^'orernors of the tlic colonies of Australia and Xew Zealand, in a dispatch of the UTth of Fcbrmiry, l.S(ir>,| he declared that there was no doubt, from the in- I'oniiation he had collected, tlt((f Ike iicntfulify had been Jiatjm nil \j violated hji 1liservations whi(di Sir Rounchdl PaliiuM", Jfer Ibitan- iiic Majesty's counsel, submitted to the tribunal, on the LMst of Auj^ust, I read that there is no doubt that a shipment of men was ellectcd dur- iiiU' the ni<;ht of the 17th of February, at the moment the Shenandoah was leavinf>-. In i)resence of so imposing- a nniss of declarations emanatinji- from the British authorities at Melbourne, in view of nunuM-icai calculations, Jc ivsumo los iir Ic (Mpitaino Wadtlcli. L'attoriicy-jjitMioral do la colouic dans son avis dn 14 IV'vritT ist)."), avait cniis un vote fort S(misi', a nion avl.s, on dtjclarant quo I'oxtsniptioii (limt Waddi'U prottMKiait.jouii' n'ctait jxiiut adniLssildc. Lo f^oiivorneiir .s'c-tait railio a cetto opinion en attendant los instructions do Londres. Los coiiseillers K'j^aiix de la eoiironne, jtar lenr avis dn 'il avril de la nieine annoo, appioirerent la conduite dn fjfouverneni' de Melbourne. C(! Iniut fonctionnain* s't'-tait I'll ctiet a la tin Ibrnie une idee Juste de I'enstMnlile do I'alVaini lors(|n'en .s'adressant iiiix y-oiiserneiirs des colonies de I'Australie et de la Xonvelle-Zelande, dans nno •li'licclie (111 'il t'l'-vrier lHl!r>, il di'clara n'y avoir point di! doute, d'aprcs l<'s reiiseijjne- iiicjits ipril avait reciieillis, (/(«■ la iniilrtilil'' urait t' c notoircmviit violi'c [lur Ic commaiHlant dn ShfiKUiddttli. Kiiliii, ]»res(|iie an nieine jour oil les coiiseillers l('i>anx de la couroime opiiiaient li'Mir (|n"oii lajssiit toiiiher rallaiie dii Siu'iiaiidnali. \i' ^ouv'rii.'iir de Mellxiiuiie, en >.Hlrcssaii( a M. Caidweli, lui ri'petait (pi'il eroyait ((lie la iieiiti'alitt^ avait t-le notoirc- 1:11 lit riohr ]K[V le caiiitaine Waddell, et qiTii avait In sans siu prise, (pioiqiui avec liiiiilcur, la liste loiiriiie par iL Teniplt!, qii'il considerait eonuiie mm preiive a Tappiii do ^iiii opinion. l.iiliii, ilans Ics observations quo Sir Ivonndell Palmer, conseil de sa Majeste britan- iiiijiie, sodinit an tril)niial dans la seance dii i'l aout, on lit: n'y avoir aiicnii doiito Mn'il s'oiK^ra, eniiiaiipieiiKMit d'honinies dans la unit dii 17 fovrior au uioinont oil li' Sliciiandoali allait partir. Kii iiiesence (rune masse si iiui»osan*o de d(5c.laratioii8 (5inan(>cs des ,antorit<^s iuii^laises do ilolbourue, ou viio de calculs nnm(;'ii(iuos ([ui, s'il.s u'attcigiiont pas lo * Appendix to the British Case, vol. i, p. 549. t Ibid., p. 5.50. t British Appendix, vol. i, p. 565. $ Ibid., p. 722. ! ii u ! 15' ! :■ T' t . ,( ! li !)0 AHr.I'l'lv'ATIOX AT (JFAKVA. wliidi. if (licy do not iittiiin tin* last ations. 1 will conline myself, then, for my pait,toinformin, donbt be niodilied in coiiseitt! jiliis a reciiiiiiiijl re (Hie l.'i ies|M)ii.s;ihilit«; (111 ;;'oiivei'iieiiieiit l)riUiiiiii(iiie est eiij^ai^ec! eiivei's Ic OoiiveriieDieiil des lltiits-l'iiis. (^iiijiit u i"a|iiin>vi.si(iiiiiemeiit fiinne (pii liii jiaraitiait )ilii-^ i'oiiveiialil(>, je in"alistieiidiai de snivn! iei eii dc'tuil loutes les phases de lacanii'i'e \ku- Conine par le. vaissean \e Florida. .J(i ni'ou rajtportt^ pour reiiseiiilde anx vtthiininciix doeuineiits i|ni nous out oti' conininiii(|iii''s, et ((iii out i)ar trois I'ois Ibnrni inatii're aii^ dires des ])arti('s. Je lie snis ixnirtant ])as moins ohlij^e aiix lionoraUles colli'jjnes (|IH m'oiit j)n''ct'd(^ en ])reiiant la i)aidle des ('xpos(\s (pi'lls nous oiit faits dv la sovU' (lis »'V(Mieineiits ((iii les out conduits a asseoir im jnj;('ineiit, certes ])as encore irrc^vocabK', iiiais dt'ja tontelois trt^s-foiuh' snr les deriiicrs rt'siilfats (h; Icnr.s iiivesti(>atioiis. Je me lioriierai done, ]wnv nia i)art, a vous iaire coniiaUre les jioiiits (mi I'aif. qui out on le pins d'iiilliiciice a dtahlir iiies convictions snr le fond des (luestions (pie nous avoiis a jiif^or, convict ions (pii pourroiit bitni se moditier par la suite de I't'cliange de vos id('e.'i, uiais (pii, ])onr 1(^ inoineiit, iik; i)araisseiit appuyt^es en fait et eii'droit. 11 ii(^ UH' seinble jtas tout !\ fait ii(^(;(!ssaire de s't'^teiidn^ beaucoup snr la preniit're partio de la earriere dii Florida, i)uis(iiie duraut cct esimco do temps ce vaissean u'a ui lait do OPINIONS OF rorxT sf'Lorrs. 01 cniircdcriitcH. It is snlliciciit to stiih' tliiil tliis xcsscl was built in l-iiij"'- liiinl, tiiiil iVoiii the liisl she Wiis tlii' olijcct <»!' rcprcsciitiitioiis adtlicsst'd hy tl " I'liiti'd Stiitcs iiiiiiistcr in liondon t() tlic iJiitisli .nuNciiiMiciit. nnd tli;il tlic hitler, with the t'xrcption of suiiic in(|iiii'irs which it insliintcd lis tu iIk' i'(m1 destination of tin- vessel. niaden(>;^reiit ellort to prevent lier (Icpai lure. It is also proved tiiat il tiiissliip was not aetnall.v a vessel of war, >ii<' was, at all (^cnts, capable oi' Itei'OMiiny oni^ at any moment, 1111(1 that she was registered as an I'^n.^iish xcssel, and manned hy aeiesv aliiiest entirely composed oi' Ilritish snhjects, ll is denied thai the l"'lorida was equipped ti»r war at the tinui she Idt the waters of (Ireat Mritain, but it I'esnlts from u repoit of the olli- ccrs of the (Ireyhonnd, a xcssel of tln^ royal navy of ller IWitannic Miijesty, thai on her arrival at Nassau, the l-'lorida had a complete war- like ecpilpMM'Ut, and that all that was wanting' on Itoard ol her were niu- iijtioiisdf war. It further appears that the captain of the \-essei, when liiniiall\ and solemnly iiitcrrui^ated in the preseiu'c of three ol' ids ofli- ccis. and of the oflicers of the (ire.\ hound, whether the vessel was al- ready thus lillcfl on lea\iu,i;' Lix-erpool, replied, " Ves, in .ill res[»eet.s; and MO alleralion or addition had been nunle whatever.'' It is on her ariival at Nassau that the true charact'r of tho ve.s,se\ iuid Ihe consecpH'Mces (d' her real destination stand foilh. 1 must rel'er to another clear and complete declaration of the sanio ctiptain coniinandin^' the (ireyhonnd. This docunn'Ut seems to me itu)st (■(inclusive as to the moial aspect of the ease. (.'a|»tain llickley doe^'i iKit hesitate for a nM>nient to ask the ydvernor of Nassau to sei/.o the vessel. ^VIlen an oflicer of this rank ami experience says that, in tlie present condition of the I'Morida, his professio:>al opinion is that, " with hercrew, ;;inis, arms, and ammunition, .i^oinj;' out with another vesstd alon.>4si(U^ of ller, she couhl be e(juipped in twenty-1'oiir hours lor battle,"* all my (l()nl)ts disajtpi'ar, anil I become! convinced of the immediate intentions of the vessel. captiiri's, 111 (Idiiiu! iiiicnn iippui aiix oix'iatioiis dew uoiil'i'ili'irs. II jiicsiii'lil la capacilr dc dcvcnir tcl a nn nionicnt doniK', ct (pril a t'tt- ('nrc;;isti(;'i (■(iiiiiiic lui iiaviif aii,i;lais ft montt^ par nn ('(iiiiiiai;!' pr<'S(iiif I'liticii'intMit roinpos*'* do siijrls liiitaiiniiincs. On conicstt' rajiparcil dc liiicnc dii I'lorida a i'l'poqiii' oii il sortit dcs caux dt> In (iiaiidc-JJiciaunf ; inais il irsiillc d'lin rapjiort dcs oriicicis dn (ircyhound, vaisscau do l;i iiiariiic royalf dcs a Majcsic hritannitiiic, niTa son ariivt'c a Is'iissaii Ic t'lovidu avail nil cipiiiplct appaicil dc ffiicrrc, ct ipic scnlcincnt il inani|iiail dcs uinnitioiis (l(^ };iicric i'l Mill lionl. 11 K'snltc dc plus ipic Ic cajtitainc dc cc iiaviic, lorincllcaicnl ct solcnncUc- iiiiMit iiilcridi;c cii picscnci' di- trois dc scs ollicicis cl, dcs olli(^icis dn (Jrcyliound, si cn Miiittant Liverpool Ic navirc t'lail dcja dans ccl aiii)arcil, ri-pmidit : ''iV.s, I'y* all itxptitx; uitd III) iillcraliiiii or (idiliHoii had bivii iiiudc irludircr.'' C'cst a son arriv('(5 a Hassan (pn- Ic caractcrc proprc (to cc vaissciiii ct Ics foiiscipioiR'cs (Ic sa V('rital>lc dt stiiiation sc dct-sinciit. 11 IV.iit (pK' Jc rcvicnnc Hiir iiiu; antrtMl('(!laraiion clairc ct coinplcto do nicnic caj)!- tiiiiic, c(iinniaiidant Ic (ircylioiind. (_!(,' docnnu^nt mc scinlih^ Ic plus (M)iivaiiii|nant pour lii iiuiialitt' dc la clicsc. Lc (^uiitaiiie llickley ii'lu\'5itc pas uii uiointMit ii dcmandcr nu giMivcnicnr dc Nassau la saisi(? dn uavirtj. I.iirs(prnn ollicita' dt^ cc. graile ct dc cctto oxpi'ri* ncc (lit (pic, dans la condition uctn- cllc (ill I'Morida, son opinion ijrolcssionncllc i!st " (pi'avcc son ("^(luiiia^c, scs canons, scs amies ct scs niniiitions, s'il est aceouipaf^nc d'nn antr(! vaisscan, it pent ctrc prct a livrcr 'lataille dans vin<>t-(piatr() licurcs,"' tons incs doiitcs disparaisseut, et ki certitude so fait eu moi des desseins iuuuediats de ce batinieiit. n ''! I; "■■\ |1 ; . 92 AUMITHATION AT CiKNKVA. TIio situation of Nas.siiii, wliich boc^amo n?i asyliini of prottHition for the Kloiida, mcrcasrs in my view tlu' rcsponsiltility of l"in;;Ian(l. liorii Uiiss«'Il f tlu^ United States, and wliieli, ahamas, by ilsjndj;- ment, whieh is ^iven at pa^^e ."tiM of the (ifth volunu; of tlieAppen(Mx to the American Case, ae(|nilted the I'Minida of every charge; lull, while respect in;n the aiitJKMity of the, ris JiiilicdtK, 1 ask whether it is possible to deduce from this an ar;;ument on wliich to found a nnual conviction that the IOn;;lish ji'overnment is released i'rom its responsibility undci the rules laid down in Article VI of the treaty of \\'ashin;j;ton .' I ;il»- stain Irom ri'peatin^' tht^ considerations into whiidi my honorable cdl- leajiiies who have pj'cceded me have entere(l on this subject. It is not the (piestion of siieeial le^nal respiuisibility with which we liave here to oril Iiiissi'll n'lK'sitait pas a diic a M. Adaiii^, dans inic icttrc, citiM! a la pajjje 711 dii prcniiur vcdiinic, do rapitmidiiM^ an " (Jasn " dcs lOtats-l'ids, (|iic "Nassau est niui jiosition dc la(|ii('lle d'nii ('uto Uis iMii'saircs (!(>Ml'rd('rv> out pu ])(iitci- KM urand ti'ouliI(» dans Ic coninn'rcc dcs Htats-tJins, vt ipii d'nn autre cCttr a pu Cdurnir nnc liasi^ d'opi'ration convcnaltlc poor l(.'s forces niaritinics dcs f-tat,'-- I'nis. ("cs ciicoMstunccs donni'cs, n'otait-il pas nn devoir rijifonrcnx pour rAnf^lotcric ib' vcillci'a (•(' (|Uc tons Ics dcvciirs (h' la plus scnipidciisc ncntralitc I'nssent rcniplis .' II est vrai (pu' la cDur de la vice-amiranti' (le Hali:iiiia par sou juii; ■incul, i|a'iMi lit :\ la itajj;!^ .")"JI do t'inll^i(•nl(^ V(dnint' dc I'appciidiec an "Case" anw^icain. •; ahcs a I'artielc VI dn traitc dc W'ashiiijilon. .)c in'alistiens dc r<'|)crcr Ics di^vcloppcnients ipu; Ics lioiiii- rabies c()llc;;iics (pu ni'ont ](r.'!'cd(' nous ont fournis a ci', snjct. Co n'cst point dc la rcspousaliilit<' Jnridiiiuc sp(''cialc unc nous iivons iY nous occii- per ici ; c'cst liicn pliUol dc la rcsponsahiliti' (pii di'-rivc dcs prin/ipes dn droit (l> j^cns: c'cst dc la conviction nioi'alc ipic nons avons accpiisc par la suite des i'aits iniiniti's an Florida. Cettc c(nivi<'tion s'accroit m\ considcrant les tcrnn's dc la conclusion du.)n,i>cnu;nt ilc la cour d(^ vicc-andrautc, oil il est dit'Spn^ rcnscnittl" dcs circonstanccs dc la cause est de natnn; a jnstiiicr dc fortes prcsoiuptions (pi'nno tentative d'infraction a, la nen- tralitc, si s.ijrciiicnt adniiso eu principo par Ic gouvorueiueut do sa Majostc, dtait eu voic d'exdcution." La ddcisiou dc la cour de vice-auurautd f)eut done etre consid<5r(^3 comnie con- cluaute, si ce n'est coinnie parfaitenient juste, eutre coax qui rdclamaicnt le navireet le gouveruemeut britauniquo, qui eu deiuaudait la couliscatiou d'aprcs les clauses du OI'INIONS OF COINT Sf'LOPIS. [):] iiiiilcr tlir cliiiisos of tli*' lorciyii-JMili.stinciit act: but I do iiof tliiiik it is ly periiiitted, if not I'lvoi'cd l»y tlie IWitisli ^•overiiiiieiit, as represented by the (loveiiiincnt of tlie I'liited States, tlie same llrilisli yovenimeiit declares, at paf^c 78 ((f its ('oiiiiler Case, "that it has not the means of veiifyiii;;- or dispiov- iii<>' tlie truth of this statement. Assnminj;' it to be tine, t hei'c can bo iiodoiibr that ii violation of the Hoverei;;nty and neiiti'd ri;ulits of (lieat I'.iitain was comiiiilted l>y the commander of the l-Moiida. lint the fact of sacli a violation lia\ iny' occurred does not argue iie^^ligcnce on the. |),ii't itf iler Majesty's ;;<)\ t'liiment." The conduct of the (toininander and crew of the Fh»rida, after she was released, Justifies, and luorc^ than Jnstilies, all the suspicims that had lieep entertained as to the true character other voyage. As to what i)assed between that: vessel and the schooner Prince Alfred tortile purpose of arming the former, tlu^ nnmerous afliilavits given in tlies'xth volume of the American A[)[tendix olfer irrefutable e\idencc of tlie acts impnt Al- fred, at the spot agreed on before!' iiid f<>r the scenic of her oi»eratioiis. Supplies of coal play a conside: ile part in the charges brought against the l-'huida. The Ameiican Case says that, during a stay ol' thirty-six lioiirs in tlit^ port of Nassau, she toolc iu a siillicient (piantity for three iiioiitlis" navigation. I must not, however, omit to observe that the .stiiteiiient of the (piantity of coal is derived only from the albdavit of -loliii Demeritt, ii laborer who had worked at putting the coal on board, and who says that the quantity might be one hundred and eighty tons, ail excessive (]iiantity iu the opinion of the United States Government. j'i)mqn-iuHntm())t act, iiiais je ne penwc! pas i|ii'i'll(^ .sullise ]w\\v dolioiiter It-s f.tats-T'iiis ill' li'iirs iiretfiitions fiivcrH Ic j;()iiV('i-Mciiiciit aii;;laiM. f^i-s Elats-l'iiin n'l-taiciit iioiut I'll t-aiisc ; toot ci' ation. Jt' ne dots point oiuettre toutefois dc lairo observer (pie rindieation do la (iiiantite do cliarbon ne riSsultc que dc YaffulinU de John Demeritt, un ouvrier (jui avait travaillo pour le cliargemeut dii ebarbon, ot qui dit (luo la (iuantit(5 pouvait en etrc do 180 touues, quautit^ exubdraute au jugemeut du Gouveruemeiit des £tats-Uuis. '1^1- m ii III 94 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. Tliiit Govfti'imionf nsscrts that the pfoveriior of Xsissan. Mho alIo\v('(l th('s(» f'iK'ilitics to the l-Moriihi, liad only granted to lh(^ Fcch-ral vi'sscl Dakota iK'niiissioii to takiMii a iiiiich siiiaiU'r supply of cuiil. The Kno'. ]ish iioveniinciit shows tlic iiiilbuiine hundiod tons (»f ('oal in the ]n>r( of IJarbados. The cnniplaints in.i(h>, on tliis jKtint by Kcar-Adniiral Wilkes only elicited an evasive answer Ironi liic governoi- of the island. The United States call npon the Ibitish s'overninent to iirov<' tliaf ir is not in fault with regard to the facilities granted to the I'iorida while that vessel was in the territorial waters of tiu' I'jnglish colonies. Here, then, would be a case for the application of the second rule of Article \l of the treaty of Washington, taking all the re>our('es which the Florida obtained at Nassau, Bermuda, and Barbados us e(|uivaU'iit to the use of a bas(M)f naval opeiations which eiuil)led her to make prize of fourteen vessels. Iler devastations did iu)t end there; several ollun' Aessels of the mercantile navy of tlui United States becanm her prey, until she tei'nnnated her career at J5ahia on the 7th October, fStli. it seems to be sniliciently ])roveaf'itali iiiii n'fiiu \ii\h vii;ilii davautaf;c. J'fU (If lfni)is ai>i'fs, If Florida f!iarnifV('fH a cct (^"'jiard par If fonlic-aniiiai Wiilvfs ii'(dit iiircnt dn j;()n\'f rofnif lit dt' I'ilf fin'iiiif i('|ioiisf ('vasivf . l.fs Elats-l.'nis dfiiiandfiit (|iif Ic i;(iiivfiiif iMfiit aiifiais iiroiuc (]n'i! n'y a [las c inli' sa I'antf dans Ics lafilltt's afcord('fs an I'lorida ixiidanr inic cf xaisscaii ctait dans Ics eaiix Ifriitdiialfs des cdldiiifs aiiiilaiscs. 11 s'a^iiait ddiif d'apidiiiiif r la dcnxii nif rits de f(Mte iiiatii'ic daiiM ecs colonies, ne r(''poii(lait pas a la stricte neiitni- lit(^ (pi'il anrait fallii oliscrvfr dans ce.s jiara^^cs, soit en viu! des localit('s, soit u (;aiis« des syiii)tatliicH (juo la jio[mlatioii do ces nu''iiies colonies montrait pour la cause di'S coijledtMCM. A ccH doniK^cH jiivcises vieiinent s'ajoutor des r(^claniatioii8 d'nn ffcnre de faits plim dillicile a coiistaler, tids (pie le trop dc condt^sceiidancc dn gonvcriieinent imj^lais i; tolorer (pio lo temps deinaiid(5 i»our proccder a des n'-tiarations et a des radoubs se pro- Ij ^! ii JL. liU'J^I'S.SCS ;irnrr (111 i^-liiis t;iit niriir !'■' ]»r!'nilii' lilH Vd^llll l)ns ell di' (lilllS lis (Ic Wnsh- ;MI\ liil- VllllllVIlt ])liisii'iii> ie, jiisiiii'ii provisidii- hiis tlVla- t(' iHMitia- it u can so canst' cisive chaiacter of the career of the Florida, 1 I adopt on this subject the answers to the oliject ions raised by (Ireat ritiiin, contained in ])ara!4raph 'S> of the ol)servations of our honora- (' ('ollea,u'ue, "SI. Sta'niplli. 1 reserve to myself expressly to ti'eat the tion relative to the effect which nniy b(> ])rodiU'(Ml l>y the ti'ansfor- ]ii;ition of a privateer into a vessel of war of a l)elli,ij;'erent, when thai sub- ject, winch is to be (!onsi(lered .yciierally, comes bef,)re us for dis<'iission. I refrain from attaching' to the Ibitish ^'overnment any very serious iliUMC for the oflicial salute i-eturned by the authorities of liernnida to the salute of the l^'huida on her entry into that ])ort ; this may have lu'cn the ]»ersonal fault at the moment of an offn-ial of sui)ordinate I'aidi. but 1 maintain that, in matters of hatutual admini.sfralion, and in what ivhites to the execution of special regulations, the resi)onsii)iiity foracts (if nil subordinate a.u'ents, in (piestions of controversy Ix'tweeii two ji'ov- cnniicnts, must attach to those who are char,i;'ed with tlie su[)reme j^ov- cinnient. Censiderinii' the tenders as corps detached from a mrps (Vitrwrc, a.iid coiisciiuenfly as subject to (he same responsibility as the pi'incii)al ves- sel, that resiKiusibility mus! be extended to the cases of the Clarence, Tiicony. and Archei', which served successively as tenders to the I'lorid.i. I will conclude tlu' series of oi)inions which 1 submit to my honorable collcajiues by a ((notation which apjtears to me to inive decisive wei^^ht. Lord I'ussell, in a dispatch to Lord Lyons of the L'Tth .Alarch, ISi;.;, r<*- liDitinjH' a conversation which he had had with Mr. Adams, expresses liiiiiself in these terms: '• I said that the cabinet was of ojjinion that the law was suflicient, but that leju'al evidence could not always be ])ro- l(iiij;i';\t an j^ro dti (•oimnandaiit dii iiavirc an dcla dc cc qnc Ic, voiitalilt! licsoiii anrait ixii;c'. Oil lu' .sun rait t'nitilois iic jias rccomiaitrc (|iio Ic cliainit (iiic Ic I'lniida avait^ (hiiisi iiDiir laiic si.'s iava,i;os r('iini>-iail dcs cii'mcuts spc'fiaiiN; [luiir liii asMiri'i' dcs ^iK•|■^S. iitii.iut an S('j()iir i)rt dc Mnlijlc ct anx cDiisi'iiiwiucs qui purcnt cii ilrii\i'i', jc lilt' liiinit'iai a li's uoiisidtrcr (^oiiiiiii' iiiic jnciivf s|i('H'ial(' \" '.',■> (lis (iliscrvatioiis di' iiotrc, ImiicnaUli' I'olli'niic, "A. Sia('iii|illi, aiix oiiji'itl imis faiti's \r,\v li (■r;iiiilc-i>i('iai;iu!. ,Jc mi' n'-scrvi' i'X|in'ss('iiiciit ilc tiaitcr la (lacsfioii ndatiNca rrllct que peiil [n'lidiiire la transt'ormal i(»ii d'liii citrsairc I'li vaisscaii di' niicirc d'liii l)cllij;i^- iMiit, Idi,- ijiu! (,'t'tto niatii'i'c, qui doit otrf (•oiisidi'ii'c sons iiii point do viir i^i'iii-ral. cii- tiii;i cu discussion paniii nous. .It' in'aljsticiidrai d'iiiciil]i('r troji i;ravriiiciii Ic nouNcincnicnt luitamiiijiic dii saint iliicicl iciidii par ics aiitoriti's dc iSfrinudc an saint dii I'lmida cimaiit dans Ic port : iilii )ii'iit ("'t IC la t'anic pcisonncllc iiioinciitaiK'c d'nii employe'' d'un oidrc inl'i'iicnr. mai.s ji' iii.diili.'us (pic dans Ics alVaiii's d'adniiiM-os('t;s a Tarticle VI du traitc. L;i r('s|M)MHal»ilit('! dc la 'iRi y <',st eiifranoo. iiicii (■ditii'.s Hur lea points do lait ot do droll, nous allons prow'doi' i\ I'cxauioii tie chaiino clnd' do roclaniations oonsidoni NO[taronMMit, ot a I'analyso (soniparativo do cliif- fros portos siir la listo r(''\is('o dos roolannilions prodnito par lo l)i''i)ai'toniont d'otat ilis Etats-Unis, ot do ' to prestu've ids neutrality is bound to abstain from assistin^tither of the be!l'ji(>rent parties in theii' warlike opeiations; he is bound faithfully to j?iiard ajjainst vessels of war, destined for the use of one of the belli •••erents, beiii<>' built or ecpiipped within liis t<'rritoi-y ; and, accordiii.ij to the latter part of the tirst rule of Arti(!le VI of tlie treaty of WasliiiiiU'ton, he is bound •' also to use due dilig-em-e to prevent the (lei)arture from his Jurisdiction of any vessel intended to <;ruise or carry on war as ai)ove, such vessel haviniuf beiin spei-ially adapted, in whole or in i)art, within such juiisdiction, to warlike use." Such being- the duties of a neutral, he has per contra the right to re- (jiiire the belligerents to respect his territory; and it is the duty of the belligerents not to comnut, within the territory of the neutral state, acta contrary to that neutrality. It is only by a scrupalous ol)serv;nife of tills duty that belligerents acquire the inM of this l)rincii)le ' By seizing or (letaining the vessel the neutral only i)revents the belligerent from deriving advantage tVom the fraud conimittert within his territory by the same belligerent; while by iu)t proceeding nanrc* (n nu'int! iiiiinit'ni (|U(' tout iiutro luivirc, iVi '^wvn: iippartoin'iit h dcs (^tat.s l)(^lIi;i,Trinits I't n'jtiiliiTcmciit .stioii on cos ttTiiu'S porti' sa i'i'imjiiho en idh'-ini'-iiu-r' En (lift, Ic iiciitre (iiii vout "^araiitir sa iiciitralito doit s'aUstcnir d'aidor ain'iinc dcs imrtii's lM'lli;;('iaMt('s dans h'urs oitoratioiis dc jjui'rrt* ; il est oldin't' do vcilliT lidMi;- iiu'iit a (■(! riiic, Hur sou territoire, on no coiistniisi! ui n'ariiu' dcs iiavircs d(^ j^iicnH! doH- tiiK'.s h riiuo di's ])arti('s hellisoraiitcs ; ct scion la (Icrnii'i'i' partic do la proiiiioro rofr-lo lit' I'iirticlo VI (In traito do \Vasliini;t(m. 11 ar oontn^ lo droit d'oxii^or dos boliiMoiaiits iiu'il.s rospoctoiit son torritoiro; et il ost dii devoir dos lM'Ilii;oraiits do no point coni- iiU'ttro, siir lo torritoiro do I'otat nontro, dos aotos oontrairos a cotto nontriilito. Co n'cst ([iron (»l)sorvant scrnpnlonsonwiit oo devoir (pio los l)olli;;(;rants a((|nierent le droit iiu'oiiti'.'stahlo d'oxi<>(!r du nontro niu! parl'aito inipartialih'. Si (lone nn naviro, constrnit j)onr h? ooini»to (hiii l»i llij;(''rant snr lo torrilniic d'nn iicntre, par iVando (;t a Tiiisu dii nontro. so jnosonto dans los liniitos do la jni idiot ion dn ^imvorani dont il a violo la nontralitc', il «loit ("'tro saisi on dt^'tonn, ear il n'osl ]>as possi- lilc (raei'ordor a nn tol naviro hm nionn^s rinelpo ? En saisis- sinit ou (h'tonant le naviro, lo nentre ne fait (jn'onipi'Mjlier lo hollijf^rant do tiror juofii, e rents, and to contributi^ toward freein.i;' neutnils from responsibility by provin<' their j>()()d faith in the case of a fraud perpetrated within their territory. The converse of this prin(;iple is repugnant ^o the moral sense, for it would be allowing the fraudident i>arty to derive benelit from his fraud. The rules established l)y the empire of Brazil confirm the principle which we have; Just laid down, lor in its regulatiiuis respecting neutrality, directions are given — • ^ 6. Not to iuliiiit into tlio ports of tlic cinpiro a beUijrereiit who Ims oueo violatwl tlm lUMiti'iility ; and, ^S 7. To coni)n'l vessels whidi may att<;iiiiit to violiit(? tlio noiitrality to loavt; tlie luaiitiinc. tonitory of tlie ciiii>iic iniiiuMliatcly, wil.ioiit siiijplyiiiy; tlicm with anytliin;; Avliiituvcr. In fine: the commission with which a vessel of war maybe pro vided has not the power to [u-otect her as against the neutral whose neutrality she has previously violated. II.— THE FLORIDA. The undersigned, after a conscientious examination of all the docii meats submitted to the tribunal of arbitration by the Gov- ernments of the [Jnited States and of Great JUitain, relating to the confederate cruiser the Florida, Considering, That iron all the facts relating to the building of the Oieto* in the port of Liverpool, and to the departure of that vessel, and of tlie I5ahaina. l)ro(,'o eontraire froisse la eoMseienei,', (^ar ce serait i)ernu'ttre au fiandeuv dc retire r lieneliee de sa fiande. Les regies etablies ]iai' r»'ini)ii'e (In Ibi'sil eonsaerent le principe ((ue nous venmi- d'(!xposer, ear dans ses iej;ienients snr la neiitralite il est ordonnc' : " vM). l)e lie pas admettn! dans les ports de rempirc le belliirerant qui anra lui fois vioh'' la neiitralite," et " v^ 7. Dt! faire soi(ir iininediateiiient dii territoin* maritime de rein])ire, sin ...i foniiiir la iiioindre ciiose, les navires qui tenteraient de violer la neutralite."' En resume. La L'omniission dont iin naviri; de ifiiiirre so troiive ponrvn n'a pas [uuii' eif'it de Ij emivrir vis-a-vis du ucutre dont il a prectkleuuuent voile la neutralite. I. — I.K ILOKIDA. Lc aoiiHsiffiio — aprea cxanien conseicneieux de tons les docnnients sonniis au tribiiiii;! d'arbitra<;e par les }>(»uvernementH des Etats-lJnis et de la (irande-Hretagne relatil> au croiseiir eonfodeii! le Elorida : Conaideraut quo de tons les faits relatifs a la construction dc I'Oreto'dansle portdf Liverpool,ct a lu surtio de co uavire, ainsi quo du Bahama, chargt} d'anneuicnt pour 'First name of th(^ Florida, t Premier uom du Florida. OPINIONS OF VISCOUNT d'iTAJUBA 1)9 freis'bted witli arms for tho Oreto, wliicli facts did not indneo the Brit- ish autlioiitios to employ any measures (ialeiilated to prevent the viohi- tioii of the. neutrality of (ireat llritaiii, notwitlistandin;:;' tlie repeated waniiufi's and represcutatiousof tiie diphunatie. and consular anthoiities of tlie United States, it is evident that tlic y'overuineut of Iler Hritauuie Majesty iu'<:>iectlciiicnt d'lin ('(iiiipanc, a son ajiju'o- visidiiiiciMi'ut', a soil ariiu^iiicMt avcc I'aidti dii l(at<'aii an;;lais Ic Piincc; Alfred a (irecii Cay, ii I'fssoi't art. dcs aiitoi'itt's coloiiialcs aii^laiscs ; Coiisidcrant (jiic, iiialj;io Ics infractions I'vidcntcs a la ncntialiti' dc; la C«randf-Bre- tii^uc, conimiscs par I'Urcto, cc nicnic, iiavirc, alors coniin coninic croiscwr conCciUh'C sous Ic noni dc Florida, fiit tMicoro a jdiisiciirs rciniscs lihrcnicnt adniis dans Ics ports ilis nilonics Itritanniipics ; C(iiisi(l(4ant ((uo Ic fait de l'ciitr(^e dii Florida daus li; port confeddrd dc JI(d)ih', et lie soil scjniir dans cc i)ort ptaidaut (jnatn! inois, no suurait dctruirc In rcspoiisabilitd uiitcricurciiu'iit enconnic par la Graiuie-Brctagnc — Kst(l'avis (jiie la Graiide-Hrctagiic a inan(iud aiix devoirs prcscrits dans les regies 'talilies par rarticlc VI du traitd do \Vasliinj;t(tii, ct (|iic, par oonsiMiuent, ellc; est i(s|i()iisaljle des faits imputes aii crosieur conCddere Ic Florida, aiusi quo do cciix im- putes a ses uiivires auxiliaircH lo Clarcuee, Ic Tacoiiy, et rArcIior, It II, — l'alahama. Le soussigiid — aprt^s oxaiueu couscicucicux do tous lay documents souuils au tribunal ! ;, 100 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. the United States iiiid of Great Britain, relatinj? to tlie confederato cruiser, tlie Alabaim, CoiKsidei'iiif;', Tluit from all the ta(!ts relating to the building of the 2!U^ in the port of Liverpool, to her etiuipnient and arnianient on the coast of Tercit'lni by the aid of the English vessels Agripi)ina and IJahaina, after tlie I']nglish vessel Hercules had conveyiul a crcnv on hoard of her, it is evident that the government of (ireat IJiitain neglected to use due di! igeiuie for the fullilhuent of its duties as a neutral, since, iu)t\vitli standing the repeated waiiiings and repres(Mitations of the diplomatic and consular authorities of the United States while the 2!)() was in course of constru bateaux aiij^lais l'A<;riiipina. et le Bahama, ai)res ([lie le navin; anglais le Hercule liii eiit aineiie iiii ('()uipaj;(', il ressort clairenuMit que le jfouvernemeiit de la Graud(!-Bretiili delaOraude-Brc^tajjiii': Considerant (pie, inalj^rd les infractions llagi-jiutes a la ueutralitc^ de la Graiidi'- Ureta<^iie e()niinis(,'s ])ar le "2'.l(t," consable des faits impiit(\s au croiseur confodor(i I'Alabama, ainsi que oeux imput(5sii sou uavirc auxiliaire le Tuscaloosa. * Number by wliicli the Alabama Avas originally designated'. OPINIONS OF VISCOINT D ITA.IUBA. 101 IV.— THE VESSELS (1) THE (iKOlUirA, (2) THE SUMTER, (.'i) THE NASH- VILLE, (4) THE llETUIBUTION, (."») THE TALLAHASSEE Oil OLUSTEE, ((>) THE CHICKAMAUGA. The uiulersi<;ne(l, after ii coiiscieutioii.s oxainiiiation of all the docii- meiits submitted to the tribuJial of arl)itration by the ( Jo\ - ,„„„,,. s„.n...r. onimeiits of the United States and of (Jreat liritain, rehit- n7,'i;;'''n,ihi;i;t?.; iiij;' to tiie confederate cruisers, iimka.nunp. The Georgia, The Sumter, Tiie Nashville, Tiie Retribution, Tlie Tallahassee or Olustee, The Chiekamauga, Is of ()i)inion, Tliat Great Britain did not fail to fulfill the duties ))rescribed in the niles laid down in Article VI of the treaty of Washington, and that she is not responsible for the acts imputed to these vessels. v.— THE VESSELS SALLIE, .TEFFEKSON UAVIS, MUSIC, BOSTON, V. II. .TOY. With regard to the vessels. The Sallie, Tiie Jetterson Davis, Tlie Music, The Boston, The V. 11. Joy, The undersigned is of opinion, Tliat they should be excluded iVom discussion by the tribunal for wiiiit of evidence. Snllii'. .Iili. DiviH, Music. llci>l(.i,. V. H. .)..v. ' ' ' c i VL — THE SHENANDOAH. The uiulersigne» rt';j;li'St'hiltlic8 ))ar I'artitde VI dii traito de Wa.shingtoii, »'t (luVdle ii'»!st pas respoiisable •li'S liiits luipiiteH a ces uavircs. IV. — T,K,S XAVIKKS SALI.IK, .IKKKKUSOX DAVIS, Ml SU", MOSTON, V. H. .lOV. ' Le smissifruo — quaut aux iiavires Li; Sallie, Le .leffersou Davis, Le Music, Le lidston, LeV.lL.Ioy— Lsl d'avis de les eliiiiiner des deliberations dii trilninal, taiite d'' preiives. v.— I.r. .SIIKXANDOAII. Le soussigiK; — apres exaiuen coiiscicncieiix do tons Ics docmuents soiiuiis au tribunal n ■■h' 102 ARBITRATION AT GKNEVA. Mhi-riiiii'lonli. jncnts submitted to tlio tiibminl (»f arbitration by tlio (4ovorniiioiits of tlui United States andot(}reat JJritain, relatinyto the vaw federate cruiser tlie Slienandoali, Considering', Tliut from all the facts relating' to the dei)artnro from London of tlio merchant-vessel Sea Kin};,* to the departure from Liverj)<»ol of tin- Laurel, to the meetiu}; of these two vessels near the island of Madeira. to tile transfer of the armament ami crew from onc^ of these v«'ssels to the other, and to the transformation of the Sea Kin,y into a coiifcdcriitc cruiser under the name of thi^ Shenandoaii, it is evident that the j;(iv- ernment of Her IJritaiinic Majesty cannot l)e aecus'd of having' ney lected to use due dilijifcnce for the fulfillment of its duties as a neutral: Considerinjif, That while, on the one hand, it is evident from all the facts relating; to the stay <»f the Shi-nandoah in tlui port of Melbourne that some I'i'w irregularities occurred, such, in particular, as tluj au^iiuMitation of lici crew, on the other hand there is no proof that these irre,iiulai'ities can be laid to tlu; charj^'c of the yoviM-nuuMit of IL'r I>ritanni<; .Majesty or imputed to the nefiii<>('nce of tlu> En.nlish authorities, l)ut that tlicv were the consecpu^nce of the violation by (Joinmauder Waddell of his word of hoMor, and ol the ex(;e[)tional dilHculties of surveillance which the conformation of the port i)resented ; Considering, moreover. That the <>-ovei'nor of the colony having, after the departure of the Shenandoah, betiome aware of tln^ violation of neutrality of which tliis vessel had been guilty, resolved thenceforth to refuse hospitality to fjientenant Waddell and the other ollicers of the Shenan(h)ah, niiil wrote in this sense to the naval and civil authorities of Australia. reipiesting th(;m to act in the same way, a fact which contributes toward releasing the government of Her Jiritivnnic .Majesty from any respoiisi bility ; Ls of opinion. That Great Britain did not fail to fulfil the duties prcs(!ribed in tlio Sca Kinjf t>o croi.scur cDufcilcrc sons li- iiom dc .Slu'uandoali, il rcssort (daivcmcnt qncl'on nc saiirait accuser Ic jfonvornciiiciit dc fill -Miijcstc l)iitiimii(|uc d'avoir n('^li<;(' d'cmploycr Ums (^fcv d(/iY/(';(C('.v pouf Ic niaiiitii'ii dcs (lcv<)iisd<^ sa nciitnilitc ; C'Diisidcriiiil ;nlaritcs coinuiises, tcllcs sm- tont (|n(! l'ani>nicntatii)n d(^ rt'iiuipujrc ; d'nii autre cote, ii n'tist ])as ]>ronvc tpo; (•(■■; ii'icii,nliii'itcs pnisscnt ctrc miscs a In c!it!r,ij;c dn {joiivcrncineiit de sa Ml^j^^stc l)ritiinni([m' ct iinpntces a lii nci!;li<^encc des antoriri's anjjlaises, niais iin'elli^s out etc lacoii.si'iiini'iici' dc la violation de la parole d'lionncur donnee par h^ conioiaiidant Waddell, efc dcs (lilli- cnltc's exceptionnclles de sni'vcillaiKie «|ne ])resentait la coiitorniatioo dn port ; Cons! lcrant,en (niti'c,<|nc Ic fiDnvcrncnr de la colonic, ayant a])pi'is apvcs le dc'imi't du Siienandoali la violation d(^ iicntralite dont cc navire s'l^tait rondu conpable. dei'iilii dc rct'nser dorenavaot rhosi)italiti'' an licMitcnant Waddell at auK antres oHicici's dn Slu'uandoali, ct ecrivit dans cc sens imx autofities navales ct civilcs de I'Anstralie cii Ics j)riaut d'a^ir dc nieinc, ('c ([ui contribuo a dcj^agcr la responsal:ilitc du yonvcrm'- nicnt dc sa JNliijestc 1>ritanni(inc — Est d'uvis que la Giaude-lJretajrnc u'a pas nuinqnc aux devoirs proscrits dans les * First nauic of the Sbeuaudoali. OPINIONS OF MR. STyKMITLI. 103 rules laid down in Article VI of the treaty ot'Wasliiiiijtou, and tliat s1m» is co'istuiuently not responsible lor the a(!ts iniimtod to tlie coiit'edt'rati^ cruiser Shenandoah. OITNIONS OF Mil. ST.EMPFLI. I._Oi»IXIONS ON I'lIE QT'KSTIONS OF LAW AS TO AVIIiril TIIK TUIUI^NAL OF AlflJITlJATION, AT ITS SlTTlX(f OF IVLY 2."», 1S7L', IJKvX'HSTKl) KH'CIDATIONS FliOM TIIH ("OIXSKL OF THE IIKill PAIITIKS rilESENT AT THE BAR. M. StaMiipHi states that he sees no j>reat advaiita<;e in wamlerinfj; into Ion in descriptions and theoretical interpretatiojis on the (picstions of ilue (lilUjenve. the rjf'ccf of couniiisnioninf/, and the xvppl;! of' cmd. lie sets forth orally and snccinctly his vi«nvs on these heads, rcscivinj:^ to liiinsclf the ri.i;ht ol" j;ivin,u' more pi'ccise reasons for their ajjplication in OiKili pariicular case, and confines himself for the ])iesent to layinj^' down (he followin;^' i)rinciples oidy, \vhi(;h will serve him for his j^eneral f-uidance. General Principles of Law. (Proj^ramme iiisortod in Protocol X, Avticle A, No. III.) Ill its decisions on i)oints of law, the tribnnai should hi' <4tiided by the following principles: 1. In tiie lirst place, by the three rules laid down in Arti(rle VI of the treaty, which provides that — i!„.,..,iti„.,,,:,tT tilk • |i1.'/.hI.-MI1'. Ill deciding; the iiiattcvs siibinittfd to tlio arbitniti rs tlicy shall he ijos'criicd by tlio followiiiif tlircc rules, which arc a^jrccd ii]iiim hy the hi};h contrac^tinn- jiartics, as rnit-s to betaken as applicable to the case, and by such principles of international law, not ri'gles otablii's ]iar I'article VI dii traitt^ de Washington, et (pie, par conseiiuent, ello n'est pas rcsponsablc des faits iiuputosau croiseur ont'edere le Shenandoali. OpiiiioiiH mir h'n <[iirHlio)is de droit siir h'sqiieUcH Ic '•ibiinal Wdrhitraiji', dniix nd m'ance du l2.") jiiiUvt 187'2, (( dfinaiide dvx ikilaircixxcnwiitii aiix coitudln des huntcn [xirlic^ pn'ncnle-i a la Ixirrc. M. Staeinpfli declare (pi'il ni! tronve ]>as tres-o|)i)in'tnn de, se perdre, ])i)iir les trois iliU'stiiiiis des diicn dilitn'iurs de Vt'fl'ct de commixnioiix et di's uppror'ixhuini mciitx de rhurhmi, duns de loiij^iies discussions et int(!rpretations theoriipu's. II di'Vidoiiji;- oraleuunit et soiiiinairenient ses vu(!s y relativtis, en se reservant de niotiver (h; i>lirs pres h^ur appli- cation daus e]ia(|Ue eas special, et se bi>rue jxnir le nii>nu;nt a poser les .seiiis jniiu-iites siiivants, (pii lui s(>rviront de direction ^em-raie. ri!I.\CIPKS OftNl^ItAUX I>K I11?0IT. (Prof^rannue insen^ dans le protocole X, Art. litt. A, No. III.) Dans scs considerants jnridiqnes, le tribnnai doit se giiider par li^s principes snivauts: 1". En iironiier lieu, par les trois regies posce8 dans I'article VI dii traite, leiiuol porte (pie— "Dans la d<^cision des matieres ;\ eux sonniise.s, les arbitres seroiit j^nides ))ar les trois regies suivantiis, que les haiites parties eontraetantcs sont convenut^s de regarder co'inne des regies k prendre coinnie applicables a la cause, et par tols principles du droit isi ITfP" liii iM-\ 104 AHUITRATION AT OKXKVA. iin'oiisisti'iit (licrcwitli, us llio iirliitiMtorH slmll (Icti'iiiiiiit* 1(» liavti Ih'cm iiiiplii-iibli^ to tlu- ciisc : IUI.I.S. A iK'iilial ;; pii'vciit flic liltiii;;; out, jrii'in;;, or f<|iii|ii>iii;;, witliiii ii> /liiiiMliclioii, of iiiiy M's.si'l wiiicli it has r('iis(ni!il)lc y;i( m.d to Itclicvi^ is iiiti'inlcil to ciiiisc oi' to ciiri'v on Wiir ii^^aiiist n power wlili wliicii it is at |)cai't' ; ami also to um. like (lilinciirc Id prrvciil llic (li'i»artiiir iVoni its Jiiiisdic^tioii ol' un.v vissel iiilriKtni tn iTiiise or (uiiy on waf as al)ovc. (siicli vessel liaviii;;' iieiMi s]ieeially ndaptetl, in wlmlc or in )iart, williin siieli jniisdietion, to warlike use. Secondly. Ndt lo pei-niit or snil'er either iMdlij^ercnt to make nso of its ports or watcrii as the liase of mis al opci'ations a^jainst the othei , or for the |iui'posc of the renewal or aiiKinenlation of military snji plies or ai'nis, oi' the icci'nitnient of men. 'I'hii'dly. To exercise ilne dilini'iice in its own ports and \Naters, and as to all persons within its Jurisdictiou, to prevent any violation ol' tht^ fore^^oiiif;' olili^ations iiiul duties. Ac'cofdiiij'' to tilt' Irciity, tliose tliico rules tnkv pivcock'ncc of tln' principles wliicii iiii,<;Iit be drawn from liistoric iiiteriiiitioiiiil law iiml from science. 2. IIi;i;toriciil iiiternationiil law, or (he i)ractice()f the law of iiiitioiis, as well as; science and scituitific antliorities. niijy be considered as siili- sidiary liiw, in so-far as the principles lo be ap[»lied are ••enerally rec- ognized, iind are not liable tocontrover.sy, nor at variance with the tliiTi' rnles(pioted above. If one or other of these conditions fail, it is for the tribunal to supply what is wanting by interpreting and api)lying the three rules to the best of its i)ower an(l in till conscientiousness. o. The laws of a states touching nentrality do not constitute tin element of the law of nations in the sense that they can- not, at any lime, be altered, modified, or added to witlioiir the co-operation or consent of other states, the law of nations itself hi- ing ab.soluely indei)endent of these municipal laws ; yet, so long as tlierc lii-ljiill l;t\v- des n'ens c(ni. s;ins etre en desaceurd avi'c ces reijfles. anroni et(' reeonnns jjur les arhitn comnH,' ayant ('■te apidicaliles ilau.^ resjiecH' : ISIIffflRi IS II ;':;!, " ItKiil.KS. " I'n ^oMvenuMncnt Tientre est tonii — " I l)r faire les dues Ie, l" tout ou en [lartie, dan.s les limites d«! sa dite Juritliction, a de.s usaye.s belliHt'rants. "2 l)e ne peruiettre ni soulfrir (\nv I'nn (les belligerants fasse usage de ses ports on de, ses eaux citnime d'line base d'operations navales contre I'aiitre, ni i)our rem)uveki' ou aiiji'nienter ses munitions niilitaires on son arnuMuent, ou s'y procurer des reeracs. "it D'exeicer les (/»/'•'< f/i/iv''"'"'-'-'* " Les lois SIM- la neutraliti^ jn-opres a iin ('tat ne constituent i)as nn (^h'tnent du droit des gens dans h^ sens (pi'elles ne penv(!ut ('tre, en tout temps, changiM's, niodiliees on •;ompl('t('i's s;ins la eooi»('ration ou le eons(Mitement d'autres f'tafs, le dr()it des gens lui- nuiuie Ptaut absoluuieut ind(^|)endaufc do ces lois muuicipales; cepeudaut, taut ({ue daus OI'IXIONS OF MR. ST/KMI'FIJ. 105 exist such laws in a Htatc, and tln'.v liav«^ not betin alnoj-atiMl, bcllij;*'!'- cut states liavc^ tlir ii;;lit to rccinirc tlicir loyal «)bs('ivanc(', as «)tlu'i'- wise IVauds or ci roi'.s niijiht be ventin<;' any violation of its own neii- tiiility. A belligerent state is neither bound, nor has it thv rijL;ht, to exercise surveillancjc or to perlbrm i)olice duties in a neutral state in lieu of the local authorities. o. The fact that a vessel, built in contravention of the laws of neu- trality, escapes and gets out to sea, does not tree that ves- sel fi'om the responsibility she has incurred by her violation of iH'utrality ; she nujy, therefore, be i)roceeded against if she returns within the Jurisdiction of the injured state. The fact of hei' luiving been tnuisfern^d or commissioned in the meanwhile, ii loyalc, piiisinu? sans ccla il ]M)iiii-ait so (,'i)!iiiiii!lti'i' dcs tVaiidi'S (HI dcs crrciirs an di'triiiu'iit dc, run on dv I'antri! dcs Uidlii^v- I'ltiits. coinnic, pal' I'xaniplc, (jnand snlisistc pultli(ini'iiii'nt, bicu (jn'oii iic I'oIjscivc pas, l'iiiilonnan(^(' (pii di'-fend a nn navii'(! bidlij^vi'ant dv. s(''ourii('r JjIus de vin<;t-(inatro lii'iucs dans nn jioit, on d'oniI)ai(in(U' plus do cliarbon . 1 "*-' ho *•'>' fii'it pour r(';j;a}^nor Ic i>()it (l(j son i»ay.s Ic i>lus raiiproclio, ou dc s'approvisionuur dc- nouvciin an oKMno port avant t[w, tniis niois stj soient c^coiilds. (!(' [irin(ip(' inip]i(|Uo en nir-nic tt'ins (pie lo ununpie de toutos lois municipalos, ou le niiuiipu' (It) lois snllisantt's siu' la inatii'rc, no dt'ioyo (,mi ricu an droit d(.'s j^imis, soit aux oliljirations et anx droits intfrnationanx. Kn ontns t*<>nt udniis encore h.'s principcs snivants, ((uc I'on cito ici alin (r(.'n (ivitor la rqx^tition dans It) jnffonuMit ii porter snr cliacun des vaisseanx: 4" Lcs "dues dili;;(Miees" a exorcer coniprennent inipliciteinent In 7>/v)/*rc vij.',n(! la nier, ne d(^cliary'e pas ce vaisseau de la respousabilite (pi'il a eneourue pour avoir viol(^ la neutralit(^; il pent done (")tro poursnivi s'il rentro dans la .juridiction do I'l^tiit 1('S('. Que ce navire ait et(> cetU' ou conmiissionne dans I'intervalle, ce I'ait no "li'tniit pas la violation eoniniise, a nioins (jue la cession ou le coniinissiouuenient, seloa 1(' I'as, n'ait en lieu hoiid fide. M. StaenipHi, donnant suite uu prouranune inst-re an protocole X, fait a cetto occa- Hioii iniprimer aussi ses propositions relatives a I'article litt. A, N"^ I et II, dii dit proi,'raiume: 106 AUIUTIJATIOV AT OKNKVA. I' i (A.) Genkral l^'I)I f'lillill any of tlw^ (Inlics si-l loilli in tlic Corcjfoiii;; tliii'c iiilrs, or rcconiiizcd Ity the ininciidcs (if intri'iialional law not iiiron- Histnit willi siicli rulrs, and sliall cci'tify such (act us to ca(di ol'tlic said vessels. INforcovrr, tlic tiibnnal is authorized, if it think i>ro|)er, to )>roe('('(l oventually to award a sum in yross in payment of all claims. 11. — Pcfin it ion of facts. The eases and doeuuients ]m\ in by tlie two powers (lontain a ((uantity of facts which should not betaken into consideration in the Dd'niitinn III l.i.t". . , i. ^ i i i ii i. • i i -vr . i i .|inlj>nient to be pronounced l)y the tril)Uind. >otal)ly : 1. TIm' recoo'iiition of the insurficnt States as a belli,i;erent power In th(^ Uritisii <;'ovcrnment. li. ICxprcssions of sympathy or antipathy during' the war, individiiiil speeches in or out of rarlianu'ntor other ollicial assend)lies, the attitiuU' of the i»ress, »S:c. .'>. Tiu^ peiniission {iranted for the trade in arms, and forthe dei)artui(' from port of ships intended to run th(> blockade, in so far as there is nothiu};' in the toleration of eithei* of these acts which is at variaiKT with tlu^ prohibition to arm or ecpiip vessels of war and cruisers. 4. The liistorical precedents of the violation or uiUMpnil execution (tt neutrality laws and of Judicial decrees, in so far as they relate to prin- ciples of the law of nations which are now open to controversy. (A.) — Indications (ii':Ni';i!.\M;s. I. — {>iiciithii a (h'cidcr. La (incstion a decider par le trilmiial est prc^cisdi; do la niaiiiero suivaiitc dans I'urticle VII du traite: "Le (lit triliiinal connncnpcra par d(^torminer, pour chaciiie navlre Hdpar(^im'nt, si la GraiidtvUrctajiiio a maiKiiif". par iiiie. action on uiic omission, a reniplir divs (U^voirs (^noncf^s dans les tiois jtivcf-denti^s levies, oil njcoiumes ])ar his principcs du droit ili's i^etis (|ui ne sont )ias (Mi (U'saccord avee c'(!s r('i>;I(;s, ot il certiliera co fait a I'ejjard (If cliacuii des uavircs siisdits." En outre, 1(! trilmiial est eliar<>(5 ('ventuelleiiient de ])ro( eder, s'il lo jngo convonable, a I'adjudication d'une souiiue en Idoo pour toiites les rodamatioiis. II. — Delimitation dc» faitu, Les nu'moires et pif'ces jtroduits par les deux jiarties contiiMinont uiie foulo do faits qui n'eiitreut jias (ui considt-ration dans lo jiifjeuieiit t\ rendi'o par le tribunal. Ti'ls sont iiotauiUKuit : 1. La niconnaissanco par lo gouvernement britanniiiue des (Stats insurjfds commi" puissance liellijf(Srante; 2. Les expr(!ssious do syinpathio on d'antipathio durant la guorro, los discours iuili- viduels ail seiii ou en dehors des parloments ou autres corps otHciels, I'attitude de la presse, &c. ; 3. La permission du commerce des amies ot do la sortie des ports do navlres destim's i\ traverser le blocus; en taut qu'il n'y a rien dans la permission do I'un ou de I'aiiln' de cos actes qui soit on d(5saccord avoc la defense d'ariuer ou d'(5(i[uiper des vuisseaiix de guerni et d(\s croseurs; 4. Les pr(5c<5dent8 histori([ues do violation on d'in<5gal maintien des lois de la ueit- tralittS et les arrets judiciaires, en taut qu'il n'en ddcoulo point des princii>es du droit de gens, uon snjets a coutroverse. OPINIONS OF Ml{. ST.KMITLI. 107 Tilt' liictM to 1)0 taken into c-ousidi'iiitioii by tlio trilnniiil iiic only tlio ;i(ts iuifl omissions of Grciit nritain with rc/^iU'd to ^',\^•\\ of tin* vessels wliicli lorni the snhjeet of ii (ionipliiitit on the part of the Uniteil Slates. Vn>]u>H((l of M. ShirinpJIi iindt't' Arth-lr .1. ^'- Pn'liinimtri/ ^leci.sions'" of the pttKiramine iusn'frd in Protocol X. (V,.)—})V.ClH\i)y WITH UVAiMll) TO KA(!H OI" TIIH CIMISKUS. I'rcliin itKO'if (tiriNlons. It is adniissiltle that the ITnited Stat-s slionhl extend their claims to (itlicr vessels liesiih's th«^ foiir mentioned in th(^ llritisii case, viz, tlie Florida, Alabama, (ieor;;ia, and Shenandoaii. More- nr.lXuTiniiii'itV.i over, the IJritish connterca.se does not insist on theobJe(!tion """ iiiiide on tills heaa\is, Sallie, V. H. doy, and Mnsi(!. According to the rnh's thns laid down, the vessels vemainin.^' for dis- cussion are the followin}^': 1. The Snmter. 0. The Georftia. 2. The Nashville. 7. The Tallahassee. '•\. The Florida and her tenders. 8. The Chickamjin.t'a. 4. The /.labaimi and her tendt"- 0. The Sheii.Jidoah. ."). The lletril)ntion. In discnssinj*' «!ach of these vessels, the order followed by the American case, coinciding witii the above list, will be adhered to. Lcs I'aits (|iu! ]{) tribmiiil doit iircndrt^ cii coiisidc^ratioii nti soiit f|ii(', If.s notions (it li^s (piuissidiis (le la (iraiKlo-inctayiKi h l'oj;anl dc cliacini dos vaissoaiix t(indciit Iciiis n-claiuiitioiis rt^Vantrcs vaissoaiix ([111' lcs (iiiatrc iiit'iitioimo.s dans le indmoire l)iitaiini(|ii(>, a savoir, lo FUiidn. I'Aliihaina, li' (ii'()i<;ia (!t 1(! SluMiaiidoali. Lo contrc-iniiinoifo britiinuiiiuc no mail tieiir d'ailhiui'.s plus r(ili)ci'tloii laito h cot djj;ard. I'.ir coiitro ot dos lo prinoifto, I'oii no prondra point on considoriition lcs douiandos il'iiidcuMiitt' ])our ch^striiotions oauseos ])ai' di's vaisscanx qui no sont imiiit nicntionntls duns los indnioiros do.s Etats-llnis, ot a I'ojranl doscinols, par coiisdciniMico,. I'on n'avanc-o III lie |»ionvo iuicuu acto ni iinonne onussion eoiilrairt's h la ncntralit(s a la oliarjro do la (irandt'-Hrotaf^uo. Coci a trait aiix croisonrs rjiii no sont indi'Mios ([U(! dai:.s los listcs do loolainationb pour portos — c'ost-a-dire, lo JJoston, lo .Jott'. Davis, lo Sallio, le V. 11. .loy, ot le Alusio. D'apios cos directions posdes, los iiaviros vostant on discussion sent los snivants : 1. Lo Suiutor. 6. Le Georgia. 2. Le Nashville. 7. Lo Tallahassee. ;{. Le Florida, avec ses tenders. S. Lo Chickaniauga. *. L'Alabatna, av(!0 sou tender. 9. Le Shenaiu'.oah, . Le lletribution. En traitaut d ehacuu des vaisseaux, I'on adopto I'ovdre suivi par le nidnioire anidri- caiii coincidant avec colui qui vient d'etre tracd. ?. 108 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. f ■I f i K!ori,lii. Proposal of M. Htaempjli an to the form of introduction to thejuflf/mcnt. The tiibiuial of arbitration on the Alabama question, constitiitiMl by virtue of tlie treaty of Washiufjton of May S, 1871, having tal^en cognizance of that treaty and of the (!ase.s, counter cases, and argu- nieu^ «, us well as of all the apiieudices and documents in evidence i)ro- sented by the two governments concerned, has found Jiud determiniMl what is recorded in the present judgment. II. — THE FLORIDA. (A.) — Facts and considerations. The facts relative to this vessel are so complicated and so various, that, for the sake of clearness and brevity, they cannot l)o stated apart from the considerations. T. — Construction and equipment of the ship at LirerpooJ, and her dcpartun from that port. 1. Tins vessel was first known under the name of the Oreto; she was a screw gun-boat, of 700 tons burden, wiih two funnels and three masts; she was ordered from Fawcett, Preston and Co., of Liverpool, by Bill lock, military agent of the insurgent States, soon alter his arrival in England, in the course of the summer of 18(51. 2. Kepresentation of the Atiiericaii minister, Adams, to Lord llussell. dated Fel)ruary 18, 1802, founded upon a communication made to him by DiuUey, the American (consul at Liverpool, and describing the Oroto as a " war-steamer," intended to commit hostilities against the Unittnl States, naming also the persons who had taken part in the ordering of the vessel, declaring that Fraser, Treidiolm cs. Co., of Liverpool, (Hnan- cial agents of the insurgent States,) had advanced the funds, and that. if necessary, he would produce further evidence. Propomtion dc M. Stavinpjli siir lafornmh (V introduction de Vacte da jiigemcnl. lit! trilniiial (riirbitrii,!;jo diins la «|Ui!.sti()n dc rAliiltiuriii, iiijstituc en vertii tin liaiti' do Wasliiiii-ton du ri iiiai lri7l, apri's avoir i)ri8 coiuiais.saiicc' dv c(; traitt' ft: ilw iiu'iiioirf.s, i('i>li(|iii'.s vX [daidoyers, aiii.si qxw dc tons Ics ai»|ii'iidi('i'S(?t(lf.siiit'(.'t'.s arapiiiii. I>rosent(^s par lt!s dciix {foiivcriieinuiita iutcrcsses, a truiivd ct arrctc ce ijiii est cousis'in' dans Ic presuut acto du jugeiueut. Le Flouida. (A.) — Fah's kt consiukkants. Les i'aits relatifs a co vaisscan sont. tcUiiiuciit coinpliiiuos ot si varies que, par raison do olartc et de bricvetc, ils ue penv(Mit so dt'^crirti a part, des cousiddrauts. I. — Coimtructioii ef I'quiiwmcnt du navive a Liverpool ct na sortie dn JW)•^ 1. Co vaisseau fut d'ahord couuu sous le noin de I'Oreto ; c'dtait uue canuoniertMi hdliee, Jauj^eaut 70t) touneaux, nniiiie do deux oluMiiiiiees et de trois mats ; il fnt coin- uiande clie/ Fawcett, I'restou »'t C'", a Liverpotd, par Uiillock, ajjoiit uiilitaire des ('tats iusurjres, pcu do teiups apres sou arrivde on Auf^lotcrro, daus le couraut de I'eti' I8til. 2. Rdclaiuatioii du uiiuistro anidricaiu, Adauis. a Lord Russell, on date du IH tevrier ISi'vi, s'aiipuyant sur uue eonuuuuicatiou a lui t'aito par Dudley, cousul aiiu'rieaiii ;i Liverpool, et desij^uaut I'Oreto oouiuie " steaiuer de .i>;ui,'rre," dostliu^ a coniuiettn' di's liostilites couhu; les fitats-Unis, uoiuiuaut aussi les persouiu-s ipii avaii.'Ut i>ris pari a lii counuaude, du uavire, deelaraut ipie, Frastu', Treuhoiui et (.'M', a Liverpool. (aj;i'iue liuaueien) des etats iusurj^es,) avaitsut I'ait los avaucos do Ibuds, ot que, s'll etait uecessaire, il iburuiruit eucore dca preuves. OPINIONS OF MR. STvEMPFLI. 109 8. The commissioners of customs at Liverpool, in their report of the mvl of February, 18(52, founded on the reports of their ajients, state that "slie is a sidendid steamer, suitable for a^ dispatch-boat ; she is ])ien'e(l for 4 j»uns. * * * * It ai)pears that she is intended for the iiscofTlionias IJi'ot'.iers, of Palermo. * # # Our collector states that lie has every reason to believe that the vessel is for the Italian lish embassador at Turin to make inquiries as to the destination of the vessel. '). On the M of March, 1S02, the vessel was registered in the name of "Ilefiry Thomas, of Liverpool ;'' the next day slie cleared for I'alernu) and Jamaica; on the 11th of March, Ijullock arrived with -1 otticers, and iniiiu'diately went on board the vessel. On the 22d of IMarcdi, the Orcto left LlverpuoJ In ballast, with a crew oflifty-two nuM), all English, with the excei)tion of three or ibur, among whom there was a single Anu'rican. At the same tinu) the steamer Uahama left the same port with guns, arms, and munitions, brought byi'ail from Hartlepool (on the east coast ()t'En<;land) to Liverpool, where they were put on board. (!. In reply to the inquiries uiade by the English ambassador, the Italian minister for t'oreign artairs declared that he had no knowl- t'(l}>{M)f the Oreto, but that he would make further impiiries, (March 1 :) ho, however, supplied no further intelligence, nor did the lOnglish am- hassador recpiest any further information. According to Dudley's re- port, tlie Italian consul at Liverpool had no knowledge of the vi'ssel lunng intenour ({uatro canons. . II jiarnit (pril I'st dt'stiiio h I'usaj^t," do Thomas tri-rt's, dt; I'alcrnu! Notre ('I'lcctt'iir dt'clarc (pi'il a. toiite rais';ii df oi'oiro lo uaviris tpccialc>t pour J'airr .sitnriller !<■ nii/iHiitii, 4. Li' VJi) fovritir liSli'i, Lord Russi'll trausniot a M. Adams copit; 1:" lo londoniain, 11 s'aoiiuitta au liurcau do la douano pour I'aloriuo, ot la .liuii:ri(|iio; lo II mars 15ulloi'k arriva avoc ipiatro otlioiors, H so rondit imnu' liatonioiit it limd dn vaif'soau. Lc'i'J mars, I'Oroto piirlit ih' Liirrpttol mo- lent, avoo nn ('(piipago do oin(|Manto-doMX lim nucs, tons Anj;lais, a I'c'xcoption do trois ou ([uatri', parnu losipiols un soul Anu'ricain. Dans lo nu"'mo tomps, lo vapour Bahama (luittait lo niome \)(nt avoc dos canons, ill's aiuios ot dos ninnition.s, amonos on chonun d<' for do llartlopool (crtlo oriontale do rAiijlii'toiro) a Ijiviirpool, oh ils fiiront i)ris a liord. I). Sur les infornnitiona domand«^oH par rand»assadoiir d'An}j;lotorro, lo ndnistre italioii dos aftairos (^tranjforos dc'-clara (pi'il n'avait ancuno connaissanco do I'Oroto, mais(|n'il s'infornierait onooro, (1"^^' mars;) il no fournlt tontofois pas d'autro nouvollo, t't l'aiid)a8Htideur d'Anj^lotorro no denmiida i»as non jdus d'autres ronsoi<;iu'nu'uts. D'apris lo rapport do Dudley, lo consul d'ltalie a liivorpool n'avait .lucuno connaissance ||iie ce uaviro t'fit destine t\ i'ltalie ; du veste, los autorit<^s unglaises ue prireut point do rcuseiguumeuts choz lui iii choz le iiiinistro d'ltalie il LoiidVes. ppfippp' 11^ %^' mBKm 110 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. 7. Tlie reports of the p]nglisli olKicials showed tliat the Oreto .Tiisa vessel of war. A state ot war Inul been ofiieially recoji'iiized as existinent States, and the neutrality of (ricat Britain had been otJieially proclaimed. In spite ol" this, and in spite of the complaints of ]Mr. Adams, the En- glish authorities took no initiative; they did not insist on its hcin;' proved what was the true destination of the vessei, nor who was her real owner, who had ordered her, and wiio was to pay for her. Tlioy did not insist on thi' true jxjsitionof Fraser, Trenholm»& Co. beinjjf shown by lef^al |)roor, did not demand positive information as to tiie crew of the vessel, nor as to the arrival of naval olfurers from the Confedenite States. 8. The special instructions given for watching the vessel ai)i)ear not to have been carried out or to have been without result. The (!ol()nial authorities were not notitied after the departure of tlie vessel, ami generally no steps were taken, ju>twitlistanding the rcpix'- sentations of Mi', Adams, wlii(!h were repeated and accompanied by do- tails furnished by Dudley, under date of the 2(Jth March, 1802. II. — What t()ol< place at Nassau up to the time of the aeqiuttal oftJ:e Orcto. 9. On the 28th April, 18G2, the Oreto arrived at Js^assau — the Kaliiunii a few days later. I'epresentation made on tlu> 9th May by the American consul. Whit- ing, to the governor; the attorney-general replies, "that positive fifts are re(piireositi(Mis of witnesses ; the same answer. 19. .Alclvillof), ca])tain of Her Majesty's ship Bulldog, rei)orts rluit "the. Oreto is api)arently fitting and pre^iaring for a vessel of war.'" W *1 7. Les jii|)i)m(:i dcs ol'liuiers iiiifjliiis coiistiitiiiciit. que TOii'to ('tiiiti iiu vaissfim di' giu'i'ic. Ij'i'liit (Ic li('lli,nvriiiic(! I'lili'c li's lltiits-riiis ct Ics ('t;its iiisiirjn's otiiit (ifiicU'llciiii'iit rccoiiim, el lii iK'iitialilr tic hi (Jiiiiidc-lircraniic uviiit oU- (illk'ii'lliMiu'iit iirorlami'i'. Mal,i;i<' ccl;), ct iiialjiii' It's r(''claiiiati(iiis di- M. Adams. Ifs autoritt's aiin'iaisrs nc ])rii('iit poiiil iriidtiiitivf, ; tdk-s ii'iiisisti'rt'iit imiiit jioiir iiuf Ton ctJiistatiU la vt-rit:ililc dt'stiiiatitm tin iiavirt-, (pitd t'U t-tair Ic V('Tilablt\ iirttinit'talrt', tpii I'avait- ('Diiiiiianili' il (|iii tlfxaif li^ payer; t-IU^s ii'insisitM-tint \nnut siu' la lt'i;itiiiiatii)ii tin la i)()sitiiiii ib Fiascc, 'rrciilioliii. ct ('''', 111' tlciiiaitili'iiMit |i!iiiit tl'i'tri! iiDsitiviMiitMit ifiiscioiu't'ii smi I't'tliiipaj;!' till iiaviif, iii snr I'ai ri Vff trol'lififis th^ iiiariiif tlfs ctatst'onrt'dt'ii's. H. Ijfs iiistriittit>iis spt'finlcs tltmiit'Ts pimr I'aivc siirvcilliir If iiavirt; paiaissiiiit iic p;is avidr t'tt' suivii's, on bii'ii t'trt' rt-stiM's sans irsultat. lii's anftniti's f()lt)nialfs nt' Inifnt point avisi'cs aprt's It' tlt''part tin navirc; t:i }j;t'nt4al. il nt' I'nt pris aiicnnc nifSMrc, nontjlistant It^s rfprt'si^ntatitnis rt'itt'ri't's ilf M. Adams, a-jconipagntics tic ik'tiiils tuiirnis par Dinllcy, sims la tlato tin 'M mars l^iW. Ki II. --Cc qui ,ie i)asK(( d yannaii jiotqii^il I'acqnUtemvnt de V Orcto. S). Lt< "28 aviil IHlW, rOii'ttt arrivii a Nassau; Ic Hahania, tni'riil rt'-poiitl " qit'il faiii i failn {xmlifn.'' Ltw aiitorih'^s nt! font (rt'lltjs-nit'Mni's aucnni! ontiut^tc. Lt' 1 mai, iionvi'lle r-f'flaniation, ii<',ct)nipaj5ii(Su de dispositions do tt'mtiins; nii'iiu' reponst'. 10. McKillt)p, capitiiino dii niiviro do la marine royalo le BnUdoj;, rai»portn qiw " I'Oreto 80 prtL'parc ct sc dispose, aelou le.s appurcii'ics, cii biltiiuent do jjuerrc.'' OPINIONS OF ME. ST.EMPFLI. Ill In conseciucnce of this report, tlie vi'ssel i.s watchoil by a ship of war. On the ux: >'iiiili(,'(iiis,"' .sans adjudication de «li^pcns ni (rindcniiiit(-. 'C(5 (pii sc ]iassa," dit 1« jiigciiieiit, "avant I'aiTivro do I'Oi'eto a Nassau ne pent etre adinis ([ii'a litre (r(''clair- cis.sciiicnts on (l'oxi)li(.'iitions" — tbiiorie (jiio Ic nionioirc britiinniiiuc ipialilie liii-nuhue (ren(»n(':e. 11. La niuniere d'ugir des autoritiii]il(lo audition dt," t«^nioins: Maffit, connnandant di^ I'Oroto, no fut i)oint on- t(;ndn ; cdunno, tiMuoius dans I'intt'rot do la conronno, on n'ontondit i\nc. do.s pcMHoniics apparlonant an naviro inculpo ; connno tonioin a dooluirffo, nn a.ssooio do la niaison iii- toio.ssoo do Addorloy ot C'"^; ot antantcpi'il apport dan.s los aoU's, tontcs cos dispositions finont non assorinontoos. 15. Lo fait quo, do Londi'os, Ton oniifc di' oonnnnnii|nor a tonips d(!.s instructions aux antoritt's oolonialos, out un ott'ot o'yaloniont dt'savantaj^oux snr co (jni wo passu a Nassau : Los autoritt's do Nassau n'otaiont pas, dos I'abord, instruitcs dos prooodents de I'Oroto ni do la manioro do, voirdu uiiuistorti; L'a<'<|uittonionti Jutliciairo de I'Oroto a Nassau so lit sans qnci Ton ofit attoudu la con- tirniatiou do la siiisit! ot los instructions (pio I'on onvoyait do Londros ot (pii so tron- vaiont oncoro on olioniin. l(j. L'olijoctiou (]U(! I'arrot judioiairt! do Nassau d<'jja<;o la Grande-Brt^tafjfuc de toiite respousabilifo u'ost pas soutonablo : vis-a-vis d(>s lois intoriouros, (innnicipalos,) le jnn'onu'nt ost valablo ; niais a I'ojfard du droit dos {^ons, il no chanyc pas la position de la (Jrando-lJrotagiio. III. — Cc qui 8C pama iiUerkitreinent aiix ilrs linhamas, immi'diatcment aj)n)s Vacqaittemcnt,— A rm ement, I'qii ipemen t, 17. EiuoloniMit de (inarantohonnuos 'Vdiiuipaso il Nassau, (d'aproslo ni(^uioire l>rit.in- nique lui-nu"'ine, I'Oroto s'aoquitta on douano lo 7 aoftt avec ci.nquanto-doux homines, pour St. .Johns, New Brunswick). II so pourvoi't de cauons, de luuuitions, &c., avec I'aide du vaissean anglais lo Prince OriNIONS OF MR. ST.EMrFLI. 113 m vessel Princo Alfred, which shipped fit the wharf of A- ol)je(!tions cannot be considered as valid : Tliat the Oreto had Just been acquitted; for the enlistiiuMit and arma- ment constituted new acts, and it was the more incumbent upon the the authorities to exercise the strictest vijijilance, inasmuijli as, h'avinji; all other circnmstaiu;es out of consideration, the judicial sentence itself declared the vessel to be uiuler jurave suspicion. That Green Cay was distant and little freipiented. This objection has the less importance, inasmuch as all that was done at (ireen Cay Lad its point of departure at Nassau, and could easily have been per- teived from the latter place. There were no ])roceedings taken a,i>ainst the Prince Alfred as an ac- ci'Ssory, in spite of tin; denunciation and representation of the .\.meri<'an iDiisul, to whom it was thought sutUcient to reply that he must- "produce evidence." -1 [V.— Cruise of the Florida, and her repeated shipments of coal in British ports. 10. Having left Mobile, the Florida returned, on the 20th of Janmry, 1i)U- tablfs a la iiei;'li,<^ciiee des autoiites britauuique.-i, et I'uu uo peut cou.-iidei'er coniuio tuiiilees le.s olijectiou suivaiite.s: Que rOieto venait d'etre aetjuitte ; (car renroleiueiit et rarnienent coustituaient de iioiiveiuix faitrt, et les autorite.s iivaiirut d'aulaiU i)his le di^voir d'excsreer uiie ri;j;oiireu«o aitcntion, (jue, ah.straetiou faile de touti^.s les autrcs eireoustaiicos, I'arret judiciau'o tlt'L'laruit lui-uieuu^ le uavire Heiieuseuieiit siisi)t!et ;) line Green Cay otait eloiyu*^ et pen frecjueute ; (cette objection est d'autant moius iiiiliortante que tout co (pii so lit a Croen Cay i)artit de Is'assau, ot pouvait fort bleu sapercevoir ilepuis ee dernier endroit.) 11 u'y eut point d'enciuete soulevoe contro lo Prince Alfred coniuie coniplico, inalgr<^ iadenonciation et la reclamation du cousul amcricain, auquel (u so oouteuta de rcpou- tlie (pi'il devait " deposor des prcnvcs.'' ^y '—CroisUie du Florida et acs approriawnnements rtiten's de charhon dans dea ports brltanniquca. 19, Parti dc Mobile, le Florida revient, lo 26 Janvier 1801V dans la baio de Nassau ; , il 5; fait du cbarbou pour trois uiois, on prond 180 toinieaux, d'aprt^a I'exposd atnericain ; I il u'aurait eu place que pour 130 touueaux, d'aprcs I'cxpose auglaia j mais des dt^posi- 8 B |i I-^I«' 114 AKBITKATION AT GENEVA. nesscs state that tlioie was coal placed on the deck and everywhere on board. Accordiiio- to the report of Eiift'lisli experts, she "required 40 tons to return to Wiluiin^ton, the nearest i)ort of the iiisur;;ents. At the end of tliirty-si\ hours' sta'', (the JJritish case says twentysiv Iiours) she sails oft' again on a c ' .e, and destroys a certain uuinber ot AnuM'ican vessels. 20. On the 2 Itli Fobruaiy, 1803, she enters the British port of Uarba- does, and then? ships 100 tons of coal. 21. On tlie 10th Jidy sIkj reaclu^.s St. George, the port of TJerinudM. stays there nine days, talcc^s in a complete supi)ly of coal, and sets otl again for Brest; during tliis voyage more vessels are destroyed. 22. On the l.'Jth Ai)ril, ISlil, sh(? again touches at Bernuula, but only, it was said, for the [)urpose of landing a sick ollicer; she only reinaiiicfl there a few hours, but reappeared on tiie 18th -Inly, 1804, ami recpu'stcd to be admitted to ellect some repairs and to ship some coal ; slu; obtained ])ermission for iive days, but staid nine; fraudident shipment of coal to the amount of 150 tons; she cruised for several days in siglit of tin island ; tlie oilicers on tin' naval station saw ail this, but took no stops. She destroved more American shijis 23 Bahia. 24. The rei)eated supi)lies of coal which we have just mentioned aiv, in the lirst place, an infraction of municipal law and of the British ro,i; ulations ; especially — Of the (,'ircular of the 31st of January, 1802, whi(;h, at the time those events took place, had been ibr a long time ])ublislied in all the (ioloiiios, and of the ' xplanatory instru(!tions bearing date the Kith .Inly, bS(!!, addressed to the governors of the West inclian colonies, and known at ileast during ; portion of thcsame time. They are, n particular, contrary to the second rule of the treaty zo. On the 7th of October, 1804, she closed her career in the port oi y'i tiou.s de t(^moiin const.iteut (jii'il y aviut dii cliarbou dt'posf^ sm- lo pout ot partoiit ;i bold. All diro dca oxperts anglais, il liii en anrait fallu 4C toiineaiix pour retouruer ;\ Wil- uiiiif;toii, ])ort insuii;(' lo jtliis ])ro(.-lio. All bout s, port doH HorinudoH. y sc^joiiriic noiif Jmus, y fait nil ooni])lct approvisionnoiiiont do obarbon, ot ropart pour liivM ; pondaut co voyiui'. iionvollos dostniotioiis do vaisssoaiix. 22. Lo i:{ avril 1H(1|, il tonoiio do nonvoanx a norimnli', niais nnii[noni(>nt, disait-il. dans b> but do niottro' a torro nil otlioior niabido ; il iry rostaiiiio (|ii('b|iios boiiros, iiiiii< y rojiarnt lo 18 Jiiin \f^M, tloiiianda d'otro adiiiis [loni- fairo dos roparations ot oiiibiii- ([lUM' dn obiirbon ; il obtiiit jtcrniissiini ])onr oin(| Joins, nmis en rosta nc/J'; oiiibiiniiu- niont tVaiubilonx do obarbon, jnsiin'a I'lO tonnoaiix; il croi.'^a )tlii.si<'nrs jours on viic do nio ; Ics ollioior.'s aux stations maritinios voyaieut tout, mais no prirout aiiciuu uiosuro. II d(^trnisit onooro d(>s naviros aniorioains. 2;?. Lo 7 ootobro IHdl, il tormina .sa oiirrioro dans le port do Babia. 24. Los ap]n(i\'isioiinonionts roitoros do obarbon, (pio nous vcinnis do montioiimi. sont,on itroniici lieu, uno inl'raution anxlois lunnicipalos etanxroj;loiiionts do laCirainii- BrotaH'iK') notainniont : A la oiroiilairo dii 151 j.nnvior 1802, qui, a IVpoqno on 00s fails so ]1ass^ront. t^tnii do]niis lonfj;toni)is ^iroolanioc (bins toiitos los coloiiios, ot aux instructions oxiilioiilivi> adro8S(''os, sous la date dn UJ Jiiillot IHti;!, anx fiouvornoiirs dos oolonios dos ludos Owi- doiitalos ot oonnnos an inoiiis jiondant uno partio d<' la nioiiic poriodo; lis Hont snrtotit on dosaecord avec la 2"^ roglc du traitc, d'apros huiuelle iin <^tai OPINIONS OF »IR. STvEMPFLI. 115 a('Cor«lin'le by (Jreat Jliitain, tliat the cruises of tho Florida and the deprechitions counnitted by that vessel took place only after she had run the blockade, and tiiat there had been neji'li^ence ou the part of the American oilicers charged witli tlui maintenances of tlic blockade, are not such as to release (ireat Jlritain from the responsibility ot'lierown iu'f;ii;:('nce; this last was the primary and sole cause not only other runniufj; the blockade, but also of all the hostilities committed by the Florida aj^ainst the United States ; and the assumed ncfilij^ence of the oilicers who maintained the blockade is, moreover, not proved any more than tlie further assertion that the armament and e' to the American case, it is not founded on fact, at least as far as the San Jacinto is concerned. V. — Armament and equipment of trntlers. 27. In the course of her cruise, the Florida supplied ofiicersand crews to the following- tenders: On the Gth .May, l.SCJ.'J, the Clarence w; . captured off the liraziliau coast, and was supplied with guns and with a crew. She destroyed several vessels. On the 10th June, the Clarence captured the Tacony; the Clarence was destroyed, and the Tacony transformed into a tender ; the latter also destroyed several vessels. On the 25th June, tiie Tacony captured the Archer, which was trans- formed into a tender, and the Tacony was burnt. The Archer destroyed tlie Caleb Gushing, a United States coast-giuird vessel. iicutio ne doit pas soulitrir qtic scs ports servcnt tie base d'opc^ratioiis ponr fairo la guerre oil croiser cii iiier. '•i'). r.cs olijcetions faltos par la Graiule-Iirctasiic, <[iie Ics courses du Florida et les ilistnictious eouiu\ises par ee uaviro eurcnt lieu seuleuieur apies qu'il eut I'lauchi le lildciis, et (jiiMl y eut ii(''retau,uo de la ivsjioiisubilite pour ees )>ro[»res nefiligeuees, eelles-ei rtaut la ])reniier(! et seule cause, iiiiii-scnleuient de la traversi^e du bloeus, uuiis eiu'ore de foutes les hostilites eoniiuises \mv le Florida eoutre les F^tats-l'iiis ; et la pretendue ii('j;li;L;ence des ollieiers eliarnes 'li' j;;u(ler le l)locus n'est d'ailleurs pas eonstat(''e,i>as ])lus <|iu! I'assertiou ulterieure que rariiieiueut et l'e((uipeineut du I-'lorida se soit fait daus le ]iort de Moliili'. ',*•). L'olijection ulterieure, faite de la nu"-nu' part, (|Ue Ton aecorda les nieiues faclliti'^s il'aiiinovisionnenient aux vaisse'aux dt!s fitats-Cuis, (uitr'autres au 8an Jaeiuto, est I'.'iaieiiieid sans iiui)ortauce ; ct en outre, d'apres I'expose anu-ricain, elle n'est pas foiidee sill' lies I'aits, du moius pour ce qui concerne lo San Jacinto. V. — Jrmcmcnt ct i^qiiipcmcnt de navirea aitxUialrcs, (tenders.) *^7. Durant le conrs de s.a croisiere, le Florida fournit des ofllciors et des (^(luipajfes mix vaisseaux auxiliaires suivants: " Le () uiai IHO;}, le Clareneo fut capturr^ sur les cr)te9 du Br<^sil et fut muni de canons ft dun (^(|uipag(! ; il detruisit plusieurs vaisseaux ; "I-e 10 jnin, le Clareneo captura le Tacony: le Clareneo fut detruit et le Tacony tiansl'oriue en tender; ce dernier detruisit egaleiiient plusieurs vaisseaux; "Le 2.") juin, le Tacony cai)tura TArclier, ipii I'lit transfonue vn tcndrr, et le Taciiny fut hi(\l6, L'Arclier detruisit le Caleb Cushing, vaisseau garde-cotes des Ktats-Cuis." <' m u I ^■1 Bli 116 ARniTKATION AT GENEVA. Witli rcjjiird to the question of responsibility, it is needless to say that tenders are subject to tlie same rules as the principal vessel. (13.) — SUMMAUY. {(1.) In rep;ard to the construction, iittin^' out, and equipment of Uw Oreto at Liverpool, and to her roce(!din<^s, which alone rendered it possible for tlii> vessel to be armed and ely herself with coal in such quantities that, each tiiue, she was enabled to undertake a fresh cruise. III. — THE ALABAMA. (A.)— Facts. 1. — What tool' 2)1 ace up to the time ivhen this vessel escaped from Liverpool 1. She was ordered at Liverpool, the plans were accepted, and the Relativtnnout i\ la qnestiou do ri'sponsiil)ilito il va saus ilire que les vaisscaux auxili- aires sout siijets aux iiioiues ri'}j;le8 que le vaisseau piiucipal. (15.)— ItHSUMfi. a) Lor.s dc la construction, do la iMc']»anition ot de IV'ciuipoiuont do I'Oroto h Livit" pool, ot lors do sa sortie du port, do iuoiik; que lors de la soi'lio ()ui out lieu jicii di' tonips ai)ros du Haiiauia, oliar^o dos armies de rOroto, Ics autorilos hritaiiui(|iiis mi! iK'i^lin-i'. d'fuiplo.vor los "duos dili;>oucos '" daus le uiaiution dos devoirs do. la nontr;ilitc. iiotnuiiiuMit aussi en ce (]u"oilos n'ont fait aucune couMuuuicatiou ui euvoyd d'itistiMi- tions MUX autorit(^H colouiales rolativoniont a cos vaissoaux. h) II on est de uii'muo pour »'e qui eoneorne les faits arrives h Nassau ; il y cut surtmit no)ili rabsoncc de tout controle et de toute surveillance de la ccuulnite de I'Oreto, (cc iini isoul (burnit h ee vaisseau la possiliilite do s'arnuu' ot de 8'oi)rendro tie nouvelks courses. L' ALABAMA. (A.)— Faits. .1. — Ce qui se passa junqiCau moment ou ce vakaeau s'echapim de Lh'erpool. 1. II fut comiuaiidiS h Liverpool, lea plans en.fureut acceptds et le marchd fut signf OPINIONS OF MR. ST.EMPFLI. 117 '', 'i contract sigfiiod by IJullock, the Otli Octobor, ISHl ; hov onp,iiies were of ;itl() lioi'sc-powor ; slic was piiTccd I'or six .'iL' pouiidcr bnnul side <;iiiis; she was t'ui'tlier providt'd with two pivot-j>iiiis, tho one a riHod lOO-poiuuler, the other an 8-in(!li smooth-bore fiuii. On tlie ITith 31ay she was hiimehed uikUm' tlie name of tht' " L'lM)." L'. On the l*od rlune, liS()2, Mr. Adams's Jirxt reprrsentafion to Lord Ixiis- sfU, statiiij;- that she was ii vessel of war, and that her departure must l)e stopped ; it was dcchired that this vessel was not intended for operations nsainst th<' (iiited States. ;3. Jnie -">, this remonstninee i.s tninsiuitted, by T;(>rd IJ'.isseil lo the secretary to the treasury ; To the hiw-otrieers of tlie Crown ; The secretary to the treasury forivards it to the commissioners of customs ; Tliese latter to the collector. 4. The law-ollicers of the Crown report to Lord Kussell, Juije 30, as follows: " If the facts allej^ed by Mr. Adams are in accordance with truth, it is a manifest violation of the foreijLjn-enlistment act, * * * hid n'idoice ifi urcessitri/. Th(\v further advise liord Ifussell to inform Mr._ Adiuns that the (jorornmciit will inri'sthjnte ihev((seP 5. The collector re[)orts to the commissioners of customs, aiul the latter, relyiufj on his statement, report in their turn to the treasury, on the 1st July, that — She is intended for warlike purposes ; Several powder-Canisters an^ on hoard, but no jjnna : She is built for a lbreij;ii j^ovcrninent, a faet wliieh is not dcMiied by ^Messrs. Liiird ; tmt tlK'.vdo not apjx'ar disjxfsed to re[)ly to any questions I'ospectiny tho future destiua- tioii (if the vessel after she leaves Tjiverpool. The aj^ents have no other reliable sourei^ of information. Tlie consul should conininnieate all the documents in liis possession. Thv iiffirialH at J/urrpoal will Icccp a strict icatch on the vessel. (>. July 4, 1802, Lord Russell transmits these reports to Mr. Adams, and informs him, amono; other thiny,s — liar Bullock lo 9 oetobro Ir^dl;. machines de la force mai, il fut mis a I'eau sous le nom i\o "'i!)0." 'i. Le 2',^ jiiin l-'ii'i, prcmiirc rirhtrndlUiii (V.trlnnix n Lord russeU, disant que e'etait nn vaisseaii (le jrnerre, qu'il fallait en arnjter rexp(nlition ; on constata (^ue ce batiuu'ut ii't'lait jias destiut^ a ojit^rer contre les Ktats-l'nis. Ii. Le ^5 juin, cette r(5clamiition est transniise par Lord Kussell an secn'taire de hi ti'i'sorerie ; Aux jurisconsultes d(! la couronne; Le sccr('taire de la trcvsorerie hi transmct anx conimissaires de douaues ; tViix-ci an collecteur. . 1. Les ,juriseonsullt>s de la couronne font rapport h Lord Russell lo 30 juin. disant: "•Si les i'aits pn'seut(^s ])ar JL Adams s'accordent avee la v('>rit(', e'est un(( violation iniiiiifeste (In forcinu-ciiUslmoit act, . . . mitis il faut (les jjretires. lis conseillent (railleurs i\ Lord Jiussell do communiquer a M. Adams que le yonrernement va s'enqne'rir (kr affaire:' 5. Le collectonr fait rapport .inx conimissaires dos douaues, et ceux-ci, s'appuyant sur sa d(^claration, rapportent ii leur tour, lo 1'' juillet, a hi tr(5sorerio: "Est destin(:^ a des usaijes de jfuerro ; "I'hisieurs boites a poudro embanpu^es, niais pas de canons. "Pour un {jouvernemont (^trauf^er, 00 , ISOli, Consul Dudley to the collector; coninumic.atiou ot ''Tliiit the yoveriunejjt >vill inquire into the nnitter;" that Consul Dudley '' ouyht to (iOMiinuniciite the, do(!Uinent.s to the collector; tluit the (tlficiids (It Lirorjxxtl irill ivaU;h the vessel atlentireh/,''^ 7. IJetween ^Ir. Adams's jcpresentation and Lord Kussell's reply, fifteen days elapsed before the result was arrived at that " the evidence in iu.siilficicHt.^^ S. SccoikI elTort of the Amermm . ,Inly do(ninients — 10. The collector is not satisfied with them; " /inion that there is not sufficient evidence. "Tlie commissioners to the collector : , " Not sullieient evidence, but the consul may taice proceedings at his om risl- and peril.'''' The same to the treasury ; communicate documents. Shall the law- officers of tlie Crown be consulted i Hamilton (commissioner to the treasury) to Layard, under-secretaiy !!:■;; m ; 'i- 1 ■i' j i 1 1 '\\ ■ 1 1 |j " QiKi Ic yoiivcrnoniont vii .s'ciuiuorir do I'affairo;" quo Ic consul Dudloy "dcvrait (■(iiiiiiiiitiii|iici' an colU'c'tciir los dociimcnt.s; que hs fonclwuuulws dc Livcviwol aurcdlk- rout atlciilii'ciiuiil Ic raixxatii." 7. Hiitro la n'clamatioii do M. Adams et la ri^ponso de Lord IJnssoll il so passa qniuzf jours |)(tiir arrivcr an n'sultat (iiio '^ Ics prcurcti iiv aoiit pati iiiij)imiites" !^. Ihii.Tirmc txudi (It'H (tficiitu ami'ricuhin. 9. Jit^ ',) Juillot ISIi'J, lo consul Dudley an ccdlcctcnir: Conmuinication dps docunicnts. 9. — 10. i^c colic. •ti'ur nc Ics trouvc pas snllisauts ; "(7 (Innuiidc dci pniivva li'ijfilcx." Lc 10 .jnillct 1^{')'2, rin.spectcur an coUectour: a trouvc lo vaisseau dans lo uicnio t'tiU rpic lors d(! sa ))rcuiicrc visitc. IjC 11, 1(( sollicitcnr aux conniiissaires dcs douancs: rrjiosc sur dcs o»('-c?irc ; qu'elli' est inaduiissilili!; ricii c vonsUlvred prcssinf/, \ wri^t^ to you nii()t1i(Mally to siivetiiiie; it is sidd that the t'CNsel is eery imtrly ready for sea.'" 11. Ath to the LMIth, twenty-one days elapsed, and the result of this delay was, that the vessel escaped. IL — Measures talcen to pursue the Alabama. 1"). Two days after the escape of the vessel liad become known, the oommissioners of customs, on the 31st July, 1802, gave the tirst order to "Commr Ic cax pent ftrc Jiifii' prcsHfiuf, jo vons ^cria ofTicicusciiKMit pour dconoinisor ilu toiiiiis ; oil (lit que le iiavire ext, pen n'en faiit, prct a prendre Id iiier." 11. AdiiiiKs h Lord KiisscU : Coimimniciitioii des douaues et preuves dc Dudley. Lo '2:!, rociiptiou dos pii-ces iinforeiyii ojjiee. Vimiijn offiee anx Jiiriscoiisultt's d(! la courouuo : " Communiqucz votro opiuiou a Lord Kiis.scil uiinniU'il (pie roiin le puiirre:.'' Dtullry ail conseil dva doiiaucH : Coininuiiicatiou de deux iioiivfllos dopositions nvcc coiisiiltiaion dc M. IL P. Collier, qiril y a violation lla^ranto ([nforeiiin-eiilixtiiient net. Li! coiiseil di's douaiica a Tassistaut solicitor pour pn'avis. L'assistaut Kolicitor au coiisuil : ii'apporlciit piiti iiii reiifort easoitiel, main rn la haute po- xitioii (le M. Collier, le.s lords do la trosoreriopourraient Jccourir aux luniicres du.s juris- consultes do la oourouiu-.. Liiyard couiinuniquo aussl toutos cos piocos additiouncdics oo jour r.ionio aux jiiris- cniisaltes, avoc rocouiniaudatiou do coniniuuiipier lour avis dans le pliin bref deliii a Lor Rnssoll : reeommaiide: la saiaic dii vais- ^eaii Jiimpi'd ee t/iie les aceiises aient 2)roiiV(j sa destination innocente ; ordre desaisiepartit ini- iih'fliatement dc Liverpool. DiuUoy au eonseil des ilouanes, du 28 : avcrtit quo lo vaisseau doit ptirtir lo 21). 13. Le raisseait sort dans la unit du 28 au 2i) juillet 1802. 14. Du y au 2y, il s'ccoula viujjt-ot-uu joui's, et le rdsultat de co ddlai fut la fuite du raiiiseau. II, — Mcsures prises pour jwursuivre VAlahania. 15. Doux jours apres quola fuite du vaisseau fut conuue, les commissaircs des douanos tlouuoreut le premier ordro do lo poursuivre, le 31 juillet 18Gi, d'abord aux coUecteurs u . . ■ 120 AlflUTWATIOX AT (JF.NKVA. 1 \ iMi #■! ])Mr.sii(' lior, to tlKM'olIcctoi's at Liverpool iind Cork in tlio flr.st ])l;i(v, dcsiriii;;' tliciii to sci/c licr if siu^ slKtiild toiicli ;il ciiiicr ot \\ur.M\ poits, On tlic 1st Aiij^iist the saiini onlor wii.s sent to the eollec'ttirs nt liivu- 7)i((r!N and iloljilutttl. On (he L'd An.ynst tin's order was also sent to tln^ }4(>veinor of tln> l>;i. Iianias, lor the ]iort ot Nassau; no eoinninnications or instructions wimv sent to any other IJritisli p(utsor «!olonies; no sliii)S were disitatelied in pursuit into nei^iliboiinji' hritish waters. On the ni;;ht ol' the .'lolh-.'Ust, two days after her osenpe from TJvpr. l)ool, th(^ vessel was still in IJritish waters, oil" Moelfia ami Anglesey. The pursuit of the -HO in these waters took pUiec too late. in. — Tlie llcrvulcs hrhujs her a crew. 10. The tuft- Hercules, which l»rou;;ht back to Liverjiool the Messrs, Laird ami their ladies, who had accompanied the -!M), took on board at the latter i>ort a c.ertain nundiei- of sailors iidendcd for thel'lM). The collei'tor bcinj;' informed of this fact by a letter from Dudley, dated July oO, ISOi*, canscd the ller(!ules to be seandu'd. The olticer charj^ed with the exeoition of this order reported, "tlint there were on board a certain number of men who admitted that they Ibrnu'd jiavt of the erew, and were about to Join the <>un-b(jat." In sjiite of this, the collector did not arrest the Hercules. Althoujih he had been ordered to seize the 2!M>, he did not even cause the Hercules to be followed. Jle wrote about her to London by post instead of telef;Tai>hin<>'. He did not receive from London any instructions with regard to the enlistment ; he was only desired to find out if there were powder ami guns on board. The cajdain of the Tlerenles himself acknowledj;ed, on the 1st of Auj^ust, that he ha;diamas, pour lo port dr Nassau} il ii'y out, point do ooiuiiiuuioatious I'aitos, iii d'instruotioiisonvoyoos a d'aiitris ))ortH (.'t ooloiiios 1iritaimi(|Uos ; il u'y cut point do vaissoaux onvoyos a la poursuite dans los oaux hritannitpU's voisinos. Dans la unit da lUi an lil, donx jours ajiros sa fuito do Livori)ool, lo vaisscau <^tait on- core dans los oaux britannicjuefi do MooUia ot d'Anylosey. La poursuito du '"^ilO " duii'* cos cuux out lieu tro>j i;\rd. III. — VUcrciile amine nn i'qii'n)age. Ifi. Lo roniorfpiciir I'lTorculo, qui raniona a Liverpool MM. Laird, construotenrs dc naviros, ot lours danu;s, (jui avaiont aoo,oini)ai;ii6 le "290," end)ar(iua dans oo doniier port un certain nonibro. do uiatolots destines an " '«J00." Lo collocteur, instruit do ce fait par luio lottro do Dudley du 30 juillot 180"^, lit oxaniiuer le navire rilorcule. L'offlcior charj;<> do I'oxdcutiou de cot ordre rapporta " qu'il y avait a bord uu certain nonibro de ])ersouues qui admireut qu'elles faisaiout partie do I'dqnipago et qu'elle* allaiont rejoindro la canolmi^ro." Malgrd cola, lo coUoctonr n'arrota point I'Hercule. Lui; qui avait I'ordro de saisir le "SJUO," no lit pas mtinie snivre I'Hercule. II en ^crivit a Londres par la poste, au lieu do telograi»hicr. II no ro^ut non jdus de Londres aucun ordro rolatif a I'enrrdonunit ; on lo cliargca seuloinent do s'informer s'il y avait h bord de la pondro et des canons. Lo patron do I'Herculo nnonnut lui-nu me, lo l" aofit, "avoir oninieiid vingt ciucj i) treute bouimes, qui, a ce qu'il croyait, dtvuient fairo partie do l'equii)ago du " 290.'' The L^nO left :\Ioe on the loth ' She left Jamai(!ii haliia she fell in witl Lo"2'JO"quittalabaio et iuriva le 10 aoQt sur loi lV.—L'A(/ripi L'Asrippino, oa])itaino > alioiil du oliarbon, di^s oa Ll" liaiiania, lo niouie v; insiiito do Liverpool, lo v.'( ilii Sunitor p(Mir lo "21)0, i'0);iilioroniont aoiiuittos o Lo tiausbordonuiut du ( 2(1 ail 2;i. Dimauolio, le24aofttl8 I'Aluliaiua. Bullock et d'autres revi 18. II partit do Terceir.i liii fonriiit de uouveau di seaiix de la niariiio niarclii Lc 18 Janvier ISiVA, il a tions et oiiiltaniuii, des p liK'.scuts; uiais il ue pan iiiiviro. II quitta la .Taniaiquo h 1 recoutra le Georgia. De OriMON.S OF MIJ. .ST.KMPKIJ. 121 TIic '-'Of> 1<''< IMocIlVii l*>:iy with a crow of about oij>Iity nuMi, and arrived oil the KMli ol" Aiij;iist oil' the coast of Tct'trh'H, IV. — The Auriitpina (oul Tiahamu ht'hiff anns rnul coal. 17. Tlio Auiippina, Captain (^iiinn, arrived nt Torccira, from London, on tlic I'^Hi of Anj;u.st, 1S()2, havinj; on hoard (!oal, ;{un.s, and ainiuuni- tioii for tiic L'!Ml. Tlie Jlaliama, the same vessel which was to have taki'ii her aniianient to tlio Floriihi, next arrived from Liverpool on the L'Oth of the saino month, witii iSemmes and olliei' olheers of the Siiintei' on lioard for tlio L'HO, and also ;>nns and ammnnition, wliich had becMi re^iihirly cleared ;it tlie cnstom-honse at Lix'ei-pool. Tiie transshipment of coal, ^nns, and ammnnition to th<> L".H) took place from the L'<)th to tlu^ -*.".d. On Sunday, An<;ust 21, tSdi*, the 2{>0 hoisted the insurgent Hay, and took tli(^ name of tiie Alahaina. iJiiUock and others returned on hoard of the Uahama. V. — Cruise and crcntual fate of the Alabama. 18. She left Tercoira for the West Imlies. At ^rartiniiiue the Ajjrip- piiia supplied her afresh with coal. In the (lull' of .Mexieo she destroyed some vessels of the United States merchant navy and the war-steamer llatteras. On ilie 1 8th .Tannary, lSu.'5, she arrived at Jamaica, landed her pris- uiici's, made repairs, and shipped stores. Three British men-of-war ivcre in port, but no order a;>pears ever to have arrived from London for the arrest of the vessel. She left Jamaica on the 25th January for the coast of IJrazil ; at Ijaliia she fell in with the Geor;^ia. Thence she sailed for the Cape ot Lo "2'JO" qiiittii lii l)iii(! (If MoclCiji jivoc nn ('(juiiiagotVeuviroiiqiiatro-viiiyts liommes, et aniva lo 10 iiout siii' le.s cott's dc Tcrcfiia. IV. — V A(jr\}}inna et Ic Bahama ainhiriit dcs armcs ct dii charhon, L'A2;rii>i»ii)o, (•ni)itiiiiio Quiim, .iri'iva, lo 18 jioftt l^^fi-J, dc T-onth'es a Tercoira, ayanfc iilioiil dii oliarhoii, dos canons ct 'dcs innnifions iKHir lo " "illll.'' Le Hidiania, Ic nicmt^ vaissoau (pii dcvait avoir nicni' rariiUMnoiit nil I'lorida, vint insiiitc do Livcrpnol, 1(^ 'J(» dn inonio iiiois, ayant a Itnrd Souiincs ct (rimtrc.s ol'licit.'rs '111 Sniiitor pour lo "^'JO," ainsi (|uo dos canons ct dvt^ nuiuitioiis, ((Ui aviii'.ot 6t& n-i;nlicroinont actniittos on donano i\ Livfirpool. Lo transbordciuout du cliarbon, dcs canons et dcs munitions sur lo " 'JUO " cut lieu dii 211 an 'i\\. Diiiiiinche, lo 24 aoftt 18()2, lo " 290 " arliora lo pavilion des iusurj^os et prit lo uom de I'Aliiliania. Bidlocii et d'autres reviurent i\ bord du Babauia. , V. — Cromh'c et sort final de VAhibama. 18. 11 p.artit do Torceira pour les Iiides Occidontales. A la Martinique, I'Aorlppine liii fournit d(! nouvoau du cliarbon. Dana lo Golfo du Mcxi(|uo, il dctruisit (los vais- seanx de la marine marchande dcs fit.ats-Unis ot le vapour do jfucrrc lo llatteras. Le 18 Janvier 18615, il arriva a la Janiaique, y d^posa sos i)risonnicrs, tit scs repara- tions et cmbanjua. des provisions. Trois vaisaoanx d(! guerre britanni nos (^itaieut liK'sents; uuiis il uo parait pas qu'il soit jamais veuu do Loudres Tonlrc d'arreterle tiavire. II (initta la .Tamaique le 25 Janvier pour se rendre sur les cfltes du Brt^sil ; i\ Bahia il recoiitra le Georgia. De lil il tit voile pour lo Cap de Bouue Esperance, ct le 23 juillot ■'it*' ! I U| I. i i ■ j : 1 ' ■ ^ afl^B w ; m HI i ■' it-^ ■ ' !■• .Ss w7^ m J, ■u^ Wm 122 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. If (iood Hope, and on the 23(1 of Jnly ontcretl the harbor of TaWe Bay, The circniiistaiice which arose on the voyage in connection with the Tuscah)o.sa will be mentioned farther on, uii:irtit [Kmr Ics Iiidcs Orit!iitiil('s, ct \o. '2'.\ ih'ci'wxhvi} IHi'i;', il jctn I'an ci'o a SiniiaiKiic, oii il (it du eliiirhoii. Lo "JO mars l-idil, il I'liviut a la Ville dii Cq-. ({'ape 'rowii.) nil il sc rcixmrviit t'i;alt'ni(Mit do cliai'bou. Qiiittii co port lo 5i5 mars, it jota raucro a Clioiltoiirj;' lo 11 Jiiiii l"'(i4. Ccjiif (I HH soriir dv re port, Ir VJjitin, qii^il fat couh' a fond par Ic rai'^Hcaii de giurn ih- I'Jtnls-l'iiin Ic Ju((ys(trfic. I'lU' paitic dcs ollicicis ct do ri'ipiipaso fiirout sai.vos par lo yacht anglais lo Deer- lioiuid, ([iii -SO tioiivait dans ces parages. V'l. — Le tender Tiixralootn. 19. En route depnis los ct'itesdu IW-esil au Cap del$i)nne Esperance, I'Aliili.ania eaiitu" le.C'onriid. navire de coinnieree des Ktats-Unis, de riiiladelpiiio, so rendant do liaoiius Ayres a ii'ew York avee nne eargaison de laini;. On aniena ei' na\ ire a la ^'ille du Cap (Cape Town,) sous le noui do Tuscaloosa, I't f'J aunonvant (|u'il t'-lait eonnriissinnue eiiuiuu^ croiseur. Cette simple declaration t'ut acccptiM', et au depart du vaisst>au ])rincipal pour rcoi'aii Indieii, I^cmincs cn\nya le Tuscaloosa croiser snr les coti.'s du ISiesil. A sen retour a la \'ille dn Caj), lo vaissuan I'ut saisi par le gmivernour ot retenuj"^- qu'ii la (iu de la yueirt*. ( B. ) — CONSIIMOHAXTS. Pour ce qui coiiccrno I'Alaliania, la Graudo-Bretagne n'a pas rcuipli lo8 obligatioii> qui lui incombaiout cu vcrtu dcs trois regies du traito do ^Vaslliugtou. OPINIONS OF MR. ST.EMPFLI. 123 * : ii!^^ I. — With regard to the building and escape of the vessel. (a.) It is hoyond doubt tluit the Alabama was fitted out in British ports as a vessel of war of the insurgent States. (h.) The example of the Oreto made it the duty of the British authori- ties to be on llieir guard against aets of this kind. (c.) Tliey nevertheless did not in any way take the initiative, on the representations of Dudley and xidams, with a viewo^'inrpiiring into the ti'iic state of affairs, although they had given au assuranee that the autlHuities should take the matter up. (d.) Alter sufficient evidence had been furnished, the examination of it was so procrastinated, and the measures taken to arrest the vessel were so defective, that she was enabled to escape just before the order for her seizure was given. 11. — With regard to the measures talccn for her pursuit. (a.) The orders to pursue and arrest the \ essel were not given until forty-eight hours afterward, and were oidy sent to a few ports close at liaiul. [}).) Xo instructions were sent to the other ports of Great Britain or to those beyond the seas, excei)t to tluit of Nassau. (c.) Xo vessels, even, were sent in pursuit into the neighboring Eng- lisli waters. III. — With regard to judicial proceedings on account of the enlistment of a crew, and of the armament of the vessel. {((.) There were no more proceedings instituted agai^ist those ])ersons wlio liiid enlisted the crew of the Alabama, or those who had conveyed luT armament oir board, than against those who had ordered or those who had built her. I. — A Vcgard dc la coimtniction ct de lafiiitc da vahscoti. (i) II est linrs (1(> (loiifo quo rAliibimiu ii vU' jtK'piuo coii'.mc vaisseau do gnerro dc3 (•tats insiirjit's daii.s dcs jiDrts hi'ilaiiiii(|iit'.s. /*) Fii'S iiK'ci'dciits d(^ rOicto t'aisaii'iit ini duvoir aux autorites biitaiiiiiciiH^s d'etre siiiliMirs liardcs \is-a-vi8 do (aits do oo ticnro. c) A la Miito dos ili'iioiiciatidiis do Diidloy ot d'Adams. olloa no ])riroiit itonrtaiit pas 1.1 uioiiidro iiiitiativo on viio do H'<'iiiiiioiir dii vc^i'itaiilo otat dos ohoson. inali^ro (jn'olles I iiNM'iit doiiiii' l'assiiraiic(i <|iio li's aiitoiitii's proiidraioiil la ohoso on mains. '() Ai>ifs (|ii(' I'oii tut Coiinii dt!s proiivcs siil'tisaiitos, I'l viiinoii i\<' cclli's-i'i fiit tollo- iiii'iit ii'taid('ot loi iiiosiiros prisos )i(iur I'aii'o anrtor lo xaisscmi i'moiit si di'l'octuoiisos, i|Ui' 1,' na\ iio put s'l'-cliappoi' iiuiaodiatoinoiit avaut nuc l\)ii out doiiiit' I'ordro do lo siisii'. TI. — .1 I'q/urd dcs mcmnrfi princ^i iwiir Ic fuhr jioiirxiiirfe. a) Los ordros do )i()ursiiivro ot d'anvtor It^ vaissoaii aitirs sa fuitc^ no furont douiios <|Mi'(iiiai'aiito-luiit liouros plus tard, ot no i'ui'oiit adioss.'s qu'a (|Uol(|Ui's ports rappiDoln's, h) II no I'lit ddunt' anouno insdaiotiDii aux aiitros ports ilo la (irando lii-otaniio ni a ii'iix d'oiiti'o-nior, oxo(>pto i\ ooux do Nassau. t) II n"y ont pas luoiuc do vuissoaux ouvoyos a la p(niisulto dans l(,'s oanx aiiglaisot (111 voisiuai;o. III.— .1 Viijavd dc 2>onr8iiifvs judiciaiirs i) cniisc de Viiirolemciit d'lin i^qiiipaf/e efdrVai- viiinvnt. a) II n'y out pas ]»lus d'otnjut^to institin^o oontro ooux (|ui avaionfc onrolo r('!(inij)a,<»o , 18()2. It is furtlu'i established that even the arnuunent and the original e(piii)nuMit of tin Alabanni were prepared within British Jurisdiction, aiul shipi)ed IVoiu h) On n(M'()nsi(l(~'ro point coninic ('n(|ni'to soriouso les piMncs discipliuairos prouon- Ci5c8 fontro -...i^iuds nnitclots do I'Alabiiuia, rovenus eu Anji;letorre. IV. — J Vi'iinrd de !a Ubir adinimon dans dcs ports britanniqitcs subscqitcmmciit afcordri'^ iHtvirc. n) L'anntMnciit: i'itaiiii:n' o^. b) II en ctiiit do niriuc dc la hoitio illogalc ot I'lauduluiiHO dii navi... n vmv LivcriuKil. (■) Ij'on avait anssi constats la connaissane(> ot la cniiiplicitd dn i^duvornonu"). - insurii't's, (|ni avait oninniissionno lo vais.soaii, ot rosix'ctivoiiiont dcs ag(!nts dc ' • ■ VL'iiioniont a I A > crpodl ot do.s ollioiors (|ui ('(»niniaii(lai<'nt lo navire. d) Los antoiitos hritannifpio.s avaioiit «l(mc, non-.sonh'iuont lo d.oit, main onoorelt devoir, di' sai.sii' oo vaissoan, dans ([nehiuo port liritaiiniipic (lu'on lo roni'oiitrat. e) IjO ^ouvoinoinont lirilanni(jue a nieiuii ri;eonnu co droit et co devoir pour co qui coiicerne le port de Xa.stiau. y, — !.(•» ohjictions suivaiitcs )ic soul jxts foiidren. a) Quo rarnioniont ot roqnipoinont (^i vaissoan n'ont i)as on lien dans la .jniiilic- tion l)ritanni(|n<'. nniis Honloni"iit dans dos oanx sitin-os on dolioi's de eottf- jiridii'tion, D'apros la io>;lo 1, ot solon nnc^ intorpr('tation natnrollo de.s oblij, \i>-i.. >\:i .)> ,it il " (j;onH, nno pr(')iaration. nn"ino partiollo. a dos bnts do ynorre n'ost jtas u, .!!- i;l c : "Vst ce tpio, dn rcslo. lis Jnrisconsnltos do la oonronno en Angleteri'e out Ti'i; .;■•..• -^ nieiues dans li'or pn^ivis dn 2'J jnillot r-^n^; on ont)i', il est constatii u,u wtW I'arrni'inont ol lo ])roniior ociniiionuMit de I'Alabaina funnt p-f'part^s dans la jnridii'- tiou britanniipie ot partinsut de ports britauni(in'.;' ; nv.o division dea circoustaiices i OPINIONS OF MR. ST.EMPFLI. 1-25 '' :l British ports. A division of the circninstuiicos atteii' an olfonse (loos not, in itself, do away with the olfcnsc, more es[)e(;iall.v mIkmi the siuie cognizance and criminal purpose attach to all the persons cou- ceriK'd. (/>.) That the vessel havin"' been commissioned for the insurgent States, hei' seizure within JJritish jurisdiction was not allowable. This objection is refuted by the fourtli general rule of law laid down at the bejtiiuiing of this draught. (c.) Tiiat Clreat IJritain cannot be held res])onsible for tlu^ negligenee of wliii'h subordinate ofhcials may have been guilty in tlie pursuit of till' vessel, tor indis(!retions which may have been committed by some unknown subordinate with regai'd to her impending seizure. »S:<;. Taken by itself, an act of imprudenc'e or negligence on the jiart ol sid)or(iinale autborities or ollicials does not, it is true, necessarily entail responsi- bibty for the extreme consequences of sucli act: but when a series of acts of m'gle(;t lire in question, each of the acts in that case becomes of iinportiiiice. {(L) That the United States were themselves guilty of negligence — ill having furnished incomplete and tardy eviilence through their ajiciits. Tbis objection is refut<'d by the tilth general rule of law laid down above. By the inaction of the vessel-of-war Tuscarora,iu the waters of Liver- pool. Even if this fact were established, it would be no excuse for acts ot ucgligence on the part of the British autliorities. IV. — THE SlIENANDOAn. (A.)— Facts. l.— What tool- place from ihe time of her departure to that of her armament and equipment in the icaterff of Madeira. 1. This vessel was originally the Sea King, a merchant-vessel belong- ilu (li'lit irinv!ili(l('iit pas co di'lit en liii-inriiu', snrtout l()rsfii''oii rccoiitri', clicz timtcs ii > ]n'rs(iiiiu'S inliTcssci's, lii niriiio comijiissaiuc el la iiirmi' iiitt-ntioii ciiiniii:'!!!'. /m (^iic '.(■ vaisscaii ayaiit luv'^lin'i ui'c dt! la part d'aiitoritt's vt d'ciuployos subaltcrncs nV'Utraiiii) pas iii'ct'ssaii'ciuc^U, 11 est viai. la icsimnsahilitc pour les couscmiucuci'S cxtivuM's dc cct ai'tc ; iiiais l()rsi|u"il s'a^it d'uue s. lie (1(! U' uliucnci's. cbacuu dos I'aits ])r(U(l ; lors dc, I'iniportancc (/) (^uc Ics ritats-l'nis so soiit cux-iiicnics wudus coupal»it!s dc nct^liLji-ucc — Kn fouriii^sant" ilt'tcctueuscnicnt ot tro|) tard dcs prcuvcs ))ar Ic luoycn dc Icnrs a^i'iits. Ccttc objection est ielu!co par la iv'^ln gciicralts dc droit, No. ;>, i)osco plus liaat— I'iir la coiidniti> pen active du vaisscau dc {jucrro lo Tnscarora dans Ics canx dc Fa- vcipodl. Quaud uicnu' il scrait ctabli, co fait nc scraitpas uno excuse pour Ics actcs do ucyligeucc dcsautoritcs britauniipios. LE SnENANDOAir. (A.)— Faits. I— Cc qui se passu dqmis son depart jnsijn'il son armi'meni ct ('qnipcmcnt dans lea caux de Madtrc. 1. Co navire dtait origiiiaiiouiont le Sea King, vaisacau uiarcbaud appartoimnt il uue M mm^i^ ,j i. m 126 ARmnUTION AT GENEVA. ing to a firm in Bombay ; she Avas employed in the Enst India trado, and was bnilt at Ghusgow, in 18(53. She was a loiij>-, rakish vessel of 1,700 tons, with engines ofL'liO horse-jtower, (IJub- ertson & Co., who sold her, say only l;"iO horse-power, and not li-O,) mak- iv.g ten knots an honr ; she had made three hundred and twenty miles in twenty-tour hours; and was built by celebrated ship-builders on tin- Clyde. li. She left in November, lSG;),for Xew Zealand and for the China soas, and returnee to New Zealand, ]>.idley saw her at (ilasgow, and pointed her out to his sui)eriors as a steamer likely to be intended for a i)rivateer. 3. Ou the L'Otli Se[)tember, 18()1, she was sold in London to Riehavd Wright, of Liverpool, a British subject, and father-in-law to Brioleaii, head partner of Fraser, Trenholm «& Co. Tlie sale was registered the same day. 4. On the 7th October, 1804, Wright gave a power of attorney tou man named Corbett, a British subject, (who was implicated in mattcis connected witli vessels running the blockade,) enabling him to sell tiic vessel whenever he could within six months, at a minimum price ot £45,000 sterling. r. On the 8th October, 1804, she cleared for liombay ; left London V , • '-ew of forty-seveu men, having iirsi talvcu in coal and provis- i;. .welve months. She had on board two 18-p()un\, il I'ut veudu a LoiidroH, i\ liicliard Wiii^lit dc liivcrpodl, siijet anglais ct bcaii-pe.c de I'ricdi'aii, ee derider hi principal ussocic do I'raser, Trcii- liohn et ('"'. Tja vciite Cut ciU'eu;istr<'o le iiieiu(! Jour. •1. Ee 7 octobrti Ir^dl, A\iij;lit donna jirocuralion a nn iioinnii' Corliolt, snjet aiislai>, (ini]ili(iU('' dans des I'aits rclatil's a dcs vaisscaux (|ui lurcai<'nt Ic blocns,) de vendrt-lf navirc (piand il lo pourrait, daus le ddlai do six uiois uu prix miiiiminn do 45.000 livn- sterlinji,'. r>. Ee H oetobro ISiM, il s'acciuitta on douaiio pour IJoinbay, paitlt do Eoiidros avcc quarante-sept liomnies d'e(iuipaaravaut onibar(]uo du eharboii I't dcs provisions ])onr douzt! niois. II avait a bord deux canons niontos, dc 18 livrcs, (di' I'J livres. d'apres lo contre-nicinoiro britanni(|ui', )». 101?.) Eo memo soir, lo depart on nit annonce par teli'iri-ipln) a l'arfi;ent da sud a ldv( rpool. It. Ijo S oetoliro IstU, le memo soir onooi'c, le Eaiirol, vapour i\ In^lico, jirosipK? iieiil et snpt'rieurenicnt construit, jtartit dc liiverpool, omportant nno vinf>;taino do citoycii^ lies etiits (111 sud ot dcs Oiiissos, desiifiK'es ooinino " nifichinos," leH(|U(dlcs contcnaieiit dcs canons ct tics aH'ilts, tols (pio ooux. iMiiitloyes a bord dcs va'isscaux do {>ucrro. I.i' Eaurol ot lo !Soa King s'otaieut doiiue rondoz-voiis dans la baio do Fimchal, ilc di; Madoro. et avait KM', (riiiii' xM'tson ft 1 riicinv: fi'lt'bi'c> Ol'INIONS OF MR. .ST.EMPFLI. 127 7. On the VMh of October the Sea Kins: arrived on Fnnchal ; the Lanrel liiul preceded her by two days. Tlie two ships met and eiVectcd the tninsshipnient of the cannon, cS:e., (six larfi'e ynns, two small, caniajnos, munitions, powder, ninskets, »S:e. ;) for this, thirty-six honrs siiHiced. Corbett then came forward, aniionnced the sale of the Si'a Kiiiu', and tried to indncc the crew to remain. Ont of elfi'lity sailors, however, oi'ly twenty-three reiuained. The olhcers and men retiincd in the Sea Kiiiji" )inmbered in all forty-two, and hardly iormed lialf lier i)roper coinplcnu'nt, which forced her to nse her enj;ines. She took the name of the Shenandoah, and continued on her way under the insurgent Hag*. : II. — Steps taken by the Eiifflixh consul nt Tenet'lfe, and their result. 8. On the 12th of Xovend)er, 1804, Lord Ivussell received froin the Enj^lisli consul, at Teiierilfe, a detailed rei)ort, dated October .'30, of what had taken i>lace i'l the waters of Madeira. The consul also sent (Jorbett, c'ptain of the Sea Iving', as a prisoner to England. Among otlu'r things the report of the JOnglish consul s;iys the Laurel arrived at Teneriffc! on the iMst October lor Ihe i)ur[)ose nf coaling; the master, L'anisay, came before tlie consul and expressed a desire to land forty-three passengers who wished to return to Ijugland hy the lirst oi)portunity ; they werc^ from the IJritish steamer Sea King, at'Lomlon, which had been wrecked near the Desertas islands. On the 2od October the Laurel proceeiled on her voyage. The master i>f the Sea King, however, did not (,'ome forward to uake tlu^ usual declarations and to ask for assistance; thein(piiries made by the consid l)ioved thiit the Sea King had not been wrecked at all, l»ut that she had '^I'on already sold in London, an do deux jdur.s. Lcs deux vais.si'aiix sc it'ioit;' lOUt vt I'llcctiii'iit lc tiaiisliordciiiciit dcs laiions (>t iir ctda dc trciitc-Hix liciircs. Cnrln'tl; alois .sc ini'sciita, amidiivii la vi'iiti! dii Si'a Kiiiu,' ft idirrcha a cnifaj^cr r(Miiii|)a,ni' a rcstcr. J)i' (iuatrc-\ ini;t.s iiKitclotK, il n'cii i'<'.sta C'cjtcr.dant. i|1H' vin^f-ti'dis. Lcs orii<'ii'r.s «'t Ics Iiniiiincs (|Ui' lt> Si'a KiiifX retiiit coiiiidaiciit cm tout (|iiaraiit<;-di'iix, ct iic loiiiiaiciit ^iiiic (iiic la luoitit' lie I'c (pril lui fallait, cc (|iii Toliliifca a sc scrvir dc ses inacliiiics. II piit le nom de Slieuaiidoali, ct coiitiiiiia sa route .sous lc i»avillon dcs iiisurgcs. 11. — Dcmuirhcs dn coitfiiil aixjluh a Ti'ni'riffc, it Iciirii siiUct, *. Le 12 novcmltie lS(i4, Lord Kussell r<'<,'nt du consul aiifilais a TiiK'iilVo uii laitport d('taillc, datt' du :>(» octohrc, sur cc ([ui s'ctait ]iass(' dans lcs caux dt; Madcro. IjO consul cuvoyait cjfalcMucut Corbel t, ca[)itaiuc du ISca Kinii', [uisounicr cii Annltitcrrc. \ai rapixirt tin consul anglais dit cntr'auUcs; Lc J^aur(d airiva lc; '21 I'AiAnv nn port dc 'J'cnf'ritlc ]K)ur i'airo du charlion; lc ]»atniu lianiscy sc jucscnta iui consulat et exprinia le <1('sir dc del)ari[Uer (|uarante-trois passatjers (pii dcsiraieut I'l'toiuiier en Anyletcrre par l:i preuuert^ oeea.sion; ils veuaient du steauu-r l)ritanui(iue If Sen Kinjj, dc Ijondrcs, ipii avait fait uaufraj^fi- auprcs dcs iles Desertas. Lt! 'il$ oetolirc, le liaurel s ij:n :'r : t m vj ■ III Iji, ML 128 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. o(Tf;:('iK and sixty-two sailors in addition to her proper crow, sixty-fivf hIk'iIs, I vo tons of cannoii-i)Owd(>r, and various otlier nuinitions; that at ]Mad»-ira she liad taken in .'300 tons of coal ; that the t)anssiii|)nieHt in llie Soa Kin^' had been elfeeted at a point oil", tlie Desertas dnriny' ciilm weatlier; that tlie sailors were armed with cutlasses and revolvers; that the oflieer in coniiinind had taken possession of the ttea King in the name of the insui\!4ent States. t). On tlie J.^l November, 1801, the law-oflicers of the Crown their opinion on the report of the consul at TeneriiVe and on tin; sendiii" of Corbett as a prisoner to En<«lan.) 10. Further incpiiries in London; exannnation of sailors who had re- turned. 11. December 1, 1851. Second rei)ort of the law-oflicers; in tliis second rejjort the same law-ollicers declare that "on more < lei iberati' (ionsideration, if the Sea Kinj;' ought to be deemed to have been still a liritish shi]) wluiu Cai)tain Corbett eiuleavored to indu(!C the mow m board lier to accept the confederate service, the (piestiou whether Ini deck was not then ' a idace belonging or subje(;t to lier Majesty,' is a serious cpu'stion which ought also to be raised by the indictment, hi our former rei)ort we stated that we did not think a Lritish nu'rchaiit- ship at sea was included within Iler Britannic Majesty's d(»minions, in the sense of the act ; but, in the second clause, there are also the otliw and larger words above noticed, to which we did not then advert, ami which might perhaps receive a more extensive couslrnction."' (JJritisli Case, p. 155.) 12. On the 8th December, 1801, Lord Russell communicates to Lord Lyons the report of the consul at Teneriile. Jle adds that, on the retuiii of the sailors, an incjuiry will be instituted, and that, by the advice of the law (iHicers of the Crown, a in'osecution had already been directed against Corbett. itiarii outre son jiropiv. "^([uipaKP. soixiinte-ciiiq obiis, ciii(| tomioH dci poiidrc h camiii. I't (livcrscs aiilrcs iiiiiiiilioiis; (iii'il (>iiiliai([i!a a .Madi-ic :iili) tcmiics dc ( liarhoii ; t[W 1l tiaiisliordciiii'iil a bord dii 8t'a Kiiij; is't'tait fait sur iiii i)()iiit dos Di;s(!rta.s par ui:e iiiiT caliiu'; que ]cs niariiis liirciit ariiK'.s dc sabres e( de revolvers. L'olUcier eoiniiKiiidaiit prit possessioh dii .Sea Iviii>4- an nom des etals iiisiirj;eH. i). Lc I"' novembre iMil, les Jiiriseousidtes de la eoiiroiiiic Ijritainiiipie donnerciit Iciir ])reavis siir le I'apport du (hhisuI do U'l'iH'rille ot siir Tenvoi w, Corbett coiiMut prisonnier eii Anj;let(U'r(S ils y diseiit (!i>tr'aiitres: "Nous ne, soMinies jias d'avis (in'iin A'aisseaii liors des eaiix; britauiiiqiies est sounds a la jurisdiction britanui(pic pour te i le !Sea Kinj>' doit etro considere eoinnio ayant tonjours couservt- la natimialiti' britanniqne an moment oh lo caititaine Corbett a essayc do d«'cider le.s homines ;"l sou bord a accepter le servieo confodere, on pent so demander si bs pont do co navire notait p^s alors nn lien dans la snjetion ou an pouvoir do, sa Majesto ; et c'est uiu' qnestion seriensc (pie raecnsation dcvra (^^aloment sonbnor. Dans uotro precedent rapport, nous avons forninl(^ I'opiuion qn'uu vaissoau do conimorco britai\ni(pie no rentrait pas dans les doinainoH de mi Majestd britanniquo, solon lo Hens do I'acte; luais la deuxiemo clanso renfermo d'.'intro part des ternies phis larj^os quo nous venouj de signaler, (pie nous n'avioiis point .ilors en vne, ot qni seraieiit peiit-etro suaceptibles do recevoir niie intorprc^tation phis diondno." (Mdmoire britannitpie, p. 155.) I'i. liO H dt^eembro lS(i4, Lord Riis.ioll comtminitpio ii Ijord Lyons lo rapport (In consul do Teiidrill'o, et il ajoute (pi'au rotour dos matelots I'on oiitamcra une enqncte; quo sur le pidavia des juiiscousuUea do la courouuo I'euquoto ctuit d6ji\ eutam^n cuulru Corbett. i:i. W(\su]tM OPINIONS OF MR. STyEMPFLI. 12f) ];{. KesuU of this last procecdiii};-: acquittal of Corbott by tlic jur III. — (Utnduet of the Shennndnnlt at Mdhourne. 14. Oil the L*r)tli January, 1-S(>."», tlic Shciiaiuloah arrived at Port I'liilip. ill till' colony of Victoria, and aiiciiorod in llobsoii's l'>ay. Toward tlic middle of Xovcnihcr, 1S(!I, the mail Icl't l^uropc and rciiclicd .Melbourne about the middle of -Fanuary, biinuinj;' the news re- sjM'ctiniH" the Sea Kin^' and her tiansformation into the Shenandoah. l."). ()n the -."•th January, bSfi."*, the American eonsnl protested aj>ain.st the iidmission of this vessel and doiKdulid licr .seizure o\' the j;'overnor. Tlu' law-officers were consuiied ; the yoNcrnor answered, on the 3Uth, by a refusal. It was decided on the >ame day Wythe council that the cai>tain of the .Slii'iiandoah should not be asked for the commission of his jiovernmenl. 1(1. February 10. The American con.sul to the governor; protest im'iiinst enlistments. February l."». The law-ollicers lind the evidence sulUcient. February I.'). The jiovernor determines to await the report of the |i()liee authorities betbrc taUinj^' action. February 11. The chief commissioner of police reports: " Waddell re- fuses to allow his .ship to be .searched, sayinj^' that he ivill oppose force hif I'lirrc,'' February 11. Decision of council to >X7/Mr.s'^ Waddell to reconsider his R'sohition of forcible ()p|>osition. Susi)ension of permission to make re- pairs. IJeply of ('aptain ^Vaddell. The order of suspension is revoked. Tile law-ollicers of the Crown, subseiiuently consulted as to the re- tiisiil of Captain Waiblell, statecl to Lord Jiussell in their report of the Jlst of April, ISt;."*, that "the riyht of forcibly execntinj;' a warrant on a l)i'lliji>('rent vessel did not exist, but that an order to leave the port at Duce woidd be the conseijuence." 17. Subseipient steps of the American consul with respect to the en- listments. I'.V IJf'siiltat (li! ccttf. (lei'iiitTc ('ii(]U(''t<,' : ii(^((uiitL'iiitMit do. Corbett par lo jury. IIJ. — Cc (iitcjit /'' ShciKDidoah a .Uclhonntt: 11. I^c 'ir> juuvicr IHiif), 1(! .SliciiiiiKloiiJi iiniva i"i I'orl l*liilii)iie, colonic Victoria, et ift;i Taiicn' dans la l)aic dr llobson. Vers III nii-n()V(Mnl)rc 18til, Ic conrricr partit d'Knroiic ct arriva vers la nii-janvici- a Mfll)iMiiiit', aiipiii'tant Ics nonvcllc^s conccrnant Ic Sea King ct hh transloruuition en SlitMunuloaii. 1.'). Lc "J.") Janvier l^^fjo, Ic consul anicricain i>r(>t(;sia contro I'atlinission de ce navir*-. liaidtmanda In s(ii'reuves sutliHantes. IVviier i:{, Ic •^ouvernenr (lecido (IN-ntcndrc lo bureau de police avant de donner >iiiti'. I'Vvricr 14, h', conimissairo en chef de la police rapporte : Waddcdl refuse de laisacr t'aiii' (lcs nv In-rclies snr son vaisscau, disant qiril opiioscrait la force a la force. IVvricr 14, decision du consiiil de faire privr Waddell on oath. Thenee lie repaiis to the oilie(^ of tin detective police, and there receives answer that no action can be takin withont a warrant The magistrate dei^lares himself unal)le to tiikc upon himself to issne a warrant on the de[)osition of a single witness. and refers him to Mr. Call at \V illiamstown, who nught have evidence in his possession irom the Mater ])olice. It was about 7 o'clock in the eveninj;'. Seeing how little inclined tb' authorities were to act, the consid dete' mined himself to take the deposi tion. A copy of it was bronght, on the same night, to the attorney general, but lu* was no longer at the lionses of parlianunit. 18. The Shenandoah left on the morning of tlie l a steamship. I V. — Grnise and final fate of the Shenandoah. 21. On leaving Melbourne, the Shenandoah went to the I'acific, ami thence through JU-hring's Straits to the Arctic; Ocean, where she (Ic stroyed the Anu'rican whalers which she nu't. It is asserted tliai she burned lifteen vessels after (Japtain Waddell knew of the terniiiiii tion of the insurrection. Slu^ remained registered as an Fnglish vessel until the 17th of October, 1805. L(> 17 iV'vricr, le consul is(! rend d'aboni a'l Imicau dii t'licf dc la iiolicc, (|u"il w troiiw pas elicz liii ; j)ui.s va ti'DUvcr ratt()nH'y-<;rii('ial au I'arli'nifiit ; ct]' in dcniaiuUs one, di'ijositiou (k-rilc t'aitc .soils scainciit. Do la, il sc iviid au bnrciui dc in police sccri'tc : on liii ropond (ni»! Ton ne pent ayir jian.s manclat'. Lfjnj>ti (rinHtniclin!: declarani! jtouvoir luonilit! vsnr lui dc; doiiiicr nn niaiidat d'anvt snr les depositimi- d'lin fteiil t«hnolii, et lo leuvoic vAuv,', M. Call, a WilliaiaHtown, !e tonioiKiingt's do la police dii port. II etait environ 7 lienres du soir; voyant lo pen d'oniprcssonient de.s I'onctionnuin^, lo consnl so docida a reeovoir lni-nioni(; la dei)osition. Coi)ie on f'nt apportoo lo uk'im' soir, a '.► lioiiroH, a I'attornoy-jrenoral, niais 11 no so tronvait i)lii.s a la chauihre. Irt. 1^,0 Shenandoah partit h? IH fovrior. diois la niatinot!. 11). 11 flit constate, ot \v f>-ou\ orneiii' do Mt Ihoiiine lo constato Ini-niouie dansiiin' circulairo dn 'Zl i'evrier \f*Ky, tiii'mi uoinhri' caiisiilcialili' dv mariiis dcsthirx i\ rciifoivi Vequipaac avaicnt vie rct^iiK « lord du Sheiuitidouh avant ipril no ipiittat lo port, Ic 1" fovrier. (Monioiro britanniiino, j). 108.) 20. II n'est pas eontosto non ])Uis ((u'il prit I500 tonnes de cbarhon, ce qui, ajoiitc mix 100 (jui so tionvaient dt^.ja a sou hord, faisnit 400 tonnes. ( V^oyez citation coniideinontiiin' dans lo consid(^raiit N" III. ////. rf, ci-ai)ros.) Les experts {ttHciols dt'-lei^ues j)our los reparations du uaviro constaterent siMdciiniit que le Shenandoah n'otait pas cai»al)l(5 d<' prondio la nier coniine iiavire a rapeur. IV. — Croimhc el xoit Jiiial du Slunaiido(di. 21. Au sortir de Melbouriu-, le Sheunudoah se rendit dans I'oeeau I'acifiquo ct li'' la, par le ddtroit do Hehru) she was lijiii(it'(l over to the, UnitiMl States. \\';wl(U^ll ilccliiicd that ln^ learned ot the surrender of Lee on the 2(StIi -Fnne, l)nl tliiit lie still knew nothing of the insnr<;ent .yoN'erninent havinj; <'onie to all end. oi' which he did not become aware until the_L*d of Au;iiist. (B.) — C'ONSlDJORATIOIN.-i. \,—('o)i(ii(cf of ihc llritiiih aiifliorHien up to the moment of lite (leparlnrc of the Sea Kiny and Laurel on the Stit Oetober, l.sr»4. («.) The previous acts of the Florida, Alabama, and (leoi'/^ia should linvc rendered the liritish authorities more active, with ji view to {nv- vciitiii.i; the i'ei)etition of similar acts. [h.) And yet notliiufj was done either to secure an increase of vij^il- :iiu'0, or with the view of originatin.ij more elfective nunisures of dis (livery and pursuit, or of supplementing;" the municipal law wheic nec- essary. (c.) The transfer of the Sea Kin,i;' to the name of Wrij^ht of Liverpool, vho was closely connected v.ith one of the principal jtartners of th(> iinii (if Fraser, Trenholm »S: Co., (Septendjcr 20, LSi'a;.\NTs. l\.~-('i>iiiliiitc (Us (dilorlk'n hrifuniihiuoi JKxiiii'uii vtoiiidit (U ht sortie dn .SVx Knifffldu Laurel, Ic rt octnlire 1S()4. :iit (I) Lcs aitcs ]>i'('C'eth'iits ilii Florida, dc rAlabania |iliis (Ic vij;iiciir dc la part dcs autoriti-s Itritanuiciiu [liactcs (Ic la riK'iiu' iiatiin! ; '') Kt ]ioiiitaiit il lie sc lit ii(Mi, iii i)our rciitbrcer h |iiiif iiicilli'iirc uiitiativc datis Ic lint dc dc^coiivrir et de liii> iiinnicijialcs oil il i)onvait (''trc iK-ocssaivc iiu'elU's 1 ' ) Lii traii.sciiptioii dn Sea King an iioiii dc Wrigh I'liiii iiitiiiic avcc nil a.ssoeio principal dc la iiiaison l'"!' jiiiiihrc H((-l,) Joiiit-c an chargcincnt dc caisses conti ''"111 (111 liaiucl, aiiiait f'onrni asscz dc niotil'sd'iiiterv* (/) L'olijcctioii Moiivciit. rcpctoc ((lie lcs lois angla ll'iiJiiclttiit jias line i)anullo initiative n'c.st pas sontcn jr.M-l,. ^oiH'iali! dc droit cit(5c pins liawt. 'I t't pi'iidant. I'ou ponrrait liositcr a voir dans ccs 'I'lisaiits df violation dt^ ncntralitcdclapart dc laGrandc-liretagnc, si Ton I'l mciMc temps la suite dcs avciitiiros du Shenandoah. ct (111 (icorgia dcvaicnl .• 'uir, s'i! y avait en de riiiitiative;. iscs ct la proc<^dni'c aiiglaisc n« able, d'aprcs lostrois r(';;ics et la pvciuiers actes seiils des motit's "c-liretaiinc, si Ton n't^xainiuait \^-i mw\ ]:V2 AHhirHATIOX AT (JKNKVA. f u ^lll. II. — Coiuiucl of lite Ilt'i/ish authorities Jhnn ihc (Icpniiiin' of the, Si-n A';,„, and Ihf Laurel to the erentu u-hich took place al MelhiiKrne. {a.) Tliecoinmiinicalioiis sent oil llic li.Mli of NoviMiilicr. l.sdt, li\ ih, liritisli consul sit 'rciiciillc to liorti Kusscll. iiiid the di'positinii.v iikkIi'ihi oath on tlic 111!) ol'. NovcimIxm', iSHl.Jn- two sailois rctjniicd iVoiii .M;i (Icii'ii. coiilaiiMMJ conxiiiciii.u' I'vool' that the Wca Kin.i; ami the liiimvi iiad been tin Jiishcd, in I'^nj^iisii ports, with cvci'vlhinu' ni'ccssai'v. in tlit way ol' ai mani.Mit. sloit's, and «'(ini|>nn'nl, t(M'naltl( the Sea Kin,n' tu In transt'ornit'd, on the hi,!;ii seas or in any waters within tin- juiisdictinii (»r a. state, into a ship of war or into a jjrivateer a.uainsi t!ie I'niiiMl States. (/>.) Tlic Hritish authorities rocooni/ed in tiiis, it is tine, a viohitiiiii of their neutrality ; but their only attempt to remedy it was del'ectivi in two points: (««.) in I'>nf4'land, Judicial proccM'dinj^s were directed to be takin af^ainst Corbett oidy, the Ibrnu'i' master of the Sen Kinjn', and that, ayain. on tiie score of reciiiitnuMit only; no pi()(!eedin;;s were directed a;.;:!!!!^ the luastei' of the Laurel, or those who freijihted that ve.ssel, or a.yaiih Wrij^ht. tin' owner, al least in nann*, of tin' Sea Kini;'. It is nnii('ii> sary to say tiiat ("<)rbett's aiMpiittal does not nuxlify llie ([uestioii ;• intermit ional law. (hb.) The IJritish authorities took nu'asures aj^ainst the jx'rpetiatm^ only, an«l not ayainst the results of the violation of the law. In paitH ular, tJM'y onutted to iidbrni all the colonial anthorities ol the eiiiiiii of the illeuality wliicli attached to the ship, ti)enceforwai'd Iciiown as ilii Sheiiandoali, and to ju'ovide them with instructions to seize the vcs-rl if an opportunity slionld occur. III. — Conditei of ihc Uritish aidhorltics at Mclhouriie. {a.) It is ('ertaiii that tin; authorities of this colony ref^Mved limi: London neither coiuiminieatious nor instriietious euii(;erniii<;' the She:. 11. — Condnilr (leu aiiliirili'-^ hritdini'K/iivH (Icpiiix la xortic dii S('ai' It; coiiHiil l)ritaiiiiiiji.' lie 'IN'MrMitl't' a l.nnl l{u>.scr, ct Ics (lopositioiis faites sous sfriiiont: Ic It iiovcmlirt! 1"im pur parcil ct d't'ciuipcuicnt. pour Iburuii' au Sea Km: | It's nioyeus (111 SI! trausloruicr. (Ui plcint! uu-r on daus (Ics oaux (luclconnucs sous Jiniili' riou il'i'tat, I'll vaisscaii dr ;;ut'rri', on en corsairc contre Ics Hlats-I'nis. /)) Lcs antoriti's luitanniiincs rccoiinnrcut i ii ccla, it est viai, unc violatioii '■ Icur ncntraliti', niais clU^s uc chui'cliJJrent a y rciiu-dicr (pic d'nin; inaiiicrc di'lbctiiwi- a tin donldc jmiut dc viic. a «) I'ai Aimlctcirc il n'y t'nt do iioiirsuitc Jndiciairc! onlouiuM' ijiic coutic ('dilni: ancicii iiatrou dn .Sea Kiuj;-, ct oncorc no Ic l"nt-cllc (pic sons Ic clicr d'ouiolcmcnt ; !'"' omit dc dirif^cr dcs poursiiitcs contre Ic patron dn JjUnrel <'t lcs all'ri'tcurs d<' cc ii.ivin ainsi ipic contrt! \Vii<;lit, inoiirictaire, au nioins dc iioiu, dii Sea Kinj;'. 11 va saiisdi!- (pic I'acipiittcnient d(! ('orl)ctt lie iiiudifio poin*^ la (jncstiou dn droit des nens. h h) Ijcs aiiloriti^s hi'itauni(pics no dirijjcrcnt Icnrs iiiesnrcs (pn; (;ontr(! lcs pi'is"" ii<'«. ct nullcmcnt contre les n'snltats do la violation dc la loi. Ellcs oniircnt iiiii:i! uieiit d'infornier toiitcs lcs autoritcs coloniales dc rciiipir •) ,iiiil();ili; iiltlioiiLrh. IVniii iIh' tiiiii' wlit'ii ilic Mill lioi it ics in liKiidoii I, IS(m,) thcic li ;(1 cl.ipst'd siit'liciciil time tor the t riiiisinissioii of siicli inslnic- rjiiiis. Tlic ol)S('rviiti(»n iniidc in tiic llrilisli plciKlinys. that iillouiiiicc iiiii^i It;' ui.mIi' for till' ini'xin'i'icncc of tlir iititlioi'ltics at Mcllonrnc, is witlmiit force from (his fact. (/;.) Tile aiiliiorities af Mellxmrne sliowed t Iiemseh c ;. in several ivspi'cls. iii'.nli^^'eiil ill liie inainteiianee ot' I lieif soverei:.;!!! y as a neutral (■(tiiiilrv in llie case of the Shennndoidi ; ((((f.) They waived t!ie i»rodiietioii of tlie eoaimission whieli tiie eap- mill liehl iVoiii tile iiisiir.'^cnt States. (IJritisli Case, p. lOl.) • hli.) Tiiey suffered a refiis;il of th< ir ri.ulit to seareli tiie vessel for till' |)iii'|)ose of dis(M>veiiii;n' British snltjeefs, illejiiilly enlisted, on lioard ol lier; ami Iliey suhiniited to tlie liireat used by the captain, that lie wiiiild oppose force liy force, without iniinediately takiiii;' serious ineas- iiirs ii)j;ainst him. The icport of tlie law oflicers of the (Ji'owii, which holds that, a;.i'ainst a icl'iisal of this kind, there was no course open Init to compel the \<'s >('! to lea\(' the jimt, is not correct, accordin,:;" to international law, for use iiii;;ht be made of a similar refusal to carry out and conceal with iiiiiaiiiiiy violations of neutrality in neutral jxu'ts. [(■(■.) 'I'he only measure tak^'ii in consecpieiiceof this refusal consisted III tlie suspension of tlie perinissiim to repair which had been juranted, ;i iiieasiue which, however, was withdrawn on the mere representatiinis i)f Waddeil. (//(/.) The manner in which the amount of rejiairs ue(H'ssary tor the vissel was ascertained, and in wlii(di their execution was watched, was liiit iiiiperfecl. (lieport of ('ai)taiii Payne; ISritisii Case, p. l(»!i.) ((• ) It is ascertained that the (;row of the vessel was au.iiiiiented before licr depart lire from Melbourne by a considerable number of sailors, in spile of the constant lenionstrauces and couiplaintw of the ximerican ■.! I ■; nil Ifs antoiitt'.H (Ic Ldiulrcs coiiiiiui'iit it^ cariK.'ti'rc criiiiiiu'l ii> 1-iil) jiis(|u'!iii iiioinciU (Ic I't'iitroi^ (111 Viii.s.sciiii ;'i MclltDiiriK'. ("Jf) Janvier jsi;.'),) i| y (n'n III siii'lisamiiH'iit ill' ti'injis jiour traiisnicttrt' cos iiistuiutiDiis. L'i>l)S(^rvati(>ii jH'i'sciiti't' li;ii' Ics iiii'iiioiri's aiijilais. qiril I'aiit ])aril(iiiii('r (|iu'liiiu! chose a I'iiii'Xpriii'iicc drs .lutoi'itr's ill' .Mclln)iii'ii('. rst ]iar Ir faif iiieiiu' sans jinitrr. '/) lii's aiitoriti's (Ic Ali'llioiinii' sc luoiitiv.riit, a iilnsiciiis ('jiaiils, in^j;lini'iili's daiis li' iiiaiiitirii di' li'ur soiiveiaiiii'ti' coininc ]iays ncitlri', vis-a-\is ilii SliciiamlDali. (( '0 Kill's n'lioiii'i'iiit a si- t'airi' I'xhilK'i' l;i ;'<)imiiii liil.) /) /)) i;ilcs sr laissi-rt'nt rdiisi'i' to dr'/it. do lairc di's ])('Vi|iiisit ions a lund dii iiaviic. I'll vuc d'y dri'onvrir dcs sn.ji'ts aii;;"iais ilir'nalriiu'iit rniulrs, vt dh's accciili'ii'iit la iiirii;u'i> laitc par li' caiiitaini', dn icpoiis:-,!'!' la lorcc par la Ibri'c. sans jircndi'i- iminr- iliiitciiicnl lies nii'siiriss si'iiriiscs ('(intrr Ini. I.I' pi'i'avis lies jnrisconsnlti's dc la cunronni', jxirtMi, |\U', coiitri' inn' ri'iiili'iu'c do II' lii'iiiv, il n'y avait pas (raiitri! nioycii a employ, r '(ue celni ile I'oiei r le navire a i|nitti'i' le port, n'est ]ias .juste, (l'a|ii'<'S le droit di's;.;eiis; jiaice que Ton jionrrait se. M'ls ir il'nne pareille rdiiteiu'e coniine d'lin inoyeii de eiiiri[)ir'(i'r et de laclier iinpniie- ineiit lies \iolatii)iis de la neiitralite dans des ports iievitres. '■(■) I.a seiile niesiu'e qnis Ton pii'. fontre cette reniteiicp coiisisla a siispi'ndri' la IH'iiiiission qui avail ('to a('C'Oi'd(''(! de faire des r('pai'ation.s, iiiesmc (jni dii rcste I'nl ii'liii'i' sii'i' li's simples representations de Waddeil, (' (J) I. a coiistalution des n-parations rei'llein(!iit ni^cessaires an vaisseaii ef la ^Mr\i'illa:ii'i' dideiir exeriition ne se lireiit ([IKmI'iuu" maniero defectneiise. ( K'apiiorl '111 ciiiiilaiiio I'ayiK!; iiKMiioire l>rilaniii(iiie, p. UVJ.) '■) II est eonstati'' (pie IVqnipajj;*' dii vaisseau fat reiiforco, avant son dei)arl de Mi'llioiirne, iVun noiultio c'onsidi'rable de iimriiiM. malirn' les (UMionciatioiis el le.s 'W Ui- ^m M \:\4 AKlWrKATInN A'l' UKNKVA. <'(>tisiil. (( "irciiliir of tlio fiMVcirioi- ol' Mrlboiinic ol' the l!7( Itiicti;, IS*;.-,; r.iitish Ciisc, p. Kj;;.) ((I.) Il ;i|»|>('iir.s ;ilsi> to lie |»iov«'(l thut tlu' vessel was iillowt'd to i;i|<,. oil Itoiird .'!0(» Ions of coiil, wliicli, ii(l(lS, nnd Anierieiin ('iis<', p. ;117, In '^'riie ("inise of the Shen;iinl(»idi," l)y Hunt, it is moreover s;ii(l tli;;, llieve were .'!(»() tons taken in, wiiieli, witli the 100 tons siie nlreiidy liad on board, ^a\'e a sullieient supply lor the cinise wliieh was eontcm pla(vd. (Anieriean Appendix, vol. vi, p. (JDS.) Aeeordin.L;' to the lepoit oi' tlie. oiUeial exjierts, (liritish Case, p. Idj, tlu! .Shenandoah was not lit to jjfo to sea as a steaaishi]); I'roni whieli it "m!I1 ilisli may he inl'erred lliat, as a sailinj;' Ncssel, she was lit to j^'o to se pare the i('|>()rl on the repairs of the I-'lorida at liei-ninda : l',r < -onnter Case, p, IL'T.) The snpitiy of coal was m>t, thereloi'e, a ne(U'ssary condition of rln nenlial asylnni. and, in sni>plyin.!L>' her with so larinc a (pnintity of ci.ii, the capacity oi' the ship for maKin.n war was increased, just as inncli un l>y the I'ecrniliin'nt oi" her crew which totdv phun^ (C.) — rllDliMENT. in the acis which ha\'e Just been enumerated there exists a violatinii ations of neutrality laid down liy the liiree rules; conseipiently (ireat liritain is responsible U.v tin American ships which were destroyed by tlu? vessel in (pn>stion. V. — Til]'; si:MTKii. (A.) — IsVCTS. i. The Sumter was a cruiser of the insurj;ent '"es. (Mjuipjtcd in tlni ports; she left the mouth of the M .ppi and comnicncd crnisinffon the.'iOth ofrJune. IStJl. 1:! I '? rc.cijniiatiiiiis iKni-iiitci ri)iii]Mii's du coiisiil iiiiit'iicaiii. M 'irciilairc ; iiK'nioirc l)ritaiiiii(|tic, p. KiH.) (/) [1 i),iiiiii aiiHsi ('laltli (lu'il I'lit pi'rini.s an vaiss(!im (I'ciiiUannicr '.'M> loiuifs .!i cltarhou, (•(■ «|ui, ajoiitt' aux lei) toimcs (|ii'il avait cticorc, cii taisait IDd. (('"est ci' (pii dit II' consiii aintTicaiii IJlaiu'liaid an jioiivcriifur ; appi^iKl icr amcricani, lom. il:!.- •f iiKMnoirc aiai'iicain, ]). '.MT.) " La ('roisii'ic dii Sliciiandoali," par Hunt. ih! lar i-oiiiic (pril y I'lit 'M^ tniinos cniltaiiim'TS, ci' (ini. ajiniti'' aux Idil >\\\\ n'v t roiivniriii ('iicoM', faisait line provision snl'lisanlc |)oni' ia croisii'i-i' ipic Ton a\aii rinlciitimi d"<'nti'cprcndi('. ( Aiipcndicc anioiicain, tonn* vi, i». ti'.t-.) Scion Ir rajipoi't (li'< rxpcits ol'liricls. (nii'moiri' l)i'itanni((n<", p. l<>"~i,) It' SJn-nandoali, en tant (piv vaisscini a \ap('nr, iTctait pas rapahlc di; inctti'n fii nn'i', d'oii Ton pent conclnrc ipic coiniiii \(>iliiT. il ponvail Icnir la incr. ((.ionipavcr It! jn't-aviH snrlcs rt'iiaraVions pour U; Floridii a lii'rninilt'. (Contio-int'nitnrf britannitiuf, p. 127.) li'ai)in'i)visionii('nn'iit ilf cliarlxni n'l'tail tlom^ pas nni: oblijfatifui tit' I'asiU' ncntrt':!'! i'\i Ini t'onrni>.sant' nnt' si I'orto ipnmtitt' i\i' chavlMin. on rcni'oix'ait la t'l'.pariti^ tlu vaiv 80;in :\ faii'f la f;in!iTc tontaiissi l»ien tjn'cn anj^iuentant son t'linipajfti, tMnnuu' ou I'livnit lail,. (C.)— .IrtacMKNT. t>ans Ics faits iiui vicnncnt tfrtrt) ('unnHU'i'S, il i^xisto nnc, violation, tit' la part ili! h (!randt'-Bri'ta;;ni', tics t)b!i (liUcrniiut^eH )>ar Ics frois ri';^lt>s. Kn cnii- si'qiuMU'c. la (rranilc-Hrctagni^ est I'csixuisablt) pour ics niivircs aiui'ricains tpii out I'ti' di'truits par ]<■ vaissoau tjn i|nestion. LK SIJMTKK. (A.)— FArrs. 1. Lc .Sunitci' t'tait uii croi.scnr des ctats insui'fjf^s, oqnipo dans leurs ports; il soirii lies passes dn Mississippi et conunciiva sos courses le 30 juiii IHGl. OPINIONS ol' Ml{. sT.KMI'I'r-I. 13') J. Afh'i' liiiviii;^' jMiuli' six inizcs, sIm^ first «'iiftli of .Inly, IStJI. she airivcd ill the Dutch jtoit of Saint Antic, in llic isiiiml of Ciiiiiroii, ilicrc took ill coal, iitid staid c'yiit days. On the ."lOtli ol' .Inly siic iviiclicd the I'.iilisli port ol' Trinidad, al'lcf lia\iii^ iinnlc in all eleven |iii/rs since her depailiirc I'loin the \yaters of the Mississippi; she re iiiiiiiicd six da>s in this port, and there shipped a coniplel(> supply of coal. Ailcr havin;;' lell 'i'linidad, the Siinitci' touched, aiiion^- olhci' |ilii('('Si at the port of I'araniariho, (Dutch (liiiana,) where she took in a supply of coal, from the !)th to (he .'Jlstof Aiijunst; at I'ort Koyal, in Mintini(pie, where she look in coal anil reinained foinleen days, from the KHli to the I'.'Wl of Xo\('ml)er; al ('adi/, when^ she staid lil'li'cn (lii_\s; ij\n', \ni\ in, on the ISth of .laiinary, iSdU, at (lihraltur, iiftor liaviiifi" made six fresh prizes since her «lepartm'e from Trinidad. ;». 'riie Sumter remained at the |>ort of (libialtar until Decicmber, ISii;}, when she was disarmed and sold by public miction. The oi1ic«'r.s, anion,!;' whom was Captain Senimcs, \> ho subse(|ueiitly loiiiiiianded the .\labama, abandoned the vessel and went to l-iii^Iand. I. From l'\'bruary, lS(;ii, there had been riiited States ships of war stalioiied in the waters ol' Alu'cciras. to watcdi the Sumter. r». The representati\('s of the llnitcil Stales al (libraltar and liOiidon |iiotcstcd against llie sale of the Sumter as liclitioiis and inadmissible, ;ii'c(ii(lin,ii' to international law. (!. On the !)tli of February, ISl!,'), the Sumter escaped from (libraltar and arrived at Liverpool ; she remained there till the ."Sd of duly, was liDiii thence employed as a transport-ship, and left that port under tlie iiaiiic of the (libraltar, carrying' a car;;'o of heavy artillery. What be- raiiic ol her afterward is not e\ -tly known. It only appears, from the evidence, that United States ships still watclu-d her for several months iiltcr she Uil't laverpool. (The ( 'onueelicut, from the .'Jd of Auj^ust to St'jitcmber, 180;!; United St.ites Appendix, vol. iv, p. iL'O, table.) i ■J. Aprcs jivoir la it six iMiscs, il ciitra d'ahord Jiii port ('s]iiinn<>l tie ( 'iciiCiii'nos, (Ciilia,) III il (MM I >a 11 1 11:1 (111 cliarlioii ; Ic 15 Jiiillct ISIH, il arriva an port liollamlaisdo Sti-.-Aiiiic, hills I'llc (k- ('iirar:i(), y tMii!)an|ii;i, dii cliarhoii ft y si-Joiinia liiiii jours: h; :{() Jiiillot, il atl('iy;iiit lo jyort l)ritaiiui(iii(^ (l>' la Ti'iiiitt'-. apivs avoir fait ni tout oiizt! pri.sivs dcpiiis sisiiitii' dcs caiix (111 Missi.ssii>pi ; il rcsta six Joiu.s dans cc port ct y lit uu coiiiplot ap- liiovisioiini'iiu!iit dc cliarboii; apri's a^'oir (|iiitt(' la Triiiitr, lo Sumtci toiudia ciicoi't?, I'litr'aiiti'i's, aiix ports dc J'araiiiaril)o, ((iiiyaiif hollaiidaisc,) oil il s"api)rovisio!ma dc iliiiiliDii, (III [) ail :U aoiit ; dc I'ort l?oyal a la Maitiiii(|iic. oil il ciiihaiiiiia du i-liarl)oii 't nsta (piator/c jours, (til Id an '2'\ iioxciiilin^ : di? ("adi/, oil il si'joiiriia (piiii/c jours; il I'litra, Ic is Janvier lSii->, m (iikraltar, apri-s avoir fait six iiouvclli-s prises dciiiiis sou ili'liart dc la Triiiitt'. X Li' .Siiiutcr rcsta an ]ioil dc Oibrallar jnsi[ircu di'ccinhrc I^.VtW, ('poniic a laiinidlc il tut dcsariiK' ct, V'Midn anx ciiclii'i'cs inildi(|Ucs. Lcs olliuiins. pariiii Icsiincls si! troiivait Ic capitainc Scitinics, plus tavd coniinaudaut lie i'Aliil)aiiia, ahandouiif'riMit l(i vaissoau ct sc rciidirciit en Aiiucttcr Ic Snnitin'. •'). Li's rcpivsentants dcs fitats-Uiiis a (JiUraltai ct a Londrcs protcstcreut contrc l.i veiite (111 Snintcr, (H)ninic li(ttivo ct inadniissibh; d'.ipn-s Ic droit dcs ffisns. 0. Le 'J IV^vricr IHiliS, Ic Snmtcr s'('cliappa dc (Ulbraltiir et arriva a Liverpool; il y iistii jns(]u'au ;] jiiill(!t. fiit do la cinployi^ coimiio vaisscau de transport ct (jnitta ce poit sons lo noin dc "le Gibraltar," cinportaut uik; carj^aison d'artillcric do lusienrs inois aprt's Ni sortie de Liverpoid. (Le C(nmeetient, du :5 aout jubfpi'eii Hepteuibre 1863 : appeudice iimoricain, tome iv, pag(! ViO, tableau.) A ' ■ i i I •hi: \:ui ARm'I'KA'riON A'l" GKNE\A. (H.) — t'OXSIDETJATIONS. I. — lieNpcctiiif/ irlidt tooli j)U((r up to fitr itiomitil of the iTsael^s entrij inh, (iihraltar. (n.) With tli<' r\c('i»ti(»ii oI'Ihm' Ntii.\, ;uh1 tlic sup]>ly of coal which tin Smiitcr took in at Trinidad, none of tlic acts in (|ncstioii took i)lii(( witl'iii Uiitisli JiuisdictioM : consccincutly, (Ircat J>iitain is icsponsiMi I'of notiiiii.ii' wiiicli occniicd hcfoic tlic arrival of tiic Siuiitcf at Tiiiiiihul. (//.) The pcrniission yivcn lo tiioSnnitcr to remain and to take iiicdul at Tiii'.idad. .) 'J'he ji'rantin;:' of such shelter is contrary to the second rule ol tin treaty, acconl in J-' to which a ru-utral port must not serve as a base oi operations to bellij^crents. ami. coiise(|uenlly, must not seive them eitlici as a refu.n'c trom the enemy, while .uivinj.^' them, at the saau> time, tin opl)oitunity of leavinj> it at will. {(•.) The objection which is made that the Sumter entered Gibralt;ii iji. 'ill, m V ' (15.) — Co.NSIlHOliAMS. [. — ('onirriKiiit ci (jui fr pnnHd Jnntin'oit DKmtrnl dc Fcnlrir (hi vainscaii <) (Vihrallav. M (111 si'joui' ct (!(■ fjipprov isiiimiciiicnl <|ii(' til Ic Sitniti'i- :i l;v Tihiii', aiK'iin dcs I'iiits I'll i|iii'.sii()ii n-ciit lieu ihiiis bi jiiiiilictioii iirittuiiii^inc: piir coiisi i{iii'i:! lii <;r;ui(lc-15i«'t:i^in' u't'st ri'sponsalilc pour ricii df cc (pii sc passii avaiit rariiMiii tSnmtcr a in 'I'liiiitc'. h) La j)cniiissioM doiiiK't' an Kiiiiitcr i.tc srjdiii'iicr ct dc lairc dii cliarhDii ;i 1j Ti'lniti'' lie constitnc pas a cllc si'iiio iiiic liasc sullisaiilt' )M)nr (|ii'.' Ton piiissc ai'ciiMr It's aiU(i!'i(<'S liritaiiiii(|iii's d'avoir ni.iiiipK- a Iciirs devoir.) dc iii'iUraliti'' ; <;ar ci' tiiii lU' jK'iit ('tri' coiLsidt'ii' isoli'iiH'iit. piii.s(|ii(', avaiit ct apii's. If .SmntiT avait <''t(' iidin -' jeeli(ni (|iii est t'aite tiiie le Snnilei- tdait (^iilre a (iilnaltar a\anl la piil)lii:i OPINIONS OK MR. ST.KMPFLI. 137 liclinc tiio imhliciitioii of tho oHicial circular oC tliP .'Ust of Jr.iinary, isiL', wliicli limits tlic stay of bclli^icrciit vessels in neutral ports, is iiiiiiKitcrial; for, [il.) I'.vcii witliotit tlic publication of that circular, tlic lirantinji' of shelter wliicli look place would have been contrary to the duties hiiu ilowii in the second rule, and to the j)rinciples of a real and elfective iiciitndity. If.) Moreover, to interpret the circular of the .'{1st .lanuary, l.S(L' n the sense that it I'clated oidy t( tlic shii>s of belligerents \vhi<'li should in the liitiu'c enter Hrilish i)orts, and not to tiiose which wrre already in them, is ill opposition, if not with the letter, at least with the seiis(> and si)irit ill wliicli the cii'ciilar was ]>idtlislied. I /■) Tile disarmament and sale of the Sumter after she had been eleven iiKHitiis in the port of (libraltar were the continuatio" and «'onc',usiou ottlie coui'se pursued np to that time, and wliicl: consistid in saviii,^' tlu> sjiip. lier armament and lu'icrew, Irom tiie enemy ; and these acts were as little in conformity with the mainteiiam-e of a real and cirectix f neutrality IIS tlie whole of the pi'ocetMliii,<«s from the be.i>innin,i;, and the less so iicciuise they were accompanied by the followin;^ ciri'iimstances in iiiijiiavation: //.) The sale of the ship v>as oidy tictifious, as appears from the ilm'iuiients; 'file proceeds of the sale of the arms, ^Kie., wei'e])aid over to the treasury «' tlie iiisrj'.n'cnts; Tlie ollicers of the \'essel and the rest of her crew remained at liberty, and a certain number of them re-entered tihortly afterwaids the servi(;e oi'tlie iiisur,u('nt States. (/(.) According' t's ))iirls iiftUrcs, est suns inirlcc : cur, il) Miinc saii.s \n i»iililitiitimi dc ccili' liiciiliiirc In ftmccssiuii (I'lisilc ijiii iiiiin avcc I'l icttrc, dii imiiiis avcv Icsciisci ropiit dans lcs«|iicls eel Ic ciiciihiiri' I'm |iiildi(''c. ,' ! l.c dcsariiicnicnt ct la vciilc dii SnintiT mi ImjiiI tic on/c inois dc sijunr dans Ic iMirt dc (iilirallar I'lircnt la ((iiitiiinatiini ct la t . :icliisiiiii dii itniccdi siiivi jns(|ti'alurs. I'l i|ui cDiisistait a saiM'cr lU' rcnnciiii Ic vai>-.can, son annciiiciil ct sun cciuipanc; ct 'I'Mictcs anssi fiircnt aiissi |icii cunruniics ;r iii.iinlicn il'iiiic iicntraliti' ici lie el clVec- '■vi'(|iic toiif If i>r(ieod('', di's Ic coimncncciiicnt, cl cela d'aiitant iiioiiis ijirils ctaiciit iriiiMi|ia;;iics dcs cironsiaiiccs aufrravantcs siiivanti's. '" I, a vcnlc du vaisscan iic I'lit i|iii' (ictivc, aiiisi iin'il appcrt d'aprcs Ics actcs : 1.1' inddult dc la vciitc dcs ariiics, Ac I'lit vcisc dans la (.'aisse dcs iiisiir^ics ; lit'> (ijlicicrs (In \aisscau cl ic rcstc, dc l'«''(|iii|>a;;i' n stcrcnt cii <''ta( dc liltcrti', ct iin 'I'l tain nomliic d'cntr"cnx rctitn rent . )>i'ii dc temps a]ii'i's, an service dcs <'tats insni'^cs. ''I h'aiMcs Ics prinei|ies dc iienlraliti- oltscrvi's siir tcirc, les lioinincs i|iii clicrcliciit I'll ic|'iii;c I'liiitrc reiincini hoiii ili saniie-i ct intciin's, Ic inati'i'ici |ii'ils cnipurtcnl est Mi>i cl n'cst rcstitiii' ipi'a la tin dc la «jiicrrc : les antorit's dc ( iliraltar aniaicnl dii ■'Uii' 'I'liiie iiiatiii'rc aii:il(mui'. on liicii cUcs anraiciit dii lorcer Ic iiavlrc, a\ce son ariiic- iiiiiit ct sun cimipa};e, a <|nittcr Ic ]»«>rt. dans nn dtdai lixi', saiif a le poiuvoir d"im .saiil- I'oiulitit jiiH(|ii'a;<\ liniltes dc la jnridit tioii lit'itaiiiiiqiic 138 I 'in i 111 AK'HITKATION A'l (JKNKVA. lUIxniKNT. 1. (hoat Britain has not fiiilodiii her duties, as laid down in tho tluci' rules, in r<'sj)ect to the Sumter, up to the t'litranee of thai vessel iut,, diliraltai", ami is not, therefore, responsibh^ tor the ships desti'oycd i,v the Siniiter. L*. On the otiier iiand, (Jreat Uriraiii has violated the second rule in affordin.in a protracted shelter to rlie Sumter, and in iiermittin,i;' flir di. arntament and pretended saleof that vessel in the port oi" (lihraltai. ami is, therefore, I'esjxuisihle Ibi' the sum for which the Snmter her ariii;i nmnt an{'nts took posses sion of he)', and tiuiu'd her into a schooner. Shi^ wcht to sea anain mnlci the name of the l{ei riliutioii, and cruised in the aei/iiihorhood of the i>ahamas. 'J. In the moidh of necemher, lS(i:j. she captured the Anu'iicaii schooner ilanover, and took her jni/.e to I'ortune Island or Lon^' (,';i,v, (one of the iJahamas.) The ca])tain of the IJetrihntioii. one Locke, alius Parker, went heloif the authorities of rlie port with the i)ai>ers of the Hanover, represeiitoil himself asthe master oi" that vessel, under the name of Washinjilon ('asc and stated that he had been shipwiccked on one ol the neiji'hboriii; islands, and that he was in distress; that In- had been bound IVom IJosioii (('.) — JltilMI.N 1. 1. Lii ( ii'.nnli'-l)ii'iiiL;in' Ti'ii )i!is iiiiiiii|M('' a scs devoirs, (lofonliint tlt's triiis rJ'ijflcs, I'll (•(' i|iii i-oiicfiiir li' SmiiiIci- Jiis(|u';t fciitiv'i' dc cc vaisscan a (iiln'allar, ct (die ii'rst, pii: (■(>iisc(|ii('Mt. ]>»>■ ri'>iiiMi.-'alilc iiiiiir jcs (IcstniclKiiis dc navircs cH'cctin'M's ),ar li' Siiiiiti:. •J. I'ar ciiiitri'. la (iraiidc-itrciauiii' a vinli' la ivj^le "2 cm iicroi-daut iiii asilc in'.ilnnp ail Siiiritci' ct cii tiilcraiit Ic dc-^ariiicintiil ct la pn'tciwliic vciitc d - cc vaisscaii ilaii>!' ]i(iir (Ic (Jjlirallar. ct idle csl,|»ai' ci>iisi';|iiciit, rcs|Mi!)sal>tc [iDiir ic prix dcvciili'il: Siimtci', dc siiii ai'iiicMiciit ct dc son ('•i|iii|)ciiiciit, pour Ics t'rais dc siii'vcillaiicc piii li^ navircs ilcs Klals-l'nis dcvanl Ics canx ;c dcs Kaliainas. 'i. An iiiois dc d<'ccmlirc l^'(>•i, it eaptiira le si liooncr aiiK'-iicain Ic Manovcr. el aimii' sa prise a I'tlc I'^orlnnc mi Loiiy; ("ay, (rnnc des Maliaimis.) I.c capitainc de la Rctiileition, noiiinu'' liOeUe, kUkh I'ai'kcr, sc pri-seiila aver l''^ pnpiers dn navire Ic ilanover aiix aiitorites dn port, sc lit passer pmir ic patron lU-f^ imvire sons le iioiii dc Wasliiiifrton Case, ct rapporfa (|ifii avail iait iiaiil'ia<;e a riiniili- !ieH voisincs ct (piMl I'tait en ([(Hresst^; qii'll avait ote destini'i de iioston h la llaviun OPINIONS OF Mil. .ST.K.MI'FLl. i:5!i •0 IIii\;i:i!i) with liiicrty to seek iinotlicr iiiiirkot; tlint iiis iiisfiiictions iiiitlioiizi'd iiiiu lo dispose of his (".ir^n'o, iiiiil to iniikc iisi- of thi' proceeds III takt' in a caryo of salt, and to run the bhjckaih' willi it. Tin' ship's pap''is '.vciv ('x:;iiiin('d ;iiid louiid to he in confoiinity with Ills (h'rhiratioiis ; they were inch'cd made out in the uaMic ui'lhc mas- ter. Washin;;ton Case, antl it was iinihT this name tliat I.oikc \v,is ad- mitted into the port with the Hanover, and tliat tiie ship's e,)ri;-o was I'xclian.ued for one of salt. :). Later, on aei-ount of remonstranees nnuh' by an Anierie;ni ai^cnt, Locke was prosecuted at Nassau, on account of this act. The iirst lime lie was reU'ased on bail, and siu'ceeih'd in escaping;' tiial by l.dvin;4' \\\y the c(>Mrt for want of evi- liciice to ))ro\(' his identity, (l''ebi nary, ISi).").) 1. l*re\ious to these judicial pioeeedinjis the Retribution had alsoeap- tiacd. in the m'ij^hborhood of Castle Isl.cnd, the Anu'rican briij;' I'hiuly Fisher, cai'ryin;.; a (*ar{>"o of su.uar. 'I'lie master of this latter vessel, named Sti'ples, relates what happened in the folhrvvin,i;' muuner: Tlie prize ];;'.viu'>' been made, the capt(U' made an arran^enu'ut with seine wreckers and tln'u stranded tlie vessel. alt"r whiidi the wreidci'rs took possession of her; and she was then brou.uht i)a(dj to rjon.-;" Cay. iicconipanied by the IN tribution. The mastei of th(> I'hnily Fislun* was not allowed to take })ossession III his ship a;;ain until he had paid ~t'<) per cent, of the pric(^ of the carjio, and ."».'j.\ ])er cent, of the value of the vessel, to the wreckers. When he had made this payment he was rei)Iaced in possession by tiie nillcetor; the aul horities (lechuvd that the law would not allow the iTiiiser to touch the bri,u', but that, even if they wished, they had no moans of prevcntinj;' it ; ami, lindiiij:' liinrself under the jiuus of tlie I'liiiscr, he had preferred i)ayin^' what was asked of him. In the Uritisli counter case it is admitted that this statement may be true, that tliere had been a conspiracy bet'.ceu the cai»tain of the iJet- ■f!! ivir ruciiitr <■. ; I r I'lit muis fc iiom (|ii.- Locko lut mliiiis ail jioit avcc If llaiiDVcr ct (|iit' la carjial.siHi iln iiav in- I'lit fliaiii;' i' coiitrc uiif ilf.scl. :i. I'liis tard. a la suilc iiiil\ I'lslier. portaiit iiin' ciirffalsdii ill' siu'ie. Lc patnm ile ee dcniier vaisscaii. iioiiiiiit' Staples, laconte cc ipii s'est passr'' ill' la uiaiiiere siiivaiite : La inisf laite, le caideiir etii-it entrt' CM relaticui avee (|ii(d(|iies ivr< ■ ' ' i avait cii- Miitf I'liif ('•(•litiiier le navirc ; apivs (pioi les irndiirx s'eii etaieiit i;uii....s; unsuitt; il •i\ail i't('' raineiit' a f-mi^' (Jay sons la eondnite dn Ixetiiliiitioii, Liii, patron dc rilniily t'islier, ii'avait t'li' 'mi <'tat de reprendre possession de son vais- ^'■aii i|u'il ii'i'iit pase an\ irccc/icc'* ;">(! pour cent dn pi'i\ de la c;irj;aison, et ',V.\\ pon. cent li' la \ aliur dn vaissean. liorsipi'il eiii depost- ce paieineiit, il a\ ait I'di' leinis en p<>s- ^I'ssiiiii p.'ir le collect eiir ; les antofiti's avaieiit diMdare ipie les lois iie peniiel tiaieiit pas 111 (•l■(li^,l Mir de toiielier all Iti'lcU, niais iine, (jiuiml ineiiie elles le voiidrai lit, elles n'aii- I'lii'iit aiieiiii nioytMi d^^ I'ciiipeelier ; el. sn Innivant sous les ciiuous dii croiseiir, il aviiit Hiieiix aiiiit' payer ce, (pi'ou liii dcinaiidail. IJiUis II' contre-UKMUoiie luitauni(|iie. on recoiiiiait tiue cct expost- jieiit etre vrai, ipi'll y iiViiit cu (!()iuplot cutre le capitaiue ilii K'ctriluitiou et les inrrkcrx e» vuo d'cxtoi chan.u'cd her name to that of the l^ttii, and both these transactions were rei^istered by the autiiorities at Nas- sau. On her liist \(>ya>lii Fi.slicr. it appears to be proved that, in IJritish Jurisdiction, by means of n conspiracy between the captain of the (;ruiser and somi^ of the crew ot the wi'cckinji' \essels. exactions w<'re i>ractice; inais (jUi! n'y iivail pas en dc plaiiiti; portci' coiitrc ics autoiitcs colonialt's. ct (pu-, dcpiiis Im- iiLMiC alls s'('tai('iit i'- tri's jiar li's autdiitis dc Nassau, l.ois dc son jiicniicf soyaf^ca Ni'W Vorli, v.u ipuili! dc transport, il y I'nt rt'connn coniinc I'ancMt'n l»ttriliiilio'i. ct I'nt s(''(picsti'c jiarl ■ aiitoritcs ct V(;iidii. ( M.) — CoNSlDKIJANT.-. { .\.) C(! qui sf iKissii iiniirn:«iil Ir nuiivrir. Los autoritcs In ilanni(pics n'cn sont pas rcsponsablcs. jjuisiprdlcs I'liirnt froiiii"- (plant a I'ciitri'-i* ct a la vmic \\o la jirisc a l>onj; Cay, I't (pic, dc la nianiiTc dont vfVv tiDiiipcric tin coniinisc, il iic pent Iciir ('"tri^ rcpioclK' dc iK'n'lincncc coiipaldc. II n'y ;i pa-> imn plus dc in oi if dc i(Nii()iisal>ilil(- dans ra((piitlcinciit siil(S('Mpiciit, \m\: vv fait, (III captaiiic l.ockc jiar Ics trilmnanx dc Nassau, ]niis(pril n'cst pas ctalili i]"' y ait CII (Ics dclanls I'vidcnls dans la iir()C(''iliirc ct ht Jiii;ciiiciit. (H.) Ci' qui xc jKinsd (onccriKuil r f''milji Fiilicr. II par.'iit cDiistah'' (pic dans l;i jiiridiction hritannicpic, an nioNcii d'lin coniplot tuin' ciitrc Ic capitainc dii cioisciir ct (pichpics itoniincs (r('iinipa.'.;(' dc bateaux dc saiivclii'.' il I'nt coiiiinis dcs exactions contrc vv. vaisscan, apr(s (pi'il cut (>tt' ('aptnr(' ct aimi' dans Ics eaiix ct Ic port dc I.oii); Cay ; ( i (pic Ics aiit(Mit('s dii iioit cii avaicnt coiiniii- saiicc, Ics clioscs s'l'-lant, |)oiir ainsi dire, p.-isx'cs siuis leiirs yciij, ; (pic, iKHiobstaiil cl' CCS antoriti's n'av aicnt pas fait unc scmIc d(''iiiai'(dic, ni en viic d'aceordcr iJi'oli'ctii'" ofI'c(jtivc, ni cii VIIC d'cntainer ton, for the .u'overn- Mieiit oi' the aibitrat(us in makin,i;' up their judj>inent. have ^iveu I'ise to much di.scussion in the picparatory aryiiinents of flic (i})]i()sin<>- parties. ;iMt()iit'''s sii|ifri«'nrfs dc cc i|iii hi; passait; que Iticii plus, ct cii siiilt; di- (('s laits. If Itt iivrii l^ii;!, .si'iii .St iiiiiiiii'M itpivs Ics <-vi-ii('iiit'ntsi|iii avairnt cii lieu, la vciUi- ct tc cliaii;;!'- iiiciit fill iioiii (Ir l'i<'tiil>iUi(iu s'eltt'ctncrtMit ct <|iio ccs aclcs I'lirciit cnrcifi.slrc's jiar to uiitoiitcs a Nassau. ({".) I.f» ohjiiliiniy ijiic jirrxtnhhi iliiniiU-Uri Idijiu — (^iic cc n'cst (|u<; lu'uf alls ajiics Ics fails a('c(Hii|ilis (|Mc I'ou irclanic au sujct ilc ri'.iiiiiy l'"islu'i' ct <|iic l,(>n;i Cay csf, iiu imit ]n-\\ lVcc|iicntc ct I'-caili'— m'oiU pas (fiui- ]imtiui(c. jiarcc i|Ut' la iialurc ilu dt'lit cdMiiiiis a I, on;;- Cay fai.sail jiux autoiiti'-s mi de- voir irintcrvciiir n.i(ii;xn, ptuir scivir dc <;uide aiix arl)ilics, pour lornicr Iciirjiif^c- iiiciii, (nit doiiuc lieu iV !■ neiiup do diseussious dans Ics exposes prc|»aiat()irca i\v^ pai- tif's oppowintcs. 142 AUniTK'ATlOX AT (iKNKVA. 1 the sido of (ii'cat liritain, an ('X|»laiiati(>ii of tlicin is f;iv(Mi in tlic ■ ..iiihcrc " v I Or '.Hli, KHli, and I UIi |)ro|)o.sitions, laid down on the L'k!: and L'.-)tli i»ii of tlic case. The snl)i('('t is aj;ain consnltMcd in pa.u'('s IM and L'l' of tin- voiiinu. railed tiio Coiuilcr Case. It is a^ain ii'iciird to in tlio Stli and !)th pages of the \-olnine eallcil the Aijjinnient or Snniniaiy. Ijastly, il is treated in a nH)re general way in tiie ar.i>nnient presented 1>.V !Sii' iionndell I'ahner, eonnsel on behalf of Her liritannie Majesty, on the L'r)th Jnly last. On the side of the I'nited States, an explanation is inesented in pa;;ts l."»() to l.")S of the volume called The Case, Jt is a.nain referred to in the sixth paj^'e of the Counter Case. The sul)jeel is ajiain treated in paj^cs ;>1(> to -'ti'i.' of the Ar^niunenl di Si; miliary. i a tly, it is discussed in a more s*'n<'i''>l ^\''>.v in tl'<' arj^unu'nt suii niitt(d l>y the eouiisi'l on behalf of the Cnited States on the ."»th andiilli ol' An^yiist. I'he olijeetion which I am constrained to admit as existing' in my niiinl t(» the (Iriiish discussion is, that it ai>pears to iiddress itself for flic most part to the establishment of limitati<»ns to the meaning of the words rather than to the e\|>lanation of the obligations wliieli tlic.v imply. Tile olijeetion which 1 am constrained to '.'wn to the Ameiican deliiii tion is that 1 do not lind the word "due" used in tin' sense aitriijutcil to it in any dictionary of I'stablished authority. Yet it does not appear to me so dillicult to lind a suitable meaning lor these wonls. l'eriiai»s it may have been overlooked fnnn the very fiict of its sii!ii»licity. 1 understand the word diligenee to signify not merely work, bat, to use a lamiliar phrase, work with a will. T'he force (»f the (jualilyiiig epitiiet "due" can be best obtained by tracing it to its origin. All lexicographers derive it from tlu' Liiliii verb " debere." which itself i.s a eompound of two woids "Mle" and " XI Dii coti' (Ir l;i (iraiKlc-liri'ta^iie, ifiiii' fXiilic:i(ii)ii I'll csl (Iipiuh'c (i;uis iiis i)""', !()"" 1 1'"' i)iu|M)sit ions ]iiis('cs, paurs ril ct ■,'."> till ■■l.'asf." I.csiijcl i'.'st ii>ii, |ia,u;cs > el '.(. ilii voiiiiiir iimiiiui' ■■ Aiifiiiiniit "' mi " Sin mary." I'iiiliii ilisf trailc (I'liiic niaiiicn' ]iliis ".jcnnalc daiL.-. Ic iilaiilnyiT )irfsi'iiti'' jtai S noniiiu 'aliMiT, ctiiiscillcr (If ,sa .Majrsti- In ilaiiniiiiu ."i jiiilli't (IciuiiT. Diiculi' (Its I'^tats-I 'iiis. mil' cxiiiira' 'Hi ot pii'sciili'c. jia^cs l.Mi a 15^ du voli iiii>' lloliiiiic Ic •• ('a^ II y est t'licdif I'ail alliisioii, pajrc (i tin '•('(Minli-r-iasf.'' I.c Niijt't est tic iioiivcaii traitf, jiajifs liKi a '.V>\i tit- '• TAi j^uiiiciit " dm ■• Suniiiiaiy." I''.iitiii il ', st ilisciilc irniif iiiaiiici'c jiliis jri'iit-ralf duns Ic plaitloycr pn'sciiti' par li» fonscillt IS tics l^tals-l'iiis, Ic.s ;'» cI ti atnit. l.'olijcctitiM ipif Jc sills t)ldiy;i> d'ailmcltrc coniiiii' i.'\istiiut dans iiitni esprit a ri'y;iiril lies aruiiincnts aiijtiais est. tpi'ils sciiil)lciit s'appliipicr pour la i>liii)art a otaldir tics !;■ inilaliinis dii sens dc ccs nitits. pluti'd tpic tic ri)l)lii;al i'lii ipi'ils iinpliipicnr. I.'ii'ijcrtiini t|nc Jc snis ol>lit;(' tic fairc a la dclinitiitn anu'ricaiiic est tpic jc nc trniivr pas Ic iniit •' line ■' employe ilaiis Ic sens tpii y est at liilitn'-, tiaiis aneun tlit'tioiinain il'iinc anloriii' reconiine. Cepenilani il ne me seiiil>K< pas si tlilHeili! de tronver iiii sens eoiivfii.ahlo poin ri> mills. I'cnI-etrc a-t-il i-cliappi- ]iar le tail, mt'iiie tic sii simplicitt^. .lo ctnnpiciids tpie Ic nit)t "tlili^rcnce" siy;iiilie, iitm pas simpleiiieiit a^ir, mnis a^ir\ ii'naid to eei !iii'iii(' fi)in])osc I !■'! tV;nii"iis : an Km ailincttaiii ..I |irciiiicii' ini iiii|ilii|Uccii-j||en • tlMlWC." J-",ii I 1-11 .•ili,;;lais, il c.- lliiiiiiidsnii : • li'Miaiiilcr, tie n \Vfli>icr: " 1) |||''mii fiiiitrat.J I I'l'liiiiii'r coniint •l";ii I'liiTcln- II I !-'■ tout i|iic rcpi I>i' la (111 lien ^'lii'iix (111 a (|i liniit. Mais si t-ettc ( i'"ti'ii(liic dc CI ;'i,:;i'iiicai on 1(^ ''■•' tnnisaclions I plisscnu'iit lidt^'t 1 1 a ('•le eonti 'liaiict? d'oliteiii **! ofllc man I^Diivcnieinciit 1 l"K(^CS(lailS If t '■aaiiii's fhosi'iJ OI'IMONS OF MW. AiiAMS. 14:5 ■m .•halMTC," wliicli iiifans "(lunsi dc iilio liiiWorc" — tiiat is. in i']ii^lisli, to Imreof oy /t''>in (inothir. Assiimiiiji' tliis to be tlic pi iiiiiirx inciininu', I now come U\ tlic socoiul stcn. The first liiiviiiji" iiiii>li(Ml s()iiu'tliiii,u' ivccivcd hv one pcisoii IVoiu aiititlicr, the second iniplics ('(luidly an oblination incmrcd tln'ichy. • Dclteic," in Latin, means to owe. In Freneli it hecoiiies •' devoir," aIucIi is ecjuivahMit to del»t. to duty, or to ohliiiation. In iMi^lisli it is thus (Iclined hv two eminent antliorities : KicliaidsoM : '• That wliieii is owed; wliieli any one c.njilit to have, li;is ii ii;.;ht to (U-mand. chuni. or ]tossess." "\V('l».ster : '"Owed; tiiat oiij;ht to lie paid or (h)ne to anotlu'r ; that is line iVoin me to anotiiei', wldeh conti'act, Justice, or propi'iely reipiires MM' to pay. ami wliicli lie may Justly chiim as liis ri^^lil." ! have searclied a ,ureat variety ol" otiier auliioiities, iiut do not cite iliciii, as they only repeat the same idea. lit'iire it may be inlened that the sense o'' the woi'ds "due dili ^I'lice" i. that of "earnest lalior owed to some other parly," which that |i;irty may claim as its ri.yht. r.iit. if this (U'linitioii be com "(led, it must naturally Ibllow that the iiiitiut' and extent of this oblij^atioa ciinnot be measiiicd e\clusi\ely i)y ilic JiKl.unient or jileasure of the paity subject to it. If it could, in the iiidiiiiiiy transactions between individuals, there would belittle security Ml tlic faithlul performance of ol.li;iations. If it were nol that the i party to whom the obli<;ation has beiMi ^iveii retains a ii,iiht to claim il ■ ill the sense tliat he undeistajids it, his |)rospect of obfainiiiji Justice in ;, coMtested case would be but sli;uht. If this view of the ineaninji of the words be the correct one, it fol- lows tlint, when a neutral .uovernmeni is Ixaind.as in the liist liiid tliini rules laid down in tlu^ treaty Ibr our i;uidance, to \\!<(' "iUw diliL'.cnce" in ifuanl to certain thinji's. it incurs an oblijiatioii to .--ome exteiaal party. • i 41 1 !iii'iiic coiiiiios*' (Ic (li'ux mots (If ct liiiliirc. ci' i|iii siiiiiii'K ijiui-ii df itVio hahi re — ri's! w-dirc, i"i triiiii;;iis : avoir on liiiir il'iiii aiilrr. V.u iiiiiiii'ltiiiit Hill' «'i'ci I'st la lu'i'itiii'ii' sinMiliciitiim,.i'iii'ri\i' i;iaiiitciiant a la scccniilc. ..I |ii'ciiiicn' iMi|ili(|iiaiit inriiiit' ii'isomu' a n-rii (|iU'li|iic cIiiim- iriin aiilr(\ la srcoiiil" liiililiilUfcuaU'iiM'iit (iiruiu'til)li;;iitions"fii est siiivii-. Dilnrc, en latin, sl^iiilir, i-n aii!;iai.s, I • toowi'." I'll IVaiivais. il (lev ic lit "tlcvdii," i'('((iii i'i|ui\aut a di^tlt'. ili'Voir on oltli^iation. Km .-iiiulais, il est (li'liiii aiiisi jiar dciix aiittniti's (■■niiiii'iiti"^ : iIiih:inlsoii :''(.'<■ tini «'st ili'i ; <•(■ (|iii' iiiii'liiu'mi iloit avoir: it (|ii'il a li' droit dc 'I'Mmiidi'i', dc rt'clamcr on di^ jiosst'dcr." Wi'li>ti'r : '■ I In ; ('(' (|iii doit rt re jiayc oil (ait a iiii aiilri' ; cc i|u"(in doii :i uii aul r.' : w '1111111 coiitiat.Ja jiistii'c on la pi'oprii'lc cxij;!' iiiic \v ]ia.\i'. el cc i|ii ii ]iiiil jiisli'ii.t'iil inliiiiiiT coiimio son droit." ■i'.ii I'hi'vrln' nil '^laiid moiiiImi' d'autii'sanloiiti's, iiiais jc iic Ics citr pas. pan-c (|n'('llcs '• lout (|Mr ri'pt'tcr la niriiii' idi'c. He l;'i on jifiit inlV'icr (iiic Ic sriis dc-, mots •• dni- dili;:.i'ii(i' " est cclni d'iintra\ail lii'iix (111 a (|in'l(|iic autre pt I'.soiinc. (|iir cciti' pcisoniu' jti'iil rccluincr coinnic .son i limit. M;iis si (.'cttc di'iinitioii est adniisf, il d(»it natnrcllciiiciil s riisiiix re (|iic l;i iiatiin-ct i"ti'ii(liic dc cfltc oliIi;iiUion iif pcuNcnt pas rtrt' ostiiin'i's cxclnsivciiicnt isdon it- ,!ii,:;tiiii'iir oil Ic plaisir dc la iicisoniic (|iii y csl .soniiiisc. Si cda clail possililr daiis II s tiaiisactioiis ordiii.'iircs cntrc individiis, il y aiiiait pen dc M'cnrili' |ioiir I'acco'in- j |ili>si'iii('iit lidclc dcs olilijiatioiis. Si cc n'otail •|ii»' la pcisoniic cuvcrs lat|nillc i'ol.lijj;a- j I'liii a ('tt' contractcc coiisciVc Ic droit dc la rt'tdainci- dans Ic sens oil cUc TciitiNid. sa. 'liaiicc d'oUtciiir jnstii'i! dans nn cas coiitcst<'' nc scrait ipic lc:;cic. ^! ct'ttc nianici'c d'cnvisaj^cr Ic sens dcs mots est cxaetc. il s'l'iisiiit <|ii(' lur.siia'nn [;'oiivi'iiM'iiicnt iienlrc est tenii, comiiie dans la inciiiicic »'t dans la lioisicinc ic^lo I'H'iOc.s dans Ic ti'aiti' pour nous servir dc "iiidc, d'excifcr "due dili^iciicc" a ;'. >>;iviil dc 'itiiiiii's chosi's. il eiioonrt enveis hiicIhiic autre paitic nne ol li^ai.ua d"iii u n'. st ; i i • ' 1 r, ]■' H'U I ;■ i,mi ' I (Hi 144 AHIUTKATION AT (iKNKVA. tli(^ iiiituio iiiul extent of wliicli it is not (MUiipctcnt to it to iiiciisiuc ex clnsivcly liv its own will ninl plciisnic Vet tin* iissMininion tliiit it is conipctcnt apiu'ius to \\\o. to iiiidcilic lii.. whole rxiciit o!' the IJiitisli position in this controvci'sy. It niiiv, in(h(Ml, he nllirMicd thiit no sov<'i('i,i;n powci- in the lii;;t rcsoii is ii('coniit;il>i(' to iiny olhcr lor the icsnlts oT the excicisf of itsnwn Ju(l;ini('nt, iinivcd at in jn'ood laith. 'I'his proposition may he adniittctl to be trnc in ])oint of fact; iiiii ii is olivions that procctMlinj^s nn(U'r it .^ain no sanction nnik'i any law hnt that of snpciioiily in i>hysical loicc 1\> escape this alternative, icsort has lieen had to an atteni))t at deli nitioii ol' a s\steni ol' ii,u]its and oblij^ations, to which tiie asscm ni civili/ed nations inipaiis anthoiity in the rei^idation of their i('»*ipr(M;il dnties. I'lnU'i' thai system all the nations rei;o,uni/,in;;' it are jdaced on a pci fectly e(|ual footing', no matti'i- what tin» natnre of their relative loicc, To hori'ow a sentencr IVom tin' liritish connter c.ise — llcr .M.iji's)y"s u;ii\ I'l'iiiu. ill Uiiosvs (if iiu disl iiicl iciii ln'lw.'i-ii more (li;;iiitiMl ;uiil li«. (lijiiiiticd |ii)\vris; it rci^iirdM all sdvt-ri'ijrn shitcs as ciijciyiiiii ('i|iial riu'lils, and f'i|u:i!l\ siili/n'.'! to all nrdiiiaiy iiilrnial i.'iial olilitiation^ : and il is (ii inly inTsiiadcil liial Mn iv i« no Niali' ill lluio|M' or AiiPTica \viii( li would lie \\ iUiiiy; to idaiiii or ai'ci'pt any iiiiiiiiiiiin ill tliis r,>s|u'(t on ilic i^ruiiiitl of its inrciiority lo otlirrs in cslriil , military I'oicf. ui jioiiiiliition. Adinittiii.u' this position in its fullest extent, it nuiy, at the sanu' tiiin-, he ailirnied that, if Her Majesty's oii jiiiii^ii la nalnif ft r(''i('ndiic. I'l'ln'iidaiit la sii|i|iosition (in'il est (•oiiiiicicnl nif scniblc srivir dc liaso a toiitc i:i position annlaisc dans cilic rontroNcrsc. Onjiciii en I'll'i't alliniicr (|iraiiciiiu! |niissaiici' soiivcraim* v.n ilofnicr rcssort 11:1 1 rcndrc coniptc a iinc autre jioiir li-s n-Miltats dr rcxcicicc ili; isoii |)ropr(? jiij^i-nifiit i;ii: lU' lionnc I'oi. ("I'Kf pro)(o>iti(Hi )>ciit rtii' adinisc roiiiiiii' vrair cii I'ai!. in.iis il est ('crtain tpriiiH condiiitc i'iitiiiit'iit tlii.s nations ciAilisrus doiiui jiutoi it('' dans h'. ri"j;ltMn('nr di' Iciirs devoirs n'ciproi[iics. D'apri's ee sysieiiie, loiites les iialioiis (pii le, i'<'eoiiiiaisseiit sont; plaiM'es siir m piod parlaitciiieiit I'^^al, iriiiiiiorte la nature de leiir foi'ee relative. I'oiir t!ini>riintii illH' plirasi' (111 •■eounter-case'' aiinlais; ''lie <;on veriieiuent de sa Majeste . . . lie coiinait aiieiiiie distinction eiitif di^ puissances pins 011 nininsidcvci's en di^uiti': il rcnaiitc tons les I'tats soiiveiains I'diiiiii' jouissanf dc droits ('naiix. eomine e|^aieiiieiit assujettisa toiites les olilijifations ortli- nairesinlcriiatioiialcsMi a la I'criiiecoiivii'tioii tpril n'est pas en I'liwope 011 en Aniericpu. nil f:eiil ('tal, ipii veiiillr |ii('tcadre iii aeii'iili^r a ci-t I'lfaid iiiieuiie exeiii|)tioii 111 iliv.. snr son intcriorili' relative coiiinie territoire, coinniit piiissunei) iiiilitaire on ccniiiin' population." En adiiicttant ei'ttc position dans toiite son ctt'iidiie, on i)eiit alliriner en ineine temp' «jue, si le iioiivi'riieniciit i' cstiiniifcd .' Tt socms to nic tolcviibly i>l:iin. AVIiMtcvcr iiiny he tlic rcliitivc |»(»siti(iii ol" nntions, tlic ()hli<;iili(>ii iM'twccn tlicm rests upon the hiisis of exact aiid comidete reciprocity. Hence the compact eiii- linict'd in the words "due dili^i'eiice" must I»e t'nlliUed accoidin;;- to th<' coiistnictioii jdaced iipon the terms by each separate nation, snltjccf to rcasonahh? modifications l»y the Jnst representations ol'any otlier nation with wliich it is in andty, snlVerin<4' injury from tiie consiMjnenccs of u mistake of ne/^ii^ence or intention. These may v«'ry naturally jirow out of the j;reat ditl'erences in theii- iidative position, wldch sli(tnlle, was so ^reat under the law of nations as it has been, with licr consent, made by the terms of the treaty. 15ut, in either case, she claims to be the exclusive Jiid^e of liei- fullillment of it, ai»art from the establishment of this tril)unal, to which she has consented lo appeal. Hut this very act implies the (ionsciousness of the possibility of some debt contracted in the process by the use of thest; terms that may Justly he claimed by another party. Of the nature and extent of that debt, and liow far actually paid, it is the province of this tribunal to »h'ter- •f tk' en devoir? Kilo iiic Hoinl)lo iisscz cliiirp. Quelle ((lie soit la itositioii relative des iiiitiiiiis, r<)l»liM entre elles re}i(»s(^ snr la \y,isv d'exiictc^ et coiiipli'tc' iriipidritt'. l)is lers le coiiti'at coiiipris sous ces mot.s "du(^ dili;i;eiR'e" doit etre reinidi d'apri's I'lii- tdini'tiitioii (hniiiee des t(!rnie.s par cIukhk! nation prise .sepaieinent, Nujette a des iii(iunal,auiiiud ello a eousenti a eu appeler. Mais cot aete lui-menio impliciuo, i»ar I'omploi do ces termos, la eouscienee do la possibilitd do qnebiuo dotto contraelce dans raffaire, et qui pout justeuieiir rtro yoelaince par une autre partie. Quant il la nature et a rotenduo de eette detH', <'t jiisipi'oii ello a 6t6 pay(5c eft'ectivemeut, il appartieiit a ee tribunal d'on deuidor, aproj 10 b 'i(i II' iS if -Tnnrr- 'I ''t 14G AUniTRATION AT (JKNKVA. liiitjo, after I'lillcoiisidtMation of tlu' evidence snhiiutt»Ml. Such i.stlu'coii structioii I liiive pliuted upon tlu' words "diu; dilij^eiico." II. — TIIK ErrEf'T OF C(»M:M1SSI()NS. This qiU'stion hiis been dis("ussi'd, inoro or loss oxtouslvcly, in the m.i ., I, .„„„„.• l»iii»'rs niid iir^^uiiicnts bcfor*' lis, •"■'"• On iM'hiiir of (jivjit JJritiiiii it is claiiiu'd that the rule i> licrrcctly , .tahlislu'd that a vessel l)eloii;;in;i' to any i)o\ver reeojinizcd as soverei;;!!, or as a helli^iereiit, has, in virtue of its cominission. a ri;iht to elaiiii a re('ei>tioii, and tlio privile^'e of extraterritoriality, with ont reji'ard to its antecedents, in the ])orts of every neutral power. The authorities (jiiotiMl t(» sustain this position sustain it as an esiuli lishetional one. which is not touched by these decisions. The reception of vessels having' an ori^^in exclusively or even imr tially Ameiican, and bearing' on their front no evidence of fraud oi violeiit'c, does not seem to have been brou;;ht into onent in a responsibility for toleratiii;; its own misdeeds. It admits of no (luestion, in my miml, that the outfit and erpiipuicnt of the Florida, tiie Alabama, the (Jeor^ia, and the Shenandoali were each and all made in defiance of the laws of Great JJritain and tlic in junction of tho (Queen's proclamation of neutrality. By this coinliut iliiiii in com] I'll cxiuiicii compU't c duns Ics d»a- Jiifiits ct ]ilai(li>yi'is dcvant ikiiim. 1)11 c'ot<'' dt! la (.iiaiidu-Hiotiignu tin lurtend (lup la n glc cut jiarfaiteuH.nt odiMii- 1 qn'iiii vaisseaii, apiiartciiaiit a iiii jiouvdir qiideoiKiiio rcconnii coiiiiiio soiivi'i'iiin mi coimiie liolligt'ianr, a, en vcrtii dc sa eoiiimisssioii, li' droit do rt'clainer uiie iriu'iitiimii | Ic piiv ilt'gi) d'l'xtra-ti'iriloiialitt', sans I'jjard a si-s antc'ci'-disiils dans le.** lun'ts de toiitr imissaiicf iicutrc. Lcs aiitoiitts cit(H!s \w\\v appnyor ccttc; jiosUion hv soutionnent coniinc line iv;;'t gt'iii'i'iili! I'talilit'. .)(' lie vols pas do raisoii do In incttro on (|iioslion. Mais la <|iii'stioii soulovoo pcrpctviitoi's liad iiof only c.U'iuly f'oi fcifcd iill li^ilit toconsidciiitioii. liiit liini siil»j«'('t('(l tlu'insclvi's to tlni pciiiiltirs of iiiiilvl'artoi's if tlicy ever ivtiiriHMl witliiii tiM' Jurisdiction wliicli ilicy liiul insulted. Tin- lijilit t(» cxchuM' vessels IVoMi llritisli ]»oits<»n these j^ionnds, witliont h'I^iikI to tlieir eoniniissions, is distinctly idliiined hy Sir ikonndell I'id- iiicr, one of tlie lawyers of the Ciown diiiin;;' the whole j»eiiod in (|nes- tioii, and seems to he indnhilable. 'J'o deny it would jilace excry sdvcrciun i)ow«'r at the mercy of any adventnrous pirate on the ocean will) iniuht mana^ic to coNcr himself with tin- threaas sc jircscntcr c! •■'iliiiiiycr pour sa Jnstilication sur la possi'ssion d'nnc comniission di's antiu'iti's de son rriiiirc |i;iyH. Le conunandant d'nn vaisscan d'nnc ]»nissancc etrau}-;'!-!! tpii vient dans ''■|H>i't (I'nnc autre n'cst ])as exempt non plus drivil<^;fcs on d'nn ordre innin'diat d'exclusion dn jiori. /^linlt a nn)i, ]»ar const'^iincnt, Jc nc puis voir ancnn nn)tif jioiir le(piel rexistence liiiic CDiiiinission anrait ciniK'clic unc maidfestation nettc dc hi part dc la Orande- l'iit;ii;iM' (le son sentiment des hidijinitivs aiini.sso.-s sur h? pnivcrnemcnt dc .sa .M;i.jesti fi:ir1'i vi,. I. .»:.... .i.. i..:.. .1...... ...... .i:iv.; t.. ^:t.,t »;.....', „,...:..* .'.i..... lliiv '••^iit 111' nfpii nt-iii iiiii-ii I m%-n I inil^ll 1 1 1-.-, .iiiiii.-irs* i-.-» .-111 I ii: j.;ipii > i-| ii^-iiit-il t tu' .-*.! .*l iijr.">l i fl|iii'la vidliition dc scs lois, dans sesditlerentsotats, coiitinnee avee ])er.sistance ]ieMdaiit I'NisttMU'c dc CO licllijjt^rant. Dans mon opinion, die aurait Jnstilie la saisic ct I'arret Sw vaisseau.v conpablcs, partoiit oh ou les aurait trouvds dans la jnridiction. Mais .si T P I'M' 148 AinJITIJATIOX AT (iKXKVA. wore coiisidcnMl incotisistciit M'itli ;i clciU" impurtiality, it ct'i'tiiiulv dcnKiiMlcd iiii nitiic cxcliisioii tVoiii Ilcr Miijcsty's ports. The ii;L;lit t" decide . such ii point rests exclusively with evt'i'y sovereign power. Hut iiii oppoituiiity wiis lost for estiil»lishiii;>' ii sound principle ol intii. iiiitioiiid inaritiiiio intercouise which nuiy not soon occur ii<;ain. III.— ox THE Sri'lM.V OF ri{OVIS"ON«, AND ESl'Kf'IALLY or CoAl.s, This (piestion of coals was little c(»nsidered l»y writers on the law u; nations, and by soverei;;n |)owers, until the present ceiitun. '""" It has Iteconu' oiu> of the first iuipoitance, now that tin motive i)o\v<'r of all vessels is so jureatly enhaiu-ed Wy it. The ellect of this application of steam-power has i'lian^ied the clini aeter of war on the ocean, and invested with a f^reatly pvepondciiiir foH'e j1ios«' nations hImcIi jxissess most lar.i;ely the best material li»r i; \vi1hin their own territories and the jurea test number of maritime iilucisl over the ^lobe whert^ deitosits may lie conveniently provided lor tlicit I use. It is iM'i'dless to jxiint out the superiority in this resju'ci; of the posi I tion of (Ireaf ISritain. Theie seems no way of discussing? tlie «iiu'stiiiii[ other than throu<;h this example. .lust in proportion to these. advanta.u'es is the responsibility oftliatj countiy when lioldin.^* the situation of a neutral in time of war. The safest course in any critical emer;j;ency would be todeny altouvtlnr to sn|)ply the vessels of any of the belligerents, except perhaps wiit'iiin positive distress. r.ut such a ])olicy would not fail to be re'iar(h'd Msseltisli, illiberal. iiinI uidvind by all bellij^crents. It would inevitably lend to the accpiisitiniil and establishment of similar positions for theuiselves by other maritiiiifl powers, to be {guarded with ent(' piiiHsanct) sdiivcraini'. M:i' I'occasioii fat alors in-niiio (I'tMalilir 111) piincipc juste dew relations iiiarltiiiics iiitiiiiM- tioiialiis, lanissances (|ui j>ossedoiit on ]»lns ;,Mai!i!t altondaiuM! les nieillenis niatoriaux pour cola dans leurs propres torritoiros, t-t If grand noinbio do places niaritiinos snr lo globe oil des tlt'^pots peuvont 6tre (^tiiMijil propos jtoar lenr usage. I II est, inntilo do faire r(!inar((Uor la grando supt^riorite sous C(i rapport d(>, la jMisiti'l do la (Irando-Hrotagne. II n'y a i»a8 nioyen do considi'rer la question autreinciitii'; par son (^xoinple. La responsabilitc^ do co pays, quand il gardo la position d'un nontro en ti'iiips ii(| guorre, «!st tixactonient i)roportioun(^o i\ sos avantajfos. La »;oudnito la jiliis sftro, dans uno circonstanee critique, soraitdo refuser absolimiffil d'approvisiouner les vaissoaux d'aucun dos belligilrants, si ce u'est pout-otro eiitasJ di5tros80. Mais uno telle conduito no mauquerait pas d'etre regardt^e conmio c^gtusto, illiWral'l ni^^eliante, par tout bellig<rit;iin in time (»(' wiii', to I'oree lii'icitiier to deny nil sniiplies, or, ;is n lij^jiter risk, to en;,^ii;;(' lierselfiii war. It is in this sense tliiit I ni»pro:i('li the iir;^iwnents that hnve been pre- sented in icjunrd to the snpply of eonis ;;i\en hy tiil indiscriminately, to both ludli/^'erents. Till' difliculty is obvious how to distin;;idsh those eases (d" coals miven idcitliei' of the parties as helpini;' them imi»artially to other ports, iVom tliiisc furnished as a base of hostile oiM'ratierati(Uis .' It is plain that a line must be drawn somewheic, tu' else no neutral jiDWcr will consent to furnish supplies to any belli.u'erent w liate\ cr in tiiiic of war. Sii lar as 1 am able to lliul my way out of this dilemma, it is in this wise: Till' supply of coals to a belli;i('rent inxoh'cs no res|»onsibiIity to the m'litnil, when it is made in response to a demand presented in ^ood faith, with a sin,L;le object of satisfyiii;^- a legitimate puip;)Si' openly assi<;iied. On the other liand, the same suj)ply does involve a responsibility if it sliiil! in any way be niatle toappi'ar that the concession was made, either liicitly or by aj>reement, with a view to pi'omote or comi)lete the execu- tion (»f a hostile act. Hence I perceive no other way todetermiiii {'•<' dc^rct' of the respnii- siiiiiity of a neutral in these cases, than by an examinaliim of I lie e\i- Mi'iicc to show the /^/^'//N)f the .yrant in any sj)ecilic case, l-'raiid oi- liilseliood in such a case poisons cN'ery tiling' it toiuda's. JOveii indilVer- II n'fM, i>;u' <'niisi'i|iiciit, iii juste, iii (lulls rinliTcl des aiitii's iiiii>s;ui('i s, en i'liinisinit ilisrcs)ic)iis;iltiliti'S si'vi'ics ;"i l.i ( ;i;illit(-Iirct;i;;iii' cli Iriiips <|i' n iidi ., d,. la t'diciT :. icl'llhcr liiiit siiiisiilc; (III. foiMiiic Mil iikiiimIic (l;iii;;ci', ;i s'cii;^M;iir I'lli'-iiii'iiii' dans la i;iii ric ("rsl dans cet fsiii it i\\\f J'aliiirdi' Ics cxiidsc's ijni out <'ti'' i)r('>i'nt;' ■. i|iiaiit aiix snlisidcs lie cliarliiiii doiiiii's pal' la (irandc-Iircta'^iic aiix stcanu'is aiii('-iicaiii> iii.->nr^(s (■dinnii! liii'iiiant line Itase d'())(('iat ions. II liiiil i'ciiiaii|Ui'r i|iie iii'iidaiil la ;^iieii'e de ipnitre aiis des siilisides de cliarlion rmeiit liMiriii.s lilii'raleiiieiit d'almrd, iiioins aliondainnifiit cn-iiiile, iiiais (oiijoiirs indislinele- iiii'iit, aiix deiix liellij;i''raiits. l.a diliieiilli' est evidelite de savoir conimelit distili;;iler les cas de elniilioil iuir leiir aidei* iiiipai'tialrmeiit a se leiidic a d'aiities ports, du it'iix oil 11 I'lit I'oiinii pour sei'vir eoiiiiiie. Iiase d'oin'iat ions liosliUs. II n'cst pas doiUeiix ipie le eoiiimodore WilUes.dii N'aiidei dlt, n'ait t'le lieaiicoiip aide, ji'iiirioiiliiiiiei'sa eiiiisieie en iiier, par les si 1 1 )>i des oh ten us de sources aii;;laises. I"aiil-il iiilc'r|iirrer ceei eoiuiiie (orniant iiiie liase d'oiieiat ions .' 11 1'st elair (|iruiie liyiiie doit etie tiree ((iieliiiie part, oil aiitieiueiit aiieiiiie iiiii>sanf'e iii'iitrc lie eoiiseiitiia a luiiiiiir de.s siilisides a aiieiiii helliyi'ianl (iiieleomiiie en teiiiji> do U'lii'lie Mil- Toeeail. Si Ji' jiiiis .sortir do ce dileiuiue, ce n'est (pie de eette nianii're. 1-1' siihsidi' (le eliarlioii a iiii l)elli<;('Maiit ii"iiiiprn|Ue aiieiiiie respoiisabilitt' du iieiitre, '|ii:iiiil il est (ait eii ri'poiise a nan deiiiandu pri'seiitets de lionie I'ol dans le simple l)iit ilit(' d'uu I iK'iitic dans i;cs eas, (|ue d'e-Kaiuiner la ju'intvc piuir i'aire voir rinteiition dii siiliside, Ills uliatpiu cas particulier. La tVaudt! uti le luensju^^e dans iin tel cas souilfj tout co V Nf m i:)0 AKIUTK.VTIOX AT GKNKVA. (MUUMnaydoijoiUM'atc into willful uc^jiiijfcncc, nud tlisit will i'nposc u liai-. .l«Mi of proot" to excuse it before r(>spori.sil)ility e-.iii he relieved. This is the I'lile I have eiideavoivti to aitj>ly in ,J!ul;;iiiy theiiatiu the cases c()aii>laiiK*il of in the coarse of this arhitiation. i> 111 IV Tin-; ruiuiDA. On the ISih I'\'l»rnaiy. 1 SdJ, iNIr. Adams a. Mressed a n<»t(^ to Lord !;iiv sell, callin;!; his atteiitinn to a letter he h;id reeei\ed fr mi Ml'. Hadley, the eonsnl of tln^ United States at Liver |>ool, touching" a eei'iain uan l)!)at fit tin.i;' ont at that ptnt, which he li;ii| reas(»n to believe was intended for ilie use of the Anieiicau iiisnr.ycuts i;i their wai- ajuainsl their (ioverninent. On the llMh Mr. Ilaniaioiid, on behalf of Lord I'nssell, re|)lied tut note, a|)|»risin,n Mr. Adams tiial he w<> id mcve the lords comlnissioii ami ers to cause ininieiliate in(|nirics to be made r» spectin^j the vessel, to take such steps in the matler as nii;;ht Ite li^^ht ami proper." On the Ll'^l t he commissioMris of the cusi(nns nnnle a reiiort to the ctVn; that ther* was a vessel of the suit desciibed r-alled the Oreto: tluit *; had been built by Messrs. Miller A; Sons for Messrs. l-'awcett. I'rcstuiuv « "o.. e'.^im'ers. and intended for the use of Messrs 'I'homas lUolln is, n; i'alermo. Messis. .Miller vS: S(Uis <'\pressed their belii'f that her ilestiim tion was I'idermo. 'I'Ih' fact is now clear that in tliis statenn-nt there was either etpiivma tion oi' positive falsehood sonu'wheic betwetui the parties na'ned. Tin testinmny of .Mr. I'riolean, (»f the linn of I'raser, 'rrenholm X' Co., of l.i', erpool, auents of the insiii/^icnt i-nt (l(';4i'Mi<'r('r I'll n'';;li:4;<'ii<'<' vuloiit.-iiiT, I't liniiuNi ra Ir ( lr\ nil lii !■ |n>l llnr. ;i\ ml li ol li- (lirliu )■;;(' ih' hi l(-Ni»iiM-i,'ili|llli 'I'. !!r i'.>l 111 ii';;lc ijHi- ji- nil- hiiis rti'inci' (l'ii|i|)liiiMt'r rii Jii;;<-;iiit \.i iialuir dr li.'.si|iirls itn a fiiit tii's n'i'liiiii.iiiii;n tin-* !.• (^mii-s il- cct urbitni;;:'. i.i: iioianA. 1,0 1- Crviicr 1-iiW, \t. Ail.i MIS ail trliliiiii ^111- line letlre iinil ;i\ail ii'eiie lie M. hiitjl Ii'ssri ;■'. I.iil'il 1,'iisHfll line note mnir il|)lii'li'r I'Miisiil lies I,tiit--I'iiis a l.iMf limit, ail siiji'i il'iiiie i-eilaiiie eaiiniiiiiii . , ijiie I'liii a|i|)ar('illa it 'r"ii avail raisons ill' eiiiiie d'-^tiiii a ^I'l \ii' aiix iii-iii l;is aim rieaiiiH ilaiis la .';iii'i; i|ll'i!-< Millti'liaii'lil riiptie lelll' I iiillM'Tni'lllelll . M, be I'.i iairi's iles iloiiaiies l:e,»)u>rtiMelit iin'll y a v:ii.' iiii \ Mi>-si>n>i, selii iil:iM a eeliii ileeril. iii>|iile i'( )ieti»; I'il iiMiit i-|i' i-imstriiit par .^!^t, Miller et liU | i' MM I'aweelt, I'ie.>.|iiii et ( ''', iii>;i iiin'rw, et .jii'il etitil ilestiai' :i l'iiHa;;i' ile M.M, Tl IllllDI- ♦ lere Paielliie I'aleriiie. MM. .Nfille! ;t f,N ('X]iii)iiaiitit leiirernvanee a eetteilestiiiati II est iiiaiiifelMllt a\ I'lf II II \ aval t ilaii .l.'el, liaii'MlS nil mil' ei|lliviliil|e nil : r.lll>^hi(e (Mi>itive illl|'lltal>!e ;i uniliin'ime lies ililes pallies. I,e ti'iiii>ij;liafj;.' ile Ml lean, lie til iiiiiisiiii I'la'ier, 'l"r '1111111111 et ('"', lie l,i\ erpi»i)l, iiLiriits tie riii;;ani^atiiiii ii'- illMllI'm'S aim rie;iilis, lielsimnai;!' ',ill ilevait sa voir liiielix i|ii>' |ie|xi>iille re i|u'il ill ' llli' et I'lilll li' |illloij;H!l;4'' ("ill an aejie a\ ec ijlli !i|lie jieilie, sons seriiii'iit iialii iinr cniir "< Jiisliei' ai!;>laise, I'tuMit ill! iVanaltleiiieiii leCaii une ei' vaisMeaii I'lif eiMistiiiil ir^iMf* les Mlilres (le J, I ». jtilllnel,, a;ielil drs iii-iiil jji'S. Aiiisi, ii'.iiuit aiix iille;;alii>iis ile M. S, I'riee IMwaiiU, lecovcur a Liverpool, li.ni'"' OI'INIUXS OF MU ADAMS. 151 lector of Liverpool, in M:: lottt'r of the LMst, transmittcMl hy tlic coinmis- siKiu-n^ to Loiu Uiisscll, that Itc had creri/ reason tit hi'licra that sht' was tor tht' Italian jjovt'rmnc'it, it is now made clear that he either told a t,ri-"lioo(l or had bet-M 'Ailltii.ly deceived by Mr. Thomas, or others con- iicclfd with the transaction. Karl linssi-ll directed lliv .Majesty's minister at Tnrin toinipiivf as to rli(' fact of this jtroceedinij; on the part of '"le Italian ^(»vernm«'nt, and on rlic 1st of March he received an answer that IJiUon I'icasoli had no l' it" any individual ill a matter of importance be one detected in a deliberate falsehood the I'oiiscipjence is a habitual distrust of him by his associates fu" the future ill aiiy transaction whatever. So ' iil{'(l, should |iii' Ic vaisst'aii I'tait tiiiistiiiit jioiu' ii- ;^nii\ mii. iinMit itiilicii. il est inaiiiti'iiaii! MiliMU, oil <|ii"il a ilit iiiH' riiiisscii', oil oiiil ii I'lt' tioiiiiH' ear M. 'IMioinas on aiiiii'S iiMiiiiii'h fii^rimiTN (laiis raltaiir. I.I' Com tc jiii^scll tit tail''- an iiiiiiistii' ilc sa Maji'sti- In i(aii;ii>|Uc a I'm in .saiit'i' tl'nn \ II i>t ailniis (|n"a r«'|niniii' doiit ii est unotion, li- y;ini > c'lneini'iit a Majc^ti l.;it iaiili|ni- n'avait aiU'iini' laisoii dc n nisid'^i'ir CCS (Icciaialioiis cx- I'l'lt' la ilcinicic. I'ln., taiil. Ic '2'> mars. Ics * H'n,sci;;iiciiiciit.s rtaltlircnt coin- il'ii-iticiii ic fait ilaii.scc cas. Mais nn'inc ics ;)rciiiicrs rcnsci;;ncinciit-s anraimit lin, a ci- |ii il sciiililc, I'ltiaiilcr la foi ilaii.s la vciaciii' ili's |iar'ics dont vciiaiciil. Ics dccjarat 1011.4, la i( i I'oii nic pen lie lira 11 nc rein iivi'r, SI I mi a niie iois deeoiutrt dans niie i|iicstioii de i|nc|i|iie iinpoi'tancc t|ii(; I >ans ics rappin t.s dc la vii ici. a \ 10 1.' I;i III'. I: I colisei|llelice ell rsiiis eoiixaiiicn one st ;iie, i|iii a taut ilinstii' le Irilmnal dont ii a etc loii'^lcnips I,' pie>ident. dcconv rait 'li!i> I'l \aincn de i|iiclipic important liinoin, d.iiis iiii [norcs, ipfii s'est, ie saelianr ct '•■ veiilaiil, parjiin', il ii'In'-il<'iail pas a coiisiiieier ecnnme di- son dc\()ir en deinani.' ii't ■111 jiiiy lie incttrc Noii lt''aioi;;iia;;e di' eolt' roiiinie iiidi;;ne de eicance. Hi iiiaiiitenaiit. apres mi fvameii I'alnie et i'('ll>'clii des \>dmiiiiieii..es proccdiires rap- l''^ ilaiiH les noinliri'iix volinnes ipii ont <'|e soimiis an ,jn;^einent de cc 1 rilninal, Je 1: lio itc pa.s dc ears ch'ar that amonji the parties to wiiieh lie was ibiven to I'csuit in; the pr.rpoNC of j^atla-rin^' information were not a few of indiffcicii; character, and jiiobalily some emi)loyed by his opponents expressly hi ]inr him on a false seeiit. Ilav iiiii' no power in his hands to I'Xtoii im. \viilin;4' tc-stiinony, he w.is compelled to rely entirely (»n liis own Jiid;; iiient to piciv out of the mixed mass before him that which inij:ht scciii to him most in harnr.my with the probabilities of tlu- ras<'. That In- should ha\(' been occasionally misled, and thus have made represisiUi tions iiii()U;;h Mr. Adams to Her Majesty's .yoverni.ient which wcic ]tro\ed on investigation not to Ite accurate, ou^^lit to be neither surpii^ in;^' nor matter of Idame to him. In point of fact, hf seems in tiie piescnt case to hav»> supplied j)retty much all the coirect inlbrmation wliiih ller Majesty's ;i(»\ ernnu'iit actually receiNcd, and whi(di, if they hadful lowed it up with t'oriespondinj;' dili;ience, would certainly have eiiibil in the (h'tention of the vessel. And her detention at that critical iiii^ ment ia these enterprises would probably have had theittV-ct of pultiii: a sto[) to tluMu all. as W(dl as U) tlu' necessity of any such tribunal :e the one now constituted here. Hut this was not to be. Thi' ,i;(>vt'ininent, uhi(di had in its liamb: a', '■ dciiili ;i l,i\ cijiiiol. a l:i I'm, ii-s plus I'dntiiiiis, iiiriiii'ilitos ft llii;j;i'jiiits qntj riii.stoiic ;ii jillllilis t'OllllllN. , J^fs jin-iiiifrts (li iiiiiiistiiUiniis (Ir ci'tii- iiriiriiiMlion sr IroiurMt iiunilii'i-uscs |>;niiii !r jUdft'iliiio ri'lal lv( s II (■<• viiisM-aii. _ I'.llfs apparaissi'iii Ic plus i-lairciiicni dans li's r;i| jiorls a l,i\fi| 1: ia|>|iii ^tiiivtM'iMMiiciit iiiisNi liicii (ju'a M.Ailams. Son dfvnir i lall. avi'c \c m(is,»'iis ir pait'.iii i|m'i1 avail ni son ptmvuir, iic tain- r;imiailri' a\cc la dili;;t'iii';' iirccssairr ti>iit iiMlicrd li'iital i\ IS I'aitfs pmir diriiii'i' ir aiciniipli avi'c liraiicoiip ilr ('(Hisciciiii' d irfiu'r;jii'. .M;i! jiiNli-iiiciit ell pinporiiun di' I'l I'licai ill- nr Ics iiioynis dr lc,>> coiil icraiTiT. 1 1 appaiait rlairfiiiciu i|iii', tlaiis it liiir, pariiii Irs piTsDiiiirs aiipii's rlcs(|iu'lli's il i'(:i (iiijiui- di' (licitlii'i' ill's n'Miy;iii'iii<' Us. il .N< II Intiivail i\r pi'U I'^i iiiialMis, ri ipii i-taiih' pinhaldi'iiiiiil cmpliivtcs par si's advi'i'^airi '^ pour Ir di'iiiiilcr. N'ayaiit .iiiciiii puinni! ipiiur anai'lirr drs rciiscij;iit>iiii'Mls iin'on in- Mnilail pas liii doiiiirr, il Ciit oldi:^!'' ilf sVn ii'iiii'ltri' a .H.iii pi'iipi'i' Jii^'i-iiii'iil piiiir ritaiiiiii|iii'. )iar rnitn-iiiisi- df M. Adaiux. il'- l-fpri'si'iilal inns ipii, siir ciiniirtc, mit iIi- I roiivi'i's iiun-l'iiiuiri-s, iic pnit rtri' (■toiiiiaiit <■' 111- pint di'Vciii'' nil siijct dn lilaiii • a son r';j;ard. Ilii I'ait il parait liiin. dans Ir i':i« iifl ni'l. a\ oil' lonrni pii's pir tons lis iiMisriyiicnirnts i-xarts ipic If j;(Mi\ci'iii'i!'i'iit il'' sa Majrsti' lirilaniii<|n ■ a viainii'iit icfiis; rt ipii, si nil t'li a\ ait friiii niniptr aM'in:: sniii <';^al, aiiiairiil rrriaiiii-iiirnt aiiu'in'' la saisii- dii \ aissraii. Crttr saisic a cr iiiiiiih'IiI teirait pi'ol)al)!iMnrnt rii p mi' ii suit at dc ini'll ic iiii Iitiiii', in)ii-s"iil('ini'iit a rclti- riili- jMis.'. inais a toiilrs Irs aiitri's, ci nous anrait. [lar cdiisi'iiiu lit. «'vili' la conslitiitiii:) i\'' n' tnliiinal. .Mais 11 III- dtvail pas t-ii I'-tio aiiisi. L;- j-iiiiVL-rui'imnit, ipii avail ton-* li'- iiid.m'' niilitrliir Ion- MViiir ell nnis (!i's I'lniiiclcs lioi'llllll'lllS. I| MViiin If dfpa ilr I'llllf tU-;> ;'|iipiisc laitf I iiidf li s ill' line iiliaiif ai i|m'iimi' I'aiissi- iHilr\ait pas ill-* laisons s avdiis Mills |f> lli:iis I'f Ipii f^ nilr-df M. 1 .M;iji>i.; I. lit a li' ill Nil- d'(-i-lii "i-> i-liip|o\fs iihiir^is aiiif I '"iiiviiiifnifii IXlilll M'lll ft ( iii.iis aiissi f > iialjiiii. 11 a iir.ia r-t ''lii.i'iiii pif a '^lisM-aii Mppi "Niiiii ajoi OriNIONS OF MK. ADAMS, i:)n till' means of oxtortiiij;' uiiwilliu;^" ti'slimoiiy, tlirou^ili cniciciit and triist- utiitli.v ;i,m'iits, (Iocs not sct'iii lo liiiNc Ihtii, at this iiioinciit at least, (■oiiscioiis of tiio (>xist('i)C(' of aiiv oIi!i,!4atioii lo oriniiiatc iiiNcsti^Liiif ions ;it ill). It may reasonably be bcl'ore lis that the attention of the parties concciiicd was called III this circumstance at all. r>ul it docs appear \'cry clear that, both in the Ictteis of .Mr. Adams and .Mr, Dudley, under the eyes of l!er .Majes- ty's .^oNcniiiieiit, there was presented an adeipiatc motive to explain it, tduit, the wish to elude t!ic \i;nilance of 1 ler .Majesty's no\ernniciit and licr olilicers in jireventinu the (Uitlit Ironi one of her ports of a \essel Sillily wanted by the iiisur.m'iit .\mericaiis to carrv on war on tiie ocean iiuiiiiist their Oovernment. .\11 the external circumstances indicatin.u' a state of pea<*e everywhere el>c in the civilized wtnid pointed to that liiiarter alone as the proltablc one, not simply to «'xplaiii tlii' (h- -tination III the vessel itsell', but likewisi' the false representation which had been iiuiilc tor the puipose of concealing' it. iler ."\IaJesty\s ^i'overiiment does iiiit seem to liaNC eiitei'cd into any such process of reasoning;-. On the I'.'Jd of I'ebnniry it has already lieen 'ibscrNcd that Iler Majes- ty's (•(tmiiiissioners of customs had addressed a letter to the treasury iiiiiuil, makiii!;' a report in rc<>artl to the condition and destination of llif vessel called the Orcto. At the close of that letter are the loUow- iii;; Words: \\v lir^ I'liilliiT tiisi'i;;;;i('mc'nts (rfiiijiluvi's lioimi'tf^ ct ili'^iii-s ilc fni. nc siMiililr pas .IVnir ell collscicMCC, a cillc ('iMiiillc, dr i"(N i>ti'll(i' (I'lllic til)l i;;al inn (Ir sii pall ill' I'aiif lies riii|iii'lfs voloiilairi's di' SUM coti'. < til pi-nl rai.>'>iiiialil(iiii'!it ilniiici'. cii \uvaiit \is liiM'iiiiiciils. i|ii'il iTUl iiii'iiif a re ilcMtir. I.c 1"' mars— c'l'st-a-tlirc, viiini-dnis jiiiir.s ;i\,inl Ic di'iiart i!r l'< ircld — miu' t'iii|iirti'. I'aili' aM|irrs dii ;;niis ciiicmciil italii-ii aii Mi.jct ilr riiiii' dt's di'ciaraliiins olilii'iclli's rcriics dr LivfriMi'd, a\ail t-ii |iiiiir ri-sidtal uiid ;'|iiiiisc lailc dans des iciaiics i|iii. s'its n'l'LiicMl pas alisulmiifiU di'cisiCs ipiaiit a I'cxiicti- tiiili'ilf ci'sdi'rla rat inns, tt'iidairnl dii nmins a ji-tcr siir flics Ic pins i;ia:iil don If. Dan.s mil' :it)'airf anssi iniportaiitr ipic la ronsiiiiri luii iriiin' laiioniinrc, on ]iiiuirait ciuiii- iin'iiiii' lanssi- d(''claralii)h I'ait.' "|Mant a sa dcsliiiatina par dfs ]irrs(inin's irsiMiiisalilrs iiiilivail pasi'trc Caitc par in'v^liijciiii' d drvail lain' iiaitrc mi smipi/nn ijii'd y avail ili-i riiisoMs siillisiinlrs di' la laiii'. II iii' jtarait )ias. d'apics ji's dnciiincnls ([uc inni.s :iviiii> sons ics M'li \, 1 1 III' I'at irnl ioM di- res p.'r.siiiiiii's ail ili- appi'lcc dii hint snr cc lait. iiMis (I- 1 1 Ili ('St clair a tors, c'l'st ipn' dans lex i>'i tr>'-- dc .M. .Vdains, an>si liii n ipic dans II lies lie .\I. Ihidicy, It'll I'l's piaii't's suns lis vriis drs nii'iiiliiis dii ;;iin\ I'lni'iiii'iil dr sa M;ijr>|t' liiiiaiiniipir, di's raisniis liirii salti>anti's di- tc fail rniriil d'lniii cs — c'l'st-ii-diri- ii' ill NJr d'lM'iiappi'r a la viniiaiici' iilaiiiiii|ni' ct do >iN t'liipiiiycs pniir cnipcciicr i'anncincnl dans tin port an;.;lais d'liii vaisscan dont Ics iiiMir'.;! s aiin'ricains avaiciil Ic pins ^riand hrsoin, pmir faiic snr iiici' in j;ii 'lie a Iciir 'iiiiivi nicuiciit. La pais ipii rc;;nait parloiU. aiilcitrs, ilcvait dirl;j;cr faliciiiioii sni' ct; piiiiil seal ct di'vail noii-sciilcnicnt onv rir Ics ycnx. <|nant a la dcstinaiii ii dii vaisscan, Wilis aiissi c\|iiii|n('r la lanssc di'claratiiiii taili; dans riiUcntiou dc raclici tcttc dcsti- liiiiiiiii. II a dija I'll- I'ciiiiiriiiic t|nc. Ic v!'J Icvricr, lis conuniKsah'cs dcs dmiancs ilc sa Ma.jcsti^ I'liii'iiii pic avaicnt adrcssc a la licsorcric nnraiipoit snr I'dat ct la dcsiinalioii dn ^.li'-siaii appi'lc I'DrcIo. .V la lln dc ic rapport sc tioinc !a iilirasc v:'i\anlc: ".NciH ajoiitiins i;iio dcs hisinictioiis spi'i'ialcs tint etc tliiiiii«';'s a ij'Vcrpool pmii- m 154 AUIilTRATION AT GENEVA. m erpool to wntrh thr morrmoilx of tin; rrHxcI, and tluit wo will not fail to r('i»ort fortliwith any circuiii.stiince.s which iiiav occur worthy of yon i' loi(islii|("s (•oj;niz!iiic('. Tiio. 1'. i'I{i:manti,e. (iKKNVIIJ,!-: C. L. J!EK'Ki:i.i:v. After a diligent scareli, I mars, adrcssa nne seconde repii'scntai inn mi Cointi" ivnssell. le risllltat. en I'llt. a cc iin'il semlde, (pie sa sei;^nelirie eiiNoya an seend.iiie de la troorerie line iiot< . ordoniiaiit an.\ commissaires des donain-. "li'' donner des instiii''l ions poiir ipie I'l >reto I in siirveille a vec soin." ( cci semlde avoir provotpie nne lettre di' .M. S. I'liie l',d wards, dans les liiiin- siiivants. \'A\v est dali'e dii •,'•> mars. ".Iiir iitiiimissturcn ili'< (Idiuuk s : " i.e vaissean a Indiee I'l >rcto a I'te enri';iistri' dans ce port le '.\ conranf. d'apies rii|iii dii re^islre ei-j(dn(. II s'.icipiil ta le leiidcniaiii, 1. pmii I'iilernie et la .lamaiipn' I'li lest, d'apies le iie'iiioire di's \ i vres. eidnclns. II mit a l;i voile le 'J'J coiirant, le Jiuir ilmi; la h'ttredn con>.;nl anieiicain est dati'e, ayant iiii <'(piip;i;;e de treiitc-deiix homines. tnM' an.ul.'iis. a Perception de trois on ipiatre, don! iin seiil I'tait anii'iieain. II n'.'ivait lii'ii aliord.sice n'cst les |)ro\ isions eniiim'-recH. II n'avait ni poiidi'c ni nieme iiii caiinii de siiiiianx. et point de conleins, si ci^ ll'c^*^ li- systeme de si^nanx ^\o .Mairviilt et im ))avilloii an;;lais. <^nant aiix p,issay;ers amenes )iar I'Aiinie Childs, il est (dair ipi'il- u'etaieiit p.is dr>.iini's a fcnnier nne portion (|iieleoiicpie de riMpiipa;;e de I'c )reto. car il' sont ein'ore a I.i\'erpool; et ipi.inl an saint, dii |iavillon. e'etail. anl:int ipie je |iin'< li' <'onsiaier, nil compliment t'ait a I'liii des 'sieaiin'is Ciinani' et a ipndipie aiif' vai-tseaii ipii saliia "r.Vnnie Childs' a son arrivi'e, les eapitaiiies se cimnaisMii! niiit iiellcmi'iit." II est dim. die »e|l ne poiivait rich lmi savciir le 7 avril, cai' il parait alors avoir domic To dri'i OriNIONS OF MR ADAMS. 155 lor Iio appears then to liavo diroetcd yiv. iraiiimoiid to writo to llio See- ii'tiir.v ot" tlie Treasury "to cause his loidshij) to bv iiitbniuMl wlictlMT iiiiv report has been reccivi'd from the coniiiiissioncrsot'cnstonis respect- ing' tlic vessel tlie Oreto." 'Tliis was the sixteenth (hiy at*er lliaf vessel liiid saih'een I'c^^istered in the, name of .loliu ih'iny Thon>as, ()f Liver[»()oi, as sole owner, and cleared for ralermo and Jamaica in ballast. Tiie reports indi(;ative of any observation whatever nnide in watcliin^if tilt' niovi'Mients of the Oreto a[>pear not to have been collecte(l until the latter part of Auj^iist, and then only at the instance of Lord Russell, for aiiotlier jmrpose. One more report was made by the <*omiiiissioners of ciistonis on the Istdf May. Tlie ollicial declaration of the minister of state of the Italian mivcriiiiienttoiCarl i;iissell.reto, iiad been put into their hands. Tliis declaration had been sent to .Mr. Mdwanis, tlu; collector of the l)(»rt, wh'j had been the first person to de- claie his faith in the lalseliooil, and was now called to make further ob- si'i'vatioiis. Iledidnot iliiiik fit to make any expl.ination of the reasons 111' liis belief nor of its source, but conteiiteil himself with a reference to the rcuislry of tin* vess»'l in the name of a native of I'alermo. w liich he, |intl»ably knew to have been a fraud, because he went on to admit the, fact of its real destination, and to place his absence from action on the, ;inuii(l that "<'(V/f in that case no act had been dc la tn'-, " (|ii(' sii scijjinMiric soil iiif.iriiK'o »i I'oii :i iciMi i|Ui'li|iic r:i|i|i(iit ilcs cinnmissaircs' drs dunaiit's luiuliaiit Ic vaissi-aii I'Oictn." ("(-tait !(• si'i/i'Mir Jiinr apics i|iii' Ic vaissi-aii avail mis a la vnilc fail qiril III!' si'iiililc a ccttc i'i|iH|ii(' n'avdir pas roinni «i|)icitllcmi'iit. \r mts la lin dii iimis d'adtit. ct alors ^'■r.icMicMt ;i !a dcmaiidc dii CiiiiUc K'nsscli. dans lui antic lint. I'll lappurl flit en milic c;'it par Ics ciinimi>.>-aii"s ilc-, dunaiics I.' 1' ' iiiai. ( in avait; ini-i ciifrc li'iiis mains la iintc nilicicllc dii niiiiislrc d'Tlat dii ;^itii\ cincmcnt italicnau t i;ii;c li'iissili, par laipiidlc 11 di''i part." II ne iiaialt pasipril liii M>it \ciin a resprit dc se demandci' poiiii|iioi, M Ir il('|iart dc la eaiioiinicre I'tait lc;^al. il I'lail iicsoin d'nnc t'aii'-si' dcclaialimi an "'ijit (In •;onvcrncinciit italieii, oil dii sccnml ineiisonne an siijct de la pniprntc dii Mussi'iiii |.'ir M, Tiioiuiia. 'lUVI'll ■ I ir)(; AUniTKATIOX AT (IKXKVA. A stciiinor, completely lilted in iill respects jis a iiiim-of-wnr, had siii'. (•ceded in cscapiii-^- iVoin liiverpool, and iiolliin;;' was left to laake liei a l)o\vei' on tlie ocean l)nl the receii»l of arms and aninmnition. IIow tliat ])roceedin,!L;" was accomplished we shall sec in the secpu'l. At pres' nt. | desire to point oat the extent to wliicli the I'alsehood and I'raud th;it liail been resorted to in the comse ol'the transaction, to cover it IVom ol>.scr vation, lictray the consciousness of the jiariics concerned in it ol' the danger llicy were incnrrin,u, of the indi.unation of ller Majesty's ydNcrn. nienl in case tin'y were detected in jtrcparin;^' such a host ih' ciitt r- ]»risc in a British port. At least they appear to have had no idcii Ilia; su<"li an attempt, if really nnch'rstood, was not an act which wonld Jus tify the inteiference of the ;;o\ crnment. Hence the studied efforls t) misrepresent tiie transaction from the l)»'.i;inninjL;' to the end. ilcnci' the laI)or to snl)stitntc a false Urilish owner, ami a false ya^'e, cNcn to llie simi»!e seamen y tliis nicaib inttt an nnwilliii;^- s«'r\ ice. In a word, the alTair iccks with inali.niiant fraud from its incejttion toils close. 'J'he parties c(tiicerncd appe;utu lni\(' had no conception htnv easy it was to paialyze the action of llci J\Iajest.\'s j^oNci iimenl. or they woidd at once have relieved thi'niscl\i'> of all he opprohriuin thai attended their pidcecdmj l)oul)ll tlicv wonld not have indnl^^cd in mendacity for llie mer«' love of it. 'riny (lid not then conceiNc that the i»rinciple of aciion was not to initiate aii} acli\(' measures of thoron;^!! investi.i;ation into the truth of their wmiN and the p)od faitii of their acts, hut to wait for the, disclosure of llir iH'cessary cxidence hy tin' a.LienIs of the I'l/itcd States, who could n.ii in the nature of ihin;.is possess anything;' like their power of exti>rtiii,u the truth from nnwi!lin,i:' lips. 1 ha\(' now reached the mome"f when it seems necessary to ap.-ly myself to the (picslion so much di. i[s^>i'd in the ar;;innents laid heloiv ii.s by the respective parties to tiie liti,i;ation. What is the dili.!4('ii(i i\\\i' Irom oiM' nation to anttther in preventing' the littin^-out of any vcs .sel which it has reasonable jiround to believe intended It) criii.se agiiiiLst I* I :ii>si;m iiiiiii- sons Ions Ics raiipoi'l-^ (■oiiiiiic \ ;ii--s(;iii dc liiuric aviiit H'lissi a siirii t'li I'oiiriiir. I'uiir li- iiiiiiiii'iit Jr ilt'siri' laiii- r('iiian|iu'r imhmImi'II la IVainlo ciiiiil ]>lc, chv/. ci-iix iiiii tri'iiiiiairii! dans ralt'aii' la fCi sciciico (Ics (lan;it'rs ([ii'ils ('(inraiciif, si Ic ^■ifiivcinciiifiil di- sa .Majr>ti liritaiiiiii|ii(^ avail di'i-uiiviTl Ics iii'rpai'atifs dc ccttr ciitcriirisi! lioslili^ dans iin pnii anglais, lis |(aiaissciit an iimius ii'avoir cii aiii'iiiui idt'i; (lu'iinc tt'llf ciiti'iiirisc iri-iaii ]ias nil ai'li' just iliaiU riiitcix I'litioii dii uoiivi'i'iicniciit. ]>t^l; I (JI'S fli'orls ll'illTIS |HM1I nil aiilif jiiiir que Ic vrai. J)i' la i-i' lia\ ail dc siilis! iiiicf ii" a la vi;i;' picsciiicr la (iiit'si ion sine i'anx |tiii|)rii lain- an;;la;s ci iiiii' I'aiissc drsiiiialiciii, an innprii'tairc ii'i di'st iiiat ii>ii. 1 >(' la (•(•tie i I (ic I'al criiii' (•uiiiinc If lull till V()va;!c. di'i !■ iiiiir. I'.ii nil mill, crllc all'airc est nii t issn di' tVaiidcs dn foiiiiiicncciuiiii i la I'm. I.i's iicrsdiiiics inti'icssics nt- ;.riiildint a\uir cii aiifiiiii' idi'f dc la lacilili'' iivri lii<|nrll(> tin |iiin\'ail paralvsiM raclinn dit >;aii\' It d.' sa M (•;i<'s anraiiMil assiiot dcsirt- dc ijcsti' lM'iliiniiii|iii'.i di-livior di! rdjiiindirt! di' tniilfs It'iU'.s niacliiiialinii lis 111- <'i)iii|M'i'naiiMit ]»as alnrs ((iii' li's priiicip;'s d'aulisii ('t.aii'iit. tlo ni> poiiil/ iiri'inli- 1'iiiilial iv(t (In iiicsiirt's actives vi. (■niiiplctcs ]ii»iir I'ccnnnaiti'c la vi'ritc di' IfHi ii!'i';i;ati'ins ct la luniiic I'oi dc Iciu's a^-li's, inaisd'attciidri! Ics r.'Vt'iatiiiiis dcs a;;i'iil.s il ■ J^.tats-I'iiis, (iiii lie iiiiiivaicnt (mi aiUMiiic iiianicrc i>i»ssriluf It) [losivoir (l'i^vtori|iii:r 1. vt-riti- a dcs ljciis <|iii iic voiilaicnt, |»as la (aire ciinnaitrc. .Ic Niiis niainlciiaiit arrive an iiiinncnt nii il iiic scinliU; iieecssairc d'cxiiinincr la i|i>'' tiiin, olijcl dc. tant di' disciissimis dc l.i jiart dcs dciix parlies dans <■:', di'-liat. Avi' (|nellc ilili;'eiice iiiic natinii dnit-cllc a,'iir pmir enijicclicr rarinenicnt d'nii vaisscaii qi^ I'oii a d(.-s raisDiis snllisautes dc cioirc dcstim- a coinbattrc uiio aufrc uulion .' (^ui)ii|n iiMiii avis a imissc avcf siitlir (Ic dir l;i (irande-l tin tiaih', |i ve (I fait ^fi'iit'-ral tiiiiis ipii s'l iiitnt (Ic HOI tivi! ct cniiN soiiiM.'onncr lit' sf il(''clai «ec, alors (| (I'iiltciidrc, iKiin- (aire j Bfcdiirs aii.\ t'lii'Z 8oi et OPIXIOX.S OF MR. ADAMS. -[')! 11 ('(>ui([ (•(tininaiKi ro ivmicr ainnin c every ediiiDiiiaiioii siis|>ecie(i lo tx t'lMiiiiii^" witliin its luHilers to render assistiiiiee to tlie iiiaiiemcrs o till' inaleontoiits at \un\ui I All these, are parts of a eoinideto whole the inaiiiteiiaiiee of order at home and of peace ahroad. 111011 iivis a vvi t^^jiird soif piirraitt-iiii-nt foniii', Jf sens (|iic cc ii'i-st pas ici Ic lien ofi jn imissi- avi'c Ic plus ih' ('(nivciiaiicc cxpiiniiT iiifs raisoiis d'uiit' iiiaiiiiTi- coiiiplrti'. II inn sMilir (Ic ilin- (pic, scion mcii, la ililijrciicc cxcict'c \\:w tunics Ics antorilt's inlcicsst' -s do la (iiaiidc-lirctaii^jf, dans Ic CHS actinl. ik; nic parait iiiillciiicnt corrcsimiMlr ■ an Icxio (III tiait(', ])arcc (pi'dic ii'a iiiillciiiciit ('•t('' spontaiU'c, ('(nniiic cllc dcvait r('trc. .Ic in; vols pas, en ctVcl, dans asicnn dcs docnnicnts sons iios yciix, <|nc Ic ^joiivcnicnicnt il(! s;i Miijcslt' liiitaniii(|iic ait av,i. si cc n'csl 'siir Ics representations des a;ients des Tltats- I'lus. et iiicmc, lors(|n'il aj;it, il s'cii tient cxclnsiv (■incnt anx iiituiiiialidiis (pii liii soiit (ImiK'cs par ccs ai;cnts, ct seinldc snppcser (pic, s'il pent rajipoitcr d'line inaniere satis- taisimie pour Ini siir ccs iiil'orinations, scs oidi;iati(nis intcniatioiialcs sont plcliicineiit ii'iiipiics. II est I'vidcnt (prune telle inaiiiiTc d'a^ir t'oiirnit aux )»ers(iiiiies iiit('rcsst''es, '|"'iii' I't'ii (pi'i'llcs aient line ecitaiiie lial)ilet('', tonics Ics tacilites |ionr t'vitcr d'etre di'- coiivcrtcs, au iiioycn d'i'(piivo(pics, Ninon dc uieiisonncs. .Ic nc puis doniu'r aneiinc di'li- iiitidii (111 mot " dilij;(!n('cs " (pii nc ,si;;nilie pas senieiiicnt iiiic premiere action direet(i Iir(>liiii;;(''C dans le luit dc v<''rilicr dcs d(''lits nii a nn, mais aiissi dans Ic Init d^'taltlir li! t'liit f^f'iH'ral di^ riiitiMitioii, tcl t\w. cc lait ressmt d'uiic oliservation c(nitiniic des o|i('i'a- ticiis (pij s'cxf-cuttMit. Siipposoiis line conspiration destiiit'c a rcnvcrscr Ic ;;duvcrnc- iiiiiit (Ic son pays, u'tMitcndrait-oii [>as, par Ics dues diliij;ciiccs, line surveillance attcii- tiv(? ct eonstantc (Ic cliaiuino ct d(! toiitcs Ics pcrsonncs ([IK^ Ton a des laisons dt; sdiiiKMunicr, ct line atUioii iiiiin<'diat(; pour (■ni|i("'clicr le iiKMivcnient dc sc ]M'(nionecr ct (Ic sc (U'clarcr f Cost siirtout en temps dc ^ncirc (lu'iinc i'iu'i};ic scmlilaldi! sciait ex- ilic, alors (pK^ hi diinncr d'liiic cooperation ('■traiifitrccst imnilneiit. N'cst-il |iasnatiircl •ruttcndre, »Io t«Mito piiiMsaiicc uvcc: Iu(|iicllc on est cii paix. ([n'cllc I'cia tons scs ctloits ]i(iiii fairc avorter toutc ^Mltcnt^^ iiotoircineiit IbriiK'c Mir son tciritoire pour porter sccdiirs aux iiisnrj;(\s f Tout ttici fait partie iriiii tout (•( iiiplct, Ic inai itien dc la jiaix I'licz sol ct h IVtrimgcr. ^ ii f B3;;;i5 158 AKIJITRATIOX AT GKNEVA. That tlnMc «lios«'«l paitly (>r AiiKM'icaiis and jiartly of Hritisli siihjccts, lia\ in;;' I'm ir.s ohjcci aiul iiitriit {\w liltiiijii: out of vcjsscls to v.ury on war with tin rnitc*! States, to tin* ointed out l>y the ajients of the Anu'rican ^-overnnnMit to itsaltentimi. ap|»ears to nn' certain. At a later stajue of the dillicnlties this jtoljcv apitears to ha\t' l)een i)artially (•hanf;'ed. The favoiahh^ i-lVects of it aiv claiin<'(i as a nn>rit in a portion apers lielore us. anici(ni,s stcaiiuT, the divlio. cvidriitly intoiiilrd Cor a j^milmaf, is now in till' iipiH'r aiicliorai^t' inidfr tln' lirilisli liay;: l>nt as tlit-n' arc no li'ss than liirci- (•aiiiins of anus and aiiniiiiiiitioii iiiiitt'ii lo riiii tlu' lilorkadc. some of tlicsi^ ^iiiis, iVc, wdmIiI turn licr info a inivatctT in a few lioiii's. AntMils of tlw. uoat'cdut'atu yovcnini 'lit iiin! (.•iTil a fxis(«'' dans la (;iandc-Iirctay;Tic uni'iMitcntc cntrc dcs AniiTifaiiis <'tjli's siijcis 111 itann;i|iics ayant iioiir lint d'iii'nii'r dcs vaissi'ans' jionr faiiv la y;nrirnaux l'".tats l'iii> IKMirn iiviT.Ncr lc(ionvcrncnicnt, <"t'st mic (dmsc iiarfailcnn-nt iimnvoc par li-s tcinoii;!);!- j;('s mis di'vant iios u-nx par livs di-nx parties, (^iic, le ;;(»nverneni ienseit;nrnicnts spc'cialt'inciit fonrnis jiar les a;;i'iits dn (ionvi'mi-incnt aiuerieaiii. c'csi enfori' nnc ehosiMndiscntalile. A nnt' (''ptiipw' posti'-rienre ectte polilii|nesenilile avoir elian^c' en partie ; on en rt'cliuin' les lions it'snltats dans nne partie des doennients ipii soiit drvant nons, et jf suis |iiv: a tt^nioiuner en fa\cnr di- sa valciir ct de son ellieacitt'-. Mais apri-s nii'ir exainen ji' iir lenssis pas a tronver tract's de cette politi(|ne dans li' cas iictncl. Mon o]iinion est, jiar eonst'iiiii'nl, (pie, dans ectte pi-riodc de I'alVaire, l(^;joiivcrncmi'iit de sa M:ijcst(' l»riiiinnii|nc n"a pas cxcrci' la dilincncc ii»''!'essaii'c pour enipcdier rii|i|i:i- reillcincnt d<' rorclodans les liiniics dc sa Jiiridintrc les filats-( 'nis. Xdns.ui.—,])' pa-^sc inaintenant a l.i sceonde p(Tiodc de la can icrc de <'c valss'aii. Le ViJ mars l^ii'J. I'Oreto sortit de la rade de IJverpool avee rintentioii de lain' li j;iierr(' anx r/ats-l'iiis. I.c (roiiverneincnt de »ii Ma,ii'st('' n'avait pas ete teiit6 dt! pi'iic- trer la I'laudc ipii avait i''t('' eoniniise {\{' propos di'lilii'n'' a son t^;rard. Le *•>< ,i\ ril. il arriva a Nassau et liit aiinontM- par le ;;oiiverneur coniino vais-scau anglais, porlant Ic drapean an;;lais. I.c :!(l. le eoinmandant, McKillop. dii vaissenn (l«i sa Miijeste l)rit;onii(|ue le linlidn,' I'xpedie an s('i'i(''taire de rainiranl(> nne Icttrt- a eet etVct : '• I'n \ ;iissean t ri's-snspect, I'i )reto. t^vidciiiniciit e(nistriiit pour ('•treniie catiomiicre, m' troiive maiiitemint a ranere, sous les einilcurs l>rit,inni(|ncs ; niais. eoimne il n'y a ya- nioins de frois ear;;aiMiiiis d'arines ct de miiiiilioiis ii'i ri'iiniivs pour fore»'r le lil(ii'n>. •liU'lqiies-uns de ces camins, efe,, poiirraieiit en fairo uii corsairo en peu dMieure.s. l>i'» OriNIONS or MR. ADAMS. ,.|lliirs< "if flifir navy arc luTf on tlif sjtot, and / 'jrc no du h ehaiiji«'s, and lie is <'oiiviiieed that the consi.unees of tin' Oreto intend shipping;' laij^e quantities of arms and munitions as c;ir;>'o. Two days days later Commander IMcKillop writes to the .uovernor as I'oliows: Sfvcr.il stfaiiMTs liavini; aticlioicd at f'oclirani uicliioa}:!', ] Hi'iif an dfliccr \ cstcr- il.iv til \ isit tlnan ami luu^irr llicir en and ascertain w iiat tlicv wnc and lii'W t-ni- Tlii' olliicr ici>iiit.s tiiat .mr siciiniir, tlic Oreto. is aiiitaieiitly littiiiy; and ]ire\iaiin;i jiir II M'.sscl of war; nnder tiiese cirtiinistanees, I would mij;;;i st tlu'.l she slioniii eiinic iiiiii tlie liarltor at Nassau, to pii'veiii an.v inisnnderstnudin;; as to Iht ei|iii|)|)in;; in ilii> i«iit, e(Hitiur,\ to the loieiyn-enlistnieiit act, u.s a jnivatoer or war-vcswel. :i;;riits (In ;r()n vcrneinent conli'drie et des ojlieiers de sti marine se ti(in\eiit ill meme. ct \fU';n auclin donte que I'Oreto est destint' a ienr service." I'lUe ('tait laJMsieei natiireile eiinehisitni d'nn lirave ollicier anelais, ecrivant sans rUv iHcMMin jMMir nil parti on ]ionr I'antre, niais n'e<'ontant qne sa conscience et son ■-I'litiiiicnt d'ci|nile. lAinnimins inaintenant connnent les (•venenient.s sc eharj^erent de vc'rilicr a la lettre I'l-s {iiidictions. l.f ;i niai. M. Wiiitiii;;, consul des f.tats-t'nis a Nassau, aflress;; mn- note an ir (|Ue les a'^ents de ]'( liclo In -isrnt intornc's "He s'lls iMnl)ari|Uaient des arnics a Imrd dc leiir vaisseaa. il inettiait a cxi'iiition les liiivri|it ions ('•iiiett'es dans la proclamation de la K'eine. I.r ivccveiir y;('m'ral prend note t\v la Irftre de M. Whitin;;. en ce s( ns, (jue la Fanny l.i'wis a une car;iais(ni assortie t|ui ne dtiit pas etre dt'lianini'f. 11 expiimc sacini\ic- tmii i|a"ancnnc partie de la (•ar;;aison n'a encore I'te deliariin»- ns Ic *J1( it e|ian;;e de ton, et il est <-onvaim'n (|ue les ay;i'nts de I'Oreto out rintcn M tiiiii d'cndtaniuer coniine car;;aison de ^ramies ttuantiti'-i d'arnu'.s et de ninnit ion Miit ; nlli iMx Jcnus plus tard, le comunindant, Mr. .McKillop, eerit au );oiivernenr ce qui I'Insieurs vajuairs etant a raiieri" dans la inr un licr pour les visitei, rasseuilder leurs ei|nipanes, et lei-onnailre ce (|h'ils ctaieiit -t la iiianicre doiu (ni les eniploie. I/ollieier ine rapi)orti' ipie " I'nn des vapenrs, I'Oreto, I't, sflou toute npparence, arnn- pour etro un vaisseau de jiuerre. I»ans ecs eireon- M:uiris, j(. sn;;;;(^rerais (|u'on le fit eiitier dans la raile de Nassau, aliii d'i\ iti-i tout iiial(iii(.||(|n ndativeineiit a son aiineinent dans ee port, L-oninii! vaiswean de j;nerre mi 'If itiuise, fuiilrairt'iiiL'nt au /oniijn-inlintuanl uvl," » i ; ;'i i •■ ■ ■ < I 1(50 AK'IM'IRATIOX AT GKXKVA. ^s ; TIip u'ovcnior rcffncd tlic (iiicstioii to tlic iifforiioyjifojionil, wIki ;;;ivi it M>; Iiis (IclilMMMtc npiiiioM that an oidci' lor the removal of lln' Oivti, to a |il ICC wlicn^ s]h' was within reach of ohscrvatioii sliouhl imt K, made, as siicli onh'P coiihl not lie h';4ally enfoi'ced nnh'ss it was distiiictlv shown that such a vioIati(»n of hiw had taken plat-e in respect to jicri, wonhl justify her sei/nre. Here also it is to lie noted that the attorncy-j^eneral, folIowiiiM' tli,- example i^iven in the mother coiintiy, considers it not incnmlieni ii|i(i>i the ^(tvernmeid to initiate any measiwes whatever of a prevcntivi natnre. in other words, not until a vessel shoidd succeed in an miiiii taUin]nof an illejial natnic, which would necessarily imply her csi';i|i,. from the jui isdict ion, would the juoper time comi^ for proceeilin;^' wiili proof that she ou;^lit to ha\i' been detaineti. It was no! mil 11 1 liecanu' familiar with all these tra!isa«'tions tlmt l fully comprehended the singular facility of adaptation of the law, as im. derstojd and practiced in (ireat IJritain, t(> the delay ami defeat of tin eiids of justice. it is due to the jjovornor to say that he was not altou'cther satisfihl with the passive |>olicy recommended I»y his attorney ;;'eneral ; and he ju'occeded to recommend to Commander Mcivilhtp to take active hums- ures (»1 jirevention in the e\ cut of ids i>ein;x <'onviuced tiiat the vcssd was aUout to be aimed within that Jurisdicti(Ui. On the Sth of .liine. Commander McKillop, in a letter to the uovciikh, announces that he will seize the Ncssel shouhl she attempt to take ;iiii munition on board. On the vei'v next day the consignees of the Oreto beijan to htad tlic Orcto with arms and aminiinition. i!ut Commander McKillop ! dans line entrejirise ilir';;ale — e'est-a dire, lorsciii'll sf sera soiistrait a la.jiiridiction— i|iif Ton ponrra prendre des niesiires |ioiir nrriver a la jireiive qiroii devait le dt'-teiiir. Ce lie flit ((ii'apivs nretre laiiiiliarise avei- toiites ces atVaires, ipie J'ai eoiii|iri-'l:i siimiiliire laeilil'' avee la<|Melle on pent adapter la loi. telle (prello est pratiipU'e daii' la (irandi'-lirelaniie, an didai et eiiliii a raiiniilatioii de la justice. ("est line Justice a reiidre ail ^joiiveriieiir que de recoiinaltre, (|ii'il ne fiit jms cimi- l>li''leiiient salist'ait de la |)olitii|iie passive recoiiiiiiaii(Ii'e par le prociireiir ;jeiii-riil. I't il eiijoionit an ('oiiiinodore MeKillop de prendre d'aetives niesure.s preventives. d:iii'' I'' (•as oil il strait convaincii ([n'oii ('tait siir le point d'armcr hi vaissoau dans eclti' Jniidiel ion. he "^ .jilin, le eoininandant, Mi-Killop, dans nne Icftre adn^ssi'^e an gonvcnu'iir. aniioiice ((ii'il saisira le vaissean. si Ton tenle d'cmlianpier dcs mnnitioiiH. Le joiir sniv.int, les a;;ents dt^ TOreto eoiiinicnceiit i\ 1(^ cliarycr d'arincs (^t do iini- nitions. Mais leconiiiiandanl, MeKillop, no met pas :\ ex<^ciitiuii sa nieiiaee ; il ava't (piitti' ses lonelioMs le inr-iiie .jonr. r.e lendeinain, son Miiccessenr, le eonimaiidant, Hickloy, (In vaissoau de sa iiinji'!>tc lnitamiii|iie (Jicylionnd visita I'Oreto. i;t tron va les a)j;ents en train de d('cliarji('r le vais- sean des arnies et des ninnitions enil»ar(pu'es la veille. En ettot, ils avaieiit ret.ii uii uvi« partiinlier dii yDiiveriienr et dn commandant, (lu'il uo puuvuit uu C'tre aiusi, iiiaiai'< OPINIONS OF MR. ADAMS, ICI iiKMiiiciii,!; iiititiiiitioii iis to iibsoliitc acticMi. 'I'licy were nmniii;,^ ciioiiiih to tiiUc tlic liiiit. and cliiiii;;')' the line of tlicii' opcriitions. Tlit'vnowdccliircil tiiciriiitciitioii tttflfiirtlicC )i'('tuiii hallast t'or Havana, This assiiraiicr i|iiii-t«> nntil tiie.v eonld he made certain as to w heic the ship was yoin;;'. The ( >reto was a suspicions vessel. Alter clo>e (iliscrvation, Captain llickley and hisei;;lit olVieers all si;4ned a report, ;i(l(lrcssed to the jiovernoi, to the ell'eet that she is in cNcrv respect tittctl as a man-oi" war. Siie had left l,i\t'ipool tilted in all lespeeis as tlicy saw her. No addition or alteration had Ih'cii made at Nassau. This pa|)er was submitted to the attornes -general lor his opinion, and 111 ;,Mve it to the elVect that nothinj;' contained in it would jMstil\ the detent ion of the vessel. Milt Commander llickley saw the thin;i' in a dilTerent lijiht fiom the ;itt(tnii'y, and on the l."»th addressed a new letter to the ;;overnor, I'e- |iiirtiii^' the result of his conversations with the portion of the crew that liiid come to see him, lie was now so convinced of tin' intent of the |i;irties c(»nU'ollinjH' tin; Oreto, that he was stron;ily inclined to take the ivs|M(iisibility of her seizure and removal t<» another station at which was placed the eoiumodoie oi' commander-intthief. And he actually put (Hie of his oflicers tempoiarily in char^i'e. Oil the Kith of .Inne the .liovernor wrote, in reply, dei)recatinu all irtiiiii of the kind ( ontemplated, and throwing;' the responsibility wholly ii|i(iii him, if he slnudd take it. On the same day the attorney-^^'eneral nives an opinion that no ease liii> vet bet a made out for sei/,ure. lie d»tes not appear to ha\ e I hoiii^ht it iiis duty to initiate any ineasui'es to ascertain what was the e\ idene*' iilKHi which < 'ommandei' llickley was impelled to his convictions. It was the passive policy, the example of wliich had l»een set at home. Tilt' evidence must t'omu to the ;'(»veiniiieiii. It was not lor the -iov- n'llait |iiiH 1111 avis nn'iiiiriuit trimc jictinn dc la pai t ilii t^iuivciin iiicnt, ft ils riiifiit ;i^ i|iril> a\ aiciil rinli'iil ii>ii df s'ar(|iiit ti'i' jHnir l'( )rct() fii Ir-^l iciur 1.1 ll:ivaiii'. Ci'Uf ili'claratiiiii ra-^siiia )ii)Mr ciiii'li|iii' ri'm|>-* li' i'ii:iiiiiainlant lintaii- ii.i|Ui'. .Mais Ic Hi jiiiii, voyaiit i'Drcto ttiii.jniirs a raiic-rr, il alia lr visiti-r. aic(iiii|ta,iiiii'' ill' liiiitoriicicrs. l/(''i|iii|iani' a\ail rcl'iisi' dr li'\ it raiirrc taut tiu'im iii' Ini aiirail jias iiitniiiiiailrc laili'stiiiatiniiilii vaisscati. l/On-tix'laii mi vaisscaii siis|ii'i'l. Ajiri's mu'ini- iinlii'iisi' iiispcciinn, lr <-a|iitaiiii- liirkli-y ct scs liiiit nllii'ifrs si;;ii)'nt iiii ra|)|>i>rl ailrt'-^i- iM L;iaivcriit'iir. (it'claiaiil i|iii' !'( »i'flii est, suns tons Irs ra|i]n>rts. aiiiir ruiiiuir nil \ais- vaii (Ic i;iirrrr. II iivait i|iiitti'' i^ivripiiiil tri iin'ils lr vnyairiit alms; on iir Ini avait l.ii! iii i'liaii;friiiriit ni ailditiini a Nassau. Tr ildcimiriit I'nt sMiiiiiis an iiniriirrnr yi-iit'ral. rt il ilrrlai'a i|n'il nr nnitmaii rim dr lapaiilf ajnslilirr la di'triitimi dii vaissraii. .Mais lr coininanilanl liirklry nr vnil i»as Irs clio-rs suns lr nirnir junr, rt, lr l.'i, il iiilivssc mir- iimivrllr Irtlrran linnvrrnrnr |ii>ni' Ini I'aiir ronnaitrr lr ri'snltal d'linr iiinvcrsaiiiMi avr(^ nnr jiartir i\{- rri|nii>aLjr dr I'Oirtn. ijiii I'lait vrnn lr Iruiivn-. Ilrsf, >i iiiiivaiiirn di> <'i)imaUrr Irs viTitaldrs inlrntiinis lU-!^ ajfrnts d<' !'( )i-rt(>, <|iril est tout ilisposr a iirriidrr siir lui la rrsi»i>iisjiliilit<'' ^\^' lr .saisir, rt dr lr nnidiiin' an innniliajii* "II SI' tioiivr l(! (oniiiiandanl rn chrf. II va iiiriur Jiusiiii'u coimiirtlrr trniiKnairnnriit 1111 ill' srs otlicirrs a sa j;ardr. '■I' lii jiiiii.lr LCnuvrnirnr n''it((iMl I'w IdAiiiant; toiitr lueHiiro (lo cr /jtMU'c, ct lr irnd n- I Kpiiiisalilr dr cr (in'il |ionirait iairr a rrt I'-jrard. Li' iiiriitr Jinir lr )>riirnrrnr f^i'mrral dt'-rlari! ipri! n'v a riii'on) aiirmi inntit'dr siisjr Id v;ibsrini. II nr scinldr |ias avuir rvn tpril I'tait dr smi drvdir dr. |trrndri) di's inrsnrrs l«iiir ivcininaitrc siir (|ii(ii Id conimaiidant liirklry rinidair sa ronvirtinii. ("itait \»n- Ijiiiirs (cttr tiolitiijiir passivrdont on lui avait doiiin' rrxainplr rn An<;lrt<'nr ; la prmvi? [•ii'vait aiiivrr au gouveriirmeiit, ct CO ii'rtail pas an ;;oiivrint'iiiciit a reclirnlirr rrlle 11 B t i-> pflT'^;' II! *; III'. 1(52 AlMlIT|{ATIO\ AT (JKNF.VA. iMiimciit fo yo to llio ovidonco. Of'conrso it iiiitiir.'illy lifip]>«'iHMl tliit this woikcd cntiit'ly lor IIm' licin'tit of \hv niMldii'ttors, iiiiil to the i . Jury of tlu' piiity that oii;;ht t(» liaxr Ix'cii protccU-d. On the saiiic (l;i . < oniiiiaiidrr llii-kl<-y wrote a rrply iiiaiiitairijii;>' liis <'oiivi<'tioii, hiit ilv cliiiiiin' to assiiiiM' the rrspoiisibility of actiiiji' in tiic face ol' the attniii,) ^icncial'sopjnion. lie, tlu'n'l'oir withdrew the olHccr whom li(> lind phicnl in <'liai';;e ot" the ship. lint tin' ;;o\('i'n(»r is not satisfied with the aeticui of eitlu'r |>arty, iiinl is afraid to euniniit himself entirely a;iaiiist the clear conviction of rlic rt'iivi'. Ci'ttr iii.'uiirri' il'Mj^ir dcviiit in^ct'ssairt'iiu'iit tonriicr an profit (lt'.sr()ii]);ilili's it ill! iii('jM(lirc (if cciiN (|iii (It'Viiiciit rti'' |iroli'';;r'.s. Iji' iiiriiK^ .jour li' t'oiiiiiciiiilaiit llickley ii']iiiih1 (|II(' s:i conviclidii (Iciikmu'c (iiliiii'. iiiais (|i\'il irciiti'iid ji.is a^siniii;!' la i('s|innsaliilit(> il'ay;ir fontrairt'iiiciit, a rupiiiiini ilii jirin'iiicnr };tMir'ial. l]n coMsi'micnci' il rdiit' rollicii-r <|u'il avail (•(niniiis a la itaidiMli! vaisscaii. I A' i^diivi'i'iicnr. jicii saliHlalf tlos dcnx oitiiiioii.s opposrcs, on craiiiiiant do so ciiiniUH- incttii- fii so (li'ilaiaiit ciiiilii' la coiivictioii •ilisuliie ilii cniimiaiKlaiit, sc (h'cidc I'l tiiiiv sai'iti'i' la (|iicsrion dcvaiit la coui' dc la vicc-ainiraiitt' a Nmsmiii. ' 'cci sc jiassai' Ic IT Jniii. On lit cniiiiailrc an j;(mi\ (Miiciiicnl a Ijinidrcs cc (|ii";n.i;r Tail Ic cajiilaiiic 1 1 icidiy. ct Ic ( 'ointc l.'iissclj y diimia son apinohat imi. II yaciir;:! un Ion dc coidialili' dans Ics terms ijn'il cnijiloic ]tonr rc\|Minicr. ct dans son anxiil' n' Aoir t'oi'iicicr liicn -aianl ; contrc loni liasard a cansc dc «a condnitc, >\\n nnmtrc cIiiip- nicnt Ic sciicnx (ic sa satislaclion. J'cspcit* nc pas dcpassri' nics Jnslcs liinilcs. >i !•• saisis cctic occasion d'acconiplir nn sinijdc actc dc Jnslicc cnvt'iw cct hoinnic d'lliit eminent.. Aniani Jc ]inis voir tU^ nn)til's dc dilleier d'avcc Ini (|nant a sa nninicrc lii- eonscrlte d'en\isa;;'er son pi'opi'e devoir on dans les viies (|ni, par ces doeninenls. sciii- lilcnt avoir <■(<• adoptt'cs par Ini (pnint a la condnito a siiivii! par 1(^ ji;onveiin'iuciii (!'• sa Jtajcstt'-. antant jc snis loin d'en tirer ancnnc conclnsion ipTil ait vtv inn, enaiiiiiiii' inaniei<', par dcs nn)til's dc nninvaisc volonic t^nvers les lltats-irni.s, on nieine par ili" iinttil's indl;;in's d'ainnnc espcee. S'il in'«''tait iterniisde,inj;er, en <;(>nipaiaiit avcc i'ent luns opinion lavuralil'' iinx mesn res prises i)ar le j;onvein<'nr IJayley, inais n^coinniaiiderent fortenwnt tl'<'i' voyi 1- le i('cit de cu ipii sVtait pas.se a Liverpool, uu sujotdo lu coiKStructiou ct de runuf OPINIONS OK MI{. ADAMH. ir,3 slinnlil lu' at" oiioc sont forwiiril, in onlor to coinplt^to tlio proof of her hitstilt' •Ii'stiiiiition to tlif liiiitol Stiitcs. And lit'i't" I tiiist I may \n\ pciiiiittt'd to cxpn'ss my sense of yratilicn- tioii on iciidiii.u' the repni'ts iiml ohserviii;;' the aclioii tif the t\V(» ;;iilliinl naval nl'liccrs. Tlieirelcai' ;;uo(l sense iines this course appear to lia\«' lieen in any way prompted l»y a nn-re spiiit of j;((od-\vil! to the I'liited Stales, which were to !>(' proteelecl l»y their aeiion. It seems to ha\«' sprunj;" troni that natural impulse oi" a conscieiiee void of (dVense, whieh per- ceived an aet of injustice and fraud to he in conteuiplal ion, iiud deter- niiiifd at once to resoit to the hest measures to present it. Had such an ein'r;^<'tic spirit ainmated the whole action of Her Majes- ty's j;o\crnnu'nt at all tinu's and in all conjnnctui'cs, there would have liicii nocpH'stiou about the exercise of due dili^jcncc in this muiativ*'. The opinion of the law ollicers in Fiomlon was received l»y \vm\ Uus- sill en the iL'th of Au;;ust. Ti-u days hefore that date he had addressed a letter to .Mr. Stuart, the llritish secretary at \\ iisliin;;lon, icquestin;; liini, in vi«'W of this ]>roceedinji", to dissuade the American (lo\ernment lioni procccdinu' in the nu'asure then c(mteniplated of issuing letters of iiianine. lie little thought of what had heen laid up in store for him by till' learned JudjiC of the com t of Nassau. Oh that very sanu' day he Icid ])i'onounccd his Judunient that then was IK* sutlicient e\idence to prove any act commilted at Nassau to iastily (he seizure. I>nt, consi(leiiiij;' the very suspicious nature of the I'ircnnistance.s, he slutuhl I'cleasc his own ;;ovcrnment I'rom the paynn-nt ot costs. It is the .nenei'al rule of courtesy bi'twcen nations to reco>ini/.e th(^ action of their I'espective <'ourts without scekiiii;' to analyze tin' piim-i- ]ilcs upon which tlie decisions are made. And it is a wise rule, as <'on- duciveto tho general nmintenaniio of law ami order in the perlbrnmnco lit (111 viiisscaii, iifiii do coiii|tl(n('r in lUfinr dc l:i lU'stiiinlioii lio^iili- dc INircto n.'imt lies fltiits-l'nis. Kt i ]i|i iT li's iiifsin'i-s Ics plus iriicaccs puiir (■ coiidiiitc III- si'iniili' pas iinii plus avmr cti ]iMiviii|iii'i' ell aiii'iiiiiMiiaiiii'ri' par nil simple esprit de hoii Ndnloir a re;;aid des I'.lats- 1 llis, qui de\ aii'lU etre pl(ite;;es par ielirs lilesllles. l^lle seliihle a\ oiv jailU de Tiia- I'IiImipii iialiirelle ifiiiic f(mscu'nc(( iiette do toiite taiile, ipii \(Ui se jniparer iiii ai'te j ililijllsliee el d(! i'lailde, et ipli se detenililie Cll lileliie t elllps a prendre les liH Sllles les I'llls (lecisiveis ptilir l'elill)e(lier. Si Ic liieliio espl'lt I'lieljiiipK' avalt iinillle tollte la en diiite dil ;ii>liveriieiiieilt ili^ sil Miiji'ste, t nil jours et daiis toil ten les coiijidiel ores, il n'eiit pas ('ti' <|iiesli(Hi ile la pratiipK.' ills "(hies dilii^eiices" dans ee iiu'iiKni'e. ('cite opinion flit re(;iie )iac le ("onile Ifiissell !(> 1'J aoiit : six joins aniiaiavaiit il asait inhi'ssi' II III' let Iff a M. St naif. secK'tairede la l(vuatioii a \\'asliiii;;;toii, pour Ini deniander, III ciiiisideiatioii deeette d('eisioii, de dissnader le (loiiv crneiiieiit aiiK'rieaiii de niettre i"i ixi'cinioii la n.esnre. doiit il I'tail (|iiestiini alois, de dt'iivier des lettres de iiiar(|iies. 11 ijii'iVdyait lien ee (pie liii n''servait le lres-(''niiiieiit Jn^rede laeoiirde Nassau. I.e iik'Iik* .I'liir, ce jin;c avait indiioiiei' smi jiie;eineiit ; il d(''(daraii (pi'il n'y avait pas de preiives i-Mllisiiiiti-s ipi'il i-iit ('vt(' e(Miiiiiis a Nassau iin iiete Jiistiliaiit la saisie. .Mais {•()iisi(l('iaiit la iiiitiii'e MiHpeeti> des eiieinistaiices, il liln'rait son j^onverneiiieiit dii paiciiieiit des tVais. ("est inu- ri-jrlo };-'iu''ralf de eointoisie eiitre les nations de riTonnaitre les a;;isseiiients <"■ Iciiis tours d)« Justice ri'speetives sans elierclier a analvscr les ])rineipcs sur les(|n(dH iBc liiisciit leiirs di'cisions. ("est la mm iej;le siik"'. iiiissi utile ](oiir le resiieet le la ioi J'l'n^^ liuin If niainticu dcs droits reeipioimes do pioti'yor It-s intents do I'luio ot do I'autiu. li'A AHIUri.'AriMN Al' (ilAKVA. (»(■ their let iiii'MCii' (liitics itf tudd'cliini !o iii extend >,: i,,i Jis to hind liie liieliii)ers (it' this tlilnMiid In :ih.s(»lute sil.iice in I hi - mmm similar instiuices thai emne iielMre us. W lilsl most aiixions on wW ( iiNions to presei\«' the deeoi iim a|i|ii oitiiale to a stiition of sneli tini neiiee, 1 am at the same lime o|i)ire>sfd I-" llie eoii\ic|i(»il that III iiu piii'tiun of the IdstopN of ihi> iiroiecdiiijn' is t lii> responsihilityof lln Majol't's ^o\ CI liiiieiil for llie siil»si'(|Uent eai<'ei" of this \esse| iiui;,. deepi;, iatplicaled than In the aelioii ot' this \ iee admiialt \ jiidui . iii let I in;; this ve.ssel l;o ii|miii llie leasoiiiny' whieh he presents in his jiisii. tie;ilinii. Il Would he easv lor •••e. if it ueie Iieeessaiy, ti» j^'o liiti> ;iii aiial,\ - I.N of llie various points ill wiiieh he appears to ha\e riileil .'h., IH'oiisIv hotli in le^iard to 'he !;i\v :ind to the evidenee. It is made ccr tain '»_\ the papers that, ia the ioiiiier, he was not siistaim-d by tiie hiw ollieers of the ('rown at home. And as to the latter, i eaiiiiot Imt as«tili;il charaeter, w here |es| imony proves them soeleail>, in iii_\ e\es. to Ii;ivi been arrant cheats, and to diseiedit the seamen, ehielly on aeeoimt n' •iheir low condilioii. w ho are as elearl,\ manit'ested toh;;\e told llie>iiii stunlial ti mil. My mod*' of explanation of this Ihiyrant perversimi ni the l;iw is. that ihe ,iiid;;e p.irto'.k so largely ol' the i^eiinal syiii|i;illi\ admitted lis the ;;(i\ernor t<» li.i\e ie'd --uav o\er the entire popniiitioii of I he iKlaiid. as to leiidei hiiii alis(»hilrl\ iiieapalde. in this (^e^e. oT i peieepiioii ol iiistice. ll is lutl proli,iitl\ witlioitl a strong coiix ietidi: i,| t Ills 1 1 111 ll • li;ii I he plain .scii-m- and eicar appreei;ii loii of laels pronijiioi ( '('.niiiaiidi !• 1 1 ieUe\ to ;id\ isi- t he reiiio\ ;il l be liciil res|»«i|isible I lu'tMl;;!! ii^ a!.;en! s \\\r \ his ll.i'^iMiil w rolin dmie lot lir iniMiiM jiailN. it Iiad ben peilmp- well il (he desire of llie;;allaiil olliccr iin; Lm ell eoMiplied W itll. .Mi in\ siriet (ires ha\ e Iil,ew Ise been III ;.de upon t he ,iel ioii'o'' I he ;illi. liey ;;eneral. Mr. .\.!;dei>oii. ihroanhoiil i liese proeeediii/^s, of so li.ii^l 1 .1 I I i^A ''i\\ Wilis \f i-.c siii-" pas si'\f ►.! cctlc ri".il(' iloii s'i»iijiiii|ii'T lilJiilll'cllHrllli'llI, jll'"!" ■' " liliu-r IcH iiii'iiiliti'N lif If irilniii;il a itii vilcinc ali'. ilii, ti.iii-i rr I'.i- rt dans il'aiil ir-. scirilililii Ulli IHMIs Mini Mtimiis. (^tltliii|l|(- tl>>-i|i sili'liv ill timlr ni'raSKHI if' Ir^lnclrr Ic (h-i Hill ill! 11 Mllf |MIS|lillll si >'lllil|l'llll', Jl' SIlis I'll'.-M \>;iv \. I riiliv'iclioli i|llr Itllllr |)!ll'l illlll I'liiirH is;iiri'. il'aiuilvM'i il". ilitfiTi'iitH |iiiiiils ml il >'i'i( liiimiii'. soil ..ihi-. Ir im|i|hiiI ill la liii, snil ifiin ll- ra|i|iiirl ilii tlrnjl. Miii >iiiet Ir ia|i|iiirl ilr la (iirinr. l.'-r* ilniiimi'iiis |ii'iiiim>iiI -nii- lliMlit:'ll|i '!( <|ii", i|U.iiit an |iri-iiniM', ll n a |t:i-> rti- a|)|iii\i- |i:ii r iiM a\ lira IM if. 1 I I'lii' riililii' •■11 Ali^li'leni'. <,>iiaill l la vi-c-nialr. ji- nr )M||.>, i|l|i' rliiili' a l'i'xi«iti'll('«' il'il'i' ^raiiili !' ialn.' i|iii I'a ■ciiiiliiii a ilnmirr i iranii- an li'niui'.;iia>ii' ili' irilai'irs |ii'i»i'iiiii>. MKilM I 111 I ■•\li •*•• Iriii' ii)inlaliiiii |ii r>iiiiiiflli'. aim » i|iii' ci' lriiiiii;iiiai;i' mi- |ii i'uiii'lii's, ll a lU' pas afiiiti r I'nl an li iniii;{iiai;>' ilfv iiiai°iii>. |>r':i- (•i|ialiiiiiiu a lansc dr li'in laiij; itifii inn , i|iir I'mi a |.iiinvr a\ nir till la mtIIi' siilist;!!'- tlilli', .i'iv|ilii|in' ci'tli' lla);raiil'- iiiinsiiiT pai !•• fail i|iir If jnyi' pa,' ticl|iail 'H ""' ^laiiiir nii'snir a l.i s\ nipalliir ;;r'tii'rali- i-pnmM'r par la pupnlaliiMi pi-ii iiiiinl' ipir rr tilt pai'i'i- ipl'll I'lail ronvailicil ili* ri< I lit 'j'" to rKiiiiiiaiiilanl liirkli'x ciiiisi'illa ili- riniilnii'i' le \ iiiH>(raii Inns ili- I'i'iic inriilii limi. ''"' ' ri'diiiii'iir if.' la (iiaiuli'. |tri'tau[ni-, ipil iluii I'lri- li'iinr rrspinisalilr ili's ai'limis if "< a;{i'iitt. piiiii ri- il'Miiin liji- I viilfiil raiisr a la paiiii- li'S"i', it nil iciil-i'Iri' en' li.''ii '!'■' I'dii •.!• Int irnilii an ' si (;ta\i' ipfil a i-li' fiii;.!,.;' ' OPINIONS or mi;, adams. 1 D.) I'Cltlllll H iiiitiiro ;is lo li;i\<' ciillrfl i'lmu liiiii :i luriiiiil |);i|mt in Iiis jiistilifiitioii, .iiiili li:is Ikm'II plactMl mimoIi;; tli*' llu('llll|(•|lt^ Itcrnit' lis. .MtiT :i cait'l'iil cxaiiiiliMtioil of tli<' <|iii>sl ioii, I iiiii I tin- In'licf ihat il i"! iiossililc to nii'ivi' :it ;i clciir (•oiii|>i('lif!i--iM;i ol' I lu- iir.it i\r-< vliicli iK'tiiMlfil liiiii, wiiliuii! the necessity of iiiii»iitiii,t;" ;iii.v |nii|iiis(' ,l,ritI.V iilVeetill^' his iiMemily. l! ;i|)pi';irs liiiit il'. (Ml the iiiir hniiii. hi' \v;i , slow in his ilispDsit inn to ivai'li ;hi\ etVecti\ e ;iet ioli loMetiMt t lie enterpi'ise of tliesiii.u' for her eoii<|enii.,it ion, when she inaile her appearanee nt Nii»aii ill ihe winter of l>ol. niith-i iiiiieh less eireiiinstaiiees. The reason is plain. .Mr. Amler. ,111 viitiiali\ ailinits in his s|;itciiient I hat. ill tin' earlier staji'es of the st iii^^le in Aiiieiiea, lie eoiisiijereii t he I, lie III the I 11 i let I States as set t led, anil he l!l, ill I he la>t iiioiiilis of the war, lilt a shadow of iloiiUt eoiild lia\ i' remained in Ills iiiiinl as to Its periiiaiieliee. lie then elieerfllll\ aeeeptetla lelailier nil tlieir side, TIh- traiisilioii from one stale i>f !'eeliii;> to tln' olliei- can lie In. cause of surprise to a.,> one oiismvaiit of the lehii imis of 1 he. >iiiall popiilatioii of Nassau to ihe riiited States. Neilheris ii dillienlt !ii |M'ri'ei\ t' ainoini' Ihe doeiimeiils the Iraees of a similar revolin ion of ^nliiiieiii and action .uoiiil; on simnllaiieoiisly in other portions id' lier Majesty's (loin in ions far i'eiiio\ cd from t hat relat i\ el\ iiisi^nilicant island. ISc tiiis iis il iiia\ . the elVect ('t' t he d(>eisi(ni of t he admiralt \ conrt in l>'iL' was not only lo liln rate Ihe sliiji. )>nt lo pill an end to all se rions proiiiiitoi H atlciiipts to prevent the full accomplishment of the nefarious purpose td' 111! (lu iicrs. ( )ii or alioiil t he 7t h of An.mist. 1 he ( )re|o sailed from Nas- ^;ni. < )n the !tth of the same imuit h the schooner Priu'-e Alfred also hd'f ,111' place. Tliey met at a spitt a;^ree(l upon, ahniit sixty miles distant, iall(d (J.-eeii ("ay; and there the Oreto i('cei\ed her armament and .iiiiiiiiiiiil ion, as well as hei' I nie otlieers and crew . 'The eoinmander was iilic\ed i'nmi the terror of a new airesi v liicli he had felt in the e\cnt ' 1110 pfiiir Mil institli'tition nn ini'inMirc rcinncl i{Mi ;i rii' \\\M-r |i:irnii Ics (1()('ni"i'iit.'< o\- jcuM's iii.\ aul null-.. .Vpirs nil r\aiiii n ^.l■l ii|iiili ii\ dc la i|insi icm. Jc -.ni-. .nni'iir a crciiir iin'il est |ii)>sili|ii il iiiivrr a niii- |M'iri|iiinii tlaiii' iili'i' aiiriiii i|i'>^i'iii alliTlanl -nn iiili';>ri!i' an linnl. II ■•I iiiliii- i|iic. si (fun rule it a cii' lent (Ian- ^a ili>.|uisii ion a :iclii|iit'r aiii'iiiii' iiiisnii- 'iluiici' |iiiiii t'in|ii'ilii'i' l'i'nlrc|iii-.i' lie Tl (nto nn t -ii".', di- faiUrc. il jiarait i-ii |nu|Hiri iini :iii^,.lll ;i. I'li'ssci Hii ciniilaniii.it inn, Imsini'il lit smi M|i|iaril inn a Na'-saii, I'liiv it lii- l-iil, ilaii.siirs 'ai'iiiislancc.s lii'aiii'i'ii|> innins iliinO'iisrs. l,.i laisiiii v*\ ('■viiti'iitr. M. .\iiilir>oii adnict virtni'ltt'iin-nt (Imiih sun nii'Mitiiii' iiiic, ii.iiis ii's |iriiU)ii-l'cM jilia.si's till I'linlhl m .Vin< rii|ni', II ciiiisiili'rail Ic soit i!> Nnlniiticis |iiinr>'n\, I. a tran-itinn dn I'liiir di* rrs lai'mis dc >. nlif a I'antii' in- I'liii I'tii- mil' raiisi' di siii'lM ill- |Miiir aiiciiii nlisi'ivatinr dis if la 1 inns ilr la I let ill' |»i|ni- l.ainii ilr NasMc; aver )>■> I'.tat -'-I'liis, || n'r-l |ia<' nun pins dillirjli' dc di'rniis lii |i,iriiii "s iliirminiils Irs iiaci's d'lini' ! i'\ niiil ii>n siinliiald:'. a |iiiiiiiis dr la nianiiTi' di- sriit ir I't '^■t'iii. Miiiiill.'iiii'inint'ilans liii'ii d'aiitii"' pai liis drs 1 lats dn sa Maji sir, t H's-c|id;;iitrT, iti ii'Kc \\,. iTlatixriiit'iit iiisiuniliiinli-. •^iii'i ipi'il i-ii suit, la i'iMiM'i|iirn('i' (In in;;i'iiii'nt ilr la nun i-n l-'i'ii liil, ininsciilciiii'nt ['"' liliiii'i' Ic li:itinii'iit, Dials I'lirorc dc iiK'ttii nil ti'iani' a (iMile li'iitaiivi' si-rirnso !"'atiiipi rlirr rai'ciMnplissi'iiu'iil den proji'ts criiniiici!* dc scs propriiiaiics. Vits In 7 "".riMilii |iiilta NiiN^an. !<<■ t* dii niciiii' innis, In .silHiininr i'liiiri' .VH'iml i|iiittii "•""•i If port. lUiHc rciirmidi runt u iiii nndntil imivnaii, a iinn disiancn dn !»(i niillis, »|i|M'li' (iicrii Cay, I't la, rOiTtti rnrnt sns annns nl vn.t innnilinns, unssi liinn i|ni' scs ' >l)* iittlt'ii'r.s I'l sou <'vnipii);c. I,n I'lniiniandant n'avait plus ii (laiiidii- mm nniivrllo 100 AUnii l.'ATIO.N AT (Jl'.NKVA. ofliis coiitimiMiK'o jit Nmssmii loi- aiinilu'r (l;iy. TImto was no ra use lor this apprt licnsioii. Mis \ icinry was cninplt'tc. On llif iiioriiiii;; nl' the I nil Aii;^iist. ill a place callcil lllossoiii Cliaiiiifl, liclifvtMl to Iti' witlnn tlic r.iilisli jiiiisiiiclioii, (lie lt)i^lio<»k round in his ncssi-I shows the Imiun. ariiiiii to have hfcii coiiiph'hMl. The ant liority o!' Ilcr .Majt'sly's ycAcin rrniiicnl ha:l Itccn snccessrnllN dcru'ii, aiul the (h'cision ol her a third appears to result as a in, ill fi'iii lu- ll:! course. The next steji in the career of the i'lurida. material tti the preseiii i|i cnssidh. is the lacl ut' hereiitiy into Muhile, a purl held I»y the ni- ,iL;cnls, aillioniih al llie lime blockaded li\ the vessels of (he I'liih Sialis. Here she remained t«ir more than I'onr iii(»nllis. On the 1 of .lannaiN . !>(!.'!. she auain succeeded in runiiia^ the Itlnckade ontwiii and on tin j.'dh her captain had the cunl iiixdeiu'c to ;;i> al once in il \ <•!•> place land ol' Nassau riniu w liich he had Jiisl escaped ainl teriui s w liich Iteluii.u nuly toa malcraclnr. It is piupcr to atld tli;il the iuier\al lie liavl shipped an addi*i
  • sn)>i)oint('d. The tii';' avji.s driven hy stress of^veatlier intoCaix-lVin Ki'-'er, where it was seized, after tlie fashion of that ears at Charleston, in tSonth Carolina, and i- there i'e,i;istered as the private i)roi»erty of one Thomas J>. I'owor, ;■ eitiz(Mi of that [)laee. 1 lere it is recorded that a man named John rarkd is the master, lie was neither a citizen of South Carolina, iior of any of the insurgent States. It is thus made commaiuler. I can nowhere discover that anything;' of the sort was evci produced throujjhoul, all the subsefi il i'lit siii.^i, (l.'pres la mode d'alors daii« et^ I'l'.V''^; sans H'iii(|iii('tri ston. dans la Caroline dn Snil, et il y est enrejfistre eoninn; iin)]iiiiti ]iartienliere d'un Tlionias Jl. Power, eitoyen di' eette ville. lei les lei^istres imitciii qu'nn lionmn^ noninii' ,John Parker en est U' capitaine. II est iiarCaitenn'iit elair tpie eo M. Parker. (]ne nous trouverons Identot sous pin- sionr.s antres nonis, n'etait a cetto ('pixjue connii (pni coinnnt oaiiitaine d'nn vaisscas; l);irticnlier api>artenant a nn ))nis deeouvrir nnlle par; qu'anenn<' pieee de eette nature ait jamais •■ti' jiroduiti! jtt.'ndant toutes h's transaction- t)nbse(|Ut>ntes. Neannioins il est raisonna1)le de eroire (jue co vaisseau t'lit arnie, e((nii)(' et rernit"'" Cliarleston dans le l>ut de se livrer ,i nn systeme de d('iM'edati(nis. Sa premiere a|i|'!i''' tion dans ee role en haute nn;r eut lien le "jd Janvier IHI)'.!, cm il ])inv ' lt» schoonei' Han- over, de Pr(»vineeto\vn, petite ville de jieeheurs sur la eot(! dn Massachusetts, et surlc point d'arriver a sa destination, Au\ Cayes, dans Tile do .St.-Doiuin;juc. L(< (Nipitaino de la Retrihution di'posa alors son iM)n) do Parktir. En arrivant h bi'i' du Hanover il reeoi tnit imnu'diatoinent le i i|.>itaiiM^ Wasliington Case (iomme une ] Sonne aravii iccnpe d'un voyajjo de jieeho de ce port. II s'annoiiva alors comnu? Vernon liock'',"!' Id- lint. la pr ovinec ani;hiiso la Nouv(dlo-Eeosse. Si Ton admet eeci, il s'ensu'^ qr'iin citoyi'i OI'IMONS OF Ml,'. ADAMS. 219 tioiiofii, . ll'tliis be admittetl, it follows that a citi/en of one of Her 3IaJesty'.s (|o|K'ii(UMicies, acting as an ollicer of a vessel i»reten(linj;' to a bellifieient {•oiniiiission, took ]iossession of the Hanover as his lawful pri/.e, turned .idritt (lie true cajitain and his crew in an open boat to make their way to the nearest land as they best could, and then bore otV with his prey lowiu'd the island of Lonff (Jay. A<|ue.stion naturally arises lu-re, whether this Nova Seotia nuin Lo<'ke, ill ('oiiiin.n' to this region, had been nioNcd to it by any ])ievions faniiliarity with its lUeilities for sueh enterprises as lui was about. The evidence on this point is not conclusive. Tliounis Saini)son, a i»erson sent out as a ik'tcctive by the United States (lovernnient to watch what was ji'oin.^' (Ill !it Xassau, affirms that he knew by .li'ood report that Locke lia'ent States by the authorities of Nassau. ]>ut of this I shall have moi'c to say i)resently. On the 5th of J"\'bruary, l.St};;, that is, eij;ht days after the capture ol* the Hanover, this vessel arrived at J^onj;" Oay. J>ut there came at the same tinu^ another vessel in (!om])any, called tlu; Two Brothers, which Captain Locke had suctUH'ded in the intej''':>l i'l hunting uj), as well as her owner, a ]>erson of the name of Farrington, apparently not unaccus toiiicd to the business of buying up shipwrecked property. l>ut it was i;ot as Locke that the cai)tain now api)eared. This time he had the as- surance to personate; Washington Case, the true master of the Hanover, whom he had sent off with his crew several days before. He told a story that the vessel had been ashore and consiMiueidly si)rang a leak, which would nndvc transshiinnent necessary. Tlui end of it all was, that he desired to sell more or less ol the cargo, l-'arringtoii doubted the truth ol" this account from the lirst, but he did not see why that should prevent his buying the cargo. So the two i)i'oceeded to tlie oCiicci of the collector, in ord<'r to get the lu'cessary permit to land. That ollicer ex- (F line lies iioswssioiis (Ic sii MiiJi'sU', ii;j;issanl coimiic. ol'licifr (rmi vaissoati iiivi,('iuliiiif avoii' niic toiiiiiiissiou tie bcllij;;! rant, .N'oiqiara dii 1 laiiDVcr coiiimc jn'iso l('j;ali', jt'tii Ic \r;ii ca|iilaiiii! el; son ('(iiiiitani' dan.s nil ]K'tit liatcan, jxnir (|u'il.s /^iiiiiiassi'iit la tiM'ro la I " " • •"■ • I -■■I'".-' 1 • ■ ■■ ' 1 1 ' " r — plus indclic coninu,' ils Ic jionnaicnt, i>nis (inula avcc sa iiris(! vers Tile dc l-mij^ V'^y- lei .s'l'U" (' natnri'IlfiiR'iit la (lucstion dc >ir »i cct honuiH^ <1(! la NDiivcllc-lIt.'ossc, ■■'■■ '■iiaiit dans ci's parafics, y avail co' jxnissi' ii;,r nnc ccrtainc I'aniiliaiili' hwa: 'I'l'il y aviiit lroiiV('cs aniiai'i'vant, pour d^s cntcrinisi s i,, ■■iiis-i liifii (jilt! s(ni proprii'tairc, dn iioni ilc t'aninL'.ton, ijiii avail ap))arcinini'nt liK'iiMraclictcr dcs ]iropii('|('s nanria,ii('.'S. Mais cc nc I'lit jias coininc Liickc (|n"ai Minis 1(" caiiilMliii'. Ccltc fo'-: il cut raiidair dc joiicr ic role d(! Wasliini^ton Case, h 1 avait envoy,' )ironiener avcc son (^(piipaijc (inchjiitis il lit iiiK^ liis(oii'c. disani ipic le \aissean avail lonclic' terrc et <[u'en •If-, .|,n ••,•> il a\ait niic voie d'ean, cc (|ni rendrail nn translioi'dejncnt ni'ccssjiire. lia •''"'• '. • . ::.'i.i «'tait ipril dcsiiail vendrc pins on nioins d<( la car^jaison. l-'ariin;?t<)ii "liMitii (i la v('i'ite, dc cello liistoire dcs raliord, inais il in; vit pas poiii'(|iioi c(da faiirail t'liipcclu' d'aclictcr la ^arnaision. Jls sis rcndiicnt done tons Ics d"iix ait bureau dn I'i'ccvcur pour olitciiir la perniiissioii do di'Iianpier. Cct ollicicr cxainina Ics ]>a])icrs 220 AKMUTIIATJO.N AT (ii:\i:\'A. ainincd tli<' iiapois otllercd in the usikjI inniiiior, asked the ciisioinan, questions, funl, bciiij^; satislied, f;iive tlio. requisites authority. Thus every ])art of Locke's selu'inc^ liad eomj^letely suc(!ee(h'(l. II,. reoeiv(?d his money. ]''arrin,aton sold tlie ;;oods, doubtk^ss at a uooil profit. The. ca])tured vessel was sent to Nassau, there h)aded with sal, and provisions to .li'o to one of the iiisui-.i^ent ports, after wliieli tliciv is no furtlicr tvwco. of her. It shouhl, however, be i>artieuhirly noted that the manifests ol' tin cari^'o presented to the cKileetor, upon whicli the transfer of theitropcitv was authorize*!, were two. They boie (hites on different days, tlie ."itii and Gth ]''ebriiary, ami botli purported to liave been signed by tiic true captain, AVasIiin^ton Case. Hut iimsmuch as ho had been sent (m his way over th<; sea on the iMth of .lauuary, it is cleai- that the dates were appended by Locke. .Moreover, the two manifests were not i(UMi tical eitiier in rej^ard to the artick's of the t o nor to the ur' si(l(>, the I'esident magistrate of Jnagua, subsequently reported to the g . :" f the facts which he happeiu^tl to wilr.ess. lie aflirms tlnd l)oth J" !,ton and he doubted the truth of liOcke's story at the tinu\ A day 0( vo afterward, by reason of some words droppi'd Irom an intoxicated sailor in the Hanover, the collector was led to .sus- pect some falsehood, which induced them all to examines the i)ivpei's auire closely. The truth became appai-ent, on inspection, that a palpaltlc forgery had been coinmittiMl, and an indiviibial falsely personated. Here were the (;ollector, the resident magistrate of the district, iiml one other person, all of them convinced that a grave olfense had lu'in committed against the law — an oll'ense, too, involving a cpu'stioii of j^roperty, which it would seem to ha\e been tlu> duty ot' the otlicers ar i 'Jill iiui lui ('■taiiMit, prisi'iit 's, dans la_l"itn;i:' oiiliii;iiic, IK Ics (in'siions iisiiolles, ct, salist'ai;. lioiiiiii; raiUt)iis;iti(iii (i('iii;in(l('i'. Aiiiisi lo jilaii di' Lockif :ivai( rriis.'^i (•umiili'tiincnt dans touti'.s si'S i)ai'ti('S. 11 n^nit son ;vr<^tMit. I'^inniifton vcndit la i'!iu ca|)tni'('- i'lit cnvoyi' -X Xassai; : Ifi, cliiirj;!'' do scd ct t(' fnt jintorisc, otaifut an nonibre do doux. lis iiortaicnt; di's dates di' Jonrs diir.'rents, h^ oot \o (i ft'-vrier, et tiiii> li's d<'u\. pn'ti-ndaiiMit iivoir i't(^ si.niK's par li' vi'ai ca|)itain('. Wasliintifton Case. Mai^ I onitni' il avait ('h' cnvoV'' snr mer lo '27> jaMvicr, il est clair (jno Ics dates avaiciitoti' ajonti'es ])ar Locke. D.- jdns, Ics dciix •■manifests" n'itai(^nt identii|n<^s, ni (piMUt anx artieles df la cariiaison. ni -plant a la ipmntiti' ili- cliacnn d'cnx. l^ii outre, les si;i'n;i- inros n'l^taicnt |ias Ic nioins du monde ilc la incn\i! lU'ritnre. II u'est ])as invraiscnd)!:'. Itle (|no I'linc d'cllcs ait pii clrc autlienti(pio ct tronv('c ;'i liord .aprcs sa capture. .Mai-- I'auin' ('tait ccrite d(! tello worto cpu' jicrsonne, on la voyant, iic ponvait nianiiucr cl' rci'onnaitre (pi'dlc r.'c'tait pas dc la. ihi'muo main. M. .lolni liurnsidc, ma!;istrat d'lnagua, rapporta i>lns tar. I !iu ;;'oiivonieiu" les i'aiK dont il lui clait iirrivi- d'etre tt'moin. 11 allirino r the e property •s, the .".til !cl l»y the Ml sent (111 the dates ! not iileii aiititiosoi !ime liiiiil 1 fi'ouniiit', olhcr was not by till' •.scquoiitly r.c'ss. lie 'ke's story ,sdrop])('(! lod to siis- ho jiiipcrs ii p;ili»iilili' iUod. strict, iiiiil had bt'('!i lU'stiou oi' ollU'ci's ar ct, sMlisIni;. •s. II m.-iir t . ]>(' vais- sc icuilre .1 (•iiViiaisnii (■tiiii'iit an icr, ct tdih Case. Ma'> iviiifiit ('h- (|iiaiir aiix Ics siiiiia- i';iisi'iiii)l;i- tiu'O. .Mai'' iiaiKiiicnl!' Ill' U's r.iitv <;-toll ct llli, HI' oil '1''"^ OVIT, li' I'l'' a cxamiiH'r in'mi t'a"'^ iiidiviilu. coiiviiiiK'ii- rriiiniint nf oflicifi'sdii least to ineiitioii ollicially lothe authoritk'sat Xa.ssaii. It was lor them 10 lead the way, ill warniiif^- them in season of an ubiise which might possibly, and even probably, come to their notice in connection with both these vessels at Nassau. In ixiiiit of fact, both of them, as well as a part of the cargo, went to Nassau and remained some time. Three weeks elapsed, and, so far as appears by the papers, not a whis per lejiarding this cxtitiordinary tiansactioii seems to have been com- municated to the governor or anybody in authority at Nassau. The Ketribntion was there and the JIanover was there. Nassau is a very small place, where every event of this kind naturally would attract some attention. The othcers of the IJetribution, including Locke himself, had come there. A single line from the collector would have served to point attention to the subject, and to lix tluj eyes of the authorities on the vessels at least, if not on the men. It is not unreasonable to infer from i!ie character of tiie i»lace that the substantial facts attending the cap- iiue were more or less known to many persons, from the moment of the aiiivalof the vessels and the men. The collector was dumb. The resi- dent luagistrate was dumb. As to I'arrington, nothing could be ex- peeted from him, as he had become more or less u party in interest in i.iiiccaling the fraud which he could not doubt had been committed. Neither is it at all likiily that anything more would have ever been (lisi'.jsed by these i)arties, had it not been that the agent of the under- wiiters of the vessel, having learned something of the case, on the 20th (if April addressed to the governor a remonstrance against the unlawful proceeding, and a desire for an iii\ cstigation. The allegations wered ■- tinctly made — That tilt' AiiU'i'icini sflKMinci' lliUKUcr \Mt.s taUcii Id I'ortiine rsliuid liy a iicrsoii call- iiii; liiiiuself tiic inasti'i, wlio (•(iiiiimiiiicati'il to K. W. Farriii^ton, ol' tlie alnnc island. Iiisdcsiro to (lis]i().se (if till' carj^o of said sclioorier, and to ])iirc'liawi' a cai'ifo of salt : That tlie earj^oof till. Hanover was tiaiisfened to tlie IJiot hers, owned liy tlie said J''ai- liii^tiiii, and ail, or a jiart thereof, eonv<-yed to the jiort of Nassau, ami thert' placi'd in i!iai';;e of .lames 1. Fairiii^^'ton, also one ol" tlie ma!j,ist rates of Fortune Island : 'iKiiiis dc nientionner ollicielleiiient aiix aiitoiiles de Nassau, ("efail a enx de prendre li's (levants en les avertissant a temps trim ahns<|iii i>onva'' jient-clre. et nicme pro- liahlciiient, veiiir a leiir eonnaissanee en rapport a\ee cesdeir vaisseaiix a .Nassau, l-^i t'ait, tens les denx, anssi hieii (in'iine pailie ile la ear^ii'son, .'illcrent a Nassau et y lestc- iviit i|llel(pie temps. Ti'dis .seinaines s'eeoiili'reiit. et,aiitaiit (pi'll ressoit drs doeiimeiits, pas nil mot eon- leniaiit cettc transaction extraordinaire lus senilde avoir I'ti' eommiiiii<|iir' an jj;onver- uciir in a pcrsonne en aiitoriti' a Nassau. La lietrilintion y etait et le JIanover y I'tait. Nassau est un eiidroit (res-ju-tit, ofi tout evciieineiit de eette nature iittirerait natnrelle- iiii'iit (piclipie jitteiition. Les olliciers de la lietiilmtion, y eoinpris Lo(;k(? Ini-ineiiie, y otaiciit veiius. lliu! seiile lij;iie du rccevenr anrait scr\ i a attirer rattcntion sur ce siijt't et a lixer les y»!U.\ de.s aiitorite.s snr les vaisseaiix an nioins, sinon snr les homines. 11 11 est ])as derais(»niial»le (rinferer du earaeti'ie de I'endroit <|iie les faits siil.stantiels luneoriiant hi capture etaieiit plus ou moins conniis (U; licaiieoup dc inoiule, depiiis le mo- iiii'iit (le I'arrivt'c des vaisseaiix et des homines. Le rccevenr fiit iiiiict. JiC ina^istrat lilt iiiiiet. Quiiut ii Farriuf'toii, on lie jiouvait rien attemlic (h; lui, iiiiis(|n'il (Halt lU'v am plus ou uutiiis [tartic intiM'essiM! a eacher la fraude, rien de jdus eiit Jamais et(' dinoih' jiaices personues, ni I'ageiit des assnnMirs du vaisseaii, ayant appris (|nel(|iu3 chose de 'iiciis, n'avait pas mU'ess<\ le '20 avril, an nonverneur, uiu! remontraueo contre hi jiro- nili' illo'oal, ct uue (U-niaude d'iuvcstijjatimi. Ses alh'jjjatioiis <'taient iietteiiient faites : "(^10 Ic Hcliooiier aiinuleaiu, lo Hanover, avait et(' [iris a Fortune Island par nn indi- vidii sVii disant Ic capitaine, (pii coiiuiiiuii(|ua a K'. \V. Farriuf^ttui, de I'lh; ei-dessns, "iiii (h'.sir de disposer de la carffai.sou dn dit schooner el d'aeheter uue earyaison (h; sel. " 1 t ■i • 1 Tf-'-ti 22: ARHITIIATION AT (iENKVA. Tliat tilt! iiii.iovcr ■as loaded with salt, aiul sailed for oiio of tlio .soutlKnn ports m llic L'liitfd States; That tlin jtarty who rcpicsoiitcd himself as \VMshiii;;toii Case, inasttnof the llaiiuvti. provtMl to l)e the. lirst ollie-r of the armi-d schooner IJotribntion ; That the Ketriltutiou was then at Nassau, as wert; also the oillcers. The Ivotriliiition was thoii at Nassau, and had Ijihmi tliore recH'ivcd ;i>: a vessel of war of the insurueiit States, without a won! of reiuonstiaiitc or even of uotiee by the autliorities. r>nt ;)ii the .'>lst of January, l.S(J2, the; Dulce of Newcastle had dis- ]iatche(l to the o'overnor of Nassau a ]iai)er of instnufthms to j^iiiilc ills eouise in regard to such vessels, one of which was to this eltect: During; the eoiitiimauce of (he ])!'( sent hostilities between the (Jovei'nniont of tlii' I'niled States anil tli(^ States eallini'; tlienisi'iv(>s the, (, 'on federate States .;f Ainerir:i, m nntil Her Majesty slnili otliei'wise order, no slu]t of war or ]iri\ateer helon^in;,' t,i either of the lielii;j;erents siiall lie peindtted to enter or remain in tlie port of \:is>;iii, or in any other jiort. or roadstead, or water of the liahama Jslands. exeeivt hy spiM i;il h'a\ e ol'tlw! lientenant-.noyernor of tlics Jiahama Islands, or incase of stress of weiitini. On the 1 1th of March, followino-, (Jovernor lltiyley appears to have issued a proclamati(Ui to the ]>eopl(^ of tins JJahania Islaiuls, comimim catino' these instructions, and directinji; obedience to this provision. The o()V(n'nor of Nassau had not taken any at^tion whatever, so fm as it ai>i)ears, in jirohibitinji' the entrtince or reniainino- of the lictribu tion in the ]>ort of Nassau, though he must liave known she was tliore ()u receivin;i" (he letter of .Air. .lacks-ju, he ('outented himself with a reference to the attorney-'icneral in these words, '' I wish to know what steps ouo'ht to be taken. It is snooested thatti eonlederateollicci has made I'ortune Island a de|)ot for i)rizes.'' Siu'h was the oidy point of view in whi(;h the o'overnor thought lit to consider the stiiteinent of Mr. dackson, communicatino" to him otlici facts of which it mioht have been su[)i)os(Mlit was his duty to take notice. " Qne h- Hanover avait ete eliarij;e de, sel, et i|n'il ('-tait parti pom' I'nn tU^^' iM)rtsilii sud des I'ltats-l'nis. "(;n"il avait ete jtronve (|ne Tindividn se doiinant i)onr AVashinj^ton Case, eaiiitiii;ii' dii llanover, etait h' prenuer ollicier dn s(;liooner arme la IJetribntion. '• Qn(5 la IJetrilintion t'-tait alors a >iassan, anssi bien i|ne les olUeiors." I^a Ki'trilmtion antoriti's. Mais le :>1 Jan\ ier Ir^tri, le duf de \eweastle avait expt-ilie an yonvernenr de Xiissiiii des instruetions ponr ^uider sa eondnite a feiiard de, vai.vseanx semblables. doiit I'lim etait eon<;ne eomme snit: "I'endant la dnn'-e des hostilitt's jtrrsentes entre le Oonvernenient des fitats-Uiiisin les .soi-disants et;its-e(Mdedt''n's tVAmeritiue, on .jiisijn'a ce (|Ue sa Majestd en oriloum antrenient, il ne sera pernns a i;nenn vaisseau de j^nerro ni a anenn corsairc aiipiU- t«!naiit a I'nn on a I'antn* dtvs l»ellij;t''rants d'entrer on de roster dans lo port de Xassiu. on dans (inelqiu' antre jiort. on rade on dans h>s eanx des iles JSahamas, a moiiis (ruin permission speeiale dn lientenant ^onvernenr des iles Bahamas, on (mi eas de iiiuiiv; temps." Le 11 mars snivant. le i^onverneiir Hayley ji.arait avoir pnhlie nne ]»ro(!lamat;on aux habitants des ili's Ihdiamas, lenr eonunnni(|nant ees instrnetions et lenr ordoiuiaiit di' les snivre. Le ^-onvernenr de Xassan n'avait )n'is ain-nno mesnre, antant (pi'il lo senible. poi;! onipeeher fentroe on le sejonr de la JJetribiUion iir- poser ipi'il t'tait de son devoir de prendre cornniissance. OPINIONS OF yill. ADAMS. 'flic Koti'ibutioii hiul been received in Nassau as u coutedei-ate vessel iifwnr, contraiy to the terms of his own prochtniation. Tlic- Hanover had been received in Nassau as a jirize, and Iiad been litteil out from there to ij;o to the Southern States of America. The oflicers of the vessel were at tlu^ time stoppinjj^ at Nassau, enJo\ - iiiff tlie fruits of their violation of the waters of the l>ahamas. yohody residing;' in so small a phuje, wliere events of this jicculiar kind were passing before tlieir eyes, (jouhl h>n,n' remain ignorant of these tiiets. Yet til e governor confines Iiis in(|uiry of the attorney-general to tin* iiicio fact that Fortune Island liad heen nu.de a dei)ot ft»r i)rizes by a confederate oilicer. The attorney-general was ]Mr. (I. C Anderson, with whom wci have iilroiidy l)een made accpiainted in the transactions conniuited with the vfciinicr Oreto, (iHkh th(^ Florida, wliich took place in Nassau Just one viMi' before. This gentleman does not ap])ear to ' lidpc 111' liciii};' alilt! t(» iulvisit liis excellency to some course of iirocerdinij; wliich uciiild Iciiil to a jndieiiil investilaine(l ol', lint I re- ^ivt (0 say that I liavo lieen iinalilo to aiTivtt at any otliei' conclusion tending to such I result. Tilt' ciinvcyiii;:: of the Hanover into the pint ol' \a)U>x ('ay, anil thete traiisshijipiiiix ;!ii' t':uj;MiK'iMtaiis les transactions ([iii st^ rattachout an steamer I'Oi'eti., antreiiient h; Florida, i|iu ciucnt lieu a Nassau juste uik; aniK'e .'inparavant. Ce nionsieiir lie, jiarait pas ('-tro ili'Vfini plus actif dans rintervalle. L'avis (pril donna en n'ponse an gonverueur est 1 iMli;ii en ces teliucs : ".I'ui cxamiiH' de nion mieiix lii lettn^ iiiclust' de M. .Taekson, dans respnlr do lioiiVdir iudiiiiter a son excelk'iicc (|nel(|iie ligue de condnite (pii put iiUMier a iino |||i|ii('ti' jmlieiaire. dans les circoiistaiices doiit on se. jilaiut; niais .je rogrette de iliii', line je ii'ai pn arrivor a aiiciine autre coiiclnsioii tendant a uii semblablo risiilt;it. "he fait d'ameiKM' hi Hanover djins ](? port, de Tioug Cay et d'y transborder la iiinaismi eii reiivisageant coninio line prise de giierro etait une violation do la '1' tiMise (Ic sa Ma.jest('' an siijet des prises, et Ic r '"iiis(\ (|uelc(mi|iie de siispecter Iv. caraetf'n^ du vaisseau et de sa eargaison, aurait dil les iimtcr tons les deux ; inais eoiniiic eeci n'a pas ^t^" fait, (pie Ic vaisseau a ([uitte la "iliiiiii', et (ju'oii a tlisposc'' de la cargalHoii, on no pent niaiiiteiiaiit entanua' aueiin |inii'('s ill rem. "I'll piemiJ'ni ipiestioii cliar^^o is out; Avhicli culls lor .soiiic iiivcslifiiitiun, ami [ tlien-tbro rocoiniiiciKl tliiit the iiiii;;istifitc of tlic district be «liiccto(l, on his next vi>i: to Loiiff Ciiy, to institnto iininirics with tlut view of iisct'i'tiiiiiiii;i tht; exact liictsm the ease, and that tht^ collector of revenue hv. instrnetetl to bo vigilant in iu'(;vciitin • any oeenri(!Ucc of .similar acts. lu the tirst place it should be noted that this opinion at onco con demns the course of the collector of revenue, who is proved to have had (!ause to suspect the character of the A'cssel and cargo. He says that it Avas his positive duty not merely to notify the government of the facts, but to arrest both vessel and cargo. In ])oint of fact, he did ueithei, and gave no notice whatever at the time to the authorities at Jfassau. Yet I do not perceive in the course of these pai)ers the smallest at tempt to have been subsequently made to call the collector to any re sponsibility. Xot a word was said to him of his failure to perform thi> positive duty. lu the second i)lace, the attorney-general gives it as his deliborati' opinion that none of the ]»arties to tbis transaction had rendered tlioiii selves criminally liable. It Avoidd have been perhaps tlesirable had that olficer given a slii^li reason lor giving such an opinion prior to any attempt to investij,'ati' the facts attending the case. Tiiere was ])lenty of evidence to bcfouinl at Nassau if there were real energy present to seek it. If he had sought it, it seems impossible that the attorney-general's stateineiit could have been made in good faith. As a clear i)roof to the coiitran. in point of fact, he himself was the party employed in i>rosecutiii},'at;i later period an indictment against the principal engaged in those tian> actions both for conspiracy and forgery. It is impossible for me to exi)lain this singidar action of tlic ai toriiey-general in any other way than this : He meant to say that in n ])opiilatiou so entirely in sympathy with the insurgent <;au!^e at thai moment, there Mas no chance, in his opinion, of procuring a verdict against any one engaged in it. And in this he was probably right. But this view of the subject does not relieve Her ^Majesty's govciii ".Je pensc eejiendant (ipnlatiiui> entiertiuient synipathiqne a la canst; insurgoe a eette epo' cliauee, dans son oi>inion, d'obtenir un verdict coutrequi quo cc; lYit t\\n y I'lait v\ifi'?' Et <;n eeei il avait probablement raisou. .Mais eette nianicic d"cnvisager le snjet ne d'cluirge pas le gouveruoment ilc "' OI'INIONS OF MK. ADAMS. 225 ment from tlio ol)liftatioiis towards tlie imioL'ont Jiud injured party, in- curred by tlio neglect of her servants to use due diligence in their vo- catioii to protect it from wrong, But I must now go back in my relation of the operations of thia man, named Captain Tarker, fl?ms Case, alias Locke, to the point where {left him, having accomplished Ins end at Long Cay of converting into money the i)lunder he had obtained from the cargo of the Hanover. He seems to have left liong Cay in the vessel called the Two Brothers, into which that i)art of the cargo was transferred which was destined to be sold at Nassau. But this was done only to evade observation. }[e sto]>ped at a place called Hum Cay, where lie landed, and not long after the Ketributiou appeared, and took him oft". This must have been about the middle of February. Locke then re- sumed his cruise, and, on the 19th, being somewhere in the neighbor- liood of a place called Castle Island, he came across an American brig called the Einilj'^ Fisher, on a voyage from the island of Cuba to New York, laden with sugar. Whether intentionally or otherwise is not ab- solutely clear, five or six British wrecking-schooners were lying at an- chor uiider the land, whilst the master of another one, called the Emily Adilerle.v, which was cruising about, bethought himself of boarding tlie Emily Fisher, and entering into some conversation with the captain touching the safety of the navigation, &c. This being over, a signal ap- pears to have been given from the Adderley, the ettect of which was at once visible by the ai)proach of another vessel. The result was that the Emily Fisher was seized as a prize by the confederate schooner Itetribution. And now Captain Locke seems to have really put into execution the sclienie which he had only i^reteiided in the case of the Hanover. He consulted with the captains of the five British wreckers, the effect of which was that they took the brig, and, at about 5 p. m., ran her clean (111 shore. The next day the wreckers had so far uidoaded the brig of lier sugar that she was again afloat. The master of the brig, who, with Maji'st^ (le8 obligations envers la pavtie innoeente et Un^e, encounies par la iici»lif>;ence (lesi's ofticieis a cxercer "duo diligcneo" dans leiir mission de la prot<>;^er contre tout doinraago. Mais jo dois maiiitenant rovenir dans men rdcit des operations de cet homme nomm<5 le lapitaine Parkor, alias Case, aUan Ijookc, an jioiiit on jo I'ai laiss*^, ai»ios avoir iiccomjili son dtissoin a Long Cay do convortir on argent lo butin (ju'll avuit ubtenu de la cargaison dn Hanover. 11 8enil)le avoir quitto. Long Cay sur le vaissean appcle lea Two Brothers, dans leqnel avait et<^ trausportdo cetto partie do la cargaison qui dtait dostinee i\ ctro vendue i!^ Nassau. Mais e'dtait soulonient pour dvitor los observations. Eu ettet 11 s'arrAta en 1111 eiidroit nomuid Rum Cay, ou 11 ddbarqua, et, pen de temps apres, la Ketribution parut ct le prit a bord. ctitt! tt'iitativ' ^1 t'wi doit s'etre passd a pen pres an milieu de fevrier. Locke reprit alors sa course, • tie li), sf trouvant quebiue jtart dans le voisinage d'uu endroit appeld Castle Lsland, il leiicontra un brick americaiu nouinic I'Kmily Fisher, en route do I'lle de Cuba pour New York, chargd do snore. Soit avee intention, soit autrement, cola n'est pus trfes- ilair, cin(| ou six schooners anglais de aanvetagt^etaiont a I'ancre pros do terre, pendant •I'li'le capitaine d'uu autre, noutmd I'Eniily Adderley, qui eroisait li\ autour, imagina Mailorder lo Fisher, et d'entrer en conversation avee lo cajdtaine au sujot do la seouritd lie la navi,:;atlon, etc. Apres ee bout de conveisation, uu signal paraU avoir etc donno ilii Adderii y, dont reffet devint bientAt visible par I'approache d'uu autre vaissean. I'P i(%ultat tut quo I'Emily Fisher fut saisi comnio prise du schooner confdderd la Ketri- bution. I'-t maiiitenant le capitaine Locke semble avoir rdellemeut mis .^ exe'cution lo plan M" il avait soulemeut t'oint dans le cas du Hanover. l\ tint consoil avee les eajtitaiue.s •li's ciuq schooners anglais, et le rdsultat fut qu'ils prirent lo brick et que, vers cnin heures aprks-midi, lis lo jettdreut i\ la cAte. Le londomain les sauvetours avaientasseK d&hargd le brick de sou Sucre pour qu'il fftt remis ill flot. Le capitaine du brick, qui, 15 n tl 1,'I'IM-. I' 226 AKIUTllATION AT GENEVA. his crew, had been jiut ashore close by, seeiiifi these o|)eratioiis nojn., on, mailo some etlbrt to reclaim the i)ro[)erty. lie applied to tlio in' thorities for assistance, but they declined to };ive him any prior to his securing a release from the claims of the wreckers for salvap". Tlic consequence was that, by payin*;; one-half of the value of the carfjii. and one-thii'd of that of the vessel, she was linally returned, divi-stwi of almost everything movable on and under de<'k. All this tiino tlic brig was lying under the guns of the Ketribution, and the autlioiitios to whom he appealed declared themselves wholly unable to prot' tliim. From this narrative, it seems tolerably plain that the m.ister of the I'lt ribution, after seizing this vessel, entered into an agreement with tlicse wreckers to cause her to be driven ashore, and then to divide the proceeds which might be collected in one way or another from false claims of s;ih age; and inasmuch as the master offered more money than they could leas onably expect to realize by any other disposition they could make of it, with less trouble to themselves, they accepted the terms. The autlioii ties at Long Cay, fully aware of the transaction, the nature of wliich they could not misconceive, gave it their sancti(UJ. Neither does the collector appear to have ever given any report of the transaction. A more thorough jirostitution of the powers of the Government tu the most tlagrant purposes of plunder, under pretenses which coiilildc ceive no one, it has not been my lot to witness, even in the long record of frauds submitted in the volumes before us. it may be alleged, on the ])art of Her 3Iajesty's government, tluit these were the results of the otfenses of irresponsible parties, for wliidi it is not the custom of governnuMits to be held liable to other natiims, The answer to this is, that when the lietribution made her apix'araiue in the port of Nassau, after having executed the outrages described, the collector declaies that she did iu)t enter as a trader; she was treated as a confederate vessel of war. m^ U-.: fe:;. avec son <^iliii])n<;(^ iivait 6to mis i\ tcii't! tout pres, voyaiit ces opdratioiis en trniii. lit quehino tentative ponr reelanier sa iirojiiiiUe. 11 denianda (In secouis anx iiutoiitrs luais elles refiisereut tie Ini en donuer ancnn, avant onsables envera les autres nations. La rdjionso a ceci est que quand la Ketribution (it sa prenuere apparition dans le port de Nassau, apres avoir conimis les outrages decrits plus bant, le receveur declare qu'elle ii'entra pas conime vaissean de commerce. Elle fut traitee commo vaisseamle guerre conidddre. Ceptmdant aucune application ne senible lui avoir did faitctle* rf-gles prescritcs par lo gonverneinent de sa Majestd le 151 Janvier 18(12, exelnaiit ties ports, des rades et des eaux des lies liabanias tout vaisseau semblable sans permissiou bpdciale. Ol'lNIONS OF MK. ADAMS. 227 Oil tlic .{(l of March this vessel had boon dismantled, and her hull waa sold at piiblio iuu'tion l>,v Messrs. Adderley & Co. She brou^'ht the sum lit jCL'.)0. Iliit it nowhere ni)|)eiirs to whom the proceeds were credited. Messrs. Adderley & Co., who probably knew the whole story of this vessel IVoMi its ori.tjin to its sale, werc^ never called upon to disclose it. Noitlier does it appear that the governor took the smallest notice of soniiiterial a transaction. Xor yet is it likely that any more in(|uiries would have been made in ;iiiy (luarter liad it not been for a reminder which the authorities were not at liberty to ne};lect. On the Ith of April Mr. Seward, the Secre- iKi'V of State of the United States, addressed a note to Lord Lyons, ilieii the Jiritish minister at Washington, statin*; tlie facts attendiuf? the capture of the Hanover in IJritisli waters, and demandin<; repara- lioii. Lord Lyons sent a copy of this note not only to Earl Itussell but iliicctly to the {governor of Nassau. Tilt! {fovornor, on receipt of this dispatch, addressed a reply directly to Lord Lyons, transmitting; the report received from Mr. Ijurnsido, when oxi)ressIy called upon the L'(Hh April ])revious, which is found iimoiij,' the palters before us, and concludinjif with the following para- l.'rai»li : Wliatctvcr tlm tliaractcr of tile Ktitiiliuthm, or whocvt-r the osteii.siblo miistj'r may li;ive been. I am coiiviiicrd that no snspieioiis of eitlicr were eutenaiiieil l>y iiii.V otti- riiilsdf this jiovei'miicnt iiiilil it was too late to aet on tlieiii. I have directed fiirtlici' iii(|iiiries to be m:ilif|ue piir Messieav.s Hetuy Addeiley et C"'. Hllt! lapporta la sommo do £,'2oO. Mais on ue timive nuUo part qui fut creJiti^ do co beiielice. Mossieiirs Adderley et C'", qui pri>ba- Ijliiiicnt connainsaient toute I'histoirc do (!o vaisseau, depui.s son ori<;ine,jii.s(iu'i1 sa vt'iite, 111' fnrent jamais appeles a la niettro au jonr. Le jjousernenr no somblc pas aon jiliiH avoir fait la nioindro remarquo siir une transaction aiissi ;;;rovo. 11 nV'st pas probable non plus q"' Micnno enqtiOto eftt 6t6 faite nuUe part, s'il n'y avait pits en nu rappel qno les antorit^s n'avaient pas la I'.bertd do m^^licrcr. Le 4 avril, .M.Seward, Secretaire d'dtat des fitats-Unis, ailrossa uiic note •>. Lord Lyons, alors lui- nistred'Aiifrleterre i\ Waslii i^ton, exposant lesfaits concernant la capture du Ilauovor iliiiis Ins eaux an;rlaises, et domaudant reparation. Lord l^yons envoya nno copio do iitie note, non-seuloment au Conite KusscU, niais direct'jment au fjouverueur do Nassau Le jToiiveruonr, h la reception do cette deiieche, rt^pondit direetement H Lord Lyons, I'll lui tiiMismettant lo rapport rofu de M. IJurnside, (piand il y fut expros.si^ir,. "♦■ invite, IfHl avril pivcedent, (pii so trouve parmi les documeuts dovant nous ot ■■ i/iuinaut jwr le jiaranraplie suivant : "Queliiu'ait pu etre lo caracterc de la Retribution, on son capitaine ostensible, jesuis '■"iiyaincu ([u'auisnn soui)von a Tej^ard do I'un on do I'autro n'a dto con^u par aucuu "iiiiier de ce ijouvorueniont.jusqu'a co ([u'il ait (?to trop tard pour a^ir contro eux. ■' I'ai tlonne des instructions pour (pio Ton fit des oniijufitos ult<^rieuros." •le lie puis taire ma surprise du calmo d'uno telle atlirination, quand le rapport qn'il I'livoyait. et aiupud il est iait allusion, semblo it iiies yenx ailmettro distinctoment le fait '|iie toils les trois, lo recoveur, M. Farrin<^ton ot lui, convurent do si fji'iiuds doutos sur !■• vciitd des exposes quo lour lit Locke, qu'il mo soluble avoir (>ry and l'raur()ccedin;is that followed I desire^ to sjical; uith the moderation due to the courts of a foreign nation. Ibit 1 coiilil only rejjcat the remarks which I made in rej^ard to this matter in inv review of tlu^ case of the Florida. The arbitrators appear to inc at least to have a duty to the parties before the tribunal to state their convictions of the exa(^t truth, without fear or favor. In the perloiiii. ance of my share of it, i cannot onut to point out — (1,) the evasion df the important witnesses when they were wanted, and their re appcm- ance in perfect security afterward; (2,) the refusal of the collector ;U Lon}:f <'ay, the most important and responsible agent of the govcin ment in the transaction, to appear at first ; and {.'3,) the absence of ;ill testimony as to the facts within his knowledgo when he actually up peared ; (4,) the avoi(hince of all testimony of the same kind on tlic part of Hurn^ide, the nnigistrate of Inagua, whose tirst rei>ort, niadi'to the governor, showing his knowledge of then), is among the papers ix' fore ns; (.">,) the straw-bail required of the principal culprit by the court, and his ready forfeiture ot it when he ])lease«l; ((»,) the intiiim tion of (iovernor Kawson, that if it had been £1,000 instead of £l(iii, it would have been e a do la piratoric, aii.ssi hioii quo do faux ot do fraiuli'. .Jo dosiro parlor dos pour.suites jiidiciairos qui suivirout avoo la luodc^ratioti ddi; mn cours d'uno uation otran^foro. Mais jo no potirrais cjuo ri^^potor lo.s roniarquos (|iu'j',i faitos i\ I'oj^ard do cotto matiiu-o daus ma rovuo du oa.s du Florida. Los arbitri'siiM 8ond)lont avoir, tnvors los partioH (iiii sout devaut co ti'ibuiial, au ukuus la dovoinlVs- po.ser lourM oonviotiouH do I'exacto vorito sans ])our ni partialito. Dans raccouiplix*!- iiiont do ma taulio, jo no puis oniottr<( d'indiciuor : 1. L'i'>vasion d(!.s ItlmoiuH importauts (luand on cut besoiii d'onx, et lenr roaitparitimi on parl'aito sdcurittS plus tard. 2. Lo rofus du rocovour do Long Cay, l'a<{ent lo plus important et lo plus rispoiiMi bio du jfouvornouiont dans cotto transaction, do paraltro d'abord. ;j. L'absenco do tout t^moiynayo, quant aux I'aits a sa counaissance, lorsqu'll pariii eHectivcmont. 4. Lo silonco do Burnsido, lo. ma' ijat>ne, ot pourtant sou pn-niior rapport au gouvcrncur, attestant sa counaissaucedt* faits, ost jiarmi los docum(uits dovant nous. .'i. La caution insijvuitianto exi90 M M «/ ,,ii(ll)('C(HiH' s(>c(tiiipl('t('l.v di'inorali/j'd l»y fiiiniliiiiity witli the iVaiKlult'iifc tiiiiisiictioiis (constantly passing lu'l'oic tlicir cyi'S, as w«'ll as tlu> nnii- siial piotits acciiiinj'' tluMclVoni to tlicinsclvcs, tliat tlu*y \\o\v iM'itlu^r ill a coiitlitioiMior in a disposition to visit with liarshncss any crinK', liDWcvtT fl.i;,MMnt, tliat could Wo assctciatt'd, howovcr remotely, witli tlm (ipcrations of the insnr^icnts in their waters. It app''!"'^ f<> '"•'•<»'•*' <'hMr that the collector of the jtort of Lonj; Cii.v lailetl in due arty. It ap|K'ars to nu* that the mimistr.itc* of Inajj^ua failed in duedilij^cnce when ill! omitted to i;ive innnediate notiiM* to the ^'ovcrnor of the fa<'ts ulilcli he oidy rei)orted wIumi specially called upt)n by him three weeks ;ilt('i'\vard. It appears to me that the {governor failed in due dili;.'('nce when he (iiiiittcfl to take iu)tice of the picscnce of a vessel of \\h\ insur^icnts, in till' jiort, whl(;h was expressly prohibited to enter it by th*^ instructionn ol the j'overnment at home. By reason of that failure, he further failed in due dili;;euco in inform- iiiii iiiiiiself of the reasons which had brouj^ht that vessel, as well as its liiize, the ilaiu)ver, into the port — facts which could not have failed to lim)iiie known to him had he instituted a faithful invest ij>'ation. It appears to me that the attorney-j;eneral failed in due dili;jenco wIh'ii ho gave his lirst opinion, declining to act against tlu^ men whom 1r' liail reason to believe criminals, as well as in all the subsequent pro- ni'iliiigs which he instituted against them in ihe court. For these acts of omission and commission, tlui nation injured can look iiir reparation only to the government holding the sui)reme authority ovt'i' (he territory wherein they happened, it clearly ai)pears that no iiiergy existed iu any oflicial quarter to maintain neutrality. "Miiplrteiiiciit ilfMiioralisi^o par Vlialiitade fli<;oant do riiii;ir(|iicr la jirosenoo dans lo port d'nn vaissoaii des iiiHiir;;<'is, aiKnud il (^tait exprosse- iiiiiit (li-iciidu d'entrer par los inst'^nctions dn ironveriioiiii'iit do I'Anglotono. Kii siiih- do ootto n(^ss'^s. II rossort clairement qu'ilu'y out unlle ^uerjjio dans aucuuo des icyiouB "nicielles pour maintenir hi neutralito. 230 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. Hence my conclusion is, that a liability is clearly imposed upon Her Majesty's governmeut, in the case of the Ketribution, under the terms of the treaty of Washington. D('8 lors ma conclusion est qn'une responsabilit*^ est chiirctnent iinpoHco iiu iron- veiiKMi ' lit do sa Majesto, dann le cas do la Kotrilmtioii, d'apirs li-.s toniuis dii traiti' d.' Wasliinyton. O r I X I O N S OF SI \{ A L K X AND E K C <> CK li U II N. The indirect claims at iirst insisted on by the ( lovernment of the riiitcil States being now out of the question, we have to «leal with the claiins for dam.iges, " growing out of the acts" of certain specified vessels, ;iv to which it is alleged tliat, by I'casonof some default on the part of tin government of Ibr Majesty the (^)ueen uf England, these vessi-ls wiiv enabled to take and «lestroy ships and cargoes belonging to citi/eiis di the United States. The causes of complaint put forwanl by the United States (loveii! cm...-» i.f ,..m- ernment may be clashed under the Ibllowing heads: II, m- V «.....» ..u ..11.,. K.V^ •.^.It. V <» ...IV.V,. l.l.. .w,,<, .. ,,lj^ w«,,ii,y'TiM"'i,,'u'>i !• That by reason of want of due diligence on tlie imi; states. pinilit of the British government, vessels were allowed to bo titttii out and c()uii)ped, in ]»orts of the United Kingdom, in order to (licir being employed in making w:ir against the United States, iuid, luniii;' been so ('(piipped, were allowed to quit such pcu'ts lor that jturpose. 2. That vessels f'tted out and equii)i)ed for the before inentioiu'd piu pose, in contravention of the foreign-enlistment act, :ind being tlieretitii liable to seizure umler that act, having gone forth from Ibitisli \m\>, but having afterward I'eturned to them, Avere not seized as they <>u;ili' to have been, but, hnving been allowed hospitality in sncli ])orts, wciv suffered to go forth again, to resume their warfare against the cnimiH'i," of the United Slates. ,"). That undue favor was shown in Urifish ports to shijis of warol'lln' Confederate States in res[H'ct of the time these ships \\er<' |H'riiiitt(il to reumin in such ])orts, or of the amount olConl witli which tlu'V vcn permitted to be supplied. 4. That vessels of the Uonfederate Slates weri; allowed to wiike British ]>orts the base of naval operations against the ships and Th.. ti. iiv ni down, for our guidance in ilealing with and ted, in whole or in pint, witliiu snch .jnrisdi<'tioii, to wai'like nse. SiMniidly. Not to permit r)r siitVer (>ither helliirerent to make nso of its ports or waters lis tile liase ot' naval ojierations av;ainst the otiier, or for the ]inrpose of tlit- renewal or :itii;iiii ntation of military siiii]dies o. arms, or the recruitment i>f men. Thirdly. To I'xercdse doe diliji'ence in iis own ])orts and waters, and. as to all per- snus uitinn its Jnrisdiction. to prevent any "iolatio?! of the for.'yoinj^ obligations anil (liitii's.- ■\Vith these rides b('n)re it, the tribunal i.s directed to detenu iiu^, as to t'acli ves.sd, ''whether (Ireat Ibitaiii has, by any act or omission, failed tofiillill any of the dutie.-* set forth in such rides, or recognized by the pi'iiii'i[)l('s if iiiteruatioual law no! iiicon.sisteiit with such rides.'' Til" ', ifoct of this ])ait of tlu; treaty is to place tiiis tributial in a posi- tion of some difficulty. Kvery obligation for the non-ful- fiiiiiH'iit of which re(h'(>ss can W chiiiued i)resupposes a prior existing law, by v.lnch a right has been (n't^ited ou the one side and a corresponding obligation on t!ie other. IJat here we have to deal witli obligations asstiiiiiMl to have existed prior to the treaty, yet avisiag out ' f a supposed law created for the lirst time by tlie treaty. For we iiave the one party denying the prior existence of the rules to wliicli it now coiiseiits to .subiMit as the measure of its past obligations, while tlie other virtually admits the same thing ; for it '' agrees to ob- sorve tlie rules as between itself autted that the whol(> subject-nmt- ti'ioftliis great contest, in respect of law as well as of fact, was iu)tlefc open to us, to be decided according to the true priiu-iples and rules of in- t'Diational law in fon-esiiMl binding among nations, and the duties ami "Wiiiiitioiis arising out of them, at the tiiru' when th e alleged causes of ("Hiiplaitit are said to have arisen. I'roni the histoiy of the treaty of Washington v e know that it was IMojiDsi'd l)y the liritish couunissioners to sid)iint tlie entire question, Hntli as to law and fact, to arbitration; but the commissioners of the 1 iiited States refused to "consent to submit the question of the liability ot'dicat Hritain to arbitration unless the principles which should gov em tlu> arbitrator in the consideration of the facts coWd be lirst agreed uptni." Iij viiin the iJriti.sh commissioners rei)lied that they "shouhl bo ^villing to consider what principles should be adopted for obser'unce lu nulir Iruni tin ilty ari-.;ii4 tiiMlv. ' Treat V of Washiiijuton, Articlo VI. Mf 232 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. t ■ ! future, but that they were of opinion that the best mode of conducting' an arbitration was to submit tlie facts to the arbitrator, and leave liim free to decide upon them after liearing such arfruments as nii};lit Ik; necessary." Tiie American commissioners replied that they should be willinjj to consider what priuci[)les should be laid down for observance in similar cases in future, but oidy with the understanding that "anv ])rinciples which should be ajj^reetl upon should be held to be api)li(al)le to the facts in ret^pect to the Alabama claims." The British commis- sioners and government gave way, j)ossibIy without fully appreciatin;,' the extent to which the principles of which they were tiuis adniiltin;' the iipplication would be attemj)ted to be carried in fixing them witii liability. Uow this ai)parent anomaly arose is plain. Her Majesty's govern ment, animated by a high sense of justice and by an earnest desiro nf conciliation, were anxious to remove everj- possible cause of complaint or seiise of wrong which the Government and people of the I'liitdl States had, or believed themselves to have, against Great Britain astn matters arising out of the civil war; they were willing that if, thioufjli any errrors or shortcomings on the i)art of British authorities, iiijuiv had been caused to Anunican subjects, full redress should be afforded; they were willing that the (pu'stion sluudd be determined by an inde- pendent and impartial tiibunal; and though thc^' would naturally have preferred that llie nmtters in dispute between the two countries sl'ould be decided by what the^' believed to be the rules of international law governing the case, rather than that, if the decision should he in favor of Great Britain, the American people should feel that the eon- test had not been determined according to what, in their view, wevetlip principles api)li(!able to it. Her Majesty's Government gave way to the desire of that of the United States, and consented that the rules by which it was agreed that the duties and obligations of the two nations should be governed in any future case should betaken tobethenu-asnie of the past obligations and duties of Great Britain with reference to the subject-matters of the dispute. It was a great and generous concession, and though the t'lfect of it might be a i)ecuniary sacrifice on the part of Great Britain, it was one which was cheerfully made on the one side, and I trust will not tail to be api)reciated in the same generous s|»irit on the otlu r. if, however, the dilferences which have unhappily arisen between tlie Uiiited States and (!reat Britain wei'-! to be determined, not acconlint,' to the rules of international law which the arbitrators to be agreed o should determine to be applicable to the case, but according to rules to be settled by tin; contending parties themselves, then I cannot but wish that the fvameis of this treaty had been able to accomplish the ditlieult task, now left to us, of defining niore precisely what is meant by the vague and uncertain term ''due diligence," ami had also set forth tiie further "principles of international law, not inconsistent with the ridi'S hn«l treaty to direct us as to till' meaning of that term, especially as repjards the degree of diligence which is to l»e understood to be recpiired by it. Left in this difliculty, we must endeavor to determine for ourselves ihe extent and meaning of the "due diligence" by which we arc to test tlie alleged shortcomings of the government of Great Britain. For, It is plain that the standard of "due diligence" ought not to be left to the luiguided discretion of each individual arbitrator. The municipal hiw ol every country, wherever diligence isrequired by the law, whether ill respect of obligations arising out of contract, or in regard to the due care which every one is bound to exercise to avoid doing harm to the persons or property of others — ne alicnum Iwdat — prescribes some >tiiiKlard by which the neccsa.'iry degree of diligence may be tested. i)ealing here with a matter appertaining to law, it is to juridical sci- ence that we must look for a solution of the difficulty. And since we hiivetodeal with a question of international law, although, it is true, iif an exceptional character, it seems to me that it will be highly useful to endeavor to form a clear view of the reciprocal rights and duties between belligerents and neutrals, created by internatiomd law gener- ally, and of the diligence necessary to satisfy the obligations which that law imposes. 1 cannot concur with INI. 8taemi)tli, that, because the practice of nations has at times undergone great changes, and the views of jurists on points of international law have often been and still are conflicting, therefore (here is no such thing as international law, and that, conse(iuently, we are to proceed indei)endently of any >iieli law — for such is the effect of his reasoning, if I understand it li^'litly — according to some intuitive iierception of light and wrong, er speculative notions of what the rules as to the duties of neuti.ils oiifiiit to be. It seems to me that when we shall h ' ascertained the ixti'nt to which a lu'utral state is responsible, ace : lo the general law of nations, for breaches of neutrality committed by its subjects, and the degn'c of diligence it would be called upon to exei'ciM* under that law, in order to avoid liability, we shall be better able to solve the (|iiestion of what constitutes due dH'ujcMr in the terms of the iieaty lit' Washington. That treaty may have admitted a liability in the uspoct of the e(piipment of ships where none existed by international law before, as I certainly think it has: but the degree of diligences re 'luired of a neutral government to i)revent breaches of neutrality b> itssiihjt'cts must be «leterinined by the same piineiiiles, whatever may lit'thc nature of the particular obligation. lit'sides the necessity of thus considering the r«'lation of belligeicnts iiid neutrals with reference to the subject of "due diligence,'* wc have tiiitlier, in order to satisfy theexigenc\ of the articles of the treaty, to • imsider whether, besides in the omission of "d-^e diligenct^," Great liritaiu has failed to fultill any duty imposed by any principle of inter- national law not inconsistent with tlie rules laid down. It is clear also diat, with reference to the other heads of complaint, our decision must necessarily depend entirely on the rules of international law ap[)licable dieroto. It seems to ine, therefore, desirable, in the first place, to en- 'It'avtir to take an accurate survey of the law by which the relative if" 'fe' i if 1 ;( 3 234 ARRTTRATION AT GENEVA. rights of b"lligeieuts and neutrals are fixed and determined, as essen tial to the sohition of the questions we are called on to decide. I proceed, therefore, to consider the subject of neutral obligations in tinjo of war. Neutrality may bo said to be the status of a country relatively to two K.i.n„„i, „r„..„. others whi(!h are at war with one another, while it remains ""'"■ at peace witli both, and gives assistance to neither. The last-mentioned condition is plainly an essential element of that which goes before it; for. to give assistance to either of the belligor(>iit> would be indirectly to take a part in the war, and would afford a suffi cient reason to the one whose enemy was thus assisted, for havinnfic. course to force to prevent such assistance from being given. Jt is obviously immaterial in what form the assistance is renderoil, so (M,i„ation, or ii,„ long 5is its i)uri)ose and eff'^ct is to add to the means of the „o„t, ,1 „iate. belligerent for the purpose either of offense or defense, Troops, nuMi, horses, ships, arms, miuiitions of war of every kind, nioiicv, supplies — in short, whatever ca.i add to the strength of the bellij[;:mMit for the purpose either of attack or defense — are things that caiiiiotl)" vsupplied by a neutral state to either belligerent without tbrf('ltiii;;tlii' character of neutrality and the rights incidental to it. In like manner tlu> lunitral sovereign cannot allow the use of his tci ritory for the passage of troops of eitlier belligerent, still !e*'e are thus bnnight face to face with tlu^ all imjxtrtant question of what is this "(liligence'' wbicdi a government is thus bound to exercise to prevent bnaclics of neutrality by its subjects, 1 shall endeavor presently to !.'raii]>le with that oilJucamU, for tlu^ direct linrpose of enabling hiiii to overcome or resist his opponent. Jhl.Vu\,it"Pa'.i \eiy dilferent considerations ])reseiit themselves when we liavc to deal with assistance furnished to a belligerent, not aniinit (iiljurainii, with the object of enabling him to overcome his enemy, '•lit uuiiuo comniercaadi — in the way of trade and comuKU-ce. Here a broatl and important distinction between the state and its sub- jeets presents itself. The former, generally speaking, can- i,,ir.r-n. .. i„ iiitt, consistently with neutrality, un«ler any circum.stances, ';;i';;";','!1';;:;;m^ f^iipply to one of two belligerents articdes whiidi may be '""'''■ '>t iisi' to him in carrying on war. For, as governments do not engage ill trade, save in exceptional cases of very rare incurrence — as, for in- stiince, when a government disposes "f ships for which it has no use — iiittliing supplied by a government lo a belligerent can be supplied 4^ ^vmn ■a i- 23(1 ARBITRATION AT GKNKVA. otherwise than amino luljuvanili; that is, for a i>ar[K)se iuconsistciit with neutrality. But its subjo(;ts stand, iu this respect, on a very (lill'ci.nf footing. The subject, indirterent to both thebellij?ereiit ])arties, may In; willinjj; to sell toeither articles of warlike use in which he is in tiic^ liiihit of (lealiufj. Assistance, and sonietiinesv(!ry material assistance, is thus attbrded to a belligerent, who, l)y this means, is enabled to itarryon war. Is assistance thus alforded, not a«///r> a7y/tr«./i^//, but ((iilmivin mermndi, a breach of neutrality, or is it to be (;oiisidi'red as witliin tlir right of the neutral subject? Now, the subjects of a neutral state having in time of peace the li^ht of carrying on tradt^ with a belli.-'crent, on wliat ground of nvisoii di justice, it may be asked, should their riglit of iieaceful trade b.' talccii away, and their interests thus be damaged by reason of a war wliidi they have had no share in bringing about, anil in whi(;h tlicy Inv,' no concern? Thecomlition of neutrality, in not supplying anytiiiiimi either belligereii! -vith the object of assisting him against the otlicr. n: which would not oe as readily snp]>lied to tiie oth>'r, being obsiMvcil, what reason can be suggested why the rights of the neutral in his r.'In tions with either belligerent, as they existed before war broki' diit, should be distuibed or altered ? An Italian jurist thus writes : 11 I'atto tlcUii VLMiditiulc^i'li o^gtittl tli CDiitrahbaiulo avvi'inita in td'ritcnin lu^utnih'i (ipcrai di'Ho .stato Htcsso iiclla wiia ([iialita
  • la loro abitualo ]n'o('e!ssioiie. Ni'l juinioavi ?) fnor di diihbio clic vi sarehht" iiiotivo di 1a<;iiaiiza j)cr parte di luio dei b('lli lion eiitra lu-fili orticii tk'Uo stato rattnudeiH a privati iiierciinoiiii, ed (i;;ii! snoattolia iiii valor*^ iiitcruazio'.iale o in seiiso di uii diiitto o in senso di una oblilini- zione, clio noii si piio iiiai disHiiiinlarc. Ma lo stosso iion si piio dire ove la veiidita di'^l: onbblica dtd i^ovcriio, non essendo lo scopo di tali cittadiiii clie foniiiu'iciiilf oil industiiale, cppeib non li'sivo iu iiiodo alciiiio deuli altrni diritti. 8(! ri'S('tite (jncstione avessero riteiiuta la caiiitu'/' ditlcrt'iiza flu- jiassa tra ;;'ii atti jiulibliiii del i^overno e qiielli dei privati cittadiiii, voHi avrebbei'o al ccMto classili('ato (imiie atti contrari alia condi/ione lUMitrale la Vfiiditi fatta in torritorio ueiitro da privati ort he may shut the comnwrce of the neutral even in articles im; capable of being iipplied to warlike use. True, say tht)se writers wlii a«lvocate the riglits of neutrals against belligerents ; but if tht^ riulitsnf the neutral subject in respect of trade had been regulated accordin,;: t" natural law, or, to speak more philosophically, according to the l;i« which reason ))oints out as for the common benefit of all, those riniii* woidd havt^ remained undisturbed and unallected by the wars of ()thii> with whom his own country remaliu'd at peace. lint between distm; nations trade can be <*arried on only by sea. The nations ntost powci ful at sea have generally been those who have waged war on the oci'.ni. ueitlnti t.iiilc. ' Avio " Niiovii teoria d«'i rapporti giiiridici iiitoriiazionali," cited in Gola, " t'*"'^' di dirittu iuterna/iouale," vol. :i, p. liU. OPINIONS OF SIK AI.KXANDEK COCKIU'Ry. 2:57 III such wars tlioyhavc sought to weaken tlu'ir adversaries by crippling their commerce, and to etiect tliat object liave imposed restraints on lieacefid states less powerful tliais themselves. Some countries have even gone so far, in early times, as to interdict all commerce whatever with nations with which they were at war. Tiie sense of mankind, it is true, revolted ajjainst pretensions so extravagant, and after a tinu> the restraints Avhic'i belligerents were entitled to imi)ose on neutral com- merce were rei dered less oppressive. l>ut they still bear the impress oi' tlieir origin, as having been imj)osed by the strong upon the weak. They aremanilestly m derogation of the common right of peaceful trade which all maritime nations enjoy in time of peace, l)ut which is thus made to submit to restraint in order to serve the purposes of those by whom the ]H>iK'c of the w'orld is disturbed. Lt't us see how these restraints on neutral commerce becam", settled in time. As they existed till a very recent period, accordiiig to the general practice of nations, they were as follows: 1. Though the bellij, 'rent might resort to the neutral territory to pur- chase su(!h articles as he required, even for his use in war, and the neu- tral in selling him such articles would be ;'uilty of no infraction of neutrality, yet, in regard to things capable of being used in war, and which thenceforth received the appellation of " contraband of war," if, instead of the belligerent himself conveying them, the neutral under- took to convey them, such articles, if intercepted by tlie adversary, though the property of the neutral in them had not been transferred to the belligerent, were liable to be seized and becainc forfeited to the eaptor. Jf the article was of a doubtful character, ancipititi ustts, that is, one that might be applied to purposes of peace or of war, the liability of seizure depended on whether the surrounding circumstances showed that it was intended for the one use or the other. L*. If either belligerent possessed sufficient force at sea to bar the access to a i)ort belonging to his enemy, he was entitled to forbid the neutral all access to such port for the i)urpose of trade, however inno- eeut and harmless the cargo with which his ship might be charged, under the penalty of forfeiting both ship and cargo. ;{. The neutral was juohibited from carrying the goods of a belliger- ent, such goods not being protected by the neutral tlag, but being sub- ject to seizure. t. Besides this, accoiding to the practice of France, the neutial was prohibited from having his goods carried in the enemy's ship, and if the ship was taken the goods became prize. Lastly, to enforce the rights thus assiuned by powerful belligerents, the neutral had further to submit to what was called the right of search, in order that the belligerent might satisfy hiniself w.iether goods of the enemy, or goods contraband of war intended for the enemy, were being conveyed in the neutral ships. hy the wise and liberal j)rovisions of the declaration of Paris of 1850, the last two oppressive restraints o?) the trade of neutrals, mentioned under heads ;j and 4, have, as between most of the leading nations of the World, been done away with. The others remain. America has not as yet formally assented to the declaration of Paris. The two rules ill qnostion do not, however, (!ome into play on this occasion. hut the two first of the restraints put on neutral commerce occupy a prominent place in the discussions which have occurred in the course of this inquiry. Jjoth of them are manifestly restraints, and ni„ kn.i,„n.i con K'straints of a very serious character, on the natural free- '""""••' "f*" dom of neutral commerce. The advantage thus acquired of preventing ft ,1 2,*i8 AUIWTKATION AT (iKXKVA, the tiiulc of the iieulral in sutich'is of warlike use, at a time when tliat trade is the most likely to he [)rotitahle to him, and still more that of preventiJifj; it in any shape hy the bloekadinfj^ of an enemy's port, is obviously obtained only at the expense of the peaeefnl rights of iieutnil (rommeree. The right of bloekading a port, and thereby rxclnding from it neutral eommeree of every sort, has been Justified by assimilating it to that ex ereised by the besieger of aeity or fortress, in investing it and dehanin;' all aeeess to it. But the analogy is not eomplete, for the immediatt! purj)ose of the besieger is to take the eity or fortress, while that of the blockade is, not to eapturethe blockaded port, but to enfeeble the cikmiiv and diminish his means by the gra| w.ir, or with hhifkiidi'O I'.irtH. no lunitral I;-.': I ' Kent's Commentaries, vol. i, p. 142. s'< i>iiilomatie de la Mor," vo' ' Uiplot chap. f>. ^mmr"^ 240 AHIUTRATION AT (iHNKVA. w. occasion — ships of war and coals. J»otli are oxdiuleil frojii thecatciiorvl of contraband by M. llantcfcnille, who refuses to reco;;nizeas such am'. thin^ whicli is not in its a(!tually existinj; state ready to be nscd for at tack or defense. Tlie following; passages from his work, "Des (holts fti des i\fmuMit, qiinllis <|Uo soiont Hii f^randciir, mi fdrim, .j (li'stiiiatioii, Koit iiii ol); r .lo coiitn'baiitlH do ^ucin'. F>o iiavirt- n'ent [tas iimiiriMlj piu rits pr(''i)aio \HniT Mcrvir exclii.Hiv«im'nt iiux opcMatiKOH iiiilitiiin's, apto a ("tip im ])l(>y<> a cfH opt^iatioiis, iiinnriliati'iiutnt ct Haim aiieuii clmiinto nnisiblo. An roste, iltiiiit| coiivonir quo eo coininoroo est pen t'i(^(iiiont, ot la nioillonio proii\o(|no Jo puissedoniiirl de l'iiinooiiititis iiitm, yet, when intended to contribute to the motive power of a vessel, must, 1 thiidv, as well as machinery, be placed iutk same category as masts and sails, which have always been placed amoni: articles of contraband, except by M. Hautefeuille, who, as has been stated, insists that nothing is to be considered as contraband except ■what is capable of being immediately applied to the purpose of destruc | tive warfare. ' Hautefeuillo, "Droits et devoirs des natious noutres," vol. ii, p. l'M\ -Ibid., pp. 1411,144. OI'INIONS OF SJR ALI:XANI>1:K COCKUl'UN. 241 dIch niiviijatuiir!! it is jiiriii't'tly clear, tliouj-li 1 Icjir it lins not ahva.vH boen ki-pt in view ill the course of these «liscussions, that, with the liability to p,.,,;,.. ,.„m.n,r.. the seizure and loss of the cargo, (in some instances, it is " "•"•"""'• siiid, oftho ship,) if he transmits contraband of war to the enemy of the belligeieut cai)tor, (and to the loss both of ship and cargo if he attempts to force a blockade,) ends, according to the existing practice of nations, all restraint on the trade and commerce of the neutral. In his own country, in his own markets, in his own factories, the neutral may, ac- rordiiig to the practice of nations, sell articles to the belligerent which, if sent by sea, would be contraband of war. Theoretical writers are not, indeed, of one mind on this subject. While the great majority of authors are agreed as to the right of the neutral to sell, in the way of trade, to the belligerent resorting to his market, whatsoever the latter desires to buy, if the neutral has it to kcU, whether the article be of an innocent (haracter or contraband of war in its most destructive furnj, a few authors have recently written in a different spirit. * No writer on international law before Gal i an i had ventunMl to assert that theueutral was prohibited from selling, in his own country, to a bellig- erent, articles which, if sent out of his country by sea, would be liable tosiezure as contraband of war. His doctrine to that effect was vigor- i oiisly refuted by his two distinguished countrymen, Lauipredi and Azuni, and was lor a time abandoned as untenable ; but it has been revived in our day. Let us review the leading authorities. The question is not only of interest to the jurist, but one which will be found to be impor- tant to some of the decisions of this tribunal. Lainpredi, in his work on neutral commerce, refutes the opinion of (laliani. On the general subject, (I quote from Peuchets' French translation, not having the original before me,) he writes as follows : Lorsqu'nne fois Ton a ctaljli la soiile loi tjiu! Ics iiciiplis iieiiticH doivoiit obstrver |iimlant la guerre, il devitiit iuutilo do dtinauder qiielles doivi'iit •"•tro l»'s liniites du nimriierce (\\\'i\A font en ('onsi'qiiencM de Icur m-ufralito, ))arcK|u'cn pent repdndre qii'il ; u'eii doit avoir auenne, ot (juMIh peuvent Ic faire de la nif'nie nianiero qn'ils lo faisaient ifiitemiw do paix, observant senlenient une exacte inipartialite lUMidant tout le temps \ lie la guerre. Jl Wy aura done auenne espice de marehandlxen qu ilx ne puissent cendre ct 'porkravx bvllhirrants et Con ne poutra pus len empechvv de lenr vendieon loner den naviren, iwiirvu qii'ils ue reftisont point a I'lin ce ([u'ilsaceordent h I'antro. Devautet ponvant "iiivre loj^itiineniont leur eonnneroe coinnic eu temps de i)aix, il u« doit y avoir auenne Jistinctidu do luareliandises, d'aryeiit, d'aruu's, et d'autres niunitionH do {fuerre: la veute et lo transport do ces divers objets dans les places des bellig<>rantH doiveut etro I permJH, et ne point porter atteinte a la neutralite, pourvii qu'il n'y ait ui favour, ni I liroforence, ni esprit do parti.' lu chapter v, page ."57, he treats the (luestion whether neutrals : may sell every kind of merchandise within the neutral territory to a t belligerent, as one which no jurist anterior to Galiani had ever thought iof bringing into controversy, all their discussions being confined to the i mmage of contraband to the enemy. It is not, he explains, till they ; liave left the neutral territory that articles, though of warlike character, assume the character of contraband. In chapter vii, page 72, he says : Lecaractere de contrebando no Tient done pas, anx marcliandifios, do I'nsage qu'on IH-ut en faire dans la guerre, niais de tout autre source. Aussi longtemps qu'eues sent «ir le territoire neutre, elles ne difl«>rent pas des autres marcbandises ; ellcs s'y vendent I ''t 8'y acheteut do la mf^me iuani«;re et saus aucuuo diflcrence. Deux circonstancos font [ireudro il ces marcliandises lo caractere de contrabande: 1, qu'ellee eoient passives ii la puiHaanco de I'ennemi, ou i\ uioins destini^es a y passer ; 2, qu'elles Boicnt sorties du ter- ntoire neutre. Alors elles devienuont choses hostiles, res /ioH Hoit li« ihimIIhh i|iii li'H cDiivn', noil piiH piiri^) (\mi co Hi»it. *l(vi.si(iti.s *lu Kin'irc, m,,,, |);irc(< i|i\(' (;o Hoiit< (li>.s cIkisoh ii|iP''>rt«MiiintM it IVMiiit'iiii, on uii iiioiim imrco i|iiV1Ii'h kihii ilcsliiircs lY ihwiMiir hi; propricMii oi ii uccrottn^ kch I'ciicch. D'oii il i<''-.Mlt(< i|iii« lo n,, (,, ^k rain ipii i^Tnint, nnr son ti-i ridiirc, It* cmnnu'rci" lihic dc toiili ■ ni>rtfH d'oUjilH n)> pasm. .,,, ^m Ajjilill l(^s droits do s.MiviMiiincti's «!t Ics i)niMsiinccH bcili^^i'iantcH nn iicnvtint. s'cn iiluindi,. ,,, ^B i'aocnscr dti dotincr In nniin ii In vcntt; dt^s nnvr(;linn(iis(>.s dn contriiljiiinlt', iini, wir »„ ^^ Suruii t(Mriti>in', nc pi'nv«Mit Jiinnii.s avoir en CiUjult'Tf, ut no pcnvcntt-n l><>Mt'r In ii(iiiii|ii» l(irsi|n'cllcs sDMt dcvt-nni's on dcstiut'iss i\ dcvcnir la pioprii'to dn I'unni'ud, ct sortirsiln tciiiloirc oii'eiles i»nt (Jlt'i achoti-fH. ' III another work Lampreili, .speaking ol" lu'iitrulity, Siiys: I'.l (|niii inMitriiiM pa'tis psso dtOiol, ct alM'lIo nniniiKiahsfinpro, ntMitri ctiain Nuppoi!;. faliit (pni- dirrctt' iid Itclinin rcliMnnhir. Snppcditarc liic loci triiimvclicrcad aitcriiiriiin i hostcni isi;rnilicah ; nam hv ipia ircns insttunutntj^ l)cllica, 4;t (MnfiM'a Knpra iiii-iiKirutA ulris(|U(< licllantiliuM a-ipio |)rclio vclnii nicrccs vcndat, uciitialitatcin non vioiiit. Al lianir ncccssariani nicrcalniic di.stini-lioniMn aniininn non adviMlissc cos, <|iii dc lim pj tani prolixo scripscrnnt, nianilcsto jiatct; niaxiinc onini intcM" so diU'crrc vidciitnnx pinlalio nicrcinin ad liostcni nn'inn al> aiiiico vol noutro pi)[inlo facta, ut vorinii vcn- ditio, tpiic ad liclinni ncccssaria csso posMunt.' Aziiiii, wl)o wroto shortly after Laini)rotli, mnintains the same doe I trine. In his work "Systenio universel do itriiicipos df i droit maritime," (ch. ii, art. 3,) ho says: IjO connncico gcni^ral i)assif, on la vonto inipartialo sur lo projjro tcrritoirc dos 'nn- tri!H, do inarclnmdiscs, dcnri't's, OH mnini/avhiirn, de toiitv rupne, Hvrn toiijonrs )v;,iv ponrvn »ino lo Honvi-rain n'ait paH fait iin trait«^ jtailicnlicr avcc un dcs litllifjcmuti dont loH Hiijct.s vicnncnt fairo dcs achats ot dos jirovisioiiH snr lo ton itoiro ninlri'.ei qii'il no so niclo pas dos acliats, dos vonics, et dt!H antrcs contrafs (|ni transinottemli proprit^tt^, qu'il n'ordoiMK* ]ias qn'on roni)>liNso Ioh nniu;asinH do provisions do ^riinre. rt uo fass<' i)as niot^ro scs iniviics it la voile ponr low transporter snr Ic tcrritoiro dii hil- li;j;orant. Kn ]>r(itcjj;cant (^ijalcnicnt lo conunorco do son pays, en pornicttant i'iskI snjo incontt^stal^lo qno j'ai prcecdf 111111-111 j rayiporK^, «pi"on suivant lo droit conventionnol do I'Enrope, les ntuitrcs no ](li..i porter lea cliosos (pii sont specialonuMit propros a la gnorre, ot qui y sont directeiiuii onii>loyt'is, nnvis (pi'ils ponvent sans inconvenient, solon lo droit univorsel des goiis, Ici I vendro eonnno marchandiso snr lenr propro territoiro i\ qniconqno so prdsente iMmrl>t| achoter, i)nis(prils le ftnit sans partialite, ct sans niontror do favour plut(U iioiinir/ partio bollig('ranto quo ponr I'antro. Reddie, in his " Kesearches Historical and Critical in Maritime atnl International Law," cites these views with coucnrrenee and apinoba tion. In Wheaton's History of International Law, the anthor spealvsof tlif I refutation of (iaiiani (>y Lampredi as siipertluoiis, as an "idkMiiu* tion." Masse, in his Avork " Le droit (;oinmereial dans scs rapports a veele| droit des gens," after maintaining the right of the gerent to intercept contraband, adds : Mais la these clianyo s'il s'ajijit d'nn commerce passif. 8'il est ddfendii au neiitreilf porter des amies et ties mnnitionsanx Itelli/iorants, parceqn'alors il doviiMit raii.\iii:iifM do I'nn et rennemi do Tantro, il no Ini est pas defendu «le vendro inipartialemeiitifiif son territoiro des ohjets ndcessaires a la jfuerro, )»arce(puj son territoiro estoiivwia tons, (juo tons jn-nvont vonir y chercher co dont ils ont hosoin, ot quo lo ueutrL'qiii*<' borno Jl vondro chez Ini.a la dirt'ercneo do ceini qni porto sos niarcluindises au billi- gerant, n'est pas t(!nu do rechoreher (pii lea Ini aehote, ponr (pii olios sont aehetei'.H.et qnoilo est lenr destination nlterionro. Cost alors (pi'il est absolnniont vrai de dirt'i|ii' lotj uontrcH ponvont cuntinuor pendant la j^iiorre lo commerce qu'ils faisaiunt peiKUm Mjtf; lipiiix, fl Il iTIliTlll ;IIUllllU 1>1 M. Ol ' " Theorem, juris publiei uuiversi," p. 3, cap. 12, J 9, n. 4. Ot'INIONS OF Slli Al.KXANDKU COCKIUIRN. 243 Ijpjiix, ft M"" 1" noiitralit*^ est ]ii (•oiitiiiiiiitioii (I'mi t'lif. anfi'-riciir ipii ii"- iiiimIHio pus {;! itiii'ri'tt j\ liii|ni''ll(> li« n(>llll'<^ <|ui oMvn^ nihi iniirclir- Ti tniitrs Ics natioii.s, no pmiil ,ii"iiiio part (liri'cto on indircctc' Again : Hiir nil tcnitoiro nmtio, il n'y a pas do ninrchftntliHo do contnlmnilc ; tonfoH j' wmt lihri'H. KIIC'S no dfviriiiiciit conlri'luniilo i|n'an iniMrn^nt. oii olli-s tMi Hi>i'fi-iit tiv>'(! iliroo- liiHi |iour iwi lii'ii ItMir naturi^ Ic.s cxchil, CchI alui'H (in'clli's toiiilxMit Hons lajiiri- ilii-liiiiHli'H l>('lli^;<''ranlH contro lix)ncls flics Hont «lii'i;;rM's. .lii.s(|no-li\ *'t taut. (jii't'llrH rexti'iit I'll IIP lien oil cIIch no itcnvont Icnr nniro, ih n'ont pas lo droit lU^ H'oci-uprr do^M traiiMd'tioiiM p!iuilii|ncH dont. i-IU^h ponvcni. oiro I'ol))!-!:, Hans donto, la ^iii'iio donnu inii> iiiiiivclli' iuipnision an conMiu'i'co passit' dos oltjcts ntili's a la •jciioiio ; niai.s (;ot to iiiipnlNion n'oHt pas dn I'ait dcs inMitri's, .jii- ost dn I'ait. dos l>t'llij;('iiinl.s, cpii, apivs avoir fiix-im^nifs prod nit dcs ('ircoMHtancoH iionvcllcN, no poitvont troiivor niaiivais (pio Icm lu'iilR'm'n pioliUMit dans low liniitos do lonis dmitH ot ilo lone tciiitoiro.-' M. Ortoliiu obsi'ivcs as follows : ("i'st.si'idi'nii'nt!orM((nodoti'llosniar(',liandi.M's,sontonc(iarsdo transport jmnr line iloHti- natiini liostile nn'ollos dovionnoiit voHlnbitndc milituirc, Lor.sipi'nn t'tat „ „ . , iii'Utir liiisMo Hos HiiJotsHo livror an coninior(;o passu do oos nioincs olijists, I cVst-i'i-iliio, lorsipj'il porinot i\ tons los l)olli<;<'raiilH indistinctomont do vonir los a(;liot(!r miwiii ttrritoiro pour los transportor onsnito oh bon lour 8<'inldo, ;V lours t'rais ot a I leiiM risipifs, Hiir lours propros naviros marrliandH, il no fait pas aiitro choso (pio laissor ii'iirciiiii|ilir nn acto iioito ; on no pout pas diro 'pi'il pronno part a la ;;norro parcu (pi'll LiisscwcH ports liljros,ot parco qu'il consorvoa tontjs los nations lo droit (piV'llijs avaiont [iiviiutlii j;iiorro d'.y t'litior avoo lonrs biltinionts niaroliands pour s'.y approvisioiinor, |i;ir Ilk vt.io dn coninioro(«, d*!s nnircliandisos dtnit ellos out Ix-soin ; los veiidoiirs onx- iiiiMiics no amit pas rosponsablos do I'nsaf^o nltt'>rnMir sinit pas tonns do connaitro ui pour qui olios sont uuhutos ni la diioetiou qu'uii |liiirr('s('rvo. LBiiriiit convent ionnol ost d'accord avcc cos prin(Mpos; il no dt'fi-nd pas la vento iiii- lliiiitiiiit) liiito siir nil torritoiro nontro dos niaroliandisos jiropros a la ^jnorro. Mais si fisHi'Cdins oll'ootifa en natnrt*, <)no I'nn dos oinnbattants viont prondro ot exporto i^ I sispropros risdjuos, (^taiontfonrnisparrctat noiitrolni-inonio; si, jiar oxoniplo,d('saiinos, jdeHprojeotilos, do la poiidro otaiont tiros d<( sos arsonaanx on do sos niaiinfaotnros ||iiilill(|iu's, CO no uorait plus la uu coiiiin(i„nt».hi,. Ill his work entitled " Das nioderne Yolkerrecht," or, as it is called |iii the Freuch translation, " Lo droit international coditie," he writes : I-e fait qii'uii 6tat neutro fonrnit nu laisse f nirnir il iin ties btdli^jdraiits dos arines oil All matoiiol do guerre oonstitno^galomeut uno violation dos devoirs dea nontros. 'V«d. i, p. aox 2Ibid., p. i>Or>. '"' Diploiiiatie do la iner," vol. ii, p. HO. i m 244 AKHITllATION AT GENEVA. >>ir K. fhilliiiifii Par «.'(intri», si ilo t partieuliors, sans nv>iir rint(intion dt: vouir eu aido a. run Ueslx;!. ligorants, hii foiivuissiMit a titic il'tiiitrcin-iHn comniurcialt! dt-s amies on tin niutt^riclde j^ntMic, ila eouivnt K- ris<(nc) ([uo co8 olijcts Hoieiit conli.si|no»;s par I'advt-rHuire comme contniliaiuh) d« j^ncrr); ; les jfonvcrniMniints iicntrcs nc niamiaent \r.\n a Icnr devoir lu tol<^rant, lo coinuifrcc d'ohjcts (|ni sont eonHiilt-res toniint' cinitrt'ljaudo do ^inMTe. C'ldui (|iii transjiorto do la controliande dc ^iierrn a Tunc des i)arti«^s U'lli;;;eiiiiit(., n'cxpostvii voir ci?.s oliJrtH conlisiiiics. Mais I'i'tat niMitre n'a pas do mot it's dc sVpimiHi h Vt'Xiti'dition do la rontrcbando de gntrrro. J^ana It's diNcn.s»ioiiH do la loi ainoiitainf HV.v la nt'Utraliti', Its pn'sidci t .Jetifrsoii di'dara v\\ 171).5 i|'.it! la gnorre ('•Iranf'i'ic iieini. vait point los iiiirticuliors dii droit dc lal)ri<|ni'r, (ic voiidro ou d'(ixport(Ar des ;iiiu(.> scnloHK.'nt li.'s citoytniH aiuoricains, ajonlait il, fxereent ec droit a lours risfjiics ii .u'^rils.' The oi)inion of (laliaui has, however, been 'ifiJiin revived by two or three writers in our ow n days. Amonj; thes(», Sir itobert IMiillitnore, in his worlc on IiiU'rnatioiiiil Liw. vol. iii, § eexxx, speakin;^ "as to tlie perinittiii;,' tlic sale of munitions of war to a belliyeret *" wiiiiin the tmi tory of the neutral," writes: II" tlio fountftiuH of international justice have litHMi corroctly pointed oin in a foniiir v*tain ricuu evi'ivaii which niay lu'ttor or wors' i the condition of a l>elli};ert,'nt, tlu! nnlawfnlii(\is ot' ain such sale i.s a oi^cefssary conclusion from those premises. What dt)e!s . matter where the neutral sujiplies oni^ hellijjferent, with the menus of attackinjj; niiotlxer ' How does the iiuestion of lr. ristoye and ])uvress, thoiiiih with less enerjiy than the learned author Lhi inentio!!(Ml, a like view. M. Jhuitelenille, who, sis we have seen, n )t only refuses to admit vo j sels ('(juijr;earait indispcnsalde de raiipelor ' s l);i,ses d<.' la discnssioii.Jt |ii)scr des principes (|ui,d'apri-s la loi primitive, .loivcut la '.. tuiner. (.!c.s principfr*!';;! deja "'ti'^ eialdis. lis peuvent ser('Mum MWit: I. lahertt' et indcpendanee du peuplc noiire dans .son eoinmerce, en tcniiw * •••ueri'e. lucuto ave<; hs deux belli^^iTant.s. '.'. jjiberte et independam-e al>.'. Le,- d< ux devoirs .sunt corrrlatifs aux deux ilioiis,il> IcH limilent. ('e sont : I. LMmpaitiuliii'- ; •». l/alisii ntion de tmis aelcs directs ilt I fiuerre, et par eoiisi'i|Ui'Ut de fonriiir aux belii^it'riints Ir.s ari.ics ct le.s nnmilioiisii' nuori'e, \h' ci's droits il rt'^u lie, sans d.tute, (pui la nat ion )iacili(|Uo a i ; poiivoir ;ii- ciunmercer libremei'l a\eiu'ha<'un des 'lelli^fi'fanls. nou .seuleuieut .sur sou pi'opit' '•"fn- toire, nmis encore p!trf(Mit .tiileurs, sanH qnV ueuu d'enx imisse s'y oppo.ser ; maisi" .idc.s(i'enl. lie p!iMiirl. U:,',l. r.nil!. 'Section 7G5, p. 1185; with Noui* I nnd 'J. .,1 OPINIONS OF SIR ALEXANDEK COfKBl'llN. 245 1 :i I'lin tlcHbfl. dii iiiatcrit'ldt .'crsiiin? foimue i h'lir ikiVDireii n mnMTe. . . '_s btjllifjoiam.-, it's* do s'(i|i|i,iM'i I loi aiik'iiiuin'- :r!tnf;t'iar A/iiiii; liiiiii'r I'lHiiniiiii ] I ilisciissitiii, tit .s |iriii(!iiM' cii tfinp.* I''' I VI- jil>.'*i>lii<"' •'' I tlcllX Ktl'M llilflh lit I s imiiiilious.''' ,1 I • |iouv(iir .1' j )ii }iriiollo, qui jmjx.se t't^ dtvou, ii'a pas fait do distinction cntio lo coimm^ref at^tif ot lo comnitMoo nassif. K"'^' ""^ pouvaii cii faiio, car inn ot Tantro out lo nit-ini* rosiiltat, ctdni do don- nerii Tail <'<'» l»t:!li;;»5raiits lo nioyon do nniro a '.';:;:tre. Co dovoir est ahsolii; 1» rc- ,(rictioii qii'il impost, s'ottsinl a toutcs liis :>ianii'rfs d'. foiuiiir a Tun ties coinliattantB I'arnii! tlont il vi-nt IVajii.i"' son oiinomi. ("est nil d.'voir d'hiimanitt' ; et il nVst pa.i mollis inlniniain do veiidit! di;s iiistrmniMits l;;:;«iieiiii'.s dans le port do Livonrno tpio do Icstrjiiispoit'T •'ii'i^ ecliii do Loiiiln-n on dt^ Mai'%filli\ l,a vi-nto des donrees do con- tifbande anx Iifllit>t( snr le tirt' iie'- .e. do la jn<*Mno in.riii*re ct i>ar lo memo motif (jno lo transport arty assimie thiit to supply a bellijioreiit with articles of warlike use, thoiijrh in the way of tnulo, is to take i>art in the war; assuming" wliich, they say with triitli, that it is the same thinjj whetlier the ol>ieeives to write, and ho\\e\'er descrvinj; j their siit'cuiatious may be of aLtenti«)u, they cannot make thi» law. In- uniatioiial law is that to whi(!h nations have "iven Mieir common assentj ;iiiil il is l)est known as settled by their common practice. Now, in all wars, neutr;\is have traded at hoiiu' and abroad in articles ii'oiitriibaiid of war, sub'v'ct always in the latter case to the i.,,,,,,.^ ,„ ,„,,„.» [t'liaiK'o i;f '-aptare and ttonliscation. As I have already *'"■ l<;i!(l, no j;overninent has ever been sou;4lit to be made responsible on [tliiit account. Assuredly, no natioti hits ever asserted the freenstaiit ociiipation ,iil lixfliliooil of stiine of tliem. '; Ffi RnppifHs ihfir eallinjjcs, the only means jierliaps of t.ieir siilisistenee, hoeauso a war 'f-rM* ill for(!i;^n and distant eountries, in wliieh wo have im etiiieern, woiihl seareely lie niii'tted. It wonld bo hard in |)riiiei|)lo, and impossilulo in pratiee. The law of nji- [tiiiiis, tlierefore, nsptMtinn tlio rij^hts of those at jieaeo, does not reipi ire from thoin hiiciiau internal de. .ni^^einent in tlnir i>cenpatioiis. It is ftatislieil with tht< i^xteriial [iwially nninouneed in llit) Presitlent's proelamation, that of eonliscation id' sncli por- jlii'n of thi'so arms iw shall fall into tho liamls of any id" tlio helli;ffieiit powoisoii tlioir E«,iy to till' ports of th.eir enemies. To this penalty our eitizons uni warneil that they pilllM' uliaiidiMied, ,iiid that oven privatt^ eontravontitms may work m> iiieniialily bo- |t«et'ii tUo parlies iit war, tlio beiiolH of tlioui will bo left etinally fro«' nml open to British Appendix, vol. v, p. VMiJ. 24G AKUITRATION AT GENEVA. Tlie «'oll(*cU)is «>f the customs at the ilsftVrout iioits wore instnict^d that— T\w jiiiii liHsiny anil o.\]i(M'tiny tho law of nations lo parlitnlar treaties. Jf it bo trno, tlierelori', tlial lilizens of tho llniteil .Slates ini,. iieen en>;ay wliicli Texas, an oneniy of Mexico, lias been Mi|i]ili,, with arms anil innnitions of war, the Ooverinnent of the. I'niteil States, neveri lull- was not iion'ul to ]neve!il ii, and conhl not have (ii'cvonteil it withont a inanilVst di- (lartnri! from tho princiiiles of nentralit\ , and is in no way answerablo for tho con^' «|ueuccs. iSuch fouiin ;rco is i<;ft to its ordinary fate, accortling to the law of iiatimiv Tti his mos.^nse to tlie Aineriean Senate, in Deeeniber, lS5t, Presidtnt riereo dechires : Thi. laws of (he I'niied l^lai s do not forbid their citi/.ens to sell to eith( i)f th. belli' rent jiowen- rtiele^ contraliand of war, iw to take mnnilions of war iir ."dldii'i' I Vill- on board their private sliips foi' transportation ; and, althon;;h in so iliinfr the iml nal citizen exposes liis ]>ropei'ty or person to some of the hazards of war. his iit >(!■ not involve any bre.ich on national nentrality, nor of theni.selvcs implicate the (jovtrn- nii-nt. 'Jims, during (he proi.>ress of the inesent war in I'.ii'ojie, onr citizens have, witlimi; nationul i(snoii>ibiiit v llnreior, so hi ii' iwder d arms to all bnvers re<;arilli' tlu! destination of those ariicles, < )iir merehantni'H liuvc been, anil still conliiiiii' |i be, larjiely eniployi d by (ireat Ihitain and franco in lianspoitinj-!; troops, piovi-idii-. and innnitions of \\ar to tinr principal scat of military opera* ions, and in l>iiin;i!'; home the sieU and wonndid siddiirs; bnt nnch nse of onr niercantile marine i." no; intcrilicted either by the international or by on? mnnicipnl law, ..nd theretorn d'n- not comiiromiHc onr nenlial relations with K'nssiii.' ChaneeUor Kent, in hi.s Commentaries, says: It was contended by the French rial ion in 17'J(5 tlnit neutral jrovernnn'nis vverc Imiiiiii to ve-Orain their snlijeet.s frtmi sc llin^; or exporlinj^ articles contrab.ind of war lii tii- belli;;erent powers. Ihit it was sn^ce.s^|■pllly shown, on I he jiarf id' the United Stale*, liia; nentrals may lawl'nlly sell at home to a belli;;eient jinrclniser, or carry themselves i"iiif bcliijferent powers, conlrab;nui iirticles, snbjcct to tin- ri;-;ht of seizure in Inninilii. lijiht has since lieen explicit ly dedareil by t be jndici.il aulhoril ies of lhi.>H'i>\nili'.\ iiy;lit of the neutral to transpml, and of the IionI jiower to Seize, are c( ilii.;:i;: rijflits, and neither paity can chari;e the other with a criminal act In l.S(Ji', on the occasion of the I^'rencli invasion of .Mexico, eniiiphi was math' by M. I^)mefo, tlie represeiitiitive of the Mexican jioveiii IIU'll! at \Vashinisiiiii! ninh's in the Ignited states for the lairpo.se of the war. A haijucone sponth'nce enstied between M. IJomero and Mr. yi'wjir'l, in wliicli llif hitter viooronsiy miiintains wliat lie calls " the settlpd and traditin'i:!' policy of the country.'' lie says: It is not easy to see how that policy conhl be chanf;ed so as to conform to tl)i> vit"' of M, Uomero withont destroyint sell to French subjects, hecanse it iiiiiyl* 111 employed in iiiiiit.uy operatinns ni^ainst Mexico, Franco must ei|nall; allowi' di<(ate to ns what meichandise we shall allow to be shipped to iVexico, hi'iMnw inij{lit he helli^jeri'ntly used nfjainst France. Every other nation which is iit wur would have u similar ri};ht, and every other cotiuuereial uatiou would be boumH'' { 'Itritisli Appendix, vol. v.,i).26U. -Letter to Mr. Tliompsou, Webster's Works, vol. vi, p. t'i'i; Hritinli Appemli-'c. «' V, p. ',YX]. ''liritisli Ajijiendix, vol. v, jt. XV.\. * Kent's I'oaiinentaiies, vol. i, p. 1 1'2. ^i OPLN'fON.S OF .Slii ALKXANDHK COCKBIIRN. :4' rrtiit'et it MH iiiiuli as the Unitetl Wtuti-s. ( Joiiiuiurcr, in t!i;ic <'iis(», insloinl ^('iiil''*'d t'* i>uu'Iia>!r anus and lauiiitioiis of wai- iii p„„!,,.e of m,,- other coiuiti'ios wiu'ii need recinirod it. At tlio coinniotice- II ;;';'';;!,;!;;",,';^ J!;:: iiii'iit oftlie civil war, tlx: (JovcninKMir Im'Ih.^" short of arms, ''"'"i-^""- agents were siMit to lvii,ul;iiid to procuri; tlicai ia lai'j^c (laantitios. (3ther ai't'iits boii,'j;!it arms in dilfcront countries on t!io continent. J-'i^jarcs aiejiiven iu the, British coantercase w hitih apix^ar to bear out the st ito- niiMit ilial ''thcM'Xtia supplies of warlike stores thus exported to the iioitiiern ports of the United Estates durinu,- tlu^ civil war are estitnatod toirpresent a total value of lu.t 1. ss than i:L.Vl<>(" ^vhich £1,500,000 was the value of muskets and rilles aloiu'."' Mr. Adams, in a conversa- tion with iO.irl Kussell on the 22d -^lay, 1802, when the latter, in answer toliis reiiionstranees as to supi)lies sent out from (ireat lUitain to the Confederate Slati's, referred to the lar,y(> supplies of similar materials obtiiined on the part of the United States, naively answered that "at ouo time a (piantity of arms and military stores had been bought, as si luiiely conunercial transaction, for the use of the Federal Army, but tlnit the practice hail been discontinu<'d at his sujuj^'estion, because it iupveiited hiai from pressiM;^ his remonstiances a,t;ainst a veiy «linerent class of operations canied on by friends an«l sym|)athi/.ers with the rebels, and that the United States had, instead, bou,!j,ht lar.nely from Austria;" ''because," adds Mr. Adams," that .yitvernnu'nt had uevei' juiven any countenance, to the insiir^cnts."- It tluis iippears that the continental governments also did n»)t con- siiler the sah' ol' arms by their subjects as any iafring(>ment of the law lit' iiatiniis. it seeuis to me, therefore, that the law relatinij to contraband of warnmst be considered not as arisin.ii; out, .' or can 1 discover any (lill'eren<'e in principle between a ship c(iuipped to receive her araiaitieiit, and a shi[» a('rent by the subjects "I'll neutral power, the following' rules: S.i!^* 1,1" *liip- • lih. 'Uritiuli Apiu'iulix. vol. v, p. :\M\. _ liiiiisli coiiiiter-tase, op. .V2-r>-l. Hritisli Appeiulix, vol. vi, pp. l.Vl, l.V>, ir>"«', "il<"l States Documents, vol. i, ji. 'uiC. . r \'i . 17:5. ^IIWT^ 1.,.-!' 248 ARBITRATrON AT GENEVA. i'«ji)» In article 703 of his proposed code, he sajs : L't^tat iioutro no dnit pus siMiIi-mont s'sihstL-nir dn livror dis iiiiviros dc ^uorrp i\ Ywn^ (lc8 pnissiviicoH hellii^drantoH ; il est anssi ti-im (I't'xorccr iiiio Hurvi'illanci' li^coiireusepi i>aix, nn I'tat piMif t-vidi'iiiinciil vciidic d^s navin-s do f^iierrc a uii lllltr^ on reconrir a I'indnntrio jirivi-f dcs oLat.s (•tiaii;4cr.s. Mais jifiidant la jju('rr<'. la four- nituro do iiavin-H do guerre (.'oiistitiio t'videniinciit iin a]>piii et mi u'lifort accoi-do am bellij^orants. Si rinti'iitiou do Ic fairo losiiltc dcs «iiToii-.tanct'.>*, on «kn ra coiisiUnror t'08 acfcos counno contniircs anx dovKJiN dc-; iifiitn-s, '. In a note he subjoins : II n'ost i)a.'* nrcivssairc que Ic naviro soit doja arnio. Lrn\s(iao los roust lucteuis, tout on proteiulant IVotor nn naviic do coinniorcc, out riutoutlon ;ui!rr« nn naviro do ooninioroo constrnit snr nn oliantior nontro ofc aolufto pins tard par nn ndj^ooiant d'nn dos pays Ijolli^drants. (Wlioaton, Intern. Law, j). ,'>(»*i.) // in enl anln- mcnt lornqiiUni iinviir dc niurrc cnt rriithi d I'liii iUh hrlli;icranti a litre (rnitirpriiie piiremiin commvrcidic ou hidiixlyicllf ; il t/ niira daiin re can contrchaiidcdc (jiiirrr, mai« eel ucic ncmn. utitiicra pax iinr riolalion di>< dcroim den tinitrt-H.'^ I must ol).s('ive that these rules, which are of a very stringent clinr acter, are not siijijiorted bynny reasoninj;of the author, or byany jutid ical authority. 1 niijrht add, that there is uo j?rountl for sayinjj tliat they have been j;enerally accepted as iiitcriiatioiial law. Even so (lis tiiifjuislied a man as Professor l»hintschli cannot ^'wo laws to thewoiiil from the professorial chair. Moreover, as I understand hitn, Piofcssor IJluntsciili draws a distinction between the sale of sliii>s with tlu^ in tention of assistinjj a bellijicrent, and of shii»s sold in the course of a purely comnu'icial transaction. The (irst two cited articles wcjtdd, from the jjeneral terms in wliidi they are framed, appear to apply to ships of war by whomsoever tliov maybe supplied to the bellij^'crent ; but from the note to section T(il and the reference to section 7s made over to a belliji'erent, whether by sale or otherwise^, for the puri)ose of assisting his cause, ami ships of war sold to a belli.uereut by neutnd sui)Joct.siii the ^ay of trade. This is the view taken by "Sir. Dana in a note to his edition of " Wliea ton's Elements of Internaticmal Law," which has been ri' printed in the documents appendetl to the American case: Onr rules ilo not intorl'oro with hmin-Jidr onminorcial doalin;;s in rontral»ai',d of w.ir. An American nioreliant may build and i'ully aim a vessel, and provide her with storci and oiler her lor calo in our own market. H lie does any acts as an a^^ont or M-rvantof a bolli';eient, or in pursuauee of an arrangement or nnderstanding with a l»Llli);<'renl. that nIio sliail be employed in hostilities vvIkmi sold, ho is guilty. He may, without violating «nir law, semi out such a vessel, ho ecinippod, under iho (lag and paper* of hi' own country, with no more tbreooferew than isHuitable for navigation, with no riglit to resist seareli or seizure, and to take the (dianciM of capture as contiaband nicrcbiiD- r!iBo, of bltH-kade, and of a market in a belligt^rent iiort. In such ease, the extent auJ character of thu uqniptnents ih as iniinatorial us in tlio othor clutM of uuHtitt. The intf"' ' Section TGH and note 1, ji. 'M\. 'Section 7M, p. :JH4. Opinion Ol I»MUII. OPINION'S OF SIR ALKXANDER COCKIsrUN. 249 is all. 11'" "'■* '" "!'<'" t" proat Nuspicions and abuse, and the line may often be stareelj traceable.; yet the )innci|>le i.s<;lear eni>n<;h. Is tlie intent one to prepare an artieleo't' fontriibinul nierebandine, to be sent to the market of a beliijjerent, Hnbject to tlie clianees of capture and of tlie markt.'t ? Or, on tlie other hand, is it to fit ont a vessel which shall leave on r port to crnise, immediately or nitiinately. nfj'*'"***' the eommerco of .'t. fricmlly nation J The latter we are hound to prevent ; the former the l>elli<»erent must ■ircvcnt. ' Piofossoi' (lola, of I'aiina, in a loceiit work, observer: Lostcsso dieasi ove si trattasse di costrnzioni di navi: Tatto h'do la neutrality, ot« rinipresa si esecjuisea dal ;;overno, i- invi-ee nn' opera d'industriu ove si conipia dit pri- vati inii>renditori nei loro ( •antieri.'^ M. Ortolan, wlio had made no sn(;h distinction in tlio former edition of his work, ** Stir la diploniatie de la nier," in the last edi- »„„,„„ ,.fM or fioiiof that work has, with reference to this subject, thefol- "'" lowing, I cannot help thinking, somewhat extraordinary doctrine: Si Ton suppose nn naviro construit snr le territoiro nentre, non pas snr command* (lull belligerant on jiar 8nit^^ d'nn traite i>stensible on dissimnh'^ avec co bollij^drant, maiseu vue d'nn dessein qneleoncine, suit de Mavi;;ation eommereiale, soit tout autre, etqiioco I'.avire, deji\ par hii-menu* i)roi»re a la }jnerr« on denature t\ etro converti ;i ret nsnf;e, unn foissorti des ports (h; la. nation nentre, soit veiidii, dans le conrs do sa navijjation, oeeasionnellemtMit, i\ I'un d(!s l)ellijjferants, et so mette a navijjner en des- tination directo pour CO belliijerant : nn tel navire dans de telles circonstances tomba iiaiqupMieiit sous le coup des regies relatives a la eontrehande de j^ntM're. II est sujot i\ ^trc iiiret<'' el eontist|n<' par reimemi i|ui pourra s'en emparer, mnis sans qu'an(;iiu jjrief (levi()l;ition des devoirs de la nentraliti- piiisso sortir de ee fait contrt^ I'tMat nuutr* |irtni' n'uvoir jias d<''feudu a scs uatinnaux ile telles veiites on no les avoir pan rt'-primee;*. f'V.st line opi'-ratiou de lialii' i|ui a eii lieu, tialic de (Mintrebaiide de ;^ueire, dout a:iuuii» ircDiistanee iiarticiiliere ii'ot vi'iinc eha'iy;er le earai-lere. Ti.'l tilt, en raiiiii'" l-'iH). Ir eas d>i iiaviiv aMUM-ieaiii le MriUiis. captun- par les Anglai» tjugede bonne piise par la i-our d"aiiiiiaiite d'lrililax. Mais lii situation r-hauj^c; la coMtn'h.inde d.'-^uerii^ n'i'st plus la (iiu'stioii jiriucipale; 'iaiitri's ri';;les (111 droit des ;;('us iiili'ivieiiiieiil et iiiodilieiil pioloiideuieiit la solution, (|u'il s'ajiissc de iiaiiini'Uts es sur uu urritoin- nentre pour le eoinpte d'mi iiflli;j;eraiif , par suitc> d'arraunenieiit pris a ravanea ■ivir liii. sous la forme d'nn eoiitrat eouinierciai i|iieleoiii|ue : veiile, eoiuiiiissioii, louagA il'imliistiie on de travail; (|iie les arraiii;euieiils aieiil ^'t(i pris osteii.sil)l(Hiieiit, ou in'iis le Noiciit d'liiie maiiiere siM'ri'fc oii di'^iiist'e ; car la loyanti' est iiue eoiidil ion es- viitit'llii dans la solution des dillieulti-s iuteriialioiiali"^, et sous h> convert, des faiisse* \]iparene(!s il fant ton.jours aller an loud des cdioses. II y a ici, iiieoiitestableinent, una 't-ciiiiilc liypothcse <|iril iinpoi'te do dislin^iier soi>^neuseineut de la preerdcnte. Ntms nous rat taeherous, pour ri'soiidre en droit des ;fens hs dilliculti's que pri^seiit* ^'tli; niMivelle situation, i\ iin i)riueip(^ niiiv crselleiiieiit etaldi, ipii se formiilit eu ee ]ieu 'I'Mi'ots: " Inviolabilit('* dii ten itoirl^ nentre." Cette iuviolabiliti' est nn droit pour 'i':it iieutri>, dout le territoire iie iloit pascire atteint jiar les faits de fjnerre, niais ello inipiwo aiissi a ee nieme etat nentre line etroite oblij;ation, celle de ne pas perniettre, '111' (rriiipeeher aetivement, ail besoin, reni[>loi de et> territoire par I'line des parlies fin an ]U"{)lit de I'line des uarties JM-lli^ri-rantes, dans un but hostile a I'autre ]>artie. Lm piiblicistes en cn-dit ne font aueiiii doiite. pour ee ipii eoneerne rariuement et l'i|iii|ii'ineiit dans nn port nentre de balinients di^ j^uerre destiin-s a aeerotlre les toree.< 'is lit'llii;;t' rants. U.i s'aeeordent pour reeoiinaitri' rillr;;alit(^ de ees arnieineiits on "luilK'iiii'iits, comme line infraction de la part dr IV-tat neiilre de inriue. lu' i.s to ho ppi)lied ; but, if she is made to order, the transaction as- sumes the oppOi:ito character, mid is a breach of ueutrality. With all 'United Rtiites Doeuniontn, vol vii, n. lUi. ■"'CorsG di diritto internn/.ioiiale," vol. ii, p. :M). ■PW H|!.M!t' •* ! 250 AR1UTRAT1<»N AT tJKNEVA. reHjioct lor tlu' antlioiit.v of lliis «lis!in;;iiislie(l wrircr, 1 musr, decline to iuldpt ii doctrine Nvliicii rests on so sIiaiis (If. ;iii(i'if. 11 iki pent iii«"ti'r hmi (vnitoii'i- )iinir per- riU'tti<^ ;'i Vuiw dcs }iarti»'S d'oi-jfaiiiscr en lit'ii Mir dcs fiitri'iiri'ics iiiilitaircs. 11 c>i obIi<;i^ do vcillir rMU'li'riuMit a en niu' dcs t)artiut'iiin a la guerre l,ois(|iie I't'-tat iicntre soiitioiit ii!! dcs bellijiciaiits, il prciid pait a la y;iierrc en faveiir de ceiiii (lu'il Noiitieiit. it dcs lurv il C(K»e d'rire iii-iiltr. li'advi rsairc est aiitoiise a voir dans ccttu )>articipatioii im aitc i)ui mediat vn pcniiittaiit, titiidin - aioiis coiitre nn <-iat ami. Tons soiit olili;;i's de veiller a <;o (pie Iciir sol ne dcvimii" pas le point di> depart d'eiitrejuises inllitiiires, dirigces contro des elais avcc k'^sllUl■l* ils sout en paix. I entirely a,L;'ree in all that is thus said by this able Jurist — that is. i; I properly ai)prehend his liin,niia,ue, and tun riulit in nmlerstandiiij,' it \» ajiply not to the sale of ships of war, niiiiplicitcr. but to the seiidiiiircii' ol' troojisand armed ships lor the pnr[)i»se of \\i. tin; letirned professui terms " military enterprises,'' jintl to the "orgaui/iiii;' of a;j:!L;ressio!i> atiainst a fiiendly state.'' Another eminent Jurist, wlio has espoused (he. ciinse of the l-iiitfl op.mon ..r M It, States, in ii very able review of the work of Professor Moiiii '"'•'•"'"""-'"• ta not, so far as I collect, deny the Ie;^ality of the sale of ships of war, Itii; rests his opinion on the "general circamstanees co!ine<'ted with the CiHi struetion \m\ escape of tlie Alabama. 15iit thesjtirit in which thisaiitli"' writes will be seen from the tbilowin^ passa,i;e: II cftt dans tons les eas Otv di;;ne d'liii JiiriscDiiRiiUe de la \aI(Mir a.s se borncr a cxaniincr cette yrave (|iiestion dcs dev<'irs do la neiitralitc an pnint d- vno «ln droit iio.>it if exist ant. U'est par I'oitinion liaiilemcnt ('•iiiise de savants loiiiiii- lui «pio Ics idccs j;ciu''rales en matiere de droit sont appelees a so rcctllier ct a m'h'!'! plotor. Or, s'll y a line chose ([iie cliai|iie j;iierri! iioiivelledr'inontro, c'estle canifliiv luni-senlcincnt iiisiiHisaiil. inais I'allacicnx do la vieillo di'linition : ui'iitrdnim purliiin Si an ilebiit iie cctto dernicio et oiioiivaiitalde murio do It^TU, rAn^jlotcrrc, an lieu ilni ulmtinC'.inent iii-iilfunim yxir/iKw, avait clairomeiit di'-sapproiivo I'otlbnsivo iiiiipicdi'li Franco, ost-ctr nrH, avaht lo oontunii dii uu»lliis((iio ot a«i)HK<^ 1 « <^caillo8 aiix deux bill; ^orautH. II n'oHt (ruuciiii parti, niais il H'tin^raisHOHoniiinleuHemeiit uiix di'^peiis dc l. OPINIONS OF 8IR ALKXANIJKR COCiaUJIlN. 251 This reasoiiiiifl; may be very well deserving: ol" attention for the future; bnt, for tlie presetit i>nrp()se, when the authority of M. Kolin Jacqiie- iiiviis :is to the culpability of (Jreat Biitain is cited, I must protest naiiiiist the (piestion bein;; determined not according to "existing posi- tive law," but to theojiiuion of "savants " as to what the law should have lu'cn, 01" should now be made. The tribunal cannot, 1 apprehend, adopt siuli a |)rineiple informing its judf^menr. Its functions are Jiot to imike the law, but todecide, aceordinjj; to the rulesof tiie treaty, with tho Ij^jht wliich the aekn()wh'd;;t>d prin(;iples of international Jurisprudence 1111(1 the established usa;j;('S of nations nuiy atl'ord lor its assistance. Tlie occasion may be a tempting one for Kivinjjj ellect to speculative opinions ov individual theories. J5ut a decision founded on such aprin- ple would not insure the ap[)iobation of wise and jiulicious nunds, or coiniiiand the res|K'ct of those who mij^ht sutler from a judfjment which would be at varian«'e with the lirst principles of ecjuity and Justice. hi us see what has been the practical view taken of the subject in J]ii<,'laud or America. As tar back as the year 17lil, ships „pi,„ r ti,i- of war having been built in Knj>land, and sold to the Czar |"|« -"i ^ ""i ""i- of lliissia, then at war with Sweden, and complaint having becMi made hy tlio HwedislMuinister, the Jud};es were summoned to the House of Lords. an■" "■•m.i.H. nsf a vessel (billed the Indepeudeueia, ecpupped I'or war and armed with twelve guns, had been sent out from the AmericMU port of IJaltimore, npoii a pieleiid(Ml voyages to the northwest i'oast, but in reality to liiU'iios Ayres, then at war with Spain, with instructions to the super- cargo to sell her to tin* Buenos Ayres government if he could obtain a 'Titain price. She was sold to that government accordingly, ami, hav- ing heeii commissioned, was sent to sea and made prizes. She alter- waid put into an American i>ort, and h.iving there received an augmen- tation of her foi"c<>, again i)ut to sea and captured a prize. The validity of this prize was questioned in the suit on two grounds: 1st. That tho f«aleof the vessel to a foreign government by American citizens, for the purpose of being used in war against a belligerent with whom the United States were at peace, was a violation of neutrality and illegal ; L*d. heoanse the capture had been nuide after an augiuentation of tlie force of tlie vessel in a port of the United States. The capture was held invalid on the latter ground. Upon the lirst, the Judge delivered Judgment as lollows : Tlwqncstion as to tlio uri<>inal illoj;«l {innunient and oiitllt of tlio ladopuiuloncia ■nay Iw «lisiniH8«'d in a few wtiids. It is upparunt/tliut though equipped a«ave(iHcl of war, sbo was Hent to HiienoH Ayres on a commercial advon- jj',",'i*"i'|°'y"'^ "' tin*, contraband, indeed, bnt in no shape violntinfi; our laws or our '" ForteHcuo'8 Keportu," p. 3tJd. - VVIieaton, p. 2KJ. ' w 'A 252 ARBITRATION- AT GKNEVA. nationtil iieiUrality. If caittiinnl by a Si»iniHh nliip nf wnr iliiriiij^; tlic v(iyngf, shit would liiivo iM^cn justly condiMiiiKMl U8 good piizo lor boinK enj^iigod in a tiiilliu jfrobib- ited by tin; law ol' natioiiH. Uiit tlioro ih nothing; in ourlawH, or in tbn law of nationH that forbids oiir citizeiiH from Bending armed vl'nnoIh, an wtill as iininitioiis of wur td foreign jmrts for sale. It is a commercial adventure wliich no nation is bound to pro. liibit, and wliicli only exposes the person engaged in it to the penalty of eontiscatinn, Snpposing, therefore, the voyage to have been for commercial pnrposes, and tlin sale at JbienoH Ayres to have been a bona-fidc sale, (and there is nothing in the evidence before ns to contradict it,) there is no pretense to say that the original onttit on the voyage was illegal, or that a captnro mudo after the sale was, for that cause alone, invalid. It is HOW sought to shake the authority of this judgnieut by saying that it was unnecessary to thedecision of the cause, .-^s the prize was held to be invalid on tlie other ground; but it was, nevertheless, a solemn jiuljj nient upon a point properly arising in the cause, and, so far as I am awaro, it has never been questioned. It is indeed alleged (but for the tirst time) in the American case that < „H. .,f ih. <;,;„ the authority of this decision is to be looked upon as ovor- '"'""- ruled or controlled by a Judgment given by the same court in the case of the Gran Para. Now, the latter judgment was a judg ment of the same court, (of which, therefore, Mr. Justice Story was him self a member,) and was pronounced on the very next day. We are told in the case of the United States, that the cases were argued, the one on the 20tli, the other on the 28th of February, 1822; that the judgment in the case of the Santissima Trinidad was pronounced on the 12th of March, that in the <;ase of the tlian Para on the ensuing day, the 13tli, It is said, and truly, that "there can be no doubt they were considoml together in the consultation-room," and lawyers are gravely asked to believe that it was intended by the second judgment to overrule or qualify the doctrine involved in the first. No English or Ameiicnn lawyer could entertain the notion for a moment that, if the same court had intende. ' of iiatitinH, H of war, l() mm\ to pro- (onliscatinii. lid tlin Kiili> lio evidence iiitfit oil the ninsc alone, ayiiigtliat lieUltobe Dlllll JU(1{J- am aware, I case that )ii as over- iaino court IS a jiidg- y was hiiii' Ve are told the one on ulfjtnent in he 12tli of r, the lath. considered ly asked to overrule or American same eourt iven iinine Id ftiven its t the truth I can have lie decision, Santissiraa Ion with it as not the ivas simply rican law, cr still re- had been )e seen in Ication, the Titer, after Ihid as "a lalcofaHliip' Iv; that such Iwivy toward 1 to be solit to jeen iutemleil Lvoiiting in Irar dooa iwt Iciiil, remains lof oiir dis |irMinf»'1 ion -ii nn\o i,* an ii'lt-t MiritrtitiaiiU iif war. (inguished colleague, Mr. Adams, who, writing; tc Earl , , „, Knssell on the Gth of April, 18G3, states, with reference to *'""" certain American authorities which Lord Russell had appealed to : The Bill" aiid traiiMfor by a noiitral of arinM, of iiiiinitioiin of war, and ercn of vcshcIh <»/ Mr, to a btdlin«i"'"t country, not Hiibjuut to blockado at tbo tiiiu% a.s a purely coiiiiner- tial trttimactioii, is «lticide(l by tlioMo autlioritit!)^ not to bo unlawful. Th(\y j;o not a step liirther; and pieciHely to that extent I have inyHi-lf taken no exeei»(ion tu tlie doctrine.' This being the present state of international law on this subject, if it is desirable to introduce new rules, it must be done by the ,,,„„„„ eommon consent of nations, not by the speculative doctrines of theorists, however distinguished. But is it desirable that it should bo altered, and that obstacles to the industry and trade of neutral nations should Im created f Aziuii observes : I'ne grande parrie «lti eoinnierct! de (lUidiiues natioiis eiiropeiMnit's, titles qiio lojj |!iU'«loin, leHNorv<^{;ieiis, et les Kiisscs, eoiiHiste en iiiarcliiindises lu-ceHHaireH pour la^tiorru inaritiiiie, pour la coiiNt ruction et pour r<'M|uipenient d'line tlotte; cIleH vendeiit en teinpr* liupuix, a (|uicoii(|Uu en a berioin, du fer, dii cnivre, tics iiiiltH, dcs bois, M canons, t'»//i»i rfiw luivirfu dv ijiKrir inlivrs. (^tiellc.s raisons pmirrait-il y avoir de priver ces nations de lenr coninieice et de leiir nianicre d(^ subsi.ster, a I'occa- ■ijon (rime >j;nerre a la(|iiclle ils no prciincnt antMine part f II n'y a «lans le code de la justice et de I'tWiuite rieii en favenr d'uiio telle protection. II est done iit^(!essaire ii'iitalilir, eoninie niaxiine fondaiiKMi tale «le tout droit, que, les ))eu|)le8 neutres devantet poiivaiitlicitenient ctait ctabli (!n temps dt- p:iix, sans (|n'on piiisse lirott'udre, en aueuiie niauier«>, (|nelaniMitralite soitviolee, poiiivn qne f belligerents, wlioart? tlie dis- turhers of the world's peace, and to hi\ too unmindt'ul of the interests of neutral nations, who are simply seeking o»*cupation for their industry and eumnierce, indill'erent by whom tiu-y aiv employed. They seem to tliink that the belligerent is granting an indalg<'nce or conferring a tavoron the neutral in allowing him to nMuain a stranger to the war, which the gratelul neutral shoultl be, too glad to purchase by the saeri lieeotall rights at all inctunjiatiblc with the conveniencre of the bellig- trent. M. llautefeuille, iinleed, invokes humanity, and would prohibit the sale of articles of warlike use in (uder to pr«'v»'nt and put an end to war. But if considerations of humanity are to be taken into a<;c(nint, it is obvious that the sale of such tlungs should be prohibited in time of 'I'nited Sfiifi-s Ilncinpents. \'<>1. ii, p. .V.U. i ■pw [Awri ■;■ •!:' Ml^M i. 254 ARBITltATlON AT OKNKVA. poaco, as well as of war. They are nut the less available in Lime of war because l)otijj;lit in time of i)eaee. Tiie armorer or the shipliiiiUler who is thus requiretl to elosfi liji^ establishment to the bellij;erents when war arises, may eontiiiii(> to inannfaetnre and sell, nndistnrbed, his iiistrnments of deslruetion down to the very hour when war is proelaimed. Had I'rnssia, for iiistaiin', anticipated the attack of France as likely to oeenr so soon, and Imil desired to |)rocni'e a licet, she mijiiit have resorted to the shipwiioIiLV yards of lOnyland till she possessed ships enon^h to cope witli her lor- niidable adversary on theseas. IJntlet warbntbepnxtlaimed, and accord, in}^ to these views the work becomes at once eiiminal, the workiniiir.s hammer n)nst be arrest«Ml, the shipwri;jfht's yard closed. There may (id reasons of state in certain instaneCvS — as according to British and American views in the case of shi|)s — for putting a restraint on the freedom of trade, but it seenis idle to base it on the score of humanity. The elU'ct would simply be that ii government meditating the iiivasidn of another country would have to provirei)ared than themselves. The weak would be saeritiwd to the strong. Let me suppose si peoi)le rising in a just and rightooiis cause. 1 will not offend the juitriotio susceptibility of my honorable and esteemed colleague by suggesting, for a single instant, even livpo thetically, the i>ossii)ility that the cause of the insurgents might have been su<;h a one — 1 will take what he will reas armed, her arsenals well stored, Anu'ri(!a had neither ships nor arms, nor munitions of war, with which to resist the suj)erior force.sol her aped and armed is not sent out to be taken to the port nut li»r iiniiii'Ji.ttiT ,. ^ i i 1 1 . . i i i . i_ ^ •*.! i^* .. -nvue. ot the belligerent purchaser, l)ut is sent to sea with otiicer.'* and a fighting crew for the purpose of immediate warfare. Under sucli circumstaiKtes the transaction ceases to be one of mere (lomiuerce, and assumes the form of a hostile expedition sent forth froai the territory of the neutral. Such an expedition is plainly a violation of neutrality, acconling to international law, and one which the neutral goveniiiient is bound to do its best to inevent. Dut what if, in order the better to avoid observation and detection. Armim.nt and tlicvessel is sciit fortli, witliout its armament, without its k-mirXp"!'' '' " war crew, and these, sent to it by another or dilfereiit ve.s sels, are put on board of it in some place or water be.^ond the Jarisilic tion of the neutral? In my opinion, excjept so far as the question ol diligence is concerned, as to which it may form a veiy material elemeut, this makes no dillerence. The ship, the armament, the crew, thougli sent out separately, form each of thein part of one and the same enter- l)rise or niKh'rtaking. Taken together, they constitute a hostile exjie dition and must be treated as such. It is as though a hostile force were OPINIONS OF SIR ALEXANDKU COCKIWTKN. 255 (t'lViTHliyMlt. ,*ont l'.v si'iv to invndo ,nii ciu'm.>'s territory, nnd cucli .nrmof tlio Ibni^ f»o ii,>iit, iiilii""'y»<''>^"'li'.V» JirtilU'ry, wvw emliarkiMl in (lillerout Hhips. Tlie ttiidli' woiiM still tbrin oiic! «'.\|KMliti<)ii. So licit', Hliips, {jiuis, cnnv, nro liitli 11 1'ii't of one entire whole to be employed and used in Inrllieriineo „loin' common de.si{jfn. This is happily exju'essed in the Anjeriean IjHW Ki'Vit'W, in the aiticle already cited : "It was not," writes the anthor, • hiritiise the Messrs. Laird s(»ld a war ship to the <'t)iilederates that wo laveadiiim against 10n<;land tor a bicach of international law, bnt it was bei'ans(! collateral arranj^'cnuMits tbr completinjj the equipment and ;iriiiiiiiu'nt of the ship so sold, by placiii)!;' on board ollicers and crew, ;;iiiis and provisions, rendered the entire proccdnn>, in iV.ct, the incep- iiKiiof a hostile nndertakin^ from the conlinesof a neutral country." Ul course the (piestioii may become one of decree. Thi» intt'rval of tiiiu' which mi^dit elapse between the sendinjf out of the ship and that (it the crew, the distance between tin' lU'Utral territory ami the place at. which the war-crew are to Join, the possible tact that it was oriyimdiy iiitcuclod to procure si crew in some other country than that of tlio iit'Utral, the oi'currence of intermediate circnmstan(!es, niiy;ht fairly lead to the iufereiico that there was no present intention to apply the vessel to the purpose of war, which in my nund is an essential element in ascribiiijj a belli;>crent character to that which iniyht otherwise huvo remained a purely conimercial transaction. All expedition of this kind bcinjj; an undoubted violation of neutrality, every one will agree that it is the du^y of the neutral gov- eriiuieiit, if it knows that such expedition is about to leave its waters, to use due diligence to prevent it. Xor does the duty of the neutral government end here. It is also its duty to use duo diligence to make itself informed as to the true chara(!ter and destination of a vessel, where there is reasonable groiiml to 8us[»ect that such character. and destination are unlawful. The duty of the neutral government in this respect npi)oars to me to involve three things : lirst, that the law of the neutral siiall be sntlicient to enable the executive to prevent breaches of its duties as a neutral ; sw'oudly, that, where its application is called for, the law shall be i)ut iiitorce honestly and in good faith; thirdly, that all ])roper and lc,;;iti- niate means shall be used to detect an intended violation of the law, so as b> the aiiplication of the law to prevent it. Having thus seen what is the ])reseiit state of international law, aecimling to the views of leading Jurists and the i)ractiti\iiti'irv U was not a <|iiosti()n of fitting out ships to ho soUl to the Fiench j^'ov ernuient, hut of fltthij; out Anieriean vessels, the uropoi ty of Amoriian owners, and nninned hy American crews, to prey, under citmniisKionsit^ privateers, upon the conimeret; of a friendly nation. In like manner, the American act of 1818 arose out of the pnMiscIv similar conduct of American eiti/ens in littin;; out A mer lean vessels, uuuineain and I'oi tugal, uncler commissions as [)rivateer» from the de facto {govern iiu'ub of the revolted colonies of the two countries. The S|>anish minister had loudly complained that some thirty vi'sstls. specifically named, tin? property of American citizens, antl hclongiiij^tii jtorta of the Union, were thus ineying; on Spanish commerce. The representative of Portugal made similar complaints. This pi actice carried on, on so large a scale, created great scandal : ami after the comidaints had gone on for two years, the act of 1.S18 \va> passed to i)ut a check on it, if iiossihle. This act, in addition to the enactments of that of 1701, required that a hond in double the valiant the ship should be given in the case of any armed vessel, owiu-d iu whole or in i)art by American citizens, going out of an American port. that the vessel shouhl not be eniployed against a foreign goveriiiiiiiit; and gave power to the collectors of customs to detain any v«'ssol, built for war, leaving an American port, under certain suspicions circuiii stances specified in the act. It is plain that this statute, like its preili j cessoi;, was directe«l agaii'«^ privateering (carried on by Americaiuiti zens against countries wilh which the United States were at \wa^^\■.\ Huilding or fitting out ships of war for a belligerent hatl not c«»ine iii;i' 41uestion at that time at all. In like niaiiner the liiitish act of ISltMiatl in view, not the prcvtii tion of building or eciuippiiif, ships for a lu'lligerent, in the way of trade, but the |»revention of uMlilary or naval expeditions on behalf <»f tiii'ii' volted c«»lonies, or mahrontent subjects of Spain. Its origin is biiitl) stated in the reiJort of Lord Tcnterden to the neutrality laws ci)iuiiii> sion : The British Ibrt'i^rii-ii listiiiriit net may 1m' saitl to liu\i' arisen from tlic iiiysisini ofii tuiity ; that witli Spain of llif,i-tii orAii<;nst, 1'?I4. This fn'aty, or, as it is cMlled, " additional artieics to tin- treaty of July '), l-ll contains tins followinjj; article : •'Ahtici.k 111. Ili» Jirilannic Majesty, lieinj; anxious that the tronlilos and distiirlk anc'es whit'h nnt'ortnuatily |irevail in the dominions of His Catholic Majesty in Aimnu should entirely cease, ami tho snhjeetstif thosis provinces should return to their olwh- ence to their lawful sovereif2:n, enifa;:ces to tnko the most ctl'eetnal un'a.-'nres tor pn ventinir his snhjeets fnim lurnishin}^ arms, ammunition, or any other article to tinr>~ ▼olted in America." in inlrt the reactionary jiolicy of Kin<> I'Vrdiinmd, the jtrohibitory duties iniiiiwdiiv hiiu on British commerce, and the in^jratitudo with which he treated Briti!
  • llinT> ami others who had served his cause in Spain, h.nd provoked a fjreat deal otirrit;ilii«i in Kn^jland ; and there was a consideraldanisli Aimii can colonies to independence. Kxjietlitions were said to be in preparation for rendering active assistance Iiotlit" | the malcontents in Spain and to the rehels iu America, in spite of a prochuiiatioii M biddiuf? such expeditions, which had been published in 1817; und the (Jovermmin conse(iuently found that it was necesHary, in order to keep good faith with Spiiiniunl | to prevent infractions of British neutrality, to bring in lui act of Parliament to proviilf for the case which i.ow for tlie lirst time arose in modern history, of Orcat Biitniu'"" ing nentrhl at the time «)f a great uiaritiino war.' That it was against armaments going out from the shores of Onm r>ritaiii that the measure was directed is plain from some of the arjii ' See report <»f commission, p. 37; UritiMh Appendix, vol. iii. <»PlMi»NS or SIR .M.KXAM^KIl (M)( KIURN. 257 iiuMits iiscil l).v Mr. ('.iniiiiii,' in tlic coiir.si' \>\' tlic (Icbntc on 'lir liill. i'liii.s he .sa.> s : ll'.i ton'ijJiiiT slidiilil I'liiiMcc to roiin' iiitc) anv i>r our i)orin, anil wn nil lliis mij^ht.v rii.iiiiciit ('i|iii|>|>in;^ lur loirij-ii s'^ivnc, lir wmilil iiiil iiritlly asU, ■' Willi v\li,il iiiilioii , , \(iii ;if war ' " I'lif ;iii>\M'r would In-, " Willi iioiic.'' • I'lir wli.it |iiii"|io-*i', tlii'ii," 111' WHiilil s!i\ , " ;ir<' tlii'si' triiii|is Irvji'il, ami liy wlioiii T ' lie iv|ily ot'coiUM' mint III'. •' 'I'licv all- not, irvifil liy ;^i>vi-riiiin'iit : nor it it known ,1 wliat M'lvicii tlii'y air inlitiileil : Iml, l>n tin- mitvIii' what it may, ;;o\'t'rnim'nt. v;ii\ „it iiitrrliiT." \\'oiilil not all that iiivr sm'li a loici^fii'"!' a lii;;li iili-a ol' tin- i-vii Umico .itlir Kii^li^li ••on.>>titiition .' Wonlii it not tii;;'^iMt to him that lor all t!ir onliiiiiiy i.'ir;uiM'K ol' a stati> lliri'i- wa'^ no '^ovcrnnn'iit in Kni^luml * i)il' armammti to hi- tlttoil out in thin iiiiiiy iiiiaiiisl a loi'i'i;in powiT was a jii-t i ansc oC war ' Mr. Jli>i)crt (ii'itiit, iinotliiT iin-iiilxu' of thi>. ^fovcniiMcnt, siiiil tliat — I'.vi'iy jiovfrntnrnf . in its t()ri'i;;n rfliitioiis, was tin- ii-pn srntativi' of thi- nation to I'liich it lic'loniiril, ami it w.as of tim hi;jhi'«.t iniiMiilami- to thf iiracc of nations tl;.:!, .>\i'riiiiii-iil~^ >iioiilitiillii ill tlii.il* I*il1ttl'a 1[i>iii-i. itXi'i'v ..t-ilik t.ii.ii\' \%'lij.l'i* (■■ lit.kt.' iiii tliiiiii'^h till' iiu'iliiim ol' tlii'ir riili'is, Ili-nri' f\ fiy statr knew wln-ii) to look re \|in'>*>-ious of till' will of fon'iijii iiatioiis; whiTf to h'ani whrtlh-r wai vi- iiitriiili'il ; w lit'M' to ili'niaiiil lint all llii> Ol' pI'llCO it'ss for iiijnrirH, ami wIhti' to visit iniuriis nnri'- .,-,, is systi'iii was invi'itnl anil thio.vii into ronfiiMion, if iho ;;o\i^tn- >;i; iiii;;lit act in oim way ami tin- nation in aiiothcr. All this sysli'in was at an riiil «liili' wi' wrri- profi'ssi'dly at prarii witli .spain, sln> was to liir atlarki'il liy a iargn my iif iiiililary ail vi'u; I'lri's from <li', rxci-pt in their own prrsoii.s — for wliosn .'ti III) ri'ilicss conlil III' ilcinanili'il of t In' liritish ^ovrrnini'iit — who iiii!,;ht hnrn, ))il- <'!', ami (list roy, thiMi timl a safe asylum in their own c.ounlry, and havi- us to say, Wi- lijivi' pi'rforiut'd our t'li^^ajri'iacnts — wo liavi) honorahly niainlainrd out u'-iitral ':irirtl'r."- I'.iit tlic lan,u'H;i,n'<' 'it' tlit'sr arts Iii'iiio- \,\vj;o ('iioii;fh to cmbiiH't' a c:\so !' the ('(|itip|)iii<; ii vessel tor a t'orci.^n helli^i'ereiit, the lorcij^ii-ciilist- |iiiiit;irt lias lieeii iiiai!(> availal)l<' Cor t he piirpose of prevent inn' a traC ii uiiicii is caleiilated t(» cause (Miiharrassineiit to a .n'o\cnmicnt pressed i V the rciiioiist ranees olhellioeretits. And this act liuvinj*' been so often j'|h';i1(mI to ind discussed, a notion lias spnin;; np that the ei|iiipnient wsseis of war, tlion;^li in the way of trade, is a violatn)n of neutrality, iliilc, in fact, it is only ii violation of the nmnicipal law, Mr. haiia, in the passaj;(! before cited, i»iits the matter on the riL;'ht A,-;iin. it is idle to conrend that alterations in the law, sincci made by iiiitc. to i;ive a .i^rcati-r power to the executive in dealin,u' ^,,....^r...■, .,r„.-t I ill suspected vessels, arc to he taken as the measure of "''''''"• riii'i)lili;>;itions incuinhent on the I'lritish ^iovernment by International I'l". ratchinn iit a lew words in the report of the royal ii ol .serious notice 'laiiNard's I'arliiimi'iitury l)id)ates, voliiiiH'. 40, piij^n llOti. Si-c al.so cxtiuctN givoii jiillif Ai'jruiniMit of the I'ni'ti'd Status, i)a«?« oil). 'laiisard, volunif 40, ])aj(t' l'i44. Arguuit'iit of Uiiitod StaLiw, pugo uVi. 17 n I i".; 2r,8 AKMIITKA ri(i\ AT (JENT.VA. K(|UiiIly iiiifourMli'd is An- {iss"i'ti<»n that tlic ptovii-i'oti ciltlic Ion i;;i|. oiilifstiiu'iit act .'ire only Ji sfutiito! y «l('<-liUiitio?i of tin* romiiiuii l,i\n,i {<',ujjliUi({. Tlu' ciiiictiiM'iit (»!' Iliat statute "rtanl (|nc,>iioii w iietiu'i, w In le llie municipal l.twdf' the, ncntral is more si i indent Ihan the internal ional law, a iM-llimMvni can claim, as of rij;n(. (he pattin;^ in force of I he municipal lau iiilii< iiein»lf,and make the omission iodo so a ^^ronnd of ^^rievance. as fomui- ; inj>' a.iip.ht of I'cdress at the hands ol' a inMilr.d .i;'o\<'i'nmenl. \ U'\\ short considerations will serve to tlispose ol this ipn'slitni, w Inch, iixld,,, seems (o answer itself. UJMMi a r.overnnusd makes its mnnicipal law more s(jin;^eid than ;i,i oliiijiations ol' int<'i na' ional law woidil rc;;| terms: WlicM'.'iK Ilic cHliFi rtit'ui or ('nj:iiiu;(!iie, |)oti'iilatc, or |M'r»oiis a« aliiic.-.i or Uirir Mil jcclH, viiiii hi' prijndichtl lo niul Iniii to viiilnnitT thf piwi aud wcl/iii of '*«! kiitfiiUmi ; aid when a'j the iaw« iviboi" art' iiol, Miittit icnily t iVi itiial for |in\'t ■ tlio Niiiiic : Now, i( is (piit( clear that the obli;4al ion> of (he nenlial stale s|ini;; (flit of, and aie deicrnuncd by. iht principles and rules of intciiuitioiini law, indepi-ndciitly of the li'iinicipal law of the ncnlial. 'I In-y wmii.: px'n t <'\ac(ly th<' s;!nie, (hoii;.;ii the tu'Ciiai stale liaveinniciil '■ • "i)iiiplain( of a lu'lli' . cut ot an infia.tion ol nentrality, that its mui pal law w as in>iiniciciit !;> enable it (o insiiie \ he oliservaiice of iiciil;. ity by ils snbjccis, the reason bein;;' tiiat inlcinalional law, not tlirim ' cs the (Mily measure of uinr While, theielore,"/)?! llic one liiiii'l. nicipal law of (he pJUticnlar conn(ry national liolits and obli"a(ioi IS. the municipal law. if not co extensive with (he i.i'ernadonal law,"!' alVord no excuse t«. (he neutral, S(> neither, (ui the (>ther, if in e\('t">"' what in( "I"''!! in oxeess of iiiternatioaal la\v,oi\e a riyht (otlie hellio<'rent. Iji"-'''' beinj' of the ossrnce of iientialitv. he has .i riuht to insis( (Ind lli'-i' (i!'!Ni(»Ns di' .-.||; \i,i:\\M'ii; < (MiviuiiN. •J')!) t!i(' Ciuci'^ii. iiiioii law 1,1 'i;'.ara!«trv u] tifniia'ioiiii! liioii ()!' III). ist rciiiiirv. l;iw 111' |;i|._- 'iiiiii. whi'llliT Ihr . icipiii l.>\\ III :i Im-Uiui'Iiu; ill l:i^\' ill Ins I iiMS ;is t'diiiid- M'llt. A U'\\ llicll. iliil-f.„ ;fiit Uiiiii li.i I, nut i'nr till' ! |iC ilCtS (ll IN Till, uf s!::i; : Hi !<'ss, mil) )(lii'i' ir.itiHii'i. iili'.t.urMr ,ii; 111' liillir^: 1 \ <• 111 \':\r I'! t ri|ll'.|i|>ili: ^iixll ll.-f, fill V.^llllkf 1 re, si. It'-, l>i' His a." al'll|•<•^.ll'l• / in 1 1' IK "' ''"' 111'.- Ill' \ I.I ■ .' ilitfliiii'i''"^ TllfV \M'l:^' miii'ip;il i;-' h \in',S •llllllrlit '■ ' ll \\^ IlliM •(• III ii'M'.l:. not tin II' ;iirr tit' iiii'' .- oiM' liaiiil'l li;|l l;|\v. "'" ill CM'I'^* '• ,1 to tilt' '"■■ ill lit'-. «l"'l'l ll, IjiI'IiIiI' Unit iIk'W'i- i T.ii Ml i ".it'll shiill ('qiiiilly he coiniM'llcd to Kcrp within the iiiiiiiii'i|Kil Ijiw iiiiciilitijr >'itli *^'- iulvcisiiry iis wlitii (Icaliii;: with hiiiisclf. A hclli;,'!'!- [ditisiiUo Ih'VoikI (|iu'stioii pcil't'cII.N ;il lihnty to m.^c iiiii liic iicu- tnil jrovcrmiUMit, in the w.iy of solicitiitiun ui' cnch of rciiioiistriiiico, to Hitoivi' the immicipiil Imw : hut so Ioml; ;i-- it is not ciilorcf »1 :i;:iiiiist iiiiiisi'll" li«' li!i^ no ii;^hl to ii'tlit'ss, licc.ri^r it i* not jMit in t'orci- iii^ainst iiisoiit'iiiy. 1 am !i' ;i Iosn cMn'tly to lunh'r.stniKl I'm what pmpoc tln-sr points jiavc Im'cii hioii^ht I'oiwiinl. :iihI so •-H I'liiioiisiy iiisistcil on, in ilir Aini'vicitii iii'uiiiiK'iits. I''i>i-, till' rule picsc ilicil t > iis liy lli»' 1 iciity. iiimI III till' Iti'iii'lit of whii'h tlir rnitcil Stiitt-s mh'. thciofoic, cnlMh'il I'l our luiitls is ill tin' vny tcnn- of t lie loi-ri..;ii enlist Miriit net. I pi'fMinic tin ,|iiinios(' \v:is to crciilc ;i li)!iii(l;iti(»ti for lli.' ihipiitiit ion iiu;iiiisl (licnl iii!iiiiii of not inivin.!.: iiftrd in ;:ooi| f.iilli. In tliil n-spci-t I nniy Inivc I .iilvt'i'f t.> tlic^f iiijinincnts ;iL;;iiii. I'oi my pri'sriii piiiposc it is 'iriii;;il to Ikivc rlcurnl tho ^loiiinl of lln'iii. Ill like iiiamii'r w In-n ii is smi'^lit, in thf rasc of the rnitcil States, to .i.iki'tlic (^hH'i'ii's ))rocliiin;il ion of nciiliality t'w incasiiii' ,„,,,., ,, , Hi till' iiit«'rniition;il ut»ii;;at ions of her siViji'cl- . ' vciv hnv- '"" VI iiti^ht to know that this is to ;j;i\i' to a royiil piorhtniation an antlioi tvwliifli it cici^ii at (h'liancc ; hiit iich ,1 proclaniiition fiuiiiol make or ;i(li| fo tin* l;iw, or iiltcr it in tin* il!r>t piirtii'nlar. Thf pror!;iiiiiition ol' l.s<;| was in llii' iicriistoint'd im;. It ilrrw altcnfioii to the «'iiarl mcnt s of tin' foreign ciilistincnt '.:iii(l warnrd al! p('r> nis snhjcct to Ihitish law thai, if tln-y did ;iny will I'lititiiiN I'tition of .liat act, or in xiohition ot the km ol' tiiilions. isliy I'lilistiniT ill the inilitiiry scrvici*. or srr\ in.u; in iiiiy ship of w ;ir or |r,iii>iM»rt. of the contcndiii};' parlies ; or .uoiii.iLi or cn^'anitii; to ;;o lM'\ond 111' seas lor the piiiposf of ciili ;tinJ.^ or proriiriii,!.r, or atti'inpt inii' to iMiihi'. within I li-r Miijt'sl y"s dominions, ot lins to do so ; o,- tit I iiiu out. iiiiiiii;!;, or ('«piippin<.j iiiiy \>'>> iinkiii;; Ol rmh'av iiriii;^' lo hrcjik iiny liiofkiidc hiw fiill\ iind acdiiilly 'ti'ilislit (I hy Ol on lu'lialf ot tit her of thf -^iiid ('onlciidin}j: partii-s ; v.v ly i',iir\in;.;- oilici'rs, soldii-rs, dispatches, iirnis, niilil;iiy stoics, or mate- ii !* Ill :.iiy iirlicic or iii t ido con>idcicd and deemed (o he eoiii lahand it oiis so olfeiidiii;; "M incur ;ind Im' liiilile to the sc\ eial pemilt ics and pen a I conscipieiiccs 'I ' said >t.itnte or hy thv law of nations in that lichalf iinposfd ' 'HHiiici'd. The (^>nccir> siil»ieef s ale I'lii'l lii'i w .11 lied that iill persons 'liil to Inr protection, il they should miseoinlnet thcmschcs in the ii'iiiM's, would do so at tlicir peril :iiid of ihcirown w ion;;, and that I'V^ Would in nowise ohtiiii any protection tiom Her MiijestN ii;.;iiinst \ liuhiliiil'S or pi'Illl! «'olisi'(plellces. "if t'tVi'i't is tlnit pcisons arc wiinu'd tlnit itdViiciions ot the lorci;;n l'l>! incut ;ic| will he visited with the pemdtiesof that slatalc, while !'>'< within the poiiitltics of Intel national liiw will he liiihle to tliose '"''Itu's, (iiaiiu'ly, Hi'i/.iin' iind coidiscidion ol' properly,) and that "'liiist llic hittor ptMudtics no prott'ction f''oiiii the Crown must Uv |"rti'(|. ''lit till' proelaination eotitinns no pi'ohibifion of these hiiier iiets, # •ji;o AK'IM I K'A rw>N \V (iKNF.N A. iiiinu'lv, tlciilmu; iii coiitiMltiiiitl ol' w iir. ui' l)i('alciii,ij hlnckadc i!">r. if it (lid, would .siit'li i>iuliihitioii make siuli acts an oIVciim' : Midi a piocla Illation has nc^cr Uccii iiiidcislood by l!i Itisli stah'sint'ii or l,i\v\('r> :i< iiiaUiii.n' i'itlicr ol' tlic^t' tli;ii;is an ollciisc a-jainst tiic iiiiiiii('i|>ai l.iv, or as what llir jiovcnmu-iit was caih'd ujioii to prevent, or would \,r jim, lit'd in ;itrriii]ttin;^ lo pre \ cut. Nor liave siinihii' proelaiiial iuiis of riisidciits ol th<' I'liilfd >t l!c. heeii dealt with as imposing attditionai ol)li,^alioi!s on Anierican ,ii: /ens, or as siiltjfcliiiu' them to additional pe'ialt ies, oi- as can \ m^ ;ii,. oi»li,uations of the state fiirlher than those inijioscd l»y internatittiiiil law, The Ann-riean anthoritio w liieh ! have riled estaldisli this bcyniid ;ii: pi»ssil>ilily of eont lov ci sy. Ton'llirn lo the snltieel ol' the «i|iiipiiielil of \i>,>('l>. Tho!l;;li 1 li.iw •■.|..n thonuiit it desii'alde, with a\irw to ot her parts of tliisc.iM'. i'Xi". lo work out liie (piestion of neutral eoinnieree to its I'lilj rx tent, and Ihoiinh I lia\c eoine to the eonclnsion that by the ueiicrall.hk of nations the >:de ol a ship of war. thoii;;li intended for theiiM-oii liellim'K'iil . i> not. when merely a (!oniiiiercial traiisaelioii, a ImcuIi oI ni'iit rality, ,\ el. as('ir<'at Ibitain has consented that the mere et|iii|(|n!i4 ol' such a ship, t hon^li doin- in < he way of t rade. >hall Im' taken In !i,i\ ■ been a breached' neutrality which tlie ilritlsli j;overiiinent w.isIuHiihl to \im> due dili,i;e!iee lo prcNCIlt, I a-ree with the rest ot the I liltillial tli.it we mii>t loi the present purpose, in res|iect ol the litlintiont aiiil i'<|iii'i piny: •>! Ni'ssels, take the rules of the lieaty as the test of tin ;ilir^-il omission> and eonse'jiieiit liability of the <^>iieen"s ,ao\ eriuiieiil. Thou 14 1 1 of opinion that Her Majcslv's ,uo\ I'liimeiit were ei i!»ed at the nine iIm-j- «daiins arose. I auree that '>\ e an- bound ii\ the rules, and ihat a ixm: duty to ,iii\e lull etfeet lo them ill dealing w itii these claims. Ibiwcv.' Ui'tMt and unexampled the eoncessioii made by ( ireat liritain in roiiMii: 111;; to l»e lioiiiid. in ropeel o|' past iiihTual ioiial oldiualinii<. hy riiii'« which had no esistence in iiitei national law when the breaches ui ii.-u tr.il obli;;ations complained .if are allc^id to have oeeiirred, I >tilhli:ii^ ihat wf iniisi pi occed in this iinpiirv as lhouL;h the rules oi' tli,' iif,iii had been, cilhe"- i)y international law 01 by coii\ cnt ion betuei'ii liu' I wo coiiiii|ie>, biiidiii]!,^ (Ml ( Ileal lliilain al the time ol t he civil w. 11. 1 cannoi but concur with Air. Ilvarls that we must ;iive the smir ciln't to those rules as regards the past as we should ;.;'ive lo them it (Itnlin: with a ca>e which had arisiui since ihey were ani'eed to bv the twuin tioiis, nor do I iiid'-ed understand this piopi)sili(m to be disj»ii[cil in I he counsel on the p 11! of eil bv the I5riti^h j^ovcrnincnl to >,iiisfy thei\i. ot the oltliiiations iirescribed !tv those rule ilM I proceed. I hen. lo consider what is this •• dur dili,:;'cnci'"' whidi ibilish I'ov friiineiit admits that it was bound to app!} pre\ cut the liltiiiL; out and e<|uippiii;iof 'he ve>scl> in <\" M l>Mi*il(lll|(<*HV». VkU'ti tion. I appieheiid that sm h dilinciiei- would be neither i^^fciiler in»r le>s :ii.i any oIIht neutral :L;overninenf would be bound to apply to the pifi'iii llM.'ll ■mil' iiiij(d"any breach by it-, subjects id' anyheadofueulr.il diityproii by iideniational law. 'riie(lil)iciilly (d' the position is, tiiat lie' (piestion has not hiiliei: within the raii;;(' of jiii idicial diseiission (Ui s'ibjeets conncclcd '.vidi i'liiTi national liivv. Hitherto, where u ;,'(iverntn('iit lias acted in ;4;(»(>ii ; availiULj it sell' fairly of such means as weie at its (lispo.siil, '• I''' oi'iNKiNs (.| <\u \i,i:.\ \\!ii;k' ( (h Ki;n;\. !f;i iciicim liti •linyiii.:,' ;!ii' i;iti()ii;ill;iw. [iccn usual to consider it rt'spMiisildc to a iM-Ui^jcrctit ;;()V('niiii(iit "lor ;i((s()l' its sn'i'n'C'ts tliat iiii;ilit liavc clutlt'tl it>< \ ijiilaiu-c. oi' that tlic (l(';'iw i»r dili^ciict' •'xcrcised by it slioiild he .sul)mittcd to jiidici.d ap|>i«'- cation. AikI mo ((tun ry lias insisted uioie stronj^ly on this as the limit (i! iiiitioiial ies|»(»nsihility than that ol' the rnited Stales. We ninst tinlcavoi' to (iimI a se,inti(»n for onrselscs. As I have alreaerved, I cannot anice that the i|iiesti(in ol wliat i<"(liie ililiiicncc" shonld l)e lelt to the nnassistetl mind ot each indi\ itliial .irltitnitoi' ; nor can I a<>reethat the solution is to l»e loiind in the tiurts of iidi iinli\ idiial ease ; and thon^h ind;.ics may Ite olten disposed to ajtpl.v llicinaxiiii. t<» which our liunciia I tie president has mme than ttnce lefened, (J htcto jus oritur, it is, I thiid;, one which must lutt lie pushed too f.if. iii^Mce with y\. Tro)ilouL;, wlm. writing' on this sultject with rel'erence tiu'ivil law, al'ti'i' ict'eiiinj^ It* the diifeieiit oiiinions (tf juiisi ^ on the -iiliit'Ct (tf dili,y-ence. says : II f»t VI a i iiu«'. jiisini'ii pri si'iil Ifs t ri1iiiii;iii\ >i"' n'HU iiiniiiri^iissi / iixlilli ii-iits siii ii'^ i!!.|iiili'H lie l:t I'liaii'c ; inais piMU >•! ir |iiiiiri:iit-()i! icnr lUiir If i(|iriiil lii'ilriiit, xiiiis la I'liiiiiiiiiilc inti'rpi'i-taliiMi iIi'h laitn, ct siiiih itii i'i|iiilalili> iiiais lacili' ailii- ;rair»'. Ni'-Miimiiins, ilaiis rrtti' inatii ir, rniiiintMlaiis tmiti s lis aiitirs, il y ailt's ffulrHqii'il Liulsi'iriinli'iili' ili-ilainiH'i: illis aiili'iit If iiia;;is(ial,i lli's t'iMil liiin- ilt- jiriTifiisrs I inn if - [i> I" iiM'fiiX ipii iitif iiiis>i(iii i\<- iliMiitfi'siir If.s I'aitHct ilf Ifs jn;;f f. (' •;;lfs III III t pal II •luipii'Sft Jiiilifif II**!'-* ; jf \ai- Iih f xpiiMi'r fDiiiiiif ]>• Ifs f iitf mis ; dans tmis If.s cas, il iijsw-ji' III!' iiDiiipi-r, jf p'if If Iff tf iir elf iif |>as m'ailrf ssit, ''omiiif tin dr nnn-rfff vnii . >ripr«( lif (If iiif li\ Tf r a (rnisciisc-. (li^ficssiinis. Hi« ions Ics .sysii iiii'S, U? inniiiscN- lnwiili' I innii .ixis. r'fst cflni i(iii, suns pii If \lf ilf lair ICsprit ilf sy.^ii nif, sf raiiitiic I luiilr n I'M ii\ nil ,uii nil.' It S('t>iii> to m<'. tlierei'it|-e, liiihf, Uefore pritceedhi^ to deal with the bits, t<» seek in Ihe tinmain ol ^icneral jiii ispiudeiire lor pi inciples to i ussion amon;;juridi- jral writers than thai of '////f/e/i^Vf and its correlative ciW/h/, 'ill' latter liein;;' neither more nor less than the ahsence ol" '" •he Idriiier. 1 was picpaieil to expect, Irom the ahie men who ha\i' jiri'iiarcd the pleadinjis of the I nited States, some assistance to j,ndde .IS tit lii^ht c(tiic!tisioiis as to tlie standard of diliLi'enee icipiired of a j!ii'i;tnil .iiiiver:iment for insurin;.;' the obedience of its sultjects in mat lers jii! iii'iuralitv. I'liit after a vayiie statement that "the extent of the iliii;fii('e reipiired to escapi- responsibility is, by all anllioiitiis, j^auiicd liulic cluiracler and ma;;iiitnd«' of the matter which it may t'Ifect, by I'lif n'littive condition of the parties, by the alidits of tli<^ party incur- fM^'tlic liahi!it\ to exerci.se the dilin(MM-e reipiired by the t'xi;;encie.s of iliiMiisc, and ity the extent ot the iiijuiN whidi may follow ne;;liiL;'ence."' jtiii' only .iiitiiitrity cited in ;iny detail is that of an olisolcte author, whose •'ilt'isiti.Mi of the b'omait law ha.s be.-n explodeil by modern science. Altfr this, tin- ease breaks out into the IblloM iii^ va;;ne and declama- '■"fS .staleiiietn, lutt ot" what the law is, but oi what tlie I'niled States [hiivi-nniieiit desire it shall lie iuidei-.lood lo be: I'mii'il Stall's un.i.rsiiMid iliat llif «li|i;nf nif wliiili IS fMllll 1 (■.»!• Iiv til' rules Ilf 'III- lii'uiy III' Wasliiiiitdiii is a i///r (|ir.;;riiff ; lli.it i-.. ,i (li'.im'iiif prnpoit ixncd In llu '"'ii-'iMtuilf ol' tlif .siilijffi ami to tlic ilitfiiily ami ft if nj;ih ul llif piiwir \sliiiU is ii ,|.,'. ,, IjIk'iI^B'"''"^'''"; a : a ililifffUff wliicli shall, U\ I 'if use uC .'iitiM' viyilai , ami nfall llie oMif i [iiiiiiii I tlif pinviT (if lite Ufiitiil. tiir(iii;;li all stat;f!i ol" llic inmsaif inn. pifvcnt ils ["'iMn.iii liciiij; vi.ilutfil; adilinfiiff that sliall m lilif nianiifr df If r dfsijjninjj iikmi '"nn viiininittiii;; iu-ts (if wm nn thf soil nf thf ncntial ajininst its will, ami tlins possi- 'ClMlt »• f I V 1 1 f \| liniif . viil. I, p, ','iiitcd Siatfs t'aM', p. \'i'>iiii.ts 11, iioiitral to till- iii«>Nt (•n.Tj;i'ti<' nu'aHiirt's to iliscovrr any piiriiosc of doiii]^ tlic nets f,, hiildi'ii l)y ifM ;^ooil fiiitli an a iiciitial, and iniiH).scs upon it tlic ol>li;;aiiiiii, wli,.|| r)>c<>ivi>.s tlir l\no\vli'd)ro ol'an intention to I'ouiinit sui-li ai'ln, to iiisc all tin- luraiis ji, jiowcr to prevent it. Nodili'ieiife short of tliis would '• tliat is, foi)niin}sinitt'' ii nil !h '"■ I imrijim-, It II nil thr ituiiiintiidr iif Ihr ft ■'lilt ■> of tii iiliiiniri , I iidei-tandin;; tin \\ oid'^ in this mi I llited St:ites liiid tlieni idenliiMJ Willi tlie lliea^lll'i' ol ilntv W !lir|| (iliiil liijl; I"'. 1,1 1' n^l\ admitted. 'I'liis i.s, of coiifsc, to In'of tlit^ wliolc ((iicstioii in ilis]iiiU'. I'.in ;; , obvious tliiit a matter of su iiiiicli iiiiiMiitaiicc. as Iviti.ir at tlic \(i\ ),„,• of llii.s iiKinirv, ictiiiircs a iiioic lo^fical arxl precise eoasideialion tlmn ih. fon'^i'oiii;^' rlietorieal slaleiinMit picseiits. Tlie jiiiisfsof till' seven teen 111 cent my. a Miotic wlnuii \'iniiiiis ix c llplc II:; ]>"ouiinent place.' (li\ iiled llie ililii/iiilin and cuj re>|Miiii' '' " '" '" "" riili»i of tlie It'onian law into three (le;:fees. 'I'liiis we hm. rnljHi hitx, Irris. Irrissinni. taking the inteiinetliate (h-Lii'ee. or r»//j/f ,'- ., as heiny the alisence of tlie tlilij^eiice <-, Inch a man ot oiilinarv ini. (letiee ami caie would ajtply in tiie mana^icmeiit of his own all.iirs ; tlie yiveii cireiimstances ut'tlie ease. '!'hoii;,;h attaeketl l>,v l)iiiu'lli:>. tliis tripartite division of ilili.ueiiee and default held its uioiind :iiiii. ; jiiiidieal wiit<'rs h»r a eonsideiahle tirae ; Itiil on [he loiniatioii ol i , l''i'encli code, the pfactica! .^ditd sense o|' those l>y whom that ^^real wm,, was e.iiiied out. so visil>le in their discussions, imhicrd them to ilise.irii it, and to estahlisli one «-omiinni standanl of «lili;4:ence or eaie as ii]i|il eai)le to all eases of ei> il ohl illation. liainely. that of the ''lion )ieii' ," thoroiiLrhly e\|toseii its tinsonndiie>s, and his vie\. s have sim^i hi-eii I'n. lowed b\ a series ol (o'rnian nirists, iiicliidin; I'rot esso r .M uiitiiiM';i his well known work " ileilrii;;*' /.iim ( Hdi^jationsrecdit."" ' l-'reiieh authors have fur the most part taken the same\ii'w. Cirp mentatois on the code. Dnraninii, Diicairoy, 'i'iop|on,:r. and la>ll\ M Dei iiolomite, ill 1ms oieal work, the '•( 't tins dii code ei\ il have iijiiwl that there can imly be one standard for the diliucnce reipiired in llif a Hairs of life. \*!iere the interesis of others are coiiceined. iiaiiii'lv, tli.i! of men of ordinary capacity. )iriidence. ami care. •'(^Jn'est ee que la diliL;eiicc d'liii boii pire de !'amille ,'" a,sk> M 'I'roplono ;• ( "ertl la dili.;riii e [,■ e, li.i i(in, idiniile le dit II el i; ■(( i il>, I lent le in I i Jell ell tie VnyH' an\ eeiil veiix el I'lioniine iie^li;;ent i-l di>>ip' ^1 ilaiis le >\Hleine doul M. I'll"' li;:,u I 11111*1- roy est lor'^ane. et ipie j'adoi'l.' pli'inement, la dill |eiii e ipi'iin nidi' idii, aiis^i ipie leM iioiiinies le sont ordin.'iireiM ill, Hpporte m l.i eoii.serN .tt ion '! " ce ipii lni .1 tif'iit. Oil voit (pi'en ee jioiiit '■■<< d'-nv Mysteiin-H Si' reneont lent . ei I'diidiiiM-iil it ;ii'' I liieiiie ilelinition— e'esl -a dire, a <• jiiste milieu ipii est dans la nil nre de i'liiiiMaMi' " 'I'he oir.y thin;; lit N' eitiisidered." si\s I'lofessor Mommsca. ■'■* whether the default is siieli a«« dites not occur to a ddi'^eiit latlit'i'il family in uem-i al." " 'llie ea:v to be i.ikeii is • .jiiaK'm dili;;eiis patrr fiiinilias snis lebiis adliibere x<4r/.' " ' I iiilMl Staff"* ( 'axe. p. I Si-e ( 'nulll tent. till. lli. f I. \>. i >t J' 4aU ' .St-e Vol. All'i'iii. Hiirijerl. (tiiM>i'/>MM-ii, " t««'«i. I'iC 111. p ;ti;ti. 't^tide lis il expliip v«iiLi, i.m OlMMONs or Sl|{ Al.KXANDKlt ('OCKIM UN. 2()3 After tlisiin<,'ni.s|iiii;,' hctwi't'ii <'itli)(i in ci iininal iiiid in civil ra >(•,-,. tin ,11110 IcariM'tl \vrit«T sa.vs It is iiiipDi'taiit, tlu^rrforo, not ho miirli to »listitiy;iiiHli tlif di i;ri'c ol" niljm, ImiI r.illici ;,, (i'-fi'i'' •'"' ■"turtiiinpoiiit at wliuli rcsjuni^iliility for iimi ti'Mlmu ,iml »i-;4li;;i'ii( o Thm htiirliii;;-l>iiii)t in sriilrd niToiiiiiijj; in one nili- lor all those cascM .11 wlii, li tl^(•rl^ I'.i^ts, not Ik siiiipli' riv-«|Mui>iliilii V t'lir i/o^iv. (anil i'i;//i(( /(((/I, ) lull wlicrr ri/Zyiu i-; to l»i' ■;i|iiittiiiiriti)nili(i.i \> in tin- lialiit, ol' ol>siTvin;; in liis a:lair,s. Oiilv iiiiiliT sunn- li'W olili^ialory coutlilions is :i di'i'i^iou inc»rt; las iiralilr lo tlio ii.Oitor ailini>sildi', in so tar 1 hat in llicst' cjim'S he is allowi-d to »'\)iii tlio -Hiiniisibiiity, l>> prixd' tiril in lli^ own all.tii.-. in' i> liv liahil ninally nf;;Ii^ciit.' ■• Tiii'in'iliiiary cKiMlnrt of mi iiitcIliLit'iil. iiriulcnt, ami carcri!) Ilntis ,if((*. ot a ' l)oiHis ct tlilinciis patfiramilias," "savs Kivicf in tlic Kfclits- i|.xjctiii of Ilol/riidurlt. '-allonls tlic iiofiiial iiicasiiic ol' tlic oldi^Xatiou of ,;;li;.'ciicc. lie wli') so eiiiiiliicts liiiiistir is in ;;('iicial lice iVom all ;;']iroacli. It' lie acts tdlierw isc, lie is in nilpa and fcsi)(»nsil)Ie.*" •• riie measure," sa\ > l>r, W inils( licid, "liv '.vliicli to deliiininc \>!i<'tlier l>:irtic!ilar «'ondiicl is open to tliceliarm' of iie;;li;.;i'iH'f or not, . the fiMiiliict of men in general." I'liilessoi' I u<^i-y, in liis ••Svsteir (les ost,>iniclii.>clii'n ail^cin. Piivat. vclit.s,"' thus w riles ol' ciiljiii h ris, a«'(oi(li;ii; to Austrian law : (•ilfiit l(ii-< conM-l-" la till' oniis'iiui of diat care vvliich iin atl.cnlivc, and judirions ,1(1 ol' a t'ainilx rc^iularly ol'M'rvcs, ( (///j'l/i i//ia ./i/K/cti/is /(m/ci.-./'"'"''"'^-) 'I'"' want, of ;.ii< 1 ail', tlii^ kind ol" (i(/yi|iiiid, wIhii H|Mal>in!^ nicridy ol' ovr I iili)ii >ihi|tly. 'I'll!' ol)«i 1 vani'i' of a lii;;Iicr dcj^rcc ol cai r I iian t liis is not rc- Hiirul; tliis in t 111' li'j:lit)'>t <>Mi'n- tiiadt' rc'r<|iuiiMlde ; a nil pa ,. ■n(( /di'. rorni> llir boiindar.N ol ri's|H)nsil>iliiy. It. is by ilsrll' omiiiM .'/)■! ; on till' otlnr sidi- id' llii> Iniil lii'^jiiis lln- iirm inn' of m'-ulml, t'or wliiili llio I t'>r'> .iri' not luld luiMi'. Til'' I'ivil code trt'iit^ of this inljifi livi« in "i \'"K, w Inri' it ,'«tali'H llii' lii;iln'Hl di*- j-i'ciil' dilii^i'iirr and all fill ion ri<<|iiiml to ln< that " w liii'li I'aii l»m'Xrrt'i,siMl liy otdiiiary u|i.i.ilii'.'<." 'I'lii' omission ol'tliiM raff loriiis tlif li'.'hti'st olli iisr for whii'li any uiio n III' lirld ri'^itiiiisilili'. Il\ tlir dili;,;rn<'i- and atli'iilion " wliirh citii lii< cxrii'isi'd liy •■'liiiivy rapai itii's" iiin-il, liowcv fr, hf imdiT^toDil \»lial, in anotlirr jdan', llnwodc ilU till' alii'Mtimi "dC a trusty and dili;ii'nl lirad or a I'.iinily," l.lii' < .ni' " ui' a yood :. ii:m Imldi'i ' Stuhciiraucli. Ill Ills eoinmeiil.li'> on tin Aiisliiaii code, t real.'; I,1m< I'liolc siiiiiecl t){' I iilpa Willi iiiiieli al>ilil\ and lealiiiii;;'. lie ends hy It. .1 to 111' assmiii'd that i'vitv man who is in possession of his faiiiltion, is r-apaldo of ; ,,ii ilcMTii'i' III dilii^i'iiiT and .iltriilKiii whirli inn hr I'M-iii-^rd hy iin-n of onliiiaiy ni- j.uily. Wlincvrr liy tlii' ili-i'iii'r .ii' liil'. ilili<;inrf ,iiiil r.iri- iMiiiis injury to a:iolIii-r, i'lns lii'liility.' Mr, .Iiislice Stm-N, \utli tiie 'iood >i'ii-.e wliirli rliat'aelci'i/cs his . lUll ;;■>, ,sa.vs C'i:iuiiiiii 01 ordinary iIiIil;''!'! •• ^^ l liiii ilrijri'i' ni di!i;ii'Mi r \'. Im li nun m ;{i'ni'i ,il r xrrt f^pi"l til thrir own I'lilii'iriis. il nia'i he ••aid to Iti- tin- ruinilloll pilldriiir wlijrh Hot liiisiiii'ss and lii'iidx III' faiiiilii-s iiniially «'\liil>'d in atf.iir.s w lindi ari> iiili'ri-sl.iMj{ ■I tliiiii; or, jisSir U'llliam .lonrs has rxprr^Mil it, t is tin- c'lri' w^iich cvi'iy |iorHon of 'Miiiiiiii priidriirr and rapalilr of !jovi'rniii){ a laiiul . takfs of iiis own i-oncoriiM, 1 1 m "'"niMi.H ili.'ii this is adopiiiiy; a vi-iy variahli- sliaidard, for it still Iravi's ininh uroiiiid ' T ilmilii ;is to v> hat is loiiiinun pnidi'iiri', and w ho is rapahli- of j,jovi'niiinj ,1 family. Il'it llic diilii'iilty in iiiiriiiiic ill till' iiatnrr of Iht- s'llijcrt, whirh admits of an ap)ir(txi- iiialiiiii I inly to ri'itaiiity. Iiidri'd, what is loi union or ordinary ililij{cii('c is nnoi' a mi»t ''I 'Il flit than of la''V, and 111 i-si'i'y rot.iiiiiKiiiy 11 nniKl iii' indxid ui l>> llir uiliiiil •' Hi'itriiy;!', ' Ar., vol. iii, p. M'tt). •"■ Ki'( htsli'xicou, ' \oi. i, til, "(-'ulna." ' WiiidM lifid, "LtdnWnrh dr.s I'midckii-iiri rlit>,' Uai.d 1, p •,'!■.»;. •Vol, ii, p, MV.\. ' .SlulM'iiram il, "('oiiiiii /.lini aUg-. d.st. j(. (Ji"hc-I,'.1iii(:Ii " p|> i'»',M-'.C 'USI.ii'fl.J" "!' " 2(14 AKIUTKATinx AT Or.N'KVA. Kfafc of >(!( icty. tln' li;iltits ;if Idisiiioss, Mif« jjfiif'.riil usHgt'H of lid', iiiiil the i li.in;;, t, ;, well :is (lie iiiHtitiiliotis, |if(iiliiir (<• tin- ii;;<'. So that, iiltlioM};!) it may iioi Ik- [mssii,; '(» lay down any Vfiy fxatt nili', a|>|ili( iihic t<« all times ami all cinimiNtainis. vi that may lii> saiil lo l>r (•((mrium or urijina'y (lili;;<'iicc in tin- sens ^ nl' tin- l:i\v wli'j • men of <'oiiiiiioii juihIi'IU'c j;i'iiriall\' rxcicisc alioiil I licir o\n ii allairs in iIh' ^icr,. .|,| I'oiinti'V iri wliiili llii'v li\i'. Ii will tlifii. i CoHow. tliat iii dilVi'iriit times ami "1(1,1 fi'ictit coiiiitrifs, the stamlaifl i-i iie<'essanl v varialili* wit li ii's|Mct to the facts, allliinii;.! \l may lie niiilorm with re.<>|iect to tiie )>i'iii('i|)le: ko that it may ha|>|ieii iliat tlH<>«uiii,. ii 'tH w liii Ii, ill one eoiinlry, or in one ii;;e, may !»• deeiiieil ne;;li;;-eiii. acts, may. m ;ir oMh!' ,i|iie, or in uMotliiT 'onntrv, !•<■ jnsilv deemed an exerci.sc ol' ordiiiaiv dili'Tii, .. What is MHnally done i>y pi nih nt men in a partienhif eonntiy in res|icci to tliiiii;* ;i !il<<- nat nve, v\ iiet her it lie more or |e>s. in jioint of dili<;:enee, than \\\\,i\ is i'mhIiiI ;.;iol her ( (Mint ry. Iieeonie-. in tact the ;;eni«r.i! mea-uic ot dilijieni e. Tln' same stiiii(l;ii(l is, in iiracijcc. npplicil in the |-ji;:;Ii.s|i l.iw. Tli ()l(!<'f aiitlioiil ics. iiidct'd. s|»('al; ol' tlircc (icoict's of iicoliMcii,., ;i(»s.s" iu'^li;;<'iicf as hcjiio- Hfccssarv in soiuf e;|v aii'l ot In oiiinl Iial»ilit.v : l>ut tlir (i'iiil<'iic,\ dl iiMtdci'ti (Iccisioiis Ii.i> liicu apply ill all cases ilic sdiiinl. piactical iii!f tli.if in (li'tciniiiiiii;^ tin- (|ii' tidii ol iiroIin^,.|ic(', I lie Hue U'st. is ulicllicf tlicre lias lu'cii, wit it iclr cine lo iIk- pait iciilarsulticct-mattcf, that rcasoiialilc decree of (lili;;vii an\ T. ilal, I-. ( '. .1.. in \'aiii:liai I r Meiilow i:. N. ('., I7."i :) iiv Pa ike IM in W yid '-.v. i'icklord, (S M. and \V., PH :! liy riesswell, .1,, in A fs. .Maiicliestcf, ShcHicId and |jiK'y Koltc, i;., in Wilson » v. Hictr, (11 M. and W'.. "ll"..) While, however, I thus seek in the wiitiii;^> of jinisls, and tiie hiwa dillereiit nations. s(nne standai'! for the measure ot' diliucnce, I readil, ctUKcde that the application of tiiat standard itiiist depend on tlieci: iiimstaiu'e.s of each individual <'ase, and on the \ lew v,liieli the Jiiil^' may. in hi. conseience. foini of how far th<' conduct of the individu,' complained of may or may not ha'.'e heei! that which ordinary |triiileiir ami sense o*' duty woidd have ]>reserilnMl. I entirely auree with \vli;r is said 1»\ t he learned editors of Zachuvia '^ " I >roit cixil fii'ii'iiis," (>•! ;uti< of the I'rciich t o(h T/arlnle lll'.r sr n snnie en il!i eoiiSei! an\ ,|n;;es n'.iv o t ?n I roil de ri;;iieiir i (1" tiop d'imlnl;;em e, el de im d>-mamlei' an deliiteiii ipK' les Hoins raisoiimiliiemeiii il la i-liohi" fjii'll est ( nai';;'' di con.server on de fairi-, moM u laison de s.i nainre, Miit ;t i;i Hoti ih'K circonstani'es variiilile.s a rii.tin; ijiii ir.odilient .son (ildi;;;ttion ]i<>iir la i'i'IhIi' (III pliiH larK*' <>*' |iliis I troite What i.<< hoiN' said ]>\ the learned editors of Zacliaria- appears ti* ;i: to allord tlie true criterion. It is for the .pid^fe to «letermiiie, aeceidir: (<» the hest of his jiid^^iiieiit, with refcreiie*' to tlm facts ot the paiticuiii; case, ;uid with reference to the thin,'.'" to ]>e done or left iiii!' i ■ 'If,*?!*' prirx -| II' Sit\t-iiitu< Ml. ,Storv on ttalliienf- !-!. Z.nli 'liroii I'rafivais." i-ditid hy MM. Mass. ,i!id Veijje, \o flUl OPINION'S OK SIIJ Al.KXANItKli" ( <•( KIUKN. 2(;:) intcrnatioiKil (»l>!i{;ati<>ns, tin* iuiioiiiit ((I'dilij^rncc wliidi mny iriisonaldy lio»'X|H'<'U'(l I'loiii a well r<'jL;iilat«'(l, wist-, anW «M(iiscit'ii(i«)iis f^nx crniiM'nf, ,i(C(tr(liii.iLr to its institutions, ami its ordinary uunW of oontim-tin;;- its atliiirs; Uiit it lias no ri<;lit to cvpcct nioic. Tlic assertion »»f I In* obli- 'MtioiMit' a n«'iil III! ^••uvt'iiiint'nt. as stated in the Ainrriran rase, tital "the diligence is to lie ]»ro]»ortion<'d," not only to ^' the ina^Miitndc di' the sitlijicf." l»ut also to " tlic di.uiiily and sti<'n;;lli of tlic powri' wliicli ;< to cxftalc it,*' as tliun;;li llicic i-onld 1m' one mcasiiri' of dili^icncc fur a jowerfal stnto, and anotlit'i- for a weak otif — a diligence '• \vlii<"li slial' MU'VCiit its soil from ImIiiu \ioIaI«'d" — uliitli ••sliall di'tcr di'si;;iiin.:^ [iicii." iVc. — llins nialiiii.i;' tlic ntiitra! ;:o\criiin»'nt answciaidc for tlic ,,v(iit — and " wliicli prompts to tin' most ('n<'r;,f('ti(' mcasuit's" — appears •(I riic iiMK'li ti><» cxlciisix »'. and aItoL;('tIn'r inadmissihlc. TIh- dili;;('nc(' r<'i|iiircd of a p»\(Tumenl tit prcNcnl infrac- lions of ncntralitN ma\ relate (I) to the state o\' its mnnir(diiltit acts contras cnin;; m-ntrality, Imt t hat t he law shall lie upheld hythe sanction of ade<|iiale pnnishnn'nl — that is to say, ol' Midi iiN may rcasoiiaMy he expected to deter persons frum olVendin;^' ,i;Miiisl it. As ie;iards the prc\entive law . doni>t less a \('rniiieiii slnndd he ;inii<(l hy law with power to prevent an infraction of the „. „„ „, ,i,„«^,i ui 'iw, when it knows, or has reasonaltle {^ioiiimI to l)<'Ii(>\c. '•«•>-">"«■■•»• iliat such infraction isaliont to take place. I'.ut when we c(Miie to the ipiestion of the tneans which hy law should iir placed, at the disposal of the yovernnicnt. dilliculties of a \cry lor iiidahlc character itnmediatcl_\ [ircMMit t liemsches, The more despoti<' and unlimited the ]»ower ola fjiu crTiment, the more ai.icKiiis will lie the means at its command for pre\ eiitiiiijr .icts wlii<'h ' i- ilcsircd to pre\ cut. 1-tiiisa leasor. in a coiiniiy w iiere alisohite and iinlimit<'d power is 'iiikiinwii. where e\ei,\ pnwer is exercised in Milioi dinat ion to the law, •Hill \\liere, for a lis interference hy the pivciniiicii! with tli< ii;;ht>of I'l'iMiii or properts , redress ma\ immediatht he more ellicacions in <'naldiii{4 the ^ov 'niiiiciit to establish a «'ase for c(n»tiscatinoi) to t'linii;,')' iln- law brcaiise otlicr nations become involved in war' Aj;ain, the ^overnnuMit of a conntry luis been carried on for _v«'ar,s iw ••ordin",' to an established system of ollicial nintine. This systtMn iiiay be somewhat complicated, and may renked to do ; as to all. that they wt-rc not siirii thinju'sas a ;;overnmcnt of ordinary piinlence and sa;iacity. carr>in;,'()ii its atlairs in the nsnal way in which the alfiirs of "governments ;iri' carri«'d on, could ha\e tbreseen the necessity of providin;^ for. Tassin;;' from the law, ami the means which thi^ law should place at tln' \.i„iii .,{ jovrr, disposal of a ^o\ (Miinmnt, to enabh' it to repress iiitemlt'il ""■"'• \ iolation.s of m'Utralily on the part of its subjects, to the ai;tion of the fxovernmejit in the; use of such means, it seems to inc tlia; two thin^^s are incumbent on a yov«'rnment : 1st. That it shall u>e due dili^^i^enre to inform itself, l)y ihc use of tln' means at its disi»osa!. whetlier a \iolatiou of the law is about IoIhmhiii tuit ted : and. L'd. That, bein;^ saiLslicd of the fact, it shall use tlue dili;;ence in .iji plyin;;ils means and power of prevention. These comlitioiis honestly ami lunid // /r sat isfled. no nMveruiiioilt. .i« it si'cms to nu', can be held liable lor the acts of its subjects, but sin!; acta must W tlecmed to b»^ beyond the reach of any control which it ( in reasonably be vxpected to exercise. lint here (|ueslions of ^reat import. !ucc, and ol' cipial dilUcult.v, pi' sent themselves : (I.) Is a ;j;o\ern incut, iuleinliuij laitld'ully to dischar.ice its dii'J toward another ^^ovcrnnu'ut, to be held resi»onsibIe for a mi'rc criDri'i Judjunu'iit ? As. Ibr instance, in thinkiuj; a vessel not liable, in \»>mi of law, to seizure, when in fact she was so; oi" in thinkin;,' the e\ iili'ii"' in a particular t-ase iusullicient wlu-n it was sul1i<'icnt. (2.) Is a fiovernmcut wantinj; in due diliy:cnci' if it declines to sci/i.t I (IlllV the vessel at the instances ot' a belli;jferei't, wlun properly satisticd tii though there nmy be cir!•' S1I{ Al-K.\.\M>r.lv' COCKIU 1{\. ■J«i7 nMW iiiistaUt' of the (MMirt, ciflicr of hiw or fart, tln'tr lias l)(>;'ii a mis (iirriii;-!' of .1 list in- } (1,) Is it to he aiiswtr.vMr for accidental delay, tliroii;,di wliicli an op- portuiiilv becomes atVordcd to a vessel to evade the e\eiitiial decision of [liP {jovcrnment to seize her .' (,').) Is a ;L,'overnment to be licM rcNpoiisilde tor error of jnd;,'iiient in IS «iil)orliiiate ollicers, es|»(M'iall,v when tlie>e ollicers are at ;ireat dis ;:kii('c, and not actin;; under its immediate control .' Is it, under siu-h iirrilllistaiices, to be answerable lot theil jtu^sible iieyli^^elice, or f^ven ;.ir tlicir misconduct '. These aii> matters of iniinite importance to nentral nations, who may ri'ilriiwii within the voitex of wars in which they ha\e iitt concern, if :\\vy are not only to be harassed and tidiil)Ied bv the demands and im- (lorliniities of jeaicms and an;;ry belligerents, bnl are, in aildition. to be ht'ltl responsible — to the extent, perhaps, (tl millions — for errors of iidjinicMt, accidental delay, jndicial mistake, or miscondnct (d" siib- ,)nliiiate oflieeis, actin:; not oidy witliont liieir .>anciion, bi;i possibly Hlirect contravention of their (nders. We are not informed whether the two .ifovei iiments have, in compli :■•(' w illi I he ple(!;4(' eonlaiiiid III thi' ti'eal.N of Washington, invited ilicr nations to adopt its rule.s; but if it is to be cstabli.shed that Um'sc lies cany with them a lialtilily so extensive, I should very mncli doubt AJiellier such an iiixitation, if made, wonid be attended with much MlCl'f'.SS. Any (Iccisiou ol" this trilHinal I'oinidetl uii >ncli a liability would have iie ell'ecl, I .should iina'^ine. o! maKin.u maritime naliuiis look upon bel ,i;'i'reiit powers with very considerable drcail. It IS to lie remembered that a ;;n\eriinieiit caiiiitt be taken to ^imraii- •v tin- e\ ent ; in ot her w oid>, to be aiiswcialile at all ha/ards and under iill circiiiiistances tor a breaclnd' neutrality by a subject, if it occurs. In ■|iite of the lav , •,ind of the \ iyt nous ad mini >t ration of t he law . otVenses uill take place, and neither al home nor aluoad can rulers be held, under ill (•irciiinstance.s iinswcrable to tho.sj' w ho sntfer frmn them. All that Mil he expected of the yoveriimeiit of a coiintiy i-- that it shall possess ii'iisoiiablc means to prevent olb-nses, and n>e such means honestly and liilijjciiily for the benelit of those who are entitled to its protection. Tlic tcriiis of the treaty, which rcqiiiie no more than ''due diliuenee," 'Acliiileail notion of an absolute nneondiiional responsibility. 'I'hi.s is wilciitly the meaning' ol an observation ot the I'liiiish «'onnseI at the ilosc ol the tilth secti(»n of his ar;iiinM'iit on "due dili;i('iice," which ■ii<' IH'csideiit of the tribunal a|)peais to have lound >oiiie dilliciilty in ■ iiilt'istandiii;^. This heiny so. 1 have some ilillicnlty in savin;; that ;i ;:iovernment act ijj ill .!;o(»d faith, antl desiriii"; honestU to Inllill ii^ ol)|i'4a- loiiN, can be held liable lor errors ol iiid.uiiient, unless, inleed. tlii' t]iin';>., in "•nipatible with dilii^ence. Ibil delav, within icasonabh- '■'"its. hum stly intended tor the invcsti.iiation of fa<-ts or 'lit' line (.onsiderat ion til the proper course to be pursued, is not -mi. l)e ly iiri.Mii;f simply from accident ou;;lit not to be im|uited as ne^Ii;;eiice. Accident can nevei' be made the jjronnd of an imputation of nej,'li^en«'e, '''••ii;;li it may Ibiind a leyal claim where a party is in imoa. As re^fards the seizun* of a \essel under the fond^n enlist ini'iit act, ^*ilh a kiiovvledye that the evidence would lye insuHieient to .i m,..i. n l.y Twr I'ifi n*^ 2(;h AliMIITKATKtS AT (.I.MIVA. )iisti(.\ i(, I liold tliiit siicli a sj'izun', \vli«'tli«"V foi' tin' |Hir|M»H(' oi innii,,. iiij,' tln' <'ii(ls(»rii Itflli^icrt'iit, or liccatisr soriu' siispifioii iiiiylit iittiirli',, tli«' v«'s.s<'l, Would liavc Ik'cii imjusiidiiljlcr IxMli in polic\ and iiiiii(i|,|. For no ;;o\('riiiii*Mit can lir called iipoii to institute Ic^id proci'ciliiiM, under sncli circiinisianccs. lOvci'v ^rovcrnnicnt prttsccntion whidi cnil. in t'ailnic. is. m itscll. pHMhicti\c of ini>«clii<'f'. !f lessens the autlmiityu- :lie execniive l»v maUiii:; it appeal' lo lia\c acted harshly and niijiiMl.,, and creates s.vnipathv, perhaps nnnieritod, i'oi- parties a;;ainst \vlioiiii;< ellorts ha\e iieen directed, and wlio have escaped from its piU'ilil. :• impairs the anthoril\ of die law Ity leadin;; to the Iteliel that i? iii;iy >>' iid'rin;tcd with itnpnnity. thereUy lioldin*; our eiH-oiira;;enieiit to t-riiii.. A ;io\ eiiMnent would lie actin.;' in violation of the spirit o!"the cuhnIi; tion, as well as a.t:ainst l.'.w ami ri;;lil, if it sei/ed a vessel, the piii|M'!', of a sultject. unless it ltelie\ed such Vessel to lie Jirstly and lef-ally liulilt to coiideninat ion on le;:al and sulVicietit pioof, Moreo\er. siieh a jnn (■<'edinu wonlil Ite usele>s as well as arltilrar\ Tl le <'o\ei'nnn'nt wmil ite unable to deter iudeliuitely the deiision <»t tlu' questi(»n, l»ut. on lii. • ■ontrary. would he luiund to sulunit ihe cas<' t.ii!i wim neccKsarily he thai ihexeNscl niust he reh-ased and allowed iMdrp;' unmolested. It inns', he lioriie in mind that the riiiti>h government po>t'< : despotic or arbiiraiy povv«'r. it ((luld neither assume, mu- exercis*' sin' a power, even tt» prtitect a lie11in'er<'iit or maintain its own neutrality. iVs re;;ards any miscariia^ic ot justice in matters within the splnic ■ .1,,,, ,, ,. „. the municipal law, it appears to me utterly onf of th('<|ii('v ' ' tion to hold that a <:t»vernnient. hav in;:' done what in it l;i;. as Ity seizin;^ a vessel and hrin;;in;: it pi'<»perl> lu'fore the coiiipi'ttn eoiiit, can he held liable because, t hr«»n;.vh some mistake or aci'idcn: justice mav have been defeated. A breach of the law haviii;;' been commitied in the eipiippii p: (>!■ iin ill}; of a v»'ssel Ibi' belliincicnt purposes, all that the yovertimcnl coiii OF >iK \i,i;.\ vMn.it ( wi kiu u.n. L'(Jl) ;ill ('V('i)fs, unless it iiftiM'Wiini rutilii's ami a^lopts wii.u iIh'sc may nil';' or iinn VC (lltllf ,1 111 tlic iii.ii it'T u|' civil ii;rlits iiiul»i»iiliiiati' idliri'is, it winiM ln' iiiciMiiialtlr anil niiin«(t to IimM that tlu' n»';;lini'iir(' of a >nlH)rilinatv', jioic csiM-ciall y li i>ni nii'ic imidi' of iiii|;;ni<'nt . a>, tor insiann-, °n allow in;; . vf.ssi'l to takn too inncli roal. was a want ol "ilm* ililii^ciiri'" on tin' |,iitot'rlii' ;;o\ I'liinn-nt, foi wlinli it can justly lie liclil lialilc. llic I'cllowiii;^' |>as,sa;;c iVom tin- l!iitisli < 'oiinli-r-i 'asc siiins ii|i >n wdl II' (litli'icnt siilcs of ilii>. <|in'>liun. ilial I iln not licsiintc to pioilncc it ji !iMi;;tli : Tliiit iliii' ilili;;ciii'i' ri'ipui''-* a i;i>'. criiitn'iil id iisi- .-tll iln' iiiiMiis in iin pnwri, i^ .1 |iri) i'.'.ituMi ti'iio III mil' >t)'M>>i>, 1,'iisi' III aiiiillii'i' : tnii\ if it iii'ati" iii.it iln- ^nv ii'iiiii'iit it u.iiiiil til cxrit lii)iii'Ntf\ aiiil \'.illi ri-aHiiiial>i«M','iri> ami artivily llii' iiiraii> at ili ili-<|Mi ■ II : t'iiNi', iiiiprat'i iraMi', ami alvsiinl, il it iiii',iii'< that a lialiiiity aiis.'-< v. lii-iii'vcr i|. is |,.s»ilili' to .tlmw that an limir has Itrrii lust wliicii iiii;L(hi have Iti-i'i. ua'iM'd, iiraii arri- 1. hliil ili'hiy iiiriii ri'il wiilcli iiiij;ln, by tlin iitiiiii.it l'ciri'si;;iit, lia\ r lii-i'ii iiicscnti'il ; M.il all i'\)ii'iiii'in whii il nii;i{iil. Iiasi* siU'i'i-imIciI has nut hi'i-ii trii-il; llial nifaiis nl Jiiaiiiiii;; iiirmniat inii wliich aro tlci'innd niiwurtiiv or iiii|>rii|ii'r havi! mil Ih'cii n'sm ifil • . or tliiit till' I'xrrliiins (if an iillirrr nr siTvanl ol" nKviTumi'iit havf not Ihm n ia\i'il the utmost Inn. I of his |)h\ iiral I'apai'ily. V II r:iii \vr fail to olisi'ivr ijiat, ill iiiii|icn' loll as \M'i'\t('inI till' iliity o(" pri'vcntioii iiilii'iit on m-ntiai L;ovi'riiniriin , iVoin hostile fiilcr)iris, < «hith air o|h'ii ami ila- . lilt to art- of a moll' < loll 1(1 III! ( , aractiT whiili ImiiliTon tin' line hi-l \vi\t tin' law In! I i| till' llllIa^^ fill, it lin'omi", !iioir ami more ililliriili to cvai't iVoin the iii'iitral, in thi' |ii iliiiiiiaiirc of that ilul v, prcnliar ami cxt iaonlinar> \i;;ilami' ami activity. 'I'lm riiynf |)irvi'iilin;L; ihf opi'ii assi'iiihlim^ within ni'iitral tiTiitoiy of an arint'd Iiostilo 'A|irililiiiii a<;ain.-i'iiils tni ii hiti'iit inti-ntion; siich, for cxain- ;ili'. as the nii'i'i' iiroi'iiriiiji for h ili'^ini'iit imrposi's from tin- yarils of a neutral ship- 'iiiiliT. whosr onlinary Imsiness il is to Iniild ships of all kinds for eiistoineis peeial adaptation tor war. There is iiolhinn in the relii- ' 'III iif a iieiilial to a lu'lli;;! rent to east nil the loriiier the duty of exereisinj; wiihin i.Miwii trriitcry a roiislant ami miiinte espioiia;ie o\ er oidinar.N' traiis.ietioiis of eoin- I'Tic fill I he plot ee lion of I he Slitter. This relation, always onerous to the m-ntral, i.s, ■ ilic Millie (inie, it mns| lie leiiiemliered, pniely involuntary on his jiart. It is foreed I liiiii li\ the i|iiiirrels iif Ins m i'^hliors in w hieh he has no nun erii, ni' liy then mter- • iJi.iriirdH when those diseords lireak out into eivil war. '»\'lii!(' I ii'ailily ailinit that the niciisnic ot' ilili^cncc which a ^ioNcrii- i.i'iit a|'|>lic.N to the alVaiis it has to ailniinistcr, if the onlinai'V coiiise I't' it.sadiiiinistiatioii is neolij;enl anil imperfect, is not necessaiily to l>e, iki'ii — any tiioie tliuii it woiiiil he in the case of an inili\ iiliial — as the 1 1'iisiirc 111 iliiioeiicc which it is to apply in the ili.>chai.ne of intefiia- liimal uhliualions, yet crcilif .s.houlil be jLjiveii to a ^ovcriiineiil for a ; :<'|ii'ily ililii;ciit ilischai'uc of piihlic iliit\ . riirtlieriiioic. It a yiveii law ;iiiil a parliciilai' systciii of ailtninist ra 'I lia\(' hi'cn fomiil l>.\ piactical expei'ience siiflicielit to protect the iiii'st.s ol the i!o\ criiiiH'iit ill the iiniioitanl mailer ui them lie pill ic reve :if, ii!i!l al.'so to insure the ohscrx a nee of neutral iliilies on t he occasion • all ioiiner wars, surely it is highly unreasonable an 1 unjn.'-. to con- lull 'lie who'"' .system as defect I' till i\e mil t le (government as ne,oIi;(ent, t iiii\ ill;!, liiihmled it in anticipation of I'litnie e\ents. if iiiiisi not i»e to. .(otteii that, since the piissiiioof the Uritish statute, Its h;ive occr.!! I'ii in a.II parts of the worlil, but no coinpIai»its of the 'laiiiiii of tha; s.atute have oceiirreil till Ainerican citizens hail I'Dinsi' to new modes of defeatin" or evadiii}; it. British Counter Ciwo, pago 'ii. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 *-llll!M |||||M t '- IIIIM ^ 2.0 Itt 1.4 1.8 1.6 % «?^ ^1 /. ■e). % 7 '>-■ '/ /^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, ^Y. 14580 ( Tl-S) 3.'2-4503 4>^ \ ^^ % lV ^ ^ \\ o^ ^ >> ^^L '^pily been traiismitted to the United States." But then we have the satisfaction of leanung that "there i; begins to encounter steady edVtrts of n'foiination, which are c(>ns[)icu()u- in the legislation of many of the Auunican States.' Of the foreign-eidistment act we are (ohl that " its practical iticfli ciency was glaringly a|>i)arent on the face of all the relative diploiiiatii correspondence between Great Britain and the United States." That it was ''valueless, except as occasion should arise to inaKc i; scnve as a iiretext to cover, in diplomatic communication with otlici governments, indifference, unfriciKlly, or h(}stile animus on the pari o! some ]biiish minister." British ministers are represented as '' floundering along in the fliit morass of the meaningless verbosity and confused circumlocution of an act of Parliament." They are represented as having been "coiiipelk'sult in that liiiM'was that the more compreliensive enactment of the English statute JfaikHl ill its effect. But when it is said, in somewhat strong language, Itliat the effect of the decision in the Alexandra ease was to "-emascu- ]Lite"tlie English statute, it must be obs<'rved that, if sucl was the case, [tluM'fVect was ynly to re(lu(;e the Knglish act to the condition in which lllii' Ameiican statute had been from its birth. 1 think it unnecessary, inn tile present occasion, to express any opinion on the (piestion on micli tiie judges of the peat my conviction that neither tlu^ American nor the Kii;;lis!i statutes were ever intended to inteifere with the execution of jdiilcis from belligerents by American or British shii»-builders, but sim- jlily to prevent the jiortsof the respective countries from being used for iittiiiji; out ])rivateers, or being imule tiie bascA of hostile expeditions. Iliiit the distinction between equipping and arming, and equipping with- l"it iiriiiiiig, is immaterial for tln^ present imrpoJ'e ; for, in point of fact, Itliatdistiiu'tion never created any difliculty in the action ot the Ibitish li'DVcriuiteiu. In the cases both of the Florida and the Alabama, the iy (iiiestion on which the action of the government was arrested was as to tiie siifli(!ieney of the evidence of the vessel being intended for the ^Hvicc of a belligerent. l!ut it is with reference to the preventive jxiwers conferred on the -xiTiitive by these acts that the case and argument of |.r,,v,„t,vr „„»,,- III' Fiiited States principally assail the British statute, I'',',';,;';;,''""'''''''"' bikI triumphantly assert tlio superiority of the American III t; maintaining that, while the British act depends on the saniition F Penalties, the American act jdaces power in the hands of the Execu- fivo \vhi(!h ettectually secures it against infraction of the law. Aequuintcd with the two acts, I read, I must say, with much surprise, [lie following passage in the argument r^ the United States: riip great diflerence between the two consists in the oanliual fact that tho provisions 272 ARIUTRATION AT GENEVA. If ' )«.'■ ,..,. Mm mi of the British act arc uwrt'ly 2>iiii'tlif(; .-iiid to 1" cairioil into crtt'ct only l>,v jinlirial m. hli'UiiK'iitality ; wlicrt^as tlic Amcriciiii at-t is prcvfiitivc, calls for cxtHiitivi iictinn, ami l)laci's ill the haiulH of the President of tht; United Statii.s the (Mitire military .niil liavai force of the (Jovernnient, to l)e (uiiployed hy him in hi.s discretion for the jn'i'Vfiitiwi of f'oreij^ii (MinipnuMits and ft)reign (Milistmtnts in tlie United States.' Tliis appears to mo a thoroujilily inaccurate rei)roseiitati(m of Hie crt'ect of the Aiuericau iict, which, as 1 umlcrstaiid it, confers no dis- cretionary power on tlic President beyond tliat of eniployinj;' the uiiij. tary or naval forces of tln^ republic to su])port the law, if ncccssarv, Iteferrin^' to the different violations of neutrality made offenses by tin; act, the 8tli section provides that — In every case in -which ;i vessel shall he fitted out and armed, or atienijiti'd toiir fitted ontand armeil, or in which tlie forceof any vessel of war, cruiser, or otle'riiniiKJ vessel shall he increasc^d or anj;;mented, or in wiiieh any military expedition urt'iitii prise shall he he^iin or set on foot, coatrary to the i)rovisions and ])rohihiti()iis of tjn, act; and in every case of the capture of a shij) or. vessel within tlie jurisdiction nrpin. tectioii of the United States as hi^fore dclined; and in every case in which a,ny pruiT-^ issuing out of any court of the United States shall Vio disoheyed or resisted liyaiiy pii- f-on or ]»ersons havinii; the custody of any vessel of war, cruiser, or other arined vi'smI of any forei;u;n ,,rince or state, or of any colony, district, or i)eo))le, or of any t^ulijiMN or citiz(Mis of any foreign prince or state, or of any colony, district, or people, it shal' be lawful for the I'residt^nt of tlui United States, or such other i)erson as Ik; sjiall haw empowered for that j)urpose. to employ such part of the latul or naval forces of tW United States, or of the militia thereof, for the i)iirpose of takinj; posscssiuii of aail detainini^ any sudi shij) or vessel, with her jn'i/e or pri/.es, if any, in order to the exi-- t-utiou of the, iirohihitions and penalties of this act, and to the' vestorin;;' ttii! pri/o w prizes in the cases in which restoration shall have been adjudi;ed, and also for the \)urpose of i»reventinj>' the cairyiny; on any such expedition or enterprise from the tiTi:- tories or jui'isdiction of the Unite(l Slatt.'s anainst the territories or dominions of am foreii^n ))rinee or state, or oi' any colony, district, or [leople, with whom tiie rmteii States are at peace. To any one who rends this section with any dejiree of attention, its meiinino', I thiidv, must be clear. 2s'o arbitrary power is fiiveii to tlic J'resident, nor any power of seizing; a vessel at all, except " in order h the execution of the pfohibitions and pmaltiis of the act.'- Xo di ;('retioii- ary power whatever is given him except that of using force, wheioloire is required, for overcoming resistance. The enactment was contained in the original ;ict of 17!>4, which was ]>assed shortly after the Frenc^h minister, Genet, had set thesident no power which he woiiM not have hiid without it, except where ix'course to actiuil force is neces.sary. It is tin entire misrepresentation to say tlnd he has a discretionary [)ower to seize and detain a vessel without bringing' her before the proper court for adjudication. His power is to eiiiplov the state force, if necessary, among other things, to seize a vessel, " /« order to the e.recutinn of the prohihitions and penalties of the "(', which implies that the vessel must be siibniitted, in the usual <'oiirse.to the proper legal ]»roeess to decide on Iter comlemnation or release Often as the action of the Goverinnent wiis invoked by the goveriiiueiits of (Spain and Portugal, during their colonial wars, to prevent the arm ing of vessels iu the ports of the United States, frecpient as have been '■> , ■if I Argument of the United States, p. .'i;!. OPINIONS OF ALEXANDER COCKBURX. 27; tilt' raids aiul liostile expeditions from American territory since, no in- sraiice has been adduced of tlie exercise of this alle{jj(Hl discretionary power by a President of vseizinj; a vessel and keepinj? iier, without put- tin"' the matter into due course of Law, and 1 feel tolerably confident that no such instance has ever occurred. Instances may hav'e occurred, as in the case of the Spanish gun-boats building at New York in 18(J(), in which it was considered ue(;essary to provicle for the use of force to arrest ships believed to be a\)ont to go liiithon military expeditions; but such seizures have been followed by the ordinary course of legal procedure and incpiiry, or tiie intended ex- [irtlition having been prevented or else abandoned, the vessel has been restored without any further proceeding. Instances have no doubt occurred in which vessels have been seized by order of the President, as head of the executive, as vessels might be seized by order of Her Majesty's government ; but this was only that the statute might be put in iorce. In like manner vessels nnij' have been seized under the ordi- nary civil authority, and it being found that there was nosullicient case aj;aiust them, may have been set free. But no instan(!e, I believe, has (icciirred, except where force was actually necessary, of the seizure of a vessel by a President, in the mere exercise of executive ])0wer, sus- peiiding the ordinary action of the law. No exami)le of such a proceed- in;; has been, or, I believe, can be, adduy the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, in the lastineiitioned case, which is re[)(>rted in the 4th volume of Curtis's Ki'ports, page 228, the view I have taken of the effect of the American act is conclusively borne out. An action having been brought by a shipowner against a civil otticer for the seizure and detention of » ship, the defendant pleaded the order of the President, but the plea was hekl bad. In giving judgment, Mr. Justice Story says : The aigiunent is that, as the Prosichsnt has authority, by tho act, to oinplny the naval ami mihtiiry foi'cos of tlif United States tor this piirposo. (( /(>»7/ori ho niiH;ht do it by tki'iniiloyiiuMit of civil force. But, upon tlie most (h)liberate conaideratioii, we are of a(lilti.rL'iit opinion. The i)0\ver tlius intrusted to the President is of a very hij^h and ili.licut<; nature, and manifestly intended to be exercised only when, by the ordinary piiiCMSor exercise of civil authority, the jjurpo.ses of the law cannot be eil'uctiiated. It w to h(! exerted on extraordinary oe<'asions, and subject to that hij^h responsibility w;;ich all executive acts necessarily involve. Wbeuever it is exerted, all persons wlu) iuf iiiobedience to the exeentive instructions in cases within tbo iict are coiajdetely jn-ititicd in taUini;; possession of and detaining' tbo otfendiuji; vessel, and are not respon- ^ilile iu iliiiiuiges for any injury which the party nuiy suiier by reason of such piocoed- iu;'. Surely, it nevei couhl have b(!en the int(Miti(Mi of Congress that such a power ■f\w\M be allowed as a shield to the seizing officer in cases where that seizure might bo iiiiiilt'by the ordinary civil means. One of the cases put in the section is, where any jiriitcss (if the courts of the United States is disobeyed and resisted ; and this case iiliiiiidaiitly show that the authority of the President was not intended to be called lutouxercisc, unless where nnlitary and naval forces wore necessary to insnre'the exe- tiiiioii of tin; laws. In terms, the section is cotilined to the employujcnt of naval and military forces ; and there is neither public poliiw nor principle to justify an extension I'l till! prerogative beyond the terms in which it is given. Congress might be i)erfectly ^villiiig to intrust the President with the i)ower to take and detain, whenever, in his iiiuninii, the case was so flagrant that military or mival force were necessary to enforce tiH' laws, ami yet with great propriety deny it where, from the circumstances of tho taw, the civil officers of the Government might, upon their private responsibility, without any danger to the public pe.ace, completely execute them. It is certainly against |tjiB jjt'iierjil theory of our institutions to create great diseretiouary powers by imjdiciir ''"ii; aud in the present instance we see nothing to justify it. I cainiot help expressing my surprise that, with this decision before tucni, Aiiierieau lawyers should have submitted so incorrect a statement *o this tribunal. If, indeed, what is meant is that the power of the 18 B 274 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. BSfK,- ti. l^residont to use the forces of the State to prevent forcible violations of ueiUriility s'ives any superior etHicacy to the American system, the an Mwer is tliat wliich has been given by Sir R. Pabner in Ins mostahli' ar{>unient, namely, that in all cases similar to those referred to in tin. American act, the sovereign of Great Britain possesses full power to use force, civil or military, such as the case may call for. The first American neutrality act of 17!)4 was silent as to the author ity by whom vessels infringing the law should be seized, proceediiiffs being apparently left to be taken by any person choosing to beoomean informer, to whom half the penalty and half the forfeitecl i)roperty is to go. From the case of (lelston vs. Iloyt, just cited, it however appears that at the time that cause was '"^icided, in all cases of the forfeiture ot vessels the duty of seizure devolved on the officers of customs, bitliis respect, therefore, the i)ractice of the two countries would be the same. 'Loud complaints having been made, by the representatives of Spain and Portugal, of the number of privateers fitted out and manned, tVom ports of the IJnion, by American citizens, and preying on theconnnerw of the two countries, under commissions from the revolted colonies, a new statute was parsed in 1818, which, in aut tliis relates to the condemnation of vessels, not to their seizure. And with the ex(;eption of the Florida and Alabama, every vessel tlie seizure of which could be asked for, as instaiujed in tlui cases of the Alexandra, the Pampero, and the iron-clad rams at Birkenliead was >eize(l and prevented from doing any harm to the commerce of tiie liiited States. The Alexandra, it is true, was released after trial in i;ii. The owner may apply, indeed, to the court [ot admiralty for the restoration of the vessel ; but it is incumbent upon iliim, in order to obtain it, to establish that the act has not been contra- [veiied. So that the order of procedure is reversed, instead of it being liiecessary for the prosecutor to establish at all events a prima-facir lease of guilt, the owner has, in the first instance, to establish innocence — 111 proceeding alien altogether to English jurisprudence. I ^o doubt these are great changes — jmssibly improvements. But is it pt to say that the pi'e-exisiing law was so essentially defective as that Ite British nation can be held liable by reason of its imperfections'? [I'iiw, like all other human institutions, is in a constant state of progress pml change. New events, now conjunctures, new combinations of cir- fiiiiistances, the lessons of experience, from time to time point ; to hv'uig their law np to the standard of it. How can they now, witli any i)retense of justice, ask that Great Britain jsliall he tried by the test of a law which is as much iu advance of their own l)resentlaw as it is of the past law of Great Britain '! When, notwitlistandinji' this, one reads in the United States ars:nnK'i!t that "the British government has stood obstinately on confessedly de- fective legislation of neutrality ;" that " it is not yet emancipated from the national prejudices which obstructed ]Mr. Canning;" that it "still higs behind tlie United States in appreciation of tiie true princplcs dt public law, which lie at the foundation of the relations of indepeiuloar sovereign states," it is ditlicult to express the teeling which arises con- sistently with the seriousness which l>elongsto the present occasion. It is true that it is not the law of the United States, but that of Gioat Britain, that is now on its trial. It may not bo enough to say that if Great Britain is black America is no whiter. It may not be enon<;h to say, as Great Britain might do iu so many instances, " ISi in me iniqnua en judex, coilem ego tc crimine condcinnaboJ^ Yet a comi)arisoii of the respective laws of the two countries is by no means superHuous. For a le mark is here to be made, which applies also to many other parts of tlie present controversy, namely, that the Government of the Unitinl States can have no right to require more of that of Great Britain than it could itself have rendered had the position of the two countries been le versed, and Great Britain had been the belligerent and the ITnited States the neutral power. For, iu the absence of convention, eqnaliry and reciprocity lie at the very root of international obligations, and no nation has a right to demand of another more than under the likedi cumstances it would have been able itself to render. The statement I have quoted above from the United States argumeiir, that " the British government has stood obstinately ou con- aimT,h!m't''or I't'e fcsscdly defcctive legislation of neutrality," I'cfers, I pie- urr'durmg'"uI:'Tiv"i suuic, to tlic communications whlch passed during the wai between the government of Great Britain and that of tlie United States on the subject of an amendment of the British forei;.'ii enlistment act. With respect to these commuuications, the fiHts, shortly stated, are as follows: In 18G1, and again 18(>3-'(it, Mr. in Adams suggested (iu the first instance, with a view to check the Britisb colonial trade in articles contraband of war) that it might be of advan tage if the British legislature would pass an act similar to the teni porary act passed by the United States iu 1838, which had referenee only to expeditions or exports of arms (not carried by^ sea) between the United States and ; ny foreign territory conterminous with tlie United States. The precedent of this legislation was actually followed by Canada in 1864, when events made it requisite. No other request OPINIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKnURN. 97 77 for nil altoration of this liritish hiw was at any time made on the part ,it the ITiiited States. On the IDtU of December, 1802, Earl Knssell wrote thns to Mr. Adams : Iliiivotlio honor to inform yon that Tlor Miijosfy's government, after conaultntion with tlif^ liiw-orticors of tlio Crown, arc of opinion that certain aineiidincnfs inijilif hn intrwlii<'i' "lie corresponding statute of the United Slates may bo made more ellicient lor their [iiii'pnse.' luieply to this overture, (whieh was received with equal courtesy and liiiitioii by the Government of tlie United States,) Mr. zVdanis was instructed not to make any sn<^^^;■(?stions wiiatever, but to state (accord- ing to Earl Kussell's report of the conversation) " that his (Jiovernment were ready to listen to any proi)ositions Her ^lajesty's government had tiiuiiiko, but they did not see how their own law on this subject could be improved," or (according to Mr. Adams's own report) that the Gov- ernment of the United States considered their own law as " of veiy sntlicieiit vigor." ^ Earl llnssell thereupon said that the cabinet, under tlie advice of the lord chancelloi", (Lord Westbury,) had come to the siime conclusion with reference to the la\y of Great IJritain, " so that 111) further proceedings need be taken at present on the subject." I'^arl ratssell's overture was not founded on any opinion of the insuflicieucy of the liritish Itiw for the performance of the international obligations of Great Britain, but simp.^, on tlie advice of the lawoilicers tliat cer- tain amendments might be possible which would increase the power of the executive government to deal with cases within the scope of that law. There could be no possibility, however, of carrying such amend- ments through Parliament unless similar amendments had been simul- taueoiisly made iu the law of the United States, and the reply of the United States, throwing upon Great Britain the whole responsibility of making propositions in the matter, gave no assurance that those propo- sitions, if madi^, would lead to any useful result. If anything had been needed to confirm this impression, it would be found in Mr. Seward's- answer, when informed of what had passed. Writing to ]Mr. Adams on the 2d of March, 1803, he says: It riMiiains for this Government only to say that it will bo your dnty to nrgo npoii Hit Miijesty's government the dtssire and expectation of the PresichMit, that hencefor- ward Her Majesty's governniertt will rake the necessary measures to onforco the exeen- ti"iii)f the law a.v failh/ully as this Gocentiiwiit has e.ccciited the corresponding stalnles oj ''le I'nited dtalcs.''^ ^'ot content with instituting a comparison between the neutrality law of Great Britain iind that of the United States, the American conip^ri..,,. witu '•use has gone ou to compare both with the municipal law f"'""''"-- of other states; which comparison it seeks, by some strange manipula- tion, to turn in favor of the United States, though, as we have seen, the lii'i'sof the two countries were, at the time iu question, substantially the same. 'United States Appendix, vol. ii, p. 92. ■uritish Appendix, vol. vi, No. 1, p. 48; United States Documents, vol. i, p. 663. mm 'L'uited States Dociyneuts, vol. i, p. C()t) ■ 'f 278 ARBITRATION AT GKNEVA. TTavinjtj pone carofnlly tlir()iif;li tlio laws of tliP loading innritiim. iiatioiiis, I fiiul hoik; iii wliidi tlio ('(|ui|)|Hnj^' or arniiii}*' of vchscIs for the use of a belliyeient was, prior to the breakiiij? out of tlui AiiicricniMMvil wai', proliilnted. except under ciremiistanees wlii«!h would mako it a violation of neutrality according to international law. Alter the l)iviik in{4' out of the war, in one or two countries, as in France and linizil, the law in this resi)ect was put on the same footinj^ as the law of Gnat Britain and America prior to the dispute. In sonie, as in Italy, it lias been altered siiu^e. In these cases the altered law is referred to in tlic arj;uinent of the United States as though it had existed at the tiineol the war. In the laws of those states which had hitherto taken but little jiart in maritime alf: oi aruung ships was perhaps to be expected. I only ohservc, therefore, as it were in passing, that Austria had no law relative to ' this subject. In answer to an inquiry made on the part of FTer Majesty's govoiii Tnent, the Austriau minister for foreign ali'airs thus responds : Apart from tlio priiiciitlos wliicli lio .at tlio foniulatioa of tliis declaration, (thrdiT- laratioii of Paris of l^")*),; tlicrc; exists, liowevt-r, no law in Austria, nor aiiv other (nilii j^cncnilly bindiu}^, which could bo made to apply to violations of neutrality l)y Austiiiin subjects. Till', imperial fvoverninent have endeavored to supply this want in ensos of w.n betwei!!) other Stati'S, by itronHili;iitin}i; in legal forms special regulations for tin; iiitsi!- vation of neutrality ai)i>licable only to the war in (luestion. Thus, in the year l-^rit.iii eoiiseiiuence, of th(! war tiuMi (existing, the ministerial ordonnauce of May 'io, lri54, wa^ promulgated, of which cojjy is inclosed herewith. In such spiicial declarations the giiuerally acknowledged principles of international law, as well as the known views of the bidligercnt ])owerson certain points, liavc Vuvn taken into consideration, in order, as much as possible, to obviate any coniplairtsni' infrnigenient of neutrality. There does not exist, however, a law of this kind applicable to all future occasions and more jiarticularly there are no general laws in Austria prohibiting tiie coiisiini- tion, eipiipmont, or manning of ships (in Austraiu harbors) which are dcstiucil I'm belligerent powers, or aie suspecttnl of being so.' There is nothing, therefore, to prevent the equipping or armiiii? oi ships for a belligerent by the laws of Austria. lu like manner it ai>pears, from the note furnished to Iter Majostvs representative at Berlin, that no law exists in Prussia pro hibiting the building or sale of ships.^ The Swiss law on the subject of neutrality has been introduced iiitlic United States argument in terms of laudation; butasiiitlit nature of things it can have nothing' to do witli inaritiiiic neutrality, I presume it has only been brought forward out of compli- ment to our Swiss colleague, ami I need say nothing further on tho.siili ject. I pass on to maritime nations. And first, as- to France. It is certain that there is no prohibition in the French codes against tlif buildiTig or equii)ping of ships for a belligerent. ^Tlieoniy ])rovision relative to a breach of neutrality by a French subject is to lie found in the eighty-fourth and eighty-iitth articles of the code pt'Hiil' which are in these terms : Art. 84. Quicnnciuo aura, par des actions hnstilcs non-appronvdes par lo gouverm ment, exposd I'dtat h une ddclaration de guerre, sera puui du baunissomont ; et, si -i guerre s'en est suivie, de la deportation. Aht. 85. Quiconque aura-par des actes non appronv\vinji- ob^Jrvati()lls : Viiim vdtKlrc/ Men ri'iiiiiniuor la )4(Mi(^i;tlif(^ iln oi's cviircHsioiis. (inlcttnquc, ncflmix ho*- ;i,',»; Ic lo>iisliit<"ii' n'lis pas vdirlmli'-liiiif ciMiiril tUilluit ciitciKlro pur mtioiin lio&tikH ; il ,;i;ilaiiw6 CaitpriTUiUoii xoiinriiiiw aiixjiinen, II lie H'aK'f poiiil du code pdnal n)(it (I'liin^ piiissaiicc i^tranjfrrc, ct Jiyaiii pour (dijcf do proviiriiicr dcs lios- lilitf'a. Ci's macliiiiatioiis pratiqiK's dans nut! iiitriitiim vt un lint criniiiiclH ruiitrcnt. il;iiis it'8 (lirt'orciitt's cspi-LM's d s'appli(iii(!iit aiix simples cas d'iinpnidciicu, do tiMiioritd, dc iit'i;;li<;ciic(i; c't^st iiioiiis riiifiMitiuu que le fait iiiaKMiel qui est puui. La iiiint! voit que /(' n'miUat ; ain.si : " \m Frances a-t-elhs etc exposee a uue declaiatiin de .'iicrre, la <;uerre a-t-elle(^t<'^ dt'-dar*' ? Lcs Fran^ais out-ils etc exposes a ile nqiresail'es ;' " 0'8 seultsH (|uc8tions losolues allumativeineiit cutniiiuiront rapplicatiou d'une dcH pi'iiiessi K('vei((s proiioueces [lar la loi, ot ou outre le paiyuu-ut do doniuiages-iulerets i|iii peiivoiit toujour etre reclaniea. II fiuit done trois couditioua pourqu'il y ait lieu il I'applicatiou doa articles 84 ct 85 (ill code pdnal : I. Que Taction soit hostile. t Quo I'actiou u'ait pas ^{6 appronv<5c par \c, {jonvorueuient. II. Que la France a t5to exposeo a iiuc declaratiou de guerre ou dos Frautais exposes iidMrepr^saillea. ,le ladeise ces trois circonstaiiccs parceque c'est le pouvoir judiciaire seiil qui est .ili|iel6 i\ les rdsoudre et a decider de la ciilpahilite. 8i le.s,jiifiaiico.s dtrauij;e,res <|ui sont en otat de jjuerre, lesiiuestions do cetUi nature etant d'uu lanicteie nuxte, et troiivaut leur solution dans lea priucipes gcndraux du droit iuter- Uiitioiuil.- It is clear, therefore, that the French law Aveiit no further than to pro- vide for the pnnishnient of any infraction of international law which has the effect of exposing France to a declaration of war or to reprisals. Now, as we have se(Mi, the sale even of armed ships is not an offense against neutrality and could not produce the consequences referred to in the articles of the codf;. It is true the government has the power of preventing the arming of vessels in its own hands, if it thinks proper to use it, as the exportation of arms, excei)t with the permission of the lioveriiinent, is i)rohibited under heavy })enalties — not, indeed, with the motive of preventing breaches of neutrality, but from motives of policy ttt a very different cliaracter. If, indeed, the construction of an armed vessel formed part of an enterprise having tor its immediate object ho.;- tile ojjerations against a belligerent i>ower, then, as I have already iMiinted out, the whole would amount to a violation of neutrality. But an imperial decree of the 10th June, 18GI, passed with a view to the war which had then broken out, contained in its 3d article the fal- lowing provision : II est iuterdit k tout Francais do prendre commission de I'nne des deux parties ponr aniierdes vaisseaux en jfuerre, ou d'accepter des lettrea de marque pour faire la course "liintinie, on de concourir d'une niauierc quelcomiuo a l'e';uipemiiit ou a I'aruiement '1 iirt iiavire dc guerre on corsaire do I'nne «les deux parties belligc^rantes.'' 'Report of Neutrality Laws Commissiou, p. 45, British Appendix, vol. iii. ' Ibid, p. 46. 'British Appendix, vol. iii, p. 22. L i'. 280 AKIUTRATH , AT flKXKVA. r.iw Id' lUItinirn, Tims, llio law of Friincc, in n's])ect of tlio oqni]»i>iii}; and nrnniif; of sliips of war, was placed on tlie sanio footing' as that of Groat l>iitaiii and Anuuica. l»(!lgiuin, wliicli, as it is known, lias adopted tlie Freneli (iodes, has lil<(.. wise the (!ij;ht.v-lonrth and eiglity-lifth articles of tlicOndM penal; bnt with tin^ i'xception of s(n(M'e laws a^'ainst piiv.i- teeiin<>", or tlie reception of privateers, the ])rolul>itivc and provt'iitiw l)ower of the law depends on the articles in cpiestion. The Netherliinds, in like manner, havingalso adopted the French codi'. i.nv „f the Neth- I'll ^'<' tlio eiju'li t.v-four t li and eighty-llfth articles; Imt im '"■'""'"• spetiiid i)rovision as to e(|ui|»pinji; or arming of vessels in tin- way of trade existed i)rior to the year 18(i(», as appears from tlie express statement of M. van Zuylen de Nyevelt, the Netherlands minister tm foreign ati'iiirs, in a letter to Mr. Ward, found in the appendix to tlii- Urilish case.' It is true that INF. de Zaylen miikos the following observation: (pliant, mix iiKiyeiiH coiu^ti Is doiit Its goiivcriKMiieiit iiourniit (lisposfti- pour cinin'clur tics vinliitioiiH (It! sa iniulralitt', l(cr(>ii de vimhIi. (Ifs v;ii,s-;i'aiix di' j^iicrrc, ('lli;;i''raiit.s ponrniit'iit T'l • ]>i>iirsiii vies ml viii'l a di! (Mis articles ; Ids navircs ilurs scraioiit suisis c(janiii) piece d" convict ion et par la luenie Jciir sortie serait cniitc'lice. But it is to be remarked that the foregoing observation as to the pns si'itle application of the eighty-fourth and eighty-lifth sections of the ])enal code to the equipi)ing or side of ships is given oidy as a niiitteref opinion; no instance appears to have occurred in which the e(iiiii>|)iiiL; or sale of a vessel of war has l)een held to be an offense within tlicse articles. It uiust obviously depend on whether what was done aniouiithl to a> violation of international law aifordinga Just cause of war. The regulations issued by the Dutch governnuMit inl.SOli donottniuli thc! case of the e(iri[)ment or sale of ships, but only the admission of belligerent vessels into Dutch ports. It amy be retnadced, in piissin^. tiiat it is expressly provided by article 4 of vlie regulations that "slii|is of war may remain an unlimited time in Dutcih harbours and estuaries, and may also provide themsehes with an uidimited supply of coal."' Spain has two i)rovisions corresponding to the articles of the French code, viz, article I4S of the codigo peual, and article -IS of a statute of 1822 :^ Art. 118. Wbosocvcr shall, witboiit having heon perniitted to do so hy coinpoteiit authority, have ])rovoked or j^iven motive to a dcK-laratiori of war aj^ainst Spain on tli" j»art of anotluir power, or shall have cx|)ost!d Spanish suhjeets to sult'er vexutioitsm reprisals a^^ainst their persons or i)ropertios, shall be jjanished with inii)risoiniieiit; and if such person be u public functionary, ho shall be punished with temporary rocli'- sion. Ar.T. '258. Whosoevor shall, without the knowlcdfro, authority, or pisrniissiou of tlie <;ovcrnnient, have coniniittc.d hostilities atjainst any allied or neutral i)ower, or sbll have exposed thtj State to snfler for that cause a declaration of war, or if sne.h liustili- ties shall have bcien the ground for reprisals a;;aiiist. Spaniards, he shall be con- risonniciit for ii ttirin of from two to six years, aiul shall pay a lino eciual to one-quarter of tli' amount of danniges he shall have occasioned, without prejudice to any further pmii=li' ment which he may be liable to incur for the violonco coiiunitt^id. If said hostilitii' shall have brought on an immediate declaration of war, or if such declaration shall luive preceded the time of the trials, the offoiuler shall bo punished with transportation. But there is no law wbich touches the equipping or arminj.j of ships of war for a belligerent. The decree relating to neutrality issued ou tlie I.:iw nf.Si'tin. ' Report of nentr.ality laws commission, p. 63, British appendix, vol. iii. * Appendix to United States Counter Case, p. 10U2. OPINIONS OF SIR ALFA'ANDER COCKIURN. 281 i„r;isioii of tliC! Arnpricnn civil M-ar is set out in llic Hrilisli A|»jM'!Hlix,' It coiitiiins no pi'oliihitioii I'dntiii^' to tlic^ (Miuippiii^ or iH-iiiiii<>' ol .ships. It is stated, iiitlccd,. in tiio Uiiitod .States arjiiiiiMMit^ tliat tlio ('odij'o iiriiiil, in artich^ lol, forhids tin* cxpcditiiij;' or"(rrnis(M's." Is it i)(»ssil)lt< fli;it tJH' writers are i;,Mioraiit that th«^ term "destiiiare biKpies al (v;/«(>" (liii'S not reter to . Hilva Kernlo, set out in tlui later United States docuinents,-' tliiTC is the following ery pertinent (J)servation : Thus, it rciiiJiins iiiidiTstooil tliiit if the i'.vvt in itsulfwcrn not siirli a.s to jjivc just iiMsoii tor wai', iu;(!(ii'(Unj^ to intcriiatioiiii,! riijlit, it could iiiivt;!' bo ri)])iitii;nizi5d exintonco ; but, bavinjj constitutivl a dis- tiiM't |^'(i\' 1 nuent ilcfaiio, the inii)erial govornnient eaiinot considi'r their naval anna- iinMits lis acts of pirai-y, nor ri'fuse tlieiu, with tlio necessary restrictions, the cluiraeter of l)L'lli<;i'rents, whieli they have assumed, 111 coiiforniity with this, Brazilian sulijef'ts arc to abstain from all parti(!i])ati()n ami ;iiil m favor of one of tin; Ixdligcu'cMits, and they niiist not take part in any acts which (;aii 111' wuisidcred as hostile to one of the two parties, and contrary to the obligations of thi- neutrality. Thii uxportation of warlike articles from the port.sof the empire for the new (Jonled- iiit"' States is absolutely prohibited, whether it is intemhid to bo dono under the 15ra- ziliuii tla;;; or that of another nation. Till' same trad(! in contraband of war must bo forbidden to Urazilian ships, althoni>h liny may be destined for the ports subject to the (.ioverumout of the North Aniorican riiioii, NDsliip with the tla<^ of one of the hellij^'erents, and which may be omployt>d in this wai, or intended foi- it, can be provisioned, eqnippeil, or armed in the ports of the em- pire; the furnishinjj; of victuals and naval i^rovisions indispensable for tho coutinua- tMMi 111' the voyage not beiiij^ imduded in this ))rohibition. Nil .slii|i of war or tniviitetir shall be allowed to ent«fr and remain with prizes in our imrts 'ir bays more than twenty-four hours, excc])t in case of forced arrival, and they •iiiill ill no way be allowed to dispose of the said prizi.'s, or of objects coming from ihi'iu, Tlius, going far beyond other nations, Brazil prohibited not only the sale of ships, but all trade iu articles contraband of war even in its own ports. Serious disputes having arisen in the course of tho ensuing year be- tween the Governments of the United States and Jirazil on tlie subject of confederate crui.sers received in x>orts of the euij>ire, th ^ Govern- "lent, iu order to prevent as far as possible the occasion of su(;h trouble- some retnoustrances, published the still more stringert regulations con- ' British Appendix, vol. iii, p. 24, * Ibid., p, ()8. 3 Appendix to tho United States Counter Case, Part IV, p. 988. JKlil'^WAf. Jf: Jill 4i ■' 282 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. I.riw (,f Itiily. taiiuMl in tho circular of the 23d of June, 1803, set out in tlie seventh vol luneof the appendix of the United States, rej^jahitiona uiueh more rifjoi ous than those wliich have been a(h)pted by any otlier nation.' But, as these rejiidations rehite entirely to the re(!eption of belligerent vossds in Brazilian ports, it is unnecessary to dwell ujwn them here. Italy has in the one hundred and seventy-fourth and one hundred and seve'jty-ttfth articles of the penal code, provisions cone spouding- to those of the French code:^ Art. 174. If any pcraou whosoever Hhall, by acts not autliorizecl by tlio govim. jnent of th(! Kiwg, hiive exposed tlie state to a ileclaration of war, he shall be piniiHiici with banishment; if the war haa actnally occurred, ho shall be punished with tiiu porary penal servitude. AuT. 175. If any person whosoever sliall, by acts not approved of by tlio governiiitiit of the Kin.d with banishmejit even for a term often years or with imprisonment, wifliuiu l»rejiidice to any further penalty to wliich ho may be liable on aecount of the u^'tsln' has committed. If the oliender be a public functionary, he shall bo punished wiih banishment. So stood the law at the time of the breaking out of the civil wm between the Northern and Southern States of America. In the courst- of it the King of Italy, in an ordinance of the Otli of April, 18(J-1, but. so far as I have been able to discover, then for the lirst time, ado])ted the regulations established three years before by the Emi>eror of the Freiuli. By a'rlicle IV, "no Italian subject shall take commission from either belligerent power to arm ships for war, or accept letters of marque to cruise, or assist in any way in fitting out, arming, or preparing for war a vessel or privateer of the said belligerents."'' The naval code, which was published in 1800, in the chapter relatiii;; to the neutrality of the state toward foreign powers, (chap, vii,) has tlif following provisions :^ In case of war between powers toward which the state remains neutral, priviiteiir^ or vessels of war with prizes shall not bo received into the harbors or roadsteiuU. except in cases of stress of weather. They will have to leave as soon as the danj^er has ceased. No ship of war or privateer 1>el()nginrent ship avail itself of an Italian port for the purposes nl war, or of obtaining arms and munitions. It shall not be able under the i)n't.'.ns('ni repairs to execute any aUerations (u- other works designtul to augment its warlike fdni'. Nothing shall be furnished to vessels of war or to belligerent privateers beyoiui iirli- cles of food and commodities, and the actual means of repair necessary to the susteiiaiiiv of their crews and the safety of thtdr navigation. In the case in which vessels of war, whether privateers or merchantmen of the tw" belligerent nations, are both together in a port, harbor, or roadstead of the state, thin' shall be an interval of at least twenty-four hours between tho succeasivo departuivsi' the vessels of one belligerent and those of the vcsstds of the other. This interval can be increased according to the circuiustauces Irought before tlif maritime authorities of the plaeo. The capture of prizes as well as any other act of I'.ostility between two bellijjen'ii ships within the territorial waters or tho adjacent waters of tho islands of tlicHtiii' will constitute a violation of territory. ' United Stares Documents, vol. vii, p. 110 ; British Appendix, vol. ill, p. H?4. ' American MS., Part IV, p. iW. 'J Report of Neutrality Laws Commission, p. 62, British Appendix, vol. iii. OPINIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKBURN. 23 Law of Dcntiiiirk. I,.iw ol SwiMlfi;, In all these countries, at the time to which our attention has to be (lirccUMl, the (|uestion whether there had been a breach of the municipal hiw by a subject, turned on whether there had been a breach of neu- trality, such as to expose the nation to war or reprisals. The ecpiippinj^ orariniii{?of vessels tor sale in the way of coinnu^rce does not come into iiuestion at all. It is, therefore, manifest that the municipal law, both of Great Britain and the United States, was far more stringent, thouj>h the puaishtnent under the foreiy,n law in case of a breach of the law- was more severe, by reason of the greater gravity of the result, when a nation becomes exposed to war, or possibly actually involved in it. 1 next turn to the law of the northern nations on the subject of neu- trality. Tlie law of Demark relating to ships, with reference to neutrality, is fully set out in the third volume of the British Ap- Denmark appears to be one of the very few countries that have gone the length of prohibiting to the subject the carriage of articles contra- hand of war. But though unusually strict in that respect, and minute as to its regulations in many others, the law contains no prohibition of the equipping or arming of ships of war for the purpose of sale. The Swedish ordonnance of April 8, 18;")4, while it expressly prohibits, hytlie eighth section, the arnung or equipiying of vessels tor the i)in'pose of prhateeriiuj^ is wholly without any pro- hibition against doing so with reference to ships anued or e(]uipped for a belligerent state.^ The only article in the Russian code relating to neutrality is the two hundred and tifty-ninth, which is as follows:" If any Kiissian subjoct in time of peaco sliall l)yopen fi)rco attack flic iiil»i)l)itanf.s of iiiR'ighbdriiif!; state or those of any other foreign country, and yliail tiiereUy snli.jcet liisowM country to tlnMlangcir of a rnptnrtj with a friendly power, or evtni to an attaek l>y sticii forcii;!! snbjeets on the territory of Russia, for sncii a erinie a-rainst interna- tional law, the olt'ender and all those who partieioate voluntarily in his ent(!rprise, with a knowledge of its fili.jects and illegality, shall be sentenced to lose all their civil nj,'iit,s, luid be condemned to hard labor iu a fortress for a term of eigiit to ten years. With the exception of this article, says M. de Wcstmann, in answer to an odicial inquiry from the British government,-' " La legislation iiisse lie renferme pas de dispositions ayant pour but d'emiiecher sur ioterritoire de la Bussie I'accoinplissement d'actes dont les puissances hellifi'eraiites pourraient se plaiudre comme d'une violation du priucipe lie iKiutialite." There being thus no law in Bussia relating to ships of war, and, as 1 have shown, none such in Prussia, 1 was surprised, after reference to the itlicient regulations of the Dutch government, Ibllowed afterward by an assertion that by those regulations the construction of cruisers was pro- hibited, (which it is not,) to see it stated that "similar laws were to be iiiuiid in Bussia and in Prussia," as to the latter of which it is added, (ilia friendly spirit no doubt,) that it " once had occasion to a[)ply its laws to the acts of luitish agents." i5at while tlie codes of so many maritime nations are silent as to the quipping or jirming of^i^hips of war in the way of trade, the ,,„^, ,„ i„ p,„,,. 'Dtles of several — lor example, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden — '''" prohibit the fitting out <>, privateerH. Here again the argument of the l^'iiited States talis into the same strange mistake as before. It rep- ' Ki'port of Neutrality Laws Commission, p. 10, British Appendix, vol. ill. "I bid., pp. 06.67. 'Ibid.,,, 65. ■ 284 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. resents these g^overnments as preventing not only the armament, but also the constrnction of crnisirs.^ I can hardly snpjiose the wriiir ignorant of the nier.ning of the term corsaire, the term used in the hiws in question, and wliioli never has but one meaning, that of privateer, or in French i)hrase t]iatofa " vaisseau anne en course par den imrf''euUe)x niais avec I'autoi isation da gouvernenient."^ Neither of these countiics has any law against, the construction of cruisers. Such a statement, therefore, ought not to have been made. The argument of tl^e United States winds uj) the comparison of tlio J>iitish law with tli>».t of other countries, with the following reniaikable ol.tse?-'vations '? • ' , ..- ) Tl>e institntioiis of Itiily, Brazil, Switzoi].anriniary fact being the i)reventiv(i action of the government. The United States ])erfectly understood this, the true relation of things, and while tliey indicted persons, and arrested ships, they els, commorant on litT soil, from dragging her into acts of tb. grant violation of neutrality, and thus af- I'.iidiii;;-, or tending to allbrd, Just cause, of war to other foreign states '. Ami audi is the defense of Great Jbitaiu in answer to the reclamations of tin; United States. , h would be difficult to find any other examjile of a great state defending itself aiaiiist charges of wrong by setting up the plea of its eonstilutioual incompetency and iiii'apiicity to dis(;harge the most common-place duties of a sovereign state. Great Britain is not in that condition of constitutional disability wiiich her uiinis- tii's pretend. We find, on the most cursory observation of the constitution of Great Britain. th;it llu' declaration of war, the conclusion of peace, the conduct of foreign atlairs, tliat all tlit'Sf, things are in (Jretit lU'itaiu elements (ti:' the pn.'rogative of tlie Cr(,wn. W(\ cannot beVnn'e and do not concede that in all these gr(.'Mter preri.tgati ve jiowers tluiri' is not included the lesser one of />»((v;(//»,7 unauthorized jirivate jiersons from riit;asiiig in juivate war against a friendly i'oreign state, and thus committing Great lliitaiu to causes of public war on the part of such foreign state. If the exercise of such power by the Crown involves derogation of the riglits of pri- vate persons whi(di ministers fear to commit, they slionld obtain a ])ropei act of Par- liauieiit, (dtlier for antecedent general authorization or for substMiuent protection, all whieli is within the sco[»e of the theoretic omnipotence of Parliament. The British ministers do not uernjih; to susjiend tln^ ]>rivileges of the writ of habeas cor;)»s, whellu-r with or without previous parliamentary antlioiization, and wlu^tlier ill tlio United Kingdom, or in the colonies, ility in virtue of tho premgativ*! jiowcr of tli> Crown, and so pnsvented their de])artnre to make war against the United States. Sittiii,U' on tliis tribiiiinl as in some sense the representative of Orent Britain, I cannot allow these statements to go forth to the world wirti- ont givin of the municipal law with infr.aetions of neutrality properly sd called. Though, by convention between the two governments, tlic equip])ing of a ship without arming may have acquired, ex p» facia, for the i)urpose of the ])resent arbitration, the character of a vio lation of neutrality, no agreement can change the substantive reality of tinngs belonging to the past. Now, at the time the occurrences took jdace on which the present claims arise, to equip a ship in the way ot tragic, though intended for the service of a belligerent, was not, as I have already shown, and as Mr. Adams himself, in all fairness, fnlb admits an offense against international law, and therefore was not a vio hitioTi of neutrality. While, therefore, in a case of actual violation ot neutrality, as by sending forth an armed ship, or a ship immediatph about to be armed, for the purpose of immediate warfare, the executive I ?t\\{^v im^ht, c.v propria rtgfore, interfere, and if necessary by force. t" prevent such a proceeding, the seizure of a vessel unarmed, and not im OPINIONS OF SIR ALKXANDER COCKBURN. 287 Dr denial of the intaiued tliiit •event iiii'icc- mediately about to go forth, and in respect of which, therefore, no breach 1,1 neutrality had taken place, could only be done by virtue of the munici- pal law as constituted by the act of Parliament. But if a seizure was to be made under the act, it was necessary that proof should be forthcoming ti) justify and uphold it. Tiierefore it was true that, as regarded the iijiiippiiig of ships, the powers of the executive were limited to cases in which proof of a breach of the act was forthcoming. Therefore it was that, ill the case of the Florida, the government, thiidiing there was not siitlicieiit evidence of belligerent i)urpose, abstained from seizing, and ill that of the Alabama delayed the seizure for a time. Therefore it was that, in the later cases of the Alexandra and the rams, the govern- iiioiit, being advised that the evidence was sudicient, proceeded to seize. Iloiiiu*, in discussing the question whether it was at that period, and in the tlieii admitred state of international law, the duty of the government Ti) seize the vessels in (piestion, it is necessary to refer to tiie foreign-en- hstiiuMit act to ascertain what were the powers of the government. The liistiiution is a very obvious one, and one which persons must be, I shduld think, willfully blind not to see. Tlie assertion, coming from the quarter from which it proceeds — the i,fi)veniMUMit of a great republic, where all executive power, I should h;ive imagined, would be clearly delined by law and exercised in sub- Didination to it — that the British gov^ernment should have proceeded, independently of and, if necessary, in defiance of the law, to seize shii)s and arrest subjects as well as foreigners engaged, as it is termed, in acts iif foreign war to the prejudice of another government, surprises me, 1 must say, not a little; but when, as the ground of such an assertion, 1 am uM that "British ministers do not scruple to suspeiul the privileges III the writ of habeas oorpuH^ whether with or without previous parlia- meutary anthorizatioi"!, whether in the United Kingdom or in the colo- nics, on occasion of i>etty acts of rebellion or revolt ; that is, the case of ihitimtic icar^^'' I find myself lost in amazement, and seek in vain to ihsoover what can i)ossibly be meant by so strange a statement. War, wliethor it be domestic or foreign, is of course war; and, in regard to those wlio are actually engaged in war, the law of war necessarily sn|iersedes the civil law and civil rights, and would per no, suspend the privileges of the kabeas-coriniH act. But if it is meant that, even in time of war, the executive could, as regards persons not taking part in the war, or not coming within the operation of martial law, suspend the kbeas-corpus act without an act of Parliament, the assertion is equally luitounded and surprising, whether looked at in an historical or in a h'i;al point of view. But a discovery has been made by those who drew up the United States argument which, I must say, appears to me, as an English law- It is, that that which could not have been yor, sin- sing strange. ihuie tcward seizing vessels under the foreign-enlistment act for want of fvideii(!e necessary to support a seizure under that act might have been done with a high hand, by virtue of the prerogative of the Crown; in "upport of vv'hi(!h strange doctrine the following instances are given, in wiiich it is alleged that what was done was done by virtue of the pre- rogative. Such are : Tilt! Queen's proclamation of neutrality of May 13, 1801. Tho rt'gnlatious issned by the govcnunent of Her Majesty in regard to iAm reception iif cruisers and their prizes in ports of the empire, .Tune 1, 18()1, .Inne 2, IHtir) The executive orders to detain tlio Alabama at Queenstown and Ni I'^ii'i. issari, August 'i, J\m executive orders to detain the Florida at Nassau, August 2, 18(52. Tho executive orders to detain tlio rams at Liverpool, October?, 18G3.» .■ r 288 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. Uk Tilt! (l('l)ato aiul vote in Paiiiiirric'iit, justifying the (letontiou of tlio rams by tho "ov. cniiiu'ut "on tiicir own responsibility,'' Ft'brnary 2'.), 18(52. " Tho execntivo order that "lor the future no siiip of w„r belonging to either iif tin. belligerent |>o\vor8 of North America hIkiU be allowed to enter or to roniiiiii or to li. in any of Her Majesty's ports for the purpose of being dismantled or sold," Seiitvn berH,'l^G4. Th(! tinal oxecutivo orders to retain tho Slienando.ah in port, " by force if nccessaiv' and to " forcibly seize her upon the high soaa," September and October, 18i)5.' In juldition to which the fltial decision of the government with regard to tho Tnsc/aloosa is referred to, as also tlie opinion of the hiw officers advising the seizure of the Ahibania at Liverpool, and the rejection, at the instance of the law officers, of the clause proposed to be inserted in the neutrality act of 1870, for prohibiting the entry of vessels, equipped in contravention of the act, into British ports. While 1 quite see how likely statements of this sort are to prodiioeaii eftect on the minds of persona not familiar with the constitutional law of Great Britain, lam at a loss to understand how counsel, familiar with English law, can take upon themselves to make them. The limits of the royal prerogative are ascertained and defined; they certainly do not include a power to interfere with the liberty, proi)eit,v, or industrial pursuitsof the subject, excei)t where such power is expressly conferred by law. In tho instances given, with the exception of the Quetn's prochimation, as to the eifect of which I have already spoken, and the regulations as to the admission of belligerent vessels to British I)orts, and the accommodation there to be attbrded to them, which are niuloubtedly matter of royal prerogative, and the order in respect of the Shenandoah, which was, as will hereafter be seen, a most exceii- tional case, every instsince enumerated was, though in one sense an act of the executive, yet an act done by virtue of power conferred by the foreign-enlistment act, and not by virtue of the prerogative. As an English judge and lawyer, I affirm that, short of their going out as a hostile expedition, in which case force n.ight undoubtedly be used, these vessels could not have been seized under the exercise of prerogative power. Throughout the statements of the United States a comparison is drawn between the conduct of the United States and that of Great Britain in reference to the maintenance of neutrality. When the British government retorts with instances of American default in this respe<;t, the answer comes that it is Great Britain, not the United States, that is now on its trial. And this is perfectly true ; but when the plaintiff seeks to prejudice the defendant in the eye of the judge and of the world, and at the same time to secure favor tv himself by holding up his own conduct as righteous and immac- ulate, whereby to make that of the defendant appear more black, it is but fair that his pretensions should be submitted to the criticism to ■which he justly exposes himself. The argument of the United States asks at the hands of this tribunal for a rigorous enforcement of the obligations of neutrality against Great Britain, on the ground that, while the latter has been unmindful of its duties as a neutral, the United States have maintained a consistent and unvarying course in the most exemplary fulfilment of those duties. 1 select one from many passages in which a comparison between the two nations in this respect is invidiously made : Qiialin ah incepto talii adfinem. With consistency unwavering, and at wbatever haz- ard of domestic or foreign inconvenience, even if it were friendly powers like Friinue and Great Britain with which we were thus brought into contention, the "■•'*"'' « ' United States Argument, pp. 324, 325. Cninpnriso" lio- twet'ii tiient Hrituin mill riiilcd Stiite.s i^(^ to oI.serViilujL' of ncMitriility. UiiitPil OriNIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKnURX. 2S9 .ms Ity tho ^ov. to either of the ■eniiiiii or to !i.. L- sold," Scpte;!!. ce if nccessavv,'' r, 18G5.1 t with regard } law ofllcers, > rejection, at t)e inserted in lels, equii)[)e(l to produce an titutioiml law familiar with [lefined; tlit'v rty, property, Br is expressly leptioii of the ready spoken, ■sels to British in, which are in respect of t most exceii- B sense an act iferred by tlie itive. As an oinj^ out as a bo nsed, tliese ft' prerogative rison is drawn that of Great )f neutrality. instances of it it is Great And this is he defendant inie to secure s and ininiae- e. black, it is criticism to this tribunal against Great [lindfnl of its onsistent ami •se duties. I ween the two t -whatever liaz- ers lilce Frunze ion, tlie Uiiitnl Miiti's have steadily adhered to priueiph's of international neutrality; ami we may ,f,ll tlitnefore, (h-iuand the observanee of those principle.s, or reparation fur their non- observance on the part of Great Jhitain.' It becomes, therefore, perfectly lejiitimate to take — as is done in the British counter-case — a retrospect of the history of American neutrality so vauntingly extolled in the papers before us. It cannot be fair or Just that a country in \vho.se ports privateering against the commerce of trieiiilly nations has been openly carried on upon the largest scale, and from whose shores armed expeditions and raids have, in so many in- stances, gone forth, shduld seek to enlist the favor of this tribunal in order to swell the damages against Great Britain, by holding itself up as a model of neutral perfection. It is not so much for this purpose, however, that I advert to the history of the past, as it is for that of showing that there is no foundation for the assumed superiority of American laws or institutions in respect of the fulfilment of neutral obligations. The use of a review of American history in this respect will readily be seen. America undoubtedly has the credit of being the first nation that, by positive legislation, sought to restrain its subjects within r.,..i,i„,unofir;u, the strict limits of neutrality. But those who nuike this boast as against ( Ireat Britain should also remember that it was through the acts of American citizens that such legislation first became neces- sary. Tlie large and just mind of the greatest of American statesmen saw at once the reproach and the danger arising to his country from her ])orts being used for the building ami ecjuippiug of privateers by American citizens, and for sending them out, manned With xVmerican iiews, commissioned by the French government, to make war on British vessels, while the United States and Great Britain were at i)eace. For, ;is I have already observed, this was the mischief against which the leg- islation of 17!>4 was directed. At that tin)e no complaint had arisen of ships of war being built for a iM'llJgereiit, The complaint, again and again made by the British minis- ter, was of '' the practice,"' as Air. Jelferson calls it, "of commissioning, iijuippiiig, and manning vessels in American i)orts, to cruise on any of* ilie belligerent parties."- The Government of General Washington was perfectly sincere in its desire to prevent American ports from V)eing used fortius purpo.se; and, had there always been Washingtons at the head of att'airs, the well-founded complaints of Spain and Portugal, in 1S1(> |;ind 1817, might never have arisen. I say " well-founded complaints," for the few vessels built or equi[)ped in Great Britain during the late liivil war bear but a small proportion to the organized and systematic [privateering which was carried on Ironi American ports at the period I |;imreterriiig to. I lirst take the case of Spain, as it appears in the corre- spondence .set Out in the third volume of the British Appendix. On the 2d of January, 1817, Don Luis de Onis, njinister of Spain to [the United States, thus addresses ^Iv. ^Monroe, then Secretary of State : Wasiiixgtox, January 2, 1S17. J^iK: The mischiefs resultina; from the toleration of the armament of privateers in YY poitsof this Union, and of bringing into them, with impunity, the plunder made by these privateers on the Spanish trade, for the purpose of distributing it among those iiimliants who have no scruple in engaging in these piracies, have rison to such a liii),'ht, that I dihould be wanting in my duty if I omitted to call your attention again ; '0 this very important subject. tuinpl mil-. iifSpn-n. m 19 b ' United States Argument, p. 94. - liritish Appendix, vol. v, p. *242. m m 200 AUniTRATIOX AT GENKVA. It is notoriixis tliat, iiUli(>u;;li the spociiliitivo system of rittiii<; out pi'iviitccis, ami imtlin^!; tliciii uiidor a torciyii lla^j;, oiio disiivowcd liy all luitions, for the iinr|msi. „| (l(;stroyii)j^ the S|>aiiisli eoiiiiiifrec, has been more or less jmrsiied in ail Jiorts ol' tli,. L'liioii, it is more (ispeeially in tlioso of Nt!\v Orleans and IJaltimoro, whert! tlit; ;,'rt.'ati>t violations of the rtjspect clue to a friendly nation, and, if I may say so, of tliat ihwi, themselves, have been committed ; whole S(|nadrons of pirates havin;^ been tittoddm from thonce, in violation of the solemn treaty existinj; between the two niitioiis, and lirin;rinj; back to them thii fruits of their jiiracies, witlioiit bein;^ yet clieclvcd in tinsc courses, »;itlier by the nu'Iamations I have made, those of His Majesty's consuls, orth,. decisive and, judicious orders issued by the I'resident for that purpttse. Aftor sotting- forth deiuetlations done by three American privateers. he continues : The consul at New Orleans informs me that the pirate Mitchell, with the vessels in. der his conuuand, litt.ed out by diH'erout merchants at that jtort, of whom a Mr. l)ii|i,iv is supjjostyd to be the princii>al, has lat»^ly taken several Spanish jtri/es to (ialvcstmi, and that from the i)rocee(ls of their sales he has remitted to the said deputies Sl(),',(iii(\ which ho has deposited in the Bank of Louisiana, after deducting the shares of tin' captain and crew, amounting, as is snjtposed, altogether to !t!'200,00U. The same iousul adds that two of the prizes, one from Campeachy, and the other from Guateuialii, wir.. burned, Jind their crews landed by that savage monster, near lioquilla de Piednis, that they might be, as they actually were, put to death by his great friend, Yilla]iiiito, a noted rebel ringleader, Avho, being pursued by the King's troops, had retreated tntlif seashore to make his escape. Of ninety men composing these crews, only uiiie wcie saved. The consul at Norfolk informs mo of the arrival there of a privateer schooner from Buenos Ayres, one of .several titted out at Baltimore, and wholly owned there; tli;it from what he has been able to ascertain, among other vessels she plundered a S|panisli shij), laden with a cargo of coidiineal, iiuligo, and specie, to the amount of moro tliaii S'200,000, and })roceeded to Baltimore to divide the .spoil among the concerni.'d. The said consul, in the discharge of his duty and exercise of his rights, addressed an appli- cation to the collector of tlie customs, copy of which is annexed, and also of the answir of the collector, by which you will perceive that he declines this just reclamation. I could cite innumerable other cases, as well attested as those I have just stated, but I omit them, as their d(;tail would fatigue you, without tending to denunistrate iiiiin; etfectually that they proceed from the non-observauco by the ofllicers of tlus Govfin- nicnt of the President's proclamation, and of the treaty of limits and navigation betwwii the two governments.' On the 10th of January Don Luis writes again : I have just received informatifin from the King's consul at New Orleans of ilociiii- ,ture. within sight of the IJalize of tliat pcu-t.and at little more thanmusket-slu)t fioiiitl.f laiul, of the Spanish schooner Hi polita. Captain Don Buenaventura March, by tlio piiato Jupiter, under the Margarita Hag. To enable you fully to judge of the atrocioiisn™ of this ca])tuie, manifestly in vi(dation of the territory of ifche rnited States, I have tli(! honor to inclose the declaration of the captain of the said schooner, made lieture His Majesty's consul at the aforesaid port, by which it appears he was at anchor in tlif I'ass of tlio Mississii)[ii, and with ))rati(|ue fi(un the J5alize on board, wlii'u lio v:i< boarded by the aforesaid i)irate, and so inhumanly treated by him as to be left weltti- ing in his blood upon tlie deck. • Jt would be smierlluous to atlVct your sensibility by a detail of the multiplied iiijiiiiis and (uitrages incessantly sustained l>y His .Majesty's sulijects in these ports; tlu'V li;ivi' already been admitted by tin; I'resident in his message to Congress, reconnneiidiiii,' the a]>ear best caleidated to rcpit''^ llieni, Ihcreliy olfering to the King, my master, a pledge that His Kxcelk^ncy admits tln' necessity of indeiiinilying them as far as jiossible. It is, however, with great n'^it-: that i have to remailc on the delay in carrying such urgent measures into exociitiuii. and that the injuries complained (d' ha\'e not bi'en iirevented by a due ohserv.iiici'ut the laws of nations, and of the existing treaty, which, .by the Constitution, has th'' force of law in all the courts, in conseinience of its ratitica'tion l>y the rresideiit Hiiu the Seuate.- ()n the 10th of FoUruary ])on Luis comp]ain?( of five more privateer?, belonging to jjorts of the States, Jis lia\iiig taken prizes, tuid beiiij;' en- gaged in cruising against Spanisli sliips.- On the I'Otli of ]\Iarcli lie writes: I have just been informed that there have entered at Norfolk two pirates, uiulfrt'm' ' British Appendix. v(d. iii. p. 'J'J. - Ibid,, vol. iii, p. mi. iJ OflXIONS OF SIU ALKXANDER C0CKI5URN. 291 er scliooiier frwii l];i.Mif ISiK.'iios Ayrcs, the priiH'i|»al of which iscalh'il tho IiulciiciKlcncia dt-l Sii, wiiicli, to enter int(» that port, has clianyed lif! iiaii"- to that of Atievichi ; she has a crew of 711 men, and appeared to hts eoniinaiuh'd livii person cidled (jrrinin)hls. JJotli vessels were built and litted ont at Baltimore, helon<; tddtizeuH >f that place, and others in this repulilic, and their crews and captains are ot tlie wuiie. Their entrance into Norfolk has lieen public, to revictual. and return ti> ili(iitTaise against the subjects of the Kinji, my master ; but their jnincipal oltject is iii|iiace in safety the fruits of their i)iracies, which must be of };reat importaiu-e, if wo iitti 11(1 to tho infornnition from Havana, which states that they have robbed a sin;j;]e >|iiinisli vessel, coniiny fioin N'era C'rn/., of slHl,()0(); and to the fact that, on the iJlsl of ilic present month, they had deposited >i(i(»,(iUO in the ]Jank of Norfolk, had landed a number of packaj^es of cochineal, and had declared that they had taken to tins amount lit' s',110,0""- I am informed that the person called C'onnnodore ('hay tor was about to Mt out for Baltimore, ])robably to settle accounts, and divide his robberies with tho lursons interested in tho outtit. It is a circumstance worthy of remark, that these two liinites saluted the fort at Norfolk, and tliat it returned the salute njtou the same terms as would have been done with a vessel of Avar of my sovereign, (»r of any other uutiou aikiiowledged by all independent powers.' At the same time, .another vessel, the Orb, is matle the subject of eiiually strong compUiiut : The pirate Orb, fitted out at Haltimore, under tho name of the Congress, and (lag of lliieiios Ayres, coumianded by Joseph Almenla, a rortnguose, and a citizen of this re- imlilic, has had the audacity to return, and enter the said port, there to in writing to the proper ofli- 'I'K biitli at N(niolk and lialtiniore, in Older that lull iiH|uiry may be made into tho I iilii':;i\ti((iis contained in your notes, ami ad('i|uati! lediess and punishment enforced, \Am\\ it appear that the laws luive been iiifriiigi'd by any of the acts coiuidained of, I I use the present occasion to acknowledgt} also the receipt of your note of the lltli ("I this mouth, which you did me the honor to addn.'ss to me, conmmnicating information I'wt had reached you of other .ind like infractions of our laws within the port of lial- ;;ittiMuU.(l t hiKiit led to, you will perceive a st)irit of just conciliation on tho part as well as a prompt sensibility to the rights of your sovereign. -' of this goveru- ' r.ritish Appendix, p. lO.j. - Ibid., vol. lii., p. lOfJ. : 1 M. 292 ARDITKATIOX AT GENEVA. 'C'^ H'Ci::,' Don Luis replies as ^Iv. Adams or Mr. Dudley might have done: Uy your noto of y»'st«'nlay I am aitpiiscil that tlus I'rcsiilont, on Iteiu^ iiiforincil, liv tlu! notes to whicli yoii luivi' roplit'd, of tlio mnliKiity witli wljicli tlio pirates aniiwl iii tliis country inti'odiice into it the fruits of their roblu-ries, has been ph'ased to jrjvi. Huitabh) orders to tht; authorities at Norftdk aiul Italtiinorv, tiiat Iiuvin^ as( crtaiiu'd tlic facts whicli I have bronj^lit to Ids knowledge, they shouhl duly proceed a d. I am i>erfeetly aware that fj;""'^ ord(;r, the i>ersonal Heeun"ynt iudividmils, and thi! ])reventiou of any violence beiuj^ committed ui>on them, rt'i|iiirf that suits should be instituted accordiuf^ to the rules of court; but when a crinicis notorious to all, and is doubted by none, w hen the tranquillitj' and security of tho State, the luMior of the nation, and the resptict that indeptMidcnt jtowors owe to each otlit'r,ap' interested in puttinj;' a stop to crimes so enormous as those I have had the honor to denounce to yon, it api»ears to me that the nnij^istrates are authorized to collect a eumniary body of information, to innuire whether the public opinion is doubtful, ainl if there l>e {ground to institute a suit. The cidlectorof the customs cannot be iKiinraiit that the three vessels, which I have named to you, were built and fitted out at Haiti- more; that they were cleared at that custom-house as Americans; that their crews were, at their departun-, composed of citizens of this Union, as were their captaiih; and that the etlects which they have, landed can oidy come from Spanish couutiies. What stronj-er testimony, if more is wanted, than their own declaration, can be desireil to ])rocecd ajiainst these i)irates .' Tlie shii>'s pai)ers, tlus declarations of the crews, the lojjj-hook, are all testimony which can throw lijilit upon the truth or falsehood td" the crime alh'j^eil, and niake it imncccssaiy to tronl)le them until it be ascertained that tiiere is ground for procui'ilin,' judicially ayainst them.' Next coincs a eoiiiplaiiit of the ('ai)tnre of a Spanish hri^' bytlie pirate Aliix'ida, eommandinly I conceive it projier only to remark, that these vessels have not liei'U un- noticed by me, and that, in my eondiu't toward tiu'in,! shall endea\()r, as 1 liiivc doin'. to obstM've that course which my ol'lieial duties appear to me to have prescribed, lii jtursning which, that 1 may have the aid of every light to guide ine which facts tm atlord, and as the allegations thus maih; by you, in an ol'licial form, must be ])n'siiiiit'il to be l)ottomed on i)OHitive facts, which have come to yoiir knowledge, you will liiive the goodness, I trust, to fnrnisii me, with as little delay as po.ssible, v,-ith the cviikutf of their existence in your possession.' The Spanish Dndley replies : With regard to the evidence you reriuire I will not hesitate to say that, as tliefact< I have stated are matter of public notoriety, known to everybody, and I had no reasmi to supi)ose that you were ignorant of them, I did not deem it incumbent on riio toaiM any proof to the simple narration of them ; and I was confident that, by goia^nntu ])oint out to you the stipulations and laws which are infringed in consequence ot'tlw* facts, you will think yourself authorized to interfere in the manner requested. I will assert, sir, as' a known fact, tliat the brig now called Independencia del Suili* the same vessel which was formerly known under the name of the Mammoth privateer, belonging to Baltimore, armed and e(|uipped in that port, from which .she sailed uuder the command of the same James Chaytor, who still commands her; that the very same James Chay tor was necessarily then, and cannot have cea3ed since to bo, a citizen ol the United'States, is settled and has a fiimily in Baltimore, whence his wife ciunedojvii .1 few days ago in the packet Walter Gray, and is now in this town on a visit tomr j husband"; that he has enlisted men in this port, many of whom are not ,so obscnreii! •British Appendix, j}. 107. = Ibid., p. lOS. 'Ibid., p. 112. OPINIONS OF SlU ALKXANDKU COCKIU'KN. 2[)S i;i^t to be lifiioriilly known. I will mcntiini, ih an cxunii'l*'. Mi'. Vumi;;, dl' rorlsnioiitli, wlmis iii>\v actinj; MS lirst licntfiiant on lioaiil tin? saitl Ini;;. 1 will a-isi-rt as a I'ai-t ilmt tilt' Atrcvida Ih tlio very scliooncf known In tnii' nndiT tlin name of tlit; I{onii>, tlio ..iiiietiiat nndorwcnt u trial tor piracy hctoro tlic l-'cdcral court in tiiis Stale; tliat her iirtseiit fonnnanilt'i', Captain (liinnolds, is a native of one ot" tlin nei:riii,(,i-iiiir towns, mdveiy well known in this jdai'e ; am) fnially, that this vessel has lieen at one of tho wharves altering iit;r eoppei', which I call an improvement in her e(|nipnn'nt. If these piilili(! facts, iallini^ within the knowleilMC of cvcfv imiividiial, reipiire nioro ]ir(ii)f than the pnlilic notoriety of them, I must ic(|iicst to he intornied as tothenatnro III' that proof, and also whether yon are not warranted to act npoii jnst ;;ronnds of .ihliicion withont that [jositive eviilenee which is oiily necessary hi'i'ore ii eonrt of jiistii't'.' The collt'ctor «li(l not look upon the facts as siinit-iont to warrant any iictiou on his part. The corrcspontleiicc o-otvson in innoh tho same strain. On the 10th of September, J)on Luis writes to 3Ir. J. i^. Athinis : A (.'Diiiplaint having hcen laid hefore His Catholic ^[ajesty's {^ovenunent hy a part of tlii'i'iew (d'the Spanish i)olaci'a Santa Maria, <'aptnred ^)u her passa;;e from llavami to (';iiliz liy tli(! pirate called the I'atriota .MexieanK. tjommandeil Ijy .losi' (inillermo j'.ste- l';iii(W, manned with citizi-ns of these States, and covered hy their llau', nnder which ho iliascil and bronj^ht to the said polaeea, until, having ascertained her capture, ho liiiistcd the insurgent llai;, I hav(! received the comman(ls of the Kinj;' my master to re- i|Ui'st of the I'resi(h'nt, thronj^h yonr medinm, tin? most decisive nu'asnres for imttingau mil to the abuses jn-acticetl in tho ports of this I'liion, by annin'^ privateiM-s to crniso ;i;;aiiist the Spanish trade, thns prostitntini;' the tla^ (d'the I'nitcd States by these pre- ilaMiy acts, and tram|)iin,m nndi-r foot, with an nnparalhded audacity, national riy;hts ;i:iil tlio existin;;' tnsaty l;etw(!en Sjjain and these States. Itiicretoro now reiu^w those. nrj;-ent reclaniaticms which, on former occasion.;. I havo •'iliinittcd to the I'resident, thronffji yonr department, on this important p(dnl : and I irihi that the nunierons instances of these abases and Ii(nrilde(h'pn'dations will induce liiMXecllcncy to adopt enerii'etie measures to restrain these excesses, whiidi so deeply iiiiindiiiit the neutrality of the Tnited Stales in the eyes of all nations, and are wiiolly :iliii;;Miiiit to the friendship and j;ood understandin,!;- hap|)ily subsisting;' between them ;i!iil lli.s Catholic Majesty. In ii letter of tho LM of Xoveinbor, he writes : It is very disin^reeahle to nu" to have to repeat to yon. .^ir. what, uut'ortnnatrly. I havo liirii several times under the lu'^essity of sninhitliu';' to the President, through tho iiitdiiun of your predecessors, namely, that the act of Con;;re>s of the :>d of Marcdi, l~'17, liisiii no wise lessened tilt? abuses hy which the laws are evaded, and which render 'liiiicly illusory the laudable imrposes for which they were enai'ted. I'rom the j;reater iNiii iif the ports of tliesi! States there fre(|ucntly sail a considerable number id" vessels Willi tile jircnu'ditatcd intention of iittackiui;' the Spanisii ('oiiinierce. ^vhich carry their iiiiiiaiiieiit concealed in the hold. It rarely liai)pens that they can be arri'stcd, inasmuch ii'- till,' collectors of the customs say that they have not !it their disi)osition the naval iiiRi; necessary to ell'i^ct it ; on the other hand, ai'iiicd vessels, nnder the flaj;' of the in- >tiri;ciits, enter into tho i>orts (d' thti Union. anl' till' cifws lur Aincricaii ciii/i'iis, mnl iIkiI tlicic is siaif iy ii siiiylc iii(li\i(ii|;,| b('li>ll<;ill;< Id liiirliiis A.\ Irs to lie I'lillliil inniili^ lliclii. * I iiiii awaif, sir, tliat ytui will tell inr that tin- cniiits •,ir open to tlii' n'i(i;;iii;»;ii„„ ol' claiiiiH ot' t iiis nat nri'. ami n-aily to apjily I in- law to iicli casfM as occur and aiv mu,. ]iortr(l Ity siiitalilc tcstiiiiiiny ; lint I am imdcr tlic p.-ccs^ily ol'dcclaiinn (n \iia tli;ii n is in \ain to seek siidi tcstiiiioiiy. Imwcvcr clr.ir it may lie to cNciyliodv . | li^,, (IciiioMstratcil, ill flic iiiosi poiiilcil maiinci; lo His Majesty's consul tlic proinictviii direct in;r Ills at I cut inn to |ioints of so mnc'i imiioilaiu'i' : Imt lie lias proved tn nir {\\y ii }{i'i>at portion ol' t lie commercial pi'>'|ile ol' I'laltimoie liein^ iiileresteil in i|ii> d.,. wliiidi iiroiliicc my prcseiil reclanr'; ions, no one is williii;;' to come forward and iiii,| testimony aj;ainsi wlial is lermi'.'i the ycncial iiitei'ot : ami liiiis the wise nieiisnivMii jiovcrnnieiit aii' cimled. jnsl', e is jiaraly/cd. and the suits ]irocrastiiiated and defciiv,| I'loin coiirf to court, will; a view to deprive His Majesty's snhjecis of that Justice Willi;, tlie.v have an iiiido".ltte' others, thtit of the I'liilipiiim Compiiiiy's ship Triton, to tliii iuiioinit of .*l,r»()(),()(»0, ci»i)tiire(l liy tin ]>ir{ite IndepeiitU'iiciii del Slid, ami ciirried to IJuenos Ayres to he soli! tliere, htive u ]>roJect in iittinj^' out anew iind of jittackinj; some posMv sions of the Kino', my master, on this continent, to which they iimy more etisily send tlieir i)rizes ; tinit these same iiriviitecrs htivt^ hioui:]]- in two Spiinish [>ri/es, which are at this moment in the ])ort of Jlaltiinoiv, one of them ii vessel beloii'^iny to the roytil ntivy,'' he continues: I, therefore, demand, in the name of the Kiiij;', my master, trte restoration of iliii>. prizes, as haviii^f lieeii niach' Ity American cili/.ens. and vessels lifted oiif in this cniiiiin, in viidation (d'tlie existing; treaty between the two powers, and that the sailing' nfth' 8aid jtrivateers Im^ sti)))pcd. and tlii'y compelled to "ivc seciii'ity for the result ofiiiiix- jicdition, of which, without knowiiijj; posilixcly that they intend to execute it, I li.iv, the stroii;4'cst j^roiinds for prcsiimin;;- tliey mean to do.- The correspondence closes witli ii letter of Don Luis to ^Ir. Adams nt the lOlh of Xovember, I.SIS, in which he thns writes: AVh.'itcver may liii the forecast, wisdom, and Justice conw])icnoiiH in the hiwsef I'u. United States, it is universally notorious that a system of pillae'e and ae'^jressinii li.i- hecii t(dy nnavailin<;. The; artiliccs and evasions liy means of wliiidi tlic leiiir of tilt! hiw lias on these occasions been constantly eluded, are sntliciently known, iiiiil oven the combination of interests in jn'rsons who are well known, iimonj;- whom iii. soiiu) iioldinjt pnblic olliccs. With a view to alford yon and the l'r<;sident nunc mm })leto demonstration of tlu^ abuses, aj^j^ressions, and jiiracies allndisd to, 1 iiulosc ymi correct lists, extracted from anthentic documents deposited in the archives of tliisli Ration, exhibitinjj the number of jirivateers or jdrates lifted out in 1 he I'liitcd Stiiti- ajfainst Spain, ami of tin; jirizes brouj^ht by them into the ports of the I'liioii. iiswill as of those .sent to other jtorts. to}>'ctlier with the result of the claims made by tlir »S[)anisli consuls in the conrts of this country. Amonj; them you will Iind the casini two armed shijjs, the Morazio ami (Jnriazo, built at New York, and detained liy Hi' Majesty's cousnl there on the "ground of their havinj; on boai'd thirty jdeces of {'iiiiiio!i concealed, with their carriafics, and a crew of 1(10 men. On which occasimi it was jm- tended that it could not be provenns were not an article of coiiiini'ivr and they liuall.v jmt to ,sea without them, the extraordinar.v number of ollii'i'is iiii'l crew passinji' for jnisst'Ujiers. 'i'ho number of ]iri\;iteers or ])irates titled out and inn- .tected in the ])orts of this iei>ublic, a.s well as of the Spanish ])rizes made by tlieiii. *ar exceeds that contained in the within list, but I only la,v before your (JoveniiU'ii; those of whieli I havi; <,'ertaiii and satisfac'tory proofs. The ri^ht of Spain to an ii'''- quale indemnity for all the spoliations committed by these privateers or iiirates on tl)' Crown and snlijects of His Catlndic Majesty is undeniable; but I now .submit it \o\Mt (ioverninent only to |)oint out the extreme uecssity of ])uttin<;' an end to tlicsi' I'l"- tinned acts of hostility and depredati(/n. and of euttin;;- short these enoriinms amlil'' Riant abuses and evils, by tlu^ adojition of such ett'eetiial i)reeautions and reiiRilii'^^i" willi>nt it out of the power of euimlity m' ingenuity to ilefeat en- elude theiii.' ' Ibitish A]>pemlix. vol. iii. p. I'J" -Ibid., ]). 1-24. ■Ibid., p. i:!I. OliNloNS OF SIi: AI.I'.XANDKK (OC'KmKN. oqr, illKlc illllivi(lll;il 31 r. Ailanisot ( ..nil.|.iiit ports of Now Orlciins, (Miailcston, IMiilaV\v Vorlc, with a fcninidahU' list of |ui/('s iiia(U^ l>y them. Dniiiij;' tliis time similar coinplaiiits liiol been coiistiiiitly addriissi'd to till' riiilcd States (loverimient, on hehiilf of that of I'ortii- MiilJiy tiic luiiiister of the: latter power, the Chevalier ( "or- iriMJc Serra. I'orlii^al beiii;;' at that time, involved in war with the Aiii^MS <>(»veriimeiit, privateers were in like manner fitted ont and iiiiiiiiicd by American citi/ens nuainst the commeree of l*oi'tn;;'al. OiitlieSth of March, bSlS, the I'ortn^^ese ndnistor writer- to .Mr. Adams (hilt lie isorilered to lay before the eyes of the LTnited States (iovernment ilu'ciise of three l'ortn;4'ese ships, (of which he <;ives the details,) •' (tap- tni't'd hy pi'ivateeis titled in the (Jnit«'d States, manned by American (lews, and comnninded by Anu'iican captains, thonjih nndi-r insniji'ent ciilors." JI(^ incloses ;in extract from the docnments provinj; these facts, ;iii([ offers to place the docnments themselves at the disposal of Mr. Adams.' Mr. Adams, .settin.i;', as it were, an «'.\ample to future J'.ritish foroi;;u x'l'R'taries, answers : Tlui (Idvcriiiiu'iit of tlic I'nitcMl Slates Iiiiviot; used all tlit; means in its power to jire- vint the litliii^' out aiitl arniiiijf dt' vessels in tlwir jioits to eiiiise against any nation Willi wlmm they ai'n at peace, and liavinj^ t'aitlil'iilly eanied into e\eention tliu laws iiiactcd to preserve inviolate the neutral and )>aeilie ohlit;atioiis of this I'nion, cannot (oiisidcr its(dl' Itonnd to iiidenmily individual foreiy,iiers lor losses by captures, over «!iiili the I'uited States have neitlier control nor jurisdiction. l''or such events nona- liiiii ciiii in priucii)le, iioi' does in jjractice, ludd itselt' responsilde. A lecisive reason tditiiis, if there werti no other, is tht^ inaltility to provide a tribunal Ix t'oie which the fails cull l)e proved. Till' (hicunients to Nvliicli you rcL'r must, of course. In; cr-jx' c '■.{.liements, which in i'lMtiiijiil or in brazil, as well as in this country, could only si r\ e as a foundation for adidiisiu daniai;'es, or for the prosecution aiul tiial of tht; pers(uis supposed to lia\'e roiiiniitted the depredations and outrajies alle;;ed in them. Should the jtarties couie within the Jui' ilictiou of the United States, there are courts of admiralty comi)etent tiiastcrtaiu tli facts upon liti^^ation between them, to iiunish the outia^'es which nuiy l"'(liily i)roved, ami to restore the jiroperty to its I'iiflitfiil owners, should it also be liriiiijrlit within our jurisdiction and found upon judicial infjuiry to have been taken ill till' inauuer rei)r(!sented by your letttir. J5y the niuversal laws of nations the oldi- ;;:itioii.s of the American (iovornnuMit extend no further. - A^'ain, on the loth of October, the Chevalier de Serra writes : W.vsiiiXGTOX, October 15, lr;18. >ii!:This very ninnicnt I perceive the iutellifience that a ship is tittinj; in the I'lUiixi'iit to cruise af^ainst the J'ortu^fuese conimer<'e, and the shijisu tittinj; is no other than the J'ortnguese tinebrijj; Soam Sexto, taken si))ne weeks before by the Haltimorean inivatcer Fortuna, sent into beaufort, North Carolina, and the jjoods ship])ed for New York iind Baltimore where they are under reclamation. Cajjtain Taylor left Baltimore I'll Sunday to take char<;e of her, and the niyht before! the last a great deal of stores lift Ijaltiniore I'orthis ship. You know perfectly to what extent tlio sujireine Executive can exert liis ]iower io picvcnt such a breacli of all moral and international law ; and I dare not (lr to put a stojt to these depredations, but thiMvil IS rather increasing. I can present to you, if riMpiired, a list of fifty I\)rtugucs(;sliiii>. almost all richly laden, some of them East Imliameu, which have been taken by tlM>r people during the period of full i)eace. This is not tin; whohs loss we have sustiiimil. this list comprehending only those captures of which I have received ot'licial cum- plaints. Tins victims have been many move, besides violations of territory by huuiin,' and plundering ashore with shocking circumstances. One city alone (Ui this coast has armed twenty-six ships which ))r(>y on our vitiil-, and a week ago three armed ships of this niiture were in that port waiting for !i tavur- able occasion of sailing fur a cruise. Certainly, the people who commit these exccssi> are not the United States, but nevertlieh-ss they live iu the United Sta, 's and eiiiiilny against us the resources which this situation allows them. It is imi)ossible to viiw them otherwise than a wichj-extended and powerful tribe of iulidels, worse still tli:i:i those of North Ali'ica. Tlit; \(Utli Africans make prizes with leave of their govnu- ment according to their laws and after a deelaratiou of war ; but thesi; worse iiilidi!- of whom I speak, make i>rizes from nations friendly to the United States again>t llh will of the (iovernment of the United States, ami in spite of the laws of the rnitnl States. They are more powerful than the AlViean iulidels, because the whole (■o;i>l I'l ]5arbary does not jiossess such a strength of privateers. 'They ai'e numerous and wiili'y scattered, not only at sea for action, bur a>lioie likewise to ke'cji their ground ii!,';iiii>i the obvious and plain sense of your laws, since most generally, wherever Micy luivc been called to the law, they have found abettors who have hel[ied them to iuvailc tin laws Viv formalities. I shall not tire yiui with the numerous instances of these facts, but it may he ensilv c'' projierty stolen, of deliiU|Uents inconceival)ly ac(|uitted, letters from I'ortuguesc nici- chants deeply injured iu their fortunes, and seeinu' me (as often has Iieeii the eiiscinii- ))ressed by ]U'ayers for bri'ad fi(nu I'ortugriese sailors thrown penniless on the shorts after their ships had been I'aptured. The Executive having honorably exerted the jiowers with which your Const itiiti";: invests him. and the evil he wished to stop being Ibund too refraetor,v, it would he nui and fruitless importunity if I contiuueil with indiviilual complaints exce])t by i»i>iii^' orders. This (Government is the only lU'oper .judge of what constitutiouMl (I:s|iiisiliii!i- or arrangements may be established lor the euforceiueut of the laws, and he aloiu' lii- the means of obtaining them, which an; constitutionally shut to any foreign min- ister ; I trust in the wisdom and justice of this (iovernment that he will liud thei>ni|"t means of putting an end to this moustrous iutidel conspiracy, so heterogeueuu;! I'l the very nature of the United States. . Uefore such ceuivenicnt means are established, tlie (>lforts of a rortuguese minister on this subject (t)ie only om^ of importance at pr<'sent between the two nations) arc "i little profit to the interests of his soveiei;;!!. lielyiug ciuitidently on the sun'cs'iliii efhu'ts of the (Jovernnieut to bring forth such a desirable order Dritish Appendix, vol. iii, p. I'jO, No. 8. OriNIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKBURN. 297 >le witli a vi,il;i. essel witliiu tlu- r sovorcMgn, and ire(!tinns will hv to institute suits leir triiil. I Q. ADAM.S, In i tod Statw •ut down till' ing. Several ?mne(l, others iuiied, vessels } ofticials. As 51 writes in a rather tliaii ■vmhcr 2:\ lei'j. orations: posi; the system- Portiijfncsc suh- •ts of the I'nidii, Kriitcfiil for, the oils, but till' evil \)rtii;;;ii('S(;sliiii>. 1 tukt'ii by tiiiM- S llilVt' SUStllilli'll. vcd ol'li('i;il ciiiii- itory by laiHiiii: vy on our vitiil-, itiiiy; torn t'avdr- it th('Sl,'(.'XC('^^l■^ ii 'S iind eiiiiilny )ossibl(! to vii'iv wors(.' still than f tiu'ir ^'(iVfni- '.vorsf iiiliiJiK ti's u^'itiiist till' H of the riiitiil whole coast I'l' rolls iind wiili'y ground iii;aiiht (■%•(■!• :hey liaw 11 to invade lliu t iiiMV be easily s of i'ortii,i,'iifM' Ortnouese iiii'i- 11 the ease)(iii- s on the sliui'tt ur Constitutiim would be men •ejit by iiosiiivi nal (lis]iosiliiiii- id ill! iiioiie li:i- t'lireiiiii mill- Iind the pi"!"'' 'tero,i;eiieoii.s I" ii;-ii('se ininistiT iratioiis) are I'l the siiei'esst'iii ;s. I choose tlii- niomeiit to pay a visit to Brorts of tbe United States; but this does not appear to have had the ell'ect of stopi)ing the evil; privateering api)eai's, if we may judge by the Lontiinied comi)laints, to have gone on as before. On the Stli of June, 1S20, the Chevalier de Serra calls attention to a ship, taken bj- one of the privateers, having been sold by Judicial au- thority "in Baltimore, under the hammer, to Captain Chase, a notori- ous privateersman, standing und-ir an indictment for piracy/' lie adds : It is to be imiiiediatoly fitted as .a privateer (and a forniidablo one it will prove, by its si/.e and strength, whi(di are those of a good frigate) to cruise against the J'ortii- L'liese ludianieii, and the coinniand of it will be given, as it is assiind, to the notorious Ciilptaiu Taylor. 1 have not the least doubt that the supieme E C(>cutive of this nation has both the pdwer and tlie will of putting a stop to this hostile arinuineiit, particularly when, as in this case he has timely information whiidi will be successively jiiit under his t.'ycs, ,it the very stage of this ininiieal aitenipl on the i'oitugncse commerce. - Again, on the IGtli of July'i VVii,mix(;t<)x, ./«/// Ifi, 18-20. V;l Sii;: lam ordered by my sover(dgn to lay before this (iovernmenr tin; nami>s and liie of nineteen I'ortiigiiest; ships and their cargoes, taken by private armed ships, litted iu the ports of tins I'nioii by citizens of these .States, Tiie valsies have been iiscertaiued by the jiroper courts of justice, and revised w'''.i all care and attention by the royal board of conimeree. [ii uroi'iortioii as the value id" the other shiiis stolen is in tlif same manner ascertained, their names, and the amount of los n's, will be laid before this I iovcruuient. Ilie value of the nineteen ships is stated at -SGI 0,1. "iS. ill this letter the chevalier projtoscs the iippointineut of cDiir.iiission- ersto "confer and agree u[)ou what reason and justice demand." The pro iiosiil Wits declined. The reply was : The aitiioiiitiiK'iit of eoiiinii>-.ioiM'rs to confer and agrei> with the ministers id" Iler Must raithl'ul Majesty ii]>oii the siibjcet to wliicu ynur b'trer refers, would not be coii- M-teiit with the Oonstilulion of the I'liited States imr with any praeti<'e usual among livili/rd nations. 'J'lie judicial ]iower id" tin- I'liiled St;ites is, by their (Jciastitntio'i, vistetl iu tiieir Siinreuie Court, and in tribunals subordinate to the same. The jin'iges »t these triliiiiials are amenable, to their ctmiitrv by inipeaidinient, and if any i'ortii- ;'Mes(. subject has siilfered wrong by any act; of any citi/eii of the Unitcil .States within llieir jurisdiction, it is before these tribunals that the remedy is to be sought and oli- fiiiiieil. l'(u- any acts of citi/.eiis of the I Jiited States coimiiirted out of their jiirisdu> liuii and beyond their control, the tJoveriimciit of the I'nited States is not responsible. ^ The proposal was renewed in I8i'2, but again decliuiMl. The (rovern- iiieiit liiid done all it could do. " Kvery attention, comp.itible with the lights of citizens of the United States iiud with the laws of nations, liad h^'en paid by the Government to the comi»liiints of M. Correal of captures made liy privateers titteT. 298 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. Ijji by tlioir citizens.*' " Tlio liuys for securing tlie faithful iierfoniiiuicc ot the duties of neutrality' had been revised and enforced : decrees of ic-tj. tution had been ])ronounced by the Judicial tribunals in all cases ofi'oi. tugnese capture*! vessels brought within the Jurisdiction of the Unitwl States; and all the measures Avithin the competency of the K\ociiti\> had been taken by that depailment of the (jovernment for repivssin;^, the fitting out of ])rivateers Ironi United States ports, and tlic oiilist ment of citizens in them."' ^Ir. Adams adds, in a letter to the United States minister at Lislwn; ''These measures, however, do not appear to have been altogetlior sut- isiactory to the Portuguese government, douhfles.s because they arr nut .sir(jieic}itl}/ understood hij theniJ''^ Tiie Tortuguese minister thonglittlmt the short and simple process would have been to seize the shi])s. l)y vii tue of the executive power: but the Mr. Adams of that day thought ni •' the rights of American citizens and the law of nations.*' The pleadings of the United States say little or nothing in answer tn the facts relating to Portugal. As to those relating to Spain, they siiy in a somewhat off-hand way, " Wliat then.' if we ur<.'n, of the r)th of January, IS.jS. in which he said that information had *' just been rec«Mve«l that, notwitli standing the prochunation of the governors of the States of New York and Vermont, exhorting their citizens to refrain from any unlawful arts within the territory of the Uniteil States, and notwithstanding the iii't'> ' Hrilisli Apix'iidix, vol. iii, p. Iti'i. '-Argument (it'tlir rnitcd Slates, p. 815. •' Hritisli C'oiinttT t'itsc, )■. :!'>. 'See Case ol'tlic I'liiUd States, p. I'M. Argument of tlie I'liited Spates, p. ^T. ■Vincricnn 1-:k Ol'IXIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKIsrHX. 200 (■iicc of the civil oflicers of tlio United Stiites, * # # arms ;iii(l imuiitions of war and other supplies hav«^ been procured by the (Caiiiidian) insurg-ents in tlio United States; that u military foree. eon- sistiiijir in part, at least, of citizens of the United States, had been actu- ally orftiiniy.ed, had congregated at Xavy Island, and were still in arms, iimler tiie command of a citizen of the United States, and that they were constantly' leceiving- accessions and aid."' As (.'ongress sits from .lannary to ]\[arch, the necessary* law which the circmnstances called for might have been i>assed at once, but it was i\v- laved till March 10, 18,38, and does not appear to have been api)roved li\ the rresident until the liOtli of April ; even then, it seenis either to liave been inetlicacious or feebly enforced, as on the L'lst of November, tlio President issued another proclamation : Wbeipas there is too mncli reason to Ijelieve that citizens of tlie I'nited States, in I'.isic^'artl of tlie solemn waininj'' lierotofore j^iven to tliein liy tiie inochiniation issued livtliL'l'.xeentiveof tlieGenerul (iovernnient, and hy some of tlie j;overnorsof the States, liiive combined to disturb the peace of a nci^fliborinij iind friendly natiori ; and whereas jiitoriiiation has been j^iven to me, derived from ollieial and other sources, that many (itizL'iis in ditferent ])arts of tin; United States are associate 1 or associatinj;; for the siiiue pnrjiose ; and whereas distnrh.anees have actually broken ont anew in different IKUtsof tiie two Canadas ; and whereas a hostile invasion has been made by citizens (if till' I'nited States, in conjunction with Camidians and others, who, after forcibly seizinjf upon the property of tlu-ir peaceful n('ij;hl)ors, for the j)urpose of etfeetin;^ tlnir unlawful designs, are now in arms against the authorities of Canada, in i)erfeet disr'^- ;'aiilof their own ol)li.!iations as American citizens, and of tlie obligations of liie CJo,- (iniiuMit of their country to foreign nations. It may here be remarked, in passinj:^, that, while oi)en assistance was tlins afforded from the United States to the Canadian insurgents, in 1838, during the whole period of the civil war, the confederates never once succeeded in directing any hostile operations of importance from Canada against the exjjosed American frontier ; and that in October, ISlit, when a few adventurers made the attack on the bank at St. Al- baii's, (a town near the Vermont boundary,) prompt measures were taken to prevent any such attempt being renewed Irom the Canadian side, and an act was i)assed by the Canadian I'arliament when it met in February, 18G5, ipiite as stringent in its provisions as the act of Con- l^ress of 1838. Lopez, a Spanish adventurer, liad formed a i)lan in 1819 for an attack onCuba, with the obj'ect of annexing it to the United States, ev,.. iiM.n .r i.o- The idea of Cuban annexation was then in great favor with i<'-^«""»ieiiM. an important political party, Avho ho]»ed to secure the entrance of a slave-holding State into the Union, and thus counterbalance the grow- ing power of the Northern or free States. Lopez accordingly met with luiicli popular support. On tlie 11th August, 1841), the President of the United States issued ii proclamation stating that '"there was reason to believe that an arnu'd expedition was about to befitted out in the United States, with an in- tention to invade (he island of Cuba or some of the provinces of Mexi- (•(•."and that "the best information which the Executive had been able to obtain, pointed to the island of Cubans the ooject of this expedi- tion;" and calling ajton " every otiicer of this (lovernment, civil or mili- fi>i,v, to use all efforts in his power to arrest, for trial and punishment, every such offender against the laws i)roviding foi the performance of our sacred obligations to friendly powers." On tiie 7th 3Iay, 18.")0, JjO)>e/ lell >»ew Orleans in a steamer with •iboiit live hundred men, accompanied by two other vessids, and on the btli landed at Cardenas, a small town on the northwest side of the inland, and occupied the town ; but troops iirriving shortly afterward I 300 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. !_ii from Ilaviina, lie was compolletl to re-embark, and escaped to the United States.' It appears, from tlie appendix to the American Counter Case,' tluit on the 25th of May orders were given for the arrest of Lopez ; but tlic appendix is silent as to the result, which was that jio delay beiu}; sniiitcd by the district Judge to procure evidence against him, he was dischaigcd amid the cheers of a large crowd. The Spanish authorities libenited forty-two of Lope/Zs baiul, wliom they had taken prisoners, and they were taken back to the Ciiitol States in the United States ship Albany. A further attempt seems to have been made to bring Lopez and his followers to justice, as on tlic 21st of July the grand jury at New Orleans found a true bill ajrainst b.m and tifteen others for violating the act of 1818; bu^ the Ainciican Government failed in making out their case, and finally abandoned tlie prosecution.' On the 2i5th of April, 1851, the President issued another proclaniii tion, stating that "■ there was reason to believe that a military expedi tion was about to be fitted out in the United States, with intention tu invade the island of Cuba," and warning all persons of the i)ena]ti(s they Avould incur by joining in it. The President concluded by "call ing upon every oflicer of this Government, civil and military, to use all efforts in his power, to arrest for trial and punishment every such olieudtr against the laws of the country."' Nevertheless, in the following August, Lopez started on a fresh expe- dition, of which the following details are taken from the I'resident's uk-s sage to Congress of December 2, 1851 : Lopez left New Orleans for Cuba on the 3d of August, in the stoanur Pampero with four hundred men, " with evident intenf'ons to make war upon the authorities of the island." The steamer left stealthily, ami without a clearan(!e, and, after touching at Key AVest, proceeded to tiif coast of Cuba. Loi)ez and his band were soon overpowered by the Spanish troo])s, and liopez himself was publicly executed at Uavaua. The President adds : Wliat ^ivi's a pooiil iar cviininality to tliis invasion of Ciilia is, that under tlic lend if 8ii;iiiish sulijt'cts, and with the aid of citizens of th(^ I'nited Stutes, it had its (irii;i::, \\ith many, in motives of en|iidity. Money was advanced by individuals, ijiobidily ia con.sidenilde amounts, to puichasis Cuban bonds, as they have been called, issued liy Lopez, sold, doulitless, at a very lai'j;(' discount, aiul for the jiaynu'ut of wiiicli tL- ])t\ltlic lauds and public i)ropcrty of L'uba, of whatever kiml, and the iiscal resmiRT- of the people and n'overnnuMit of that island, from whatever.fource to In; (h'rivcil, wiiv l>ledj;ed. as well as the j^ood faith of the jfovernment expected to Ije established. Al! these means of payment, it is evi(U'Ut, were only to l)e (d)tained by a process of biwwl- .shed, war, and revolution. N(Uit> will deny that those who .set on ibet miiitiiry cxpiili- tious ajfiiinst foreign stat(>s l»y means likt^ tiiese are far more culpable than tiie iijii"- rant and tiu) necessitous whom they induce to <^o forth as tlu^ osteusilde parties in lln' proceiuliuij:. These orij^imitor-i of tin; invasion of Cuba .si'em to have deteriniiitil.wiili co.jluess and systimi, up >:i an uii Uu'takiiiu; wliicli' should disagree their couutiy.viuhiii' itn laws, !ind i)nt to hazard the lives of ill-informed and deluded men. You \viilc"ii- BJder whether further le^;islation be necessary to prevent the perpetration ()f^iii!i ott'enses in future. ■' No such furtlu'r legislation was, however, carried out; though it wa- not long before the need for it was again put to the test. This time the scene of oi)erations was on the Pacific coast, ami the ' British Appendix-, vol. iii. Report of Neutrality Laws Commission, p. '.i4. - KiHilish text, 1). t)(i(j; French text, p.-:{^'.l. ' British Appemlix. vol. iii. Rejiort of Neutriility Tiaws Commission, p. '.>\. 4 Ai>i>eiHlix to American ('(uinter-Case, Kufilish text, p. 70.") ; Freiudi text, p. I'J". ■• British Appendix, vid. iii. Report of the Neutrality Commission, p. ',54. OPINIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKIU'RN. 301 t .'Ml :ikt iin-*t Mc^jiM anJ Ct.Mitr;il Anifriciu • such offoiuU-r houji'li it wa- leader chosen to conduct it was the well-known Walker; the plan being to gain possession of the Mexican posses- sions in Lower California. The attemi)t was made in October, 1S53, by an expedition from San Francisco. The invaders seized the town of La Taz, killed seven of its defenders, and wounded others, and committed various excesses. They were re-enforced by another expeditioii, which sailed in the Anita from Sail Francisco, in December, but they were eventually driven out of the country. This expedition seems to have given rise to a new name, that of "fili- busters," which has since been used to designate those who engage in oiitrages of this description, having their origin in America. Filibusteriiig became a sort of profession ; and, under the name of "transit" and ''emigration" companies, schemes were next openly planned for attacking Central America. AValker sailed for San Francisco on the 4th of May, 1855, arrived at Kealojo on the 15tli of .Tune, and assumed tlie title of president of Ni- caragua, in which cajiacity he was recognized by the United States representative. Having been surrounded at Bivas by the native forces in May, 1857, through the mediation of the commander of the United States ship of war Saint Mary's, he was allowed to surrender unmo- lested, and to be conveyed away on board tliat vessel with the remnant of liis followers. On returning to the Unitoay, Avhere he was joined by fresh recruits in another vessel, tiie Fashion, in which he sailed for Nicaragua. Some of his band occupied Fort Castillo. He was himself, with the others, detained by the United States Commo- itorc raulding in the San Jn.m Iviver and taken to Aspinwall, whence lie returned to the United States.^ Tlie counsel of the United States have taken credit for their Govern- ment for this iiroceeding on the part of the commodore. They say, '•wlieii wrongdoers manifested obstinate persistence of wrong, the mil- itary and naval ollicers of clfaracter and discretion, like General Scott, Admiral Paulding, and General Meade, were employed to apply to such persons the only method of ])revention applicable to the case, namely, torce, to maintain the domestic order and foreign peace of the Go\ em- inent.'' As a matter of fact, however, the proceedings of the commodore were 'It the time Justly censured as having been in excess of his authority. ' Aiiiciican Couuter Case, Aj)i)eii(lix, p. 614. i* - *■ 'I ■fe 302 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. mm •r if * The Presidoiit, in liis message to Congress of the 7th of Jaiiuarv,lS.J8,' uses this hiugiiage : In capturing General Walkor and his coininand after they had landed on tlio soildi Nicaragua, Conunodore Paulding has. in my opinion, coniniittcd a grave error. ' * • The error of this gallant ollicer consists iu exceeding his •••' ructions and landiii" liis sailors and nnirines in Nicaragua, wluither with or witluv or consent, for the i)in|i(isi. of making war npon any military force whatever w'..cu he might lind in the ((Mnitn, no matter from whence tliey came. * » * Under these circumstances, ^> lieu Maisliiii Rynders presented himself at the State Department on the 2!)th nltimo with (JcihthI Walker in custody, the Secretary informed him " that the Executive Department (il'tlii^ Government did not recognize General Walker as a prisontsr ; that it had no diroctioih to give concerning him, and that it is only through the at^tion of the judiciary that In could he lawfully held in custody to answer any charges that might be brought aijaiibt im. ' The protest of the Nicaragnau and Costa llicf.u governments will he found iu the correspondence presented to Parliament respecting Central America, together with a description by Lord Xapier of the grievous injury inflicted by the filibusters upon those countries. General Cass replied, on behalf of the United States Government — That nnlawful warlike enterprises have been carried on from the United States, cnm- posed of persons from different countries, against the territory of Nicaragua, is not tn be denied. But during the whole progress of these illegal efforts the Governiiieiit nf this country has faithfully performed the duty imposed upon it by the laws, as well through public proclamations against such enterprises as by giving the necessary di- rections to the proper officers to prevent their organization and departure, as by invok- ing the action of the judicial tribunals, and also by the employment of its naval force. He, at the same time, " denied that a fresh invasion was preparing." This was on the 25tU of July. In October President Buchanan foiiiul it neces.sary to issue a proclamation, containing the following passages. which show that General Cass' information was far from correct, ni that the Government otiicials, from whose reports he had gained it, must have been singularly blind to what was taking place: Whereas information has reached me, from sources which I cannot disregard, tli;i; certain persons, in violation of tin; neutrality laws of the United States, are niakin!,';i third attempt to .set on foot a military expedition within their territory against Nia- ragua, a foreign state, with Avhich they are ;it peace. In order to raise iii^ncy I'ur eiiuipi»ing and maintaining this exi)editioM, persons connected therewith, as I have reason to believe, havis issued and sold bonds and other contracts ]>l overthrown l)y force. The leaders of former illegal ex])edil ions of the same character have openly cxjiii'ssnl their intcMition to renew hostilities against Nicaragua. One of them, wiio has ahtady been twice expelled from Nicaragua, has invitt'd, through the public luiwspapers. Aimr- lean citizt.'us to emigrate to that rei)ublic, ami has designated ^fobile as tiie pliui' nt ri'iidczvons and departure, and San .liian del Norte iis the i)ort to which they lire IkiiiihI. This person, who lias aiiiionneed his allegiance to the United States, and claims to he jm- ideiit of Nicaragua, has given notice; to the collector of the port of Mobile that twinn three hundi.'d of these emigrants will be prepared to embark from that port alioiit tli' middle of November. Two months afterward, in Docembor, 1S.")S, AValker's fdibust(M's nr tually cMjbarkod at 3lobile in the sailing-schooner Susan, without a clearance, on the pretense of being bound on a coasting voyagr. An unsuccessful attempt was made by the revenue-cutter to stop tli(Mn,biit was resisted, and the Susan was joined n>unolested 1)3' the Fashion ami the Washington with military stores. The ex])e(lition afterward br(>ke down from the Susan being wicplvtil Walker and his band then ])roceeded, in ^larch, l!l(•n Mursiiiii imo witli (k'licnil department dl'tlic had nodirpctiiiih jiidiciiiry that ill B bi'ouglit agaiibt [iments will bo ecting Central f the grievous General Cass iiited States, com- cai-agua, is not tn le Government of the laws, as well the uecossiiry di- tnre.as by invdk- of its naval forcr. as preparing." ichanaii found ving passages. )ni correct, or mined it, imist ot disi'ejfiinl, tliat tes, are makiiii,';i cry ajjainst Niia- raise nu/iiey I'nr ewith, as I liavi- l;;iii}; the iiiililir ieeiu'ity for tluii e fact that tlicv' iiless the piestiit openly exincssiil who has ah'eady iwsp.npers, Aiiiii- as the placo nl h they are hDiiml. •laiins to lie ]i:v>- )l)ile that twimr it port alioiit tlk ilibnstors Me- an, uitlioiita voyai.::('. All stop tlieni, but .' rashiouaml )oingwr('Cut'il. to Ciilitonii;!' ;ent on ruiit;i Arenas; bnt this attempt was not carried into execution, and Walker ittiin^'d to Louisiana. In November, 1S59, he, for the third t;:;,e, eluded the jVIobile author- ities, and set sail once more from that port in his old vessel the Fashion. The Fashion put back from want of stores, and some oi the persons con- cirned in the expedition were arrested ; but there is no report of their liming been i)unished. He started again in June, 18G0, in the John A. Taylor ; was met off Ituatan by another vessel with arms, and effected ;i lantliiig on the Central American coast. Jlis career was brought to a close by his being shot at Truxillo in September, 18G0.' Xlic British Counter Case gives a short account of the various Irish American societies which preceded the Fenian brotherhood , f T • . 1 tii J. ft'ui^n raid.-, luthe tinted States. This "American institution," as the Fenians called it, (IccIarciUtself to he'-ru'tually at icar''^ with England^ at a meeting held at Cincinnati in January, 180.5. Fenian bonds were issued, and soon afterward thefol- luwiug extraordinary spectacle was presented : • The head-center, as he was previously called, of the brotherhood was styletl president of the Irish Kepublic; the executive council entitled themselves "senators" with a president; a house was hired at a rental of $1,200; secretaries of the treasury, of Avar, &c., were appointed ; and the Irish Republic was declared to be founded at Xew York.- Meuaces of invading Canmla were held out at numerous ■ iblic meet- ings, and were made good by a Fenian raid, on the 1st oi .nine, ISGG, from Buffalo against Fort Colborne, in Canada. This Avas speedily re- pnlsed and sixty-five prisoners were taken, while the remainder of the Fenians recrossed the river into the United States, where they were ar- I rested to the number of three hundred and seventy-live by the Ameri- can authorities, and their arms Avere taken from them. The subsequent [events are thus narrated in the British Counter Case, and the state- ment has not been contradicted : Tlie stores of arms at Butfalo, Ogdensbnrgh, and Saint Albans were also seized by ila- I'liited States district marshals. On the r)th of .Jnne, the arrest of tlie other Funiau Itiuli'is was onh^red ; and on the Oth the I'resident issned a i>roclaniation, stating- tJiat it hail hi.'come known to him that certain evil-disposed persons had l)ej;un to set on liwt, and had provided and pr<'i»ared, and were still en;;:ij>('d in i>rovidinj;- and [»rei)ar- iii^'iiKaiis for a military expedition and enterprise, which ex[»edition and enterprise "as tube carried on from the tenitory and jurisdiction of the I'nited States ai;ainst lliitish territory : and aiithori/,in;n' the I'nitod States military forces and militia to bo I iiililoyeil '• to arrest and prevent the settinj^- on foot and carrying on the expedition iiiii I'Uterprise aforesaid."' "II the same day ou which this ^iroclamation was signed, the I'eniati prisoners at liiiilalowerfrtdeased on thcii'own recogni/.an(.'cs ; and, on tlic 7 th, O'Neill and two otlier ll'iiiuipal leaders were ahso ndcascd on bail. Aimrlifr liand of Fenians nnide a demonstration near Saint Allians, bnt retreated im- [iiailiately on the appearance of a Canadian regiment. ^'■vcral arrests were made at Saint Alltans and elsewhere; and Kobi'rts, tiie in-esident [I't the Fenian scmite, and chief instigator of the raid, was taken into cnstody at New f^iiiii. Hi . cxandnation connnenced on the 1 1th ; on the l'2th he was released on pa- h'lli'; aiul the district attorney eveutinilly abaiuloned tlie jtrosecntion from want of [iviilciice, with the intenti()n of ])referring an indictnuMit before! the grand jnry. "II tile "iltd ,(nly the Honse of lieprc.sentativcs of the I'nited States passed the fol- [l"wiiijp resdlntions : "Hi-folral, That tlie Ilonacof Representatives respeetfnlly reinnvst the rresident of the nili'il Sta; ; to nrge npon the Canadian authorities, and'alstt the liritisli go\ ermiiciit, 111' ivlcase ,)i' the I'eiiian ]>i'isoners recently captured in Canada. "Uiwhxd, That this House respectfully ieiiiiest the I'resident to cause the ]irosecu- . i ■ A*. ' Ihitish A))pcndix, vol. iii; Report of Neutrality Commission, p. 35. •Ibid., p. -11. A'f, '■.;i ■ i ji'" . Vif; I f .'i. N' J 304 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. tions, institutc'il in the United States courts agaiust the Feuiaus to be iliscontiiiued, if compatible with the public interests." lu pursuance of tiie second of these resolution!? the Attorney-General instni(*t(il tlic district attorney at IJuttalo to abandon the Fenian prosecutions there, and tiny wtic abandoned accordingly. The prosecution was also withdrawn in the cases of Sweeney, Spear, McMiihon, and the other leaders of the Vermont-frontier demonstration, who had l)eeu urnsttd, lim released on bonds of $>5,000 after a day's detention ; and the intended iudiutiiuntol Roberts was dropped as a matter of course. In October the Government decided to return some of the arms which IkuI bcin taken from the Fenians.' A bond was on this occasion taken from tlio editor of tlie '' Ijiiftalu Fenian Volunteer" and another Fenian sj inpatliizer,tluit the arms shoulil uot be used in viohition of the neutrality laws. The remainder of the arms taken at Buttalo and Ogdeusburgh were returned in the following year. During 1807 the Fenians were occupied in promoting disturbances and outrages in England and Ireland. In 18G8 thoy obtained from the United States governor the return nf thirteen hundred mu.skets seized at Saint Albans. In November, ISds. the Fenian leader O'Neill marched in review through Philadelphia, witli three regiments in Fenian uniform, numbering, as reported, three thou- sand men. Nothing, however, happened till 1870, when the second Fenian raid upon Canada took place from Saint Albans and Malone. liepiilseil at both places the Fenians sought refuge, as usual, across the frontier. Several of the leaders were arrested and a quantity of arms taken possession of by the United States authorities. Altogether thirtoon tons of arms are said to have been seized at the two raids, and conveyed to United States arsenals; besides these a field-piece and numbers of rilks were abandoned on the scenes of action. On the llith of July the trials of the IMalone raiders took place; two were condemned to two years' imi)risonment and a fine of $10, and one to one year's imprisonment and a similar fine. On the L*9th of July the Saint Albans rai(lers were tried: O'Neill was sentenced to two years' imprisonment and a fine of j^IH; another of the leaders to nine months' imprisonment and a fine of jo; and another to six months' imprisonment and a fine of 81. The pro ceedings against two others were postponed. On the 12th of Oetobcr, O'Neill and his companions received an unconditional pardon iVom tlit Tresident. On the day on which the pardon was granted the President puhlisbed a proclamation, warning evil-disposed i)ersons that the law forbidding' hostile expeditions against friendly states would for the future be rigor ously enforced : AVhoreas divers ovil-disposed persons have, at sundry times, within the territory nr jurisdiction of the UnitcMl States begun, or set on foot, or provided, or ])rfi):in'(l tk nu'ans for niil'tary expeditions, or enterprises to be carried on thence, against the tir- ritories or dominions of powers with whom the United States are at peace, by oi'Sii'i''^- ing bodies, pretending to have powers of government over portions of the territmioj. or dominions, of powers with whom the United States are at peace, or by boiiii:. or assuming to be, members of such bodies ; by levying or collecting money lor tbe pur- l>ose, or for the alleged purpose, of using the same in carrying on military eiiterpiist' agaiust such territories or dominions ; by enlisting or organizing armed forces to Iw used against such i»owers, and by iitting out, equipping, and arming vessels to trans- jiort such organized armed forces to be employed in hostilities agaiust such powers. And whereas it is alleged, and there is rt.^jon to apprehend, that such evil-ilispo^f^ persons have also, at sundry times, within the territory and jurisdiction of the I'uitw States, violated tlie law thereof by accepting and exercising commissions to sorve j'V land or by sea against powers with whom the United States are at peace, by eiilistiuil ' British Counter Case, p. 4.'^. OriNIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKFUJRN. 305 3 discoiitimio(l,ii' al instnidtt'd tlic ), aud thfy weif r, McMiilion, and 5eii iirn'stiMl, Inn ed iudiutiiu'iitof which hail been : the '' Bnft'alo lie arms shouM msbnrgh were itnrbances and i" the rctiini of 3veinbei', ISiW, atlelphia, witli ill, three tlioii- ul Fenian raid . Kepulseil at he frontk'i'. of arms tiikfii ir thirteen tons lid conveyed to limbers of ritifs July the trials I to two Years' risonment ami lirs were tried ; tine of ij^lii; d a tine of j"); $1. Tlie \m- th of Ootobei, irdoii iVoni tlie lent publislieu aw forbidding' uture be rigoi 11 the territory or or ])iTi)an'(l ll" , against tlio tir- H'a(!0, by orsaniz- f the tcrritoiio*. or by beiiij;. >« ouoy for the piir- litary entcrpnst' lued forces to Ik vessels to trans- st such powers. nch cvil-ilisposed ion of tlic Uuiteil isions to servo liy lace, by enlistiui! KxpfdilinrH in aid I !!"• full 111 iii..iir- tbeniHelvfts or other [.ersons to carry on war against such powers ; by fitting out and grilling vessels with intent that tlie same sliall l»e (■nii>loyed to cruise oriHtimnit hostili- ties against such jiowers, or by delivering I)('cnlation so far jis to take advantage of the good faith of (Miiigriints from Europe, •"luliiig them to tight in Cuba, under command of the so-called (Jeneral .Jordan, and iitliir orticers, who fought on the side; of the South in the civil war. Hostile deinonstra- !ioiis have likewi.se been suffered to take place against a nation which, in 18(!l, had imteven allowed (in order not to wound the suscei)tibility of the United States) the ;iile of lielligcrents to be given to an insurgent population numbering (),000,000 or MKHi,(i(H) of whites, who occupied a third of the territory of the republic, and were in |iossessi()ii of such resources that they were only counuered by prodigies of valor, niili- i;>iy talent, and heroic perseverance : and, after having seen the dei»arture of various lililiiisteriiig expeditions in broad daylij;ht, and unmolested, from New York and other Federal ports, tlie minister of S[>ain final ly found himself obliged, by the iiicoinprehen- ^ilile apathy of the authorities, to take the initiative in order to prevent these repeated 'iiliaetioiis of the neutrality laws. To this Mr. Fish replies as follows, on tlie loth October, 18G9: ■' Tills (iovernment allows freedom of speech and of action to all, citizens or stran- ji'is, restricted only to the observance of the rights of others and of the public peaoe. The Con.stitiitiou of the United States secures to the i)eopIe the right peacefully to i^seiiible, .and also to keep and bear arms ; it secures theni iu their persons against iinrcasonable search aud seizure, and provides that no warrant shall issue but upon proliablp cause, supported by oath or aflirmation, and that no person shait be deprived "1 life, liberty, or property without due process of law. If certain malcontent Cubans (subjects of Spain) have misconstrued and abused tlio jTivileires thus accorded by a liberal Government, the undersigned need not remind Mr. Hoberts what the occurrences, daily reported from across the ocean, are showing, I that governments cannot always n^strain their malcontent subjects or residents. [Liiws will be broken at times; and happy is that form of government that can cou- ' British Counter Case, p. 45. •fapers relating to Cuban affairs, presented to the House of Representatives, Feb- I fwy.il, 1870, p. 131. I'apers relating to Cuban affairs, p. 13f. 20 B H ■ 'f I.: ; ;]()(; AKMWTKATION AT l" evil iiiimK, aiiil rrsliaiii, l»y iK iicaci'ini ani'iiiirs, the vi.iloin,. d t'vil i>a>-sii>iis. 'I'lit' iiiiilci^iiiiit'd i.s I'liiicil to ailiiiit wit!) rcjjiri, that an iiiilawt'iil <'xi>i'ilili((ii ,1 ,; succfnl ill cscapinu Iroin tlif I'liitrd States ami lamliiii; on (lie >lnH't'.s oi' ( 'nlm, |. t^caju'd t'rniii till' riiitril States witlioiit liaviii;^ attraeted any iiutiec or sii>]ii( i,,!, ,,, tlie part ol' tlie (Jiivernnient, or its oltieers or a;;<'Mts, and, as tlie nndersi;rin.(i ln.iii.y,,^ >^itllont any sns|iieion on the pait ot' the a^fents of thi' Spanisli eoverniMent, IVmi. (HIS to its departure, Mr. liolieits had heeii li{'(|iieiitly iui'orined riiat lliis ( idvcniin,.:;! wiiiihl aet ii|)oii any iiit()riiiatie tin nished hy tlie Spanish authorities or their aj;eivts. Oil tlio ITtli of Doccmbcv, ISTO, INFr. Ifolx'rts writes to Mv. Kisli tn compliiiii of the coiMliict of the United Stiites jintlioritit's in ix'iiiijtriii' tlu' (l«^i)iirtiir(' I'loiii New Yorlc of tlic Hornet, a notorious vessel, wliidi' SIS would iippear from the IJiitisli ( 'oiiiiter Case,' has sinee siieeccdcd in hmdiii^ iiii expedition in ('ul)a. Tiiis vesst^l, formerly a dispiitcli hnm in the I'liited Statt's >i'a\y. was sold, in ,lnne, ]S(i!>, l»y the Navy Depiiii ment to a certain Hefior Maeias. She was sei/.ed on her depiiitiiro tiom Philadelphia, hiif released, tiiid iti(»eeeded to Jlalitax, where slio \v;i> a^iiiin detained l>y the British authorities, Imt , ammunition, and men. and jnit into \\'ilminot<)n. Here she was ii;i;iiii sei/.ed, and a prosecution \\.;s instituted ii<4ainst some of tln' otliiii> and crew. These proceedino-s seem to liiivc terminated ineifectivch. and the vessel was eventually released, upon bonds heino' oivcii fhut slie wonld not ije used in violation of the neutrality liiws. From Wil minji'ton she ])roceetled to New York, where she was once more sci/.ei!. and ajjain released. IMr. Koberts iticloses in his note a letter addn^ssed by the !S|»;iiii>ii consul at New York to the United States district attorney, iti wliicii, after recai)itulatin!4' the above facts, the consul j^oes on : I have now information on wliieli I rely with perfect contideiieo, that this sti'uiiM. ill the liaiids of suid Maeias and iiis agents, is heiiijj litted out at this port, tn at iniip hail, to take on hoard at sea a military expedition from Nassau of some two liiiiiilivii men and military oflieers. which will leave thert; in a vessel, and aiiotlu-r military i\- pedition from Key West of some one hiindrmit that tin.- ownership anil history of this steamer, togeiluT wiii; the outtit on hoard, and her pre])arations, easily asceitainahhs hy this (Jovi'niiiiriit.i! | prompt movement he made, are siittieient to call for the exercise of the ample pifvi.'iii- ive power of this (Jovernment against her departure. Ti'iisting that, in a }ir()i)('r wny, I have complied with the disposition of this (ioN'ermncnt that I lay comiiiaiiils of t!i> charact( r liefore, I lieieliy leave in your hands the resjionsibility of perinittiii;; tlii^ formidable iiistrminnt to proceed on her illegal expedition to tlie great iiijuiy dt' :iiy (Jovernment. ■ What is the reply of the district attorney '.' Does he tiike tlit' mis l»icions of the consul ;is facts until disi)roved, and proceed at oiia'toj detain the vessel .' Not so. lie answers: You accompany yoni' letter with no ])ro()f or evidence that wonld aiitli(iri/ii iiir M | seize the Hornet lor the alleged intended breecluis of our neutrality laws, or tolal-i' any steps beyond those I have already taken. I have caused the. most rigid scnitiuj to be cxercksi'd, to see that the Hornet has taken on board nothing of a natiiiv to iml!- cafe the hostile intentions you menticm. I am ailvised that iier intention is to iliai and sail in ballast for Nassau. What her intentions may be on reaching that jMirt iH' | things that remain nnproveii, and in nowise indicated exce[»t by the intiiiiiitii)iis ^'l your favor. 1 cannot legally act on mere surmise, but if furnished with pniper t'^i' dence I shall not hesitate to take any steps necessary to jnevent violations of our In"- ' Page 4()(i. '^Papers relating to Foreign Kelations of the United States, presented to Cmigi''' December 4, HTl, p. Tsl. 'Papers relating to Toreign Kelations of the United States, 1871, pp. 781,7-).J. S'^ ^m^ OPINIONS OK Sli; AI.KXANDKU ('()( KIM 1{N. ;j()7 ^, till' vl.lll'IllT 11! il ox|>i'iliti()ii (1h ores Oi' ('llll:i. 1; ' or ,sil.s|iic,i(>|, „;i krniiiH'llt. I'lVM. Itlis ( illMMIIIllii,! tlintii;;li its ir,':, <» Mr. Kisli tn s ill itci'iiiitiin: < VCSSl'l, Wllicli, '0 SllCCfcdcd il; I (li,s|>ilt('ll-lio;il (' Navy I)('|);iit (lopartmv fiii:;i ivlierc slic \v,b jimI, iis no aiiih n, slu' was a;>;iiii > of tllt> ()rti(;ci> mI iiH'lVcc.'tivcl;., lU'^ y the lSi);iiii>li I'lii'y, in wiiicii, liiit tlii^ stciiiii'i. .s |ii)rt,, t(i at diiii' )iiii; two liiiiii'uv': )fln'r mililiuy r\- )t' (Hit' Caliali'ipi; SIlt'l'DS ( Wllll Wilii i.s city) will t.ikr icr, to^jL'tlier wil!i lis (Jovcniinriit. Ill lie aiiiiilf [irt'Vi.'iii- ill il inoiifi- w.iy. .'oiiipiiiiius of t!i:< lii'riiiittiuf; tin- iiTiit iu.i'i'.v "' '"J take the siis- 1 .'I'll at onee tn I 1 ;intliori/t' III!' I" ia\V!>, or toliilvf ost ri.u'i'l siTUtiii.' fa iiatiiiv toiiiili- tfiitiini is tocliM' jiiijr that iMirt ;ii- lie iiitiiiiiilioii'* nl with itroper evi- 1 tioiiaot'oui'l:i«»' uteil to C(iiig:vr> ). 781, 7il The violation of tlu' laws was not provciittMl. Mr. Koborts «'oini>Iaiiis ili;it"tliat sanio. (lay tlio strainer Hornet put to st-a I'rom tlie j tort of >\\v York, without the jiidieial iiiithorities of the Federal (lovi'rninont haviiijj taken such measures to prevent her departure as should have lirii dictated to them by the eirctiinstanees and criminal iinteeedents (»f ;lic aioi'i'said vessel." To this eomplaint of I'eliance npun tlie law for preventive nwasiires, iiistead of having reeonrse to pi-ctotjutirc force, Mr. Fish thus rei>lies: riii' HiKhTsii^iictl lias tlit> lioiKir, in n-ply to this jiortion of tin; tiist note, of Mr. l,,.pi'/ Hiilii'its, to .say that it aiipcar.s from tiiis (.•oricspoiHh-iiro tiiat tin- lloriict, haviiiy; liiiMi si'i/cil oil the cuiniilaiiit ot" the Spiiiiish roiisal only two iiioiitiis hcfori! tlic datti ,il' till' ('"rirspoiHli'iicc, ami a lii-aiini;- in wliicli thr Sjiaiiish consul toolc ])a!'t havinjf i,siilt('il ill lilt! (lischai'jLtt' of the vessel, no siilisiM|iient i>i'oot', or aiiytliimr in the nature ,• li'ijiil evidence oilier than a re]ietitioii of that which had already heeii passed tijioii i , tlic court, and lieeii decided to he insiiriicient for the lieteiilion id' the vesstd, had ;,,i':i toiwanled by the consul, or hy any other Spani-ih oflicial ; that, nevertheless, the ,;.>niit attorney olfeied to aj;aiii take steps to detain the Hornet, if proof weio fiir- ;,.«lii(l which would warrant him in so iloinjj, which ])roof was not I'nriiished. '['Ill' mi(U.'rsi>;ned t.akes the lilieity to call the attention of Mr. Lopez IJoherts to the i.ii tliiit a district attorney of the I'nited States is an ollicer whose duties are rej-n- liti'il liy law, and who. in the absence of executive warrant, has no ri,i;lit to detain the \i'«-t'ls iif American citi/eiis without lej;al jirocess. founded not ii)>on sunnises or upon i; I' aiitcicdent character of a vessel, or upon the belief or coin ictiuii id' a consul, but I iDii priiuf submitted according' to the forms remiired by law. Mr. Fish, therefore. thon,<;;h he had promised to refer the matter to tlit' Depiutment of rlustiee, is of oi)inion that "the district attorney iiiinplied with liis duty, and wonld not have been justified in tiiking -U'ps for the seizure of the vessel on th<' unsujipoited representations i! the consul, after the tailnre ot thtit ollicer to furnish the reiptisite jidof to iiuthorize her continued detention."' .Vfter these d«»tai!s it can tidmit of no doubt that the history of the I'liited States has been Jiiarked not only by .*liitwing (though in an imjterfect and fragmentary manner) the various iii^trnctions and i):.'oclamiitions which have been issued by the J'resi- 'liMit and (lOvernment officials of the Unitetl States for the prevention »t these enterprises. These documents, however, omit to mention the H'Milts, some of which 1 htive thought it necessary to state. Nevertlie- "'>s, they tend strongly to confirm the statements of fact contained in t!ie appendix to the reiiort of the neutrality commissioners and those "iii'le ill the counter-case of the lUitish government, and which have "•it been contradicted. The story of all these expeditions as told in a great part in the por- ••'iiinations of the different Tresidents, is pretty much the same.- Some 'iplieuie of annexation, or other form of invasion is started, public meet- I Papers relatin;>- to Forelijn Kelatious of the I'nited States, p. TSt3. •See Pre.sident'.s Proclaiiiatious of December 2, lrf.">l, October 'M), ISG'B. an I Oifober ; '■■. Hf'l). IJriti.sh Counter Case, pp. :'», :?y, 45. 308 AliUlTUATION AT GENEVA. ) I i'¥' fi iiij^H of sympathizers ure held, a reckless soldier of fortune is selected for chief, fiiiids are raised by bonds issued on the security of tlu^ \m\\\'w hinds of the country whicli it is proposed to conquer, arms an; collected, recruits advertised for under scmie transparent verl)al (Hmcealnientot tlie object, and at hist a certain numb(U' c»f men are {^ot tofietlier and embark, or otherwise set forth. If the country ajjainst which tiic attack is directed is feeble or unprynare; certain of an immediati^ pardon. After an interval the arms arc ic- .stored, and uidess the scheme has be(!ome so discredited by failure as to be incajKible of revival, ]>reparations are forthwith recomnuMieed tor another attemjtt, aiul everytliing <;t)es on as belbre. In the (iases particularly mentioned in the ISriti.sh counter case, viz. the expeditions of Lopez, Walker, and the Fenian raids, it will be ob served that it cannot be saiilthat the Government of the United States had not full information of the projected enteriu'ises, an>n to all subordinate oHicers, and vij^ihnit i" observation, to enforce the execution of the lawsof neutrality, international as wellii^ municij>al. Prosecutions were instituted l)y the courts ; vessels unlawfully captured were restored, by judicial or administrative ord(!r ; and the jirincijdes of ncutralitv were proclaimed and maintained in every act, whether i>i the courts or of tlie Execu- tive.' » » » » » • • Whilt! Enj;laiid professes as her view of public law, that constitutional {roverninents must of necessity allow thcmselv(!s to drift continually into war by reason of iiavinj no other means to keep {)eace except an act of Parliament, and that confessedly insiili' cient, the United States, ou the other hand, have asconsta'itly maintained, auiiilonow ' United States Argument, p. Si. w OPINION'.S Ol' SIR ALKXANKKll C<)( Kni'RX. 309 (I may bo jiiitli- iiuintnin, tliat it is th(» duty of fill jjavonimcntM, incliKlini? exppcially coiistitntioiinl •Dvcrniiit'iits, fi) disrhiir^riMlii'ii iii'iifriil diifics in oliiilitMict^ to riilt's of ri<;lit, iiiilo- hcniii'iit of ami Hiipcrior to till i>osnil>l(^ acts of I'ailiaiiicnt. In consonanco with wliic.h ,|,iitriiiti it is that every President of the J'niteii States, from President \Vasliin;;ton ti» I'rosiiltMit (Jrant intdnsive, iias never failed to ajtply dne dili^^eiice, V(diintarily, ^i/ioiitr ,d, in the vi<;ilant disidiar^e of his own oflieial duty, not in mere eotnplaisanee to lor- i!i{ii Hii;;;;<''^tion, hy himself or by other ollirers of tin- Oovi^rnnient, to pr»nent all nn- liwl'iil (•nterj>rises of riTrnitment or eiiuipnu'iit in the I'liited States. Laws, 110 (loiiht, have bct'ii passed, ami proclamations in abiiiitlaiice is- .;i(m1. I»iit, ill spiti^ of all this, piixaHM'i'iii;;-, armed iiu'iiisions into iDiiiitiics nl peacc! with the Tnited States, hostile raids, and tilibiistcr- i;i;'('.\|)tMlitions hiive '^oxw on as before. The praetioal result isthatthc! (jimscl of tlu! United States eaniiot be permittetl to prejndiee the llrit- i,li nation and {government before the tribunal and the world by an im- ,i;'iiiarv i'e|>i'esentation of the neutrality of the United States; and v.iMii' iiliowanee shonld be made for (ireat Ib'itain if, on afarinor(>, hiim- )!(' scale, something,' of tlu^ same sort sliotdd liaxc happened on her -iiort's, seeiny' that with a law .said to b(> perfect, and with the loftiest ^ 'iisi* of neutral obli^i'atioiis. the Cioverinneiit of tlie United States have. imt foiuid it alto;^'ether possible to pre\eiit their citizens from oecasion- iiif; trouble to nei^iiborinj; nations, whether at war or at peace, andgiv- i:i;' to other }.;'overnments mnch "aiise of complaint and remonstrance amiinst their own. Tilt' observation which thus le;;itimately arises is not •;'ot rid of by an iiUaclc on the j»ast maritime i»olicy of (ireat Hritain. or by a relerence tii"tlie numerous pirati'-al enterprises titled out in loriner times a';'ainst t!io possessions of Spain in America, and the honor accortUMl to the i!iiefs()f those expeditions, siu-li as Drake and Hawkins." However otVeiisivo this telling sentence may have been intended to If, tlioiio'h an ]'^n,oiisliinan, 1 readily forart of the iJritish nation. May not sonui of the old blood vliicli warmed the hearts and animated the courajiie of those bold ad- Miitiircrs still How in the veins of their transatlantic descendants, who li;ivt'inade the name of "tilibuster" detract somewhat from our idea "t the perfect character of Anu^rican neutrality .' Iliiviiiy compiired the law of the two nations in the matter of neu- iiiility. 1 shonld, in the natural order of things, have now vmpun-.u ■,(„■.,■ 1 lom'detl to the I'acts connected with the different vessels, "'•"""•'" ^'tTc it not for the unexpected course pursiu'd by the representatives of '!ii; United States in seekiuf-' to prejud^ie the 'ov- '■nimeut was wanting; in «lue diliyeuee in respect of the etpupment of I'wtaiu specified ships, by imputin}>' to the Hritish nation an intentional ilisresard of its duties as a neutral, and to the British j.;overtiment not "Illy a want of diligence in the discharge of its ■ ''i ' ' vj- ; ■: , , i ^•■m 'MO ARIilTKATIOX AT GENEVA. whom the British iH'oi)le liavo l)coii in the hiibit of lookiny up to, iuil, iurtecd, on the llritish nation itself. AVe are tohl of *' the early and lonj,^-coiitinue(l nnfriendliiicss of tin- IJritish },^overinnent ;■' that "Her Majesty's j;overnnient was actuatid by a conseious nnfriendly purpose toward the UinU'd States." Apin and ajjain we are tohl of the unfriendliness and insineere neutrality di the ]>ritish cabinet. ''Tlie eabinet wei'e actuated by an Insincere tu v. irality to hasten the issue of the Queen's proelamat'on.'' " The feeli::^ of persotuil unfriendliness toward the United States eontinued dniin,' a long portion or the whole (»f the time of the eonimission or (Hiiissidn of the acts comidained of.'' Finally, we are told that "the facts estali lished show an unfiicndly fecliiiji' which niijiht naturally lead to, an 1 would accounr for, a want of (liii;;cn<'e bordering;' U[)on irlllj'iil niif',- yincc."' Earl IJusscll is made the object ot' unworthy and unjustiliablc altailc, lie is representcil as having' "cviiiccil a consistent course (»f partiality '• When infornnition as to the Florida v.,'< ;n toward the insurgents. conveyed to Her Majesty's ])iiiici]»al secretary of state for tore I'airs, he interposed no ol>jectio:i to !ier sailing from Liverpool."' Smvly the writer nuist have known he was doing grievous injustice in iiiakin;' such a statement. The l-'lorida sailed from Liveri)ool on the l!."it!i v-\ .March. .Vs will a[ipear when we come to the facts connected wiiii that vessel, I-^arl IJussell had heard nothing about her for a nioiitli !m' fore, .\gain, '• when the ovei'whelming j)roof of the complif iry ol'tlic Alabama was laid betorehim. he delayed to act until it was too late." He who i)enued this must have known tiiat the delay was not I.i:l IJussell's, and that. ))ut for an uiduoliv delay, accidentally occiui'i;:;' elsewhere, so far as the actiiui of his hu'dsliip in tiiat aflair was tm: cerned, the .Alabama would have bei'U stopjted. Of the cabinet whi'di has been thus assailed, three distiii,i;iiisl!(i menibei-s are no more. But he who, at the diflicult tinu' in (|iii'stio;i. ]U'esided over the foreign relations of (Jreat F.ritain, still lives ainoii^ us in the fullness (»f years ami honor. There have, of course. iM'cn numy who, in the strife of party politics, have been o]>pose(l to Y:.\\\ Iiussell ; there IiaNC been otl;ers who have differed from iiim in purtijii- Jar incidents of his political c(niduct ; but never rogress than that of Ilarl IJussell, bur there will la; none to wIid.i. l)er;30iuilly, an admiring ]iosterity will look back with greater vciR'ni tion and re^pect. That tliis distinguished man should feel deeply;!;' grieved by the unworthy attack thus ma.'e on tln^ govermiiciit i Avhich he was a leading niember, an said, "a persistent absence of real neutrality, wliieli should throw sii< onXIOXS OF SIR ALKXAXMEK ('OCKHUKX. nil 'ig' lip t(i, a;t,l, (llilll'SS of tile was actuatHl tates." A-aii! * noutvaliiy u\ Insiiurre my- " Tho iVeliM;. timu'd (lurinjr >u or oiaissidii lie facts ('sti!!i- y lead to, anl 1 icillj'lll nCij'':- •licioii upon rlio acts of the Tlritish ofluMals as to tlie vessels, and should jiiiline the tribunal to closely scrutinize their acts." Tiie British nation eoines in, of course, for a share of the abuse thus [ipely bostowed. J>ritish neutrality is described soinetiines as " partial ,111(1 insincere," sonietinies as "habitually insincere.'" 'Mireat Britain naiiioil its rules, construed its laws and its instructions, and governed ;s(:oii(liict in tli(^ interest of the insurgents."' 1 liav(^ called this an " unexpected" course; for, assuredly, neitber :ln' iJritish governinent nor the Jiritish people were in-epared toexi>ect :l:at. after (Ireat J5ritaiu had not only exjiressed, oi»cnly and before th«i world, lier "regret'' that vessels should have left her shores which jifter- v.anl od that damage, if it could be shown that any want of sunicient are on the i>art of the JUitish authorities had rendered the equipjiient ■ad evasion of those vessels ])ossible — on an occasion when, in the icacL'fnl and amicable settlement of any claim the I- nited States might iiive a.u'.iiiist (ireat ihitain, the reniembrani'e of past grievaiu'cs or past resHitiiients was to be forever buried, and the many ties wiiich should 'iad these two great nations together ast, and, as it would seem, to i>our foi'th ii(']ient 11)) venom of national and i)ersonal hate. 1 )e[»loiing the course uiiiciilias thus be(Mi taken as oiuMjalculatcd to mar liie work of [leace ou vhich we are engaged, 1 comfort myself with the (;onviction that a .icat nation, liiic the peojde of the L^nited States, seeing in the itresent ittitude of (Ireat iSrita'u a cordial and sincere desire of leconciliation ind enduring friendship, animared itself by a kindred spirit, will not niinove of the hostile and insulting tone thus offensively and unneces- siiiiy adopted towarartiality toward tiie insurgent States, when he ;;uveriiii!eiit should have been neutral, they rel'cr, in lli<' fir.«t place, ■'M'l-rtaiii speech<'S made on different occasions by leading meuibers of "iic niinisti'y. There can be no doubt tiiat these s[)eeidies aot only ex[U'essr(i tiie seiiti- intiit.s of the speakers, but may be taken to have lu'eii the ex[»onentsof ill' sentiments generally entertaiue(l at the lime. J'.ur it is a mistiike ■|> suppose that those, sentiments invidved any unfriendliness toward tlie United States. In truth, why should any such unfriendliness have '•xisted .' The chei'ished sentiments of the I5iitish people oh thesuliject 'f slavery had strongly tended to alienate them from tlie South, and the ii'Otiit public to make the issue one &J nii,i4ht rather than of ri;j;ht. Others tluiv were, men of calm judgment ami retiection, who, while they dcploni; a disru[)tion of the great American Union, yet thought that a re luiioi: effei^ted by the subjugation of the South was nut to be desired ji the true interest either of the victors or the vanquished : that hcli'iv such a result could be brought about, a i)roloiiged and fearful coiitos; must have taken ])laco, in which the best blood of the Soutli wonli, have been shed, its resources exhausted, its prosperity destroyed for years, its spirit humiliated and broken, making its restoration to tin Union of little value, except so far as the [)ride of tlie Fedenil Statt^ might be concerned; that, conse(iuentIy, the ITniou having thus 1)im>ii torn asunder, it would be better for both parties that eacli sjionld In' left to work out its iwn destiny, and develop Its own r(\s()ur('»'s, in tln' vast regions to whi(di its dominions might extend. .Many, too. tlu'iv were who dei)lored this contest the more Ix'cause they l)elieved tlmt, desi)ite the superior force and resonrci's of the Noi'th. the suhjugatio;, of the South was im])ossil!le. and that the prolongation of the coiitc could only lead to useless sacritices on either side. This view p' .''i. erroneous in the re.suit, but it was not the less honestly enterraiiici' strong imi)ression, too, could ]u)t fail to be ])roduced on the i»ul)li('iii,i.; by the energy, determination, and courage display«'d by the Soutli, ami the generous ardor with which its poj)ulation risked life and fortune iii the desperate struggle tor national independence, so resolutely main tained to the last against inlinitely sujterior force. Whatever the eau>r in which they iire exhibited, devotion and courage will ever coinmami respect ; and they did so in this instance. ;!\ren could not see, in tli' united |>eoi»le of these vast provinces thus risking all in the cause ni nationality and independence, the common case of rebels, robrious terms which might be heaped upon tlii' cause in which he tell could not i>eisuaes not cover the remains o: a ]tatriot and a hero. I'ublic feeling in (Jreat Uritain, however, never went beyond tliis: that both parties having ap]»eahMl to arms, they should Ix; dealt witli o?i terms of perfect efpuility, and that whatever was comieded to tlieem' should not be witidield from the other — tt; use a common exi)ressioii,tli;il they should be left to light it out fairly, without (ireat IJritain throw ing her weight into either scale, as the Northern States seemed to think she should liave done in their favor, not perhaps by actual assistance in war, but by withholding from the eoidederates the ehara<^ter of l»ellig;('i ents, and by treating their ships (►f war as pirates and denying tlioiii access in l>ritish ports. Vov the Tiiited States appear to have been unable to understand the j)osition assumed by the British goveriuneiit in making any concession whatever in favor of the insurgent States. It appeared to them like an act of perfidy towarda friend. JIad not polif- ical and commercial relations bound CJreat Hritain and the Liiitinl M OPINIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COC'KRUKN. 113 of the major all events in ^Ives from th' oliiiitiiry con a forced con- o them, \va> Others tlurc they (leplond 'at a reiuiioii )0 (lesiri'd ii ; that hcl'iviv 'earful coiitos! South wouli; ilcstrDveil for Dl'iltioU tl> tllr '\'(h'ral KStlltl•^ in;::' thus Ix'cii leh sliould 111' sources, ill tlif my, toil. lluTi' Ixdieved tii;it, le suhjuj;iitioi, II f the ci)iiti'> is view pi oVijii iiterraiiKi 10 puhUc lllil"; ;he kSoutli, ami viul fortune in >(dutely niiiiir ever the cuiim' ver conunaiiii lot see, in tlif ; the ciuise m' ds, (listiu'bin; dilated hylln' poll its ruinr ■ South ; tlit'i; ii(d)le i)oliticii iped u|H)n till' lilt the eiir;!i lie remains o: beyoud this: )i! dealt will) led to tlieoni' v[)i'essioii,tli;ii Jritaiii tluow Miied to tliink 1 assistance in or of belligtM' leiiyiiis' tlioni to have been {jovernmi'iit 'lit States. It liul not polit- 1 t!'.e Lnited w States eiosely tojjother for many years ? IIow then could Great liritaiii take any step which should give any advantage to an enemy of the fnited States ? Two thiii<;s wei'e lost sight of in this reasoning : First, tliiit the insurgent States, with whom the United States were now wag- iiiorwar, had formed part of that Union with which Great Britain had had the intimate relations referred to — the second port in the Empire, tlirongh which the cotton trade was <;;iiried on, having had all its rela- tions with the South; secQiidly, that (rreat liritaiii had the interests of hi'iown commerce to look after, which were seriously com]>ronrsed in ilii> warfare as carried on liy the United States. The l)locka(le of the Sontlieni ports, ostahlished by the Xortli with a view to the speedier >iibjasatioii of the South, deenieil by the North of such i)aramount i;ii|)Oitance as to render all consideration for the interest of Great IJritain aiiiiecessary, was about to j^aralyze the industry of Lancashin' and li;iii;i- famine and disaster on thousands. (Jreat JSritain accei)ted the position andaidcnowledgedthebloidvade. Was she not, in other resj)ects, tiilook after her own interests .' It was natural enough that, in the first iii'iil; and passio/iatt! excitement, the North should take the view it did oi the conduct of (ireat liritaiu. I cannot but think the time has come vluMi it might take a calmer and a Jiister \iesv. it will do so hereafter, iisiiite of those who still seek to rekindh' tl:;' tiame of diseord, the ■isnes." whi(di in their hands maybe truly said to be ••sui»positosciiierL iJdIoSO." The charge of partiidity and of wiilful negligence ha\ing been thus lOiifrlit retniires to be tlisposed of. For, tiiough ])artiality does not I'cossarily lead to want cd' diligence, yet it is apt to do so. and in a case iifdonht would tiir:> the ^.cale. Where a sinister motive exists, culpo, which might otherwise be excused, l>ecomes indeed tlolo pn>.ri)ni( and inexcusable. iJesidcs, sitting on this tribunal, us 1 have already said, as in some sense the representative of Great llritain, while 1 may say, with perfect truth, '' pudet \i■,^'^'. opi>r(d)ria noi>is dici potuisse." I shoulil iiothavei niitted the eijuipment of ships, three main lu'iuls of com|)laint are placed on record against the govern- ,,,„„,;,,.,,„ .,,, nicnt of Great llritain : 1. Tl^at it acknowledged the ('on- ■ •"•'■vo.M.t. li'ilcrate States as bclli<';eient, and. as a coMsiMjueiice, rid'using to treat ilu'ir .shij.s i)f war as p:rates, admitted them to lliitish ])orts on the. siinio flaring with the warships of the United States, li. That it did ■ '' ' (. ' 01 the Jlahanias and Uermuda. ; I ' ion of the United States that Great lir'tain was not war- I'liited in ackno\\ ledging the Gonfederate Stat 's as belliger- A.ki,.,> -un,. . '"Its might llnd its answer in the unanimous concurr Mice of ''•■■■'■'■"• * 'ilu'<;reat mariti?!U' i»oweisin following hereximide. lUit, independently "t this, the course tiius pursued may, withoiu tliiillciilty, be shown not "Illy to have been strictly warranteii l)y international law, but also to liavp hccii the only one which could witli jd'opriety have been adopted. '■""St, let us se< how srood the facts :it the time of the recognition of I ■•'' >>!uederat.e States as belligerents by the (^ueeirs government. P'T'v , i-]t liritish 314 AKF'.ITKATIOX AT GH.VEVA, i", it- had formod themselves into a contederation, under the title ot' tlic "Confederate States;'' had adopted a federal eonstitution witli all the necessary elements of g-overnnient ; and had appointed a piosideir, They were in exclusive possession of the territory of these States, to thi' total find absolute exclusion of the former Federal Government. Tticv liad taken measures to raise an army, and had voted u]>\viU(l (li $L',0(H),OU() for the creation of a navy. In April, 18(51, hostilities lia,l actually commenced. T.y the l.'Uh of April Fort Sumter had fullt:!. The arsenal at Harper's Ferry was seized a few days later. Outln' L'ith the ]'resi(lent of the Unired States called out the militia to the number of 75,000 men. ^ On the 17th the president of the ("oiifcdci;!*.. States issued a })roclamatiou invitiny applications for letters or'niani!;.' and rejirisal, to bo jjranted under the seal of the Confederate Statc^:, a,u'ainst ships and pn^perty of the Cnited States and their citi:'"iis.-' On the 10th of x\pi'il President Lincoln issued a further prochiiiiarioi!, declarinji' the ports of the seven States blockaded;' ami o:i the L'T'ii issued a like ])roclMmatioii with i-e^ard to the ports of Xortli Carol!'., and Virginia, which, in the mean time, had joined the confederation, Here, then, were nine States, with a p'^{iulatioii of nusre than !:\> millions of jieonle, exclusive of tlie neii'ro })opulation, (in otlici' wdi.^, one-fourth of tl r';it"d States, shortly afterward to be _|oi!ied liy :\vi other States.) wi.i d establislied a dc facto .u'overnment, v.-hich pv, erument had [)osse.- of the entire territory within the limits of tliDsr States, anrcpared to wa,ue war with tlu^ rest of the States tm the establishment of national inroclamation of neuti'alitv.) Mi'. Si'ward liimsolf wrote to Mi. Davton.,'; Paris: Tlic iiisui-i:,i'iits liiivf iiistitutt'il rcvohrion with i)|ic;i. tl;i^;i:itit, deadly \v;!i', t>i fiunw'. till- Ihiircd Statt's to aci|tiifsci' in tlu' disiiU'iahci'iiiynt of the I'liion. Tin' I'liiti'il S;,ir.'v have uci.'i'iiti'd tliisci\il war as an iiii'\ italdi' iicci ,sity.' From the bej;inninjj," the operations oi the war were carried on asiii;: war between nations, accordinji' to the usa^^es of war ainon<;' i-ivili/.d states. No attempt was made to treat insiu'g'ent [)ris«)ners as tiairor- or rebels. Under su(di circumstances, it is itiipossible to deny that a iieni!,;! state had a ri.uht to accord to thv' insiu'.4eMt government the cliaractti of a bellii.;erent. Whether it w«>uld be morally Justified in d<»iim >^'i must depend on the circumstances in whicii it found itself ))lac('(l ichi- tivelyto the parties to the contest. All publicists arc a<>'reed that wiicre an integral ]untion of a nation separates itself from the pai'cnt state and establishes, ((r/dcto.n -^dvernmi'iit of its own, excluding the torinoi goverinnc'it from all jiower and <'ontrol, and thereupon a civil war en- sues, a ne tral nation is fully justirtcid in recognizing the government 'it fdcto as a belligerent, though it has not as yet ackimwledged it a^;;! nation; and from the tinu^ of the acknowle(lgment of its bellig^'U'ir status the governnuMit f/c ^Wc^o actpiires, in relation to the neutral, ail 'Jiritisli AppeuUix. vol. iii, p. "J. •Ibid., 1>. ■». ■' Iliid., ji. 7. * United States Docuii'.t'Uts, vol. i, p. X). OPINIONS OF SIK ALEXANDER COCKIJl'KN. 315 jlie rights wliicli attach to the status of a bolligeieiit of an established nationality. ^ ''When," says A attel, "a ]iarty is Ibrmeil in a state which no h)n<^er obeys the soveieij^ii, and is of strength suftieient to make iit'iiil against him, or wlien, in a republic, the nation is di- vided into two opposite factions, and both sides take arms, this iscalUMl acivil war."' Again : Wlieu the ties of jxilitical assoriatioii arc lirolvtMi. ov at Ica^it snsiicndi'il, lictwccii tin- vivfii'i;;" ami liis pcojtlc, tlicy may In- coiisidt'i'cd as two distiinr imwcis: and siixc i>;icli is indi'lieiidi lit (if all fi)ici;;u autliority, no one has the iij;ht to jiidjif hctwcMi ihiiii. Kai'li of them may he lijiht. It follows, in virtue of the vuluiilaiy law of iia- •:ni;s, tlKii, tliat till' two [laitii's may act as bavin;;' n^nal ri^hr.' Martens says : Fm'(i;;n nations cannot idnsc to consider as lawful enemies tliose who arc, emjiow - iicilliy theii' iii^tnal j;dveinini!nt, whatever that may 1) ■. 'I'his is not rec"o;;!iititin ot its legitimacy. Hautofeuille says on this sid>ject : ■ '>!«':• Kn .ll'il. Ics ]>en)des ('(rangers ne pcuveiit inti^rvciiir entre !cs helii.ijt'ranrs : la «iua- .;:r (Ic snjets ri'Voltes, (|iic I'niic des deux ilonne a ]"ai;lre, tlok etie i'(aitee|iar eiix; ils iisout. cl nc iiei!V(;nt etre. jun'es-de la Justice on de rinjustice de la fiueirc. Les na- nuii-iiiui desircnt rcstci' neutrcs doivent aceejiter la ])ossessifu< de fait ; si dies vculenr i!it' i'("ar h;s deux i>arties. elles doivtMit les reecuinailrc ct les rcs](ecter Ciialc- :i'i!it tons les denx, Le jirince etran;;er (|ue rct'u.crait de reni]dii- les devoirs lissent lenrs devoirs enveis -MiiiHiiiis, iuiis(|u'il ne ]»eut exi^fr i|u'iis devicnnent ses allit's, ot (|UO,s"ilsrefnsaient lie If iiiiilir i.'cs devoirs, ils seraient e9c< tivenicnt -^es allii's. les cniiemis de ses adver- Mircs, ' Professor lUuntscliii, tliougli writing adversely to (ireat Britain on till' Alabama (luestien. vet. ;'s to the status of the confed- It ji iiato.s as belligerents, has the *b]lo\ving passages : ' Hii rcstc, lo jiarti r«''Volt('' <[ui oiM-rc avee des corps d'anuee niilitairi'uient orj;anis('s. (! i|ni (Mitre] uend (hsfairc tii(Mnidier ]>ar hi uucrre son ]M())irannnf poliliiiue. aji^it, aiors ■I'i'tl III forme poini iiii im(uri: lint hijiiiirj'ni i'iu'< it a lir ijiii m: pn-'-uimi de droit clii': toi'.t vtot biHiin'raiit. (I'aj^es Again : I'liiilaiit la jiUirre on adniei. dans I'inti'ret de l"!rcni!,init»''. ((Ue /is- din.' j;((/'i'/.< itijiynn • liiiiii:i J'lii pour III di'J'i in:i di li urs priU iidiis drail--. i I'a^c -l.'i^.) And at pages -lOl, 4(»L': Si I'on tieiit C(nMpt(^ (h- t()iit(vs ces considi'rat ions, on arrive a la conclusion sui\antc : ' t>t i|ii(>, a consi(h'rer d'un point de vue imparti;il. tel i|iril s'olfraij et s'iniposait aux '-ats (»r(iy(«'(H.s, en pi('scnce de la situation cue cri'aient les faits, la lutte cneaMi^e eii- ':!■ I'lJiion et la conlcdi'ration — c'est-a-dire. entre h' U(U(l et h^ sud — il ('tait alisolunient - liiissil)l(> d(. ii(^ )ias aduu!tlr(! (pie les Etats-l'iiis I'ussent alors (Mi;;ap's thins \un' (/ruinUt 'j'lirri lirilc, oh les d( iix parties a\aient le caract('re de puissances ]ioliti(inement et imiitiiircinent (ii';j;aiiis(''es, se faisant rune a I'autre la ^iieire. suivant le mode (pie le droit iii's<;('iis reconnait eonime rt'ynli; r, at aninH'cs d'uue ('^^ale cortiance dans huir hoii 'iriiit. Les iins jiouvaient (''i»roiiver plus de syuipathie i)(Uir I'l'nion. (pii avait pour iiix tiiiite la sup(''rioi'it('' d'nii ('tat reconiiii et (rune autorit(' constitutioncUe, d'autres li'mviiicMt faire des vnuix pour le succ(-s de la ciuited('iati(ui, (pii n'('tait jias encore re- "iiinn; coiuuie ('-tat federal nonveau, niais ipii esju'iait de sc contiiK'iir une existence I'Hilii'o. Tout h mnnde vtuit d'naord qii'tl ij iiru'it j (trait '"'ij imrtii.'< h(lli(ji'raHi, 4.'i(i, ».V:c. ir I'.l.iiitkilili. 'its* ' " I .; I PI ^h-k ') f ','Mk siS i ' :,:lSi:.. 316 ARIUTRATION AT GENEVA. The principles by which a neutral state should be governed as to tlio cin'uinstauceis under wdich, or the period at which, to acknowled^fe the belligerent stains of insurgents, have been nowhere more fully and ablv. or more fairly, stated than by ]\Ir. Dana, in his edition of Whcatoii. iii a note to section 23 : 'J'lio occasion for the irdiiiu Axis wh acciirdiiiuM' of IiclliiTiM'iMit ri^^iits arises wiicu a civil coiiiliit exists witiiiii a forei;,i;ii state. Tlic reason wliidi re(|uires and can alone JiistitV tlii> step hv tl;e jjoveriuiient of another country is tliat its own ri;;hts and interests iircMi far attected as to recinirt^ a delinitioii of its own relations to the, jiaities. Where a ])iiroiit jjovernment is seekinj; to subdue an insnrrection l»y inmiicii»al force, and tlic insiirf^ents claim a political nationality and belligerent rij^lits which the jiarcut ;;n,-. eminent does not concede, a recoy;nition by a forei^xn state of full bellin-ereiit ri^ilit", ji not jnstilied by necessity, is a jjratnitoiis deiiioiiftration of moral .sii[)port to the rchiv lion, anil of censure upon tiie parent fiovernment. ivin ilie ^^itnation of a foreijjn stutc with reference to the contests, and tlie condition of affairs betw<'en the contciiilin^ jiartie.s, may be such as to justity this act. It is iini)oriant, therefore, to (letcniii:i" what state of alfairs, and what relations of the foreijjn state, Justity the no >y;iiiti();i. It is certain that the state of tliin;L;s betwetMi the parent statci and iiisur^^ents \ww. amount, in fact, to a n-ar, in the st!ns(> of international law — that is, jiowcrs and iij;lit, of war must be in actual exercise; otherwise the rcco^fiiitioii is falsilied, for the ii(o:; iiition is of a fact. The tests to dc^tennine the (|uestion are various, and far umiH' decisive where there is maritime war and commercial relations with fi)i'ci^'iii.rs Amoiijj; till! tests, are the existence of a ih' ftnlo political orjianization of the iiisur^'i'iit.^ siifhcient in character, population, and resources to coiistitnte it, if left to itself, ;i >t,iti' amonj; the nations, leasomibly capable of ilischarf>iii;«tlii' duties of a state: the actti.i' employment of military forces on each side, actiuj; in accordance with the rules an. customs of war, such as the use of lla;;s of truce, cartels, exchiingo of ]u'isoncrs. aii.l the treatment of captured insur<;ents by the parent state as prisoners of war: iiiiii, ;i' se.'i, einjiloyment by the insnrm'iits of commissioned cruisers, and the exercise by tli- ])arent government of the rights of blockade of iusur<;ent ports aj^ainst neutral i(,:ii nierco, and of stoi)pin exist, the coiulition of things is nndoiibtedly war: and it may be war before tliev ai ■ all ripened into activity. As to the relation of the foreijjn state to the contest, if it is solely on land, ami t!.' fi)reierent rij^hts in an iiisiiv- ji'i'iit communitv at the center of Europe, with no seaports, it would require ;; liaiiii supposable neiessity to make it else than a mere demonstration of moral suppiut. But a case may arise where a foreii;n state must decide whether to hold the ]iareiit state rcsiio!;- (Mr. (Jauninii to Lord (iranville on the Greek war, June 2iii:i whether or not to regard it as a war ; liut, in ])ractice, this has not been done by .i general and prospective declaration, but by actual treatment of eases as tlioy ari^i' NVIiere the insurgents and the parent state are maritime, and the foreign nation In- extensive commercial relations and trade at the ports of both, and the tbreigii iiatm': and either or both of the contending parties luive considerable naval force, .iiiil tlr domestic contest iiinst extend itself over the sea, then the relations of the foreign >tarr to this contest are far ditferent. In such a state of things the liability to political comiilications, and the iiucstionsi: right and duty to he decided at once, usually .away tVom home, by private citizcn.s naval ofticers, seem to require an iiurhoritative and general decision as to the statiwn: the three parties involved. If the contest is a war, all foreign citizens and uliiiirv Avhether executive or judicial, are to follow one line of conduct. If it is net a war they arc to follow a totally different line. If it is a war, the commissioned cniiserMii lioth sides may stop, search, and capture the foreign merchant-vessel : and that vw must make no resistance and must submit to adjudication by a prize-court. If it' not a war, the cruisers of neither party can stop or search the foreign merchaiit-ve>'!*e;: and that ves.sel may resist all attempts in that direction, and the ships-of-war of tli' foreign state may attack and capture any cruiser i)er8isting in the attempt. If it i» war, foreign nations must await the adjudication of prize trihunal.s. If it is not war. lio such tribunal can be opened. If it is war, the parent state may institute a hlockaiif jure goiliiim of ilie insurgent ports, which foreigners must respect ; but if it is not a war. toreigu nations having large commercial intercourse with the country will not niHpwt a closing of insurgent ports l)y paper decrees only. If it is a war, the insurgent crnisi'K are to be treated l»y foreign citizens and ofificiaLs, at sea and in port, as lawful bellig"- OPINIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKBURN. 317 ftth. If it is not a war, those crnisers are pirates, and may be treated as sucli. If i< siiwar, the rules and risks resitecting carrying contraband, or dispatches, or military iiersons, come into play. If it is not a war, they do not. Within foreign jurisdiction, 't it is a war, acts of the insiirgents in the way of preparation and e(|uipinent8 for iiostility may be breaches of neutrality laws ; while, if it is not a war, they do not iineiuto that category, but under the categt)ry of piracy or ot crimes by municipal l.iw. N'ovr, all citizens of a foreign state, and all its executive otticers and judicial magis- tiiitcs, look to the political department of their government to prescribe the rule of their conduct in all their possible relations with the parties to the contest. This rnlc isiircscribed in the best and most intelligible mainicr for all possible contingencies by ibe simple declaration that the contest is, or is not, to be treated as war. If the sttate 1)1' thiiif?s re(iuires the decision, it must be ma«ie by the political departnu'ut of the 'rf.vcrniiient. It is not tit that cases should be left to be decided as they nuiy arise, by Jlriviite citizens, or naval or judicial olticers, at linnie or abroad, by sea or land. It is, tlicrefore, the custom of nations for the political ilepartment of a foreign state to nuike tbe decision. It owes it to its own citizens, to the contending parties, and to the peace III till' world, to make ihat decision seasonably. If it issues a f(«nial declaratioTi of hfliijicieiit rights jtrtMuatuioly, or in a contest with which it has no complexity, it is a ;;riitiiitotis and unfrieiuUy act. If the parent government <'<)iiiplaiiis of it, tiie coin- plaiiit must be madtMipou (uie of theses grcuinds. To der'ide whether the recognition wiisiuu ailed for and premature reciuires sonu^thing more than a copsideration of ]urecipitated into suilden and dillicull com- ]i!iiatioiis abroad. The best that can bi; said is. that the foreign state ni\y protect itsiif by a seasonable decision ; either upon a test case that arises, or bj a gen- iral piDspective decision; while, on the other haiu'. if it makes the recognition liiematiufly, it is liable to the suspicion of an unfriendly jmrpose to the parent state. Till! recognition of belligerent rights is not solely to the advantiige of the insurgents. Tlievfiaiii the great ailvautage of a recognized status, and th;- opportunity to employ niiiMiiissioned eruisers at .sea, a'ud to exert all tin; powers known to niaritinm warfare, »it!i the sanction of foreign nations. They can obtain abroad loans, military and iiaval materials, and enlist men, as against everything but neutrality-laws; their Hag mill commissions are acknowledged, their revenue-laws are resjiected, and they acfjuire a iiiiasi political recognition. On the other hand, the parent government is relieved from, a'>|ionsibility for acts dime in the insurgent territory : its blockade of its own j)orts isiispecti'd; and it ac(iuirt!S a right to exert, against neutral connnerce, all the powers "I a party to a maritime war. Mr. J);ina, tliou|;li writing after the present dispute, and witli refer- ence to it, pronounces no opinion upon it, but tlie priiiciple.s be has thus laid down enable us to Judge of the matter without ditheulty. Tbisciuestion was the subject of a solemn decision in the case already cikMl ot the Santissima Trinidad. One of the points there n,,. s„.,,-,h,u raised being that the government of Buenos Ayres, under i""'"' whose com uii.ssiou the- vessel had taken prizes, was invalid, the inde- Iti'iKleiice of that State not having been recognized by the (lovernment of tlie United States, Mr. Justice Story thus di.sposes of the objection : There is another objection urged ag.iinst the .admission of this vessel to the privi- I'fiesaiul iiuuninities of a public ship, which may as well be dispos<'d of in connection 'itli the (|iicstion already considered. It is, that Ihienos Ayres has not y(!t been ac- Kiiiiwledgfd as a sovereign indepeiulent go\ ernnient by the executive or legislature of 'li'' I'liited States, iuul therefore it is not entitled to have her ships ol' war recognized by "11 ciiiiits as national ships. We have, in former cases, had occasion to express our opin- "11 oil this point. The CtovernmeTit of the United States has recognized the existence i "I a civil war between Spain and her c(donies, and has avowed a determination to re- 'iiaiii neutral between the parties, and to allow to each the same rights of asylum and li'isiiitaiity and intercourse. Each i)arty is, therefore, deemed by us a belligerent na- '. 'ion, haying, so far as concerns us, the sovereign rights of war. ami entitled to be re- j ^liectcd in the exercise of those rights. We cannot interfere to the i)rejudice of either lli^crent without making ourselves a party to the contest and departiiig from the pos- j'iire of neutrality. All captures made by each must be coni-idt red as having the same hdidity, and all the immunities which may be claimed by public ships in our ports, [iiiuliMthe law of nations, must be considered aseijually the r'ght of each ; ami, as such, ;U8 AUniTKATION AT GKNEVA. ' I , must 1"' iccn^fni/.i'il Ity oiii' rDnrts ol' justico until Coiijfrcss sliiiU i>r(!.sfrih(' a iliiiVrc,! riilu. Tliis 'stlie tloctriii" lifictororc a^.-seitcil by this court, mid \vc sco no mmsdh to d, . part from it.' .\n iittoinpt lias iiidt'cd been made to show that the ,iii(l;;int'iit m tlir foiv.ii<>iiiS <-asc has been overriilt'd or shaken by the siU'cccmUih;' jud^. iiu'iit in the case of th<' (Iran J'ai-a, in wliich it is alleged that, iiotwith standing the coniinission of a belligei-ent power, a vessel was Iidil to be subject to the Jurisdiction of a court of the United States, i hiw,. already shown that, in that case, in ^hich the validity of a caittuie made by a jirivateer fitted out in the United iStates ^vas qiu^stioiicd by reason of the illegal character of the capturing vessel, the latter was nof a ship-of -war coiniuissioued by a belliserent government, but simply im American vessel commissioned as a privateer; nor, indeed, sailiiij;as;i ]>rivateer under the commission of a recognized belligerent. >5lie still remained, therefore, the private property of an American citizen, unpK.. tected by any commission whatever, and a capture uuule by her coulil iu)t be held to be good ])ri/,e. In the recent (,'a.se of the Driti.sh bark, the Hiawatha, anecome a siivcrci;'!, stat(>, while the sovereij^ii ))arty treats them as insnrgents and rebels who owe alir giance. and who slionld be ])nnislit'd with death for their treason. The laws of war, as c tablished amont;- nations, have their foundation in rcasiiii.ainl all tend to mitijjate the cruelties and miseries produced by the sconr>'-e of wai'. llcini- the parties to a civil war nsnally concede to each othei- i>elliye-rent rij;lits. llin exch.'inse itrisonc-rs, and adopt the other courtesies and rules common to public d: national wai's. It is not the less a civil war with bellii;erent iiartics in hostile array, becansr it iiiav be called an "insurrection" !ty one side, and the insurj-ents be considered as rebels or traitors. It is not necessary that the indepemlen(!e of the revolted province or stati' I l»e acknowledj^ed. in order to constitute it a party bellijifereut in a war accordini;tot!i'' l,iw of nations. Foreign nations ackiiowled^e it as war by a declaration of neiitraliry The condition of neutrality cannot exist unh'ss there be two belli}j;erent paitios. li: the ease of the Saiitiiisimn Tv'm'uhid. (7 Wheaton, :i;!7,) this court siiy : " The(ii)veniim'ii! of tno I'nited States has recoifuizHtl the existence of a civil war l»et\veeu Siiain andin'i colonies, and has avowed her determination to remain neutral between the i)artii'> Each party i.s therefm-e deemed by us a belligerent nation, having, so far a.s contenis ii-. the sovereign rights of war. " The law of nations is also called the law of nature; it is fmmded on the conuneii ('"ii 8(>nt as well as the common sense of the world. It contains no such anonudoiis ilm- trim? aa that which this court are now for the lirst time desired to proaoiuice, to wit. that insurgents who have risen in rebellion against their sovereign, expelleil lief I courts, established a revolutionary government, organized armies, and conuncnced bov [ tilities. are not enemies because they are traitors; and a war levied on tlin guveru- mendix, vol. iii, p. rt(!. oriMoxs OF siw Ai-i:xAM>i;i; cocKHrKN. ]U) i-ii'ii' a ililVi'i-ciii iii» ri'iismi to (!,■ lt;lllt'llt ill tllc •ctMlili^' jud;;- that, iiotwitii I NVilS liclil to :at('s. 1 hiivc of il CilptllU' |ll('Sti(Hi('(l by liitt<'r was no; but simply iiii el, sailiii;;' ;is;i 'lit. Slit; still eiti/»'ii, uii])in ' l)y lit'i' cotilil id of the Mt'x- )f the Uiiitt'ii :iiul been con obJtMitiou liiiv o))ei'l,v he held ia»l iM) ri^ilit til > jiulyiiH'iit o' irtant pinposi I orjijaiiizt'il rein! il aiitlioiityol'tlh' such bv its luii- iiiiitc anil carry it iitT a iMTtiiiii ]Mir- flicir alli'^iaiici'. iriiicr sovert'i;'ii. Tlicy claim to l)f conic a si>v('ri'i;;ii t'ls who i)\Vf a'lii- 1)11 ill rrasDii.Jiiul of war. llciin- it rights. Till'} 111(111 to piibliciii •, because it iiKiy iU'i't'il as icl)i'lsoi pr4)viiicc or stati' r according to ill'' ion of neutrality rent parties, li; Thc(i()veriuiieni H'U Spain aiiillit'i eeii tlie partita af as concerns «?. | the coiiinii'ii cmi- anomalous i1ik| ronounce, to wit. jrii, o.xiiclleil lirt I conuneucoil bov ] I on tliH Jii'ViTu- becunsc it ii •" Chief >'ii.stic(' Taiicv. Mr. .Iii.sticc Ncixtii. Mr. .lastico Catron, and ]Mr. jiistict' Clitlord ditlrrt'd, iiKh-cd, fidiii tlu- nia.jority of tho conrt. on the liiit'stioii a.s to wlK'thcr the blocUiuU* was, in it.s inception, lawliil, foiind- ili.jtlieir opi"'"" upon the fact that tlion^h by the Constitution of the I'nited Slates the Ti'esitU'nt could, in cast' of invasion or insurrection, imII out the national forces. Conores^ alone could declare war, and that, ( iiiioress not havin;;' (U.'cliired war till the l,'>tli of •Inly, 18<)1, the Presi- iliiitliail no power to (h'chire a blockath-, and c()nse«]iU'ntly ihat the M'iziire (»f the.se vessels was illej^iil. I!nt there was no difference of opinion on the question of belligerent status so soon as civil war is de- iliired. The jtractice of iiiitioiis has been eiitii'ely in accordance with llle.■^e |,];ii(;i|iles. All the iiiiuitinn' nations — the others were not concerned in tlic iiiiitter — concurreil in accordin;:;' to the confederate governineiit the >tiitii.s and riji'hts of ;i bellioerciit jiower. r.iit thou'ih it would seem impossible to contest that, at some time iluiiii;;' the continuance of the civil war, the reco<;nition of wi.po, .r..k,..«i the bt'lli^erent status of the confederate .yoverninent must ''"""" '"■''■ • li;i\e taket! place, it is asserted that the recognition by the IJritish "ov- iriiniciit was luemature. 1 will endeaxorto take a calm and «lispas- >:iiii;ite view of the position of the parties, and of this imu'h agitated i|!IO.stiOII. Liiokinjn" to the state of thinos which had thus come into existence, Her Majesty's <»overniuent could not but see that it would .soon become imtoiily rij>ht, but also iieces.sary to the protectiout to iint'sent it.self, such as Mr. Dtma refers to, as justifying tie recognition lit lielligerency. 3Iucli reliance is placed in the Case of the United I States, page ."51, for the iuirjK)se of establishing the desire of the British government to recognize the in.surgents as belligerents at an iiiiiluly early i)eriod, that as etuly as the 1st of 3[iiy, I-^arl Ifussell wrote [i!ic letter of tliat date to the lords of the admiralty. The letter is as follows : till' iiitelliy,ence which ceaelied this ciimitry by the last mail from the L'liited Staten l.'ivcs iva.son to .suppose that a civil war between the Xortherii and Southern Statex of Coiiteilcrucy wa.s iiniiiiiM'iit. if indeed it iiiinht not be considered to have already I'fillM. >iiiiultaiieoiisly with the arrival of this news, a teleoram, iinriioitinn to liave been 'nvcyed to Halifax from the I'nited State.s, wa.s received, which announced that the [l'iiM(lent of the southoni confedeicy hail taiceii steps lor is.suiny letters of maripio I'Uiiinst the vessels of the Northern State.s. It such In really the case, it is obvious that mneh iiieonv(>nienco may l»e occasioupd lli'tlii' iiuiiieious British vessels eiij^aj^ed in tiaile on the coast of the L'nited States and ji;. till' (_inlf of Mexico, and that timely provision should be made for their protection |ii;iiiist inidiU! molestation by reason of the maritime operations of the hostile i»artii"s; III 111 Her .Majesty has accordingly commaiitli'd me to sij^nify to your lordshii)s her i>leas- jiiii'tiiat adequate re-inforeemeiits should I'orthwith be sent to Her Majesty's sr()vide for tlit; protection of liritish sliii>pin<{ in any emergency that ji'iiiy oreur. 1 iict'd scarcely observe to your lordships that it might be right to apprise the iulmir.il ''lilt, much as Her Majesty regrets the jtrosjiect of civil war itreakiiig out in a country jiii till' happiness and peace of which Her Majesty takes the deepest iiiterest.it is Her |Miij|.,ty's pleasure that nothing should be done by her iiavul forces which should indi- '■iniy partiality or preference for either ptirty in the contest that may ensue.' ^Appeudix to British Cane, vol. iii, p. o. 320 AKIUTKATIOX AT (ii:NF-VA. ^VllOll I say that the foroffoiiiff letter is relied (»ii, I innst correct iiiv- Keif. It is relied on only in a nuitihited forai. The third paraKnipli ot the letter, which j^ives the key to its purpose, and 8U[)plies the tiiotivf of the writer, is, 1 regret to say, omitted — its place being supplied liv ahiv'risks — while the other paragraphs are given at length.' AVlien the letter is before us in its entirety, we see j)laiidy that the purpose Earl Kussell had in view was, not to give any advantage to tlie iiisiir<,'ents, but to secure protection to Ilritish shipping in case the invitation of tin' confederate ])resident should have tluj effect of letting loose a swaruoi privateers in the American waters. There can, however, be no doubt that, prior to the issuing of tlu- (Queen's proclamation of neutrality, Her .Majesty's ministers, liaviii;,' become acquainted with the relative i)osition of the two parties, and see- ing plainly that this was no ordinary revolt, an i.ssiiod Is^ttcrsof iiiarciiit', and to-day wo liavt lipard that it is int'-iided tlmro hIkiII bti a blockade ot' all tlio ports of the .Soutliciii States. As to the {general provisions of the law of nations ou these (piestions, soiiiooi the points ;ire so new as well as so inipo.'tant that they have been relerred to thel aw- offieers of the Crown for their opinion, in order to jfuide the }j;overnni»;nt in its iiistnu- tions both to the Enj^lish minister in America and the commander-in-chief of the naval Kiiiiadron. Her Maji^sty's yoveri\ment has felt that it was itsduty to nse every possilile j means to avoid tal.in^j jiny part in the lamentable contest now ra<;;inf ytmr i^ii of promoting' the interests of tlie one pjirty at the expense of the iithcr, while pretending simply to fuUill the duties incidental to their liiiMtion toward both ptirties, is a painful thing. Tho world must judge lietweon the accusers iind the accused. Whether the resolution was come to too soon or not, it was not acted [iilioutill the events which rapidly supervened cotdd letive no doubt on the minds of Her Miijesty's ministers as to issuing the proclamation of ii'Utrality. On the ioth of 3Iiiy, a dispatch was received from Lord [Lyons, containing a copy of the proclamation of President Davis as to issuing letters of marque, and i ■ ral jiiiitioiis from access to the blockaded ports for the purpose of trade, while |ieutral governments, on the other hand, were not entitled to treat the arasoue going on between two belligerent powers, is a proposition [^liioli is, I say it with all respect for Mr. Adams, really preposterous. Applying the princii)les laid down by the editor of Wheaton, in the jiote which I have quoted at length, as well as by tho other eminent jjiiiists to whom I have referred, can any one doubt that Her Majesty's Euveruaient were fully justified in recognizing the belligerent character ,-, p. 4eJ. '.' !'• "^''''' 21 B 'United States Documents, vol. i, p. 37. ^liritish Appendix, vol. iii, p. G. iimii AHIUTUATION AT GKNEVA. ^Wt^-'lf' m ol" tlio ('(MiA'd^M'ate Sfatos ? "Wlicn tho war lu'twcon the two partipsto tln' t Mio trade of lu'iitrals to tlio SontiKtrn Ktatos upon oi.t^ Kioiinil only, ii.iiiicl.v, tliut tlio .Sontlicrn States woio carrying on war a;j;ainst tlio Ooscrniueiit uftlii' riiitfd States; in other woids, that they worts helligi'reiits. Her Majesty's j^ovoriinioiit, on lieariii)^ of tliel;ui(l, it was ollioiallj- coniniunicatcd by ]\Ii'. Dallas to Lonl I'ussoll on the Htli of JMny.' Ilor ;^bljosty\s jnoclaniation of neutrality was not issued till the 11th of INhiy. Tims it ATiis not till throe d.iys after the ollieial coniniunication last referred to and ni i'3 days after a (lopy had been reeeived Iroui the Jbitish consul at New York, that Her Mujesty's proclamation of neutrality was is- sued. JJal itis said that the (>x])ecte^l arrivalofJMr. Adams should have boon awaited. What ditferon(;e eould it have made? No explanations at'- fonled by that jiiontloman eould have altered the facts — fiurts wiijch made it the ut Ibrward as a bivach of faith on the i)art of I-arl Kussell, his lordshij) having, it is said, iileilfivd himself to ^Ir. Dallas, the predecessor of i\Ir. Adams, to await the arri- val of the latter. Here again we have an entire misconception. Xo such ])le'rencli government to rest umltr 'A)ii)ondix to British Cnsn, vol, iii, pngo 7. ''United States Docunientt', vol. i, p. 34. Ctmr^e pui-put-il by ortMHli puvvcri*. Writing to Mr. OPIXIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKnURy. 325 Y. A (toiitunt, to liavo tho CotifiMlor.ato States rnco;;iilziMl a< a l)i'llif,'<'rciit power by states with which tliis nation is in aiiiity. No coneert of action amonji foreij^n states so reco^jiiizin;? the insurgents can reeoniiilo the I'niteil States to snch a lyroceedinj:;, whatuver may he the eoiisei|inHices of resistanc(5.' Ill ii (li.si>iit(!li tVofu -Mr. Scwivrd to Mr. Day ton, of the ITtli of Jimo, 18C1, the ibrnior writes: TIh! Uiiitetl Spates, ri,:;htly Jealous, as we think, of their sovenM'j;i'ty, eannot snil'er thfiiisi'lves to fleliatn any abridj^inent of that sov(M-iM;;iity with Fran(!e or u ith any ntlicr iiatii.".;. Much less can it (ionsent that Fran e MJialJ announce to it a ccnwdusion oflierown ai^ainst that sovereiirnty. which con(!iusi"ui Franco has ailoiited witiiont any previous c(Miferenc(> with the Fnitcd States on the subject. 'I'iiis (toverunu'ut in- sists that tht^ United States ;av one whole undivided nation, especially so far as foreii^n nations are coueerued, and that I'rance is, by the law of nations anil by treaties, not. !i ncntral power between two iniaj^inary parties hero, but a frioiid of the United States. It: is erroneous, so far as fonsis^n nations are concerned, to sup])oso that any v/ar ex- ists in tlie UuitiMl States. Ccu'tainly tlnu'o Ciiiinol be i a'o lii>lli;^(M'ent powers when* tluTO is no war. Tliere is here, as there has always been, one i)olitical power, namely, tin' United States of America, eompotent to make war and peace, ami conduct com- iiKTCo and alliances with all foreinu nations. Then! is none other (Mther in fact or rer- (ijjnizcd by foreign nations. There ts, indeed, an arnieil sedition st>ekinj^ to overthrow the Government, and the G()vernment is emitloyinj; military and naval forces to re- press it. Hut these facts do not eonstituti", 'i war ])resentin.i^ two bell iifcrent jiowers, and ninilifyiiif^ tlie national character, rights, and responsibilities, or the eharar'ters, rights, and responsibilities of foreif^n nations. It is true that insurrection m;iy ripiMi into revolution, and tliat revolution thus ripen ?d may (!Xtin;;uisli a lu-i^viously existing; state, or divider it into one or nore independent states, and tliat if such states continue their strife after such division, then there exists a .st.ate of war atlecting tiie ciiaractcrs, ri;;lits, and <'.ities of all the parties concierned. lint this only happens -wluMi the revo- liitiou hr , thus run its successful course. Tiie French government says, in the instruction whicdi has been tiMidered to us, that oertiiin facts which it assumes confer upon tiie insurgents of this country, in the eyes of foreign powers, all the apjiearancjcs oi" a govt^rnment fir facto ; wherefore, whatever may lie its I'cgrets, the French govi'rnment must consider the two contending parties aseiiiploying t\w forces at their dis])osal in confcn-mity with the laws of war. Tills statement assunms not only tliat the law of nations entities any insurrectiona- ry laetion, wli ii it establishes a. dc-fdclo government, to b(! tr<'ated ;is belligerent, but also that the f:> t of the attainment of this st.atnsis to bt> determined by the appcaranci! of it in th(! eyc> of foreign nations. If we should concede botii of these jiositions, we siiMild still insist that i-,he existence of a dr-j'.'vlo yoveruiuout, eutitlod to bellijforent ri^'iits, is not established in the present case. - III a (li.spatc'h of June 19 he writes: Wliut is now seen in this country is the occurrence, by no means peculiar, but fre- quent iu Jill countries, more frei|uent even in (ireat Hritain tlian h.ere. of an armed in- snncetioii engaged in attempting to overthrow the regularly, (umstituted anil estab- lished government. Tliere is, of course, the employment of force l>y the (iovernmeiit tosii|iiiiess tile iiisisrrection, as evi'i'y otiier government necessarily employs force in sneli cases. Hut tliese incidents by no means constitute a shite of war impairing the sovereignty of tiie (fovernmeiit, creating belligerent sections, and entitling foreign states to intervene or to act as niMifrals )irt wei-n them, or in any otlier way to east oft' tliiir lawful obligations to the nation thus for the moment iUsturl>ed. •' Writiiio' to Mr. Adain.s on the 21st of July, he siiys: Tlie I'liited St.ates and Great Hritain have assumed incompatiMe, and thus far irrcc" oiK'iluhle, positions on the subject of the existing insurrect ion Till I'liited States claim and insist tliat ttie integrity of tT Republic is unbroken, siiillliiit their GovernnKUit is supreme, so fur as foreign nations are concerned, .as well i"i' war MS for jieaee, over all the States, .all sections, and all citizens, the loyal not iiiorc tli;in the disloy.al. the ))atriots and the insurgents alike. C'onsei|uently, liiey in- ''ilai?dy iiiitciiahle, lu'inti neither more nor less than this — that when a body of ' I'liited States Apiioiilix, vol. i, p. 11)2. ^ ibid., p. JiUG. ■' Il)iil., i>. '202. * Ibid., p. -^14. ifjl iron ii:l; '•■ vm ''^ 326 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. States secede from a former jjfovernment and form one of their own, tlie original government Js to be the sole judge as to when the status of bd. ligerency can be conceded — a [)roi)osition wholly at variance with all received principles of international law. How Lord Russell viewed the matter appears from a dispatch to Lord Lyons, of June 21: I liavo to Htiito to yiiir lonlnhip that I liavo every reason to bo satisricd with tlio laIl}J;llil^X(^ and condnct of Mr. Adams since ho has arrived in tliis conntry. The only eoniplaint which he has nrjjed hero is, that the Queen's prochimution au uounciii;;; her in'utraiity was hasty and iirenniture. I said, in tin) first phico, that i>ur position was of necessity one of neutrality; that •we could not take jiart either for the North against the South, or for the Soutli aj^aiiist the North. To this ho willinfjly assented, and said that the Iliiited States expected no assistauco from us to enable their Government to finish the war. I rej./iiied tinit if such was the cas(^, as I supijosed, it wouhl iu)t have boiMi rij^ht either toward our admirals and naval commanders, nor toward our morcluiiits ami mercantile nnirine, to leave them without i»ositive and public orders ; that the exer- cise of bclli;j;erent rijjhts of search and capture by a baud of adventurers clustered in souui small islaiul in the Greek Archipela>;o ov in tlio Atlantic would subject tlxuu to tins penalties of piracy; but we could not treat 5,000,000 of men, who !i,.risoner8 to trial for high treason, crshot titeni as rebels. Had we iiung the captain of an armed vessel of tli<» southern coiifcil- eracy as a pirate, we should have done that which a sense of humanity had prohibited on the part of the Government itself. The (piestion soon .assumed a practical form. When the Governmont Q.i«tin„ a. to of the Confederate States had armed certain vessels, and c.mre.i.:rMe V, ,.,1. |jm| placcdthcm under the command of otiticers duly com- missioned by it, and those ves.sels put into ])ort8 of the neutral powers, the Government of the United States protested loudly against their being received as vessels of war, on the grouhd that the insurgent States still formed an integral portion of the Union; that they were to be looked upon as rebels; and that commissions from a government, the independence of which had not been acknowledged, could not give to its ships the character of ships of war. They insisted, therefore, on these vessels being looked upon as pirates, to which all entry into tbe l)orts of other nations, and all assistance of every kind, should bo denied. The Federal Government even went further, and threatened to hold neu- tral governments responsible for any assistance or sui)plie8 alforded to confederate ships. But the neutral governments were unaninioiis Ji refusing to accede to the.se den)ands, aiul persisted in conceding to the confederate ships the same privileges as were aiforded to those of the United States. The (piestion first arose with the government of the Netherlands, on the occasion of a visit of the confederate vessel, the Sum- ,,r,!3',T,,f "tiu" ter, to the Dutch island of Cura^oa, in August, lS(ll,andof her being jfllowed to replenish her stock of coal and obtain sui)i)lies there. The fact having come to the knowledge of INlr. Seward. he forthwith instructed Mr. Pike, the United States nnnister wt the J 1 ague, to bring the matter immediately to the notice of the Govern- ment: Yon are instructed to bring this matter immediately to the notice of the government of tlie Netherlands. The sulijeet of danniges foi' so great a violation of tlie rights nl the United .States will be considered wluMi we shall have properly veritied the facts nl the ease. In the mean time you will ask the goverinnent of the Netherlands fur any explanation of the transiietion it nniy be able or see fit to give. V(»u will fintluTitiiy that the United Stuteu, if the case thus slated shall pruvu tu be correct, will expect, iu OnXlOXS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKIJURX. 327 »atcli to Lord 3d no iissistauco view of tlio treaties cxistinj;; between the two countries, and the principles of the law of nations, as well as upon the {ground of assurances rtHiently receivi^d from the jljov- irniiieat of tlieNetherlan, ship like the Siuntcr, claiming to Ix! a national vessel of thosr Holland. I-remarked th:it it was not for me to judge of the j)urposes of European lowers in regard to the (jxisting state of things in the. Fnited States ; but if there wii e to be exhibited a dispositiini anywhere to take advantage of our i»resent situation, I klieved it would be found that such ii course could not be taken with impunity now, Lur without leading to alienation and bitterness in the fnturo.'- A correspondence ensued between Mr. Pike and Baron Van ZnyltMi, tlio Netherlands iniuister for foreign att'airs, in which the former denied tlien<>;ht of other nations to accord to the insurge?it States the charac- ter of a belligerent power, and insisted that the vessels of the Confede- rate government were but '' piratical craft," or at best could only be looked ai)on as privateers, in which character they would be excluded, except in case of distress, from ports of the Netheilands. M. Van Zuylen stated the views of his government in a most nble paper, from which, however, owing to its length, I "lUst confine myself 10 a few extracts : If is not sufficient to dispose of the difficulty by the declarati' > tliu the Sumter ia, as is stated in your dispatches, "a vessel litted out for, and actually engag' ' in, |»ii,iti- wl expeditions," or " a privateer steanu'r." Such an assert ion should be < .irly proved, iu accordance with the rule of law, "affinnanti hiciimbit probntia." Alter having jioised, with all the attention which comports with (ho weight mess of tlie matter, the facts and circumstances which characterize the dissensions which now ai'e laying desolate the United States, and of which no governnuMit more desires tiie li)oiii|it termination than does tmit of tho Netherlamls, 1 think I may expnsss the con- vieiioii that the Sumter is not a privateer, but a nuin-of-war, grounding myself on tbe following considerations : hi the tirst place, tho declaration of the commander of tho vessel, given in writing to the governor of Curayoa, who had made known that he would not allow a privateer tucdiuo into the )H>rt, and had then domamled explanations as to the character of tho vissel. This declarati(»n purported, " the Sumter is a ship of war, duly commissioned Ij.v the Kovernnient of the Confeiierato States." Hie Xctlu'rlands governor had to be contented witli tho word of the connnander f'Hiehed in writing. M. Ort that rei>ublie, the States of the Soutli can separate from the central (loverunieiit, jiii.l wbi'tlier they ouyht then, aye m- no, to be reputed as rebels during the lirst period oi' tho dililiculti(,'s.' Alior leicrriiifj to historical procodonts, ospocinllj' tlie ciiso nf tlie United States tliiMiisi'lves in their stru{;»-ftlo for indeiiendeiice, "istheic need,"' he asks, " to reiniiul you that at tho outiset of the war of Amoii- ean iiidepeiKU'iice, in 177.S, the Kn^di.sh refused to recoj^jnize American privateers a.s hiwfnl eneniie.s, under pretense that thedetters of uiuKiiii- Avhich they bore did not emanate from the sove' I'ign, but from revolted subjects'^ JUit Great liritain .soon had to de.sist from thi.s pretension, and to accord international treatment to the colonists in arms against the mother country." 31. Van Znylen cites also the precedent ot the American privatocr Paul Jones : This vessel, considered as a jdrato by Enjiland, had ca])tured two of His Ihitaiiim Majesty's ships in October, 1?7'.>. She (ouk them into the T(!Xel, and remained tlni: ii'.nre fliaii two months, notwithstanding thi^ re]>resentatious of Mr. York. andia>s:i(l"i of (ireat Jbitain at tlie Hague, who considered tin; asylum aceoided to such ]>riy;iti'ii (jiirate as lie ciilh;'. it in liis Memoir to the States-(licIlion against tlio T'^iiitod States Govoninipnt to practice upon tlio presuiiuid iDilirt'fiTiicc, tlitj expocterl favor, or the fancioit weakiuj.ss of tho Dutch Govcrmiicnt. Diiiinsrii period of forty-six days, diuiii^j which wo have heard of this piratical vessel ii> the West Indies, it would appear that she had been twice cutortaiued and siippliiMl at Dutch ports, and sjjcnt (Mjuhteen days nnder their shelter. This can ho no accidental circumstance. Ill the multitude of harbors with which the West India seas abound, the Suniterhas bail no occasion to contine lier v'sits sp entirely to the ports of one nation, especially one so scantily supplied with thoiii as Holland. A«id the fact that she does so is, in my jmlsjiiK'nt, not fairly susceptible of any other interpretation than the one I have ^iven. I fi'i'l convinced that the fjovernment of tho Netherlands will see in this repe",ted visit of the Sumter (this time, it apitears, without any pretext) a distinct violation of its neutrality accorilinjx 'o its own vitnvs, as laid down in your excellency's communi- cation to me of the 17tli of Septendter last, and a case which will call for tlie enerj^etic assii'tiou of its purpose, expressed in the pajx'r referred to, namely, not to allow its ports to be niade the bast! of hostile operations acrainst the Uinted States. For that liie Sumter is clearly L-i.-'rinj^ such use of the Dutch ports would seem to adnut of no contr(i\frsy.' Ill reply, Baroii Van Zuyleii repeats the refiusal of the royal sovern- nioiit to treat the Sumter as other than a ship of war. Jle observes tliat tlie eonimission of the ofticer in command of her had been duly exhibited to the governor. At the same time he informs Mr. Pike — However, the govennnent of the Netherlands, wishing to give a fresh i)roof of its (lisini [to avoid] all that could give the slightest subject for complaint to the United States, has just sent instructions to the colonial authorities, enjoining them not to admit, excei»t in case of shelter from stress, (reluche forca;) the vessels of war and pri- vad'crs of tlu; two b(illigerent parties, uidess for twice twenty-four hours, and not to permit them, when they are steamers, to ])r()vide themselves with a (quantity of coal more than suflicieiit for a run of twenty-four hours.- The olfeu.sive tone of Mr. Pike's previous letter does not pass unno- ticed : The feeling of distrust which seems to have dictated your last dispatch of the Hth of this lutiuth, ttud which shows itself especially in some entirely erroneous apprecia- tions of the coudu(^t of the government of the Netherlands, gives to the hist, strong iiiitsi^ood faith and in its fri(Midly intentions, just cause for astonishment, So, then, the cahiiict of which I have the honor to form part, de'ems that it may dis])ense with uiuhrtaking a justilieation useless to all wlio exannno impartially, and without pas- Muii, the events which have taken place.^ Ill the mean time, Mr. Seward had written a dispatch to Mr. Pike, of tliolTth October, in which he states, in exjjlieit terms, ''for theintbrma- tioii of the government of the ^Netherlands, Just what the United States claim and expect in regard to the matter in debite." The\ have asked for sm explanation of tile case, presented l)v the admission of the Siiiiiterby the (ioverniu- of Ciirai'oa, if one <-an Ik^ siitisfaetiwily given; and if not, ihm for a disavowal of that otHeer's proceedings, attended by a justly-deserved rchiike. i'hese demands h.ave been made, not from any irritation or any sensibility of national priile, but to make it sure that iienceforth any piratical vessel fitted out by or under theajjency of disloyal American citizens, and cruising in pursuit of merchant-vessels of j the Tnited States, shall not be admitted into cither the contiiu'iital or the colonial pmis I of tile Netherlands under any pretext whatever. If that assurance cannot be obtained I ill some way, we must provide for the protection of our rights in some other way. I Thus tlu, subject is hall be obtained by the Unitd to treat the subject in ii practical way, they aro imt teiiji(;i,„i>, .ii,o„j^^ the manner or form in which tlu^ due respect to their rights i.j 'iiiiiiifested by the govcrnnuuit of the Netherlands, and stjU less about the consideia- tionsor iirgmnents upon whieii that government regulates its own conduct in tho |iuattei'. Tiiey regard the whole insurrection in this country as ephemerid ; indeed, ' Hritish Ajuiendi^ 2 Ibid., p. H4. 3 Ibid., p. 85. d. vi, p. 82. J f I 330 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. they beliove that tho attempt at piracy, under the name of privateorinp;, made hy the insurjjoiitH, lias aheady well iii^h failed. Wliile, therefore, they insist tliat slicltir Bhall not Ito aiforded to the pirates by nations in friendship with the United Sfatis they, at the same time, are not un willing to avoid grave debates concerning; tiicini.rinj that niifjht Hnrvive the existing controversy. It remains only to say, in this tonmc. tion, that the course which the United States are ])ursuingin their couipliiints to the government of tho Netherlands is not peculiar to, but it is the same which has been and which will be pursued towari^ any other maritime power ou the occiuruiKe uf similar grievances. With these remarks I proceed to notice Baron Van Znylen's communication. Yon will reply to him that tho United States unreservedly claim to determine for thcnisdvcj absolutely tho character of the Sumter, she being a vessel fitted out, owned, aiimd sailed, and directed by American citizens who owe allegiance to tho United States, and who neither have nor can, in their piratical purposes and pursuits, have or claim anv political anthoritj' from any lawful source whatever. The United States regard the vessel as piratical, and the persons by whom she is manned and navigated as pirates. The United Stat' , therefore, cannot admit that the Sumter is a ship of war nr a pri- vateer, and so cnti;i':' to any privileges whatever, in either of those charactirs, in the port of Curayoa; iior can they debate any such subject with the governnitMit of tlie Netherlands.' ]Mr. Pike expresses his satisfaction at the restrictions placed by tlie government of the NetheiUuuls on the confederate vessels, but at the same time regrets that the same treatment should have been adopted toward the vessels of the United States; to which M. Van Zuyleu re- plies that the United States Government having desired that measures should be taken to prevent the prolonged stay in Dutch port.s of the Sumter or other vessels in the seteding States, the King's goveriiiueut had admitted the justice of the claim, but that the measures taken could not reach one of the two parties exclusively ; they must be gen- eral. The new regulations led to a singular result. On the 8th of Xovem- ber the United States steamer Iroquois arrived off the port of Cina^oa; the governor informed Lieutenant Palmer, who' was in command of the vessel, that her stay must be limited to forty-eight hours, and her sup- l)ly of coal to twenty-four hours' consumption, although at the time tlie United States had more than 1,300 tons of coal at Cura^oa, whicli, bv the way, shows that they had established a depot there. Lieutenant Palmer declined to enter the port on these terms, and his coiuluet in so I doing was approved by Mr. Seward. Mr. Pike is directed to ask for | explanations, with this remark from Mr. Seward : If U\i Majesty's government shall approve of the proceedings of the governor of I Cuiavoa, it will become an important question what measure of hospitalities wiilk ' due by us to the naval vessels and authorities of the Netherlands in similar cases.- Thus, while the regulation was received with satisfaction by the I United States Government, as a restriction on Confederjite vessels, an] attempt to enforce it against one of their own was looked upon as mat- ter of grave offense. It so happened, however, that the Dutch govern- j nient had, shortly before, on the suggestion of the governor of Cnra^oa, revoked tlie order. No sooner had this been done than the Government of the United States desired its restoration. Mr. Pike is instructed to lose no time in "calling the attention of Mr. Stratenus to the. subject of the intiiisioii of insurgent piratical American vessels seeking shelter in the ports of | the Netherlands and their coh)nies. If you cannot obtain a decree ex eluding them altogether, it is thought that the government will have no j hesitation in restoring the restrictive policy which was adopted liyi|] under the representatives of its foreign affairs by Baron Van Zuylen. ' British Appendix, vol. vi, pp. 86,87. 3 Ibid., t). 1)1. » Ibid., p. 95. OPIN. ^NS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKBURN. 331 Mr. Pike was at the same time instructed to call upon the King's gov- eriimcut to reconsider the subject of according to tlie Confederate States the character of belligerents, and, iu the then state of affairs, to revoke the recognition. Both proposals were declined by the King's government. The incon- sistency of the demand for the restoration of the restrictive order is pointed out by Ji. de Sonibreflf, .the new minister of foreign affairs : lathis regard I permit mysolf to observe to you tluit I could not undt^rstaud bow TOur governauiut coTild dosiro the re-cstiiblisbiiieut of incasuros whicli actually were, and would again be, applicable to botb parties, and wbicli were, at the time, the cause i^hy till) Union ship Iroquois would not enter the port of C'ura^oa under the rule of said rtjtrictive measures. ^_ It was on that occasion that the last were modified, which was brought to your notice by whom she is ^p tbe 'Mh of IJeceinber, 18G1. It I'cUows, from advices which have since reached the government, that the Tiew coni- I Diamier of the Iroquois has expressed himself well satislied to lind tlie precwlent re- strictive meiisures withdrawn, and thus to have the ]irivilege of taking as i inch coal I as he might wish. These m iisnres are also favorable to Netlierlands eoinmo!i;e with I till' United States, so that the interests of the two co"ntrieM an; in perlect aucord. If the iustructions given before the month of DecembLr, IHOl, were now roturntid to, 111' government of the Netherlands might not only be ta.:ed, witli good reiison. with j trilling, but would hurt its own interests, as well as those <)f the Union, ('uii.sideriiig I tktthe consequence of said instructions would be, as has beou remarked in tlie, coiii- niiiui('uti(m of Barou de Zuylen, dated Oetolw.'r 2i), 18(51, that Hie vessels of war of the I'liittiil States, also, could no longer bo able to sojourn in the Xetiu^rlands I'^ast Indian ports more than twice twenty four hours, nor supply themseh'cs with coal for a run of I mure than twenty-four hours.' A similar correspondence had, in the mean time, been going on be- Itween the United States Government and that of lJ^azi^ in cnrr...po.,j«„co consequence of the Sumter having, on the 7th of September, "'"' "'"'• bOl, been allowed to enter the Brazilian portof Maranham,and to take ill a supply of coal there, notwithstanding the j)rotest of the United States consul. Mr. Webb, the United States minister at the court of the Emperor, is instructed to "lose no time iu calling the attention of I the Emperor's government to the aHair." You will ask explanations thereof, and, unless s.atisfaetory explanations are rendered, [you will then inforin His Majesty's government that the shelter and Hiiiqilying of I pirates, as the Sumter is sheltered and sn))plied, in the ports of IJra/.il, are di^emed an |n;itriemlly act by this Government, and will ask thii' sueli measnres shall \hi taken in hwl to the case as will make the governor of Maianham sensible of His Majesty's I tli'^lileasine, and will prevent a recurrence of such injuries to tlio United States here- I after. I hardly need say that the proceeding at Maranhnm is an occurrenct> of great snr- Ipriseand deep disquiet to the United States. That we have . . jiposed that Brazil and j every other stiite on the American continent have an interest second only to onr own jiu the stability of the American Union, the downfall of whieh would, in onr belief, in- jtvitably be followed, sooner or later, by the decline and fallof evtsry indt;pendent nation jon this continent, which must in that case becomo once moi'c a theater for the ambition |of European powers. I Such respect for the sovereignty of the United States as oik; great nation owes to Jauiitlicr Ih an indispensable condition of friendly relaticms with foreign powers in tho Iprt'sient emergency. You will therefore take care not. for one moment, to admit into Idebatu any question of claim ou tho,part of the insurgents to any rights, whether as a jsovereigii or a belligerent.* Mr. Webb thereupon addresses to Senhor Taques, the secretary of jstate for foreign affairs, a dispatch of prodigious length, but which euds l^ith the pertinent inquiry : ^Miethor it is or is not tho intention of the Brazilian governnient to permit tho piratical letters of marque and privateers of tho rebels of the United States to enter ptti the ports of Brazil, and there lind succor and material aid — " provisions and coal— [^" ciii itiium their voyages" against the commerce of the United States ? ' . \- i 332 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. St'iilior Taqiics replied, as tlie Huron van Ziiylen liad done l)oforo liim, in a most al)le paper, in wliieh he reminded yiv. \Vel>l) of tlie ihiiiu'ikhs instan(!('s in wliieh governments dc/avto had Itecn admith'd toihcstiuiis of belli^'erents, althon^'h their sovereign charaeter had not Itccii nc- knowledj^ed, pointinj^ ont that th(! re(!o^iiition of hi'lli<;('nMicy oairicii with it the conse(pienco that tlie conimissiont;d vessels of tho. ackuDwl. edjyed bellif^erent could not be tn^ated as pirates, but must receive the same treatnu-nt as those of the opponent. The correspondence continued, and, owinj? to the eKceediii;j; fertility of ]\[r. Webb's i)en, assumes very formidable i)roportions. It led to the regulations which I have already mentioned: which rey;nlatioii,s tlii' I Presidents of the provinces were ordered to enforce. Mr. Seward reviews the correspondence witli evident dissatisfaction: Wo cuiinot admit, nnd wo aro not likely to ailiiiit, that anytliiiifj lias oociiitciI tor- lieve Hra/.il, or any otlicr power liol' tn-aty iclations with ns, from fiillillinsriii,; ol>liect for onr lla^, ami we cmjj.i^c in no discnssions with tiiem about the unjust or unfriendly nninitestatioiis witii wjiiilil tlnit ]»ractironji;ht to the noti(!e fd' the Brazilian j;overnment tin' jjri(!vance coinmitted ;ii;;\iii-r ns by tin' {governor of Maruidnim. That <;overnnn'nt, in-itead of }iivin i'irciiinstances cnnipcj ii«ti)j ac(|uiese( in the coinluct of England, S|)ain. and Hnlland, we canm)t insist uimii rt'ji;i ration from Brazil for iniving ailoptod the same line of polii-y toward us.' The ^[iir(M1 ;ic. f tlhi ackiiowi. list receive the iQiWuii fertility . It led to thf 'eg'uliitiou.s till' ilissatisfiu'tioii; liis occniTcil tot'- j from t"iilliHiii:;th.; | ly assiiiiii'd : iiiip'ii ;icter(it'iii'iitiiility. \\\iX oiircDiniiiiTv, Niiil iiinlcrcoviMiii'l lie fai'tioii. I iiiiiritiiiu^ pnw.K j I'll), iind wcaskthf )\v('rs into our dwiil , ami \vi' i'ni;;iui' ill atioiis with wliivh I iriiu'iplt', wi- li;iv.. (•i);imiitt('il ii^jaiii-r iviii^i us rcilri'ss. or I , avDWi'il anil smu- i^li", aiiilaloiii!. \V; s that till! attitul.' r inti'Viial fiienii'v servi^ our ijmvimii- eiuent they luiiyl irt, of the (•ontcmil iiid upon till' \M-\- irjiiihaiii arc iiitnl-j IK liclil of tlll'lli<-| iliiy to pnitn'taiir statt) which iniiyj ,'e (Ifti'ViuiiK.', \v;ili| jy retiiiiros.- auces cniiipnl n;niniiii;- our coniphiiiits, hy treatinjj; them as alike jjroundless and nmnean- ii;;, anil liy assuminjj that nothing li:is occurred to interrupt the iil.iit of Maraiiham." That (iovernmenl, instead of ;;iviii^ us redress, or takiui{ ■iiMi'.s to prevent arepetiiioii of the !;rievaiice, has avowed and siisiaim-Ml it. li'iiitthi' iiiideisii;ned is instructed to say to the Hra/.ilian ;i;overnnient "that while ■I iiiti'd States cannot ask Mrazil I'or less than the absolute exclusion of pirates from wiiaiiiiiis. vet, Htuiidiiif; as slie does alone anioiiy,- nations, in the extent of her un- jfritiiiily attitmh;, if she wmild lint place hersrjf upon the same ground in relation to |1h liiiti'd States which i> occupied by othi;r maritime powers, it would mitiijatc. tho I'liiuti'iit which you are authorized to express ;" and, as if foreseeinj;; the lailnre of iii* apiieal to tlu^ friendship and Justice i>f Hrazil, the iindersiMincd is ordered losay, in wnlibiiiii. that, ''(■(. nscions of mu ability to protect all our national riiilits, we neither |i"l!iiniiiic nor menace any forei;;ii state which may deem it lit to d.) ns wron^; but "la>t;is every .such caso matures we determine, with what prudiMici! and lirmness wo ^11. till' ('nurse which the einerjieiicy iei(niies." liia'iiiimli as the (hiveriiment of the I'nited States has definitively closed all further jlwiissliMi of the alfair of the pirate Sumter, either here or at Wasliin^ton. nolhinj; of ii: kind is intended in this dispatch ; its solo object being to point out to your Excel- V- *'/ li:| 11 } m^' i u: f 334 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. mill :< till. loncy tliat, so far from nntliing liavinj; ocotirro*! to «listnrl> tlio f»no«l friVing upon wliirh I 1h1)!im«!iI till- friendly roliitioiis between the United States and iTra/.il, tlie wlMile ciinN. of your jiredeeessor in relation to tli(( viNitof tho pirate Sumter to Maranliaiii, ami the present attitude of Ura/il towards tlui piratical vessels belon^^int; to the reltcl Stntij and to oTir national vessels, is cousidered by tlio Oovcrnmout of Washington unteiiiilili^ unjtist, and " iiitoternhlc." ' It is «|uite unnecessary for tho nndorsiRnort to repeat hin. ardent desire to draw cJoHir | and render more perniauent the relations between the United States and ihjizii, tho establishiruiut by them of an ''American nolicy,"in contradistinction to wiiat i^ recoj^nized policy of Europe, as is Ixmiij; developed by interference with the internal l affairs of Mrxico; and he is pained to see all his etVorts in this regard, and all the wisli,!) of his Government, set at nj"' .ht by the perseverance of Hrazil in a course dt'cliinMlln- the Government of Washin{jtt)n to be more nnfr'uniUy than that of any other lonii-ti power; and by ignoring every fact, sentiment, aiul position taken in tho Wasliini^tnn dispatch) s of tlut Hth March and M of April, and utterly refusiujaj to pencjvi" or admit that the United States feels aj;grieve?*fft'/ them. And it is It^causo perseverance in licr ]ii(>tiit | •ourse by Brazil may induce the peoph? of the United States to forget thefVieiiillyl ings upon which the existing peaceful relations botweeu the two countries aio baud] that the policy of your predecessor is deprecated.' The discussion on this subject was revived in the ensuing year by tlie I arrival of the Alabama, and shortly afterward the Florida and Georgiii. in Brazilian i)orts. The first-named ship took two American vessels within liraziiian waters and burned them there. Notwithstanding wliicli lier commander was allowed to go on shore at the island of reniaiuloj Noroidia, and there to obtain supplies for the vessel and to land tlie prisoners. For this the officer commanding r.t Fernando de Noronk Avas displaced. The Florida was allowed to enter the port of reruaiii buco, and there to refit and coal, in despite of the protest of the United] States consul that the Florida was a jurate and the consort of the Ala- banja, which had just before violated the neutrality of Brazilinn waters, " Nevertheless," says Mr. Webb, iu writing to the Marquis d'Abrautes | on the 21st of .May, 1SG3— Because her connnander represented that tho ship required rep.airs to her cn;;iiie I •which could not be done within the twenty-four hours, tho governor, in a conuiinaioa- tion to the i>irate, now befin-o the undersigned, dattMl the 9th of May, informed tliraji- 1 plicant that, inasnnich as ho represented to him that a compliance with his onUr to leave in twenty-four hours will compel him to do so in a y the governor of lialiia, anil instead of beinu; captured ainl iinprisonnl, luilliit V"'**^'"' detained, ho is /t'/((/, and supplied witii tlio neeessary provisions ami coal, to enahle Iiini to continue his depredations upon American oomnierce. Tlio fliiarvfH and streets of lial^a and I'ernamltnco have been, for weeks jiast, swarnnd with American sailors and passengers from merehantnien tradiiifi; with IJra/.il whi
  • arture for three piratical vessels, avowedly designed to prey upon the j coinuicrce of the United States. The waters of Brazil are violafi'd witli impunity iu I this piratical work, and after the Imperial Government had .ndmitted and declared its iuiii^tiiiition at such violation of sovL-reignty, the guilty party is received with hospi- tahtyaiid friendship by tho governor of Baliia, and instead of being ciaptured and I iniiirisuiicd, and his vessid detained, lit; is Jcltd, and supplied with the luscessary pro- I visions and coal, to enable him to continue his depredations uiton American commerce.' The ]\[ar(|uis d'Abrantcs answer.s, as to the non-.sei/ure of the Ala- baiiiii, that the governor of Bahia had not sntlicient information to war- rant him in taking such a measure ; as to the Florida and Georgia, by going over the same topics as his predeces.sor had done and with e(iual ability. Tho government of Brazil did not seize the Alabama; but it did ex- idiule tiiat vessel from its ports for the future, lor having made prizes iu [Bnizilian waters, and applied the .same rule to the Tuscaloosa as being a j tender of the delinquent ves.sel. It was immediately alter this troublesonje correspondence that the I Imperial Government promulgated the rules contained in thecircidarof |JuneL*.'), 1S03, (set out in the 7th volume of American Documents, p. I lit),) which, inpoiutof stringeiujy, far exceed what any other nation had I ever thought it necessary to enact. The United States had iu>ver adoi)ted |anysiu'h rules, nor cau it for a moment be said that Great Britain ought to he bound by them. I This i.s the country of which, in the argument of the United States it I is stated, I presume iu compliment to our distinguished Brazillian col- I Itiifrne : III theAtueric.au Case, and the documents to which it refers, there is suflicient indica- ' Briti.sh Appendix, vol. vi., p. 51. a Ibid., p. 50. 33G ARIHTRATION AT OENfiVA. im^'H^^ ■;[ i:' ■ if I m ■ i^iil titiii of (IifloviiUy and cniciiMicy with wliicli flio llrnziliiiii ^ovorniiiPut nialntaiiied lU H()vciri;;iil\ ii;^iiinst (hi", ii)^^!;icsHi\n cll'orf.s ol'tlii! coiil'ciU'niti's.' A similar question arose witii the Spanish jiovernnicnt on thoeiitrvnf r..rr.M.omi.Mce ^l'<' Sunitcr iuto ( 'a(1 i/, w i th a re(|iiisition tohaveiepnirsdoiii' will,.-,..,,,,. ,„„| to ('oal. Ait«'i' (Ullicnlties laiscil by tlie I'nited St;itis llepicsiMitatives, peiinission was j-iven, tiion^htlie repairs were limited to what was absolutely necessary.^ The same <|uestion arose with the French j;<)vernnient when tlio kSnmteri)nt intoSt. Pierre, in the Island ot IMarlinipu, in ^q. wiih'Kr.'mhV>v"'rn- vember, ]8(il, and was ]iermitfed by the p)vernor to cdiil which i>ermission was alterward approved of by the Fmuli government.-' It arose in a still more striking' form wIumi the Florida i)nt int(! V>iv>[ to repair and coal; as we shall see more fully hereafter when 1 conic to the case of that vessel. y\r. Dayton, the United States minister at tlic court of France, objected to her being received or being allowed tolmvo rei>airs (h»ne to her machinery, but his i)rotest is in the more modciati tone of a statesman ami a man of the world : we hear m) nn)re about "|»i- rates;" his objection is that, being {»ossesse the Nnsii- ville, which, having left the confederate port of <.'harleston, had been allowed to coal at JJermuila on her voyage to England. On that voyage the Nashville committed one o> those acts wliicli stained this hateful warfare with eternal o[»probrium — that of settin.; tire to a harndess trading-vessel and making her crew prisoners of wm. This proceeding was nnule a ground by ]\tr. Achims, on the arrivid et the Nashville, for clainnng that the Vessel should not be received into a Jiritish port. In terms of just and honest indigiuvtion he writes to Earl IJussell : The act of wilfully burning a private lucrchaiit-ship while pursiiiug its way quietly to its destination in its own country seems in itself little to liarinoni/.e, wif li the ;;(':it'r:il sentinii'iit ainoiijj civilized and eoinnieicial nations, even when it is coininittefl iiml'i' tlu' authority of a rceo;rnizc i iinliLjiial ion lli\ ittlt'lUllti^ l<> Mi'i'lv >lli'llc T llliili'l' ils jliriMlicI iiill tVniii I lie n>lisi'(|l|flirch ill' iliillll;;ill^ ihiii't'lv pat'tiNiin iiialici' in iiria>il luiri/i'il arls nf ^inlrnci' on liii- oomm. ' Mr. Morse, tlic riiitcd Stiilcs consul :il liOiidoii, only cxincsscd the imlilic I'ccliii.y wlu II lie w rote to Mr. Si-wanl : Till' Ifiiilinji rvi'iit of llic ('Mrrciit week liaw Itfcii tlic niiiu'ariiiii'r ofllii' coi'^air Nii>li- viilr, tViiin C'rirlrsloii, in lairtiiiiaii wjitcrs, iiml Iht wniiloii iiiiil ini.licioiis ilotincii.m „• iiii Aiiii'iifiiii s\\\\t liy liMiniii;f alioiil sfvcntN-liNf inilci wcsl ul' C'lipi' Cirai-, oil lliii Miitlii'i'ii <'iiasl of li'i'laml, anil Iht liolil ml ranee inio u ItriliKli |iiirt lor coal anil rc|iaii» ilic iliiy li>ll'i\vin;; tlie eniinnitlal of the liar'i.' uns art. It lias, as a matter ol' eoiii'Me. (lillrii lllliell coninieiil, and no little eseiteliieiil llele. Sii l';ir iiM 1 ean learn ami .iml;j;e, liie imlilie voiee here is very strim^; and iinls]ii)keM iiMoiiili'iiinin;;' and di'iioiiiieiii;; the aet as inalieioiis and iiiralieal. It has taken the K:i"li-ili peoiile hy surprise, and is doiiij; iiineh to eiilij;lilen them as to the chaiaeter of ihi'ciii'Miy with whom we are dealin;;,- !)iit siicli iiii iict could not Ix^ held to he siillicicnt jLTronud of exclusion. Iliiwt'vcr revolt ill, u" such ii system of wiiiliue, it wus still witliiu the Ie of iutenuitioual lnw, reliitive t«) w ;m', which Just ilies Ixttli i'm' st'i/.iire luid the destruction of enemy's ships uiid ^^oods ut sea, on till' piiiiciplc tliiit whatevei' tends to im]»oveiisli the enemy is ullowiihle. T!ie |iriictice had been sanctioiu'd l»y the conduct of the United States •Juiiisclves, in their last war with (Ireat l>ritain. W'licii the civil war was over, it occurred to the Unit'-d Stales (Jov- iniiiiciit that, though Captain Semmes hatl been admitted to parol as ii|iiis(tiier of war, and could not therefore be i>roceeded against crinu- iiiilly audcu' the law relatinj;' to treas«ui, lie inijjfht, nevertheh'ss, be niadeual law for the destruction of ships and ear^'oes ite- \Mii\n\i to citizens of the United States. J!ut the idea was abandoned, ii.'lMr. .b)hu A. IJolles, Solicitor to the Navy I>epartment of the Initcfl St.itcs, ill an article l)earin,i;' his name, in tlu^ iluly uiimboi of the '* At- Liiitic Monthly,"' undi-r the title of " Wiiy Semmes, of the .Vlabama, i-i not tried," has fully explained the reasons, and anion,!:;' them has " 'i' us acquainted with the course pursued by the Cuited States Cion'- iiiMiciit in the war with Knji'laiid in ISli' uud ISl.'), Tiu- olles and the law-ollicer of the Depart- aitiit, wlio api)ear to have entered ujton and conducted the iiupiiry witli I ilisriiiiiination, ability, and sense of Justice which do them inlinite liiiiior. In the article referred to Mr. lioUes, in the lirst [dace, ol»serves that— ll,\ I'stidilishint^ a liloekadt? of cnnfederate ports, our (ioveniini'nt liatl n'co,ifiiiy.i(l the i";ii'iili'iates as lielli;ier( nts, if not as a liellijfefent .•'tate. :iiid had thus eniifessed that I'ai'rilcrate oflieers and men, military or naval, < on Id not he treated as piratesor.niieril- .^iiliiiii; IIS they olieyed the laws of war: the same i'e(o;;;iiit ion was made whe'i cai- [^i^ Inr ('xclian,L!;e of prisoners were estahlished hetweeii the Federal ami eonfe, 'rate iiilliiiiitii's; and, above all, when the I'edcral I'.xeeiitive, after the eoiirts had deilarcil |uiiili(liiiiti' iirivateersiiieii to he pirates, had deliherately set aside tlmse .|mlj;iiieiits, iiiiiiailinitled the raptured and eondemned oflieers and men of tho Savannali ami the [2. •I'nitiMl States Uociuiients, vol. ii, p. 549. ' "'riie rehictancc with whicli this reene;iiition was <;'"''^"b'(l does not affect its validitv. Alitr hiivinfj; refused, aj^ain and aj;ain. President Davis's offers of exehan<;e, the Feil- jtriil KxL'cutive, Iteiiij? at last notilied that fourteen Union prisoners— six colomis, two jli'iitemmt-colouels, three nni.jors, and three captains — had been slnitn]> in felons' cells, |to lie hinif; wbeuovor the confederate privateers wore executed, coucliuled to regard 1 those 'pirates' as lawful belligerents entitled to exchange.'' 0») B '.> *> y AUBITKATION AT GENEVA. '•4, This proini.scil, Afr. IJolles writes: Without roiiHiiltiiin i»iil)Ii,'ist or JiiriHconsiilt, it was caxily poH.sil»lo to sec ami shmr tiiat \\f. a.s a (JoviTiniifiit, ••(iiiid iiot'altonl to iiroseciitt; I'.ud inmisii as a ciiiiiin;!! ;iii\ iia\nl otlici'V tor captmin^^ ami (Icstroyiii;; tlic ciiciii.v'.s (la Un;;-vin.sfl.s, a.s t'list a^ ]»>-. Uli'. not only witlioiit any attempt to send tlioiii in tor adjudication, hut with iiilit,r. .'iiiui'd ]Mtr)iosi> and |Ktlicv not to do so. This coni-lnsion was tht^ irsult ot' a rarcful study of our own naval histoiy. ainl ni';; thou;;htful examination ol future possihilities in the oont of war het\V((u tli! I'nited States and some^reat eomniereial nation. I will not dw<'ll upon this last division of the topic, hut cont«Mit niNself w itli a niW em-e to thar jiast theory ami practice of oin' naval warfare which rendered it illl|l'.^^l. hie to jMUiisli Sennues for havinj^ learneil ami practiced ,so Muccessfnll.\' tln^ |<-^mii, tau^ihf hy our own instruction and example in tiie Kevolutionary War, when wc wti. rebels, and in the last war (l^'l'.i) with (ireat Kritain. The earlier rce(U'ds are imperi'ect; hut euoii^ih can he >iathered from our nav.il hi,. torian, Cooper, to show that many of the vessels captured in thc^ war of the icvolii tion were destroyed at sea. Of the lii:(tory and ]>olicy of tlai hiter i)eriod we have ah-.-nlant j roofs. Xoi |i« than siivcnty-lour liritish m<'rchanlmcn w-re captured, and dcsdoycd is soon :isn\i- tured, umh < express instructions from the Xavy l)epartnu>nt, and in lunsninur i,i ^ deliherat(! juirpose and plan, without any attempt or intent to semi or l)rinjj Hum ;;, as prizes for adjmlicatimi 'I'hc orders of the l)e[»artment u\»on this Huhjecl airiiuiiin. ons, e'.nphatic, and c;u'efn,.y ])re]iarcd. They deserve to \h' studieil and reiiieiiilnM..!: and they eC' *ually silence all Anu-rican ri^^ht or dis]iosition to eom))lain of SiHiiiii. for haviufr imivated our example in ohcdicm-t! to sinular orders from tlm secictiiivi! tlu' confederate navy. The Instructions to whieh I refer were addicssed to Captains David Porter ami . Creiji'.iton, of the l^it th.inake; Eienteiiaiit W;:. iam II. Allen, of the Ar.i;us; IJentcnant .James lien.shaw, of the laiterpri.^L; aini| Master l{idf:ely,of the Erie. l^xt lacts from the inr>l iiictions of the Dcpiirtnu'ut, which led to these iinniii Imi'iiinns of captiu'cd ve.>.sels. will best show the |necise jMU'pose and delihcratc p"! ■ 1 of iVje CovcriMncnt. I will, therelorc, i|nole hriiM j>assa;f;s fron\ some live or sixiii.'.irl cut orders as samph's of all: "The jireat td)ject," sa> •■ one of them. " i.s the destruction of the connnerce of tin | enemy, ami the hrin;;in;; into poit tlic prisoners, in order to exchaui;e, against mil i^:, I'ortnnate countrymen who m." fall into his hiinds." " Y'ou will, fherelbre. man ii' pi i/.e unless the value, place of cajitiu'c, and other tiU orahle cii'iMimstances, shall iwAi-: sale arrival imuiilly <'i'il,iin." "You will not a;;ree to the rausomiu^; of any [ui.'i "(irant no cartel iku- iiipciale any prisoners except under circum.staucL's td'extivnir;.:.! iinavoidalde necessity." .Ill anotlM.r it is-.-iid: " Vou will, lliereforr, iiuless in some extraordiu.vry c i-ii"* ti^: shall clearly warrant an exception, destroy all \ou ciiptuic. and, hy thus relaiiiiM;;,vii'i: crew and continninji yoni cruise, \uiir services m;iy la; i ' ''anced leiifold." ••1 have it in coinin.ind from tlie I'resiih'ut strictly to )i'.>;hiliit the ;;i\ in;,; or juiji- inj;;. directly or indin'ctly, .'i ehalleii'j;e to ciuiiliat ship to siiip,"' Avjain: "'yonrown siiund.iii 'Iv yveal ; llie i lew, the safely (yf till sliip «i''i''1 \(ur coimnand. wonlii he diminished and i mhinifcred, as well ;is your own l:nii' i''! the n.ilional honor. Ii,\ Ini/aidni^ a hat tie alter I he lediiclion ot your oHiee!» iiinl ii liy manning pii/es. In every point of view, then, it will l)e proper to ilistioy >'!'»1 you capture. I xcept \aluahle and lompact articles, that may he tiansshipiii'tf system nives to one ship the force of many." Another order says that "a siu;ile rruise;, if ever ,so siicccHstuI, can man 'mi.' pri/.«s, Hiul e\«'ry )»iize Ih a «crions diminutiou of her force ; hiii a ninnle eniii*iir iiiivitl hiv war of the nnoh;- t ] roofs. Not li".- y«'laiii of Stiiin;i nu tho si'iictiiry I'l | ,i(l I'ortt'rMMil o.li rt, of the CiiiM.ii,- init l.i'wis Willi ii.:j 'asp ; Mnstci' ( .n!. (•or'<\ me live or sixui.M couimerce »< '.'■•• ;c. a;iainst oin i" therefore. Iilliu l: aiiees.sh.lll Iii:.'.. \i\\]X of any I'li.' • uees of extreme M.. iliiiary risi's t:i;;| I has relaininii.Vi''.: *lol.l." y;i\iii;.; or iif'';'' itly (lellionstr:'!'!'! (1 ill a |iri/.e. iii;i-;| iistaiiees. laiiliin's, Willi l'; Vl'.lll of the I'llrl'l il ail yoiii' '"'"f iliialtle iilMl »'■■'■ )t ti> sell'i lli''i" of til. Sllill lll!'"tl Mir osvii fiiiii' •""' \V olliiels mill tl „.r to (lisliov ".i-l traiisshil'l"'"'- , call iuaii ''III ''"J 11 siii>:!i' eniisir " 11 vij';i"'. •'"■'!'"'' lither iVoiiiri.'" .1 ]«,rts or fio.n I'r.c vessels ca|»t>irer, iiiiou fHfiirMi-iivliri ulati, the i;;;\V'.':', iii;ilia|>s, of twenty aetiiij; iiikhi peeuiiiary viev.s alone; * and thus may tlio iMiipioynii-nt of -."ir small fortt' in some dej^roo eom- wnsate for the )<;\Viit inequality [of our fi:!ee] < ompared with that of the enemy." Siirliwere the policy .:od the orders of President Madison and ot'the iSecrt^tary of tht< Viivv ill I"'l-, I'oiii, Hll; and sinh, hcyoinl luiestii ii, woiihl Ih; the plan and the in- .iriii'tions of any admiiiisti'atioii uii.'.ci ihe circi.'rtdtauct.'s.' Ill coiu'liision Mr. ]iollt'.s stiys : It is evident tiiat after it hwd heon, its it soon was, rrsolvod that neither treason nor iiiiiii/ should Ite ehaij.;ed ajjainst Semmes l.efore a Military or naval trilmnal, and that iiNiiM'tliod-'. of caidiiiiifj;, •' plnnderiiin;," and destroyiii;^ vessels should not hi- treated ;i. iittiiises ii^aiiist public, law and diUy, liiit thai he should he dealt with as a itellij;- iriiit iKiviil ollicer, lioiind to oltey the laws id' war and entitled to their protection, it iv;h iin'illess to iiMiiiire whe'c or liy whom the Alali .ma was liiiilt, manned, armed, or (iiiiiiiii^siiiiicd. or whether •. jtovernment without an open port can legitimately own or ,iii|i|ipy ;i naval force, 'riiese imjiiiries, however inteieslin;; or important they mi;^ht '[.■ ill other (lonnections, were ot no sort of interest or importance as ideinents of a trial lar viol.itiiij; the laws uf war in the conduct of a cruiser suhject to tho.so laws and luo- Iriti'il liy them. Ill iliis way the Held and the duty of iminiry were reduced to the two snlijects of amitv to prisoner* and purUdy toward Captain Winslow and the power ho reprc- ...„lni. The t\vt> (lut'.stion.s tliiis left iue dealt with by Mr. Hollos in tlio I'ollow- iii;;iiiiiiilH'r of the same rt-view, in a most iiiteiestiii;;- jtapei-, tin' re lit beiiij; wliolly to exculpate Seinmes of every eliaryc of illtreatmen' or mii'lty to prisoners, lo a( piit him of any cliaroe of i)er!ii...u, .i >;iry ciiii.^etlin'nee, on the iidmission of confederate ships of •■' '•'*"• viii into iJritish ports on the same footino as tints* of the United States, itmiiy remains to he seen whether thti saiiu^ treatment was alfordeil to iiiitli uliich impartial lu'iurality wotdd require. Oil tlie ls( of -lime, l.'ilil, Jler ]\[ajesty's orih'r was issued i)rohibitin;;', IS liiis not been unusual in the ea.se of modviously a measun' the elfect of which was to place the [niiitiMicriite vessels in a position of <'onsiderahie disadvantaoc, .sceiiio- that, ilioir own ports bein}^' strictly blockaded, tliey wei«' thus I'jft with- nut any port into wliich to take their pii/e.s. Ai-c-ortlin^ly, as re|»tuted iiia(iisp;itch from Lord l/yoiis to l''.ail L'ussell, of tlu' 17th .lune, bSdl, itwiis li.iilcd by Mr. vSewartl as '-likely to prove a «h'ath-biow to south- [rtii |irivateeriti^'." As it was clearly at the «li.scv»'tio»i of Jler Majest.>'s !;i>vt'riiiiu'iit to adopt this reoul;iii,,ii oi not, it must be ailmitte*! that. "liiis lar, liiere was no manifestation of the paitiality by which that [Si'Vcniiiu-iit has lu'cn said to have been aninii.ted. Ii! -Iiiiiiiary, 1S(>1.', after the war had lifcn ^oin;^' on for .sonte months, ll'|.Ulll|M||< l.l 111 • i-*^*- liiito !;iitis|| polls necessary. Instructions, bearinj;' date the iJlst .fan- |i!iin. jsiij, v;ere ac<;ordino;ly issued by the (loverninenl.- ( )nc of tlwse ivIt'K'iice to the ports of the ilahamas in particular, the others to »' polls 1111(1 waters of Her Majesty's dominions in fieneral. Itl ' I'ap' 'J7. •liritish Appendix, vol. iii. p. i>^. il ., ' 3iO AKIilTK'ATIOX AT GKNKVA. The Collowiiij;' stiilc ol" tliiii<;s luid iu iscii iit Xassjui. As Ikix Ihih ,;, ' ^'-' OltCll l('l>C!lt('(l, tllC |)Oltot XilSSJIlI llild ]»(M'II Illiltii' lllc (;,. UcixU for tlic l»l(»ckii(l<'i'iiimiii;4- tiiidc, llic iiiitunil (■(Hisc(jii« iicc tti wliiii, Iiiid licj'ii tliiit tlic w;ih'is »>r the colony wvn- WiitclM'd l)y, iunl tliciriiii. iii((li;ilc \ iciiiit.v iiiiidc tin' cinisin^i ;L;idiiii(l of, I'cdciiil sliips. Ill Oftolicr, 1S)»1, ,"Mr, Adiiiiis t'orwiirdcd to Lord Russell jm jm,., (•(•pled N'ttcr iVoiii ii Mr. Hiddwiii, wlioiii lio stated to In* in the .•.(■i\iiv ol' tlic ii.siiijicnts, addressed to a Mr. Addeiley, of Nassau, Ikhh whirli lie said that it apiK'ared that Nassau had been made, to some cxtciif. ill! entrepot lor the Iransiiiission of eontrahand of war troiii (!iciit hrit aiti to the blockaded ports.' The matter was referred by Lord IIiivm!! litlier from the I'liited Kiii^'dim, or elsewhere, nor had any munitions of war been shipped from N;iss;i!; to tlw Confederate States.- This report, received by Lord K'lisscll iq tin'.'JIst of l)e< ciniH-r, was communicate*! to ^Ir. Adams on ihcstlini Jai nary, 1S(I2.' ipoii this the Case of the L'nifed States makes the following;- iciiiaiL 'flic rnili'd Stiili's Willi (•(inliilciicc iisscit. in \ icw of what lias Ihtii aliiiid.v slinw'i. llial, liatl Karl Ikiissi-li scii«ii>l.v iiHjiiirid iiiin I lie (•(iiii|ilaiiits iil" Mr. Ailaiiis, ;i m;iIim|'] Cacis would lia\c lircn diMlnscd ciiliirfx al variamc wilii tliis it'iKirt — mif wliiih f would lia\ <• iiiilicUi'd Ifrr Majesty's jinvciiiiniiil to siijiprrss wliat w.as uoiii'.' on ;ii Nass;iii. 'I'lic loiriioiiiu; I'ai'ts were all witliiii tlic rcai'li ol' llcr Majesty's eoveniiiiin!. altlniiiiili :il that lime not witliiii tlie leaeli id" llie •;ovcniiiieiit ol' llie I'liiled S!;iiis. 'I'lie tail lire In lUscover tlieiii after .Mr. Adams had called attention to lliem, wa^ a nr;- leet of the dilifieiiee in thi' |iieseivat ioii ot'ifs iifiitialily, wjiidi was ''due" fidia (in..; i Jiiiiain to the I'nited States: and it taints all the snhseqiient condiict of (Jreat rpiiiiii:, towaiil the ''nited ."^tates diiiiii;;; the stni;j,nle.' ]<'inther on. Lord IJiisseH's communication is described as flic ";iii noiineemenl of an inia^^inary condition of iiffairs:"-' thus makiii:; il iip- pciir that, at the date of iiord I'lissell's cominiinicatioii, the repnrt v ceived from Niissaii and transmitted by him wa.; an iinfaitlil'iil one; wheicas the fact was that, at the date of the report, no M'sscI Imlin with miiiiitions of war Inid arriveil at Niissjni. It was not till the Sth of Decembei- that a vessel, the (lladiatur. wiili a cai',ao of iirms, snspt'cted of Iumii.^' inleiided for the Confedeiate >\;\h\ arrived al NassiUi. The United States consul at once sent a iiicssii;'!'! to the comiiiiinder of tin' Iniled States naxal forces at Key West tnj reipiest the presence of a cruiser.'' On the l.'itli of l)e<*ember lie 1'1'1mm;j thill the Flitinbeaii kept her steam n[) ready for instiiiit moveiiitiit.iMii''j ill};' considerable alarm amoiij;- the shippin,:;' in the port; and tli;it.ij rumor j^revailed tlnit lier commander meant to cut out the (iiiMliatur,! or, at all events, to seize that ves.sel immediiitely on lier leaxinu.' I The disi)atclies reporting this .state of allairs were received in 1"" I ' United States Dociinirnta, vol. i, p. Ti^a. " nritisli A]i]>('iidiN, vol. v, p. 'Jti. " i'liited Stati'H Doeniiieiits, vol. vi, p. 57. M'ase of the riiited Staten, p. a;W. "Ihid., p. 2:U. Tnitid States DociinuiitN, vol. vi, p. 44, • nhid., p.47. * HritiBh Appendix, vol. v, p. 87. OPINIONS OF SIK ALEXANDER rOfKHrnN. 341 As li;is liccti y. It iiiiuii' tlii> m- lU'iicc (if wliii'n , iJlitl tl'vir iiii. lijis. isscU iiii iiiicr ■ in t!i)' xTviiT iui, IVdiii wiiiili (I soiiic cNtciif. 1)111 (ilflit liiit- ty Kunl lliissf!! :()V('iii()r ol' tlif (•vciultcr. iMli. liiit no warliki' iiilctl Kiii^timii mI from N;iss:m (iril IJu^scl! tiin .s nil the ^ihiiil lowin;;' irinaik: 'cli iill'i'iidv sliiiw;i, ■. AtliUiis, ;i Mali- lit 1 rcpdrt — dill' wliiih t was uniiiL' I'll ;il| 'Sty's ;;ov('niiiii-ii!, tiic riiiicii siiiio, o tllt'lii, \\a^ :i in;- 4 "diif" Iniiii I'll it let 1)1" (li'i'a! I'lriliii:, >(1 as the 'Mil- niakin.ii' it iip- tlic rci)iMt ic iinraitliriil iiii<':| lu \('sscl laili'ii Uailiatnr. with I ■('(iciatc >tati'\| sent a iiic^sa:;'' It Key \ViM I" iihcr lie rcinii;'i| stcaiiici l"l;iii is \vat('liin;;iii| IctlvT atliln'"^''! itioii it ai'lifii'i iHtvcincnt.ciin-f .I't ; aiitl tli;iti tlu' (liiKliiitor.f k'aviii.ir.' eciMvcti ill I'i"i| ,1,111 (»n tlic lOtli of .laniiary. and tlio attention of tlie llrifisli .yovcni- iiii.iit was iK'ct'ssarily failed tn llic pi'ciiliar position of tin' Ualiamii Arciiipi'lMiio. On tin* one hand, it was obvious that i1 would torin a iiiiivciiicMt place of resort tor contcdcratc privateers; while, on tln^ iitlici. it seemed likely that its jtorts and waters would be nseil by tin* liijlfd States war-vessels lor the purpose (»!' watehin,u' and pnrsiiin;;- .mitcderate vessels or others ei)-;a;i('d in trade with tln^ blockaded ports, Ml that collisions in the waters of thi^ colony or in their immediate iii.i;lihorliood wonld l»e almost certain to result. To iir pi'ovide some specaal rej;ulation. AlHHit the same time the Nashville conlederate war-st«»amer liavinji; |.!ir into the port of Soiithainpton for repairs and coal, the I'niteil States war steamer Tnscaroia, which had coaled at the same port, was 1,11111(1 to lie closely watchinj; her, for the avowed i>nrpose of intercepting;" and sci/.iii^' her on hei' a<;ain pntlin^' to sea. Ily keepiiii: his steam np, ;iii(l UcepiiilH' slips on his cabh', the conimaii(h'r of the Tnscarora was virtually keepinj;' the Xasliville bhxdiaded, thns plainly niakiiij;' the watcis of the Solent the base of naval operations.' \'\um this M. ("alvo, in the second volume of his well known work, "Lc droit international,'' aftt>r statin;;' the facts relative to the two vessels, says: " T^a corvette feih'rale la 'rnscar(»ra eiitra dans le iiK'Hie [iiiit jiiHir siirvi'iller son eniiemi, et ratta(picr ilv^i, ipi'il rejn'eiidrait hi iiicr. Devantcette attitude hostile les antoritcs htcales intervinreiit, et ihTiiscarora, abamhmnant son post d'obsj'rvat ion sans t(.ntefois renoncer 1 SIS projets, resta pies d'tm inois dans les eaiix an;;laises an mepris ili's relics les moins coiitestees dii droit international.' - in the precedin.i;' November, after the reception of the Sumter at Tiiiiiilad, .Mr. Seward had, thron;;h Loid Lyons, pressed upon the llrit- i>ii ;;■ iveriiinent the i)ropriety of ado[)tin,u" the rule laid down, as 111' said, by the other powers of ICnrope, not to allow privateers to H'liiaiii for more than twenty four hours in their juirts.' Such a rule, ridatin;;" exc^lusively to piivateers, was not one which Her Majesty's ^ioverninent were at all called upon to apply to cominissiiuuMl ships (»f war studi as the S'imt<'r any mon^ than the other maritime lowers had >' elVect : 1. No ship of I 'vai'iir privateer of either bellioc-icut was to be permitted to enter any [I'lirt. Kiadstead, or water in the IJahainas except by special leave of the li''iiteiiaiit-;i'overnor, or in case of stress of weather; and in case such l"iiiiis.si()ii should 1)1' i;iven, the vessel was, nevertheless, to lie reipiired t'l^'it to sea as soon as possible, and with no supi)lies exc-ept such as "lik'ht he necessary for immediate use. ~. No ship of war or privateer "t either belli.n'crent was to be permitted to use IJritish ports or waters i'^ii statitui or place «d' resort for any warlike purpose, «>r for the ]mr- I'-'M'of itl»tainin;;' any facilities of warlike e(piipment.- .'». Such ships '" piivateers ent«'rin}f IJritish waters w«'ve to be relies to such shii)s or privateers were to be limited to what ini;;:lit he necessary for the subsistence of the crew, and to sntlicient <.'oal to take the vessel to the nearest port of ils own country, or to some iitanr destination; ami a vessel that had been supplied with coal in Iliitish waters coidd not be again supplied with it within British Jurisdiciidn until after the exi)iration of three months from the date of the last supply taken from a Britisli ])ort. With reference to the regulation concerning Nassau, the case (»r the United States has the following renuirk : An Older more iiufrii'iidly to (Iio I'liitcd Stntt-s, iiiori! dirnctly in tliti int<>rc>t of il„. iiismficiitH, coidd not have been nindc tvcn if fonndcd n|)()n llcyli;j;<'i's fVicndlv intima. tions to tiu' i:oloni:il antlioritics. I'ndcr tlit- coiistrnctioii pi'actically put n|>(iii it,ili>' vcsstds of war of tiic I'nitcd States were cxcliidt'd from tliis liarhor lor any piiiiii..,, Avliili' it was ojn'ii for (Vt-o inj;rcss and cf^n'ss to vessels of tiie insnr^rents, piiiiliaxii or hnilt aiul owned by tlie anthorities at Kichniond, l>rin};in;r tiieir cutdin in U- transslii|>])ed in Hritisli Itottonis to leaser, 'I'renliolni tV Co., in J jverpotd, and takin;' on lioaril tin* ear<;oes of arms und munitions of war which havu buun dispuilml thitlier from Liverpool.! A\u\ in anotlier place it is observed: The instrnrtions of .Janiiary 'M, l^'li-J. forbade botli l)ellij;erents alike to (iifn tin jMirt of Nassan. except by permission of the jnoverner, or in stress of weather. Tliiii |Hr- mission was hivislily jjiven to every insnrfjent cruiser, biU was {granted ehinhsliiy, ii nt idl, to tile ve.ssels of tlie I'nited States, - llow iU'Void of all foundation are tlteso comi)Iaints will appear fiom the tsujts stated in the British (.'ounter C'ase, wltere it is observed: It will perhajis be a matter of some litth- surprise to the tribnnal to ie.nn tliaf, whereas on two oeeasions only did vessels visit the port of Nassau as eonfedcratiniii- ers, there are no less than thirty-fonr visitsof I'nited States ships of war to Ihc Ualiana Islands r<'<'orded ilnriii;.; tin- tinn- that the reirnlation was in force, « »n foni- ll(•c■;l^iull<, at least, vessels of the I'nited States exceeded the twenty-four hours' limit, ami tit"k in coal by permission ; one of tbc^ni also received ]iermi.ssion to lepair; sevciiilwin C'iij;a;{eri/es appear, iiidiid. i" have been captured by them, one within a mil<> of the shore, the other almost ni |ii>rt. The tabular statement of visits of IInite«l States ve.sr.els to tlu' lliiliniiiiis during the civil war, which is luinteil in the British Appendix, iilmml antly beats out the answer thus given.^ The geiH'ral regulations applicable to all Iler Majesty's iiorts, wlii.li, its we have seen, wen? in «;onformity witii the wishes of the I'liitid States (lovernment, though not intended by the British goveiiinieiit u<\ have any oj)eration more fav(»rable to omi belligerent than tlie i>tliii, nevertheless could not fail to prove very i>rejiulieial to the (;tMift'i'l ' ra«e-2-.H, • Pane ;*1''- •'I'ap'slO!!, 110. ^lirititih Apiiendix, vol, v. ;». 5224. OnXIOXS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKHrRX. 343 ^ase of stress e crow or re- i l)().ssil)l(' after SllpplU'S llflTs. ort nioH' tlmii pairs. 4. Snji wiiat inijiht he it t.'oal to take o somo iioiirer coal ill British sli Jnrisdictiiiii ite of the kist ho case df the lit' inti lit' il„. r'.s IVit'inlly iiiliiim- ; put iipiiii it. th' ■ lor any )nii|i"v, ir^ffiits, imhliiiMii lu'ir cut lull 111 li. •ri>i)()l, ami takiii;; u been di>|riulii4 iliko \o ciiftr till' calliiT. 'I'liat jiir- ntod <-liiiili>!ily. !i ill ai)i>o;u from obseivtMl: iial to Irani tli;it. onlViliTaliMnii"- II' to the Haliaii.i )n i'oin oira>iiiii>. m' limit, anil tiMik (ir ; scvi'ial wirr (I (lid iiol iiirviry jppfar, iiiiliitl. t" r almost in imrt. Otln' liilllillllilS lu'inlix, aliuiiil' jiorts, wliifti, of till' I'liitt'il oovoniiiK'iit '" laii tiic other, n» (ioiifi'tlcnittN ar without ;iiiy I, or into wiiiili a o'l-cati'r siiii- amst port, am! lontlis. was oil tlisa«lviiiit;i;'t;. tho si'ii, tlieirj ilation, ill it-'' ?(inn favorable to tlio coiifeilorato vo.ssols, was rondorod .still more so by the strict const ruction imt on it by IlcrMaJcsty'.s <;;ov(Miiiiu'iit, by wlioin the ji'ovcriHU's of tlie ditterent colonics were iiistrnctod that, in case of ,iii\ special application for leave to coal at a liritisb. i>ort within the three months, if it appeared that any part of the former supply had hcfii coiismned otherwi.se than in }i;ainin<; the nearest port, not even stress of weather shoiiUl form a jjroniid of exception.' As no confed- iiate vessel could seek its nearest i>ort, this was practically to prevent the possibility of a renewed supply under any circumstance.s within the three months. Tlie attempts on the part of the United States to .show that any favor Wits oxteiidetl to confederate cruisers which was withheld from their tiwii vessels, appear to me sij^nally to fail. Tilt' only specilic instances in which any comjilaint has been made atid if there had been any others we may be (piite sure we should have hi aid of them) are the cases of the Keystone State, Quaker City, and the Daeotah. As to the first two, the answer <>iven in the IWitish CiMintcr Use, nil the authority of a letter from the {governor of IJermiida to the seerctary of state for the colonies, and which is further borne out by the letters of the commanding otticers of the vessels themselves, is' as I'ullows : .\ii ivlliisioii is made in a foot-note at pa, llti; Jttitish Appendix, vol. v, p. 7; I'nited States wiinii'iitH, vol. vi, }». 52. fi ; '•'IS :4 II 344 o AUIUTRATIOX AT GKNKVA. nil iilih' iiiit'ii, tlic dial';;!' fan Ix'- Cully rxiilaiiicil anil (Ictt-nilrtl hy my (Icsir.' to luiiini the secnrity ol' a Iiiilisli imsM'ssidn ami tlic rii;lil.s of lil■ili^sll siihjccls.' AuotlKn" siil>it'i*t of coiiiphiiiil is tliiit partiality, iiicoiisistciii wjili •11 -.1 i.i iii'iitialitv, was i'\liil)iti'il toward cinifcdci-atc \ csscis icasoii that thcsi', as in tlic case of tlic Sumter , Were [Ml. iiii >ilch iiiift<'(l to coal, while liberty to form a depot of eoal at I'.ermiKl the Mipply of their ships of war, was denied to the United State eannot sii|>pwse that any member of this tribninil could be misled i>y a contention. It is ol)vions that to allow one belli^crenl to have ;i s\\ ply always stored up and reaf his ports and acre-..-- in his shores to obtain the thinjis which the belli^crj'nt may lawlully prn cure, lie has lu) ri^ht to allow the belli}»erent the use of his tcrritinv on shore lor belligerent puri)oses, which the permission to form a (lo|iipt \vonhl necessarily involve. The practical an wer to all these complaints is to be fi)nnd in tin striking' facts, stated in the lliitish CounterCasi', with reference tutiii nundtcr of visits to JJritish jtorts by the shii)s of war of the two hi'iii^ erents, and to the t he asccitained witii accnraey. may he estimated to have amonntcd to alimit '.'.•"' tons. Thu an;irejiate anninnt similarly snpplied to vessels of the I'nited Stall s rami" lie estinnited, from the want of data as to the snpjdics in many cases, but tliosrr;i><- iilone in which the i|nantities are lecorded, show a total of over ti\'e thonsaml ton-; anl this, iHitwithstamlini; the I'nited Slates navy had free access to their own coaliiij,"!'- ))ots, often close at hand. In one case a vessel of war of the I'nited States, the V:ni- derliilt, alone n iv«>d "J.tidO tons of eoul .'it ditferent IJritish ))()rts within the spaci' "i leH« than two nntnths, heiiif^ more than two-thirtls «d' tlm whole iiuionnt ohtaimtl tioiu first to last hy ionfederuto veHaels.-' The second head of complaint has assumed a more sensational ami Sup, , ..r „,„. ellective form, in repri'sentiii};' (Jreat JJritain as '* the arst- Vini'i'r'''"''' '''"' nal, the navy-yard, and the treasury of tlu^ lnsurjieiit>." A}i,aiu and a;;aiu has this hijjjhly coloretl representation been paradeil. Let us. see what, when stripped of rhetorical llourish,it really anioiiiitsin. llavinj? deteiiniued to support their ell'ort to (ist'.'.blish their imleiirii dence hy war, theconfedejatesof <'our.se re(|uired armsainl muiiitii)iisoi war. IJoth were to be hiidliUireat IJritain in abundance. The coiiiiiieiriil relations of the Southern States had been principally with Ctrwt IJritain. It wasnatiual that in (Ireat Hritaiu that they should seek tin iirms which were so essentially necessary t<» them, JJiit arms and iiiii ■Hritlsh Appendix, vol. 1, p. 7U. sfjiKc US. mm OriXIOXS OF SIR ALKXANDKR C0C'KIU:RN'. 345 siro to iiiaiiitaiu Ill's pii , - ,„iiitlii' liMiuls (if iiiiy <>t" the lii-lliirfri'iil iiowcrs on llicir way (o tin' pitits ol'tlnir ciic- laiis. To this |icnally Diir citi/i-ns arc waincil tliat llicy will !>:• ahainluin'il. ami tliiit iviMi iirivatf contra vent ions may work ini incipiality lictwccn tiic paitics at war. tin! iiintit (•( tlicni will lie Icit ci|iially tree and (ipcn to all lltCS. Itnppcius IVoin till' l>ritisli Coiiiitcr Caso, and the doiniiiuMits tlicreiii nlt'iicil to. that — I'liliMii'l 'riionias, (if tin- I'liitcil States Ai'niy, was in l'n;;lan(l (lniiiij{ tin- war. ami I'liiiic over to Kn^laixl to snpcrintcnil tin* (inrcliascs nf military stoics. Colonel H. L. I'tl liy the {'resilient of the rniteil States " a ii(tiiiy to the. Tre.'isiiry with Messrs. Itariii;^. linaiieiai a;ients for the rniteil Sta.tes I :il LnliildiK and a ei'cilit of S'>.(l(l(l.lilNI w:is aiiiiroiiriatcd for the iiiiriiiisi' '■.''■■ij'iiitiil, iTtiri'^l'^.'^tiiiifiii till, I ai'tiiit^i iiiiiiii III' ...11,1111111. Ill ,'| iiiijii, I iii.iu iliiM' anus wert) destined for the American (iovernineiit, and they intimated their ;iiiiiitiiiii (if (■(iiitiiiiiin;; unlimited ordeis for a jieriod of two ycjiis. 'I'hcy took war(!- Mhfs in Kiriniii^ltam for the receipt of arms when completed, and shipped them tiii(iiijj|i tile ajfcncy of Messrs. ISarin;; ISrotheis, and Messrs. Hrown, Shipley A Co., of l-vci|Hi(il. It a|>pe;iiN from the returns made to Cony:ress of arms purchased by t ho 1 iiitnl .stiites War Deiiartmeiit up to Decemlier. l-'ii'J. that -',(i.'>0 lilies and 'S.V^ rev(ilvers ' I.iikHsIi mantifactiut^ had at tluit time hceii supplied liy .Messis. Schuyler, Hartley A •■niliinii ; luit Mr. Schuyler is also lielieved to have acted as assent for the ]iiii(diiise "1 iiniis for the Stat(! of New York. Messrs. .Schuyler and Tomes were soon followed I'" lliniiiiinham, liy .Mr. Ijiekwood, ol" New \'ork. who liad entered into ii contract |i"nlii' supply of ritles, liayoiuds. and swords to the War Dt.'parlmeiit at Washiiiy;t(iu. Hi-alsii yiivc niiliinited oriU-rs for siicli articles, actinj;, however, to wiine extent, in (iiiiitrt with .Messrs. Schuyler mid Tomes, and shippinjr the ^joods thr(iujj;h the ajfcncy I"' 'lie siiiiic houses at Liverpool. The elfect of thesti orders was to raise the prices in I'll'' liiriiiin;;ham yuii trade to the extent of "iO per cunt.; indeed, the price of ritles |t"H' I'hiiii .V.i;(. to lot), eacli. iiiimHi lH "^^^^^^^H fl ' >^^^l 1 ; ^^^1 1 'i,;.:i;^™P >,:, '■ : :W lU'. * S'T^'*^ f '.-,i, 1^,; ' K i P.^, 3 ''ft i I Sr^^ lis 346 ARniTUATION AT GENEVA. A Mr. Launiont Dnpont also came to Enjjland, fiirnisliod witli a ciodit of jCH2,S0() oil Messrs. liarinj;, and piircliaseil and shipped saltpchrto tbeauiount of very nearly £80,000. Messrs. Naylor, Vickers «& Co., of New York, Liverpool, and London. boujjlit and sliipped to the United States lar^eqnantities of small mins. Tliey were snpplied from Jiirniin^hani alone with ir)({,000 ritles hctwccu .Inne, KSOli, and Jnly, 1803. They acted very extensively as ajjents di tlic I'nited Stales {iiovernnient,and snbniitted to that (lovernnient larj;v|ir(,. j»osals from the liirmingham Small-Arms ('oini)any. The Assistant Secretary of War at Washington, in a letter aderfect conformity with neutral duties. But, what would liawj been .said, if that great and wealthy hou.se, its lea«ling mend)er liaviii;' an inlluential voice in the Hou.se of Commons, had un«lertakeii and ex liibite«l equally "prompt and patriotic action" in f'.cilitating conli'dtr ate operations on the terms of 1 per cent, com nd.ssion and "» jhm' niit, interest? or, was there to be one law for the United States and anotlici for the ('onfederates ? Her Majesty's government did not thnik so, ami j (Jreat Britain remained an ar.senal for the latter as well as for the fornur, Next as to (treat Britain having been, as it is said, "the iiav.vvanl of the insurgents." It was, of course, impo.ssible to prevent the confe ItritiHh CtiniiUu- Ciw»?, pp. iVJ-M ; IJriti.sli Appi-iidix, vtd. vi, pp. ir>:{-l, 1T:1. l*"- •Ih'itiisii Appendix, vol. vi, p. 154. OPINIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKniRN. 347 vesspis for the Foderal (lovonimont, to supply ships to the- latter ns woll ;istotlie iiisui'{;:tMits — and who a])p(>ar to have thought that, so long as thesliips were not arnuMl in Jlritish waters, sn(;h transaction would not Ih- within the foreignenlistfuent act — tVom entering into sucih contracts. All the government could do was to use reasoiuibic care to sue that the act was not violated. Two vessels of war, and two only, the Florida and the Alabama, cqiiippod in British waters, found their way into th(^ hands of the con- tVdorutes. Whether, in respect of them, the liritish authorities were wanting in due diligeiu'.e, will be matter for future consi, <.r -i,.. art of the British government from coming into their hands, """-i' <*■»■>■■"•"' Immetliate and untiring attention was paid to the frecjuent applications (it Mr. Adams, which for the most part turned out to have pn)cee»led onomtneous information. It may have been that, in the cases of the rioiida an«l the Alabama, the local ollicers n>ay have been somewhat tmimuch in noininally I'litcrrd as dcHtiiiod to Ilavann, in tlio iislnnil of Cnhn, Imt \wr »riiiiuii(Mit anil car^jd an* uf mih-Ii a natino as to rontltT it morally certain tliat tlm intT- iliniitH who claim to 111! tlii> owners can liuvo no inttintion of lUHpatcliin^ her on any trriiiiil III' mercy or of iieaco. lam iiiturmeil that tiiin vessel will sail in n ilay or two ; I therefore fed under tlio Iii;;lii.st otilipition toHnhniit the infiirmation I haveohtaineil as the ^rronnil lor appliia- ii"ii for a inoinpt and ctfcctive investigation of the truth of the allepitions while 'hiri' is tiinc. Xot donlitin^ the earnest disiiosition of Her Majesty's jjovernment faith- fully to adhere to the principles of ncntrality to which it has pledged itself, I ask, ou I' piiit (if the I'nited States, for no more than a simple enforcement of tho law, in U^««Mt shall appear that evil-minded pei-sons are seeking to Hvt it nt iinugbt.' Th>' IlirliiuiU. liritish Appendix, vol. ii, p. 133. ll ;)48 AIMUTKATIOX AT fiKXKVA. All'. Adiinis, it woiilil socm. ciitciliiiiKMl iioim' of tlioso not inns of t r I ^; il|j 1 ...j^pf.'- .'i '■*f J«|' 1 '' II' OKlci tliit.v or tiic iiiMM'ssily 1)1 iiiiviiij;' rt'coiiisc to prrroj^iitivt' I'oicc in ('llicicntly to ohscivc Die oldijiiitions of neutrality, of which we Jn-ar Miiich in Ihi' ni'^iinicnt of the I'nitcd Sintcs. liH|niiy Wiisnl once ninch' Iiy the ptNcrnnicnt. The concctur nf cu,. tonis at West IIarti('i>ooI, \\h«'ri* the vessel was, ii')>oite(l the m-xi (la\ as follows : l''ii"!iiii;. I'l Kill :i fiiinniiiiiiriil iiiii wliicli I liail >> rii fiuiii tin- Aiiii'iiraii rniisul ;it T,r>'M^ til his liliikiT line, tll;it l!u' >lr;illirr in (|llr.--I ion was sllsprctrd In lif lillili;; mil m ||,;, jMirt I'll! I lie iHiriinsi- dl' liciii;; iisi-d as a jiii \ .it rri I'di- t In- ( 'iinrcilciatr Si at IS, i liavc linii Kt'i'liill^J an I'Vi' nil III)', liill I see linliiin;;- to illilicatr .slli'li ll) III! IliT ol'jicl, I'irln r ;i. ii';^ar ihiiii; in hrr i:i„. nmri'lhan iisiial In <4;iv<' ;;r<>iinil I'di' rcniari^. niilrss il lir Ihi- lirt'iiiiisianci' ihai a hn;' (iiirliiiii nf lii'i' I'ar;^! HI insist sill' anus and a nun iini I Inn : and il is imssilili- tlial. alllii:ii;^ii tlic di'siinaliiiii >>{' ihr vi'sscl nsimsilily )"• Havana, il. may l)f lhi'drsi;;ii i'Vriiliiiill\ in mil, i'\- i;.;ii- I'liii .Miiiiii' if mil tli(> vvhdh' III' lh<^ Hrnnds tin linaul iiiln tlii! Slatt-.s rclVMrid In. The rest of the inforinatioii <'olIeet«Ml )>ointe«l to a similar eomlii- aiul Mr. Adams wasaecordin^ily informed, on the advice of the atttiiii j;eiKM'al, that the vessel did not come within the terms of the lure (•nlistineiit act, (to which, in his letter, he haaiiia. orij;inally known as \o. L'!)(». As 1 shall liavitu enter in detail into the facts connc d with these vessels further oii. J will not here allude to them more particularly. On the KJth .laiiuary, l.s(».'», Mr. Adams made a representation to Ilaii 111- ell- Tin- (i. IJiissell respectin;;' tlu' (leorjuiana, a vessel built at (!las;;(i\v, and then littin^out ar Mveritool, which he stated he '*li:iil reason to ln'Ii«'v«' was inteiideil to pursue a similar course with that lin merly called No. L'!K> — to wit, the destruction of the commerce^ of tlir I'nited States." ,Mr. Adams inclosed a letter from the United Siatr> consul in liondon, '• ;;ivin inti'ipnsition of id-r Maji-siy's unvtMiinicnt, iit li-ast *> Car :b tt) rnahlr nil' III pniiiirc I'lirtln r cvidcnci' In I'staliii.sli tlic prnnf of tlic allcnntion.sliiri liiadf ill st'.isnii I'nr Ihii pri'veiitinn of this md'aritms (Miti-rprisi!.- lionl Ivussell informed Mr. Adams on the followinfj day, the ITtli, that he had communicated copies of his letter and its iucl(>sure to tlir board of treasury and to the secretary of state for tlu' liome depart ment without delay, and had reipu'sted that orders might be sent liv telej-rapli to tlu^ proper authorities at Liverpool, enjoinin;^: thtiiii to U\U' such steps in the matter as mij;ht le;'ally be taken. lie added: I tliiiik it ii;tht. hnwcvt'i', tn nhscrvt' that Iter Majesty's n"veriuiu'iit eannol lir an Hweiiihle for any dilllciilty which may lie experienced in caiiyinji out tlidse iin-i'i-. h; eonseiiiii nee nf (lie e\ ideiiee on which the statement of tho United .States ciiii.- not in any way adapted for warlike purposes, and that from the iiainn ' IJritisii A|ipemlix, vol. il, p. 1:54. llnd., p. 117. 'Ibid., p. 14b. OIMNIOXS OF H]U AT.FAAMd'.R (OCKMIIfV. :\\\) i,t' her builtl, licr ciii^o, iind (ttlirr iith'inl;int (•iicmiistiinccs. slir sccint'd III lie nitcii(l(' Itlockailc; iiiid sticli, in I'iict, pioxcil to Itc the rase. On tlic -1st of Miiicli, ISd;;,' Tionl Kiissrll wrote to Mr. Adams •• with rctciviicc to a i('|M»rt that vessels nC war were heiii-i' Itiiilt ,it (ihisjLiow lor the so-stvh'd < oiilederale Mates; that it ,i|i|ic;ire(l t'roiii int'oniiat ion eollected liy the eoniiiiissioner of eiisttuns lliat there were ordy two hir^^c steamers in «'oiirse ol' ( oust nirtion at llie \;ii(| of Messrs. 'I'hompson iS: Co.; tiiat oneoftliem had the appearanee ill liciiij;' constructed to receive armoi' plates, laif that tiie iiottoin was iiitt mere tlian half phited, and that the phinl;in]L: of Iter to|> sides had diily jirst commenced." Tlie other, Lor(l to lie employed in the !Mediterranean tiade, but iiritlicr of these vessels could he completed for sevj'tal months.' Ill lurwardin;^- this lett»'r to Mi'. S«'ward, .Mr. Adams stated : 1 1 is |irii|M'r to nii'iitinii tlnit tin- inM'stii;:itiiiii :i|i|ii':ii's to liii\ r liri'ii iiiit iiiinl liy his lMn|s|ii|) ii|iiil Itii^scH's iiiiiiiiiiiiii'alioii III inc was |iril'rctly s|iiiiilaiir(iii>.- Mr. Aihiins's letter of acknowledgement to Mail Itiissell is as follows: My i.iiiMi: I lia«l llir Innior to rrci-ivr vmir lunlsliip's nulr nf tin- vJlst instant, ap- jiii^inu' nil- of llic pir]iaratiiiiis niakiii;; in tlir \anl of ."Messrs. 'l"liiiiii|isiin A Co. nl' a \,v>rl I'viilriitly (Minstrnclid I'm- luistili- piir|iiiscs. Iiiliiiiiialiiin 111' tlif same nature ircrivcil t'rnni nfliei smirees lias leil me to a lielief !;ii tills Is line III' a niimlier Intenileil tn eariy on tlie pii at leal speeies of w a: tare ptae- iij liy tlie iiisnr;;e!its anal list the conmieiie of t he I 'nilecl States, in aie'inhiiiee with 111' Jilans laiil down in the inteleejiteil eollespoliilenee wliieli 1 hail the IliiMor siiiiie iiiii' siiii'e III lay liet'oie yon. It is a soni'i<' of niiieh ;;iat illeal Ion to iiie to li.iin that i .. .I'l.,,.. :^ ..^ ,.\l ,,,.r *l... ..I (....I i..l. ..I' II.. I' \l..i...t.'^ ..... ...i.. • . :'a\- liniceelli loiircdcrate navy department with a Mr. iSanders, for the constrneti(»u ill Kiiuland of six ironclad st«'ainers, comhiniiijA' the cai>aeitiesof Irt-ijiht- iiii; iiiid li^htiu*;' ships, in a manner which eoiihl enaiih* them to force the lihickade. A correspondence ensued in which liord h'ussell denied llnit the papers proved any o\'ert acts against the law which warranted aciimiiial lU'oseeutiou of the paities concerned, lie added, however, ilia note of the I'd of April, 1S(;;{, that — 111 view of tile statements eonlailieil ill t he iiitereepleil eoirespoiiileliee. Her Majesty's .:"\ii iiiiieiit have reiieweil I he i 1 1st met Ions ali'eaily ;;i veil to I he eiistom-hoii^r ant hori- 'ii> 111' tile several liiitish ports where ships III' war iiiav lie eoiislriieteil. ami liy the -iiTitiiry of state for the home ilepartmeiit to various antlmi ities with whom he is in '"1111111111 ieat ion, to emleavor to iliseover ami nlit.iin le^al ev iileiiee of ,iiiy \ iolatioii of i!ii riiiiinii-eiillstnieiit ael with a view to the.striet eiilnreeim-nt of that statute w lieii- ■ Vrt' it i-!i II 111! I'. I 'III i I \- h;1i,i\i- 11 In 111. I II t'l-i iiiri'f I !i III I 1 I i.r \l >i ii-ul \ *w i ri i v.'i'l i tiii.ti t i\ i iii lil I m Tinted Stiitos DociiiiKMits. vol. ii, j». 203. 2 Il.i.l., i». 704. ^ Ihiil., p. 7(»;J. * Ibid, vol. i, pp. 5C*i-r>74. » Ibiil., p. .VJO. < liritisli Appendix, vol. ii, p. 167. f ?3 ■• f iiJX' ?f ^' •' 350 AUniTUATlON AT GKNKVA. lov's HiispicioiiH socms to liavo Im'OIi tlui coniKM'tiim of tlio flrius of Pn,. scr, Trnilioltu tS: Co., aii«l I-'iiwcrtt, Pn-Mton iS: (.'o., with tliosc vessels, Ih' says at tln^ oiid of tlaUrttt'r: " 1 .siipiiosc it will ln' iiii|tus>ihl,. t„| iiH'- to obtain Ir^jal ovidfiicc aptiiist tlirs*' two vrss«'l.s, ami iiolliiii;,',sli(iit of this will satisfy this jjovt'iniiKMit." l")v«'ii of tlu^ infoniiaiioii im, iiisln'd l>y .Mr. l)n«ll«»y, part — iiamcly, that the lastiiaiiu'd ni these two vt'ssfls, the .Soiithenu'i-, had arrivod at hivi-rpool — was i-rroiieoiis, umi was <"orr«'('t(Ml by Mr. Adams in his note, acrordiiij^ to later advim received from Liverpool. Mr. Adams was informed on the followini; day that imin(Mliat(' in<|uiiv woidd be mad«' on the snbjeet, and inquiries were aeeoidinyly at oimc made, as in the ease of the (ieor;;iana, both thron;;h the edstdiiis mi thorities at Liverpool and by means (»f deteetive pcdiee ollicers, as in these I wo vessels. They failed to prodiu;e any evidene«^ a;;ainsi tlu-in, and indeed one of them turned out to be a Idockade runner, iiinl tin other was afterwards enyaj^ed in trade in the Mediterranean. Innc knowledjjnu'iit of the steps whieh had l»een taUt'ii, Mr. Adams wrote ii> follows to Karl Jtussell on the (Jth of April, 1803: It is ji Noiiree of jjreut Hatisriiclioii to iiic to r tKiiiz<> tlie reiuliiicHS wliicli lIcrMiij est.v's jrovoriimeiit lias tliiis inaiiilesteil to make tlie iiivestinatioiis desiicd, as will ;,. to I'eeeive the assurances ot' its tieteriiiiiiation to iiiaiiitaiii a close oliserviition nl iiuui,' iiioveiiieiitN of an iiiiiisiial eliaracter tliat Justify suspicions of any evil intent.' On the L'Sth Mareh, l.S«;.{,\AIr. J)ndley, the United States «'i)iisiil lu Tw M.,„„.ir.. Liverpool, wrote to the collector of (Mistoms at that port, tor wardiii}; si.\ tlepositions rehttive to a vessel «'alled the Ale.xandni, nml sipplyiii};' for her seizure. Co[>ies of these depositions were also tin Wiir«levernnu'iit in the |>roper ciuirt, failed, iiii' the Jury, failetl by iiMsmi of the Judj^es of that court bein;; e(pially divided in opinion. Writiii;: to Mr. Adams jifter the verdict had been j;iven, .Mr. Sinvard .says: Yen are anthorized ami exiieetMl to assure Karl K'ussell that this (lovernnuiit is m- lircly satislicil that ller Majesty's j;(»vei'nnieiit have condncteil the i>receciloms in lli.ii case with perfect <;oo(l faith ami honor, ami that they are well eision did not take i>iiie«i till the end of >ray, I.S(m, wIumi the(Mvil war was at an ii. Oil rlie (Ith of April, l.S(i;{, a dispatch was received from the Hritish (;i(iisiil at New York, in whi»!h allusion was inadt^ to a report n. -..ti, c ,r..i.,.. whicli had appeared in the n«!wspapers of that (;ity, that the (leorH;iaiia, wliicli, as 1 have already said, was no more than a blockade runner, and wlijcli is so denominate*! in the Tnited States Docninents,' was intended tnlic iinued as a confederat(M;riiiser, and that a similar vess«'l, called (lie South Carolina, was bnildiii}; in the Clyde. The matter was referred III tilt* coinmissioners of customs, and the latter reported, on the l.'Uh iif April, as follows: uii till- ivci'ipt of tilt) said li-tttM', wo n'f«;nv(l tlio Hniiic to our c(>llt'ct»>r at (ilas^ow fill his iMi|iiii'y lespi-i't ill;; tlir SdiiMi C'iiriiliiiii ; anil it appears trniii tin- n-port nf tii<< iiihiuiii;; surveyor of whippiiij; at tliiit port, wliieli Iia.s lieen lorwaiiled to us l>_v liie (ulli'i'tiii. that tliero are al>oiit forty sliips l>uililitilii(l state. The ineasnrit;^ siirveytu" ailds that lie is ^^iviii;; his closest iitteiitioii to this vf.-sel. anil will takocaru to keep thu culliictor fully iiiforiuuduf her progress from liiiu' to time. - A report havin}; ap|)eared in the " Daily News,'' on the 17th of Martli. IS<;;{, that the (lihraltar, whi(rh, after acting; as ii jn,.. ,;,i.,„„„ „, loiilt'tlt'iiite ship of war under the name of the Snmter, had - '""' iiirii sttltl to iniviite owners, ami had arrived at Liverpool in the prevl- (iiis iiittiith, was tittin;;' out at I)irkenhea«l as a vessel of war, liord Itn.s- M'lliit once retinested that imiuiries niij;ht he math* on the subject, and niiiiiiiiiiiicated the result to Mr. Adams. I sluill have subsetpiently to ;;o riiiiy into the ca.se of this vessel al.si», whi<;h was an object of con- ">taiit vjoilance durinj;" her stay at Li\eri)ool, and which was not i)er- iiiitti'il tt> leave until the authorities were satisfied that there was no iiitt'iitioii of ijoain etpiippinjf her as a confederate cruiser. On the 7th ot .Inly, l.S(»;5, Mr. J)udley forwarded to the collector of nisttmis at Liverpool .several depositions relative to two iron- , ,„,„ ,i„u „, h,. Had sit'iuiiships buildin{>- in Messrs. Laird.s' yard at l>irken- '■•"''' lii'ati, which were alleye«l to be intended for the service of the Confed- iiiitf States, one only of whicli had at the time been launched, the other iH'iii;; still in i)roce.ss of construction, lleiue.sentations w«'re also made '•II till- siil»ject by ^h'. Attains, anil a lengthened <'orresi)ondence ensued. A strict watch was from the tirst kept upon the vessels, and imjuiries ■iiatlt' iis to their character and destination. It was at first re- piirtt'il that they were built for the government of France. Sub.setpiently tlity were claimed by a M. Uravay, of Paris, who protliUH'd 21 legal in- ^tiuiiu'iit, from whicli it appeared that the vessels had, in fact, been built tiitlic order of Captain JJulloek, (the confederate agent who ha«l been iii^trmneiital in obtidning the Florida and Alabama for the confederate ^|•Vl■nlllH'nt,) but that JJulloek had transferred his interest in them to iJiaviiy. M. Uravay stated that he had purchased them for the N'iceroy J ' V(d. i, p. 77'2. • Itritish Appeudix, vol. ii, p. 103. Srr2 A!;m'iK'A'ri<».\ at (;!;m;va. dl" Mu\|it : liiii the \'iciT(t\ . oil iiKiiiirs. (liscliiiiiinl ;\\y iiitriii I I ^'!'* ll'»!l III' <|iiii iii.u tlt*-iii. On 111'.' '.Mil oi' Si'plcu.lx'r, lS(;:t. ;i Iclfcr \v;is .iddicsscd to the Imhi.j oi's, Messrs. I,;i;ril. iiiroriiiiiiLi (lii'in tli;il llic ^ox rriiiiicnt cKiild ikh ||,- liilt tln' vessels l(» lf:i\(' I lie Mcix-s iiiilil s;il isr;iclii|y <". idem r ciiiili! ii,. y:iv«'ti of tln'ir piii'chasc tlivin. li III:; "iliUli SMIi,' il was nut ill waiil ol tlii'iii. latlinthan inn thi' risk ol' ihcic |i: tliit'ctly or iiidircctl;\ iiito the hands ol a i>i'!li;;ci'cnl. They wcfcan inuo\\. ( »ii the 1 7l h of Oci nlii'l ell In lSIr. .\daiiis wrote t-: Marl i'lissell. stal iii.u' that, in aihlil i ftiiinidalde >.teain ram in j>roeess oi' eonstrnei ion at that port, tin iv w.h also inolher steamer rea:(»w. w ho. he SI id. enlerlained no don I ♦! as to the destinat iii> Ollsll! ;i| loll lit till' IMI''!' ve.s.sel. althon;^h, Irom t he secrecy used in the process of consim and pv 'p.tration, he had been slow in ;iainiii«i evich'iice on winch in lu^ a repi eseiilafioi .■' l Erections w ere at once yivcii to the |»roper ani horit ies to iii;;kc iii (pnries and to take any measures which miuhl legally be pos>ili|.', I'Im' iiiV('sti;;ations rem.iiiied lor some time witlmiit any delinite result. Tih 1 >(• Hi vessel was carcfnily examined. It ap|»eared thai thi»ii.iih in cmi beii'i; lilted as a passenuer ship, she possessed some pecnliaiil <'on-tr! beiii.4- r.ipidlv .uot re idy lor sea, he had arranji'ed wil h the ' tin' l)roduclioii of c\i(Ience fdiovviii-j; who ' ere the real ()V.iieis ol tin vessel, and that liiey had coidiacted to sell her te one Sinclair, cillin:; himself . I cili/eii oj'ihe Coiitederalc States. A letti-r from Siiiclaii u.e prodiiccfl, dated in the previous Sept«'Md)er, in which lu- said thai "ili'' ' Hi'itiNli Ai»iH'inlix, vul. il, itp. 4r)7-15y. - n.i.i., p. it;7. Mi.iit.. |i. tim. * lliiil,, p. WH. (ti'iM(»Ns oK Ml,' \i.i;\AM>i;i; ((M i-!!II;n, ■ \ • ).)<> iti'llli^ill (iT ;|r. s>iltlr, Till' !• IfSlllt. 'I'll!' I ill ciiiirsc 111 i'i;liarit!i'> »i cil iiili) a vc> :iu-.l till- 111 '11 iiy kiiowlt'il;: was iiiifiidrii '4 ilitt'iidi il li'i I I Slates full Oil tlic I'l^ii I lliat. a> >'ii'- I till- capi.ini (Ic, to lUlVflll ailtlioliti''^: to |»ii'\cat .I.I} IX'llt It'll to till' (•WllCiS 0\' till' ■ iiiclair. falli'i- III Siiicliiii «'H saitl tlial -111'' ,j,.;.|'iiiiliatioii of tin- ;;o\ ciiiMiciit to |iic\('iit tli«' sailiii;!: ol aii,\ \ esse i,i! i, . ' Tiu' ranipero was seized on the KMli ot 1 )cceiiilier. an i leuai proceed- i!-N were instituted, a \eulict waseiitcicil aiiainst lie i»y default . and sill' I'i'iiiaiiied under sei/iiie until some inoiitlis :ifi<-r ihe termination ot' |;li(M'ivil war. I As icnart's the other \esscl liiiildiii;; in .Mosrs. 'riioinpson's yard at I lii;isui>\v. on \\hieli I he ant hoiil ies. as has been mentioiiid. , lire keeping uatrli. Mr. Adams, writiii}; respecting' the '■ ■"• s.:/iin' of the I'anipcio. reports as follows. (January L'.^. iNtJI :) ii:ii' ;.;i>ihI ■111 it uf ll|i'>r \ lit iiiii> |iri)i'i'i'ilili;;s |i:i> iiri'li t'l I rliiii\ r nil t'lM't lirr aiixii't v I .hirilii;; til)' •li'stiiialioii i>t° till- t'i>i'iiiiiliili!i' iri)ii-rlati'iictiiiii tit '!i< >;iiiir jilacr. 'I'lial siir was oi'iti'ii'il in tlii' lirst inslaiii'i' li,\ tlir irln-ls, I liavr IK) iiiiii-i' III' iliiiilit ' -^Ik' lia-' ii.iw Im'i'M iiiiiclia-'iil l>y liii' l>aiii>li ;:t>vri'iiiiiriit. a> 1 Irani ,.;ii llic Milli-I. I. M. i!'. I'.illf, 111 Scpteinlier. l.St;.;. an old ;iil!i liotit naiiied the X'ictor. heiii;;' con .iili't'cd as roitcn and iiiisei\ icealde. was sold l»y the llritisji .lAcriiiiient to a jirivate linn. The linn iiaxiii;:- afterward ' ' ■ ' i|i|ili('il till' the masts and sails ot tlie \cssel, tlie question of Lii'aiitiiiy' •ill' ;i|i|ilication was iderred to Marl K'usscll. who ad\ised. tis a measure I 1 lircraiition, that the masts :ind sails should for the pre.seiit We re- NiAi'il. On tlie L'ltli No\ciiilier. ISO,",, she suddenly left Sheeiness, w liei'»' -hf was lieiiiy prcjiared for sea, at inidiiiuhl, and cros>ed o\ er io Calais.' Lsiii' was still III a comlitioli lie was licit her eipiipped. iKiiiiifd. nor armed. She was allowed to remain, and to make such ipiiiisas were iiecessarv to render her .seaworthy. Init the precautions '.iki'ii l/\ 1 he ant hoi it ics to pre\ cut her liciii;.; made laore set \ icealde tor I '.iiliki' purposes rendered her piaci icall.\ useless lor the ('onfeth'iate M'nicc. it lia\ in^ heeii discoxcicd that lar^*' addit ioiis had lieeii made ■'iluT crew, the l''ieiicli ;:o\<'i nmeiit rcliisctl to permit her departure. ami she was e\eiitiial!y ahandiuuMl liy her ollicers. ' "Cniilrast, a;:ain." sa\ s the Case of the I'nited Slates t riiimphantlv . I '!lii' iiiiir^e ol the l'"rench ;4(»v«'rnmeiit with that (d'the llritish j'.uNcrii- I iii'iit ill like ea.s«'s. \\ Im' xes.scl iM'arin;^: a eommissioii was evor dls- hiilicil hy a P.iitish ;;un liotit. no nialter how lla;L;i'aiit mi;;ht have been iit'i \inhiti(tns ol I'.iitisli so\erci;^iity .'" Had those who ask this (pies- Hill loryntteii t he ca.sc id' a certain \csscl called the Canton, or I'aiu- I "lo. wliicli was ser\ed exactly in the same manner, ha\in;i lirst had a unii Itiial placed ahm^-side of ln'r and lia\iii.u lieei; alterwiird seized .' Ni> iiiloi Illation had Ih'i'mi recei\«'d hy the oo^<'rnmellt tendiii;:- to iliiiiw any suspicion on the \ icior iielore her departure. I'lvideiiee Liviiii,; siih.seipieiilly liee;i furnished l»y .Mr. .\danis to I.oid liu.ssell ''iiiliii<^ It) implictite xaiions pers(Uis in the liltiiiuout ot this vessel and I"' itlitaiiiiiii; a crew tor her. pio.seciitions were instil iitcd iif,'ainst such ' Itlilisll .\|l|M'IHli\. M>l. II. )l. .Ml. ■ t'liilnl .siali'."^ l>oriiiiii'iitH. \(il. ii. p. •.".'.".. ItnliNll .\|i|irlllli\. Mil. ii. |l. lil.'i. ' llilii.. p. )il'.). Iliiil.. |i. t'lT'i: I II ill il Stati'^ liirniacii'.*. m'1. \ i, \< 17 1. 54 Aiii;i I i.'AiioN Ai ( i:nk\ A, ol" tlU'lM ilS SCCllK'tl f(» llllVC 1'('ImI<1C(I tll<'lllS('l\ CS liilltic to plllli.vllliii ],; jilul scvciiil (>r llicm w err coiiN iricti Ml' |»I(M(I('(| <;iiill.v. Aiihiii;; titlni^ procctMliii^'s >\ci(' |;ik«'ii ii;;iiii)st .Mr. U'liitihlc. iiii olliccr in the i^dvi-ni liU'lit (lock viinl ;it Sliccilicss.iMitl. tlioiiuli In- w iis ;i(<|iiil ted, I lie CCClii iiU'iit iiiiiikcd tlicir (lispliMsiii'c ill his coikIi.cI I)\ iii;; liim ||,,„, liis ;i|)|>oiiitiiiciit :iii(l phiciii^ liiiii iipoii !i:ilt' |i:i.\ . :is itii oHicci in wIkh, tlicy <'oiilil no longer put iiny roiilldcncf.' in conscfj.tcncc of llic i-\<-nts conncclt'd with the K'iippah;nMiitain any snllicicnl as.->mance in ic;nai'd to wiial may Im- (hinr wii). vessels when sohl out of the na\y."' It was also thoniiht ii;;hl to keep cai eiid watch on another ve-MJ.tii, .\niplnoii, wiiicli had alreaii her to lea\e lor the latter port. On the Hith ol' I he same montli Mi. Atlams addressed a representation to Lord b'lissell on the .same siihjir;, The Hawk shortly allerwaid lelt lor London, as wa> at liist bdic\iii. w it hoiil a :'!eaiaiice. and the owner was called upon Ibr e.\plaiialiiiii>. Tlie\ess(l was also siiiijected lo.sti'cl examination b\ the police nii'ij isl.ii W.i- \\\. \V,I> ciistoins aiitlioiities. The explanalioiis of the owner pro\ in;; sal td'ry, and n(» evidence appeaiin;; to iiistily riirlhcr measures, she allowed to depaii — went to the \\ Cst Indies, and ictiinied, ami ".^ ne\er «'iiiplo\<'d for any warlike piii|iose. i\)).ir other \es.sels Ibiined thesiibjecl ol repre.si ntalioiis l)> M, •rh.A,nx.tiM II,, Adams at the eoniineiicemenl of the y«'av l.Sti.l — the .\jii\. th\^';nu!"« Am^iw t''*' H cic 1 1 h's. t li c \' i I j^ 1 1 1 la , a 11(1 Ihe Louisa .\nn l''aiiii,\. A- ">• to the liist (»: tlusc vessels. iii\ e.>t i;j;al ions had alieailv iin; liiiidc by the eastoiiis aulliorilies at I biblin. w Idle she was l,\iii;:iii| Kiii;istoii llaibor. In each ease in(|uiries were made n(»t only Itv lie home aiilhiirities, but by t he ;;<>vei iiois of Lermiida and Nassau. Nn''' of t'le V( s.sels in (piestioii were ever used tor other than coiiiint n ' jmrposes. J liave only fmther lo mention the ease of the llotilla ol ,!;iiii I'l'.ii- ' lllili^il A|i|itiiiliv, Mil. ii, |>. < T I. Ilii.l., v.il. V. p. -,'111. Iliiil., vol. ii, p. ,'i()ii. ' lltiil.. pp. ."HiH, .'>7I. iiiiil ."iT'J. Ilii.l.. I. p. .-i:il»MI. OPINIONS Ol --lU AI.I.N.VNhKi; (OCKIUI.'N. .).).> pllllisliiiiciu. liio'li; (ttliciv. I lllf ,Ul»\('ll! I, lllf )H)\v ii.u' liiiii I'mii: U'ci III wlmii nKic'ir iciii I'll I'ni' till' ('liiiicsc L;(»\('niiii('iit I»v Mr. liiiN, wliicli it was iii- • iii-.-i. Ill- led slioiild in- iiiafiiicd and (il1ic»'r''(l l»\ I'.iilisli >;ail>-eirs direetiuiis. re»|liest illy' liiiii to ;;i\<' tlic pail ieiilais of the vi.^.fl-. olilaiiied li\ I'liii I'or tliat |)iii'|iose, and llie intoriiialion .^iveii Ity \|r. I,;i\ was eoiiiiiinnieated to Mi. Adams, to whom it was likely 'to l>e haiiiK-civ. til, ■ ,| ^i.,vi,.,. ill (li>f iiinnishin;; the vessels leally de>t iiietl lor theserxiee lips >li(iiil(| Ih ■„! til,' llmiieror ol' rhiiia rroiii those reported to he so, as a pretext loi- Its. ill Hcccii, whieli il \v,i- to Karl ll;;- hetter ;il !li, ■; impos.>ihir !■ .iljicr purposes eoiiiieeted wit h the conrcMlerale ser\ ice Oil tlie arrival of tlie lleet in rhiiia. a dillereiiee arose witli tlie Chi iiiM' ,un\eriimeii! as to the terms on which tlie edinmaiid of the lleet shoiilil iie held, and ( 'aptain Oshorn evcntitaliy declined the appoint- [iider these eireiimstaiico the IWiiish ininisler at I'elviny was of hi' doiif NMil: ^„|iiiiiiiii — an opinion whieli was shared l»y Ins American colleaiiiies — ml il the Meet was allowed to remain in the liands of tlieChliiese ;;o\ • lier \ (•'-•rl.liir I pi i\ .III' tiiiii iiaUe iiiii'iirii' rriiiiiciit. tlu'ii' was jiicit daiiiicr of llie \(s-ssels heiii^- hniiuht for em iJiiMiieiit as confederate ei niseis. It was iheiefore arranged that Cap- Mill Osltoine shoidd taUe haci; |)arl of the lleet to lioinhas and part to liat ti'i'c l.viii: ■£||j.|;iii(|. ;iiid there dispose of them forthi I'hiiiese l;(>\ ernineiit ; and lams wrote \« vessels were hioiijuht oaciv aceoidin ml watch \v.i> ■ llii hearing td' this arraiii;('meiit the I'.riti.-h ;;i»veinmeiit .ua\e orders state (juiie nil ^jjai cvry precaution should he taUeii to pre\ cut their passin;^' into tlic :•) he ( '(i|iel ' III. I Mill Is of any iti'lli^cieni pc.vei. The sale of uiie of the vessels af a lew iiioiitlh ■];,;iiil,ji\ was stopped: l»iit as she was hu'IcIn an nnarined dispatch- is CO licet II, the prohioitiDa w as siiiisetpieiilis remo\ (mI lie ol her ships *\ei'e 111 a' III llie custody (»f the yo\ ei iiiiieiit. and the law Dllii'crs ha\ in;j^ ad- that the sale w ithiii the riiitish ilominions ul' armed ships uf w ar. w,aud n:iiii>'ira|. |\ e.piipped for a dilVereiit piiri»ose. u as not coiiliar> to the lor .ondoii. I'll!' Hi ji eiili>iiiieiit act, the ;;sured that they siidnld not ultimately lose iiiiy delay in the sale. Se\eral o\ertiiiis tor the imrchase of otic or iiT III' the ships tell through in ciiii.>e«pience nf the stringent nalnre the police ;iliM ■[,! til,, „i, ,,,.,, Hj,.,.^ ,.,.,|,, i,.,,, I ;,M;,ii|s| tli-'ii emplo\iiieiit l>,\ l»elli;i;t'renls, o\iii}; salisfir ^Jif limii ,,(||,,|. cjnises ; and they were in conseipiciice not dispo.sed of arcs, she ^\■l'■l|| niter the close iii the war. The delay and coiiscipienl deterioration i:ued, and ":'^^,| tlie xessids caused a lossofoxei C!0(»,(MI(», which was made ;;ood by liiitish •>()\ fi'iimcnl lo that id' (Miina. I' tliiis appears that, tliiriii^ the whole c(Hirse of the civil war, Iwd atioii.- M. si;.".— the .Viii\.™ii|,s ,,iii> nil l-'aniiv. A^Biniil \\ I re hiiilt ill (ircal liiilaiii for. and actnalh d already 1 in !1 'lii|iliUed III. llie serviiM* fif tJM lifederates. l''(Mir oliiciH 1,1 r il r. -..It Fl'lr intended to lie Imilt and eipiipped, hut were arrested while la of '^ilii II), ii- lliiv was I.Mii- '' ■}! till' ceiiise l the authorities. And it is upon this toiindation that (ileal il'iiii is represented as ha\ ni^ lieeii ••the iia\y yard ol the iiisur;.;ent Itiilfs," iind that liieii who must be supposed \o have a conscientious |ltill|lllfltl> «lis|)iuiiji('iiu'iit «>r tlui lattiT, 'I'liiis, of Iliii/.il, il is sniil Wr Im-;^ Ir;i\c to IcI'iT llli.^ lliull Irililllinl ti» I lie .lillllillisl rat J v i' li'^llhlliiilis III li liia/iliaii Ijiipiii' lor tin- riirmi riiii'iit <l iiiaiiiK r. Iiy illiiii'iir artmii mi ilir iian ,,| iiii|ii'!'ial iiiiiiisti'i >. ami nl' the imisimial ini'siili'iii- III tin Aiiiciiraii casr, anil tlir (IcMiiiiic'iils III w liiiji ii ii'lns, t lirn- i> •.iillii init nul . raliiiii i>r till' Inxalty ami rl'lirii'iicy \yU\\ wliirli llir liia/iliaii ;;ii\ ii iiininl niaiiii;iii,< lt> sii\ rlri;;nt \ il^ililist llic ay;j;lc«.si\ r i-lliUts of llir riilll'i'lli'iatis. After lilt' corrcspoiiilrncc wliicli I liaxc alrcaily ivst-ilctl. I iii;iy vd, well sa\ llial imt cNt'ii with llcf Miijcstv's uii\ ('iiiiiiciit or oHirn.s (|i,i t lit' concspoiKlciict' of tlic I'liilcd States (loxcriiiiit'iit assiimc m» ;iii;,'i\ a tone as that wliicli |>t'i\atlrs (lie Ictlcrs lictwccii tlif Aiiici icaii u\\n\^ lci- and till' iWa/.iliaii ,uo\ eniiiiciit.' * I'ortiiiiid is icfcncd to in the Aiiit'iicaii ai'^i'mnciil in tlicsc i(iiii>: A> III I'lirtiiiial, V ■• ii'l'cr to llif riiui's|Mini|c'ii.r aniirxcil li> tin- Aimi ii mm ( ( asc, III siiow that >lir al^n iirv . r |iirtrnilril llial liiT iii-ntial iliitv waMm I'-ri.-ii. liliril to till' cxrclltioll of Illf |ilo\ isiiiiis ol' Iwr pi'lial ^o(lL^ Mle alsii |i: I'ortli tile cMTIItiM' I lower of till' CniWII to ]i1r\ i-llt, lr|irr.ss. or |c|irl ;i, >iri'>si\r act^ of til'' I'oiit'iilt'iati's in vinlalion ol' licr Im^pitalilv. or in tlrroj;aii Iii'r so\t'ri-i;;nt V. Nay mori'. tlif iio\ rriiiiu'iit ol' I'ortiijial. limliii;; its own na\al I'nii iiiaili'i|nat(' to prevent the loiil'i'ilerales I'mm alin-'infj; the ri;ihl ol' asylum in tlic \\ nlltln c.l I'lii Islamls, expressly aiilhori/i'il the Aineriean < iii\ ernnieiit In semi a iia\al inu I here I'lir the purpose of iletrmllll;; I he soS eriij;ilt \ ami execiit iiii; I he law of I'ol III;;:,. < )n tinning' to tilt' (lociuiK'iils referred to, I find that I'oitii.uiil iIhI wlial, a."' a iieiilial iiowcr. it \\;is lioniid to do. naniely, iiilcrfi'fe to jui \ fill I lie A /.I lies I Von I liciiin' made a tlepot of in tin it ions of war m i >., lor llie eoiifederale eilliseis. Willi referciirr to llie aiit Iioiii \ ;^i\ ell lo I lie I 'niled Slates ( Idniii nieiil to send a iia\ai force to llie A/ores, all that appears is, ihal wlnii \lr. li.irv (',\ . the Iniled Slates iniiiistcr, infoiined the X'i.seoiinl S;m! Ilaiitleiia, the iniiiisicr for war. ! hen aeliiin as ininister for foreign ;itl,iii>. what w as ;;oin;; on at the A/ores, the iniiiisler said. ••Ihal the ishihii- iuipiestion had heeii nsrd and ahiised h\ corsairs and jiirates iliirih. ceiilnries: that lhe\ were exposed and iiiiproteclcd, and llieielMi. iiii;ihl he so einploved a;;aiii, and that the Itcsi plan woiild he to semi : siil'iicienl force there to proleel American ships a;;ainst ihreateiicd ilr]' redat ions, and to punish criminal olfciiders." In other words, llir Aiiii: leans were to !;:lveeare of tlu'iiiseh cs. This is di^niiied h\ the imiiicH •• deleiidiiiy the so\ erei;int.v aM«l exeeiiliiijLi the law of l*(nln;;al." 1 iii;i; add that when the confederate steanisliip ^>|onewall was at l,l^^|||; she was allowed to >npi»lv herself with coal, not w ithstaiidiii;^ then monstrances of the American consul. In conforiiiit\ with the ueiiriii! ride she was retpiired to leave in t wciit_\ -four hours. The .\iiierican ar<;iiineiit informs ns that When alteni|its were liiaile li> tite eonfeileiates to iiiiisti hel I a iiii ihl. ami eipiip ( riU'"i n the |iorl'> of I'laiiee, on inmplaiiit In inj;; iiia
  • lit " the I'llileil Slal's. tile eoiisl : net ion ot tliese \ . s,.,el,s was aili-'ti'il : i"' r proli (I thai M l> Ulliler eiilixiMii'tiiMi, w ilh sllspieiiin ol' lirlll t em lei I I'm I !ii' I mill . w eie in faei inii'iiiii \ ■ iniiieiit , tin- 1 r>'iii minisicrs leijniieil prnof '>! siuli pmieNM'il Imne.si intent i. " this point We i| not I' the hin>,':iaue «•!' nliit iniiiiNlr! of in.tiiiie, it> t«»'»«v >ii,ill not Irimt! porfH of Frame until it shall Itave tM«-ti pu.silivelv ileiiMinsM-i*t«<< linit their ili'sli:i'ii"' lines not alli'il the prim iples III iien'ralitv . whiili tin- I ' •. infc u<»\er,'inie'it \vi>iic-i li;iiill> iiliseive towanl Imtli liellljjeT'f'lltH." Tiiitfd Sttiti'is AigiiiiMurt p. »*, Iltitl.. |>. fiT. II. >. ii: ^T""*^ T (ii'iMtiNs OF sii: \i,i;.\A\iti.i; cocKi-.rijN. ,t.M otlii'i .uovciii IW'itiiiii, to til, il, it. is siiiil: lv;;iilaliiilis of tli- ill all till' |lll|'l« ir din smile Ml ;iiim\ .ni('i'i<'an iiii!r> • lu'sc lcriii> ; Allic-liiMli Ciiiiii;. Ill lal illllN WMs m; imIc. >Iii' aUo |i • ■|ilr.^s. nr h'lM-l a. r in im if law III' I'ullllj;;,, It I'ol'f ll,u;il illil lltcrlcic tn \>\> ; nf war nr i <... I Slates (InM'ii: H's is. lliat win: \'isct»uiit Sa li )■ foreign :itliiirv| that tlie isliiiiii> pirates iliiiii;.] anil tiu'rctiiii lid he In m'ImI i| llireatelieil ili| ords, llir Ann: by tlie iiaiiii'i' •|ii;;al." i iii.i; was at l.i-!"': .taiidiii;^ 'iif i- itii I lie "vlici;i: ami i'i|iii|i I nil-';- ii\ I lie milii-lii "; was aiTfsli'il: ■!'!' .)iirii>ii of lii'iii;,' > Miini'iil. Ill'' I'l'iK' ullv walrliiiltli'"! 'till(i'ili'lalr-<. "■ h 'II nil! IniM' ■ ■ ,i iht'ir il("y the I'lritish government I r('S|iect of I he sei/iire of Imth the Alexandra and I'ampero, and the iilciitinii of the l»irUenhead rams, had conipelh^d the confederates •• to .ii'k ill I'liinee the market they weie losinj*' on the other side of tho liai.iiel,"" the nieiiioire pr(»ceeds to relate that their choice fell on M. j.iiricii .\rman, inemher for I'lordeanx in the I'rench le;^islative as- Miiildy. •* winise ollicial position seeme(l calcnlaled to secwre <;reater :iiM'(l(iiii and celt ain inipiinily fort !i(cxecnt ion of these orders." An ai;rec- iiiciit was accordingly enlere, into a fresii agreement with ll!ill(ick '•for two ironclad steam rams." One (lilheidty had to Im- removed before the liiial ratilication of these niiitnicts, and that was the restriction jtlaced by the royal (ndinance of i''17 (III the exportation of arms and munitions of war. It has been already shown that this enactment had no reference to ■lit' sjiccial subject oi' iicntrality, and simply formed partof thiit n'cneral V;'is|iition by which the state in I'rance has fre(pient ly soiiyhl, in its "«ii interest, to place restraints upon pri\ale c»imnieree in articles of a 'illlike character, in the present instance, howcxcr, its practical ■lli'd was Id interfere with tlic aiiniiii; of the ncsscIs. Accordiiiiily , M. Annan applied to the ;;tciiilMi. ii,,,, " flu' iMTiiiissiitii to iiriii the ncsscIs slioiiM Im' w iilitliiiu ii. tin- iiiiiiiiiiin tiii'i' of tlic <:iiiis iiiiil sliDt siis)M'nil('(l, :iii)l it' alifiitl.s (-()iii|)lfti'i|. ii,;,| tln' delivery slioiild l»e |>reveiitetl." Ileeaileil on ilic I'leiicli i^mmih nieiit to *• take siicli steps as il iiiiylit deem best ealcidaled to slup ^i,. luiildiiiu' or departure of the al»oveiiieiitioii»'d \essels." i W riliiiy on the !Mh Oetolier, to expiess Ids approval oT thr (..m., adrpU'd l».v Mr. I>a,\tt)n, .Mr. Secretar\ Seuaid says: It is liiirilly iHTcssavv to iiilnnii >iiiitli;it tin' I'n'siilcnl avNiiils w iili iniiili Miljcitm!. till' ili'<'i>ii)ii til' His !iii|)i'i'i:il .M,i,ir>ty\ <^ii\i'niiiii-iit ii|miii iIii' :i|i|ilii';itiiiii ymi li;i\ iiiiidi'. anil caiiiioi liiit ic;;ai;i\ eiideaNors to (»l»lain a more salislaetorx reply. 'I'lie minister of marine withdrew th(> permis.-sioii to arm the msmK bill Jiistilied tliee(»iirse he had taUe:i in j;raiilin,u il '-on the l)iiili|ii' declaration." Tliis measure. Iiowev er, the memorial in forms us. ■■iliil im put a stop to the const riiclioii or filliiiii out of the ncsscIs," whhi .\rmaii coiitiniiery of this vessel, originally known as the Sphinx ma.\ hv i siinime,i\ ton that .Vrman had '/w'W him the most positive assurance that in- Im: sold the t wo iron dads. \ i/, the Spldnx and her sister-Ncssel.ihe ('lini|h. toth<> Danish .u'ovei'niiK'til.' .Mr. Dayton made inipiii ies at ( 'opeiili:i;:i'i:. which resulted in a tbrmal cont ladicl ion of the fact Ity tin- D.iiii^!. minister Ibr loicioii alfairs. M. .\rinaii next represented to .M. |)rnii\, de l-liii.\s that he had sold thclii to Sweden, and .M. Droiiyn dc l,liii\- repealed to Mr. Dayton, on the Vlh of .\pril, this new siali'iin'iii i. .\rmaii, (w liirh, however, was almost immedialely allerward iniilM ilicted \>\ the S.M'dish (bieii;n minister,) declariii;; himself *• .sat iMiiii tiiat till sale hat! been comphted." ' Mr. Da,\toiidid not place the siiiiir conlidriice ill .Vrmaii's assertions, and continued, in obedience in ili' instructions 111 his (bncrnmeiil, to make serious representations lo M. Drouyii lie l,iiii,\s on tli;- siiiijcc; of the raius. On llie ■>lli .liaii' In u riles lo .Ml. Sewaid : I liail :ilrcail\ iiil'oi iiicij M. |tii'ii\n dr l.Ui.y ■. nl' lih- \riy si rimis i li.uai lil ul ill' 1,11 nI JMIis. .illii till' |i|i>lialilr i'i.h>i'i|ll"1iri's W iiji'll \\ I III III ri'sllil I mill l hi' i ii|ll)ilrll'ill > ll'il" nu- ll,. S|.,||,».,ll. lIl'iiMli 111' llhSI' M's..i.U I" lllr I'llllll'llcrati I iia\i'. on ail lU'i a.siinirf, ii>ril >liiiii. lan^ii 1^1' w lii'ii ii|)|ili>il III lliisi' i|iii'Htiu!iK. I tiilil liiiu lii-iiay tliat, in i'\|iii'.smiiii; iI>' \ii'\\.siir III!' I'i'i'siih'lil nil tlli- .sl|li|i'i't. I loiilil >rar(i'iy spraK «itll lliiirli I lii'sjrol at all tiiiii's to liiiiil iiixsilt In inir nlliriai iiilririHii>i>. I lulil \nii^ llial slimilil tiii'.Hi' M'ssi'l, |i)|s.s inlollii' liamls nl' tin- cmilrili i^iIih. Itrrniiii' illltli I ai:'' I Miiiliii'iii-i' a sy.sli'in III' ili-|iii'ii'! I lial I 111' I iiiN I'i'iiinriif, if SI I ili>-|iiiTi| o\ liirli I iliil mil intiiiiati tlial it vmhi^-I )>•' <"'' ' M'arri'ly liriji lllr |>i'.ii I' liitwrrll llli- I Wfi riilinlrirs. Ill the mean time, Anna had sncci'cdrd in def»-atiiiy tin \ i-ilaiin''^' tin' I'li'iicli aiithoiities m ihe fdUouiii" manner: It .March, f^'d. li' Ml. Daytmi In Mi. Si'wanl. .\|irii T. I"*!!!. Ml riioiii', )i, •,*-. oriMONS OK Sli; ALKXANDI-.K ((tCKIirKN. nf)!) '(•|>tCII|ltCl, Il,,|! ■t>tll|»Ii'l(il, Iliii! •'|'<'IH'|| ^M\(ll| led to >lii]i ill,. I til' the ciiniM' ll IIIMl'll >oili'||'.i,| lii'MtiiMI Mill |i:i\ V itii vri;. ^I'limi. 10 .Ml'. h.i.M.iii. Iflllsixc illlSWil 11 Mr. Davioirv I'lii tlif \i'>>cN. on (lie liiiilili'i'. ins us, ••dill nil- Vl'SSl'ls." whirl! i)i' tliclii I'l tin ell j^DVi'iiiiiinr IMS liiiililiii;; :i: iii\ iii;i\ lif tin;- idi'licc iiiiiic\is )riii<'il Mi. I'.n ICC that lit' liui; Sfl.tllt' ("lllitlb. ;it ('ti|>fldi;i;rl. I>y tilt' l».llll-l. I'to M. I)ri>i,\, •OllVII ilf l,llii\- w .Niatfiiii'iil " t'rw.iitl fiiiilr.i UM'lt' •• sati>lii-ii j plat't' ti.f s,ii!ii' M'llit'iifi' lit ill' •iitalimis lit M. ic -.ill .lr.hr 111 1 li:ira.'(ff i-l' 111'- III' luiiijdcl It'll ■i'>'' •^iiiiis, iivil >liiii; ill (•\|»lr»lli:; 'I' ||ic Miir>v:liyi';il I iiici' III' laii^iiii^ ,.:IM', I loM III'' lui Clllll 111 111' ■ 1" I.. I, Wdlllil I'l' >"'! il \\ un''! 1"- '"'• ' (■ \ i-ilaiifi"^> dari'li. I>'it. ll' iiail ntiicliulcd a <'(inti'a('t of siili> with the l):iiiish ;,^ovi>riMii('iit, tlicii nx ;ii' with the (Icriiiaii ( 'onrctlciat ion. I nit the coiidiiioiis of I hi- contrart ;itil liaxia;;' been (discrvcil. tht* Danish oHiccr, to whom the Sphinx was oliiivi' hct'ii liaiidcd omt at ISordcaiix,- icriiscd to icfcivc hrr. Annan, i'lnvcvir toid; advaiiiayt' of litis contract lo ^t'l the \csscl out td' I'lcnch '(.Iters iimlcr the iiaiiic of thi' Stocrkoihicr, and sent her to ( 'opcnhaji'cn .iiKJt'r the pn'tciicc (d' auaiii siilimittiim' her lo inspection tiu'i'c. The jtuiisli uKvernineiit liaxiii;;' peisisled in tlicir rel'iis;il tt» purchase liie \,sst'l. he olilainetl ]>ei mission to hriii;;- her hacU. reehristeiied as the Cliiitlc. iimler Danish colors it> Honleaiix. On airiviu}.'' in l-'rencli Wiilt'is. oil the islainl of lloiial. on the coast of iWiliaiiv, she sloppeil ;ii it'ccive fidiii another sU-amer, Ity a precoiicerleil anaii;;'enient, a crew, with an arriiaincnt of artilh'ry and niiinitioiis (d' war, htdsled tiie con- ii'ili'iate lla,u. and, chan;;iii]<>' her name for the third time to that of llu' Stdiifw all, left the freiich waters for I'errtd, in Spain, where she oh ::iiii('(l permission to remain and make some necessarv repairs. Tlicsc proceedinjis were the snltject id' energetic remonslances at I'ari.s .ml .Mailrid. and woiihl, in nil ptiilialiilit.\ , ha\'e ;;iven rise to much more, mil iiitt the close of the civil war depri\ed the n of aiiv practical iitcicst it mifiht otherwise have had. the Stonewall liavinu' hci'n niiahle 11 I'lniiiiiit any acts of warfare. 'I'lie American (Jovcinnieiit wisely 'ivft'iit'il to drop Its uiievanci's. as .Mr. Sewanl e\pl;iins [u a lettei' to ^li. Kim'low. Initeil States miiiistei at Paris, datetl l.'itli March, lS(jr>; 1.1' ijKiix I'liii'intiit ;i ili'.ja. niiilri' Irs j>iii^>aii('«s inariliiiirs iiii)ilii{Mi''i's iliiiis I't'lli- ..liiiri', lii's cniisrs lie |ilMiiii(' ,isM'z iKtiiiliiciiscs ct a.-""!'/ ;iia\ i"». II |)ii'i<'ir iiiaiiiiHiins 'iiii'ti'iiir la )iai\. I'liai nu'iiic rt rainitic avii- i cs |nils>.-iii('i'>, |iliili')t i|iii' ilr iriiiriclii-i ■ • MiillVillcN I'Ci'M.siuiis ill' i|ll('l'i'll(', I'l il .s'i'Sl iuii'ia t li'^-ilrUlrllS >i lrs;l]i|ililirllMi)lls i|lli' allairt' acliii'lli' a .■M'lilrvi'rsin' .sunt [las Jiisl ilii .-.s. i.i s I'ii'ciin.staiici'^ si'iii!:'"'it iraillriii's iMilisi-r li'S \M'll\ till y,iinvi'l lirllirlll !l ( rl I'llillnil . Ni'S tlrrilii'l'> a\is li'lr;;rii|iliii|ni's 'iii> iiilii'iiii lit i|ii<' It' StiiiK'U :ill I'sl mIi^iiIiiiiii'IiI Ih'I's tl'i'tat ilr It'iiif Ui iiii'i', ct i|iir. I'liiii '•ti r;ii'-(iii rl I'liiir (riiMlrc-. Irs ci iiuiin'N niii li )ii>». ilnit clu'ii ln'iit a >'iii ilil'ar- riitiii this ii;irrali\ f il will he seen ht»w \er.\ dilVtifiil was the view ■;iM'ii of these circilliistaiic«'s Wy the ( !o\ ci niiieiit ol lln- riiiled Stales, I tilt' lime w hen 1 lie\ ociiii retl, from I he ctdor now son;;hl to be put 'I'liii tlie'ii by the .\merican arjiilineiit. Tlic iiiiiiiiiiji td the biockiide. as il is termed, by I'.ritisli vessels, nnd ill' use of the Dahaiiias ami Itermiida ami ol her i>laiids. as ,. „, i'latcs by means id" w hich the blockade riinnin;; miulit be i- '•"''■ """"»•• ailiiatctl. wi'ic, t hroii^hont the war. IIh* cause of iince.isiim and loiitl iiiiiiplaint on the part «tf the I'niteil Stales ( lt>\ eriimeiit. No doubt il «;i>a\i'ry j^feat annoyaiicc' to the Initcd States: but it in reality illi'iilt'd IK) If'^ilimate c.inse of Liiicv ance. Tliiit, w hen t he arms and miiiiilioiis id w.ii iii'i'i'>.>aiy to the corfed ;{G0 AKISiri;ATIn\ W (JKM'.VA. iSiTi; J. "i' x: aiitics of its pints iii:i(l«' if «'\trt'iin'ly (liHiciilt lor ncciiii ;x<»iii;:' \t'>si-K; ii\(>>(' tlic proximity of tlic ISaliiiiiiii Islands and l>criiiiid.i tn t| soiitlnTii ixnts In fraiissliip llu> cargoes sent iVoni llii^iland, it the pla CCS, into last strainers ol li^^ht || and car;;»>es to the \alne, it is said, of CS.(llM>,oil(> sierliii;;' tell mi hands of the i'ederals. a Ncry lar;;c i lial)ilit\. r>y the municipal law not prohihited. and therefoi'e intt ini lawlnl — not even siitlicieiitly so, as has iteeii lalei\ hehl l>y Lord Wi-: Itnry in the ease off./' inoli ('liavasse /// »c ( Ira/elnook,' and l»y Ii; liiishinutoii in that of the Helen,' to avoid a contract inaile in cuiitii: platiini of such a transaction, iloa as lietween the IdockadiiiL; lull;. ereiit and the country ot' the lilockadernnnin.u trader .' ('Ieari\ ainl ii dispntal»!y wylhont conseipieii'-e ol' aii\ sort. It has never heeii contended hy any one llial a neutral st.ite iiiciiiiiMi any respcinsiltility 1»> the ;;eneral law (d" nati<»ns l>y reason olaiiy violi ti(»ii of neutrality l»y its snhjects, in carrs la;; »»n trade with a l»lorl;,iiln! port. It is therefore clear that a neutral ;4'o\eriiinent is md linuml |» pridiihit such lra»le hy its municipal law. With the sin;;le cxccpiiui of Denmark, if my memory does not decei\e ine, no Mnropean stale lii^ l»rohihited it. 'I'he riiit«'(( Slates have no law which does su. Siicli lieiii;; the state of the international law of the ci\ ili/ed wmli; and the innnicipal law of (ireat Britain on the hreakin;;' out of the \v;ii. not only was it n(d iiicninheiit on (ireat Hritain as a duty to alter it> law, with a \ iew to prohihitin;; its suhjects from trading ^^>th the hlork aded polls, hut to iiave don(> so woiihl ha\e been, as it seems to iiie. ii direct cmdravention (d' a fundaineidal pi'iin'ipal of neutralit\ — iiaiiicl}. that a neutral power shall not. with a view to a pendiii<;' war. C' ([tt >> far as may lie necessary tor the fnllilliiK lit of its own *d)li;^'ations as .1 neutral, alter its law, or make- new re;;ii)atioiis. Iia\in;i' the ohjert o: «'l1ect of faxorili;;' one li«'lli;.'('rcnt at the e\i»ense of the other. I'.iit tlii' such would have been tln' ellect of an alteration ol the law, as dcsiriil hy the I'nited States, hy passin;;an act to make hlockade-runiiiii;.; peiii!. is maiiif* St. The I'liited States, as hetwceii them and t lieii' ad\eis,iiii'>. were masters of t!i«' seas, and had tlu'ir ports (»peii, and could, tlieit'lnii. freely n'ceive tlu' car^i'ocs id' arms and mnnitioiis id" war whiciiwni heili;; daily supplied to them. To t he conlederate ,<;o\ eriiiiieiit the hlmk ade riinner atVordcd the only means of idiiaiiiin;:; the arms with wliiili lu^ was to lijilit for inde|iendeiice. An .dteiation of the law would li;iV' leen to place him helpless in the powi r ui his eiieinv. Would it h-w hvi'U consistent with iieutralilv to alter the law at such a time, ami wit the eertaiiit v ot* such a result Tl le ri.i;ht of a lielli;;ereiit to f\vU\>h the copiinerce of a neutral from a hlockadeil port is too well estahlislm t<» he shaken ; Init it is the most odious and arbitrary Ibrni in wliicli ili' freeihmi of the neutral can be interfered with, and I <-aii see, tlicretui* II .li I' leii. t l.iiw li'iji.. Ailiii. all'! i'.i'i 1., I. *'ii \UI£ \t'SSclM,, nl\illlt;|^c\\;|v l'llll|l|.( to till :liiii»l, .It III,.,, iHlVMIll.llic III I'll, ftlllhl lliii, , tlimi;;li S||||,^ ;;' i'fll iiitii III, I illiil'lcs, (nil IIIIIClll. Ilic Miilawtiil: i Ix'tWiTll 111, lit y Id nlc ill niiiti'ii, •l<;i [s .so. ivili/cil Win 111 tilt ol' lIlC Will, ity to alter \\- vi'tli tilt' liliii'k cin.s to nil'. II alitN — natiii'l}. war. <' • t'|it >' (li^iiitioiis ii> . the olijcct 111 lin-. lint till' i\v, as (loiifi; iiiiiiiiii<<; |)<'ii,il> ir aiht'isiirii'v illtl, llicivliiii ir w liii'li \vti, ifiit till' Itl'iiK IIS with \\liiii. i\v woiilil li;i\' N'oiiltl It llIM tiiiif. anil Willi •lit to CXflll'l' ell »'slalilisiii'' II in -tsiiicli lii' sec, tlicn't'""' iiii reason why a ;;ov('iiinii'iit shoiihl iiitoil'crr to iiiake tlif cxtM'cM.sc of till- [Miwcr Mioj-f |)t'otliii-tivt' ol' tlrti'inieiit to the colli nil TCI' of ivs siiltjccts ;|i;iii it lu'i'cssarilv caiiics with it at present, I'.iit if any alteration of tlic law is to take place, it shoii'd he in lime of peace, not when the ,li;iii;:c would pro\(' latal to one of the coinUalaiits, and insure vicrtory M tlie other. Karl IJiissell put the ni.itter on tin- liylit footin;; when, in answer to a ii'iiioiistratiee of .Mr. Adams, on the l.tli of May. I.stiJ, he replied: It'llli' Itl'il isll ;;iiM'rnilirlil, liv \ il llU' nl tllc |H rni;;;it i\ I- of till' ( 'niwii. Ill l>\ .nil III oily i! I'ariiallli'llt, li.'lil lirnliiMlril .uid riMliil lia\ i' |il r\ I'tili'ij till- i'i)ii\ I'Viinri' ill lii'il i-tll lilrl - ,li;ml-'.lo|)H III' linns mihI aiiiiiiiiiiilinii In llic ('oiiI'i'iIi'ImIi' Staiiw, ami Inul allmvi'ij ijn- I 111' w.ir In N'l'W Vurk ami In miIut I'ciliTal p.iiis. ilri IHIH) III nl' Hlli'll rnlll rati. MM \|:lii'^l>'"* ;fn\ IMOIIH'III W.iulil liasr i|c|(:lltril rrniii tlli' lirlllral |iiiiilinn liny lia\r lls- viiiii'il ami iiiaiiitainril. II. on tlirntliiT liamt. Il<'r .Maji'^ty's ^^nvrrinoi'iil liail prnliihitnl ami rnnlil liavr pre- • iiti-il till- tiaospnri nl' ai'iiei anil aioiioiiiil ion In linlli lln- roiilcmlinL; parlicH, tlit-y iMiiliI liaM< ilcpiisi'il llir t'oili-il .y hivr i'.ui'iril nil ilii' war. Till' ai'iiis ami amniiiiiitinn n ivnl I'rntii lirral Itrilain. u>4 .ill as I'lniii nlliri ni-nli'.il rniinli'ii'H, have i-nalili-il I In- t nilnl Slali's In III mil I lie I'nr- iihilili' armii's imw ni^ani'il in canv in;; on ilic w.w .niaiiist I lie Smitlifin Sialrs, wliilc. ly iiii'jiiiH nl' I In- lilnckaili' rslalilisln-il l>y tin' t'cdcral ( invcinnienl . Ilic .'^nnlloTii ."^latrs iVi' 111 III ilt-piisi'il nl' -iniilar ail\ .inta:;i's. I'lif imparl iai nlt>ri\ amc nf ni'iitral nlili'^al imis li\ Hit Majesty's ;;n\iTniniiii lias I 'IS liri'ii I'MTi'ilinnly ail\ aiita;;i'iins in t lir laiisc nl t hi- nmir powrii'nl of t lif I w n ■ nii- •iiiiiii;; p.irlir.s. Tlie same reason applies to the fre(|iient ii.se of the ports of the l>a- liaiiias and ISermiida as entrepots for the blockade riiiiiiiiin' car;;'oes. and tlie traiissliipntent of the latter into linhicr craft. There was not liin;^' 111 all this ill any way contrary to law. \'«'ssels with car^joes of anus iiileiided for tin* Soiithcrii p*»rts had a peilect ri;.:lit to enter, reiiiaiii, mil i|iiit, when and as they tlioii;;hl proper. If this tratlie. suddenly »|iiiii;,Mii;>' lip, soon assiiined such larj;e diineiisi(»ns, the i-an.se was to We tiiiiiDl in the tbreed iiit<-rritptioii of the trade with tli(> Soiithern ports ;liroii;;li the ld«M'kade. Here aji'ain a neutral ;i(»v«'rninent could not lie rilled upon to make new laws to pre\ent the neutral trader 'roni avail- ill:' himself of such means, not piicoiisistent with law, as circuinstatie* s I'lat'cd at his disposal in seekinj;' to compensate hiitiself toi- the r*- -iniiiits imposed on his eonMner<'ial freedom. When the ordinary coiir.M' III tliiiiy:^ is (listurlted l>y iiiterveninn; force, the tendency is alway>., in Millie shape or other, to a restoration of the etpiililiriiim. Infortu. late- ly. instead of .seeiiin- in all this only the natural etleet of coinme.'eial *|ii<'iilatioii and I'literprise, the I'liited Slates ( ioveiument, in the e\- ■itiiiieiit of the time, .saw in it iiothinn- Itiit hostility to the cause of tlu' ' iiioi:. Impressed with this idea, .Mr. .Seward writes to Mr. Adams, on the mil of .March, JSiL': Infill in.'ll inn lli'l'ivnl I'lnlll iilir rnli>ii| :it l.i\rrpnn| ('nnlil'lll- I'l-pnlis \s]|irli lia\>- iiliril M>< iliat iiiMiiiamr cniniiaiiies in r,n;ilaml air ii isnilll;^ \i>>c|> (■iiy;a;ir(l III lilli- iiii;; iiiii MiicKailr, ami rvi'ii vi'^si-Ih ranv hi;; rnni raliaiiil nl' war. 'I'liis is. in rlli rl. a Iiiiialinii nl' Itrilisli rapilalisis, 'inilrr li';;.il anllmrilv, In lev \ war a;;ainsl llie i mini stairs. It is I'litiii'ly imniisisiciir with llir rrlalinnsnr rrii-mlsliip w liirli wr, 'loin pait, iiiainlaiM tnwiinl (tr<'al Itritain : amiui' ranmil Itrlicv r thai llrr Itiilan- iii' .Majesty's ;;n\riiiiiirnt v\ ill rcjjraiil il as I'nmpalililr with thr atlitiiili- >'! iii-iitrality i'lillailmd liy that miMMllinrllt. Its iHiit is tn plnlnnn Ihi'* slllljf;;lf, <|i stiny li'^jlti- lliall' lillllllUTl'f nl Itritisli Slll»ir(ls, allil r\rilr ill lllis eoilllliy riflilins of iir I'liiisiiK in l.iimlmi anil l.iM-r|iiMil can I'lirnish ynii with all the int'nnnation ymi 'ill iMiiiirf, ' f^ I'lliled States llncniliclils, \nl. i, pp. .Mtti, ,'i;!7 - I'lliled Slates llnclinielits, vol, i, p. 1>0. ;(i2 AintlllrMloN Al (iKNKNA. M !, r»- ^Ii'. Atlaiiis, ill ;i Irtirr ((» I.iud Ifiisscll mC tin' .".Otli nf DciimiIm-i. Isiij <'i)lii|ilailis ill iMllirst liiti;;il!i;;r : It is II Curl tliat I'i'w |ii'isiins in jji^rlnnil will now lir Imlil i'iiiiiii;li inilniv, hui.tli,' v'l'MMi-ls li:iv<> liri'ii liiiilt ill Itiitisli |iiirlH. :i<« wril ii>> niiiMiril li\ i lii .Mii|i'<iL;ii iiiiil ii'lfiil III (im > (III war auiiin^l llic 1 niliil Si.iIih; .•'•■I'lniiil), il,,; ollifl' \ i>si Is iiwiii li li.\ lliil i>li siiliji'ils li:i\ I' ItiTii ami air Ml ill t lii' I'liiist alil [u.k ||,, ol' ili'|i;ii I ill!; I'liiiii liiiiioli |)i>rl», laili'ii ^^itll rniii laliaiiil nl' war ami tiiaiiy nijn'r < cnii iiiiiiiii ii 's, Willi I III' inlnil In lnraK t lir lilnrkaii)' ami In luni'i a>l iiiali- I In- war: tiiiiii;, thai Mirli \ rs'^i'ls iiav •' III I n ami arc iiisini'il li\ |!i iti>li iiirii'liaiil> in I In- ruiiiiiiiii n tiiwiiM III' IIiIm kiii;;i|iitii, with llir iiiiiliTMaiiiliii;; lliat tlii.v air ili-<|>alrlii'il t'ni' llial ill< ;^al |iiii'|Mi>r. It is liflii-\ I'll III III' Iti'viiml ili'iiial that ilritisli siiliii-rts Ikim' Iht runt ill III- Id Itf, I'll lisli'tl in this Uiii;;iliini in tlir mtn ire mI' tlir inNiir;!<'iits, w iih t| tfiit III iiiaki' war on tlir I'niti'il Stairs, nr In lirraU tlir lilnrUaili' lr<;itimali'l\ II. aiM. If III THial' I'lXlll. li.slii'il, anil to a |irii|iiirtiiiiiati' rvti'iil to aiiiinl its |iiir|io-i'. It is lirlicv nl thai | lii^li in soi'ial |iii>itiiiii ami in I'mtiim' ronti ilmti- thrii aiil, iliri'i ll\ am! imliirri!v,n liiiihliii;; ami i'i|iii|i|ilii^ slii|i-> of war if^ will a> ot hi'i' \ I'sxrls, ami tiiriiishiii;; uicini'v :i. well as ^iioils w it h t lir liii|ir i if sustain iii<^ I lir insiir^iriils in t hrir ri'>.i--tani'r In I lir lim rniniriit. Ti) that nnl tlir |iiirt nl' Na-Haii, a rnlnnial i|r|irnili':ii'\ nl (iirat Iti il;iiii. Ii.i> lii'i'll mat Ir. ami si ill rnlil inilrit In III', t lir ;;lrat rntrr|ii>t I'm I lir still in ;> i nl tlir-r niinirrnii-< ami iiilliinitial jiaitirs ran iiiMilvr tlii'in, rl' Itritisli |ii'n|ilr ina\ In- rnnsiilriril as art ii.'illv ran \ ini; mi w ar a'^ain^t thr t'ni In I SiiHi . Alrrail.v Krili-h )irii|ii'i ty \ alnnl at r it; lit millinn-^ nl' iiniiinls stn lin;; is rrpni in| tu |i;i\. Iirrll i'ii|ltnrnl liy I lir vrssrls III' I hr I'llitril .S|atr> Inl' at ti'ni|ils to \ iiilatr thr hliiikaii' ami |iin|ii'rty (it far ^rratrr \ aim- lias rithrr lirrii surrrxst'iillv inli'iiilnrnl m i->ip,' stiiiril at Nassau a\>ailiii;; I'avnralilr n|i|inrlnnit ii"~. Iliit lii:il t lii'si' wi'ic fotiitiirn-iiii s|MM-iil:itiMiis, and liail im iiitMi'iiii to any political syinpatliics, is plain. Iiom tin- rnllowino^ Irttci' I'lum Mi .Morse, the I'liitcil Stales eoiisitl ^^ciieral. to Mr. .\(laiii^. of tlie L' liji ,,1 the same inoiilli. .Mter iiieiit ioiiiti^ the ;cirs thrv ral'lN out. ami thr niallllcl iil'inli- iliii'l in^ I III' tiailr. is a iinrstinnnl' inin h inlrirst In .Vinrrirans, |iniiiiL( tliy far!. 'Ia>;i's III thr war thr iiinlrwas rariinl nii pi iiiri|ially li.\ an 'iits srni ii\ rr t'niiii ll. inii-Ms ami ,'irti\i' ■•> III path i/^l^ in tin- irni ('nnrnlriatr ."stairs, aiili'd li\ a t'rW inrlralllilr 1 roiinlry. 'I'hr-'r aj^riils, with llirir tVirmls hnr, pni'rliasnl thr sii|iplirs, ami | 'ni'i slcai'irrs, iiinstly Ity rhailrr, ami I'orwarilnl lln- yinnils. lint liy lar Ihr lai';{rst |iortiiiii of Ihr traiir, with prrl.aps thr rM'rptinn nl tiniti; small arms, is iiair. .-iml t'nr a hini; tiinr lias Inrti. nniirr thr inanaLirinriil ami niiitioli Itritlsh inrrrlianls, ll is rai rinl on primip.'illx li.\ Itrll ish rapital, in lliit isli ship.., inn riossrH tin- .\tlaiitii' ^imlrr tin- pint nl inn i.f thr |ti it ish Ihi'^. rariirs ronir iron. Itirhllinml with rnnlrarts liiaili'With thr h Inl i;n\ n iilinlil I prli'i'lila'^r aliovr thr rnst ill rnlifrilrl.ilr |Milt' illii'h llir\ air In lrrri\r a MIX hll nf Ihr all irirs spnilinl. Hlilish lllrlrhants lirnniir intrl'rstnl ill I hrsr i (Hit I ail> |iart ll ipatr in t hrir pinnt> I ll iliaw n nnl in il mil ha\ r III aiit of nl lire :l\r srrli llir p.ilt K lllai s ii| nlir sili ll i iilitrai I 'I'llrrr air j;nnil rrasniis fur lirlirV in;^ that a hll ur piirt inn III' I hr siipplir- liiolr li'i rilli sent tollir aiilol'thr in^nr^riitshas Imn smi hy nirir haul son thr i row n ar.'niint. ,ril, nr thrir (list iii.'itiiin iiiailr kinirtiil' on I hrsr \ n\ a;;i's arc, of rnl Ihr piililir. Thrir I ar^iirs arr ni.nir lip III iniln iiliial shipnirnls, on an'oiint ami i of I hr shippi ' •., nr ;;o ill In a Jnilit stnrk rnlirrin. nil am ill lit ami risk nf Ihr nMiipall) I'.'irll nirinlirr (hrrftnf irali/iliii plolil nl' slllt'crili;; Inss ill prnpnrlinn III thr .lllliilllil I'' iiiM'sinlin thr ail\ rut iiir, Itiilh slramrrs ami cai-ror.s arc nflcn, if imt '^riii-ially insnicil in lin;;lanil " In yn tn Aincrira ir»'/i lihirli/ In run tliv lilnil.iiili ."^ The views of Her Majesty's ( io\ erniiieiit wei'e set I'oith in a li'l''' fioin lOail Kussell to Mr. Ailams: With ri';;,'iiil In thr " s\ strinat ii plan" whirli yon -ay lias Inm piirsnnl 1>\ IhiM' ' I iiitnl Stairs Itncmnriits. Mil. i. p. T",".'. Iliiil. 1' II. ('n-iillii'i, Isiij > li:i\ !• lircii, aiii •111-, w itii llii' III ';;iliiniitrlv i'«iaK '\ I'll lllllt |ll'lM>ll- IMll illllill;; lllulli'V :i- lllllri- III till' (in, ill'lll I'll lllllll. Il,l> t>r Sllll|lll|•^ wliii: K'Kiiili'. Ill >ii. il lilt rcji'ii'iii. (•Iter iVtiiii Ml o\' tlic L'lllio' •Ts cnuiii'cil 111 III' lllllllllll ol ' >i' 1 I'll inn III;' •'■'! Ill i)\ IT riiiiii \i, iliiillii/rr> ill llii- rs, ami I 'iM'iir"; 't'|iliiiii III lliai I III ami iiiiiiiiil'' l>iili>li »lii|i'. ai' I n(i\ I'l iiiiH'iil !' I iilllril'iali' pi'l'" ■.!• riilltl'arlt, ail'. mil' > or Sli; AI.I'AAMil'.i; ( iM K|;| |;\. .'Ki;; ,,|\ % • illijcctH " til X iiillllr I III- liliM'kailf liV >|r,lll,\ rlliill',' llll'ir air snillr I rllrftiiHIH III! Il I am ^iiriirisnl liii\ ■ iioi tnriirnil lo ymi. Ijir I iiiti'il Siaii's iiii\ I' riinii'iit, nil till' allruatinii ofii ri-liflllmt )iri'\ iiilinir fi'iMii iiiiio ;,,rii>\i'ii Sialcsol' till' I'tiimi, liasc in.u, I'lir iimhi' than l\vt'l\i> iiimillis. rmliaMiiril to iMllilalii II liliii'Uaili' III' llnri' llimi- of riiiiii. 'l'lii-< Mm kaili', krjit il|> lin-un ,il\, lull wliiii ••nrmri'il. rMl'mrril ii'Vrirls. Iia<« ni'iIoiikIs ihiiiiiil tlii' tiaili' ainl iiiaiiii iiliiri">iil till' I iiili'il K iii;;;ilmii. Tlimisamlt nl' |ii rMiii-> air now oli|i;;i'i| in ii<.i a lull's to a III III'' I iili'i.il lilorKa'lr, ami In rarrv iiilo I'llii-i t In' i'i'<4i riiiioiis mi iiiii'iri' v\ liiili I III' I 'lili il .'■'lull's. I'm tlii'ii ou II |iiii'|iosrs, Iia\ 1' I limi;;lit lil to iii»l liiitr , I i i miiiiii' w il Inn llif li';;iiiin.ili' limits ul :il''rii.itliiii.il law. It is Ii.ilillv wiH'li "Iiil"' ti' aiil, " \\ r lia\ (• .siicccimIimI m nlitaiiiiiio a \ <'r,\ i in | nut a tit tiiinlilira iMii III I lie rxisiiii- law s, \ iz. the jiiiv il('i;c ol Iticakiiio- lull U ami liaii.s- j'lil III Nassau into an iiisiu'Mi'iii |tiii l, w hirli loiilil mil In' lilorkailril l>\ tin' naval Mill's 111 till- fniii'tl .•stall's, l''iirtlh'i' >ia\' ol' tin' I'nili'il ."Slalrs \f...i'U ol' war was ii'iirnii- ii.si'lrs>. 'I'lir I nili'il ,'Slali's ask till' li'iliiiiial to liml that I his ad, Wi'liii; a IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V. /. .// <■' /m. 1.0 I.I 1.25 •alM 12.5 «4i IK 12.2 1116 li 12.0 IIIIIM U III 1.6 V] <^ /a ^l .^^ cf-l /^ #1 *''V# o 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBHER.N.Y. 14580 n\h) 872-4503 4r 5^; *" L '''': t: '-it ' it: I M ■;• 364 AHr.lTRATION A'l" (JKNKVA, Tlie rpc'<'iver-.i;onei'iil, haviiij? regard ])r()l)al)l,v to tlio (lostiiiatioii df the Ella Warley, St. .John's bciiift" the i)ort for whi(;h blockatU'-niiinin;; vessels were in the habit of taking,' clearances, refused lo give tlic \\^m\ permission unless authorized by the governor. Thereupon .Ales^.s. ^d- derly wrote to the governor explaining that all they asked for was toltc (lispensed from the formality of landing the goods on the wliait', aiul then reshipping them, a re<|uisition which had on i)revions occasions been done siway with by the customs authorities; and stating- tliiii the receiver-general admitted that lie had no ground for his ohjcctioi!. '' being fully of oi)inion that the object of the law could be eanied out. and the cargo as easily checked from one vessel to another as if landed." The governor, with the consent of his council, granted the perinis;>iioii, and indeed there seems no sutlicient rea.son why lie should have rehisi'il it. He could not in any case have prevented the goods being jiut on board the Ella Warley ; he could only insist on their being landed on tlic wharf in tranNitn. 3Ir. lleyliger, who had but ju^st arrived in the cojonv. probably misunderstood the nature of the concession, and may not hnw been sorry to exaggei'ate it to his superiors. The jjermission liuviiiy been granted in the case of the Eli/a Bonsell, may possibly have iilsu been given in other cases, but it is diflicult to understand on wliat iniii- ciple it can be alleged to constitute a •• violation o,f the duties of ;i neutral." Complaint is made that the vessels (Migaged in lunniug the blockadf. and leaving' Xassau for that purpo.se, were allowed to clear out for Sr. John's, Xew Brunswick, though it was well known that their destination was a southern port. J)Ut there is n(> means of controlling vessels in tills respect. The nature, and operation of a clearan(.'e is e\[tlained in the British case : Cle.Tr.atico sifjciiilies llu* liiiiil otticinl act Ity wliieli the i)r())i('r<)(ilicorol"cnst(iiiisiiotiiii tliat all lia.s been doue which the law reciiiiies to be done before the (lej)aituic of ship and cavyo. It i.s purely for enstoni.s purposes, the main objeets beinii; to protect tin- revenue, aiul to .secure statistics as to the number of shijts and iiuantity of nicrchaiiilisf entering and leaving IJritish ])orts. As there are in ordinaiy times no restrictions m duties on the export of articles of any kind from the United Kingdom, no rigid iiisper- tion is exercised by the customs authorities over the general nature of the goods sliippcil on board vessels in British ports. The attention of the authorities is mainly dinctid to the shipment of those articles on which an exemjition from import duties otlicr\v!>.' payable, or a remis.siou of import duties already paid, is (daimed on the ground of tin ir exportation abroad. The object of the inspection is to ascertain that the goods of tlii< nature stated to be thus exiwrted are really shi])p(!d and carri<'d away on Im.ud tin vessal. The .'igents who ship such goods furnish the custouis dejiartmeut witii stati- menta in the form of shipping-bills, of the amount and nature <^hereof, and it is thi' duty of the examining ollieer to ascertain that the pau;h as tea, spirits, tobacco, and tlie like,) wliicli li'' has shipped for the use of his crew. These i»a])ers are couij^ared with the sliippin;' bills and certificates already in the jtossossion of the custouis authorities, and if tin) are found to tally, a label, signed and sealed by the examiiing otlicer and col]c( tdf. i^ afllixed to the victualing bill and certilicates, and theses pajx-rs arc delivered to th'' master as his clearance. It is true that, for statistical purposes, the agents to tli" master of the vessel .nic re- quired to furnish to the customs department a list, called a manifest, giving the ininil'ii and description of all jiackages of goods, whether liable to duty or not. sbiiipcil <'" board the vessel, and the shipjiing agents or exjiorters i»re also re(|uired to funiisii spm fications of all goods, described by tin* master (ui his content as '"sundry jiackiifjcs m free goods," and subsecinently further described in his numifest ; but the law docs m'l ' Mritish Ap)teiidix. vol. \, ]>. :tn. Ol'IMONS OF SIK ALEXAXDEIi COCKr.l'KN. ;iGr) lostiiiatidii of ^kiule-iiiniiiiii; (wo tilt' USIllll n 3I('sv,s. All- [ for was to lie ho wiiaif, ami ons occasions I statiuj;- tluil his ohjcctioi!, ;)(' carried out. ■ lis if landed." ho ponnissioii. il have rcl'iisiMl s boiiifi' ])Ut OIL ; hiixh'd on tlu' I in tho colony. I may not liaw tnission liavin;; isibly have alsd [1 on what piiii- ;he (Inties of a i>' the hlockatlr. doav ont for ^t. Iioir destination jllinji vessels in ! is explained in ■ofciistovnsuotiili e (lci)iu-tiuc, of sliij) 'itif^ to prDti'C't till' tity (if iiicicliiuidisi' s 110 restriftions nr mi, no lijfid im\m- if the "foods sliippi'il , 18 inuiuly diiectnl |vt (hitics (itlifr\v!>t' the ground of tlnir t the >>oods of till- iwiiy on lioind tlu' [rtniont with stat'- ,reof, iuid it ir< tlu' :)n boiird the v.'ssil the niiister of ih' Iber and desriiiiti"" ion from or ri'iuij- " sundry imcka^i* ennnieratiiis tli'' iw like,) wliicli 111' Kvith the shijM"";-' orities, und if dif) or and collctoiM' i •,; delivered to \h' \ If the vessel an^ re- loivin«theiiuml'ii 1)7- not, shipiied «'» j-odtofuniislisii'^i-, IjMidrv i>a he has cleared. I'leviously to the year Ir^OT, no penalty was attaehed by law to the departure of a vi'ssel for foreign jiorts without a clearance jirovided slie was iu ballast, and liad on iiiwrJ no stones exeejit such as were free or had paiil duty. Since that date, however, tkaiaiice has been required in these as well as in other leases. A clearance, may not In; granted until the master of the sliiji has deidared tlie nation iowhicii he aHirins that she belongs; and a shii) attempting to jtroeeod to sea without a clearance may \ni detained nntii such a declaration has Iteeu made. TheoHieer, liow- ,vti', cannot question, or re(|uire ]M-oof of, tin; trutii of the declaration. As to the des- tination of ships sailing from the United Kingdom, the ollicers of customs have little 111' no means of ascertaining this bi^yond the information whi(;h th(i master or owncu- ;iv(.'9on entering outwards. It frequently happens that a vtjsscl cutercd outwards for ,, spocilied destination chang(>s her course when at sea, and proceeds Lo a diUcrent des- liiiation. There are no means of jireveiiting this.' If these vessels htid cleared out for {i confederate port, they must iiHially have been allowed to leave. Jt has been aryned that the vessels employed in conveying contrtibaud of war for the use of the confederate ;i)verninent shoukl Inive been considered as transports, ami therefore as lontravenino- tiie foreign-enli.stnient act, and therefore that tliey should liavc boon stopi)ed. If tliis is meant to be said figuratively, it comes to nothing. If it is moiint that the vessels were actually built or titted out liir, and made over to, the confederate government, to be used by them ;is tian.sports — in which case only they would come within the foreign- enlistment act — the answer is, that there is not only no evidence of any- tliing of the kind, but there is every re.'i.son to believe that the (^ontrtiry is the case, and tiiat they renmined the property of the original owners, who found the employment of them in this trade proHtiible, notwith- >t!indiiig that many of them fell into the hands of the blockading ships. It is plain, from the letter before cited, that this is the view that IMr. t'on.sul Morse took of the nuitter. Angry coni'ilaints are made in the American artiidity, inconsistent with it 4ue observance of ueutrality on the ])!irt of the authorities, it will be lielter to deal with these charges w hen 1 conu' to the particuhir cases in which it is alleged to have occurred. As regards the inhabitants of tliesc places genertdly, it seems to me tlujt it was quite uatural that, at tlu' iiahanuis and liermuda, and possibly in the other West Inditi Islands, the tide of public feeling shoidd run strongly in favor of tlu^ (oulederates. These colonies lay more or less contiguous to the south- mi coast. What trade they luul had before with the United States was principally w ith the South. JJut what wiis more likely to operate intiivorof the latter was the active tranl)li(' fee lin<>' in favcn- of their (ippo. nents. Men refused to sec in the leaders of the South the "rebels" and the "pirates" held up by the United States to public rciuohatioii. and thus the ett'ect which a nioie ,t>enerous a|)preciation of the iiositioi; and qualities of their adversaries niijiht have iiad in neutrali/inj; tlic feelin<>" in their favor, tended only to increase it. Be this as it may, 1 assert that, whatever individual persons inuy have thought or felt, (Jreat Ihitain as a nation was throughout tlie contest between the Northern and Southern States honestly desirous that perfect neutrality shoidd be maintained, and that the (^)neen's gov- ernment, from the bejiinning to the end, were animated l)y the hoiKst desire faithfully to dischar<;e the duty which their position as the min- isters and servants of a f^reat sovereij^n, [dedged to neutrality in tlic face of the world, imjwsed ui)on them. Having tlius passed in review the gcMieral heads of complaint put ^p„, ,i„„,„,„„ forward in the ])leadings of the United States, for tlie jiur- i,.„L,rv.,Mi., pose of vindicating the IJritish government and British au- thorities from w'hat appear to me unfounded and unjust aspersions. I l)roeeed to the cases of the individual ships, as to the eipiipnient ol which it is alleged that the Uritish government were wanting in dill gence. But it is here, when we proceed to ai)ply, practically, the test of due diligence to the conduct of the goveinment, that the anomaly of the present position, to which I adveited in the outset, makes itself sensi- bly felt. As 1 have shown upon abundant authority, the e(ini]>[)in^ of a ship for sale to a belligerent, in the way of trade, was at the time in question no oflense agninst the law of nations, or a viola tion of neutrality, though it was an otfense against the municipal law ol (Ireat ]>ritain. The government of Her IMajesty, though like eveiy other government it was bound to prevent any known violation of the law, was under no ob''; ition to a belligerent to enforce the law for his hen efit, and irtiuirrea no liability to such belligerent for not doing so, so long as the law was not enforced against the latter any more than against his enemy. Any hostileexi)edition permitted to leave the shores of Great Britain, which the government, by the exer(;ise of reasonahlo diligence, could have prevented, would have amounteil to a breach of neutrality, for which it might have been held responsible. But for the mere equijtping of a vessel, by ship-builders, in the way of trade, thonjjh intended for a belligerent, the government would not be responsiblo: and though every government is no doubt bound to prevent infractions of the law, so far as it knows of them and can prevent them, still this general duty which it owes to its own country is obviously a very (lit' ferent thing from the responsibility it incurs as representing the state, in relation to a foreign power. In the one case, the maintenance of the law is left to the ordinary authorities, and to the individuals who have occasion to seek protection or redress from its operation; in the otbor. the action of the government by its immediate ofticers becomes iioces sary for its own protection. N9 doubt, as a matter of comity, and Iroin a sense of Justice, a government would pay ready attention to the rep resentatives of a belligerent power complaining of an infraction of tlu> munici])al law in a matter in which the interests of the belligerent \yt« att'ected — more especially in a matter lying, as it were, on the contiiios of municipal and international law — and would call into action the pro OriNIOXS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKIU'RN. ;!G7 Uio tost of due inoiiiiily of tlu' ;os itself seiisi- the eqnii)iiins de, was at tlic Ills, or a violii- iniiieipallawol [like every otlu'V ion of tile law. ,i\v for liis l)(Mi- ;)t (loin 54' so, so lany more tliaii leave tlio shores L> of reasoiiiiblo to a l)rea('h of le. Bnt for tlie trade, thonti'li le responsible: ent infractions them, still tliis iisly a very (lit- no' the state, in tenanee of the nals wlio have ; in the otber. Ibecomes iieees mitv, and i'roni ion to the reii itraction of tlu' ellijrerent were 'n the eontiiie!* action the pro veiitivc powers it possessed, to lvee}> the law from bein<; broken, lint, luuler such circninstanees, it inij^ht fairly leave to the representative of tlu'bellijj;erent to make out a case for the application of tlu; law, jnst as it is left so to do to an onlinary individual who desires to put tiie law ill motion in order to obtain redress on his own behalf. • Hence, no ilonbt, had arisen the practice, cGn.mon to the. <^()vernments both of the I'liitwl States and (-reat Jiritain, of reciuirinj^- the representative of a iielligerent power, invoking? the aid of the jjovernment, to produce evi- ik'iicc hy which the action of the executive, when brought to the test of judicial inquiry, can be Justified and uphehl. It is obvious that the device of active dilij;ence which could reason- ably he expected from a government under such circumstances, is very iljrt'eieiit from what it would be bound to exercise in order to prevent a, violation of neutrality according- to the law of nations, for which, as a liiiveriiinent, it would be properly responsible to a belligerent state. It seems to me that though by the treaty of Wasliington it must be tiikeii that (Ireat Britain was bound to use due diligence to prevent the equipiiing of ships as a matter of neutral obligation, and not as a mere iiiiitter of muiii(!ipal law, yet that, in determining whether due diligence wiistlien ai)i)lied or not, we must look to the relative position of the par- lies at the time, and insist on no more than would have satistie did not consider ilie information (communicated to him suflicieut towin rant any application to Her ]\[ajesty*s government, for none was niiidi' by him on the subjeiitof this vessel till tlie receipt of another letter iVom Mr. ])iulley, a fortni<;ht later. Indeed, JVIr. ] )udley expressly states tliat he was unable to get anything delinite about the vessel. He .speaks only of suspicions and impressions. J le had nothing to comiiuiniciiti beyond reports and rumors. Amongst other things stated by Mv. Dudley, he mentions that lie hml made incpiiry of the Ital' .n consul at Liver[»o(>l, who had told him tli;ii he knew nothing of the vessel. IJut if, as was stated by tlu^ huildeis. the order for the vessel had been given by Thomas Brothers, of PalernKi. the Italian consul at Liverpool might have remained without inroiin;! tion on the subject : and Mi: J)udley, while mentioning what had passed between him and the Italian consul to Mr. Seward, does not appear tu have mentioned it to Mv. Adams. The fact was unknown to llci Majesty's goveinnu^it. On the ITtli of February, ^Ir. about the Oreto as follows: Dudley again writes to Mr. Adaii; The jjiin-lioat Oivto isstill at tins port. SIic is iiiakinj; a trial tii|> Id the ii\('r to-iln). No annaincnt as yet on board. She lias put uj) a second sniokf-stack siuci' I wiuti vou. ^Slu! thcrcfoi'tMias two I'miiicls, Ilirf(,' masts, and is hark-rifj^fcd. I am mow in- tbimed that she is to fairy ci^ht rilk'd cannon, and two lonjj swivd-^nns on )ii\(il>>M an'an<;oort. Of eonrso slic is in- tended as a ]rivateer. AVheii ^he sails, it will be to bniii and destroy wlialcvcr>li meets with bearing the American llag.' In a po.stscript he adds, " The gun-carriages for the Oreto, I have just j learned, Mere taken on board on Fiiday night la.st, in a rough state, ami taken down in the hold. Fraser, Trenholm & Co. have made advaiitts to Faweett, Freston & Co., and Miller the builder.*' This statement as to the gun-carriages was wholly inconect. Having received the letter of .Mr. Dudley. Mr. Adams writes, iiiclos ing it to Lord I'ussell, as follows: Li;(i.\ri()N or tiik r.Niri.D St.vti:s, London, Fdiniiirn IH, 1-(I'.'. My Loiut : I have the honor to submit to your consideration the coi»y of an cxtiin; of a letter addressed to me by tlie ccmsnl of the United States at T.iverpool. fjoiii;.' I"| show the preparation at that ]>ort of an armed steamer evidently intended for liostili operatioiiH on tlie ocean. From the evidence fnrnislied in the names of the ii(is;ni> stated to be concerned in her construction and outilt, I entertain little doubt tliiit tin intention is precisely that indicated in the letter of the consul, the carrying"" "'"^1 against the United States. The parties are the same which dispatched the lieriinidii I laden with contraband of war at the time, in August last, when I had the honor otj calling yonr lordship's attention to her position, which vessel then succeeded in niiiiiiHr j the blockade, and whicli now np))ear8 to be about again to depart on a like err.nnd. Should further evidence to sustain the allegations respecting the Orelo be liiKl "'"j British Appendix, vol. i, p. 1 ; United States Pocnments. v(d. vi. p. -'111. OriNIOXS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKI'.rKN'. ;;60 [•y 1'ihI put .Ml. seel (!oiic('i'iii!i^ ; not bt'oii pull hat Mr. A(l;\ni> ilUcuMit to Win iioni' WHS niiuli' :1k'1' letter from s.sly states tliat ;el. He spinalis connuuui(.'iitc )iis that he liad 1 tohl huM tliai )y tlie huihhns. ers, of Palci'UKi. ithtmt iiiloi'ina k'hat liatl passed s not appear tn ikiiown to llii to Ml'. A(laiii> in (hf vivci t(i-il;i) -stiU'k si net' 1 widi' :^vd. I iiiii now ill- i'l-lii Ireto, 1 have just Irouji'h state, ami made advaucis looneet. lis write.s. iiiclns- liTKi) 8T.vri.>, \F(hni(t)!i\'', t-" t'xtiai ; iT.ivi'rpool. },'i>iii!; '" liitt-iuli'd tor bostili [inu'S of tlie Vfisoii> Ittic tloulit that tin Iho carryiiif? oil ";", Itched the licriiiiulii 1 had the liouor "t [icceededinniiiiiii';;] Jon a hke cirand. |ie OrPto be lield "'• L-oi. vi. 1>. -'"'• iis-iitiy to cft'oct the object of sccni'ioir thi^ intei'|);)siti(ir. of H''i' MaJ('-;ty's ,s;i>\ATnment. juiH tiiake an <'libit to procure it in .i i!n>i<' fiirni;i! roaiuier. I iiave, Ac, CIIAULK.S FRANCIS ADA^IS.' It is elear that, in the iufoiiDatio!! thus eouveyed to Lord Iviis.sell, tlit'ir was, so far, nothing-' that eould jiistily the .seizure of the ves.sel. Wiiether ^Fr. J)ii(ney eoniinunieated to Mr. Aatehed the Doniuida laden with munitions of war, with wineli slie had succeeded in ■.iiiiuiiif!; the blockade. JJeyond tliis, all is susjiicion, or, at best, the be- lief of two zealous .servants of the United States Cioverninent, with ! only ii general reference to information received by one of them from "luaiiy different sourc^es,'' no details of which are jjiveii, or means liitibi'ded of testing- its accuracy or trustworthiness. It is obvious that, f upon such ii rei>re.sentation the (lovernment had proceeded to seize |;lieve.ssel, no court could have condemned her ; .she must inevitably have lieeii relea.sed. Indeed, .Mr. Adams him.self .seems to have been consciou.s [;li;it his representation was not one on which the (Tovernment could act [without further inateri.ils; for he ends his letter by .saying, "Should faitlier evidence to sustain the allegations resi»ecting: the Oreto be held [necessary to effect the object of securing the interi)osition of Her Ma- jesty's government, I will make an etibrt to procure it in a more formal I manner." It is plain from this that, as late as the IStli of February, Mr. Adam.s nvasnot iu j)ossession of evidence on which he telt he had a right to call lor the interposition of the (Government. Nor does Mr. Dudley appear to have succeeded in obtaining any more |re!ial»le information. On the lOth he writes again to Mr. Seward : liln not think there is any doubt lint whatslie (the Florida) is intended for t lie so-called ISmitli'nii Confederacy. Inforniaf.ioii from many ditltM'enl sources all contirni it, and Isiiuie (if the Southern Aj^e.nts have admitted it. Oil Friday ni,ij;lit last, her jfun-ear- niiijcs, in jtieces, and some in a rough Ktate, wer(^ taki^n on board and put down in the, liold. It is iinder.stood that her guns are at the ftnindery of Fawcett, Preston & Co. It i>innl)able they may be taken on in boxe>!, anil mounted after they get ont to .sea ; liiit 1 iiave nothing to warrant this supposition, except the I'aet of the gun-carriages iWiiij,' taken on board in the night-time, aiul in the manner they w(!re. She will be Viiif i(|iial in strt^ngtli and armament to the Tuscarora when completed. SIk' made a !ii,il trip of twenty miles yesterday. I have made this vessel the subject of two dis- Hitdics to Minister Adams, and communicated to him all the particnlars.- Here again, when Mr. Dudley profes.ses to be in possession of the ini- jpoi'tant fact that some of the Southern Agents had admitted that the jOreto was intended for the .Sonthern Confederacy, he communicated the liittonly to Mr. Seward. No such iuformatio.i is given to Mr. Adams, still less to the Government or to the local authorities, by whom, had it |Weii imparted to them, the information might have been followed up. IJoth iu this and his former letter Mr. Dudley's information as to jtlie gun-carriages having been conveyed on board the Oreto, with the Nihtionally suspic'ous circumstance of this having been done by night, iroved altogether mistaken. The report made by the custom-house jofficers of Liverpool on the lilst of February shows that the vessel had I'lo guu-carriages on board. It further appears by reports made at a 'British Appendix, vol. i, p. 1 ; United 8tate8 Dccumeats, vol. vi, p. 216. •Uuited States Documents, vol. vi, p. 218. 24 b AKIUTKATION AT GliXKVA. '1^ 570 liitcr period thai she liail no ymiciiri'!ii;i('s on boiiid w lieu s\u> linal!,- left Liverpool. kSlie had none uii '.juard when she arrived at Nassau, All that nuder the eircuinstanccs couhl possibly he asked I'oi', on the information conveyed to the g(jvernment by 3Ir. Adams, was iiKjiiJn ; and this Her ^Majesty's government at once i)roceede(l to institute. lnune(liat«'ly on the receipt of ]Mr. Ai)i,'iir.s I'loiii iusn! port tiiat siio Las ht'vu Imilt by M(;ssrs. Millci' & 8ous tbi- Messrs. Fawcott, I'rt'stoii A i'o., t'n;^inet'rs, of lJvi'r])ool, anil is intcnihid for tlio iiso of Messrs. Thomas IJi'otlu'b, of I'alorn.o, ono of that lirm having tVeiiuently visiteilthc vessel during tlie juoLe^s ul" hnilding. X ii.wi;tHi. IV 1 ri'."iH>n. i^ie.'ssiM. jimer iv •-■iiiih .siaui iiiuir ixjiiei iiiai luu (U'sruiiUloii l^ ralonno, as thoy have been requested to recommend a master to take her to tli.it pm;, and our collector at Jjiverpool st ites that he has every reason to believe that tiii' vev hel is for the Italian government. We beg further to add, that special directioiis h.ive been given to the oIlii'iT- ;ifj Liver|)ool to watch the movements of the \ essel, and that we will not fail to nimiil forthwith anv circum.sta;ict> which niav occur worthv of vour lonlship's cogni/ami!. I THO. v. FKEMANTLE. ' GKENV'ILLE C. L. BERKELEY. The statement of the comaiissiouer.s was based on tlie following re- ports which tliey had received from their olticers at Liver{)ool: Mr. !uhiay(h lo lite commisttonerti of customs. Ln'KRPoor,, Fi'hninry'-il,l'^^'il lIi»N'oi:.viii.K Sii!,^ : Tlie builders of the vt^ssel Oreto are Messrs. Miller A: Sons. Jlr.J Milli'r is the chief surveyor far tonnage. By tlieir iioti; iiiclo.'„.il the vessel is concillvf described, and I have every reason to believe that she is for the Italian goveriimw and not for tin* Confederates. ■ It will be seen by the note of the surveyiu', Mr. Morgan, which I aune.K, that, asyt'tl she has nothing in her, so that tlie inforaiation furnished to the government is, hutinf incorrect, L .Si>eeial directiiins have bi-en given to the ofhcers to observe the nioveinents ni' tiit)| vessel, so that whatever takes place can be made known to the board at any tiiiK'. Jvespvctfullv. Ac, S. I'lilCE EDWARDS. Mr. Miiirr t; Mr. Jkluard-. LiVKRi'Dor., Fthrnary 21, 1^02. .Siij: We have l)U!lt the di->atch-vessel Oreto for Messrs. Fa wcett, Preston &0'| engineers, of this town, who are the agents of Messrs. Thomas Brothers, of Palermo, wi whose use the vessel, we understand, has been built. She is pierced for four gunsi^lil Las taken nothing whatever on board except coals and ballast ; she is in no way titiitP for the reeoi»tiou of guns, as yet ; uordo we know that she is to have gnus while iij England. Mr. Thomas, of tlie tinu at Palermo, frequently visited the ship wbilesli was being built. We Inive handed her over to the engineers, and have been paid for her. Aceor'liiij; tj the best of my information the present destination of the vessel is Palermo; aml«'| have been asked to reeomuiend a master to take her out to Palermo. 1 remain, &. ., T. MILLER. ' But. sir Appendix, voL i, p. •oanl, nor uie tlieri- any i;nn-(ariia,ui'>. Coals ami l);illast an- all tliat tbo >':,!, rontain. liL'spi'L'tfullv, fSiC, ('. M(,)It(iAN, Collcrlor.' Ik'ic, tlieivforo, wus tlii' assuraiici' of a ios]>«'ctable linn of .sliip-builtl- ,is. by whom the vessel had been built, that it was understood by them lolirtvc been built for Thomas IJrothersof Palermo, whose agents Faw- ivtt& Co. were, and that ]Mr. Thomas, a member of the Palermo firm, had fiiMluently visited the ship while she was in the course of eonstruetion. Ilioie was the statement of IVfr. ICdwards, an otlicer possessinf>" the con- riileiico of the governnent, that he had every reason to believe that the vi'ssol was built for the Italian government, and notfortheeonfederates. And from the report of Mr. INIoroan, another government oHicer, as well iislVom the statement of ]Mr. JMiller, it further appeared that the reju'e- HMitation of Mr. Dudley, that the vessel " had received her gun-ear- liiiites and wasready to takeherarms on board," wasaltogether incorrect, there being no gun-carriages on board, or preparation of any sort for tiic reception of guns. If, prior to the receipt of these reports, the evidence was insuflicient to justify the seizure or detention of the vessel, assnredly after them Her Majesty's government would have acted most improi)erly if they liiul directed their otticers to adopt so arbitrary aud unwarranted a pro- reoiling. It may be said that further inquiries should have been in-itituted. lint of whom ' 31 r. Dudley, to whom every one who had conceived iiiiV suspicion:^ about the vessel, or heard any rumors respecting her, iillieius to have . uu, and who of course was naturally dis[>osed to listen to any statements of the kind, made a point of not giving up the names of his informants, No facts were ever communicated by Mr. Diulley, either to the officers of the port or to the policp of Liverpool. The reports received from the commissioners of customs by the gov- ernment were at once communicated to ^Iv. Adams. I cannot help tliir.king that then was the time for putting ller Majesty's government ill possession of any information which had been obtained by Mr. Dud- ley tVom so "many different sources," if that information could have lieeu made available, and for procuring the evidence which Mr. Adams liad expressed himself willing to make an effort to obtain. ]jut nothing tiiitlu'i" was heard from tliat gentleman till the 20th of IMarch, (up- i^iUtls of a month later,) when the vessel had actually sailed. V^ither Ml. Adams felt, after the reports made to the government by its otticers, 'liiU the zeal of Mr. Dudley had led him to form hasty conclusions, jW the information, though derived from " many diti'erent sources," turned out to l)e such as could not be relied on, or the evidence was pOHiul not to be forthcoming. Even ]\Ir. Dudley, whose untiring industry nil zeal in the discharge of his duty is certainly entitled to admi- i'tion, does not appear to have supplied Mr. Adams during the whole of Ws period with any evidence of importance, or to have been required IV ^Ir. Adams to procure evidence upon which the government could e called upon to act. It appears to me, under these circumstances, jngularly inconsistent and unjust to impute as matter of blamf? to Earl ussell, as is done in the case of the United States, that he did not call 'Britiab Appendix, vol. i, p. lo'J. '1-1 '-' : -jj^ifliil ■r I nm sr If i'l ' i 4Jf I IP ^^^ RS.I . < J \ t ( 't .< * i i^ 372 AKHITIJATION AT GCNEVA. upon Mr. Atliiins to fiiinisli fniHicr evidence. Tlie j^oveniiiieiit wcn. satisfied witli tlie reports of their ollicers, iiiiviii^ re(;eive(l wlijcli ti|,,y lui^lit reasoiiiihly, and witliout beiiiy' liable to any inijiiitatioii of wmit oi" due eaie, be ol' opinion tliat tliey ouj;Iit to rest content, at all events till sonietliin;-' nntre should be brought forward. TliereL(lix, vol. i, p. 3. ' Ibid. •Ibid., p. €i. OPINIONS OF MW ALKXANDKR COCKIM'RN. ovcrniiu'ut wcic Vt'd which they iitation of wiinr 'lit, at all events •<' was no M'lisoii rs. Miller, a lirm liich was a jjov liad canitMl mi tht'V is, nor ciui 10 business (Ifiil. .'S. At thcsiiiiic licli was ('ii|iiilili' icli a conjnnctiiic i>ns to this I'ti'irt nns, and the ves- ■[)ai'tnie. Ifcvi ent olTiceis wcic V where it wastn ly wantinjf in liis evidence, he liad nor 31 r. Adams j ; the vessel liail no such evitleiat' resorted who liad lieh his superior. reinonstranees tm Majesty's {iovern ent with want nf every reason to | rtaining the trao neutrality should I ing satisHed witli n expressed that Lord Kusselhoiii dson, the British whether a vessel led for the useot •eferred to Sif-iw answer: "Kiei-I p Oreto, but wi! ch a vessel would Signer Ivicusolil its construction icasoli would not to make inquiry ', which was tliat ^nt, was not com- h, bv which time ed to have been urred about tlie [>n was given not |,v Si,uiior Ivicasoli, but by Signor lJata/,/.i, who had succeeded him as ;iliiiistcr tor ro.eign alVairs. The delay is certainly not one for which llcr Majesty's goveinnient can in any way be held I'csponsible. Until ilic tiual answer to Sir -lames Hudson's intjuiiy had been gi\-en. the un- imiiiu answer of Signor JJicasoli could not, tor the reason already „iv(>ii — namely, that tin^ matter was nt)t one belonging to his de|',art- iiiiMit— sul1i( (^ to warrant the seizure or detention of the. vessel. The ig- imiiince of the Italian consul at laxerpool, who would not luM'cssarily be iafornicd of an order given by the Italian government, especially if the (lulcr had been given to Thomas Ibothers of ralenno, <'ould not nuiUe It unnecessary to wait for Signor liata//.i"s answer, llu' the alleged i;'iiorauce of the Italian <'onsul was lun'er (M)mmunicated to the govern- iiii'iit or to the local autluu'ities. The information was given by INlr. Dudley to INIr. Seward alout': in other words, was thrown away. Mr. Diullcy continued to keep a watchful eye on the Oreto, On the :iiliof February he writes to Mr. Seward: 1 liiivi' )i()sitivo ('Vidciiit' tlial the ( )ii'tii ;;iin-1)i)jit is itilcinii'd lor the sDiithiTii cKiil'cd- ir.ii'V. Slu' in to ciirry sixteen ^iuns. i-i inteiideil as ii inivnteer, and, tVuni iiKiseat »[■>- jiiiriiiices, l()()l;)i liuirels of cal)in bread, lo;;-etlier with oilier ]ii()vi>'oiis. 'I'lie j;ii!,s are to be shippud lisoiiie utlier port in Knj^l.inil. Again on the 1st of .Alarcli : Till' day before yesterday I wrote tln' D.'partnn'iit that I liiid obtained ovideiiee. tliut ihc^uii-boat Oicto was intended as a inivateer, and tliat slie was takin;^ on lier \nO' \isiuiis, iVc. >Since then slie lias been quite busy in takiiii;' on jirovisions. She lias a \iiy lari;e (|iianlity, <'nonj;'h for a bm;;' cniise. Tiiey an- jiettiiijr as many sonthtUTJ ■liimsas tiu-y can. Tin-y want 1:'>(I ineii if tiiey ciii ]Mocnre them. The pilot has been t.ililtliey wonld h>avi! to-day: tliey are only waitinii, for .!ie arrival of the West bnlia 1m;i1 :it Southamiilon. The captain who is to comiiiaml her is to come by this boat. A iiiiii liy the name of Dnj;nid, a Scotchman, is to take her out of this ))oit as an I'iii^rlisli \i-si'l. Her transfer will be made outside. The pilot thinks she will not come bacli I'lLivt-rpoid after liei- ti'al tri|). lie is eiven to understand that she will ijo to tho Lslo M'Maii, then to Holyhead, and some oilier ports, in one of wliich lier j^niis will l>o ]i!;ict'il on board, and then slu- will enter at once on her crnise, and sail to the Mediter- laiii'iiii. 1 have made arraii;;emeiits by wlii(di I think intellij;cnee of her movemonts v.illlie coimiuinieatcMl to me. Vesti'rday I addressed letters to tlui consuls on the Mod- iiiiraueaii, and sea-iiorts of .Spain, I'ortn.^al, and some others, advisint; them of iliis vi'isel.aiid reiinestin,;;' them to report her if she should visit the port. Tlu! i)r();i;r;unnie, a-'iiid down to the i>ilot, may not be ('arried out. but it looks very prol)able whoii tiki'ii ill connection with tho larj^e sajiplies of provisions she has n.'ceived on board. ' The i>rograinme was not carried otit. The (Jreto neither went to the I>leof Man, nor Holyhead, m)r the ?.Iediterranean ; nor did she get any MUitheru sailors. lu the foregoing letters Mr. Dudley says he has " [)ositive evidence " that the gun-boat Oreto was inteiuled as a i>rivateer, and for the south- em confederacy. If so, one is naturally in al,^ Hi 374 AIMtrrifATION AT (IKNKVA. reulity .' Or was it tliat iiis iiiforniation was obtained l>y sccri't iiicans which wouUl hav«> stairiped it with discixMlit if prodiiccMl .' On tlieiith ol'.Man'li 3lr. Diidk-y ayaiii writes Mr. Seward ; Owiii;;, as it is allr^ctl, to tlii^ aiitlioi itics hen', tlic ( (icto li:is 1» 'cii cKiiiiPilii.il (d t, . iMtcr as an Kii^lisli vcsncI, and lie Ti'^riilmiy cutiTcd, iVc. SIic fiitcrcil oii Suture!,", last i'oi' J'alcriiio, in Sicily, ami .lauiaica, in tlic W'fst Indies. W. V. .Miller as nw nci, ,, [ l)n;;ni(l as coinniander. Her ^nns are not on lioanl. Slie shipijed lier crew on .Mimii|;\ last. Inelosed (ind a (.•(ti>y of an a^feenuMit j^iveii l>y the captain to one ot' tlio U(!i, My it you will seo that, \vllil(^ stiller is tlm owner, Fawcett, I'reston A-. Co. i,.; tlio men. I lia\(' this (loeninent teni|Miraiily in niy |)()ssession. Tlio traiusler of t!,, vessel t that eompany, that the ;;iins for the Oieto were to l>e shipped to I'.ilerino, ami |Mit i.i hoard at that jdace ; while anothei' iier.>on in tlieir fonndery told om- of my imu t'.i- the jruiis had lieeii sent on in the steamer Iicrnnida. and were to he landed at i; .. miida, anject of :v nu!ii!ie|- of eouim 1111 i cat ions to .Mr. .Vflaiiis a , I on I'liday addressed 11 circular to all our consuls in tlii> .MiMliterraneau, re(|iiiNt:',_ them to look after and report to the iK-partm 'Ut in case siie should vi>'it the put. T 1 jn'ovisions of the Orcto are of the very h-st kind, an 1 very anijd'vitho pilntsi - enoii;;h to last a .\ear,) with ahnndaiici' w.'.l l.im tici in li,,- last. Her Clew shipped consists of liffy-t\>-o men.' The eonllietiiift' .statements set Ibrtli in this letter sliow liow iimciti 1 and unreliable were the rei>orts whicli were conveyed to .Mr. J)ii(lley ; v persons who i^ave their oonji^cturt's as t'aets, as well as how little nl: anee ean be plaeed on the inlbrniation of 3Ir. Dudley, anil how rciidi: that gentleaum aceei)ted unauthentic rumors and rejjorts as the foiindi tion of his statements. 31r. ^liller was not rej;istered as owner, but, ;- we shall see in n nu»ment, .Air. John Ilenry Thomas, a merchant en;! nected with Palermo. In the agreement with the crew, printed in tli' British appendix, the lirm of Fawcett, Preston & (lo. arc meiitiDiirl as "managinj;' owners;"' no mention is made of ^Ir. Miller, citlu'i ;,- registered or managing owner. The guns for the Oreto, Avhich it was asserted were to go out in tliN Bermuda, did not go out in that vessel. Here, again, I cannot but repeat the observation that while facts which, if true, were no doubt of importance, are comnumicated to .Mi. iSeward, no information respecting them is given to Mr. Adams, liv whom they might have been turned to good account, or to the locii! authorities, to whom they might have attordeda clue to get at tlietintb, The statements made by the foreman and workmen of Fawcett, Preston. & Co., if mentioned in the proper (piarter, might have led to iini)ortai!'| revelations. The attention of the local authorities at Liverpool had not been with j drawn from the vessel. They insisted, as appears from ]\Ir. Dadlev's letter to Mr. Seward, of the oth of March, that the 8hii> should be re^' istered, no doubt as the condition of her clearance, and on the 3(1 oi March, she was registered accordingly, in the nam*, of " John Heiin | Thomas, of Liverpool, in the county of Lancaster, merchant," appar- ently either a member of or connected with the Palermo firm — the saul ' United States Documeuts, vol. vi, p. 221. ^-1 ^1# oi'iNiONs OF sii; ali:xa\I'|;k' clii]i, Tothehestof Miy knowIedj;e and heliel'iio jieisou or liody of persoiiN other tiiaii villi |icisiiiis orhodies ol' persons as are hy tln^ nieicliant shippin;; aet, h"'.")l, pear to be thus represented, for .laimiiea alone. Ami it is to be observed that the belief of 3Ir. Edwards, the colketor, on this liead had been expressed as nineli as a month before, without, as it woidd iipticar, any delinite •grounds ; and that, on the other liami, ^Messrs. .Mil- hr had stated thiit she had been bnilt for the I'alermo lirm, and that this stiitement had received eontiirmation from the registration of Tlioinas as her owner. Tlion<«h represented as destined to be banded over to the Italian yov- friiiiioiit, as a disi)ateh-boat, yet, if built in tlie first instance i'uv a pri- vate tirui, it was not impossible that it might l»e intended that she should make a voyage to the West Indies before being parted ^vith. Even if lior being- cleared for Jamaica, as well as I'alermo, had been deemed a cii't'innstance of suspicion, it would not have Justified a .seizure of the vessel, unless there was something to show that the clearance was ficti- tious and fraudulent. It was only by subse,y extracting from the custom-house records the false clearance which Bullock and Fraser, Trenholra »& Co. had caused to be entered there.'" This representation appears to me very unfair. Tnese officers, on re- ceiving instructions from the commissioners of customs to make inquiry, ' British Appendix, vol. i, p. 10. -' Case of the United States, p. 337. 37G ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. '■« ■ -i had no oiio to resort to on the first oocasioii but tho hiiildors. They could report no other than whattho builders stated, whi a<;aiu to be bi)rne in mind that it was their duty to communiciUe the entry of the ship's clearance to their superiors, accordin,i;' as it stood on the register; besides, there is no evidence of the entry having;' hwn made by Jiidlock or by Fraser. Trenholm, cv Co. Indeed, thiit Ihillod; can liavc been a party to the clearance is impossible. The recklessnoss of the assertion is apparent from the fai^t that the clearance was eflVctcil, and the eiitry of it made on the .'Id of March ; whereas lUillock did iidt arrive at Livcr[»ool in the Annie Childs till the 11th.' If Fraser & Co. were i)arties to the clearance the fact ap})ears to have been uidcnown to !Mr. Dudley ; no suggestion of the kind is anywhere made by him. Stji! less is there any ground whatever for supposing that theollicershadany knowledge or reason to susjH'ct that the entry had been made by tlicsc parties, or wasinany rcspe(,'t false. The slur attempted to becast on tliosf ollicers, who are said to have been deceived only " because they wislicil to be deceived,"' appears to me, I must say, wholly unfounded, and one cannot but regret to see imi)utations of this kind introduced into a case stated on the i)art of the American Government. JJut the question, it must never be forgotten, is not whether tliOM> oflicers were unduly credulous ; the question on which the liability of tlic IJritish government must dei)endis wliether there were facts ascertained, or capable of being ascertained, upon which they would have been Jib tilled in taking possession of tliis vessel. It seems to mo that tlieiv were not. Upon what evidence could Her .Majesty's government have supported the sei/uie, or asked for the confiscation of this vessel in an IjinMsii court of law ! It is hei'e all essential to keei» in mind what it was which in a cointol' law it would have been imaimbent on the [)ul)li<; prosecutor to estahli.sli. in order to the condemnation of the vessel under the foreign-enlisiiiien: act. Jle would have had in the first place to show that the vessel v;t^ e(|uipped lor ^^ar. As to this, it is true there would have been no ditli culty. The vessel was pierced for guns, and had the necessary fittings for war; she was represented as a dispatch-boat, which means a vessel capable of being armed, and therefore of being used for war. lUit it would have been further necessary to prove that the vessel was in- tended to be used against a belligerent with whom Great Britain was at l^eace. Here lay the ditticulty ; for on this head the evidence totally iailed. lieyoud surmises, suspicwn, rumor, there was nothing, at lea^t nothing tangible or that could be made practicably available. Accord ing to the safe and sound rules of evidence, which happily prevail in an English court of justice, as also in those of America, (for the procedure is the same in both,) the suspicions and impressions of Mr. Dudley woultl liave been wholly inadmissible ; the reports received by him from per sous who could not be brought forward would have been rejected as mere hearsay; the gossip of the docks or the shipwrights' yards would have been at once excluded ; insinuations, imputing to respectable ' United Statos DucnmeiitH, vol. vi, p. 223. 1^ OPIN'IONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKBrRN'. 377 uilder.s. They h was tluit " to the vessel wns •othors, of tbiU to take, lior out ion the oiricois lice Avhicli IJiil. L'eil tliore, it i.> luinuiiicatL' tlic ,<;• as it stood oil [•y having bow d, that r.ullock he rofklcssiiess ice waset'locttMl, IJuHoi'k «h(l iKit li' Frasci'tS: (0. oeii unknown to le by him. Stii! otliccrsliiuluiiy 1 nuule by tlicso I be cast ontliosi- iise they wislicd unded, and one need into a oase oiliooi's abandonnuMit of (hity and coni[)li(;ity in crime, n'ckh'ssly nn\de ;iiul iuisupirorted by proof, wouhl have been treated with proper disre- ff;utl. J>iit> beyond this, what was there to show that this vessel was iiiteiided for the service of the Confederate vStates ? Positively nothinj;-; wliile, on the other haml, there was the fact that an ai)parently respect- ;i!)kMiierchant. a native of Palermo, had reuistered himself as the owner ; tluit the vessel had cleared for Palermo and -Tamaica, and that her crew li;i(l sijiiied articles for a voyaj^e to those })laces. A circumstance to which the ojlicers at Liverpool ap[)ear to have at- Mcliod considerable importance, was that tlu> vessel, thou.^■h 'pierced ibr pins, had not even jiun-carriaj^es on board, and was wholly unarmed •!iul destitute of munitions of war. It mi,i;ht indeetl be surmised by ]Mr. Dmlloy that the vessel would receive her armament elsewhere, and the ■I'qiR'l proved that his susjjicions were well founded ; but on his own .-liowins; he was wholly withoui evidence' to prove that such was to be tilt' case. Xor must it be forgotten that the Florida was the lirst vessel it' war built in I''nf;land for the Confederate States, and that the artitices iiiiti tricks, to whi(;h the unscrupulous cunninj;' of the confederate a;ients liil not hesitate to resort in violation of IJritish neutrality, had not till tiiou been brou<;ht into play. The ollicers therefore lindin,^", after hav- i;i:4unceasinj4ly watched the vessel, that no attiMni)t was made to arm Lii', niiiy not unreasonal)ly have l)een s.itislied that she was leavinin' on ;'!i innocent voyajie; or, at all events, without there beiuiu' any intention utai'ininji' her in llritish waters. To some min»ls this may seem "easy (redulity." To others, less astute, it may seem natural enoui-h, atid not to he jnstly imi)ntable to want of pro[)','r dili,i;ence or to intentional licjllect of duty. if, indeed, the olMccrs had beeome aware that anotlun" Ncssel had been ;t that time takin<4' on board ;run-carria,ues ami j^uns capable of bein*;' jiiit on board the (jreto after she had left the i>ort, such a circumstance hvimld have been well calculated to excite susi)icion that the professed viiya^^e to Palermo and rlamai(.'a was but the i>rt'tendeil destination of iic vessel. Hut nothin.n' of the kind existed. 'SI. Sta(>mptli, who has insisted on acli a fact as one of the main jiiounds of a decision a:;ainst tht> P>ritish :u\oriunent, has here fallen into a very serious error. Instead of the |,;;imsand their carria.ues iMdnp; bron,i;ht,as he has inm.i^inedjfrom Ilartle- 101)1 to Liverpool and there ship[)e(l, they were, in fact, in order to avoid [ ^iisiiic'ion, transmitted by railway, unknown to the authorities, from Liverpool to Hartlepool, a \Hnt on the o]>itosite coast of England, and I ilierc shipped ; so that, while the olhcers at Liverpool kiuMv nothin<>' of 111' shipment of the guns, the ollicers at Hartlepool knew nothing of the l^iiling of the Oreto. To this it may be added that, though Mr. Dudley h'as aware of the sailing of both the ships, and also of the transport of L'liiisaml nuinitions of war from Liverpool to Hartlepool by Fawcett & Uo., to form ]>art of the cargo of the IJahama, it inner occurred to him tiMmagine ihat there was any connection between the two vessels. P^liile he believed that the Oreto was about to proceed to the Mediter- I'liioau, his letters show that he believed that the guns and munitions |of war sent to the Bahama were intended to run the blockatle or bo liken toBermuuR or Nasvsau, to be there transshipped for that puri)0se. Ou the 7th of March he writes to Mr. Seward : '*>«mo tliree weeks affo I was crndibly iiifonnod that the same paities who had piir- I'liaHeiltlit) Herald had bought; the steamer Bahama ; that they would h)ad her with • '"'iiitioiiH ot" war for the so-caUed s«)utlieru coufederacy, and either run (lie lilockade l^f else IiukI her cargo at .Heruiuda aud ruu it iuto Charleston ou suialler vesHels. I V 1 M \ 1 ijtitii-? ■■ 'i ,|-.|>M ; '. ! 'f. i ♦V i'^^ I iv-v ,■% 378 ARHITEATIOX AT GENEVA. %. VJJ' I' .; I? fiM made inf|uiiics to liiul lior, and wrote to ditfereut consulates without obtaiiiiiij; aiiv information about her, or any vessel of that name. Yesterday rve discovered tlnit Faw- cctt, I'reston »& Co. were shippinj;, by rail, cases containinji; shells and shot, also cases supposed to contain cannon and rifles, directed to " I'ickfonl A: Co., West ILntkpdol, for shijduent per steamer Bahama, for Planibur};."' This Hartlepool is the same jilaoi' where the Bermuila, on her first trip, received a portion of lier crj^o. I have written to tlie consuls at Leeds and London, and will cinb-avor to learn something more aliuat this business.' On the 12th of March : The vice-consul at Newcastle wiiies nu' that tlii're is a steamer, called the liahaiMi. loadin,t; at West Hartlepool. He no doubt will ad\ isc the Drpartnient and };iv(' all tin. ItartifnliMS in reference to her. Fawcett, I'reston iV Co. are sendiufj lar<;c <|iiMiititie. of munitions of war to tliis vessel. They have aln^ady s: nt from Liverpool tlvi- limi. dred cases of shot and shells, npwanl of twenty tons of cannon, and about lour ton- of j^un carriages. This vessel will either run tlu; blockade or land her c;u',i;o at I't;. muda or Nassau, and have it ferried over in snuiller vi'ssels.- Wheu Mr. J3iulloy himself had not the sliadow of a suspieiou iha: the jjun.s sent over to Ilarth?p'x»l to be headed in the Bahanni were in- tended for the Oreto, it would he unreasonable, even independently ui the nii.stake 1 have adverted to, to e.\[»ect that the Livc'r[)ool onioi,:., should have .seen throuoh the contrivance. Now, indeed, we are enabled to see the.se thiiijis by the li;.;lit of s •,! • sequent events and since-acquired knowledut obviously nothing can b^' more irrationtd or unjust than to say that Iler ^Majesty's governnieii'l were bound to have seen things then as we .see them now, or to seek tliej condemnation of the Oreto on such evidence as was then forthcoiiiiiii, because subsecpient events have made manifest what was then imnipi- ble of being proved. The iimbility of ]\Ir. Dudley to obtain any eviilence as to the de.sti!i;i| tion of the vessel becomes the more remarkable from the fact tliat owing to an accident, an additional three weeks from the clearinjj (in:| of the Oreto was attbrded him for discovery. The vessel in goinj;' oiir.j after she had cleared, sustained some injury, and liad to put back for| repairs, and was iletaiued till the li2d of March, when she ttnally saiieil. Notwithstanding this favorable circumstance 3[r. Dudley appears tol have been unable to obtain any proof of the vessel being iiiteiuled tnj the confederate service. Ou the 12th of March he writes to Mr. Seward : The steam gun-boat Oreto put back into the river yesterday again. This is the tlii:it time she has come back. She is now anchored in the stream. I am unite unable t(H account fi»r her conduct. She, no «loubt, is either waiting for her gnus or souie pevftonl I was told, some two weeks ago, that a southern naval officer was to come over to tiik*! command after they transferred her ; it is jtossible they are waiting for his arrival.' ' ' United States Documents, vol. vi, p. 282. - Ibid., page 'jyH. 'Ibid. OPINIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKDURN. 379 mmm w %^ :.; t (ibtiiiiiiiij; any )vcre(l tliiU Finv- il shot, iilsii casi's West Hiirtli'p(i.il, s the Siiuifi |ilacT , I hiivc written thitiK iiuii't' a'ioat llud the l'.aliai!;;i, \t ami j;ivc all tln' rj liU'ifc. (piantitit'' ivei'itool live hmi- 11(1 about I'oui- till). , her car,!::!! at !'.•■;- saspi('i.)U t'a.i: ijhaiiiii were in- dopendi'iitly oi vcriiool ()llii:i:;' he li,uUt til' s;'..- V know tli;it ily :>*(, and that I'.u.- these I'aots \\v:-' le first of tlie'.i!. nt events hiivc and others woiv had more or k'->^ refore, ineapaWo i Avise after \\w The tribunal l)C produeed by ig-s, the story ct formerly known. nothing eaii V ty's goveriimeir \v,or to seek tin'] len forthcomiu;.] as then iucapa- s to the destiiial in the fixet tliat. the clearing m'-I sel in o'oinji' oll^| to put back foil she ttnally sailetll ndley appears t.i| ■ing inteiidetl in. This is the tluiil| am quit" ""ii'^''' uvinsorsoim'pfi*'^,"! to come over to t.u«| ng for bis arrival. Again, ou the 15th, lie writes : The Oreto is still in the river, lying ort' Eggmont. She is evidently not ready for sea, and is waiting for her guns or el.so for some person. I was informed yesterday that her gnus arc to be placed on board before she leaves this port ; that they are to bo boxed, taken over to Birkenhead, and there jdaeed cm tugs or lighters and conveyed to the vessel. I have no means of verifying t!:is statement. I have conininnieated it to oiir miui^;ter at London. - Aceording to these letters, and that ot the 5th of ]\[areh, previonsly quoted, 31 r. Dndley had ad]ace called Smithvillc, some twenty miles down the river from Wilniingto-! ; tlnit it was talked about and nndtn-stood by all on board that their object in coming \>:'S to take Cdinmand of this vessel, which was being built in England for tlu^ sonthern con- lnli'iai y. They further state that it was understood in Wilmington, before they left, that several war-vessels w(we being built in England for tin? South. As th(>y were coining u]) the river in the Childs, as they passed the Oreto. she dipped her (lag to the Childs. I liav(> had this last from sevt^ral sources, and t'le additional fact that the siiue evening, after the arrival of this steamer, a dinner w.is given in the Onito to the iillircrs who came over in tin; Childs. 1 understand she will iiiaki' direct for Madeiia and Nassau. - Here was. Indeed, information of importance, but untbrtunately it came too late ; nor was it communicated to the (lovernment or to the local authorities till the ship had sailed. Had 3Ir. Dndley, in.stead of contenting him.self with writing to^Ir. Adams, at once put the collector of customs in communication with the part of the crew of the Annie (.'liikls to whom he refers in his letter, the statement thu.s made, had it appeared to be such as could be depended on, might ha\e made it in- cumbent on that otiicer to detain the vessel. But this obvious course does not appear to have occurred to 'Sir. Dudley. He contented him- self with writing to Mr. Adams. The opportunitv was lost and the vessel left. It is further to be observed that a considerable portion of this iufor- [ttiation turned out to be untrue. In what is stated in the foregoing let- ter h.s to Captain Bullock and four other officers being intended for the Oreto, Mr. Dudley was again misled by bis informants, whose names as usual are not given. Only one of these parties, a Mr. Low, went out in her. Her master and crew were English, and shipped, as we have seen, for the voyage to Palermo and Jamaica. 'I ' United States Documents, vol. vi '' United States Documents, vol. vi •iiltM'iilion tin' fojiy ol' u letter iVL'(;ivi!(l I'roiu till' coiisiil of tlic I'liitcd Stjitcs at Livi'i'iiool, toiicliiiij; tlic case of the stcjuiii jj;mi-boat On-to, wliicli I liavo iilrciidy iiiiitlf tlio siihjt'ct of a (.■oiiiininiiciitiini sonic time iisjo. It is witli Ki'eat reluctance that 1 am driven Vo the conviction tliattlu' representations made to yonr lordsliip of the ]inrposes ami destination of tli.it vi'ssej were delnsive, and that thoiif^h at lirst it may have Itecn intended for service in Sicily, \ct that such an intiMition has lieeii long since ahandoned in fact, and the jirctciiw has been held uj) only the Initter to conceal the true object of the parties enjinned. That ob,j<'ct is to make war on the United States. All the persons thns far known to be most connected with the nndertakinj^ are either directly employed by tin- iiisiii. jieiits in the L'nit(Ml States of America, or residents of Great Ibitain iiotoi jungly in symjiathy with and j^ivinj^ aid aud comfort to them on this side of the water.' The letter, which is of considerable len^ith, then quits the snhjcct of the Oreto, and goes into the (inestioii of the a.ssistance derived l)y the insurgent States from England. It is so far inii)ortant to the ])resent l)urpo.se, that it shows that, while making g«Mieral complaints on the piirt taken by British sul)Jects iu what was going on, jMr. Adams liiidiio specific complaint to make on the score of the Oreto. lie nowhere complains of the Oreto not having been seized, nor had he ever oiilloii upon the Government to seize her ; nor has his complaint reference U\ the insufficiency of the existing municipal law to meet such a case as that of the Oreto ; the complaint relates to the assistance derived by the confederates from (Ireat Britain in other way.s — such as blockade- running and importation of contraband of war and other articles— and not to the special subject of the Oreto, or the foreign-enlistment act. At this time Her Majesty's government were not aware that the Oreto ha'l, in fact, sailed. Earl llussell, therefore, on receiving the letter of Mr. Ad; ms of the 25th, immediately directed that the treasury and customs should be requested to take such steps as might benocos sary to ascertain whether the Oreto was equipped for the purpo.se nf nutking war on the I'nited States, and if that fact could be proved, tn detain the ve.s.sel.^ He informed ]\Ir. Adams that he had done .'^o. In reply to the general complaints of ^Ir. Adams, he observes : Yon have not yourself hitherto fiiri -shod me with evidence that any vessel 1ki> received a hostile or warlike eiinipniei.. in Hritish watei's, which lias been afteiwiinl used af^ainst the United States. The care that was taken to i)revent the \vailike eiiuipment of the Nashville in ISritish waters must be familiar to your reeollcctioii.' ~ The reference to the eommi.ssioners of cu.stoms led to the folluwiii| .uioiit prohihitcdby I at uuco detaiueil; ir collector at LiV' rejjard to the Oreto, contained iu Mr. jt, we find that the | ix, vol. i, p. 4. rol. vi, p. 30. vt\i.sel ill qucHtion was registered on the :id nltiiiio, in the name of .loliii Henry Thomas, of Liverpool, as Hole owner ; that she cleared on the following day for I'al'erino and Jamaica in ballast, but did not sail until the 2'2d, the day on which tlio American consul's letter is dated, having a crew of fifty-two men, all'Hriti.sli, with the exception of three or fonr, one of Avhom only was an American. She had no gnnpowder, nor fvcu a single gun, and no colors, saving Maryatt's code of signals and a IJritish ensign, nor any goods on board except the stores enumerated on the accompanying copy of her victualing bill. With regard to the statements in the letter of tlie consul, the collector further reports that it is clear the ]»assengers br— .ight by the Annie Cliilds, the ves.sel therein mentioned, which has recently arrived from one of tiie Southern States, were not inteuded to form any portion of the crew of the Oreto, inasmuch as they were still in Liverpool, and that the dipping of the ensign on board the latter vessel on the arrival of tlie Annie Childs, as far as the collector had been enabled to ascertain, was intended jw a compliment to one of the (Junard steamers and another vessel which sainted the Ainiio Chihls on her arrival, tlie masters of the several vessels being known to one iinotbcr. TllO. F. FREMAXTLE. (iRENVILLE C. L. BERKEL1:Y,' It further ai)pears from .statenients made afterward iu August, ISGlf, by tlie oflrtcers of customs at Liverpool, wheu evidence was being col- lected, to be used in the proceedings instituted against the Oreto at Nassau, that those ofticers never lost sight of the Oreto to the time of lier final departure; and it also appears, from their statement and that of the pilot who took the vessel out of the ]Mersey, that her condition was to the last wholly incompatible with any present purpose of war. Statciiicni of Mr. Edward Morgan. I am one of the surveyors of customs at this port. Pursuant to instructions I re- ceived from tlie colhfctor on the 'ilst of February in the present year and at subseciuont (liitt'8, 1 visited the steamer Oreto at various times, when she was being fitted out in the dock, close to the yard of Messrs. Miller & Sons, the builders of the vessel. I con- tinued this inspection from time to time until she left the dock, and I am certain that when she left the river she had no warlike stores of any kind whatever on board. After she went into the river she was constantly watched by the boarding officers, who were directed to report to me whenever any goods were taken on board, but, iu reply to my frecjuent iiniuiries, they stated nothing was ])ut iu the sliij> but coals. EDWARD MORGAN, Smvnjor. Statement of Mr. Hinry Lloyd. In conseciuence of instructions received from Mr. Morgan, surveyor, I, in conjunction with the otlmr three surveyors of tlie river, kept watch on th(! proceedings of ilie vessel Oreto from the time she left the Toxteth Dock, on the 4th March last, till the day she siiilt'd the I22d of the sanie month. On one occasion I was alongside of her, and spoke to Mr, Parry, the pilot, ami the chief mate. Neither I nor any of the other river surveyors saw at any time any arms or warlike animuniticm of any kind taken on board, and we are perfectly satislied that none such was taken on board during her stay in the river. WA^LOY'D, F.xamiHUKj (Jffwer. Statanrnt on oath of Mr. ll'iUiam Parry. I«iis the jiilot in charge of the shi]t Oreto whi'ii she left the Toxteth ]>ock on tin- Itli March, lf*()2. I continiuid on board to tht^ day of her sailing, which was the '-iiitl '.the .same month, and never left her save on Sunday, when all work was suspemled, I Kuv the ship betbre the coals and provisions were taken into her; there were no iMiinilions of war in her, that is to say, she haoen referring, it seems to me iinpos- siblc to entertain a .serious doubt that if tlie cause had been lirouglit into a court of justice, the case of the government must have \ "oken down hopelessly, and the vessel must have been forthwith releasoi . hi discussing the legal questions bearing on this i)art of the case, I liavcal already given my reasons for thinking that under such circumstances agov- ernment would not be justitied in instituting legal proceedings. I reiterate that opinion here. 1 think it would have been useless, and therefore wrong, to seize, and take proceedings to condemn, the Oreto. The deficiency of proof, up to the time of the departure of the Florida from Liverpool, as to the vessel being intended for the Confederate States, is now sought to be nmde good by a general and sweeping state ment as to the " notoriety " of the fact. "All the facts about the Flor Ida," it is said, " and about the hostile expedition which it was proposed to make against the United States, were open and notorious at Liver ])ool.''^ Of course nothing is more easy than to make a general asser- tion of this kind ; but such an assertion ought not to be made without some evidence to support ii. The only proofs to which we are referred are the dispatches of Mr. Dudley during the period in question ; but hav- ing gone carefull}^ through these dispatches, almost all of which I jiave hereinbefore set out, I find nowhere any reference whatsoever to the "no toi'iety" which, on the authority of these dispatches, is thus boldly asserted to have existed. I find, however, strong proof of the contrary in the statement of Mr. Dudley himself, as to the great secrecy that was main tained about the vessel, and his consequent inability to obtain auy "definite information" concerning her, as well as in the fact that iu ail his statements respecting her he seldom adduced any definite or specific information, which did not afterward turn out to be incorrect. The British government is, therefore, as it seems to me, well warranted in ask jng, where is the proof of these assertions ? Where is the proof that even the American consul at Liverpool, whose activity in lumtiug for secretin formation appears to have been indefatigable, and to whom every one resorted who had information to disclose, knew of the contract with Bullock, or of the dispatch, cargo, and destination of the Bahama! And if he knew them, why did he not either communicate his knowledge and the proofs in his possession to the British government, or himself lay an information on oath against the ship '^ But there is an important tact, w^hich appears to me conclusive to dis prove the alleged notoriety thus positively asserted. The crew of the Oreto had shipped at Liverpool for what tliey believed to be a mertan tile voyage to Palermo and Jamaica. By the time they had arrived at Nassau, they began to suspect the true character of the vessel, and that she was intended for a vessel of war for the Confederate States, whore upon they refused to continue in her, and insistei:k cockbirn. 3S3 jtouco liave (letenrd them from taking' sorvic'c in lier. It is impos.sible to believe in an.Ytliing so unlikely. But even if this alleged nr>toiiety li.ul existiMl, it would have availed iifltliiiig toward pioof of the facts to be esi:al>lished. It facts are not(»ri- ous, they can the nuue readily be proved. JJut if notoriety rests, not on nioof capable of being adduced, but on coninion talk and rnnioi', fviileiiceof such notoriety is iinuluiissible in an Knglish court. It would liave availetl the government nothing to allege that the destination of iheOreto to the confederate service was matter of notoiiety at Liverpool, even had the fact tliat such notoriety existed been true, wiiich, however, iippears not to have been the case. The substance of the facts to be gathered from the correspondence, as jtiited in the Uritish Counter Case, ai)pearsto me, alter a careful exain- iiiiitioii, to be so accurately stated, that 1 have no liesitation in tran- Miibing it and giving the sanction of uiy contirmation: It is rlear tliut Mr. Dii(H»\v liiiiisclf was in iy;ii<)rance of tlie facts whicli, in the caso ft'tbe United States, are as.sertod to have been ()i)eii and notorious to all. Hi.s attention liaillieen called to the Florida, then in the builder's yard, as early as November, 1."itil. 1)11 the 'J4th January, 18t!2, ho writes that "she is reported for the Italian {i;overnnient;" lilt the fact of the niaehineiy beinj? sni>i)lied by Fawccrtt & Preston, and other eir- iiiiistaiices, make him " susi»icious," and cause him to believe she is intended for the Ninth. On the 4th February the circumstances are still "somewhat susj»ieious." There is much secrecy observed about her, and I have been unable to j^et auythin;; Jitiiiite, but my impressions are stronj; that she is intended for the southern eonfed- iiucy. I have communicated my impressions and all the facts to Mr. Adams, our iiiiiiister in London." At that moment the ship was takinj^ in her coal ; and " appear- iiiuos indicate." he wrote, " that -she will leave here the latter part of tliis week." He makes, however, no representation to the government, nor does Mr. Adams make any. (Ill the l"2th he writes to Mr. Seward that everything he sees and hears contirms him in the belief that the vessel is intended for the confeileraey ; but he mentions no fact, rxcept that Miller (the builder) had said that Fawcett, Preston & Ce gave liim the iiiiitriict. Still no rei)resentation is made. On the 17th, he has "obtaineil information lioiii many diHerent sources," which "goes to show " that she is intended for the Con- Inleiate States. Nevertheless, the solitary fact mentioned is that Fawcett, Preston & (o. are said to be the owners, with the a''dition that advances are said to have been iiKute to them and to Miller by Fraser, Trenholm & Co. Afterward he tells Mr. Seward t!i;it be has " no doubt," and has " positive evidence that she is for the South ;" and, on till' .'itli March, that two persons in tlie employ of Fawcett, I'reston & Co. hatl said so. iliil up to the time when she left Liverpool, his correspondenct^ mentions not a single cniiinstance proving, or tending to prove, for what purpose she was intendeil, beyond Mime runiors as to her i»robable movements, which turned out to be erroneous. With ilii; " notorious fact" that she had been ordered by Hnllock he is eviilently quite unac- li'iiiiuted. As to the Bahama, so far is he from being aware of the " notorious fact " i:iat she was about to take out the Florida's armament, that uj) to the tith March he is making fruitless in(|uiries about that vessel, and can obtain no information about \n'v, "i any vessel of that name. Several days afterward he learns that she is loatling with • aiiimn and other munitions of war at Hartlepool, and "■ will cither run the blockade, ov laiiii lier cargo at l!ermu(hi or Nassau, and hare it ferried orer in smaller renifeli." He be- !i 'Vcs ber. in short, to the last, to b,- merely a l)lockade-rmmer laden with articles eoii- lialianil of war, and has no idea of her having any conmctioM with the I'lorida.' Unt it is said that Her Majesty's government ought not to have re- iiwiiiod satisfied w ith the inquiry made by its olticers ; that it should liitve pushed its inqnries further; and tlnit had it done so with line diligence, it might have obtained means to establi.sh the fact lit' tile Oieto being- intended for the confederate service. But we are not tt)i(l where such further inquiry could or should have been made, or ^vliere this sui)posed evidence could have been obttiined. We know from Mr. Dudley that the greatest secrecy was observed, so that even he could (lis(;over nothing definite. The secret woulu, of coui\se, be confined to a liiive very soon few and iiit'onnation persons ; sprung- up and "iveu which found though surmise and conjecture may rise to the rumors and pretended ay to Mr. Dudley, the persons really !' r : British Counter Case, p. 74. 384 AKHITKATION AT GENEVA. i \ I w,: h!P ynf } : It possessed of tlie secret would be little likely to reveal it. Ilowevd pressiii'-- the iiKjiiiry, the same story would in all i)robability have been persisted in. The builders had already been applied to, and had <,'iv(.ii an ai)parently satisfactory answer. i\Ir. Adams himself appears (fnim his letter of the li'ith of .March) to have believed at one time tliat the vessel ini{^ht at first have been intended for service in Sicily, iinl that such an intention bad afterward been abandoneose of deceiving Miller & Sons into the be- lief that in building the vessel they were doing nothing wrong. JJe this as it may, the ijuestion is, what means the government then had oi knowing or discovering that the Oreto was not meant for the tiniidi Thomas Brothers of I'alermo, but for a belligerent state. (.)f whom else is it suggested that the authorities coidd have inquired and ascertaiiRil the truth ? It may be said that it would have been better if the government liail again telegraphed to the British minister in Italy, but a period of up. ward of a month had elapsed since anything had been heard from Mr. Adams about the Oreto; the vessel was still unarmed, nor had tlii' government reason to suppose she was about to leave. It may, perhai)s. be said that inquiry should have been made of Fawcett, Preston «S: Co.: and I agree that it woiddhave been better if that course had been taken, but I greatly doubt whether it woiild liave produced any other an.swtr than that which had been given by Miller & Sons. It must not be forgotten that the persons who carried information. more or less entitled to credit, to Mr. Dudley, communicated with him in confidence and insisted on secrecy. ^Ir. Dudley more than once states that the information having been given in confidence, he is not at liberty to disclose the names of his informers. It is obvious tluit these parties would not be likely to give similar information to the authorities, who certainly would not have treated it as confidential. AV^hile aspersions are cast on the officers for omitting to make inquiry, I look in vain for a suggestion as to where such inquiry should have been made. And here it is necessary to point out what perhaps will appear straiijje to those who are unacquainted with English procedure, which in tills respect is identical with that of America ; namely, that pt^rsons against whom a i)rovsecution, or proceeding to recover penalties, is either pend- ing or about to be instituted, cannot ba interrogated; nor, if per- sons are called on to give evidence as witnesses, can any (juestions he I)ut to them which have a tendency to implicate them in any breailiot the law. Still less is it in the power of the government to institute any com- pulsory inquiry with a view to establish a breach of the law, except ac cording to regular process of law ; or to search a person's premises, o) to insist on '»xplanations from persons suspected of having committed an offense against the law. The government had, therefore, no [tos.sible means of obtaining information, except from those who miglit be volun- tarily disposed to give it. If Mr. Dudley had opened any of his secret sources of information, supposing him really to have possessed such, a clew to the truth might possibly have been discovered ; but he kept them to himself, and those who were ready to furnish informal ion to bim kept aloof trom imparting it to the authorities. OPINIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKBURN. 385 Liistly, there is not in Eiijyland, any more than in Anioriea, aiij' sys- tem of es[)iona{;e or secret police to pry into men's secu'et actions or obtain iut'orniation for the government by underhand and unworthy luoiins. Ciiii it be contended that Great Tiritfun shonUl have abandoned prin- liplcs and ruhvs of public (jonduct, liitlunto lu'ld sacred, for tlie benefit ototlicr nations iMiibarlvcd in (inarrcls and wars in wliich slie lieiself had 110 concern — at all events before experience had shown that her existing- liiw WiKS insnilicient ? Wlien, therefore, a member of this tribunal states as the principal {irnuud of a judgment advers<5 toClreat Hritaiu that, notwithstanding till' complaints of Mr. Adams, the English authorities did not take the iiiiti.itive ; that they did not insist on its being ])roved what was the true destination of the ship, who was the true owner, who had given the iiidcrs for it, and who was to ]»ay for it, and did not insist on the true liosition of Fraser, Trenliolm y then I pii-^^essed, Her ^lajesty's governnuMir were guilty of no want of due dili- ki'iice in suffering the Oreto to leave the port of Liverpool, and, on the liiiiitrary, would not have been justified in detaining her. Fiutiu'r, I am of o[»inion tliat Her Majesty's government were not hviiiitliig in due diligence in not procuring the evidence necessary to iii'^iue the condemnation of the Oreto, for the simple re.ison that 1 am satisliod that there were no means whatever in their power of obtain- liiigit. I am very far from saying that ofhcers to whom is committed the | substantially, if iM)t absolutely, the san)e as that of Great Britain, ami therefore could have attbrded no more eflicacious means of prevention | than that of Great Britain. I pass on to what nuiy be termed the second stage in the history ofj this vessel, namely, the events which took place ou beil At Nnssnu. • 1 x il r> 1 ' arrival at the Bahamas. Having left Liverpool on the 22d of March, she arrived at !l^assaii • the 28th of April.i Ou the 2()th she quitted the part of the liarbDij which is adjacent to the toMu of Nassau, and proceeded to Cochrau('>j anchorage, a station distant from the town about iifteeu miles. It vah stated that this was done by the advice of the pilot who had charge oil her, for the reason that there was not room for her in the harbor;^ biitl it is probable that this was ouiy a pretext. ' British Appeudix, vol. i, p. 58. 2 Ibid., p. G3. OPINIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKHURN. 3.S7 act is siisiicctcil 11 appeal', it lie. 3I and to ask I'm Toil ilays afterward, namely, on the Otii of May, Mr. Wliitiiis", tlie iDiisul of lli(^ United States at Nassau, writes to Mr. JJayley, the gov- ii'iior of the iJahainas, as fodows: I liiivt' tlu! honor to (!oiuiiuiiiic!iti) to your fxciiUcucy sovoral facts of importaiici', ilcriiiiiij; it to lie my duty sd to »lo, iis reprcseutativo ot" tlio GovurnuiiMit of tin; I'uilfd sciti's ol' Anit'iifa. Till' tn^f l'"aiiny Lewis, wliicli arrived liere from liiverpool on the titli instant, lias on hiiiiid. I am ere(lil)ly iul'oi'nn.'d l»y letters receiv((d from that ]M)i't, a larnc (|uautity of [Hiwdef for the reliel States of America, oi- foi' the so liiMil(l he made, to asceitain how far the vessels allmled to are ju'eservin;; the strict iiiiitiidity sot^ariu'stly enjoined hy Her Majesty's late ]ir<)cIamatioii, and 1 am <'onlident tliat I pay hut a deserved trihnte to your excellency's hi^^h chaiacter wIkmi 1 cxiiri;.ss !iiy tiiia lielief that no illcffal steps will be allowed to thoso who seok to subvert the iMivernuieut which 1 haxo the honor to reprc^seut.' As tlie (M)lonial anthorities of the Uahaintis, inclinling, of course, the ;;()veriit)r and his k^jj^jd adviser, have, in tiie case of the United States, lii'cii i)iiblicly accused of "open partiality to the cause of the South," ami of havino' hceii "actively friendly to tln^ insurgents," and it is iliR'(!tly imputed to them that, in the course tliey i)iirsued with reference til till' Oreto, they were induced by these motives to depart Irom what would have been the line of (conduct which a sense of duty would have IHt'scribcd, I deem it no more than is due to absent men. whose honor is iluis impugned, to call particular attention to the corrcsiumdence «iiidi pas.sed on this subject and to the facts which actually occurred. Oil the recei[>t of Mr. Whiting's letter, the governor requested an im- |iiiiMliiite report from the receiver-general of tlio colony as to tln^ truth lit the allegations ctintained in it, and received from him the following ivpl}-, tlatetl the same day :'- riic Ihitish steainer Oreto entered at this ollioe on the 2-fth April froiti Liverpool Eii;;liiiid) with ballast. She did not enter the harbor, and now lies at Cochraue's ;iiirliiiriij;e. and I have no iiifornnition as to her future )iroi;eedin;rs. Ti:e liritish brij;- Fanny Lewis entiU'edTth May from Liverpool with "assorted car^o, I lint to Ik; landtHl." She now lies near I'otter's Cay, and lam confident that she has ii»t transferred any part of her carffo, as no ])ermission to do so has been ."isUed, .and I witliiiut apei'uiitshe would be subject to a heavy penalty. lcaniu)t tell whether she has any powder on board, as no such aitiele is nieutioued in the man''' f. The matter was at once referred by the governor to the attorney- ;'eiioial of the colony in the usual course. The attorney-general, on |tlii!Siuue 9th of May, reported as follows: Assuiniuf; the car<^o of the Fanny Ltnvls to be such as stated by the Unittsd States |iiiiisiil, it is nevertheless one that can le>;ally be imported here fnun the United Kiuf^- 'li.iMi. and its future presumed destination does not invest it with any character of ille- hiility which calls for or would authorize any action with respect to it on the part of jtliifxiicutive or other authorities of the colony. <• With respect to th(» Oreto, the consul's allereveiit u inercliaiit-vessel, siu;h as the Iwiiinv Lewis, \vill» <'arji'o, IVoiii iitteinptinji' to run the l)h)ekiMh'; lie Imd im power to seize or interfere with ii vessel as I'or si breaeli of the foicjiiii- eiilistnieiit aet, iinh'ss it (!Ouhl he sliowii not only that slu^ was e(|iiip|Mi| for war, but also that she was destined for the servi«te ()f a bellijucrciit. Upon tlu^ latter point, evidence was at this time wholly wanlinji', mid therefoi'e, so far, all was riyht. At a later period the cirennistaiiccN beeanie niat<'rially altered. i)n the !>th of May, (lovernor IJayley wrote ^illieially to Addcrlcx vV (,'0., a mercantile tirm at Nassau, who were the consi<^nees of the OiHk. notifying" to them that, " if th(\v were armiuji' or |)uttin};' arms on honnl that vessel, he should enforce the rides laid roclamation ; as, in such ease, lookinj*' to the descrii)tion of the vessel, lie must infer that she was a vessel of war, intended to a(!t against tin United States;" adding;' that, "as Her ^Majesty's j;'<>vernment had ex ]»ressed their deliberate intention of (►l)servin;;' and enforcin<;' neutiaiit.v in the (,)ueen's i»ossessions, he sln)uld use his stronj^est etl'orts to \nv- vent either of th<' belligerent powers from arming;' or equi^ipiny vessels of war in that port."'- The reply of Adderley »& Co. ai)peared , then eommandin;:;' Her ^Majesty's ship Ijulldo;^' in the port oi Jfassau, wrote to the governor as follows: .Several steamers liiiviiijf anchored at Cocliranc's ancliornjjo, I sent an olllicer ycsiir (lay to visit them iind muster their crews, and iiscortain what tliey were and Ikhv employed. Tlie ollii('er reports tliat out; steamer, th(> Oreto, is iii»i>iir(!ntly littinj;- and i)r('|iariii: for a vessel of war; under theses circumstances, I would sujjgest thatslu' slioidil i(inii- into the harhor of Nassau to ]>rt!vent any misunderstandin;;- as to her (Mpiippinj; iiitlii> port, contrary to the foreign-enlistment act, as a privateer or war-vessel. ^ On receipt of this letter the governor desired the advice of tin attorney-general as to whether he had jjower, in point of law, to onlti the removal of the vessel from her then anchorage to Nassau, a (|ii("* tion about which he might well entertain serious doubts. TheicuiiDii | that ollicer reported as follows : Any Ihitish or foreign trading-vessel has a right, in carrying on lier lawful cdiii- mercial i)nrsuits, to use as anidiorage-places any of the harhors, roadsteads, ami anchorages in the colony; she can, liowevcr, only lade or unlade cargo at siicM jdaces as nuiy be authorized for tho i>urpose by the revenue department, amliiil the ])resence of a re^'iMiue olHcer; an. 15, placed under the jurisdiction and nninagomcMit of the govciiiurl an(l the executive council, it will be lawful for the governor, acting with the adl vice of the council, to prohibit the lading of cargo on board of the Orc^to otlitrwixf than in the harlxu- of Nassau ; but beyond extu'cising tho powers conferred on liiiiili} ( the trade laws, his excellency has no power to compel tho removal of the Oreto Ikii> ' ' British Ai)pendix, vol, i, p. 15. « Ibid. ^ Ibid., p. IC. ^Tbid. OPINIONS OF SIR ALKXAN'DER COfKIU'KN'. .'{SO ;. ANDKIv'soN, liiT pn'-iiMit aitcli(>i;i;;o, iinli'ss soiiiii act liiis Iiccii (loiic in I'l'spccf of licr wliicli wiiiild iiiiintitiilf ii violiitioii of linv aiiil siil)jr('t her to M'iziiiT. 'I'liis liiiii;;s me to tin' i|iii's- lidinvlicllK-r tlii'i't' In aiiytliiii;; disclosrd in .\r innni- timisof war on hoard of the vessid withont the saiietion of the revennt* department, iiiKoiiie snch similar act, evithtneiii;; an intention on the ]iart of the |iersons in ehar^ro , if liie vessel to lit her out as a vessel (d' war to he, eni|doyed in the service of a foreijiii liiili);erent powei, the foreilde leinoval of the vessel from her jiresent position, merely tii;;uin'd a^^ainst a ]>os.sihle infract imi of the law, could not lie Jnstilied. Snch removal wiiiild in fact constitute ii "seizure," whi(di the i>arties inakinj; would he responsihhi till ill danuiKcs, unless tln^v <'ould show a U'^n] justilication, which nnist ln^ hased upon Miincthin;; lieyoud mere suspicion ; hut while nuMt^ suspicimi is not .sutlicient to autlnn- i/.i'tlic course of i)rocec(linj; iudicateil in your letter, it is certainly Nutliiiuon given by the attorney-neneral was perfectly soiiixl. The letter of the receiver- general here referred to wa.s one dated the L'lltli of May, in wliich that oHicer stilted that he 'latl every reason to liclicve that the (!onsign(M's of the vessel intended diipniii};' hw^o, qmrn- titles of arms and nninitions of war its «'ar<>'o, and i liyht probiihly iipply fur iHTinission to transship cargo to her from other vessels where she In a letter to the colonial secretiiry of the next diiy (Mtiy 30) the at- t iniey- general writes : A' act of arndnjj, or any attempt to arm. a vessel in contravention of the imperial itB, conuuonly known as the foreiifu-enlistmeut act, \,'ill subject the vessel to ^ /lire; and it is qnito iunuaterial in what mauiur the violation of the law is asc<\r- taiiii'd, or l>y whosti testimony it is cstahlishcd, the only n(!(M'ssary rei|uirement Itcinjf tliiil tlu^ facts tcstilied to should he such as would he received in ii court of law as le^al iHdiif of the violation of the statute sought to he estaltlished.'' Having received the attorney-general's r«>port, the governor, on the 2il()f June, thns writes to Connnander IMcKillop : I iiiiiy say that it i.s quite impossihle that the Orcto, or any otlior vessid, should he ailiiwt'd to arm herself for helli;istered as ii liritish vessel, and carries tlie IJritish llajj;. Therefore >lii' would hei. tion of tilt', vosscl, you an; convinced that sins is in rcidity a man-of-war or iniva- leer ainiinji Iicisclf Ikto, then it will hctonn! your duty cither to eoneeit nicasuics fm luinjiin;;' the t>re,to down into this i)ait of thrpoo]. alter tin model of the English navy gun-boats, with magazine, shot-lockers, ports and bolts Im twenty guns. Everything is rigg»'d, and ready for mounting; even all tin; artitlo necessary tor seanuMi, such as hammocks, bedding, kettles and pans, with tince \fM< provisions. In short, she is a jierfcet nuiu-of-war. Captain, Jauu's Duguitl ; chitl oftici'r, \\'illian!l)uggin ; second oHicer, Hudson ; I, sir, was third odice)' and Ixiat- swain ; the chief steward and purs(;r, who refused duty, are in jail here.-' This letter only confirmed what was already known, namely, tlio ca- pacity of the vessel for the purpose of war. No e/idence of her Ixdlij; erent destination was attbnled in it, or iu the rei)ort of Coniinaiidii ]McKillop to the governor of the Oth of June, wherein he says that lie " has visited the scnew-steamer Oreto and examined her, and tliat slit> is Jitted out in every way for war purposes — magazines, shell rooms. and other fittings, totally at variance with the character of a merchant vessel. She has no guns or ammunition on board. The captain docs not deny that she is intended for a war-vessel."' Ou tiiis, taking the same view as before, the attorney-general ir ports : There are no facts set forth in the within letter which would, in my opinion, aiitlim- ize the seizure of the Orc^lo. They constitute only circumstances of suspicion, wliiili. if cou))le(l with some actmil overt a(!t, would doubtless nuiterially strt^ngthcn the ca.v against the vessel, but which do not in themselves form a ground of seizure.' In a note of the 8th of June, Commaiuler McKillop again adverts t(i tlic warlike character of this ves.sel, aiul states his opinion " that slic was not capable of taking in any cargo, having no stowage: addiii;; that, should she take in guns or ammunition, he should consider it liis duty to seize her."^ On the 12th of June Mr. Whiting again calls the attention ot the governor to the Oreto. " One of her officers," he says — 1 iiresniiic he refers to Jones, the boatswain — "testifies to her warlike cliarat'tci and e's Anchorage, under tins din^cit su[>ervlsion of "idoers of the riMtnnc deitartment, to be s[»ecially appointed for the jmrpose. X That, in conHciinenct! of tlie sn:ii)icions which have arisen n!spe(!ting the character of tlic Oreto, it is iulvisalde that a Hritish vessel of war should remain at L'ochrane's Anchorage, in the iuMneiliate vicinity of the Oreto, while she is tilving in cargo, and to invvi'iit snc^li vessel being detained at the anchorage an inconvenieiilly long time, there 111' iiiilMi,>..'d as a conditiiiii, for the p(!rmission for the Oreto to load without the port, iliat she comiilete her billing at Cochrane's Anchorag<>, within a period to be designated 'ly the chief olHcer of tln^ revenue d<'partuuMit. His excellency was further pleased to direct that a copy of the foregoing order be liiriiishet! to the receivei-geuiual and treasurer, and the (tommander of Her Majesty's •^liili IliHldog, respe<;tively, for their informatiim and guidance. This order having been communicated to the consignees, the latter (letmiuined to remove the Oreto froni Cochrane's Anchorage to the port of Nas.sau, which she entered on the 7th of June. On the Oth she com- menced taking in empty shells as cargo, of which upward of 400 boxes vere shipped. * Uritish Appennp(l, Edward Jones, late tlilril officer of the steamer Orcto, dosoleiiinlv Hwear to the following facts, viz : 1. That, on the ;5d day of March, lHfi2, I shii)ped on hoard the steamer Oreto at Liv- erpool, as boatswain; the articles si)ecifying that the vessel was bound to tlu; ixntnt Palermo; thence, if ref[nired, to any i)ort in the M(Mliterranean or the West Indies, and back to a linal port of discharge in the United Kingdom ; the term of servico not to exceed six montlis. 2. That the Oreto was expressly bnilt for a man-of-war, and was said to be destiiiwl for the King of Sardinia; that she has twenty ports, magazine of 50 tons CMpiKity, shot-lockers, &c. : that on her i)assage to this port, breeehings and gun-tackles weiv fitted and everything got in readiness for mounting guns. 3. Tliat the Oreto was supplied with two suits of sails, spare wire rigging, a l)ii<.'i' (juantity of provisions, said to be snilicient for three years' supply for seveiitN live men, Ac, &e. 4. That after leaving the channel the courses were frequently altered, and that my susjiicions were tlien aroused as to her true destination as a rebel privat('(;r, ami I refused duty ; that on the thirty-tifth day out, wii anchor. I also testify to the fact that, for several nights prior to our arrival at Xassini, tin lights on board the Oreto wen^ ordered to be put out, and the snioke-staeks >vere rt'i'tVil, wliile look-outs were kejtt at the mast-lieads, and great anxiety was manifested and | exi)ressed by the officers lest they should fall in with AuKaican cruisers. 1 do also .solennily swear that the Oreto is, to my certain knowk'dge, owned by tin so-called Confederate States of North America, and that she is intended for ont'oij tlieir men-of-war, or armed privatetus; which facts I stated iu my petition to Governor I Bay ley while I was in prison at Nassau.-' Mr. Whiting coinnjitted the nnpa: lOnable mistake of sending offtliisj alfulavit to Mr. Seward, instead of making it known to the local gov ernnient. In the mean time, Captain McKillop having gone on other s('rvire,| his jdace had been taken by Captain Ilickley of Her Majesty's sh (Ireyhound. On Ihe lOth of June Captain Ilickley, having previonsivi had a conversation with the governor and the Attorney (Jeneral, itl five to rhe Oreto taking in warlike stores for the i)nrpose of becoiuiii;'! an armed vessel, and perceiving ligliters alongside <»f her, went witlij competent surveying officers to examine her, after which he aud tlicj other officers made the following report : On going on board the Oreto this morning, the captain informed me that tliorrf"! had refused to get the anchor up until they c()uld be certain as to where tlie Rliip«;ij| going, as they did not know what might become of them after leaving port, and tliiiil iln: Oreto was a suspicions vessel. I tlien i)roceeded round her decks to note \m liiT tings, &c., and to ascertain whether sh'i had any warlike stox'es on board for liirowii| equipment, and I Jiave the honor to make the following report : That the Oreto is in every respect iitted as a man-of-war, on the principle of the disl l)atch gun-vessels in Her Majesty's naval servico. f That she has a crew of fifty men, and is capable of carrying two pivot-giuis aniiill ships and four broadside, botli forward and aft, the ports being made to " ship and iilI ship," port bars, breeching, side tackle, bolts, &c. I Tliat she has shell-rooms, a magazine, and light-rooms, and "handing scuttles" fo'| ' British Ajtpendix, vol. i, p. 24, * United States Documents, vol. vi, p. 251. Oreto, do solcuinlv >t'scntlins' otttliis] to the locul gov- Jiaiiding scnttles^'l OPINIONS OF SIR ALKXANDER COCKBFRN. 303 liiimliiiS powdor out of tlie majjazine. v-n fitted in the naval service, and s1\ot-1>oxos for Aniistront? shot, or shot siniihxr totlicin. Ronnd tlio ni>i»or deek slie lias live boats, (I jlidiilil say,) a ten-oared cntter, an eijiht-oared entter, two k'b'*) '^"•' " .jolly-hoat, and davits for lioistinj; them up — her aeconiniodation beinj; in no respect difi'erent from her ^illli]ilr class of vessels in the royal naval service. And on my askin' that the Oreto was discharging shells out of the vessel, ami on lieiiio- told by Mr. Harris, one of the consignees, and by a revenue officer on Ijo.ird, that she had cleared out in ballast for the Havana, and was [tosail, as he understood, the next day, and that due notice had been Liven at the custom-house. Captain Ilickley, however, desirous of ]>re- vinting with inflexible rigor any breait. at tli(i same time, I cannot fail to recognize the great importaiuse of the testimony hvliitlniiiiy be brought tbrward by yourself and your crtiw ; nor can I fail t'j seethe U'Mvi'conseipiencijs whicdi might result if a vtsssel, e(iuipi)ed and litted as you repre- [siiit lor till' purposes of war, were ([iiietly allowetl to take a crew here and quit the 1)01' with the intention of lighting on the side of one or two belligerent states, with |Ki(iiof whom Great Hritain is at peace. Toflio doubts which this dilemma crt-ates, I can see only one solution. The cipiip- |iiii'iit (if the Oreto, the object of her voyage hither, the intent of her voyage hence, li'' natmc of her crew, and the purpose of their eidistment iire all the fairsulijeets of ju- I'liiial investigation. Wo cannot detain or condenni her on mere suspicion ; nor, when h'l'^piiioii has been so generally aroused, can weiiermit her to depart unexamined and Iiiiialisolvod. I ii(l(!r t;very aspect therefore of the case, I think the best course which can be taken "'111' interests of yourself, the colony, and the Government, will be to seize the Oreto, jimlat once submit the question of her condemnation to the local court of vice-admi- ' Uritish Appendix, vol. i, p. 25. -Ibid., p. 2«i. f^h i - ;; . If '■'': it 396 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. lalty; ntuT I am glafl to soo tlmt yon abandon the idoa of carrying liorhcfoiotliocnnrt of any otlmr colony. It, on tlio evidence wliicli yon addncc?, the conrt condt'iiin Im. yon will have the satisfaction of haviiiff i)reventcd, certainly an illeffal, and ipidlinliiv a diaastrons voya<];e. If the conrt do not condenui her, yon will have the satistiiciioii of havin;;; discharged yonr duty nnder ciicnnistances of anxions donl)t and (lilliinltv. tin- solntion of wliich will hereafter sn'iooth the conrse of others placed in situiitiuiis equally tryinj; and enibarrassinfj. My ojiinion is that an appeal to the decisior ' the local vice-admiralty court is tln' best expcdi<'nt which conhl be embraced ' ^ ..11 the parties interested in tlic luattii, I will give the necessary iustrnctions to tne Queen's advocate.' The course suggested was accordingly adopted. The Oreto was soi/.iil and proceedings taken in the admiralty court of the Bahamas for Iitr condemnation, the result of which I shall advert to further on. From the correspondence which, in view of the accusations made, I Lave thought it my duty toward absent men, deprived of all means of I defense, to set out in some detail before the tribunal, even at tlie risk of appearing tedious, it is apparent thattwo difterent and opi)ositc views were taken as to the propriety of seizing the Oreto. The naval ofticeis. finding her equipped as a ship of war, and from her presence at Nassau. and the other suspicious circumstances connected with her, entertain ing no moral doubt that she was intended for the service of the tdii- federates against the United States, were for seizing her witli a hij; hand. The civil authorities, sensible that to seize the vessel, uiikss I they could afterward hold her upon legal proof of her destination j as a belligerent vessel, sucli as would be received in a court of law, would be worse than useless, and seeing no such [troof forthcoming, weronu | willing to take upon themselves the responsibility of a proceeding wliici if it ended in defeat, would be attended with serious consequen(!os. In] addition to this the attorney-general appears to have entertained an opinion that, in order to warrant a seizure at Nassau, some e .■sted ill the iiuUtir, Oreto was soizcil Baluinias for her ther oil. isations made, I of all means of even at the risk id opposite vit'Ws he naval officers. sence at Nasssiii. h her, oiitertaiii- rvice of th(^ eon- her with a lii;;li he vessel, unless | her destination )urt of law, would icoiiiinfi', were nil- ►rooeediiij'' wliieli. oiisequeiu;es. In 'e entertained an I some eciuipmeiit eincts of the col- IS shared hy tin- in my jiuls'mt'iit. nndence and ecu- i to these parties. I at I cannot tind It forward bytlio )roceedin}>s, were lor and attorney- ■epared to j;o tlie ivity sueh as tlicl V the true eharac revelations as tnl and while all tliat| colony, I am er at the seiznre ot'| strong the siis ^ ation. But when 4 to Mr. Whitin?, cley, and it tbns cedents of a sns inmyjndgment. s. It is true Mr, ig to the authori| kit the attorney- I .»eneral must have been aware that ther" were important matters con- nected with this ves.sel which the men who had come out in liei- were prepared to disclose; and I cannot but thiidc that, in such a state of tilings, he should have taken -}tcps to iinpiire Into ami ascertain the tiuts. In all probability the oi)iuiou — as I thiuU, a mistaken one — that nothing but wliat took place in the waters of the colony could be made available against the vessel, may have had the etl'ect of inducing him to remain passive. But tlie (juestion whether the omission to resort to this source of information did not amount to a want of due diligence, loses its import- ance by rea.son of the circumstance that, in sjute of the opinion of the attorney-general, the Oreto was in fact .seized and brought into court ith a view to her ctuidemnation. Upon that fact supervening, any previous omissicm in this respect becomes, i»ractically speaking, wholly immaterial. Whether the vessel was seized a few days sooner or a few days later can, obviously, under the circumstances, not have been of tlie slightest consequence. In like manner, when M. Staempfli suggests that the government at liome were wanting in due diligence, becau.se, on linding th^t the Oreto bad not been built for the Italian government, tiiey did not .send out to Nassau and other British colonies to direct the .seizure of the vessel sliouUl she come into a British port, the obvious answer wiiicli I sliouUl liave hoped would have occurred to his own mind is that, even assuming that tlie government were bound to seiu^ 'u.structions to that ctlect all over the globe, the only jiurpose which sn a exemplary activ- ity eould have served would have been to secure the seizure of the vessel and tlu^ bringing her into court. But this end having been otlierwi.se etlected by the action of Captain Ilickley and the governor, any want of diligence in any other (piarter becomes wholly immaterial. When once the end to be obtained is by .some means or other etfeeted, vliat Inatters it whether some other means whereby the same result nijiiht possibly have been brought about may have been omitted to be resorted to ? It cannot surely be necessary to point out that the omission to u.se hhie diligence, if it produces no injury to a [mrty entitled to claim the oxereise of such diligence, affords no ground tor conqtlaint or compeiusa- i tioii. If, for example, a vessel were, by tlie negligence of the authorities, pi'iniitted to be equipped and armed ami to go forth to wage war on a btllij;erent, but betbre doing any actual mischief, were fallen in with Ua more powerful enemy and taken, no amount of negligence in suffer- in],' her to go forth could constitute a ground for asking for p(!cuniary I compensation. We may, therefore, pass over all the laets preliminary to the seizure [of the vessel, and come to the trial before the judge of the court of ad- [iniralty of the colony. Xow, latonce feel bound to say that with the result of this trial I am jiinythiiig but satislied. In my opinion, the Oreto ought to have been loiidemned, and there was a miscarriage of justice in her ac(piittal. Not iliat, on the point which the judge of the vice-admiralty court tlnuight tlie only issue iu the repared to i|iiaiTel with the judgment. The mistake of the judge, which led to the i'wputtal of the Oreto, consisted in holding that tlie ecpiipment of a [vessel in any part of the British dominions, for a purpose prohibited by the foreign-enlistment act, would not, so long as the property in it re- luaiiied iu a British subject and had not been transferred to a foreign i4\ 398 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. ft 1 'V bolli<>oroiit, of which tliore was hero no snfluneiit proof, form a snflicicnt] j»i()mi(l ol' (toiMh'mnatioii in any (!onrt of coinpotiMit atitlioiity, witliin whose Jurisdiction tiie vessel niif>;ht be fouml, thoufth no [nirt of siulil e(|ui|>nieiit iiii^ht liave taken plai;;; within such jurisiJictioii. I'^ittedontJ (■(jiiipped, or armed within British doniinioiiK, in eontraventioii of tlu' statute, a vessel becomes at once forfeited by the ett'ect of the slatiitc and lu'comes liable to be seized and condemned as fcn'feited. The cliar. acter of Ibrreiture once attachin{>; to her reujaiiis permanently allixcd tdi her, and the proceediuj;' being' i>i, rem, any comi)etent court within whose j jurisdiction she nuiy be may adjudge her to be the property of the Ci'own, and give effect to the seizure of her as such. It is admitted by I ler IMajesty's government, upon the advice of Its law-officers, that such is the law. It is clear that, if the judge on the trial had actet disiegijid of dtiiy. I liave yet to consider whether any default on the part of 1 ler Majesty's government can have contribute*! to tin? failure of the pnxH'cdings ii^aiiist the Florida. It is certain that, as soon as the fact of tlu' seizure i)t tlic vessel an, it would have proved unavailing, by reason of the judge holding the absence of eut a further charge of negligence is brought against the goviMii meat of the llahamas by reason of the Oreto having received her anna ment in the waters of tlie (colony. The facts are as follows: Having been released by the court of admiralty, the Oreto cloaml out as a merchant-vessel for Saint John's, New Brunswiiik, in l)allast.' the port for \vhi(;h vessels intending to run the blockade usually (;lcare(l. On the 7th of August the vessel went out, into the neighborhood of Ho;' Island, to try her steam.- She was at that time very short-haiKleil. It ap[)ears, from the .letter of the United States consul to Mr. Seward ot| the 0th of September, that her crew at that time was " a very small one. and that the ollicers expressiMl great (h)ubts of being able to man liei suJliciently for their nefarious pur|)oses."' It is stated in the ITiiiteil States ca.se that the Oreto lay outside, with a hawser attached to oiiool'l Her Majesty's shii>s of war. In a letter of the United States consul of the 9th of August, that] "entleman writes to Mr. Seward as follows: UNrrEH Statks Coxstrr-vTi:. Xassan, Xeiv Froridence, Aiiifiist 'J, If^tW. Sir : I liavo the honor to inform yon of tlio .arrival off this port, yesterday luoniin;;. of the United States steani.shi)) K. U. Cnyh'r, Winslow eonnnander, ei^^ht diiys iVdiiil Jioston. Tlie .steamer Oreto liad hd't this harltor tlie day previous and aneliinvd oit| J loj;- Island; hut (iarly on the morniny of the Cuyler's jirrival she got under way, ami kept " backinj.; and (illiug " around that vrssel while she lay off the port. Seeing' tlif-i' Huspicious inovemeiits of so suspieioiis ;t vessid, Captain Wiuslow coneluded not t" leave his shiii, hut sent a boat for iiie, and I promptly joined him on board, ^ivin^ lii"i| all the inforination in my power. He concluded to stand over for the XortliwotI Passajfe, as I advised that conrso as the most likely method of trapping the Oni". which vessel is reported to bo bound for Charleston. ' British Appendix, vol. i, p. 58. '^ United States Doennients, vol. vi, p. IJO."); British Appendix, vol. v, p. 50, ^ United States Documents, vol. vi, j). :iU7. Tf OPINIONS OP SIR ALEXANDER COCKBURN. 401 II a traiisiu'ou s was iiivdlvcd punislicd. tlii'V iig cvi l(Mi(:(' at roved, was tliiit this, in tlu'vicw the lociil limits )t' his aiitliovit\ lul thci'cl'ini' III) ij;' pi'oihuMMJ. , y\, stiuMiiiitii, I on oiith, wliicli imblic tliar tlic [••norant ol' tlicir e sanction of im versij'ht ; oven ave briMi sworn L'inau willi'o,i,'ivi ipiMl eomliMnuii- 10 ju(l,i;'(^ bet'orc !h a failme lie if serious iiiipm- i»r stage of tliesi' linst the jiovoni ceived her iuiiiii- lows: le Oreto cleared ] wiek, in l)allast.' usually cleared borhood of llo^ ort-handed. It Mr. Seward tif 1 very small oui',] ableto man licr d in the ITiiitcil tached to oui'ot'j 1 oC August, that I C<-»XSfI.ATK. YCsttTiliiy moviiin;;. lev, ciKlit 'I'lys tioiii] Is iiud aucliiiifil »rt] Igot niuU'r way. ainl liMU-t. Seeing tlii'S''] k' coiicludcil not t"l |iil)i>artl, j-ivin«lm» for till! Ni»itli«f>' Itmityiiig till! OiH". Shortly after tin- Ciiyler had dlHapiifarcd tlu! Orctit canio to anchor off tlio iiioutli of t ho Imibor, and Ilur Majesty's steamer I'eterel, Watson eoniniandcr, went out and anelmred iiiiir her as "a protection ajxainst the Yankees ciittin;j ont tln^ i)rivat«!ci'." Last nijilit t^nns and sliells were transported to the Orcto l«y the schooin-r I'rince AllVid, whi<'h lias liccn purchased by tho Cttnfedcrato States aj^ent, Lalittc, for a tender (HI the ISritish confederate sliips, A person lanilin;; at Nassau, ignorant of facts, would certainly think that this was Eiij,'laiiirs war. from the activity of tho people here to forward supplies to tho rebels. I have, &c., SAMUEL WIIITINIJ.' Hon. William II. .Skwaisp, Heart art/ of State. Fidl explanation of the circumstances referred to, so far as the Poterel is concerned, is given in two letters of Cuptain Watson, who was in command of the ship in question. Her Miijesty's ship IVterel, in answer to au inquiry from tho admiralty iu consoquonco of this state- . nit'iit : Hkh Majk.stv's Sini' rKMuitoKi:, SbvcnunH, Mtiirh -i'i, 1H7'2. Sii! : I have tho lionor to acknowledge the receipt of your hotter dated I'.Hh instant, nitliits iiu'losure from Admiral Sir Alexander Mihu^, dated If^th March, If^l'i. Ill reply, I beg leave to report that I imrfectly remember tho circnmstam;e con- iiictt'il witli the British steam-vess(^l, called tho Oreto, that had been j)laced in tho vici-ailuiiralty ccuirt at Nassau, New I'rovidence, by Connnander Ilickh^y, of Hoc M;:.ji!sty's ship Greyhonnil, and that aft»!r a trial of some length she was nih-ased. I ii'iiiember rect-iving a communication from his excelh^ncy the govi^ruor of the Halia- iiias, to the ett'eet that tiiero were two Au'ierican sliii)s of war under steam inside tho lav, anil that he would be glad if I could \n\t mys(?lf in personal communication with liieir captains, and offer them tho customary hosi»italities. On receii>r of liis exeel- Ifiiiy's connnnnicatiou, or as soon Hft(ri as the tide piirmitted, I [uoceedecl iu He- Miiji'sty's ship nndt^rmy command, nnder steam, across the bar, ami went on iioard thr Uiiiti'd Stati's steamship of war \\. \l. Cnyler, whens I had a long and friendly convere KitidM with her captain. Wiuslow, I think, was his mime. At the time I was on board the K. It. Cuylor, the Oreto, with two other British ships, wnesteaming up and down the coast abreast Hog Island, trying their machinery. Tlio Hiilo certainly was, as I know she came out for that pnrpose, it being the first 7;), Sin: Willi n-fcroiuo to my Ictttjr of tlio 'i'id in.staiit, I wmIi to inukf (lit« t'ollowin.r altcnilioh ill ]ijirsi;;rii]ili aloii^Miilt- tVoin tlir Orcto, iiNkin^ loc llic nsshf. JUKI'. » » • # • Till) leiniiiiidcr of th«! iiaiiijj;nii»li iind Ictttn- rt'iiiaiiis 111,. Haiiic. •J. Wlirii I HPiit my lottcr of t)i(! y'iil, I had not my private .journal or Icttir \vitli mi', :>. I winli to adi>rt. almost siiiiiiUiiiKMnisly, iiiiil jtroitoiulod to Orcon Cay tojfotlior. Tho liiii'lioHi' for whicli they wont was luttorioiis in Nassau. This was so ))al|iahh-' an ovu- niuii that tho act shouhl ho assiunod us havinjj talvtMi phico in tho harhor ol Nassan.' This is a very adroit way of jjutting tho case, but is it a Just one ? Jni till' lirst place, it is a groat deal too much to assunu^ that it was " noto- rious" that tho Prince Alfred had on board tho armament of tho other vessel. The consul puts it no higher than that it was so report»»d, an«l tlie {jfovernineni ooidd not act on mere report. Tho fact was never said toliave boon notorious till 1805, three years later, when Mr. Kirkpatrick,. tlie then consul, who know nothing of tho facts when thoy bapponod, thought proper so to stato.^ But the argument further puts it as thongh the purpose of going to Green Cay was notorious ; whereas we now know that neither the con- sul nor any one else had tho remotest idea that tho transfer of the arma- ment was intended to bo ettoctod within the limits of the colony. Tho consul believed that both vessels were going to Charleston. Can it be said that tho governor ought to have sent a British ship of war to ac- company the two ships some sixty miles or more, till clear of tlie waters ottbe Bahamas, to prevent the possibility of a violation of neutrality in tliis respect 1 But then it is said, "The act was committed within British jurisdic- tion, and was therefore a violation of tho first clause of the first rule of tlie treaty." lUit, with submission, the act is not nocessaril}' within the first rule of tlie treaty because it was committed in British jurisdiction. To bring it within the first rule of the treaty it must bo shown that there was a \iaut of due diligence in uot preventing the act so done, and of this I find 110 proof in the American documents. To be sure, our honorable colleague, Mr. Staempfli, in the grounds of bis judgment, says: Que Green Cay dtait 6lo\gn6 et pou fr6qncnt<5 ; cette objection est d'antant moina iiuiwrtaute que tout ce qui se tit h Green Cay par tit de Nassau, et pouvait fort bieu sapereevoir depuis ce doruier endroit. ' United States Documents, vol. vi, p. 306. "Ilml., pp. 304, m'>. 3 United States Case, p. 439. '* Uuited States Documents, vol. vi, p. 337. mi ■ ( 404 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. f f 1 I confess T do not quite undorstaiul what is meant by tliis. I do not suppose M. Staeuiptii can mean that what was done at Green Cay could be seen at Nassau, sixty miles otf". I must, therefore, take it that wliat lie means is, that the loadinj? of the Prince Alfred an«l the nearly sinrnlta- neous departure of the two ships from Nassau could have been seen at Nassau — which, as it strikes me, is aself-ex ident proposition. ]5iit if he mejins that, because the cargo of the Prince Alfred consisted of guns and arms that might be transferred to the Oreto, therefore the autliorities ought to have stopped the Prince Alfred, .he answer is that, until sucli transfer ha«l actually taken place, or was about to take idace, in lUitisIi waters, the authorities had no i)ower to seize or detain the vessels. The Prince Alfred had a perfect right, subject to the chance (d' cap- ture, to take arms to a belligerent j>ort. There was nothing to show tliat she was not about to do so. The American consul believed she was. What authority had the government to assume the contrary i Lastly, M. Staemptii makes it a matter of reproach to the local gov- ernment that no prosecution was instituted against the master of the Prince Alfred. I must observe that this tribunal has nothing whatever to do with the question of whether Her Majesty's government should or should not Inive directed a prosecution in this or that ])articular instance. Tlioush this is a point which has more than once been dwelt upon, it is wholly irrelevant to our incpiiry. However, let us see how the facts staiul in this res])ect. On the sth of September IMr. Whiting, having seen the men who hadretnriied liom the Oreto, and having obtained a deposition from them, writes to tht- governor : I have the honor to inform yonr cxcc^llcncy that I have fifoofl authority for stntiiu; that the schooner I'rinee Alfred, of Xassan, took tlie Oreto's armament from tliisiinit and diseharjred th<> sam(M>n hoard tiiat steamer at (Jreen Cay, one of tiie lialiiniias. That the Oreto afterward left (Jrecii Cay with the secession llaf;' British Appendix, vol, i, p. 87. ^^w OPINIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKBURN. 405 m Orcto, wliiolii^i"" when at Nnssnn, indiicod about forty men to enlist on board Aiir„drevernment in tliis behalf. M. Staemplli, nevertheless, but without any reference to facts showing negligence, states, as a ground of his Judgment, that the manning of the Oretoat Nassau is to beimi)uted to tlie negligence of the British author- ities. In the first place, it does not appear that the authorities knew anything whatsoever about the matter. In the second place, th6 Oreto, lit the time these men were engaged, had not adopted the character of a slii[) of war ; it was not known that she would do so ; it was not known to the local government, or even to jMr. Whiting, that she had been nuule over.to the confederate government; it was not known that Maflitt had liiken possession of her as their oflicer; l)uguid, who had brought her out, still remained apparently the niaster of her; her former crew had all left h€»r; the ciew she had engaged were wholly insutHcient as a lighting crew, and there was not, and could not be, any i)resent purpose of iisiisg her as a lighting ship; it was believed she was going to run the blockade. If that fact had turned out to be true, the allowing her to hire a crew would have been perfectly legitimate, and could not have been prevented. Was the vessel to be kept at Nassau permanently for want of a crew? It is quite true that, by the second rule of the trt^aty, a neutral gov- t'lnnient is not to permit its ports or waters to be used by a belligerent lor tiie recruitment of men. But at this time, as I have already re- inarked, though it was known that the vessel was intended for the con- iiMleiate government, it was not known that she had been transferred to tluiii, still less that s'ne was about to be used for belligerent purposes, ivhicli, indeed, she could not be till a dift'erent crew could be obtained. Till then she might be liable to capture as contraband of war, but she would not be liable to seizure as for a breach of the municipal law. I confess I do not see the negligence which ^I. iStaempiii's keener >i;;lit is enabled to discover. When the Florida had taken in her armament at Green Cay, the crew snipped ao Nassau being altogether inadequate for the ves- Ki,m,ia un^r i™v. ^I'l .IS a ship of war, she proceeded to the port of Cardeiias, "'* """'" ' '•'• 111 Cuba, w here she remained till the .'Ust of August. 8he there at- Uinptcd to ship a erew, but the matter having conu; to the knowledge i)t the authorities, the otticer in commaiul repudiated the transaction, iiiul left the port without any increase of his numbers.^ Unable to keep the sea for purposes of war vv ith so insutlicient a crew, the Florida ran past the hostile cruisers, though challenged and tired at, and su(;ceeded insettin.'j into the confederate i)ort of Mobile, where she arrived on the Wi of Se])tember.- She remained in the pore of ]\[obile ui)wards of four months, at the end fit' which time, having shipped a erew, she was sent out, on the loth of lauuiuy, 1803, under the command of JMailitt, as a confederate ship of war.'' A grave question here presents itself, whether Great Britain, even if open to the inqjutation of want of due diligence in respect ol the original e(iuii)ment of the Oreto, or of her arming at r.-r\ZT.Zmu".Li ^ *'----- - - reiiMitiiiitt lit Miibile. her conunautlei'.M Jt Gieen Cay, can properly be held respoKsible i'ct the acts of tliisship subsequently to her entry into Mobile. It is all-important to bear in mind that the original C(|uipment of this 'United States Docmiients, vol. vi, p. XM, sil.id., p. -XVi. "Ui'itish Appcudix, vol. i, pp. 117, 120, 122. Iv^* h > Is l.r ;V r r' -i ■ ■■ * II 406 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. nA I vessel, tliongh an oflfense ajjainst the municipal law of Great Britain uas not, tiiere being-, up to tiie time slie arrived at tlie Baliaiuas, no present intention of war, an ollense against international law. All tlio ])ower which the government conhl exercise against her, in respect of any offense agair)st the municipal law, was such as was derived from that law; that is to say, from the foreign-enlistment act. Now, all that the latter empowered the government to do was to seize the vessel and to bring her before a competent court for condemnation. If, when such a procee accord- ing to international law, if, owing to the deficiency of the ciew, there "was no present intention of a])plying the ship to the purpose of war. Tiiere is a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States which casonf tin iMiiea '^ lu polut to tlic prcscut (juestiou, in the case of the United F,a.e«r,,iu.(iui,„y. gtatcs Vfi. Uc Quiiicy, rcportcd in the Gth volume of IVterss Keports, page 445.* In that case the defendant was indicted, under the third section of the American act of 1818. for Imving been concerned in fitting out a vessel called the Bolivar, afterward Las Dainas Argeiitinas, with intent that such A'essel should be employed in the service of the United I'rovinccs of Eio do hi j/lata against the subjects of the Emperor of Brazil, with whom the United States were then at peace. The vessel in (inestioii, originally a pilot-boat, had been fitted out at Baltimore for the defem' ant and one Armstrong, and adapted for carrying a gun. She sai' ' from lialtimore to the island of St. Thomas, Arnistrong beii»g oii '• .; ' as part owner and agent for the other owners. On the Wii;, ^ . Tiioums, Armstrong told a witness tiiat it was his intention and wi- to employ the vessel as a privateer, but that he had no funds. He spn'r- of the ditticulty of getting any, and said he could not tell, until lie ^ : to the West Indies, whether he should be able to procure any. After negotiating for two or three days at St. Thomas, Armstrong snc- ceeded in oljfaining funds ; the IJolivar was fitted out as a privateer ; and, Arnistrong having provided himself with a commission from the Buenos Ayres governnient, the vessel, under the name of Las ]>annis Arj!en- tinas, cruised under the flag of that governnient, and took several prizes. Two questions presented tliemselves for the decision of t\u n.'v is to the direction wliich should be given to the Jury. Tiie first 's iw :' i. to constitute an olfense witliin the act, it was necessary that iin - should have been armed when she left Jhiltimore the decision on \i.. " ^'. ' Sec also UiitUb A|)|)undix,, vol. iii, u, 9si. OPINIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKBURN. 407 Trent Britain, lialiiiinns, no law. All tlio , in respect of derived from Now, all tliat lie vessel and If, when such and releasiiof A ice beeoines ^. shii) eannot ice it liaslxH'ii ) seizure and acquitted, all gn-eidistnieiit It the rijilit of international the inunieiital no more than x\ possibly ex- r a jn'oceeding assel had been 1 T^^r'rish juris- V be so; iruii.^ accord- iie cu'W, there ose of war. 1 States which ' of the United me of I'eters's section of tlio 4' out a vessel til intent that ted Provinees f l>razil, with in (luestion, )r the delem' She sal' [ n\^ . tion and wi- ds. He spot.' 1, until he i, : , any. Alter mstrons snc- rivateer;and, )ni the Buenos )anias Ar;;eii- several prizes. hi J (.n: as to hat im : ision on v..:" islmmaterifil to the present purpose. The second question is the one ffhich touches the present case. On the part of the defendant, it was submitted that the jury should be directed — That if the jury believe that, >vheu tlie Bolivar was fitted out aud eiiuippetl at IVilti- nuiie, tiie owner and etpiipitcr intended to go to tlie West Indies in scare 1 1 of funds, ffitli wliicli to arm and e(|nip the said vessel, and had n<> present intention t>f nsin^ or eiiiplnyiuK the said vessel aa a ]uivateer, but intendeil, wlien \w ecpiipped Iwr, to ;;<> to the West Indies to endeavor to raise funds to prepare her for a cruise, then the defend- ant is not {>;uilty. Or, if the jury believe that when the Btdivar was ecpiippcd at Baltimore, and wlieu she left the United States, the e([uipper had no tixed intention to employ her as a privateer, but had a wish so to employ her, the fuKillnumt of v> Inch wish depcinled on ills ability to obtain fuinls in tht^ West Indies for the purpose of armiufj; and preparing lierfor war, then the defendant is not guilty. The court said : We think these instructions ought to Ix* given. The ofTiiUsc consists itrineipally in tlii> intention wit'.i which the preparations were nnide. Tiiese preparations, according Mtlie very terms of the act, must be nnide witiiin the limits of the United States; and it is equally necessary that the intention with respect to thiMMuployment of tlie vessel glimiUl be formed before she leaves the Unitt.'d States; and this must l)e a lixed inteii- ijoii, not conditional or contingent, depending on some future arrangements. Tliis in- tciitiou is a ([uestion belonging exclusively to the jury to decide. It is the mati rial [loiiit on which the legality or criminality of the act must turn, and it decides whether the adventure is of a commercial or warlike character.' At the .same time the cou^^t, at the instance of the prosecution, held that if there was an intention of employinjj; the vessel as a privateer when she left Baltimore, the offense would be complete, thonj;h subse- i|iient events might have prevented that intention from being carried into effect. The distinction is a .sound one. A present intention does not the less exist, because unexpected events may afterward change it; but an in- tention which is to dejiend on uncertain eontingeneies eannot be said to be a present one. It is the present intention of the immediate employ- ment of the vessel for hostile puri)oses which makes the sending out an armed ship an otten.se against the law of nations, as a violation of neu- trality, as distinguished from merely making it e( iitraband of war. As- suredly there must be a distinction between the two things, and I am at a loss to .sec where the line can otherwise be drawn. A similar purpose, in like manner, makes the equipping of a vessel an ofl'ense against the municipal law, when without it — as if, for instance, tlie vessel had been already bui^t and equippcnl — the transaction would lie siinidy o le of trade. Xow, in the case before us, it may, perhaps, be questioned whether there was any present intention of using the Florida IS a ship ol' war, or whether such employment was not contingent on !ier obtaining a war crew. If no crew could be got, the cruise was, as 'lie sequel shows, to be given up, and an attempt made to run her into "le of hei- own ports. lie this as it may, the belligerent purpose, if any >'icli existed, was frustrated by the sliii> not obtaining a crew, and the voyage was lost. This being so, nhy, as Sir Ronndell I'abner jiuts it to lis should not a vessel equipoed in a neutral i)ort, contrary to themuni- 'iiml law of the neutral, be C(,'isider(!d, like any other contraband of ffai— such being, in point of intern.itioiial law, the true character of such a vessel till she actually enters on her employment as a ship of war — as 110 longer in delicto when she has once reached the port of the bel- lii;e';.'nt f iluving shown, as I think, abundant grounds for saying that as to what passed at Clreen Cay, no [)ossible imputation of want of due dili- gence can attach, it seems to me that it would be carrying the doctrine ' British Appends ■, vol. iii, p. U3. fcf M ' ;■' 408 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. s ,' I i ,-ifl..in cuitiiiiK into llnli»li i«iit. of iioutral responsibility to an unheard-of and most unreasonable lenoth to say that, after a lapse of five months, durinj^ which no vessel of the United States was captured by the Florida, and after this vessel had been f(Wir months in a confederate port, an' of the rule. It is impossible to read the first rule without seeing tlnit it is inten notice of it bi'foicliand to ail hcllifjercnt j^jwcrs, lict'dii' it could 1mi jmt in force to tlicir in-cjudit^o. It is impossible that an act, whicli woulil '"' a lircacli of jMiblic faith andot international law toward one liclli^icront, cimld be luiil to constitntc any ])art of tlu; " overn- IP en raised. It vious meaning at sceiiii;' tli;it sactioii, which :t in allowing' ded to meet a manner as to y be an oppor- >etore she has apply to the troin a lunitral iment, and to it (Ireat Brit- ssels on their y stated, espe- nally to admit been specially them returned plain that it listry that the e first depa-'t- pointed out in had oiitcrcil into powers, Itcl'tili' it wliich \voiilence," to the one party in the* war, which, if it liad been act- jiliydone, would have been a wholly nujnstifiable outraj^e ajjainst the other. And this being so, it may safely be asserted that the United States |(io\ernment must have framed the rnles with a like mind ; lor it would k to give them credit for sham practice indeed, if, while the British Ijovernment agreed to the rnle, on the snpposition that its ai)plicatiou WHS to be limited to the first departure of an offending vessel, the United States should be at liberty to insist on its applicati»)n, toties Ifiiics, to every subsequent departure. 1 will say no more than that the iiinstruction thus sought to be put on the second branch of the first rule I IS quite preposterous. But it is said, in the second place, that the equipment and sending I out of an armed vessel from the port of a neutral being a violation ot I its territory and neutral rights, and therefore a hostile act, Great Biitaiii liad the right to seize these vessels on their again coming within her jurisdiction, and Mas bound to do so, to prevent them from continuing I to make war on vessels of the United States. The answer of the British government is threefold : 1st. That it had not the right, according to international law, to seize tiR'se vessels, seeing that when they came again into British ports, they we admitted as the commissioned ships of war of a belIig«Ment state. I'd. That, independently of the foregoing ground, the British govern- iiioiit could not, as a neutral government, seize a ship of war of a bellig- iioiit state for thai which was not a violation of neutrality, but only of its own municipal lav M. m it. The first of these grounds depends on t}.'3 effect of the commissions «iiicli these vessels had in the mean time leceivcd from the Kiie.t ..r runnnn- jovernuient of the Confederate States as ships of war. Mom.,.,-i,„„„iw,.r. Now, it must be taken as an nnqucstionable fact that these ships were I'liilt, or e(juipi)tMl, for the dcfavto government of the Confederate States, m\ were employed by it as regular shii)s of war, nnresent tiitinselves : Were these commissions valid!? If so, what was their fitttt as to affording immunity to a vessel, thus commissioned, from Seizure by the government of (ireat IJiilain ? It is a familiar princi[de of international law that the ships of war of a state aie entitled to the privilege of exterritoriality. This ,1,1,.. ..r war «• i;*i» point on which leading publicists are agreed. Wheaton, '""""■^'"' i'lliis " J'^lements de droit iuternatiomd,"^ writes: 'lie ariiiee on one, ilotte appartenant i\ uno puissance etrangf-re, et traversant ou s'atimuiaiit dans les liuiites dn terriloire d'un autre etat, en amitie avec cette puis- iiiw', m\\\ eiralonient exemptes d(! la jnridiction civile et crimimdle du pays. 'I sVusuit (pie les personnt's et les ehos«!s (|ui, dans ces trois cas, se trouvent dans lea That even if it uad the right, it was under no obligation to exer- "I'ti's du territoire d'un (^tat etranjjer, restent soumises a la Juridiction de I'etat "ini'l dies appartieniieut, comme si elles dtaient encore sur son ti-rritoire »Vol. i, p. 111). , i- ■■.!■ i 410 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. ■It •t i^'il n'y a pas do prohibition expn'sse, los ports (Vim <^tat sons rogard^^s coinnifi (rol.il)ition, soit on vortn d'nnc antorlsation oxpresso, stipuldo par traitd, sont exeiinits de la,;inidictiou des tribnnanx ot des aiitoritds dri lieu. Ileft'ter declnres sliips of war to be exempt from tlie territorial juris. diction of the country witliiu whose waters they are.' Sir R. Phillimore writes as follows :^ Long usage and universal custom entitle every such ship to bo cojisidered as a part Sir u I'liiiiiniorp "' ^''*' '''tate to wliicli she belongs, and to be exeni{)t from any otlicr jii- risdietiou; whether this privilege be founded upon strict intcniational right, or upon an original concession of comity with respect to the state in its i\ays. Ces batiments doivent (\pnc participer pleinement a rinddpendance et a la sim- Aorainete ect«^s a son <^gal. Aiusi, .stioii was olijiiiially yoked by a sfati-, xd f it were a iiiiitttT of hip of war, or of tin' toimerly iiotiticd its jonveutioii to ucconl ;o mucb clearness :ie de la luer :" no et ponr sa (If^t'i'iiw, 1 ofticiers nont (Miiniiic oir judieiaire do Icnr peudauce et a la son- , et anx liomuMUtj (|iii I comuiaiiduut les lui^ ivernement d'lm otat et leurs olliciors" sdiit ■xr'ciitive, en cortaiib sant partie do k'lir (pie ; ces l)iitinicnis, tre iiulepeiidiiiits et mondc, otraii^cr aa eii rieu dans ce i|ui en coutiinic, et telle- des esprits elle est n'est veritaltlonieiit st line paitie du tel- le, nu"'inel()rs(iu"ilest | le (]nelc()n(pie ([ui «' '• st eeiisr^ passo. snr ce =e de la meiue figuie, hat ■ 'iiu i luluceil avec nne popnlatinn j nationalite. ft iilac' ,vire est Itatiim'iit '' Line portion inriiietlel ni fornient tons 'Ian taires ouadiuiiii!^"'' S'il s'agit de navires de gnerre, la contnnie internationale est constantc ; cos navireg jrhti'iit it'';;is nniquenient i>ar la sonveraiiictd de lenr pays; l(^s lois, les antorites, vt les jiiralictions de I'otat dans les eanx diKpiel ils sont inonilies leur restent ('■tran;^eres; ils lii'oat avec cet etat qne des relations internatiouales par la voie des fonctionnaires de liilocalite eoinpi^tents ponr do pareilles nilations. ..... Le uavire de jjnerre portant on son soin nn(i partie, de la puissance pnbli((ne de I'etat I iiu|nel il ajipaitient, nn corps orfj;anis(5 d(^ fonctionnaires et iu'ee bord acte de puissance et de sonverainete. In tlie case of the Exchange, reported in Cranch's ]le])orts, (vol. vii, pajrcs 135-147,) the principle tliiit a vessel bearin*; the Ha{»; ,.,,. of the kx- 1111(1 commission of a belligerent jiower wtjs not within the '''"'""■ lucal jurisdiction of the neutral law, though claiuied by citizens of the wtral country as having been forcibly taken from them as prize, con- trary to interntitional law, was fully upheld on appeal by the Supreme Court of the United States. 'By the unaniuions consent of nations," says Clii<;f .Justice Marsliall, " a forei^jner is mienaltle to th«^ laws of the place, but certainly, in jiractice, nations have not yet as- snled their Jurisdiction over the public armed ships of a forei<;ii sovereij^n enterinj^ a fort open for their reception. » * « It seems, then, to the court to be a princi]do nfjuiblic law that national ships of war e'lferin;^ tlie port of a friendly jxiwi-r op(Mi for tlii-ii'reception are to be considered as exempted by the consent of that power IVoin IcS I jiirisdiotion." It lias been ingeniously attempted by the counsel of the United States toplacethe decision in this case and the judgment of Chief Justice Miii'sliall on the footing that a neutrtil court has no Jurisdiction over a, bellio'erent vessel as a matter simply of judicial authority. IJiit this is not so; the eminent judge who delivered the judgment in that case places the matter not on tlie footing of jurisdiction in ti judicial point of view, but as one of international right. In proof of which the following passages are deserving of the fullest attention : •liiflfioH would justly be considered as violatinjj its faith, althon}»li that faith may I'lt lio t'xpnsssly i)lijL''hted, which nhonld sikUUiiIi/, and irithoiit pru-ioiin iiolici, cacycixf its Hritorial powers in a nninner vot eonionaiit to ike iisatjci and nri-ircd obliijationx of the (irUkvi} n-orhl. » » » II. for reasons of state, the ports of a nation generally, or any particular ports be tbed aijainst vessels of war generally, or the vessels of war of any jtarticnlar nation, Mieo is usually given of such determiiuition. If there be no luoliibition, the ports of I'tiieiully nation are considered as open to tius i)nblic ships of all powers with wlioni it is at peace, and they are supposed to enter such ports, .and to renniiu in them, while 'illowcd to remain, undtu- the protection of the iiortrnmvnt of the place. * » » Jiat in all respects dilfereut is the situaticm of a public armed ship. Siu^ constitutes M""f of the military force of her nation ; acts under the innnediate and direct com- "I'lal of tlif(7« <»overiiiii('iir of its own, excludin}^ tiie f(»rnier j«<»vernnient from all i>ower and control, and thereni)on a civil war ensues, a neutral nation is fully Justified in reco{?nizinf; the {»overuuient de fticfo as a belligerent, thouji'Ii it has not as yet acknowledjiod it as a nation ; and that from the time of the ac- knowledj^fmentof its belligerent status, the j>;overnme!jt dc/ach) a('(|iui(s, in relation to the neutral, all the rij^jhts which attach to tlu^ status of a belligerent of an established nationality. The practi(!e of nations has been uniform on this point; all the maritime nations concurred in ac- cording to the confederate government the status and rights of a hcllj. gerent. The commissions of the Confederate States must therefoii' b(; taken to have been valid, and to have had the same fonie and etlicacy as the commissions of any recognized government would have had. It has, indeed, been contended that, in the particular instance of tlie vessels belonging to the Confederate States, the commissions of the gov- ernment (Je facto ought not to have been respected. After having list- ened, with the utuu>st attention, to the argument of Mr. Evarts, 1 jjio- test I am at a loss to know why. Setting aside all the idle langnaj^e that lias been written and spoken about " piracy" — as though tlie sliips of eleven great provinces, having an organized government, and cam- iiig on one of thegreatest civil wars recorded in history, could be cailid pirates — the argument comes to this: that. a country, the independent nationality of which has not been acknowledged, and which has not been admitted into tlie fraternity of nations, has no rights of sove- reignty, and consequently cannot by its commif^sion excbnle the right of the local sovereign to seize one of its vessels of war if any infraction of the municii)al law has been committed in respect of it. But what is this, i)ractically, but to deprive the recognition of belligerency of all the effects it was intended to have ? It is arinciple he lays down applies to every violation of neutral territory by a belligerent: L'illi^;i;alit(;: (les actes d'liostiliti^ ('xerc('s dans les eanx territoriales d'nne pnissanco teiitri; eiitraine, connno cons(^(|iuMU.'e directe, rilU'^alitf' des |)rises laites en dedans des liiiiitcsdt) ces eanx. Ces jnises no sont pas valal)les, soit (pi'idles aieiit. {-t^- laites pai' des toviics dt' irnerre, soit (pi'dles I'aieiit t't(' par des eorsaires. ("est h; devoir dc I'etut ani|ii('l ai»partient lo capfenr de les restitiu'r anx premiers jM'oprifUaires ; et nu'-nie e'est Icdioitet le devoir de I'l'tat nentre dont le ter!itoir(! a etc vioI(5 de prononcer lui-m»'ino citte restitution si la i>rise se tronve amen('e diez Ini. Tuntelois la nnllit(' des jnistis ainsi fait(^s n'est i»as telleMiont absolne qn'elle pnisse itre iiiv()([nt5e, et ([tie Votut dn captenr doive la pron(^ncer in("me en I'absence de tonte rfilaiuation de la pai't d(^ I't^'tat nentre dont on prc'tend (jne les droits out 6t6. im^con- iiiis. " C'est niie n-fjle teclini(|ne des ciniis de j»rises," (lit a ce, snjet M. AViieaton, " de iii'vestitner lenr propriety' anx rt^'clamantsparticnliers, en caspareil, (pie snr la dennindo •111 j,'ouvernement nentre dont le territoire a oio ainsi \\o\e. CVstte ri-^jle est t()n(l('(' snr It' jMiiieipe (pie V (Stat nentn; seni a ('!('' ltless(S dans ses droits par nne telle eaptnrt^ et 'lilt' lo r(^L'lamunt eunenii n'a pas le droit de paraitre pour eiitrainer la non-validit<^ de liiciiiitiire." Xous adJK^rons coniplt^tenient a cetto doctrine et acettejnrisprndeiu'o i)ratiqne. Elle coiaorde partait(!nu!nt avec ce (pie nous a vons dit ci-dessns des cas oil, a raisc^n (les circon- incL's et de IVitat des cotes, les actes d'host" Ortiil.m. ' pel (lu'ayi i '■ ' Droits et devoirs des nations neutres, vol. i, p. 5^1)5. 2 Ibid., p. 29G. 414 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. lieu (IniiH uuo incrliHornlo ncutiv. Ellcosf mrmc iiHlispoiisnldodaiisIcNvstrincrlctoiisi conx i|iii adincltciit, cinmnc ikmim, ccttn ])i)s.sil»ilito (rcxciiHc. I'iiis(|iin In milliti' i\rA prises iiiiisi Ciiitcs n'a lini (ral)solii, (in'cllc est siil)(ir(l(mii(''f aiix it'clainatidiis il.. \'r\;^i\ iH'iitrt', It' fait ost rciiiis a rappit'ciation dtu-ct fUat. C'cst alni ajiifici-.s'il y a cii, on s'ii n'y a pascii, vt'^iilaliliMiiciif attciiitcpoitf't'asasoiivfraiiit'to ; s'll (loitasa prciinr (li;riHi,; et anx obii^rntjons rritoiy in tlm I ^ ^^ sense of international relations — I'et'.auso liie vessel was I hrrn!\r,y'ww'iZ ecfuipped and arnjeal law of Clreat liritain, it was incumbent on the l>ririsli| autliorities to seize her when sin; next entered a IJiitish port. In this con- tention there api)ears to be — I say it with all possible respect — ooiisidi r. able confusion of ideas, aiul a losing sight of elenuMitary [uincaplcs. l] agree with M. Staeinptii that, these vessels having been ordered liy agents of the confederate government, it is the same thing as though tlicv had been ordered by that government itself; and that there Wiisjoii- secpiently, in respect of them, a violation of the municipal law of (Irciitj Britain by the confederate government itself. But it is a great niistiikc to sui)pose that a breach of the municipal law of a neutral couiitr.v,] though relating to neutrality, becomes a violation of the territorinlrifilitsl of the neutral, because committed by a belligerent power. Tliecdiann' ter of the oll'ender does not change or affect the character or (juiilitv otj the offense. Nothing short of a breach of neutrality, according to iiitii- national law, can Justify a resort to lorcible iv-easures on the part of tlie] neutral as ibr a violation of his neutral right*. Now, the equiiunent of the Florida in England for the service of tlio confederates constituted no violation of neutrality by intertiatioiial law. i the vessel not having been armed, or sent out for the present pni-posc of war. (3n her way to Nassau she would have been sul)ject to stiizniv as contraband of war; but that is all. In like manner, thoujih the | arming of the vessel at the desert islant(iln| |Mr ]:i nilllitr i\vA ainntioiis ilc rctiitj iTs'il y II fii. nil >']] i"i sii iirniirc (limiit.M lie ri'diniicrciiiiliMJ 'PS oil n'piiii^s; nil I [■(''('limic, ct (111)' siij l>i'isc iiinsi lniti';iii H i\ 111 I'airi^ lioiirliii j )jtM'ti()IIS.' t M'l'itory ill tlm] I lie vessel Wiisl (1, of tlie iniiiii- lit oil the llritislil loit. Ill this eon. <|)ect — consider- •y principles. t| leeii onleied liyl L«'j»s tlioii;ili tlicy , tiiere Wiis, eoii-l |)al liiw ot'(lre;itj ii ra/,il must necessarily, and as matter of oblisulioii to ('• coiitiMleratf ^iovcriimt'iit, liave mnw to war with tlie United St;if Snrely it is Ibr a nation whose neutrality has been infrinj^cd to ji, ^, Ibr itself whether it will or will not resent it. In 8(»me eases, as when. I the (lispaiity of force is very K>"t'i»t» 't miyiit not think it politic to hition of ImI- Ij^icrency without that of soverei};rity, thou^ih the inconvenience js| counterbalan(;ed by other wei^^hty considerations. Heino' thus niiahli! to remonstrate, will it be said that (iroat Hritaiu oujijht to have rluownj the weif^ht of her arms into the contest {•■oin^y on between theConlcdciiitcj States and their more powerful opponent, because these vessidsliad iiiaii- a^'cd to ;>et away from her shores * esi)ecially when there was very awnd doubt whether, in respect of vessels armed out of IJritish jinisdictioii,! any ollense had been committed apiiust international law. Woidd tlicj uorld's oi>inion have sanctioned su«di a iiroceedinht to insist on the seizure of them, and, j.. . events, neverj having attempted to do so, can have no right now to claim damages l»yj reason of its not having been done. IJut it has been said tliat, whether or not Great Britain had the riulitj nut,<,r.x,iu,iins to seize, or wliether or not, having the right, she was! '"'"""""''""" under any (d)ligatiou to exercise it, or whether or not sliol was bound to give notice of the intention to do so, the goveinnieiiti should have resented the violation of its law by refusing to the deliiij quent vessels entrance into British ports. The answer is, that the questions, whether the law of Great Ihitaiuj ha«l been broken, and whether the vessels were, in this sense, rat ill};'. This is (tj^iiitioii of licj. iconvciiiciicc is in;;- thus iiiial)!*! to liav«' throwul tlicCoiilcdcnitc, •t'ss(dsliad mail- 1 L' was very f,Mvat; ish Jnrisdictiiiii, iw. Would tlii',1 At all events,, of these vessels Mowed to enter LMziiiytlieiuliav-l itates is entirely r, amid tlie nil- States (loveni-j I, 80 t'ai- as I anil liii thesi' vessels] 1, at which I ar- national law tol ;oiiiinou lioiKU'f United States events, iievcrj lini damages by; n had tlio. ri;;litj iii'lit, she wasi 'tlier or not sliol lie "■ovei'iiinciicj 111"' to tlio deliii-| d' Great liritniiij Mise, delimiiu'iitj (\ law and iiictj ■eat JJritaiii aiulj >h loyal authmi riojht and diityl take the coiiiso| of a strictly im- )tive. it deei«i(Ml| le dirt'ereiit vcs- ates, it acted iiJ difjatioii dm' tol gton are wlioily| imposes none. Ion in the case of 1 vessel illojjiiH.V.ni'mt'd in a neutral port came nndor the considoration iilii cir(!uit court of the IJnitod States in the ubt that what was iliiiio amounted to a breach of tiie neutrality act of 17U4. One (ruinet, I who had taken part in arming the vessel, was indicted under that act, fiiiind guilty, and was sentenced to u year's imprisonment and a line of I m). The vttssel was sold to the French government and duly commissioned ;isa vessel of war. Coming into Philadelphia the year after, with a prize. Ill) less thin three suits arose ; one in rem for restitution of the prize ; HR' ('« persouam against J)avis, the olticer in command of the Cassius, damages for taking the prize vessel, neither of which are in point to tlie present purpose; in the third, a Mr. Jvetland instituted a suit to bvc the vessel declared forfeited. The act of 17!)-l giving half the value iittbrfeited vessels to the informer, Jvetland tiled his information for the fiii'i'eiture, as it is technically termed ii, for the benefit as well of the treasury as himself, on the ground of the illegal eipiiimient of the vessel till' year before. On M. Adet, the French minister, writing to complain III this procedure, Mr. Pickering, then Secretary of State, repliiMl that llie executive could not take this case, any more than it couhl the inv- wliiij;' one relative to the same vessel, from the judiciary; and that till' court had decided that it could not, in this penal proceeding, ac 1 n'pt security for the Cassius in lieu of the vessel herself. 11g stated till' iiiKjuestioned fact that the Cassius was, the year before, fully e, the Secretaiy of State, Mr, Pick- winjj, requested M. Adet to furnish the evidence of the bonajide trans- it to the French governineut, for the use of the United States attorne.\ . M. Adet replied, declining to furnish proofs to the judiciary of a sale i'd payment, saying that his relations were solely with the Executive. 'Kepoi'tud in 3 Dallas, 121, aud iu a note to Dana's edition of Wboatou, reprinted iii 'lie liiitod States Doenments, vol. vii, p. 18. 27 B 418 ARBITRATION AT GKNEVA. m^' - L fi ! ' '" i 1» ' IIo, liowovcr, /iave a certificate tliat the vessel was a Frencli pultlicslii|., duly coiimiissioned, to wliicli lie afterward, on request of the attoiiicv. added the (hite of her ac(iniriiif;' tiiat character. ]Mr. Kowle, tlic liiitid States attoriu^y, expressed l»is fear that this certilicate wouhl not 1,,. . acce|>ted as lejial proof; but M. Adet declined to furnish any otlicr, ;isj beiieatli the dij;iiity of his nation, and informed the Secretary of .State ! that the French j-overnment had ordered him to ascertain, in conference Avith thi> Secretary, the reparation for the injuries and damaji'es iVom tiiej ])roceedin<;s in the matter of tiiis vessel; and that he furnished the certilicate as a courtesy to the United States Goveinment and n(»t foiui cause in which the French {•overnment had any further interest. In October term, 1700, the motion of the United States attorney for adis. missal of the proceedings came on for arj;ument. At the licaiiii;;, another (pu'stion i)resented itself under the statute, namely, wlictlnij the circuit court could take co{;nizance of informations for forfcitiiic under the act of 1704; and the court dismissed the ])ro| scl, and had commissioned it, notwithstanding that there had been J flagrant violation of its own neutrality and of its own law; and. whaj is of still greater importance, that the United States (Jovernment wonli not itself seize, in- be party to the seizure and condemnation ol a vesx under such eircumstaiu-es, but, on tiie contrary, did its best to opimimJ it. With what pretense of reason or Justice, then, can it be said tli J (lieat Hritain was bound to d(», for the benefit of the Fuited States. iiJ the case of the I-'lorida, what the American (iovernnunt not oidy retusnlj to do, but opposed being done, uiuler pre(;isely the sanu' circunisian(e>lj 1 proceed to the considerati(»n of another sid)ject which arises, in thii n„.|ii„.r,.„t tbst instance, with respect to the l''loii ports an»l waters e\('ry nation are open to all conters. Ships can freely enler, ant' Itve^ stay; can have lu'cessary repairs dom»; can obtain supplies lieri "I shore, are subject to the local jurisdiction, ships of war are coiisiili'iv| as fbi'ining part of the territory of the country to width they IteliiiiJ anil, consequently, as exempt from local Jurisilictioii; and, save a>i^| Slav nC hcllicrreiil sh.p^ coal thi It OPINIONS OF SIR ALP:XANDER COCKBIRN. 419 L'en(;lipul>li('sliiii,i , of the iittdi'iicy. lOwlo, tlic I'liiti'd to- \V()iil(l not lie ish any othor, as] ocivtary of StMtc ain,in conrt'ieiicc (lainaji'os iVoiii tlicl lie I'liniisliod tln' lent and nut foi ;i! tlier interest. In ittorney tor a (lis- 1 At the heariii:.] , namely, wlu'tlnij oiis for rorti'iliiicj >ro('t'e(liii<;s on tlnv istrict «-ourt, uiid.j 111 in the eausc. of law on tlu' ii ■rent iiuwei' wouM . or arniud in the ention of the (lo\ j stion to the nmitl )n alVorded a siiiii t, that the Initnll which it oui^iit 1 1 L-operty in tln' \*.'s| tliere had heoii J vn law ; and. wiia:! ioveriinieiit woiiMl nnation of a vts- ts best to opiioM'! all it be said tin Tnited States, ml utnotoiil.N ictUM"l| ineeireunistiiiiivsl hieh arises, in iM , hut whieh apltlic th whieh wt- li;iv< ,|iiy of bclliL;i'rin5 I id' of the supi'li''^ inaninious. and. iis own ports iUit| I) llu'in to Ihf sliii'^ [tilt it to some. i;i lions, condili'*!'--' Imity of nations. 11] l)()i'|s antl waters. \\ enter, anil I'ml supplies of e\ti.1 lir crews, when "I Ivar are coiisidi'iv'| hiih they hfl"i'^ li; and, save a>ii pirds sanitary or other port regulations, as protected l>y the tlaf>" under wliich they sail from all interference on the iiart of the local authority. Such is the state of things while the world is at peace. Unt if a war arises between any two countries, a considerable moditication, no rent, yet, if he exercises that right, the eipuilit^' whieh is e.s.sential to neutrality retiuires that ho shall impose them equally on both, and enforce them e(|ually against both. On the other hand, by the universal a to restraint in thvo.o other im- |iortant iiarticulars: he cannot reci lit his crew from the neutral i)')rt; lie cannot take advantage of the opiiortunity atforded I'.iui of having repairs done to augment in any resi>ect the warlike force of his vessel ; lie cannot piireha.se on the neutral territory arms or munitions of war for the use of it. The.se restrictions; are imposed b^' the law of nations, independently of any regulations of the local sovereign, liesides this, the lielligerent is bouiul to conform to the regulations made by the lat- iirwitli nderiMice to the exerci.se of the liberty acely, or condition as to lie future |U'oceey inte. national law. They are unknown to it. No autluuity is adduced in siipp(Ut of them, nor can iiiy he found. No writer on internatitinal law, in speaking of the geite- lal lilierty of belligerent vessels to have >• Mciirs dtMu^ or to obtain siip- I'lies. speaks of any studi restriction as ex. «ting independently of local iiuuiations. The authorities are eonelii .\c to the contrary. Two leading author.^ are ex[ui'ss on the point. 31. Ort»»lan writes thus: l.cs i(';i]i's r<'!;iti\'cs i\ I'liccos ct an si^jmir niDiiii'iitiiiu- dcs ln'iliiiifiits dans lc.> jxn'ts 'tilaiis ics inlcs t'ti'aii;;crs ifstciit Ics nu'iiR'is t-n tfMi[is dr [mix ([irfn ti'in|ih dc yiK iif. -M. liautefenille says: •''ii^ilt! niaritiinu consisto a rcfcvoir daiiH ics radcs fcrniocs, nn'inc d: as Ics iiorts. Ics ''itiiiit'iits (leH l)Hll'.>;«?i'oMt.s, (pu^ It'ur i-iitri'L' mtit voloiitain* on U('.es8it<' iiar Ic Ifuipcte, Dipkniiati*' tlv la uilt, vrd. ii, p. 'iHi. 420 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. I E-fel 'i |i!ir le manqno do vivrcs on pur tonto autre cause, un'me par la poursuite de IVinmni Li's vaisseaux adiuis pcuveut aclieter les vivres (|ui leur nont. necessaires, ropanr lis avari(!S faites, soit i>ar les accidents de iner, soit par le combat, soiyner leur.s inuliuli- on lenrs blessds, jxii-s soiiir Uhrvment pouv aUer lirrer de iioiinrtiix combats.' While restraints may be, and often have been, iinimsed by ncutial sovereijjns in respect of the entry of belligerent vessels into tlieir ports and waters, of the length of their stay, and of the supplies to be attbrded theui, no one has till now ever gone the length of saying that it forms any part of the obligations of the neutral to make such regu- lation'3. The greater number of the maritime states made none such on tin- occasion of the civil war, except as regards the reception of privateers. it being the apparent desire of all nations to put down forever this worst and most noxious form of maritime warfare. Some imposed a restraint on ships of war bringing prizes into their ports, though mostly this was confined to privateers. Spain, France, Brazil, and Great IJiitain adopted the rule contained in Her Majesty's instructions of the .'Ust .lanuary, 1802, of limiting tlie stay of belligerent vessels to twenty-t'oui hours, except in cases of necessity ; Brazil and (ireat Britain, but these alone, that of limiting the supply of coal to the quantity sufficient t^ take the ship to the nearest port of her own country. The government of the Netherlands issued instructions to the Gov ernorsof its West India colonies, limiting the stay of belligerent vessels of war to twice twenty-four liours, but afterward did away with such restrictions on the occasion of a complaint made by tiie United States, By article 4 of the present maritime regulations of the Nethcrlaiuls it is provided that — The ships of war of the lielliatioii;i' reji;uiations for their admission into neutral ports, may remain for an iinliinilcd tiiiir in I)utch harbors and estuaries ; they may also provide themselves with an tniliiniln: quantity of coal. The {jovernuKsnt, however, n^serves to itself the ri<;ht, wlieiK'vir ii i> thoujfht necessiiry for the prevention of neutrality, to limit the duration of such sta\ to twenty-four hours. Italy had at the time in question no regulations on the subje(!t. IK the present Italian Naval Code, (chap. 7,) while it is provided that "nothing shall be furnished to vessels of war or to belligerent priva teers beyond articles of food and commodities, and the actual means ot repair necessary to the sustenance of their crews and the safety ot thcii navigation,'' it is further provided that "vessels of war or belligerent l)rivateers wishing to lill up their stores of coal, cannot be tmiiishcd with the same before twenty-four hours after their arrival ;'' this regiila tion being to prevent hostile vessels from leaving together. Nothing is said as to the "navigation" being to tlie nearest port, ami " stores'' of coal are spoken of without limitation. It is evideut that tliis code contemplates no such restriction. As. then, tiu^ general law neither imposes any limit on the sta.y ot a belligerent vessel in a neutral port, nor any restriction as to quaiitit.v in respect of the articles of which it sanctions the supply, no (juestioii can arise as to the stay of any confederate vessel in a British port, m as to the quantity of coal supplied to it, prior to the Queen's Kegiila tions of January 31, 18()2. After that date, the stay of belligerent vessels in Her Majesty's port>j having been limited, save under exceptional circumstances, to tweiit.v four hours, and the sui)plj'of coal to so much as should be necessary tn I take them to their nearest port, and a second supply within a period otj three months having been prohibited, it became the duty of Her Ma ' Droits et devoirs dea uationa ueutres, vol. i, p. 347. OPINIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCi-'MURN. 421 ' i jest.v's officers not to allow either of these limits to be exceeded ; and it iieciune the duty of bellij;erents, knowing that they were admitted into liritish ports on the condition of complying witli tliese re^^iuhitions, lionestly and in good faitli to conform to them. What if there shonhl liiive been at any time an instance of deviation from the strict tenor of these regulations ? The officer offending would, of course, be responsi- ble to his superior. Would the government be responsible to the other belligerent for any damage done by the vessel ? In the first place, it being the undoubted right of the local sov-ereign to impose such conditions as ho pleases on the entry of belligerent ves- sels into his ports, but the regulations being directed to the sovereign's (iwa othcers to be carried out by them, and thus forming part of the municipal law of the neutral, what right does a belligerent acquire to insist that the regulations shall be enforced against his enemy ? Simply that which arises from the duty, always incumbent on the neutral, as being of the very essence of neutrality, of enforcing against the one lielligerent any rule which he enforces against the other. If both are treated alike there can be no cause of comphunt. Agaiu, to constitute an ofl'ense against the law of neutrality, there must be, as to constitute an oflense against any law, a utdlm anhniif<, a Mem rea — an intention to contravene the law — here, that of showing muhie favor to the one belligerent to the disadvantage of the other. AViien, therefore, any dci)arture from the letter of a regulation has arisen from mistake, as where a governor believed that, because a ves- >itl had suffered from r/.s' major, as from storm and tempest, the case tiiruied an excei)tion to the rule ; or where he considered that, because lie bad furnished an extra supply to one belligerent, he might, under similar circumstances, do the same for another ; or, where a mistalie might be mude as to the i)recise (juantity of coal necessary to take the vessel to the nearest port, there would, as it seems to me, be no viola- tiou of neutrality for w hich,on rational grounds, a nation could be held responsible. In all such cases of alleged infraction of n<'ntrality, tiie true laiu. And, in truth, it is to this point, and this point alone, and not to minute questions of hours of stav or tons of coal Klnnlv j '''ipp'i^'d, that the inquiry with reference to what has been called the liuspitality afforded to belligerent vessels should be directed. Whether I IH; 422 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. ITor Mnjosty's roftiilntions wore earned out by the local ft'overiiois in the (lill'ereiit ]»orts iairly and eoiiseieiitiously, with an honest ilcsiic to discharge their duty in ob^^dienee to those regulations, we shall see as we advM.iice; but so far as I am aNvare, there is no ground for snyino that the ships of the United States were not admittecl into Ibitish (mits as freely, or were not suj)i)lied with coal and other necessaries as liboi- ally, as the ships of the (!on federates. One or two complaints made liy (punulous othcials during the war will be noticed by and by. In fsiih. stance they really come to nothing. But a novel and, to my mind, most extraordinary proposition is now put forward, namely, that if a belligerent ship is allowed to luHk.- ui.,.,t n In,, take coal, and then to go on its busniess as a shii) ot wm, this IS to make the port irom which the coal is procured "a base of naval oi)erations," so as to come within the prohibition of the second rule of the treaty of Washington. We have here another insta.u;e of an attempt to force the wordsof ilic treaty to a meaning which they were never — at least so far as oneortlu' contracting parties is concerned — intended to bear. It would be absurd to suppose that the British government, in assenting to the rule as laid down, intended to admit that whenever a ship of war had taken in coal at a British jxjrt and then gone to sea again as a war-vessel, a lial)ilit,v ibr all the miscliief done by her should ensue. Nor can I believe tlic United States (Government bad any such arrihc pennre in framing tlic rule; as, if such ha nowhere better explained, as regards ships of war, than by ?r. (^rtolati. in the following passage : I.c 1)1 iiiciiic j4onoral dc I'iiiviolaltiliW dii terrifoiro neutro cxigo nnssi (inc l'(Mn]ili)i i!i cc tciritoiri' lestc I'liinr t\o, toiitt^ incsurc oil inoyi'ii do jiiiorro, do I'liii dcs bclli^ji'iiiiii- eoiitro I'imtic. Cost mio olilij^atioii jioiiroliiionn dos l>ellii>-orjuitsdo s'oii iil)stonii'; (•'(■>' nii>- saiios ]M)iir n\n' I'asilo aoooi'dr no toiirno ]»as on niaoliination liostilo coiitro I'liii ili> )>ollif;( rants; jionr onijioolior spooialonicnt (in'il no, dovionnts iin lion d'ofi los liiifimi'iii< de jiuorro on los oorsairos .snrviMllont li's naviros onnoniis ponr los poiirsnivro ot li'^ ooml)atti'o. ot los oaptnror lor.s(|irilssor ])iiissanoos onnoniios rmio dc r.mtro,.' It must be, 1 think, i)l:iin that the words " base of operations" must be aceei)ted in their ordinary and accustomed sense, as they liavo hitherto been understood, both in common parlance and among autlii)r> who have written on international law. Now, the term " base of w.ii like operations " is a military term, and has a well-known sense. It signifies a local i)osition whi(di serves as a point of departure and re turn in military oi)erations, and with which a constant connection ami coinmunii'atioii can be kept up, and which may be fallen back ni» governois in >nest desire t<» »'e shall sec as \\n\ for snyii)<{ o ])i'itish polls isaiies as liber, laints made hy d by. Ill suh- positiou is now ip is allowed to a ship of war. is procured " a diibitioii of the he words of I lie ar as one of the rould bo absurd tlie rule as laid id taken in coal L»ss(d, a liability u I believe the in framing the npose that they neut of the e\- ot make neutral lO priiu'iph^ that |ul that it is the by one belli;;- other. This i> by ?r. Ortolan. issi ([ne rciiiiiloi ill (les l)fllij,'i'raiit' ell iilistiMiiv; f'f< iiiissi itoiir Ini im iit> ( <■ soit. Aiii^i (les iiiiviii's lii'l ties iiiesiilfSiMMrs- ilc coiitre run i\<- (I'oii les ll^ltillll■tlt^ {iinu'suivie ct l'> t'-iritoriale, I ii'' apiiiiiteiiiinl iiili- )erations"innst as they hiiw anion};- authoi> I " base of w.ii- lown sense. It parture and iv- coniioetioii au'l Umi back uimhi >aii soiin'fhiii'-; p of war niijilit watch an oiiomy and sally forth fo attaidc him, with the possibility of liilliii;^ back ui)ou the port or water in question, for fresh supplies, or siielter, or a rcMiewal of operations. The meaniuff to be ascribed to the term in question as applicable to a neutral port is to be jtathered, as Wiis so well pointed out by Sir lloun- dell Palmer, from the instances given by the various writers on inter- national hf\v. Thus we find the distinguished author before referred to saying, in addition to the passage cited above : ,Si (les forces iiavales l)ellijr(:^riiiites soiit statiomiees dans line baie, dans nil lleiive on jrL'iiil)itnelinr(^ d'nn lleiive, d'nn (Uat iiontre, a desscin de prolitcr de ei'ttt; stiition |iimi' exereer les droits de la jfiicrre, li?s captures lUites i>;ir(.'cs forces iiavales soiit aiissi illiVales. Aiiisi, si iiii iiavire liclli^ji'i'ant inonilh' on croisant dan.'* les eaiix iKMitres i;i|itiire, aa iiioyen de ses einbarcatioiis, iin liiltiiiient (|iii •" troiivc en d(!hors des liniitfs de sos ciiiix, va biltimont n'est pas do bonne prise, bien (fie reinploi dc bi force ii'ait pas ell lien dans co cas, snr le territoiro neiitie ; luliinnioins il (!st le lesiiltat di^ rii.sI;ifiiiiis aiix lijitinients des puissanc(;s bellijfi'rantes. Lc respect dil aux mors territoriales nciitres ne so luriic pis !\ I'abstoution absolne ilf tout acte d'hostiliti^ ; il s'('t(!n(l (''^ahMin-ut anx faits (jui in'i''[)arent iinint'diatenient (t'siictes. Ainsi nne tlotte, nn vaisscan de ^iKM're, un ariiiateiir ne sanrait, sans coiii- liiftlre une violati(Mi de territoiro, s'(Hablir snr un jioint (iiiclcoiKine dc cettt» iner, pour '\wv le passage desbatiinents, soit de guerre, soit niarchands. de rciiiieiiii, on les iia vires iiiiitrcs, er.cor(^ (|u'il sort(! d(i sa retraite p(tiir alter les atta(|U(ir hors des liiiiites dt; la jiiridiction iieutre. 11 est do nn'Miie df'feiidn de croiser dans its eaiix n'servi'-es pour iiiiivcr an iii("'ine but.-' So IMstoye and Duverdy : l.cs helliirorants ne doivont, iii par eiix-in("nu's ni par lenra corsaires, s'f'talilir divis li's iiicrs nentres, pour survoiller reniKMiii et lui coiirir sirs. lis in; doivent non plas I'^tcr en croisiere dans les iiiers neutres, pour saisir rennenii a sa soitn; des jiorts iifiitres.-' None of the instances thus given have the remotest reference to the CISC of a vessel which, while cruising against an enemy's ships, puts iiito a port, and, after obtaining necessary supplies, again pursntvs her nmrse. If a military or naval ollicer were asked whether a ship merely ])ut- ;iii^ into a port to coal, and then going to sea again, jiossibly on a par- tiriilar warlike expeditiiui, but witiiout any iih'a of returning to or I'liiiiiimnicating with su(di port, for the next three months, can be ludd- til be using it as '' a base of operations," he would certainly laugh at the Miiiplicity of the question. That the United States are putting this constnu'tion on the term for till' tirst time is plain from tlu'ir own conduct throughout the civil war; unless, iiuleed, they are prepared to acknowledge a peri)etual violation ot llritish neutrality on their own i)art. It appears from the return sent from the various British ports of the aiiiniuit of coal supplied to ships of war of the Tnited States,'' that these Vessels received over j"),(KK) tons during the (Mvil war. It appears from tilt' claims made by the United States in ivspect of the employment id' tlu'ir ves.sels of war in the imi\suit and capture of confederate ships," Diplomatio do la nior, vol. i, p. 302. -Kent's C'lMiiniontaries on International Law, by Professor Abdy, p. :t%. Mlidit international, p. 27;"). 'Princs inaritiines, vol. i, p. lOi?. ■ liritish Apjieiidix, vol. v, pp. 22:?-2:t4. Ijiited States Appendix, vol. vii, p. 120. 1 Ml . ■ I 424 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. I mm }tight ofniiyhtin. tliat of tlie forcjufoiiig nmonnt no less tlian 4,000 tons was had expressly tor the i)urpose of watching or pnisninfj particular ships. The case of the Vandcrbilt, wlien in pursuit of tlie Ahibania, is a strik- in<> instance. After having coaled at llio, s!ie proceeded to St. Helena, there took in 400 tons, (all she could get,) then proceeded to Siinon's IJay, and there took in 1,000 tons; she then went to the Mauritius, and there coaled again. If the construction i)Ut by the United States (lox em- nient on the term " base of operations" is correct, in every one of these instances there was a violation of neutrality, and an infraction of tlie second and third rules. Is there to be one law for the United States and another for Great Britain ? But, in truth, such a construction is altogether unwarranted. It may, perhaps, be as well to notice, as one instance occurs in this inquiry of a vessel remaining in a British port to avoid cap- ture by an enemy, that the right of naval asylum is not sub- ject, as is that attorded to military forces on land, to any condition of disarniiiip or dismantling the vessel. Azuni alone proposed to subjeet a vessel seeking refuge from an enemy to a similar condition to that of a military force on land, but he admitted that no precedent could lie found for such a thing, and all subsequent writers have repudiated siieli a notion. M. Hautefeuille, for instance, says : Le droit d'asile iiiaritinic difft'iti csseiitielleinent de cclui quo les nciitres peuvoiitcx- crcei' (Ml faveur dt's belligi'iaiits Kiir lo teriitoire continontal. Dans Ioh {fiit'iics tcins- ti(!s, loisqu'iuie aniK^o, I'liyaiit dcvaiit son eunenii, vient so icfngier siir un tciiitoiic iit'iitro, j'lle y est revno, il est vrai ; olio y tronvo tons l*'-" scconrs d'liiiniaiiito. Miiis I'arnK^e est dissontc, les hoiunics (jui la coniposciit sont dcsaiinds ot ("loiiLjnc'.sdii tlioiitri' do la K"t'ri"e ; en un r.iot, on roniplit les devoirs d'lnuuanit^ a I'dgard des individus. inais on n'aecordo pas I'asilo a I'arniee pris couinio corps. Le neutro ([ui, an lii-ii (Viv^w ainsi quo jo viens de lo dire, accneillerait los troupes onneinios, leur fournirait dcs vivns, lour donuerait le temps do se reniettro de lours I'atij^urs, do soigner lours uialiitlts tt lours blessds, et leur perniettrait ousuito de retourner sur lo th(5Atre dos operations inili- taires, no serait pas considdrd conune neutro; il niauquerait a tousles devoirs de son t'^tat. L'asilo nuuitinio, au contraire, cousisto a recevoir dans les rades iorniees, ini'inr dans les ports, les biltiuieuts des bellij^orants, (pie lour entr(5o soit voloutaire ou lu'ics- sit(^o ))ar la touip(>te, par le inau(pio do vivros ou par touto autre cause, nii'ine par la poursiiito de I'enuomi. Les vais,seaux adinis peuvent achotor ks vivros (pii Iciuwnit iK'cessaires, reparer les avaries I'aites, soit par los accidents do uier, soit i>ar le coiiiliat. soif^ner lours nialades ou lours bloss(^s, j>mi8 sortir lihnmoit pour alhr limrdf iioiimnix combats. lis uo sout pas, par cousdquout, souuiis au d(?saruiouieut couuno les troupes de terro.i 31. Calvo, in bis recently published work on International Law. says : Tons les auteurs sont d'accord sur la difference radicale h (>tablir eutro I'asile accoidi' aux forces navales et eeliu qui I'est aiix troupes do torre. En ofl'et, lors(pruuo aiim'c ni i'uito ou en ddroute francliit les frontieres d'nuo nation neutrc, celle-ci doit aussitot Isi (b'sarnier, I'intorner et IVloij^ner le plus ])ossiblo du tb(?i\tro des bostilitds. Les niciiiis luesuros no sout cvidonunent pas praticables i\ IV^gard des uaviros (piieutront daiislts jiorts, et (pi'un usage univorsellouient i^tabli autorise, au contrairo, a s'a|)provisioiiin'i. a se r(^i)areret a fairo soiguer leurs blessds, sauf ilreiuettreen mertlbs (pi'ils out poiuvii a lours besoins.^ M. Hautefeuille gives what .seems to me to be the true ground of tlie distinction. Galiani and Azuni had ascribed it to the perils to wliieli ships and men are exposed on the seas. M. Hautefeuille says : II y a done j\ cotto diftV>rence iuuuonse uuo autre cause qu'il est nttlo do rerliorclicr. Je crois qu'ello est tout entiere dans la (pialit»^recounuodu biXtiniont. II est uno ])iirtii' du torrifoiro de son pays ; pour tout ce (pii concerno son gouverneinent int('rionr, il tct exclnsivenient placd sous la juridictiou do sou souveraiu. Or, 11 est dvidont (pronlou- ' Hautofeuille, Droits et devoirs de natious ueutrcs, vol. i, jj. 307. ^ Le droit international, vol. ii, p. 4'^0. OPINIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKBURN. 425 had exiucsslv una, is a strik- to St. Ilolciiii, led to Simon's yianritins, and States ( Jovoiii- 'y one of tlicsc fraction of tlie United States anted. occurs in tliis •t to avoid cap- luni is not snb- ly condition of (sed to subji'ct tion to til at of ident (ioukl he epudiati'd sueli ?iitres pcuvpiitcx- k'H ffiicrrt's IcriTs- !i- 8iir tin tciiitoin' Vhnniiiuitt'. Miiis 'l()i!ii i\'i\n'w u'niraittlt's vivics. r liMirs inaliulfs ft esop^^ratioiis iiiili- les tlevoirs dc son les fc'i'iiu'L's, im'im' oiitain^ tm iioits- lusf, uieiiie par la res ((ui li'iir wnit oit par If coinliiit, limrdr uoiimtiu iiiclestrouiie.sdi' national Law. tro I'asih' aceonlr »rs«m'uiit'anii('('Hi ci (It)it aiissitnt la itos. Li's nii'iiifs uioiitrtMit daiislo s'a)>l>rovisioniii'r. qn'ils out iioiiivii ground of tlu' )erils to wliifli )\\o (\c rorliorcliPi'. II est, WW paitii* nt iiitorit'iii-, il i''*t dvideiit qii'oiilo"- 17:507. Supply "f '"Hi- I :ii>r le A^i "iiuMiient, t'ost s'iinmiscer dans lo gouvernemont intorifiir dn vaissoan, c'oHt: 1 liiirc un actt* dts jnridiction sur lo vaissean ; lo, princo nentre n'a pas lo droit <1(! le fairo. ll|ieut ri'tnsor rawilo ; il pont I'accorder siMilotnont sons cortainos conditions, avoc dos :,'4rictions. S'il veut reinplir les dovoirs d'linnianitt^, arrachor lo liAtiinont anx pt^riis li pcnvont lo niemicor, il le revolt duns ses ports, il Ini aocordo los soconrs n/'cossairos jinir lo nifttre en (>tat do reprendro lu uier. Tel est, il nion avis, lo seiil motif do In iiiHi'irnce dunt ,je viens do purler.' It is plain, therefore, that M. StaeinpHi was in error when, in speakiny; of the Sumter at Gibraltar, he assumed that her being allo\veix hours instead of twenty-four; "that the supplies exceeded largely ivhat was immediately necessary for the subsistence of the crew ;" that I'liytlie permission of the authorities she took in coal and provisions to last three months." " She entered the port," it is said, "without any |ii'strictions, and the officers landed in tl»«' garrison-boat, escorted by the loit adjutant, Lieutenant Williams, of the second West India regi- |iiieiit." " The governor made a feint of Huding fault with the wa,\ in «liieli she had entered, but ended by giving her all the ho^ipitality which Ik'I" commander desired." Ill an intemperate letter from Consul Whiting to Mr. Seward, of the ■lith, li(» says : ■^IH: I have tlie lionor to inform yon of the arrival ut this port this ninrnitiK of the I Mifiilerate steamer Florida, lute the noted Oreto, in eonnnand of one Mallitt, once a li'H ('iiant in the Unittid States Navy. This pirate ship entered this port withont any Wrictioiis, with the secession ensijjn ut the peak and the seeossion war-ponnant at 111'' inaiii, and anchored uhroust of Her Majesty's ship Burrucontu, Mutiitt and his olli- I'Tsiiiudinfj in the };arrison-bout, escorted by the fort udjniuut, Lieulenaut Williams, 'I tile second West India regiment. Tilt' pirate ottlcers proceeded at onco to the Royal Victoria Hotel, to breakfast with 'I"' con fed e rut e ngcnts here, and they were received with mnch enthusiasm by the se- ' Droits et devoirs des nations neutres, vol. i, p. 301). 2puge;}50. . ■'■■ I -"■{;■ « rf: 42G ARIUTRATIOX AT GENLVA. 4 L ''k ■/■ ^W% cossioii sympatliizors, and ii (lis]»lay of sonossion hniitin;;. Tim piratn ship, soon nfiov anclioiinj^, coininciiccd I'Daliiii^ )»y ptTinissioii of tlio j^oveiiior ; an cvidiMiro of tlic pi,. f(H't iicntialHy wliidi t^xists licio, wlicrd tin- IJiiitt'd Statt-s Htiiaiiicr Dacotah lint ,i f.u nninllis since was only piirmittcMl to take on hoard twenty tons of coal from an Ainrii- can liaik o(f llofr Island, and thi'ii only on (Japtain McKinstry and myself iiled^rjnj; oniselvcs. in /(v/V*H.(/, " that within ten days after h-avinfj; this port hIiu would n(ti lil^ cinisin;^ within live miles of any island of tlio Kahanui govcnunont." I'rctty neutrality, tliis, I must way. .Taxiiaky 27, 1W)3. — Tho ])irat(! ship is still at anchor, havinjj exceeded her time nt lyinj;- in a neutral port. fJauffs worked all nij^ht takiufj in her coal, and hIk^ is onli rnl to sea this forenoon. 15y this time, howevisr, my tlispatches have most liktdy narliiil souH^ of our war-vossel.s, and I trust they may ho ahle to capturo this formidulili- pirate. At imon tho pirato got nndcr way and stood out of tho harhor, hut coutinucil nil day coastint; up and down the I log Island sliore, within two miles of tlm hmd. Twenty of her men left here and others were shipped in their place. From one of the desei teis I gleaned the ftdlowing information, viz : " The Oreto h>ft Mohile January !.'>, under command of Mattitt ; touched at Tlavuna. where she lay twcMity-four hours; thence sailed for Niissau, when* she lay thirty-six hours, and took on hoard coal. .She has six ii'i-itonmh'rs, two K-iucli pivot-guiiM, two hrass I'-i-pounders, ample stores, ammunition, and one hundred and thirty men."' I do not soc why it should be stated in the ease that the Florida re niaiiiod in the port of Nassau thirty-six honrs, when Mr. Whittinjj;'s U'ttcr states that she arrived on the niorninjsf of tlie 20th and left at uodm oh the 27th. In i)oint of tact she remained twenty-six hours. It Ix^lioovcs those who make aeeusations to use " due dilij^euee" to secure accuracy in their facts. It is to be refjretted that it should be asserted that this steamer wns allowed to take in coal for three months, when the other facts stated in the ease .show this to have been impossible. It is dillicult to suppose that the consul should not have been aware of the circumstances uiidci Avhich ('aptaiu Mallitt, the C(uum;inder of the Florida, had been broujilit on shore in the garrison-boat. It is to be regretted that his statemeiir on this subject should have been repeated in the case of the United Htatcs. ac('ompani(Ml by the offensive remark that ^Hho goveruor m(«h'(i fdnf \ of tinding-*fault with the mode in whi(;h the vessel had entered, l)ut eiidiil by gi vino' her all the ho.spitality which her eomnuvnderrecpiired/'especiiillv after the full explaimtion atfonled by (lovernor Bayley at the time, botli to Lord Lyons an.'5, replies as follows: GOVKHNMKNT HoUSK, Nansaii, Bahamas, March 11, I'^f)''' MyLouk: I have tho honor to acknowledge your lordship's dispatch inclosing' ij complaint from the United States couBul at this port to Mr. Seward, tito Secntaiy I'tJ State, respcu'ting undue advantagos alleged to have boeu givcu to the confeikMii'l Htesimer Florida in this harhor. United States Documents, vol. vi, p. 333. "T \m OPINIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKHURN. 427 V'O his steamer was ",r fiu;ts stated in luiuU to suppose unistaiKU's iiiiilci iivd been broui-iit i\t liis stateiiuMit le United States. rnoi' miide n fv'iut eretl, but emlci! ired," especially It the time, both onies, \vlii(!h was ii(jton. It is the * been ma(h%l)t- m that a ship nfl ic port of Nassau e manner, bci'ii itry had been, i" liii in the harbor | cr til us called 111 )ondence, wliidi ce of Lord liyoii>' r an explanation, a as follows: MKNT HOI'SK, m, March 11, l^t>:'' ilispatcli iiicliwinj:'! inl, the Se(!ivti»vy "j to tlio confeiluniii'l In it'^ly, I Wff h'nvc to stiito tliat no miduc n(lviiiitnf,'t's were nocordcil to tbf rioi*i(lii. Shi' 111 lived in oiii' liiirboi, liavinj; stcaiiH'd over till' bar witliont a jiilot, early in the inoiiiiiiK of tlie ridtli of .lanuary. I wan not aware of it till Horl) o'eloek a. ni. Aliont tliiit iioiir Captain Mallitt called (I tliink in eoin])any with tlie fort adjutant) to explain iliit lie was i;;norant of my proclamation rei|iiiiinj; that permission shoiihl he I'ormally ;i,1;(mI before liny man-of-war belon;riiiir to either of the two helli;j;erents conid enter the harbor. I did not see him ; bnt in a very short time I received a letter from him, ot which I transndt your lordship a ly, the follow- iijij' memorandnni was made by the governor : I fjrant this rcMjnest nndei' the circumstances; thereby according to a confeder:»te ■tiiiiner the same privileij;es which I have formerly <;ranred to Federal st(!aniers. Hot iliiiiTcKiilarity in diOayiiifj; to make this reiiiiest shonld be pointtsd out, and the pilot lallwl on to explain how he admitted the Florida without my permission. - I'opeating tliese statements in a letter to the secretary of state for the Liiloiiies, of May 2, (lovernor l$ayley adds : I have no distinct recollection of the special reasons which induced inn to impose ilic lostrictitms mentioned liy the consul in the Dacotah's coalinji;; I can only suppose tl:;it I did this in conseiiiieiice of the i«'rtiiiacity with which Federal vessels about I tliiit time resorted to the harbor on jtretcMise of coaliiij;, but really with the obj'ct of watcliiii}^ till! arrival and departure of Enj^lish ineichant-vessels, supposed to be iriijlited with caiffoes for the southern ports. Had not such prohibition l)een issued, 111' lijuhor would have become a mere convenience for Federal men-of-war riiiinint liritish shipping. And that .such conditions a.s I thon<{ht it my limy to impose were tempered liy a proper feeling of courtesy and humanity will, I [iliiiik, lie made evident by the accompanyinji; letters from the American consul on tlie liji'it of the Federal man-of-war the li. (Juyler, and the inemorandu of my replies I iiiiliuscd upon them by myself. On tlie whole I am satislied that I have acted with perfect impartiality in all my I iblinj;s with Federal and confederate, men-of-war. Fhit lam not suritrised that my "i:iilnrt should have been misrepresented by so hot-headed a partisan as the late Amer- liian (oiisiil, Mr. Whitiiifj, whose ingenuity in niisconstriiefion is well illustrated by li* reply ro my letter of the ii'Jtli of September, of both of which papers I inclose iu]iii's, with the indorsation of the draught of my replies to his last conimunication. I think that these imdosiires will be siillicieiit to prove that, in my demeanor to the I'lK'iiil men-of-war, I havi* giMierally jtreseived an attitude of fairness and imiiaiti- aiity; and that if at any time I have appeared to assume an unfriendly or inhospita- 'iliiiiicii, the charge can be fully explained and defended by my desire toinuintain the l^tmiity of a British possession, and the rights of British subjects.' It is not worth while to set out the inclosnres, with the exception of Itlic letter of Lieutenant Williams, the fort adjutant, which xi... non.ii at I is ol importance, and is iu these terms: """" Nassau, Nkw Providknck, .0)n7 30, IHfi.^. I Siii; In answer to your letter of yesterday, requesting me to state, for the informa- I'iiinol his excellency the governor, whether Captain Mattitt, of the ("onfederate States ' Briti.sh Ajipeiulix, vol. i, p. 77. - Ibid., p. 78. ■^ Ibid., p. 79. V i. 428 ARIHTRATION AT GENEVA. :|-. % Mtcamor rioritln, omiio aslioro in tho gnrrlsoii-lioaf., I I'cjj to obsci-vo fliiit, in tin' miilrii,' «»f last yt'ar. I rccrived inHfnictions tVoni Ills cxci^llunfy, tlinnigli (lie ri)l(ini;il s,.,!,.. tary, tliaf wluMi I hoaidtMl any Hliip of war litilonjiinj; to citlicr lu'liii^cuMit, I vms ki liantl to tiir (iijitain of hiicIi vessel a> i'o|>y of tlie proelnniation le^rarilin^r niiiiiiilitv. ami to ))oint out the clauso torhiddin;; ))elli;{ert;nt vessels to anchor in the port or it, ad. stead of Nassau vvitiioiit liavin<{ prttvioiisiy nhtaiiied th*) governor's permission, aii(liiiroclamation, but ho said that, "owing to certain injuries riceiviii 1>y his machinery, and the rougliiies» of tliu weather, he must anchor at once, oi' lijs sliip w»tidd go on sh«'' ." I therefore suggested to him tho propriety of eominu aslKnc with me, and proceeding to Government IFouse to explain ])crsoniilly to his excijltncy the iieceNsiticH of his position. Ho landed in the garrison-boat, aud went with iiir tii the governor. A short tiniH after this the Confederate StateH steamer Florida ran into the port at daybreak, and cast anchor before I was able to board her. I giive a copy of the procla- Illation to Captain Mailitt, who statwl his entire ignorance of any such restri(;tions, ami expressed his regr»?t for having unwittingly violated the regnlatioiis of tlu^' )iort, and also asked me what course he had better follow. I told him that he had better fwiu- ashore in my boat, and go with me to the governor, exi»lain matters, and ohtiiiii tlir necessary jiermission to remain. He therefore, like the captain of the Stars ami Stripes, lauded in the government boat, and proceeded with me to his excellency tlu' governor. Trnstiiig that his excellency will consider tho above cxplanutiun siiflicient for tlii' piu'iiose for which he may retiuiru it, I have, &c., (Signed) S. W. WILLIAMS, Lieutenant 2d V eat Indian Ueyimenl, Fort Adjntdnt.^ The tribunal niibst jiulg:e for itself how far, after these exphtiiatidiis. whidi were cominuiiicatetl to the United States Governiiietit, aiul the fact that precisely the same circnnistauces had previously occurred with a Federal vessel— unless, indeed, the word of a British governor or of ;i IJritish officer is to be discredited or set aside by an offensive sneer— the color attempted to be given to this transaction in the case of the United States is just or right. I pass on to what is of greater relevancy to the present in(iuiry, namely, the quantity of coal taken by the Florida on this occasion. It is stated in the American Case^ that the Florida at the time in question "received a three months' supply." A nu)ment's reliectioii would have sufficed to satisfy those who make this rash assertion that. upon their own data, it must necessarily be incorrect. The only ovi deuce adduced in support of it is a loose statement from the Liveriioul Journal of Commerce of the 27th February, 18G3, in which, after say ing that the Florida had arrived at Nassau on the 30th January, (instca*! of the 2(lth,) it is said, by some one writing on this side of the Atlantic, that she left on the evening of the 3l8t (instead of the 27th) "fully snp plied," it is not said with what, "for a three months' cruise."' To wliidi must be added a i>assage from an anonymous journal afterwards Ibund on board the Florida, in which it is said, under tho date of Jainiaiv 2(5, "We took on board coal and provisions to last us several montbs."^ But when we come to the only evidence worthy of a moment's consider- ation, namely, the deposition furnished to Mr. Whiting by John Deiii eritt, who assisted to put the coal on board, the quantity is rediu*ed to 180 tons. "I suppose," he says, "she had on board over 180 tons that we put there ; she did not have less than that quantity." ^ Yet even this must have been au exaggeration. According to the report of the 1 British Appendix, vol. J Pages :<.'>l, 35iJ. i, pp. 79, 80. •Tnited States Documents, vol. vi * Ibid., p. :w.'i. » Ibid., p. 33G. 334. OPINIONS OF SIR ALKXANDKR COCKRURN. 420 at, in till' iiiiibllr ic <'()l()lll;ll MTfc- li^ficnl. I was to idiiiH iiiMitiiility. the port (ir ii,M(l. iniiissiiiii, aililiii^ il always ))(• imist t. ht^ above iiistiiic- till) raplaiii tli*' injuries rcccivi'd i>r at oiKM', (tr iiis of coininu aslmri' to liis cxi'i'llciii y went with iiic to 1 into the poit at ojiy of tlie iii'dcla- 1 ri'strietiiMis, ami ■I of the' iKut, and ) had hetter idiiu' •s, anil nlttaiii tin' of the Stars ami his excelli'iiey the snllicient tor thf iVILU.VMS, /, Fint Adjitlunt.^ le explanations. niuMit, iUMl the y occMirrcd with ;ovonior or of ;i t'l'iisivc siieor— the case of tin- iter relevancy by the Floiida at the time in ent'8 retlectioii assertion that, The only ovi- I tlie Liverpool lieh, after say Hilary, (instead at" the Atlantic, th) "fully sup- iC."'' To wliidi terwards fouml Ate of January eral months."^ lent's consider- by John Dem- is ri'ilneed to r 180 tons tliat ,'-5 Yet even e report of the y r.ritish ofH(;ers, who afterwards surveyed the Florida at Bernmda in Jane, 1; coal was limited to l.'{(» tons. Denieritt, it is true, says, " we placed M)nie on deck, and in every place that wonld hold it ;'' but a vessel of war would not be likely lo incumber her d«'cks with very much <'oa! ; nor in siu'h a ves.sel would there be many places in which coal could be stowi'd, except tho.so expre.s.sly uppropriateil to the pur[)ose. liear- Ailiniral Wilke.n, writii'^f to Governor Walker at l>arba(h>s on the <»th ot March following, says that the Florida had "oblain<'d a full supply 1(!(» tons) at Nas.sau;"' but yives no other authority than the publitt piints. Ibit even if Demeritt's statement as to the (piantity having been 180 tons could be taken as true, it would fail to bear «)ut the as.ser- lii)n of a three months' supply. For it is stated in the I Tnited States iiise- that the Florida "{•enerally sailed under as jjettin^ low. On tho '•itith day of Fi'liiiiary. Admiral Wilkes, in eonunand of the I'nited .States s(|nadron in the West liidics, wrote to his Governnu^nt thus: "The fact of the Florida haviii<» Init a few kiys' loal nnikes mo anxious to hav4^ our vessels otf Martinii|ne, which is the only ;>laiiil at which they can hope to j^et any eoal or supplies, the Fn;>lish ishnuls heiuji lit i)lf, under tho rules of Her Majesty's '•■oxei'nnM^nt, for sonu- sixty days yet, which fiviliiih's the possibility, unless by chieanery oi' fiiind, of the ho|ie of any coal or com- iiiit there.'' Admiral Wilkes's hopes were destined to disin>pi>intnieut. On the 'illh of Feluiiary, two days before the date of his «lispatch, the Florida had bin-n in tho harbor >i Uarhailos, and hiul taken on board ubuut IIJU tons of eoal in violation uf tho in- MiiK'tions of .Janviary :51, 1>H)2. Uow, if the Florida took with her from Nassau a provision of coal siitlicient for three months, or even 180 tons, as stated by J)emeritt, her mal could have been getting low in a fortnight's time, even tlioiigh she liad been obliged to consume a greater quantity than usual, owing to bad weather — or how far, having taken iu sucli a quantity, she could by the 24th of February have been able to take in 100 tons more — her iiipacity being limited to 130 tons — it is for those who make these ap- paiently inconsistent statements to explain. For my part, 1 must de- tliiie to give credit to them. We may then, I think, safely assume that the Floiida tool: away with ber from Nassau little more coal, if any, than whjit her capacity enabled ber ordinarily to carry. At the same time, it must be admitted that, reference being had to the regulations of the 31st of January, thi.s ||iiaiitity was iu excess of what would have sulliced to take her to the nearest port of the Southern States. But up to this time, there being, "wiug to the blockade of the southern ports, no port of their own I'oinitry to which the confederate cruisers could resort, aud these ves- sels being consequently compelled to remain at sea, the colonial gov- miors appear to have relaxed somewhat of the rigor of the rule ; a line «*' conduct, however, which was soon after changed by reason of what wciured on the occasion of the visit of this same vessel to Barbados in tbe ensuing month, to the facts of which I am about to refer. ' Britiah Appendix, vol. i, p. 93. 2 Pago 352, ' Page 354. m^ 430 AKMUTUATION AT GKNKVA. The Florida arrived iit Uarhados on tlio Liltli of I'\'briiiiry. TT At IIUIIKUIOH, cr IS al- roiniiiiiiuh'r statcd'to the •governor that, iinh'ss he w lowed to have some liiiiilier to repair diiiiiayeH which UvUml satfeied in a recent {•ale of wind to tlui northward, and some cuiil. as every hit In^ had had lu'fore had heen exhausted in the same had w.iitlici, he eonld not ^o to sea, and shonhl be ol>!i;;'ed to land the ukmi and strip the ship. Ife n'eeived perudssion to ship !>() tons of coal. No nun. ]>laint is made as to the t>(| tiiat a supply «)!" (!oal having been gi-antetl within a month i)reviinis, the I'm. ther allowance thus accorded was in ('ontiiuention of the ie,t;iiiiitiinis of .laniuiry .'$1, 1S(>2. And this, no doubt, strictly speakiii''. i,^ (hk.; and it is admitted by (loveruor Walker that, though he had not re- ceived ollicial information that the Florida had rcieived the supply at Nassau, yet the fact had transpired and was not unknown to him. Put it apitears that the view he took was that the rule laid dowu was ndt applicable to a case of distress, and tlu^ case was dealt with by him a> the earlier (iase of the Federal ship San Jacinto had been ; both vcs.scis having been, to use (Jovernor Walker's own expression, ''dealt with specially as being in distress," and therefore, " without reference to tlni circumstance of having been in IJritish [uirts within the previous finvc months."' 1 trust we are not called upon to doubt the word of Governor Walker that, in granting liberty to the Florida to take in a fresh supply ofcDal, he believed himself to be following a precedent set by himse I in the case of the 8an .Iai' ])artment of the United States, that it was a mistake to suppose tliat the Han Jas," Jt appears from return of the United Siatisj men-of war that visited Ueruiuda during the civil war (set out at pa^v 220 of vohune V of the Appendix to the IJritish Case,) that tlic S;iii Jacinto and another United States shii) of war, the INLohican, eiiti'iidj Grassy Bay together on the 1st November, and that the latter \va<| allowed to repair damages, and, as not being on a bcdiigerent ernunl. tnl taivC in 1(H) tons of coal.'' The fact of the two ves.sels having put iiiMJ Bermuda together, an. TV Of'INIONS OF SIR ALKXANDKR COCKIUUN. 431 Vbrniuy. Her 'SS he \v;is ;il- H wliicli lie Inid I some coal, as If \y,u\ w.iitlicr, \ iiUMi and sli'i|i (M)al. Nt) ('((111. < allcj-t'il that a I'vioiis, the I'm- the r«',i;iilatii»iis 'iikiii''. In tnit'; 1u^ had not re- d tin' supply at ,-ii to liiiii. Hat [ down was lait with l»y liiiii as '11 ; both vcsst'ls loii, '' dealt with n'rcucncc trida olV Martif iii(|U(', no sooner heard of Imm* havlM<; put into and coaled at Harhados, ihan Ih^ sou;{lit a pei'.sonal e.\plaiiatir an olVensivi' letter of le- iiionstrance, or rather of reproach, with a demand <»f explanation, a pro- tccdinn' wh(dly unpr«'cedented and iri'eyular, it lieinj;' alt(>;;('ther ltey(Mid (he authority of an ollicer' of the I'nited States Navy to addri'ss a letter lit ienionstran(!e to the (Queen's repi'csentative in the person of the. ;'(ivcrnor of oiu^ of her ccdonies, in respect of a<*.tsdone in the execution III liis duty, siu'.h represent li've l)«'in^' responsible to Her .Majesty aloiu', iiial any alleged mi.s(!ondiu;t on his part bein;;" nuitter for discussion be- tween the two ji'o\ crnnu'Uts. (lovernor Walker, of course, decdined to furnish any explanation iu answer to su(di a denminl, and tr.insinitted .\dmiral NVilke.s's letter to the Dake of Newi>risc liis c\cc|- Inicy of the incxpi^diimcy of Ion;; personal interviews and cxiiianations witii liiin. It Miiiuiifcsl that upon this, as n|Miii other occasions, these interviews ami exid.inationn ;iiv made the pretext for writin;; snhseqneiit letters of this description, intended to ((c iiMil hereafter very disin;;ennonsly, as pioof of char;;es made at the tiim' of tlie lavtM' 'liiiwn hy Her Majesty's otllcers to the Confeileratt^ States. We fcid ourselves culled njion, wliile ;;i\inji to (iovernor Walker full crc,i the two iiM", in (pu'stion,) oi,ij;lit to ela[istj Itetwccn two successivt; suiiplies of coal iVi.'i. liritish imrts. (Signed) AVM. ATHKHTOX. h'Ol'NDKLL I'Al.MKR. ROUERT rillLLIMOK'K.' It will be observed tliat this opinion bear.s the siyiiiitnre of Sir Ilobert i'liilliniore, who, as we know, is held up to us, and deservedly .so, iu the iiijiiiinent of the United States for i, likely (^as iiHl<'i-('tj||,r ii, . iialiiie and ixteiit of the foiicfssioii iiiteiirli'd, and to ilcniaiiils Cor similar ciiiici^^in on otiicr oci'asions ; wliile the displeasnre occasioned here l»v any favor ^riaiiii-il ti confederate sJiiji is in no de;-uuf that ii similar favor had hci'ii ii vionsly granted to a I'nited Slates sliip.' IW It'llt losi Tln' coloiiiiil s('(!ieti>r.v appears to lji;vt» (U'ciiiod tlu^ report of tlio 1 ojlu'crs too fieiu'fal and loo dt'licient in precision to alVoitl ;i siitlii jjnidc to the irract; ohseivcs thai tin' la\v-ot1iccis iiavc not alfoided any smli specilicaiion of the jrovernoi's el ror.s as mi]nht lie a <;nide to him in fntuie. 'f licv s;u that the limits of I he snpjily of coal lucscri'iiMl liy i :,.• rcju^ni ition should In- adhi'ii-d i... Hut they ilo not say on what grounds they come to the eonc'nsion tliat it has liccr. i\. ri-eded. The snpply is to he limited to sncli as will enalde t he ship to reach the ni':ir,«r of its own i»ori.s, or any nean r destination. Tln^ >np|>ly ti the Orcto was ',»i) t•l!|^ 'the papei's do vol show ( thou j;h possildy the law-olhn-r.s may he aware fmni niiiii sonrci's) what was the snpply to the San .laeinto. Thi' i|nestion, therefurc, aiisiii" •111 thi'se papers is, whether !*ii tons is more than wcnild he reipiired l>y sinli a vi ,i.> ihe Oreto to reach the iH'arest confederate pn the m'Nl point of alleged insiilllcieiit strictness, his ;;race is disposed, to a i'iTt:ii; extent, to ay;ree with the law-oDiiers. 'I'he re;{'ihition re(|nire.s that •' no coal shall I" afi;aiii snpplii'd to an\ siK h ship of war, or privatt^iM-, in tin* same or .my oiher |i ir roail>lead, or waleis. snhject to Ihe territmial ji". isdietion of iter Maj.'sty. witim ;■ .special jK'rmission, until at"tei' flic expiralion id" t hr.'c months I'roui Ihe tunc win ii ^ni coal may have heeu last npplied to li"r within Mcifish waters, as aforesaid."' The Oiflo appears to lia ve coaleil at Nassau within three .nouths, ;ind.iMilcei|, witli Ihiity days of her arri\;il at Marliados; and thon;ih the American cousnTs vdiiin' ri-mons| ranee ot the'Jilh l-'eUrunry ay;.i;'ist het licinj:; allowed to coal did noi loirli;, poini . anii|ijth!'> h r refused, the cai>tain said he would hi- ohli;red I o land his men, and si rip the ship, 'lii' slaloncni of the captain of the San .laeinto was of a like tenoi. The tiist ipu'stiiM M'cms to he, whether the j>overnor onj;ht to have instituted an ini|nir> into the tni''. of tim sialement.s made to him hy the captains of the Oreto .and S.m .lacint". ' appears to hi'< ^i;iee that he on;iht. It is, im tlonlit, very desiniUie to a\iiid r.^ti:;, decisitins. of wiiieli tin- imp.'irliality is suri" to l»e 4|nes|ioned, npim the ii'-,ull> e: ini|nirn's in whit h more or less doulilt'iEl and itnllirtin^ ti'stin)ony has to he wei<;!ii''l Unt, n Ihe ease of all alle-erily ii, the admiral would re;;ard thi pmce, ilin.; ;is otfeiisise ; hut, ne\ ertlndi ss, his i;raee thinks that ln> should he rei|nired in miIiiim: to it helme he should he allowed to i-oiil out of time, unless he lie pi'i-parcd to I'oli-i':;' to the .Mild of ,1 cont"eder»te ollieer Ifeiit^ taken ill Uk:' iiianner willnmt ini|tuiy. itiit, siipposim.' the >j;o\-ern.ir to have err.d in these cases, it is not explain d in li.' report of the law olllcers whether ill i« of this, or of what oMier errors, he his ln him to avoid a repetition of error. For exiiinple, ,siip;iosiin> it li;ii! liecn I he fact dii' v a-seevlaim-d, I . i ihe(>relo or ."san .Jiicinlo had sulVered s<'\ei'ely in II ;;ale of w ind, had exhain.ted ul'. hi-i eo.*!, iMitl was dinahled irom pro eediiiu' to >':i iiiilcHH .supplied, was Ihe govern. ir to have forhiddeii Ihm' to coal on tin' ^toiiiid il' she liati coaled at some Mritish port williiii tliirty day.s f J>n the other hand, did his only error eon.sist in hirt hnviii); iillowed her to coal wii out \eiil\in;i' the fact o( Inr di.si'ress f Au.iin, asHiiminn 'he fiut lo he that 'here in, or uuiy \w horiuifter. i)i> <'oiifeder:ite p" ^^ uiihToekiiilt'd, iuid thill the r*ml (it'^'.iiiiUioii of n conicdiMate veH^el askinjt for siippl''- ^B- 'Btitixh ApiMMidix, vol. i, p. 1)7. Tf oriNii)xs or .sii: ALEX\xi>i:ii cuckki kn. 4:53 Stiitcs <'nu-i'r>. i^| Ijrs r«'S)ll-cli|l;r t||. liniilar l'()Ml'l'^^i(r||^ i I'iivoi' <^l;ililnl t(i :ij IVor ll.ld lllTM JMr. port of tlii> l;iw 'ortl ;i sillliciciit y of tlicir posi ell will lie tile (' (|iu',s(i()iis |>iir ' :» tilt' tiovcnidi' ot, writes: lot iidlirri' to llii ln> Oii'tii or In i!i;i; alViiiilfd :iiiy sncli I I'll I 111 r. rili\ >:i\ mill Iti- :iillii'i'i'(l :". !i;it it li:is lii'cr. f\- ] » rtMcli till- iHMiiv irofd WilS '.(1) tuib iiwiirc iVoui iillur . tlii'Vi'liirc, :iii-iii; •d liy siiili a v*iMt, to a ii'ita;; it •' 111! foal Niiall li' or any oilu-r y.n-. • Maji'sty, witliiiii! he tlini' wlirii siic i, orcsaiil.' IIMll.iMili'i'il, wit'.ii rou-iul's \rlii'mi';r I iliil not li)U:'li t!> loi's iioi deny til r Hijilv olcoal «.!■ )(' wiiiil. Iiad ■•■•I' if ^uiiiilii'-- ^> "•' ' ii|i till' ^liij). I H Till' lirsl (|McMi '■: liry into tin' tin' . S.iii .laciiit". to aM'id r. >ti!i; j on till- i"'siilts »: las to III' wi'iirlii'ii that si'iiii-* 111 ri- not. l'iTlia|>« : (iirsindi a larl.;i i'' nil till iiioiT.ilin- rci|iiir.'d to «.iil>iiii; • |iaii-d til foii-i'-' out iiii|iiii'y. (■\|d:iin il ill li' ■noif. Iir l<:i^ '"'•''' . .snir.ioHiiii; it iiii'! nlV'Ti'd t*i'\<-ii'ly II' I jil'O '('iMlilii; to si:i j II tin- jjioiiiiil il''' ;l lliT to fi»i»l «■"' o conri'driat"' 1'"" ,..iii„j{ lor Mi|ii'l''- isaciiiisiii.- di'siiiiatioii, HO that slic is not, hoiiinl for any particular pint, is this to ilflirivc lii'i'ot flu! supidii's wliiidi \voiilil In- ^ranfiMl to a FimIcimI cniiscr in all rospiicts .ii;:iliirly L'iri-iiristaii>'fil, fxi'i'iit that in In-i- rasi- a, port can lie dc^iijfnatcd which is in hilt' iiiHscswi.Fii ot her ;;ovi'rniiii'nl, hy tin- disiainii of which fioni thi^ Hritish colony :i l:!amlard is alfordcd lor n; tli?- <|iianlitv of cual to lie snp|ilii-il / His ;;racc woiilil lie jjjiad i;> he cnalilod to send out in htriiclions to (iovcrnor Walker, liiiiiMlcd np?"! the opinions of tic law-ollieer.-i, so far as tiny shall appear to have fully I jiid correctly iijidcrsfood •!:; ionrst' '.aken hy the i^over nor, tnsicihcr with any fiirtlier iintriictions wliicii winild .serve f.r the j;overnor's iriiidance on thi! )>oinlH adverted to, and on the nature of the cases (if not * iosd alle^i'd hy tho ;<,'!'['„ *■'"'"'' "' j Onto and San Jacininto) « hich "special iterniis~ion " is to he j^ivcii to liikr in coals. His niace desiri's ine toohserve that (iovcrnor Walkj'r. hy adopt in i; J he course of ncihI- ;n:,' il.; mediate notice to all the other j;ov<'riiors in tlit! West Indies ot a helli<^ercnt v<'s- •rl liaviiii; ohtained coals and supplies at Harhados, appears to have taken :i very nse- iiil |ii'ccaiitioii a<;ainst the violation oi' the rconhit ions, and that it wniihl apparently I iii'i'xpcdii'iit .1) instruct tin- otlnrr ;;iivernors to tlo likewise.' To tliosci (nif.<Tiiil;tiiial ion should he strict ly adherctl to; that coal «in<;ht not to ho Nn]iplicd to l.'lir helliiiereiit, except in such iinantity as may he nedenislied under the Icrii, of tlu! proc.la- Ijiitinii: hnt that ii vessel whose coal has, owiim to real necessii.cs arisinjj from >!rrss' itliin the time specilied in the rejrulations. It would .4ppcar to iis that the sii;.vtv's ports. (Si^r,,,..!) WM. ATlIF.KTdN. Iv'or.NDKLL I'AI.MKK. i;ui!i;iir riiu.LLMoin:.' ller('ii|)oii 'iK' loliou in?; liear- Wti'irid Wilkes were made the pretext for piacin;.; «in recoid c'hjU}{os inoro or le«» trirt titiainst olHceis of Ifci Miijesty. And I think that, as the goviMiiorof s'y's colonies owes no explanation of his conduct to an otHiccr of tliu IJnittuI Uuti'K.V.ivy, it will he prudent litueafter toavoi.l such cxplainitioiis :»s far as the rul<'8of oiirti'xy will allow. It is the wish of Her Majesty's ffovernment that mutteis of com- Cliiiit sliould in general he discus:-ied hetwci-n tie.' two govornniouts uuiicurnod rather [iliaii lilt ween any snhoidinate otlicers. Willi regard io (he issue of coal to the war-vessds of the helli<{i>ientH, you !iiiv(>, 1 I 'liiiik. ullowed yonrM'lf too much liliert in ;rivin;; tho '* speci.'il |iermiHsion" to tnko itiiil contemplated in Hci Mitjesty's proelamation. Coal, in tho «>pinioii of Her Mnji'Ni \ "..■ pivevniiieiit, oiij^lit not to he supplied to a vessel of war of either helli^crent 'iii'ltt ill >-ucli qiiiintity us may be iicfcH.sary to entry siicli vessel to tho iieari'Kt port '(li.rowu country, (or, of course, any nearer port,) and this, I will add, without re.fcr- I'lothe question whether ilie ports of that country aru or nrtt nut iiiidor hlookudc. I'lnisc of Huch hloekadu it will rest with the ollicer in commaiul to seek Hoino inoro |("nvi>iiii'iit dcHtination. If, wiLhin the period proscribed hy tho proclamation, li vchhcI '^iriiislua!lir!-, tln'conj iiiii;iii:ii|y yivcn lias been picnialnrt'ly «>xlian.sit») litCoro it. vvafi pr>SNililo that llic vessel ei-iilij, mi. • ler ('xi«f in;{ eircnnisfaneex, liavo reached tlni ilfMlinaliiin lor wiiicii she eoiiled. itiit if It shonlil lie the ease that tho veshel lias not, KJneo takiiij^ in coiil, heeii htnni _/? of i(i|i in either liellii^erent. It is liy sneh a eoiirse that misnnderstandin!;s and eouiplaint-i ni" J.,,.,.. "ViTi;- ilcr;Ui> coin- ]):irtiality will he nn>st certainly avoided. An nuauthori/.ed concession toone I enl, it may he safely assmned, will not ho aecepte so, thonijh an a(lhel•en(•(^ to tlie h'tter of these re;; uhitions would have tho elVect of ])hieinj,' one of the bellij,M'i(Mits in ;ij ])osition of ^iietit disa tliat, unless the whole of tiie last supply of <-oal ohlitiindj in a British port had been eonstinied in seekinjjf the nearest port of tiitM bellifjerent, not even distress of \\eather should form a };r<)an(l lorj allowing' a liirther supply within the three months, wiis one whnli e\- ])osed to very ^reiit dinicnlties those whose own ports weie (ilosed, ainlj who, liavinj; few other ports to resort to, were thns eompelled lo keep] tlie sea at the same time that tlieir means of doin^j so weic seriously diminished, while it was of very little imi>ortanee to the other bi'lli;;ei' ent, who, haviii}; his ports open, eonld silways have recourse to tlu'iiij for supplies if other resources failed. Yet, when Sir James Walker, recollect in jr what had lia])pened on tlii>J former occasion, and solicitous to <'arry out the instructions he li;i of his sliij), the C'onneeticut, replied that it woiihl be necessary, in mder that Imj shoidd stinction a sttiy beyoiul the prescribed time of t weuty four Imiirs, that Captiiiu liojj^s shoultl ^ive ii dcllnite assurtince of his iii-iltility loj pioceed to sea tit the expiration of that tinu>, and its to the pcrioilj within which it would be possible to «'xc<'ide the lu'cessary repair- inatti>rs as to which the Florida iit r>erniuda had to sulunit to ii siuvcyl by the njivjil authorities — ('aptain lio^^os allowed his tem|ter to ;;t't tlioj better of him; says that "stn American mairof war can always pt t« Sea in some nutntu-r" — which sober-minded people may perha|is llmili n somewhat idle boast — and that lie shall tlo so, *'thoii^li «iili| risk to his vessel tind machinery" — whiith, as it involved (Inn^'irj both t«> Ids ship siml crew, ntay be thoufiht a «piestioual»U< view ol li duly; *^ regrets tluit the Uiitiontd hospitiility of reiuiiiinn^ at iuicln for the purpose naim-d in his letter is refused," uliiih was the revere ■Uiitisii Appendix, vol. i, p. idi. Tf OlMNIONS OF SIR ALKXANDEU COCKUUltN, 435 ol tilt' fact; and, ovidiMitly with coiisitUMablo tcmpor, iiirorms tlio j^ov- Itriior that, he shall tit-part. Irom the jjort to iiioriow at 10 a. in.' It !>♦ a pity that this outhieaU of temper on the part of Captain Bo^jga [slioultl have lieen e\pose«l It.y his own (H)niitrs men, as though it had iM't'ii an i'xainple of luToisiii, or that the retpiisition of (loverinjr Walker, jiiidiK'eil by the strinjient insirnetions issued liy the Biitish jjovernnient i)!i the occasion of the coini>Iaints of the United iSuites relatively to tho Florida, should havi^ hcen distorted into anythiiij; iiioih! than a resoln- tiiiii to carry out those instriKJtions elliiaently and impartially toward liKitli bellijierents. 1 icliirn to the Thnida. Ifcr next visit to a iJritish port was at IJor- imnda. From a dispatch of (Sovernor Ord to the Diike of Newcastle it ap- Ijii'iirs that the Florida was otV the port of St. (ieorj4;e's on the eveniii])y of tin* iniiitt^l ciiTiiIar-ltittfr I liavo hart Jilrawn ii|>, oinliiMlyiiiu llic instniciioiii of Ih-r Ma.jcHly icsiifctmy; tiii! tit^atiiifiit of pVilfial ami «(>iil't;tliTalo vessels of war, he ealled on iiie (»ii the day of his arrival, and •iilcil that In; hail lieeii at sea seventy days, willi IIk? i-xceptiim of two visits to lla- h.iiiu and iSarhados, earh of whieli ocen|iied less than twenty-l'onr hones, and a visit of 'iiirlcr dniation to a (tort in the Hra/ils; thai' he was last from the immediate nei;r||. i.iiliiied of New Voik. within sixly niili-s of which he had been harassing tho llnitod jMilts c'onnneree ; that he was in want of rejiairs to the iinll and maehinery of liiH {ii|i, and a small Nupiily of coal; that ho feared he shonld experiemi; dillieiilty in oli- iiiiiii;; the latter, as he was infninied that then* was no steam-coal whatever in tho I .iiiiiiy, ex<'e|»t hi ihe stores at the dockyard; and that he trnsteil, under tho circnin- iiances, he wonid he |iermiltcd to receive frtnn tins soiirct; as mn(;h as wonid servo to uiry him to a jHnt (d" his own conntry ; that In; wonid then nse every exertion to coin- I'^li-ti- his relitment, and wonid lease the colony torthwith. 1 told Captain Mallitt that his a|>plicatii)n for iM>al fiom admiralty stores imisfc l>n nailc to the senior mtvai ollicer, f it I assiiretl him at the sann< linn* that it wonlil ie detained at this poi-t, as a vessel in distross, un- pilliir arrival of coals which ar(,> daily expected, Captain Mallllt l)e;;s nu; to inipiire of I'lir I'xcellency if the privile^je will he accorded to him of proceedin;^ to th answer of the {jovernor was that the iipplicatioii couhl not bo I.Taiited, to which he adds: III inakimr Ihiscommtinication I hav(> to expn-ss a hope that Captain Mallitt may yet I'liil it in Ins power to obtain for his vessel sncli snpplies ot' coal and snidi necessary "{i.tirH as will eimhle her to |m'o( I withont delay to her destinatimi, lint I mnst lU i>^^< sinie time point on t that ller Majislv's instrnclions (\\iih a copy of which (.'a plain itilliti wassnppiied on tiie Kith itisiani) ale very strititient as to the limitatinn of thn **^ ill Kiitish walt'is of vessels of war of the I'liiteil States oi' Coiil'ederate States, anil ilial it is necewHiiry lliat whatever may be rcipiired to enable the Floriila to take her '»|iHrtine from thesis islands slionid be ]iro\ ided in the shortest possible period. If, 'i"»i'M'i, Captain Mallitt sliutild lind it impossilile to procure at the present tiiin; what- '^'1' may be reipiisite for this purpose, I must reipiest ihat lie \\'\\t at oiii'i^ proceed ^'litlie Floiida to. Mbid., p. 110. • I* v* f I 436 Ai;i!ITKATH».\ AT (JKNKNA. I! •n Mr. ANiilkiT wrote nfjiiiii, .su{i;,^«»stiii<;: tliat Hu'ir a as a lar;,'c' (jiiiiiititv of ('(»al l.vinj; in the rominissaiiat «lo|»iirtm(Mit, and aind.viii;^-, on Itclialf of Captain .Maflitt, in liis jiicat cnu'r^cncy, lor a sntlicicnt <|iiaiitit.v to carry liis vcssi*! to somccoalinji" depot, olVorin;;' to pay for tlicm, m- to roturn tlieni in kiiiil within a week oj- two. This ajraiii was rctuscd. On the l.*l*d of Jniy tlieffovcrnor writes to ]\Ir. Walker, recpiestiti-; lilm to ascj'rtain, lor iiis satisfaction, \vhen the iieeossary repairs and coiil ing' of tlie Florida will be eonii)lete«l, so as to enabh^ her to proceed to sea." In answer, 3lr. Walker says lu^ is reipiestetl by Captain ^lallitt to inform his exi-ellency that ln^ is nsin;; (>\ery effort to prorilit to b«' inferred that the ear^o of coal broii^iht out in lu'r was intended ex pressly for the l-'loiidii; and upon this a charjicis founded (da violation of neidrality in a brea«'rent was to lie permittetl to eststblish depots of coal on British territory. To prove tli;it the Harriet IMnckney was an •' insiirjient transjforl," ;i letter from Mr, Dndley to Mr. iSeward, of Jannary -, ISO;?,' is referred to; bnt, on tinii inji; to that letter, it will be found that Mr. Dndley is !!(>t Nueakiiij: ot or referiiii}; to •' insni<>-ent transpin-ts" at all, but to Hritish vessels employed in rnnnin;; the blocka«le with arms and contraband of wni. The word " tratisport," which, in thi' arj:timent, is |iriided between in verte lirltisli Appeinllx, vol. i, p. 111. Tiiited States CnNo, p. H.^H ; I'uited Stafe^^^ Ar};unifnt, p. U'l. ' Cnited States DoeumeutH, vol. I, j). 1.V2. * Hritish A)i|iendi\. vol. v. |ip. .^. III. '' Ihid., p. .'))). »l('(l t«» olttiiiiiii UMit- tllllt tills it'll it is sou^lit iisiiiti'iidcd ('X '{{ of ji violatiiui U'ttiT tVoiii Mr. ; hut, on tmii •t Mi«>!ikiiijr o'l iHiiti'sli vessels iibiiml ot war. |(mI ln'tweoii in- ir ill it at all. .sst'l— one ••! i t the bloclvadc. Twt'Oii .I:»mian. IllaT, is, iiKh'ttl. |l)OCUIIM'IltS,'' ill] W i» th«'lu'j;in l)"t, however, l;'r| of ruuniii^' i OPINIONS OF SIR .\LEXAM)K1{ COCKllURN. 437 At llrMt. Idotkado; ami, a.s he i'xpiesses it, to save that atoampr " the los.s of a moon." This shows that thu intention was not to siii)[»ly the Florida with coal, and that the visit of the Florida to UiMinuda was not in any way eonnected with the voya<;e of the Harriet I'inekney ; still less was tiiere anythin*; to siig^^est tiie slij^htest suspieion of such a kind to tho folonial authorities, iicsidcs whi(!h, the anxictyof ('.iptain Mallitt to ()l)tain coal Irom other quarters shows plainly that he liad no expecta- tion of a spccilic (^arg'o iH'in;;^ sent out for his vcs.scl. The charge of any violation of neutrality on the occasion of the last- mentioned visit appears wholly to fail. Leaving: llerniudaon the l-Tith of .luly, the Florida arrived at i>rest oil the L'.Jd of Au};ust. This i)art of her history is touched upon lijrhtly and cautiously in the cascof the United .States; yd the indulgence allej;('d to hav<^ Ix'eii jjranted to this vessel in liritish ports is hut triHinj'' as compared with that which was extended to her 111 the Frentdi port : and the events which occurretl there aiv iinpoitant assliowinj; that the I'rench {ioverninent entertained notions more lihcral than our own on the su'oject of hospitality to he extended to hellij4'erent vessels. She had that, in addition to this, the olTi- ws (>f the iM)rt Inul reported to the government that the vessel was icakini; hadly, that she made water at so much i)er hour (i^iving tho iiieasaremeut) ami unless repaired she would sink."' There heing n(» <'ommercial dock at r.r<'st, ('aplaiii .Mallitt applied for ilie u.sc of a government dock. Mr. Dayton remonstrated; hut M. '•roiiyn de lihuys replied that, where theic was no coinuH'rcial dock, as ilUivst, i' was customary to grant the use of any accoiMmod.itioii there to all vcs.scis in distress, upon payment of cciiiiin known and lixed nitt's; that they nnist deal w ith this vessel as they W(»!dd with one of tho I iiitcti States ships, or the sliiits of any olliei' nation; and tli.it to all Miili these jiccommotlalions would ln' granted at once.-' Lastly, permission having hcen asked to ship new hands, in tlieplaon III those whose time hail expired, .M. D.iyton strongly opposeil it. lie iliiis states tlu' result : M I'iMiiyn >vr!iimciit, jtrti'iiiiiicli cihiIVii'iicc^iukI, I'l'.;iii\, soiiic liivsitat I'lii.) Iiail ciiiiciiiiii'd iml Id i>siii- jiii itidi-i' iirnliiliil liii; an aci-cssinii to ili.'cri'w of ilif I'Miiiiila wliilc in jM»r(. inasnnit'li a> .siuli arci'ssiiMi \v,is iicrcssary ti> lior ' ••ami' iiili» Urcsl wen* ditcliar^ji'il ' Hii(i.ili Atp iiilix, Vdl. vi, p. \'.\'i. pi>i't('d t*» iiiiii tliat this KcaiNar^o hatl hkowi.so apjdifd tor .moiho sail pilot ill that port, as well an lor (;oal, and h-avo to iiiako rtipairs, all ot' wliidi had uiid would bi'. if iiioro were noodcd, clMMTt'tdly j;rantcd. I told liiiii.I was <|iiito conlidcnt. th<« Kcarsai'irt^ had iiiadc no alli>in]it to sliip a thi'ic, and tliat, as rcspfctH a jiilot, that stood on <;ronnd pfculiur to itMdlf, and hail j'ct'i'i-cnco to the ^cni'ial jirinciphv lll'CIl, ClfW IK' Till' dcti'iiiiinaiiini w liich has hecii icaohcd by tiie French anthorilii's to all 0\V till' hhijiiiient ot' a errw, or so lar;;e a portion of one, on lioai'd of the Florida while |\i in their jiint is, I tliiiik, wionj;-, evi-n Mipjio^in^^ that vessel a ref;nlaily (•oiiiniissiinnd Hhip of war. I told M. Diiniyn de Lhiiys. that, lookinjj at it as a iiicie lawyer, ;iiii| clear of ]nejndiees whieh my ollirial |iositioii nii^ht <-reat(s f tlnni^rht this dct tion an eiror. lli^said, howrver. that in the contVrenee tlie\' ImiI enimia- Iriicllril riio rinri.i,, nf (J,. If mijiiiiiiKinsly, allhoiij^h a iiiiijniiiy of liii- niinistiy ei)n>iil( rin^r ,i Mr. .. ,. , quostioii worn hiwyors.' From :i it'port by the liiitisli consul at Hicst, on tlio .snbjccr of th. i('('('i»tU)ii and stay of the Florida at that jtort, it ai)pear.s that — Captain Mallitt, the eoininandor of tho Florida, was infornu'd hy tin* admiral of tin port, (pi«5fet maritime.) Viee-.\diniial (Nnnit de (Ineyton. that he was at lilniiy id e/leel the rejiairs of the ship and prt>\ ide her with eoal and provisions, the saiiii' .i-^ any int ic haiit-ship. , , ..««,,. The eommeieial resoiuccs of Jhest ]irovinjj; insntlieient fo effect the repairs of tin- Fhiiida, application w s made to the port-admiral to allow her to enter the govern- i nn-nt dock-yard, and permission for her to do so w.-is ^ranteil, it hein;; stipulated ili;ir, all exptnses should he n^-imhnrseil hy tie ajjj'iit, .M. Aiiinaltre, and that her powilii , nia^ia/.ine should he cleared hefore entering; the dock. To etl'ect the hitter oiieiaiinii, a j ;;overiim<'nt harj^e was furnished for thepiiriiose of removing tin; ainmiinitioii ; and tin? | h.'irjj;e was, hiter, moored in the hay. I On tiie Uth of .S'pteiiilier, LSI:?, tlie Florida Piitored the t^overnnient dock, and n - i mained ther<< for ;;eneral ic|)airs for ;i ]ieriod of ahont live weeks. The Florida completed her repairs in the dock-yard, and afterward took niooriiiiiM in the merchant harliorof Ihtst, where she was slowly lelitted. On the 'J7tli of Deinn her she was moved to the roadstead. it appeaPH that Home lii^i,. bron^rjit to Hrest by railway direct from Paris, in nnnibers never exeeedin;; foinat :kj time, and that they w*'re ipiietly sent on board in similar nnnibers. The Federal eorvi'tte Keaisar;^e le-appeared in Ihesl waters on tln^ I'd of .Iaim;in 18l)l; and, aft(;r steaming about the bay to within a inilu of the town, ai^aiii jm ceei le nt' Mei'j Majcsty'.s poit.s ; il'ii o;ovcitiin«'nt i'.. IU7. lit ilocli, iuul n at ion i>r iH'ii- OI'IMONS OF SIR Al.HXANDKli COCKIilJKX. 431) Af'tor Iciiviiifj- ]>rosf on tlic iLllli of February, LSiU, tlio Florida visited the Fi'ciit'li coliniv of MartiiiiuiiL', where slu' r«'itiaiiii' llcrninda, ^^ ^ lu'in;; then nndcr the <'oniniand of LientenantC. M. .Mor- ris.' Lieutenant [Morris inunediately wrote to Colonel .Manro, the act- iiijr jjovernor, statiiii;" that his vessel was in want of coals, provisions, and repaiis. and rii ami l.i'ifcli. assistant i'ii;;int'i'is, oxaniineil lu-r niachinci'y, wo bry to iiiakii '^''' '^"" ' iLti li>llo\vin<; if|ioil : I. Sill' can procccil to si-awitli snrli repairs as can Ix^ maili.* ^^noil here, wliicli. as far as we Mic' al>lc to jndiji'. will i-iM|nirr live days for oin' man. viz, a tUvcr lor two ilivs and a littiT Cor tlirm days, or tlirt'i- coni|ilfti' f'iivaiuiah ifw .r,r, •^'"l''le ojO 111!) N\'c liave, A.C., .vin'iiiii 11. (,;. KU"ii.viin.so\, LkuUiiant. !:!)\VAK'I» I). CIMCIITON, Cliiif h'tifiiHctr. \ ii i-Adniiral .Sir . I. Hon;, .Ji., .(c, ,)•!•. I'. S. — Till' Florida can stow i:50 toim of oul.'- rp(ui this a stay of live workin,<; da>s was accorded lor the cotnph'- lioii of the necessary repairs." i'eriuission was i>;\\i'u to shi[) SO tons of t'Olll. Three heads ol" complaiid are put forward by the rniled States (lov tnnncnt as to what was done on this occasion. Twice over it is stated tli;if. a stay of. //re days havin.o- hcen o-ranted. that stay was extended to nine.'- We ha\i' here anothiT of ihosii inaccurate statements of fact, the I'l'i'ct of which may i)e to mislead the trihunal. riiestay of tlu^ Florida iit 111 iiuiida on this occasion was only nine days in thti whole. IJat the ' r.riii^h Appendix, vol. i, ]>. l:il. -Hdd.. |t. |:!'i: I 'nited State-; I >iien:nent:.. vol. \ i. p. ;!."..'(. Uiili.-li Appendix. \ol. 1, p. i:;.'. ' lliid., vol. \', p. ;•. i'.rili-h .\ppenoi":. vol. v. p. II. ' Ihid., p)i. Ii. II. \\i. ■Case ol' file I'niled Stale-.. pM. It ',(•. It'.l. fc I: I!'. 440 ARIUTKATIOX AT (IKNKVA. oiuii(>r portion of that tiino was occiipicil in the prcliiiiinarv ('uiiiiiinni cations ami in the survey. Tiio stay of i\\o days was {jnnitcd l»y t||,. ffovornor on tlio 'Jlst oi' Jnno. Tiic Florida lidl on tlici'JTtli. The total Ntay of nino days has tlins boon (ronfonndod with tht^ stay aft> r tho ^rantinjj of (ho live days. I shonhl ho, ushaniod to snji;j;ost that this nusroprosontation was intontionally made ; hnt I ninst ropoat tiiat thoso who aoons(5 porsons in authority of niisoondnct shonhl taivc nioro caio to bo aocurato as to tluMr facts. It is next statoil that, instead of JO tons, the Morida was allowed to taUo l.'J.i.' Jint (Ml rcfereneo to the report of the Hurveyin Ions if soekin;; the fnrtliest, namely, .Mobile; with varying;" umonnts if making lor intermediate ports. L'ontonaMt Morris assnreil the ;;i)vernor that the port ho expectoil t) niako was Mobile.- The . 'MVi. 'Piitisli A|))i('iiili\, vol. V, p. •!. Ml.i.l., vol. i, p. t:a !). "("UNO 111" tlm lliiitnl Slati'M, p. :Jl)I. '•lIiiitiMl Htales DocmnciUs, vol. vi, p. Jtll. ' Oiwo of tU« llnift'd Stiito.s, p. IMil. OPINIONS OF SIR AI.KXANDF.K r <)( KI'.l'KX. n moaiit to Ih' snid tlint lioii'iii tlicn-i was juiy brciich of iioiitralit\, sadi ;i proposition implies ignorance oftlu' I'lrsf jMiiiciph'sof iiiteniational law. All tlio articles eiiiiinerated are tliiii;;s wliieh a i)ellijj;ereiit lias a perlVct. riulit to procure in a neutral port, anil wliicli tlie;;overnor eouhl iieitlier [irevent thoconnnander of sncli a vessel from Iniyiii^, «»r the Queen's siih eots fronj selling to iiim. There is one other eomplaint, whieh I ''onfess occasions me lM)th sin nrise and pain. It is that, although the surveyors had report«Ml thai. •tlie vessel was unmana;,'eal»le with her screw up in bad weather," and limt " her defects aloft ((Moss-trees) rendered the maintop-mast unsafe,'' yet, as they havernorou{;ht not to have allowed the repairs necessary to render hei- safe w hen under sail.' Wo have hero the converse «(f Air. Dayton's contention with the I'rencli jjovcrnment, !mt in a more ohjectionahic form. When it is l)()rne in mind that in a snow-steamer steam is hut an auxiliary power, and that no such vessel IS over committed to the ocean witlnuit everything,' ni'«'es.xury tt) her sal'cty under sail heinj;: in a seaworthy condition ; when it is lememhered that all machinery is liable to acci«lent, esp»'cially such as is exposed to tlu> aittion of the ehMuents, and that if anythin^jT had happened to the niacliinery of this vessel in her then condition, she would have bei'U ex iNised, with her living: frei;;lit, ci'ipplcd and helpless, to danger and dis- ister, I think the proposition which tiie tribunal is asked to adopt ought not to find much lav(»r in its sight. Imm- myself I can only say, that I trust and believe lut British govt'ruor, i)la(;('d in similar circumstances, would — let our decision be what it may, let the political consecpiencesbo what they will — be so wanting in a sense of what is vernorof r>ermtuiaa(;ted o\\ this occasion. I have only turtln«r to ol)serve that when muirh is nnuhi in the case of the United States of the fact that the Florida, instead of proceeding to the nearest port, was kept (Tuising off the islands, lookingout for United States vessels, which no «Ioubt appears to have been the case, - the same nhseivution occurs as before. Such a course of conduct may have been (lisbonorable in Lieutenant IMorris, as being in breach of the gooil faith Im ought to have kept with the governor, but it certainly cannot be as <:ril»t'(l as a fault to the latter. No doubt the conduct of Lieutenant Morris is open to observation. Ilecanie back afterwanls to the island, on the pretext of mice of an American government: as such, he was entith'd to the presumption which attaches to such a pcsition, antl which presupposes 'lie impossibility of acts inconsistent with the highest sense of hoiu)r Mid the most sort of liahia, ^hereupon Mr. Wilstm,the United States consul, forthwith addressed a 't'tter to the president of the province in the accustomed terms: ' CaHo 111' tlio UnitiMl .States, p. :K2. •Set- Hiitiuli Appciulix, vol. i, p. 13X ' Ibi.l. ^1;. 442 AKIUTJfATKtN AT (JKXKVA. Coxsi'LATi; »tK riir. l'Nrri:i> Siatks oi. Amlkk \. Jiiiliiit, (hiobir ."), Hiii—i) 11. Ill Sue : 'i'liis iiKiniir;; ii sliMincr iiiichonMl in thiH port bearing tin- llii;rii)li)|itiMl liy tli Avlio iirit ih\ iilvi'il ill tlir iclit'lliiiii it^^iiiiiMt. Ilitt (iiivcriiiin'iit of ilic (Jnitnl Stati'> Ainrric:!, iinil I am iiiloiiiii'd liiMt. tlii^ n.imI vessel i.s llie I'loriil; wllleli IS eiii.ra;,'i(| iii| eaiiliirmi; vessels na\i.;atiiii; nmler \\\>'. rtii;» of the Uiiiteil Stiites of Atiieiica, ami Uesti'oN'iMi; IIh-iii liy iiiaUiii'; Itoiilires of liieiii ami llieir ear^roes. iiii 'I'lie vesst^l in (|iiestioii is mit .'ominissioiieil l»v iiii.V re(!o;ji>i/,e(l j^oviinniteiit what- «>ver, am I her olliiers ami eiew are eoiiipuseil iif pi'isoiis of various iiatioiialit le-*, \v| .'ire not sniijeet to any iiileiiiatioiial or eivili/. 'il law, and are eoiiS('i|iiiMitly iml eiiiitli'dl to the i)iivile<;es ami iinmiuiili*'s eoi led to vessels iiavi;ialin^ under thn i1:im- ,i| -.^ civilized nation. I theicfore inotest, in the name of the United States of Aiiieri.;i, against the admission of this vessel to Uvr |»raetiee. liy which she mi>;hl lie eiialiliil ii Mi|i|ily herself \N illi coal, | no visions, tackle, or oteiisils of any Uind whatever, nr leiiivi on hoard anv pci'sons whalcver; linallv, a;iaiiist any assistance, aid, or iiMileciiniil which mif^lil he conceded to liei' in this imrt, or in any other l>eloii;;iii;; to tin liroviiice. 1 likewiso claim that the piratical cruiser which, in coinhinalion with the jiirat Alahama, violated the soverei;;nty ol the imperial government ol' Itia/.il hy ca|itiiiiii :uid destroyiiie; vessels lielon;;in;; to cit i/eiis (d" the I'nited Stales ol America, wiiliin tliu| territorial wiiteis (d' Mra/il, near the island of I'eriianilo de Noronlia, in April, |sii:'i, Ix iletiiincd, with all licrollicerH and crew, in older to answer for so lla;{raiit a vinlatiuiil of the United .States within the i'lrisdiction of ilie llra/ilian j'overniiient. .■ereijj;nty of the f^overnment of |(ra/.il and of lll(^ ii;f|itsof eiii/ciis of tl I aval I, A( TIKiMAS V. Wll.SitV. I'oiixiil ill' till I'liilid SUi', His Kxcelleiiey As loM. » ,l(iA(ii iM i>v Mi.v\ (oiNir./, I'l-iKuUiit tif till I'ruv'niir uf lUihia, Tlio in'osult'iit ivplios: In reply to the consul, I have t,o inform him that, as the Maid vessel lK;hiii;^s to iliiJ ('onfederate States, in whom the imperial iiineiit reco<;nixed the ciniractt lM'lli;;erentH, all the assistance rci|nired hy lin .nity may In-' t'lirnishcd her which (tuiHl ill no wise cinistitnte assistance for warliUe pni poses, as laid down hy interiiatieii: " law, and does not conllict with that neutrality which this^rovernmeiit studiously seek to preserve, ami has always preserved, in the <'ont»'st lietweeii tln) .Stati's of Nertlil America. I'lie nndei'si^rned cannot, therefore, admit tli<> lirst |iorti(ni of the claim nl tin consul, in tlu^ ;>;eneral manner in which it was iiresiuiled, and itarticniarly in relatim to those articles considered as contrahand of war in «'onforniity with instruciion issued on that sniiject hy the ini)ieri, without the intervention d^ the Huprciiie ^ovci iinieiit id'the State, which is one coiiipi'tcnt to authorize such a i ture.- J'lcfore diiybij'iik on the iiioniiii<; of tlio Ttli Hie Florltlti was smpiiscd ill {\\v iioit of r.aliiii iuid takiMi by tlic United States war -.steaiiK i^ VViiclmsett and eaiiied oil jis ti piize. She .said; .sliotily after her arrival in Chesapeake Hay, in eoiise(|iieiic( as Wiis iisserted, of her haviiijj s|uiiiio; ;i IciiU tliirin;;- her voyii.ye, and i her havin;^: been iiijiiietl while at, anelior l\v it United States tiaiis|mir. I^Ir. Seward appears at lirst to have: been tbsposed to think that tlitj ]}ra/.iban jroveinnient, in '• fnrnisliinj; <>! sindter and a haven to piiulc: was iiM niiicli to blame as tlie captain of tlu^ W'aclmsett, jis we find liim^ on heariiii;' what had occurred, writing; thus to Mr. Webb: r»r.i'Ai:i MKNT Ol' SrATi:, Wiiihinijloii, Xoiriiihir II, I'"' Sii:: In the years l^Ci* and Hin! reiiKmstrances werti addressed hy ns to tiie p'vci iiient of r.ra/.ii apiinst the policy, dillcienf, iis it was from that of all other AniciiiMU ' Hritisti Appendix, vol. i, p, 1 1(>, • Ibid., p. 117 OriMONS OF silt ALKXAXDKU CUCKIUKN. 443 T Slates, ill ro>;unl to tlio fiiiniMliiii^jofHlifltpr iiiiil nlmvcn to pimti's who were fHi,'!i;;iMl in (|i'|ii'<'(l)itiii}( n|ioii tlin )iciict't°iil ciHiiiiifrciMit' tlir (Initial Sljit<<-<. 'I'lit' i'(in'cs|iiMiili'ii(-i) (;tllll^ to a cltiso williDiit li.'iviii;; |M'oiIii(;im| iiiiy n if istUi^toiy result, iiiiil imt witlioiil^ I^Mvin;; II paiiil'iil |irrNfiitiiiuMit lli.'il. u nMiliniiiiiieo of iiicasiirrs ho iiijiii ions to tlio I'liitni Sliitt'N would, NOdiiiT or later, all'cct tlut liariiioiiioiis rrlations lit'i'i'tnloro cxist- ui;: Ui'twrcii llio two (-iiiiiitric.s. We have JiHf, mtw Im-ukI of the captiiio of the rioriihi h.v the U'achiisett, at llahia, iiiil ol llie ('(iii>,i'i|iietit hii.stilities ulopti'il hy the ISr.i/.iiian I'ni'ces in thai piii't ; hut. wn have no pai'ticniar infurnialion of ihe riicninsiaMces which io'i'i'imIimI the eolliiioii, and iiiir iid'oi'iMati(Mi concern in;; the Iransaclion itself is inonnplete. At tin; sain '■ tinn< \V(< ,iii' ahsidutely withont. Unowh-d;;); of any (■(iiTi'siioiideiico that it may Inive elicited hc- lAccn yoni'HcIf and (he iha/ilian ;rovi'i nno'iit. In this sta<{)! ot' the matter tin- ricsidcnt thinks it ))i'o])er thai yon slionhl inform the iiiiiiisler ol' foi'ci^rn allairs that wo are not inilispotcil to examine tin* Niihject ujion its mil its carefully, and to cinisiili . wliatesi'i' (|iiesiions niav arise ont of it in a lieeomiii}; mill Iriendly spirit, . I' thai spirit, shall bo udopted hy His Imperial Majesty's ;j;oveni- iiii'iit.' rh«' j,'ov(MiiiiiOtit of I'.id/il |»fo(osf('(l iiiiiiu'diiitcly in stioii;; lornis ;i,'aiiist tliis vioiatioii of its .s(ivi'i'»'i;jtit.v and the. ticiiiriility of its waters. Tlu' following letter was itiiiiHMliatt'l.v written l).v Seiihof Ilarbosa da "^ilvii, the Hra/,iliaii ehaf;*!'' (rallaires at Wasliiii^^'toii, to Mf. Seward: I'l'rioishilliiii.) I.Mi'KiiiM. Iii:ii.vri(>\ oi lhc\/.ii„ H'(inliiiitilt)ii, Ihivmlnr \'i, \r^{\\. 'file iindeisij^ned, chai'^e d'atfaires ad iiiltiini of His Majesty the Kmperor of Hrazil. has just n-ceived orders fiom his};overnment to address hinisell, without delay, to that of the lli.iled States ot' North America ahont an act of the most transceiidaiit ^^ravity, donn m the morning;' of t he 7tli ilay of Octohi-r last, in t he port of the capital of the province ot Hahia, hy the war-steamer Waclmsett, helon^in;; to the Navy of the rnion, an act illicit involves a iiiaiiilest violation of the territorial jurisdiction of tlio I'liipiro, iiml mi «th'iise to its honor and so\ .rei^fiity. Oil the -Itli day of the month reiern-d to there entered that port, when^ already had hci'ii lyiii;^ for some days the Waclmsett, the eonfederate steamer Florida, for the jnir- liosc, declared hy her commander to the president of the province, to supply herself »itli alimentary provisimis and coal, and to repair smiie tiihesof her niaihinery. The I'rcsidi'nt, proeeediny in a leordance with the, policy of iienirality wliicdi the I'liiliire resolved to adopt mi the i|iiestioii in which nnfortnnately these .States are iiiviilveil, and in conformity with the instructions in this respect issued hy the iiin)erial !;iivfniinent on tin- '2'\t\ id' .In tie of the year last jiast. ass«Mited to the ii|iplieatioii of tin; iiiiiiiiiander ot tli«> Fhnida, and lixed the lerm of i'orty-ei;jht limirs for takinj; in snp- jilii'H, and lixin;;, in di>pemh. •'aiiiiaria, on the inslnne side, at the reipiest id" her commander, who, reposing on the fiiith with wliiidi, withonr doiiht, the chief anthin'ity of tln^ province c iiild not fail to inspire him, i-onsiileicd himself sheltered from any attack ot his adversary, and in this iiMitiilcnce not only staid a ninht on shore, hut ;;;ive liherty to a j.;reiit part of the ti'i'W of his vessel. It hchooves iin^ to say that, as soon as the confederate steamer eiifercil the jiort of Hahia, the .\iiieriean consul, Wilson, addressed to the I'rcsident a dis|iatch claiinin.14 'liat lilt* Florida should not he admitted to free piati(|iie, and that cni the contrary sho i-li'mld he detained, alle;{in,ii for this, that that vessel had, in cmicert with the Ahiliama, violated the neutrality of the emiiire hy mak in;.; captures in IHii'.), near tliu i.sluiid of I'Tiiimdo d(! Noronha. f^iicli exa;;;ieraled preleiidoiis. founded on facts not proven, which had alreaily been llii' Niiliject of diseussimi hit.weeiithe Imperial ;;overnnient and the le;;ation of the I iiiteil S'ates, (^(Mlld not lie e •en listened to. It' the I'rcsident should Iiav.' refiisid the hos]iitalitv solicited hy the eommander of till- I'loridii he would have iiifriiii^cd not only the ilutiesof neutrality of the empire, '"It also those of humanity, eonsidci in;; that steamer, comin;; from Teiierilfe, had lieen "ixty-one ihiys at Hen, was iiiiinovidcd with food, and with niachinery in the worst con- ilitii ).- 1..J i '• it HI. Br.tinh Appondiv. vol. i, p. 152. 441 AKIJITKAIION AT OKNKVA. iln \ i'M i I Affi'iwiinU llir I'liMiiltiil liiiviii^; Htatnl to tlic hu?iio rniisiil tlini lie Iiopnl, IVinn ) liiiiiiir Kiiil loviilty towani a tiiriidlv nation, lliat \ui would scttl<> with tlii< rnniiiiMnili' .ii... If) ••aiiicr ot'tlif WacliMHttt, that liM hIioiiIiI rfM|H-it tin- lu-iilrality ami Hovt'ii-iijnty oflln' fiii| lio was aiiswi Tfil aniiiiijitivt'ly, llm c-oiiHiil iili'il^inu liiH woitl of liotior. 'riiiii;;s v ill tins lonilition, the tcnn of l'orly-*>i;;lit lioiirs iMiiit; toi\|iiri< at 1 o'clork of i| nt'trrnoon of tlii> 7tli, when alioiil dawn of tliat day, tin- coiiiinandrr ol' tin- st \Vai'inisfll,sinldfiily Icaviii;; Iiih ani-liora){f, {iiiNHcd tinoii^ii tlxt Itiiuiliaii vcH.sflHol wur and a|i|noaclifd llic I'loiida. .. ..r Ai... II :i: * *.. 1 1 i -:.. i . i. . ri , i* Hill riiii- On inisHin;; aciosN tint liowsol'tlic llra/ilian coivi-tlc l>. .lannaria, ]ii^ was liailitl fi on lioat'd that lii> iniiNt anrhor; lint, as In* did not attend to tliis intinialion, and tinned to a|i|iioai'h tlio Kloiidii, at the same time tiring a ;;iin and Noine niiisketiy, tin coniniiinder of the naval division of the Kiii|iii'e Htatioiied in lliose waters si'iit an ollieer on hoard the W'arhnsett, and intoniieil her eoininaiider that the ships nf tliM division and the torts would open lire upon her if she slioidd attack the I'lorida. TIik Itra/.ilian ollieer was not allowed to make fast to the Waeliiisett, lint the onieer of |||i> detk hailed liiiii, sayiii;;, in reply that hmiieepted the intimation ^riveii, that he wmilil do notiiiii;; more, and that he was K**<'*n '" t'etiirii to his amdiorajre. The eoniinaiHlrr of the Itia/ilian division then tlioii;;lit proper to ratify his intimation liv liriii;; a ^im, npmi wJiii'li a eoniplete sileneit iollowed hetweeii the two nhips Waehiisell ;oiy the I'liited States, had entire application. In 17i).l, tlio yreat Washin;j;l(>n tin n Iteiiifj; I'lisideiit of the United States, and tln^ illiiHtrioiis .IcHVr- son Sci retaiy of .Stale, the French frisiate rEinbnscade caiiliirtMl the Kii;;lisli sliip (ir.iiip' in Dclawait' 15ay. thus violatinu; the nenlrality and the territorial Hovcrei;jnly i>f the United Slates. 'I'iii' American (tovernmenl reiiioiistrat«!d eiieryetically ii^iiinsf. this vi.dation, and reiiiiiied from the governnient of the French K-piiblic not only ''"> immediate delivery re.seiil note. Ily the H])ecial «ircuinstanccH which picct'iled ami at temled it, this act litis no parallel in the annal.s of inoilern maritime war. Theeomniander of the Wachnselt ii(»t only gravely olfeiided the territorial iinininii tins of the empire, ))assinn lieyond the laws of war by attackiii'; treacherously, ilininj the iii;j;ht. a dt'fenselesK ship, whose cresv, much re«lnced, becaiiHo nioro than sixty mi'i OI'IMONS or MK .\[,i:X.\N'I»KI{ ('(KKIMKN. ■\ \:i liit|i(il, Hoin \n^ tlit< I'liiiiiMMiiilt'r y of I III' fiMiiiii', r. 'l'llill;;H With I o'clmk of llu. ol" tlif slcamiT III Vessels ol war wiis liaileil fniiii iiatiiiii, ami eon- II iiiuskehy. tlii< Wllteis sent ail (lie sliips of thu le Floritla. 'rin- lie ollieer of tlic II, tliat lie wolllil The eoininaiiilrr l)V liriiifi a ;;iMi, Wiieliiisett. ami wliieli till- emu Kloiiila aiieliiii'eil anil tlieeoivetti) (larkiK SH of tliM t iiiDV iii!^ oiiwaiil need tliar, in f.irt, inaile. Illiltion, llie I'niii IlieaiLs of a loiij; ilialely set alioiit. otVeiisu lliiis iloiiii ■in'iinistanei'H, llm 10 bur, aiitl useap- lounl the NVachu- Itiitii of the«voiit, ill which, niviim ill lielieviiii; llial lieut of tlie l-'lli"!! illy usthoKiitvity Itivcof the United Hivinued that liii* liu' to it. liall tho attention .t.-rt. iiiiil in resjiect of (etl i»iil»lifists, «r.i \i- tho liinh iiiielli- this icspeit iult) lieh these piinoi- joii. In 171».!, tht> Jillnstrioiis.JetV.T- Ithe Kn;;li«h sliip lorial Movereiniiiy jnetieally M^iainst, lililic not only ''"> 1 ration of all '•'" Much nioni f,'!"!*^"! IhicU iiiaUi-:^ ll'" |cl> ineceded an'l 1^ war. nitoriivl iinmnm- •lievonslv,n? [e tlmn sixty mcii well- on slioii' w ir li I he eoininaiidei' and se\eral oltleers, repnsed niiwaiy lieiiealh Iho (.liadow of tile I not eel ion whieli till- iieiiliality uiitecedeiitM tiro well kintwii itiiil noted ill history l»y the ener;^etie deC'iise of. iind respect for. neutral ri;5lils, of ihiise nilshakell plilieiples, till* lllldersi|:'i|ed eannol eolisidi'r the event which oeellired :it Itallia otherw ise than as (he indvidnal act of ilie eionniaiider of the Wachiisetl, not :iiitliori/ed or approved hy his (■oveinineni, and that it will conseipieiitly Kive to (ho );i)verniiieiit of His Majesty the F.inpei'oi' the explanations and reparation which, in riiiforinity with iiileinalional laws, are dm- to a power which inaintaiiis fiiemlly and |iacilic relaiioiiH with the I'nited States. The just reclamation of the Imperial j^ovei'iinieiil hciiiK thus |trcsenled, the nnilet' si;;iied awaits the reply of the Ilomnahle Mr, Sew aid. and, tnlly con lid in;; in his exalted wi>\viMo; flic view wliicli tin' niiitrd States (loviMiiiiK'tit piT- sist«M] ill takii)'.': as to tli<> iiiadtnissihitit.N of tin* Coiit'ciloratc States to tlie cliaraeter ot l)elli;;ei-eiits, iiotwitlistaiidiiio; that all the or(>at mari lime states liati ao[r(>e(l throii<;lioiit, in eoiit'oniiitv with priiieiple and lirccedeiit, in aeeordin;;; to tln'in the status ol' l>ellio;ei'eney : l>i:i'\i!T\ii-NT 1)1' Srvii:, n'uHliiiiiiloii, Jhrrmht-r 'iO, l^iW. I lia\e the honor to ackn.iw ledL;e the iecei|ii I if yon r note, which HI ts forth the sonti- iM-iits ot' the Imperial ^overnineiil of ISra/il conet'iiiiii^ the capture of the Florida by till' I'liitcd States wai-sleamer Waehnsetl in the port of ISahia. Vim will, of course, explain to your government that, owiii;; to an iinderstandini^ iHtweeii yon and myself, yoiir note, althoiiM;h it hears the dale of the I jth D.'ci'iiilicr, WIS not snimiitted to me until the 'Jlst instant. .Iraloiisy of foreign intervention in every form, and ahsolnte iinii-lnti'rN eiition in ilif (loniestic iitriiiiM of l'ori'i;;ii nations, are cardinal prim-iples in the policy id' the. liiitcd States. Yon have, therefore, justly expected fliat the I'resideiit would disavow iiiii re-let the proceedings ;it It.ihiii. lie will suspend C.iptain Collins, and direct him t'ia|i|iear heloie a court-martial. The consul at IVdiia admits that lie advised and iii- iti'il the captain, and w.-is active in the )troceedine;s. lie will therefore he dismissed. liic llauof Ih'a/.il will receive from the I'nited .States Navy the homn' customary in tho iMii'i'cdnrse of friendly maritime powers. It is. however, not to he iiiidei stood that this CioM'rnmcnt admits or ;;iveH rii III ai;;iimfiit. It (Idf.i I 111), lii)v> i'\ t'l . lifldiiL; 111 I 111' cajilaiii^ 111 ^l(i|ts ol \s ar iil' I In- I 'niti'tl SiatcN or f It I 111' iiiiiimaiiiltr ^ 111 I (!fii -ii niics, m tn ilit ir cdii'tiiis ri'^itliiit; iii I'mi'imi pmis, ucinii; ^^iIll<|(!l I !ii' aitl Imlil V III ( 'iiiij;rt"<'*, airil wil hunt. i'\ ••II IXci'iili vi< diicr" Mm, jituj fliuos. iiijj; llifir I » n lih. . nianinT. ami «it'i'a'.iiiii In asMil tlii' i ij;lil.>* ainl icilit-iM the \vii>iii>h «il till- iiiiiiiiry. 'lliis jidwi r can In* lawl'iilly i'MTfisnl only liy Ilit- (invi-rniiii-iit nt tii.i ruilcd .>tat<'K. iti(l«-r, iml anan lix, .i< lli-y alwa\H |irclrr lawriil piiiri'«'»liii;;H In an;;rrssivi' vinj ii<-iii3ht ia/.i| ci.tn- tainM till' ti.'inir hi'iilina-iil''. Thf aiillnnii Irs at- I'laLia an* iiiiilrr.iliuiil In havt' iinxar- ri'NKtllliy cliipliiyi'il lot'')- III iivcii nliif I Iki Wactiii ell anil irsciii' tlii' l''|iii'nia, ami to lia\t' «'>lt'lll^4, iiiiiliially iiiaiii;i«'l lln- nllciiiliT.s wcii', iii-vci llii'|i>->., iinlawrnlly liriin^lit iiitu lite i iistixly nl i lii« (IiiviTiinii'iil, ami llicicl'inn tlii'y rniilil iini, lawlnlly 'm' Mil.jf»'!i'!! iirni in tli»> piiiiiHiiiiii'iit, wliirli tln-y liavi> ili-.trrx cil. Nnr I'miiil tllcy, iicin^ < iM-niti'H, In allnvM-il to i-lljny llio pinlcrl ion ut llio riiiti-il Slates, Tilev vill. tlleie'iile, lie iM-l at IlliellV, to Meek a tefilye \\ liereNiiever lliey may liml it, willi the h /"alil 111 reea|ilnre when lif\iilii', the jilll«illtt lull 111' Ulii t JiiM'lliiiieill. The I'liiriila wan li!i'ii;;lit intii Aineneaii \valei-*, am! wa.s am liiin-il, nmler iia\al ''pi'eKentatiiiii nt the lira/.i'iaii iM'lliliielit, nil ihe '.'"■ill .\ii\ eiii liel, ftlie .sniiU, n\\ in;; In li leak wliirli eoilhl ;inl lie .'M'a^nlialilv Nln|ipeMlim'il that, the ln.<<» nf the I'Moinla wan a eoa.se- (jnenei' nf Mitne nllfnl'('^«;elt aeiiiTent, \\ lin li ea.si lio re.spnliMbllit^ llpnii the I'l'.lleil Slates.' N\"n(M» tiii.s ('(HTcspoiKlrticc, (oo(>i!i('r willi \\\;\l wliicli jiiisscil (in th(> occji.siiiii III {\iv SdiiiltT, (lii> .\hiU;iiiiii iiiid tlif I'Moiitlii, in isC'J ami I'^^H.!, :iii(l wliicli > 1ia\(' ali'iaiiy rt'liiit'il tn, i.s t)i)ri)«> in niitnl, ii is ,s\vltat. snipi i.siii;; that ilta/.il sIhhiUI In* licltl up lui' tnir .sju'cial ailiiiiratioiiiii nnidast lutln' ili'lci-tivc nciilralitv ni iUvM I{:itai!!. Our \v»»illiv Ilia- /ilian i-nllia^iio uili 1 tlmiltt iioi, ii|i|>irciatr tlit' ciiniiiliiiK'nt tliiis paid to t he ciitiii) 1 V t)l' wlifli lie iv • lir di.st innnisliril icpicss'iitativi'. TJ'O AIiImikh OASK Ol-' Til 10 ALAIJAMA. ! proceed to (idiiMJtN'r lli«* lai't.s relalinjr to Ilic Alahama, wliirli. 1 aii) j.Tlad to A-"-\ rati lie inoiin^lit. into a iiitich Nliottt'i' coaip.i-'i Uiaii l!(o>v' iclMiti;; to lln- l''loinla. We arc now in po-sc-. KJoti of (lie whole liisioiy ol liii.s vcsnoI, partly tliioiin^li i\n> pnlilislitMl Journal Jiislil) and HiippiMt li«'r sei/iMv. 'I'ltere is no doubt/ that, Iroin llin ln';;innin;j, tin" Aliilmmv wa.s a vessel intended lor war, and eoii.sirneled and adapted )ieeoidiii;'.lv, altl)i>a;;ii| iiH I.s Mlatcd ill till! ca.He ol die (liiitiMl SlateH, ** hIic wan (u Hiii;;m-il as u 'JiiiiiHiit A|L'uUix, \ui. i, |«. i66. T? OI'IMONS <.i' .SIR AI.KXANDKli COCKULUN. 417 N'oi.'U't <>J tlii^ <'nnn,v's iiommciro rallior llinii for hiittlc''' ^Vn now fciiou I'.'Mt lr<'r:, tiic bo^iiiiiin;^: slio was inlcmlcd N»r th(* I'oiilcdcrato .I'lvict'. l'tH\ lacf lliat sIm^ was ((idcifd l»v llnllttcU «>x|>n>sMl_v loi" llio roiilfdrrato Stales is, no doiihl, true; Init, at tli<> liiiic in (jiu'stion, tliia A.is wii.illy unknown lotlio Kntisli antlioritics, (!(>iiiMicn(»L*. She had already altraeted the attention of Mr. Di.dley. wintin wt^ tind \ritiii;;about her to Mi*. Seen-lary Sev. ardon the day I'ullowiu}; her lanneli: 111 ;i |iifvi(in-i (liHimtcli I mi'iitiiiiir'l tin- Cict that Mi's-*rvi. l/viid ^v (''>. wcro Imi iliii'^ ', ::iii> lioiit at llji ki iilii ail. \\ liii'li, I iii-lirvo, was intr di'il I'nr llic ciiiiriMlcr^ki'v. 'I'liiM vat was iitiiiM'iiril ycsicnlay ; nIk^ will l»i«, wlu-ii (iiiislii'il, u viTy MnpiTior boat. ill! Mien ;j;ivesiv a jlescripLion ol" her, and winds up by saying: TIhtc is iw> (Iidilit Ittit what sin- is iiiii'iiili-il tnr tjir 'i lii-ls. This was ailiniltiil l»y '11' lit' l):<) Ifailiii;;; vMiiUiiii'ii in tlii' vaiil; lir said .shi) was to he tlm sintor to tlio ''.'iiii, ami till' ihi' Name iMir|in.sf ami ^^•lvi^^.■ Alter tliis, Mr. Uudley remains ([iiiet lot : aiouth; but, on the ISlh \"\ June, writes aj;ain ; Tlir ^iiti-lii'at liniltliniT for t hi' I'linriMli'ialf* li,\ .Mi'>sis, I/iiiil will muhi 1>i< comidi'ti'ii h'li' iiiailr a trial lri|> l.i>i Thiusilav. Ninu' tit Iho pr.s-t wimi- iiiviliil. Nd oiii' was I jimillrti nil lioaiil withiiiii a liikci. 'I'liry witi- ihhiu'iI only to thf |ii'Imiiis ai'livrly ii:;i;;iil ill iiiilih^ tlir ii'lirlliiiii. All llir ai'tivi- |mt>o!is ami hoiisfs ciijja'.ii'il in liitin;.; iiships, iVr., wi-ir ri'pi'i'Hi'iili'il on hrr. 'I"ln« Nrw Voik papers hasr piihlishi'il artich'S 'Mliii;; that inl'nnnation of hhip't littin;;oiil at. this port is si-nt to our (Sovri niiiiMit. T.M'M> pii'i-i's lia\'(' lii'i'ti ciipit'il in thi- nrwspaprt's Iici'i<, ami tin* rll'i'i't li.is lirrii to niaki* ' |irii|il<' nim-li iiioi'i- cairf'nl ami ;;narHrtinH or oxpi'iiso lias Im-imi Mpaivd in lit>r ••onstrnctioii, ami, wht'ii tinislnil, hhowil! |'« ;i\r.v Hiipi'iior boat of Iht class. Imh-cil, tle-y say tlnMi« will In* no l>i'lti>r atl lat. I ii-r tiial trip was ciitiit'lv ^ati.sf.(l•!oiy. Shi- will Im' liiiishnl ami n-aily for lirr urmii- "iiil in alimit ten days or two wi-rks. I ha\i> not sri Ifarnrd what, it is to In-, 'i'lin .tliiriiis for tin- ^nns thai ai'i> liriiij; niaili> an* .^iirli that lln< ;;iiii can ho iiscd on l)ol.h ■•Mljl llf lltO VCMHcl.' <»ii the LMsl of .Iniie, Mr. I)iidh\v, who had b(>en to liondon to see >rr« .lilaiiis, the Tnited St. lies minister, on the snbp'cl of this ti,« Ai.t.im». m isscl, wrote, on the sitjuoeslion «>1 the hitter, si leitjT to ini '■"">•-•' |'r\viirth'«l l>y him to llliiiis. At Ins instance [ drew up ~i'l lulnressed to liini a note, a <'op\ of which i> iiiclii.>ed. marked No. I. lie inclo.ied it '!>v llf this, aecoinpanied w itii an ener;;etic lote from liiinsrlf to l'',ail K'ii-*sell. Mr. ^i.iiiiH thinks there is a ludter feeling; on the part ot the (io\ eriiiiieiit towaid iis, ami I'Kii ti.ey will now do what they can to eomiiiate iis, and will stop the liitinu oiil of Ki« vcHHid. It in to l(o luipcil t'lat they will do it, as .>.lie would do inmli miscliiet to rci< if hIic Kol. out in sonic <|narlcr distant fium mir cruisers. One of llio ''Ills, an active inenilter of this tinii. is a meinlier ot I'ai lianieiit. this vensel is readv I ' ^"M, and if not prevented will sail he fine the eml o| next week, ('ajitaiii itnllork ' I'iMiiinand her. She will eiiler n|ioii the IniHiness as a piivatciT at once, .iiid not. iiipt toiiiii into a Soiithcrii port. It. is said that her arinameiit \nll consist, of I' 'III L;iins, all of heavy caliher.' ' i'iiK«i :t(M, *l'iiited States Dofumont«, vol. vi. p. 373. ' ll.id., p. :»:t. M'liited Stat4>« Doct'tncnts. vol. vi, p. 377. 448 AUlUriiATluN AT (;KM.VA. s ■ i i 1 I y\\: l)ii»ll»'\ 's h'ttt'f to Mr. A«liiiii>-', nmU'i'dah' of IIm- LMst of .Inn a..s iollows: Tlir Jillll-linilt MOW hciiiy; lillill li,\ t In- Mrv>.l -. l.siilil A Cn., irt Hilkflili< :i(l, ,i|(|i, LivrriMMil, iiiul wliiili I iiit'iitioiit'il li> \.iii in a |)ii'\ imis tU.>.|pat<'li. is iiilcii nut tliitiU tlicio is llii' Imst rixiin tor st'i| lor a liirtiii'i' i'\)ilaiisitioii lio htiitctl tliatHi to he a |invatr)'l lor III ^ollllli'lll ;;OM'rillllr It ill III*- Initi'd S,at< 'ill: anil oniciMH III' I lie siiaiiD'i .Iniia I Vliir, now at l.iveriiool, ami \\ liirli is loailcil t till' lijoi'kail)', stall' that tlii-'^ ;:nii-lioai \t lor tlir cuiitrilcialt-h, and ih to lio t'oiniiiaiidt-ii h;, <'a|ilain r>iilliirk. 'I'lir sti icicit \Milrli i,-. Ki'|ii i)\ci this \ '■!'ly i-n ^ai Tlinr.'-dav week, no om- vsas adiiiitlt'd witliont a pasN, aiid tlii'st' patHcs wi'w iMNiifil to lint Irsx prisons, and tlio^fwlii) mv known lu'if as artiM- M'n-snioiii.st.s rn;;ai;n| in bt'iidiii^ aid and ii'lii-l' to tlir ri'lii'ls. I niidcistaiid tliat In r artiianK'Mt is to consist ol' ilrv en ii i at oiici'. iis soon iiNslic It'siMN this port, upon licr hn^ini'ss as a privalfi-i. 'I lie vi'ssci is M'rv iiiailv roniphtrd : she has had In-r lirst trial trip, 'this trial w:i~ Bllr''i'ssrnl, ;ilid I'litiicly s.il istint • • W'lirii riiiiiph'lrd and ai ihid shr w ill Im- a most lormidahii' and daiip'roiiH i rati ; ami, if not pii'M'iiii'd from "oin^ to sea. \\ ill ilo innrli iiiisi-hii't' to oiir roiniin-rci'. '{'In- pri sons (■ii;;a;fiil in lirr ciiiistrini Ion -a> that no lnt Ii'IM j-sci ol hrr class was imt lunli, 'ri'iiii.sinittiiio; tlii.s Icttci- to i-]:iil Itiissi'll on the I'.iil ot ,liiiii>, Mi A(l;ini.s. iilti'!' :i : I am MOW niidi r the painful iici r.-.sit y <>t apprising your loidslup that a nctv and still more powerful waistratinr is nearly ready tor depat tine from the port ol' Livi rpniilnii llic siinie errand. This ve.'-sel has leeii Iniilt and i;iiineheil from i lie docky'iil of |iri Hoiis. one of w lioiii i- now sit I ill;; as a m em her of t he House of ( 'omnions, and is liiini'' out for tin Miial ami manileKi olijrei ol' carry i on lio^tliit ies hv sea. Il Is aliiiii t't he eoinma'ided hy oi f tin iiisiir;;enl .i^reiilH. the same s\ ho sailed in the Oietii 'I'lie parties 4li'.;aued in tin eiitel prise ale pei -.ins well know II ;i I Liverpool to hi' a ;;;• III- iiiii! I'llirei's III I he in-.nroeiits in the rnited Slates, the iialiire and cMiiil of w Ihim laliOI's ale well cNphlimd in iliecO|iy of an inteleepted letter of one of llielil wlilill I leei'ived t'lom my Cinveriimenl some day s a;;o, and which I iiad the honor to |il;irc m your lordsliip's hands on 'riiiirsday last. I now ask permission to liaiisinit, for y our consideration, a h'tlcr addressed to iiie li\ the coiiHiil of (lie I'nited .s^lates at I.iNi't'pool, in conlirinal ion of the Hiatciiients licii H:ihiiiiltcil, .mil to solii il Hiicii action as may tend eiihei to stop the projected i'V|icili lion, or to .'slaldisli the fact tint its purpose is not inimieal to the people ol' the I'liiti'il Slates.- TIh' 4N iiU'iMM', whicli Wit.-* <.lnlia I'slu'r, tlicii Iciiviii;; M\(>i-|mhiI in order to run the blockade, mid \\ liicli .Mr. I)iid!c.\ could only pfodiK-c at second liaiid. uoiild lia\(' lieen itiiax ailaldc in an l'hi;:lisli court of Jn.stiee. The iiii snppoited .statcnieiit of a .sitio|c woiUinan tVoin tlie sliip-ltiiilders' vani. <>ven it' sncli woikniaii .slioidd be willing to ie|ii-odnce it in tlie shape ol evidence on oatli, uoiild have lalleii slioit ot' what proliuldy wdiiIiI Iijim- been tieeined Judicially leiniksite. Tlu' asserti^tnol Mr. AdaniH, "tliatj the parties enyay:«'(! in the enterprise \M'r«' well known at Livt'ipool in be ao;cniM iind olliceisol the insni-jients." earned the ea«e no further. Ii iiMoiinted only to a statement of y:ener,d notr wIkim ■ til ilii'in wliK li I lii.iKii- to |>l;i><' "1 ililirsHfd |.ilMi'li> !• Htllll'Kl"'"''* '"''' 'MIV of tlM' Vfv ,}f. Tin' sii>''' |Im> ciiptaiii mill I ill tlu' sli:ii>'' '•' lil»lv wonltUiitvi ill liivi'il""' Tilt' •• iiit('i('('|tt<'ar(i('S in iliis «-onntiy rcrcncd to in it arc [''rascr, Ticnliolni iV: ( 'o., wIk) aio iiitMitioncd as Inr. in;; pfact-d the ISaliaina at his disposal lor the trans- |M)it of soinr iiaticrics of aitillcry. If is statccl in tli«< I'nitiMl States i;isrtliaf tlic < referred the lettei.; of .Mr. Adams iiiiil Mr. Diidle.N to the depart meiit of the customs, the follow in;^ report \v;isiecei\ed b_\ the commissioners from t he siirvt'vor of the port of l,i\ ir|M»(i|. under date of tlio I'Stli ol June : l,l\ IJU'lKtl,, .hllll 'JS, 1 't\-l, Sll:; 1 niciNl ri'slifillully lii'y; id ri'|Mirl lli;(l ( lie v rs.Sfj Id wlliill I llt'sc pjipcls Icrn ,l^ mil i'-.c-ii|ii'(| till' imliii' III' I III' iii>lliip of war. Aiiiffaldy with \uiir (linTliniis, I Inivi' prrsoiially iiispocli'd licr, aiitl Iliiil that slic is ' :i My (Icscrilii'd in tin- (■iiniimiiiiratiim ol' tin- I iiili'd Slalis con.siil, ixrcjil tiiat In-r >:i,{iiirs an- not nil till' (isi'illal iiii; principle. Ili-r (lliiiriisions ai'o as I'ollows : li-ii^th. ■.'II 'I'l't li Iiu'Iii's: luraillli. ;!l I'ri'i ^ inrlifs ; ilrptli, 1' Iri'l "^ iiirlics. anil lnT ;;riiMs tnii- lU'''. 'ly till' pri'srllt Mill' III ,'lilllli'asill'i'liii'llt, is (i"^'J ,',,',, lulls. >li« lias sf\ I'l'al pDWili'T laiiisii'i's nil linanl, Iml iicil InT y;iiiis iinr rarria;;i'.'< as yrt. ilii riini'iil I'i'pnri ill' tiiat \i*ssi-| is iliat slir has hi'ia Imilt I'm' a Inii'lfrii i^mirn- iii. and tlial is nni dinii'il hy tin- Mf-.iih K't'er- Ki' III till' de.siinat inn nl' the Vessel altei she leax'es iIiIm port, and W(i have nil .itlni ii'll.lliie sniiree nl' illt°nl'inat inn. It will he in your reenlleetinn lliul the I'linellt report 111' the li'lllhnal Oreln w.'is. ;ii:il >he had heeli hnilt I'nr a |niei";n ;;nveriiiiielll, whieh Vessel reeelllly left lIlLs port ">irr a Kritisli lla;;. wilhont any ;4;iiiis or aiiiMiiinilinn mi Imanl. as pruvuiii.tly re- [■oiii'ii. 1 lii'i; lo mill thiit any t'nrllier iiifoniiiition th.ii iiia\ he ohIainiMl e()iiir«niiii}r the \ es- 1 li li'ired to will lie ii MliatelN repmlid, a;;iei'alily with \ oiir direil Ions. \i\\ res)»i cilnlK , 11. MtUv'ti.W, Sinvfifor. ' flic reports earr.\ inn' the case no further, the .solicitor of the eiistoms uiscd the lioard : \i jHeseiit there is mil siiltii'ieiil lo show that tile \essel in i|iie.nth seilinli nl' ll.e I'm ei(;ii enlist iilelil ail, or In ;;ive ||ie "'iliil lit' olliiers III' this revelilli' power to Mitel tele ill this ease, 'file ol'lleels at i.iviT- iiiii' .leleil ilisi reetl\ )i' Ueepiiiir a vMi'rIi Upon her. and shmilil eoiitinne to do so. ixihalely repniiiii;; 111 the lioa 'd ,'iii\ eiieiiiiistaiii'is t hat llieyinay emisider to i-nll Ml ilii'i'i'l lolis, nr ,'id\ isalile to hrili;; lllli'er t he linaid's iint lee ; hill I he ollleers mi^lit I 'I III liio'i i> in t 111' mat ler wit hmil l he .'lea rest i'\ idi'llie nl' ,'| di>l illi't \ inlatinti nl° the '.:!! I nlisi 111,111 aet, iinr unless al a nimii<'nl ol ^real einei';;eiiev. the toriiis ol' tbit '"'iii'^ e\tri'ini'l> terhiiieai and the I'l'ipiireiiieiit- as to iiiti'iit heiiiii very iiiiil. It ' 111 ilial the ship, h:i\iiiu; repaid to hei rai'uo as eimtiahand of war. miiilit Imi 'iiMiiiiiahls liahle loiaptitre and eouiliMiiiialioii, yel not liahie to di'leiitioii iiniloi i''iiiuii-enli.«lineni aet, and the sei/.nis iiii;(lit eiiliiil upon ilieiii.si'lvei* vi-ry .serioii., •"»''i|iii'iii;i'H. K. ,1. II.\.MK1„ '' \i :iii, t-iCri. L'lt IJ > Rrliish A PI t-niiix, vol. 1. p. 17;^. •Iliiil.. p. tiwi. 'Ildd , p. IKJ. ' ll.i.l.. p. IK'. 450 iKIJlTUATHiN AT (iKNKVA, The < "(niimissioiicis of C.isttuns roiinirnMl in opinion with their ]{"^n\ lu their icport to the huds of the treasury, th(»y aihl : In lorwardMi};- tliese reports to Mr. Ailanis, I'.arl Knssell, tn a note of tlie 7th .Inly to .Mr. Adams, snj;«esfs to .Mr. A(huns "to instruct the United StatesConsul at [iiverpool to sulunit to tht^ eoUeetor of eust()iii> at tiuit port such evidence as lie may possess tendin;; to show tiiat liiv suspi(;ions as t'» the destination of tlie ves.sel in (piestion were well j fonnded,-' .Mi'. A(hims aecoidinjily wrote to .Mr. NViidinii', the .\meriean \'ice ("(»ii j sul at l.iN('rpo(»l, inchisin;;" a <-opy «>f ICarl liusseli's note, icquestin;; liiin to "eommunieate as soon as may hv any eviiU'nce which he conhl rcadi!) command in aul of tlie object desi^'iiated.'" K'eterrin;^' to the re |ii'IU. tnarrrjit tllisiiiilil I lie piil'l Irs Willi air lilliii lirr. anil who liasi- it in tlirlr |. uvci lo nIiow if iirr ili'stiiiatioii anil |imi'|iiisi' 'tie ii-] iiiiitr ami liiiiirsl. ilii Nil. h is a vny i'as\ niallrr I'nf tli'- Missr-*. I.aifil i\ (H. !.■ sliiiw fur wliiini tliry arr Imililiny; Iiit, ami t<> y;'^'" '^iu'li int'iiriaatiDii as in iin iim| iis ti> III' >al iNlartiiiN tn all |iailii'S. 'I'lic linitlcn Dl'itrniir uii^iil nut tn lii' liunwii iipnu lis. In a liiistili' I'liiiiniiiitit >' liU<- tliis it is vi'iy ililliriiit tn ;^i'l inliniiiat iuii at an\ liinr II I Mill t lii'M' mat ti'i's, ami it Mami's aii' l<> )><■ ui\ ni il wniilil irmicr it :iliiiii>i iiii|i>i.-viii|. Tlir i;i»\ fllilMrlit nll^illl 'n illV r>l iv.ali' i'. •iml lint call "11 lis Inr iHdiil'. Notwithstandin;jf tlie\ie\v thus expres.sed that his helij-f as to lienli'> tinatiou was siltlicieiit to call for the sci/uie of the \essel. Mr. |)il(l!i\,| oil I lie same day, addressed I lie liilli»\\ iii;^ coiiiiiiunicatioii tn the ( 'ollciii'i ol' < 'iistcuiis : ilr', l.;|. lilinu ^lli I I. ' HritiHli A|i|i ) show lliat lli^ .lion \v»T(' Well 'lit-aii N'icr Ciiii r('<|U('stiii;,' liiiii lu' ••oiild n-adil) II a dispMtcli \i<\ litis lllllttiT. Tins OtlliM. Wllrll \..[- I iiii'. Iliat 1 iiaM' ii» I's v\ iiti all' liiiililiii.: I |iiiiiiiisf an' li'j;i'; IN. Lair. I A ('<>. !• II ;{•* to lici ]ini|in-' to III' liinivv II ii|>i>iil iiialiiiii at ali> liiii<-[ lllllii>l inipn.s>ili|r.j M'. \v\' as In ll»'lili'> st'l. Mr. Diiilli'S, I III llic ('(illccl"l| IMl , -I III 11 '.'. I"l'''.'. iiiiiiiiir ili.iii III Ml. II' iiil'itiiii iiioii :>i>'l| nil liiial iiii« liriir: II' Siiiiliirni riiiti'l| 111- I'liiti'il X.ili'v ill N'oN I'lllllil Ik"'. I s 111 twii .^iiii-liiial'' I.. Ori'lii. litti'iliiii' III l|IU"«l lltli. '*"' til III' wi'ii riiiiiiiii''i>| 11. Itnt saiiril iiiii''[ •iT fur till' -^I'-i all' till' (iiiii-ltoat liiiil' ^ I'lir a nmli'ili'i i'' --< )iiii|iii'»i'. ■u Cailily an. I l'''"H •all. am! wliilt' I'' "1 aii.liir ilii'S(iiiili»"i| .r«ivl ill Mi.i-.ti>''' ,,ii.| .stati'il lliat sill- was tlii' sis|(.|- ii|' thr Oii'tu. ami itilrinli'il fur llii' sanir srivii'i'. ;uiil aIii'II |»ri'.ssi'il I'df an t'S|>l;iiiatiitii InilliiT stati-il that slir was In lir a inivaln'r Inr tin- NiiitliiTn ( Jiivfiiiiiii'iit ill till' I'liitril .Stall's. Wlii'ii fliii vi'ssil was lirsl tiicil, .Mr. W'i'llsnian, mii' nl" tin- linn nl' I'lasi-r, 'rrriiliiilni ,\ Cii., ( will! ari' wril kiiiiwn as aL^iiits liirllii' ciinl'i'ilrrali' jinvrriiiiii'iil, i Auilrcw am rimiaas liyiiii', .'iml oIIht iirrsons, wi-ll knmvn as liaviii;; Ix-i'ii fur immtlis ailivrly I'li ;.i;;ril in si'iiiliiiu; iniinil inns uf war fur saiil j;i>vri'iiini'nl. \\ I'lr prrst'iil, ami liavi- acriini- luiiii'il liri' nil liiT \ aril Ills Iri.'ils, as tliry li.nl a('ri>iii|>aniril t In- < )rrli) nil lirr trial li i|i aii< ..!> III. I' ili'iiiirt n ri. .,ii lii'r ili'iiartiii .,ii iii'r iiriiartiiii'. Ill .\i»rii last, till- sniiilKiii siii'w -sii-aiin'r Aiiiiii' Cliilils, wliirli liail run tin- Ulmkaili' iiii'iil'('liarlr^tiiii. ami llir naiiir nf wliicli was rlriii;:;i'il at tlii-. |)iirl tn tin- .liilia I'slii'r. AM laden Willi iniuiiliniis nf war. rniisisiin;^ nf a lar^n i|ii;(iitity nf |inw(li>r, rilleil (iiiiiiim, iVr., I>y Messrs. I'laser, 'i'lenlinlni A Co. fnr the Huiilliein cniileileraey, ami left Livi'i'iinnl III run the lilnekaiic iimler the rniniiiaml of a ('a|)tain ilaiiiim-r. ami liaviii;; I .11 liiiaril several nf the crew nf the privateer .Siimler, to wliiih i have hefnie ri'ferriMl. Fur siiiiie reasnii iiiiknnwii, this vessel eaiiin hark ami is now here. Sinee her return yiiiith iiaiiieil Itiiliinsiin, \\ 111) hail pine in her .-is a |iasseii)r|.|-, jias Ht.'iteil iliat ihe};nn hiiit liiiildiim al Lairds' for tlie S inlherii ('iinfeileraey was a siihjeet \>[' ft'i'i|iieiit enii ursalinn aiming; t he nl'lieeis while slie ( the .liilia I'sher) was mi I . 'I'hat she was all the uuw >|iiikeii nf as a eniifeilerale Vessel ; that Captain liiilloi'k was In eninniaml her : ' ihat till! innney fur her was advameil hy I'laHer, Tieiilinlni A Co.: Ih.it she was mil to iiiiike any atti'iiipt tn inn the hlnikade, hut wniihl ;;n at niiee as a privateer ; that she .i;is III inniiiit eleven ".;iiiis; and t li.it 1 1' the .Itilia I slier wa-> leil ^joiii::;, the si \ iiini Irmii ;lli'.'»Ullltir. wlin were nil linaid the .liilia I'sher. Wi'l" In Join the ;^llii-hnal. 'I'llis ynillh. iHill;^ a native of .Ne.V ( hleaiis, was eNtr- lllely an Minis tn eet taken nil hnanl I he y;iin- i.iiit. and wished the person he m.-ide the i-niniii'inii'atinii to, tn assist him ami see I ;i|i|ain Ihill.iek nn his liehalf. lie has, I iinderslan I, heeii reinovt'd to a sehool in Lmi- .iiiii. With refeieiiee to his stateineiit, I may ohser'i' that Captain llaninier referred !.i is a Smith Carnlinian, has heeii Inr many years in Kraser. 'rreiiholin a Cn.'s einplny . :<(jli'aily triisfeil liy Ihein.and is aNn inl iiiiale w it h Captain Hiilh ik, m> thai he wmild '»' likely In he Well iiii'iiniied nil liii' siili.jeel ; and as he had no iinlimi at I ha I tiiiie nf r>'- ' ll'llilll^ In Li\ erpnnl, he w nil Id ll.l\ e I in liesilat ion ill speaking ■ if the mat I el In his nlh- ■is. ,ind the |iel snils finlil the Sllliiter. I may alsn slate that ( 'aptaill I'lllllnik leferiei! •i is ill Li Verponl, t hat he is an nllieer nf t lie ( 'ill I federate \a\ y. that he wa^ sent n\ el i.ii' I'lrlhe express piirpDse nf litiiiiH; mil pri\ aleeis and seiidiii;; om'I' niniiit imis nl 111': that he trail>ae|s Ids hllsiness at the nlliee nf l''iaser, 'rreiiliolm iV Co.: that lie b:is lieen all the lime ill enniniMllii'al loll with faweett. I'reslmi A Co., Willi titled mil till' Oietn, and w I'll Lairds', w ho are tilt iii;^ mil this \ essel ; thai he ;;oi's a I most daily 'III liiiard t lie ^iin-hnat, and seelllM tn he rei'n;x*>'''.'''l '•*>* ><* linlhnrily . .V .Mr. lllair, nl' raradise street, in this tnwii, wUn I'lirniNlied the caliiiis nf Ihe Laird .itiliiiat, li.'is alsn stated that all llie liltiiijis and fiirnil iiie were seleited hy Captain llilliiik, and were snijjeet to his Mppriital. iilthmii^h jiaid fnr hy Mr. Laird. TIk' infill mat inn nn w hieh 1 have Inrined an iiiidmiiiiiiii^ enii vietimi that this \essel .■lii'lli^ litteil nut fnr the ^n-ealled Collfedel ale Cn\ el llllielll . ami is ilitemieil to i I'llise i.Mlli-l the emniiieree nf the riiiled Slates, has enlne to me lion; a S.lliety nf snlirei's, iliit I l|.|v.i ili.f.iili.il ll 111 I. .11 •.^li|..i«^i>|..|i.tii..il.l.. I li.|\.. iriviili 1..1I llx. Ii.il>ii>h:iil lie emiiiiieree nl iiie I niieil .^laies, lias enine lo me iioir. a N.llieiyni smiree nil I iiase det.'illed it tn yon as I'.ir as piait ieahle. I li,'i\e;;i\eli \ nil t he liallles o| ii'iMiiis makiiiii I he statements. I ml as t he inl'nrmat Ion in most eases is j;i\en In me hy I'lisiiiis mil nf friendly t'eelin^ tn till' I'liited .sitales, and In stiiel emilideiiee. I eaniiot *i.'i;i' the iiaines it' my iiifm mauls : hiii what I iiave staled is nf siieh a eliai aeti i that I idle iiii|iiii'y will ennriiri'i lis liiilli, Lmi y I hill;;' alimit the vessel shows her to lie a war-M'ssel: she h.is w ell-eniistriu ted iii.i;;a/ini's ; she !ias a niiiiiher nf eanisters of a peculiar and expensive cnnslriictinii for "'iiiaiiiiii;;' powder: she has plalforiiis already screwed to her decks for Ihe rcceptlnii ■l»«lM'i elllis. Indeed, the t'aef that she is ii vviir-v essel is not ileldcd hy Messrs. I.iiiil. lint they say she is fm- the Spanish ( invernnieiit. This they sl.ited on Ihe lid of Apiil last, when lieiieral Ihirfioyne visitid their yard, and wi-... shown over it and llii 1 '.iiiiiiis vessels 111 iiie; liiiilt there li\ .Messrs. .I.thii Laii'il, .{iiiiinr, and lleiiiy II. I.aiid, as «is|'iil|y repni'ted III the papetsal I lie lime. N'lliiir ilie stateiiieiii , and having; heeii .ilnady informeil from so many respeciaine siiii'ci's iliiii fIii' was for the so-eallrd Conl'deiale (Hivernnicnt, I al once wrnti In the iiiiii^ter in Lnndmi, Ic' ascertain from the Spanish i''.iiiliassy whelln r the slateiiK'nl wa-- 'iiii'. The reply w as VI posit i ve assurance thai she was not fnr I he Spanish I iov ernmeiil . 1 ;iiii tlieiefoie aiirnnij/ed ill sa\ III;; thai what was stated on that neeasion. as wel|;is ''•iii'ineiits siiH'e iiiadi' that she is for the ."^paiiLsli ^ii\ crniiicnt, are mil inc. I am satislied heyoiid a dmihi that she is for ii Coiifcilcnile wiir-ve>Mcl, II Villi desire any personal csplaiiatinn m inforniation, I slmll lie happ.v inallemt .^"11 vvlieiM'ViM' yon iiiiiv rci|iii'st it. '♦r the .statt'iiM'Lits coiitiiiiicd in (lie !'ori'p)iiij;' letter tln' ;,M'«'a(t*r part ' Mri'isli \pp. \:r2 AlMMTI.'ATlo.N Al' (;KM;\.\. Fl II ;^ II tl colllil iiMt li:i\r iM't'ii iii:i(i(< aviiil:il)l(' ill iili Iji;^ii>li ruiilt. I'ur tlic it-a- sons I liiisc iilrciidy iiiciifioiii'cl, tlic loose statciiu'iits iiiatlf to Mr. l)ii(l|,.v l»v persons iiiiiimiiiciI : tlu' iiiiiiiilliori/cd stiitciiiclils oT Caddy mnl Immi,. loit. <»n tlicir way tliroii;;li lavt-rpool ; I lie loose eoiiM-rsa lions and e(jn;illv iiiiaiillioii/.ed slatcMiients of tli(M)ni('ers on hoai'd the Annie ('iiilds. i,.. porleil liyllie youth lioltilison, v ho had lieeii removed to a seliddl in London. n(»liody knew where, would all have Iteeii inadiiii>sil»le aci-nitl iii.U i.i ilii^^lish proeediire. 'I'he lael thai iiarti<'ular persons, supposed in lie «*oiineeU'd with the ( 'oniiMlerates, had lioiie oiil in the Ncssel on Jn.)' trial trip was eipially worthless. iSiit there were othei lacts w hieli wm; of a dilTereiit stamp and deser\ cd more atteiilion than they appe;n iw| ha\<' l'eeei\ed. The ( olleetiir retiiiiied lor answer that he should immediately siihiiiit .Mr. Dudley's eonimnnieat ion to the ! ow II opinion that the statement made l>y that ;;entleman " was not siirji as eonid be ai'ted upon by the ollieers of the rexenne, unless leM;il|\ siilistantiated by e\ idence." ' l-'orwardiiin' ,Mr. Dudley's eouuiMiiiii'iitiiii! to the board of eiistoms, Mr, lldwards incloses a report Irom .Mr. Mni >l|r fiaii, the surveyor, sayiii;^" that lu' has inspected the steamer: tliiit is in thesaiiH- state as rejL;ards iiei' aiiiiameiit as on the date of his I mer report, havinj; un j,miiis or «'arria^',es on board, nor w«'re Iter pliii foriiis fitted to the deck if," savs Mr. ICdwards, "she is for the ('uii federate .st-rviee, tlu' builders and parties interest -d are not likely i coniinit tliem.selves by any act w'hi(di would subject them to the pen:! pro\ isions of the foreiiiu enlistment act."' The. solicitor of the customs adojitetl the views of the ( 'elh'ctoi', iiinlj thus aPlvise«l the Hoard : 'I'lirlT is .si'l in i|ii('st ioll, III- witiilil III) ildiilil Ita vc lo iiiaiiitaiii il sfi/iiii- li\ Ifyal I'viilriirr in a nuiil itl' law, anil III pay ilaiiia;^i's anil riisis ill liisiMii'l I'ailiiii'. I'|iii!) ran I'lilly irailiii;; tin- stati-niriil, I liinl that tin- )riratrr part, if imt al is In-arsay ami inailnii.s.silili-, anil as to a pa it. tin- witnrNsi-s an- in it I'lii'tliruinin;; ui' rvi to 111' iianii-il. It is pi-i't'i rtly rli-ar tu my iiiiinl that tln-nt is nnthiii;; in it aiiiuniillii^ t l>niiiti t'litii pi'iMit' snilirii-nt to jiistity a si-i/iirr, iiinrh Ir.ss tn siippi.rl it in a rmni i law, .Hill till- ciinslll I'linlil l.nt rxpn-l tlir rollrrtiir to taki' lipr.M llillisi-lf sllih a li>k I iip)ii)Kitiiin III inli's ami priniipli-s liy wliii-h tin- Cniwii is -' i\ rrin-il in niatli-is nt' lli iiatiiii' K. .1. H.^MKI. .It I \ II. |h;-,'. .Vetinu on this atlvice, the ( "ommissioneis of the < 'iistoms acipiaiiiti'il| Mr. Ildwaids that tlnae diti not appeal to be / sei/ur»' of the xt'ssd, and udley, we lind him writiii,' to .Mr. .\dams on the llth of .lidy : riio ('ill Ire tot' si-i-ins ilispuMt if ^^<' ^^' ill a riinil III' Jiislirr. \Vi- at'c !'i-i|iiiiril tn i'ninisli h-yal i-\ iih-iii-r— I taki- it llii-i>li> iMvaiiliiK, Ihiiii^h it is iiiviilvi-il in sniin- ul>-«i iirity--thal is, that tin- nuns Is iipun i- III pioNc anil i-stalilish li\ li-^al i-xiilinn^ that this vi-ssi-i is inti'inh-il as a piivatrii. I' this is III III taken as tin- aiiswi-r ul tin- ^ii\ i-ininrnt, il is lianlly u-nlli .ipriiiliiiL' "' tiim- in iiiaUin-^ riirtlni appiiral imi in tlii-iii. 'i'li<'> -^Imw I li.it tlnii' ii< iit i':ilii \ i- .1 tii< 1 pirtriisr, anil t hat I III- I 'iii!>il x.ili-s I ininii r\prcl all \ I lli 11'.^ liKf iiiipail lalily iiiiil 1.1 ' iii'ss at I lull liamls. W lirii tlir I'liiti'il .'statrs ( iiiN rrnnnnt. Ilirnimh ils ark now liil;;r«l n-pn^ii ijfiM'". ••:'• ti> till- lliitish MKVcriiiiiiiit that it i- -..itisiii-il iliat ,1 ii.iitiriilai \ i-ssi-l. wlncti i> li>-ni4 Lxiill lit a rci'tain plan- in tin- 1^ i>;ihiMi li_\ n rtain patln-s wlm an- tln-ir ii\mi siihi-'ii'. lii'itisli Appi-iniix, Mil. i, p. I~(i. • Ihiil., p. 1ll('ct»»r. iiml I'. .). IIAMKI. 1(1 liiiii wiiti!!-' . iiiiiiiili'il ;i-i ,1 iniviilccr lor iln" ii'li-l (IovitiiiiiciiI, it i-i llu' duly of lli:it (!.i\ I'liiincni •I mII 11] Mil I till- ]i.iii'f>i w lio Mil' lining iMit till' '.esse!, to I ill 1 1 II III w Iiiil I III' I'liniy;!' is. iii| ri'i|iiiir tlii'iii til ->l;iti' lor wlioiii .iinl wliiit |iiii'|io-ii' slii' is liritii^ Imill, :iny the I hen exisliii:.; hiw of liiicat l!i'ilaiii. as hy liial ol' Aineiiea, ii vessel could only he, seized willi view lo ;ts lieiiio' liron^ht rorliiwilh into a eoiiipeleiil <'ourl. with il ii'W to its eondeinnalioti : ihh' eoiild the ( 'in\('iiiiiieiit call oi; tiie pailies itcrested in the \cssel lo show thai Ihe i»urpose lor which she was he- ;i': iMiill was a lawrul one, till they liad made out in ii ( 'oiiil ol'.Iustit'e I least a siirtieinil intiim J'lirir case to call upon IIm.'sc jiarlies for an il^\\er. Hut it is a \ cry dilVereiil lliiiii;' to say Ihai when persons capahh' of .iviii;^' evidence are expressly named, ii'd sources of inhuinat ioii iire "liiited out Irom whieli the trnlli intiy he ascertained, the atitiiorities . iv to si I wil II I heir arms Iblded. and di» nolhin.L' toward satislyini;' them- ■'Ives whether a vessel is (Hie the unlawtill purpose of which it is their :it,\ to IVuslrate hy sei/ui'e; and allhoiioh the I'liilish o()vcniment had (I power lo insisi compnlsoiily on explanations lieiii',: ;iiven hy sidp- iiiilders as to the desliiialion of a parlieular v.ssel. yet I can see no . ;is(iii wliy. in a case of suspicion, ollicial applicidion iiii;;in n<»i he iiidelolhe luiilders to relieve the ;;"o\ crnmeiil r!(Mii ils ejuharrass- iicii! hy stating for whom Ihe vessel was hciii;'; luiilt. IT an answer I'lc jiiven to siudi an applicali(Hi, ils truth could ;icnerall,\ l)e lestetl. ! ill! explanation were ret'iised, or il' that which was j^ivcu turned out : ilKpdry lo he untrue, the e\ ideiice ii;iainsl Ihe X'essc' would liecoine ■.oii/l> (■ontiriiied. il is true the luiilders of this \ osel appear lo lia\ c irii wvy sliy of answering; impiiries ahoitt her. hat, ! do iiol tind that iiy impiiry of ail ollicial characler was e\-er addressed to Mcv>,'s. Laird. il had heeii, lie- lii^^li characler of tliesv- "(.m |,.|ii,.|| woniu doiditless .i\(' insured eitliei a I'efiisal to answ«'r or a truthful answer. The former 'lid have helped materially to estahlish a case against the vessi'l. the Mi-r would ha\ »' Jiislilicd her itiiniedialc sei/ure. I'liit h(>side the omission to nmkc any ollicial impiiry ol the hnihiers. >;!!teiiipl appears to have heen made to iitili/e t he it'leiciice t, a sultject lo which I shall return presently. Iinler these eireuinstanees Mr. .\daiiis iiit (Ui the hap|»y ideaofeni- '•nviiijn- il ^nlicilor to o,.| lip t||i> case in a hiisiness like manner: and a '11, Sipiarey. an acl i\ (; solicitor of Liverpool, was retained ioi I he prose- 'iitinii. This jiciilleinaii, in sjtile of dillicuUii's, .somi siu cedi'd in tlis- ■|\t'iiii;4 cv idciice. " The dilliciiltv we have had to contend with." writeH Ml, Dudley to Ml. Seward, " was to '^r\ direct pioof. 'i'here wj'ie men •*ii<>ii;;li who knew iihoiil her, and who underst(>«)d iier character, hut iH-ywcre not willinj,' lo testify, and in a preliminary proeeedino liketliis 'Was impossihle to ohiain process to compel them. Indeed, no tine in 'I'tstile community like Livt'ipotd, where tlie feeliii;;' antl sentiment arc ' l.'iiiti'tl siuhis IJoruincntH, vol. i, ji. :J8t». i''l 4:.4 AIMll I Iv'ATION A I (ii;\i;\ A. :H ii^'aiiisl IIS, would lie 51 williiij,' witiu'ss, fs|M'ciiiIl\ if lie roitlcil ilicn-, iuul wiis ill any \v:iy licpiMKlciit on tlir |m'o]>I(' of tli:it )il:i(-i' I'oi :i Ijvrli liood."' All this no (loiil)t wiis (nir, hiil llifii it slioiild not l»i' liti;;uttiii tliut oxacfly tin- siinu' iei*s Wool;, and fonnd an entry relatiiiLi to a screw steamer, No. LMIO. the iiiiniher of the \essel in question, of the renistered toiiiia;i{'(ir ."lOO tons, from which entry ii apj)cared that the iiauie ol her masfr Matthew llntcher, Then I'assiiiore dci»osed as follows I. \V lIlMlJl I ;i>>tiii>l I'. II I' llil kl'lllK'Illl. ill III lilt \ III' ( III' -III . nun iiii I . tM:il> r \v;i> I' iiiiiii iOiii s:n :i> liillo I . I :illl ;i -^rillliaii, ;iliil ll;i\ r '^ri \ I t[ as Mirli nil liiiiil il llrr M;i ii'>t,\ till' ( 'lll|> I 11 1 litir inn III; I'iniraii v:ii'. 'J. Ila\iii'.; Iiri'ii inroiniril tjial iianiU wru \Nantril lnr a liulil iii;.;-\ i M(>si>. Lain! iV (' II.. Ill' liii ki'iilnail, I a|i|>lii'il mi .Sal inil:i,\ . wlinli wa.t. i III'! lillill In irVi', tlh ■.'l^l (lay III' .III 111' last, to < 'a)ilaiii Itntilii r, u 'i"- ' \' iis inl'm nnil, uas rii;;aj;iii;^ iiu-ii lii till' sail! \isM'l. tor a lirrtli on Imaiil lirr. :i. ('a|itain lliitilirr aNlo'il nii' it I Uni'W wln-ir liif \is.sil was ;;oin;;,iii ri']ily towli nil was umii; I told l.ini 1 liiil not ri;.;litly niiilii^tanil alioiit it. lie tlnn tolil nir tin* si-s^ IS. tlh'y w rii' ;;iiin;i In li^cht tor tlir .Sniuln-i (io\ riniiii'iit. I liild liini I hail liri'ti nsnl to li^iil in;;'-\ i s>i'l>, aiiil ^linwril liiin m papt'i's. I a>Kril liini tn niaUr nii' si;:naliiian on lioanl tlir vi's.si'l, anil, in ir|il,\. Iii'sai that no arlirirs woiiM In Mil milil till' \ t'ssr! ;'iii iiiitsnli', lint I II' \MII ilil iiiium' nil si;inalnian, if tlu'.v ii'i|niiril mii'. wlim tliry t;iil unlsjili 1. Til it ('a|itain Itntcliri' tlicii i'ii;;;.'i;;<'il nii- as an alilc sranian on luianl tiii> >:iiii vi'ssi'l. at till' waj>i'S ot" CI I"'-. Iht ninnili ; and it was arian;;i'il tlial I >liiiiilil Jniii tli. sliip in MrNsis. I.aiiil «.V Co.'s yard on the t'ollow iin; .Mtmday. 'i'o rnalilr nir in j{i'l ni. Iioard. Caiitain ilntrhrr yavi- mo a |ias.sw()ril, tlir niiiiilii'r "',".•')." o. On tlir t'ollowin;; .dniiilay, wliich wa.s, 1 lii-lirvc. tlir 'Jlld of .)iiiii< last, I ,jiiiiiril tin Kaid vi'SM-l in Messrs. {.aiid iV C'o.'s yattl at DirUi-nlifad, and 1 ninaiiit'd liy lui till Satiirdiiy last. (i. 'riic said vi'ssid is a siri'w-stoaiin r of aliont l,1<^'Mons InirllnMi.as far as I caiijnd;.". and is Itnilt anil littrit np as a ti<;litin;;-sliip in all ri'sprrts; ^lll1 has a ina<;a/.iiM' ami ^llot anil ranisliT larks on ilrck, anil is pii;rrril for j;iins, t ho socki'ts fur tin- liiill> "i w liirh air I a ill diiw ii. 'I'hc said \i'sscl has a lar;ir i|nanlity of sIoith anil |irovisiiiii> m lioiinl, ami slio is now 1\ iiij; at tlu^ ^'il'tol•ill Wharf in tho ;;ri'at lloat at liiiki'iilirii'l wlu'ri'shc has takrii in almnl I!(l(l toMsof roal. ill I'll' ai>' n ow aliiiiit thirty hainls on hoard hrr, who h.'i\ «■ lirrii cii^ja^i'd to jiD in her. .Must of thnn aii' iiirn "Im have pri'\ imisly srivrd on lioaid ti^jhtinn-sliip'-' anil mil' of ihi'in is a nnoi who srrvcd on hoanl tlir ConfrdiTali' stcaini-i' SniiiliT. It i- Avcll kniiwn hy thr hainls on Iioard that tho vi'ssri is ^oinj^ out as a piivali'i'i' lnr ili' Ciinfi'ili'iati'tiiivcinimMit to act a;;ainst tin* I 'nilcil StatrH nntltr a coininission from .Mi .Ii'lli-rsiin I las is. ilui'i' of tin; cifw arc, I bcliuvc, cngiiuicrs ; and tlicro arc also .smn' lircnicn on lioanl. ~. ( apiaiii Itiilc'icr .mil another KOiith'iiiuii have licoii on hoard Iho sliii) alnmst <'vn\ »la\. It is rcpmtcil (I'l Imanl the ship that Captain itntchcr is to hi' (ho sailiii^;-iii;isl' i ami that the oilier {.'.cntlinian. whoso name, I lielieve, is Itiilliick, is to ho the li;4liliii; captain. P. To the lust III' m.\' infminatioM anil belief, flio above-iiioiitioiied msscI, wliiili 1 ha\i' hcaiil is In lie lallcil the I'loiiila. is licin;! eiinippeil ami litteil ont, in mili i iki' she may he employed ill the sel \ ice of the Coll iederale (uiverillllellt ill America, I lul in-' ' rniti'd states lloeiimciits, vol. vi, p. aiMl. •t'sidfd I lull. CI' tbi' ;i livcli I l»c I'm mitti'ii i\\ illiii,Uiic.N.s III M'ss to roiiiiicl ell ;i.s it dill ill tilii-iltir wiiihd r 11 lllilll II'.IIIIImI vrsscl w;!'- ill iilliiliiN il iilaii If I'lii'kfiiln'iiil u st^'iimi'i', Nn. I'cil lniili;i;:f nl Id iii;istiT \\;i" III ilii I , liiliUt' <<:il I lip Ti'iiiliii' liimii:: |,^.\(>-l'l llllill Ir ,s ;l^, V licliiSi', till i'ii;;ii.i;in:4 'n''" '"i ;, ill i'i|il,V I" ^\ liii II II' M'SMcl WllS^llllU ikfil liini it' iIk'I' it Icir 111"- SnllllliTIi •^ll;iiii' I -.llOllill jllill til' alilf imi Id j;i't m last, 1 iiiiiu'il till aiiii'tl iiy liri nil far as 1 caiijuiliii. IS a niiiKi»/iii«' ;'ii'' s I'lir till- lioll^ "I iiiul ]iii>visioiis HI it at liirkiiilii:i'l OI'IMONS .)F .s|K' ALKX WKKK" <( « K Itll.'N. I.'*.") iiiil III ciiiiiiiiil IiiinI ilit lis il;;aiii-l tin- I mwi uimhI ami |tri)|i|i' ol' tlir I iiiti'ii Mutrs nl \iiii lira. WII.MAM r.\SS.M(»li'i;. Swiiril 1(1 lid"' llir al llli- rll-tnlii IiiHIm . I ,i \ il pc ml , tjil- •,'lsf lIllV iilMllK, l~l''','. s. I'l.M't'i; i:i>\V AIMtS. CiiIIk l,„ .< ...,,,,., ..r ,,..,,,,,,, III. .It. .1 lilt I ••. .^. .. II II. .1,-., .-. .. I, .1 . •■. .11 .. W. .^•1. ..'.,. ••■„ litiisciritf tlic tnilli (tf tlicir stiitciiiciits. Till! hliimc (»f this iiiiiclioii, liiiwcvcr, atliiclics I'.illicr lo lliKSf iiinh'r vliiisc direction Mr. I'^dwiinls proceeded than to hiinsclt'. He ciiiiiiot, I think, !»' justly ItlaiiH'd lor haxiiii;- soiijiht tor and act»'d iindiT th** lin-ciions of his siipci iiliili aliii"'>t I'M '.> thiisailiiiK'"''"'" to l.ii thr li>;lili'i- ll M'SSrl, wllitll I out, ill oidi I llli'' I Aini'rini.nnriii'" ■<1 is lit I I'll I II It till' tlir iiiilitaiy npi'ial intis iiii'iit iniii'il, tlial siiriirii'iit I'vidiMicr has Iiitii iililiiri'il II) i'iititli> till' applicants to I lir iiilri I'l'i'i'iii'i' nil Int 'ulli'i'tm' nf Ciistoins al l, This report of tlic assistant solicitor was npheld by his principal : Ii'iitiri'ly riiiiriir Nvitli Mr. O'Dowd in opinion tliiit tlirii' is Miirs 'Appintlix lo Miilisli ('iisi-, miI. i, p. IHJI. Appcnilix to fnitcil Stall's Cast', vol. i, p. lU'J. ■\:>i', AIMIIIUAIlnN A I' (HAKVA. ■i fo In- -llllH' l'\ illfll. r I'lili-^llMlMlt ol" illili. illll:llx. Iltltl it* Jll.ft W I'll' Slllllricllt In ^;lti^|, ii ciiiiii, tlii'.v WKiilil III- li.ilili' III |M'riitii:ii'\ jii'iiall ii-s. Inr •i- |(i'ii:ill ir-. \vi'ri--i:il i-linl mi ;;iii»l li;iil •^\\,,\, i'\ li|i-l|i'>' I'lliillull i>r rlili'll I III' I'll '•InlllH III |i|ii<.i'i III lull I lull' !-> Ill Till- I iiiliil SI, III-. I iiiMil Ht'l' III. nr aiiv I' llii-i I ll'|-4llll III IV ill! --l II at I lii-ir own 1 1> il' III. II I \ 1-r. r. .1. ll\Mi;i. 'I'lic I'oiiiiiiissiuiitM-; mlopttMl f lie \ icw > i»r llii-ir iii|\ i^^i-is, ninl mi tlii> L'Jil III' .Inly ii'|M»rl(Ml to llic Loi'ils ni' llii' Tn-asiiry iinMinliii;nl,v. liiit ;irci>iii|»;iiiifil Ilii-ir icpml with tin' vciy iMopi-r siiu'^csj ion IIimI sliinilil tlifir ioi'i|slii|is ciiti'i'tiiin any < Ion lit ii|)oti I lit- snIijiMi, t lie o|iiiiJiin of ihr LiiwOlliccrs should hi- taken. Tlic |»a|H'is wri-c foiwaiilcd hy tlii> Trcas my to the rorci;^!! ollin- wiilioiit a inoinciit's di'lay, in oidri- tlial tlic opinion ol' Lord I'lisscli iiii.L;!)! I>i' laUi-n, as appears tVoni a iioie iVoin file si'i'ietaiy ol' llie tieasiiry to the iiiidei- secrelafy ol' stale lor loi-eiL;)! a till Irs: . 'I'la: \srin , ,/,(/(/ -.'J. l- j. M'l |ii \i: Ml., I.WKiin: As ihr i (iniiniiiiical imi may hi- ciHisidrrril |ni" In ^a'< ■■ liiiii'. l'i'rlia|iH ymi ivill aHn'rliiiii tVoiii liiii'il K'lisM'li i Ih'IIkt it i> his w isli ihai \\f slimilil lak<' I lie o|iiniiin of Ihr law iiIHiti-s a-* In llu-i .i^' III! 11'. V l>SI I. Il i". slalril Ih.ll >.||r is IHMllv IimIv Inr ."silHTlriV vnill's, liV.n. A. II \MII.'lu\ Tlie depositions of Passiiiore and the others Were t laiisinit ted also .'\|r. Adaiiis, to llaii K'nssejl, with the aeeoinpaiiyiiiL;' note I.I liVlliiS Ol I III; I ■ \ 1 1 1 ; > M \ I r.s, Liiiiiliiii, J II I II '.'•.', 1*1 M \ 1 .1 iiMi : I lias r t III' liiiimr hi I raiisinil inpiis nl' -^jx ili'|insii inns I a Km a I l,i\ i'r|Mi<>! t'-iiiliiit; to fslalillsli llii> rliarai'lrr anil ilrslinalinli nf tin- vcs.srl In wliH'li I ralliil \im; lnrilslii|)'s atli-iilii >. in my iiiili< nf llir V.M1I nlMiiiii' last. 'I lie nl'ij;ilials nf tlif.sr |ia|irrs liavc all'i-atly liri'll Nlllimitli'il In till' nillcrlnr nl' llii ^iniiis al thai pnri, in aci-nrilaiici' with tin- siiL;i;('si inns maili' in ymir lni'i|s|ii|i'' lint' III I III- nl' I III' Il II III' .Inly, as llii' liasis nl' an a)i|ilii "il inn in him in ai'l n in I it I Ih' jmu ii> rnnl'i'irril liy ihi' I nlislnii'iil at I. I In I I I'itI ii In lir m\ iliily rnrlhri' in riiinniiinii-.ili' lln' Tails as llirir alli".:iil In Her Maji'.sl \ 's ^n\ I'lniiirnl, anil In ii'i|nr>l Ihal sinli rnilliii |iini'.'i'ilini;s may hr hail as may raiiy iiiln lull riliri iln' ilrlriniinalinii whiili I ilmili; lull il I'M-i' mil riaiiis In |ir)'\rnt, liy all lawl'nl nii'aiis, Ihi' lil I in;i mil nl' hnsiilr r\|i. ■ (lit inns auaillsl Ihr ;;n\ n nmrlll nf a rniim 1 v w il h w hiih il Is al |ii'ai'r. I as ail, A )'., CliAKl.KS rK'ANCIs ADAMs The papers were sultinilled to the ia\\ ollieei's on the '-'.'(d. with i: iv (litest lor tiieir answer at their earliest eoii\ cnieiiee. Ill tlie ineaii tiiiK^ .Mr. Sipiarey had proeiired two other iinportaii! depositions: the one that ot a .ship's carpeiitei', named Ifoherts, wlm statetl that he liad lieeii eiiL,M^ed as earpentei's mate on hoard this \rs sel, and had seen ( a|)tain linteher hy appointinent, and that Caplaiii Itiiteher had spoken to the boatswain ahoiit him : and that it was i;'i'ii erally understood on hoard ol' the vessel that she was ;;oiiin- to Nas.saii lortlM^ southern n'overnmeiit ;' the other nil allidavit of Ifohert .Itilm 'ra.\ loi', which was siill more to the purpose. 'I'his man, an l'ji;;lishni;iii hy birth, but li\in;; at Mobile, hail been eapliired in attemplin;^Mo run the blockade, and was now desirous <»1' tsikinji' .serviitc, whereby to jrct ba<'k to .Mobile. The material part of his slatcmeiit was as follows: Ml'. Iiirkai liy. nl' l.ivi'iponl, a liintln'r nf ihr nwin r, al .Mnlnli". of lhi> vi-hhcI in v. liicli I \t as rajilniril w lii'ii atli'm|>lin;; In run tin- lilnrkailr, ;;avf me instrin'tinn.s to ;;o to ' Apjienilix In I'liiii'il Stall's C.ihi-, vol. i. p. VM, Ihiil., p. |s-i. .\p;MMHli\ to llritiNli Cast, vol. i, p. UK. Iliitish .\pp<>iiilix. V'll. i. ]<, l.'^i'.). ol'INIONS (»!' >ii; AI,r.\A\hi:i; cnciJU-KX. 457 I .ipliiiii lliilrlii'i'. ,'it LMii'il's \ ;n t;i) Smitli, as tlir Nm tliririrri liml inlilii-ii incut' :iiy ritillirs w lii'ii I w a^ ra|itiii)'il, ami I \\ aiitol to lia\ r saliilai'tiiMi. I lii'Hl .siiw ('a|>taiii liiilrlii'i' at oiir ni Mr. LainlH iiDiiis last 'I'liiiroilay l'<>rliii;^lit. 'iiiiiii'l.v, till' :ii| III' July lanl. I I tiilil him that I hail iM-tii ni'IiI liy Mi. liiiUarliy, ami ;>ki'il him il'hi-wi'ir till- ra|>laiii i>r th- vcsxi I which was lyiiii; in tin- ilurU. I tohl nil that I was I nil' III' till- mi'ti that hail lirrii i-a|itiiri'il in otic nl' Mr. K'irUarliy's vcsmi'Ih, ml (hat I w aiiti'il In ;;rt Sou III in unlrr In liavr irlalial inn oT tht- Nml hriiii'is t'ltr roli- iiii;j iiir i>r my rliithi's. jji' -.aiil tiiat il' I wi-iil with him in his vi'ssil 1 slniiiiil \iTy iini lly haM' that ii|>|ini't nnit.N'. (.iplaiii Unlrlirr a-Ui'd nii' at the iiiliTv ii-w if I waswrll ai'i|iiaiiitfil wit h thi-tinir lilts, ami I tnhl him I was. | askiil him what |i In I'liri' wr It I'nr sra. I imiiiinil as in tin' lalr nl' wa;;i's, ami i vn.is in j;c| ».' I juw. |ni miiiitli, ivahli' wi'rkly. I tlirii iiii|iiiii'il it' I miyhl rnnsiiliT ni\srl|' i'n;:a'4ri|. iiiiil lif ri'iiliid, yi's. ami that I :^lil ^n nn huaiil the iHAl (lay. wliirh I a(-i'nnlin^;ly iliil ; ami 1 havii hct-ii wnrUiii;;' II Imaril up to last Saliinlay iii;;ht. Tlicsc (l('|M).siti(»ns wcir iiii»|M'rly iMfwMidcd hy M\: S«|iiiif('v to Mf. (i.mllHT. Ilif si'cfct;ir.\ to lln- liunid i»r (•iistniii«;, to'4illi('f with nil o|iiii- III wliicli li;ii| in-t'ii uiNfii Ity .Ml'., now Sir iJnlh ll , < 'ollii'l', Mil llic \\ litdc ISC, iiiid wliicli wii.s ill Ijicx' It riiis: ! liavr |irnisri| I III' ahiivi- a Hiila V its, aitil I am iirn|iiiiiiiii that tin- cnlli'i'tiii-iil'rnsinnis iiijil III- jiislilii'il in ili'tainin;; I III- V'l-ssi-l. Imh'i'il, I Nhnntil think it his ilnty tnih'- iiii hi-r : ami that if, al'ti'r tin' a|i|ilii'alinii w liirh has Ihtii maih- tn him, sn|i|inrti'il hy If \-\ iili'iii'i' w hirli has lii'i'ii laiil lirlnri' iih'. In- allows tin' M'sscI in h'avi" l,i\'i'r|innl, ' ui'l im-iir a hi'avy irs]iniisiliility — a ri'spniisihility nt' whiriilhi' Imard of ('ii>tiims, mil r w iinsi' iliii'i I inns \\r ajipiai's tn lie art iiiy;, mM-.| take- t hi'ir share. It appiars iliiiii'iilt tnmakrniit a s. rnn;;rr i'as<- nl' iiiii iii;ri'nii-nl nl' the rni'i'i^ii I'lilist- iiii ait, w jiirii. if lint I'lilmi'i'il nu this nii.isiiin, is liiili' lii'tiir than -i ih-ail h'ttrr. I I well ili'M'l \ IS ^nll^il|^■|■al i-.l'l he a I In W ell tn eseaii", til"' i'l'il- 1 ( niN rl IIIIMIlt Wnlllil llnl h;i\e verjnlis iilnlllllls nl' lemnll^l lalli'e. 1,'. I'. (■((I.J.II'.K'. TiMi'i.i:, ./((/// 'JH, {"i't-i. Ndtwitlisliiiitliii;;' litis Hilditiniial cvidciif!', ;iml llif dccidcil oiiiiiinii of Mr, Ciiliici', sitiMii;;'!' to s;iy. lIu' ;i>sisl;iiit s.dicitor t.t tlic cilsticiis re- iiiaiiicd iiiisiiiilvcii in liis opiiiiDii. Ilt^ repurts on tli<> -'>d : I liave rcail the aihlitimial t'viileiiee, ami [ i|n nnt think that it iiiatt-rialiy stri'n;4tlii'iis ill' rase (if ll;r appliraiils. As ri'j;aii|s the npininn iif Mr. Cnllier. I ( antint ciinriir ill wvii'WH; hill. ai|\ I'll in;;' In the liiuh rharaeier wliirh he hears ii: his prnl'i'^'^iiin, I ■ iliiiiit that the 1 mail I mi'.; hi act imli^illll^ly in leenmni-mliii,' the Imils i it' the i re.isiiry ' ' lake ihe npiliiiiii III' III!- law -nlljei is III' llic L'lnw il. .1. n'i'iiW ]),• .Il IV -Jil, i-fi-.'. Tiicsr ]»it|M'is wric iiiiiiii'diiitcly suliiiiillcd to the law (illicci's. On tlic l'.")tli of ,Itily cniiii' a fiiillK'i' nllidnx it from .Mr. S(|iiai'cy, that 'la man named Iit-ddcii, wlio d('|»o.scd as follows: ! iiiii a seaman, ami have I'nllnwi'il the sea for lifleeii year--. I Inivo lii-i-n Iin.atswaiii •iliiianl linlh steamers ami sailinii-vessels. ami lielniie; tn the na\al reserve. .\liiiiit si\ weeks a;;n I was i'ii;;a:;ei[ hy Captain liiiieher. (with whniu I hail jirevi- i^iy saileil,)aH Imatsw aiii nil Imaic! a \'essel then in .Xjessrs. l.airiliV ( 'n.'s sliip-liiiil(liii;{ nil. lint miw l.vin^t in the liiikenlieail tinat, ami Kimwii l)\' llie iiaiiie >>{' \n, '.".m, 'I'ho ■liil ( apt.'iin Itiiti'her ntlereil me tjin per mniitli. ami saiil an a;;rei'ineiil shnnlil he •:u'lleil when WH (lot nlltsiile, lie tnlil me that We shnnlil lia\e ]ilellty nl' lllniiey when ■'■■■ K'lt hiiim'. us W e were K"''"n t" 'I'"' 'Son t hern Stales nil a spei'iihltinli In try ami ert ■lllll'. '1'' " crew iinw nu '•■■ii '1 the saiil \ esse] ennsisiM iif ahniit fnrfy men. Itnt I helieve that •!»■ w ill lake tn s(!a iii. .: ; 'mus liiimlri'il iiieii. all tnhl. It is eeiierally mule.'sionil mi hnanl 'ii:tt she will cli'iir 'or ,\;k-,-iu. hilt, lint make that pnrt. The saiil vessel has iill her •'"ITS ami I'liaU nu mard njidy t'nr sea. She is titled iii all respisets as a iiiaii-nt'-wur, '•'iinyKix hrnadsid.' units and I'mir pixnts, hut lias im ^iiiis or aiiiniiiuitinii on hoard ' ISritisii Appendix, p. I'.iii. -Il.id. 'HiitlHh Appt'iidi.x. vol. i, p. I'.tT. v>.^\,.'b:^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) //. 7 // {/ A % U- fA f yw ^ ^a n 3^. /j % // y >^ r ^ 1.0 I.I 11.25 i^lllllM 1115 IM IM PhotovjBpliic Sciences CorpoiHiioii 2.2 2.0 U 11 1.6 i\ V ^9) .V . Jt is ficiierally iinderslood on board the said vessel that she belongs to the loiifi'd- erate ,!;-overninen(. IIKNKV KKDDEX. ]S\'Vi'itliolcss, ]\ii'. ()"l)ow«l still cliiij^s to liis opinion with the jtciti iiacity with Mhich men soiiietinie.s persist in iullierin^- to an opinion once I'ornu'd. He says : Isiibiiiit a reference to my former reports, to the oi»iii ions expressed in which I feel stil' lioiiiid to adlnue. 80 far from j;iving additional foree to tlie iipplieation, tin; aflidavit of Henry IJedden appears to me to weaken it, as, after tin; lapse of several days siiiee tlie date of the former aliiilavits, the api)lieants areeonfessedly unable to make out a better Justilh-ation for detaining the vessel. It is, no doiild. (iiflicnlt to jtroeiin! satisfactory evidence in snch a case ; but, in the absence of at hiast a clear lirima-facic case, theiv cannot exist those grounds for detaining the vessel which the forcigii-culistmeut act contemplates. .1. 0-D(n\T). CcsTo.Ms, .liiUj '2.'j, lSC)i. There was, however, abuntlant evidenee to make out a prhna-fmir ease, and of that opinion were the hiw-otticers of the Crown, who, on the ll!)th of July, reported as follows: In onr opinion, the evidence of the witnesses who have made depositions, (we alludi' liiirticiilarly to William Passmoro, Edward J^)bcrts, Robert .John Taylor, and Henry Rcd- (l(!n,) coupled with the character and structure of the vessel, makes it reasonably t'lcai that such vessel is intended for warlike use against citizens of the United States and in the interest of the (so-called) Confederate 8tates. It is not, and cannot, be deiiicil that the vessel is constructed and adajjted as a vessel of war, being pierced for guns, the sockets for the bolts of which, Passinore states, are already lai]>eiir.s to mo impossible to say that in rospoct of ;liis vessel there was not ai» absenoe of '■ ioiied by the (Juecn's advocate after the .'>Uth of .Tune, whence, it is siiid, the United States infer that that officer " was unable to attend to his duties as early as that date," and, it is added with an ungenerous -iioer, "they infer that it was imt necessary to call in new parties, but 10 call upon the old."'- The unworthy insinuation here meant to be conveyed is that Lord Ilussell stated that which was untrue — an insin- uation which will be treated as it deserves by every one who knows him. it is obvious that Mr. Adams must, in this i)articular, have misunder- stood his lordship. The accompanying explanation of the circumstances attending the delay in the delivery of the opinion of the law-olficers on the occasion in question has been handed to the tribunal by Sir Roun dell Palmer^, and is beyond doubt the true explanation : Sir John iraiiliiig was ill from the latter part of .Iiiiie, 18(iii, ami did not, after tliat lime, attend to ()ssihle, to olitain the hencht of his opinion. Under such eircumstances, the papers wonlil natnrally he sent to his private i liouse ; and if this was done, and if lie was iinahle to attend to Iheni, some delay wouhl ui'.essarily take place hefoio the impossibility of his attendinjj; to them was known. Lord Hnssell tcdd Mr. Adams (lUst Jidy, 1>iC)2,) that sonu> delay had, in fact, occurred with respect to the Alabama, in consc(|uenee of Sir .Tobn Harding's illness, lie could »ot have made the statement, if the fact were not really so ; because, whatever th«', liict was, it must have been, at the time, known to him. Tlie \ cry cirenmstance, that "irj. Hardinj? had not already advised njton the case, in its earlier stage, mii>ht be a nason why it should be wished to obtain his opinion. 8ir,T. Harding and his wife are both (some years since) dead ; so are Sir W. Ather- "011 (the then attorney-general) and his wife : no information, thercdbre, as to the cir- 'iimstances which may have caused delay, with resi)ect to the delivery at their private jwiises, or the transmission and consideration of any papers on this subject, can now i'l' obtained from them. The then solicitor-general was Sir R. rainier, who is able to state positively that the lirst time he saw or heard of the papers sent to the. law-oth.;ers (i. c, all Ihree law- I iitliccis) oii the "Z'M and y.'ith or 2()tli of .July, was on tlm evening of Monday the 28Hi of I July, when he was summoned by the attorney-general, Sir W. Atherton, to consider 'lieiu in consultation, and when the advice to be given to the ;^ov»!rnment was agreed upon. Sir U. Palmer thinks it his duty to add, that no government ever liad a more iliKeiit, conseienti(ms, and laborious servant than Sir W. Atherton ; and that it is in ' British Apjiendix, vol. i, p. 201. - L'nii ,d States Documents, vol. vi, p. 411. ff . 4G0 AUIUTKATIOX AT (a.NKVA. Ill*: last il('ij;i(Mi uiililo'Iy ihnf ln> would li,i\ti. th tutional lU'acticc, of consultinjn' its Icj^al advisci'.s berorc. takiii^^' action on matters of inipoitancc, would 1)0 entitled to reasonable lime for dojnn- so on such an occasion as this, and would not be liable i'ou delay occ;" sioned by an unforeseen acci(h'nt, I should not have been ])re]>ar((l to say, had the delay in the report of the law-oflicers thus arisinj-,- been tlic sole cause of the delay in ordeiinj;- the seizure of this vessel, that a roi)erlybe attril)ut«'d to a want of " due diliiience'- in the sovernnu'nt. The want of " due dilij;-enc('." (»u Avliich my judf;inent in res|)e(!t of the ^Mabama rcssts, is to be ibaiid J'urther bade. 1 (Mi<^irely a,uree with Sir liobert (.'oilier that it was tiic duty of the collector of customs jU Liverpot)!, as early as the I'L'd of , Inly, to detain this vessel. "When for his better ;^ui(hince and protection tin' collector sou.uht the directions of his superiors — for which I can scarcely blame him, althou.nh the case a])])eare(l clear enou,nh — it became, in my oi)inion, the duty of thc^ commissioners of customs at once to direct tiu' seizure to be ma(h'. .Misled by advice which they ought to have in- jected as i>alpably erroneous, they unfortunately refused to cause the vessel to be seized. The nmtter ])roperly belonged to their department; It Mas com[)etent to them to act independently of any other department of the state; and the case, as it seems to me, was too elear to recjuire the oi)iiuon of the la\v-ofli(;ers, although, after the decision of the com- missioners, it ndght well be deemed i)roper on the part of the heads of the government to consult the hiw-ollicers before acting in o])position to it. At the same tinu', 1 must not be understood as holding that a mere error in judgment amounts to negligen(!e. (j)uestions ])resent themselves in the business of life so dillicult of decision that the wisest and the ablest men are apt to err in respect of them, llnmannm est crrare. In sncli cases the question must always l>e one of degree. l>ut here 1 can not lielj) thiidving that the nustake was such as to carry with it legal responsibility as its consequence. 1 readily admit that, in a case of doid»t, a V)ublic department may pro[»erly act on the advice of its constitutional advisers, and woidd not be liable to the imputation ol negligence if that advice should turn out to be unsound. But here 1 think there Avas no room for doubt. ]\ry Judgment is founded on the view that the course to l»e taken was plain and unnustakable, but un- fortunately Avas not pursued ; and that there was consequently an ab- sence of the due diligence which ought to have been exercised." The vessel having thus escaped through want of due diligence in that department of the government to which it specially appertained to seize her, the entire JJritish government, and through them the IJritisli people, become, as it appears to me, by necessary conseciucnce, involved in a common liability. IJut how far, considering the fact that, while the Dritisli government was desirous of doing its duty in respect of this vessel, the escape of it was, in the event, practically speaking, the result of an unfortunate and unforeseen accident, the tribunal should award to the United States damages to the full extent demanded, as though the result had arisen from negligence alone, is a question which may deserve serious consideration. liut it belongs rather to a different department of our labors, and 1 will reserve it till we enter thereupon. Ai»pr i,uvn,« In ^ut, I am sorry to say, the charge of want of diligence """"' in respect of this vessel does not stop with the fact of hor escape. T"iPHT" T ;o or iiiiiiiM' II opposition OI'LMOXS OF SIK ALi:XA\I)i:U COCKIUII.V. 401 Oil tlu^ inoriiinjv of the 3(>tli of July, a k^ttcr of tlie lilUii, liom IMr. Siiiiiiit'.v's firm, iiif»)rine(l the coimnissioiiers of customs that the vessel liiid eoiue out of dock the uif;ht liefoie, aud had steamed down the river lietweeu teu and eleven that nu)rnin,y, as the writers had reason to be- lieve, on her Avay to Queenstown.' At that tinu', indeed, thci commis- sioners of (uistoms were und'-r the belief tliat tluu-e were not sulUcient grounds for detaining the vessel. It was, therefore, not to be expected, rliat on being infornu'dshe had left the Mijrseyand jnone lo (Queenstown, tluy should take any steps to seize her at the latter place. JJut on the precedinj,' day, liie UiHli, the opinion of the law-otlicers I'lad been given that the vessel should be siii/.ed. Had that ()i)inion been at once commu- nicated to the customs, as tlu; emergency of the case required, and the commissioners had themselvesimmediately ti'legraphedtothecolle<;tor at liiverpool,as it would have been their duty to do, desiring hiin to ascertain wiiere the ship was, and if jiossible to follow and seize her, there would still have been an ()])portunity of stoi)ping her; for it appears that she tirst pro(;eeded to Moelfni J>ay, on the Welsh coast, a place about iifty miles from Liverjwol, and remained cruising oil' the coast. On the iilternoon of the ."JOth the tug Jlercules left the Mersej', with thirty or tbrty men, who were to form i)art of the ship's crew, and found her in Moelfra Bay, where the two vessels lay alongside one another till mid- night, and the war-steanH!r remained till ',i in the morning of the .'51st. Ou the morning of the 30th, i)rior to the Hercules leaving the river, the consul called in i)ersou upon the collector and informed him that the tug was then in port, having returned from the Alabama the evening before ; that she reported that the Alabama was cruising off Point Lynas, and that she (the tug) was then taking on board men aiul equipments to "convey down to the gun-boat."- Tlie collector sent' the surveyor to the tug, and ho reported that he found a considerable number of ])ersons on deck, " some of whom admit- ted that they were a i)ortion of the crew and were going to join the gun- boat." He also informed the collector that it was said she had cruised otf Point Lynas the night before. ^ It is obvious that if a telegraphic communication had been sent to the collector at Liverpool, as, looking to the urgency of the case, it should liave been, he might, by following the Hercules, have found the steamer in Moelfra Bay; and though in these waters, as being beyond his juris- diction, he would hfive had no authority to seize her, he might have called on the collector of customs at Beaumaris, a place eight miles oft', within whose jurisdiction she was, to take the necessary steps for doing so. Knowing that she was off that part of the Welsh coast, he might also have telegraphed from Liverpool, before leaving to follow the Hercules, to the collector at Beaumaris to look out for the vessel, and, if possible, to seize her. Unfortunately, the report of the law-ollicers, though sent in on the 2!lth, was not communicated to the conamissioners of customs till the iit'ternoon of the 3Lst, by which time the vessel was beyond the reach of liritish jurisdiction. It followed the ordinary routine of otUcial comnii'- nication — was sent in to the foreign ollice, thence to the treasury, ami thence to the department of the customs.' It seems to me that the United States (jovernment have also reason to niiiiplain of the inactivity of the collector at this conjuncture in another ' lSi'iti8li Apptjutlix, vol. i, p. '400. ■ Ibid., p. 2iKt. ■'IWuh, p. 201. ^ll)id., i». 205. if I'' 1 |j E| m$ te:| w ^ wi ^s i* B5r-*S BSi'ii' . i^ii.4.. n 402 AHl'.JTRATloN AT (.ENKVA, ]>!irti(!uliii'. Wlicii, ill iuMition to tlio evidence which hud passed thionyli his lijuids, the colhictor found that the vessel, haviiif;- jjone out ostensi- bly on a trial trip, did not return, but was lying" ott' the Welsh coast, and that, instead of having shipped her crew at Liverpool, she was hav- ing theai brought ort" to her by the Hercules, all doubt as to tin; real character aud destination of the ship shojild have been at an end ; and as he might fairly presume that the men had a knowledge of the service on which they were (Altering, he ought not to have allowed the Hercules tojeave, (unless for the purpose of tinding and seizing the war-steamer,) seeing that, under the Gth section of the foreign-enlistment afet, he had l»ower to seize the tug, as being about to take oli" to the steamer persons who had unlawfully enlisted as part of her crew. I must say I think he complaint of the United States of a want of oHicial activity at such a conjuncture by no nutans without foundation, There is little more to be said on the subject of the Alabama. She left I'higland without her guns or munitions of war of any kind. 8he received her armament, as we now know, oil" Terceira, it having been (conveyed to her in two vessels called the IJahama and Agrippina, but without any knowledge whatever on the part of the authorities that those vessels were leaving Liverpool for the |)urpose. What is stated in the Uritish counter case on this head ap pears to me strictly aecnirate : Tlie Alabama saiU't enlisted for th(i confederate service. She received her armanuMit at a (liHtaiice of more than 1, ()()(> miles h'om Knjulaud, and was armed for war, not witiiiu the Qneen's dominions, lint either in Portnjfuese waters or on tlie hif>h seas. The f;iins and ammunition, which were pnt on hoard of her olf Terceira, had been procured and ex])orted from Kn^hind in an ordinary merchant- steamer, which loader! tliem as carjiD and sailed with ai re to tin^ governnuint iis to this ship or her cargo before she Ict't IJritish waters: nor does it ajipear that tlio errand on which she was cmjiloyed wiis known to or suspected by the officials of the llnitiid 8tat(!S. Hut, even liiid a suspicion existed that iier cargo was exported with the intention that it siiouid Ih used, either in the Confederate States or elsewhere, in arming a v»^ssel Avhich liad been unlawfully titt(Ml in JCiigland for warlike; employment, this would not have made it tlic duty of the oflicers of customs to detain Iwtr, or have; empowered them to do so. Siicli a transiiction is not a breacli of English law ; nor is it one which tlu'. JJritish govein- ment was under any ol)ligation to prevent. Whether the cargo was s(!nt from tlie same jiort as the shi|>, or from a different jtort, and by the sanu; or difl'ereut persons, is mani- festly immaterial for this purpose. The distinction is plainly not sucli as to create in tiu> one ease ;i o of coal specially nlesdned for tiie Alabanui, \Nas there by arrangement awaitin*;' her ar- rival. What furth(>r i)ass(>(l is thus stated in tin; argument of the United States:^ Tlio A}jrii)i»inii Icl't intrt^ iiimii tlu; (>rk of tinilhuj in Mresentatiou as altogether disingenuous. It was the fear of the United States cruisers, not apprehension of French authorities, which led Captain Semmes to seek a safer place for coaling. His journal shall speak for itself: Affer doscrihiii};' his cruise and captures until October :$(•, he. continues, (p. 492:) "Tlieen^'incer havinij now reported to nie that we had no nion; tliau about four (hiys of lui'l ou board, I resolvcMl to witiidraw from tiio American coast, run dowa into tlie West Indies to nuict my coal-ship, and renew my snpi)Iy. Heiiiff nnt^utain, in tiie conuntmce- iiiunt of my cancer, as to tlie reception I should meet with in iieutnil ])orts, and fear- iiiff tiiat I mijfht have ditlicnlty in ))rocMriniipi)ly-shii) sent out to me fnnn time to time, as 1 should indicate to him in the ren- ilfzvous. The island of Martiniriue was to l»e tlui lirst renile/vons, and it was thither ;ii'(:()rdin and her movements. Inst('ad of in-eti-ndinj;- to have come in for water iiirepairs, or to hunt a market, or for somethini;' of the kind, he had fre(]nently, when liidf seas over,' in the (lolVee-honses Page 202. - United States Documents, vol. vi, p. 490. 404 AKMIITK'ATIDN AT (IKN'KVA. The Iott<'r is as Ibllows: Saim l'ii;i;i;r., X.m mhr ■^^\. l>,\>. y\y l^oiM): 1 li.'ivi' ilif lidiior tti iijiort toyoiir loidsliii) that tlic coiil'cdi'rato (stcanur Alaliania, Captain Scii:iiic-<, lias xisilcd tliis i^laiiil. Tlic CoUowinir are the (iicimistaiiccs in comifction with tlio aiiival and dcinutuic nf this notcil crni.sci': 1 had to iniiL'ccd to J'ort d(^ I'laiict! mi tho l"2lii instant on odirial business wiili in, Knf;lish sliip l.vinj;- tlicic. and, on my aiiival. I lieard tliat an ]Mi<;'lish haik. liic A;;iip- l»ina, mastfv Mcf/iu'cn, ]iat'd at Carditl and (;h>ai'('taiii K'lMickciKlcitl', (Voin l.arh.iihis and Trinithtd, on ii criiiHn in searcii of tiio Aialmnia. TiiciattciiioiHtcil the ('(inli'ih'rat.) lla;^, on pcrceivinK the I''t'il('ral vn.ssi;], wiiosi! contiiiandci' dt'ciiiicd to rcccivn th(^ jrovt'i'nuicnt pih)t, or niter tins harhoron h'arninj^ that, in sni'li easi^, hi; wonhl have to risniain in port iwenty- Ifoiii' hours at'tiir tile (hipartnri) of liis advi-rsary. H(' was tlieii infonned, hy a hitter liiiiii tlio <;ove!nor, tliat iio must remain at a distance of tlmte miles iVoiii tlui liiciirest lanil, and that any attempt to violate the neutrality of the port wonhl he re- iivssed hy force of arms, if necessary. Si d'tly aft M»v:ii'.l a s ii ill I'fiili \v.ir-ste,:i'n t th it was in the port was sent out iiinl took up a iiDsition, with steaiii np and her mm at tlieir i|iiarters, hetween the liiviil sliii>s. At the same time, thi^ forts wi?ri^ mainieil, and twenty rounds of ammuni- tion wtM'i! served out for each j:i\\]\ l)eariii^ seaward ; tiie ollicers in ch!ir;^e of those at till' mouth of the liay haviiij^ orders to maintain the S.iii Jaeiuto at the prescrilicd dis- |l;iiice from the lantl, and lire into wliichever vessid mi;;lit heeoine the assailant. MiiiMi while, the, |Trcii rest anxiety pievailt'd on shore; many Id'arin^ in niiiiil tbo v;i^'aries of the Feihsral cruisers elsewhere, an I reuolhji'tin.; what hi I oomirre.l a year llirt'viously to the commander ot tin; Iro piois, when the .Sniiitin- ina lo luu" eseape, wero |,it'()itiuion that the San .laiMiito would have attempted, at all risks, to run airiuj; the masts and rij^^in^fs. Her (!a|ttain, it s !enn, ha 1 at first taken lu' S;in .Jacinto for another vessel of the force of his own, and he sent a messiijri; to lie jidvernor to say that intendii)}; to jro out to enf^a^^e her, he in conseiiiKMice n!i|iieste(l lliis excellency lo permit him to deposit, at the [)ul)li(! treasuiy, a sum of money, JiliDUt £ l'; made with a inerchant who was to receive it at acerttiin per- i'iitiiii;e, when, hiivinj; rc'coj^ni/ed the .San Jacinto, Capliiin S 'mines sent word that he jniiilil keep the nionev on hoard, having made U|) his mind to run out that samo |;ii;;lit. He did so, ?ii cll'ect, and accomi)lished his desi<;n so sneeessfnlly that his adviM'sary \M noteveu perceive his llij^ht ; nor wtis it until after remaining; thirty-six hmirs huforo Flirt (le France after the Alabama hail left that tlie captain of the San Jacinto could relieve that she h:id risilly ;jot away. Tile nioveiiienls of the Alahaniii had been well calculated. Slioi'tly before sunset a lioat had conveyed to the San Jacinto one of the masters who Ikil liei'U lately released from the Alab;ima, and who was siiiit by the Fiiit(Ml States iiiisiil to arrai .'e lor the sij^nals to be made fnmi an Auiericaii scUooner anchored near lllii' Ahibaiiia, in ease the latter should attempt to leave dnrinif the nij^ht. Suspecting their intentions, (,'aptain Seminessciit word to the captain of the port for Hiildt, whocame olf forthwith, and at tliisk he ji;ot under weijrli, first rniuiiiijr toward ik iiiiicr jxut, and wiieu out of sij^ht of the scliooner, alterinif his course so as to run I'liit oil the south side of the bay. The pilot left him. already, nearly half an hour, Iwlieii the master of the schooner, on his return from the San .Faciiito, lindiii}; the Ala- iMiiia had yone, sent up three rockets in tlie (iirectioii which his crew told him she had |tak(!ii. Tile San Jacinto, under all steam, ran to the south side of the bay, and not nieetiny; the liliiliaina, she havinjij already ))asseil out, Captain It inekeiidolf nnnained all nij^ht oil '!LMitry to the bay, within which he placed his armed boats in a line, to prevent all |f?ress. SoctU'tain was he of the result of these ini^asures that, as 1 Inive already said, |tic\Viis with dillieulty hronj;ht to believe tlie escape of his adversary.' It IS thus abtiiultiiitly clear tliat it was not because Martini(|ae was |iiot within British jurisdiction that Captain Soiuines did not coal there. Iliivin^- tijus left the port on the evening of the I'Jtli, on che afternoon oftlu> next day the Ahibaina joined the Ajj^rippina, and the two ran to- lnetlK'r to the appointed phu;e of anchorage, Blanquilla, described by li'aptain iSeni mesas " one of those little coral islands that skirt the South jAineiicau coast, not yet fully adapted to the habitation of man.' ^ There Itlie Alabama took in ji su])ply of coal, after which the Agrippina, which |liad still another supply of coal on board, was sent to the Areas, small liids off the coast of Yucatan. The two vessels met there on the 23d |of December. The Alabama took in the remainder of the supply of coal, [after which the Agrippina wassentto Liverpool to procure a fresh supply.'' 'BiitisU Appendix, vol. i, pp. 257-25J. : •Seranies's ''Adventures Afloat," p. 516; United States Documents, vol. vi, p. 431. 'Semmes's "Adventures Afloat," p. 519; Uuited States Doc uuients, m&i supra. 30 B tr 4GG AKIUTKATIOX AT (JKNKVA. ill rtrf ■:v, I, ! At Jiirii:ii( II. On tlie 11th of fliiniiiiry, tlio Aliibiiniii «'iic()iint«'r('(l tin- iriiircd Slates .sliipot' war the- llaltvra.s, wlicii, alter, ii sliort eii;;MyeiiU'iit, tlie latter ^vt'llt «l(»\vi), there beiii;;' Just tiiiK^ to sa\(' the crew. Alter tliis, the Ahihaina with her piisoners iiiiKhU'nr ,Ia- maiea, and arriscd at I'mt li'i»,val on tlieeveninnor the untli. This was hei' lirst. ai»|>earane(^ in a I'.ntish i)()rt. after her (h'pai tnie from Liverpool on tiie U'.tth of. Inly, ISIJI. It is ol)served in llio (Jase oi the rnited States lliat the '• promised orders " of lOarl Itnssell to detain her lor a violation of Uritish sovei'ei^^nty were not iiiere,' JOarl IJnsseli had promised no snch or. Alabama at Jainai(;a, ("aptaiii Semmes called on Commodore l)unIoi>, the ollicer in command at the .station, who reiiorte*! to the admiral : AimrKUt, .VT .Jam.vka, Jannanj -iW, l-^li:!. Sii! : I liiiN f tli(^ Jionor To ini'di'iii yon thai on Ihccvt-ninj;- of tin; liOth ascrt'W-.stciniui.J a])i)ai('ntl.v a iiiaM-ol'-war. wa.s seen olf tliis port, ahont sanscf., under frcnt'li cdliM'.-. Alter (lark the vessel entered tlie liailiur. and njion hein;; boarded jn'oved to W, {\\v screw ' of tlie "Jlst, her eoinniander, Cai>tain Seaniniis, called on me. amlj asked for i>ernii.ssion tct land si^venteen olilic(;rs and one huiiilred and one men. the cii'mI |)lics. The iiect'sT sity of the re^iairs was oiivious, Jiud I iiifoiined Captain Semnies that mo timo anist lift lost in conii»letinj^ tluan, takiu^f in his supplies, and proceeding to sija, in e.xact wii I'ormity with the sjiirit of Earl Itus.seH's dispatch. Captain Seiniue.s -k of lindiiifj; a sipiadron of my enemies outside, for uaf doubt they will be in jiursnit of me imniediiitely." (5. Owing to the delay in receiving the lientt^naiit-governor's answer to my li'tt('| relative to landing the jirisoners from Spaiii.sh Town, it was not until the eveiiiii;,Mil the yist tliat the )termi.ssi()U to do so reached Ca[)tain Semmes, and too late for tliem ta 1) (ll'tllill y oi'tli'Vs (>\tM lis rccDiiimcu- iVlabaiMii tiKiii was Uiu»wii ti> liiica slic wasii II, T Miji'-ty's IS arises in n' I ii sliip of wai ■ for tlic hivacli port. r.iiMhis iiiiu'iit is liable. soil ol' the want .maiea, Cai.taini oiuin.iiul at tlu'l .laniutnj SX l~i'>'>- ithiiHc.i<'\v-stc:iiiuv.: „U;r Ert'iulin'loiv] ,1 |)Vovc(l to bo Uk' I'l^illott ou w. iuiil " Olio UllMl, tllf flVWI ,. AliiUiiuia twculy- Uth .laiuiary. nw\i stiMl from t^i to 1.>I jm«l tilt", fn'w ^^''''i before th.i Hiittf nisi L lit tlui wiitor-liii''! Viild i»roc>'«!'l to s-'^j Uulics. The n.T.'^f lilt no time must l to w^a, in exiict m U .vavc me Ins ^vonM ' int.!rest is outiivbj , an tiour more tliaif ;iuic8outi^iae,loru(^ insvvor to my l'"tt«| lintil tl.eov.M.miii too late for tl.en tj I) tlie liui
  • '!i "' "'3 1 witti ttie "'■<'.''^^n L these r('l>mrsuii ■jiiiiited, as »»tli('rwis(^ levor or ])»'stiU'iU!0 iiiiolit aviso iVoiii an ovei- ciowtie.' sliip, to say notliiii;,' of tlie liorr«)i's wliicli would eiisiie should tiie Alaltaina a;;'ai.i .no into action with tlwiii on board." CJovenior I\vre added, that, "of {'oiirsc, once landed, no person «'onld be- re eiiiharUed ;ij;ainst their will iVtnn iJritish soil."' The prisoners were a('eordinj;iy landed. Assniiiin;;- that the Alabama was ])r(»per]y received as u belli;;('rent vessel, no (pU'stiiMi can arise as to th(^ pi'oprii'ty of allowiiij;' the iieces- sary lepairs to be done. . "The frac'tiires made by six larji'e shot or shell near the water-line (»l" (he Alabiima," says Commodore Dnnlo]) in his report to the admiral, " reipiired exti'nsive repairs.'"-' i presume it can hardly be. said that tin^ ship oiio-ht to ha\e been forced to ,!4o to sea without these '' lar.i;'i^ fractures"' haviii,:;' been stoppe<) p. m. of the same evening." It cannot, there- toie, be said that sln^ was permitted to stay too loii^' in the port. She, icceived, the commodore staies, "n supply of pnn'isions nnd coal," but it does not appear what Wi.s the quantity. No complaint has ever been hiiade, that 1 am aware of, (d" any excess having been allowed. Coin- !iiii(lor(^ l)nnlo|M'ertainly appeals to have been cpiite alive to his duly of hiitbrciny the regulations, lie concludes his rejiort by sayin^i;': III I'oncliisioii, 1 liavc only to state tliat tlic cnn '(It-rate vessel was treated sirielly in aiTdnlaiiee with the iiistriiel ions eoiilaiiied in Ivirl liiissell's ii^tter of I lie :>l^l .(aiinary, l-il,aml exuctly as [ shall art toward any I'liited States man-of-war that iiuiy liere- iitii'r eall here. Two United Stiites shiiis of war, tli<^ ]{ieliinond and Powliatan. arrived here in If^dl, ' iiiiili'd and jirovisioned, and I'einained in poll, the Iliehnioiid I'oiir days, and the I'ow- li;itiiii three days ; the .San .lacinto was also here, and rtMiiained four hours.' I am therefore nnable to concur in an opinion expressed by the llirt'sident of this tribunal in thinkino' that " the reception of the Ahiba- iiia at .lamaica far exceeded the measure of what the duties of neutrality would admit of." If, by this, refereiu;e is intended to be made to the llr;t that a yoiino; otllcer, in the absence of his superior, thono'litlessly allowed the band of a Queen's ship to play a sontliern national air, a liriannstiaice afterward fully explained, and for which he was severely K'priiiianded, or that the oltioers on the station went on board of the Alabama, and treated her <^iptain and oHicjers as oHieers of a man-of- war, or to the possible fact that the inhabitants of the island may have "illOWr " i.:...i 4- I .-.. « *^i :*^i. Ai... ti,...*i I sliowii some kindness toward, or sympathy with, the Southerners, 1 Ciiii only protest against such facets being made a ground for fixing a riabillty on the IJritish government, when no fault can be fixe.l on the I local authorities. If the British government has been in any lespect Kaiiting indue diligence, and injury has thence resulted to American pitizciis, the British ])eople are ready to make reparation. But to call laid, as founding a liability on the i)art of Great Britain, the fact that tiiirrs of Her Majesty's sliips, or the inliabitants of a West Iiuliari Itolony, may have shown civilities to the otticers of a confederate ship — e pvisoaers, "'^■as^yliy j^l,jj„l^l they not? or have exhibited sympathy for the cause of ruM-missioii^beui^tbe South, when the authorities have strictly done their duty, does seem ■>; !;9. ' Iinti^h A(»)ienJix, vol. i, p. 265. - Ibi.l., p. 2()iil t<)'» far; iinh'od, rmllii'i' thiin llu'. I'^iitcil Stales tlicrnsclvrs, l'\»r ncitlirr in tlicii- case iinr ainninciit have the hitter j^oiie so lai- as to asseit tliat, savin;;' in tlie mat tcr ( f not Hcizin;;' the Ncssel, tiiere was any breach of nt'utrality in what passed ii( .lainaiea. lint the same e\cei)tion is also taken to what passed iit the Cjipc. ^, „„ , „„ ,.| It is necessary, therefoi'e, to review the (acts. ' '' " The Alabama arriveth, tlial, (»ii rc- ceivinin inlormation of hor hein;;' llM'r<', he immediately f;av(^ orders to Captain Forsyth, of Ih-r ^lajest.v's shi)> ^'alorons, to hoM himseU in readiness to proceed to any of the |)arts of the colony in whicji tli(> Alabama mi^iht anchoi-, in order to preserve tlu^ rules of strict nenlnihtv.' On the ."itli ot An^^nst, liavin;;' received a tele]i>rain that the Alahiiiiia was otl' Tabh' Kay, the admiral ordered the \'alorons to proceed tliitlit-r. As the Alabama was standing;' into Table Ihiy, she fell in with and ciij) tni'ed a Tnited States vessel, called the Sea IJride, and snpiestion aros(^ whetlu'r the capttnc havernor. Sir Philip Wodehonse, to the capture, alleji'iny' it toj have been unlawlul by reason of its having been made within 4 niilesj of the shore. He writes : I Ix'lifvo tin-It" is 11(1 law (Ictiiiiiiy tli<' word " coiist," otii'T tlian iiitt'inntioiiiil l;iu.) That law liasalwn.vs liniitti! iicniral watfis to the liylitinj; distaiicf rioin land, wliiiliJ upon tln^ ii< V(Mitiii:i ol' ^ninxiwdtT, was cxtcndiul to flic distantM- of three naiilicd inilcsl I'roni land en a sn'uij^lit coast, and, liy the same rnle, since tlu! invention ol' Arnisin)n;,'| rilled cannon, to at least six miles. IJni rll wafers inclosed l>y a line drawn between two promontories or lieadlMinNl aro rt!cojjnized liy all nations as nenfral, and Kn<;land was the tirsf that adii|iriMl tlir rnle, callinj.' sncdi wafers tht^ " J OPINIONS oi' SIR am;naniu;k (.UL kiu un. 4(10 (Iriiliiiiu, tliis ;,'('iifl«'iii;iti loses iill sens 'of in'opricty. and, r(>r,i:('ttiii;; tlii\l lie is addri'ssiiijn llcr .\lajt'st.\'s rrprcsciitativi', writt's: Ymir (IfiMMioii in tlic cii^^i' ol' tlic Sm Itiiilc wjis duly riMM'ivcd iif I o'cliPcU p. in. on Saliii'iliiv. in riiniMinniciitiiii;' I liiit tlrri>iiin \nn Mnijily iinniHuirr tinit t In' \ rs^ti-l w um, ill MMir tnic leslimoiiy was taken was niil eMeiided to nie, and I am tlieiel'ore i'^noiaiit- III llie teiiur of it, and eaniiol di-tin^nisli ilie pmiion lliiown out tVnm lliat w Inch was aiccpted. 11 yuiir decision is I hilt t he iicntral waters ol' this cidony only est end a dis- i.iiiie o|' ilii'ce miles IVoni land, t he charactei nl' that decisimi won Id have liceii a'plly Jliisli;ited to the people ol' Cape 'I'nw II had an American wai- vessel appeared on the -line and eii;ia;;ed tile .\lah,iiii;i in halile. In sncli a conte>l. w itli caiinnii iair\in;j; a lii^taiice o| si\ miles, (thiec ((\ ii- land,) the ciashino' hiiiUliiii;s in C'tipe 'i'ow ii would liiive heeii all e\cellent comineiit ary on your decisimi. Iiiil the decision has heeii made, and cannot lie resoUed here, so that liiitlief coiii- iiii'Ml at present is tlierelore. nniiecessarv. It can ay, C'aptain Semmes Inid written from Saldanhii I3ay to the governor : An op'poifiinity is ofrercd nui liy tlm coastinj; schooiiei' Atlas to commiinicatt! a\ itli ilii' Cape, of which I promptly avail inystdf. 1 Inive tfe honor to inform your excellency that I arrived in this hay on Wednesday iiKini'iij^' liist ftir the jmrposi^ ot' etfectin- prisoners of war, «.Vc. , Tiu! vesstd ill (jncstion was built in Eiifthind, to ])rey iiptin the cnnnnorcn of tiio United States of America, and escaped therefrom while on her trial trip, forfeiting liomls of £-iO,000, which the British goverunicnt exacted under thi; foreiyn-eulistnient M't. Ndw, as yonr government lias a treaty of amity and commerce with the United States, and has not recognized the persons in revolt a.-ainstthe United States as a gov- friinieiitat all, the vesseT alluded to shonld be at - tliaf tlu' Biitisli (rovcin. (..,'il,'.'''^'" ""'•""'" jinMit wiiH siiKHMO ill ("xacliii^ tlitr boiids, \ee.t fully jirotest af;aiiist the vessel le- luaiiiiiijf ill any port of the enlony another day. (Siie has heeii at fSaldaiilia ISny four [six] ', head of "necessary rejtairs,'' and is no proof that she is iiiiseaworthy -, ami to allow her to visit other jiorts after she has set *he (Queen's jiroclamatiou ol ncn- trality at dc(iaiic(! would not he rej;ar(led as in aeeoidauce with the spirit and )niipi).M' of that document.' Mr. Graham received lor answer: His oxcelloucy lias no instructions, neither has he any authority, to seize or detain that vesst^; and he desires me to a(Mjuaiiit you tiiat lib has i.'eeived a letter from tiic coiiiniander, dated the 1st instant, statiiiii that repairs were in pro^r^ess. and as soon as they W(!re coiupleteence to the contrary, take the necessary steps for enforcinj; the observance of the rules laid down by Her Majesty's goveruineiit.- Oalled upon afterward to advise as to the ])ropriety of what had taluMi place with reference to the Alabama attheCai)e, the law-olliuers, Sir K. Palmer, Sir E. Collier, and Sir II. IMiilliinore, the latter so clesorvedly held u]) as an authority by the United States, on the llHh of October advised : With respect to the Alaliama herself, wti are clearly of opinion that neither the jiov ernor nor any other authority at the Cape could exercise any .jurisdietioii over hi>r and that, whatever was her iirevious liist(U-y, tli(\y were bouiul to treat her as a ship of v.ar belonging to a belligerent power.'' It strikes me that this tribunal should hesitate before it decides that three such legal authorities were wron}>'. Or are we to suppo.se that ;iii " insincere neutrality" lurks beneath their opinion, though given in the course of otlicial duty? On liis arrival in Table Bay, on the ath'of August, Captain Seniuies wrote to the governor, informing him that he had come in for supi)lies and repairs, and requesting to be allowed to land his pri.soner.s, thirty- three in number, lately ca|vtiired on board two ships destroyed by hirii at sea. The governor giive permission to laiul the i)ri.soners, but do- sired that Captain Semmes would " state the nature and extent of the supplies and repairs required, that he might be enabled to form some estimate of tUe time it would be necessary for the Alabamti to remain in the port." Captain Semmes replies: • Iu the way of sui)i)lie8 I shall need some provisions for my crew, a list of which will 1(0 handed yyu to-morrow by the paymaster, and as for repairs my lioilers need soiim iron-work to be done, and my bends riKjiiire calking, lieing (piite open. I pro)iiis() to take on board the nect^ssary material's here, and to proceed with all dispatch to .Simon's Hay, for the purpose of making thes(^ rejiairs.^ On the morning of theOth the paymaster of the ves.sel called on the governor, with the merchant who was to furnish the supplies, and leave ' British Appendix, vol. I, p. 300. - IbhI., p. :{0l. ' Ibid., p. :<',>;{. 'Ibid., p. :n 4. w OPINIONS OK SIR ALEXANDER COCKIIUR: 471 was given to the vessel to remain till tlic next day, the 7th. In a dispatch to the J)nke of Newcastle Sir IMiilip Wodeiionse states: Oil tlio iii;;lit of the ntli Ilcr Jlii.jcsty's shi)) ^'ill<)l•(llIs had vouw roiiiiil lri»ni Simon's liay. Diiiiii;; tln^ ni^liI ol" (lie tiili tlio wcatlicr liccaiiit^ iiiil"iivi)ral>It: ; a vessel was wrecked in tlie l>ay, and a iieav> sea prevented tiie, Alaitania IVnni receiving lier snp- plies by the, time ariaiif;t'd. On tiie UKiiiiinj; of tiie Htii, ('ai)ta.in Forsyth, of the Valorons, am. the jiort captain, liy my y the tradirsma.i at the time appointed, ;iii(l "intimated his own anxiety to j^et av.ay. IJetween (i and 7 a. in., on tlit^ iltli, lio «ailed, and on liis way ronnd to Simon's I5ay captured another vessel, lint on tindiiij; iliat she, was in neutral waters, immediately released her.' With reference to the latter circiiinstiince, Sir I». NValker. in his dis- [latch to the adinir.ilty, stiys : Dnriiif'- his i)assaj;e to this jiort ('a)>tain Seninies ehasetl anothcu' American vessel, the Martiia Wentzid, standinj; in for 'I'alde I5ay. On my pointinj^ out to him that In^ had ay on the IGth of September to coal and have repairs done. It has never been suggested that, either ill respect of tlie stay of the vessel on either occasion, or the amount of repair, or the (luanlity of coal, any indidgence was allowed to her in I'xcess of the Queen's regulations.' Courtesies and sympathy may have been shown by the itdiabitants to the officers and crew of the ship. J>ut, as 1 have alreiuly observed, these are things which a nenti'iil government cannot i)revent, and for which it woidd be simply iibsiird to say it could l>e responsible. Trob- iibly, as was very sensibly remarked by a Cape newspaper, the Argus, citod by Captain StMiimes in his Jouruiil, when speaking of the sympathy shown by the iiduibitants, " It was not, i)erhai>s, t.iking the view of cither side, Federal or confederate, but in adiuiration of the skill, pluck, and daring of the Alabiinia, her captain and her crew, who afford agen- inil theme of admiration all the world over.""' Fi'om the Cape of (Iood Hope the Alabama proceeded to the Eastern Sons. She touched at Singapore in December, l.SO.'J, ami vis- i„ ,|„. ,r„„.,, itcd the Cai)e on her way back to Euroi)ean waters in March, " " 1801. It is mentioned, in the C^ase of the United States,'' as afresh in- staiice of the violation of the duties of (ireat J>riti»iu as a neutral, thtit, having taken in coal iit Singapore on the 2.'5d of December, she was al- lowed to commence coaling again at Ca[)e Town on the lilst of ^[arch — two days too soon, liut J can hardly supi)ose this will bo seriously in- Msted Oil. Moreover, it appears from tlie llritish Counter Case" tluit the charge, such as it is, resting on no better foundation than Captain. Seimnes's journals, is founded on a miscalculation of 7. ' I'liRcs :Ufi, ;W6. 'Page 117. A i It f ' ^f i;l 472 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. the 23(1, but on the 22(1 of December; and, although she arrived at Table Bay on the 2()th of March, she did not couinjence coalin;? till tlic 22(1, when the period of tliree months |»rescril)<'d by the regulations liad exactly elapsed, liuleed, she could not have done .so earlier had it been ■wished, on account of the heavy gale that was then prevailing. The career ofthe Alabama was now drawing to a cdso. On the lltli of rlune, 1804, she entenid the port of Cherbourg. The, United States war-steamer, the Kearsarge, ai>peared shortly afterward in the neighboring waters. A chailenge ensued betwiMMi tlic (commanders of the two vessels, and, on the morning* of the JDth of June, tiie Alabama steamed out of Cherbourg to encounter her formi- dable opponent. The tire of the Kearsarge i)i'oved too heavy for the Alabama, and the latter sank under it and went down, affording to the victors the opportunity for the boastful taunt — which even the peacccfiil occasion of tiiis arbitration coidd not restrain — that "thustliis Ibitisli- built, British-aimed, and Jbitish-manned cruiser went down under tiu', tire of American guns."^ As if everything connected with this vessel must give birth to con- troversy, the sinking of the Alabama gave I'ise to a discussion, not un interesting in a Juridical i)oint ot view, though beside the purpose oi' the present in(jniry. As the Alabama was rapidly sinking, an ollicjer in one of her boats came to the Kearsarge, said they had surrendered, and that the ship was going down, and asked for assistance to save the crew. The Deerhound, a steam-yacht belonging to an English gentle- man, who had gone out of Cherbourg to witness the combat, coniin;;- up at the moment, was begge(i by tlu^ captain of the Kearsarge to help to save the people of the Alabama. The boats of the Deerhound hav ing been lowered succeeded in saving Captain iSemmes and manyot'tiii' crew, who were struggling in the water.-' Others were saved by the Alabama's boat, with the before- nuMitioncd oliicer in her. All the ])ersons saved were taken on board the Deer liound, and were carried by the owner, ^Ir. Lancaster, into Southanij)- ton, and there set ree. They were claimed as ])risoners by the United States Government on the ground that, tln^ ^Vlabama having surrendered, her crew were neces- sarily i)risoners. If saved they could only be saved as prisoners, or, as the alternative, they should have been lett to diown. Mr. Adams having written complaining that the owner of the Deer- liound had taken away the persons thus saved. Lord llussell answered: I have the honor to stiitc to yoii, in n'i)ly, thiit it ai)peiii'.s to me that tiie owner (if the IJeerhonnd, ol'the Royal Yacht Sfpiadron, iterlornied only a eoniuion (Inly ofhniiiini- ityin Havini^from the waves the eai)tain and several of the eiew of the, Alabama. Tiify ^vonld otherwi.se, in all piohahility, have been drowned, and thns wonhl never luivc lieen in the sitnation of jirisonerw of war. It «loeH not ai))i(>ar to me to be any part of the dnty of a nentral to assist in niakini; ](risoners of war J'or one of the belli{;erentB. ■' The alternative is thus sternly put by Mr. Seward in a dispatch to Mr. Adams : Tiie earl arjines that if tho.se persons had not been so taken from the .sea they wnnld. in ill! probability, have been drowned, anereiUs. I h..v'e to observe, upon these remarks of Earl Rnssell, that it was the rif;ht of tlic Kearsarge that the pirates should drown, unless saved by luunauu exertions of the ' Case of the United States, p. H87. - British Ap])endix, vol. i, p. 384. 3 United States appendix, vol. iii, p. 2fi;$. OI'INIONS OF SIR ALEXANDER COCKnURN. 473 orticers and crow of tliiit vcssol, or by tlioir own cfl'orl.s, without tlio aid of tho Dccr- liniiiiil. Till', inoii wcrt! either already actually ])ri.soiieis, or tht\v wi-rci d(!H|»i'rately piir- micd l»y tilt! K 'iirsarjic. If tlu-y 'isid iterislicil, Mk! Ktiarsaiif(! would lia\c! had tho ad- vantajfc of a lawful (Icstruirtion of so many (Mlt'Ulie^' ; if they had hccn rcjcovcrcd hy tho Kcarsarj^c, with or without tho aid of the Dcorhound, then tho voluntary Hiiricndcr of thoso jicrsoiiH would liavo Ixn^n iicricctcd, and they would iiavc been prisoners. In neither eas(» would they have remained hostile confederates. The Deei'honud, by talursnit and sueeessful battli>. I freely admit that it is no ]>art of a m-uti-al's duty to assist in niakin<{ captives for ;i l)elliy;ereut; but I maintain it to he e(|nally clear that, so far from beinjj neutr.-ility, it is direct hostility for a stranjicr to intervent! and rescue men who hail been cast into the o(;ean in battle, and then convey them away from under the cou(|ueror's ji;uns.' Possibly, ill stiictiioss of law, 'Sir. Soward was i-iylit in coiitoiiding that a l)ellij>'ertMit is outitlcd to tlic death of liis ent'iiiy, and that a neu- tral cannot inteifeio to save the latter from destruction. ]»nt it is idle to jiroponnd legal theories in such a case; the instinct of humanity will he certain to prevail over all considerations of le<»al right — God foibid that it should not! — and the neutral who has rescued a sinking fellow- creature from impending death may be excused if lie does m)t deliver up as a i)risoner the man whom he has saved irom perishing. Be this as it may, the Jiritish government had but one answer to make to the demand that these persons should be given uj) as prisoners, namely, that, however tliev liad reii(;hed British soil, when on it they were entitled to the protef^tion of its laws; and that the government, which had had nothing to do with the manner of theii' escape, «n'en if it had the will, had nor the power to deliver them up. ■f Li' ill lll-.,i,|..c,<,i CASE OV THE I'USCALOOSA. Immediately connected with th(^ case of the Alabama is tl'at of the Tuscaloosa. This vessel, originally called the Conrad, was a merchant- vessel of tho United States. She was taken by the Alabama when oft tlie coast of lirazil, being then loaded with a cargo of wool. (Jai)tain Semmes, tin; commander of the ^^ labama, put an ofticer and ten men on board of her, with two small rifled 11! pounder guns, gave her the name of Tuscaloosa, and, bringing her to the Cape, wh«*re she uirived on the 7th of August, iSd,'?, recpiested that she niigiit be ad- mitted to the liarbor of Siuu)n"s Bay as a tender of tlie xVlabaiua, in other words, as a ship of war. The admiral on the station, !Sir I>aldwin AValker, learning that the so(!alled tender had never been condemned in a |»i'ize court, conceived doubts as to the legality of considering her in the light of a tender. He tlierefore wrote to the governor. Sir I'hilip Wodehouse, requesting him to obtain the opinion of the law-ollicers as to whether the vessel ouglit Hot to be looked upon as a prize, Jind as sudi prohibited from entering the bay.'' Tiie attorney-general of the colotiy reported that the Tuscaloosa could Hot be looked upon as a prize, on the grouml that she purported to be a sliipof war, and there was no legal proof to satisfy the local government tliiit such was not her true character; that Captain Semmes, as coui- iiuniding a ship of war of the Confederate States, had authority to coo- vert a captured vessel into a.ahip of war, and so to invest her with all tile rights and immunities accorded to such vessels, and that it was not tor the local authorities, but for the courts of the cai)tor, to determine ' United States Appendix, vol. iii, p. 271$. - British Api)cudix, vol.i,i). 3(18. l:ii M. 474 ARHITKATION AT (iENEVA. horroal cliaractor,wliilo no moans existed in tlie colony Ibr (letenniniijf wliether she had or had not been lef>ally cono of wool still on board, and that her araiainent was only what has been stated, Sir JJ. Waliver felt still more doubtful as to tiie real character of the vessel. AVritiny to the <:>overnor on the 1>tii of August he says: The juliiiissioii of tlii.s vessel into jioit will, I Icar, oi)eii tlie door for nnmlieis ol" ves- sels eii)itiire(l under siiniliir circiinistanees beiiifj; dcMioininated tismlers, with a view to avoid the ])i'ohihitioii contained in the (Queen's instiiietions; and I wonld ol)serve tlnil tlie vessel, the St^a liride, captured l»y the Alahanni oil' Tal)le liay a tew days since, w all other prizes, ndyht be in like manner styled tenders, makinj;' the prohibition en- tirely nnll and void. I appiehiMid that to bring a captured vessel under the denomination of a vessel of war she must be (itted for warlike ]»nrposes, and not merely have a few men and two small frnns on board her^ (in fact n()thin<> but a ju'ize crew,) in order to disj^iiise her real ciiai'acter as a prize. Now, this vessel has her orij^imil carjjo of woid still on board, which cannot be re- quire1 of ;\v incii and ■ to (lis^nisc iUinot 1)0 I'n- L'W art; (luite (osition thiilr I iij;ainst Ium' lUts could 1)1' iirexcidliMicy nd the limits o avoid any l>ovted that lier coiifed- joiniuission to navy, in II vessel of lese points prize and reated as a d to obtain id Cai)tain ; a plaee on on a cruise f to United December, secretary of her former e opinion of li a case. It would apiK-nr that the 'J'nscaloosa is a Itark of .">(tO tons, captnrtMl l»y tlio Alabama iitttho coast ot' Ui'azil on the '21st of .Mine last, and hrouifht into Simon's IJay c- liirc tht) 7tli of Auy;ust, with her ori;;inal cary.ct of wool (itself, as well as the vessel. |ii'i/e) still on hoard, and with nothini^ to j^iv(! her a warlike character, (so far as appears iroiii tlie ])ap(^rH before ns,) exce)»t the circnmstances already noticed. AVe tlierefori' do not feel called ui)on, in tin; cinMinistances of this case, to enter into tJH! (ijuestion whether, in the ease ot'a vessel duly commissioned iis a siiip of war, after lii'inj^ made prizt; by a bellijic^'ent ;;i)vernm/7(.sir/i<(. 01 condemned by a court of itii/.e, th" character of jirize, within the meaninjf of Jier Mnjesty's orders, wfiuld or would not be merjied in that of a national ship of war. It is ciiouffh to say that the citation from Mr. Wheaton's book, by the colonial attorn«'y- ;'oiieral, does not ajijiear to us to have any direct l>earin<>' upon this ijuestion. Connected with this subject is the (|U(VHtion as to the car;.foes of (•aptnreply to any articles which may liavt; formed i»art of iiuy such (■ar;;oes, if brought within Ibitish Jurisdiction, not by armed shi[»s or privateers of either liellijierent, but by other persons who may have ac(|uired or may claim jiroperty in them by reason of any dealings with the ea|>tors. We thiuk it right to olisi'rve that the third reason alleged by the colonial attorney- ^t'lieral fur his opinion assumes (though tlm fact had not been made the subject of any in(|uiry) that " no means existed for determining whether the ship had or had not been jiKlicially condemned in .a court competent of Jurisdiction ;" and the proposition that, "admilliiig Iwr to hare been capliired b\j a «/i//> of war of the ('oiifidarntc Slatcn, sin; was en- titled to refer Her Majesty's government, in ciase of dispute, to the court of her States, ill order to satisfy it as to her real character," appears to ns to Ik; at varianct; with Her Majesty's undoubted right to determine, within her own territory, whether her orders, iiiiule in viudieatiou of her own neutrality, have b<'en violated or not. Tile unestion remains, what course ought to have been taken by thie intpiiries had been to provi; that the vessel was really an uncondemned prize, lirought into Hritish waters in violation of Her Majesty's orders made for the pur]>oH(< lit' maintaining her neutrality, it would, wo think, deserve veiy serious consideration «iietlita' the mode of proceeding in such cireunistanccs, most consistent witli Her Majesty's dignity and most proper for the vindication ot her territorial rights, would iiiit have been to jindiibit tlie exercise of any further control over the Tuscaloosa by tile captors, and to n^tain that vessel undta- Her Majesty's control and jurisdiction until luopeily reclaimed by her original owners.' It will be, observed that in the fore<;oino' o[)inion of the law-officers? the question whether the Tuscaloosa should, under the cinninistances, iiave been detained for the ]>urpose of beiny restored to her original owners, is suggested its one deserving, should the like case nHuir, of very serious consideration ; it is by no means one on which a positive opinion ffiis intended to ue given. Tiie governor jind the adiuiral, however, con- sidered it as establishing not oidy tiiat they ought to have detained the Tuscaloosa, when formerly within their Jurisdiction, but as imposing on tlieifi the duty of doing so now that, luiving returned to the Cape, she «ns again within their power. They accordingly took possession of her. Her commander, Lieuteimnt Low, thereupon addressed the following protest to the governor : Tuscaloosa, Simon's Hav, Capk oi-" (ioon Hope, Dcvemher 28, IBGIl. 8ii{: As the otlieer in command of the Confederate States ship Tuscaloosa, tender '0 tlie Confederate States steamer Alabanni, I have to reccnd my protest against the fecfiiit extraordinary measures which have been adopted toward me and the vessel miller my command by the Hritish authorities of this colony. I; ft:. I tf\ British Appendix, vol. ii, p. 323. 476 ARBITUATION A'l' (iENKVA. i 1^ i III Aiijiiist last tlif Tiisciiloosii aiiivtiil in Siinou's IJay. Slic was not, only riMduni/,.,; ill tli«> character wliicli she lawtiilly cliiinis to lie, viz. a cdininissiontMl ship of war lir- loiijiiii;i; to a ltt'lliii(!rt'nt jtowcr, but was aMov.iMl to remain in the harbor I'm Mie pcrioil of wvcn days, taitiiifi in supplies anil cU'iH'tina: repairs, wit ii X\w tiiil know ltn|M;c and sanction of tin^ antinti'ities. No intimation was <>iven that nIhi was rcjiariled merely in the liy;ht- of an ordinaiv ])ri/,e, or that she was consi(ler»!(l to Ix^ violating? tlie. hiws of m-ntrality. Xoi', wiiin slie notorionsly left for a crnisi! on aetiv(^ service, was any intimation whatever cini veyed that on her I'etnrn to the jiort of a friendly j)ower, wlu-re sll(^ had Iteen received as a. nian-ot'-war. she wonld he re;farded as a '• prize,'' as a violator ol' the (Queen's pnic- laination of mnitrality. and <'onse((nently liable to seiznre. Misled liy the condiii'f ol' Her Majesty's j^ovei'iimmit, I retnrneil to Siinou's IJ i v on th;' "Jitli instant, in vnv iirjient want of repairs and snpi)lies : to my snrjirise I liml the 'I'nscaloosa is now nn lon,ner considered as a man-of-war, and she has, by yoni'orders, as I learn, been seized for the pnrpose of beini;- handed over to the person who claims hei' on Itehalf of hei- laie owners. Tlie (diaracfor of the vesscd, viz, that of a lawful commissioned inan-of-wai' of tlir Confederate States of America, has not been altered since her first, arrival in Simon's Hay; and she havinj;' been once; fnlly reco^fiiized by th<^ lirilish anthoiititis in (Mnniiiand in this colony, and no luitice or wai'ninj>' of chan<;(! of opinion or of t'rieiidly feeling havinjj; been commnnicated by (inblic notilication or otherwise, I wascntitled to e\[iect to bo au,ain perinitti <1 to (Mitttr Simon's l>ay withont molestation. In jterfect f>-ood faith I retnrned to Simon's Hay I'or mere necessaries, and in all lionm and {rood faith in rctnrn I shonld, on clian<;eof opinion or of policy on the jiart ol' llie ]$ritish anthorities, have been desired to leave tlu! port aj^aiii. l?ni. by the coarse of jn'occedinns taken, I have been (snpposinj; the. view now taken l)y yonr exctdlen<'y's j«;overnnM'nt to be correct) lirst misled, and next entrapjied. My ]M)sition and (diaracter of in,v ship will most certaiidy be vindicated l)y my yjov- crnment. lam jiowerless to resist the alliont offered to the Confcdorato States of America by yonr exccdlency's condnct ami ]n'0(.-eedinj;s, I demand, however, the ridease of my ship; and, if this demand be not prouiptl> comidicd with. 1 hendiy formally jirotest aj^.iinst lii'r seiznre. especially iinih-r the very ]teciiliar circumstances of the case.' Upon tliis proceed i 11 <>■ being reported to the s'ovtnninent at home, llie o])inion of the hiw-ollieer.s \va.s iij>iiiii taken. It was felt tliiit what liad heen done eoiild not l»e properly npheUl. It was obviously one thinjjito hiivo seized the Tuscaloosa on the former occasion, as a prize broiij^'lit into a jxirt of her ller ^lajesty ; a very different thinj;', after she had been treated as a ship of war, and allo\veovernment couhl pursue with a due rej>"iird to honor and good faith. Orders were therefore sent out by the secretary of state for the colonies " to restore the vessel to the lieutenant of the Confederate States who hitely commanded hor; or, if he should have left the Cape, then to retain her until she can be handed over to .some jier.sou who may liave authority from Ctiptain Semines, of the Alabama, or from the government of the Confederate states, to receive her."^ The order to restore this vessel has been retiected upon iu the case of the United States-/' but I cannot but tiiink that the decision come toby the government was', under the circumstances, perfectly right; not only for the reason assigned, but also because, whatever might have been tlie power of the British government to seize this vessel while still retain- ing the character of a prize, she had now been invested with that of a vessel of war belonging to ii belligerent, and was therefore no longer amenable to the municipal jurisdiction. ' Hritisb Appendix, vol. i, p. W'iW. ^ Ibid., p. 1542. • Page 273. nPNlONS OF SIR ALKXANMKU COCKMUKN. 477 Tlie (juestion is, however, of no practical importance whatsoever. The Tuscah)osa never was delivere«l np. Lieutenant Low having;' lett the Cape when tlie order of the Duke of Newcastle came out, she re- mained in the custody of the h)cal authorities till tlie end of the war, and was then delivered up to the United States. No claim of danuiges can arise, therefore, with re}>ard to her in this respe(!t.' A serious question of law, however, iiresents itself in respect of what- soever dania<>e may have been done by the Tuscaloosa, while crnising; in the interval between her leavinji' the Cape and her return to it. This liability maj'^ be asserted on two j^rounds: lirsr, it maybe said that, tlie Alabanni havinj>- been enabled to make war on the commerce of the United States throujih the want of due dili}»enceon the pait of the Urit- ish }»overnment, and the Tuscaloosa haviii};' been taken by the Alabama and coaverted into a shii)of war employed in the same warfare, the ais- chief done by her must be lookent, that slie was christened by a young huly, the daughter of Captain North, who was in some way connecteil with the insurgent service. The Georgia was evidently not constructed as a vessel of war, thougli afterward applied to that purpose. The vigilance of the government having been aroused by the escape of thi Florida and the Alabama, the building of ships of war for the confederate service had become a mat- ter of extreme difficulty, and recourse was had to the contrivance of converting ships, originally built as blockade-runners, into vessels of war. V ■ I 1 British Appendix, vol. i, p. 363. 47S AlilUTKATlON AT (iKNHNA. She was r«'j;ist(Me(l on tlio -*()tli of Clinch, 18r>;>, as the property of a Mr. Tlioinas l>oUl, a iiicrcliaiit of Liverpool, on his ilcchirjitioii that ht" Avas the sol(^ owner.' Sh(^ was advertised at the Sailors' Home at liiver- pool, as about to sail for Singapore; seamen were enfjayed for iu-r as bound to that i)ort, and her crew sijjned urticdes for a voya}>e to Silica. pore, or any internie('d to the elapan, cleared out in ballast for a voyaj^e to Point do (jalle and Ilonjj;' Kony.' IJer crew, the number of which, as appears from tlic deposition of Thomas .Mahon, one of them, was about iV>,' but wiiicli. accordiujn' to the report of the chief olliirer of customs, was in fact IS. thouji'h maj;nified by INIi'. Dudley into 70 or 80,'' havinjn' been hired ar Liverpool l)y the lirm of .lones »!<: Co., of that jihu'c. were sent by steamer to the ('lyde. Tiu'y had shipped for a two years' voy a, i,'e to !Sinj>apore, there and back, and beyond all (piestion had shii)ped in tlic honest belief that the ship was bound for that place. The vessel sailed on the lM of April from (Jreenock, but appears only to luive dropped farther down the ri\ er, and not to have finally left till the (Jth or Ttli. 3Ir. Dudley, on the -Jil of April, writing to ."Mr. S«'ward on the subje(;t ot this vessel, adds: Sly lu'lifl' is that slic ltcl()iij;is to tin- ('onft'dcratcs, iiiiil is to bo coiivorted into ;i privatcfi-; i|iiit(! likely to ciiiisf in tlie East Imlii-s, as Mr. Yoiinij, tlio juiyiuastiM' from tli<^ AlaliaiiKi, tells me it lias always hecn a favorite idea of Mr. Mallory, ihe secrctiiry of the eoiifeilerate navy, to send a ]irivateer in these waters. I sent a man from here to (ilasyow to aeeompany these men, to endeavor to tind out tho (h'stimition of tiie vessel, iVe. He has not \h'vi\ sneeessfnl yet in his etl'orts. IK* has hotiii on hoard, and writes that she has no armament, and he is still there watehinj; luir. I liav(» directed him, hefore he retnrns, to visit the yarfls in the Clyde, and to th, it ajtpeais that that gentleman " ha lint while thus leaving in the «lis'>uise of a peawt'iil mcrcliant- vessel tr.vin;jf its eiijjiiK's, tlic Ja|>;iii was intcinkMl to luM'inivtutiuI into a ship of war, and was not to rctnrn to (Jn'cnoclv. When slu; fi'ot well away from (Ireenoek, the joiners, who had been fitting" np (;al)in-(loors when .she left, were employed to fit ni>a mau'.i/ine, and were afterwai'd landetl lower down in the Clyde. Up to this time no information had been furnished, or eommnnieation made, to Her Majesty's <:overnnient on the subjeet of this vessel. ilaviiin- leit the Cly Ucr her armament of ••iins and mnnitions of war. Let na panse here for a moment to see whether, tlins far, theie was uiiythinf? in respect of whi(;h ne^nliyeiu'e eonld be, with the slightest show of reason, impnt.'d to Ifer Majesty's j^overnment. It is certain that, thonj;h the attention of Mr. Underwood, the United States eonsnl at (Jlasjiow, had been for some time lixed on this vessel, there was nothinj;' on which it was thon'^ht that the action of the i^ov- ernment conld be invoked. It is said, indeed, in the ar^'ninent of the United States, that the reason was that \io, "had not and could not, with his means of informa- tion, prodnce ' sneh (evidence as wonid snpport an indictment for tiis- tleineanor ;' and nothin;;' short of that, Mr. Adams had been informe Daily News of the lUtli of Fehriiary, l,S(i;{, in \vlii(!!i the vessel is spoken of.' lli(! letter is a very loiij? one, and not. written in a style to eoiniuMiid mueh attention, the chanj^es heing run<;' on "pirates'' and " slavdiold- ers'' in a very sensational style. Tiie prohahility is, that this JcttiT was never seen hy any of Ilcr Majesty ministers; still more so that, if it was, it was not read thronfih. Jf it is meant to he sny-^ested that the anthor was writinjf npon facts notorions t«) the world, and not from liis own private sources of knovvledj;e, it is only necessary to tarn to tlm letter to see that this coidd not have heen .so. The writer is jicrson ally familiar with the whole snhject of vessels hnilt for, or in thi> in- terest of, the confederates, and was donhtless some oflicial connected with the United States. Hut what form did the notoriety, of whieh this anonymous writer was the orjjan, take in respect of the tlapan, after- ward the (ieor{»ia ? Did it treat her as a vessel of war, as the passaMrtoii, liiisconstiiicU'd two line, scrcw-slciniicrs. 'I'licy an' lyini; in tlw Clyi'iiiiy liiiilt and lost the, Memiihis, and ho itMiuircs the "Celestials" to pay cash down before lie parts with his piopeity.- It need hardly be pointed out tiiat, beino- " employed on aline," with reference to a vessel, means bein}>- emi)loyed in carryinjif floods or pas- seiifjers backward and forward between two or more given places. Tliere was, therefore, nothing in this letter, any more than in the facts, to lead to any supposition on tne part of the government that the Jiii>aii Avas intended for a ship of war. lint let us follow the vessel. Having left the Clyde, the Japan first made towards the Isle of ]Man, then suddeidy changed her course, and went north, through the North Channel, then down the west coast of Ireland, passe«l Cape Clear, then steered eastward, and then made straight for Ushant, Ushant light being the lirst light sighted. Siio then kept on jiud off near the French coast.^ In the mean time a small steamer called the Alar, of Loudon, having taken the armament of the Georgia on board at Newhaven, as well as some twenty to thirty men, who were to form an addition to her crew, set sail from Newhaven on the 5th of April, having cleared out for Alderney and iSt. Malo. Keeping clear, however, of both these places, she steered straight for the west coast of France ; which, however, owiug to accidents which happened to her machinery, she did not reach till Wednesday, the 8th. The Georgia was then sighted far away to the westward, and the machinery of the Alar having again broken down, the former vessel came and took her in tow, and took her iuto the nar- row passage between Ushant and the main-land. There the transsliip- meut of the guns and niuuitions of the Georgia from the Alar took ' United States Docuiuents, vol. vi, p. 503. 6 Ibid., vol. vi, p. 505. ^ British Appeudix, vol. i, p. 412. oriNU^NS ov SIR A)j:\anui:u coi'Iviu'iin. 481 place, tlio whole bciiis liiially lu'complished by tli'^ iillcnioon of Tliurs- (lay, the S)th, when theCJooryia stoorloiit to sea, while tlu^ Alai' rotnrnetl, but licr iiiachiuory huvinj; a;;alii brokiMi down, .she was obliged to put into IMy month.' Prior to the Alar partiiij;' eoin])aiiy with the (Jeorj^ia, ii Captain Lainont, or Dui)oiit, who had (joiiio out i;i the Alar, assumed the com- mand of the Georgia, and, haviiis called the crew together, iulbrmcd them that the vessel was not bound l"or Singapore, but was intended for the confederates service, to "siidc, burn, and . lloxoitAMi.i': Sn:s : Tiio sito.ajnsiiip Alar, oC li?)ii(Ioi), S.') tons, owikmI by If. 1'. ;^[ill)l^s, mailed on Hiiiulay ni(triiiii<>-, .")th iiistimt, iit 'Z ii. in., lioiiiul, accordinmto tin! ship's pupov.s, viz, tli(i accompanying content, lur Aldcrm-y jmd St. Mnlo. On Saturday, at nii(lni. (ii'. .Section seven ap- pears to 1)0 applicable to tliis case if tho information which has been yiveii to tln^ minister of tho I'nited States of America should turn out to b(^ correit. In that caw tho law-ollicers of the (Jrowu should be instructed to take, without rocoedinj;s authorized by the law of Aldern(\v, to enlbrcHi tlie ])ro\isions of tiie act in question, and the olliccrs of customs may ])»■ (.iillcd upon to assist, if necessary. Sir (jicorge (Ji'cy will bo filad to bo intnrnied (-{' the result of tlic iiKiuiry, and of au\ stcjis that may be t.'iken in <'onse<|Ucnce. I have. Ac, JJ. WADDINGTON. On receipt of this letter, (Jeueral kSIade iiniiiediately sent a ship oi ■war to Alderney; but as neither the ,lap;in nor the Alar had ,yone tn Alderney, of course neither of them was to bo I'ound there. I should ha\c thouj^ht it dillicidt under tiiese circumstances to raise rnmont in in inic day to the iioin tliti home M., .Ipiilr^mYX cwith, iiH lec'oivnl 'H ininiHtcr ut UiIn •jjiniii, ropoittd tu nn arniiiuuiut con- rthivv«'ii, and is to 11(1 I am to r«'(|U('si tioiiH coiitaiiitiil in .Section stn'cu t\\>- bciMi given to the rieet. In that raw t tlolay, tl»i> \m)\w: isioiis of the aet in f ueeeHsary. iKiniiy, anil oi' ;iii\ kVADDlNliTON. StMlt Jl shil) 01 .liir liiid J^'oiie to lerc. ances to raise an lent. Xcvei'tho- :> ^Yitll neglect in dispatcluHl .sliips I-) vessels. "Tlif ions as to be tlio ., the Livcrpo"' oit of this assi . it the vessel hnd tlierefore, given md it is said to f war from Torts- nel Ishiuds weio at all probable, ot have been dis- onfusion pardon Atlantic. Brest and at least one el was bound to ent course. But and the Channel oming round the ortUwest part of a vessel coming ards the Bay ot would have been of her way ! e Georgia woulu have coinci to Ahleniey at all — more especially as she would there havo been exposed to seizure, as being in a British i)ort, if any suspicion should liaveaiiscn resiiectingherrealeharacter — when it was much easier for lier to take in her armament off the French coast, I must express my surprise that it should bo deliberately stated, by those who know that she never went to or near Alderiu'y at all, and that no other des- tination of the vessel was known or surmised, to which shii)s could have been sent after her, that, by reason that Karl Kussell, " instead of di- recting action to be taken by the navy, directed im|uiries to b«^ made by the treasury and home ollice, the Georgia escaped." Is it to be said that without having the least idea of any other desti- nation than Aldorney, the government were to send shii)s of war in nil directions in (piest of two vessels, neither of which could i)ossibly be known to any ollicer in Jler JMaJesty's navy ' l<]ven had the spot where the two vessels were to meet been known, it would sciircely have been possible for a ship from JMymouth — mu(!li less from Portsmouth, which is more than one hujidred miles further off— to have overtaken them. The letter from 3rr. Adams was not written till the Sth, and would appear, from ]\lr. llammomrs letter to that gentleman of the same date, to have been received in the afternoon of that day. Had instructions been telegraidied to JMymouth thatafternooji, it would have taken some short time to carry the orders into execution, yteamships are not ready to start at live minutes' notice. From IMymoiith to IJshiuit is some one huiulred and twenty miles; and,on tlv! !)th, the Georgia had left the F'rench coast and was on her way ui)cn the ocean. But tor the delay occasioned by the breaking down of the Alur's ipachinery she would have been gone several hours soonei'. There is a homely, but expressi\ , , I'Jnglisli saying, that " Any stick serves to beat a dog with," but one must iiuve a most determined in- tention to beat the creature to make such a (;ase ;is this a ground of complaint. It has been sought to fix the British government with the responsi- bility for damage done by this vessel on the ground that, until the 23d of June, Bold continued to be on the register as owner. It is true that it was not until this date that Bold informed the collector of customs that he had parted with the vessel, and returned the certiticate of reg- istry. No such consequence, however, as is contended for, at all follows. The ownership of a British vessel may be transferred, though the evi- ilcnce of it, as afforded by the register, remains incomplete; and it would be absurd to suppose that Mr. Bold, if the true owner, lent his vessel to the confederate government, or failed to take care to be paid for her before ho parted with her. Tlie delay in canceling the registra- tion was, no doubt, for the purpose of delaying as long as possible the disclosure of the real transaction. Mr. Squarej^, the Liverpool solicitor engaged for the United States, being consulted on this point, gave the following very sensible advice: It docs not appear to ine thcf engagement of the crew can bo treated as an offense against the act, because the only legal contract binding upon the crew was that ap- pearing upon the articles. The men were not liable to do anything except what they liad agreed to do by the articles ; and from the statements of the men whom I saw, it tlid not appear that they knew, when they shipped, that it was expected or intended that they should serve on board a man-ai-war or privateer. As regards the liability of the British registered owner to make good to the owners of the American vessel destroyed the loss su stained by them, I conceive it must depend upon the question whether those in com and of the vessel at the time can be considered to have been the agents of the British < vner. If they were snch agents, and there was any evidence to show that the destru „ion of the American ship could bo considered as an act within the scope of their authority, I have no doubt that the owners would be liable: but it m^ It' c m 484 ARBITRATION AT Gr.NJW.A. appears to mi! thai tlit; cirfiiinstaiice.s to whicli I liav(5 prcvioiialy iiiCcriTtl ;;() vory far to rebut tlio pn;biiiiiptioti that such nguiicy existed, aiul to prove, that, in ilestjoyhi" tbo Auiericari vessel, the oUicers and erew were aetiiig, not lor l-ho British owiut,' liiil! for tlio f:;ovenmunt of tho so-called Confederate States. In siieh case, I do not think that any liability conld bo established against tho British owner, for it is now w(;]l ostablisiied that dio mere fact of beinKK CUCKRIIUX. 487 Teaeritte, Irom wht'iice they .it'tcrward returned to Loiuloii. The con- federate tla<»' havinjv been hoisted on the Sea King, wiie crnised thence- forward under the name of the Shenandoah. It must be, indeed, a stern .stickler l\>i* neutral re8i)onsibility who could say that up to this point there had been anythinj,^ ibr which blame could be attribnted to ller .Majesty's g:()vernment. Not the slfghtest suspicion had attached to this sliip, whicih was only known as a merchant-vessel, prior to her leaving England. But besides this, no ott'ense whatever had been committed against IJritish law. The ship lu.d not been either "fitted out," "equipped,'' or '• armed," within the United Kingdom or within I ler Majesty's urpose of making a pro- test or to claim assistance. Therefore, on the L*oth instant. Consul Grattan sent to desire his attendance, and-ened n: relation to Corbett before I pursue the further history of the Shenandoah. On the arrival of the depositions in England, the law-ofticers at first l,;j ' British Apiiondix, vol. i, j». 477. 488 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. k advised that iiq prosecution could be sustained against Corbett, as all the facts had taken i)hice on the high seas, and a Britiali shij) on the high seas could not properly bo considered as " within Her IMajesty's dominions, or a place belonging to or subject to Her Majesty.'" Two further affidavits having been after .vard furnished by Mr. Adams, of men who had been engaged by the defendant in London, and who spoke to language of a suspicious character then used by him, the law-oificers, on being again consulted, thought that there was sufficient evidence on which to found a prosecution ; and they further thought that as the ship had left the country as a British ship, she might, prima facie, bo. considered as such, that is, till a sale and transfer of i)roperty in her was shown ; and that it might be deserving of serious consideration whether her deck might not be considered as " a place belonging toiler Majesty," within the language of the act.'^ A prosecution against Cor- bett was accordingly instituted by tho^overument, for a breach of the second section of the foreign-enlistment act, in endeavoring to procure men to enlist and serve, or to embark and go out of Her Majesty's do- minions to enlist and serve, in the confederate service. The case came on before myself and a special jury, at Westminster Hall, in December, 18G5. The witnesses for the ])rosecution were six sailors who had formed part of the crew of the tSea King, and who dei)0sed that, after Captain Corbett had inforrued the crew that he had sold the ship to the confederate government, he endeavored to persuade the men to enlist, pointing out to them the advantage of so doing in the way of pay and prize- uit)ney. There was, however, considerable inconsistency in the evidence of these men, some of them ascribing to tlie defendant what others put into the niouth of Captain Waddell, and vice versa. The man appear to have had a strong feeling against the cap*^ain, by reason of their in- tended voyage to the east having come to an abrupt termination, and to their not having received as much wages as they expected for the time they had been out. The first mate, the stevrard, and the chief engineer of the crew of the Sea King, one of the crew of the Laurel, and two or three confederate sailors who had joined the confederate ship, all of whom had witnessed all that passed, denied positively that Corbett had taken any part in persuading the men to sign articles, but attributed to Captain AVaddell, exclusively, the language which the witnesses for the prosecution had represented as spoken by Corbett. It having been objected on the part of the defendant that while, in order to constitute an offense under the enactment in question, the act complained of must have been done within Her Majesty's dominions, what was here alleged to have been done by the defendant had taken place in Spanish waters, it was answered by the solicitor-general that, if the act had been done on board a British vessel, that would be suffi- cient, to satisfy the statute, and that, though he could not deny that a sale of the vessel had taken place, yet that, so long as the British crew remained on board, the vessel could not be considered as having been delivered up to the purchasers, and must still be looked upon as a Brit- ish ship. I was, however, clearly of opinion that the defendant Corbett having openly announced the sale of the ship, and that he had delivered her over to Waddell, and the latter having assumed the command, and with his officers taken possession of her, the delivery had been com- pleted and the property effectually transferred. I, however, desired the opinion of the jury on this point, as well as on the questions whether ' British Appendix, vol. i, p. 483. - Ibid., p. 490. OPINrON8 OF HiK ALEXANDER COt^'KUrUX. 489 r" I the tleieiulant h:ul ciiikiivorod to induce the men to cn'ist in tlie con- federate Korvice, as crew of the Sea Kinj?; and if so, whether, when lie engaged the men in London, he had the ulterior design of inducing them to enlist when beyond the Queen's, dominions. The Jury thought the evidence too conflicting upon which to convict the defendant, and, it being very doubtful whether the witnesses for the Crown were not confounding Avhat had been said by Waddell with what was said by Oorbett, I think the jury acted wisely on the whole in acquitting the defendant.' I have adverted to these circumstances in justice to the government and the solicitor-general who conducted the prosecution. No public prosecutor could have discharged his duty more honestly or zealously, or with a greater desire to obtain a conviction if it could legitimately and i)ropeily be done. 1 return to the Shenandoah. Nothing more was heard of her by Her Majesty's government till she arrived at Melbourne on the 25th of January, 18G5. ' ' ' ' "'" Before relating the events which occurred during her visit at this port, it may be well brielly to describe the locality, some knowledge of which is uecessnry to a thorough appreciation of the facts. Port Philip, nt the northeastevlj' end of which Melbourne is situated, is a bay ot irregular oval shajK', some sixty or seventy miles in circuit, o])ening into the sea by a narrow entrance to the southwest, called the lleads. The harbor of Melbourne, situated as has been said at the opposite end, is called Hobson's liaj', and forms the estuary of the Yarra-Yarra. Mel- bourne itself is about two miles inland up the Yarra-Y"arra ; on either side of Hobson's Bay are two suburbs of Melbourne, named respectively Williamstown and Sandridge. They are each connected with the town by a railway, and asteam-fen\v runs between the two, from one railway pier to another across the bay, which is here two and a half miles wide. Williamstown is the place wliere shipping operations are for the most part carried on, and where seafaring men principally frequent. It should be added that the governor had, at the time of the arrival of tlie Shenandoah, a small military force at his disposal, but no vessel of war of any kind ; the Bombay, which is spoken of in the argument of the United States as such, being merely a contract steam-packet belong- ing to the Peninsular and Oriental Company, with a naval agent on board iu charge of the mails. The authorities were therefore depend- ent upon the customs oiHcers and the ordinary water-police for the sur- veillance of the harbor. Immediately on the arrival of the Shenandoah, her commander, Wad- dell, wrote to Sir C. H. Darling, the governor, to announce his arrival :^ CONFKUEKATK StATKS StKAJIKK OF WaU SiIKNANDOAH, I'ort rhili}), January 25, 1805. Sik: 1 have tho honor to aunouuco to your excellency the arrival of tbo Coufedorate States steamer Shenandoah, under my command, in Port Philip, this afternoon, and also to communicate that the steamer's machinery requiros repairs, and that I am in want of coals. I desire your excellency to grant permission that I may make the necessary repairs I and supply of coals to enable rao to got to sea as quickly as possible. I desire also your excellency's permission to land my prisoners. I shall ob.s?rve the I neutrality. • I have, «&c., J AS. J. WADDELL. t ; i fo-: s 'See reports of the trial, printed in United States Dojuments, vol. iv, pp. G18 'Appendix to British Case, vol. i, p. 500. 490 >\KrUTJ»'ATION AT (^KNEVA. The conduct of the governor and of tlic executive council of the colony seems to Lave been marked by the most anxious desire to do uhat was strictly right. The commissioner of trade and customs was directed to communicate with the commander of the Sheuandotih 'n the name of the governor,' rcqiu?sting liiui to inform the goveri" ...fc of Victoria of the mitnre and extent of the repairs of which he stated his vessel to be in need ; and informing him that i)ermission Avould be granted for the Shenandoah to remain in tlie waters of the colony a suflicient time to effect her repairs, and to receive the ])rovisions or things necessary for the subsistence of her crew — but not beyond Avhat woukl be necessary for immediate use; and that Avhen the government of Victoria were in i)ossession of the nature and extent of tlio supplies and lepairs which were necessary, lie should be informed of the time which his vessel would be permitted to remain in the waters of the colony : and that, as to that i)art of his letter which referred to prisoners, he must communicate to the government the names of the prisoners, and any other particulars relating to them w'hich he might be willing to supply. The application of Lieutenant Waddell to land his prisoners was also directed to be communicated to the United States consul . Mr. Blanchard, the consul of the United States at Melbourne, jno- tested against the Shenandoah being admitted to the i)rivileges of a belligerent, maintaining that, as she had been sold at sea to the confed- erate government, a sale under such circumstances was unlawful ; that, being a British-built merchant-ship, she could not be converted into u war- vessel of the Confederate States on the high seas, but only by pro- ceeding to, and sailing in such a character from, one of the ports of the confederacy; and that " not being legally a man-of-war, she was but a lawless i>irate, dishonoring the flag under which her status was to be established and under which she decoyed her victims." Having consulted the law-officers of the colony, who advised that the ves- sel purported to be, and in their opinion should be treated as, a ship of war belonging to a belligerent power, the, governor and council decided that, whatever might be the previous history of the Shenandoah, the govern- ment of the colony was bound to treat her as a ship of war belonging to a belligerent power. It is clear that the law-oflieers of the colony were perfectly right. Even had there been any foundation for the notion of Mr. Blanchard that the sale of the vessel on the high sea;; wc.s invalid, the Shenandoah arrived at the colony as a commissioned ship of a belligerent power, which, according to the usage of maritime nations, was a sutHcient ground for her receptiou as a vessel of war. It is to be observed that no ques- tion can arise in respect of this vessel as to its having been the duty of the Britisli government to seize her in spite of the commission of the Confederate States. She had neither been equipped, nor armed, nor specially adapted, w holly or in part, for warlike use, in British territory, nor was the sale of her to a belligerent on the high seas any violation of the rights of Great Britain as a neutral. To have seized her woukl therefore have been utterly unjustifiable. A question, it appears, arose as to whether the officer in eommaiul Bbould not be required to sho»7 his commission, and the majority of the council decided that there was no necessity for doing so. And nothiijg having then occurred to lead to any doubt as to the vessel being com- missioned by the confederate government, or as to the honor of the I Appendix to British Case, vol. i, p. 511. ^r OriNJONS OF SIR Al.KXANhEK C'OCKlU'h'X, 41)1 rs was also louviie, ])ro- officer who (.'omniandod lier, to lia\e deiiiaiulod to sec tlio commission lie; professed to bear would have implied an unworthy suspicion. What followed is thus rels'.ted in a narrative signed b-v the yentlemen who were at that time cnicf secretary, minister of justice, comn.issioner of trade and customs, and attorney- »2,encral of the colony : On iccoivinj; tlu; erMnnmnication iVoiii Iho ifovijriior, Lioiitoiiiuit WiuldcU omployed Messrs. Lari^hindH, Brotlicis «fc Co., iron-lbundois, of Melbourne, to exaininotlie vessel and to undertake tlio repairs, and they, on the :5()ili January, re]>orted that it was abso- lutely necessary to put the Shenandoah on tlio government slip, as tho diver who in- spected the vessel had reported that tho lining of tho outer stern-hack was entirely gone, and would have to be replaced; and that, as three days would elapse befon; the vessel was slipped, it would take ten days from date to accomplish tho repairs. It may bo here remarked that tho slip (termed tho "government sli]»-' in Ihc report of Messrs. Langlands, Urotliers & Co.) was not in possession of, or under th(( control of the government, tlie fact being that, although it was originally built by tho govern- ment, yet it hadbeen for many years leased, and atthattinu) was nnilcr lease to Mr. Enoch Chamljers. This report was submitted to the commissioner of trade and customs, who wrote, by direction of his excellency tho governor, for a list of tho supplies r0. 492 ARlilTKATION AT GENEVA. It tliuH apin'iU'.s that on tho 3tl of February, the coininissionor of trade and customs was iustructed by the j:joveruor to make arrangements for obtaining daily reports of the piogress of the repairs and provisioning of tho Shenandoaii, and communicated to him the information so obtained* and to take every precaution in liis power against the possibility of the commander of that vessel in any degree extending his armament, or rendering the present armament more effective.' Thus matters stood when, on tho 10th of February, the United States consul wrote to tho governor, inclosing a deposition on oath of one John >\'^illiams, who had been a prisoner on board the Shenandoah, and who, having been one of the crew of the ship 1). Godfrey, captured by the Shen- andoah, had escaped from the latter by swimming ashore on tho (Uh. In this deposition Williams stated that tifteen or twenty men had joined the shij) since her arrival in port, and were concealed in various parts of her, and that three others, who were wearing the ship's uniform, had also come aboard since her arrival.^ To this was added, on the 13th, the affidavit of one Madden, another of the crew of the 1). Godfrey, who stated that "when he left the vessel on the 7th, there were men hid in the forecastle of the ship, and two working in the galley, all of whom came on board the vessel since she arrived in the i)ort; and that the officers pretended they did not know these men were hid."'" The proceedings of the governor and council on the loth of l^'ebruary iire marked by the same attention to their duty in the matter as before, as appears from the following minute of their proceedings: ' Tlio furtber report of ^lio board ol' survey on tbe Sheniiiuloiib, iit'lor vimviiig that veKsel on tlie slij*, is siibniitlod luid considorcd. His excellency stn tea to tbe council tbat, in conseiiucnco of a letter wbicli be bad received from tbc United States consul, dated tbe lOtli instant, and inclosing a testimony on oatb of one John Williams, be bad deemed it bisdntyto refer itfortboconsiderution of tbo law-ofticers of tbe Crown ; as, presuming tbe statements therein containad to bo correct, it would .appear that tbo commandor of tbe Shenandoah was taking advantage of tbo .aid and comfort which bad been afFordod to bini in this port to incroaso the number of bis crew by enlisting British subjects in contravention of tbo foreign-enlist- mont act. In conseijuence of this refcronco, tbc law-oflicers of tbe Crown b.id directed tbe at- tendance of tbo man John Williams, and that bo bad, with other men, attended that morning at tho Crown law-ottices, and had nuido statements to the eftect that a nnmber of men representing themselves to be Englishmen had gone on board tho Shenandoah «ince her arrival in this port, with tho intention of joining bor, and were now couce.aled on board. The la w-oflicers being of opinion that there was sufficient evidence to take steps for prosecuting, bad instructed tbe police to lay informations against these men for a mis- demeanor, and to apply for a warrant for their apprehension. On consultation with tho council, it was not considered necessary by his excolloncy to take any further steps in the matter until tbo result of tbo police-officer proceedings were known ; but Mr. Francis is instructed again to inquire by letter when Lieutenant Waddell would bo ready to proceed to sea. A report from the detective police at Sandbridge, of this day's date, on matters re- nting to tho Sben.andoab, is laid upon the table of the council ; and as from informa- tion which had reached tho government somo suspicion had been attached to the move- ments of a vessel called tbe Eli Whitney, now lying in the bay, tho honorable the commissioner of trades and customs undertakes that her movements shall be carefully watched. The honorable the attorney-general then submits to his excellency depositions taken on oath by eleven persons before the consul of the United States in Melbourne, which depositions have been placed in his hands by tho couBul. The Eli Whitney was watclied accordingly, and if any intention of using her as a means of shipping the men had been entertained, it was abandoned. ' Appendix to British Case, vol. i, p. 529. 2 Ibid., p. COG. ' Ibid., p. 608. Ibid., p 520. OI'INIONS OF Slli AI.EXANDICU COCKIU'KX. 493 !p itsvinir tlia t On tlic loth ol' J'Vbniary a warrant was j^raiitod by a magistrate at V/illiamstown, for tlic ai)i)rolKMi8ioii of a man known as ,Ianu's David- son, or "Charley," who was stated to be eoneealed on board the Shen- andoah. The RU[)erintcndent of pobce, who was char{;:ed with the exe- cution of the warrant, went on board the shi[», and Captain Waddell not be in ft' on board, saw the odieer in eharjre, told his business, and re- quested to see tlie man on board to execute his warrant. This was re- fused, lie showed Ids warrant, which the olTKH-r looked at, sayinf]^, "That is all rij^ht, but you shan't ;?o over the ship." Th(>, nextmorninj;' the police ollicer returned lo the ship, and stated tluit information hav- ing been s,\vorn that persons had Joined t!ie vessel from Melbourne, and were now on board, he liad come with a warrant. Captain \Va British Appendix, vol. i, pp. 524, 525. » Ibid., p. 524. ^British Appendix, Tol. i, p. 643. iii ml 41)4 AKIJITKATION Al' GENKVA. sioii to KciiiL'li tlif hliip wivs It fu.sc, Comminxiinivr of TnnU' and CiiilotDx, MvUmuriii'. it iippears Irom ii vcport of the .superintoiulcji't of police tliiit, in order to carry out tlic ins^^nictions of the gfoverninent, he ])roeee(le(l to Wil- liamstown on the • ■L-'rnoou of the llth, toolc i)ossession of the slip on M'hich the Slienaiidoali ^vas placed, and cleared the yard of the workmen employed on the A'essel. The effect of th.is determined course of pro- ceedings soon showed itself. At about 10 p. m. four men were seen to leave the vessel in a boat pulled by two watermen. They were ])ursned by the water-police, and brought back to the superintendent. On being questioned, they said they had been on board a few days, unknown to the cajitain, and that as soon as he found they were on board, he or- dered them to go ashore.^ The men were detained, and the American cousid was communicated with resi)eetingthem. Toward morning tug- steamers came to tow the vessel otl", but were ordered away by the su- l)erintendent, who also took steps for i>reventing the vessel being fur- nished with a pilot. The four men were taken before a magistrate on the Kith. One, being an American, was discharged ; the three others, one of whom was the man Davidson, (" Charley,") were committed for trial. Two of them, after awaiting their tri.al in prison for a month, were sentenced to a further imprisonment of ten days ; the other, being a mere youth, was, on that account, discharged." The vessel still re- mained on the slip. On the 15th of February, tlie lessee of the slip wrote to the chief sec- retary, stating that his manager had informed him that should a gale of wind occur, he would either be compelled to launch the ship, or run a great risk of her sustaining serious damage in consequence of her un- safe position on the cradle.* This being so, and .all motive for searching the ship being now at an end, the man against whom the warrant had been directed having been taken, and there being no reason for suppos- ing that there were other Melbourne men secreted in the vessel, it was thought advisable that tlie order suspending the permission to repair should be revoked, and the necessary repairs to the ship be allowed to be completed, the commander being informed that he was expected to use every dispatch in getting to sea by the time previously fixed. Captain Waddell having written to complain of the ship having been seized, was informed, in reply, that the ship had not been seized, hut 'Britsh Appendix, vol. i, p. G44. - Ibid., p. 527. ' Ibid., vol. V, p. <)2. * Ibid., vol. i, p. 528. OPINIONS OF SIK AI.KXANDKK COCKIU'KN. 405 •K lip, or run a that I'lirtlier proKross with tiie repairs li a* I boon arrested bj- reason of his refusal to allow tlio ship to be searehed. Jle was also reminded of the four men having been caught leaving the ship, notwithstanding his state- ment that there was no stranger on board ; but he was at the same time informed that, as the man against whom the warrant had been issued was now in custody, and he (Captain Waddell) had given his assurance that no person other than those on her shipping articles were now ou board tlie ship, the work might proceed. In acknowledging this com- munication Captain Waddell took the opportunity of observing as fol- lows, with reference to the lour men : Tlio four men ivlliuit'd to in your conininnication an^ in> i>ivi'.t of tliiH vcsst'l*N coniplt!- ment of men ; tliny wcro (letiatetl on boanl l>y tlio ship's ])()licc niter all stranjjers weri> reported ont of tlio vessel, ami they were onhntMl and sent ont of the vessel by the ship's police immediately on their discovery, which was after my letter had been dis- patched infonnin,i? his excellency the. j^overimr that there were no such jiersons on board. These mtsn were here without my knowled^je, and I have no doulit can be properly called stowaways, and such they would have rcnnained but for tlu; vi;;ilance of the bhip's police, inasmuch as they were (h.-teeted after the third search, but in no way can I be accused, in trutli. of beiii;^ coj^nizaiit of an evasion of the fi)rei;;ii-eMlist- niontact.' On the evening of the 1,1th, the roi)airs hitving Ixmmi cinnpleted, the vessel was launched from the slip and tinehored in tht^ bity, where she proceeded to reship her stores and coal, of whicli latter article she was iiUowed to take in a further sui)ply of I'oO tons. - She liually quitted Tort Philii) ou tlte moniiiig of the 18th of Feb- ruary. Ijlan)e luis been cast On the governor for htiving allowed the repairs of the vessel to be eoiiipleted and the vessel to be launched, or coal to be supplied to her, in consequence of tho attitude of deliiiiice assumed by Captain Waddell in refusing to sutler his ship to be searcluMl. The position was, however, an embarrassing one. It was very doubtful how far the police ollicer, after htiving received the word of honor of Cttptain Wiuldell, as an ollicer tind a geuUeman, that the nuin against Avhom he had a wtirrant was not on board, had done right in insisting on searching the ship, and in threatening to use force in order to execute the warrant. The position taken b}^ Captain Waddell that a ship of war of another nation is not subject to local ju- risdiction is undoubtedly true. Upon a request of Sir C. Darling to be iuformed as to the propriety of executing n warrant under the foreign- enlistment act on board a confederate ship of war, the law-officers of the Crown, on being consulted, advised as follows: It appears to iis that, in the circumstances stated, his excellency the governor acted with propriety and discretion ; and there does iiot appear to us, at X)rosent, to be a necessity for any action on the part of Her Majesty's govetumeut. With respect to his excellency's request, that ho may receive instructions as to the propriety of executing any warrant under the foreigu-oulistmont act on board a con- federate (public) ship of war, we are of opinion that, in a case of strong suspicion, he ought to request tho perniissiou of tho commander of tho ship to execute the warrant ; and that, if this request Lo refused, ho ought not to attempt to euforco tho oxceutiou ; but that, in this case, the commander should bo desired to leave tho port as speedily as possible, and should be informed that he will not be re-admitted into it.-' There can be no doubt as to the soundness of this advice. While a ship of war is thus exempt from local jurisdiction, the right of tho local authority to withhold the accommodation of the port is equally un- doubted ; and the exercise of this power, applied here in the first in- Ml 4 ' British Appendix, vol i, p. G4G. - Ibid., vol. V, p. 8;"). 'Appendix to British Case, vol. i, p. 558. 40(1 AKniTKATION AT OKN'KVA. HtaiuK'. iiiislit no doubt liav*^ ham i»roloiis«'«l. Jhit, tiuj liouor ol' the coinniiiiulcr of tlic sliip hiivinj; been plodji-od, ought tlic scan-h of tlsc vo.ss(^l to havo boon fintbcr insiatod on :' JJy tlic <;oniity of nations liu! Avord of a coniniissioucd ollieer is bold to bo .sidlM^icnt Riiaianlcci for llu^ trutb of anytbiniL,' to wbicb it is olticially i)k'df;od. Tiio rulo is a sound one. Th(! Ix'st security for lionorabUi conduct is unhositatin;^: conii- dcnc(! whenever honor is ])ledjLfe(l. It is of infiniUily /.greater niomenT that such a. rub; shouUl bo maintained than tliat a " (Jharley " shouhi hv. arrested and underfjjo a mouth's inij)risonuient. Any vaporinji' bingua^'e, or, in transatlantic ])hrase, "tall talk" of Captain Waihh'll might lie excused owing to tlic impropriety of the i)olice-olli('er's tlu'eat of using force, to searcb the sbip under bis ('(unnuiud. It is true that the fact to which the word of tlie conunander has been pledged turned out to be otherwise. I'ut (Ja'ptain Waddcll explained this by saying that the nu'u bad st^creted theinselve.i in the bottom ol' the vessel, and had oidy been discovered on a third searcb. Now it is well known that men do contrive to secrete themselves in ships so as to elude searcb. A striking instance occurred in tho case of the United States ship tbe Kearsarge. When that sbip Ictt Cork in Novendier. I8O0, sixteen men contrived to bide themselves in lier, nor was tlieii- presence in her known to Captain Wiuslow, her commander, till tiie day after tbo vessel bad gone to sea, notwithstanding that search had been made, and other men, found concealed on board, bad been sent out of the sbip just before ber departure.' It should be. added that Williams and Gladden having stated in their depositions that certain of tbo subordinate ofiicers of the ship bad been aware of tbe presence ol' '"Charley" in the forecastle of the sbip, tboso oiliccrs immediately pub- lished in the Melbourne Argus declarations signed by them, denying in tbo most positive terms the statoujonts affecting tbem. Sir Eonudoll Palmer puts tbe pertinent question : " Can it be imputed as a want of duo diljgenco to the government of Melbourne (whose good faith and vigilance had otherwise been so manifestly proved) that although not entirely satislied with Captain Waddell's demeanor or conduct, they accepted the solemn assurances of not one, but several, oflicers of the same race and blood, and with the same claims to the character or gentlemen as the ollicers of the United States?" The matter was further complicated by the fact that the owner of the slip had reported that the position of the vessel on the cradle was one of danger; and that, if a gale of wind should arise, a disaster would probably ensue. It is obvious that, if such a thing had happened it would have been very awkward for all parties. The wisest thing, there- fore, as it appeared io the governor and his council, was to allow things to be comideted and t get rid of this unpleasant visitor as early as pos- sible. That the conduct of Captain Waddell in augmenting his crew from the colony, a.s it afterward turned out that he did, in spite of his solemn promise to observe neutrality in this respect, was conduct dis- graceful in an otlicer and a gentleman, there can be no doubt ; but, as I have before observed, no governor or other authority can be blamed for trusting to the word of any one bearing the commission of an officer. I am bound to respect, but I certainly cannot share, the opinion of some of my colleagues that Sir C. Darling showed any indulgence to the com- mander of the Shenandoah, in further extending to him the privileges of a belligerent, inconsistent Avith what, as the governor of a neutral govern- ment, he was fully empowered and entitled, in theexerciseof his judgment ' See United States Docnmonts, vol. ii, p. 429. J- oriMONS OF filli Al.i;\ANI>i:U C(U Kin UN. '1!)7 ■ I'lily 111' iiml. hihI «lis('r('ti()ii, to cxtrnd. Still less ciiii ! Iliiiik that, cvoti if tlicrc wiis any onor of Jii(l<;iii('iit in this rcsju'ct, iiixl th(^ j^ovciiior (if McllKMiriM' was, lUMlcr tlio circiiiiiMtunccs — as I iicunl it two or thr«'(! tiincs said in tlio ,(l(K). If snch a conclusion is to he arrived at upon such fucts, 1 shall he half disposed to a<;ree with M. Staeniplli, that there is, indeed, no snch tliinji as international law, hut (hat we aie now creating lit for the lirst time. 1 pass on -to aiM)ther snhject. of <'oniplaint, namely, the [supply of coal which the Shenandoah was allowed to reci'ive :iii(l which is said to have been ex(ressiv<' — an assertion which, I confess, llliave heard with no little surprise. It is trne that the Shenand(»uli still had on her arrival at ^Ij'IbcMirne, if reliance is to he placed on a jonrmil kei)t by a nndshipnnin on board, KK> tons of coal in her bankers; lit is trne that she was there allowtnl to take in "JM) tons more. Ihit internatioind law, as w(( hav(^ seen, imposes no limitation on tlio qiiantityof the supplies whi(!h a bellijjjerent vessel may obtain in a mmtrsil ||iort. The only restriction in this case would therefore arise from the 'jjov- iTinnent rej^ulation that no \essel should be allowed to tak(! more tliau Isiinicient to convey her to her nearest i)ort. Now the nearest ])ort of the (country of the Sheinnnloah was some thirteen thousand to fourteen Itliousand nules from Melbourne; and all tlu^ coal which could possibly liiivo been stowed in tlie vessel would have fallen infinitely short of Iwliat she must have consumed on snch a voyaj^e if she had had recourse to her steam-power. Jt is true we are told that she was an evcellent hiiiler. Mr. Evarts informed us, [ believe, on the authority of ii mid- shipman's Journal, afterward ])ublished under tho title of "The Cruise lof the Shanandoah,"that her speed under canvass was at times equal to Isivteeii knots an hour; but itdi. ^]^^y ulterior purpose of making war on the whaling- vessels of the United iStates, this vessel was enabled to make the port of Mel- bonrue a " base of naval operations." Asl have already observed, when the law on this subject was under discussion, the ai)i)li(tation of such a rule in favor of the United iStates to the prejudice of (Jreat Britain would be aflagi'ant injustice, seeing that, as 1 then showed, ships of war of the United States obtained many thousand tons of coal, under exactly the same circumstances, that is to say, when they had particular " naval operations " in immediate view. If this doctrine is to hold, every time a vessel, having a partic ular belligerent purpose in view, takes iu coal, and proceeds on sneh purpose, tlie'port will be at once converted into a base of naval opera tions. The same reasoning would of course applj^, and in the same degree, to repairs. Tins i)roposition is, to my mind, utterly unreasonable, as being alto- gether inconsistent Avith any idea that ever has been, or properly can be, attached to the term " base of operations;" and is, moreover, in the most Hagrant degree unjust, if it is to have the effect of impos- ing on the neutral any responsibility to the other belligerent. For it is obviously inconsistent with common justice that the neutral state shall suffer for that to which it is not only no i)arty, but of which it has alsoj no knowledge. ]>y the common ])ractice of nations, as well as by the reg- ulations of the government, a belligerent vessel is allowed to have tlic beneht of necessary rei)airs, and to take a supply' of coal without the local government being entitled to inquire into her ulterior destination.] No such inquiry is prescribed by the regulations in question, or by those | made by any other nation; nor has any publicist ever suggested that such a proticeding should beadoi)ted. jS'o such inquiry could, with pro priety, be made; nor couhl the commander of the ship be called upon' to answer it if made. The knowledge of his intended course niiglit expose him to the attack of an enemy. No such question, so far as Ij am aware, was ever ])ut to a belligerent vessel during the whole course of the war. None such was ever put to a ship of the United Static] when applying for coal at a liritish port. This being so, to say that. the local government being in ignorance of the destination of tlie ves- sel, a resimnsibility is to be incurred because the belligerent, in obtain- ing this accomnnxlation, has an ulterior operation in view, as to which. by some violent distortion of language, the port may be said to be v- Che only (lucs- e according to inensedistanci' no, can reason- clbonrno, witli vlmlins-vcsscis le port of ]\k4- jeot was nndor United States iijustice, seeing tates obtained imstances, tliat " in immediate aving- a partie- oceeds on sneh of naval opera- id in tbe same , as beinji' alto- lor properly can s, moreover, in Bli'ect of impos- srent. For it is itral state shall licb it lias also 1 as by the reg- ed to bave the oal witbont the ■ior destination, ion, or by those sufigested that onld, with pro be called upon course niijihtl tion, so far as 1 e wbole conrsc United States so, to say that. | tion of the vos- ireut, in obtain- iw, as to whicli. saidtobeMuis neutral kno>vs first principles I a sense, eon tho part oi ilatiolKs, and to V (liscbar^'c their eriuitting necessary repairs to be (lone to the ship, or as to the time allowed for that pur- pose, or as to the qjiantity of coal which the vessel was suft'ered to take on ])oard. The only (|uestion which presents any real dilliculty '« v.hether sufli- cient care was exercised to prevent men from enlisting in the Shenan- doah immediatel}* prior to her departure. For, it is an undoubted fact that, on the night before the vessel left, which it will be remembered was on the morning of the 18th, a consid- erable number of men contrived to get on board and sailed away in the Shenandoah, as part of her crew. In addition to the suspicious circumstances connected with the 'Secre- tion of the man "Charley" and the ocher three men, it appears that ii detective named Kennedy, having been directed to make inquiries, on the 13th of February, reported as follows : That twenty men have been disehargoil from tho Slieii.iiuloiili since her ;ii rival at this port. That Captain Waddell intends to ship forty hands here, who are to be taken on board dnrinjj the nij^Iit, and to siyn articles wh„ii they are ontside the Heads. It is stated that tlio captain wishes, if possible, to ship foreign seamen only, and all Eii<;lishmcn shipped here are to assnnie a foreif^n name. McGrath, Finlay, and O'lbien, three Melbonriie boarding-lionse keepers, arc said to lie employed in {ifettinfj tho rescnt. to coilcMt any reliable information •IS to whether ammnnition, &c., has been put on board the Shenandoah at this port, or whether arrangements have Ihmmi made with anv person for tliat i)nrpose. I). S. KENNEDY, Firnt-clafrt, added the following statement : Mr. Scott, resident clerk, lias been informed — in tact he ovtirlieard a person repre- sented as iin assistant pnrser statti— tiiat al)ont sixty men engaged ln're were to be sliipijcd on board an old v<'ssel, believed to be the Eli Whitney, together with a (jnan- tity of ammnnition, Ac, abont two or thret; days betbre the Slicnandoah sails. Tlie liinner vessel is to 1)(^ cleared out lor Portland or Warrnambool, Init is to wait ontside the Heads tor the Slieiianileali, to whom her cargo and pas.seiigers are to be. trans- iirred. Ile'Tupon, the comniissiouer of trade and nistoins undertook, by the desire of the government and conncil, that the. Mil \Vliitney should be watched, and Unit vessel was watched accordingly. Xotwithstanding that the foregoing report of the dctt'ctive Ivennedy appeared to point to specilic facts, and the police were on the lookout to detect any attenijits to «'nlist men, nothing of a delinite or certain character came to light. In the report afterward made by the minis- ter of Justice, the attorney-general of the colony, the . m., after it had been dosed for the day, that tlie interview he- twecn yon and himself occurred at all, Air. (Juiner stat(>s tluvt he infornu'd you that, not beinj; a nia<;''strat<', he couhl not t.i' e drove to the houses of pai liaiuent, and, on send- ing yonr name to the altorncy-generii], h(! at once came out aud asked us into tlie side-room. He patiently lisreiu'd lo all yon had to say, and then suggeste interview be- oiinetl you that, that he was in a in he othirwisi' lor laugiia}j;e did anner have been tion on llie l>iiii nl of the I iiitt'; iI)ility of {•lantinjj; a war- rant on th(! evidence of tliis man alone, and advised your going to Willianistown, to J[r. Call, who i>erhaps would be in possession of corroborative testimony through the water-i)olice. \V<^ then hd't, it being about half past 7, and yon, tinding such a disin- clination in any one to act in the matter, decided to take the deposition yourself and send it to the attorney-general, leaving it to the government to tal^e such action on it as It might deem proju'r. (Joing to your consulate, th" , audi wiMit honu; and returned 'le letter to you on Sunday morning. I'revious to going home, however, I again Avent to the detective^ ollice, saw Mr. Nicholson, told him how you had been ])reV(Mited from getting tiu; evidence biifore the government in the shajie tliey recjuired it. lie expressed his regret, but could not act in so important a nuitter without ti warrant.^ From the foregoing- statement it appears that it was siiogested by the attorne.vgeneral to the consnl to embody the matter of liis communica- tion in the shtipc of an allithtvit. This the consnl, having the power to talce aflidavits, could readily have done, in which case the resi)0!isibility of further action would have rested with the colonial authorities. Iii- .stead of this the consul proceeded to the ollice of the detective police, but, as the chief otlicer coiihl not ac't without a warrant, he very prop- erly advised Mr. Blanchard to proceed to the residence of ]\[r. Sturt, the police magistrate, to procure a warrant. This accordingly Mr. Blanch- ard ditl, but it appears tliat ]\[r. fSturt, having heard the statement of the man Forbe.s, was not satislied with it or disposed to act on his un- supported testimony, lie therefore declined to grant the warrant, but advised that the consnl should proceed to Willianistown, to Mr. Call, the head of the water-iiolice, who would probalily l)e able to procure evidence of a more conclusive character. It being by this time almost 7 o'clock, the consul decided upon doing what the attorney-general had desired him to do some two hours before, namely, take the deposition himself, and dispatch it by Mr. Lord to the attorney-general, leaving it, as Mr. Lord says, t(. the government to take .such action as it might deem proper. The (!c isul himself proposed to follow Mr. Sturt's advice, and iiroceeded to Willianistown; but we learn from his own statement that w hen Forbes, his informant, " found he had to go among his aciinaintances, he was afraid of bodily harm, and re- fused to ])roceed,'"^ ■ In the mean time 3rr. Lord proceeded with the deposition taken at the consulate to the house of iiarliament to find tin', attorney-general, but, on arriving there, found the house was up, and it being then about o'clock, concluded it was too late to stop the shiinnent of the men, as it had been understood the vessel was to leave at 5, so Mr. Lord gave the matter uj), and went e<'!i on that of 3lr. Lord, who, having undertaken to tleliver Forbes's 1. i, p. 553. - Appendix to United States Counter Case, p. 1185. 504 AKIJITRATIOX AT (.EXEVA. bark(M^ in the Slionandoah |)riov to lior departure, the j;overnor caused iiiquirie.s to je made, and findiiij; that a violation of neutrality had taken pla !e, he ai'iiouneed his intention of refusinj^ the liospitality of tlie jyort to tlu- caiitain or any other oflicer.s of the Shenandoah, shouhl fhey ai^ain visit the colony. lie, moreover, wrote to the jnovernors of the other Australian colonies, and to the commodore of the station, to warn tlicin of wliat had occnn-ed. As the Shenandoah cssi'l Slicniindoali. wliiltj lyiii;;' in llolison's liay, I'or tin; |iiir- posc of liavin;!; necessary rc])airs ('fTectcd and takinir in snpjdics, nndi',r pcrniisNioii >j;raut<'d \>y me in aceordanci! with IIk! conditions i)rfs(;ri))cd by llcjr Majesty's jyrocl;!- ination and instnielions for the oliservanee of nentrality. 2. I have also tlit: lionor to forward ('o))i(;s of hitters from tlio chief commissioner of police in N'ictoria, aceoni))anied hy r<'iiorts and statements which leave no douht that the nentialily lias been ila;;rantly violated by the connnander of the .Shenandoah, who, after havin;^ assni'cd me of his intention to resiiect it, and [tleadcd the jirivile^i! of a l)elli<;erent ship of war to ])r(!vent the execntion of warrants under the foreijin-onlist- nicnt act, uevertheless received on board Ids vessel, l)efore he left the port on the f'tli histant,ii ccnisiderablo nnndn-r of men destined to anfrment the shii)'s company. ;?. 1 have thought it ri^ht to comnniiucate to yonr excellency this information, in tlu' oveiit of Lientenant \Vaddell or any of his ollicitrs hereafter claiming- the privilei;-.'s of a b«'lli. OPINIONS OF SIR ALEXANDKR COCKIURN. 505 ! \ ettor of tlio I M.'. may afterward do. And 1 ])rotost, respectfully but emphatically, a{:jainst n decision hased on {ironnds to my mind so wholly untenable. The remainder of the history of tlie Slienandoah may be told in u few words. On leaving;' ]M«'lbourne in February, ISO."), she ]>ro- ceeded to the arctic seas in (juest of the whalers of the United States; and does not appear to have touched at any port, with the exception of the island of Ascension, mitil she arrived and surren- dered at LiverjxK)!, on the ee had l)een forced to evacMuite the lines of Petersburgh and JJichmond. ,ind had surrendered with the remnant of his army. Tlu^ ]>residcnt and vice-jjresident of the confederacy had been arrested and the principal iMiropean i)owers had Avithdrawn the recognition of belli<;ercnt rii^hts accorded in IcSOl. Under these eir cumstances, ^Ir. .Mason, the confederate a<;ent in ]']n,i;land, applied to Iler Majesty's jjfovernment, on tiie liOth of dune, 1805, for permission to send, throuj^h the JJritish authoritu's, letters to the commander of the Shenanlaced in charge of the Shenandoah, interrogated the crew, and having satisfied himself, as he afterward reported, that none of them were British subjects, the whole of them were set at liberty.' If is certain that, at the time, no evidence to prove the British nationality of any of the crew was offered to, or in the possession of, Her Majesty's government. About seven ' IJritish Appt'inlix, vol. i, p. (mA. - Ibid.. J). Oi)?; United States Dociimonts, vol. vi, p. TOl. ' Hritisb Appendix, vol. i, p. GOT. < Ibid., pp. 682, 711. i^ !'■■. f. 506 ARBITRATiON AT GKNEVA. » s ; weeks aftorwanl, the deposition of a man named Temple, who asserted amoni^ otiier tliijifjfs tiiat part of the crew were British subjects, was communicated by Mr. Adams to the government, and investigations were made with a view to instituting prosecutions. But Temple was found to be himself unworthy of credit, and, no further evidence being forth- coming, the matter was .allowed to drop.' The Shenandoah was linally delivered up to the American consul at Liverpool, and sailed for New York in November, 1805.^ The act of the British government in thus giving orders for seizing the Shenaiuloah has been referred to in the United States argument as an instance of the exercise of the prerogative. Aiid in a certain sense it is true that it was so. But the case was altogether exceptional, it was supposed that the Shenandoah being, owing to the extinction of the confederate government, from whom her character as a ship of war had been derived, without a commission, was continuing her hostile opera- tions on the high seas. Such acts done in the absence of a commission would have assumed the character of piracy, and the party committing them have become a hoatis communis, who might be taken by any one having the means of stopping such proceedings. Instructions miptht therefore well be given to any oflicers of Her Miijesty to seize the vessel wheresoever found. Cases of the iSinnter, Nttshcllh', Chiclamdw/tt, TaUahasscc, and Jidti bution. The five cases we are now about to enter on belong to a class dif- fering altogether from those which have hitherto occupied our attention. We liave here no question as to the fitting out or equipping on British territory ; none of those vessels having been fitted out or equipped, for the purpose of war, in a British port. The complaint with respect to them is that they were permitted unduly to enter and remain in ports of Great Britain, and to procure coal, beyond what ller Majesty's regulations of the .'Ust of January, 1802, prescribed ; or that they were treated with a degree of indulgence refused to ships of the United States. FIRST, AS TO THE SUMTER. This vessel was a steamship ; she was purchased at the commence- n,, s„M.t,r at ment of the war, by the government of the Confederate ir.nuia,!. Statcs, fittcd out, uud armed, and duly commissioned as a ship of war. As such she left the Mississippi, on the 30th of June, 1801, under the command of an officer of the name of Semraes, holdiuga commission from the confederate government. She cruised for a period of six months, and during that time made seventeen prizes. She coaled once, and once only, at a British port, namely, at Trinidad, where she arrived on the 30tli of July. But prior to arriving at Trinidad, she had put in and coaled at the Spanish port of Cienfuegos, and the Dutch port of St. Ann, Cura(;oa. After her visit to Trinidad, she put in and coaled at the Dutch port of Paramaribo, and after that at Martinique. Be- sides stopping at these ports, she put into Cadiz for repairs. It was in respect of the Sumter, the first ship of war of the Confed- erate States which appeared upon the ocean, that the United States Government asserted the untenable position that, while itself treating those States as a belligerent power, and shrinking from treating con- federate prisoners as rebels, or confederate ships, when taken, as pirates, ' British Appendix, vol. i, p. 720. ' Ibid., pp. 683, 689. OPINIONS OF .SIR ALEXANDKK COCKIURN. 507 i-eatins cou- they wore entitled to call u|)oii all other nations to treat tlie.sc ships as such, and to refuse the ordinary shelter accorded by the universal com- ity of nations to vessels of -war in neutral ports. Upon tiiis assertion, which was at once repudiated by every other (touqtry, I have already taken the opportunity of making such rennirks as occurred to nie. I refer to the subject in this place only for the purpose of pointing out thcit, as regards the assistance afforded to the Sumter at Trinidad, the complaint preferred by the United States Clovernment was not in respect of any excess in the accommodation afforded, but to the ves- sel having been permitted to enter the port and receive any assist- ance at all. • On the 7th of August, ^Ir. Francis IJernard, an Anunican gentleman residing at Trinidad — there being at the time no LTnited States consul at that place — wrote to inform Mr. Seward that, " on the oOth ultimo, a steam sloop-of-war, (Semmes, commander,) carrying a secession Hag, five guns, some of a laige caliber, and a crew of from lliO to l'>0 men, sailed boldly into our harbor, aiul reported herself to the authorities of this island as being on a cruise. She was last from Puerto Cabello ; and since she succeeded in getting out })f the 3Iississii)pi Kiver she has al- ready captured no less than eleven Anu'rican vessels." Having given the names of some of these, he adds : " The Sumter re- mained here till the .5th instant, and was allowed to sui>ply herself with coals and other necessary outlits. The IJritish Hag was hoisted on the government tlag-staft" for her arrival, and the otUcersof theBritish war- vessel Cadnuis appeared to be on amicable terms with those of the Sum- ter. The merchant who supplied the Sumter with coals did it with the consent and approval of our attorney-general."' On the oOth September Mr. Adams, transmitting to Earl Russell au extract from Mr. IJernard's letter, writes as follows: I.KDATIOX 1)1' Tin; r.NITKI) STAIT.S, September 'M, 18CI. The nii(lerHi<{ii(Ml, envoy extnuirdiiiary and minister ])leniiH»teutiary of the United States, reffrets to he ohli^ed to inform tlie Kij;ht Monorahle Eail Kussell, Her Majesty's principal secretary of state for forei case of the United States this is converted, without any relerence to the, actual ((uantity, into '■'•'.xJ'nU supjili/ of coal.'" In point of fact, the vessel toolc in eighty tons, which, as W(! shall see, presently, was not a third of what she could actually carry. The facts whiclioccurred on the. arri\al of tin! Sumter at Tiinidad were these: The <;ovenu)r, evidently a little embarrassed at this, the lirst visit of a confederate ship of wai' to the islaiul, sent oil" a. dis] 'tcli to C.iptain inilyei", conunandiniif Her Majesty's ship Oiidmus, tlieu supposed to be at St. \'iiu!ent, ie(]uestin^' his presiMice. iJefore r(*c,eivin;Lj tiw lctt(>r Captain llillyer, as appears from liis rei)ort to Admiral Sir A. yUliw of the (ith August, bein;^ about to enter the harbor of (Iranada, was informed by the harbor-master there that a lar^e lU'ivatiu'r, l)elon,i,niit>- to the scutliern confederation, was at Trinidad, and that tlie <»()vern(»r of the latter islarul had dispatched a letter to bin. at St. Vincent the day before; whereuj)on he i)roceeded with his slnp to Tiinidad, arriving; there on the 4th. He reports Inrther as follows: I fonml a lu^iivy l)iiik-rif;;>('(l (stcainrr, witli Soiitli iV'ilfial ila^r, with fcii .stars and pona]»or.s, ■whi(di, after some liesitation, and not before Mr. CjittinH'tone prodneed lii.s commission, lie (lid. From liis report, it is a re<;tUar commission as c» mmander to Cajjtnin Semmes, late of tho Uniti (I States Navy, to the Sumter, as a man-of-war, sij^ned by I'resident Davis. Sho mounts live jiuns between decks, viz, four lieavy ;?"i-ponn(h^rs and one pivot tiS- pounder; but, liavinjf l)een ii passenj^er-boat, her scuntlinjj; is so li then she has been most successful, having eleven i>rizes ; two she sank and the rest are at St. Jas') »lo Cuba, under the iirotectiou of the !<(>verument, with tho sanction of tho j;ov- vornors-in-chicf, until thej n^ceivo orders from Spain as to the matter. She has bc(Mi supplied with a ncnv main-yard, eijfhty tons of coal, ami provisions from this i)la('0, tho attoriiey-genenil havinjj; given the governor his opinion that it was ijiiito legal to sni)i)ly her. I called on Captain Semmes next morning as he was getting liis steam up, and he gave jye full assurance that he would in no way inti'rfere witli IJritish or neiitial trade, lint complained greatly of the southerners having no ])(U't to send their prizes to, and that ho wouhl be obligetl to destroy iill he took, in eouseiiuence of tlie strict blockade on the southern ports and the stringent proclaniatious of all the great jiowers. Ho thinks himself safe at Cuba, as the government of Spain's proclamation is only against \)rivateers and their prizes, and says nothing al)out ineii-of-war. She sailed yesterday under steam, at 1 ]>. in., and from the signal station was reiiortcd going to windward, and, from his (|nestions, 1 .should fancy he is going to cruise for some of the California and China homeward-bound shi|>s. and there is no donl)t he will do an enormous amount of damage before he is taken, for he seems a bold, detorinined man, and well nj) to his work.- The governor, Mr. Iveate, ap[)ears to have been much on his guard against any compromise of the neutrality he had been enJoiiuHl by Her Majesty's government to observe. In his dispatch to the Duke of New- castle, of the 7th of August, announcing the arrival of the Sumter, he writes : I have the lionor to rejiort that a steamer, ])urporting to bi; a man-of-war, and to be- long to the so-called Confederate States of North America, ])ut into the harbor of I'ort of Spain on tho oOth ultimo. The vessel is called tho Sumter, and appears to bo a con- verted i)asseug(!r-stcamer. She now carries, as I am given to iiudorstaud, five powerful gnus.' ' Case of the United States, p. 321. ^ Britfsh Appendix, vol. ii, p. 4. OPINIONS OF SIR alkxani>i:r tocKisrux. 509 2. On till' (lay of licr arrivjil. one of Iht odicci'H (all of wlioni scorn to liavt? been in the naval st'ivii'*^ of tlin rnitiil States) called Ujton nie, .senilluj; In Iii.s card, witli th^^ words written under liis name, "Lienti'nant, ('oiifederate States Navy."' Mefore reeeiv- inf? Iiini, I directed my jirivato secretary to ini|nire of liini wlietlier my doinj; so, after rciidiiif? these words, would 1)c construed into any sort of recofjnition of him or liisslnjv in tlieir assumed character. I did this in conse(|nenetM)f the injunction in your K'lK't'''* (lisi>atch "(Ml no a<'count to recof^nizc " any ship " in any other capacity than that of a. United States vessel." Mr. Kvaus, for such was tliis otlicer's luime, replied that ho was sent. Iiy his commandin;^ ollicer, Captain Si-nnues, w1k> was himself unwell, simply to pay his respects, and that, to jwevenr any such construction he wonld withdraw his card and only send in his name verhally. I then received him, and liad some conversu- tioii with him, taking occasion to refer expressly to the neutral jtosition occupicy (ireat Britain in rcj^ard to the two bollij;eri'nt parties in North America.' It sooiiis protty plain that tlio i>re.seuee of the Siiiater was by no nieaua agreeable, for Governor Keate adil^: The avowed and inincii>al oliject, no doubt, with which tlie Sumter ran to this port was to obtain coals and jirovisions. A <;reat dejil of trade ooes on between 'I'rinidad and the northern ports tif North America, and ('ai)tain Semniev, I imiij;ii'<', has n(tti failed to tal<«^ this opportunity of (d)taininress ' The vessel next arrived at the ]>ra/ilian port of JMaranham. It ap- pears frt)m a letter liom the United States consid at that port to i\Ir. Seward, of the l.^th September, 1801, that she arrived at Maranham on the 0th and remained there nine days, and obtained 100 tons of coal, having already 150 tons on board, " which," he adds, " would make an ample supply for ten or tifteen days of constant runninj;." Other sup- plies she was allowed to procure ad libitum, and when she left her com- mander stated that she had enough to last for three months.^ She api)ears to have arrived at IMartinique on the Otli of November. She remained there fourteen days, rermission was given by the gov- ernment to take on board as much coal as her commander re(iuired. He took sufficient to enable him to cross the Atlantic.'' The ship arrived at Cadiz on the 4th January, 1802, as appears from a dispatch of the United States minister to Mr. Seward of the 8th of that month." As she needed repairs, her commande' juested the use of the government dock for that i)urpose. The est was granted, though with the limitation to such repairs as^\t.o strictly ne(;essary. She remained at Cadiz thirteen days." It thus appears that in every instance on which the Sumter had occa- sion to coal she was allowed to take in a considerably larger «puintity than she took at Trinidad, and that on every one of such visits, witii the exception of the one to Cienfuegos, she remained a greater nundjor of days than in the British ports. On the receipt of Governor Keate's dispatch, this being the first time such a thing as the arrival of a confeciscly iiiwlcrstiiinl wlifit was Mic course imrsiicil toward tln' Smiitiir by Hit' •'''iiiinaiidfrot'llci' MiiJcMlv's ship ("adiiius ; tlicre is iiotliiiij; tVom this ollicor; and (lovcrnor Keatr'a disjiatcli of An;rii.st 7 only states tliat "(.'ai>tain liillycr has viM'Kicd tlic cliaractfi- of tlie SmntiT and tlii^ (.'oniinissions of hi-r ofliutTs, and rocoy- ni/.t'd her as a man-of-war." (iovrrnor Kt-ate a|ii>fars to have cart't'nlly avoided any sni'h reeonnKion whatover. Wo know not upon wlnit Inst met ions eiliier of these ollieers may liave aett-d ; Imt as at present advised we see no reason to disapprove of the <'ondnet (d" eitlier. Tht* Sinn- tiT certainly apjiears not to he a i)rivateer, and is (we jiresnine) a vessel of war coni- inissioneil l»y a tlv j'urlo Itelli^erenl jfovernment. Vonr Irtrdshiit's second (jneslion mnst, in onr opinion, he at pr!v.ent answered in tin! ne|;atlvo. Althonj^h it is e(ini])elent hy the law and iisajjes of nations to Ilei' Majesty, in coin- nion with all neutrals, to plaee certain restrictions upon t he access o|' t he ships of war or i)rivat(M'rs of l)elli;;erenl ^rovernnu-nts tif Ihitish ports; yet Iler Majesty has not (aH far as we are aware) done so during the jiresent contest, exeeptin^i only in tliu (;ase of their beln;; ae(:oin]>anied hy ))ri:',i's in (ho (printed) instructions of June 1, In^rewitli ; lit tlio i)reHent time, therefore, roelamatiou of neutrality, by giving aid and onconragement to tho insurgents of the United States. It ajipears, from tho a(;counts received at the colonial otlice and at tli(> admiralty, that a vessel bearing a secession Hag entcn d tho jiort of Trinidad on the ;U)th of Jniy last. Cajdain llillyer, of Her Majesty's hip Cadmus, having sent a boat to asct^ tain her nationality, the comnninding ollic(;r showed a commission signed by Mr. .TeH'crsoii Davis, calling himself tho Presiihmt of the so-styled (."oufedeiate Stat(!s. Tho Sumter, which was the vtissid in ((uestiou, was allowed to stay six days at Trin- idad, and to sujiply herself with coals and provisions ; and the attorney-general c.f tho island jierceived no illegality in these iiroceedings. Tho law-otlicers of the Crown Lave re])orted that tho conduct of the governor was in conformity to Her Majesty's ])roclamation. No mention is made by the governor of his hoisting tho IJriti.sh tlag on the goveru- mont tiag-start'; and, if he did so, it was ])robahly in order to show the national char- acter of the island, iind not in acknowlcMlgment of the arrival of the Sumter. There does not appear, therefore, any n^ason to believe that Mer jSIajesty's ])roclaina- tion of neutrality luis been violated by tin; governor of Trinidad, or l)y the command- ing ollicer of Ihsr Majesty's ship Cadmus.-' Tbe Government of the United States instrncted Mr. Adams to in- form Her jMajesty's government that " the President deeply regrets that Tord Eussell is unable to give to our complaint a satisfactory solution."'' "The armament, the insurgent dag, and ths spurious commission," says Mr. Seward, *'told the governor, as they sufticiently ])rove to Her Maj- esty's government, that the Sumter is and can be nothing but a pirati- cal vessel." Consequently her otticers and crew ought not to be received in foreign ports. At another time she was said to be a privateer, and that Great Britain ought to adopt toward her, as such, the rule estab- lished by some European governments of not allowing privateers to stay in their ports longer than twenty-four hours at a time. Such was the language of Mr. Seward to Lord Lyons, as appears from a dispatch of the latter to Earl Eussell of November 4, 1861.* But the assumption ' British Appendix, vol. ii, p. 2. '^ Ibid., p. 5. ' United States Documents, vol. ii, p, 487. * Ibid., p. 488. i ;i 512 ARBITRATION AT CENEVA. J '4 that tlio Sumter ^vn.s :\ privateer Avas a mistake. She was a commis- sioned ship of war of the Confederate States. Now, we liave seen, when eonsideiiiiy- how far, aceording to interna- tional hiw, a neutral sovereign is bound to place any restraint ou tlie stay in his ports of belligerent vessels, or on the supplies they are al- lowed to procure, that by that law no such obligation exists. Indeed it is admitted in the case of the United States' that there were ''not any preiv-dents whieh settled absolutely the (piantity of coal that might be furnished to a belligerent man-of-war by a neutral," and I obs(>rve that it is nowhere asserted by the United States that the law of nations im[)0ses any such restraint. Tiiere is, therefore, an end to the claim of the United States in respect of this vessel having been i)erndtted to coal at Trinidad. For, 1 need hardly say that the Queen's regulations; of January, 18(11', 'annot be ajiplicd v.r iiont f'ncto to create an obligation whieh did not previously exist. It would iinleed be strange if regula- tions, more stringent than the rules of international law, framed by a. neutral sovereign for the very purpose of insuring the observance of neutrality, can i)e made to create an anteccMlent liability which never would have (^'cisted without tliem. l-'veu if the hospitality afT'orded to the Sumter at Trinidad should be deemed too great with reference to the rules laid dcuvn in thv: regulations, the fa(!t that it occurred some months before those regulations were issued depi'iv(»s it of all im[)or- tance. It is true that in this case, as in others, the (lovernment of the United States insists that partiality, inconsistent with neutrality, was exhibited toward confederate vessels by reason that these, as in the present in- stance, were i)ernMtt«>d to coal, while liberty to form a depot of coal ;.i Bermuda for the supply of their ships of war was denied to the United States. Xo one can be misled by such a contention. I have already pointed out that to allow om^ belligerent to have a sui)[dy always stored up and r''ady. aiul to leave tln^ othei' to take his chance of the i»ubli(! market, are things essentially ditlerent, and that, far from the refusal of siieh an advantage to the United States being a vitdation of neutral ity, the concession of it would have been so in tiro op})Osite directioii. l\Iore<)ver, su' ele- mentary principles of international law. ^\ neutral is only Justified in allowing to a belligerent vessel the use of his poi'ts and aceess to his shores to obtain the things wITudi the belligerent may lawfully i)r(»cniv. lie has no right to allow the belligerent the use of uis territory on slion- for belligerent p\irposes, which tlu; permission to fornt a depot would nec«\ssavily involve. There is one other material fact conne(!ted with this vessel to whieh I desire to draw attention, the nu)re i>articu!arly as it is stated in the Annniean (Jase' that the "exeessivt^ supply (d' (?oal (SO tons) fiirnislied to the Sumter at Trinidad enabled her to indict the subsecpieni injuries on the commerce of the United States." The fact to which [ refer is. tiiat rchUe usiitff (he coals /KmiNhed at Ttiittdud, the Sumter did not cai)- lure a ,sin!ile j>ri~(. From the list of (aptures contained in the fourth volume of the Amer- ican Doennu'nts, and front the two lists of (daims successively jmt in by the Unite«l Stafes Government, d a|)pears that this ship captured in the wlude eighteen vessels, of whi(di, however, one was recaptured, and seven wen^ afterwani relejr.s(>d by the Spanish governmeut. Those cap- ture a commis- On lici' cniiso back from Xow Oilcans to (!ioiifuoj;'os tlio Siiint«>r cap- tuivd ci^lit V('ss(»is ; on licr cruiso botwoon Ci(Mifn(\i;OS and Cnra(;oa, nono ; on ]wr crnise bt'twiMMi (Muaroa and Tcinidad, two; between Trin- idad and I'iirainaribo and Maianliani, none ; between ^liiranhain and 3Iartini(]ne, on«'; Iietween ]\I; , iniciue and t'aiJiz, live; between ('adiz and (libialtar, two. Jt tiius ai)i)eais tlnd, of tiie eigliteen vessels taken by tlie Sninter, eij;lit were taken before tiie vessel ever entered a neu- lial ]>ort at all ; nine before she arrived at Trinidad ; that alter leaving- Trinidad she made two crnises withont takin;>- a sin{>le vessel ; and that it Avas iM)t till she ha tons of coal, in addition to the I'A) she already had on boad, that siie a<;'ain be- came snceessfnl in nnikinjn' a ])rize. Of the prizes for which (Jreat lliit- ain is now askee how far the snpply, said to have been "excessive," farnishod at Trinidad, '"enabled this vessel to inflict the sid^setjnent in- juries sustained by the comnu'rce of the I'liited States." It is impossible, Avith any rcpird to e crew havinji' jiot on sln)re refused to return, and when force was at- tempted to be used to <'ompel them, the local i)olic(' interfered r'ld pro- tected the men aj^aiust vioience. Another crew could not be ;;()t, and, luider thesecircumstances, the vessel was compelled to remain inthejjort. Mr. Spra.uue, the United States consul, had from the lirst ])i'otested Ji'^ainst her beinj;' allowed to enter or remain in the port, but received tlie very projx-r answer that strict neutrality should be observed. Oi ilic LMst of tianmiiy he telejirajihcd ]\lr. A«lams, "The Sunder is stid liere, evideidly await iu};- funds. The IJritish jiovi'rnment observes strii-t iieatrality in conforndty with the (^)ueen's proclamation."' On tlu' 7th of IVoj'uary 31r. Spraf^ue informs .Mi-. Seward that "the Sumter still icnmined in i>oit, not havin<>' yet received a pound of coal."- The helpless condition of the vessel further ajtpears from a letter Iron; \\r. Si)raHue to 3Ir. Adams of the (ith I'ebruary : Tlio Siiintor rcuinins in ])ort. She todk in yes nlny It.dOa {rnllons of water, imid lor '■y 11 Jlr. li. «). .loyco, oftliis city, wlio liad \n: loiisly lutivitlcd licr witli iiii iinclioiiiiKl cliain. To-day Iut coiniiiandcr inadf a sn nid atti'iiipt to ol>taiii coal (Voiii Wto coal nicicliaiitK in tlijs muiket, nnd I am iul'oriiicd tlicy liavt; declined snpidying liini ont, of ild'cii'iico to niysclC. Since yesterday tlu're are Nome ten or twelve seamon of tlie Snmter on shore, ami to-day they have nearly all refused to return to their ship. One of them, in a drunken state, calK'd upon me this day for inntection. As the oHicers of the Snmter have at- It'uipted to forcihly ship them oft (roni the <|nay, I to-(hvy called nj)on the j^cvernor of this ibrtresH to inform him of the circumstance ; that 1 was ready to take under my charjie any of these seamen who mi^ht. wish to avail of my protecl on, and who would n .1. a H 3311 TnitedStatcH Documents, vol. ii, p. 5(10. - Ibid., p. r.ni. nu ARIUTKATION AT (iKNKVA. swear allc^iiimct^ to tlif (iovi-iiimoiil nt' the. Tlniti'd. States ; and tliat I i:iJATK SrvrKs Stkamku Sr.Mri;i!, liny of Gibraltar, February 10, ld(W. Silt •■ I have the honor to inforn> you that I have made every effort to i)roonre a sup- jdy of coal without success. The British and other inercliants of (Jibraltar, iustisated. I learn, by the United States "'onsul, have entered into the iiniieutrul combination of declining to furnish the Snmter with coal on any term.s. Tuder ihese circunistances I trust that the government of Her Majesty will find no ditticulty in supjdyinf; nu'. Hy tlio recent letter of Earl Russell (.Jaimary 'M, IHU) it is not inconsistent with neutrality for a bellfgerent to supply him.self with coal in a I5riti.sh port. In other Avortls, the article has lieeti jtronounced, like jirovisions, iinnoxioi s; and this beinj; the ca.se, it can make no diffcirence wln'ther it l)e supplied l>y the government or an iiiili- vidual, (the governnu'ut being re-imbursed the »'xpense,) and this even though tlir nuuket was open to me; much more, then, may the government supply nic with an iiniocent article, the nuirket not being open to me. Suppose I had come into port des- titute of ]>rovisi<>ns, and the same illegal combination had shut me out from the nuu- ket, would tlu! IJritish government i)ernMt my crew to starve t Or su)>pose I hud been a sail-ship qu«1 had come in dismantled, and the dock-yard was the only place where 1 coidd be relitt«^d, would you have denied me a mast; ami if you would not deny ine a nuist, on what i)rinciph^ would you deny me coal, both articles b(ung declared by your government to be innocent f The true criterion is not whethi;r the governuumt or an individual nuiy sujtply the article, but whether tln^ article itself is noxious or uimox- ious. The government may not supply me with i inouey wilh:iii agent, who can have no diillcnlty, I suppose, in ]iurchasiiig the sauut amount of tlu' Ma- terial from some one of the hulks and returning it to Her Majesty's dcjck-yard. - Jh're was an occasion where an " habitimlly insincere neutrality" nr;{;ht have found orounds for makino- nii e:ot, so loiifjas there is any in the market." ()i» the lUth of February the Fiiited iStat«'s war-shii) the Tuscarora ai rived olf Aljicciras, and was .soon followed by the Keansarju^e, and later by the Ino, tnd these vessels thein-eforth lay in wait to intercept the Sumter if she attempte«l to leave the bay. In the mean time her condition w- niaiiied as helpless as before. On tin' iSth Mr. Spraj'iu', writes to 31 r. Adams: "The Sumter still remains in port. The coul companies in ' I'liited States Doeumeiils, vol. ii, p. '>0l, • Hritish Appeiulix. vol. ii, p. l^. •'ibid., p. IS. •ssiltlo ti> iiK' :' nPIMONS OF 8IK AI,i:XAM»i;i{ ( . K KIMKN. 515 I this market still persist in rof'nsiiifjto sell her coal, iiotwithstaiidiiij;- that .*1L* i)er ton is ollered for it, which isTjO per cent, over the market i)rice.'" ' Whether by reason of not bein*? able to ])ro( nre eoal, or from fear of beinj; captured by the United States ships which were waiting;' to inter- cept hei', or both, the iSumter remaineue to protest against it. Captain IMckerinji', the commander of the Kearsar<;(>, though consider- in{? the vessel "as of little value,'' yet thinkinjithat she was offered for sale probably only in order to establish a precedent, and because, in his opinion, "the sale of the so-called confederate war-vessels in Uritish ports was an act as unfriendly and hostile to the United States (lovern- inent as the purchase of war-vessels in their ports by the same party," advised a similar course.- Mr. Adams took a wiser and more lib'jral view. On the UUh of De- cember he writes thus to Mr. Seward : I have tlio Iionrr to traiismit. copies of a serios of c'omiiinnicatioii:' rcccivt'd from Mr. H. .J. Spra}j;ni>, the eoiimil at (iibraltar, leapectiny tlie iMoveinents made at tliat port to sell tile steamer Siuiiter. As he desired my advice, I f^ave it to him in the hitter, a copy of which goes with the papers. Tiie ((nestioii of the riyht to sell the ])roperty of a belligerent to a nentral in a nen'ral port is not without its diHicnltieH, and I liiid th«' iiiithorities dilVer mater-ally about it. My own leaning is rather to a liberal construc- tion, especially as in this case it relieves us from a l)nrdensome i)ro intended still to remain the prop- erty of the confederates, and to In nployed .11 her former s<'i\i('e, (whence the objection to the sale,) moie especially wlicft the vess< 1, lak- iiijj; advantaj»e of a very hijih wind, slii)ped ;)' iv at nijiht niul escaped tlie viji'ilauce of the hostile cruisers, who had iiisimctiiti > from Mr. Adams to seize her, notwithstandiiifi,- the sale, il slu' (piitttil the juirt ;ind was caufiht on the hi};h seas, llad the sale been to an rn(il»j(M'- lionable ))i;rchaser, Mr. Aii the 17th of J)ecember, three days before the sale, he writes to Mr. Spra';ue : You will, iirst of nil, confine yourself to the simple duty of w jildiing ail the jiru- ncdings. Ill cast' of any attempt at a nieieiy fiiiiiduleiit Uaiisfer for tlie sake of es- liipiiig iiarmless from our c-riiisers and resmuiiig her former career, you will call tiieir Mtlciitiou to the fact, deny the validity of any siicli ]iroceediiig. and iiiv. ■■ their iii- itrfeicnce. .Should it appear to you, on tlie other hand, that the pui' ' .isiiig parties ill!' tbieigiieis acting ill good faitli for the conversion of the vessel li .niie legitimate niiil peaceful trade. I see no better way of getting rid of a burdeiis(Mue laiior of vigi- l.iiKe u)ioii a property of little valiio'tl.i:.i to ucqiiiesce in it. Oil the other hand, ' United States llocumeiits, vol. ii. j). .'d.'). - Ibid., pp.r>(l8,,%10. ' Iliid., vol. ii, p. .''itlT. ' Ibilish Appendix, vol. ii. |<. 4;"). ' Ibid., p. Al. ' United .States Docuuients, vol. ii, p. , ')!.'». i r)iG AK151T1JA HON AT (iENKVA. iJf should you have icasou to sus)>cft, a ai»uiiiius trausactiou for tlu> si)lt! i)uip()S(' of cxtri <-ati;i;;' tli<^ vessel iVuni its i)i-esei;t ])i)sitioii in order to replace it in a uiore <'lV.'etive at- titude of liostility to tlie United Males, you will do well to reuioustiate witli the loial aiitlMuities, and to send a copy ol' yonf reinonstrauce, together with the evidenie on wiiieli yon rest it, to this lejuation.' Tlio vessel iinivtMl at Liverpool on tlie l.'Uli of February, ISO.'}. There she underwent repairs: all (ittinj;s ior warlike ]»nrposes were removed, and site was reduced to the condition of a fieiyht carryinj; nierchaiit- vessel.-' But Mv. Dudley maintained to the last the beliefth.it she was aaaiii intended to be employed on herlbrmer service. The conse(iiieiice uas, that viji'orous remonstrances were addressed by Mr. Adams to Her 3IaJesty"s government for having jterntitted the sale of the vessel, on the don'.de ground that the transfer was fictitious, and that the sale of a lu'lligerent siiip in a neutral port, elfected to avoid capture, is, by the law of nations, uidawfid.' Three complaints are ]>ut ibrward with reference to the foregoing facts: (1.) Thiit the vessel ought to have been compelled to leave the l)ort in conformity with the regulations of January, ISUl', as soon as those I'egulations came into oi)eration, namely, on the 17th of February. (2.) That the auti)orities ought not to have permitted the sale to take place, more espiH-ially as it was ti(!titious. (.),) That when, after the sale, the vessel entered the port of Liverpool she ought to have been treated as a confederate ship of war, and as stu-it compelled to lea^o the port under the regulalions of Jaiuiary, 18(!2.^ The lirst of these heads of complaint is brought forward for the first time in the (tase of the I'liited States. It neveroecurred to the /eal either of Mr. Si)ragiu' or Mr. Adams to insist on the Sumter being driven out of the har])or into the very Jaws of her eiUMiiies. It is now insisted on as ;i flagrant \iolation of lUMitrality. As regards tliis head of coujplaint it is [)laiu thiit the oidy way in which the iMiited States coidd be ])rejudiced by the Sumter remaining in the poit is that, if cfuupcllcd to leave, she would inevitably have been captured by thr l'\'deral ships which werc^ waiting ti> sei/e her. Jbit for this, the longer she remaiiu'd idle at (iibraltar, iiujapacitated l)y want of coal and want of funds, tln^ better; while there, she could do no damage to the commerce of the I'nited States. From the hour she en tcred the harbor of Gibraltar all complaint of prizes taken cr destroyed ne>".ssariiy ceasus. .Ml that the United States could havi; gained by the Sumter l>eing forced to leave (Iibraltar, and being taken by their war-vessels, woidd have Iteen the few thousand poui'ds which this old steamer would have sold for; to whi<'h, however, shoidd jierhaps be added, that the employnu'id of shi[)s to watch her would have ceased to be neeessiiry. Ihit was the go\ernmeiit under any obligation to compel the ship to leave on the expiration nt the twenty-lour hours' The answer is that the regulations of Jitnuary .">1, LS(;2, did not apply to, but on the con- trary excluded, the Sumter, which entered the harbor on the LSth ol Jaiuiary, 18()li, the regulations applying in terms only to such vessels as should enter ports of Jler Majesty, '^ after tha time when the order shoidd be first notified and put in force," in the i)artieular place ; which. in this instance, was not till the Ist of Febriuiry. Even liad this been eUierwise it would have been injpossible with any ])retense of.justi«;e to apply, c,v post facto, to a vessel whi< h had entered the port, when no ' l'iiitL'«l Staten DocuMieiits, vol. ii, p. .')14. -' Itritish A])|>eiuli\-, \ ol, ij, p, ()4. ' Hritisli Appendix, sol. ii,p. ^if*. ^ Case of the I'liitrd States, p. ',\'i'>. OPINIONS 01" Sllf AI-KXANDKU {'OCKHIIJN. r)i7 sncli r«'<4nlatioMs existed, a rule whicli must luovitjibly liiive liad the cliecl !.'f ''I'liveriuff lier into the hands of lier enemies. Aji'ain, even if the third article of tlie reyuhitions had been applicable to the Sumter, the fact that the necessary ellect of forcing' iier to leave the harbor would have been to give her up to hostiU^ vessels, waitin*;' Just outside to seizin her, would have afforded, I thinlc, a sutlicient ground for suspending the regidation, and extending the tinu» beyond the twenty-four hours, under the discretionary power wiiich admits of such extension in eases of necessity. No gov<'rnor, as it seems to nu', is bouiul to force a vessel to (juit a port in which she is in safety, when the necessary ellect of doing so must be to throw her into the hands of a more i>owerful enemy who is waiting lor her outside. Jt is admitted that by the law of nations a vessel taking refuge, when pursued by an enemy, in a neutral port, cannot be pursued. She is prote(!ted by reason of tht- inviolability of the neutral territoiy and its waters, and by the right of asylum which the neutral concedes to her. JJut of what avail would this be, if the neutral were bound, at the expiration of twenty-four hours, to say, "You must quit my port. I am aware that your enemy is waiting outside to seize you, but your time is uj) and you must g«). If, indeed, your enemy were inside the port, I could give you twenty-four hours start of him, which would probably enable you to escape ; but he is just outsi con- struction to the third article of the (Queen's regulations, the inability to procure a supi»ly of coal, also brought the vessel within the exceptions contaiiu'd in it, although coals are not specifically mentioncil. The Sumter, iiuleed, had her sails and could have i)ut to sea ; but it is obvious that a steamer without coal, in the face of i)owerful steam- ships, would have but a ]toor chance. Thus cripi)led, her i)ower of navigation on the o(!ean or of escape from eiu'mies being seriously im- l»aired, she would be the cripjded duck in the comparison- of jNI. Drouyn (le Lhuys. Supi)osinga siviling-vessel dismasted, in a ])Oit at which no mast suitable^ to her size could be procured, the local authority would certai'.ily not be bound to comi)el her to leave ; the case would be within the ex(;eption ; but what masts and sails '.ire to the sailing-vessel, coal, in addition to her machinery, is to the stean)er. If, as 1 have shown, the (^in>en"s regulations did not apjdy to the Sumter, r> /orf/o>/ in the exercise of his discretion the governor ought not to have compelled her to leave un eaf)- ture, when again at sea, by a ship of the belligerent, anueen's regu- lations relating to the stay of sliii)s of war in IJritish jwrts.' Earl Kussell gave the proper answer : I liave tlio lioiior to inform yoti tliat Her Miijesly's f;()vt'rmn('iit hiivn liiul iiiulcr their coiisideraf ioi), in coniiiinniciition witii tlie proper law-advisers of the Crown, your letter of tlie I'^tli nltinto, stafinjj; that yon lia»l reeeiv<'(l information of the arrival of the steamer Sumter at Liverpool, and rely tietitious, Hei' Majesty's inoelannition, to wliieh you refer, oaniU)t be deemed api)lieable to that vessel in the \Mit of Liverpool. -' To this might have been added that she was no longer a vessel ot war. Even if this view were erroneous, the Sumter, never having done fur- ther mischief to LTnited States vessels, no claim to damages can possil»ly arise in respect of her having been allowed to remain at Liverpool. This being so, it nmy be scarcely worth while to say more about her. But as this pitiful claim is nnide the occasion of studied insult to Great Britain, on the score of her ''habitually insincere neutrality," it is right to observe that as soon as this vessel was known to be at Liverpool, she Uritish Ajipendix, vtd. ii. p. ."iC). -Ibid., jip. .')?, .'iS*. OPINIONS OF SIR am:xamiek cockiuun. 510 bcc'unio tlic ol)J«M!t of wiitt'lil'iil attention on the part of Her JMaJes^ty's <;o vein men t. On the 4th of A]»ril Earl Unssell writes to ]Mr. Adams as follows: ^!y iittiMition liiiviiia(lin<; oC " ('onfcdcratc^ War- Vessels," is in- rlnded tlie Sinnter. now called the (Jilnaltar, as liavinj^ been tlioroiij;lil_v leiiaired at ISii'kenhead, and liein<^ ready lor sea, I deemed it ailvisalde at oneo to i'e.el. 1 have now the honor to a('<|naiiit yon that it appears IVoni a repoi t which has heen reci'ived from the cidleetor of eastonis at j^iverpool, and which has Wvu cominnni- catcd to me by tin* lords comniissi(MH'rs of Ilcr Majesty's treasury, that, since the ar- rival of the Sumter at hiverpooi on the llith of February last, she has btsen carefully watched by the cust(un-house olliecrs, and that, althouect of this vessel. < THE NASHVILLE. The facts relating to the Nashville are very similar to the earlier part of the historvof the Suuiter. ih..N„i,v,ii-. At ItfTtiimtii. ' British Appendix, vol. ii. p. 5!>. •Ibid., p. tjl. ' United States Documents, vol. iv, p. *2():?. ' Page :ttH. 520 AIMHTKATION Al' (iKNEVA. She is stated, in the case of the United States, to Iiave been ii lar^e i)ad(Ue-\viieel steamer, fonnerly eii{?a^et, taken only a snllieient supply to brinj;- her to JJermnda, tin; object beinj;' to iif^hten her draught as nineh as ]K)ssibl(', in order to facilitate her jiettinj*- over the bar at Uharleston. In a dis- patch to the Dnke of Newcastle, of the I'd of November, (Jovernor Onl writes : I have tli(! lioiior to iin|iiiiiiif \(iiiv oxfcllciicy tliat tlit'«(> islamls woro visitod.im tin- :{(ltli nUiuio, 1>,v tli(! ('oiiffdrrati' States ])ail(lli'-\\lici'l Htoaincr Nashville, cominaiMlcd l>y I.icutonaiit I'cajjiaiii, and liaviiij; on hoanl liit'iitcnaiit-Coloni'l I'l-yton, of the (Dn- t(Mlt;rato States army, said to he a minister tVoni those States to the eoiirt of Simiii, with numerons other oHieeis and peisoin ai>i)arently conueeted with the ship. The A'ossel anehoied oil' the doek-yard; and Lieutenat I'eajjiani and Colonel Peyton at onei^ called upon Captain Hutton, K, N., the superintendent, and requested hiia to supply their vessel with (100 tons of coal, it beinplied himself from private sources. The governor further states : The object of the Nashville's visit has not been distinctly stated; but there can he no doubt that she is bound to Huj^land, and that she has on board persons who will •nideavor to excite an interest in the favor of tlit; Confederate States at somts of the European courts, and probably to obtain supplies of material and stores for the sup- port of their cause. It had been reported that the Xashville left Charleston on the I'Jtli ultimo, with ex- Senators Sliihdl aureseutatives from the Confederate States to tlui j^ov- erumeutsof I'rance and l]n;;laud; that she hail $i,Ol)((,Ui)() on board for the jinrchase of nuiterial, and was intended to coal at IJermuda. This rei>()rt no doubt led to the eall- iny tlu^ United States vessels of war. I trust my procecdinj^s on this occasion will meet your (Jrace's ai)proval.' It is stated in the case of the United States, that " the Nashville took on board at Bermiula, by the i>ermission of the governor, OOO tons of coal, and that this a(!t was api>roved by Iler Majesty's princii»al secretary of state for the colonies. This approval seems to have been elicited by the complaints which had been made to the governor by the consul of the United States at that port. It may also be that Her ]\[ajesty's government preferred to have the (juestion settled, betbre it could bo made the subject of diplomatic representation on the part of the Unitey Ifer ^fajesty's (lov- ernnient, it is now said by tlie United States (loverninent to ''matter little wliicli is the true af Newcastle, says, with referen(!e to the amount of coal taken by the Xashville, he ''has been informed they have taken in about <>(M) tons," the United States consul, .Mr. Wells, who no doubt kept a sharj) eye on what was doing, and was more likely to be well informed about it, states, in a letter to Mv. Seward of the Sth of November, " the Nasli- ville took in about ."HK) tons of coal.'"' Why should the larger figure at once be assumed to be the right one, without any refereiu^e to the state- ment of jNIr. Wells '! When it is stated that the approval of the colonial secretary of what has been done " seems to have been elicited by the complaints which had been made to the governor by the United States consul,'' I am struck by tlie fact that tlieie is a total absence of all such complaint. JJeyoml an application made by the consul to the governor, on hearing of the ship's arrival, soliciting that an order may be given that no supplies shall bo granted to the vessel, no remonstrance or complaint of any kind is made by ^fr. W^ells.^ When it is insinuated that " Her ^Majesty's goveriiment prefeyred to have the matter settled before it could be made the subject of diplo- matic correspondence," two things shonld be added: the first, that the supplies furnished to the Nashville at Bermuda never did become the subject of diplomatic correspondence, no complaint having ever been addressed to Her JNlajesty's government, either as to the fact of coal having been supplied to the Nashville, or as to the quantity furnished to her. The subject is brought forward as a matter of complaint, for the first time, in the proceedings before this tribunal. Further, it should be stated that the approval of the secretary of state was elicited by the re- quest of Governor Ord himself, who asked to be informed if he had acted rightly in allowing the vessel to coal. It is distressing to have so fre- quently to advert to inaccuracies of this kind. The approval of the secretary of state for the colonies was in these words: The course piir.siuMl by you in tli(» ju'eseiit instance was in Htrict accorilance with tlio principles wiiich yon will find laid down in my circnlar dispatch. I hav(! fnithev to stah; that both ^on and (Japtain Hntton slir)wed a vmy i)ro]>er dis- irction in declininff to furnish supplies to a war-vessel of one of the belli^^cirt-nt parlies tVoin ])nblic stores belon^in;; to the Kritish fjovernnwnt. Her Majesty's government entirely approve of the whole of your procoedings on this occasion."' The secretary of state, by the same mail which carried out the ai)proval of the secretary of state as to what had been done, sent a circular to the governors of Her ^lajesty's colonies, containing instructions for their future guidance in such cases: Ilavinji; had occasion to consult the law-oHicers of the CroU'u on the subject of remon- strances a«ldressed to the governors of sonu' of the colonies by consuls of the I'nited ■States in regard to certain particulars in the treatmen : of vessels bearing the Hag of ' liritish Appendix, vol. v., \). 13. - Arguinent of the United States, ]). '.M)\. 'United States Doeinnents, vo ohsciNcil in ciiNt s of tlu! i toii'i;^!) ((nisiil lias any jidwi'i or .jiiriHiIji liin, to Hci/.o any vcshc! (nndi-r wiiatrvcr llaj;) witliin Itritisji IfirittMial watfis, and tiiat ilir IJritish uutii(>iiti<'s oiiffht not to tal in violation of the fiu'ei^n-eiilistnii'iit act, r>l) (ieo. Ill, "a|). (>'.), which ))rohii)its the «'(|nip)iinply of arms or animuniticni, Ac, to private ships or vessels. If it hIiouM ho necessary for the colonial authorities to act in any sneli case, it should only ))e done when the law iu repjularly put in force, ami under the advice of the law- otlicers of the Crown. With respect to the supplyin^f in British Jurisiliction of articdes nHvipit'm iisim, (sucli, for instance, as coal,) there is no ground for any interference whatever on the part of the eolutiial authorities.' It is pl.tiii from these iiiHtrnctious tluvt Her Majesty's }>()vernn»oiit, acting under the advice of the coimcil of the ('rowii, took the same view of the law applicable to such a case that all writers on international law had taken, namely, that in the absence of regnlations made by the neu- tral state, a belligerent vessel in a neutral port enjoys perfect liberty to obtain, from i)rivate sources, whatever sujn)lies she may require. Nor, even if the governor hiul had any discretion in the matter, could it be said that he had exercised such discretion unwisely. The Nitshvillc did not appear to be going on a mission of war at all. She was iinper fectly armed with only two rilletl Oponnder guns. She Mas conveying to Europe agents jiuthorized to communicate with European govern ments on Uehalf of the Confederate States. The quantity of coal al- lowed her was no more than was stitticient for the purpo.se of stu-h ji voyage, and there was then no rule limiting the supjdy to the quantity to tiike her to her nearest port. As a ship of war she was at liberty to buy what she wanted. I am therefore quite at a loss to see how the supply of cotil at Ber muda can be made a ground for asking ilamages at the hands of this tribunal. The argument that whiit was done, at a time when there wtis unrestricted freedom in respect of such transactions, is to be tried by the test of stringent regulations, afterward made for the i)urpose of placing restraints on that freedom, is obviously unsound. AVlien it is said that there was a violation of neutrality in allowing a confederato vessel to take as much coal as she wanted, while the Unitetl States wen- not permitted to establish a depot of coal for the sui)ply of their ves- sels, the argument which confoumls the obvious distinction between a public national store ami the resources of private dealers, if indeed worthy of attention, has already been disposed of. The Nashville arrived at Southampton on the L'lst November, 18(51. On her way she seized and set tire to a LTnited States nier- chant-ves.sel, making her crew ])risoners of war. On this ground, as well as her being a ves.sel of the insurgent government, ^Ir. Adams objected to her being received into a IJritish port. It was ascertained that the Nashville was duly commissioned as a ship of war of the Confederate States, and was under the connnand of h duly commissioned otHcer. The law-otticers, on being consulted by the governnuMit, gave an ' ISritish Appendix, vol. ii, p. 88. nl'INIONS OK SIi; Al.i:X.\MU;i{ Cn( Kl!l l{N. ■)-2:») opinion ill strict confoiinity to ostaldislicd principlca of international law : 'I'lic Niislivillf iii>i»i'iirs to he a roiiCcilcrnti' vosmoI of war: Iwr coiimiamli riiiid olllrors have coiiiinisNiiiii)- ill iIk^ ('(iiit'ctli'iati- navy ; siini)> of tlii-iii liavi^ writtt'ii onlriH t'roiii till' navy 'Ifpaitiiinit, lii( liinnnd. to report to l.it'iitcnaiit I't-^^raiii " tor ^ed ai-t of vicdence: and if (as Mr. Adams siijjf^ests) Her Majesty's jfovt-rnnreiit is called on in this case"tMther to rccoj^nize a liellij^erent, or to denounce a wron^j-doer," Her Majesty's government must, upon the facts and documents now appearing, adopt the fiu'iiier course. With reference to the alle;;!ition that solium of h^^r olilieers are to be put in coinnmiid of vessels now fitting out in Jhitisli ports for hostile purposes ajjainst tlu! United States, wo can only say that if reasonaltlo evidtuice can he ))rocnred that such vessels are he- iiijj so iitted out, in contravention of the forei;iti-enlistment aoits in respect of hostile acts done on the high seas to the ships of the o|>- jiosite jiarty.' Sir Hiiftli Cairns and Dr. Dean*', licinj^' consulted l»y the United States consid as to the jjossihility of recovering" chrononieters seized as prizes on the takinj*' of the Harvey JJirch, advised: It ajipears from the allidavit of Captain Nelson that the Harvey IJirch was taken possession of and burnt on the hijih seas, outside the limit of Mritisli waters, and that the armeil ship Nashville carried the i\:\-erents, each possessed of the i-if^lits id" war, om^ of which ri;ihts is the ca])tnro and destruction of vessels belonyinjj; to the enemy by the commissioneinion that Cajttain Nelson has no lej^al ri;;hts in this country ai;ainst the Nashville or her commander.' There is nothiiifj in what was done in relation to the Nashville after lier arrival at Southampton which eoidd j^ive occasion for any conii>laint. As soon as it was found that she was about to underf^o repairs at that port, instructions were piven by the government to exercise the utmost vigilance to see that nothing: was add of February, 1802, the same in point of ('(juipment antt strength as .she had been on leaving Charleston. On the lothof December the United States steamer Tuscarora arrived also at Southampton, and having taken in 150 tons of coal proceeded to keei) watch on the Nashville, evidently, as the sequel showed, for the ' British Ap])emlix, vol. ii, p. IK'. -' United States Docnmeiit<, vo'. ii, p. 560. 'IWitish Appendix, vol.ii. p. lU. ' Ibid., p. 1(12. i- r.24 A i; It IT RATI ON AT (JKNKVA. purpose ol' sci/iii;;' lirr on licr drpiirtiiic from IWitisli watt'is. I''ri)iii ji tclcj^iiuii of (Japtiiin I'iitcy, sciiioi- onicrr of ll»'r .M.ijt'sly's sliips ;it S(iiitliiiin]>t()ti, to tli<' iwliniialty, it iippvars tliiit on tlu^ iii;>lit of tlic !t|li of .laiiiiiiry "tin' dork-inastrr i«'|toit('(l liaviiij^' discoxcrnl in the dock two olliccrs and tlii'«'«' iiicii from Tiiscaioia, wlio stated tlu'y were on slioH' midcr orders watrliin^' Naslivillc, and to si;jiial slioidd slic ;;(t uiidi'i' \vei;;li. Dociv-iiiastcr removed lliem fiom the doek." ' ICail Kiissell, having; become ae(pjainted with this state of thiii^^s, wrote, on the 10th to Mr. A(hims: F Iinvcjiist Ih'cii inCinincd tlijit iiniicd iiwii were fiMiml liisf iii;ilit Wiifcliiitjf tlicN'usli- villi- ill Siiiilli:iiii|itoii (lucks, iiiiil lliiit tlicy were to state to > on tliat, excejit ill case of stress of weatlier ImciuM tlieiii to land, Her .Majesty's ;;oveiimieiit cannot perniit aiined ineii in llie ser\ ice cil a toi'ei;;ii <;:ovenini<'iit to land upon Kritisli ;;idiind. 1 tlieret'orc reijiiest that ,\'on will iiiforin the captain of tlie Federal steanier inSdiilii- innpton waters that he must retrain t'loin acts of this kind, which may lead to a cn|- lision lietweeii his men and the Ihitish authorities. I have also to inform yon that no act ol hostility can l>e permitted Itctween the I'cd- eial steamer and its cneniy within Hritish waters, and that orders to that cll'ect will lie issued to the lioaiil of admiralty. In the ease of the Nashville leaviiif^ liritish waters, the Federal steanier of war will not lie ]ieniiittcd to Htart from ISritisli wateis in pursuit of her till after the cxpiratimi of tweiity-foni' hours. The name rule will he applied to the vessels of the so-called ('oiifcd> i;;t(! States.- On the lOth Captiiin Wileo.v, of Jler Majesty's sliip Dauntless, writes to Captain Craven, the eonimandor of the Tuscaroni, as follows : IlavinfX olis<'rved )ne[)arntions for departure in tho United States steumer Tuscaroi;!. under your coinmaiid, ami also in the Confederate Stat«'s steamer, Nashville, I hc;f to ac(|naiiit yon that I have received iiistrnctions to prevent any iiostility takinj; place in IWitish wateis; and I he;; to hriiiy; to yoni' iiotict^ the nsnal law of nations wliirh n- i|iiires that twenty-four Innirs should elapse hefore the departure ot one Itellijiciciit sliiji in ]inrsiiit of the other. JJelyiiif; upon your ;;ood Jinlf^inciit in this matter, and the friendly fccliny cxistiiij; lic- twecii tho two {Governments, 1 liave, iVc' Captain Craven answered, giving, it will be observed, no i-etlge: I have tli(! lioiKU' to acknowledge the receipt of your commnnieation this evciiiiiy. I am not aware that I liave;;iven cause for your assuniiii}; that 1 incdilatt; an ad nf hostility in the waters of (ircat IJritain. Claiiniiif;' the iii;ht of free a<;cess to, and e;jress from, the waters ot a nation believed to he in amity with the I'liited States, ami sincerely desirous of avoiding all semhlaiac of ' one, trip throuj^h th»» Nc^edles and round the Isle of W'i^lit, that the sliii> is in all respects reaf twenty-four hours; it hemic follows that tlic Nashville is closely Idockaded in a neutral port, and this is, no doubt, the special ht, ami the pr(d)abilit.v of Tuscarora, supjiosiu;; that tho other ship bad purposely run into her, opcnin;; 'Hritish Appendix, vol. ii, p. 107. -Ibid., p.lOf^. ' Ibid., i». 100. ^Ibid., i>. int. oi'iMoxs UK sii; Ai.i:x.\M)i:i{ corKiti i;\. f 'm t I I I liri' nil Iht, iiimI licucc )iriii;{iiiH; (»ii ii ^ravr iMiii\'.'.- Captain i'atey leporteil that aters, and hniii<{ht to their notice that the law of natimis rei|iiires that twenty-four hours shoiilil ellipse before the departure of one li(dli;;'erent ship from a neutral port in pnrsnit of another. Captain I'atey, as senior ollicer at Soul ham|don, also ini'orincd captain.s id" Tnsc'arora and Nashville that he had received orders to detain one vesstd until the other had twenty-four lionrs' start. Captains of two vessels answercil, they would conform to law ; and Captain Craven (of 'rnscarora) claimed ri^fht of frec^ access to and ejjri'ss from " watis's of a nation helievi'd to he in amity with the I'nited States," trnstinj; that strict ini)iartiality wonld he ol>ser\ed Itetween the two vessels. In reply, Captain I'atey vd'erreil to fact of C.iptain Craven havin;^ sent ollicers and men into docks to watch Nashville, and also )iointeil onl that :> lioat, ,i]iparently armed, fi'om the 'I'nscareni had hei'ii ohserveil imllin;; in anil out of the docks wilhont landing; dnrin;; the ni<;ht. Cajitain Craven ;;ave assurance that this wonhl not he I'epeateil. •hiuHurii lit. — 'I'nscarora left anchi>ra;.;e at 1 a. in., ami ]irocceded to am hor one mile west of Calshot Lijflit-.ship. l»etiirneil at 4 p. in. to former anchoiai;-e at entrance of Itchen River. •/((iiiKtrji 1."). — Tiisearorji at '2 ji. in, \veij;lied, and )>iisseil Calshol. ■liuniarii 1(!. — At 'i p. m. returned to ori>>inal anclioraf;e. 'ftiiiiiani "JO. — At '^ p. 111. proceeilcil down Smithuiiijiton Water and amdiored l)nt^ide Calshot Castle. ■fduiiarji 'i'i. — At 10 a. m.^'etiirned to anch()ra- tains of 'J'uscaroni and Nashville not to leave their then po.sitions without giving twenty-four liouis' notice. January ti7. — In order to prevent any hostile ]iioceediu<>s hetwoen the two vessels in HritLsh waters, a messenger was dispatched in the morning to Southampton with in- structions to Captain Patey to reqiiiro Nashville to depart hy \'i o'clock at noon on Tuesday, the 2Hth January, and Tnscarora on following day at same hour; but at 1 p. III., and before receiving these last-inontioued instructions, Captain Patey tolegraplicd that captain of Tnscarora had notified him that that ship would put to sea on tlie ful-. lowing day, namely, on 28th .lauuary, at 11 a. m. To this telegram an answer was at once sent that Tnscarora was accorciingly to be allowed to proceed first; and, under the circumstances. Captain Putey did not think it necessary t< acquaint the captain of ' Hritisb Appendix, vol. ii. p. 114. 52C AU'IUI'K'ATION AT (JKNKVA. h 'rnsciiror.:! iil'tlic ni-ilci's lie ( ( ';i|itiiiii l';il<\\) r.si'(|iifMtly. loii tlif .•iftcriKion nf the, '<27th,) rci|iiiriiiir tlu' sliip to (|iiit Sniil liaiiipton. ./;(»/(«(•(/•,'-'. — (';i|)l;iin of'l'ilsciiinru irjtiirti'd liy let tiT to C;!]!', aili Taley s.IXitni''i"i!'i'. i' " "'"' li«'.sliliiin I'rasfii a written iiotiliratioii of liis intention to jiroeeed on the •JTtii, al 1 1 a. III., he (Captain l'ate.\ ) had not deemed it necessary to convey to Caplain Craven the iiiistnietions he had recei\ed lor rn.seai'iiia to leave Soiithainidon al noon on llie 'J^'Mi. Jaiiiiarii '■i''. — Ca|itaiii I'atey diieeted liy tele^rraph not to take any atep.s, at pr<'S(iit, to compel Tnscarora's departure. Jiiiiiiiiijj 2\). — At H.ld ii. in., 'I'liscaidra proeteded down Sonlhampton Water. tliiiiiiurji 'Ml — Captain I'atey, liy telegraph, reports Tiiscarora. at '2 p. in., reiiiiiins in \ aniioiith Koads, and he asks lor instrintions as to Naslivillc's departure, liitornied. ill r('|ily, tliat the time of Nashville's (hpartnrc will ihito from lionr Tii.scaroni shall re;illy jjo to sea, in aecor.laisee w ith notice. Ai)Mii!.vi.rv, Jaunary :W, hM'fiJ This suininaiy Mas forwarded by Ear! Jlu.sstll >o Mr. Adams, witli this obsorvaluni : I tliink you wil! sw from tliis snmiuary that ll(>r Majesty'.s jjoveniinent have reason to complain of tlic comliict of the she had previimsly shilte not permitted to leave Ici another space of t wenty-fotu' hmirs. N(->ertheless this otlicer. wh(» liiul himself been treated with scrnpulons impiirtiality and Jitteiitioii, init had ^iiveii to ller .Alajesty's yovernmi'nt jnst cause of complaint, havin;.,' been battled in his emleavois to elnde the ne<'essary ><',mdations of iien trality, did iK^t leave Sontliampton wiliidiit <'oi»iplainin beei! extended to him," ill connection with *'th«' escai>e of the pirate Nasliville." It is true that Mr. Adams admits, in dispatch n\' the 7th of I'ebriiary, !>»<•-. that "he (Captain Craven een a little more cool tind (piiet, he would have fan'd better."' itim ' llrilifdi App«;iiilix, v.d. ii, pp. lv'(i, |-,'l, - M.id., p. 1-.M. ' lldd.. y. i'iii. ' Kxcculivc Uofiiiiients. I'^dl-'Ci'i, Ni . 101, p. 'W, TP" OriNlUNS OF 8IR AI.KXANDKIi ((H'KIil UN. 527 tt'tiM'lliiOli III' Those procecdinjis of llio coininiiiKlcr of tlic Tiiscaroiii hn\o Ikm'Ii rc- forn'd to by M. Calvo in his ifcciit work as a (;loar viohitioii of neu- tral ir.>. The Xashvillc, on U^aviiiji- Sonlhaniplon, recrossed tlie Athmtic an«l arrived at IJeriniuhioi: tiie. iMMh of Feitraary, ISdL'.' Tlie rej; idat ions i^'sued h\ the Uritisl; j^overnnient on the.'Jlst of .Ian- nary j)revions, liniitinj*' tlu? stay of th«? armed vessels of the helli'!/ .t'lits an«l the supplies to be obtaiiu'd by them '.i IJiitish ports, did not arrive in that eeh.»ny until nearly ji fortnif^ht latei', and were unUno\Nn to tlu^ ;jovernor at tho time of the >Jashville's visit.^ There was no };ronn«l therefore for placing' any restrietion on the eoalinji' of the Nashville, and she is stated by the IJnited States (consul to have taken in I ."»(> tons.' She left ihc following; day, j.nd apparently went straijjht to Charleston. Moasutes were taken by the yovernor to insure the observance of neu- trality durin<«' her visit, and as at the tinu» of her departure several merchant-vessels were in sij;ht, some of which mij;ht have been United States ships, the admiral in command de.»^".red the commander of Jler M:ijesty's ship Spitefid to [)roceed to sea and wat THE CIIKKAMAUCA. The claim put foiward in respect of this vessel is founded on a sin!oyed in runniiifj the blockade. She was pur- cliascil by the confederate p)vernnu'nt, and beinj-" found to be fast, was converted into a vessel of war, and named the C'hickamau^ja. The case of the United States '• invites the attention of the tribunal of arbitration" to tlM» fa<'ile manner in w!ii( h tiiis and other vessels were l)ern)itteri<^inally built as tradini^-vessels, Irom bciii;^ converted into ships of war, or should have refused to reeojiiii/e them as shi|)s of war, when so converted and commissioned, because their (uiniiial destination Inn'/ been of an humblci- character .' l''ither supposition is oliviously absurd. llavin;^' run out from W'ilmin^^ton on tlie ni;^ht of thel'Sih of October, l*>(!t, and sir;'C(H'dcd in eva'iiij;' the blockailinu' shij)s, she destroyed sf'\eral tradinj^-vcssels belonginiu' to the United States. On the 7th of November she put into llermuda.' Her commander, Lit'utenant W'ilk- nison, appli*'d to the lieuteinnit }j:overnt»r for leave to coal and icpair ' linli.sl! A|>]>«'nilix, vol. ii, p. I7f*. ISritinli (tinnier ('iihc, p. KK ' r:iitt«l States nocmnriifs. vol. vi, ji. Villi. * Itiitisli Apucmlix, v»>l. ii, p, \1f^ ; V(»l. v, p. i.', ' t'liitrd .Slates Dtniiiiunts, vol. \ i, p. «;<. ■ l'a«.> lU. liriti.ih Apprmlix. vol. ii. p. \Xt. 528 AIv'MlTKATlON AT GKNKVA. liis macliiiiory. The liciitcnant-jjfovonior llioionpon nTinostiMl tlio admi- ral (•()ininaii(liiiy tlie vessel, and the time neet'ssiiry for their emu ])letion, as well as the quantity of eoal now in her, and the additi(Miiil (piantity, if any, that wcndd he re((nired to enable lier to i)roeeed to tlir nearest confederate port.' The otHeer ap|)ointed by Captain (Jlasse ic- ])orted that certain repairs (specilied in detail) \v»'r»i necessijry to renerndssion lo t^ke !'."» tons, she in fact tofdv sl',"' 'J'he only authority for this slalcnu'ut is the diary of a midshii)ni;ui who was serving: on board the ship. The diary i.s not unamrnsinj;-, :iiiil it is ju)t witlnuit its \alue. Il pioves conclusively that any cla'ii in respect of this vessel is wholly out of the (jUestion. The i>art Mhic'i relates to JJermuda is in these terms: jV()/vm//( »■ 7, l^til. — At T. ",'."> Iddk ItiTiniiil,! ]iilot. At s a, m. let ^o Ilic \\ct\t .'iiiclinr. willi ■,',"> );itli(iiiis fli;iiii ill five t';itlu)iii i Idle, oil' St. (ifiH'^c. f wciit ill :i>!i()rc in riiiciu'' of ciiiitiiiirs Ixijit. ;';i|il:iiii wi'iil tn H.-uiiiUon to sri' tlie ■•iivcriiur to «;rt jici mission i.' Iniii}!; till- sliip ill. \orviiilifr s, ISiil. — .Sliip still iiiicliort'd in tlie siiiiic )i1iU'i'. We \\ ill jfo in this I'vcninu 'I'liry li:i\(> (Icciili'il lo li'l lis coiiie ill lor li\ c (l!i.\s. llo\c ii|tiMi(lior at t |). ui. ami (aiii'' into St. (ieor;;)-. and let ^o anchor at about l.liU. y<>i) itilur ".*. — Slii|> ill llic slrt'ani. IktMciviiifj fVcHli water and inovisions. Sliip In Nwarniin^; witli bnmlioat wonicii, Ava.Hlicrwoniin, Ac. Mil Midsliipinau ^^al^<'ll. CoiiCcdi'iatc States iia\y. vlio is waiting lor tlic, I'lorida. A\ cut out into tliccoiiiiti> and st.'iid all uigtit with him. yoirmlur Id. — Shi|, still in sfrcaiii. At 1 p. ui. the hark I'lciatlcs hauled alou^jsidi' to give n.s coal. Coalinu shi|> all night, (iot in aiioiit T'J Ions. ' Ih'itiHb Appejidix, vol.jl, p. 135. -Ihid., p. !:«>. Ihid. I> \M lidii., pp. i:i7, i:{s. C'lise of tlif Uniti'd .States, i'. 41f». ■p OlMMONS OF 81U ALKXANDKIi COCKIirK'X. r)-2i) Xorrmhcr 11. — Stdpjicd coiiliiiy; ill 4 a. in. yurniilKr l.'i. — lid in nr«l r(i'mh<'r '20. — l»'ci;c1ic(l \ViIniiii;;l()ii a( aluiiit 11 a. iii. I'oiiiiil thi'Tal- ]aliassci< Hiii'f ill jiort. SIier, uothiiiu ocemred. 'I'Ik^ oHieeis were jiTaiited leave. Tiie 'fallaliassee was ]iiit out of eoiiiiiiis- .-iou alioiit t lie I'll ii ot" ],)eeeiiil>er, and loaded vvitli eotlon. The ((iinntttnd was <;;iven lo Captain \\'ilkins(in, Caiilaiii Ward takiiij; tlie Cliickaiiiaiii;!!. I ex)>e(ted to ;;o out in (kc Cliaiiieleon, as slie is now ealhd, hut 1 slipped up on my cxjtoetaliDii.s.' AVc tlius liiid that leave l!aviii;i' becMi .uiveii on the Oth of Novemltei- to stay till tlie l."ith^the ve.s.sel left on the ir)th, the ort, says: 1, .lolin Tmy IJoiiriie, of the town of Saint (ieoi'i;e, in the islands of lleriiuida, iiierehant. make uaili and way that 1 well rtMiieniher the arriv.il of the (/onfederato l-itatcH cruiser, the ('liitd;aniauy:a, in the jiort of Saint (-eoijie. in the said islands, in Noveinher, Htil, and that kIic ohtained permisslou from the colonial authorities totake on hoard twenty-live tons of coal, and no imue. I cannot positively slate that she received on hoard no ereiiter resscd ;;reat diss.at isfaclion at llie restrictions plae<'d on lie ind the very small tpiant ity a to evade, id no vi;;ilaiici) or iietivity on the part of the ccdonial ;;overnment coiihl. in my Judffiiient and opinion, have iircvcnti'd such evasions ii' the olhceis of tin vessel chose to piactict! then Sworn at the town of llamiltiai. in the islamls of liciniiida, this l.MIi day of I'ehi arv A. 1), i<:ti .INO. T. JiOll.'.Ni; Assiimin;^', however, tlmt the eomniitiider of lln^ Chickamatij'ii, Ibr- jictfiil of what a due sense of honoriU)le conduct should httve dictated, riiitcd StatoH Ddcio- . ,iis, vol, vi, p. 7'M. Hritiwli Ai>pciidix, vol. vi, p. i:'.t». Ihid. i m ■UiJ 530 AinUTlJATlON AT (ilCNKVA. (lid get any coal in excess of tlie i)r('.s('ril)e(l quantity, it would be most unjust to impute tiiis to the default of the IJernuula authorities. 13ut in the result the whole (juestion l)oeonies ininiaterial; A\'e sec from Mr. Carey's diary, that the Chickamauiia arri'ved at VVilmin^ton. where this young otfuter unfortiuiately '•slij)i)ed upon his expectations" on the IDth of 2sovembei, without ha\ ing fallen in with, taken, or de- stroyed a single United States vessel. 'J'Im^ coaling at iJerinuda tliere- fore did not lead to any injury to the Tnited States, and cannot in any l)oint of view found a claim tor damages. CASE OF 'J" I IE 'J'ALLAIIASSEE. This vessel, said t»> have heen also known as the Olustee, was built and origiuiillv emploved as ji blockade luniu'r undtu" the name ot the Atlanta. Jn the correspondence ot the united States consulates during the iirst six months of the year I8(>f she is several times s'polieu of as a l)lockade-runner of superior power of s[»eed.' No reference whatever is made; to lier having been built for, or being adapted to, the purpose of war. In the August of that year, some guns were ])ut on I)o;ird «»f her ill AVibnington, with a. crew of one hundred ami twenty Juen, and havinu contiived to escape from the blockading vessels, she commi^nced her work of devastation, and destroyed several vessels.-' Having doiie so, she arrived at llalifiix on the ISth of August. NVhat occurred there will be best told in the uarrati\e of her command.er, John Taylor AVood : My rccciitUm ))y tlif juliiiiral wiis scry colil iUiil iiudivil ; IIkU oi'llii' i^ovcninr It-.ss so. I Htatcil 1 was in waul of coal, and lliat. as isuon a.s I oiiiild lill m|> I would >;-o to Hea— llial if wonid take (Voni two to ll ric diivs. \o (d)Ji'( i ion was made at the tinn\ If I line had litn^n. I was jti'vpaicd to doniitnd lorty-riirlit lioiiiM for repairs. Tlu^ i>o\crn()i- asked nie .' call next iised llial I was still in port ; lliat we ninst leave at once; iliat v e t^tnld leavi' ilie liarlmr willi i<:t>tiiiii tin- iiiiaiililji of cotd on hintn:. IhtU hitniid ilallji. iSc * • * ] ;,,„ mider many ohli^iitions to onr affent. Mr. Weir, lor transiietin;^ onr hnsiness, anr, to which it was applicil, were ar- rested on the spot, ami the vdhkcI was ohliged to run foi' a lioint' port.' The Talliihassee remained at AVilmingtou some months, and she was then sold by the confederate government and purchased by p private ' United StntcH DoeninentH, vo.. iiHient.s, vol. vi, p. 7'.".t; Ihitish Appi-ndix, vol. v, ;>. li:i. ' ■' I'uited Slates Itocnunnts, vol. \ i. p. 7',".*. M'a-cin. lid be most 1; AVt' sec ^'iliiiinutoii, l)t'(',tiiti(>iis" ilvoii, or (le- mulii llioio- iiiot in aiiv ', was built uinlt'i' tilt' the United 18()i slic is r pf)\vor of built for, or d of hi'V ill and basing n'jsnc.ed hci' iijH' (b)!H' so, unvd tbtMc ulin Taylor I'tTllor less so. Id j;(> to Mi'!l — tllf tillH\ It' riu" f^DSi-niiii- w lien I Mdtild ii) port ; tliiit MIS of coal on 1 tliiit thf !i(l- t he j;()V('nii'(l iiicd tliis iii- ur 'nacliiiicry coal oil hiiiDi!. lit. Mr. Weil, s oCcoal wt'W 'oal iici'dcil, 1 iwcd it down . lli;;llt of the vospect of no cause oi II. Mt'lIlOllI'lH', cnior at llali- I'liiti'd Stati H ' many ]ia;j;t's. lal, was I'aii'ly iliod, AVL'ic ar- nd she was V f. private Ul'INIOXS (»F Sin Ar.F.X.\XIiKK COCKi'.rKX. f)')! mercbant, and beeanio, and afterward nMnained, a niercbant-vessel. In tbat ebaracter, and under tbe nann^ of tiu^ Cliaineleon, sbe vi.sittMl lierninda in January, LSii."), witb a earo;o of cotton ami tobacco. Tlie vessel bcin<; identilied as tlie former Tallabassee, iiupiiries were set on foot by tbe antlioiities, wben it was ftdly sbown by Mr. Wilkinson, tbe consignee; of tlie cargo, tbat sbe bad i)assed into jtrivate bamls, and bad been duly registered as ])rivate properly.' Upon \vbat po.ssiblo grounds, tben, can we be asked to awaid dam- ages in respect f>f tbis vessel '/ Simply because, as it is said, "tbe Tal- labassee was a Uritisli steamer fittetl out from Lomlon to play tin; part of a privateer out ot Wilmington."- IJiit upon wbat autimrity is tbis statement nnide ^ 5Sin)[»ly on tbat of a passage to that ellect in a, letter of 31r. Adams to Karl llus.sell, written mucb later, namely, in Marcii, l.S(;r», iu wliicb, com|)laining of the system of bloeUade-running carried on by l>riti.sb ships, be thus speaks of tlie former Tallabas.sec : Tlif Clianu'lcon, not iiiajitly nanit'd, Itiit licforc known as tlio 'rallaliasscc, and still railit-r as a Itritisii sicaiiicr titled out t'loiii London to |day tlii> )i:ii't of a ]ii'ivatt'rr out ot W'iliiiiii^loii. was lyin<; at tliat \cry tiiiu; in Xassaii, I'clicjvc*!, iiidfrd, ot licr f.;'iiii.s, lint still retaining; all tlic attriiiiiUs ol' iiiT hostile ouL-niiation.'' Phcry one knows tbat .Mr. Adams would not say anytbiiig tbat be did not fully believe to be true; but be must forgiv*' me lor saying tbat iu this instance be must liave been mistaken, possilily confounding tb«> vessel in <|uesti«m witb some otber. In tbe earlier correspondence of tbe United States consulate' res|»ecting this vessel tbei'e is not, as 1 bavo already mentioned, any icfereiice wbatever to it asliaving b(>en intended for u i)rivateer. Sbe was. in fact, sobl after a three weeks' cruise, be- cause, as tbe (•onsignce of her c^argo at IJermnda t«'lls us, sbe bad been ••found dl-adapted to the puriH)ses of war."^ liesides, bad sbe been built as a pi-ivatecr, it is very unlikely tbat sbe would afterward bave been buiigbt by a mercbant as a carrying vessel. J'^very oiieacroperly ('(Uistructed for war, it may i)e driven to tbe e.\p(>dient of converting mendiant-vessels into vessels of Avar; buta nuncbant does not buy sliii»s of war to turn tbem to a im'-pose for wbicli their construction makes tliem wbolly unlit. i)Ut wliat if tbis ve.s.sel bad been originally built as a i^rivateer? Js it meant to be asserted tbat this alone, witlnuit any suggestion, mucb less proof, of default on tbe ]iart of the JJrilisb government, is eiiougb to! lix tbe latter w itb liability for tbe acts of siicb a vessel ? 'J>ut it would be a waste of time to imrsui; this furtber. Jr<'re, again, I must say 1 tliink Ibis claim ouglit ne\i'r to have been submitted tons. <.'A«E Ol'^ TIIK lilOTUllU TIOX. TIlis vessel was a small steamer built in tbe State of Xew Vork, and originally employed as a tug steamcron Lake Krie. .lust before tu. ».t,,iM,i,..n. the attack on I'ort Sumter sbe was chartered by tbe (lov- ernment of tbe United States an. lol. ^32 AlMMTiJATlON AT (H'AKVA. and sImmvms coiivcitcd into a sailinji" sdiooiior and arauMl: sIk' tlicii .started ahiinias, about two hun«lr»'dand forty nules from the seal of ^overnuK'nt. in eomiiany with a wieekinj^' sehotuier naau'd tlie Jlrothers, and owiu-d by Messis, l-'arrin/i^ton, merchants, of that island. Here N'ernon Loeke I'ejjresented himself to be the master of the Hano ver, and staft'd that lu' was bound Irom IJoston to a jtort of Cuba, where lie was toha\{' S(tld his <'ar,i:'o, and to run the blo(;kade with a ear^o ol' salt. On the itlea that his vessel had lun ash()re on a ne.i<;hb»»rin,i; island, and was in a leaky condition, he. obtained the iiernnssion of the <-ust()n!s (•olleel(tr at \jnu}x Cay to transfer i)art of the caj'/^o to the ]>rotlH'rs, and to land the rest, and eventually to sell the whole tlirouuh 1h(> a<;* iicy of .Messrs. Farrint^ton, l*'or this ]»urpos(^ he i)rodu('ed tll(' nlani^e^ls of the car;j;(), and foi'^c;!, he says: •n (HI sliorc iif linuMM. iiml I nii'iiiiuiicil I WiiH luiih'r tlic jiiiiU'cssioti thill in tli' I liad my (l(inl>4.s ;is to 1 lie visvcl ln\ in;;; li 7iiy (luiihis III .Mr. l'":iiriii,!^tiiii. I told liiui i <'ar;!;i» llicr<' nii^ilit In- articles coiilr.-iliaiiil :ir, iiuii I hat lln- i-citorU'cl disaster w,i but a ruse tn |irevei(t llie UdsIoii iiierchaiil Iteiiij^ traeked in Nassau in his illieii, trad'' with the Sontli. Jiiit 1 I'nnnd out at'lerward, tin inquiry iVdui tlin a'tin;^' tide-w aiii . , (hat thecal;;"' ^^'K^ really one of |>ro\ isioiis. Mr. i'arriiijiflon admit teil that he also donhti'nti)erly docniniMitiHl, he did not see any iniiirtipriety in his actini;' as the captain's a^ent, anil lliat he wa.s not inviire of any illegality in the matter — and I must here add tliat I am under tin; impression that, iiji to that moment, Mr. I'ariinj^t.tn was as i<;n(n'ant of the real t'a. It must l>e reniemhered tliat ll'e ( .iptain was a i>orl'e('t stranj^er ; that the re;rist);r and articles of the Hanov(U- \ver»; |)rodiu;ed, 1 helit've, at the collector's ottico, but I know that lie lia oath td' lidelity to the I'nion. He represent«Ml himself as Captain t'aso, and siL?ned all documents a.s Washiii^jton i'nM'. the luinie of the captain as appearing on the (lociiiiieiitH.' The .schooner brothers, haviii]:'' taken on board part of tin; carjio of the Jlanover, left with it for Nassau, takinjjj also the ])reteiided master: but it seems that he only went in her as far as Kiiin Cay, another island of the liahanias, from which he was taken oil' by the Hetrlbution. The lliuiovi'r remained at Long Cay for ii tlay or two iifter the lirothers hail left, juid then seems to have sailed for S( aie port in the Southern States. The manner in which the fraud which Inid been committed t)n the an Ihorities wtis discovered, is thus relat(Ml by Mr. IJuruside, themayistiale of the district, in the report which has been alretidy referred to: The Hanover reniaiiicil r day or two after the Hrotliors had left, at Loiifj Cay, uiidii ' I'nited Slates Documents, vol. vi., )>. 7li(i. ^ Ihid., p. 740. " UritiNli A |>peiiilix, vol. v, \). \('f*. ■•JJritish Apjiendix, vol. v. pj). l>ir>, llH. and I'.tl). 0PIXI0X8 OF SIR ALKXAXDER COCKIJURX. 533 .she tlit'ii nilijio till' of jirovis boat, ill ' KiMribii- UillV'iviit llanovi'i- r, a small III tliosi'at iiiiimI tile at islaiul. llic Haiio- iba, wlu'ii' 1 caruo ol' 'i^hhoiiii.u ion of till' I'lio to the Ic tiiron.^li )»ln(U'(I llic f tiie tine of tluMli> vcat Loim rs to have tlio stow. )f the'-'Otli liirilliolh'il I tliiil ill th" isii.Htcr \v:i> illicit tiatl'' ti(le-\\aiti ;, !m1 liccii tin lul not M'C wiirc of :iiiv >ii tltat. ii|> so as 1 wa>. rt'o'istor anil Mit I kniiu tv from till' ) lilt' I'liioM. n":ton ('ax'. \ ViW'iXO of (1 inasti'v: icr islaini ion. Till' )tli(M-s liail rn States. in till' an- nayistratf ;o: r Cay, niiilii tlic tliai';,'!' ol'tlio fornu'i" mate, taking in ii car^^oof salt, and it was only abont half ati lionr previous to licr dt'itartnif tliat I, ami, I am niulor tho impression, Mr. Faniiijrtoii also, had the .slii;litest mist^ivin^j; tliat tJK! peison wlio Iiad representetl iiimself as tiio captain of the KanoNCt' was nor Wa>hiin;tiiii Case. One of the sailois of tlio Hanover, miller tiie inlhience of lii|ii(ir. rel'erred to liie supposed ea))tain in the coUei^tor's pres- ence by some other name. I wis with Mr. l"arrini;ton wlien the (.'oUector mentioned the circumstance; reference was immeiliately niade to the. docunients, and the dill'er- eiice in the sininitMres eonlhincil wliat the (.-ollector had heard. The su]ipos"d Captain Case had llieii left in llie Ifrotiu'is. and no action could iiave heeii taken even if I had been arnu'd with power; but even then wt; were nndt-r the impression that the namo had b(ren assumed in the custmn-honse, in liostou, by some ol her person to t'acilitatii Captain Casi's ic.iviii^- iinstou, snpposin;;' him to have been a suspicious p.-rson ; aiM it w.is only after I had left, I.iuij; ('ay, on my way to Inaniia. that we met a vessel iVi.ni luajfua. aiiruaiy Ibllowlno', tlic Ilctributioii ('aptrnvd another Aincrican nierehant-ves.sel, the ICniily I'islicr, in the nti^-hborlniod of Castle Islitml, '>ne of this I'aliannis. The vnso of this vessel does not seem to have foinieil the sitUjei't of any eoiiiplaint either on the part of the rnited States (lovernmeiit or of tho parties interested ii:itil the present time: and the colleetor of etistoiiis ;it Lon."' Cay bein_o- now dead, tlu've is litlle I'videiiee to be depended upon as regards the pro- eeediiio-s at th;it place. The statement, piodiieed by the United States, of ;i man nam(>d Samiison who was at the time, iiei'ordin;;' to his own a(!(!oniit, employed at Lono- Cay under the orders of fhe United States (Jovernment as si " dejnity marshal" or detective oilitH'r to look after wrectkers and bloekade-runncrs, cannot be regarded as reliable. He states llnit all the laets connected with the capture of the vessel and tlu> stibsiMpient transactions were true, " irom his iier.sonal knowledge," and that he had [trevionsly testilied to them before a court in New .b'rsey.' IJiit it i.s obvious that he can have had no personal kiiowled,L;e, of the fa<;ts con- nected with the eaptnrts of the vessel, wliit-h to<»k place at a distance fiom liOii.i;' Cay : ami on referetice to the proceediii.ns of the trial moiu tioned, the nmterial i>m1ion of his evidence is fonnd to be no nioie than that he saw the ]\etribntion in the sprino- of ISOo at Lon^- Cay, wher<* she was lyin^' outside the Mmily Fislier; that lu^ was introdneed by an acting; maoistrate of Lon,::;' i.'ay to the lirst and second lientenant of the- Ibrmer vessel, and •• hatl a ^enei-al talk about the North and South.'" - According' to the statement on oath of Mv. Staples, the lornier master of the lOmilN I'^ishcr, which, howi'ver, was only made in September last, ei^iht years afu-r the event, he was indtK'cd by the assurances of ji cap- tain ot a Ibitish w icckino-vcs.sel to come within raiifte of tin' IJetribntion, l)y whom he was captured. The I'iinily Fishei' was then run on shoi-e l»y the «)r.} percent, on the vessel for salva;;e. Staples ailds that ''he was told by the authorities, that thon;4;li the law would not allow the privateer to touch the brij.;," yet, " if he wishetl to feventiii<^ him ; tliat the i-aptain of tin.' privateer told him, the de|tonent, that he had ;;iven the caryo to the wreckers, as he wanted the bii;;'; that he wjis {joinj*- t(»put his yinis on board of lier and destroy his schooner;" "that lie further told the tlepoiieut that the wre(;kers were to pay him socnnit improbable, indeed, that the antlnnities \U',\\ have really been nnabh^ to alford any protection to the inaslerof the I'iiiuly Fisher, the ])lace beinj;' a snndl i>ort in a re- mote island. The nui;^istrate, Mr. Unrnside, who was at this time absent, speaks in his report (pu)ted above, of his inability to take action a;;ainsr the stii>i)osed Captain Case, "even if he had been armepened previously to the arrival of this vessel at Lonj;' (.'ay. The (piestion of the capture of the J'hnily Fisher, as I have already said, seems not to have fornu'd the subject t)f any complaint up to the xUwv of the ])resent arbitration, and all the infornnition that appears to have reached the j;()vernment at the tiuie is contained in the followinu passap' of .Mr. IJurnside's report, which sln)ws no trace of any improi)er proceedings havinj;' been committed or tolerated at Long" Cay : 1 liiivc licjird (Voiii liDiiu; Cay tliMt the Iictrihiitimi, stil».s<'i(iieiit. to tlii' iitfiiir of f he IJaiioviT. caiitiirt'd an Aniciifaii biiji; in tlii' nciiililMuhdod of L'aNlli' Island — the l^niily l"'i.slicr, with a cavf^o of siifrar — that tlif coniniandiT of tlic, Jictril>ution ordmt'd Iwr to Im) inn on sliorc near l.onjn Cay, an1, Wri, seems iie\ er to have been a.-ked for or granted. Her commander was not even ctilU'd upon for his commission. All tliat occnrred npoit her arrival is thns stated by tie Iiilol : ".She had a small enn on ib-ck. 'l"he captain told nie he was from Ijtnij;' Cay. 1 I""- ^ ................ j...... .... ....... ................ ........,, ... . asked the captain where he was from. He answered, 'Liit8, vol. vi, pp.738, TIW. ■-' Hritisli .\i)pendix, vol. vi, pp. '.i'.i, '■i4. 'Iliid., p. Ki-'. * Ibid., vol. v,pp. IIW, Ui'J. 'Ibid., p. ]i!0. •' Page :<0S. Ol'IMONS or 8IU ALKXANDKil COCKIUK'N. r •> ** f ! iitliorilu'.s lit' curyo, n tlio act- lary iast, iistitiitt'd, ic (li'iiosi- " ic'liitc to e, iinlt'od, uotoctioii t in ii ic- le absonr, III a;4iiiiisr l)o\vt'r."' lI only of iJontiontMl V i\\v Ml. iou.sly to (', aliviidy ip to tlio |)l)ear.s to followiiiii- iniin'opcr ilVitir of fill' — tlio Kiiiil,\- (M«'il licr ti> Vdiii (liiiijicr idfil tt) the .so, Jiiid till' her Drticcis loscd Wiisii- ca[>iicily.' {'Sl»('('t to dilijjienct' i don CO ai- ocUo, not iirivod at rions ]»ro- ed in tlio hiiuiiiry:!!, s nut oven Uitcd by tin- mj; Ciiy. I >iii tlu) l<>i)!< s likfly ti) >'imI liiin to tioii.s. lit' Hoiv tlio (luotation oiids, but tlio deposition of tlioi)il()t, wiion rot'orrod to, is loiind lo oontiuiio as follows : " I tli m told liiiii iio ooiild not ixo into l>ort. N\'o rounded to iniinediati'ly, and catiu; to anchor;'' and the pilot ^oos on to say tliat the captain canio on shore in his boat.' And in the evidence of ^Mr. Taylor, at that time the. aetin;;' receiver- jieneral at >ia«san, ^iiven afterwards at the trial of tho Etta, it is stated that "the IJetrihiilion did not enter as a trader in the port of Xassan ; she was treated as a confederate vessel of war."' ^ It seems obvious, there- fore, that lier'charactor wa.s veritied and tho necessary |)orinission ob- tained before she was allowed to eiit(.'r the port. This view recei\'es ad- ditional corroboration by tho notice inserted in the llahania Herald of the 2Sth of February, to the following ellect : The soiitlicni ^imlfniil ii' t liliiitiuii ]>ut in licrt^ on TliinNiliiy lust lor t]ii' j>iiii>()s<' of iiii(lcr;;()iii;^ icjuiiis, il' pi'iiiiitti'd tiidoso l)y hl.s t'xcfllciicy tlu? ifuvcrmii'. She lias since IxMMi i-(iiHlciiinc(l, :in, to I^Iessrs. i'er[)all «S: Co., nier<*hants, of Xas.sau,' there beiiifi' at the time no re,inulatioii to ])vevent tho disinantlinj»; and sale of bellip'j'ont armed vessels in Ibitish jwrts. IJy 3Iessrs. Perpall she was again sold for tho same sum to a, 3ir. Thomas Stead, who was at the time a clerk to some parties engaged in tho blookado-ruiining trade.'' ])y him she was registi'iwd on tho lOtli of April, ISU.'i, asa Jiritish vessel, under tho name of tho Etta," ami it is said that an attom)>t was made to run the bhxtkaiie with her, but fitilod. in June, l.SiJ.), she was again sold by i)ublic auction to tho linn of Honouard «!v: Co., of Nassau, who, having bought lierior iil.")8 and repaired her at a cost of £'J(H>, sent her with a cargo of fruit to Now Y'ork, whores she was seized.' libeled in the district court of Now Jorsov, and ultimatelv adjudged as forfeited lo the LFnited States." This terminates the history of the lletribution. Into the steps taken by the authorities at Nassau for the pujiishmentof tho principal otfonder it is scarcely lu'cessary to enter in detail, as they do not affect the acts previously comniitlod by tho vessel. They are brioHy as follows : The first information reeeivefl by the governor as to the sale of tho cargo of the Hanover at Long Cay was given in a letter dated the llfh March, 18(t.'{, from a Mr. .lackson, ag«'nt at Nassau for' the American under- writers." The Jietribution had at this time been sold to i)rivate owuers, and although it was said by 3lr. .Jackson that the oflicer.s of that vessel were residing in Nassau, tlu^ attcuneygencial was of opinion that the facts as related were not suHiiiient to n'lider the parties criminally liable.'' A further re])re.sentation was made on the same subject in April, 18«i;», by the Unite. Km. T^r- 53G AUIUTKATION AT Gi:XEVA. < »-!■!< in (in at lltLl.i II h:i» MlHillnl the attonu\v-S(Mun-al roccnod in tlio following; mo'itli infonnation poiut- iiii;' to Wnioii Locke, then in tlio colony, as tlio {-iiilty lu'isoii. As tlic witnesses were all at a considenihle (listance, the ordinary inoeess ol olitainin;^' sworn information on which to Ibnnd a wanaiit wonld have caused (!onsi(h'rald(' th'iay; tlie attorney-^cncriil tlu'refore avaiitid himself of the power niven hiai by a local act, and issne«l a precept to the polic(< magistrate at Nassau rer|uirin;;' him to issue a warrant a;^aiiist Ijockc' Tiie latter was a<*cordin.j;ly arrested, and, after a Ion;;- exauiinatiou, was couimitted for trial, hut Cscaped, lorfeitiu^;' his hail. He was, however, re-arrested and hrou;;ht to trial; hut the evidence being- iusniUcient on some of the i'ssential jioints, he was tiually acvernmcnt. After all that has l)een said and writtcji, it is only in res{)ect of two ves;>els, liuth eipiippi'd at the very outset of the (!ivil war, and before tlu' contiiviinces resorted to had be- come known i)y experience, tliat this tribunal, which has not shown a disposition to take too indulii-ent a view of the fullillment of neuiral obli.n-ations, has l)een able to lind any dt.'fanlt in JJritish authorities at hoiiu'; while in res[)cct of a third, tiie tribunal, by ii nnijority of oim voice oidy, has lixed the government witli liability for an alleged error in judgment of thi^ governor of a distant colony in res[»ect of allowance of coal, and tor the want of vigilance of the i>o!ice in not preventing nu'ii from Joining a confederate vessel at night. We have here the best practical answer to the sweeping charges so perseveringly brought against the Ibilish government anil people. The tril)unal having thn •; settled the instances in which it is i)repared to hold (Ircat Jbitain resi, iisible, we have lU'Xt t()een bona J\<\< exandned by the (Jovernment of the Uiuted Ktates, it must necessarily be extremciy diliicult to estimate the amount which should Ix; awarded in resp(-ct of them; more especially as it beconu's apparent that a large l>ropoition of them are nM)st extravagant in amount, while imne of the ordinary documents evidencing the value of shipping property or mei'- chandise have bei'U brought belore the tribunal. On the other hand, it is h)r many ieas(ms desirable that the matters in dispute should be dis- I'loscd of and settled as soon as i)ossible, so as to put an end to all furtherdisputes, as well as toavoid giving the opportunity, which would b»^ afforded by sending the settlement to assessois, to invent fresh claims ind present them from day to reventiiii4' re the best y bnai^lit s i>roparod iiii[)ortant subject of 1 oiij^lit to lvisiil)le to under the as it is ad- u hoiKi Ji'l< necessarily »(} awanU'd lat a lar^^o one of the ity or mer- er hand, it uld be dis- eiid to all hich would •esh claims le whole, I claims bo i> may siib- vanta<;e of t lu) doubt Ivaijcc'd in tljoi revised statement, amounted to. .*2.">,r)17,Hn ; besides which a claim for "(!osts of pursuit and captur«%'' exceediiiji' .•«<7,(KH),()<>0, was preferred on the part of the, United kStat<'s (loveriunent. To all which was superatlded a claim for interest of 7 per cent, per annum from tin* tinu's of (rapture luitil i)ayment. These claims have, however, to be diminislu»«l by reason of (ireat liritain havin;; been pro- nounced by the tribunal to be liable in respettt only for the (raptures made by tln^ Alabama, Klorithi, and Shenandoah, and for tluwe made by tlur latter only after her departun; from .Melbourne. On {\hi other hand, the(!laims in respeetof the other vessels havin;;' been rejected, tlnr repre- sentatives of the United Stales, on the llUh of Au,i;iisL last, presented new and increased claims to the e.vtent of .*-',! •"»(►,(>(»(», so that the (claims then advanced by the United States in respeirt of those captures, for which Ciicat l>ri(ain has hvi'.n held liable, amounted, after correctiiiji;- « crtain admitted errors of calcidalioii, to 811*, MU, tit, over and al>ove a claim ol !i<(i,7.'r),()(JL* for the cost of i)ur.suit and captnnr in respect of the lln<>e vessels, and the claim of interest at the rate of 7 ])er cent. I concur entirely with tlur icst of the tribunal, in holdiii,!;- that tho claim for cost of pursuit and capture must be, rejected. This ,.|„i„„ |-„, ,,,., „, item of expense formed part of llu! j;eneral (expense of tlicr i"'-"*' "' "i""'-- war. The (anisers employed oil this service would, probably, have been kept in commission had the three vessels in ((Uestion never left \\\v Ilritisli shoi'cs. We have therefore only to deal with tin* claim for losses sustained by individual citizens. Now there can be no (h)ubt that the only damau'cs which the tribunal is anthori/ed to award under the treaty for the indemuillca- ,, , , tlon of ^Vinerican citi/eus must be (ionliiUHl to loss actually "" "■ sustained by destruction of ships, crar^oes, or p«Msonal ellccts. AVhere daiini<;e to projierty arises, not directly fnuu willful injury, but indire(!tly only, from want of duircare, an indemnity aj^ainst actual loss is'all that, by the, law of F.n/^laiid or America, or by any priiicii)les of general juris- l»riidence, can i>ossil(ly b(^ awarded. [f, ther*'fore, this triluinal, instead of sending the aim-nint to be paiil by (Ireat liritain to be ascei'tained by assessors, should think lit to awaiila sum in gross, as it is empowered to do by the treaty, it must still, in lixiiig the latt(U", [iroceed on the, best estimate it nmy be enabled to arrive, at, on the data before it, of the losses actually sustained by American citizens tliroiiuh the three ships loi' which (Ireat Britain is to be held liabhr. The ckiiins for individual losses by reason of ]ti'operty destroyed by the three sliii)s in ((lU'stion amoiiiitslo the sum of slDjlKI, 1 1 1 ; Init this amount includes items which involve imi)ortant (luestions ol' princii»le, and deserve special consideration. Tliese are: (A.) 'I'lii! I'liiinis ill respect of tin' \vhiiliii;;-V('s>f].s ilt'stidycd. lor Io^h oCjtro.s- licctivc cntcli, iiiiioiiiitiii;; to ". )?-t, <)0t>, l!Ol (I>. ) Tile cluiiti.s for ;;i^).s.s iVcijflit.s, iiiiuiuiitiii^ to 1, (1(17, l;"):? (C.) 'riic (loiililc cliiiiiis, aiiioiintiii^ to l,(iS'J,24ll (L>.) Till" new claiiiis, prcsuiitrd for tlie lirst time on IKtli Aii^^ii.st, aiiioiiiit- iiif-' to '2, l.-iO, 0(10 H, si-i, (;i»7 (A.) Thert? can be little doubt that the amount claimed for the proa- l)ective catch of tho whalers, which is, in fact, about double a:n,„, („, pr„,. the value assigned to tho.vessels and their outfits, is so ex- i""""">i' travagant as almost to Justify at once the rejt!ction of tho whole claiui. I iu]H AI{Itri'I?ATI<>.\ XI (il'.NKNA. The true cliiiractci' of llicsc cliiiin.s will Ix^ seen l)y roiniciiiiiu' the :im<)illit of tlic V.\'i'X\ l.atiivcti.^ -• :t:!, tie. .-.o.ddn ,1. llmvlantl i>:\,ir,U I'.Hi, I.")' !\rany other similar instaneos of extraordinary and arbitrary increase nii^ht be cited, bnt the abov«> will snlliee to show (what, in«leed, a mere com]>arison of the claims themselves with the valneand tonna^^j'e of the vessels bnt too clearly jiroves) that these demanarly (U'monstrat«'d in the I'ritish report. Aceordin}.'' to the decisions of the Snprenu' Conit of the I'nited States, the only allowance which onjjht to be made in respect of prosjjcctive catch is in theliatnre of inter*'st fr(>m the time of the destrnction of the vess«'l.' I should myself be disposed to adopt a more liberal nnxle of com])en- sation, and to award for prospective i>rolits a reasonabh> percenta^i^e on tiie values of the vessels and outfits; but I cannot but think that if a year's wa;j:os is to bo awarded, as ])roi)osed, for the ollieers and crews, the amount of L'."> per cent, on those \alues as claimed in the American tables presented on the L'Oth of Aujiust, in case of the claim for jtros- ])ective catch beinj;: disallowed, far excee«ls what is i)roi>erly assi«fnal>le. The total amount clainu'd for the whalin<;-vesselsanntly show, bears every si;jn of ^jreat exay^-era- tion, is !i!. A claim of .i<(!.V.>,()LM is advanced for securetl earn- iiifis. To award a further sum of .* KK),(M)0, as claitned, in lieu of ))ros- pe(;tive profits, would nmke a total allowamto of over $1,()()0,(KM> (or W \nyv cent, of the orijiinal values of the vessels and outtits) for sc(!ured aiul prospe(!tive outfits alone ; in addition to a sum of $r)8.S,(M>t), or more than .'{() per cent, more, for the waftes of the oflicers aiul crew, (which are sui)posed to come out of the {,'ross earniu;»s,) and this irrespe(^tive of the fact of interest beinj? claimed on the whole from the date of the capture. ' 8eo Mr. .Instico Story's .jiulgiiiciit in tlic case of the Lively (1 Galliaoii, 315.) Brit- ish A])|ioii)llx, vol. vii, i>i>. 13, 14. iiriii;,^ till' lys ol' tlU' ml to Mr. til ;,'()Vt»ni issi^iiiiiblc cs «l<)iihlc, ,vli;lt tliry tlic llUtIC i;i,'J'.>:i 'id. iiui) I'.K), 1.".' y iticroMsc m1, il IlKMt' llj^*' ot" tlw lost cxtor- lys as (lis- :ii:it:iin(>ros- ssi<;nal>!c. n aMtoiiiit, oxa.u'^jcra- iircti cani- II of j)ros- IKK) (or (il) >r st'ciUTil 0, or more w, (which respective ate of the 315.) Biit- iilMMON.s OK MK AI.KX AMM'.K «(»( KlilUN. (!i.) As to the i'laims for ;;ro.>;s frei^iiits aiinmntiii;;' to •'j'l.ooT.l.'i;!. That these claims are also ;;i'eatlye\a;r,'ii'ra ted apiicars IVoin the .several instances to !>«> foinnl coinmeiited on iii llie Uritisli ic|torls, , ,„ ^, ,., Itiit tin' sam«' fact follows heyonil a tlonlM li.nn the follow- '"•"•■"' in;;: consideration : I'll a H'poit presented by a committee of the House i>l' Representatives of the I'nited States in ISTO, a table is to be found (Table Wi) ;iiviiiy: tin' valve of the ///'o-vy jivuflji eailiili'^s of all Anieiiiiiii vessels y any .sound rea.soniii;;-. It is, moieov<'r, iiictmsisient with all the Hii;;lish and American authorities on tlu' snbjeci,' Tlie b'nited States counsel seemed to have themselves ihoujulit such a <'Iaim hopeless; lor, on th«' l!Mh Au;;ust last, they, for the first time, as- serted that these weic (tiaims, not for ;;toss, but for net frei;;:hts. It is sullieit'iit on this ](oint to say that, in tiie faiu? of the well kut)wn otli- cial estimate above referred to, accordiii!;' to which tiie (Jvohh average i/fKili/ earuiii;;s of AmericaM mereliaiitves.sels amoiinUMi only to .■».'».', per cent, of till' values ol the vessids, an assertion t hat claims amounting to more than 17 per cent, of such values wen; ad\aiicere- sented in tlu* ivvisi-d statement as claims lor charter-parly or bill-ot- huliii}; frei;;iit. UihUm' these circumstances I cannot but tiiink that the allowam-e oi' ."»() per cent, on these claims, whitdi the trilmnal icceived with favor ami is jirepared to adopt, is far in excess of what would in Justice satisly tliem. ((!.) As to the double claims. Tlu'y consist in the main of claims made by the owners for the value of their properly, simultaneously with claims advanced by insuranc*! companies with whom the property was insured, and who paid the owners tlu^ amount of their loss. To pay the owners an»l the insurance. (!ompanies these tlouble (daims woidd b(^ clearly ep('ii(lix, vol. vii, |.J). U, ID. ". ' )4(> AKMirri.'ATK'N' AT (iKNHVA. As rc^iiinls tlic srt'ontl class ordoiiblti <'!iiiiiis, viz, tliosc tacitly ii ailc, it ("^ cii.»(i'j;li to le claims. It is. I hell I oie. clear thai ail these double claims, amonnlin^' to tlie lal;;e sum of >l,»i,SL»,L'l.!, must l)e sliiiek out. (l>.) As to tlii^ new <-laiii!s preseiiled, lor the lirst time, in August last. As a majorily oi' m\ ci>llea,uiit's ira\t' already intimaled an opinion I (liat these ciaims ou^ht to l>e excluded t'roMi consideration in awardinv: a lump sum, it is ttnly necessary tor me to state (hat I am ''.ecidcdiy of the sau'e oiMui'.a, lieeanse : lie e|;iiu>s are entirely uusnpporti (1 liy anv e\idence, and are, njerely hised iqxm assumptions as to the amount ol' \v;!';es the oliieers anl<', auuunils actually pi'cierved l>y I he oilieei-s oI'somm' ol I lie vessels for loss of \vau«'s and personal en'cets, and, as 1 shall show, ihose Lvenllemeu iiave bit n by no means dispos'-d lo uii'lerv alue t hcii' i>ropeviy. Fiuaily. It seems to me en!irel.\ inconsistent, both with the letter and tin' spirit of the treaiy of Wash iii:.'. ton I hat. at the last motiieiil, the re-piesf of the tribunal lor (wplanatoiy tallies to assist it in I he discussion of the various it(Mns of claims should be taken advanla^^e of to swell the amount . already presented, w iihont ,ui\ in;; iiie British ^Liovei-ninent an opportunity t<» ad\aiice ar.LVumeiit and evidence in opposition to such incivase. I'nr all these !•ea^olls i am clearly of «>piiiion !h,d the claims f(U' pi(»sp' to the sum «if rS.MS.dOT, must be reje<'ted. I (low proceed to coiisidei' the ipiestions relatiii;,^ to th' value of the properl v a<-(uall\ tlestro\ed. It is admit te(! in the arL^uniciit t'n-pvitjf ■l<'»lriijiiil. ,..,■.'. 1 , ' , , ■ , , , . , ' , or the I. aitcd ."^tatt >; ( u)Veriimenl that I hi-se n aliii' of unal is, in fact, called upon lo<-s)ima1e the values ., vess. 's, the au'e and class of which are not ,i;i\en. and the valiU's of cai s;'o( s, o( w Inch neither the description nor (plant ity is stated,. I'lider these 'ircamslawtes it is maiiifesi, from t he cNperieiicc e\ cry day Liained in com is of justice, that . \»-.y i-onsideralde deduc'ion oa^jht to be made from the e.stimates presented by the el.iiniants in resptM't of the losses for which they are claiminji' coiiipetis.ition. '!'<» hold ( Ireat Ilrilain simply liable for the amounts demanded by the claimants would not be to awaid the latter fair compensation, but t(» ^r.mt. them emu'iuous prolits. i now procecil to consider the values of the vessels — and, lirst. the OPINIONS OF sll,' AI,i:\ANl»i;i^ COCKi'.ri.'N. i41 iU'itl.v n.iiilc, oiitlis a;;(> ill loVt'lIUIMMlt, y docuiiKMit.s nil>l(> rliiiiiis. : In tilt' lai;;v I nil opinion oiisidcnitioii 1' inr to state an' entirely assiimptioii 1 slioiild lia\(' ley iiii;L;Iit or 'h the.N liave aleltlc'il ])!•(• (v>nsi(leraltle, ssels I'oi" loss e jLVeiilleiiieii ly. I''iiiaily. ihI tlie spirit 'ipiest of the r the \aiioi!:-; (he aiiioiini < oppoit unity crease. I' ehiini^^ lor un! tlie \iv\\- 1 tlie Mini of value of tlie \v aruunieiit lis liail iie\ er t woiihl have ; ti'iltnniii lo inspeetioii itf U' chilins ha(! mien!. Il,iht to •sped of Uie )i'<'at lli'itain uinld not lie II einniiKais lid, lirsl. the 'A hah'is. The I'act of the extiaoiiliiiary e\|)rt's.s double claims advanced ill respect of these vessels is of itself sullieielit to make one \„i...moi «hll..n• '' ok witli some suspicion on the other items of claim. ,1 '"■"'■''• Iielieve, lliat the estimate of "i'lOO per ton for ship and ()uHil, proposed in the lliitisli reiKnIs, is sueli ;is would Iteacceptcil asiidctpiate l)y persons acquainted wiih the eharac ter and \alue of wiialin.^vcssels. Ii is, more- o\(>r, lioriie out hy the lact tliat the cl.iims for insurance in llie re\ised statement show that these vessels were no* insured at so hiy^j a value. Jlnt I am ready to refer to a slandai i ;iivcn l»y the claimants them selves. 1 jind that, in the case of llie '.oiirteeu whalers destroyed hy the Alahama, w itli a total lonnau'e of .'i.oiKl tons, a claim is ad\aiiced fur vessels and out tits of •"? iU!),l :>;}, which is e>,o(!0. the claim under the saiiH' head amounts to •■••l,.>l.'.'"»,7iiS, or \er_N nearly -'r'l."),") per ton. I cannot see why the averaji<' \aliu' of the whalers destroyed hy the Shenandoah sliould so vastly e\ceed that ol' those destroyed iiy the Alahama. and I certainly think the avevaiiC in the latter case may he talvcii as likely to l»e more near the mark. As ve^ards the Dierchaiit •\ t sels I sei- no reason to (joiilit that the i>rilishiivera;;('estiinateof ."i^JO j-er ton isad('(|uat»': hut there , ,, ,,„■,.:..„ is one mode ol' aiaiviii};" at an a\ craj^'e estimate wliich is open """'•• to )ii> oitjection. It appears from (he sametahle. in the report |)reseiited to (hi' ('(tiijuri'ss of the I'nited .Stales ali'snly referred to, that the aver uiii' value of American \essels en:;a;4«'d in tin' forei;;n trade was, in the year l.siil.>< lo per ton must lie a very liherai estimate. The adoption of this xaliialion wmild cause the liritisli allowance (o he increased l>y HlJOO.UUO, hut it wimld cause I he claim ol the l-iiited States to he diminished hy iikuc '.lian solUl.tXId, I now come to the claims foj- car;4o. Those claims, it must l>e re- mcmhere trace the double claims which are advanced for car;>(>es; and yet the prtibability certainly is (hat lhe> e\ist to at least as ••real an extent as I hey ha\ e !>eeii proved lo exist in the cases «d' \essels and lrei;;li';s. 'J'akinj;' all these circumstances into ciuisidj-ration, I believe, that most p('rs(ms who study (lies" claims, and who are acipiaiided widi (In! s, b- jects (o which (hey rela(e^ w ill consider the reduction «it IL' per wni. which has been made in the British estimate frofii (he 1o(al claim for |HMi«lix, vol. vil, y, IW, .042 AKIHTUATDN AT (ilCNKVA, I .i,u-- tor ]•' The List item of < liiiiiis to 'x' (Miiisidcr^'d is tli;it rciat in;-" to personiil ,,,, t'lVi'C'ts. 'liiiil soiiK' «)l tiifsc chiiiiis iirc <'.\ori)itiiiit is jjiovcd hy tlu' various instiiticcs vitvii in tlii' I'litisli reports. I will tlii'ect at t<'iitioii to a lew ol'tliciit. illx'iu'/.cr Nye, •the iiiasicr ot tiie Aliifi'ail, a w lialiiiu \<'ssel ol'.'JlO tons, li;is elaiuied upwards of .*i(!,«)(l(). (tr C 5,1*00, I'oi' the loss of jteisonal etleets on lioard iliat vessel. Ayain. tiie master of the IkoekinLiliam, a vessel of !'7(» Ions, has elaimi'd lor peisonal elleets >'"<,(»al, or Xi, (»<((►. In the W'in.uel li'acer, a passen.u'er claims for loss of olliee as eonsid '"iiK^OOd, over and above ••i'l,OI"» lor loss of personal «'lle -Is. l-'inally, in the<'ro\vii I'oint, a vessel of 1,1(10 tons, ilie niastei' and the nnite each advance claims foi s 10.000. Iv\eepiiii.!4' in these and som-' other sindlar cases, in which the demands ai'c evidi'iilly ^r(»ssly exa^iyerated. all the claims t(.r personal elleets have lieen allowed in the ISritish estimate, and I see no icasiui whatexcr for addinu' t<> t 1k< amount wiich is proposed to he allowed in that est iuiate undci' this head. On the w'hol(>. thei'ctore. I am of opinion that if hall a million dollars were to he a h.ive been occasiom'd by the confederat4' cruis.'rs, and that, t herefore, tlu' tribunal on,<:ht l(» assess tlnsc claims at an am<»uni not t;ieatcr than .'?iS,0OO,000. In the(>bser\'alioiis on .M. Siaemplli's cah'ulntions wliieh 1 snlnnitled to the ol iier nu'nd)ers of the tribunal on the L'd ol' .Si'piruil)cr, an for prolils and wiiyes of the whalers, and the allow a nee of ."iO jtcr cent, on the chiims for l'rei;^lits, and striking; a nieati between the Ibitish estimate and the -iross claims for the otluT items not absolutely disalhtwed by the tribunal, the amonnt sli ' 'd not e\(e«'il .-i 10,000.000 iu round uumbciS. The tribunal ha\inHlbrnn'd its estimatf ol the actual loss sust.iini'd in respect ofshipsand jnopertyat the f inn- of their destruc lion, a nu>st imiM>rtant (pu'stitui piesents itself, whether, to such actual value, interest from the tinu- of loss should be superadded, rpoii iliis (pH'sticui, which is entirely in the discrcliiui of the tribunal, accoidiu;; to what it may deeni ('(juilable ami riyhl under all the circum s'.aiH'es, we lia\ e had the advantaju'c of ver_\ aide ar«4umcnt;<. J^ookin^;' io tech. lical considcialious alone. Sir bNuimlell i'almer's armnucid ap pears to nu' to be unans\teiabli'. ]>ut I ciudess 1 should be disposed, when able to deal with a <'ase of indenniity, nnfetlefcd by techincal con- siderations, as I thi;d< we may do in the prcscut instance, to hold that w here jv |»ecuinary indemnily it;.;ainst loss is to be <;iven, suci'. indem- nity is lutt complete loiless the party is compensated, not mdy for the ]>rope)ty aclmilly dcslr account, and after a ^i\en period tin actual \alue, namely, the ,CI,000, is<;i\en to him, and no tnoi'e, it, is plain that he r( tnains a loser of all the profit lie woidd have realized in I he mean time ; in other weids, he remains to that e\tent unindemiulied. IihIci' ordinary circumstances, therefore, I >honld ha\e beeu willin<; to award inbuesi, when awardinji' compensation for judiu-rty destroyed. Ibit there arc in this case most peculiar circnnistunces which make me iiM-line to a dilVerenl coucbision. The first is. that neither the llritiHli j;;overinn(Mit, nor Urifisli Hiibje<'ts. weif the authois of the dama;:e done. All that can be asciibod to tin- *■; iiiii .i»(' mit*r».'«l. OI'IXIONS dl' SIK ALKXANDKK ('<)( IvI'.lKX. iAl) to ])»M'SO!lil] lit is ])r()v<'(l (Uts. I will or.'.lO tons, soiiiil clVccIs II til, a vrsscl i(M). Ill tilt' sill !i'IO,()()(t, I) tin* ('l()SVll icli julviiiicc liir ciiscs, ill 1 tht> claims tc, and I sec posed to Im- 111(111 dollars ale roiiijica >; wliich iiia> it, tlirrclorc, •;it'at<'r tliaii I siiltiiiittc'l r, and w liicli lat, even iii- t lie wlialcis, and Nirikinu lor till- otluM- ;. sli 'I'd not i.<i, lined M'ir dest rue u lietlier, to sil|»eradded. lie triliunal. the eiicniii ■A. liookinin luniiieiit ai» le disposed, cliiiieai con to hold that siieh iiidcin nily tor the li'prcscnteii II' ai man lid have «!on- n period the » moi-c, it IS e rcali/cd in indeinnilicd. en willing: to y destroyed, ch make mc ish MiibJiM'ts. ■lihod to the Hritish ^dvcrnment is want of dilijL';enee in not iHTventiiij^: these vessels !':oin leaviii;;- liiitisli waters on their work of mischief. Professor I5liin>.sclili has done Justice to the Uiitish .novernmeiit in this respect : II lie I'liiit (I'.iilji'iirs pas iii'idrc di- viic i|iii' tons ccs clVcls (l,-s;is(r,'n\ sdmI m ]ii<'iiiii'r iicii iiii)»ul. lilies, null |ius:iii ;;i(iivcini'nit'nt nn^iais, niiiis anx H-nl an;;lais il'avoir ilmini' mission tie del in ire Ics iniviifs ill' (■(iiniiK'i'ci' ann'-ricains, (III d'avoii, jiar scs ajiiss'inciils. rntravi- on i-ndoiiiniaL;<' la iiiiirinf aini'iiraiiii-. ('«• i|nc I'on jm-mi jni n'lnoclirr a linn droit, (en siipposant (|nf liv-. tails citi's jiins liant doivcnt rlrt- i'(iiisidi''r«''s ciniiiini avoiii-son |n'ou\i''.s,l re n'fst pas nii /(til, inais line innii^Hiim vontiv Ic droit, i^;i laiitc lie ronsislc pas a avoir (■((nipt- rt appa- ifilli' livs I'lns.iircs, iiiais a ii'iiniir ji'in nii/n'. In' \\-i[v ai'ini'inciit rt Iciir sortie di- sini tvi'i iiineiit \\ as not tpiiek enon;;li in preveiitint^ t lic.'ii. Ihit who were the Anu'ricaii i-iti/ens who diil these thinos :ind l>ion;;ht these ii)Jiliies and losses on .\iiieriean cili/.eiis.' Trivate ilMliviclnals .' No! lOlevcM States, hcictoture an iiite;:rai portion, ami mr.v a^ain an iiite.u- ral portion, of the .v'tuth Aineiican I'liion — in other wm-ds. an integral portion of the Intdy w ho iiw the plainliiVs a;ii'aiiist (lit .it Urilaiti in this iiiemoiahle suit. And, to make the aiionmly ol the position mote com plete, but lor concessions \ olniitarily nia liavin;;' been the actual wrongdoers tliroiioh \ii>- latioii of her law. whatever sum .she was olilioe,| to pay as compeiisation. I'or, had the Coiittdeiale Stales posscsst'd. or had tlp'y siicceeded in aeipiiriiij^^ an indep(>ndent natioiiaiiiy, (Ireat Ibitain would have had a perlc( t riulit to insist on beiiiji; imlemnified foi' a peciiiiiaiy loss incurred tlirono'h a \iolation by them of her iieiitralily and of her law. The nationality of those States is now jinain united with and niefocd in that of the I'liited States, now plaiiii ill's a,Ltainst (Ileal !bitain. And th()ii,i;li, the compensation beino' asked for losses sulfered b_\ individual Ameiican citizens, and not by the (loveriimenl ot the I'liited States, ller MajestN's ^'overmueiit v,"H', in my Immble opinion, li.^ht in not lakiii;;' their stand on siu-li an oitjection, I ci'.nnot but thiidv that, look- iiij; to all thest! circumstances, this tribunal, in the exercise of the e(|iiilable and unlet terc shmild be allowed, and 1 eaunot eon by the tribunal. •• lii'vnc di' dioit intcniutifiiml, 1«inent iiii;;ht tind to have, existed — and will feel that all just cause of ^^lievance is now icmovt d — so that, in tlieti'iie locome, no sens(> of ])ast wrcnij; remaiiiin;^' iiniedressed will stand in tin way t»f the I'riendly and harmonious relations which should subsist lH>twecn two jjreat and kind red nations. A. I-:. COUKDUKX. (iKNKVA, Srphiilbn' U, iSTl'. iry, i»intly r pi'cjiulicc aiii tiicit'ii- iiaJD.ily y tilt' xiH'ctcd of ♦' cliaiji'c oT \v of (irt'at out of the 1 tliat<'onl«l ii'Kj was at ;Iy, iM'iiaii.si' i> I'xcciilivc no jHissihlc s t'lii'ir own lis.sciit lioiu iMiantloali. I lie paid on nt awaidftl ii-sc claims as iiucalli'tl lll'M to llu'sc 't'ptcd witli a triixmal nis of tlii'ir inpcnsation t, of (hrat )n<'st (It'siiT II impartial ust c.aiisoot' nsc ol' \y.\s\ VitMully and t and kind Kr.i'iJN. V -UKIMA OK TIIK SKCUKTAliV OK STATU, ACKNoWLKDlilNC Tin-: iikckut ok thk kkpoiit ok thk a(;knt ok tiik INITKO ST.VTKS, AND COMMKNTINi; I PON THK Ol'INION OK THK AUnrniATOli ArPOINTKI) IIV IIKIt IJIIITANNIG MA.IKSTV. Dkpmm'mknt of Statk, Wnshhiiitoii^ (h'tolur L'L', 1S7U. SiK: I lia\o H'coivcd your i('j)oit of tlic f Srpti'ndn'r L'l, witli thr ac<'«»mpanyinfi jtrotocols ami award and ojiinions of x,k„„>,i,,i.„.« ti.- the jiihitrators. I ron^ratuIaU' you inost cordially upon """ "" "i -r' tlu' tcrndmdiou of your arduous and ably-conducted labors and upon the success which has attended the arbitration. The I'resi- dent directs nu' to convey to you and to the counsi'l who attend«'d the tribunal on the part of ^he Unite»l .Stales, and to the otlu'r ^j-entle- nu'U who were enyii;i'ed with >ou at (leneva, the. expression of histlmnks and idji'h appr<'ciation of the propriat<* sphere has nnule so successfully conducive to the very sat isfactoiy result which has lu'cu jcaciu'd. This result nniy be summarily stated thus: The I'liited States clainu'd that (Ireat l>ritain had, duiiu;;the recent rebellion in this conidiy, failed, by act au«l by omission, to fultill iOwareen advanced at the tinu' of their ticcnrrence. and had been tl'.e subject A' much diplo- nndic correspondence, aswell iis of pnl>lic discussion, and which hatiations from the mutters of dilfer- eiice between the two yovernnwids, did or did not constitute ^ood tbundation foi' demand or award of st careful peinsal of all that has ln>en ' '"' " ai';4;ed on the pan i>\' the (ioNcrinuent of the I nited States in ri's|»cct of ihes<' claims, they have arrive«l, indiriiluallff ami ntlla-tinliij at the con- clusicni that these claims do not constitute, upon the principles of inter- national law applicable to such eases, yood lonndation lor an award of (•oinpen.salion or c<»mi)ntatio!i (»f damaj;i'-; between nations." At the r)4<; AIMHTIJATInN AT «.K.\KVA. Mill, Tlii';i»:i>.l(.l III. lllliMlllll. next iiuH'tiiiK <><" tiMi iiibitratoi's yon stated that that ••dcclaiatioii made by the tiiltiinal, individually ami «*()ll('(ti\('ly," • • * was "aeeepied by the IMi'sident of the I'nited States as ilrtmiiiiuitirr of tlirlr JKilifinnil iil)on tlie important <|iiestioii of pid)he hiw involved," At tlu' next meet in;;, the ajjent of Her JJiitannie Majesty read a stat«' Ki.tr> ..I i..,i.>i,.ni miMit that JI«'r Majesty's ^^oveinmeiit, bein^ informed ol """'"'"•'"""''""" the statement mad*' by you at the previous meeting, as sumed "that the arbitrators will, ujnnt such sttitmnnf, thiidc tit now t«» deelare that the said several claims are, and I'rntii hcmrfnrtli will be. wholly exehnled from llu'ir eonsideiation, and will embody such deela ration in their piocttx'ol of this day's proceed in^s;*' which declaration, at this rcfpu'st of the anient of the IJiitish .i;()\('rnment, was made, thus ex<*lndin;:i-, by the act of the tril»unal, from futiirv consideration claims Avhich, until then, had heen the sultject of controversy. This conclusi(»n may be regarded as decisive of the nonadmissi))!lity of claims for su<'h rcmot»' or constMpu'ntial losses as the fiuimlation of a dennind for ctunpensation in damage as b(»tween nations, under tlu> piinciples of international law. These controverted claims beiny thus eliminated, the tribunal pi'o- ceeib'd to the <'onsideration of the otlu'r claims, and of the case, counter case, iind arguments on either side, ami on the 1 Ith of Septendur declared that (Ireat Ibitain had, with respect to three of tin- vessels and four of their tenders, of which j'omplaint had been made, failed to tullill duties toward this (lovernment, and awarde«l."),r»(M»,(HH) in inM, as the inch'innity to be paid by (Jreat Uritain to tin* United States for the satisfaction of all tlu' claims referretl to the consideration of tin' tri- bunal. Your report bears testimony to the hi;;h ('haracter, the patieid labor. the learning', impartiality, and «Uy:iMty of beariiif; of the i.iiiv^.nIfr.r;m,!!<'''r'Ii,'.oniiiu'iit persons nanu'd as arbitrators by Mie friendly pow- ".y''M:.iy%«"t'/'"H^^^^^^^^^^ which complied with tlu^ Joint reipiest of this (lovern- nunt and that of Her Ibitannic .^^ajesty. Mr. Afbims, (Ui this as on all occasions of his public service, fullilled Mr A.i.m. ...,,... the <'xpectations to which his appointment ;;:ive rise. It is l';,Ul'''itV-' '^' "v.; W^^^^ b> know that his course, and tlie altilit,\ displayed '' "' by him, have recei\ed the acknowled^incnl i>f I lev Majesty's government, t() which the President has united his acknowle(ij;inent. I tind on icf«'i'cnce to the protoco! No. .iL', accom|tanyin;c your rep(ul. and <'ontaininj; a record of the proceedings of the triimna! ■.i..mnn»oi'i"'Ti."v" of arl>itrati»m «tn the 1 Ith of September, that aftel* tln' si^iualnic ol tlu' decision and award ol tlie Inluinal by the four ass(Mit iii^ arl»itrat(ti s, and after t he same had hecn dcli\ cred to the a;,'eiits of the 1 M> ^»»vernmeiils. Sir Alexander ('(wlJniiu, the arbili-atoi named on t'ue part of (ireat liritain, havin<; declined to assent to thai decision, made a statement of his own. whicli t!ie liilniiial ordered tn be recoided as an annex to (lie proiocol. It does not appear hv the protocol that the document whicli was thu.> Flu. ..i : , . ord«'re il, and that tlie con tents lhere(»f were not made kiiovMi to the olln r meniliers of the tril»ii nal ov to the ;i_rnl m- emiiisel (»!' the I iiiled Stales. I cannot douht that it \ou had had tin opportunity to become ae ^f ,^.. ..(piainted Willi tln' (intents (»f this <'xtraMrdiiiar\ documeiii you would have fell it your ri.i;ht ami dnl> to ohjeet to I he iTception and liliii;; of a i)aper whicli would prohably not Klltt.ll.! !t%\V I Ifl'IC.I II.. si I S(i |{i:i'l,Y OF Till, SKCIfKTAK'Y < »l' STATK. r.47 iitUtn iiiiidt' I'iul ii state ntornuMi ot iHM'tinn', as V lit tiow ti» )•//( will l»i'. sucli «l«'ila (U'<-laiati(m. \\\'Mh\ tlins itioii olaiuis ulinissihilily jsst's as tilt' I ilainan*' as lilMinal pro ims, ami <»!' •sid«',aiMl on til ITSpcrt t(» iinplaint liati aiMlawanU'ii K) ill ^old, as tati's for till' II (»t" llic tii Imtii'iit labor, ariiip; *>1 tli« Vit'iully i»o\v- this (lovciii- \ ice. liillilW'tl »• risi'. It is lit\ *lispla.v«'tl I lor Maji'stvV vl«'!' the ^ravt'st and most iinporlant (|iiestions ever snhmitt«'d t<» peaceful dt'cisioii. iiiit in this paper (whi<'h is ollicially )Hililish(Ml in a siippleineiil of Lin; London (lazette, dated Septemher 1*1, IsTi') Sir Alexander s„A.i-...ki.nr,. pm ('ocklmrii prolessedly and avowedly speaks of himself on l'',";7.I^TnN"".'''.'.'i two occasions as *• sittinj; on this trilninal as in some sense <■"••"'"">•" the ri'presentativ*' of (Ireat IJritain." The (iovernment of the United States here has no (tfcasion to pass jud, the (iovernnient of tlu^ United States may rijiht fully take him at his word as speaking' for (J reat Ibitain. The positions which he thus maintains in behai.' and as th'* repre- sentativ*' «»f his {government deserve to be noted for tlu'ir „ „.,,„,r,«, \alue in jxissible future (piestions. ".\'irrX3''.i."'- lie holds that whatever restrictions ilie neutral in the ' •< H't..,,,. exercise of his territorial rij^hts iiiipo»s on the one belli^-crent, he must impose on the other also. As the dis(aissi(m ;;rows out of the case in which one of the bellij^er eiits is a h';;itimate (lovernineiit, in treaty amity with the neutral, and the other a rebel in arms a};aiiisl that lejritimate ht of the neutral vviien called upon to restrain its subjects to |)roceed in coiif')rinity with the spirit of its lej^al institutions, act'ordiii;; to its <'stabiislu'd system ol' ufiicial routine, with such legal advice as the {;overiiiiient is accustomed to r«'ceive. He maintains thai the neutral -;:'overniiient is not to be held respon- sible for error in jiid;;iiient, nor lor declining' to sei/e a vessel at the in- stance i>f the belligerent on merely siis[ii<'ious i in'umslaiices, seemingly 548 AKHITUATION AT (JKNKVA. iiia(li>(|iiiit(> to convict, nor lor niisciuriayc of Justice tliroii^fli sonic mis- t.'ikc of the courts, nor lor error ol' Judgment on llic part ol' subordinate olli(!ers of the j^overnnient. His views relative to the allcfjed unfriendliness of the IJritish minis ter toward the Unitentlij/ on the I)art of the authorities or subjects of a neutral government in fa\or of the rebels rematureness or other circun)stances. His response to the allegation in the casj' of tl; > I'nited States, that (Ircat Ilritain, including her colonies, was the arsenal, the navy yard, and tlu^ tr«'asury of the insurgents, assunu's that on recognition of the belligeiency of rebels they becanu* possessed of e«pial right with tin* legitimate (lovernment in the i>orts of the neutral. And yet the <;on <^essi(ni of belligerency to insurgents d«>es not, in his view, give to the legitimate (Jov«'rnment any cause of complaint against the neutral gov- ernment. lie unc(|uivocally justities the use of the ports of the ISahamas and of ISermuda as cntnjints lor blockade-running cargoes, and the trans- shipment of the latter into lighter craft, thus favoring neutral right and protecting the «'xercise «»f that right in a manner most favorabh; to a feeble belligerent, and espe<'ially to insurgents as against their govern nuMit. II(^ maintains the right of the nfntral government to abstain from the i'xercise of spontaneous activity for the repression of attempts of its subjects to violate neutrality, and to re«|uire the representative of a belligerent i)ower asking the aid of the government to nndv(^ out a (!ase for the application of the law, just as it is left to do t(» an ordinary individual who «lesires to put the laws in motion in order to obtain redress in his own behalf. Ther<* aie other assertions of important neutral right, but these are among the most important. They seem all to be available iii a possible future to the l'nitere oi- less modilication of the free- dom of action of the neutral, (Mther by land or by s<'a. lint freedom of action is the;4eMeral rij;ht of eveiy sovereij^n powi'r, although in time of war such]»oweryieldsa jtortion of its iVeedom, that is, of its general ri;;ht, to the Just demand of one or the otiicr of the bellij;;erents. It should Iw expc(!te«l to yield the least possible of that j^'cneral freedom that will aUow it to be neiitiiil in fact, for this constitutes the iibli^ation of the neutral. On the other hand, each belli<;('rent is entitled to demand of the neutral in profession that it should b(^ lUMitral in fact. The Tnited States hav(^ had occasion to look practically at both sides of the ipies- tion, and th(>refore sonu'tinu's to assert neutral duties, whih^ mon* {•en- erally asserting; neiitial ri;;hts and the jmlicy of peaite, to such extent and umler su, I.S7l'. (liO<'t'iv(Ml Novomhcr LMI.) SiK: \\v liav<* tlir liotior to ropurl tliat, in rontonnit.v with .voiir in Htniction of tlu' .Stii of Dj'j'nnbcr, 1H71, wo i«'piiir«Ml to lMuo|m at as early a day tlu'n'altcr as possiljlr, in tli«' disrliai'^'r of our duty as ('oimscl of tlit> riiil*>'eneral ai'^^'iinuMit, in their i»ehalf, we found it advan- taji'.'ons to dwell in I'aiis for conNcnience of access to hooks of diplomacy and jnris|)rudence, and also of ready coinniiinication with lioudon and with \\'ashinj,'ton. In dune we proceedeil to (Jeneva, and continued there until the close of the proceeding's Itelore the arliitrators, oceu]>ied in constant attend- ance on them, and in the preparation and presentation of \arious ad- ditional ar;;°nnu>nts in response to such ar^^unuMits as had been sitecili- cally recpiired of (ireat Ihitain by the tiilninal. \\\'. reter the Depart- ment to the Counter ( 'ase and doennnMitsacconipanyin^^' tlie sanu', to the main arj;ument in liehalf of llu' I'nited Stales, to the successive^ subse- (|inMit arj;iiments, and to the i'orrespondence ol the a;;'ent «)f the UnitiMl States, for completi^ infonindion re;j[ardin^' our acts as counsel I'or the (iovernmenl. In n(»w terminatin;;' our conntM-lion with this ;;reat international cause, we be;,' to b«'alIow«'d to express the hope that the I'lcsident will see in the final award of the tiibunal ])roof that we have not been wanting; to the important trust which he conlided to us. And we renniin, «.^c., ('. ('i;siiiN(j. WM. :\r. KVAirrs. M. K. WAITIC. I'ATKS. VII -ArPKNDIX. ribor L'O.) h your in at as ciuiy I'OllllSl'l of 10(1 l)y till! Ilic riiitod I it iulvaii- ili|>li)ina('y oiidoii anil I tin' close, lit attciid- arioits ad- cii siH'ciCi- w, Depart- line, to (he ive subse- lu^ Ignited sel I'or the nal (;aiis(>, vill see in vantiii'' to n:. OI'IMONS ol'.sTATi;s.M!:\, M.UJA/.INT.S AM» .Ktl h'NALS ol" (JK'KAT liiniAIN AMI Tin; <<>\tim;m' <»\ iin; constimjction ok thk tkhaiv of \VASiii\(;in\. {■'.iIi'iIvIh ffoiit Mlinilii^ iiiiiilf ill It (liliiili ill llir llunxi nf f.onl-^, \lli of Jiiiii, ]• I l''l'cilll the Til it .IlllK I 'I'll. I', MM. ol I>i:i;in rdsr mikI s;ii(l : •• I'.vt rylnxly Kiiow.s tli:it \\r piil one (•(iii>t nicl iuii rail | I'.ari ] st a led thai In- riiin'civi'd llic iiiclii-cct clainis witc fxclmlril l>y tin' lit'aly as it Mtaiids. Now. tlial iiiattiT lia.s IxM'ii aluimlanllv ilisciH.scil in liotli liniiscs, in cvi'iy new spapiT, in cvny ltri\ all- .Mxicty, ami I tliiiii< tin- \riy iitimist tor wliicli any one iiiirniiiiccli'il witli Hie ^{ovcriiiiit'iit lia.s 4'N('r (•(inti'iiilcil is this, lliat tin' laiii^naiji' of tin- liciity was .so saj^nc, sc aiiiliiniii'iis. .-(• nnccrtain. tliat it may 1>" con.strni'd I'ltlici' way, ami, IIii'I'i'I'iiit, tnir ('(Hixti'iii'liiiii was as aiiinissilili' as tliat )>nt upon it l>y tin' nllicr sidi-. Now I do nut tliink lliat ' i a iiialtir of siicli I'mii'ininis impovtaiii'i'. al'trr tin' plain wainini^ wliicli had Ix'cn ^i\ en lis hy I he speech ol' Mr. Siiinm'f, al'tef t lie e\ideiiee w e had had of t In- iinnieiise eonseiim-nee \'. liieli t he Aiiierieaii ( io\ eininenl ami ]>i-ople allaeh to these indireet claims, ,'ind the pertinacity with which llicy had iii'u<'d tJieni, I d) md think it is a I all niir4>a>oiial)le to say that in a matter of that kind iineert:iint\ and anihi;;nit\ in the lan^na;;e ol the docameiit to which yon niii.sl anpeal as the siipi) me authority upon tile niattei' are not likely to inspire eonlidence. I will nut ;;(i inio the eonlioversy raiNcd l>y my nolde IViend. He says the indirect eniins, even if in the treaty, are waived in the protocid. and he referred to the i|iiestioii wliicli has often been dis- cussed as to the meanin;; Jiave had of what was claimed by the other side, and considering the immense ini|iortanee of the matter at issue, there oiij^hl to have been no doubt or uncertainty." Loi(i> Caiiins Haid: * • * • "We have )md cnnllictiu;;; views as to Ihti ooMMtnictiim of the treaty fully before us; and now I tell the noble earl that I accept Iii.s referouco to Judicial elainiH an no compliment, accompanied, as it is w ith a sneer that I am capa- bii^ of inakin;; a coiiHtruetion of a ducument in one ]> ace ilill'er from that I should give in another. [Loud ej.eers.j My lords, I will tell li'e i d)le earl .souiethiiif; more. iio Hays he talked with a ,jn;e half an Innir before he entered this house, and lie said that the indirect elaim.s were (dearly inadmissible. 'J'he noble 4'arl speaks of what Imih been said by very learned jtcrsons in this country and noble niiinini.s wliiit I consider consistent with my «lnty. I consider it cnnsistent with my duty to six'iik the truth — [cheers] — and I don't care, whether it chinwH in with the views of the Govtu'unient of the United .States or the <;overnnu'nt of this country. [Hear, liear.] The noble earl opposite taunted me with having an opinion on this sultject -which I am afraid to express. I iro further, and say that in my belief the strong arf^nment with the United States is not to insist, as tlie fjovcrnment have in- sisted, that the construction of this treaty is free from all ambijrnity. The };overn- luent luiver made a ;;ieater mistake than '.vhen they went to the United States in the lirst instance, and said to them, 'You arc making claims not only against all principle, but in ilaj>rant opposition to the treaty.' " I say, generous and high-spirited men could not have endured language of that kind without nuiking a contest and struggle against it. LHeii^', hear.] IS'ow, I tell the iiobh; earl my view alxnit the constru(;tion of this treaty. The piime minister says.theri! is no andtiguity ; that no san(; jierson could bavwe had di.stinct authority as to what had lieconu; known as the Alabama claims.' That authority is the noble earl opposite, who, last year, before this contro- versy had arisen, described to the house what the Alabama claims liad by otHcial cor- respondence come to mean. (Jommenting on tln! terms of the Staidey-Johnsou and Clarendon-.lohn.soii conventions, the noble earl said the claims of the American Gov- ernment had come to conclude everything, and, therefore, that under the reference proposed in those conventions, almost uidimited damages nnght have been awarded to the American Government. lEow then can it be .said that the Alabama claims repre- Hcnted a bundle of strictly delined claims, and that the term could not possibly be ex- tended beyond these ? The next argument is that the proto(;ol of the 4th of Jlay con- tains a waiver by vi e American GovernnuMit of the indirect claims. I wish I could lind it to be so; but I do not (ind that the American Government waived anything. [Hear, hear.] The American connni.ssioners simjily said they wanted us to give them ii lump sum ; and in the hope of our doing so they would not estimate for the i)resent the amount of the indirect claims. "After referring to the indii'cct injury accrinng from the transfer to the British ilag of a large part of the American mercaut'ile nuirine, enhanced rates of insurance, the pro- longation of the wai', and the largo sum necessarily re(|uired for this and for the sup- pression of the rel)ellion, the protocol say.s: 'In the hope of an anncablo settlement, (meaning the payment of a lump sum,) no estimate Avas nuide of the indirect losses, AVithout prejudice, however, to tiie right of indemnification iu the event of no such set- tlement being made.' In this I can see no waiver whatever. I have no fault to find with the nuinner in which the noble earl conducts the argument on this point in his correspondence. The whole of the case on this subject is stated l»y him with great fairness and frankness, and it is surely better to be frank and fair than, ostrich-like, to run our heads into the sand and fancy that this secures our safety. The noble earl's argument is that the waiver of the indirect claims in the event of the amicable settle- ment proffered by the American connnis.sioners was a waivei whi(!h applied to any form of amicable settlement, and, therefore, applied to the form proposed by the liritisii conmnssioners, and accepted by the United States. That is the wiiole arguinoni on this part of the case. The American commissioners, iu the hope of an amicable settle- ment by the payment of a gross sum, madt» no estimate of the indirect losses; the British conunissioners declined such a mode of settlement, and Her Majesty's govern- ment nuiintain that the American.'i were bound not to put forward those claims, what- ever Ihe form of settlement. *»»#»### " I believe the first coi)y of the American Case was furnished to the foreign oflice on the 17th of December, au iioblo tent with my i in with tli(^ this country, nion on this iiy l)(;liet' the (Mit have in- Tlic jj;ovorn- StafcH in the ail piineiiile, iiiay the IJri tisli arjjuinent on icable settle- t losst 8 ; the sty's govcrn- dainiH, what- # # \' '' may have Ijcen evinced in the di'aw- iu<>- nj) of the unfortunati; treaty, there has been much more, and more unseemly and perilous blumlerin;;' since, in the babel of clann»raud denunciation with whicli the pnv tensions put forward in the American Case, founded upon it, have been ree-eived. In this remark we refer not so nuich to the press, which is " nothinf>' if not critical," and which, havinj^ no recofrnized authority, incurs none of that rtjsponsibility which attaches to authority. We utterly reject and discountenance the unworthy sn<;jje8- tion put forth by some Aniericm Journals, that the meaninle material advantages in dispute, the character of the nation for honor and magnanimity, which must not be snti'ered to \n', brought in (|uesti<>n. And this brings us to the reflection that there are other jiarties beside the actual liti- gants who are entitled to honorable considi.'rarion in this niiitter, l)ut who, unfortu- nat(dy, have been by implication subjected to unexampled indignity through the irreg- ular discussions which liavts been permitted to take ))lace, namely, the worthy mem- bers of the Geneva court of arbitration and the sovert^ign states, who, at the joint re- quest of the contending i)artics. have nominated them. It need scarcely be pointed out that in matters in litigation before an ordinary tribu- nal the discussion of a ease out of court is justly visited and resented as an act of •'contempt." Sovereign states cannot commit one another to "durance vile" for breach of discipline; and so long as the discussions of the points of disagreement in the Washington tn^aty were eonlined to the columns of the newspapers, tins nKmibcrs of the (Jeiieva ar))itration court had, perhaps, nothing to complain of, or, at any rate, no ground of complaint upon which they would deem it necessary to seek redress. IJut the case is dift'erent when the legislature of one of the states in disagre(!ment takes np the discussion, and wlien the prime ministei of that state insists upon laying down the law in the ease, and, by necessary logical interference, ]»recluding the court of arbitration from giving any decision otlnr than that which he has dictated. It is, moreover, a flagrant breach of the good faith wliicli should exist between states, to even hint at rehiring from an arbitration, or repudiiitiiig its award, in case it should bo in any way at variance with one's own notions. 1'here is no department of its functions in which a sovereign state takes move prido than in the exercise of its "good ofHces," whether in the way of mediation or arbitration, and any show of recusancy against them, once they have been accepted, becomes a grave ofi'ence before tlio >yorld, susceptible of being visited by any form and auy amount of resentment. "As thti case stands, the country is clearly in the hands of the arbitrating powers, to abide their aw.ard, whatever it may be. And however stupid, howevover ' scandal- ous' in ' blundering,' our representatives may have been in drawing np this dismal treaty, let us hope, in Mr. Gladstone's despite, that there maybe sufficient * ambiguity' in it to enable the arbitrators, having regard to the rules wliich regulate the reason- able and equitable interpretation of treaties, having regard also to the supreme inter- est of peace, of which they are guardians, to give an award favorable to, or at least not so disastrously prejudicial to us as has been anticipated by alarmist speculators, who, there is too nnudi reason to apprehend, have not been altogether free from stock-job- binir influences.' III. Extract from Frmcr's Magazine, June, 1872. **'**'* All the A'ast social power which the governing classes of England j)0S8ess was thrown into the scale against whatsoever remained of the American Kepublic, and in favor of those who were striving to bring part of it at least into accordance with the tlecrecs of that Providence in which governing classes believe. AI'PENDIX. ;>;);> 'V (Joveniuunit 's fatuous dis- >\v of initiited their (leteimi- e arbitrators :' c," thougli Mr. nincut bad not 1st of March ; Ivsgiving Day'' , beeu ever so ever so goner- ilities and the to have done ? ho interests of , and nuist act reparation for ities. An indi- r weakness to 1st chiinis, and who is but the his sort, unless lit in tlie gen- addition to the >r of the nation in ([Uestion. tlie actual liti- : wlio, unfortu- •ough the irreg- i', worthy nieni- it the joint re- ordinary tribu- ed as an act of ranee vile" for [isagreenient in s, the members or, at any rate, seek redress. greire, and tlie t)ther for independence.'' Tlicsi! siieeclies have, no doubt, since been rei»ented of, but they are good evidence to show the views which existed at that time in tlie cabinet. Not that they existed alone either. Sir George Corncwall Lewis, ^Ir. ("liarles A'illiers, and Mr. Milner (jlibson, had from the first struggled against them, and had been regarded with the respectful ])ity accorded to clever men for once in the wrong. Tliey were, however, in ;i !u)i>eless minority of three out of fifteen, and it is not too niuch to say that, as a body, tlu! gov- ernment looked, and was known to look with conlidence and without displeasure to a disruption of the American Union. * *• "* * * * * At the confereii(!o of March 8, the American commissioners formally advanced their claim for losses both direct and indirect, stating, however, that " in the hope of an amicable settlement no estimate was made of the indirect losses, without prejudice, however, to indemnification on their account, in the event of no sutdi set- tlement being made."' And they proposed that the joint commission should " agree upon a sum Avhicli should be paid by Great Britain to the Unit»!d States in satisfaction of all the claims." This offer, if accepted, would have eifectuaily and forever ended the whole matter ; it was, however, refused, and the English commissioners renewed their proposal for arbitration. Now, it has been said that, in proposing arbitration, they did, in effect, assent to an " amicable settlement," aud that the treaty is in fact that, and nothing more. To which the reply is obvious, that the payment which the Americans pioposed was an absolute settlement, whereas the treaty settles nothing absolutely, providing only machinery for an amicable wrangle, in order to a settle- ment. The difference is obvious. In making an " amicable settlement" as proposed, we must have admitted our faults and paid for them ; in agreeing to the treaty we admitted no fault, and merely exposed ourselves to tiie risk of payment in case the arbitrators de- cided against lis. In the first case the United States would have gained everything; in the second they- run the risk of losing everything. Tiie Americans agreed, however, to arbitration on condition that the principles to govern the arbitrators should be laid down. Thereupon were elaborated the famous three rules as to which the British gov- ernment is made in the treaty to assert that they were first invented for this occasion, and are not a correct " statement of the princiiiles of international law." The most careful examination of the rules fails, however, to show in what they difl'er from those principles as universally enunciated, and as admitted by England at the time. The second ri»lo indeed, apparently, extends the obligations of tlio neutral power to the extent of requiring it ahsolutehj " not to permit or suffer '' the use of its ports or waters as a base of naval operations, or for the renewal or augmentation of military supplies or arms ; but this must bo read by the light of the third, which prescribes " due diligence " as the uieasuro of fulfillment of the obligations in (piestion. The fact is that these rules are so hopelessly vague that they would cover almost any view of international law ever]>ropounded, and the danger of them is that they may easily be so interpreted } 556 AKMilTK'ATloN AT (iENKVA. iiH ti) iiicrciisc to !iii uiieiulurablo (extent this ()bli;j;iiti()!i.s of miilriil iiawcis. IJiin. liow- nvci, is ii small niiittiJicoiiijmrcd with wluit i'ollowM. Jlaviiij^ (M)iiiiiiitt('(l their (tountry tojud^iincnt hy jiriiiciplcs (Ituilaicil to Ix- false, llu! ('oininisHioiicrH pioliahly asked lliciiisclvcs to what snl)jt'ct those, piiiiciples were; to b" applied. 'J'liis hriii-fs iis to the <|iiesti(m of this national or indirect elaiins. Those (.laiins wei'o well known to the eoniniissioners <^o exist. They had biuMi made not once or twiet! bnt i'ei»eatedly. They had been advanced by Mr. Adams as early as Irtlii, by Mr. S(!ward in isii;}, and more distinctly by Mr. lieverdy .Johnson, by Mr. Motley and l)y ^Ir. l'"ish, in lr'()lt. 'I'hey had lieen comnient<'d npon by Lord Clarenih)n. 'I'lie ab- sence of any provision for tlicm had been maih^ the ;;r()nnd of rejt^ction 4)f th(^ .John- son-( 'larendon convention. They li:id been i)resented to tho commissioners themselves as a distinct Hpecial point. They eonld not be disrtijfarded ; nay, they aloni; were; worth renardinu; at all, for they were tluMi the mih- and iinlji imnt in diNpnlr. The eonrs(^ of action npon everythin;;- (dse was already (h'cidi'd. Eiij;land had already a;;ieed to refer tins direct claims to arbi- tration, and had sij|,-m3(l a convcnition for that pnr|»ose. America had already agreed to leave out of consideration the (piestion of ri'C0i>ni .)u of sonth(srii belligertMicy. There remained absolntely nothinj;- but thes(* national claims on which any aj^reement was iH'cessary. i'he whole ijnestion was here ; the one ])oint on which it was absolnt(dy indispensabh> to b<' precise and clear ■'vas this ; for failing; ])recision and cltjarness here, the whole matter wonld be left no further advanced than it already was. If national claims were to be fvvcluded. it was necessary tluit they should be excluded by the treaty ; if not excliKh'd by the treaty, it was mauil'est that they would lia\e- to bc^ met under it. The English commissioners, however, knew that tliey W(!re expeetiMl to return with a treaty in their i)ockets. and either they did not understand what they were altont, or they determined to return with a treaty leaving the out; material point doubtful rather than with non<^ at all. They did not, however, even succeed in leaving the ])oiut only 1)1' fillsf, llU! lies wi'vc to b" . TIioso chiiiiiM o not oiicii or •ly as ]S():>, by 1 1'. Motley iiud idoit. '1'Ih! iib- 11 til" till' Joliu- t spcciiil jioiiit. it all, lor they ncrytliin^j; else claims to arbi- liady agreed to !rt!iiey. There igrcieiiieiit was was abs(dut(dy clearness here, s. If national lb,v tlie treaty ; ve to 1)(^ met U) return with were altont, or lo'ibtfiil rather the point only in words, docn irder to remove int of acts com- hat " in all the !8S, the Eiifjlish ', as the 23(1 ol )lic dinner that had any idea — ^'." At'ter this be considered red that they their (piestions Edwanl Tiiorn- it it establishes ul for indirect 3 subse;> ( thereby showin^j or seemiiijj; to show that in tlieir minds a distinct |)io})osal had biuni considered and rejected. Ifaving thus expressed regret, they conseiitecl to submit the (luestion of onr '•liability" to arbitration, on condition that certain rnles were drawn up and agreed to l\)r the giiidanee of the arbitrators. Tiiat after deiiinr and rcifereiice to tiio British government this condition was accei»ted. That accordingly rules were drawn up by the American commissioners, (apparently,) an I that after some points had been referred by the Hritish (;omniissioners to their goveriiiiu;nt, thes*^ rnh s weic agreed to iis binding on the court of arbitration. Next, (though that does not ai)pear in tlnit we have ipioted above,) the Joint high commissioners " proceeded to consider the form of submission," and the formation of u tribunal. '• Siibseology, or ex|tressi(Hi of regn^t, was asked for and conceded. And then at various sittings those articles t)f tiu) treaty were agreed to which refer to the settlement by arbitration of " all the said claims growing out of acts committed by the aforesaid (i, e., several) vessels, and generically known as the Alabama claims." It is of the utmost importance that in iiK" lish say no. impartial persons say that the clause in the treaty does not exclude the American interprtjtation, and, therefore, they are of tins opinitni that the dilfereiuie oiif^ht to be bronj^ht before the tribunal. * * * tIio refusal of Eii; left to the tribunal of ai'bitration. — Allgcmchie ZcHiiiig. If this tribunal is inconipetjut to decidii without the advice of the newspapers , whether or not the American deniauds are preposterous and absurd, then its api»oiiit- inent was a mistake. It is, however, not to be supposed that such one-sided and ill- timed arj^uments would exert any iullueuce ui»on it. — Itashr 2\'aclmcIUen. The general opinion that thii Anu^rican dtiiuands were absurd has changed, and peo])le are coiiinKMiciiig to see that they are Jiistilied in the treaty, and the stotni is now turning against the JJritish coiniuissioner.s. — Jlaxlvr Xachrichh'u. The treaty Justifies in a formal manner the tribunal at Gimeva, in which, as we know, Switzerland is rei»resented by Mr. Staemptli, in considering all the claims, of whatever kind, growing out of the acts of the cruisers. The question is only to know to what point the tribunal will admit these claims, andif England will abide by its de- cision. — Bcriur Ilflrctic. The British cabinet, led by national pride and governed by ])opular o[)inion, have changed their entire opinion of the iine? tion, and put matters in such a light, that lall Mich concern tlic Itiiid to .submit to 13 treaty of Wiish- APl'EMUX. r)')d that niinains for th«3 tribunal to do is to return home. 'l"he WiishiuH'tou lieiity expressly states in rejianl to tho tril>unal tiiat they settle all claiins, and Hupports ti>e American position. Wliy Kn^-land acts tlius we do not .see. I'robaliiy .she, thinicoinrni,ssioiier.s was said about tiie tribunal of le newspapers en its appoint - 1-sided and ill- ehangod, and il the storm is which, as we the claims, of only to know- bide by its de- opinion, have light, that all This declaratiou of Jlr. Gladstone, although contained in a. letter of an entirely private character, addressed to the correspondent of the -N'ew York World in liondon, iie.serves attention. It i>roves that the English government has not formed the design of cutting short all discu.ssion, and that they consider tht) subject as still open for «le- bato. It i.s import.ant that these intentions should bo understood and thoroughly appn;- ciated, and that, on both sides, men with moderate views may strive to effect a recon- ciliation so niueli desired. It appears that an effort in that direction has already been made iu England. Thus a part of the press of that country, the Pall ilall Gazette t\tv example, suggests the idea of referring to a new arbitration the ject. 'J'hey conti'nted tii(?mH(dves l»y indicatinj; that Knj>land conld not be held liable tor daniajje dono the United States by crniser.s of the Confederute States, as ])roper diliart of the Tnited 8tat<;s, and to ])ro\ ide for the sjicc^dy settlement of such claims which are not admitted by J[er Ihitaiinic Ma- jesty's ;;overnment, the hij^li ccintractinj; paitiesa;i;ree that all thv, Haid claims f^rowinfj; out of a(!ts committed by the aforesaid vessels, and j^enerieally known as the 'Alabama claims.' shall be referred to a tribunal of arbitration." — Dir llnud. '• One sees," eontiniu's the writer, '"that the -whole thin;^ is aimed at the tribunal more than at the other party, for thts latter is willinjj to leave to the tribunal of arlii- tration the h,for to insure; its fultillmeiit.or the fultillment of an eventual ,sentenc(> of the arbitrators, thei(? is but the compulsion of national honor, or of war." — Xdic /iiridic '/Vmcs. TUo Washinjftoii treaty jdaiuly indiea'es that all the loss 's growiii:^ out of the acts committed by t\w aforcsaiil vessels arc to be .submitted to the tribunal of (ieneva. which will ho, called upon to prove whether Enfjland violated the rules prescribed by the treaty for the fjovernment of neutrals, and, if so, what sum sho must pay to the United States in compensation for the injuries inllieted. Ho demonstrates that the liritish case admits the submission of direct as well as indirect claims, and that it do- niea all liability, claimiufj; that Hnjjland fultilled all its duties as a neutral, and that the idcii of calliufj in (piestion the submission of indirect claims to the Geneva tribunal, only arose when "on the (ive of the oi)enin<>' of I'arliament the tories assumed a threat- eivinji i)ositiou, and the nonconformists bej^an to hold indignation meetings.'' — ]"uiniii \ciir Fnnnlcii Illftlt. Cjiladstone may assert a humlred times that the gramnnir as well as the sjiirit of the treaty admits but one meaning, and that of the English ; he will not entice the Americans from their position. His countrymen, and the papers most devoted to him, must confess that the wording of the treaty allows of the American as wcdl as of the English inteqtretation, that the construction is vague and loose. On the other side is the intention of the franuu's of thti treaty. IJotli must be considered. And appeal to the preamble and protocol is not suflicient to clear up the mistakes. A refreshing re- sult may be obtained /rem this war of words. Long and tedious interchanges of dis- )»atches*mnst be expected ; perhaps, after all, the annulling of the treaty Avith all the fair hopes attached to it. We shall hoj)o that no war will grow out of it, however, in con.sequence of the still pending San ,Iuau boundary and fishing (|ne.stions. — 1'uinia Xeiic Freic rrcusc. Our London c(rri'siiondcnt writes us: "The Atlantic cable works merrily ta bring us the ntteraiK'cs of the New York Herald, as to the Alabama qnal'rel, which has arisen with new power. The New York Herahl sounds the war trumpet, some small followers iiic hiiH ari«<'M I triliniiiil. It lordin^; jiI' tin? H tor imliifcl il)lG2 .'.KIIFTIfATION AT (iKNKVA. Imr hy tin* riilcH ot'intrnmtiniml law, anil )»ii>in> il. In tlio llrst article, it in Ntateit that " tho ilitfeienei-H j;iowinj; ont of the acts eominitteil by the Heveial veHnelH which hav« jjiven line to the clainin j^eiieiieally known an the 'Alabama clainiw,' Mhall he icfoneil to a tribunal of arbitration." — HamhiniiixlKf CornMiioiKliiil. The Hafest nn well un the most dinnitled ctnuse is, tluTcfore, to stand upon what Ave conceive to be sound, lejfal principles, and to demur to any such claims for indi- rect danni^e. — l.inidon TimvH, .himiury 'i, IHT'J. What that full extent may be w«( are not exjtressly told ; in fact, the computations of the United States (Jovernment itself have not yet reached the miffiity sum. It is easy to see, however, that upon the i)rinciples put forward by the I'nitcd States (Jovern- ment, the total mi^^ht easily be carried to an amount as startling;' as that of the Freiudi indemnity. The American (Jovernnu'nt ask that a j^nisH sum may be awaided it, and that to the amount thus {jivcn may be added intertst at the rate ol' 7 i)ei' cent, from the Ist day of July, IHl".?. lla])pily claims such as these are no lon;(er matter of c >n- trovcrsy betw«(en Knjjfland and the L'nited States. Conlidcnt in our own rectitude, and in the substantial Justice of our cause, we have, conseitcd to refer it to a tril)nnal so constituteil as to secure the conlidcnce of the world. — The London Ihiihi Xvirs, Janiiavi/ :», 1H72. It may be that an a<;en(5y is for the lirst timi^ tried in ({one-a which will do much to arrest that class of wars, by no uu'ans co-extensi\e with iill wars, which arrisc from detiuite grievances, rather than lioni dynastic or national passions. It may also be, that liti};ant nations, when they ace iiusucessfiil, will refuse to suljinit to an authority which has no power to coerce them, and that an arbitration is no more than a useless postponement of recourso to .)ld(!r ami miu'e familiar methods of decision. Tho issv.e may well be awaited with the keenest interest and even anxiety ; but there is no solid }>round for the aiiticipatimis of disaster which have lieen altroad for the last day or two. — London I'dll Mall (!a:rllc, January 4. It is scarcely necessary to suy that our liability would only extend to the direct (Miusequences of our own acts. If, for example, it wen; ludd that it was throujjfh our fault that the Alabama went to sea, we would be Justly held responsible for the depre- dations which she connuitted. Ikit there, in accordauct* with every principle, not only of international but of municipal law, our liability should end. That the agent of the (iovernnuiut of tho United States should conteml, in the case he luas presented, that we should also be responsible for the expeniliture occasioned in the pursuit of the cruisers, for the loss by the transfer of the American connncrcial marine to the British flag, the increased rates of insurance, and even for the prolongation of tho war, is not surpris- ing, since he spiiaks as an advocatt^ But no Judges could for an inst Hit entertain such claims. — lAtndon Morninij I'ost, Jannary 4, 1H7"2. If they did so couch their demands we should not think of re-echoing the ab- surd alarms of some writers hero at the exorbitant character of tho new Alabama claim. It must be borne in mind that I'resident Grant seeks re-election, and that it would be vei'y unfortunate for him if his Sumuerite or other foes could say, with any appearance of truth, ''He has injured our case against the Britishers by not aslang enough." Therefore he iRis resolved to work the statesnunilike treaty in a popnlu • way, and to cover the act of submitting the atfair to arbitration by Yankee liourishes of the most extravagant kind. If it amuses his countrymen it may serve him; it certainly does not hurt us. — London Telegraph, January ti. (itnitiiiii. Witli Hs lor all claiiiiH, >' iTMorvcd. Till! I! foiiilitioii tliiit loiiUlit lorwiird. IUmI aitich', it in (• HOVfllll Vt'HMI'lH nil ctaiiiiH,' Hliall anil upon what claims for inili- I'onipntationM of Hnni. It is nasy il States (iovi'in- latof tlio Kioncli iiwarili-d it, anil 7 piT cunt, from •r mat tor of c >n- v\\ let'tituilo, anil . to a triltnnal so /(/ Si'ivK, .finniavi/ I'll will ilo nuich vliicli airiso IVom It may also W, t to an authority iro than a useless ision. Tlio issv.c there is no soliil r the last ilay or 1(1 to the ilireet was thron " What shall we do .' Our llrst duty, liotli to the I'nited Stales and to our.'ielves, is to demur ♦•> the eniisideralion of the elaim for inilireet damages put I'm ward in the ease hiiIm 'tted ')y ihem, and lo erave a deeisioii upon our protest liy the trilniiial of arhi- tratiiii. 'lefore eonsei'iting to carry the reference to sii)mei|uent stiiges. Wi- gave great contideiiee that rations ilc ienr memoire, ils soutenaient une tlu'se Juste, ils elaient dans le vrai sous le rapjiort juridii|ue. Deiinoi s'agit-il en ell'el, ,' (Quelle accusation r-levent-ilscuntre rAiiglelerre .' lis I'accuscnt, en premier lieu, de n'av'iir pas empcclK' ses arm:iteuis de foniiiir aux confi'>ileres des iiavires de guerre; en second lieu, d'avoir par niiilice on n/'giigeuce permis aux corsjiircs coiifeili'n's de se servir lie ses ports et de ses caux cumnie d'lini- Itase d'opi^'ratiiins on de ravitailleni' lit. I'ar le fait de ci; maiii|iiemeiit aux ohligations ili> la neutraliti', ajoiitent-ils. iprcst-ii arrive f ("est d'aiioid i|iie Its confcdcn's out ariiie nil plus grand noiiihre de corsaircs iprils n'anraieiit pii le fa ire si r^iigleterre avait strietement ohserve ses obligations de jmissance nciitie; c'est- eiiHiiiti- (|ue les corsa'i'eH confedeies, trouvaiit des refuges et des points de ravitaillemeiit lis les jiorts et les caux britanni(|ues, out jin miilti)>lier leurs di'-predatioiis en raisoii ili ,c. concoiirs qui leiir i^tait indflment accorilc. Or ii'csl-il pas Juste iiiie rAiiglelerre suit niidiie resiioii- sable lies domniages causes aux inteiets aiiiericaiiis par ces deux siirtes de mani|Ue- meiit ii ses devoirs de iieiitrt; en admettaiit, bieii enteiiilii <|iie I • grietV .''>riiiul'''s contro sa connivence on sa iiegligeiice soieiit fondi's f Cette arguiiieiitati )ii est irreproehahle, et rAiigleterre I'a rccoiiiiii, loul en se defen- dant d'avoir failii .1 I es obligations dans les ditb-rcnts cas (|iii font "ol.y't des ii'dama- tions americaines ; elle est tombee d'aecord avee les JOlat.s-L'nis iin'clie poiirrait lenr devoir d( loininagcs-interets, et elle s'est resignci; a accepter siir <.■ point la division irun ti'ibniial d'lirbitrcs doiit la mission consistera 1" ii constater si rAiigleterre a niaii<|iir'. dans la gui.'rre de la secession, a ses oliligations de puissance inuitre, et dans i|iielle inesure; 2" a recoiinaitre et a cvaliier les dommages causes par le fait de ce, maiMinc- meiit et i"l lixer le chitl're du iliMlommagement. Seiileiiieiit a|nes s'en etre remise entierenieiit an tribunal pour rcsoiidre la prcniit're question, rAngleterie sembli avoir eraint de se niettre a sa discretion jioiir la seconde; elle a iniposi'- des liniites a sa com- petence, en etabli.ssiint une distinct ion entre les " doiiiiiiages directs," (|ii'elle leconiiait, et les "domniages iiiili'" cts" qu'elle ue rceoiiiiait jiiis. Ccttc distinction cst-cllc foiiiir'c en droit on en raison ? Oonsnltoiis, a cet egard, les faits, et voyoiis ce qui lessoit de rexaiiicii et de ranalyse (In cas en litige. Les corsaircs coiileileics out iloniii'^ la cliasse aiix navires de com- merce amcricains ; ils en out cajituri'- nii certain nomine, coiilis(|iiaiit on detiiiisant vaisseaiix et cargaisons. V^iila une i»reiiiii're categoric de doniniiigcs directs. 11 y en a line seconde: '* f^es I'tats du Noi'il out etc obliges de siirveiller et de iioiirsiiivre les corsaires du Sud; ils out employe a cette destination iine paitie de lenr llotte de guerre, d'oii un double domniage eoiisistaiit: I" dansles^ tiais occasioiines par la poiu- snite des corsaircs; "i" dans la privation siibie par les I'^tals-l'iiis d'niie partie de Iciir tlotte lui aurait pii lenr reiiilre d'autres services. Kst-ee tout I Non. La sciiie aniionce de I'apparition des corsaircs du Snil a snfti pour creer uii "risque de giicne" qui est Venn iinmediatemeiit s'ajouter aux risqncs maritimcs onliiiaires. Ce risque extraor- dinaire n'li jm etre convert que par une prime correspondante et doiit le taiix s'est elevi? aveo Ini. On a done vn s'etablir nne diiferenco entre les primes d'assiiiance des navires et cargaisons ani^ricaiiis et celle des neiitrcs. JjCs arniateiirs et les iiegoc.iants qui ont payc cette ditlerence on ee sui>pleiiient de jirimc n'ont-ils jias siibi iiii dom- niage anssi rdel que ceux dont les navires et les niarchandiscs out etc captures ? La perto a <^te, sans ilonte, intinimeiit nioindre pour chaciin ; en revanche, cette perte ne s'est-elle pas niultipliee par le nonibre des navires composant la inariiie inaicliando am line iinj^niciitation des frais do la }j;nerref Voila bie'n toiite une aerie dv doinniajies qui out cte eiiffendrea par le fait do I'existenee des coraaires du Sud. OnjK'Utles analyser et les grouper, appeler ceux-ci directn, ceux-la iwrfiref/**, <[uoi(iue ces deux caracteres soient loin dV-tre tonjonrs clairenient niarqn^-s ; niais on ne pent les 8«^parer, on ne i)ent nieuie lesconeevoirlea unssans les autres. lis ibnnent nn ensend>le naturel, et c'est par un tria-;! tout a fait arbitraire (|ue I'Auyleterre a reconuu les " don\«iafs indireets." Dira-t-on que lea douiniages indirects, par leur dtenduo nienie connne aussi par leur caractere vaj>uo et incertain, ecliappent a une tivaluation rij^ourouao t Qu'il eat im- possible, par exemple, d'apprecier danvS<|uelle meaure les armements en course dea con- fd^ddrda ont pn contribner i\ la prolongation de la guerre f Cette objection est assure- nient dea mleux tbnddea ; mais quoi ! ai)partient-il bien anx parties en cause do tran- clier la dirticultd (|ii'elle souliive? N'«.'st-ce i)oint I'allairo du tribunal de ddcider non- senlement ce qui ini aemblo legitime on illdgitime dans les rdelamations portces devant lui, mais encore ce qui lui parait dcbapper a la possibilitd d'une dvaluation f N'cst-ce pas empidter sur sa comi>dtenee et ses attributions que de limiter d'avance son verdict? Sied-il bien aurtout a !a partie ineulpde de lui dire: "Voici un dommage <|U0 I'on m'accuse d'avoir cansd et pour lequel j'invoqne votre arbitrage, mais je n'ontonds point voua accorder le droit «lo le reconnaitre et de I'apprdcier dans toute sou dtendue rdello, car je n'ai ((uMine foi limitde dans la rectitude de votre jugement: je Grains (jue vons ne sacldez pas discerner ce qu'il y a do faux ou d'exagdre.dans les reclamations qui sont portdes devant voua, et je ue venx pas ni'exposer sans rdserves anx consdrinencea d'un verdict cpii me condanmerait, ou si vous I'aimez mioux, je no nie soncie pas de rdparer tout le dommage (jue j'ai causd." T<'1 est pourtant I'attitude que I'Angleterro a prise dans cette affaire. D'accord avec les fitats-Unis, elle convoquo un tribunal d'arbitres, i)uis ausaitftt voici qu'aprfes avoir pris connaisaanee du nidmoire . di'x Gvns," hji M. I'vudhf-Fodvtt Le texto dn traitd n'a point distingue' entre les rdelamations; il lea atoutea sonmises an tribunal arbitral, i>()ur etre mjhrn. Ni dans le cours des ddbats «le la Haute Com- mission mixte, ([ui sidgea pendant deux mois, ni dans aucuue des clauses du traitd, desiind a tixer la proeddure et les attributi. tnr(!l : le droit i;nrre ])liis dc; eonhoversc snr la rcspoiisiibilite qiK^ cctte fnitc et ces tli'preda- tioits out fait neser snr la (iiainle-Hretajinc. Les Anglais, dn reste, sent disposes a n'glcr le ditTerend des doiumages directs. Que i«ste-t-il done ? I'll triininal d'arbitraj;!'. institnd ])ar nn traife t'OMclii duns nn csijiit aniieal, et dont la eonelnsion a (5te saliUM^, dans h; piiiicii»e, \),iv les apphuidisseinents de bi nation aiiglaise ; " IJn expose des fltats-l'iiis demandenrs, (|iii est esseittiellvniiMit nne pieee de ju'o- eednre ; "Undebat onvert, duns lf(|ncl rAngletcrr(! |)()iirra i'iiire valoir ses nioyens do di'lonso, et iH^ponsser des CDiichisioiis ([ui scraient inanifesteineiit (H)ntiaires an droit, a la .justice et a la raison. '•Les arbitres, eniin,(lont on ne jionrrait sns])ecter I'iiniiartialitd sans ootnnieltrc nne giav(! ofieiise centre lenr iK'isonne et les goMverneiiients ([iii les out cboisis. " II reste <|nel(|ne ebose di' ]>lns encme ; robligation i)onr les ('tats cpii venlent tracei' nn sHlon ])rol'ond dans lo elianii> de la civilisation, i]r respecter les traites, "A propos (In conllit iinglo-anu'rieain, on a jiarb' de la lurce piiniant le droit; mais il y a^ nne ini(|nit('' internationale non nioins I'nneste ; c'est rinlidt'liti' so Jonant do la t'oi jni('e. Ponr les ('tats, eonnne iionr les jiarf icnliers, tout so ti(uit en I'iiit do nioialit('. L'(Mibli de. la i)arol<^ eiigag('o condnit a la violeino. I^es jienples commenceiit ]);ir ('■Inder leni's oi)gag(Mnents et linissent [)ar oppiimer les faibles." VIII. •• QKclqiies iiKits mir la phu^ic noun lie (In <1i(l'cr(')i(l (nujlo-awnicain," hij (i. I!iv- nn/iin, /)';«.s.y(7.s, I'^l'i. Le trait(' rend la c(>mniissi(ni coinp('teiite ]>(mr stiitner sni h^s Alahamn claiiiix. Tonte la ([nestion est done de fJa fait le rapprocbeniont outre les c(mi- clnsions et la d(^clarati(m faiti^ par les coinniissaires auK-ricains an d(''bnt do la con- torence dn 8 mars. Non-senlenient l'esi)rit, mais le texte en est 'Khntiqiic. Dans I'nne, comme dans l';intre, les ciiu) ]i(»ints sont forninh^s et dans lo iiKMiie ordn! ! La declaration de n^trait c<>ii Ini-nK'ino ne parle (jue de upeedy Hetllement, (prompt rf'glo- ment.) 15. Le regnit exprinu^ par les comniissiiires aun'Ticains dn rojot de 'lenr premiere jn'oposition confirnie cett(! laanioro do voir: C. Lors(ine dans nm; lu'gociation uikmIos ])arties abandonne ses inetentions, c'est giiiK^ralement contre la recmnaissanco formelU; de cello (in'elion'abandDune pas. Sons ce rapport il (Halt natnrol (jne les commissaiios anu'^ricains fussent picts a rononcer anx domniages indirects comme ))rix d'nn engagement nvtuin do payisr los dommagos directs. Mais il ne I'est pins (pi'ils fassent cette iinionciation lorsqin; t(Mit est reinis en (liiestion jiar la nomination d'arbitres. II y anrait la nne concession sans r(^ei|irocit(S, nn etfet sans cause, (pii, en rabsonc(i nn'Miu^ do t(mte r(^serv(!, ne \n'\\t s«! pri^snmer. Nons devons admettn^ d'apu's ce (pii inecede, (pie, a en ,pig(M' i>ar los dociimonts otticiels et publics, le nn'inoire ann^ricain ne soumet anx arbitres anciine prdtention ' " That in the liopo of iiii aiiiicnlilc s(>ttl('iiipiit, mi cKlimato was iniulo of t\\n indiriTt bmscs, without i>r«>.jii(lii',i!. liiiwcvi'i', to tile ri>;ht of iiHleiniiillcathir, on their HCi'omit in tla' event of no sncli settlement beiiiji; ina(l(%" 566 ARBITRATION AT (MvNEVA. (|ui lie Moit il« It'iir I'omiM'tenco — cV'st-ii-dirc, qui no soil «laiis It'.s t«nnioH dii comi)romi.s. Kiicorc uno fV)is, (nu4(]iu's-iino8 «l« cc-s pic^teiitioiiH pciiveiit dopassiir la mesmc coni- mandoe jtar la jntsticte ct le boii wt-iis, olios iteuvoiit. otio on ollo.s-nionieH dos actos ddso- hiigcants pom l'Anj;''^^*"'''<'i t** oonstitiufr nno do'!option pour lo8 ndjjooiatonraqne cetto ]miHwanco a envoy(^s. Maiw los aibitros n'ont a coimnitor quo los toiiiios dn traito, ^clairoH, en oas tl'oliscui'ito, i>ar los actos cpii y sout lolatifs. Or io traitd no stipule «|n'uno elioso on niatioro «lo eonip<iali, cd il trattuto di Wnnhiiujlon,'^ l>y .liigiintc fUnvi- loiii, iWijilcH, If^T"^. .'« 11 trattaio contonipla il oaso, clnr tutti i roohuni ])ossan() ossorc auiinessi, poiolio eon I'articolo VII, slabiiiscjc olio il tribunalo jtotra.so lo trovora ooiivoniento, docrotare una soninia da i)anarsi dall' In;;liiltorra per tutti i rcolanii inuirizzati. 11 trattato considora il oaso, in oui alcnni roolanii potn'ltbiMo ])or la loro dubbioz/.a inijiodiro ((uosio nmdo souiniari(j di deoisiouo, poiclio I'art. X, stabilisco olii;, so il tri- lutnalo uon doorotora una sonuna, una volta taiito, si noniini uii uttic'io di assossori per voiilicaro (|uali sono i roolanii valovoli. I o()ntra(Miti ]»orcib stipularouo rociprooita od oj>ua tutti i roclami, all' In<;liiltorra la latitudino di rospiuffcirli tutti o snbordinatanionti' di rostvingcro la uiisura doi danui. Inlino lo du<' jjotonzo oouvoiinoro, uiodiauto I'artioolo XI. di oonsidoraro lo docisioni del tribuiialc; "oonio un rogohunento oonqtloto linalt^, assolnto di tutti i roclami supra uu'uzionati. II princi]iii» di orniiMUMitica lof'alo olii; futto 1ui sp'cio di rccJania, iudii»ou- dontouiouto dalla loro rclativa j;iustizia, la (|ualo o (^ui.•^ti()^(' di mciito, oho s[iutta ariuia ]»artodol uiio sciilto av\ orto cIm; i oouiniissai'i auu'ricani osposcro in torniiui osattissiuii tutti i ca]>i doi loro rcolanii. lOssi ])arlarono
  • ctuti uolla niciuoria ])r(;sentata al tribunalo. Ij'lnjjliiltci'ra ]i<'r() ])cr la voce di alcnni nuniiiii di Statu o ])i',r i (dainori dolla sua ro]»ut!itis,siiit!i stauqia credo' di ])oter Hostoiiere clio una os|ilicita rinunzia doi danni derivati dalla ]ir<»tratta ;;uorrii sia stata iatta nclla disoussiiuio del trattato. CUo vi lia di ossatto in qiiesta alleji'azioiio ? Kooa il proccsso vcMbalts olio i (Muuniissarii luoposoro pure oho I'altro coiuiuissiouo s'intoii;'<'SHo inteino una soninia da paf;arsi dalla (irau lJrotaer danni indiretri ; e dioliiararoiio non ossorvi ytro- gindizio tuttavia )iel dvitto di reolamare pei danni indiretti, so aleuu rogolauionto di tal }>onor<' non fosse couoliinso. E certo die so l'Inj>liiltorr.i avosse allora accottato nu roffobunonto iniinodiato ed il Iinganiouto di una soninia lissa.non scdtanto sareblto niaucato l'og<(otto a' roclami, nui 'istesRo ogfiottodel trattato. Iiiveoo i coniniissarii inj^lesi etuitestaron*) in gonorotr.tto lo protest* dogli Stati Uniti. si riimsaroiio al rcfiolainonto projiosto ed tirt'rirono soltanto di rottouiettorsi ad un arbitrato, juirche si trovasso nn arbitro convonioiito echo si con- venissero i pnnti, ai qnali larbitrato si appliohorebbe. E ^li Rfrenti aniericaiii risposero, osponoiido il loro dolore die fosso andato a ninnte la proposta
  • iile chtimfi, et il im Car c'ost pn arbitre«. APPENDIX. 5(17 lilfiiixtc ['Urtiii- 'ssi, poiclu! (!on , (U'Cietare una oro (liihbiozza clic, se il tri- li assessor! per ; all' Aiiitiif'a arlo di accoininoilainonto sotto altro foriiie si uso la scniplico pai'ola neUh'mciil o upt'dy scJflcmcnt, (proiita liciiiidazioiio.) Esprossioni, die lianno divorso valoro, e cho iioii i.oiuiottono di dire, come vorrobbe sostoiiore 1' Injj;liil- torra, cho I'arbitro i»rosoiito sia lo stcsHo ticttlcmciit, di cui fu jiriiiia disoorso dall' America. # ' if * # # .» # I commissarii iii;;lesi uoii dovettoro essere aorpresi iL-^li .\iiioiicaiii, poichi- ofjliiio sapovano die si potcsse olcvar protosa dei dauiii iiidin^tti. L'alta commissione si riuni a Washiiijiitoii, soltanto poncho non era stato ratifieata dal Hoiiato dell' Uniono la prccodeute convonzione. E tra lo raj^ioiii del rijj;etto della medesinia non ultima In quella die non vi orano coiiiprosi i rodami iiidirotti. So duii(|Uo i nojjoziatori iiif;lesi evaiio avvoititi, pordio iacqiioro ? Pordio a froiito ddle esjilicite risorve o condizioiii do<>li a() :{7 award as to , , ' -,i Count S( lopis's opinion as to 75 Viscount d'lta.juba's opinion as to ;»<> jMr. Staem])Hi's opinion as to IK; Mr. Adams's o])inion as to 171 Sir Alexander Cockburn's opinion as to , 440 Arbitrators : independence and ability of neutral ,S Archer, the : decision as to :!8, 5*2 Argument : British, fded at f ieneva 30 United States, regarded as masterly United States, lile Avheii made ' h signature of 48 lifteen and one-half millions of dollars .5:5 B. Beaman, C. C, jr., : assisted iu arranging evidence 2 Blocksule : Sir A. Cockburn's opinions as to 237 Boston, the 33,53,101 C. Case of the Uidted States. (See Great Britain, Commission, Due diligence. Supplies of coal.) how prepared 2 theories of 2 part of, submitted to publicists, »fee :{ chapter on indirect claims not submitted 4 delivered at Geneva December 15 ;{, 15 comments of the British press upon 4 comments of the continental press upon 5 Chickamauga, the ;iO, 37, .52 Viscount d'ltajnba's opinion as to 101 Jlr. Adams's opinion as to 214 Sir A. Cockburn's opinion as to 527 Clarence, the ., 38, .52 570 AKHITRATION AT GENEVA. Pase . Cojil, siii>j)litiH of: jMwition (tf tlio United States 11 vicnvH of Mr. AdaiiiM as to 11, 14rt vit'WH of CJoiuit Sclopis as to 11,74 viewB of Mr. Staoinplli a,s to . 11 vi«!\vs of Viscount iVItnjabiias to 12, 47 award rt>sj»()etin;i; TiO views of Mr. Adams as lo 11, 14)ri views of Sir Alexander Cockltiirii as t(» 4'^'^ Coekburn, Sir Alexand(!r, (see table of contents, Fish, Mr.) liis T'issentinjj; ojiinion coninienti'd on 12, .'34(1 his claims to rei)rcsent Gn^at l{ritain 12, 2H(i, .')47 liis charges ajjainst the counsel of the Uuitiul States 12,284 his char^^es against the case of the United States l:? admits the justice of the argument in the case of the United States 1:5 his opinions , , 2;{0-.')44 thinks the treaty would have betm better Avithont the rules 215(t his views as to British unfriemlliness 'MA as to acknowh'df];mcnt of bellifjerency ;{i;i as to n'j^nhitions of .January, 1H()2 '.V.VJ as to i)artiality in snitplies of coal :{44 as to suitj)(ies of arms ',Ui as to shii»sol)tained from Grciit IJritain :?4(> as to proceedings of other governments 'MiCi as to blockade-running :?.'>'.) as to partiitlity of colonial authorities lUif) as to course of British government '.?()(> tliis opinion not read or nuide known before dissolution of tri- bunal MC, if known, would have hei'U objected to .^>4() Connnission, etVcct of '.V.i ])osition of the United Slates Id iiritisli position 10 American r<'.j(iinder 10 views of Viscount d'ltajuba 10 decision of tht; tribunal 10, .^)0 views of C(mnt S('loi)is regarding ()!• views of Viscount d'lta.jnlia regarding JMI views of Mr. Adams regarding 141) views of Sir Alexander t'ockbnrn regarding 40;t Continental i»ress: o|)inious of, in appendix .^if)! Contraband of war: Sir A. Cock burn's views ;is ti 237 Coiuisel of the United States : advise the agent at every stage of the proceedings S Sir Alexander Cockbnrn's attacks upon them 12 their rejtort to the Secretary of State 550 Counter cases : Exchangtsd at (ieneva, April 15 5 Cnshing, (ieneral : argument of 32 1). Delay : govei'unient not rt!sponsible for, (Cockburn) 2G7 Due diligence: what was clainwd by United States to be H position of Great Britain as to ^ views of Count Sclopis as to 9, 57 decision of tribunal as to i* award as to 50 viewH of Mr. Staemptli as to , 105 views of Mr. Adams as to 141 views of Sir Alexander Cockburn us to 200 E. Errors of Judgment : government not responsible for, (Cockburn) 267 Evarts, Mr.: oral iirgumcut of 31, 32 11 ... 11,148 ... 11,74 11 ... 12,47 no ... 11,148 4a'» ... 12,54(i .12,28(5,547 .. 12,284 i:i ]:! ... 2;50-r)44 2-Mt •,n:\ XVJ •M4 •Mi :{4(i :5r,(i :m) ;{().'■) :?(»() li- r.4f) r)4<) :?:) 10 10 10 10 10, 50 m •m; 14(i 401> 551 2;{7 8 1-i 550 :12 INDEX. 571 2G7 8 8 9,57 i» 50 105 141 260 267 31,32 F. l-'lorida, the : action of the tribunal ni»on 7,28, 2!), 38, 51 iirjjtnnicnts uiton entry of, into jMoIuIc :?5 Count Sclojii.s's opinion as to DO Vi.scount (Vltiijulm's o])inion as to !I8 Mr. .Staeini)lli'.s opinion as to 108 Mr. A(lauiM'.s oi)inion as to 1.50 Sir Alexandir Coations 548 he thinks it inii)oitant to note (he views of Sii' A. ("oekbni'u 549 G. Georgia, ease of ;' 1,37,. 52 S'lsconnt d'ltajuba's o]iinion as to )0l Mr. Adams's opinion as to 187 Sir A. Coekburn's opinion as to 477 Government, neutral : •when resiionsibh- for acts of subordiuiites 234 should po.s.sess ade(puite i>owers to maintain neutrality, ((.'oekburn) 2.">() (;reat K'.itain, (see Municipal laws:) unfriendly course of, how treated in the case 2 (,'overnnHMit of had in consideration to ask withdrawal of case of United States 5 uiifriendlinivss of, Ciu'iit Sclopis's views as to ,. 9,62 \^is(;(iurit d'ltajuba's \iews as to 9 Mr. Adams's \iew.s as to ,.. . 10 submits iHM.v evidimce :V.i I'omparison of its laws with United States laws 255 Sir Alexandi^r C'ockbuin's opinion of the icsult of such coin])ai'ison ;i07 r(M|Uests to amend neutrality laws 278 Gross frcifi'lits : claims for rejected .')3 I. Indirect claims, (see Treaty of Washin,ixton,) (ease of the ITnited States:) action of Joint hi<>h commission on 1 such action in harmony with all itrevious 1 im exception takiMi to it by IJritisli eommissioiuu's 1 such action bindinjf on ajjfent of the United >Sfcat(!s 1 their delinition included some private claims 1 continental i)ress unaninmus in supjiort of right to present 5 action of the tribunal upon ti, 19,20,21 Insurgent bureaus : maintonanee of, on ]5riti.sli soil, how trciited in the case 'A Intercast : argument respecting claim for 43 Itajuba, Visc(mntd': declaration respecting supplies of coal 47 his opinions 96, 103 J. .Icti'. Davis, the ' 33, .53 .Joint high commission, (see liulirect Claims,) (Treaty of Washington) : Joy, V. H.,the 33,53,101 .Judicial miscarriage: government not responsible for, (Cockburn) 268 M. Municipal laws (of England) : cannot be scst up iu justitication , 12 compared with those of the United States 271 Music, the 33, .53, 101 ru2 AKHITRATION AT GENEVA. N. I'll go. Nn-sli villo, tli«( 12, :10, :J7, M Viscount (l'Itii.)ulnrs oi»iiii(»ii as to 101 Ml". Adiiiim'M (ipinion jih to 21 'i Sir A. Cockbmn'H oi)iinoii as to .MI) XtMitrals, (SCO GoviMiiiiii'iit ;) li^litM and dntifs of, (CocklMiin^ 'i'.U I'' rroHpoctivo jii'otits : in)t allowed 4i{, r>:{ J'rotocols of confcrrncfs; tiansinittod by agent 1 text of. '. 1.-) ■ Pursuit of eiiiiseis: expense of, disallowcil V.\, 'y'.i E. IJeliilMition, the :!1 . :!2, liT, .'>•> Viseonnt d'It!i.jii))a's opinion as I o , . . 1(1 1 Mr. Staeinpdi's o|>inion as to l:W Mr. Adams's ojiinion as to 217 Sir A. Coeklnirn's opinion as to T)'M S. Sallie, tlie :i:;,.-,:uoi Sclo])is, Count : jiis opinions .">-•)() Secretaries of tlie aiicnt and eounsel : thoii' zeal and industry eoninionded (i Seizure of vessels : duty as to, (Cockburn) 2(i7 Slienandoali, the :!.'). 1(7, .')2 (Jreat liritain liable for aetsof, after leavin<> Melbourne .Vi (Jount Sclopis's oi)inion as to v ^l ^'iseount d'ltajnba's opinion as to 101 Mr. Staeiu]>lli's opiiiicni as to 12.') Mr. Adams's opinion as to IIX! Sir A. Gocrkbn Ill's opinitm as to 4^1 Staeniplli, Mr. : bis opinions ln;i-141 Sum in fjross 44 determination of tribunal to award 4G amount of, awarded 515 Sumter, the 12, :?0, :J7, .V2 Viscount d'ltajnba's opinion as to 101 Mr. Staemi»Hi'8 oi)iuiou as to 1154 Mr. Adams's opinion as to 208 Sir A. Cock burn's opinion as to '>0() T. Tables, with statements of claims: new, presenteVJ -r.u 41!, :>:{ 1 1.-) !l.: !--i, :J7, 52 lOl ... ■,'17 .-.:$l :i: >. : :!. lui •).■■>-;»() .'). :i7 '■i(\7 , 52 52 HI 101 125 4ri4 .. I(i:!-I41 44 4G 5:{ 2, :{0, :J7, 52 101 i;54 208 . -.'m, :]7 m . 38, 52 31, 37, 52 101 215 530 iNDKx. 573 I'll 1:0. Tribunal of urbitratioii, (nee Awaitl, Iiulireet claims) : regariled as a judicial body y its conduct shows tliat national diflorences may 1)« settled by arbitration . 14 organization of. 15 judgment upon indirect claims 21 award and dissolution of. 41) Tuscaloosa, the : decision a« to 38, 52 Mr. Adams's opinion as to 181 Sir A. Cockburn's o]>inion as to 473 W. Waite, Jlr. : argument of 32 o

    • t iiilere iin;^ ;ii HI diniciill dt all that we aie called to dccidi >ul III di'der Id cdiii|)it'l< t he ie\ icw dC t he career ol' lilt- \ cssel, sd tar as it relates Id the aclinii tiri'i'stiitiiiii. crainli- i|M'il am;iit I'liniiivrc i'l Niissaii, s'll v t'tiiil irsli' iiii jinir ili- pi !l ir I avail |iiiMilaiil aiii'iiiu' raiMiii lii- ciainiiri-; s.i viiliiiii' ctaM I'oiintlrli I.I- i: llolil. ill! matin. IIII ciiilroit iiniiiiiii'' ltl(i'i> : lii'itaiiiiii|iii', Ir livM' (III liiir ratlcsti', la transact ii>ii tut tKln'V))-. l/aiiliiiii< l^iuiv tTiiriiiriil til ..a .Ma.ji'.Htt- avail ffi- liiaxrc avrc niiiti's, ct la ilrcisioii dc la i-mir n' V iiiiiiaiili' M> iiiiiiitra iiiiiiinc iiiii- ilii ismii rl iiiii' iikiiiihi mv II ihlr I (•:*>ii|liri hi qiir la I ii'aiiili'-|tii'ta;;iii avail I'l-lniiii' a I'aiir ii .s|ii'i'ii'r la s >iiili' ii ir|,. i|'i tiaili \\ I>iillii4ti>li 1III.SSI lih'li tjilc la |itrlillrl'i', Kl M ii'.-» (lrll\ n^jcs rial" :i; Vl-it iiif (Icv.'iil rrliT iii'i'CM.airi'iiiciil. I.r |la■^^ui V ant ilaiiH )a call ii'ir ilii I'iai ilia, nlalila la iliM'iiN^iiiii |iri mi'IiIc, est Ir Mill mill I' a Moll ill', |iia|' Irs llislll ui V, (|i|i)|i|||<', a < rl ti i'|)iii|lli' l>l< .•11! Irt vai-M'aiiN (li'H r.tals I 'ills. II V iisia )»liis ili- i|iialii' iiuiis. I.r j.'i jaiiv in \-< niissil lie iiiiiivcaii a Imi'i r Ir Muriix, it Ir ra|iilaiiie. If '2'' dii niriiir iiinl^, rin>i>lciii'i- (ll* Ml' ri-iiilrc ilc Miiti- an iiiiiiii' riiiliiiii ilr I'llc tic .Nassau, il'iiu il mV'HI I'l liajijH' suns li's ti'i'i'i'iMs i|ui n'a|i|iai'lii'iiii('nt ifiTa uii iii.'ill'ailriii. 11 nuiviiiii • rajniiliT i|tii> dans rinlrrvallr il ivvail ciiikIi' rini|iiaiiti'-i|iiatir Iiuiiiiiich dr |i|ihi' a prclciidr)- p^iii^r ill' null V can iniiiiui' iin pindiiii ii '^itinu' d'litn' puiNHaiicc licllif^i raiilc I'i'ciiiinuc. <'iii'' i{Uc.sliiiii. appai'lciiaiil cNcIusivciiiciil jiu cas dc cc vaisscaii, cntrc tunics ccIIch i|iii (111 ^OIINcI'llclllcIlt ill' -i Miiiit siinniiscs a iiiilic c\aiucn, d cinliiassanl la dccli .M;ijcsli' lii'ilanniijnc dc tiiiilc i'cm)>iiusiiIii|iic iiiii liciirc an siijcl dc la laclic lU' m'' (iri^;iiic, iiic scnihic ntii' dcs plus inli rcssantcs ci tics plus dillicilcs dc (uiilcs cclli s i|H'' iiiiiiH .siiiiiiucs llppclc^ a di'cidci'. .Mais aliii dc I'linipli h r la icviicdc la can icrc ciili'" (lu C'U vuihscail,cii tail I i|U die HI- tii|ip(iit(! II la cimiiIiiuc dc la (■iiiiidc-lhitaguc, ijii.iiil>> MS Visiles a liiMlu'ii la Iin l^iii'ls ipic aiiiiin a .Nasi •>llri'rs, c( IIII li-nililill cnlll Mnil avail V jn'riiiissiiin :i l">u\.iil liicii I'IkIoIIIICC MJ 'lilllH ll'tll- \ jiiiiirHiiiii dc "ll a a^iic la j'lir lis aiil liuiiti'iiii'iit n iii'iiili'i' liii I li'iiila, a CI llll'll'lll ||«Ml-/ '' ^iiiii^iiaj^c I I'll*, ijiii ill" ll"* filllc I'SShll ''"lllllllT ipii '•iiclal ill- I'll Ol'INlOXS OF MU. AI)A>fS. 107 (iiriit r.i'iliiin iiiion the occiisiMii »»1 lire visits at any ports witliin lli.it jiuisilictioii, 1 (Ict'tu it <'Xi>('(li»'iit to postponr the ol)Sfr\atioiis 1 pri>po>o ti) iiiiiKr it|M)M it until tilt' cihI. \Vlial('\<'r iiia,\ he llic doubts clscwlicic rxpicsscd about this point, none wliatcvtT were adinittt'd at Nassau, the \('i\ spot uImic the tia- ^raiit iVaud had hccu most sut'ccssl'ully pcipoi rated and ll»'i' .Majest\'.s dignity insulted and detied. She was ininietliately iceoj^ni/ed as a !i:;itiMiate l»'lli.u('rent, the (»id\ ohjeetiou made to lier pieseiu'e lieiiiji !i \iiil;itiiin ol' a minor reu'idation rif the poit. whieli leipiired a pi'e\ ions iplilication lor permission itelore «'oniini;' to aiM'hor. I'or this minor dili'iise the captain niuld allord to apolo;;i/.e. when the \astly ^iiealer oiii' li;iil hccii so readily eondoned. 'I'lie ((lijeet he now had in \ iew was ihc pidciiriii;;" a ;ntiod supply of eoals tor tiie piosceiiiion of his cruise. I'lrmissioii seems to have heeii j^iveii without stint. Some (piestioii ha>» liiiii raised al)oiit the precise (piaiitil\ : but it tliere was no limit pre- -, iihfd by the auihoritil's. it may reastniably be inlerred, Irom the ;;i'ii- iiaj sMupalhy strongly manifested by the population, that all would be siipplied the captain wiuild lie read\ to take. So. likewise, with pro- \i^iolls. A persmi on Itoard of the l-'loi ida at the time seems to hasc !iM(ir(lc(l his imi>ression that eiionuh had been supplied to last several iiiiiiitlis. This is doubtless e.\ay';4('rated. So with the test iinon.N ol two jMiMMis, taken several years attei ward, of their lecol lection of the facts, wjiicli would natnrallv be subject tt> serious reduction. N ei, alter inak- iii;: every possiide allowance tor these circumstances, it appears reason- alilf to ine to conclude that Captain Ma'lit succeeded in ;^(ltini; all that ill' (lesjii-d to put h'lii ilia condition to commence, and c(mtiiinc l*ir >oii!e time, a predatory cruise. Ii is also alleged that the captain •.iiiiipcil here eieven men, vvliicli i> nut unlikely to be true also, if he liri'ilcd them. <'a|.tain Mallit, thus c(»mpleiely tit'ed out from Nassau as a basis, pro- r.ciji'd (>ii his cniisf, which lasied loi' alioiit a month, and in which he ;i!lt';;t's llial he cxiterieiiced very r(Mij;h wi-alher. This is the n-asoii M -i visile-, 11 ^•l•^laill^ I PI His >i(ii> cctli' iiiridiitiiiii, jr ( iirjx |i|iis cuiin I'lialilc tir icinti I ri> {iM|ii':i 1:1 liii Ii'>t oliHciA at lolls i|iii' ji* mo )iri>|Misi' lie faiii' la-ili'SNiis, (jiicls ijiif |iii.ssfiit cirr Irs (lollies t'lilrrtciiiis ailli'iir- a i-r siijct, on n'cii aiiimitait aiiriiii ;i Nassau, rfiuiroil oil la I'lainli' lla^iiaiilc avail >\f coiniiiisf' avt'c Ic |>lii> yiMmt l«' a\ ail ili- Ic iilii-> oiiliau' ''. II I'ul iiiiiiiiiliMti'iiiciil: I'liiiinii coiiiiiii' lii'lliu;! rani liniimic. la s-iili- iilijn-i ion faiic a -.a imsi'Mci' a\ ant vii> <|ii'il avail ^ ioli' nil |ii'l il ic ^li'inmi dii ]ioit,i|iii < xi^iait i|n'oii ilrinaml^il ifalionl la )Mritiis.-.ioii avani il<' iiirtlic a ramiT, ruiir nltf If^^cii' fantc, l'' caiiilaini' Mallitt ji'iiisaii liii'ii taiicniM' a|iolo;',ii' i|iianil rcllr (|iii itail lii'an<'on|i pins Miaii' avail <'<•' |>iin|iiinii'i' si |ii'oni|)li'iiii'ni . Mainunaiil lr Init n'*'' ''' •'apitaini' MaHitl sr |iiii|>o>air ion ili' rliailion jmnr la ltiiin>«iiiii ill' Klin ciitrr|iiisc. I, a pi'tniissjun scnililr avoir rtr »loiiiii-i' sans iroiTvi", "ii a as^iii' la i|Hi'slion lie lii|nanlili' pni'isi'. inais s'il n'v avail )ias ilr liinilr picTi iti- par li't jiiitonli-s, on pcni raisonnalili-iiii'Mt I'oiirlnir ili- la s,\ nipiitliii- ;;i'ni'i'ali', I'liili'iiii'iit inanil'i'sli'i' par la population, itnc tmit ii- i|ii<> ic rapilaiin- i-ni ili- put a pii'iiilii' liti ci'M I'tr iloiiai'. 1*' nii'ini' jtour It's pi-ov isjons. I'm' prisonm' a lionl lin lli'iiila, a I'i'tli' r'poi|i;i>, si'inlili' avoir mis pai mil son iinpri'ssion ipi'on cii avait ^Ki'iiili as»<'/ piiiii pln>i(>nrs iiiois, ('i-ci f>i sans ilonti' cxajii ic |)i' imini' ipiant an I' iiiiMKiia^i' ill' ili'iix jii I siinni's, I'litpninti'' pliisinirs aniirrs apirv, a Inir n-i'iiiil ili-. Ii:l»,(|iii ilcvraii rlri' sonniis a niir rriliirlion siricnsi'. Mais apif-i avoir fail luiiirs II'. ((iiiri'ssioii-. pos-iilili's a I'l'^anl ili' n-s i ii'i'onstanri'S, it inr smilili- raisonnalili' ilc 'I'liiliiri' ipii' li ■ apitai'ii' NtalUtt rriissit a olitmiir tout jiTil ilisirail ponr sr ini'ltri' iiiiial ili> I'lMiinii'ni'rr il il' rnutiniii'r p -ii'laiil i|n. Iipii' ti'inji-. iini' roiU'.i' ili' pillii;^!'. "'I iili. ;;in. aiissj i|iii* li cajiitaini' y I'lir.ila on/i' liomnirs ; I'ait iloni la vrrit<- n'i'st pas iii'I'niliiilil,., n'II en avail lii'ioin. hi- rapilaiin' Mallit I, aiiisi loinpf'H'iiii'nt pnnrvn a ^■''>ini plai'i' pri-'' pnir ku liasi', coninii'nva sa conrsr, ipi; ilnra env iron nn iiioi», "Villain liniii'l il ilii, iivnir « proiivi' do IH's-iihU-m iiiiips. An moins, l'i.'bI la luisiiii ICS AlvMilTIJATION AT (;i:.N'i:VA. a^isin'ind for liis visit to lljiihudocs, wlicri' lie aiiplifd for more coal ainl soiiM' Imnhrr. He siippicsscii the Tact of his Ial<' supply, ami I'cpnitnl liiiiisrir as last tVoiii Mol)i'('. lie siicccrdctl in ohiaiiiiii,;; '."• toils. ;i!iil tliiis i»ros<'ciilt'(l liis iMcdatoiy \(iya;;<' on liis irnrwi-d stock. Miicli ilaina/Ltc as tiicsc pciinissions innpicstionalily entailed upon tlir I hitcd States couinicrc)-, it is pid|)er lo add tiiat tiny imd not Imi-i! ;^i\( II so niiicli fVotii any willl'n! disposition on the part oT the ojliccisdi ller Majesty's jioveiiiuient, l»nt lather lVt>in their indill'ei'cnei^ to all nM'asiires of early prevention. So soon as inroiination of these evcnu had been received at the colonial oili<'e in London, this lilieralils wav checked, ,iiid ordeis were issind to i»e more cautions in the future. .\fler a \i.Nil of four days to j'eiiianilnico. ilie ne\i liritish ]i(ii; entered by <';ipt:iin Mallit was liermmla, on the l."»tli ot .Inly. His a]i lilication for ^oM-rnmeiit coal was here, lor the lir.^l time, rel'iised. ||i .snccceded. ho\ve\er. ill oi>tainiii.n' plenty from other sources, iiiiil im trans;ii-essin';' the limit pre>eriited Ibr his stay for repairs withoiii ci!, sure, which enabled him to cross the ocean ami reach l»rcst, in l"'raii(c. on the L'.id »>f .\nun>t. It shnuld be noted that this loiiy <'niise, (i(»in the L'r)tli of .Taiiiiarv to the :.'.'>d ol ,\ii;;iis.'. of ueiirly seven months, was made with siipplicsoi coal recci\»'d exclusively from I'oitish sources. It seems to 1m uiiiiec"'ss:iry to eiitei' into further particulars nt I.,! career alter »lie left Ibest. She seems to have touched at some Ihili-l! |Mirts in t he W Cst Indies and obtained assist a nc'-, und . she liaa My put iii'n liahia, which pro\ — loiifi enou;:h to perpetrate much too larjic an amoiuit of mischirf. It now" remains to me only to recur to the tpiesii(»ii. already propuM i in the course of this opinion, repaid in;;' any chaiiue ot Original charailii that may i»e coiisidereil<> ijiril 111 IrMI fi'viici' h la niU'liiiili', jiniir pi-ciiilrf fin"!. |ilii> ill' I'liiuliiiii it ilii liiils |iiinr !r.H ii'|i;ii','ii iitim, II mi|i|iili', "I il ilirlara i|ii'il \riiait ni lii'iiiiri' lini >i( a iil<>iii: ijllal li--\ iliyl -ili\ I nil Ill's, I't rnlll illlia alllsj si Hi \ii\a^;r llr Jiilla'^i'. <,ii!rli)iH' uraiiil i|iir suit II' iliiiiiiiia;ii- iaii'>i, saii'' aiii'iiii ilniiii par itm iii'riiii>i>iiiiis, ;, fill lliirlri' I Irs 1 .1 at -I liis, il i iill\ iilll irajiilllfr nn'i'lli s ii'iuit |ia> la ill i Ir linllliii 1 ;i\i iii.il V i-illaiii'i' ill- la pail ili- I'liliii'li'i ilii ;,iiiiv itiu'IihmiI ilr sa Maji'sti' i|u'a caii-'i li' nili' iiiililfi'rriii'r ipii llr pii-\u\ail jamais la inri's^ili' dr pii'iiilcr ilrs iip'c'aiilii'i." iliivaliri-. Allssjiiil i|lli' la limivi'lli ili- ri's I'M'tii'lllrlils clll rlr li'rlli- a I'linii'i- cuIhIimiI ill I.miilrts, I'cllr lilii'i'itlilr I'lit npiiiiii'i' ri ili-s ll^ll^l•^« riiniil dmiiii's (rrlrr jihi' fiii'mispi'i'l a riiMiiir. Apirs mil' \ isiti- ill' i|iuitri' jmii- a Pn iiaiiilimii . If pirinirr pi>i t an);lais nii i iilii 1 rapilaiiir Mallil I'lil Iti'i iiiiiila, Ir l.'i iuillil. !il\l'rnrlli-lll till iri M'ri|<>. t I a ill |ia>>i'i sans criiNiui' Us liniilrs pii'MiiIrs I'l miw >«■]•■■'■ Iimir npaialiiHiH. tt i|iii liil iluinia Irs iiioytui* ilf tra\i-r-i'i' I'lii'iaii rl irallriiiili'' tO'sl. I'll I lain I . Il' '.*:! aiiiil. il I'aiit ii'tiiai>|iii'r iiiir .illi- lunmn' iimisr, iln *,';' Jaii\ in- an ',':! amit. ilr piis ili' !"i'' liini'', IliI ralli'a\i< ill's NiiliMili-. ill' I'liarliiili H'vlls i \rlll>ivi'l'ii'lit lir sninrrs liiiwii'- nii|llrH, li III' nil' siinhlf pas iKi'issaui' iri-iitrri vlaiis il».»> ii'lails iiPi'i iciiis snr !a rarin ii' 'i' CI \aiMsi'iiu api.'s H.'M, <'t avoir «*l<4«*iiii i'mii'>< : I't riillii ilriili'i.i I'laliia. <■!' i|iii mil Im » miit liis|iii:i', « ii oi>rtl»pr. I. a ili'.ni- dr su i arriiTi' sur rt«i'.i;i a\ait rlr (I'lMlV il«»M li i.^ alls rl liiMiit. Sii i-i •«•>•. rii|iiisi'i' ilaiis li- rmirs ili- ri't ii\''. a I'r^aril iln r|iiiii;;rniriii ilr raia'li'iv iKuiioiiai, tiu'on pmiiiait ri'ii'-iilrii'r i uiiinir auini OI'INTOXS OF yUl. Ar>AM><. 1(^0 liir linviiif;' su('P(mm1<'(1 in rciicliinj; a port of tlie Ix'llincn'iif ]>o\vt'r to \\liitli slu' chiiiiHMl to licloii;;. 1 hiivf ciidriivorcd to liiil\ of wliicli I iilii «':i|);ilil('. Till-., n-siilt is, tliiit 1 ruiiliot :ini\i'ilt liny niMcliision satist;n'tory to invsclf wliicli fvt'ii implies a iu>f<'ssity to ,itid her olili^.ii iuiis to a jiin-iuii nation with which sli' was ai peace. Down lo iht- inomeiii of arrival at Mobile, 1 fail lo per<'ei\ean\ .^ood icasdii for siippnyin;; ihat I lie clia racier (he \ esse I lonU at the outset had not siil»s|aiiliall,\ adhered III II to the end. It has always lieeii t(» me a cause ol" profound regret that Her MiijcsIn's yo\»'rnmeiit had not seen lit to mark hei seii^e of the imlin- iiilics lieaped upon lier hy the lla,i:rant siolalioii of herla\\.>i!i these tascs at least liy exclndinjn' the vi'ssels from her polls. 'I'liiis she woiihl have rescued her own honor and esiapcd the e\ il coiiscipieiices which have ever since attended her opposite decision. Such a c(Uirse had not lie iih ■■ ■ nil llrll ' l-i>ii>li~. ;■ llli'i ^ ;i\' • Mil-' I ■IMIIli' ■ - 'iIH' I',-- II I lltM :1 lillll 'U II iilllrl,.; Ill M-jii;:i rnllriiiiit'- •^ llUi.r. ;ill li !'■ 'i' |P|r> |M'll- rliti I .lir i'ii(.M:i r i-ll\ili''l III aili'iilir ,. ,rt llV!'. inn- .i\;i"' III lirii iliiiiM <■!' vniNsi'iiii par li' fait clr sa ii'iissili- a alii'iiiilir iin jmhI iji' l.i |iiiissaiiro ixliii:! laiitc a lai|iM'll<< ii a\ait la |iii tnit ion il'a|i|iaiiriiii . .Ii' lllf .>llis rl)(ir airiv ri' a aiii iiiiO iniii'lii^iiiii Milislaisaiitf pmir iimi iiiiiiii' ipii iiiipiiijiial la iint ssiti' dc ilniniri iiinti :i>«i III JiiH'iit a la !iia\jiiir i|iii' U- siii'ii'n saiirlilir la IVamli'. 'I'imiIi' loi rrriiiiiiiii' ear lu iiiiiM'ii'iH'f ili'H iiat inns i-i\ ilisr-i-M a, ]Miiir lia-c sullii.' iiiiii|iir, la ri>ii\ ii'timi ijn'iili' est I' mil I' >iiraii> iiiii'li|iU"' laii^m s Ir iiiol riiiplii\ r pmir i\|ililllf| res idri'H rsl iililil iijIM'. I! II lllillH' ti liipi Ji- iri^imif pas i,lli', tiails \r pru;;|iH iW lolls IcM rappints iiiicriialiunanx, ii iniil, sr piisriilrr ilr tiipps cii tfiiip- iti.s I'liaviniis nil iiiit' In•l■l•^>il^• aiiixf (Ir I rfiiiiiiain r III! siiiipli' Tail sans (••^anl a >a ii.uuic. Mais il laiit, puiir cfla, i|iir rilMi-i i >«i> pn .smtc ilaiis il< -s cin'oiistaiircs ipii ii'iiiiplit|ii< nt iii |iailii'ip:iliiiii nj appmlial inn. 0\\ ni- ilrviait pa.s prnnrlln- i|m'iI tiiiivat, i|nanil ^va iiiriiiistanri's Mint I'viili'iiiinriil stiiiH (-tiiit ii'ilr <'l <|iii' Ic iiinl it' il'av il' '^'lail iMipi'i'ii'UX, I'oiiniii' appiiv am la nia.jrsti' ilr la jni. !)aus Ir las ipic nniis av(ii.> iiis. il niii ■"'iiililr iiii'iihlr.stalili'iiii III >t,ilili par la |iii'MM' i|Iii', tlrpnis Ir iiiiuiM'ni iln < nninii-ni'i-- imiii JiiMpra irliii (If I'l'Nc I iiiioii rnnipli'li. la roiistrn linn. I'l i|nipriiii-iii I I'lApiili- 'iiiiiilu \ ais.sran tint pjir II' \ ai-'srau an i iiniiiu'iicrini iil lu 'in ait pa-^ < Ir allaclii' o'^ni* 'iillriiii III jiiMpi'a la Iin. .I'ai iiiiijiiiii> icj^rclti' pi'iiriinili'iiiriit ([iii' ic ti;mivrrnrn\«'i»t tic nii MajrHli' n'riit pan MiKi- iiiiiM'iialtii' lie niotiti'i'i' Hdii Hrnliiiiciil a I'ihiikI ilf.s indi^niti's ai'inniMlri'-- siir liii |i:ii' III \iiilatiiiii ilajjiaiiti' di- s*>h luis, dans ct-s ciis :iii iiininK, on cxclinint Irs vaissraiix ''••so jiiiiiH. II aniait ain^i sanvr sun lioniitiir ct i rliappt'' an\ riinHiM|iirnrt's tVirln-iiM-H II iMii iiiiijiiairH i't<' atliu'lircs a su \U' «li inar> lir n'u\ait pas 170 ARniTRATION AT CJKXEVA. »Vf lu'cii witliont its ndvocatt's juiionj; Jiiiisis of ('miiiciico in rlio kiiii;(Ii»iii. at least one of wlioiu had rc('i)i'(!(Ml liis opiMJoii. A si<;'iiili('aiit f\;iiii|i|,. may ln' loiiml in tli«' jtapcrs bcfoic us. Such a comsc coiihl not li;iv, iailcd to maintain itself in the end by tlio simple force of its innate li.ii- jnony witii Justice and with ri^iit. To suppose that tlie nuual stain attached to a transaction (»f tlii>i cliaraeter can be wiped out by the mere im-iih-nt of visitiii;;' oiu' phui. or anotlu'r, without a.iy material alteration of the constituent bo(|y ii:. spirin;; its action, seems to nu' to 1h' attachiuj;' to a!i aceidi'Ut the \ iiiiii. which api»ertains solely to an «'\ercise of the will. I cannot, therefore. concede to this notion any slnnh' of weight. The vessel called ili, I'lorida, in my view, carried the same indt'lil»le stamp of dishonor t'ldm its <'rai>y to (!i> cover that 1 am completely sustained by the authority of one of the most eminent of the Jurists of my own country who excr sat in \\w ]ii;;hest seat other most elevated tribunal. I find it reccu'ded in niicni the vohuiu's submitted to our consideration by the aji'cut of lie ]\lajesty*s ;;()\('rnment, '.Vom which I pray for lea\e to introduce the lul lowin<4' extract, as nudvin^' an apjuopriate close: " It' lliis were to 111- iiiliiiitti'd,"' siiys Cliicf .lustier Maisliiill, " {]<<' laws for tlic ]iirsii- vat ion oC oiii- iicuti'aiity would lir coiiiiilfti-ly i-hnlcd. N'cssrls coniidi'tclv lit lid in cmr ]ioi'ts for inilitiuy cxiirditioiis iircd only sail to a licIli.Lji'rcnt port, and tlicri', iirin (V tainiiii; a conniiissioii, )X'> llndn;;Ii llu' ci rciiiony of disdiarniiii; and rc-cnlisliiii; tli'ir (•rt'W. to iicconic pii lici ly Ic^iliniati' ci niseis, jinrilied from every taiiit eontiaeiril i; tile plaee \\ lieie all llieir retil forei-and eapaeily for annoyance was aei|iiiie(l. I'ii.s \V(Hiii|, indeed, lie iVainliilent nentiality, disj^raLefiil to t air own (.ioveininent am' uf wliieli no nation wonid Ite (lie '' d'axoeats parnii les jnristes lis pins distin^iies dn royaiiinc, doiit nn an iii'ni-- h doniie son avis, i in )ient en tionvef nn exeniple si^iiilieatif dans les doeniiient^ "H Hont tie \ ant nous, t 'm- lelle « ondnite n"eiit p.is main pie de se soiiteiiir a la loiij' le w: la simple fmee de son liailiionie iiiliee avee la jiisliee ,1 |c droit. SiippoM r (pie 111 laelie inoi;ile im|iiiniee a line 1 1 ans.ict ion de eette mitnie piii" ^1 re ( It.iei'e par le sini))le ineideiil irmie visile a nil lien 1.11 a 1111 autre, sans aiiiii:. rliiiiii^eineiil nialeiirl dii eoi|>s enlist il n.iiit (pii inspire sa eoiidiiite, me seinlde altmlii;' i\ nil ai'eideiil la veitil ipii n'appartii'iit ipi'a iin exereice de la \idoiiti'. .Fe tie piii-.. I'l' oolisi (|Melil, aceorditr a eette idee aileiine espcce de valelir. I.evaisseail liolillll' i I'lorida, a iiion point "'i hereeaii .insijira su lomlic. Kl .j'al eti- iieiirenx de lioiiNcr ipie je snis eiitiereiiniit mipiiye liaiis eette opinion )>ar I'aiiloiiti' d'lin des jnristes les plus t'miiients de iiin:! ])ay."s ar r;iitent i!ii ^Oll Ve; nemeiit di- sa Majeste. doni je \olls ]irie de me permettle de pii'seliter I'lXtl.i" Hiiivant eomme fai.s.'int iiiie tin liieii appropriee a cet avis: "Si Ton ailmetiai! eeei. ulil liCliief .1 list iee .Marsliall. I les loi.-, jioiir le maiiilii' i '1'' noire mntral'ie seiaieiit completement i linlees. l>i- \ai>seaii\ entieienieiit eipui"" duns iios pulls pour des opt ■rations mil it aires n'on; «pi"a faiiM \ mlr jiisipra nn port lui- lineranl, it la. apris avoir ohleuii nm- eommissn.n. .-i fane la eiieinoiiii' de lic'iiiii r'i M'iit, et dollt aileiine liatioti nc seiait 1,1 dupe." I'onr les raisi n,-, .spcciiii'cs eiilcssiis, je siiiH arrivf a !a nnieliisioii. dans le eas iniiiii- tenant pr. ^'iite du I'loiida. ni\ , reipc-^i in;:' immediaie iie, li- lies to he made respcctin;; this vessel, vS:c.. in the eiistomary form. At the same time he addr»'ssed amitlier to the law-ollicers of the Crown, liaiismiltiiij;' th;' note of .Mr. .\d;iais and t he letter df .Mr. hud- ley fertheir eonsidei'ation, and askiiii; lor .>ueh o1».m'I\ ai ions as they iiii;,^lit have to make on the subject. F.tals-t'iiis — ii'a pas rein pi i, daiis'T cas, Icsdrv .lirMcNpKsi'^daiiN Ics trois ri'f^lcs pirsiritcH ■M\ lllliincs ('iiiiiliii' ;^lli(l(■^ il'ilpli'> Ifs Id iiic ■, illl tl.iili- (le \S'ar*llill^t(ill. l.'.VI.Ml \M A. I.i' ','1 juiii l-i;-,'. .M. Atlains adirssa iiiie iniic mi ('imiic i.'usscll, tin rap]Hlant la ri'pii'^- M'!itali(iii iin'il i'\ail I'aitr i|iii'l<|iii- tcinp.sanpai'av.-iiit Imirliaiit I'cijiiipi-iiii'iil ilc I'l M'l-to, iii la\rai<' ilr^titialinii If liii'iiKiii'i' Mir li' I'Iniida cnaiiiii iiMlh|iiaiil (•!aiili(':itiiMi, ill snltst.iiict' to tliis ctlri-t : if till' ri'iniMiiliiliiiii iii.'iilc liv Mf. Adams i^ in aiTdnliiiicr witli flic faft«, tlic IniiM. iii;^ ami ci|Mi|iiiiciit ol' ihc stcainci' is a iiiaiiiri'>t \i(ilalii)ti ol' llic l'iirci;^ii-ciilis|iii>';t act, ami steps t>ii;i;lit ti> Itc taken to |>iit tlial act in •'one, ami {<< iniitnt //n (■(.■.«i7 /c,,,,, iJOilllJ lit Hilt. 'I'liis Wiis ii nTCiit step ill iidviiiici' of iiiiyfliiiiy tlint liad tiikni iilaccin tli«' loiinricasc. It In My ici'dniii/cd the duty ut' iircvnitidii, and sli'iiii;;iv rrcoiiiim'iidt'd liiat |trn|icr steps lie takcii l>y llic aiitlH)iiti('>; at lavci ]i()()l tu asrcrlain tlir liiitli, and it' siil)ii-it>iit rvidmcc could lie oltlaiiml tojiistily pi(>c«'('diii;;s under the act. to take siicji proceedings ;is simui as possilde. N'Mihin^i' eoiild lie more satislMctoiy than tliis dire<'tion. If il ii;ul been eanie(l out in its s])irit Itv tlie parties wlio liad it in eliar.uc, tlnii^ is little reason to doubt that the jrojicy pointed out would lia\e Immi ell'ected. i'.nt. it appears more than douUlfnl whetlier tliis injiinetion produ.vil tlie smallest elVeet upon tlie parties conceiiie(| ; tor it could 'lard'iy liave readied its destination hetoie tlie time at wliicli tlie report of iln' (•ominissioneis of the eiistoins was made up. That repojt was deaih made in answer to the earlier letter of Mr. Ilaminond <»f the 'J.")tli; tm the reports of Mr. S. I'rice l-'alwai ds, the collector, and ol' !•'. Muil^hii. .surveyor at Liverpool, dated the L'Sth instant, iiichtsed therein, piiidl. l)y two s the opinioti of the law olliceis. No allusion ap]»(ars tti \»- uiade to it in this reply. The siilistaiice of it is the admission of tic i'act that the vessel is intendc'l for a ship of war. lint no e\ ideiHc Ii.in been produced of its dest innl ion siiflicietil to inslily pioceediiius, aini unless the consul. Mr. I Midlcy, should be able |(» stilniiit such e\i<|cii.i to the collector ol the port, any attempt t(» seize tliexcssel wmilil i n.l only in entailing' iij)on the parties com-erned very serious conseipiriiic. On |iciil prisiinicninc crttcilcrnicrt' mi'surc I'tail luictirf-caiitinn en pins dc tniu iti|':: aviiit cic tail dans !c cas dc I'Orciu. ('im| jcniis plus tard, nn cNp(i>c tni la it ]iar ccs ■•ni'iicicrs," en ri'piinsc a cettc deiiiaii'i. . cinilenanl en siilisiaiiec ee ijiii siiii : •' .si hi I ipiesenlal inn I'aitc par M. Adams est d'aeenrd a\ ee les tails, la enlist i iiri' < «'t I'l'ipiipi'inenl dii s|,aniei- sunt line \ ielal inn manifcstc dn /""/'nV" '"'''•'"""''"'■ '' lies niesllles dniselil et re prises iiniir laiie i\. illler ' cxpnse ieei)nnai>-sait iileineineiit le devoir dc /))•('(•( );(■)'. ct rceninniaiidait t'oi leiaeiit 'p ties incstircs citiiveiiiildcs Inssent prises par les antoritt's eniit'nrineincnt a raetc, pnnr |n'endrc res nu'snres aiissiii'it i|nc pnssildc. Ii'ieii He pniivail elie pliis sat isfaisaiit (pic ei's direetinns. Si elles avaieiil etc siliM-' dans eet esprit par les partii'sipii en etaient eliar^fi'cs, il y a pen dc nintils dc doiiirf ipic la eniidnilc indii|iiee anraii etc ctli'acc. Mills il parall jdiis i{ne dniitcns (pie eet le injinnt inn pmdiiisU Ic ninindrc cllil -if cciix (pi'ellc eniieiiiiait. (arelle aiiiiit a peine i>n alt(in(!>'c ha dest inalioii a>a!it rcpnipic on t'nt eeiil le rapport des eninniissaires des dmiancs. Cc rapp(Ml I'lit I'viilcin- ineiil tail en n pniisc a la pree< ileiiie lettre dc M. llaninimid, dii -.">, ear les lapi'mi-'l M.S. I'riee I'.dw aids, le receveiir. et dc .M. I). MiMj^aii. 'cc(1">it dc d<".;v jniirs I'avis ties "ollicieis dc la Ini. 'i ii'y est tail aneniie allnsinii dans ecttc ri'ponsc, I, a siilistanec en est radinis>iiiM y liim at that time to Her Alajesiy'.s ;'ovi'rniiieiit. Mr. hiidh'V, ill accordance with Air. .\dams*s inslriictioiis. aecordinj;ly ;iii(ln'sse(l to .Mr. Ilduards. on the IMh duly, a letter !' I'liisliiii;;' a loll^• ;iiiay of details as to the nature anil soiin'it of the information he had iilitaiiicd. and pro\ idin;;', as it would appear, almndaiit means of prose- iiiliii;; fiirllier impiiries if tlieie were any inclination so to do. To this letter Mr. S. Price l-Mwards replied l»y proniisini;' that lu« wiiiilil suhinit it to tlii> coiisiilcral ion of the lioarti of customs, lie did iie snltstantiated by evidence tnrnished iiy liiiiiself. iJiil this Mr. S. I'rice lOdwards happened to have received from tlie- \.i' i.iii|Mirt (Ic's tair('s sr icniiiiir ilaiis la rniiiii' onliiiaiii'. I'l'slaMliri- ; ".Villi". |iriiiiis il'a jiiMlcr i|iir l'"< iil'lirii'is di- l,i\ i r|iii.il ••xi'iriMiiMl iiiii- •*iirvrillanri> MMifsur li' sai>-i'aii d (pn' tmil ri'iisi'iniiiMiiciit iilii-riciir i|iii iiiniiiaii i-iic (ililiiiii In r''iii riiiaiit sera lapiiiirti' sur Ic <'liaiii|i. " \ nil |Mi'iiiiiT cxaiiii'ii, cr |iitra^ia|ilir si'iiilili'iait |iar Irs trniir.-. iiii|ilii|iit'r iiiic |ii'ii- iiirssr (laiislc jiiMiri' il'iiii riiy:a;iriiii'iil (I'mic vigilance (•unsiaiih' ; mais ni i-iiiii|iaraiit ci'H |iiiiasrs, a ci'llcs. |ii'i'si|iriili'iii ii|iirs, i|iii sunt tiiniliiM'i's ilaiis Ir c.as |ii'i'i'i-ilrnt ilo I'lMi'in, fi i!i n'ihaii|iiaiil Ics ii'siilia' s ani\i-. dans Ics ilniv cas, mi |ii'iil rii ciiiii'liiri) iiii'il ii'i lait roiisidi'ic |iar Irs piirlirs i|Ui' ciiiiiiiii- iiiii' drs I'imiui-.s rialilit'< |)(>iii' trriniin'i' mil' ili|H I'iii-. I lu' coiiir di- rr ia|ipi)rl In! I r.nisinisi', Ic t jiiilli't, a M. .Vdaiiis, a\ fc iino iliiniiiidc ipi,' Ic ccinsiil dfs r.l.ais-i iiis a l,i\ ciikhiI I'lii rliar;;i' dr sKiinii'ltrc an rm'\ciir i!''Mliiiia!ii's Idles pi'i-nvi's (pril pmiirail |tii>si'd('r Iciidaiil a munlrrr i|iii' scs siiiipriiiis 'I ri';;aid dr la drsl iiiat inn dn vaisseau itaicnt )iii-ii rnndi-s. 1,1' 1111:11 df rr iiTix ('111 riail S. I'rii'o l",d\v aids, d j'ai di'ja ni riMcaNinii d'iniliipii'r, il:iii> innii (•\aiiii'ii di' la di'stiiialion t\r roiclo. la siinatinn tics-parl iciilii-ii' dans l:ii|iirlli' il iiait plai'y, par Ifs irprrsi-ntal niiis (pTil lii a n' snjri, a crili' I'pnipir, ail K'lii^ii'iMiiifnt dc sa .Majcsti'-. .^l. iMidlfV, sidoii Us iiisti iictionsdi' M. Adanis.adn'ss 1 ni niiisi'i|iii'ni r a M. I'.dward.s, li' '•'.jiiilli'l, line |(in;^iii' Ictli't", t'lMU'iiissant iiiif si-rii' dc iTiisi'i;xniMiii'iits siii- |a iialiin' rt ii's ?iiiiii-cfs dt's inloiiiiatiiins cpi'll a\ail idilciiiics, ct doiiiiaiit. a cr ipril scnildait, dcs iiiiiyciis aliiiiidaiits vie pnnrsiiivrc dcs ciKpiflis nltciiciiics s'il y avail ipiidi|nc disposi- tiiiii a ell I'airc, A rctic Iclirc M. S. I'lici- ICdwiirds rcpoiidit iii prnnifllant ipi"il la sumncttiait ;i l<'>.aiiii'ii di's coiiiiiiissaii'i'.s di's dniiancs. II in inampiail pas ccpcndanl d'ajoiih-r iino I'Xliri'ssion i\r Kiiii (ipiiiiiin i|iii- Ics allirniatiniis dc .M. Itinllcy dcvaiciil ciic avanl tout vi'iiliiis par divs prciivi's loimiifs jiai Ini-nicnic Miii.s CO .M. .S. i'licu Kdw(inl.H 8« Irouvuit avoir ri'vu, »lii aiciiif consul, oiiviioii troiu 174 ARniTKATIOX AT (!K\KVA. I! ^ H.'uiK' consul, 'S\y, Dndlry, nciirly tlircc \v(M'ks lu'lorc, ii IrHcr ;;i\iii;; liiiiiiy (Icliiils sfioiijily poiiiliii;:' lo tlit' dcstiiiiilioii of this Ncssrl. wlii,!," .so I'iir ;is npiu'iiis IVoiii tlu'si' |»ii|)«'rs, must liiivc Ix-cii ciitiifly siipimsMi!. It liiis Ik'cii jMihlislicd in one ttf tlit^ lati'st volnnics of tlic p:i|ii'is hi,. pendrd to I lie Anicriciiii ciisr. IrMiionly ;Mconnt lor this oniissimi ii|i,,| i lie supposition 1 liiil,iis Ml'. 1 >ii(llt'.\'s Ii'ilcr Jiddrt'sscd to Mr. A d inns on ih,. lollouin;^' diiy liinl lonnd its \v;iy to Inni soon iilirr. he inlrircd tluit , not it'i' of till' I;itl<'r won Id do lor Ixttli. 'V\\v \\w\ re 'idly is. Iiowcvit. tlmr tlic i'\ idcncc is of a dilVci'cnl kind, >ind, tlion;;li not drcisiNc in itsii^. Wiis cidcnhdrd to opt'ii ii way to further invest i.i;jilion if siirh wncl, siii'tl. The h'tlcrof Ihc'.Mh .Inly was rcli'rrnl to t lie solicit or of the cnstoins, Mr. llanicl, who replied in the cnstonniry manner — •• insidlicient e\ idciuc." On the i.">lli of .Inly tin- commissioners of customs wrote toil., ('((Ihetor of Li\eipool jo the same cIVect, and on the ITtli copii- , i papers were sent to the ticasiiry Ibi' the inltamation )»f the loidsciiin niis.sioners. 'i'lius it apjM'ars that three wteks liad passed since the iiijunctinii lui,! niioii the authorities ol tln> customs at Liverpool to ascertain the iimli. ami not a syllalde had liecn r( turnc.! to them e.Nceptin.u of a ne;Lr:ili'>> chariicler. No snllicient evidence of intenlion oll'cred to t hem. ami im dispo.vition to search lor an.v ; that was the sum of Ihe whole matttr. 'I'iifd of vvailin;.; for the action of Her Majesty's ;;overnnH'i;;. \\\. Adams. (Ill tlie iTih .Jiilv. wrote instructions to Mr. Dudley to eiii|il(i\ .i solicitor, and ^ct up allida v its to hiv Itelure I he cod eel or. 'I'iiat n Ulcer liail had almndant rea.sou to know, in the ca>e of the Oreto, how tlifticiih i: v.as, in ;i city swanaiii^ with s\ iiipal hi/.rrs in the siici-css of t licsr ml Ventures, fur him to lind iiciskiis w iio, Iiowcv cr clcai ly they ini.uht Kimw V hat was L;oin,u' on, were not al all disposed to siiltji-ct themselves to tlir odium allcudiii;;' a imltlic declar.ition of thetrulh. He did, Iiowi'Mi. by the L'lst, siic<'eed ill procuring si.\ persons ready to take liiciidi positions Itefore the collector. The process was completed, and thrcul Sfiiiiuiirs aiiparavaiil, niic pii'iiiii re li'tlir ii'iilVriiiant tuicr ilrtails, iloiiiiitnt a fiitriiihi (jiril .>'ani,s>ait (if la ilfsl iiialiiiii ilii vaisvi-aii. ijiu, aiUaiit ijii'il rrssorl dc ccs tlmiiiiiiiiiv iloivi'iU aMiir v\r cnl iiTitiiicnt siipiiiiiiii's, lis nal I'li' |)iililii s ilaiin Ics tli'rniri.s \mIiiiii<< (IfN (liK'iiiiitMU.s amii'S<''.-< a I'fXjtiiNf aiiii'i icaiii. .Ii' iic )iiiis i'\|ilii|iici' cfi {r niiiissiiiii i|iii' par la .sii|ii>(isiiiiMi i|H(', ciiiiiiiH' la Ifilir ailif^.Ni ,• a M. Atlauis U\ It'inli-iiiaiii liii iiiit paivcmif liifiUul apri's. il m roiirlnl (|iriiiM' inrnlimi N Wx dfiix. Lc fait rii iraliti' I'.-^l (cprihiaiif ijiic la |irrnvi' f.si (I'mik' f-.ji,.ci- diHi rnilr. .! (|iiiiiipic iiiiii il((i>ivc fii clli'-iai'iiir, rill' t lait calciilti' pom (iiiviii la \ nir a ilrs ncliri- (Ik^ iilh 1 ii'iiit s, si on \onlail 'i-.s lain-. i.a It III!' (Ill '.t jiiilli I lilt iii)i>aiilrs." I.f l.'i jiiillii, lis col 111 II issa ills dcsiloiiaiics I ii i\ uciit an rcccvciir dc Liverpool ihiii- If inciiic liiii, ct. Ic 17, dcs c\ciiiplaircs dcs dociiinciits rnrcnl cnvoyi-s a la trcson'iir imiir I'inroi'iiial ion dcs loids coinniissaiicH, Aiiisi il paiail >|iicliois scinaincs s'ciaicnl pa.sscs dcjiiiis <|iic' riiijoiiclion avjiit •!• I'aitc aii\ aiiltii'ilcs dcs diniancs dc liivcrpool dc .s'assincr ties tails, c| pas iinc sylli^i' n'as'ail cic rcmiiM'c, si cc \\\'s\ d'liii caractcrc ni'jjatil*. " Point dc prciivc.s .siiOi^iiiii''^ d'iiitciiiioii ■' lie leiir t't.iiciit I'oMinics, »•(, point ilc di.spiisidon a cii t'liciclier iMis-iiii'iiii^ N'oila Ic n siiinr- dc Ionic falVaire. Lasse dill tciidre raclion dii ;.;oiivcriicinent dc sa Majcsli', M. AdaiiiH ccrix it. li- 1' Jnillct.ilcs iiisiniit ions a M. Dudley aliii d'ciiiploycr iin "a\ (iiii''' cl dc faac iMiii' il.- «li''claial ions ecriicN el aninm cs par scrnicnt a porter dcvaiit Ic reccvenr. Cctnlti'i'i avail en dcs raismis iioinlnciiscs iionr ap|nciidic a coiiiiait ic. dans Ic cas dc roivi". coiiiliicii il liii ctail dilticilc, dans iiiic villi- t'oniniillant dc ;tcns .synipatliiijiics aii siin'" dc CCS avcni nrcs. dc \roiivcrdcs pcrsoniics ipii ipioii|n'cllcs pnssciil sat oir claiii'iiiin' v.v ijiii sc passait, I'lisscnt Ic iiioins dii nioiidc disposi'cs a s'cxposer a rodiciiN ipii '''H' atladie a line dirlaral ion piililii|nc dc la veiilc. II M'lis.sil ccpciidaiit, Ic "Jl, :i sc pi"- curur SIX pcranuucs prcles a dcioscr tlevaiit le recovcur. L'all'airo I'lit tcrmiin'e et li' OPINIONS (»!' MR. A HAMS. (.) |,rtor tiMiisiiiiltcd tliciii oil tlic L'lM (u IIii' romniissioiKMs of nistoiiH, wild liiiii*l*-tl tliciii to the solicitor, who |irniii|)tly i'«'tiii'iiril liis ciistoiiisiry ,i.|ilv— -no siillifitiit cv idciin'/' lint tlic liiilcd Stiitrs iiiithoiit v iiii;;lit _ . *.. . t.tit fill* «-iiwCitl 'if tlliilli JhVV-ll IMcl- IV to >io|» tlu' M'.s.sci iit their own risl Il\ [0 Mop I n* \ t'.'iM'i ill iiM'irowii I iniv. lliit thfic Wi'iT two iiilhU'iKM's iiowcoiiV('f;;in;;: Iroiii (litVcrciit (|i!iii1t'iH wllji'il Ut'li' (h'stincd to thrciltt'li thf slli;;;;ish ollircis of the cll^tniiis Willi n-spoiisihililii's niiich ^rt-ntcr tliiiii tiMar solicitor li:iil l;il>oi'i>i| to • 1....II' Ill llli> l*llill>ll ^^l'.ltlX liiKW iipDii the I'liilcd States IhlitW upon Hie y iiiieii oi.iies. Till' line proceeded iVoin the rniled St.ifes ai;eiils, who had ii^stiiiied :lii' i-iitire lahor ot' pioeiii in;;' eii^ht depositions to prove what slionid liivc hceii estahlisheil iiy the ener;4y of Her .Majest_\*s ;;dverninenl it- .,.!i_tlie inti-nt and desl ination of the ynidioal. iJiit the\ seem seaicely lilv.'lv to have had an.\ chance of Wii;:iht if supported e\cliisi\ dy l»> the aiilJioiitN of their Jiid;;nieiit alone. 'I'he lirst ssniptuin now appeai'ed of till' |iiissihilit> of a doiilit of tin* policy which had heeii iiiaiked out l)V till riisloins solicitors. The papers had heeii siilnnitled to the coiisider- itiiiii of an einiiient uciitleiiian ol the law, a C^>iiecii's coiiiisedor. Mr. It. I r. Ciillier, wiio, in reply, ;;a\e the follow inj;' as his tlelilierate opiiuoii : Mi:H<' jx'i >i-ii tiiat tin ruili'i'inr u|' cus- l^rl. iuili nl. I -IikmIiI lliiiikil i'-liisi|iiiy 'Hill I III II lirr. anil Ilia I il', al'lrr llir a|i|>li('.il inii w liirh \\;{^ Itci'ii inaili' In liiiii. '^ii|i|iiii'ti'i| I '.\ llir cv iilriici' \\ Ii'h'Ii lias lici'ii hiiil lifl'iiri' mi', III' alluv, ^ ilif vosi'! IoIi'mm- I.i\ ii|iiiii|, ' L' »ili iiiiiir a lna\y ir>|Miiisiliilily,iir w liiili tlir Imanl uT cii-linn*, iimlir w Iimnc diiiM;- I "ii> ill' aiipcais 111 III' acliii'^. iiiiist take tin if ^liarr. Tlic last sent' "ice was the most si^iiiilicant of all. It was this: it \mH ili'SrlM'S ('(ill>i(li r.lliiill W ili'llicr. if IIh' vrssrl 111' .iljiiuril III i'>i'a|ii'. llic I'lilc- I ,! iliiMi iiini'iil wiiiilil mil liaxi' siiiniis ^rniiiiils nf n'iiiiiii-.| I anil'. I Tlic idea that, iiislead of a respoiisiliilily for stoppiii;;- the \r.->scl I'udwii ii|)on the I'liitcd Slates, there was to lie a respon.siliility to l>e iiii|iits('(l upon the customs authorities and llieir superiors in ollice, aje I'i'.iis never to ha\ c entered into their conception. It w as like a I hiinder- l.i. : 1. .... ..I. .. i"il! ill a clear skv. ruivriir trmisiiiit ." MaiN il y av ill iliiis iiillni'iii'i'K iuMvn;;i','iiif ainis ili' iliiii iriils |iiiiiils, ijiii I'lairiit IdiMiin IS a niriiarrr li's |iai(s^iM\ (iriicin-. ilrs iliiiiants iriiiu' ns|iiiii>.aliijili- Ih.-iik niii* |l'li'> :;i;iiiili' i|iii' I'i'lli' i|iii' li'iir siillicilriir a\ail clii'ii'ln' a icJi'Iit siii' it's lllals-l'iii.s. i.'iiiii- |iiiiii il.iii (li's a',;i'iils (l( > i;ials-liii.s i|ui avaiciil assiiiii'' Imili' la cliaijir ilii |]'!"iiiiri- liiiil ilriiiisiiiiiiis |iiiiir |ir(iu\ t'l' ('(• i|iii aiiiail ilii rlri' I'laliji par I'l iii'iuif du L'i;;n<> dc la piissiliiiiti' d'nn iliiiili' siir la ciiiiilnili' i|ni avail I'li- indii|iit'i' par ll's Milliiilinifi ill's dniiaiii's. l,is diicnnii'iils avaii'iil itf suiiiiiis :i rtsanii'ii il'mi [('M.iiii'iil {iiriM'iiiiMiIti' ill' la I'riiK', M. II. I'. Cullii'i', ipii m ripmisi' diniiia cc qiii .suit |t'i;iiiiii' Mill avis ri'if'i'lii : •I'lii I'tiidir U's olliihiiih I i-dcssns, tt ji' siiis d',i\is i|ii(' li' irci'Vcnr ill's iliiuaiics ji' i;iii liii'U dc I'ctrnir w \aisscan. I'ln ilVct, jr pi'iisnais iinc r'l'sl son dcvnir ilo In JMiMii', rt i|Ui', si ii)in'H la drinaiiili' ipii Ini a I'li' failr, appnyrc par Irs iiii'inrs (|iii unt 1] ' )" ^l-, (levant mm, il iieriiiel an xaissean de i|nirei' LiNcipniil. il em oiiria nm- ) ''. dmit le ' Imaiil nt' ensimns,' smis les diieclimis (lni|ni'l il seinlile |iii '.. 11.,, prenile sa part." '"' ili'i xcre phrase etait la pins .si;inilic.itive ile Imiles. I,;i vniei : •• II rmi\ ienl liien I' " . -! V t^. .4. "^^ c^ x? 6^ mm^ 176 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. P' The assistant solicitor of customs iuimcdiatoly sought to put hiinsolf luuler the protection of thi^ law-olticers of the Crown. INIeanwhilo tlic same i^ajiers had been transmitted by ]\[r. Adams to Lord liussell, and by him likewise referred to the hiw-olMcers of the Crown. These papers reached their destination at different dates ; thoso sent from the customs on the 2,"m1 July, in the eveniufj, while those from Mr, Adams got to tliem three days later, though his note appears to iiave been dated on the 24th. It is obvious that this difference could have no elfect in delaying their decision. l>ut one additional deiwsition was added, which could scarcely have done more than con firm tlie result. Five whole days passed before a decision was returned. ]\[eaii\vliile the vessel was rapidly getting ready to depart. On the 28th, Mr. Dml. ley's solicitor sent a communication to the board of customs, to theoti'cct that they had every reason to believe tlie vessel would go on tlic L'Otli, This letter did not reaeli them until the 20th. Tlie vessel sailed on the 2i)th. That intelligence liivcwise was obtained from the same stnmv, IMeanwhile what becomes of the profession, made on the 1st of .hilyln tlie commissioners of customs, that "a strict watch should be keiitoii the ves.sel,and that any further information that nught be obtained eon eerning her would be fortliwifh reported." To be sure, on the 1st of xVugust, ^Ir. S. Price Edwards addresses a letter to the comnnssioners of customs, in which appears the followin;; siginlicant linc^, "The board will see that the vesel has left the port," J low they (;ould have seen through the spectacles i)resented by tliatoili- cer renuuns to be explained. Tlie surveyor, however, is more comimuii- cative. On the day before he gravely states that he had followed tlif collector's directions to keep a strict watch on the vessel. He is eoiiii- dent she had no ammunition on board. He had visited the tii;i>' llii- cules, where he found a considerabh^ portion of the crew, some ol wlidiii Avere on their way in that ves.sel to join the gunboat. Mv. Dudley liad given the same information to tlu^ collector. Even then the vessel emild have been traced and stopi»ed by an energetic interposition of govern L'aide-soUiciveur <)sitit)ii athlitidiiinHf tut ajoutt'e plus tai'd (pii pounait avoii' a jieiue, atieelo uiaterielleiueut le i'i'siilt;ii. C"iu(i JDurs eutiers se passereiit avaut (|u'uiio (h'eisioii Tut auuoueoe. Pendaut ei; t(iii|i^ le vaisseau se pn'iiaralt au d('|»ai't tres-rapidemeiit. Le '28 Ic stdlieiteur de M. Diiilliv ouvoya uiu; eouimuuioatiou aux couiinissaires des douaiu's a I'etfet : quMls aieut tmiti' rai.sou dc criiire ([ue le vaisseau partirait le 2d. Cette lottre ue leur parvint ([Ue lei': le vai.sseau ,s(Utit le uieiiie jour. Cettc imuvelle fut t'^f^aleuieut ohteuue de la inriiif soiii'ee. Teudaut ee teiups, (|U0 devieiit la deelaratiuu, faitc lo 1''' juillet par li'siuiii- inissalies des douaiu's, (pruut; surveillauee striotc serait exereee siu" lo vaisseau ot i|ii« tuute intormatiou ultoiieuro (pii poiu'rait etrc obteuue le coueeniaut scait vappoiW »»)■ h' vhumpt Sails doiite, le 1''' .avril, M. S. P. Edwards adresse uue Icttro aux comniissaires des douaues, dans lai(iielie se troiive la lijfiic sigiiili(;ativ(! suivauto : " Le /»»(n'(/ vein (|ue le vai.sseau a ((iiitte le ]>()rt."' Comuieut lis auraieut pu voir a travors les liiiiette ]U'eseutees par cet (illieier. e'est ce (pril reste a expliijuer. L siirrenoy cepeiuliiiit i'iut de munitions a bord. II avait visite le roinoniueur, I'Hereule, <■'. il aviiit trouve, daiis cc vais.seaii, uue partio considerable de IViiuipajje, dont (pudciiies liomims j {"•taieiit en route pour joiudre la canonuiere. M. Dudley avait doune le nieiiie leu- Heijfiieuient au reeeveiir. Meine alors, ce vaiss(,'aii aurait pu f'tre suivi et arietc pat mio interveutiou ouergi<£ue de I'autorite du gouv'erneiueut. Les coiumissaiicb in OriNIOXS OF MR, ADAMS. 177 )ut liiinsfif nwliilotlif nsscll, iiiiil tlioso sent i(^ from Mr, irs to liiivf lid have no [)sitioii was result. ^Icainvliili' 1, Mr. Dud. to the clU'ct )ii the 2!ltli, _'l sailed m aino s(Mii'ci', of .Filly by be kefit on )taiiied con- add rosses a le followiii:; 't the port." bv tliatotli- 'o coinimiui- ollowed tlic lie i.s eoiili- e tu'^ Hei- ne ol' whom Dudley liiid ve.ssel ('(mid of goveiii- lucut authority. The couiniissiouer.s of customs preferred to send hanu- les.s telegraphic orders to Liv^erpool and Cork, to lieauuiaris and Holy- li'iul, which looked like dispatch, but could by no reasonable probability iiave been of any avail. And the collector could promise that, ^^ should flpporUmity offer, the vessel should be seized in accordance with the (liiectious given." It is presumed this must have meant if the vessel should voluntarily present itself, and not otherwise. On a calm exam- ination of the evidence presented to us respecting the measures taken by the authorities charged with the duty oC prevention, it really looks as if they had chosen to look any way for it rather than the right way. LTpon a careful comi)arison of the language and the action of Mr. Ed- wards, the collector, as it has been heretofore explained in my observa- tions upon the case-of the Florida, with the course taken by him in this case, it is very difficult in uiy mind to resist the suspicion that he Avas more or less in direct sympathy with the designs of the insurgents, and not unwilling to accord to them all the indirect aid which could be supplied by a purely passive policy on his part. Very surely, if he had wished actively to promote their ends, he could scarcely have hit upon more effective means than those to which he resorted. It i.s alleged that the escape of this vessel was effected earlier than orijiiually contemplated, by reason of the reception, by the managers, of intelligence from Loudon of the intent of the government to detain her. This statement appears in the deposition of one of the persons who served as an oflicer on board from the start and during the whole of her first crui.se. Certainly a delay of five whole days in announcing a decision luijtht furnish ample opportunity for active sympathisers, of whom there was notoriously an abundance in that capital, to watch and report every .symptom of change that might be gathered from sources of authority. Even the fact of the long delay itself might be construed as ominous. Of tiie causes of that delay no absolute knowledge has ever yet been completely obtained. Xeither is it deemed expedient here to enter into any examination of it. It is sufficient to the present purpose to say that i la ])rotL'ctioa Adiiiiis i\ I/iiil mroiiiu'. CV> voyi's lull' li- lt trois jllll^ ir i|ii(' ccitf Khliriomiclli' t U'. n-siiltal. ant ci! tcii:|i> e M. Diiilloy .s aiciit tiiiitr lit i|ue li' '-".': (Ic lil llll'llli' par Icsciiiii- isseaii ot qiii' lit rappoitrt coimuissiures hoavd vcm rs Ics luiu'tU'i ■t'pt'ndiiiif I'st (lin'i'ti'insi)i' ior.>ina(l(' i|ii'il lie, ct il avail ijiio.s liomnu'S o nit"' I lie I* }t unt'tc par I iiiissiiireh des I (Innancs piv fori Tent oiivoyor (riniioceiits onlrcH ii'l('grai)lii(Hies i\ Liverpool et a Cork, h Bi'uuiiKiris et a Holyhead, qui avaieiit Fair tic depi-ciics, iii-ii.s qui, scion toiito prnliiiliilitd, lie pureut otre d'aucuno utilite. Et le recevenr put promcttro que, "si i'ucrasion b'eu preseiitait, le vaissoaii serait saisit conforim''in(',iit aux directioa.s dou- uoe.-*.'' On doit croiro (pi'il voulait dire, si le vai.s.seau se prcMcntait volontairement, et mm aiitronient. A un exanien calnie de la preuve <|ui nous est sonnii.so touchant les mcsiires prises par les autorites cliarj;t'^es du d(;ue ([ue I'dvasiou do co vaisscan s'oxdcuta plus tAt qu'on n'en avait en d'abord niitiiitimi, en raison do la reception par les propru'taires do nouvelles do Loiulres de I'iutiiitiou du {Touverueinent de I'arreter. Cetto alleiration apparalt dans la dt'^posUion d'uiic (los personnes mo •li3 eliaiijfeuicnt qui pouvait etre recueilli des sources d'autorite. Memo lo fait du lonj^ ''elui lui-iueiuo pouvait etro iuterprotd commo monavant. Quant aux causes do ce delai , iiucuiie connaissauce absolue u'a pu eucoro en fitro completement obtenuc. II ne parait Pisuoii plus opportuu d'oa abordcr ici I'exau „u. II sutlit pour Ic but actuel de diro 12 b [■y-n ■ a 178 AKBITRATIOX AT GENEVA. tlic omission to act in season was due to canses wholly within the pro. vince of Her jMajcsty's <;'overnnuMit to control, and that the lailnre isom- which must entail the responsibility for the j^reat injnries that ensued not upon the innocent i)arties whom it was the admitted duty of tjiin government to have protected, bnt upon those throngh whom the inju. ries became possible. One portion of this transaction having been, by the means already in. dicated, with diflicnlty accomplished, tlie other portion remaininj;' to complete it met with no resistance whatevei'. The British steamer Bahama, laden with the arnmment i)repared for the vessel by Fawcett. Preston & Co., and having for i)assengers the insurgent Americans aiul others destined to comimuid the cruiser, cleared on the 13tli of August. on the pretense of going to Nassau. The English barcpie Agrippinii almost simultaneously left London, ostensibly for Demerara, laden Mitli coals and munitions of war. Somewhere about the third Aveek in August the three steamers met at Angra Bay in the Azores, and uiuler the sanction of the British Ha;; this great fraud reached the point of its full accomplishment. The bo>>- pitality so freely extended to strangers of all nations in that kingdom, at once so enlightened and so energetic, had been basely abuse<'.s (lui H'cnsiiivirent, noii jias aux parties innocente.s, lais Bahama, cbar<;o de rariuement jireparc pour le vaisscau par Fawcett. Preston (it C'', et ayaut pour passayers les insuryes amorieains et d'autres de8tiii(:^s;i connnander le eroiseur, s'aeqnitta le K? aoftt, sons pr«*texte d'aller a Nassiin. La baniiu' anglaise A};rippiua cpiitta Londres i)resqne simultanomeut, en apparence pour ie Daneniark, cliar{j;(:^e de eliarbou et de uumitions de f^nerre. Ver,s la troisienie seniaino d'aoilt, les trois steamers se rencontrerent a. Angra Buy. aux Agores, vt, sous la sanction dn pavilion britanui(|ne, cettt; fi;i'''"do fraude atti'lfjnit le point de son eutier atcomplissement. On avait houteusenient abustS de I'hospitaliti'. si liboralemeut etendue anx e'trangers de toute nation, dans ce royaumo a la foissi eclaird et si <5ncr}ji(iue, jirescin'avec rintention, non-Henlement d'obtenir itn avaiitap' illcgitimo sur I'ocean, niais de sinner des f^ermes do dissensions entre lui et nne nation parente, avec la((uelle il otait dans I'obligation la plus solennelle de garder la pai.x. Ce tut ainsi que le vaissean, peals either of Mr. Se.ward or Minisnfr Adams, both of wiioiu claimed, as the reader has seen, that it was her duty to stnltify herself and ifiuore the connnission of my Hhi(). Nor s lois avaient <^te fii liuhilcnient bravc^ea. En coust^ciuence, il se dirigea, non saus grande difficulte, vera Port Royal, dans I'ile de la JamanpKi, ai»part(Miant a sa Majeste. Dans son propre ex- jiosd de cette atVaire, on decouvrira tres-uetteuieiit Tt^tat de ses sentiments a I'approche (le ct'tte (^preuve supreme : "Ce fut le premier port anglais dans lequel j'entrais depuis ({ue I'Alabama avait etc coiiimissionue, et ancune ((uestion sur les antecedents de mon navire ne fut soulev<^e. .I'avais aiiporto en etVet des lettres de creance asse/ substautielles, pronvant (pie j'ctais mi viiisseau dn guerre; cent trente oHicicrs et s(ddats de I'un des vaisseaux eiineinis coiilf' a fond. La Grande-Bretagne avait eu le bon sens de ne preter I'oreille ni aux apjii'ls fr(^nt''ti(|ucs de M. Seward ni a ceux du niiuistre Adams, ipii tons d(!ux soute- nait'iit,comme lelecteur I'a v'u, ijiie cV'tait son devoir de se renierclle-UK'nu! etd'ignorer la coiiiinission dc; mon navire. Le commodore Dunlop no me dit rieu non plus au sujet •le la destruction jiar moi de propric^'tc's anglaises," etc. 11 icKsort trJ's-clairement (le ci! passage (pie la possibilit<^ d'un tel (jbstade n'avait pas etC' entieremcnt ('trangf're a ses ai>pr(^hensi()ns. Si I'objection avait (^te faite, il est tivH-probable (pie la cariii'ie de cis vaisseau anrait 6t6 termim^e d'uno manii're bien (litlt'itnte de celle ipii cut lieu dans la snit(!, Mais elle ne fut pas 8()ulev(^e. L(^ gou- viriieur Eyre, (pii <^tait alors raiitoritt'- n-gnante, senible avoir agi avec (luelque hesi- tation et avoir ('td surtout diHcirmiuc par la U(5ce8sit(5 clairc de mettro a terre le grand 'P 180 ARniTRATION AT GENEVA. of Iminaiiity. Tlie oidor sanctioning the repairs does not appear to liave been expressed Ity him in terms, and he immediately addressed a letter to the Duke of Newcastle, the colonial secretary at houjc, snbinit ting the facts, and soliciting his approbation. On the 14th of February, by a letter from Mr. Uammond, on bohalt of Earl Ivussell, that approbation appears to have been granted, though not without reluctance, for it is followed by an injunction to get rid of the vessel as soon as i)ossibIe. Nevertheless the evil was done. xViid by this proceeding Her Majos- ty's government apj^ear, at least to my eyes, practically to have given their formal assent to the principle in international law that success SANCTIFIES A FRAUD. In the memoir Avhich I have heretofore prepared on the snbject of the Florida, I ha' .-. gone so much into the examination of that question that there is no necessity for my dwelling upon it tin ther. 1 have always regretted that on this occasion Her Majesty's gov- ernment failed to use the occasion for establishing a law on the ocean most consistent with the i)rinciplea of equity whicli should prevail upon men, and not unlikely, in the distant future, to inure to the benetit of her own marine <|uite as largely as to thatvf any other nation The next step in the order of events essential to the purposes of tlic narrative was the arrival of Captain Semmes at Cape Town. liut I tl» not, at this time, propose to i>ursue the matter further, partly because the consideration of it is likely to be renewed in examining the case of the Tuscaloosa, and partly because the facts material to a judgnuMit in the case seem to me to have been already collected. It thus appears that this vessel was built and fitted up with the intent to carry on war with the United States, in the kingdom of Great Britain. in violation of her laws, and that, notwithstanding the evidence of the fact was established so far in the opinion of Her INIajesty's law-oilioors as to justify detention, by reason of the absence of due vigilance, not without suspicion of connivance on the part of some of Her Majesty's officers, and of an extraordinary delay in issuing the necessary orders at the nomliro do prisouiiiers coimne nil ])ur acto (rhuinaiiito. L'onlrc sanctionuivut Ii's n - l)ar.ati()iis no panilt pas avoir <5tc cxpiiiiio par lui foriiu'lleiiitMit, ct il adrt.'s.sa iiiinuMli- atemotit nno Icttro au due do Newcastlo, s(.'crotairo des colouies en Anglcterrc, lui sonniettant Ics laits et soUicitaiit son ai)iii'obati()ii. Lo 14 Idvricr, par nno lettre do M. Hammond, snr I'ordro dn Comto Russell, iitH' approLation parait avoir 6t6 accordoe, quoiquc nonsaiis repuffnauco, car olio est suivii' d'nno injonction do fairo partir lo vaisscan le plus vito possible. Nf^anmoius lo mal <5tait fait, et par eotte conduito lo gouvernement do sa Majcstr scmble, an moins a nies yeux, avt)ir doniKi pratiquemeiit sou assentiment formel ;m prineipo do loi iuternationale quo lo " sneces sanctilio uue t'raude." Dans le mcnujiiv i|ue j'ai prepar do saisir I'di- easion d'dtalilir une loi maritime tout il fait en rapport avec les princii)es d't^quite (|iu dcvraieut prevaloir parmi les liommos, et qui vraisemblaldemeut a I'avenir coutri- bnera ii I'avautago de sa propro mariao aussi largemeut qu'u cclui do toute au'.re in- tion. Lo pas snivant dans i'ordro des dvdnenienta essentiels an but do co r<^eit fut I'arrivir du capitaino Senuiies il Capo Town. Mais jo no mo ))ropose ])as maintenant do pour- suivro CO sujet plus lougtemps, en partio parco quo I'examen doit en etro renonvelo en t'xaniinant le cas du Tuscaloosa, et en partio parco quo les faits qui doiveut fouruir lii niatiere d'un jngemcnt dans co cas mo somblent avoir 6t6. deja nlunis. II somble air.si: 1° quo co vaisseau a dt«S constrnit et dquiptS, avoc I'intontion do faiie la guerre aux Etats-Unis, dans lo royaiime do la Orande-Brotagno, en violation de st^ lois ; 2" quo, quoiquo la preuve du fait ait dtd dtablie dans I'opinion des otliciers de la loi do sa Miijestd assez pour justilier uuo saisie, on I'aison do I'absenco "des due> diligences," non sans eoupvon de connivence de la part de quelqnes ofliciers do si Majestd et d'uu ddlai extraordinaire a douner les ordres udcessaires au moment le plus OPINIONS OF MR. ADAMS. 181 most criti(!iil nioment, the vessel Wiis suffered to escape out of the juris- diction. That lier Jiriiuiment, lier supplies, and her crew were all ])ro- vidod and transported from lier JNEajesty's kingdom without the smallest effort to investigate their nature or their purjjoses. That thou<^li orders were freely ftiveii for the detenfioti of the vessel at any of the colonial [lorts at which she mijifht arrive, the first time that she did actually ap- pear she was received and recognized with all the honors due to the marine of a recognized belligerent power, without the smallest mani- festation of dissatisfaction with the gross violation of laws that had entailed uj)on Her Majesty's government a grave responsibility to a power with which she was at peuce. Tluis it appears to me beyoml a doubt that in the case of the Ala- haiiia, Great Britain, by her omission to exercise due diligence in pre- venting the fitting out of tills vessel, which it had reason to believe in- reniU'd to cruise against a [Mjwer with wliich it is at peace, has failed to fultill the duties set forth in the first article prescribed to the arbitrators lis their guide under the terms of the treaty of Washington. Tuscaloosa. VI. — THE TUSCALOOSA. In the series of papers which it has been my duty to prepare upon the vessels successively brought to the attention of the tri- Imnal, I have proceeded so far as to deduce from the evi- dence submitted one general rule, which I believe to be sound. This is, that the assumption of a belligerency on the ocean, founded exclusively upon violence and fraud, can at no later period have any issue difi'erent in its nature from that of its origin. This rule must receive another illustration from the case of the Tus- caloosa now before us. This was a merchant-shii) belonging to the United States, originally having the name of the Coiu'ad, which was captured by the Alabama on the 2 1st of June, 1803, on the coast of Brazil. Of the ease of that vessel, of its fraudulent origin, and of the unfortunate re- cognition afterwards made of its character as a legitimate vessel on (I'itiqiio, oil permit aii vaisseau d'ecbappor a sa Jiiridiction ; :?" (pio son aroienicnt, scs -^iibsiik's it son <>(]nipaetite inar(|ue de mecontenteineiit an sujct taitun vaisseau marcband appartenant aux fitats-Uniset ayant d'atiiiid le noni du Conrad, (pii fnt pris par rAlal)ama, le 21 juin 18(i:i, sur la eoto du Bivsil. Quant an cas de ee vaisseau, k sriinal error. It should here he observed thai, in tlie order of events naturally I'ol- lowinj;' what has ever st^eined to nie the .ureal orij;inal mistake of the recognition of this false nniritime bellijicrent, si)ran,i;' up a necessity of immediately considerinji' the question of the I'ecoynitiou of any prizi's which it miftht take and send in under the establislied law of nations to any of the ports of Her Majesty's kin<4(lom, there to await a lejiiilnr condemnation in the courts at home. Unless some ac^tioji were at oikt taken to prevent it, the practical result would clearly be that the whole commerce of the United States would be in ihins'er of sacritice to one belliji'erent in British ports without a single chance of correspondiii;' advantage to the other. For the fact that the insurgents had no com- merce of their own whatever had become (piite notorious. In order to guard against this danger Her jNIaJesty's govern iiicnt promptly resorted to a precautionary measure entirely within its imwir to take, under the law^ of nations, the prohibition of the use of its ports to either party for the admission of i)riv;es. The same policy haviiij: been adopted by all other naval powers, it became evident to the liilse belligerent that nothing positive was to be gained to itself from its as- sumption of a place on the ocean. The only motive left for trying to keep it was the possibility of injuring its opi)oiuMit. Hence, a resort to the barbarous practice of destroying the property it could not convoit ir.to plunder. But this practice seems at times to have become unpleasant aiKJ wearisome to its peri)etrators. Hence, it was natural that their attei.- tiou should be drawn to some manner of evading it. The commaiuUi of the Alabama having made it the occupation of some of his leisure hours to study the best known treatises on the law of nations, seems to have hit upon a passage which he considered exactly to lit his purpose. lo jj;""vci'ncm(;nt (Ic la nation dont Ics loi.s avaioiit <5tc si iinpndemnient bravo<'S,j'iii d<^ji\ souinis nion jii<;eniout dans un piccodent niemoirc. Co j^ouveineiuent <^tiiit dr-^ lors destine h passer par une antie dpieuve decisive, consequence uecessaire i;t legitime do sa premiere erreur. 11 faut reuiarquer ici qne dans I'ordre des (1v(5nenients qui suivirent naturellonieiit ce qui ni'a sembld toujonrs la grande erreur ori};inelle de la reconnaissance de ce faux bell if" tyrant, s'oleva la necessite de considt^rer inunediatenient la question de la recoii- jiaissance de toute prise qu'il aurait pu faire et envoyer dans (juelqu'un des ports dii royaunio de sa Majeste d'apres le droit des ji;eu8, pour y attendre un jnjjeuient regulirt' devant les cours dn royannie. Anioins de quelque mesure prise imuiediateiiient pom I'enipeelier, le resultat pratique aurait <^te clairenient que tout le connnerce des f.tats- Unis se serait trouv6 exi)os6 i\ jitre sacriti(5 a I'un des bellij>(^rents dans des ports anglais, sans une seule chance d'avautage correspoudant pour I'autre. Car, le I'ait (]nc It's iii- 8urg<^s n'avaieiit en propre aucnn commerce du tout devait etre parfaitement notoiii'. AHn do se garder de ce danger, le gouveriiement de sa Majeste recourut pronipteuieiil i\ une uiesure de precaution qu'il dtait entierement en son pouvoir de prendre d'apii* lo droit des gens, la d«5fense anx deux j)arties de so servir de ses ports pour l'adniis.si(m des prises. La memo coujluite ayant ctd adopt<5e par tontes les puissances maritinies, il devint dvideut pour le faux belligdrant qu'il n'avait rieu a gagner en s'arrogeaiit If litre de puissance uavale sur I'ocdan. Le seal motif qui restAt \)o\\v tilcber de le ganlii etait la possibilitc de uuire a son adversaire. De lil, le recours a la pratique barbaie do dctruire la propridtd dont il ne pouvait i>as faire du 1)utin. Mais cetto pratique semble paifois etre devenue ddsagrdablo et onnuyeuse pour ceux qui s'y livraient. II dtait d(^s-l< rs naturel que leur attention se portitt sur quelniio moyen de I'dviter. Lo commandant de 1' Alabama, en ayant fait I'occupatiou (L' (luehpies-uns de ses moments de loisir pour etudier les ouvrages les i)lu8 conmis tin droit des geus, semble etre tombd sur uu piissage qu'il considdrait comme tout a fait OriNlONS OF .All.'. ADAMS. 183 This was an oxtract from Wlioaton's wellkiiowii work, to t'le cll'tH't that ii l('j;itiniato authority inij'iit convert a captnri'd nuMchantvcsscl, with- oiit (M)ii(h'ninatioii, into a shi[) of war, to sni.'h an extent at h'ast as to secure tlie reeoj-nition of it by nentral nations. It was i)robal)ly from tliis sonrci! tiiat Captain Seinmes contrived his du'Uie of tnrninj4' the United States merchantman Conrad, laiU-n with iicaryo of wool from a distant market, into the ('onfedin'ate States shi]) Tiis(!ah)osa, temh-r to the Ahibama, havinj;- two li'-ponnd ritle f^'uns, and ten men; and brin<;in;;' her into Her ]\IaJesty's port of Simon's Jiay, Cape of (lood lIoi)e, to test tlie disposition of the h)cal authorities to ivcofjiiize the proceedinji'. As usually hai)pened in the course of these transactions, tho naval otlicer in commaml in the harbor at once penetrated the fraud. Kear- Adiniral Sir ]>. Walker, on the 8th Auf^ust, addressed a letter to Sir l*. Wodehouse, in whiish he used this language : Tlie ailiiiissiou of this veHHi;! into port will, I fear, open tho door for iminbers of vos- M'ls ciiiitiired uiidt'r sliiiihir (iircuiiiHtaiices, hciiij; dttiioniiiiatod teiuhirs, with a view to iivoid the ])rohil>itioii contained in the Queen's instrnctions ; and I would oliserve, that lliB vessel Sea Jiridt!, (iaptnred l)y the Alahaina oil' TaVde May a few days since, or all (itlier prizes, mij;ht i»e in like manner styled tenders, niakinj; the prohiljitit)n entirely mill and void. I ajipridieiid that to hrinji ^ captured vessel under tho donomination of a vosstd of war she must he litted for warlike i»uritoses, and not merely have a few men and two tiiiall <;uiis put on hoard her (in fact, nothing hut a prize crew) in order to dis<;uisc. liiT real character as a prize. Now, this vessel has her original cargo of wool still on hoard, which cannot bo re- (|iiiied for wailike pnrpo.sos; and her armament, and tho number of her crew, are quite iiisullicieiit for any services other than those of slight defense. But this sound judgment of the gallant raval olhcer met with little response from the higher authorities of the Cape. As usual, the governor had consulted his attoriu\v-gcneral, and, as usual, the attorney-ger .M>a1 gave an opinion, giving live reasons why '! i '! convenahle a sou dessein. C'etait nn extrait du volume bien conuu do Wheaton, dout le sens etait (pi'une autorite h^gitime ponvait convertir uu vaisseau marchand capture, saus jugement, eu vaisseau do guerre, as8ez,du moins, pour assurer sa reeonnaissanco imrdes nations neutres. Ce fut prol>ablement a cause do cela quo le capitaine Semnies coufut son projet do changer le vaisseau marchand des Ctats-Unis, lo Conrad, charge d'uno cargaison de laino (I'lin uiarche eloigne, eu vaisseau des ctats-confederes, le Tuscaloosa, iciider do I'Ala- bama, ayaiit deux canons rayes do (h)uze, et dix homines, et do leconduire dans le i>ort (1« sa Majesty een reached at Cape Town as to desire a reconsidciii. tion of the question by the law-otlieers of tlie Crown. This was diitiil on the 3()th September. The consequence was an opinion, not delivered until nineteen davs aiterward and bearing marks of careful consideration, signed by all three of the legal otiicers, the purport of Avhich was a disavowal of tin- fiction of law based upon a misconception of the doctrine of Wheatoii: and a distinct expression of a proposition so important in conuoctioii with all the events submitted to our consideration that 1 deem it necis- sary to quote the very language : "We tliinlc it rijjlit to observe tlmt tfic third reason alfof^etl l»y tlie coloiiinl attoriifv- •riiicral for liis opinion assniiies (tlioujj;li tlie fact liad not ^K-en made the snhjcet of any in(|iiiry) that " no means existeitim(» do ffiierre d'un bellijjdrant retoimn. If s'ajipuyait aussi sur I'extrait de Touvrai^e de Wheaton, se rapportaut a une (luestion toutc dillerente. Ceci se passait lo 7 aoftt 1803. Le {:rouverneur eiivoya ces documents, par lo canal ordinaire, aux autoritf^s du royaume, et avec le temps ils parvinrent au Comte Russell. II senible avoir etd si pen satisfait du singulier rdsultat obteiin il Cape Town qn'il dosira nn nouvel exauieu de la ([iiestion par les "law-oilieers" de la couronno. Ceei <^tait dat<; du 'M septenibre. l^e rdsultat fut un avis, (lui ne fut livrc que dix-neuf jonrs jdus tard, rcnrermaiit de< marques d'un examen sernpulenx, signc par les trois otliciers lej^aux, dont le resume etait nil desaveude la iiction do loi,basd sur nn malenteiidu de la doctrine de Wheaton. et nne expression claire d'nne proposition si iini>ortante a Tejiiard do tons les eveiie- meiits souuiis a notrc exanieu que jo crois in5ces8aire d'eu trauscrire les jn'opres termes : " Nous crnyons qu'il est bon de faire remarquer que hi troisienie raison alldosition qu'en admettant (pi'il a ^td pris par uu vaisseau de guerre des (^tats-confcdeies, il ('•tait ivutorisd j\ renvoyer le gouvernement de sa Majestd, en cas de dispute, a la cour de ses etats, afin de douner satisfaction i\ celui-cl sur son vrai caract^re, nous parait eii dosaccord avec le droit indubitable de sa Majesty de ddtermiuer, dans les liiiiitesde son territoire, si ses ordres, donncs pour le maintieu de sa neutralite, ont eto violesou uon. "L'avis en vient i\ d(^clarer quelle anrait dft etre la conduite convenable. Les alle- gations du consul des l^tats-Uuis auraieut dft etre port(5s imniddiatemeut il la connais- sance du capitaine Semmes pendant (pie le Tuscaloosa etait la. P]t il anrait <5t6 obligi5 d'eu adm(!ttre ou d'en nier la vdrit<5. Si co resultat dtait, dans ce cas, la preuve que le Ol'INIONS OF MU. ADAMS. 185 se slioiiM r a IVCO;;'. of ^\\m■ lis AVUSOll e autliori- ly to Kiirl L^ -siiiKuIiir [!onsi(l('in- ras (latfd toon (lays 10(1 by nil ival of till' ^Vlieatoii : lonnoctiuii 11 it iioccs- ill attoriifv- bjcct of any liul not Ix'i'ii osition that, itoH, siic was )f her States ic(! with Hit r her orders, se should lid at onoe e tho Tns- it or deny he Tiisca- l(uisa was an unc^ondoninod jirize bion<;ht intoUritisli waters in violation (if ilei' Majesty's ordc's for maintain}; her neutrality, it would deserve Miions consideration whether tne most proper eourse consistent with IffiMajesty's dignity would not be to tala^froni the cajitors, at once, all tiirtlier control over tho Tuscaloosa, and retain it until properly reclaimed liylior original owners. Tliif^ opip.ioii, so far as I have had occasion to observe, contains the very first indication of a disposition nianifosted on tho part of Her ^la- jostv's advisers to resent the frauds and insults which had been so con- limially practiced ui>on her from the outset of this stru}:fsle bv these iiisarft'ent agents. Had it boon duly manifested from tho l)eoini in};, it can hardly be doubted that she would have been materially relieved ironi the responsibility subso(piontly incurred. Oil the 4th of November tho Duke of Newcastle addressed a note to the };'overnor of Capo Town, communicatiu}; the decision ot the law ofli- KMs as to what ou};ht to have been done. On the lOth of December the governor addressed a note to the Duke (if Newcastle, defending' himself in regard to the action which had boon disapproved, and praying for further directions what to do. The Tus- irtloosa had meantime left Simon's IJay on a cruise, from which she did not return until the 2Gtli Do^jember, when she put in for supjdios. But (111 the oth of January Hoar- Admiral Sir li. "Walker addressed a note to the secretary of the admiralty, announcing that, by the request of tho jiovcriior, he had taken tho necesj?ary stei)s to ascertain from the insur- jiciit otlicer then in command the fact that she was an uncondemncd I prize captured by the Alabama, and thereupon ho had taken possession of her for violation of Her Majesty's orders, to be hel ^ until reclaimed liy her proper owners. It was in vain that the insurgent entered a i>rotost against this de- I cideil proceeding. The governor contented himself with a brief answer to the effect that he was {\cting by orders. (Icvait ("tve belli<;\vn, lui comuiuniquant la dcScisiou des " law-ollicyrs " a r(5^ard do co qui aurait dil litre fait. I' Ul docombre, lo gouvernour adrossa nne note an due do Newcastle, se defendant 111 li jjfiinl do la conduito qui avait dto ddsapprouvco et demandant des directions |iilti rieuros sur ce (ju'll y sivait a fairo. Le Tuscaloosa avait pendant co temps qnitt*^ jSiiiKm's Bay pour nne cause dont il no revint lo 2(5 ddcembre.lorsqu'il entra dans le |l'"rt pour prendre des subsides. Mais le 5 Janvier, Kear-Adiniral Sir B. Walker adrossa liiiie note au secrdtairo de I'aniirautd annongant qu'a la requite du gouverueur il avait jl'iis les mesures ndcessaires pour s'assnrer, anpres de I'officier insured qui commandait luliirs. du fait que c'dtait une prise nou jugde, capturdo par I'Alabama, et qu'eu consd- I'lUeiice il eutivait pris possession pour violation des ordrc do sa Majostd, et pour fitro Ittteiiiie jns(pi'i\ ce qu'elle fftt rdclamdo par ses propridtaires. (efut en vain que I'insnrgd protesta contre cette mesi're f(!rme, Le gouvernemont |f' miiteiita d'une courte reponse, disaut qn'il agissait par ordre. 180 AltinTli'A.'IOV AT OnXKVA. w Tlu'ic were at tlie inoiiiont no MyciitH tor tlic i»n>|)i'r owiici's to wlium llui v<;.ss('l (ronhl l)(^ tniiislcrri'd, so tliiit it iciiiiiiiKMl in tlio iiands of the liritisli antlioi'ities, nntil a new h'tli'i- was rt'(!('i\tMl from the Dnkcii ^Jinvcastlc, dated tlio JOtli ."March, icsciiidinj; tlic- instructions j;iv<'ii ia the iirccodin^^onc, ami ay u base of oi»erations, an additional insnlt. The time had gone by, however, when this \essel could bis nindc ui any further use by the insurftent commanei'dit tout l'avantas sa visite, ilf» captura et ddtruisit encore un. Mais je n'ai pu decouvrir la iirdsence d'aucnne demanil* •distincte en douiiuages. Si Ton en luoutrait une, j'envisagerais la reclamation couiiii< | valide. Ol'lNlnNS OF Ml{, .\I».\MS. 18- VII. — TIIK (iKoliOlA. This vcsst'l wiis Itiiill iit l)iiuil)iirt()ii on tlic Clydt' diuiii;;- tlic winter iif ISliL*-'(»."». Sill' WIIS ('(Mistnictod in a niiinnci' lo cxcito vt'vy little siispirion of the purpose for wliicli slic Wiis intcniU'd. Iiiilccd, her friinic proved no wrnk alltT n few njontlis' trial as to render lit'iiMisafe with an arnianient, and she was laid aside. Wlicn she was launched, on the lOtii of .lanuary, a person known to 1m' ill the insurjicnt service, by the name of North, was reported in the |iiil»li(' journals to have been present with hisdauj-hter, and she- was sain toliiive f;iven to tiie vessel the niune of the N'irjuinia. it was, liowevei', known, by the means of an intercepted letter received !iv Mr. Adams from his ^ovtM-nment, that this oflicer had incurred the I (viisine of his employers at Jvichmond to sucii an extent as to promi)t lijsn'call. The nan c thus j;iven was not adhered to. On tlu! 17th of .January, that is, the day alter her launch, she was re- poitcd by the measurinj;' surveyor as the steanu>r .lapan, and intended Itdiceiinnercial i)urposes, her framework and plating- beiny of the ordi- nary sizes for vessels of her class. (ill the -0th of ]\[ar(!h she was re{>istcred in the nni>ie ot Thomas IJold, II liiitish subject resident in Liverpool, as the owner. OiitlioliTth of March she left for Greenock without exciting' observa- Itidiis, and without <;learancp. On the .'{(Ith of March a larp^o number of men 'v lo had been shipped lit Liver[)ool by Jones andCompany, a firm of wiiich 3Ir. l>old was ,i I iiicinber, for a \ oyage to Sinyiq)oro and IIon<;-Kon commissioners of customs in the following terms : I-E GKOKGIA. IV Vfiissoiiii flit constniit a DniuVtiirton, siu' la Clyde, pniidaiit I'liivor de lf?()'^-'(i;i. II ll'ut coiiHtniit do niiiiiiore a oxciter t.n's-])tMi do soiipvoiis a I'efjard dii but aui|iu'l il I'tait (k'stinn. ■ En etlt!t, ses couples so nioiitrorent si failihis, apros (^uelques moi.'j il'essai, as conserve^. J Le 17 Janvier — c'est-a-dire, le lendomain do son lanccment — lo nioHureur fit nn rai)port I dans k'unel il I'iudiqnait comme steamer le Japan et destind X des entreprisos conimer- IcialcH, HI'S couples et ses pliKpies extant des dimensions ordinaires pour des vaisseaux do 1 6a ehiHse. l-<"»*0 mars, il fnt enregistrd au nom de Thonms Bold, sujet anjrlais, rcsidaut i\ Liver- |ponl, conune propHetaire. U- tJ7 mars, il partit pour Greenock, sans provoquer d'observations et sans papiers. Ij« ;iO mars, un grand nombre d'liommes quitterent Liverpool pour s*^ reudre a bord jilu vaisst'-au a Greenock. lis avaiont «^tour un voyage a Singapore et i\ Hong-Kong, jet ai)r(>8 leur arrivo'e li\-ba8 pour 6tre employes au commerce d. is les jiorts des niers de jla Chine et des Indes; le voyage devait se faire en deux ans, et le retoiir avoir lieu j«an8 un port de d^barqnement du Royaume-Uui. [ Le !} avril il qnitta les eaux auglaises. Le 6, le collectenr des douanes au port de New Haven adressa une lettre aiix com- jmissaires des douanes, coufuo dans les termes suivauts: ^ I '■ :■ mm^ 188 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. U^Mi The steniiisliip Alar, of London, 85 tons, owned by II. P. Maples, sailed on Sundav niorninK, otli instant, at 2 a. in., bonnd, according to the ship's papers, for Aldcrricy anil St. Malo. On Satnrday, at midnight, thirty men, twenty of whom appeared to 1.. Ihitish sailors, ten mechanics, arrived by train. Three {gentlemen accompanied tlnn. Mr. Lewis, of Alderney, Mr. Ward, and Mr. Jones. The men appeared to he igiiDriini of their precise destination ; some said they Avere to get 20/. each for their trij). A inun, rather lame, snperintended tliem. Shortly after raidnij^ht, a man arrived trdni ])rijj;liton, on horse'iaek, with a tcle{j;ram, which, for purposes of secrecy, had been mv. tiiere and not to l".ld an infringement df tlif | foreign-enlistnu'ut act, and Avhether the clearance of t\w Alar, if hereafter found tol- untrue, can render the mast(>r amenable under the customs-consolidation aet, i.sl'w your consideration respectfully submitted. R. .7. DOLAX, Cnlh Oil coiitrastin.£? the sub.stance of this letter with any or all of tlmst comrauiiicated from a similar source at Liverpool, iu the cases of tlie Oreto or the Alabama, the difference cannot fail to be apparent to the most ordinary api>rehension. There is no equivocation or reservation j to be snspected here. The officer seems to me to have faithfully per formed his duty, and completely relieved himself from responsibility. This letter appears to have been received by the commissioners ofciis toms on the 7th April, and they on that same day made a report to tlie | home office in the following terms : I am desired to transmit, for the information of the lords connnissioners of liet | Majesty's treasury, and for any directions their lordshi^js nuiy see tit to give thercoii, *■ i-c "Lc vapeur Alar, de Londres, jaugeant 85 tonneanx, (propridtaire, H. P. Maples.) a | fait voile dimanehe, le 5, a deux lieures dn matin, destin^, du moins selon les i)aiiiir> de bord, ci-apres, i)our Alderney et St.-Malo. II est arrivd samedi a minnit, piir le I chemin de fer, trente liommes, dont viugt paraissaient etre des m.arins anglais et ilis | mecaniciens. Trois messieurs les accomi)agnaient, Monsieur Lewis, d'Alderiiey, Mr, Ward et I\Ir. Jones. Les hommes semblaient ne pas savoir au juste le lieu de leunkv I tination. Quehines-uns d'entre enx disaient qu'ils devaient avoir £20 par tete poiirle voyage. Un hommo qui boitait un pen avait la direction de la troupe. Pen aiiris minnit, un cavalier est arriv(5 do Brighton, porteur d'un t^-legrannne (lue I'on iioiip- Vonne avoir 6t6 envoy<^ dans cette ville au lieu de New Haven pour n'en pas laissereeliap- 1 per le secret. luterrogd par moi, le courtier, M. StanifortJi, m'a rt^poudu, co matin, (jue I'Alar avait, a bord des nuinitions de guerre eonsigndes par . . .a M. Lewi!, d'Alderiiey. Ses rf^jtonses (5taient breves et r(^serv<'es ; elles \ut nous ont laisne anciiii I doute dans I'esjirit, ni a moi ni it pensonne d'entre nous, que les trente homiiie.s et Id | munitions de jjuerre ne fussent destines a etre transbordt^.s en mer sur un secoud .\l;i- baiiia. Le telegramme priv(^, exiiedie i\ Brighton il la derniere heure, indiqiiait triJ- juobablement le lieu de leunion. L'embarquement des homines, qui tons paraissaii'iit etre des snjets anglais, peutil etre cousidc^re comme une infraction au foreifin-eM- mint flt7, dans lo cas on it sera it prouvd plus tard qu'ils out dteuveiit-ils exposer lo patron h dtvs poursnites en vertu du cuHloms-connolhldm (let '! Ce sont la des questions (^ue j'oso vous aouinettre respectueusement. "K. J. DOLAN, Co»(r/(Hf," En compar.ant la substance de cette lettre avec toiites cclles cointnuui(iaeesd'iiiie source semblable a Liverpool, dans les cas do I'Oreto ou do 1' Alabama, la dirtereiiceiic pent manquor de sauter aiix yenx de I'intelligenee la plus ordinaire. On no jieiit soup- vonner ici ni dquivoque ni reserve. L'oflicitsr me seinblo avoir rcinpli fideleuieiit son | devoir et s'etre ddchargd de toute reapousabilitd. Cette lettre iiarait avoir dtd refue par les coiumissaires des donaues le 7 avril,etle meme jour ils firent rapport au /(oiiie oQicc dans les ternies suivaiits : " Ou me requiert do trausmettre, pour riuformation des lords-commisbaires de li trdsorerie de sa Majestd, et pour les directions que leiirs soigueuries poiirrout juiJf' OPINIONS OF MK. ADAMS. 181) Itniiv of a report of the collector of tills ro venue at Nowhaveu, rcLntive to the clear- laute of the vessel Alar, haviii;^ on hoard a nnniher of sailors and numitions of war, Icsteiisibly for Ahlen.ey and Saint Malo, hut sns])ccted hy the collector to he intendeil ■for transfer to some other vessel hclonfjinjr to one of the hellif;ereiit8 in America : and 11 am to state that the hoanl haviiif^ conferred with their solicitor on the subject, that. Ictiiier is of opinion that there is no evidence to call for any interference on the part Iciltiif Crown. It thus appears very clearly that whatever may have been the oi)iii- lionsof the law expressed in this letter, the fact is certain that at that Uiite none of the otlicers of the government had received any informa- Lu of the direction to which it could truly look for the destination of jtliese vessels. The wliole operation had been conducted, it must be lailinitted, with great skill and address. Nobody had ever guessed at jtk' n'snlt down to the time in which it was in process of execution within jthe .jurisdiction of another power. jicanwhile, let ns now turn onr attention to the position in which the trepreseiitatives and agents of the United States, the party the most Wei'ply iuterested in preventing this nndertakiug if possible, were occu- nyiiij;. This may most readily be gathered from the testimony of the most feilaut officer they had in that kingdom, a man who spared no pains pluo expense to secure all the information that could be had, not jiuipiy within his own district, bul everywhere in the kingdom where ca-going vessels w^ere in process of construction outside of the capital. On the 3d of April Mr. Dudley writes the following letter to 3Ir. Reward at Washington : Mr. Underwood, our consul at Glasgow, has no donht informed you ahout the steamer hnw tailed the Jajian, fornn-rly the Virj;inia, wliicli is ahout to clear from that i)ort to llie Kiist Indies. Some seventy or eif^hty men, twice the number that would bo re- Biiired for any legitimate voyaj^e, were shipped at Liverpool for this vessel, and sent wiirccnock on Monday evening. Thoy are shii)pe.d for a voyage of three years. My kliit' is tliat she belongs to the confederates, and is to bo convojted into a privateer ; Biiitu likely to cruise in the East Indies, as Mr. Young, the paymaster of the Alabanta oiiv'Miublo de donner a ce sujet, copie d'uu rapport du collecteur dos douaucs i\ New lavi'n ri'liitif aux papiera du vaisseau Alar, ayant a bonl une (juantite de matelots et ft munitions de guerre, ostensiblement pour Aldorney ('t St.-Malo, mais soupvtMincs M If eollecteur connne devant etro transbordes sur (piehjue autre vaisseau appar- «imnf ii I'lm des belligdrants en Amcri([ue; et je dois dire ([uo lo board ayant confere Ivec liMU' solliciteur sur co aujet, cet ollieier est d'avis (piMl n'y a pas do preuves ijui Kij;t.'nt nue iuterventiou do la part do la couronue." Ilpariut ainsi trcs-clairement ([ue, (luelles ipr'aieut pu etro les opiuious de la lol ex- ffimiii's dans cetto lettre, lo fait est certain (pfa cette date aucuu des otUeiers du gou- trueuicnt n'avait re^'U do reseiguements sur la direction ofi il devait regarder pour piiver cti.s vaisseaux. Touto I'operatiou avait ete conduiti^, il faut railmettre, avee rumle babilitd et adres.se. I'ersonne n'avait memo (hn'iue lo n^sultat, jusnu'aii mo- ^tut oil il etait en voie d'executiou dans lajuridiction d'uue autre puissance. -Maiutunaiit, tournons notre attention vers la position (lu'oecupaient les reprosentants t lis ai,'L'Uts des fitats-Unis, la partie la plus interesst^o a enposed she may yet he at this moment. A small steamer called the Alar, belonging to Newhaven, and commanded l»y Henry P. Maples, has been loaded with a supply of guns, shells, shot, powder, &.v., intended fur the ef|nipnient of the Virgniia, and is either on the way or has arrived there. It is luither alleged that a considerable number of British subjects have been enlisted at Liverpool and sent to serve on board this cruiser. Should it yet be in the power of Her Majesty's government to institute some inriniry into the nature of these proceedings in season to establish their character if innocent, nr to put a stop to them if criminal, I feel sure that it would be removing a heavy Ijuiileii of anxiety from the minds of my countrymen in the United States. The ditticulty of the situation in writing so long after the ex- I icution of the chief portions of the operation objected to is here frankly *5 il lie perdit pas un moment pour les sonniettre a I'examen du gouvernement de sa Majestd, dans sa note au Comte Kussell le « avril. An reste il est probable cpie M. Adams avait eu une trop longue exp<^rienco du resultat .si'ruit j;iicr<' disijosr. ii i'c<'()iin;iilr() li- droit d'luu! piiLs- ^;iiice<'trMiij;fTO a roller dcs (jui'stiDiis de jiisticis d;i!is s;i Juridiclio:! sans sa conuaiH- >aric(; iii son conscnttMiicnt. On pent, .'ivanccr ([IK? I'avis dcs onii'icrs dos douim's, ipi'll Ti'y ivvait on ani'iino. vio- iatiim (le la loi dans l'cxi)iMlitioii de I'Alar, f'qnivalait: a nni' iit'^lig.'nco "d 's duos dil- A ([iKii on ])out, fairo roninniuer. (lu'a tort f)U ;"i droit, a la date oil il fnf donn(^. (it avoc il"* i''nsi'iirni'mi'nts (jni <'tai(Mit alors t!u pn.ssrs.sion du lioiivcrnrmcnt, il n'y a imlle iir(iliiiliilit6 raisouiialilc (pio I'Alar cilt i)n I'tn' saisi, si va' n'l-st pi-ut-rtrc, dans lo.s oaux lie 1" Franco. Le Ifi avi'il, M. Adams adrr-s.sa an Conito Ivusscll uiio not<' I'l'nfiM'mant certains docu- iiii'iitH (pii tcndaiont a iironvcr comment enux-ci (]ue M. Dudley, dans uno de ses lettres a M. Seward, t'crivait cos mots: "IjH lioursuitu de cos porsounes, si elle est iiionric vijj;oureusemeut en vuo do los oon- ilaiiiiicr, fera plus que toute autre chose pour faire avorter (ses expeditions et I'oquipe- 'Dtfiit (le vaiB8eaux dans c« pays." Piins une revuo soij^uouse do ces faits, tels qii'lla apparaisHont devant nioi, je ne puis wouverque le gouvorriemeut de sa Maj(38t^ 8e soit rendu rosponsable titi aucune tnani^re 13 b h : ( w iC.' Iff 194 ARIilTKATION AT GENEVA. I'r liable for the failure to use diligjence iu this case, under the first rule proscribed in the treaty of Washiuffton. The Jiipan had now chanj^ed lier name and become the Georgin. The fraud had been most successfully perpetrated. An insur) l)ay. Slic, ri'([uir('S coals, priivisioiis, ;iii(l calking. In a letter addressed by the governor at (Jape Town to the dukooi Newcastle, beaiiiig the same date, is the following piiragra[)li : On llic Kith at ik)())i, tlii' (i<-oi';j;i.'i, anntlicr conrcdevato v.'av-stcuiiHT. aiiird;.; Si!iu)ii"s li:;y in iic'il of re jiairs, and is still tlnTc. It may jx-rliaps be itiy fault, but alter a careful seai'<;h I have bom unable to discover any olUcial report other than these as to the aniviil. the time of stay, and the treatment of the (leorgiai during this visit, Inasmuch as this event was <'Otemi)oran(.'ons with the arrival, of tli. Alabama and her tender the Tuscaloosa, both of which were ciiuross ing the attention of the authorities of the jdace, it is possible that tin' customary detailed report in regard to her may have been omitted. The fact is at' any rate; certain that, notwithstanding her fraudulcn: escape in deliance of the laws of Great Britain, this vessel was duly recognized at Capetovrn as a legitiiuate vessel belonging to a reeogiiizn! belligerent. In the cases of tlie Florida and of tbe Alabama 1 have already ex- pressed my deep regret that this mode of proceeding should have bi'(:i Wi I de nonjlifvoiKio :\ ox(irc(n' (lilig(Mico, dans I'c cas, selou la pretnii-io ivglc proscriti; pnrli' traitv('nn Ic Gt'orftia. La frando avait I'ti' ac- coniplic avi'c 1<< i)liis ut the (pu'Stion imnu'diiitely arises wlietlier that ])arty liiiil, ill its extraordinary course of couduct within Jler .Miijesty's do- iiiinioiis, earned any riglit to such consideration. Be this as it may, Her Majesty's government decided otluM wise, and iiduiittcd the Georgia into th(^ port of Simon's I5;iy, where siie ap[)ears to liiive rcmaiiH'd ii tortnight, repairing her decks and receiving sup- plies and provisions on the footing of a recognized belligerent. It has been iU'uued that in tlius deciding, Her .^l!lJesty"s government made itself liable under tlie sc(;ond rule, as permitting o:u' of its jiorts to be made a base of oj^erations against the I'nited States by a vessel which had issued i'roin th(» kingdom in deliaiice of its laws as a hostile cruiser. 1 have given to this view of the matter the most careful considera- tion; but J regret that I cannot biiu"; niyself to concur in it. The ves- sel es('ai)ed from tlu^ kingdom under circuuistiinces which have already been detailed in this paper, involving no neglect or failure of duty on behalf of the government. U\ on arriving at an l^nglisli jxu't furnished ^vitl' a regular commission as a vessel of a recognized belligerent, Her Majesty's government determines to recognize her in that character, however nnudi L nmy regret it, I cannot call in question her riglit to do so 01 her n?sponsibility as a sovereign po^'cr. This is a right I should not eousent to have drawn into question in any case so decided by cimpablos (rniic violation (la^riiiitii dcs lois tin royannir. Le droit, do Ics oxclnro <\st iicttciiu'iit nic(Miini par Sir Konndcll I'alincr dans iin discoiirs qu'il lit a la Chainbro (Ics ccmnnuiu's le, ll{ mat IHtil, tandis (|ii'il indi([iiait: connuc nn motif principal pour no pas ri'Xiiri'or Ic danijcr qu'uno dtieiisioii .si'mblablo put avoir ])onr ellbt dt* puraitrt* iiworiscr trop tbrtemcnt niio dt-.s parties en liUte. La ])(Mir do fair(< nno chose exigee par IV. qui semlde etre lo supiemo devoir do mainteuir la nuijesto lU^ ses lois, parco c|trelle pouvait piiraitro iucliiicr trop cmitre uiie ties ))artie:, ot en favour de I'autrt!, »i'iiil)l(uivtiir i'tt'i lo nu)l)ilo diri<]jeant dti sa coiidnite etlectivcmciit atltiptt'e. ^lais la i|iu'sti(iii s't'lt'vo immtitliateinent do savoir si ee jjarti avait par sa ligno do coiuluito t'xtraonlinairo dans les litats do sa Majestt; nu'ritt^ aucuu droit a une semblaldo con- "idi'iation. Quoi tpi'll en st)it, lo i>'t)uvernemeut tie sa Majestc- dt'iMda autrement ot aiiinit 1(5 (Georgia dans lo port tlo Simt)n's iiay, on il .s(Mnl)le t^'tro restt; uius tiuinzaine, reparaiit ses pouts et recevant dcs subsitlo.s et des provisions sur lo pied d'uu bellige- raiit ift'omui. Oil a avauct" qu'eu prenaut cetto dt'cisitm le gouvornemeut tie sa Majosti' s't'tait rendu vcsiionsable, d'apres la secoiulo regie, en j)erm(!ttant qu'un tlo ses ports fflt tMiiplt>yf'* coiuiiie biiso d'opi^rations ct)utro lea fUats-Unis par uu vaissi.'un t^ui ctait sorti du royaiiiiit! on bravant ses lois ctmimo croiseur euuenii. J'lii cou8acrt5 1'examen le plus soigneux a cetto nianierc tVonvisager la question, mais je reiriette do no pouvoir ni'y rattacher. Lo vaisseau s't^cbappa du rt)yauuio dans des circonstauces tiui out 6t6 dejil dt^velttppf^es dans co m^nioire, no renfernuiut ui n<5- KliKt'iice ui omission de devoir do la part du giuivernement. Si, a son arrivt^e dans uu port anglais, pourvii d'une, coninussion n^guliero cotnine vais, eau d'uu belligthant rfcoiiiiu, lo gt)nvcrnement do sa Majestti decida de lui recouunltre ce caractere, quels •liie pdissont t'^trc uies regrets, je no puis niettre en question son drt)it d'en Jigir ainsi MiiiHsa responsabiliKj conitue i>uissaiico sonvcraine. Ceci est un droit tjue jo no oon- W-'utirais pas a laisser uiettro en question dans aucun des cas ou les l^tats-Uuis auraient 'American Ajipendlx, \ o) T) p. 563. (iF.; m ^r 19G ARniTKATION AT GRNEVA. f1 -i^.. i-f tlio ITiiitod Statos. , It ai»i)onrs to mo on the same footinj;- witli tlie orijiiiial loooi^iiitioii of b('lli}>c'nMi('y, tlio iniiiial cause of all tlu'sc, un- plcaisaiit qiiostious — a st('i)wlii(;h lalwayH rcyrcttod to have bcon tiikcii. but wliicli 1 iiovcr doubted tlie right of iler i\laj(\st.v'« governinciit to take whenever it should think pioper. The (Jeorgia, after leavino- Simon's JJay, had but a short career. cSlio proved utterly unsuitable to the servient into which she had been forced. and fiindly retuined to liiveijiool, where she was sold, and turiu'd nito a nH'r(;hant-ship. A question has been raised as to tlie (!ourse ot Uoi Majesty's government in juMinitting this to be done within her hiu'rnis. 1 cannot myself ])erceive the importance ot the (pu'stion, i)rovi(hMl hat she recognized the right of the belligerent to dispute the validit;,- of such oi)erations. That she did so is certain; for the (Jeorgia, after lii-r transfer into ])rivate hands, was taken on the high seas by tlie United States steamer Niagara, and sent to America as a i»rize, to be disposed of in regular course of law. A redanuition aVtemptetl by the owner, in a note addressed to l'2arl Kussell, was jiu't by a reply decisive of the merits of the <'ase. Jn view of all the facts attending this case, and of the considerations attending them, 1 am brought to tlie conclusion that it o(trgia, aiiivs avoii' (|Mitt(' Siuiuu'.s l>ay n'oul qu'uuo couito carriore. II se nioutra tout a fait iniproiiro au sorvioo ((u'll avait <'l>i forcio do fairo, ot roviut oiiiin a Livovpoid, oh il t'at \oii(l\i ot t ransforuu'^ ou \ai.'>si>au inaroliaiid. On a houIovo uiie quostiou a foj-ard do hi oouduito du <>()uvoriioiiiout do ,sa Majo.sto, eu periiiottaiit (|ue oooi f'fit i'ait daiis hos jioitM. Jo no puis ootiiproudio riniportauco do la question. l)ourvu qu'il rt!oonni')t lo droit du l)olli<>;orant do contosttu" la validitd d'opoiatious wMiildahlos. II ost ('oriain qu'il lo (it, car lo (Jeor^ia, apros hou transtbrt on mains par- ticulioros, fut pris on hauto inor par lo .stoamor tlo.n Etats-Uuis lo Niagara, ot on voyo on Amoridjuo comnio priso pour tni disposer siiivant la loi. Uiio /oclainatiou tiMiteo par lo propi-iotairo dans uuo note adressoo au Comto Itusisoll rof ut uno rcpouso qui tnuicba la question. En considorant tons; les faif-s (pii so vapportont i\ co oas et tout co qui s'y rattaclie, jc suis ameno a la oonolnsion qu'il no tonu)igno ])as do la part du gouvernonioiit de sa Majest*^ il'uuo oouduito qui sutliso pour iuiposor anouiio ros|)()nsabilit<5 on donunages d'apros los tormo.s dos troi.s regies prosurites par lo traito do Washiiigtou. LE SHENANDOAH. Nous aommes maiutonant arrives an dernier vaisseaii, dans I'orclre des <5v(^nonieiits, pr6.sont6 a I'oxamon de co tribunal. II ressort clairemeut dos documents plac(?s devant nons qne r<5nergio toiijonre croissanto raauifostt^o par le gouvornoineut do sa Majostd, pour einpecber le ddpai'tde vaisseaux dvidomment destinies i\ faire la guerre, u'avait pas 6t6 eaus effot sur lesper- Huuues (\\n s'<5taieut ongagdes '^ les fournir. La saisio dcs bdliors k vapour bliud^ OPINIONS OF MK. ADAMS. 197 iireot'tlMi iron clad stoiiin riuns,l>uilt by Messis, Ijiiinl. seems to have tlis- [K'llcd all fiirtkcr idea of attempt iiij*' open operations of that (U'scriptiiMi. Ktforts were now directed to t\n' prosecution of s(tiiemes that woidd elude observation. In tho execution of this policy, swift vessels, con- structed for commercial purposes, were looked up. And when foun«l reasonably adapted for conversion into privateers, measures were taken to procure tiie control of thcin so suddenly as to effect their escape from the Ih'itish Jurisdiction before any means of preventicui could be put into operation. A skillful combination of the means of supplying; an armament and a ciew at some pre-arranained much rei)utation for her speed and her sailiu<^ qualities. In the year 18('4 she appears to have attracted the attention of the insurj^ent aj>ents i» Eiifiland, and they proceeded through their customary British aflilia tions to get her into their hands. On the L'Oth of September the purchase atid transfer were etfe(!ted in the port of London. A ])er- sou by the name of Wiight, a British subject, appeared as the owner. Outhe 8th of October this vessel cleared from that port in the usual way for Bombay, without exciting observation. The crew had been hired for that voyage. Simultaneously with this movement, a screw-steamer, called the Laurel, issued from the port of Liverpool, having a considerable number of passengers on board, and a cargo composed of an armament and ammu- nition suitable for a vessel of war. ller nominal destination was Mata- moras, via Nassau. iv<^iionient9, con8triiits par MM. Laird semble avoir lUit i-vaiiouir tmite iddu ult^ri. nre do uouvoUo tentative d'oporatioiiH de cotte nature. Di'3 loiH, oil sVtt'orva do ponrsnivrodes plans ([ui pormiHSont d't-cliapper atix obsorva- tious. iJaiiH la roali-sation do co dossoiii, on clusr(ilia dos vaisscanx rapidt's constniits pour ties entroprises coiiniiorcialos. Et cpiand on Ics trouvait asscz l>iou a, jiar uu vaisseau mis bors d'un j»ort an'^lais assez rapidiMut'iit et secri-tenu'Ut pour dejouer toute poursuite, (M)inpb''tait I'aventure. Ceplan avait, reussi ooiuplotouuMit dans lo cas du (icorj^ia. On y cut recours, avcc qiieltpics variations, dans lo cas du Sbonandoab. Lo stcaiiier an4, il parait avoir attire I'atteutiou des ay;onts insnr<;es on An<^let i^l;iIl(l(,t' Mjulcira. Tliore thoy ncti'iilly iiuU, on or iilfout the L'lst of OcIoIkt; and there the ])i'ocess of Liausfer of the ai'inameiit and the inoii was effected on the hi^h nea. This oi»eration had been <'ondueted with a (h»;4ree of success exceed in;;' that of the (leoigia. I'^ven the vij;ilance oi' the consul of the I'liitfil States at Liverpool had resulted only in the formation of conjcctiuvs. reasonable in themselves, aid partially well founded in fact, but uiisus tained by any ]>ositive evidence. That was not obtained until t'lo return of many of tlie crew of the SeaKiiift", who had refnst'(l to tiiki' the new dei)arture, wlieu it was discl()seoml)ay, writes to Counnodore Sir AV. Wiseman. 1 copy the essential parts of his letter : 1. 1 conceive it to be my duty to rej)ort to you that a vessel of war of the Confederate States of America arrived and anchored in nobsoii's Uay yesterday, the L*5th instant. li. Her name is the Shenandoah, a screw-vessel, «5cc. La vriii(> (l(!stiiiation des donx iinvires (^tattles parages do I'ili! do Madrrc. Ussy roiicoiitioi'tMit cH'octivt'iiKnit vorslo '21 oftol)io, ot its prooodoront an transfcrt di' I'aniit- luoiit ot dos lioiiiiiios on liauto nior. Cottoopi'iation avait oto condiiito avec nn dofrjo do siuh'os qui doi)asHait nioinc elm dii Goor^ia. Moiiio la vijfilanco dii consul dos I'icats-Unis a Livorpool u'aviiit ;ilj(nui qu'a dos conjoctnres, raisonualdos on ollos-uionios, ot on ]»artio bion fondoes on fiiit. inais non ajipuy^^os d'aucnne prouvo positive, lino ]»rouvo do cotte iiaturo no I'm obtouno, qn'aii rotour do plusionrs dos lionmios do I'eqnipage du Soa Kinlaoant dans la position d'uno pnissanoo uoutro, ])ossodunt uuo niaiiiie cuni- mercialo otonduo ot un grand nonil)ro do ))orts, il mo soniblo pi.rt soigin^ux adress6 au Conite Russoll ; 11 ussunia aussi la rospou- sabilitc do saisir lo capitaino dii Soa King, 1'. I. Corbott, ot do I'onvoyor on Anglstcrre pour y otro ,jng6 coninio ayaut violo, quoiqne cu ploiuo nior, lofoiriifii-vnlistmciit act. Le 2t! Janvier 18(55,10 couiniandant King, du vaissoau cle sa Majesto le Honibay, s llobson's Bay, (Sent au comuiandaut Hir W. Wisouiaa. Jo copio los parties esseii- tielJes do sa lettro: " 1. Je crois qn'il est de mon devoir do vous rapporter qu'un vaissoau de guerrodes dtats-conftlddriSs d'Anidri(|ue arriv^a ot jeta I'ancre a Hobson's Bay bier, lo 25 courant. " 3. Sou nom est le Shenandoah, vaisseau a b«^lice, etc. OPiyiONS OF MR. ADAMS. 199 t. H(>r iiririainout consists of oij^ltt ftuus, vi/,, four 8-incl>, (Euj^lish,) two ;52 poumltn'H, (NVhitwoi'th,) and two lli-pouiulors, intondod more I'Siieciiiliy for l)oat service. '). Tiic crew Jit i>rcsont consists only of seventy men, thourmissiou to coal and ri'pair machinery, iki:. It is to be noted here that, from the statements inaih' l)y this oflicjer, 'X appears he had an opinion clearly formed that, in the condition ;lii.s vessel was in at the time she arrived in port, and with such a limited (lew, she could iu)t be ellicient as a li,uhtin<;' ship. Tlu' application mad" by the master of the Shenandoah to tUc gov- ii'iior of the colony, Sir C. 11. Darling, was in these words: 1 huvo tlic lioiiDT ti) iiiUHmiii'd to yimr oxci^llfiicy thi" nrri val of tin' CDiifiMlcriito Slivtoa utiaiiur !Sli('iiaii(liiiili, under my ciniiiiiiiiid, in I'oit riiilip tldn lU't.crnooii, ami also to tiiimiiunkate tliat tlio st,('a"'fi'a uiuLhiiiory roiiiiires ripiiirs, and that 1 aai in want of itials. Idcsiri! yonr fxccllem-y In j!,rant permission tliat I may inakL' llu; nccosHary repairs lUiil sii]i|ily of foals, to (fnahlc mu to j^et to .sua as ([uickly as possible. It is to be noted that the object here mentioned was to get to sea, witliout the specification of any i)ort of destination. On the -()th of January, Mr, Francis, commissioner of trade and cus- toms, by direction of the governor, Sir Charles Darling, addressed a letter lotlie comnuindei', Waddell, of which the essential part is as follows: III loply, I have nsceivod tlic instructions of Sir Charlies l)arlin;i to stato that ho ia ffiliiii<^ to allow till? lu^Ci'ssary rcjiairs to tho .SluMian(h):ili, and tlu! coaling of tlio V08 '• 1. S'.)u armomont consists en linit canons, savoir, iiuatrc dc liuit i)oucc,s anglais ilmix dc trcntc-dcnx Whitworth, ct deux do don/c, dcsUuds i>Iu.s spcuialouiont au sor- vic'i' lies cniliarcations. "5. L'f'(iuipa;;e u'cst niaintcnant quo do soixanto-dix liomiuos, quoi(i[uo son total (luive ("tro dc cent quarautc ; Ics lutiuinos sont prcsquc tons, dit-on, auglaia ou irlaiidais. "i Lo vaissoau hon jiarait en etrc etat; his oflicicrs sont un corps do lucssiours cniiimcil taut, en nniformc }>ris ct or ; niais a cause du petit n()nit)re dc ses liommos (lV(|uii)ajfo cu c(i nuimcut, il ne pent pas ctre bicn cai)ablc do so battre. ''D. Permission a etc dcnuin(h''o par lo comuuiudant do faire du char: ■ ct dc r^paror .-■a machine," etc. II taut roniar<|iicr ici que, d'aprcs les rcnseiKUPments dontuSs par cot otlicier, il paralt; que son opinion dtait nettcnucnt foruu'e ((uc, daui- I'etat ou etait ce vaissoau i\ IVipoquo I'll il arriva dans lo port, ct avec uu equipage si pen nonil)r(Uix, il u'ctait i>as capable (If joiuT lo role d'uu vaissoau do combat. La (h'luande faito par le capitaine du Shenandoah au gouvorucur do la colonic, Sir C. H, Darling, dtait convu*" dans cos tcrnies : '' J'ai I'honiKiur d'annoucer a votrc excellence Varri vee du steamer dos <>tats-coiif6d6r6a leSbenaudoali, sous luon commandcmcut, a I'ort I'hilip, cettc apres-niidi, ct aussi de coniiuuni(picr (juc sa machine cxigc de.s ix'parations ct que j'ai hcsoin do charbon. "Jo desire (pio votro cxcclloiuio m'accorde la permission dc faire los reparations iii'cessaircs et les provisions dc charbou pour quo jo puisso prendre la mer le plus tflt l)ossi!)le." II faut remarriucr que lo but ici raentionnd <5tait do prendre la mer, sans iudiqaer auciiu port de destination. Le2() Janvier M. Francis, commissaire du commerce et dcs douanes, snr I'ordre du Souverueur, Sir Charles Darling, adressa une lettre au commandant WaddoU, doutla partio essentielle est comme il suit : "Eu rdpouse, j'ai re^u pour instructions, do Sir Charles Darling, de vous dire qu'il est dispos6 a accordor les r«5paratious ndcossaires au Shouandoah, et I'approvisionne- ', , 1- \ 1 t 8 •■ ' i WW 200 ARBITKATION AT GKNHVA. Bill Immii^ at otirn [)i'(ii'0('(Ilst, .laiiiiar.v, Lst;.'. covoviii;;' iTji'idations applicalde to all <|iu'stioiis ordinarily arising' out ot tlui arrival ol" similar vi-sscls. Oil tUo lilJth, the liTth, and 2.Stli of January, Mv. lllaiichard, tliti coiisiil of the United States at McilWoiinie, addressed to Sir (!harles Dailiii;' throe siieeessive hitters, protestin;:; a^-aiiist the re(M);,'iiitioii of this vcsmI aa beloii^in;;' to a helli^icieiit, on tlu^ ground of her origin, her cuiivc;- sion at sea, and her a(;tiial eondilion. Oil the .'»l)th of ilanuary, his excellency states to the (HUineil of tin colony : Tliat ho liiwl roplicil to tlm lliiitod States cdhmmI to tlic, iMl'cet that, liaviiii;- nivm mi atteiitivt) coiihiileratioii to liis It'ttcr, and lia\'iiiu; ronsiillt'd willi tlii^ law-ol'licrr.s iil'tiii Crown, he liad <'oiii(' to thi' decision;! hat the ^jovciiinifiit of this eniony wdi; lioiiinl !,i treat the Siu^naii majority of his advi.sers tiMider their o[»inion tliiit it would not be e.\)»edient to do so. I do not find, on the ])art oC Her JNIaJesty's government, any notice (»; this decision among. the papiu's bi'fore us. Thus, it appears tiiat once more it had been determined to sunetion a proceeding knowa to liave been executed in d(!tiance of the hiws of (rreat liritain, and of the pledges of the government to maintain a strict neutrality in tin; (!oiite.st, The principle that success sanctions a fraud had again be»ui ratilicil uader circumstances which could not fail, and did not fail, to entail n\tm its supporters the heaviest kind of responsibilities. ment d« charbon du vaisscan, auqncd on pout iiiocdder de suite, ot (lue IcH ordres iieeii- saircB out (',t6 (h)unes en eousefiuence." En memo teini)s, M. Francis eonnnuni((iuiit a eet odieior un exeniplairc des orilrrs g6n6raux du due do Newcastle .sur co ((u'on apjU'lh^ la re;fh( des vinjj;t-(inatre heures, ct aussi ccux contonns «Ians une hittre du Conite linsstdl au due tie Newcastle, du ;il jaii- vier 18{)2, reuferinant thss relics applieables a toutes le.s questions rtli- naircnient I'arrivee de vaisseanx seuddables. Le 2(i, le 27 et Ic 28 Janvier, M. IJlanchard, consul des l'!tatH-lJnis A, MelhiMirin', adrcssa i\ Sir Charles Darliu};' trois lettrijs sueccssives, protestaut eontro la recoiiiiaiv Bauco do CO vaiss(!au connne api)artenaut a un belligeiant, a cause de son origine. ih"!! transformation en nier et de sa condition actuclle. Le ;?0 Janvier, son excellence expose au eouseil de la colonie: "Qu'il avait nqiondu au consul des t'Uats-lJnis en substance, (prayant donm' iiih' attention sc-rieuso a ees hittres, et ayant consnlte h's ' law-ollicers' do la couroiiiu', il avait de ;;aiiie(l by it. The authorities at Mellioiinie seem at llrst to hav»» acted as if the baptism of the vessel into a lU'W name had, in their eyes, washed it white of all its piist sins. They Were destined to learn a dilferent lesson, but nobody swMiis to have repented, with the exception, perhaps, of the governor Iiiiiiscir, whose lati'st sijjjniticant d»M;laration on that siiltjcct I sliall have (K'ciisioii to iiotiire hereafter.' The application of the insurju'eiit officer \\'add«'ll for leave to make repairs and ^^I't supplies was nuide on the L'.'ith of January. Five (lays passed, and he liad just discovei'cd, from an examination mad(^ by iiiiiver, that repairs were ne(!essary under tlu^ water-line, which would require that the v<'ssel should be jilacetl on tlu^ yoveinment slip, there to continue not inon^ than ten days. Meanwhih^ he had not yet be- thought himself to jiive to the authorities, who had recpu'sted it, any report as to the (puintity and the nature of tlu^ supplies which he desired. Thus delays were interposed, for one reason or other, until tlie 18tli of February, when the vessel sailed. The commatuU'r had in this way manai^cd to secure a period of twenty three days, dnrin;;" which time he could set in oj)erat ion the means of atiirtin;;' on his i)rojected expedition in an elfeetive manner. It should here be observed that, in all his movements, he was much favored by the ahnost universal sympathy of the residi'iits at M(!lbourne and the etdony. Whatever he could ask thet was permissible they would enthusiastically furnish. Whatever he v ured to do that was not, they were indisposed to i)erceive or to disclose. Under these circumstances, there cannot bo ii doubt that, durinj^ all irdres lu^t'cs- Cur, (liius la sdrio (los crt'cts qui so produisaiciit a Miii>al)lt!s do cotto oll'i'iiso \i I'orif^iiio locoiinaioiit prDbablo- ment a d'autrcs iiioytMis do la iiioiiio iiatiiro toiitcs los I'ois <|u'il paraitrait (iii'iiii but utile jiourrait oti'o aUoiut do cot to iiiaiiioro. Los aiitoritos do Molboiirno soinblout (I'iilionl avoir aniio no sciiildo s'otro roponti, a I'oxot^iitioii [loiit-otro ilii fjouvoruoiir lui- iiUMiio, dout j'auiai occasion do uieiitioiuior ci-apris la doniioro declaration siynili- cativo. Liidomando do I'oHioior insiiry;o, Wa(ldoll,qii'il lui Cut ]it'iinis d(! fairo dos roparations etd'obtoidr dos provisions, I'nt faito lo "J.") jativicr. Ciiiqjoni.s so pasworont, ot il vonait (It! rtecouvrir, par nn oxanion fait jiar '10 plonnciir, (|uo dcs rt'parations tUaii^nt iidcos- saires sons la liJrlu^ do tlottaison, co ((oi cxif^orait (pio lo vaissoaii iVitplaco snr lo berdii {jouvtirneuient i»i)ur n'y roster ^\\u-. dix joins. Kn attendant, il n'avait jia.s (Micoro son^*) lidoimeranx antoritt's, (pii favaiont dcniaiido, nil rai>port snr la ([uaiititii ct la nature des subsides qii'il dcsirait. Aiiisi dcs dolais inter vinront, pour uno raison on pour niie autre, ju.stju'aii 18 lovri; r, oiile vaisseau part it. Lo comniandant avait niaim^nvro do c( tto fa(,'oii ])onr s'assurer niic perioibi do vii.ul- trois jours, pendant hupiello il put inottri! il ox(''CUtioii les uioyens do partir pour sojI t'xp(<(lition projetdo d'uiio inanit-ro ett'octive. II t'iuit remarquor ici (pio dans tons cea niouvemonts il fut oxtremeiuent favovisd par lasynipathio prosquo universcllo dos babitants do JLdbouruo et do la colonic. Quoi qu'il deniandilt de choses poruiises, lis voulaientbieii Ics lui fouruir avec onthousiasme. (iuoi qu'il osiXt faire d'injusto, il i n'dtaient pas disposes a lo voir ni i\ le docouvrir. Dans cea circonstances, on uo nit doubter que, peudaut tout cet iutervalle dc temps, ' Bri' .^h Appendix, vol. i, p. 722. 202 ARBITRATION AT GENEVA. this interval ot time, he was constantly busy in secretly obtaining addi. tions to his crew. This was indispensable to his ulterior operations. Had the matter depended on the enerj?y of the authorities and popu. latiou of Melbourne alone to i)revent this, ho would have had all l^. wanted without a word of notice. Unluckily for him, he loiiiid the consul of the Unit'^d States, jMr. Ulanchard, on the watch to check ami expose his proceedings by all the means in his power. On tiie lOtli of February, that ofUcer addressed a letter to tlie governor inclosing the deposition of John AVillianis. In it, this witness alllrmed that, on the Monday previous, there had been lifteen or twenty men concealed in ditlereut i)arts of the ship, who had gone on board siiu-e her aiTival .sixteen days before. This statement it is material to connect with a part oi the rei)i>rt iiiiuK' by Captain I'ayne ;:o the authorities on that same day. He liad been instructed to make a careful examination of the vessel, la his ivport he has this i)assage : Tliori! aiii)oai\s to l)c u mystery li|i, ^vheii asslvL-d to j;o ilowu to tliat .sjtot to iiieasiu'o her for the cradle, was iiifoniUMl hi' could not ;j;ct to tin- skin at tliat ])lac('. Tlii^ hatclii's were always lvi-i)t on, aad tlir foreman states tliat he was informed tliey had all tlioir sliilf there.' Another witness, obtaiiuMl by ISlr. IJlanchard, named \\'alter J. ^ilad- den, testified that, wlien he left the vessel on the 7th of Februaiy, •'there were men hid in the forecastle of the ship aiul two workinjjin the galley, all of whom came on board of said vessel since her arrival in that i)ort ; that the oflicers pretend they do not know that said men are so hid." On tlie 14th of February Mr. IJlanchard sent another deposition, of a man named Herman AVicke, specitically uaming one person as having come on boiird. These are his words : The rations in llolison's Hay arc sent out l)y tlu; iin\.stt:r-at-arms, who '.nvos tlieiiitu fiMiarterinaster Mckings, and this hitter liriugs them to the galley to be "ooked, by iL< . il no fftt eonstauimont a I'o'uvre pour ohtenirsecretenicnt nn»^ augmentation consiili^ra- hie de son r'([uii)age. feci ^tait iudisjiensable pour ses operations nlterienrcs. S'il cut di'^pendii de I'eiiergio des autorites et de la ])oiiulation do Melbourne souk', intjnt de l'emi>eeher, il aurait eu tout ce dont il avait besoiu sans nn mot d(> eritii|ue- ^lalheureiisement jxiur lui, il trouva le consul des ICtats-Unis, M. IJlanchard, aiis agnets, ])our rcprimer et i)()ur dthoiler. par tons les nioyeus en son pouvoir, ses i)rn- ft^dds illegaux. Le 10 fdvrier, il adressa une lettre au gouverneur, renfer iiaiit la disposition de John \Villianis. Dans celle-ei, ce tt-moiu atlirmait que. le lundi prccf- dent il y avait eu (|uinze on vingt hommes cacht's dans ditferentes parties du vaisseaii. qui etaicnt alloes a bord depuis son arrivt^e, seize Jours an))aravant. II est essentiel de rajiproeher cette aHirmation y the nanio of Charley ; that said cook Cliarlcy was not onboard tho .Sheiiandoali on hi;r arrival in the l)ay ; ho went on board since her arrival, and ho told me he would join the ship as cook ; that he dared not to do it in port, but that he would do it wlujn ])roceedinii outwards; that I also saw said cook tak(! rations to a immber of men concealed in the forecastle, who went on board since her arrival iu Hobsou's Bay. This testimony was laid before tlie law-ollicers, who deemed tlie ttrst deposition by itself sutticienr evidence to lay informations aj^^ainst the mau enlisted, and this a])pears to have prompted the conned, not to take any proceedings ajiainst tbe commander, but to direct an inquiry to 1)0 made when he would be ready to jjjo away.^ It was the tempted on whi(!h indignation was to be expended. The true cause of the violation of law was to go his way iu peace. On the heels of this infoi-ination came a report from tho police depart- ment that twenty men had been ort was correct, then her i)nis son arrivi-.c et mo (lit(|iril Aoulait prendre du service sur le vaisseau conune cuisinier ; <|u'il n'osait i)a3 lo t'liirc! dans lo port, nuiis qu'il h^ ferait li)rs(]ue le vaissi'au sortiraJt. .I'ai vu aussi lo dit luisiiiier porter des rations a d(>s homines caches dans le gaillard d'avant, a,!^e alors, d'ajires le rapport du capitaine Payne, doit avoir etc rednit a citujuantc lionmies. Sur une telle base, il ])ouvait a peine s'aventurer dans aucune croisiero hostile. L'ageiit de police dit ensiute que le capitaine so proposa de recruter cpiarante lioiinues, (jui devaient monter a bordile nuit et si;;fner les enjuageuionts (piand ils serai- tnt liorsdes " Heads." II no voulait que des niarins ^tranjjers, mais, s'ii fallait prendre lies Anjrlais, ceux-ci devaient adopter un nom ctran^er. Des ren8eiposed to be. The commander was not on boiml, The oflicer next in charge at once refused to give him any assistanco, and forbid his going over the ship. The next day he returned, and aj)plied to the commander himssclf, That oflicer is reported to have used these words : " I pledge you „' , word of honor, as an othcer and a gentleman, that I have not any one on board, nor have 1 engaged any one, nor will 1 while 1 am here." How is this evidence to be recou(!iled to all the previous testimony, and the suspicious circumstance mentioned by Captain Payne J The rest of the evidence of the boarding-otlicer is quite important, though not essential to transfer to this paper. The whole is acces.siltle in the first volume of the Appendix to the JJritish Case. The issue of the application was, that the commander absolutely refused to let the oflicer look over the ship for himself. On a second demand of a more pressing kind, he again refused, and added that " he would fight his ship rather than allow it" — a threat as absurd in his then situation as it was oft'ensive to the authorities of the colony. The governor in council, on receiving the news of this open defiance of all recognized authority, at once took notice of it by i.ssuing a problbi tion to all the subjects of the colony of gi'ing further aid or assistance to the vessel then on the slip, which practically exemplified in an instant the folly of the insurgent oflicer's proceeding. Had the authorities persevered in this course, it is altogether likely that the commander, Waddell, would have ultimately been compelled to abandon all his schemes of illegal outfit, and with it perhaps the enter- prise he was meditating. Unfortunately, they listened to weaker counsels. Tlu;y appealed to the oflicer to reconsider his determination. The letter containing this appeal was delivered to him on the evening of the 14th. Ilean- La sonle mosurc (jni seinble avoir oto priso effectiveinout fiit do docerner vn niaiitlat d'arrrt coiitn^ "C'harloy." L'olificior char<;<> dii mandiit sc. rcntlit an sttuiiiior ofi I'hoiimic ctait si'ipposo i'tn-. Le coinniatidaiit iiVtait pas a lionl. L'olliciicr en charf;n aii-dessoiis do lui n-l'iisa de suite do lui uidor en ancuue nianiiTi', ot Ini dofondit do nionter Mnr lo vaissean. Lo loiidi-niain, il icvint ct s'adrcHsa an couiinaihlant Ini-mAuio. On rapi>ort(' (|iit' wt oflQcior dit ces mots : "Jo vons donni^ I'la jtaroli^ (TIionniMir d'olHcior ot dn j^tMitilhonimt quo jc n'ai personnc a bord, <[nii je n'ai en^agi' personne ct >lonie. Le ji;ouvornenr, ( ii eonseil, en reeovaiit la nonvello do ce deli ouvort do toute antorito reconnue, en prit nolo do snito, on enuHtant nne s avaient pcrsovoro dans e«^tto inani«)ro d'ajfir, il est prolmblo que le •conuiKvndaut Waddoll aurait et»^ enlin foroe n iiiandat _'(! los uircou- liiisi sur son ch(Mnin. Le preuiior paragrapho est tout <(■ (pii esi utile sdus ec rapport. li t\rn»es : "J'lii a informer son cxcellonce lo <;onvernonr (pio IVxi'cntion du niandat tVarret n'B pas Otis refusoe, jiarce au eoupable dans uno lettro 'l"i, rouune compensation, lui annon^^a quo rinjoneiiou faite aux siijets anj^lais do i-abstonir do donner aide i1 son vaisseau otait desormais retiri^e. La raison in(li(]ui5e pniirct! chan^ement de politique 6tait <]ne, dans la situation du vaisseau sur lo bor- "f"U, uu oranesnhit ponrrait le niettrcen danjjer. Kt dans ce cas, los antorit6s soraiont iindiics rcsponsables des consi^quoneos do lour ordro. CVUiiit nne snuj^estiou habileniont iirosonteo pour atteiudre son bat, ct olio alarma Ic siouvenieur assez pour I'onifa^jei h retiror sa dtSfenso. La roiKtnso du coniiiiandant ust i\ la fois basse, insolento et mcnsousoro. II rcmorcio iPftoHverneur do sou observation des droits des belligerants, apres avoir tout fait pour ptrdro le droit d'y protcndrc. II ddsavoiio toulo counaissaneo uu fait quo los iiouunos y fiisHunt, quoiqu'il soit clair pour nioi quo c'cst la vraio raison qui pout oxpliquor soa alisiirrtii nienaco do livror bataillo i»lut6t quo do montror l'int- dale et dc Scliaiu.li." L'andace de ci'tto deniaiido, a cet oilicicr en particnlicr, est son trait caractcristiqin' lo pins niar(iiic. I.o lint ponvait a \w\M'. nianipu'r d'cn etro conipris. Ello ne pouvaii Ko rai |i(iitcr (in"a la jidssiliilite do prendre, a bord de son vaissean, an point le plus proclie, liois den eaux an};laiscs, antant d'lioninies ([n'il en avait engajj;«i a s'enrok'ravec Ini, VA cependant, rattorncy-j;cneral no .soluble pas avoir etc ponsso par cola a pren- dre ancnno nonvelle precaution. II sc c(Mitcnta d'onvoyer nno reiionso evasive qui trnliit iiinirtant clairenient son jiropro sontinient siir la nature do la doniaude. A CO nioiiient, le capitaiiio du iSlieiiaiidoah avait ]>erdii tout droit possible an rrspod de8 anloriiOs, soit coninio otlicler, soit eoninio honinio. Ellos otaient plciiR'iiii'ni infornii'es do bi I'rando i natrrellenientatteutlre. Aucune vigilance u'avait <5te exerci^o pour enipeclier les opdratious du comniautlaiit, il les bateaux qui enimenereiit les bonimeseurAlesanpnravant eurent le cheniin iilue. 11 n'y a pas de doute raisounablc qn'ils eninieuerent de Melbourne au nioins vingt-buif de ces boninies. On a eBsaj-6 de titer nn pnrallMe entre cet enrftlemcnt et cehii que I'on suppose avoir 6t6 fuit par le couiniandant du Keursarge il Cork. Mais il senible pdcber aur plusieiii* OPINIONS OF MR. ADAMS. 207 wnt of which is this, that Captain Wiiislow, aftor he jj:ot out of British waters, discovered the men, and took the trouble to brinj? them back to Cork. The other never thought of reparation for his offense. His vessel was one of the swiftest in sailinj^ known in the records of soiiMianship, and therefore stood in little need of coal. The supply she had brouftiit unexhausted to the port was larfije. Yet she obtaiued as mnch more as she could carry. Xo questions seem to have been asked as to the nearest port of destination. So far as 1 can pjather from the evidence, it appears that this vessel was com])letely suj)plied at ]Mel- bniinio with all she wanted for a cruise of depredation continued for niiliiy months. And, worst of all, she obtained at this port a coniple- iiioiit of her crew, Avitliout which she could have done nothing'. An nttenipt has boon made to weaken the force of the testimony jj^iveu bvToinple on this matter. It does not seem to have materially shaken the belief in it of Sir C. IF. Darling', the g'overnor, whose oidy fault, so farasi have been able to observe, was tliat of listening' too inuch to tlipweak counsels of parties symiiathizing' more than was bo<'oming' with tlie cause of these malefactors. AVlien the deposition was sub- mitted by Her ]MaJesty's government to his consideration in ISOO, lie explained some of tlie incidents referred to, without contesting' the truth of any. Ibit his most sig'uilicant comment was the last, which is in these words : ''Haviiir; expi'rssod fo yon in my tlispatchcM. fo wliicti you rofcr. my hrlicC lliat C.'i])- taiiiW.KliIcll bad, notwiilistaiidinjj; Iiis lionoralilo iJiotcstatioiis, lla^rantly violated tlic neutrality iu' wiis liduud to ohsfivc iu vcsiKct ti) tiie shipmcnl of IJrilish rili/iuis to M'lvo on hoard Ijis vessel, I have read witlioiit snipiise, tiio!!n'li with dee|) icjiret, tlie iwiUlisrof names fu!-ni.-.iied by Mr. Temple, wliieh eo!ii]ilet( ly pfoves that this l)eliet was justly i'onnded." The dispatches referred to in this extract I have not been able to (lisc'ovor amoiig' the papei's presented to us on the part of (Jreat Britain. They are not necessary, however, to prove how utterly Irnitless were the attempts, steadily persevered in to the last, to bolster up the pnints, (lont lo pins important est qno lo capitairm Winslow, apres etro sorti dos oanx aii);laisrs, dc-couvrit les lionimes et prit Ja, ]>ciiie de Ics recouduiro a Corlc. L'autrc no peiisd jamais ;\ fairi' reparation ponr son od'enso. Soil vaissoan (^tait nn de's plus rapides voilier.s connns dans lea animlos do la marine, ft par ('()iise(in. jo j)nis en Juj^er par les i)renves, il paralt (pio ec vais- seaii tilt completeineiit ai»provisionne :\ Melhonrno do tout ec dont il avait bcsoiii ponr iiiK! croisiere do deprotlations continneo jjendant plusioius niois. Et, lo pire dc; tout, il ; obtint do ee port nn eomiiloinLMit do son 0(iiiii)a<^e, sans lecpiel il n'aiii'ait ricn jni *airo. Oil a fait nno tentative ponr afl'ail)lir la I'orco de, co temoi;ina;fe. EUe ne paratt pas avoir licaacoup ebranle la confianc ■ qn'y ajcnitait Sir Charles II. Darling, le le's deposition. V<'t, on a calm conjparison of the evidence of the two, with testimony received from without, 1 am convinced tiiat Temi)U^ was far tiie most worthy of belief. In trutli, Iler Majesty's .yovernment iiad en' d upon a \vron.i«' path at the outset, in reco,iini/,in;j; the original fr..iu, and tlieir adhereiuu! to it only compli(;aled tlu! ()l)stacles to extrication. For the dei»reilatii)ih on the hardy aiid innocent seamen earninj;' an honest livinj;- in the most hazardous of all enterprises on the ocean cDULinned lon^' after tlu' last spark of l)elli^(>rent i)retensions had been extinguished in Anieiici, rt seems to me that Her Majesty's f,'overnment and their autliorilifs of Melbourne are clearly to be held responsible. No such cruise could liavc been made without tlu^ assistancui derived from JNIelbourne as a base of operations. Instead of att(Mni)tin^ to <;ouiitei'act the stron.2; cur rent of poi)ular .symi)athy i)revailiny in all the time of the departure oftlic Shenandoah from IMelbourne, the jiovernment of (Jreat ]>ritain. having' failed to fullill the obli^^ations of the second rule si)eeilied for tiio ^'ov- veriiment of the arbitrattn-s under the provisions of the VI th article of the treaty of A\^ashin,Liton, has rendeivd itself liable lor all the damaj^esto the United States subsequently incurred thereby. IX. — THE «UMTEi;. In the second part of the volume called the Case, submitted to us on the i)art of Her Majesty's uovernment, on the seventh pajje 1 lind a para^rai)h in the following words: " In and soon after tlic uiontli of May, ISul, a inuuber ol" anncd wliips, mostly of .small pors(5v<5rancc coni,inn(;lli^ jnsqn'a la (In, d'appnyor Ic earactiTn dn cnnnnandanf; insurjo qnant a la Y(M-aci(('', ^'^taicnt tont a I'ait sans snciM!s. De I'aiitro eot<1, rcli'ort pour di^trniro lo rr(5dit. do la deposition do Toniplo i'nt jurand, ct rcnssifc ponr lo nKinii'iit. Ccpcndant nno coniparaisoii calnio dcs prcnvcs fonrnii's ]):ir cos dotix lioiniucs avi'c la ti'inoiyniijxo re(.'u dn di'liors ine oonvainc (j^ne Temple etait di; Iteaneonp le. ])lu.-j digue dc foi. En v^rlt^, lo p;onvornoinent do sa Majest<^ avait i)ris Tin nianvais oli(^inin a foriftine on roeonnaissant la IVando ])roniiero, ot I'adh^^sion (|n'il y donii:. n" lit (jno coni|>lii|ner I08 ol)Htacle.s (jn'il reneontra ponr o.n sortir. i'oui' les depredations coininises a l'ei;;iril des liardis ot innocents niariiis, ,i;a;fnant Iionneteinent leiir vie dans la jilns hasardi'iise do tontes le.s onti'ejji'ises Knr roeean,et eontinnees loni,tenii>s apres qne la (lei'iiiiTe (^tincelle dn droit di> Ixdlij^erant avait oto otidnte on Anieriijae, il mo senible qmsli' gouverncment dc^sa Majestc et sos antorites de Midbonrno did vent etro tenns nettciiirat responsables. Nnllo conrso sen.blable n'eflt pii otre I'aite sans le soconrs tire de Mi'l- bourne coinmo base d'op('>rations. An lien d'e.ssayor do rea,i;ir eontre le fort eoniantile sympatliie popnlairo dominant dans tontes los (dasse.s de cette colonie, le.s antorites, on Ition y c^-ilerent faiblonuMit, on ))ien y coopororeut, an inoins antant qn'on poavait le fairo, par nno niollo indilterence, Des lor.s, ma conohision est (jno, dopnis lYpoquo dn dispart dn Shenandnali de Mel- bonrne, le gonvornement de la (irande-Breta^ne, ayant no;^lif^6 itre.s selon I'artiele 6 dn ti'aito'de Washington, s'ost rendu ro.sponsal)lo de ton.s les dommages euconrus Hnb.S(5queinmi!iitu cause do cctto ndgligence par lo commerce des fituts-Unis. , liB SUMTER. Dans la aecondo partie dn volarao appol6 lo "Case," qui nous est soumis de la part du gouvernement do sa Majest(5, a la page 7, je trouve uu paragra^)! e confu dans 1m termes suivants : ' " Pendaut et pau de tomns apr&s le raoia de raai 1881, plusiours b&timouts araic«, Mmml ' OI'IXIONS OF .Mi;. ADA.MS. 200 i,iiiii;ijji'. well'. litLetl out ill aiid sciit to si;a iVoiii poit.-s in tlic Coiili'dfralf States, anil a iiiiisidc'iaiili! iiiiiubfi' of (;ai>tiin'.s wi'H! iiiatlc liy tlu'iii. Souk? ot" tliosd woro ('i)niiiii.~>- -ioiii'il ii'^ i»ul)li(' ships of war of tlie C'onfi.'dcratc Statt'«, and coimnandod by otlii'cis in tlm iiiiviil si'ivicc of tho confudfiacy ; others as pr'. ..in sliips of war or piivatcers. Ainonj; lilt' urmcd vessels which wen' so littcd out and made ]iri/,('s weri! the «Jalhoun, a steamer „l' 1,(1(10 tons, sent to sea in ^lay, L"rt it, was iiitt'iideil to cstablisli that the insurgent Americaiis were in 18(51 entitled in any way to be considered as a bel- ii;fercMit on the ocean, the niotive can oniy he exphiined by ])resnininj;- citlior an absence of all a(M|uaintance with the actual condition of the iiisurj;ent States at that time or deliberate misrepresentation. 1 pre- ilrto adopt the earlier construction. In point of fact, it, is clearly shown in these pa[»ei's. as well as iVoiu the i)ast condition of that region of coast ever since the time (ifitslirst settlement, that it has never possessed any commerceor navi- gation of its own. AViiatever might have been the list presented, it (oiiltl contain only such vessels as might accidentally have been found 111 its ports at the moment of the insurrection, belonging to owners (iiitside of the jurisdiction. That all such vessels were at once seized, and made for a short ptaiod to play a part for which they "ere utterly mititted, is strictly true. Yet, so far from presenting an, just ground lor recognizing these peoi)le as a maritime belligerent, all the facts tend ilio more toconvin(!(^ me that to all intents and purposes Her Majesty's ;;uvi'rninent nnght, with (juitt^ as much. justice, recognize in any similar emergency these cantons of Switzerland as such. JJe this as it may, 1 am ready to adnut there was for a short time a slight apj»earance of a naval force that might deei'ive strangers. Out ()f the number of vessels i^iml. limit la plnpart etaient de faihle tonna,ne. fiirent ('(inipes et mis hors des ports sitni's ihiiis It's <'-tats-eonfederes ; ils lirent iin nombre eoiisideral)le ile eaptnres. l)e. ces bati- iiieiitK, les nns, eommandt's \mv des ollieiers an service- naval de la eonfcMleration. ivriireiit la commission de vaisseanx de ;;nerre des I'tats-eonfedi'i-es, les antros eelle de vaissi'iiiix de jj;u(?rre prives on (h' eorsaires. An nombre des vaisseanx aiines en jrnerre 'liii fincnte(inipes de la sorte et <|ni lirent di.-s pri^^es, se tronvaient le Calhoun, steamer juiiijeuiit i»lu8 de nuUo tonneanx, (|ui prit la mer au niois de niai ISlil, le .lellersoi; Davis, it! Savannah, le Saint Nicholas, le Winsiow et le V(uk. I'liis de viu;;t prises 'clmrent a ces navires. JiC Sumter (dont il sera t'.iit mention plus loin) prit la nn.r en jiiiii It^tii; le Sallie et le Xasliville, en oelobre isiil ; rKcho. en Irfli-J; la Ketribiitum et .iliost()ii,f;n lS(i4; le C'hiekainau};:i, roinstee et le Tallahassee, en l-'lH. Ces vaisseanx auiaieiit fait, dit-on, de soixante ii soixante-. ^^ I'aiitdiis de la Suisse, (/uoi i|u'il en suit, je siiis pret a admettre (pril y cut l"'iiiiaiit (iiiel(|Ue temps line I'-yi-re appaience «rnne force? navaie (jni ponvait troiuiiei '!'■-> itiaiurers mal infiirmr-s. Au nnmiHe di s vai.sseaix indi(|ue.s dans le passive (|nr 14 11 .; 1 V ' ;>■' : ^ ■ ■ i;r' hXr-- ' tMUi. 210 AKBITKATIOX AT fJF.XKVA. arrayed in the pns.sajie I have (|Uote(l is the steainei" Smntor, a ease now presented to onr eonsideration as fonndinj"; a ehiini for danin^fjcs tiom Her Miijesty's government by that of ti ?, United States. This was a steamer built in no sense for a war-vessel. She had hei'ii employed as a packet between Xew Orleans and the Havana, and thou^'li most likely to have belonfjed to j)rivato proprietors in Xew York, may ])ossibly have had some in New Orleans. I am Avillin^' to concede tb i)enelit of the donbt. At all events, she was s«'i/ed by the iiisuijicnt {•overnment, fitted nj* in haste Avith the few }»nns that she could Iumi. an'h the blockade, at the month of the ^Mississippi to tlic hifi'h sea. This was on the oOth of dnne, 18(il. Alter niakiiij;' sonic jiri/.es, and tonchinjj; at various ))orts belonji'inj;' to other i)owers, she at last luade her a]>i)earaiice in a liarbor of Her ^lajesty's island ol' Tiin idad. Tills was on the .'lOth of .luiy. Here she was recojiiiized in dn, form, was sn}»i)lied with a new main-yard, j)rovisions, and eim'iity toih of coal. SIm' next ajjpeared at Pa.amaribo, in Dutch (iuiana, iiiiK'tccii days after saiiingfrom Trinidad, and there recciveowers, until at last she found her way to Her ^lajesty's ixutni (Jibraltar. This e.\])erience had C()m]»letely established the fact that in licr tlni, condition she was utterly unlitted for her undertaking;'. The ctlnits t. .uet her relittcd had failed ; and altiiou^h there was a lonji' delay jici niitted at (Jibraltar — much lon<;er. indeed, tliau seems altoji'etlier jiisi: liable — the end of it was that slie was disarmed, dismantied, sent h< Liveri)ool, and never afterward tried as a cruiser. The tintii ])rol»iili!y was timtit was found cheaper to build etlicient vessels in (Ireat Ihitaiii. which this one never could have been. It a])pears that eleven of her prizes were made before reachiiiii; Triii idad, where she coaled. Xoiie were made between Trinidad and Piini maribo, and oidy live afterward. Jf Her Majesty's government had been called to exercise due vijiiliiin" j'ai traiisciit, le steamer Sniutor est iiii cas jneseiitt' actiiellcniciit a notii' cxmii':; coiiinie, servant (li^ base h niio reclamation en doiuniages anpres ar eelui (l«'s fitats-I'nis. Le Sninter n't'tait en auenn sens un steiuni'r eonstrnit i)(>nr etro vaissean de kihtp. II avait 6t6 employe eonime jiaqnebotentre la Nonvelle-( )rl('-!i:is et la 1 la vane, et qiuiii|ii':' alt apparteiui tres-vraisemblableincnt a des pniprietaires privt's a New York, il est im- sible (jn'il en ait eu a la Nonvelle-OrJeans. .hi suis disposi- a aeeorder h' lniii'tin'il; donte. Qnoi (|u'il (Ml soit, il fiit saisi par le soi-disant <;()uvernement insurfji', oiiuiin:: la bate du pen dts eanons (pi'il i)oiivait ])orter et I'oi^'a le bloens a remljoiicliiiredi: Mississippi jionr se rendro en bante mer. C'etait le ;ii( Juin 18(il. Apres avoir f;r; j quel([nes piises et tonelie divers ports appartenant a d'autres ])nissanees, il lit eiitinsi'i: apparition dans nn port do Tile de sa Majeste la Trinite. C'etait le ;!() jnillef. II yfiK | reconnn ei' dfie forme, i'nt pourvn d'lme nonvelle yrando vergiie, de provisions it il' qnatre-vinf;ts toinies de ebarboii. It api)arnt ensnite a Paramaribo, dans la (iiiyaii' bollandaise, dix-nenf jonrs apres avoir (|nitte la Trinite, et la il revnt nn nouvcaii siii side de charbon. D'ici il so rendit a dill'erents jKtrts d'autres piiissanees si)iivcr;iiiii' jns(|n'i\ ec iin'entin il arriva a Gibraltar, jMirt de sa Majeste. Cette experience avait conipletement etabli W fait que dans sa condition (VnliU;* ^ <^tait entierenu'nt improj)re a son entrei»rise. l-es edorts i)onr le radonber avaieii; I'ehone, et qnoique nn lonrol)iili!\ eat r»rit;i!ii. ichiii.u' Trill I and Tiir:! U' viiiilillKT otri' cxaiii':: ifriionieut lit 111 do JJIKW. ] cct i|iuiii|r )rl<, il est I'll- liciK'tici'il': ui'ot', oiiiiilii'' Ijducluireiln irf's avoir t'rt | 1 lit vul\n>'' Met. Ilytii: jvisiiiiis ft il'' us l;i (iii,v;iii> IIOIIVI'IUI sill- S SOllYt'l'llillv I timi (Viiliirs r libel' avait'ii: oiil) iiliis loii:: ; ji LiverpoC" ablcinont qw Anjil.'terri'. r.oiiilfitd" LMit I'iii'i r'"' nice \mn cm- to i»r(!vciit the fittiiift-out, .inning, or (Minipping tliis vcss(d, it might iitM'liiips have been liiil)h', but it is clear it had no oi>i»oitunity. Such as it was, the fact is well established that the entire work was done at Xcw Orleans. Neither was it in a way to i>erinit this vessel to make use of its porta (ir waters as the base of naval operations, for the plain reason, if there were no other, that its career so soon terminated in the second of the only two ports she visited. Tiieonly resemblance to sucli a thin- was the supply of coals received at Trinidad. Hut that 'vas exhausted, without an oi)portunity of doing ijainaj;'!', Ixd'ore reaching the])ort of another sovereign, and nothingwas ever received from Ijritish sources afterwanls All the supplies ob- taiiieil with that exception ciune from ports belonging to otluu' imwers. [fail, therefore, to si'e wherein ller.^iaJesty's government has omitted to fiillill any duty ju'esented in this case, for I cannot discover what duty ■;lie was called to I'ulfdl. It is veiy triu'- that, at the moment, this proceeding of the recogni- lioii of the Sumter at Trinidad was regarded by the (Jovei'ument of the I'liitcd States as an unfriendly act, and muidi remonstrance was made a;;ainst it. Whether this was made with or without Just Ibundation, it (Iocs not seem necessary here to consider. The question now is solely of damages incurred by failure to fulfdl certain specified duties. I can discover no damages, and very trifling duty. lint there is one more (piestion in connection with tin; history of this vessel that demands consideration. It is alleged that she was suffered toreinain an undue length of time in the port of Gilu'altar, and that a fnnidnlent sale was recognized which enabled the insurgents to trans- lor tlie vessel to Liverpool, and use iuu' again, niuler a l>ritish register, as a transport for their cause. The answer to this is, that her detention at Gibraltar, however it may he considered, was certainly productive of no damage, while her pres- ence on the ocean might have been. And as to the fraudulent sale, linlicr farraiif^eincnt, I'armeiiient on I'oiiuiponiont de cu vaisseau, if ))onrraif, i)cut-("tr;anl(' par le Gouviirnement (les J^tats-Unis comme un a'te jieii amical, et itiiils y tirent beaucou)) de reinontrances. Si ceci a etti fait avec de justcs raisons ou mill, il lie inc senilile pas n<^ees8aire de rcxaininer ici. La (piestion actnelle est unicpie- iiiciit (le dmiimajfes encoiirns jiar la n(>sence sur imaii aiuait pu I'tHro. Et quant t\ la ventfi frauduleuse, le vaisseau (itait expo8(5 ii : f AlMSn'h'ATION AT CKNKNA. mi '!> ' i the vosiscl was opi'ii'to (japtiirc in licr (lofi'iiccloss stale, and it was con (jlhUmI tliat no reclamation couhl have been made tor it. Ho likcwisi she was «)pon to capture in her latest capacity as a transport. Ii neither case does Her ^[ajesty's {government appear to me to have in curred any l•(^sl•()nsil)ility under tin; three rules (»f the treaty wliicli ciin he estimated in damages. or. just such a chara(!ter as this one are other vessels jtresented sd j^aavely in the extract which 1 ha\e made from the llritish ciise at tin outset. These are the wretched ra;;s ov«'r which J [er .Majesty's iiiiiii> tcrs condeycemled to throw the nnmtle of a bellijj;ereid. Tliis they Jimi an niKinestionable rij-ht to do. llavin;;' dom^ so, it is mit ])ossil)le joi me to reach any other tlecision in the ])resent case. At the same time, it nn«y be remarked that it is made clear from these papers that at no tinn did this belli;,ferent ever send to sea durinjj the stru<;j>le a sinjilo wai vessel bull; within the limits of the territory it temporarily coutrollcil, X. — THH nashvii.m:. t^% This apjtears to be another instance of a seizure of a steatncr ton structed for a packet to run between Xew York and ( .'harlcston, in South Carolinr.. uid an attempt to turn her into a vessi'; of war by i)uttin<; two light gnus ni)on her, and the necessary aininiini tion to frighten nmirmed merchant-ships. In this state she received the requisite ollicers, and on the 2Gth of An gust, having inn the blockade of Charleston, made her way to the poi! of Saint (Jeorge, in the island of Uermuda, on tiie .')Oth, in the guise ni a war- vessel. In order to get salely out of Charleston Harbor, sho lunl been constrained to go light, in (jonsecpience of whi(!h she stood in ntrii of considerable snpplies of coal at Saint (ieoige, to enable her to elloct her contemi)lated passage to Southaini>toii. She obtained between lii» and 500 tons from ]n'ivate sources. Ller stay at this phice must have been from the .">Oth of August to tin 4th of ZS'ovember, when she started tor Southampton. A stay of sixty rtro |>ris, dans I'iinpoHsildlilf' oh il ("tait dc sc. dolcndrt', (!t I'oii recoiiiiiit ;niai«|U(!r ([n'il rossort claironiont do cos docuiuonts i|n'a aucnno oi)0(]no oe I)olliK'iaii' no niit on nior iKMidant le conllit nn aonl vaissean de guoiro oonstrnit dans iosliinil- dn torritoins snrloqnol il oxor<;a pour lo coup son controlo. I-K NASUVII.I.K. C'ooi i).arait otro nn antro oxtMiiplo d'uno saisio d'nn steaiiior oonstrnit jtour seivii oonuno patinobot entrc Now York ot Cliarlostoii dans la Caroline du Hud, et iiiieiiiitiv tontative ort de St.-Georges, dans I'ile de JJormude, le :50, eonune vaissean li' j;ueiTe. Atiu do sortir on sdcurite du port «le Charleston, il avait «'te oblige d'ailci saH' cbarge, et en consoquouce il out bosoiu do subsides considerables de eharbou aSt- (leorge p"W Soutlnmipton. I'n st'jonr de soixaisto-si^ Jours aceordc' a cot endroit. a.jonto a cc jri""'' (H'lXioNs OF mi;, akams. •2\:\ ,!<; (lays iKTiniltiMl iit this iiIikh', in ..'oiiiiccttion with tho hu'ixv supply (»l" ,()iil, imliciito iiii j'XtreiiK'ly iil)t'i'al (•(iiistructiou of the; civility (Inc. to .iicliii vessel at; th(! outset ofii stnis^h' like that in America. At the sanie time it slioiihl bo observed that Jlei' ^lajesty's fiovern- iiciit hiidiiot yet Ibnml time to mature the iie(M\ssary re^^ulatioiis to be ,i1)S('1V(mI in lu'i' remoter dominions, in re^anl to the stay of, and the sup- ;iliest() he furnished to, the vessels of the eontendiuiL;' parties when toiicli- iiijf at lier ports. hi lier trip across the ocean the Nashvilh^ met and destroyed one lU'rcliiHit-vessel of the Tnited states — the Ilarvey Uircli. After leav- ing Southami)ton, she stoi)ped af^aiu at Bermuda, where she received lob Kiiis of coal, which enabled her to r(^turn home. On her way she seems toliiive destroyed one schooner. It is to be inferred that her utter un- :jtii('ss for the business to which she had been put had been clearly :irovc'(l, and sh(i was laid aside. it is contended that tln^ recei)tion which this vessel met with at vari- (iiis])orts of Her ^fajesty's kingdom, and the abundant supplies of coal icrcived by her, are sulliciently j)roved to briny her within the i)urview 4 the sec'ond rule specalied in the treaty of \\'ashin;;ton for tlie j;uid- iiicd of the arbitrators. I!iit, in order to establish this claim, it seems to me necessary to coii- M(lor tlie ijuestiou of intent on the \yM\ of th<' authorities, as well as ;li;it of neyli/^'cnce. From the evidence furnished in the pa])ers before us in regard to these two points, 1 confess that I cannot jiather snllicient materials to enable iiKito decide a.n'ainst Her Majesty's (lovei-nment on either of them. At the outset of the struy.nle, and before the receipt of clear directions to loiiilate tlu'ir conduct, it mi,!;ht very well happen that the authorities ill tlio remote dependencies would make mistakes of judf;'ment in per- mitting; sni)plies, without nu^aniny to be partial to one side nu)ro than ;o another. I have no reason to suspect that just the sanie measure vouhl not then have been .^ranted to any vessel of the United States. A tew tons more or less of coal (,'an scarcely be called convincing- proof viljsido do cliarboi), iii(li<(no \uw iiit('rpr<^tation cxtrriuompiit liln'ralc ('rirK'e dans letraiti' dt^ Wasliinnton coinnus .'niilc pour les. arliiti'es. Mais alin d'l'tahlir eelte pi'i'tention il mo sendile in'eessaire d'exauiiner la s possessions ('loi.^iKMis les autorites lissonfc des iioius de jusenuuit, en aecordant des subsides sans iienstn* a (''tre partiales pour uu I'liiti ])liit(')t ((lu' pour I'antre. Jo n'ai inillo raison do soup(;oinn'r (|u'on iiNsftt pas alors "I'cordij exaeteinent la mr'ni(>- nicsure a un vaisseau des fitats-Unis. (^uebiues tonnes "' cliarbou d(! ]dns on de inoins peuvent a peine ("(re appeh'es des preuves convaiu- 2\[ aIv'IMii.'a; ION AT (ii;M:\A. of iiiiilicioiis intent. Vvnm my ohscrviitioii ol' (lie ;;i'nijriil (-(niisi' ui (iovi'rnor Old, I fail to juatlMT any clear traces of a dispositiuii Id In otlu'i'wise tliaii iini)arlial in liiat ollieer. With respeel to the stay of tln^ XashxiMe at Southampton, and Im supplies reeeived tliere, I n the two cnii tures which she actually made seem to have been vessels she cliancii! to meet on her track, which she; eoidil destroy without the sli<;hlcst dc viation. The ^^ovej-nor of St. (leor^e's seems to have been conviiiccii that the object of th(5 voyage was connected with the establishnit'iitfii diplomatic relations in luirope, ami jtrocurin;;' naval supplies and stores. At one tinu' it was intended to brin;;' out Messrs. Mason and HIidcll. and it actually did have on board Colonel Peyton, supjtosed to be cliari^cd Avith u mission of the sanu^ kind. However this may be, I fail to find solid ;;round ui)on which to Ijiisi. ill this case, any chai'/^e either of intention or ne;4li.t;en trouTc pas (pu! Ic cas iVit osscntiellcnuMif dil'l'cront dc ccliii du steamer dcs Ktats-L'Ui- Tnscavova. l'!ux prises , ct (ju'il put detruire saiisln ])luH le;4(rc deviation. Le j^oiivenuMn do 8t.-Gcorfj;o st^nilde avoir (;te convaincu iiuel' l)nt Cm voyage, otait en rai)port ,'(.vjc I'ctablisseincmt do relations diplomatiipies ci: Europ(! ct de jirocurer dcs sn!>-;Klr.- navals ct dea fournitnrcs niilitaires. I'ciKliiutin. moment on cut rintcntion dc condnire MM. Mason ct Slidcll en Europe, et, ctUictivi- nient, il y avait a bord Ic colonel I'eytoii, tiuc I'on supposait ctre cbari^c d'une uiission dc la meme nature. (Juoi (pi'll en Moit,,t(Mic ])nis trnuvcr do rai sons .sol ides snr les(pie.llcs liaser dansi cas aucunc accusation d'intention on do ni^y,li;^cncc coutrc lo youvcrncuicut dt: >- Mnjcstc, d'apres les termes du traite de Wasbingtou. LK CIIICKAMAUriA, La premiere seniiiinc de mars ]8()4, on !\ ]>eu iirc.s, nn steamer appelc TEdif!'.. 'i'" avait dtc construit dans lo royaume do la Grandc-Bretagno dans lo but do forcer i' blocus dcs ports iusurgds aux Etats-l.'iiis, partit de Londres. II semblc avoir ot**"" des vaisseaux construits cominc propri(^te communo dos antorit^s insurgt^es aux Ktatv Uuis et de quelques niaisons dc conmicrcc de la Grande-Bretagnc. Conniic tcl il OPINIONS o|' Mi;. ADAMS. L>1 (iiwil IWitiiiii. As siicli, slu' niinlc licr Wiiv siicct'ssriilly iiit(> llir port: ,inViliiiiii;;t<>ii, in Xoiili Ciiroliiiii. It l»i'iiij;ii.s('('itiiiiu'(l by cxpLTiiiicnt that sill' \\iis ii liisl and stancli \r.s.st'l, it Wiis (hen (li'lcnnined b.v the iiisiir ri|Uil jiMit iuiilioritits to pnt tliriM' ;inns upon lici", willi llic iiciu'ssary iiiicnt, ainl transrorni licr into a rci^iilar ci nisei-. As sncli slio iiit'd }o !»(' i'»'('o;;ni/cd at IJcrnnnla on the Ttli November. Ilei-e lun* iiiiiimiiiider appMed for leave to coal and repair inachiiM'ry, wliieli was ^'niiitcd. Shi' was sni»plied hy tlieantliorities with twenty-live tons, and Jieriiiitted to remain lor icpairs ei^ht days. 11' it was propt'r to reeog- iii/,0 her at all, in no instance have I jtereeived a liiiner tone in dealing witli a vessel of the kind, oi' a clearer execution of the orders j^iveu by Hit ."Majesty's j;()\ernment. If it happein'd that the commander snc- irodt'd in .ucttinjj: a laiji'er supply from private- sources, it must have hct'ii (li)iK' surreptitiously and in (leliance of their will. On her outward tiip from Wilminji'ton, she seems to have destroyed some merchunt- vi'ssils. I'.ut when she ,i;ot back, the experiment api)ears to liave been I'ltiisidered unsatisfactory, for it Mas not eontinue«l. Shi; was aj,'aiii re- (liici'd to u transpiM't. Not hMi;,' afterward Wilinin};tou was taken l)y ilic United States, and the last traces of spurious belliy;eren('y on the Aini'i'ii'an coast were expun;;ed. Here 1 fail to see any reason tor char;j;in;;' Ifer ^lajesty's f^overnment with any detault under eith-.'r of the thri'C ruh's prescribed for the yuid- iiu'c of the arbitrators by the terms of the treaty of Washin('iiit'iit lu'i'cssaiic. I't. dis In tiaiisrornicr I'li croi.siMir ivjjiilicr. II pii'ti'iidit ('■trt' reconmi (onimctt'l a licDmidii Ic 7 kovdiiiIuc. Sun coiii- iiiaiulaiit y dcnianda la jicrniission t]i' t'aii'(> dii cliaihon rt dt- n'paicr sa nia<;liint', ci' <\\i\ liii flit accordi'. II rcrnt di's autoiiti's vinjit-iini( loyncs ct la jierniission dt» rcstcr liiiit jiim-s i)()Mr ii'parations. S'il rlail lonvcnahlc^ do Ic rcx-nniiaitrc. dn font, jo n"ai troincon aiicun cas nn ton ](lus f'crnu^ fu traitaut avoc, iin A'aisscaii do cctto smto, ni '.iiii> I'xi'cution ])his ncttodcs oi'dri's donui's par Ic, j^ouvonicnicut do sa Majcsl"'. S'il :irrivn (iiu; If (.'onuntindant riMissit a ohtonir nn plus ^^rand snhsidc do soiirtvs privc'os, itin (liiit axoir oto fait siil)ro]iti('oniont ot on liravant sa volonti'. ]>aiis sa conrso ajiri-s itiL'Sditi do Wilnun;;ton, il sonddo avoir di'truit ipnitro vaissoaiix inaridiauds. JIais i|iuniil il lovint, roxpt'iionoo sonildi>- avoir oto on\ isayiu; oomnn' pon satislaisanto, oar illc no flit i>as contiiHiof. II fut do non\-oaii ri'dnit a I'otat do Iraiispmt. I'oii do tomps iipii's, Wiliiiin<);ti)n fiit }iris par los Ktats-l'iiis, ot los doriiioros traces do giieiro iiiari- tiinc snr la cote aniorieaino fnront t'tointos. Jft lie puis voir ici aiuiiiie raison d'aeciisor le ;ii>uvorneineiit do sa Majosto d(> faiito, ilajiiis aiienne des trois i'o<;los ]iroscritos ponr j;iii(lor los ahitros siiivaiit los tormos dii tniite (lu Washinj^ton. i.K TAi.r.AHAssr.i;. C'est nil vaissoan dn noinliro do eeiix (i|ni out eti' cinistrnits on An;;letene, doiit lo Cliickaiiiaiiga (eo cas a dc'jri oto oxaniino) ('•tait; nn aiitn; <.'x«!inplo. La promiore seinaino il'avril l.'^()4, a ])eu ])ros, il qiiittJi Londres sons lo nom do TAtlanta. Lo '20 il arriva h lieiniiula. II sonildo y otro resto jnsiiii'aii 2i niai, oil il partit pour forcer 1«} Itlocns do ^\ iliniiirjton, CO a (pioi il paruit avoir roiissi, car lo niois siiivant il seinblo avoir oing louiul switt mid stroii*;', it iippcnrs to have Ix'cii docidod iii Wilmiiifitoii to iiiiikc sm ('xi)eiiineiit ortiiniiiifj this vcssi'l into a cniisci. The, o(iiii|»in('iit and iiiiiiiniii;j: were all done there, and on the (ith m Anji'ust, thecominaiider, Wood, sneceeded in iiiKiiinji," the hloekade, ami entered njjon his career of tlie whole story n; this short cruise naii'ated by the eoiiiinander himself, under circiim stances which render the truth of it inobable. Coniinander Wood, in n letter puiportinj^to beollicial, rei)orts these tacts: 1. That ho sailed live days to tin^ northward without findiii*;' any vessels not l'airo]ieaii. i', That on the 1 1th, havinj;' ai)i)roached ]Ne\v Vork, as he pursued the lim of the coast northward, until the L'Oth, he captured tidrty-three acsscIs. twenty-six of which lu^ destroyed. 3Iost ol" them were of small mi: Wy this tiniiMie had reached the British i>rovinces, and had consuincd nearly all his coal Ho he decided to ))nt into Halifax on the IStli. nini try his luck lor new sujjplies. It api)eais very clearly from his confession that Sir dames lloitc, tlii' admiral then in command at the station, lik(^ most of the otiicers in Her -Majesty's naval service, had no fancy for this fraudulent spe(;ies of ki lij-erency, and no disposition to be blind to the tricks by which it was carried on. Tlie iieutenant-j:»(tvernor also j^ave no hopes of any relaxa tiou of the rules laid down by the j>overnment, whether in regard to liis stay or his sui)pl'\'s. Alter all, he boasts that he did succeed in clicat inji' him a little, but it was not enou.iih to do any i;oo(l: so he was coni pelled to abandon his cruise for tlu^ want of coals, and make the best of his way back to his startin.^-point. lie suc<'eeded in forcinf:^ thi' bloclv ade at ^VilminJ•■ton on the LMIth. This made a cruise (»f twenty days. There is somi^ evidenci; to show that tins vessel issued forth once inoiv as ;i cruiser from Wilmin.!ilon. in the early part of Xovend)er. and made a lew captures. If so, it was under another name, that of the Oliistoc. Like other rojjiies, aftia havinj;()n(!e more exhausted her reputation, she ehans'ed her nanu' a third time. laid down liei' arnunnent, and preseiittil i't' • ':<^ C'oimiio on le troiivait rapidf ct (tut il parait ijiic I'oii ili'cida a Wiliiiiiit;t(>ii (rcss.iw, il(! traiistbiiiicr cc vaisscaii t'li croi.st'iir. l/('(|iiii>oiiiciit ft, Ic rccnitfini'iit (Ic l\'i|iii]i;i;,'i' sfiiiblciit y avoir (•!(■ faits cntiiTcint \\t, vt, Ic (> aoiit, 1<> coiiuiiaiHlatil Wond inissit :. I'oix'cr Ic lilociis ct ('(liimit'iirii sa cai'iit'it! dc d(-|ir<'dati()ns. Jianscocas il est liciiriMix quo nous ayous di'vant nous loiifc l'Iii.stoii(> dc cctti' (.•oiirt'^ (•I'oi.sji-rc, I'aconti'C jiar Ic t'(unniandant du vaisscan lui-un-nn', dans dcs ciii/onstaiu'i's qiii '•n rcndi'Ul la V4^i'it<'' iiroliabli'. Cc monsieur Wood, dans uiu; Icttn^ <|u'on pcut ciivisii yiL'i' (■..niiuc orilcicllc, rapiicllt; ( I's I'aits: I. (j)u"il lit voilo cimi jonrs vim's lo nonl snii^ U'tiuver aucun vaisscau ([ui nc Cut curoin'cii. '2. Qui' ic II, s"rtant aiipioi-lH'' dc Now Vorli, ot conouc il suivait la liji'iiiMlcs cotes Ics jours suivauts jns([u'au 'JO, il iMjitiii:; trcntc-ti'ois vaisscanx. dont il di'truisit vinj;t-six. La plupiO't ctait dc pctits iiavircv I'ciulant cc (cnijis 11 avait attcint Ics jiroviuccs anjilaiscs, ct avait cousnuic a jicu \ny- lout son diarhon, II dclio had rim out of Wilmington. 8lie was now called, not inai)proi)ri- itely, tlie Chameleon. ]>nt when, on the 0th April, 18()5, all American ., oris lu'in;;' linally closed, s1h> reached Liverpool, she was reported at tliiit place as the Amelia, consigned to ^lessrs. ]''raser, Trenholm «S: Co., the sole remaining re[)resentatives of an extinguished fraudulent bellig- clOllt. Tlie conclusion to which I have come is, that there is no evidence ad- iliK'cd in this case to show that llov ^fiijesty's government has failed to observe the rules laid down for the regulation of neutrals, as prescribed !iy tlic treaty of NVashington. \lli. — Tin: IIKTHIIU TI(t-\. Ot' all the spots ma in a web as well of simulation as it'dissiinulation, that 1 confess it to be a lalior of extreme difli(Mdty even 'D roach any statement of the. facts which I can rely upon as abso- lutely coi'rect. It may, however, be assunu'd as true that, in the year isr»(t, a steain- jiropeiler was constructe(l at i'ulValo, in the State of New York, whi<'h '.vas taken to New York, and employed for several yc^ars as a tug in that jiort. la tlie nu)nth of April, ISOl, being the pi'ecise i>eriod of the breaking 'lilt of the contlict in Anun'ica, this tug appears to have been sent by the jaoprietors to the southern coast. No reason for this ])ro('eeding is ;;iveii, and no port of -iii.ss(>;ui iiiarcliaiid (•lii>i'<;'i' (rune rarjrnisoii (Ic, coton avoc laqiiollo il ■ tait snrti (If Wilmiiintoii. II s"ai>p('lait alors (I'liuc luaiiicrt! (•(iiivciiahlc lo Caiiu'U'on. Mais l(iisi[iic, ](' ;) iivril ISt!."!, tons Ics [lorts aiiK'iicaiiis I'liicMit I'liliii (oi'iiu's, il att<'ij;tiit: i.ivcipool, flit ('iiic;;i.strt' cii cet ciulruit sous In lutiii dc. rAiUclia. coiisi^iit' ;. MM. Fra/.er. i'rt'uliolm ct C'"', It's houIs rcim'sciitants rostaiits d'uii 1>t'lli.u( rant lVaiiar Ics i)r>)|)ri('taii'cs snr la <'<">(" snd. Nnllc I'aisoii dc <•>' jird- "l<' n'i'st dininrc. c( ancnn jiint dc dcstiiiaf iim n'cst iiic;i(iuniic'. rcnt-ctrc Ic hul •2 IS AlilUTKATIOX AT GENEVA. inijilit I'.iM' l)t'('ii to iiiida mnrkot. If so, the owiiois iimst liavc Ikti,