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All liiy/Us Ikstrvtd, PREFACE. T.v tliis voliimo I have grroupcil to.rrotlier the Iiistory of wliat arc fomnionly torinod tl.o silver aiul cont(>..- nial states, includi.ijj: also the partially interveni.i.r tcrntory of Wyoming, which, with Utah and soutl" «Tn Itlalio, whose annals are jclated elsewhere, f(,rni the central division of our Pacific coast domain, extend- ing eastward from Calif,)rn;a to the limits of the field oer'upic-d l,y this series. Here is a region full of natu- ral wonders, with a climate and configuration, a moun- tam, lake, and river system, a fauna and fiora a geology and mineralogy, all of them peculiar and distinct. As the discovery of gold peopled the state of Cali- fornia, so did that of tlic Comstock mines draw popu- lation to Nevada. Virginia City and a nu.nher of smaller towns in this vicinity sprang up almost in a liight. Year by year the output of the great lode increased, eclipsing even the glories of Potosi, and so r. uuemg the value of silver that men began to say it would soon be ranked among the base metals. After the advent of the railroad the heaviest machinery in the world was liere erected, and with the develop- ment of two immense bonanzas, the total yield swelK-d into the hundreds of millions. Elsewhere in Nevada ospecially in the Pioche aud P:ureka districts, rich' mineral deposits have been unearthed, but none of r vi PIIEFACE. tlicin ai)i)roat'hiiig tliu inarvelloua treasures of Coin- stock. Next to lior mini)),i; iiitorcsts conifs stock-ralsinnr, tloc-ksand lu^rds thrivini>- on the nutritious buiicli-grass conunon to the entire reLjion between tlie Sierra No- vjula and tlie Rocky Mountains. Thou<,di witli an avera!j!,(' rainfall of little more than five inches a year, ill places the soil i;. fertile, and the climate favorable to the j»roduction of cereals and fruits, a yield of ;30 or 40 bushels to the acre of wluiat or barlev bein<if not unusual. In 18G0 there were less than 100 farms in the entire territory; in 1889 there were over 2,000, with about 10,000,000 acres classed as irrii»'able la^id. Since her admission to statehood, the political an- nals of Nevada are such as would do honor to an older and more conservative community. Especially is she to be commended for her liberality in the sui)port of public institutions. Her financial condition, also, is of the soundest, with a revenue lar<>ely in excess of ex- penditure, a sur[)lus in the treasury amounting, at the close of 1888, to about $1,250,000, and a school fund of e(jual amount invested in state and national bonds. In the same year that witnessed the discovery of the Comstock lode occurred the ijreat miu;ration to Pike peak, wdien, in the summer of 18.59, an army ;)f 150,000 men traversed the j)lains between the Missouri and the base of the Rockv Mountains. Of these at least one third turned back, discouraged by evil reports, and of those who arrived on the ground probably less than 20,000 remained as permanent set- tlers. But here was the nucleus of a population, and that of the best material for empire-building — men I'UKFACE. vu )f Com- -raisiunr, L'h -grass ;rra Ne- witli an i a year, iivoral)lo 1(1 of no L'V beinyf )U farms jr 2,000, ble land, tical an- an okler ly is she [)[)ort of so, is of s of ox- til ig, at a scliot)! national :)vcry of ation to In army ien the ins. Of mod by ground lent set- Ion, and -men resolute of will, inured to hardship, and with all the tiicrgy and ndaptahility of the typical jyioiieci'. As- suredly then' was no laek of resources in this ofeat and goodly region, with its magniHeent soil and cli- mate, its majestic canon and river systems, its series of natural parks, its gardens of the gods, its virgin foi-ests, and its untold mineral wealth. Much attention has been jjfiven to irrigation, several tl d miles of < ith I) )f iti lonsand miles ot canal, witli hrancliesot mucii gi-catir leuuth distributing their waters over the thirsty eaith. And yet not ten per cent of all the irrigable land in ( 'ol- oiado is under cultivation. Within recent years stock- raising has attained to the second rank among her- industries, ami is i)rv)bably destined erelong to sur[)ass even mining in aggregate value. In manufactures a i»egiiming has been mad(% and in this direction also the outlook is of the brightest. The public institutions of the centeimial state, and especially her public scjiools, are second to none, and in this respect the young commonwealth is worthy of all commi.'udation. No less remarkable is the character of her legislation and her [)ublic men, the former never being disgr-aced by the misappropriation of the peo})le's funds or the latter by deeds of violence. In Wyoming, with the awe-inspiring grandeur of her scenery, with her rare geologic formations, her mountain peaks, among the highest on the continent, lier magnificent plateaux and rolling plains, her gvy- sers and volcanoes, and her water-shed, dividing the streams tliat flow toward the Atlantic and J^icitic, we have a veritable wonderland. Here, as elsewhere, the trapper was followed by the gold-hunter, and the lat- ter by the farmer and stock-raiser, causing this region viU IMlKFArR to bloom forth Into civilization like u flower in tlif wililorncss. Almost lK'ti)ro tlu; world was awaro of its existence, there was established here a Hourisiiin^*' conunonwealth — full-tled<r(.d as spran*:; Minerva fnun the cranium of Jove. With resources unlimited, tliouj^h as yet almost ujitouched, a ijreat future is assured for this territory, soon t() bo adn>itted amoiiiif the sisterhood of states. In prcpariniLif the material for this volume, I have consulted, in addition to all the printi'd books, period- icals, and public documents bearin<jf on the subject- matter, a larj^e number of valuable maimscripts furnished l)y the actors in the scenes which they describe — men representin»>; all classes of people, fiom the pioneers to those who now control the affairs of state or the chaimels of trade and industry. PI m CONTKXTS OF TTITS A'OLrMi:. IIISTOIJY OF NEVADA. ClIArTKR I. TMK CKI'.Vr IIASIN. ,.^,.^ riaiii of Evapnnition, or Klovati'd Sink — Its Situation — Prominent f'liar- iictoristics — I'lit! Name (irciit Ha.siii InM|)[>r(ii>riati' — A (irouji <ii lliisiiis - Woiiilcrs of tlio Ui'gion- A Tra[ii)er'a Story— ( 'aves Cli- iiiatii AtmoHjiliure- Aridity — Sand — Storms ami ('loiid-lnirxts 'I'lio Mira^u- Soil, l'onli>.'uaratiiiii, and Scuiii'ry— Ilaiii-fail and 'rcnijK'ra- turc-Ciiangi- of StMsons Altitildu and (ii-ologii.: Formation Me •■ tain SyHtem — Lakes and Sinks — RiviTs — Si>rin);s — Donerts— I'lauts anil Animals Hini- ind Kislics Minerals and Metals — Sod and Agriculture .N«.u.i,i.v lature 1 C II APT K 11 II. KAKI.IHUT EXIM.OIiA'riONS. 1.540 i.s:a Near Ajiproach of C'oronado's Expedition, and Especially of Pcilro do Tohar — Party of Spaniards under Anza — WandtTinijs of Katlier Francisco <!arces — I'ctcr Font's Journal and Map— Mytliical Streams Other Ancient Maps -Ap]iroacli of I'ominguez and Escalantc to Nevada -I'eter SUeiii Ogdeii for the Hudson's Kay Company I 'is- covery of Mary or Ogdeii lliver Ailveiit of Free Trappt'rs - Henry. Ashley, Hridger, and (ireen — Expedition to California of .li'ileiliah S. Smith- Nevada Traversed from West to East — Influx of Trap|>ers from the Xortli Tiio Wolfskill Exiied.ition- I'artii's under Nidever, Frajip, and W'yatt— Encounter with the Savages .loseph Walker's Visit to California and Ketiirn — lU-treatinent of Indians- Meck's Statement- Something of Carson and lieckwourtii -f> CHAPTER III. PASHACIK OF TllK KMIHUANTS. lS:?t 184(). Trapping Becomes fJcncral — Opening of the Emigration Epoch— The Road to California — Progress of the Hartleson ( 'ompany throur'i Nevada — 5^dHeIl, Henshaw, and Nye— Belden, Riekman, Chiles, and Welier (ix) f I I contj;nt.s. it - Wiiat tlioy Severally Sail' of It- Searcli for Ogdeii liivcr - They Aliamlnii tluMf Wagdii:! Friendly Iiitercoiirse witii the Slio.sliones — Varieil Ailveiitiires — l>i:4seii.siiiii — Search for a l\iss--()ver theSierra -Hastings and liis ISotik — t'liiles over a New li'nute— Walker (Juides a I'arty into ( 'alifornia over his Uetiiru Koute of ISIil — First \Vai;oiis to Traverse the Entire C\>untry — Fremont's Kxpeditions-- l'',lisha St(!vens or the Murphy Company — Snyder, Swasey, l{laeUI)nrn, and 'I'odd Company — Siihlette from St Louis Walker, Carson, Talbot, and Kern- -Expedition of Scott and the Apjdegates from Oregon. . . 4il I I CHAPTER IV. SKTTl.KMr.Nl'. 1S47 18()(). Cessii I from Mexieo- Advent of the Mormons — Colonization— Mormon Station — Tratlie with Emigrants Intercourse with California (iov- ernment Assumed — Land Claims Made and Recorded- Cattle Trade, Farminif, and Huihling — First Settlers- Petition for Annexation to California — Movements toward a Territorial Clovernnient — ('ontliets with the Latter-day Saints — Political and Judicial tiu ClIAPTEll V. TIIK, COMSl'OCK I.UDK. lS4i» KSCO. t'lintifMiration — Placer Cold — Early Minini; intlold C.inon Silver Found l»y tiie (Jroscii Brothers — Death of tlie I >ise(A ereis Comstoek, Old Virginia, and Associates —Johntown and (JoM Hill Claiiiisainl Loca- tion.- ()[)hir. Silver City, or N'irginia Town 1 lise<i\eries Else\^ iiere W.ilsii anil W'liodworth- -Testing and Si p.iratini,' Introduetion of Mills — l'roccs.><es -Description of tiie Caiit'ornia, a Ue[)i'esentative Mill ItU I i C'HAITKR VI. ivuTiiKi: i>i:vi;i.oi'.MK.Nis on tiik luMsrorK. 1800-1888. f^peculation and Litigation Fight hetween the Djihir and Huriiing Mos- cow A'iolenl. Fluctuations of Su|(posiil N'aiue.s Mining Laws- State tif Society- Wild E.xtravaganee San Fiaiicisco Stocli-hoanl For- tunes Made and Lost — Miner's Life — Association and Ohli.gations — • Yields and Dividends — The Honai /a Firm, Mackay, Fair, Flood, and ()'l5iien -Manipulations— Tl>c Sutro Tunnel— (li'ology of the Com- Btock Lode 121 CONTENTS. 3ri CHAITKU VII. TKKIUI'DKIAl. OIKiAM/AlION, is,v.»-is.;4. r,,,. Till' N.iinc Noviula — Area ami Limits — Tlio ti^uoation f>f Houiulary- ('imiiiiid.sious :iiul Surveys — DitHcultii-s with (.'aliinrnia- Tiriiimial Olliccrs — UoviTiior ISyc — First Logislatiiro — (.'(kIc of Laws .iiid C'liiirso (if Legislation — County Oi'Ljaiiizations and Oiru-crs Capital — Juilicial I'istriets and Judiciary — State oi Society — Educational — Ncwsjiai.er Truss — Corruption of Lawyera aud Judges I JO CHAI'TKK VI 11. STATIC (lOVKliNMKNT. 18li4-KS8I. Legislation — Movcnieiits toward State Organization— The Uninn Tarty — Union Sentiments — Military Companies (iovernor Hlasdel First State Lei;i.slature — Finances — Taxation — Strugi^les for SenatorshipH -Money All-powerful — (Jovernor Kradley (Jovenior Kinkcad — Tolities of the IV'riiid Monopoly and I'olitieal Coiruptiun Silver in Congress — Tulilic Institutions ITli CIIATTKR IX. 1 Mil AN WAliS. I84'.i KSSl'. California Kniii:rants of hS4Sl — Suhseqiient ])eeds of Violence — Wiiine- nnieca antl the Tah Utes — Outld'cak of 1S(J0- Attitude of Vcuiig Winncmiiiea 'llie Shoshoiies— Attach on Williams' Station ()r- ga'ii/.atioii ot I'orees -iiatlle of Tyramid Lake Death of Ormsliy Movements ef Troops Further Finhtin;^ Continued TrouMes - The (ioih L'te War — Treaties and Keservations '-'0."> CHAI'TKK X. iMATKUrAI, liKSOriiCKS ASH IIKVKl.Ol'MKNT. I.SH> ISSli. (,i>uestionaiile Value of Mines Traiispoii ition Roads aud Railroads - Mail Routes and Telegraphs Stiiges Tony Fxpiess Steamliiiafs l''islieries- Metals I'.oiik Keviews Amieiillure Climate Whirl winds and K irtlnniakes I'Mora au<l Fauna Live-stoelc Cattle Raising Lands and Surveys Coiniiies of Nevada- Summary of liesources Society — Educational. L'eligious, anil Benevolent Insti- tutions — Newspapers— Bibliography l-2i xii CONTENTS. CHAPTER Xr. rROORKSS OK KVKNTS. 1881-1888. I'AOK Finances — Rciluction of Expenses— Public Buildings — State Prison War — .St:ito University — Piihliu Charities Kilucatidniil Allairs — Pro- posed Annexation of Southern Idaho — Mining — Kailroads — Politic.-*. 'MO HISTORY OF COLORADO. CHAPTER I. niY.SICAI, KKAirii KH. Mountain Ry.stem— Primeval Waters — Upheaval, Evaporation, and Gla- cial Action— Dry Rivers — Flora and Fauna — Primitive Man — Caftons) anil llivcr Sysstuins — Series of Parks — Climate — Soil Furcsts — (Ico- logical ForiD.itions — Minerals and .Metals -( miM ami .Silver — (.'oal and Iron— Pi ecious Stones — Land and Water Elevations 323 CHAPTER II. DI.-<COVEHY AND OCCt^l'ATION ir)41^18.")3. What Coronado Failed to do — p'sealante's Expedition — Spanish and FreiK'ii Occupation — Pike's and Long's Expeditions — Early (iold Discoveries — Adventur(!s of the Williams Party — Santa Fe Trail — Trajipers and Traders — Forts — Tlie Rent.s, Vasque?;, St Vrain, and Others -El Puehlo — La .Junta — Immigration — Fremont's ICfforts — The Mormons at Puehlo — Military Exj)editions — fiovcrnment Sur- veys by (Uinnison, Hayden, Wlieeler, and King 338 CHAPTER III. 001. i> in.srovKitiEs. 18.53 lS.-)<). Mythological Mines — Men from (ieorgia — The Chcrokees — Hicks and Russell — The Lawrence Party — Other Companies — Auraria versus Pi'Mvir -Tiie Town Builders —Early Merchants and Manufaet\irers First (luidc Books and .TournaLs — G-old Discoveries on Uoulder Creek and Clear Creek — Russell and Gregory — Central City and Fair Play — Piozieor Biography 303 CHAPTER IV. PUOOUE.SS OF SKTTLEMENT. 18.59-1860. The .Arkansas Valley— Road into South Par). -El Pasvi Claim Club- Colorado City Company — Irrigation — Tlie Fighting Farmers oi Fon- CONTENTS. taino City— Cafton City— Clear Creek — Pueblo — California f!ulch — Pioneers in the .Several Lmalities— Oro City— Leadvillo— Frying Pan (liili;li—Koa(l-inal;ing- Mining l>oveloi)munts — Freigiiting — Mail Facilities — I'ony Exiiress— Stage Cunipaniea 387 CIIAITER V. OKdANIZATION OK (iOVK.KN MENT. 1S5S-1801. Bleeding Kansas — Representative from Arapahoe County — Provisional Governniunt — T>'rritory or State of Jetl'erson — Elections ami Conven- tions— (Jovernor Steele — Divers (Governments — Popular Trihunal-s — Tlie Turkey War — Squatters — The Name Colorado — Territorial Organization — (Jilpin, Governor — Boundaries — Condition of the Country — Seal— Mint — Legislative Proceedings — (Jilpin's Military Operations — The Colorado Regiments in the Civil War 401 323 338 ■rs drv iiid 3C3 CHAPTER VI. POLITICAL AFFAIKS. 18(il-188«, Gilpin'a Heroic Successes — Superseded by .loJni Evans — Wold atid E11)ert ■ — Legislative Action — Coinage — Bennett — Failr.re to Estahli.ih State (iovernment — Further Efforts and Final Success — Current Terri- torial Afl'airs— Organic Law— Governor Cummings- Bradford - Cliil- cott — Hunt, McCook, and Elbert- Governor Routt — Cliatfee — Postal Routes — Patterson, Boone, and Brotnwell — Tiie Judiciary — Politics und(?r State Organization — Teller — Population and Lands — (lovern- ors Pitkin, Grant, and Ea ton— Senators Hill and Boweu 42'> CIIAI'TER VII. INDIAN WAKS. 18()0-1SS0. Tribes and Treaties — Aboriginal Brigan<iage — Unrecorded Outrages of the Wiiite Men — Appropriations— White Force in the Field-'llie Colorado Regiments — Depredations on the Overland Mail Company —Communication Cut oft' -The S:iud Creek Massacre — Chivington Censured by Congress, but Tliaiiked by tlu; Peojili; of Colorado — Forts and Reservations — West of the Mountains Wide-spread Hos- tilities and Battles 4.'"i."» h — 'on- CHAPTER VIH. MATKKI-VL rUOOHESS. 1859-1875. Placer and Quartz. Mining— Rcfactory Ores — Processes — .Smelting — Swindling Corporations — The Flood— Indian Hostilities— Agricul- XIV CONTENTS. PAOK tiirc — Proflucts and Prices — Discovery of Silver— Localities and Lodfs— 'Ihe San Juan Country — Adventures of .loiiii Baker's Party — Great .Sufferings — Ariiliitectural Remains of Primitive Peoples — Pile's Expedition^Treaty Violations — Opening of Koads — Silver Lodes — San Miguel Gold District — Ouray 482 '«* CHAPTER IX. rUKTIIKK DKVKLOl'MKNT. 1875-1886. California Oulch Rcdivivus — Hills of Silver — The Carbonate Mines— Men of the Period — Ors^anization of Leadville — Monetary and Political Institutions — Output of the Mines — Vigilance Connnittees — Miners' Strike— Martial Law Proclaimed — Disaffected Utes — Tlie (lunnison Country — SeientiHc and Mining Expeditions — Tiie Gunnison CoKmy — Coal — Towns Established — Bibliography — Newspapers 504 CHAPTER X. AORICULTUUE AND STOCK RALSINQ. 1861-1886. Land Surveys — Analyses of Soils — Altitudes— Irrigation — Importance of the Subject — Convention — Laws and Regulations — A Most Per- fect System — Ditching — Greeley and the Union Colony — Land-in- vestment, Canal, and Irrigating Companies — Grain-growing Districts — Products— Horti dtural and Agricultural Societies — Granges- Failure of Cooperative Commerce — State Board of Agriculture — Agricultural College — Stock-raising — Native Grasses — Incorporated Cattle Companies — Sheep and Horses 533 CHAPTER XI. DENVER AND ARAPAHOE COUNTY. 18.->9-18S6. Survey — Denver Lands— Municipal Organization — Tlie Queston of Capi- tal—Post-office and Assay Office— Railways-Telegraphs — Street Railways— Pul)lic Buildings— Schools and Churches— Style of Archi- tecture-Water System and Drainage — Manufactures — Smelters— Ciiand)cr of Commerce— Exposition (Grounds and Buildings — Bank- ing — Society and Culture— Biography 543 CHAPTER XII. COUNTIE.S OF COLORADO. 1859-1886. Bent County— Industries, Towns, and People— Boulder County— Early Settlers— Quartz Mining — Coal and Iron — Chaffee County— Discov- CONTENTS. XV PAOK 482 erieg and Devolopmeut— I'lear Creuk County— Earliest Smelting .Sta:ni) Milli— Conejos County — Costilla -Custer— Men ami Towns ^-Miuiny— Delta, Dolores, Douglis, Eagle, Elbert, El Paso, ami Fremont Counties— Tlie (ireat Kailroail War— Caiion City and its Institutions •"■* 504 CHAPTER XIII. COrNTlE.S OF COLORADO CONCl IPED. ISo'J-ISSG. (iarfielil County— Its (ireat Possibilities— Cilpin County and Central City — Exjiiess, TelegraiJJi, Ne\vspa[)ers, Banks, .Schools, ami (liurelies, Lil>rary, Fire Deiiartmt'iits, Military ami IJcnevoleiit Institutions- IJiograidiy- (iniiul County — (lunnison ami lliuTtano Counties - N a- riety of Products in .IcH'erson County — iiolilen, Lake, and La I'lata Counties — Biograi)liy — Larimer, Las Animas, Mesa, Montrose, Ou- ray, Park, Pitkin, Pueldo, Kio tirande, Ko\itt, .Saguaelie, San Juan, tSan Miguel, 8amuiit, and Weld Counties — Society — Retrospect. . . . GOO CHAPTER XIV. LATKU KVKNTS. 188() 18SS. Elements of (Jreatncss — Mining versus Agriculture — Land and Water Monopoly— Material Progress — Railroads — Development of Denver --Election Cami>aign— Legislation — Excellence of .Statutory, Insti- tutional, and Social Regulations — Character of Public Men — Bio- graphical ti-13 HISTORY OF WYOMING. CHAPTER I. MIYSICAL FKATIUES. Boundaries and Surf-.-o — Tho Hills and Plains of Laramie — (Jeologio History The River Platte— Black Hills- Deserts Wiiicli are not Deserts— Mountainous Eormations and Upheavals — Minerals and Metals— Eontana, the Land of Rivers- Rolling Plain of the Nortii- west — Forests and Lakes Falls of the Yellowstone — Scenes of Beauty and (irandeur Atlantic and Pacific Creeks, and Two-Ocean and Other Passes- Specimens of World Forgings and Weldings — • leyser Basins -Mud and Water Volcanoes— Paint I'ots Sul[>hur Mountain — Subterraneaii Rundjlings — Climate — Animated Nature . . ti.")9 xvi CONTENTS. CUAITER II. EABLY EXPLORATIONS. 1050- 1850. PAOK Unfounded Rumors of Spanish Occupation— Pre-historic Aboriginal In- liabitants — Westward Exploration — Vereudrye, Lewis and Clarke, Lisa, and Williams — Missouri Fur Company — Henry Fort — Long's Expedition — Ashley on Utah Lake — Other Trappers ami Traders- ~ I'Wt Bridgcr — Missionaries of Oregon — The Gallant Pathtinder — Battalion of Mounted Volunteers — Forts Lctavenworth, Kearny, and Laramie — Scott and his Blutt's — The Pathway of the Nations 672 CHAPTER TIL SE'rrLEMENT AiNU (iOLU-HUNTING. 1847-18G3. Pathway to the Pacific — Coming of the Latter-day Saints — Military Men — Prospecting for (told — An Angry Englishman — Bridger and his Fort — Mormon War — The Latter-day Saints Abandon Wyo- ming — Movements of Army Forces — (Jovornmeut Expedition — ■ Roads Ordered Opened — Placer Gold Discovered — The Morrisitea — Indian Hostilities — Military Men ami Frontiersmen — Legends of the Wind River Mountains — Swift Petrifactions 0U4 CHAPTER IV. INDIAN WARS. 1S41-18()8. Emigrant Parties— Cheyennea antl Sioux — Force at Fort Laramie- Fleming's Attack — fJrattan's Defeat— A Bloody War — Life at Fort Laramie— Movements of the Cheyennes and Arapahoes — Efl'ect of Colorado Lnmigration and Civil W^ar — Continued Depred.itions — Peace Proposals — (iold-hunting on the Bighorn — Carrington's Expe- dition — Futterman's Defeat — Atl'airs at the Forts — Continued Hostil- ities — Treaty Commission TOO CHAPTER V. POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND MATERIAL AKFAIHS. 1867-1888. (itild Discovery— Soutli Pass City Organi7.e<l — Organi/ation of Coun- ties — Founding of Cheyenne — Advance in Town Lots — Mad Klement — Vigilance Committees — Newspapers Establislied — A Magic City — The Name Wyoming — Territorial Organizati(m-- Female Sntfrage — ■ Judicial Districts — County Seats and County Othcers — Elections — Law Making — Military Posts — Administrp.tiou of Covernor Camp- bell—Thayer, Hoyt, and Hale— Massacre of Cliineso — Legislation.. 736 CONTENTS. xrii PAUK TJnal Ill- Clarke, —Long's railurs — liiuler -- •ay, ami la 672 Military ger aud 1 Wyo- litioii— urisites feuds of PAOB CHAPTER Vr. MILITARY AND INDIAN AFFAIRS. 1849-1886. Stansbury's Observations-Belief in the Presence of Gold-Indian' r,.at.e« Att.t„de of the «avages-S,„ith's I^plohs-Mditary Ma. a«re of Ind.an.-Indian Chiefs at Washington City-Divers Md ary E.^.ed.t.ons (.dd Appearing-Inevitfble Destiny UeR a luT'lo: ';^ I '^•'^^ -The Ar.„y of the United States Brought Civiiiitio^; ^""*'""""«'/,"'l B'oody Fighting-Final Trinmph of C.vdizdtion-Slavery and Savagism Exterminated .... 764 CHAPTER VII. RF.SOURCEH AND DEVELOPMENT 1868-1888. ''"'plJItrorprn'"*'* ^n*--B-th of Towns, and Growth of l'oi,ulat.on-P,oneers and Prominent Men-Co„,merce and Indus- tr.es-Grasses and Grazing-Ranchos an.l Ranges-Stock-rais". 7 nZt :; T ''r'j'T ''•^"-^^"•^ ^^^-^^^ -d saies-;: z~ •amie- at Fort Sect of tions — ) Kxpe- Hostil- Couu- U'lnent City- rage— ;ious — Camp- ,tion . . I'M AUTHORITIES CONSULTED IN THE HISTORY OF NEVADA, COLORADO, AND WYOMING. Abs.araka. Home of the Crows. Philadelphia, 18C8. Agricultural Statistics of the State of Colorado. 1883. 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MS.; Tiie Ncwspaiu'r I'rcs-t of I'cilitrado. MS.; Tho Sand Crcuit Atl'air. .MS,; In l)(tail .NIimi's (iiilcii. .MS.; ('iirrus]Minih!iiue with .Mrs. Jai'ksoii, in N'. Y. Trihiiiic, Fob. ."), '2'2, and March 3, 1880; also ill Out Wo.it, Oct. 187:}. Cadwallailcr (.Mien). Map and Guide to tho White Pine Mines. Sau Fran- cisco, IStt!». Caliill (Luiit), Kccollectioiis of Kit Carson. MS. (,!,ilif(iriiia Sciiatj and As.sonihly Journals. 18r)() ct sccj. Statutes. 1850 et sc<j. Canipliell (L. .M.), Climate and Agriculture of Colorado. MS. Candalaria (Xev.), True Fissure. Cinoii City (Colo), l)eiiiocrat; Mercury; liecord; Times. Canon City (iraiid Army College and Military Institute, Catalogue and Uegiilations. Carton City Land Investment Co. Prospectus. Capyless (Kdgar), DicUition. MS. Carey (.J. .M.), Politics and I'eople of Wyoming. Carliii (Win P.). History of Fort IJridger. MS. MS. Carmichaul (IX F.), Statement. MS. Carpentfr (C. H.), Mining in (,'olorado. MS. 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Withidw (Cl.a.e). Central City, Colorado, in 1800. MS. Wnlie (.1. .M I, .M'M'cintde Guide, (ta/.ettei^r, etc. Omaha, 1878. Wood Brotii'-rs L;ve Stock Movement. Chicago, 1S84. '. WTiecIerh 1874, et Htq. Ue.-w>lutloiiii; *ter; IS^iik-); iiiiiiercc aiitl iry; E-iuca- l>i>cii'iieiit<; < ■iiiiiiiiittee tf-s.-ig" aii'l I'a.itic Kail- artt.Tiiia-iUT- I>ifUiiifiit.-«; ; (.'ifUiDiittee (ler County, St Louis, )rise; Union. ng the Mor- M.S. 1. MS. Meridian; CO, 1864. ■6, '#•' HISTORY OF NEVADA. CHAPTEK I. THE GREAT BASIN. Plain op Evaporattov, or Elevated Sink— Its SrnrATioN— Prominent CnARACTERISTIC«--THE NaME GREAT BaSIN INAPPROPRIATE— A GrOCP OP Basins— Wonders of the Region — A Trapper's Stort— Caves- Climate— Atmosphere— Aridity — Sand— Storms and Clocd-bursts — The Mirage— Soil, Conpiouration, and Scenery — Rain-fall and Temperature — Change of Seasons — Altitude and Geologic Forma- tion — Mountain System — Lakes and Sinks — Rivers — Springs — Deserts — Plants and Animals — Birds and Fishes — Minerals and Metals— Soil and Agriculture — Nomenclature. About midway between the Panamd Isthmus and the Arctic Ocean, and midway between the great Cordillera and the Pacific, lies a broad Plain of Evapo- ration, or following the popular idea an elevated sink, the Great Basin it has been called, being almost wholly rimmed by mountains, though not always and alto- gether concave, and whose waters have no visible outlet to the sea. From three to five thousand feet above the level of the ocean, it extends irregularly over some nine degrees of latitude and nine of longi- tude, that is to say from the 34th to the 43d parallel, and from the 111th to the 120th meridian, the Wah- satch and Nevada ranges standing as its eastern and western bounds, narrowing oflf between the ranges north of Salt Lake and the Humboldt River toward the Blue Mountains of Oregon, and narrowing likewise in the south toward the Colorado plateau. Nearly all of Nevada comes within this compass, and a large (1) Il 9 THE GREAT BASIN. part of ITtali, together with smaller portions of Ore- gon and California, The eastern rim extends through Utah, which lies between latitude 37° and 42°, and longitude 109° and 104°, and divides the area almost equally into two natural sections, one being the dis- trict of the great basin, and the other the region drained by the Colorado and its tributaries. One of the most prominent features of the great basin is that it is so little like a basin. To call it a platter, a gridiron, or a well-filled cullender, or a basket of chips would be to ap})ly a more character- istic designation. When Fremont gave to the region this name he had seen the Wahsatch and Nevada ranges, the two great sides, and he knew something of the Blue Mountains; but the interior of this vast circle ho had not visited. He was not aware that his basin was full of mountains, some of them as high as the rim, completely filling the dish, so that in truth there is little dish left. It makes no great difference, however, what we call a thing, so long as we under- stand what is meant by the name. Far more appropriately we might cut up the inte- rior and enumerate a series of basins, rather than call it all one basin. There are the two great ranges, how- ever, which border so great a portion of the area, the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, so far ex- ceeding in length the minor divides, as to give and leave the impression of oneness, notwithstanding the dis- tinctiveness of the Great Salt Lake basin, whose low- est point is 4,170 feet above the sea; of Lake Sevier basin, 4, GOO feet; of Humboldt River basin, 4,147 feet; of Carson River basin, with an altitude at Carson Lake of 3,840 feet; of Walker River basin, its lowest point above the sea being 4,072 feet; of Mojave River basin, 1,150 feet, and so on. But call it what we may, and we may as well call it great basin as any other name, the country is full of peculiarities — I would say wonders, were it true that one part of the universe is more wonderful than i M ? of Ore- i through 42°, and 3a ahnost the dis- le region :he great ro call it dcr, or a ;haractcr- he region I Nevada omething this vast e that his IS high as b in truth difference, we under- I the inte- than call ijxes, how- area, the 30 far ex- and leave the dis- hose low- ke Sevier 5in, 4,147 titude at ver basin, I feet; of well call try IS full I re it true 3rful than ■WONDERS OF THE REGION. 8 another. Its altitude and distance from the ocean, the aridity of the soil where there is so much water, the succession of desert and oasis, of mountain and plain — iiimuneral>lel)Jisins within basins — and all well sprinkled with niotuls; of streams fringed with green foliage, willows, alder, and Cottonwood, of salt-water lakes and those that are fresh, or nearly so, of hot and cold sprij)gs, of siidvs and swamps and mud-flats, of lonely biittes and rocky chasms, of sulphurous valleys and delightful sun-bathed summits, not to mention foot- prints of laces and sjK'cies long gone by, men and beasts, land animals and sea animals, of which we talk much and know little. There are elevations of life and do])ressions of death, one of the latter literally so called, ])eatli A'alley, one of the dry sand-lakes com- mon in the region through which passes the old trail from Salt Lake to Los Angeles, a spot seemingly accursed, forty miles long by twenty broad, and sur- rounded except at two points by steep momitains. Wonderful things are said of it, namely, that it is far below the level of the sea; that it never rains there and is totally devoid of moisture; that nothing grows there, not even sage-brush; that it is inhabited only by horned rattlesnakes and scorpions, and that the shadow of a bird or wild beast never darkens its white glaring sands. The quietude of death nmst indeed be present, if it be true as stated, that the wagon-tracks of a l)arty which perished there in 1848 are ap[)arently as fresh and distinct now as the day they were made. JSTany strange stories the old trapper James Bridger used to tell; for instance, how in the winter of 1830 it began to snow in the valley of the Great Salt J^ake, and the snow fell for seventy days, until the whole country was white-coated to the thickness of seventy feet. Vast herds of buffaloes were caught by this snow, caught and pinched to death, and the ejucasses preserved; and finally, when spring came, all Bridger had to do was to tumble them into Salt Lake, and have pickled buffalo enough to feed <■; M 4 THE GREAT BASIN. himself and the whole Uto nation clown to the time of their extermination. And thia in why there have been no buftaloes in that region since. Anotlier plienomenon, witnessed only by this keen observer and most truthful narrator, is that since his arrival in the country, Bridger Butte has changed consider- ably its locality. Caves are more remarkable than crags, I suppose, because there are fewer of them in the world; and for the same reason we notice specially stone trees when we pay but little attention to trees of wood. I carmot enumerate all the crags in the great cullender, nor all the natural trees, but I can mention a cave or two, and tell of a petrified forest. What has been regarded a rival to the great cave of Kentucky, and called the mammoth cave of Nevada, and sometimes Mormon Cave, by reason of historic pretensions given elsewhere, is situated in the White Mountains, some twenty miles from Patterson. Through a low open- ing, requiring a man to stoop to enter it, the visitor passes twenty feet to a rapidly widening vault, and thence to a succession of immense chambers with limestone pendants, or having a roof so high that the torch-light fails to discover it. He may go a great distance in this way and still not find his progress barred. There is a cave near Fort Ruby which dis- charges quite a stream; another in the Shell Creek range, one of whose apartments is sixty by eighty feet in area, and which likewise figures somewhat in history; another in the mountaiT'^, east of Carson River; and yet another near Rush Lake. On the plain, thirty miles or so from the Blackrock Moun- tains, is a petrified forest, the stumps of solid rock standing alone amidst the stunted sage brush. The climate is likewise distinctive. The air is light and dry, the sun bold and brazen-faced, yet harmless and kind. There would be moisture enough were it not so quickly absorbed. The atmosphere, which CLIMATE. the time lere have Another observer is arrival consider- '. suppose, orld; and one trees wood. I cullender, a cave or has been ucky, and lometimes ons given tins, some low open- [he visitor rault, and bers with 1 that the 3 a great progress vhich dis- lell Creek )y eighty lOmewhat )f Carson On the ;k Moun- lolid rock h. lir is light harmless fh were it :e, which may be called Asiatic, is so light, elastic, and porous that water seems never to satisfy it; and what the air does not secure the soil stands ready to absorb. There are sand-clouds and sand-storms at regular seasons, and in the southern and western parts of Nevada 'frequent cloud-bursts. There is a westerly wind which prevails in the spring and autumn with disastrous effect; it is equivalent to the north wind of California; and so full is the warm air of those saline particles whicli floating in it make the mirage, that often on the deserts and by the salt lakes this hallucination presents itself. In the valleys, and especially round the great lakes, every variety of soil presents itself; likewise through- out the whole region there is infinite variety of con- figuration and scenery. But although anomalous, the climate is very uniform. Though barred by the Sierra from the sea, the country is nevertheless near enough to the ocean to feel the general ameliorating effect of Pacific currents, and yet so isolated and inland as to share some of the qualities possessed by the climates beyond the Rocky Mountains which those west of the Sierra do not enjoy. There is a marked individ- uality in the atmosphere about Salt Lake, which so rapid evaporation tinges with a blue haze, while almost everywhere else in this region the air is exceedingly pure and transparent. It is in the spring that the atmosphere u most fully charged with moisture, the winters being cold and drier, though the temperature seldom reaches zero. The average rain-fall of Utah is twenty inches for the year, four tenths of which comes in the spring, one tenth in summer, three tenths in autumn, and two tenths during winter. The summers of Nevada are generally hot, and except in the more sheltered spots the winters are cold. But in the several deep valleys, though the wind is sometimes strong, and there is frost everywhere, the fall of snow is light, and the temperature generally mild. Thus we have here 6 TflE GREAT BASIN. what may properly be called a wet and a dry season, but the former is not so pronounced as in Calilbrnia, nor is thu dry season wholly dry. Climatic changes are not so abrupt here as in many other localities. Seasons glide one into another al- most imperceptibly. Due warning is given of the approach of winter by the masses of dark clouds which come moving slowly over the plains, and which hover in the mountains about the higher peaks. An increasing wind is significant of a gathering storm, and the winds are often busied several days in sweeping up a storm, after which they assume some degree of regularity. Spring comes in March, often with snow or cold rains and wind. April drops some showers, and even May spurts thunder and lightning between her smiles. Then comes summer settled and serene. Over the central, northern, and western portions of Nevada, the temperature is at 90° at midday, rising sometimes to 100° to fall at night to 70°. Toward autumn the heated air becomes giddy, and sends the dust dancing in whirlwinds over the plains. Thunder storms are frequent in eastern Nevada from midsum- mer till autumn. The basins proper are for the most part ranged round the edge of the so-called great basin, and are lower than the central area, whose valleys will average an altitude of 5,500 feet, while many interior ranges of mountains assume great height; hence the bottom of the basin should be pictured in the mind as raised in the centre ; that is as not being of basin-shape at all, as we have seen; and while around the base of the rim of the still so-called basin there may be a land of lakes and sinks and streams, the middle interior is high-ribbed with compact ranges and narrow valleys. As to geological formations, the mountains between Utah Lake and the Kobah Valley may be called of carboniferous origin; thence to the Sierra Nevada, and over the desert to the Goshute region, the ground ■H GEOLOGY. 7 ■shows signs of igneous action ; while about the Hum- boldt Mountains the characteristics of the Devonian af'e appear. The strata of the sand-stone and siliceous limestones around the porphyritic and other igneous rocks composing the Champlin Range seem to have been much disturbed when these mountains were made. From this point toward the north and toward the south-west ashy elevations are seen, dark, scorched, and vitreous, as if the fashioning-fires had not been long extinguished. Here and there throughout the whole region post-pliocene formations appear. Lime- stone predominates in the mountains of Nevada, then granite, sienite, serpentine, and slate, all marked by overflows of basaltic trap-rock and trachytic lavas. Over the blue walls of the Wahsatch toward the east, outside of the great basin though still in Utah, we have the great valley of the Colorado and Green rivers, with the usual mountains, plains, and valleys, and the more unusual buttes, lines of cliffs, outlying masses of high angular stratified rocks, and deep nar- row gorges, to whose escarpments the strata of shales and limestone give a terraced and buttressed appear- ance. The region drained by Bear River is for the most part rugged and sterile; some of the ranges of hills which divide the country into a succession of parallel valleys are bare, or covered only with grass, while over the low mountains are scattered dwarfish pines and cedars. Here are wide areas void of vegeta- tion, dreary wastes of rock, with here and there clay baked by the sun until it resembles stone rather than soil. Volcanic action is everywhere apparent, lava and scoriated basalt prevailing, with bituminous limestone, trap, and calcareous tufa. The lava forma- tions west of Soda Springs, in whose vicinity rise sev- eral extinct volcanoes . - ) worthy of special attention. In south-eastern Nevada is a volcano basin covered with lava and scoriae, and having withal a crater-rim two hundred feet broad and eighty feet deep. Not ■l\\ '8 THE GREAT BASIN. far from the sink of the Humboldt is another crater, i North and east of the Carson Lake country are high mountains and intervening plains; south of the same region, after passing some distance, a gradual depression occurs, which terminates in Death Val- ley, four hundred and sixty-four feet below the sur- face of the ocean. The Uintah Mountains are a branch of the Wah- satch, stretching off toward the east. At the junc- tion of the Wahsatch and Uintah ranges the gulches of the summits are high, and filled with never melting snow; thence the latter range gradually declines toward the eastern end, where it breaks into little ridges and hills. Through the Uintah Mountains, cutting for itself a channel slowly as the mountains uprose, and which now appears as a series of canons, runs Green River. North of the Uintah, Green River continues through a deep narrow valley or canon about a thousand feet below the open plain of country yet farther north. All the watercourses are eroded, and the rocks, com- posed of hard limestone, laminated shales, and sand- stones, appear to be the sediments of a lake. To the west is a stretch of buff mauvaises terres, with rocks of shales and sandstone so soft as to be easily rounded into beautiful forms by the wind and water. South of the Uintah are many isolated ranges, trend- ing for the most part to the north-east and the north- west. There is a district here of low rounded eleva- tions called the Yellow Hills, whose rocks are yellow clays and shales, some of the latter of a slate color, and others pink. " Looking at it from an eminence," says Powell, " and in the light of the midday sun, it appears like a billowy sea of molten gold." South of this is a stretch of bituminous bad-lands, and then a series of canons and cliffs. The mountain system comprising this region may MOUNTAIN SYSTEM. I another untry are ith of the a, gradual eath Val- the sur- bhe Wah- the junc- e gulches r melting declines nto little ountains, lountains f canons, ; through sand feet ;r north, ks, com- ad sand- To the th rocks rounded s, trend- north- eleva- 3 yellow color, inence," J sun, it South nd then be likened in form to a gridiron. Enclosed within the rim are ranges lising abruptly from the plain, being at the base from one to twelve miles wide, and all trending off toward the north, almost always con- fining their variations between the true and the mag- netic north. And their distance apart is scarcely greater than their breadth of base; so that this re- gion called plains is in truth more a succession of minor mountains and valleys, the tops of the eleva- tions alone being anywhere near upon a level. The length of these ranges is from fifty to one hundred and fifty miles, and their height two or three thou- sand fe<!t, t] ough there are peaks in the Goshute Rang;> five '. six thousand feet above the plain, or ten or elo^oii thousand above the sea. Floyd, the highest peak of the Oquirrh Range, is 4,214 above the plain and 9,074 above the sea. The pass through the Ungoweah Range is 8,140 feet above the sea. The Wahsatch Mountains are the meteorological monarch of Utah, dividing the state into two un- equal parts, the greater being the eastern. Rising in the Bear River region, they curve gently toward the east, passing the eastern borders of Great Salt and Utah lakes, then sweep round south-west to the Rio Virgen. Next stretching southward from the southern end of the Great Salt Lake, in the order given, are the paralli 1 id rges, the Oquirrh, the Onaqui, and the Lakes;de and (\^dar mountains. Then comes the Great Amet.car? jCcscrL After that, entering Nevada, we have tl:«i i 'oo^ j Creek, Toano, Antelope, Snake, Cedar, and Mormon line of elevations; next west the Peoquop, Shell Creek, Ely, Highland, and Valley ranges; then the Goshute, East Humboldt, East Ruby, Eagon, Butte, White Pine, and Hiko line, and so on through eight or ten other lines and lateral ridges unt'^ the entire state is covered and the great Sierra No ; da reached. The mountain ^f Nevada are made mostly of granite, limestone, .ate, sienite, and porphyry, dome- fl' ;''■ ' '■ i M 10 THE GREAT BASIN. shaped or with otherwise rounded contour, but ^iome- times shooting up in pyramidal spires. The first explorers of this country, namely the fur-hunters and emigrants, were warned by the natives to avoid alike the entanglements of the deep canons leading northward from the river discovered by Og- den, and the heart of the arid desert which no man had yet dared to penetrate. Both the savages and the emigrants were right in bending their trail to the course of the Humboldt, as subsequent surveys proved, though not altogether for the reason named. Besides waterless plains there ai /- -^ minor ridges running north and south which muc passed over or round by one travelling straight ac^ ^ss from Utah Lake to Carson Lake. Were there fewer mountains there would be more deserts; for besides breaking withering blasts, the mountains act as reservoirs, holding about their sum- mits masses of snow, enough to fill a hundred lakes and rivers, portions of which are slowly melted during summer, and distributed over the parched plains. There are many places in both Nevada and Utah which show sisfns of having been once the beds of vast bodies of water. One of these is the region round Truckee Meadows and Steamboat Valley, including Washoe and Carson valleys, where there is to-day nmch good arable land which may be watered through- out the season from the Truckee and other streams. At Great Salt Lake, Stanbury counted on the slope of the ridge thirteen benches, one above the other, each of which had been successively the border and level of the lake. The highest of these water-marks is two hundred feet above the valley, which is itself now well above the lake. Here then was an inland ocean, whose islands are now mountain tops. Thus as this whole vast mountainous interior was once beneath the surface of one body of water, so we may GREAT SALT LAKE. 11 but fiome- me\y the he natives ep canons id by Og- h no man vages and rail to the ys proved, ,. Besides }s running r or round h Lake to d be more ulasts, the their sum- dred lakes [ly melted parched and Utah ids of vast ion round including is to-day 1 through- r streams. the slope the other, order and ter-marks !h is itself an inland Thus was once io we may safely conclude that later there were many inland seas and lakes now dead. Great Salt Lake is in several respects one of the most remarkable bodies of water in the world. Its equal, approached perhaps in Asia, is found nowhere in America. It is in form an irregular parallelogram, some seventy miles in length, and from twenty to thirty in width. Stanbury calls it three hundred leagues in circumference and thirty in breadth. It contains twenty-two per cent of solid matter, that is to say 20.196 common salt, and 1.804 sulphate of soda; i^ is six and a half times derser than the ocean. Where the water has been and reti.-eJ wagon loads of dry salt may be shovelled up. The surface is ordina- rily quite motionless, though at times it is stirred into briny foam. It is not inhabited by fish. The shores are bare and forbidding ; its airs lack the invigorating qualities of ocjan breezes. It receives the waters of Bear River and some smaller streams at the northern end, and several from the east and south. The lake has periods of rising and receding, being ruled some- what by the rain-fall in the regions whose drainage it receives. On the whole its area seems to be increasing rather than diminishing, owmg perhaps to increased moisture in the atmosphere caused by civilized occu- pation, and resulting at once in greater falls of rain and less evaporation. A promontory, fifteen hundred or two thousand feet in height, juts into the lake from the north. It is some ten miles in length, the northern end being com- posed of sandstone, shales, and limestone; while at the southern end, instead of limestone, there is a sur- face rock of conglomerate, with bowlders of serpentine and porphyry. All along the base of the promontory the water springs forth, sometimes pure and fresh, but often highly impregnated with salt and sulphur. The rivulets scarcely reach the lake, however, before they sink into the intervening sand and mud-flat, which is Ii i 12 THE GREAT BASIN. about two miles in width, and wholly void of vegeta- tion. Several islands break the surface of the dense water. The largest, Antelope Island, is a long rocky eminence, three thousand feet above the water, six- teen miles long, and from three to five wide. It is connected with the mainland by a sand-flat which is usually dry in summer. On Castle Island, sometimes called Fremont Island, eight or nine hundred feet high, and fourteen miles in circumference, is a place where through the argillace- ous schist three holes have been worn, and upon the summit stands like a ruined castle an oblong rock whence the island derives its name. There are no trees or water upon this island, but on its sides grows grass in which the blue heron lays its eggs; and the wild onion and parsnip are found there in profusion; also a highly nutritiou ; bulbous root the natives use, called sego. Sage near the summit attains remarkable size, being sometimes eight feet high, while the stalk is six inches in diameter. Then there are Stanbury, Carrington, Gunnison, and Hat islands which were explored and named by Stanbury, the first after him- self, the second in honor of his Mormon friend, and the third after his lieutenant. Hat Island was named by his men by acclamation. Utah Lake is a magnificent body of water, all the more acceptable in this arid and salt-stricken region from being fresh, having an outlet through the River Jordan into the Great Salt Lake. After the Great Salt Lake, in size and importance, come Pyramid Lake and Walker Lake, the first lying near the eastern rim, and the other two near the western. Indeed, most of the great lakes are at the base of the two great ranges of mountains. The size, shape, and relative positions of Pyramid and Walker lakes are noticeable, the former being thirty- two by nine and a half miles, and the latter thirty miles in length by about nine in width. The shore of Pyramid Lake is in places rocky, elsewhere pre- LAKE SYSTEM. IS of vegeta- the dense long rocky water, six- ide. It is t which is mt Island, in miles in ! argillace- upon the ►long rock ire are no des grows j; and the profusion; itives use, 3markable the stalk Stanbury, lich were ifter him- 'iend, and '^as named jr, all the in region ihe River portance, irst lying near the re at the ns. The mid and g thirty- er thirty he shore lere pre- senting a beach like the sea. The large granite bowlders which lie scattered about the border have a calcareous coating from an inch to a foot in thick- ness. There are precipices on the side next the Sierra, which rises precipitously in places three thou- sand feet above the surface. During winter the lake is sometimes almost obscured by storms of snow, which raise the waves six feet high and send them in foaming surf along the narrow beach, in good imita- tion of the ocean. Not a single lake in the great basin has a visible outlet. Pyramid and Walker lakes are called fresh- water sheets, though the former at least holds in solution a little salt. The waters of Carson Lake are slightly alkaline. Tahoe, a picturesque sheet thirty miles long, and from eight to fifteen wide, though partially in Nevada is not within the basin proper, but rather perched upon the rim, a mile and a quarter above the ocean level ; its waters are purely fresh, very deep, and exceedingly clear, and have out- let by way of the Truckee River into Pyramid Lake. The small streams flowing into Tahoe would not be suf- ficient to sustain the volume of water throughout the year without the aid of the springs hidden beneath the surface. Three varieties of trout here make their home, some of which attain a weight of nearly thirty pounds. Lake Winnemucca is a shallow basin stretched be- side Pyramid Lake ; at times it is nearly dry, like the mud-lakes to the north which during the dry season are mere alkali flats. Walker Lake is an irregular fresh-water sheet, fed by Walker River, and containing fish. To the south- west in California is Lake Mono, and a little beyond a salt pond about twelve miles across, in which fish cannot live. The borders of Columbus, Fish, and Teal lakes, now nearly dry, are bordered by marshes. Indeed we must not too closely follow the map in estimating the areas covered by water in Utah and Nevada, as many of the spots so represented are mere I 1 i -i 1 ' i ! ■: k. 14 THE GREAT BASIN. mud-flats, and covered only occasionally if at all. The term mud lake cornea in this wise. Over many of the valleys and plains of Nevada is spread an im- pervious surface of stiif clay. This surface is in places level, and again plate-shaped, and in the de- pressions water gathers during the rains to the depth perhaps of a foot or two, to be evaporated when the sun comes out. Evaporation accomplished, a thin argillaceous deposit is left, beneath which the groun«l is usually miry. Then there are lakes like tlie Hum- boldt and Carson whose waters rise during the rains and overspread a wide area, receding during the sul>- sequent evaporation leaving the same result, namely, mud-flats. Round some of the lakes and along some of the rivers, notably the Humboldt, are what were originally tule lands, which being readily drained are converted into rich meadows. The term sink was applied by the early immigrants, who followed the Humboldt River to its end, where, as they supposed, it sank into the ground; so that Humboldt Lake was first called the sink of the Hum- boldt, or rather of Ogden River. The part played by evaporation was not at first fully considered. There is still the sink of the Carson, which takes the waters of Carson River after a rest at Carson Lake. Both Humboldt and Carson lakes are shallow; the former is fifteen miles long and eight or ten wide, and the latter is ten miles in diameter. The waters of both contain salt and alkali. The sink of the Carson is surrounded by sloughs, tule swamps, and sandy wastes, wide over which the brackish water spreads in winter, contracting again during summer. The waters of Washoe Lake are alkaline ; they spring from beneath, and have an outlet into the Truckee. The rivers of Nevada are not large, but they are many and serviceable; and though as a rule swift running there are few important water-falls. They all send their waters in the end to some lake or so- RIVER SYSTEM. IS if at all. )ver many L'ad an ini- faee is in in the de- the depth when the d, a thin tie ground the Huni- the rains J the .sul>- t, namely, ong some diat were rained are migrants, id, where, ; so that ;hc Hum- clayed 1)V There le waters Both e former and the of both arson is y wastes, 1 winter, aters of jeneath. called sink. Among the more notable rivers hero and in Utah are the Humboldt, three hundred miles in length; Bear River, two hundred and fifty miles long; Sevier, Spanish, Jordan, Timpanogos, Malade, ancT Weber, springing from the Wahsatch range, and the Carson, Truckee, Walker, Owen, and Mojavo having their source in the Nevada range. These are from thirty -five to one hundred and twenty-five miles in length, from four to forty yards in width, and from one to twenty feet in depth, varying with locality and the season. Precipices and canons mark the course of many of them, even of the smaller streams — instance Pumbar Creek. The water flowing through Carson Lake outlet, loading into the sink of the Carson, fifty feet wide and three or four deep, although of a suspicious milky cast, is nevertheless pronounced good. Walker River, one hundred yards wide and five or ten feet deep, is of a yellow color, something like that of the Missouri; to the taste the water is soft and palatable. The banks in places are grassy, besides growing willows and cot- tonwoods. The Timpanogos is a bold, dashing stream, from thirty to a hundred feet in width, and two feet deep. The water is beautifully clear and pure, and no wonder the trout delight in it. Of the same character is Weber River, twenty or thirty yards wide, with its thickets of willow, and its groves of cottonwood and maple. In the progress of westward-marching empire few streams on the North American continent have played a more important part than the Humboldt River of Nevada. Among the watercourses of the world it can lay claim neither to great beauty nor to remark- able utility. Its great work was to open a way, first for the cattle train and then for the steam train, through a wilderness of mountains, througli ranges which otherwise would run straight across its course. It is the largest river of this region, and the only one hereabout running from east to west. Most of ihe 1 1 1 1 1 < 11 J ' ! 1 1 ! 1 i 1 !| 1 i ) , J 2 ' ! 1!^ I 16 THE GREAT BASIN. others are with the mountains, north and south. The source of the Humboldt is in the Goose Creek range seven thousand feet above the ocean, and it follows a south-westerly course to Humboldt Lake where it ends. After leaving the Humboldt, the Truckee River proved the next best assistant to the emigrant, direct- ing him as it did by the best route over the steep Sierra. It was rugged and difficult enough, but it was the best. Carson River, coming in from the south-west, has served a good purpose in floating wood down to treeless districts below. Next in size to the Truckee of Nevada are Walker, Quin, and Amargoso rivers, which pursue their tortuous courses for a hun- dred or a hundred and fifty miles, the latter disappear- ing in Death Valley. Las Vegas and Rio Virgen are tributaries of the Rio Colorado. The drainage of Utah is divided by the Wahsatch Mountains, the Colorado drainage being on the east side, and the desert drainage on the west. Green River in many places flows over a narrow bed be- tween walls of white and red sandstone. From its mouth the Colorado cuts for its waters a canon to the ocean. Deep Creek, on the west side, and which sinks at Curlew, is an important stream for purposes of irrigation. The Jordan, called also the Utah, car- ries the waters of Utah Lake rapidly down the in- cline to Great Salt Lake, nearly losing itself, however, before reaching its destination. The little streams of melted snow coming down from the mountains are subject to considerable fluctuations, consequent upon the quantity of snow and the progress of its melting. The hot and cold springs are almost innumerable. The rattlesnake chooses as a resort those in Round Prairie, in the vicinity of Rattlesnake Creek. In one of these springs the thermometer marks a tem- perature of 109° 50'. Time was when the snakes held full possession of this watering-place. The springs of SPRINGS AND DESERXa 17 uth. The sek range it follows where it ee River it, direct- the steep :h, but it from the iing wood ze to the Lmargoso 3r a hun- isappear- irgen are Vahsatch the east Green bed be- rrom its m to the 1 which purposes ah, car- the in- owever, streams ains are it upon nelting. Boar r.ivcr arc many of them impregnated with divers minerals. Twenty Wells a valley is called having cold springs from half a foot to several feet in diameter, in wiricli the water rises to the surface of the ground as fast as it is drawn out. From several large crev- ices in a low mound a mile long, and seven hundrod feet in length, emerges the sulphuric vapor which gives the name to Steamboat Springs, the surgings of the boiling water being heard below. Sixty columns of steam may be counted on a clear cool morning, rising to a height of fifty feet. There are also Steamboat Springs in Utah, on Bear River, and hot springs all along the western base of the Wahsatch Mountains. In most of these waters are found sulphate of mag- nesia, carbonate of lime, chloride of sodium, and sul- phate of lime. Near Walker River is a spring having a temperature of 165° at the surface. From a basin ten feet in diameter within another basin ninety feet in diameter, near Pyramid Lake, comes with sulphuric smell a thick dark hot fluid which looks like tar. The rocks lying within the outer basin are covered to the thickness of nearly a foot with a black resinous substance. There are deserts and deserts, not to mention dry valleys, alkaline valleys, and the like. There are the Smoke Creek desert, the Granite Creek desert, the Black Rock desert, and the Sage desert of northern Nevada, and the large deserts in the south. West and south of Great Salt Lake stretches the Great American desert for a distance of a hundred miles, a flat surface, declining slightly northward toward the lake, and broken occasionally by isolated mountains. It is a spot shunned alike by man and beast; even the birds seem loath to fly over it. Whatever of soil there may be is of an argillo-calcareo-arenaceous char- acter, in which appears a small growth only of arte- misia and greasewood. Near the lake the lower and yet more level and salt-covered ground, which was Hut. Nkv. 3 18 THE GREAT BASIN. once part of the lake bottom, is little more than a mud-flat, on which wagons cannot safely venture. Indeed, there is little doubt that this whole desert area was at one time submerged. Indigenous plants and animals are few, not how- over from lack of possibilities. Mark the prophecy : the valleys of this whole region will one day be rich fields and gardens, supporting flourishing populations. At some seasons of the year the flora of Nevada appears to be little else than sage-brush and grease- wood; at other seasons hills and plains are brilliant with flowering herbage. Large tracts are wholly destitute of vegetation. Among things man may eat, besides insects in abundance and some reptiles, are pine-nuts, currants, and gooseberries. Then there is a sugar coming from a kind of cane growing in the tule swamps about Humboldt and Carson lakes, while in the neighboring hills flax and tobacco are sometimes met with. In the south there are the cactus and mezquite. On most of the mountain ridges of Utah are dwarf cedars; mahogany is likewise frequent, that is to say mountain mahogany as the people call it, and also pine, balsam, and ash. At a distance the mahogany of these mountains looks like an appletree with a live- oak leaf. Along the Timpanogos and its tributaries are found box-elder, Cottonwood, and oak; willow, sugar-maple, and birch; in the mountains are pine, fir, and juniper, and in the valleys are red and black currants, service-berries, and a blue berry called the mount? in grape. The rolling highlands between Weber River and Salt Lake are heavily timbered, and support in places a dense undergrowth. The Sevier district also abounds in timber. Along the Colorado as it leaves Utah are low and stunted pines on river banks so high that the Spaniards who were first there fancied themselves amidst the clouds; even during summer the cold wind sometimes sweeps in from the north in a manner most uncomfortable. The streams * FLORA AND FAUNA. 10 ■)re than a y venture, lole desert not how- prophecy : ay be rich apulations. y£ Nevada nd grease- e brilliant e wholly ,n may eat, ptilcs, are in there is ing in the ikes, while sometimes ;actus and are dwarf it is to say r, and also mahogany v'ith a live- tributaries k; willow, I are pine, and black called the 3 between bered, and 'he Sevier 3 Colorado 3S on river first there en during 1 from the iie streams 3 of Nevada arc bordered by cottonwood, willow, birch, and wild cherry, with hero and there a mixture of wild vines, and rose and berry bushes. On the hills of Nevada are two kinds of bunch grass, which may be distinguished as coarse and fine, the tormer being in smaller and more scattered bunches and seeking the lc»wer levels. Both are very nutri- tious, the finer variety bearing an oat-shaped seed. Clover is sometimes found on the river banks. Washoe valley is a natural meadow ; so is Mountain IMcadow, the latter a plateau seven or eight thousand feet liigh, walled by mountains, watered by melted snow, and carpeted with luxuriant grass. Utah pre- sents a great variety of grasses. Into the arms of the connnonwealth in some way should be twined the artemisia, or . wild sage, so abundant is it everywhere throughout this region. Beside it i)lace some greasewood and lynogris, under ' icli last let a rabbit be seen. This aromatic shrub hcs the land in gray, which mingling with the gioen of the greasewood bronzes all nature. Among mammals may be mentioned the bighorn, or Rocky Mountain sheep, the great-tailed fox, the mink, ermine, badger, wolverene, and muskrat. There are sage-hens and hares to shoot; a few coyotes may be heard on the hills. In the reptile line, besides rattlesnakes there is not much to boast of but horned toads and spotted lizards. Curlews, pelicans, and ducks frequent the region round Carson Lake. Myriads of geese and ducks, with swans, cover the surface of the Great Salt Lake at certain seasons, there shrieking their discordant notes, while at other times and places there is the stillness of the grave, a dead sea indeed. There are also on the lake blue herons, white brant, cormorants, and gulls, which lay their eggs in the crevices on the islands. Other birds might be mentioned as frequent- ing these and other parts of the great basin, such as the hawk, and burrowing owl, the long-winged blue- 20 THE r,RKA7 BASIN. i ,1: I bird, the tltniouso, lark, snow-bird, finch, woodpecker, kill-doer, sajifo-oock, crane, bittern, and so on. Fine larij^e trout abound in the fVesli- water lakes; in C^irson Jjake are lish of a smaller kind, notably chubs and nudlets. In Keese River trout are I'ounil two and a halt'})0unds in weight. Of four-leijij^ed rep- tiles, and insects, there is present the usual variety. In that section of Nevada of which Carson Lake is the centre, the mineral deposits arc the wonder of the world. Not to mention the silver veins of the Comstock lodt*, whoso history i>i a sense and duriiiij an epoch is the history of Nevada, there are salt marshes, borax beds, and chalk, soda, and sulphur beds almost without end. The waters of North Soda Lake which cover an area of 400 acres to a depth of 1270 I'eet contain thirty-three per cent of soda, (^oal is likewise there, aiul |)eat beds, and (piicksilver. The sulphur and cinnabirr deposits of Steamboat SpriuiiS have attracted nuich atieution. In A'eatch canon is majj^nesia; in the Kuby lvanij;e are mica mines; south-east IVom IMne Grove is a valley of salt; east of the Kio Virgen are salt blulfs; in the IVavine district is cojijx'r; a mineral wax in southern Utah is mentioned; Utah has also copper, bismuth, graphite, al. 'u, and gypsum. Coal has been found in the vicinity of tlie Tim|>a- nogos River where there is a stream called Coal Creek; and on Weber River iron, coal, chalk, and gold exist in quantities. Then there are the scoi'es of districts on either sitleof the river .Ionian, between Great Salt and Utah lakes, containinur names world- I'amous, and signilicant of precious metals; and in the regions of Green and Bear rivers, in the Juab A'alley, and all along down the Wahsatch Range to the Se- vier country are vast coal Jields, anil on to the south- west, 'vhich region is thickly studded with cedar ami bullion cities, sulphur s|)rings, salt lakes, coal canons, and granite, iron, and silver mountains. There is iron and other mineral wealth south of MINERAL AND ALLU\'IAL L.\XT>S. 91 oodpeckcr, 11. iter lakos; (I, iu)t;il)ly arc i'ouiul al variety. VHow l^ako woiuk-r of ins of the iiul durinjjf l; are salt d sul|)hur of North iiores to a )r cent of bods, and leposits of atieution. Kanu(! are s a valU\y s; in the southern bismuth, Tinipa- K'd Coal lidk, and w scores between es world- nd in the b Valley, ) the St^- le south- edar ami canons. Fil the Elko disti lead, S :* d south of j'llmore; ni tne Elko district are gold, silver, lead, nntiniony, coal, and mineral soap; in the Esmeralda rei,non silver, ujold, l)orax, salt; the Eureka district lias its Sulphur range and Diamond range of moun- tains, and its mines, mining companies, and mills with- out end. To the !iorth agriculture has somcwliat usurped the place of mining. Wheat, barley, oats, ryo, and pota- toes grow abundantly, as well as berries and fruit. There are good grazing lands, and stock-raising has assumed considerable proportions. Antimony and sulphur have attracted attention, and many gold and silver mines have bein worked. (Jold, silver, <M>pper, lead, and antimony are found in the Battle Mtuuitain country, and in the Piocho district are many famous mines. Hound Pyramid Lake mines have i)een ope'ied, an<l Esmeralda, Eureka, Keese Piver, and White Pino have long been terms synonymous with great wealth. In a wt)rd, throughout the entire length and breadtli of the great basin mineral and metalliferous tieposits ahoun<l, the largest veins thus far having been found in high altitudes; an<l who shall tell whether the half of them have been yet discovered. This country though sometimes called (U^aert is by no means all desert. There are many v alleys, such as (^arson. Walker, Push, Puby, Pleasant, Stt>|)toe, Anteloj)e, and Crosman, portions of whicji are good for cultivation. The altitude of Steptoe Valley is (',14(5 feet, while the lower part of Carson A'alley is '{.S40 feet above the sea. The higher vjdK'Vs grow roots, cereals, and tin' more hardy plants, while in Carson \'alli'y and in the region of (ireat Salt Lake, and elsewlnM-e, garden vegetables tlourish. And when I see so much of this earth which was at first j lo- nouiiced worthless for man afterward placed uiidei- tribute, and made to bloom and bring forth, 1 hesitate iM'tnie J wholly condemn any portion of it. Water transforms the sage-ct)vered alkaline soil into an Eden, THE GREAT BASIN. ! I and water abounds on every side if only it may be utilized. Nevertheless, there are here some desert spots which will never be reclaimed — instance the region between Carson Lake and the Sedaye Moun- tains, and that extending from Simpson Springs in the Champlin Mountains to Sulphur Springs at the eastern base of the Goshute Mountains. One cause of the barrenness of certain tracts in Utah and Nevada is the rapidity with which water is absorbed after it comes down from the mountains. I have observed that the lakes and rivers are gen- erally at the base of mountains, where likewise, of course, are found the fertile spots, while the deserts are somewhat removed from high elevations. As a rule the mountain streams disappear before finding another stream; the thirsty earth drinks them up; and thus are irrigatea patches along the foothills, which are oases, as compared with the un watered plain, growing coarse grain and shrubs. Significant names are White Valley and Alkali Valley; but these in reality are scarcely more efflor- escent than the margins of Steptoe and Meadow creeks, and of Reese and Walker rivers. At a little distance the appearance there is as if the ground was covered with pure snow, which, bordering the gen- erally bronzed aspect, produces a new scenic effect. It is said that the alkali poisons vegetation and ren- ders worthless the soil ; but to this an antidote may yet be found. It does not seem to injure the water of running streams, though wells dug under it are often worthless. There is, nevertheless, much good agricultural land along Walker River, as well as on the banks of the Truckee and Quin. As in much of the water, so in most of the soil, there is a little salt, this being the result of universal confinement. Often it is found, as at the Malade River, that the lowlands are rich and moist, while the higher plains are dry and gravelly. Then again there are large tracts like that westward from the Malade, AGRICULTURAL POSSIBILITIES. 23 T it may be some desert nstance the daye Moun- Springs in •ings at the in tracts in vhich water mountains, jrs are gen- likewise, of the deserts ons. As a fore finding J them up; e foothills, unwatered and Alkali nore eflBor- d Meadow At a little ground was X the gen- 3nic effect, n and ren- idote may the water der it are luch good v^ell as on ' the soil, universal 3 Malade while the fain there ) Malade, f where the land is poor and with no water but a few brackish springs. East of Utah Lake is a strip of f,^ood land i'roni three to ten miles wide; and over the mountains broad i'ortile tracts are found along the borders of Green Kiver and its tributaries. In the valleys about the Carson sink is much good land, while the foothills bordering the deserts afford food ior numerous herds. Washoe and Steamboat valleys offer great advantages to the farmer and stock-raiser. Combined with agriculture in this section are the mining and timber interests. The Jordan A'alley is low, yielding but little water, though most of it may be irrigated from the Jordan lUver. Wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, and the vine grow well here. At the northern end, near the great lake, are extensive saleratus flats, and on the border of the valley many springs of brackish water. The land in Tuilla Valley is much of it too strongly impregnated with alkali to permit production. Apples grcnv in the valley of the Great Salt Lake, and also peaches, apricots, and melons; but wheat is the great staple, from ibrty to seventy bushels to the acre being sometimes ])roduced. It is only in the warmer valleys that corn is raised, but barley and oats thrive elsewhere. There would be great pas- toral possibilities but for lack of means for the pres- ervation of stock in winter; such at all events is the complaint, but in more rigorous climates than this large hertls are frecjuently raised. In regard to nomenclature, I will mention here the origin of a lew names, leaving that of others to ai)pear during the ])rogress of this Jiistory. The ori- gin of the word Utah I have given in a note at the end of the second chapter of the Uistorii of Utah. The word Nevada, in Sj)anish signifying 'covered with snow,' 'white as snow,' 'snow-fall,' is borrowed ofcour.se for the naming of this state from the moun- tain range upon its western border. Skull Valley, in i i : 1 ■' 1 I 1 i 94 THE GREAT BASIN. the Great Salt Lake desert, was so called from the skulls of Goshutes whose bodies had been buried in springs, according to their custom. Captain Simpson named a valley after George H. Crosman, deputy quartermaster-general; a peak in the Oquirrli Moun- tains, Floyd, in honor of the secretary of war; Bean, and Reese, from whom comes Beeso River, at first called New River, were long residents, and served as guides for Simpson and others; Shell Valley was so called from being covered with shale. Simpson named a stream alter Lieutenant Marmaduke, of the United States army, a stream and caiion after Lieu- tenant J. L. Kirby Smith, his assistant, a valley after Captain I. C. Woodruff, a creek for Lieutenant Putnam; a pass, creek, and canon he called Gibral- tar. He named Dryflat Valley, Alkali Valley, Black Mountains, Edward, Clay, McCVirthy, and Dodge creeks, Fountain, Lee, and Barr springs, Phelps Val- ley, and many others, mostly after his men, com- paratively few of which names have been retained. Steptoe Valley is from Colonel Steptoc, of the United States army; while all that is Carson comes of cou^'se from Kit Carson, the famous frontiersman. There was a class of path and pass tinders, such as Hastings, Beckwourth, and others, whom the readers of this history will well know. The aboriginal names will be easily recognized. In the northern part of Rush Valley is a small lake filled with rushes which gave the place the name. Mount Davidson was called Sun peak by the early settlers, who thereby fixed in the imagination a high point t»)urhed by the sun's rays. J^ater the njinie of an eminent scienti.st was very [>r()i)erly substituted. The name and naming of Lake Tahoe have first and last caused no little discussion. In his report of 184.')-G Fremont calls this sheet Mountain Lake, but on his map of 1848 he lays it down as Lake Bonpland. There were those who thought to do John Biglcr further honor than making him governor of Califor- from the buried in » Simpson 11, deputy rli Moun- ar; Bean, r, at tirst id served alley was Simpson :e, of the ter Lieu- a valley eutenant 1 Gibral- ^y, Black I Dodge 3lp.s Val- 3n, corn- retained. ) United )f cou.'^se There Hastings, of this i will be lall lake ■ name, le early a high ianie of uted. k^e first port of ke, but ipland. Bigler >alifor- NOMENCLATURE, 25 nia, by setting on foot the name Lake Bigler. Noth- ing could have been in worse taste — particularly when wo consider that only a portion of the lake belongs to California— than in applying to a liquid so beautifully clear and cool the name of one who so detested water. A legislature might make the name legal, but no stat- ute-book could render the proceeding reputable. The Indian name, always the most appropriate, in this in- stance the most beautiful and most applicable that could be devised — Tahoe, 'big water —the lalie has been fortunate enough finally to secure. f;: i i 1 ! CHAPTER II. EARLIEST EXPLORATIONS. 1540-1833. NXAR AlTROACn OF CORONADO'3 EXPHDITION, AND ESPECIALLY OP PeDEO DE ToBAR — Party of Spaniards unokr Anza — Wanderings of Father Francisco Garces — Peter Font's Journal and Map- Mythical Streams — Other Ancient Maps — Approach ok Domin- OUEZ AND KhcALANTE TO NEVADA — PeTER SkEEN OgDEN FOR THE Hudson's Hay Company — Discovery of Mary or Ooden River — Advent ok Free Trappers — Henry, Ashley, Bridoer, and Green — Expedition to California of Jedediah S. Smith— Nevada Trav- ersed from West to East — Influx ok Trappers from the North — The Wolfskill Expedition — Parties under Nidever, Frapp, AND Wyatt — Encounter with the Savages — Joseph Walker's Visit to California and Return — Ill-treatment of Indians — Meek's Statement — Something of Carson and Beckwourth. In my History of Utah and clse\vhere I make men- tion of the visit of Pedro de Tobar, of Coronado's expedition of 1540, to the Moqui villages, then called Tusayan, where he heard of a large river to the north and west. I have told how, when Tobar returned to Cibola, or Zuni, where the army rested, Captain Garcia Lopez de Cdrdenas set out with twelve men to explore said river. Some say the direction he took from Moqui was westerly; some intimate it was to the north of west; I am inclined to the latter view. In either event it is not probable that the territory now called Nevada was entered, or that any portion of it was seen by the members of that expedition, though such discovery is possible. There may have been expeditions into the country of the Yutas from Cibola, or Zuni, from Moqui, or from the country of the Mojaves, of which there is no (30) CORONADO AND CARDENA& H record. After the occupation of New Mexico by the Spaniards, excursions in every direction were com- mon; so that it is unsafe to say of any one of them that it was the first. It is true that in making and placini^ upon record an expedition of any considerable in)[)()rtance, any other important excursion then known to have taken place at some former period would bo likely to receive mention; and, indeed, was often mentioned. Pbobablk Route of Cardenas. The first European to enter within the present limits of Nevada of whom we now have knowledge, and without dt)ubt in ray mind absolutely the first to (;nter, was Father Francisco Garcds, of the order of St Francis, who set out from Sonora in 1775 with a party under Colonel Anza for California, and who stopped at the junction of the Colorado and Gila to •jxplore for a mission site. Of the expedition to Cali- fornia was Father Pedro Font who wrote a narrative of it, and drew a map which included not only his 28 EARLIEST EXPLORATIONS. own wanflerintjfs but thc^se of Garcds.* If Garces is ri^lit in his reckoning, and Font's map is correct, tlie friar was in Nevada at the time. The month of January 1776 was occupied in estab- lishiiiga residence on the spot where later sto<xl Fort Yuniu, the examination of the rancherfaof San Pablo, I CHEW Padre Font's Map, 1777. below on the river, which was found to be a suitable site for a mission. In BV'bruary he visited the Yam- ajabs, that is to say the Mojaves, arriving on the ' Tliese wanderings are designated by dotted lines. See i4»*j, D'nirio, MS., 198 et »«.•<).; Foiil'i Jonniul, MS., 4.") et seq.; ArrkivUii, Croii. Sn-iij., M'A v% m(\.; Hi"', ('a'., i. '27.3-8, tliis series. ' 'Acrt)8« a 8ierr.i to S.into Angol Springs 34" 31' (in Clienieluieves coun- try); 01 N. E. and N. w. ; "I N. N. K. across ii sierra to Yaniujal) nation, nhuee ranclicri'as, Lii Pufion, were ucruiM the river (3o on Font's map).' JJut. CaU, L 273, note, tliis series. n i TRAVELS OF GARCES. 99 — » west l)aii1< of the river nearly opposite their village on the L'Htli.-' (Juices (lid not cross the river at this time, but two tlioiisaml people of a nature superior* to that of the Yuiii.is came to him on the west side. "I showed 1 1n 111 a picture of the vir<,Mn," says the friar, "and tlirv were well pleased, but the picture of the damned tlu'V thought it sorrowful to see." The Yamajabs spoke of their neighbors and enemies, on the north- cast the Yavipais-cuercconaches, on the east the ^';iL,Miallapais, and on the south the Yalchedunes. Jio- lore penetrating farther these ]»arts the friar deter- iiiiiicd to visit his brother priests at San Gabriel. Some of the Yamajabs accompanied hinj, and the month of j\Iarch was chieily occupied in the journey west. ( )n the 9th of April Garces set out fi-oni San ( labiiel and proceeded by way of San Fernando Val- ley to the Tulare Valley, whence he crossed to the ^lojave River, and returned to his former position on 1 lie Colorado, after having traversed as discoverer a wide extent of country. Garces then took uj) his east- w.ird line of exploration which extended to the Moqui country as elsewhere explained. The peoj)le inhabiting this part of Nevada, and located to the north of the Yamajabs, are named on I'oiit's map the Chemeguabas, and north-east of these the l^ivachas, and the Baoniora. Two laryfe rivers loward the north-west are likewise given on Font's iiiii]), both flowing from Nevada through the Sierra into California. Garces did not explore these rivers but was told of them by the natives when in the ' For detail of the route from the mouth of the flila to the Mojave country, v!iiili was along the west bank of the Coloniilo, soe //m/. Cal., i. "JT"*, note. ' Sei" A'a/jiv /{iicfx, i. 477 et .seq., tliis series. 'Ksta gcnte es niiiy sana y J 7 il' iSifn'iiihi <• (If J 1 1 a, til Rio ('oloraao /xira reromirtr Ins nfiriniien (/tie hahitun .-" • mdniiiicH, y d los pueblos del Moqui dtl Nudv-Jlexico. lu Doc. Hist. Alex,, bLiie ii. toni. i. 225-374. 80 EARLIEST EXPLORATIONS. Tulare Valley, and he in turn reported them to Father Font. They are named in the map " Rio de San Phelipe," and '* Rio de que se viene noticia por el P. Garces," and are probably the origin of the San Buenaventura River myth. Garcen states: " I wa.-, also told that hence seven days' journey to the north Map by Joun Hakris, 1005. was a ^reat river^ running north-east and connecting with the San Felipe, the latter dividing, and one of *The friar thought this might be the San .Ton<^|Hin, emptying into San Francisco JJjiy, w hicii intlecd it w as, or perhaiw it was a lirunch of tiie CoUiiii l>ia. ' Kstc gran rio rjue cone li los 3(>' jMiedc ser el (jnc cntra al puerto do ^^an Francisco en la California, 6 al bi-azo del rio Colombia.' Diario, in Doe. Ilist. Alex:, Biirie ii. toui. i. *JU7. I SOME OLD MAPS. 31 n to Father lio do San icia por el of the San 3s: "I wa."> ) tlio nortli ? 4 Vlll.ul Mn«i 3.A jnnectuiir nd one of ■ing into San uf thuColiiiii' > al pucrtu do iario, iu iJoc. tlio hranclies flowinj^ toward the north. They gave mo to uiultrstand tliat the first was three times larj^er than the other. They wanted inc to go and see it, savint; that all along tlie way were good people. This 1 Lrreatly desinjd to do. They estimated the distance t(» lit; from thirty-five to forty leagues, a trip of seven (lavs, as they march slowly on account of their fre- (jiuiit hathing and unprotected f»;et. I concluded not to go, having no present to give. Here runs the Sicira San Marcos" to the north-west, and hetween Granata ]Nova. this sierra and that of the San Luis can be soon vast jilains which without doubt are the tulares mentioned hy Father Font in his diary and map; this Sierra of San Marcos being the one seen by him at the distance of forty leagues, white with snow, and east of the tulares; and although the distance is not so great, the mountains open gradually, so that farthest away can be seen only the Sierra of San Marcos."^ •On Font's map the mountains north of the 'Rio de quien se vienc noticia por (1 V. (iarcOs' are called the Sierra Nevadii, and south of that stream and duwii to tlie 'Rio de San Phelipe' the Sierra dc San Marcos. ' ' Dijunuunie tanibieu, '^ue sictc dios de caniiuu ul uurte habia una agua ^ 32 EARLIEST KXPLOUATIOXS. I! TIkto nro many curious <»M maps sliowinij tli«^ J?cn- oral (■(>ii('('|»ti»)ii ot' the country aliout that time, or rallieisliowiiiLj the ahility ot" n»a|)-niakers for drawiuj; oil llieir ima;4;iiiatioii, whidi I iiiij^Hit reproduce; and, indeed, many ot" then» have l)een ^iven in various vohunes ot" this historical series, n(»tahly in tlie Ilis- torij iif tin' Noi'tlnrcst Cott.sf, in connection with an ohicidation ot" the ^^reat Nortliern Mystery. A map drawn hy Jolin Harris in IGOf) seems to ^ivo tiie name Quivira to a vast region wliich ond>races Ne- Utah and Nevada, 1795. rio muy gramlc, quo corria del nordeste y se jiintaba con el de San Felipe, porquc Oste, oonio <lir<?, cu.anilu se divide en dos brazos Ueva el luio el runiljo del norte; y <lul)an & entender que el priinero era trcs vecea mayor (jiie el otro; qnorian <jiic fuera & yerlo, que por to<lo a<(uel caiiiino liabia buena gente. Yo lo di'seuba niuclio, i>irque conHideraIja de distaneia hasta treinta y einco 6 cuarentu leguas, pues auii([ue ellos reputaban neccsarios aietc dias, es ponjue anilau poco A cauna du que se ItaiWtn niuclio y no tieuen defensa en lom pic^s. I'or lUtiiuu no me »letermii'«5, asi iionjue no tenia que regalar conio por lo (jue dije anilijv de Sebastian y los jnmajiibs: por aqui corre la sierra de San Mar- cos at norueste, y entre ella y lade Sun Luis se ven unos llanos dilatadiMimos, que sin duda son los tulares de que liacrn inencinu en su d'ario y niapa el padre Font, sieiido esta sierra de San Miircos la que eomo A distaucia de cua- renta leguas vcia uevada al orientc de los tulares; y aunquo aqui no hay esta distancia, se van abriendo las sierras, dc modo que d lo ultimo solo r.e v6 la de San Mdrcos: 2 leguas.' iiiario, Doc. Jiut. Mtx., serie ii., torn. i. 207-8. \ J FROM WIXTEUnOTIIAM. 33 vadn in roninion witli otlior undcfiiKHl countries. From til.' Uixtoiir ^'iilrcrsr/le des Jndes Orn'nf((/rs, J>,'ul.<er I'll iff'HX llmrs, foletf en Latin pur Autoim' Mm/u', Dnvay, Hill, T copy tho (Jranata Nova ct (';(lilunii;i. Nvlii<'li, liowt-vtT, j>res«!nts little historical siLriiifiiaiM'c, The work from which it is taken |>ur- i..7rt-> to contain an acc(»unt of the " ilescoviurte, ii,iMi.ration, situation, et conciuete, faicte taut par les r.)rtiii;ais (pie par les ( astillans, Ensemhle leurs iiKiins ot 1^ lij^ion." A Latin poem of twenty-four lines introtluces the general history, which begins ^ / Y'«jH.«i.n«t',V/ri'.:v. #^?w^^ Rectok's Map, 1818. witli comments on the ancient costnographers and tlic <liscovery of Columlnis, the first bo<»k giving the liistttiv of the Spanish Americas, and closing with a sotnu't in French. Book ii. contains numerous maj)S, with a brief description of the countries, fourteen lines being devoted to California. In a map of North America drawn to accompany Wiiitirbotham's history, published in New York 171)5, Xrvada is a blank save the delineation of a stream with its tributaries flowing eastward into a nameless lake, presumbably Great Salt Lake, the three towns ul" Axaas, Ijagopas, and Quivira, and a section of UisT. Net. a EARLIEST EXPLORATIONS. the Sierra Nova«la from opposite San Francisco Bay southward toward Lower California. In January 1818 was filed in the j^eneral land office a map of western North America by William Rectoi'. United States surveyor for Missouri and Illinois," whose greatest peculiarity so far as the western slop(^ is concerned lies in draining into the Willamette tin whole rt\gion north of the latitude of San Francisco J^ay, and east of the Columbia and Colorado rivers, the Siskiyou Mountains being crowded south to ac conunodate this arrangement. WhilUii't C.r.ml«.»lh.r fVlKHrmiffrnf C.V.,iir. II n ■' _i u Ct\j|!t FlNLEV's Mai', 1H20. In 1826 A. Finley, of Philadelphia, presented quite an elaborate map, the unknown regions being W( !i filled from ill-founded reports, or from the injagination. Thus the Rio San Felipe is made to How from south- ern Nevada due west through tlu; Sierra into ]\[on- terey Bay. Tlie Rio ]3uenaventura mystery is here multiplied, so that from the great lakes three lur^u- streams are tnade to flow in the most direct course, regardless of intervening mountains, to the ocean. T\\G one most southern, t' t Rio Buenaventura, rises 'Licnt. Warron, who proBcnts a rpdiicod copy in Par. R. Itept., xi. 2.S, ■aya tliu iiiup, though thu iiiOBt coinpletu up to that time, wati uovvr puhliHiicil. ■ancisco Bav il land office iam Rector, nd Illinois,^ o.stcrn slojH laniotto tilt n Fraiiciscd •rado rivers, louth to ac PETER SKEEN OODEN. ss noiir tlic source of tlie Lewis branch of the Columbia and (■iii|)ti('.s into Lake Salado, which may be Great Salt L;ikt>, or Utah Lake, as one chooses; thence it takt's up a direct course for San Francisco Bay. Fi(»m Lake Timpanogos, the original Lake Ashley, or I'tali Lake, but now greatly enlarged and ])laced iioilh of Salt Lake, if indeed Timpanogos be not itself (ireat Salt Lake, How directly to the ocean the rivers Timpanogos and Los Mongos, the former finding the Escalante's Routb. sea bclov,' Cape Mendocino, and the latter just south of ( 'ape Orford. Alll.ough th(! San Felipe was purely an imaginary str..jrn, Friar Garces' branch of it lunning toward the north was a reality, being none otlur than the San .bta(|uin. From the Colorado Garces proceeded east- waid and visited the Aloqui tcAvns, returning to the N aiiia jabs after a month's absence. Then he descen«led llie ( 'oiorado. Next to enter Nevada, or at least to touch its S0 EARLIEST EXPLORATIONS. border, following the roconl, were the two friars, Francisco Atanasio Dominguez and Silvcstre Yelez de Escalante, who were near Nevada, on or not far distant from the path later called the old Spanish trail between Great Salt Lake and Los Angeles when they determined to abandon their purpose of going to Monterey, and turned eastward from the eastern line of Nevada, near its junction with the southern bound- ary of Utah, crossing the Colorado in latitude 37^ An account of this expedition, which is of primary importance to the history of Utah, is given at length in the volume of this series relating to that subject. We come now to more defined discoveries. In the spring of 1825, while prej)arations were in progress for the transfer of the metropolitan post of the Pacific from Astoria, or Fort George, to Fort Vancouver on the Columbia, Peter Skeen Ogden,'^ then in the ser- vice of the Hudson's Bay Company, set out fiom head-quarters with a party of tra[)pers for the region round the head-waters of Stiake River, or the Lewis Ijrancli of the Columbia, Passing by the country of the Walla Wallas, they set their traps, working their way southward up the stream until they reached the ]>oint whc.e later was built Fort Boise. Thence they struck to the west of south, followed up the Owyhee, and alter some exploration of its tributaries at length ilropped down upon the Humboldt, now first beheld by Europeans. It was now mid-summer, and one of the party b«.'coming enamored of a damsel native to that region, he married, that is to say bought, her, thereby secur- • Ho wa« a son of Chief JuBtice Ogilen of Qv»e?)r'j, and prior to tliis time Imil Krrvc<l lH(tli ill the Facilic Fur (."onipimy and in the Northwest roinpany. Later he row! to the position of chief factov ami iiiauager. At Fort Vancou- ver he was seeond only to l)ougla», who riiu^cecded iMcLougldin, and indeed at one time was chief factor in cliiirge. He w.is sliort, dark, and exceedin).'ly toii^'h, with an iiiexliaiistihh' fund ot hnnior, and coiise(|nently a gre^it favor- ite. He died at tlic age of (iO in (hogon City in l."*.">4. See U'lxt. Unyoii, i. 3'2, this series; AjijiUtjaO'^ ]'itux, MS., llii Altan'6 liem., MS., 9. ;i i two friars, /estre Velez ri or not flir ^punish trail s wlion thoy )f goiiijr to eastern lino lern l>ound- ititiule 37'. of primary !U at lenorth lat subject. es. In the in profrro.ss the Pacific ncouvcr on in the ser- ; out from the region the Lewis country of 'king th<'ir ached the lence tliey 3 Owyliee, i at length rst beheld he party at region, ihy secur- r to this time f'st Coiiipaiiy. Fort Viiiicou- 1, ami iiiikt'il 1 t'xi'oediiijrly I K''t'«t fii\H>r- iKt. On yon, i, MARY CK OODEN RIVER. 87 in", with the greater safety of the party, wife, ser- vant, and beast of burden. This was the way the British fur-hunters managed the business, in strong coni:r?!st to which we shall presently see how the first band of trappers from the United States beb v d toward thesj same Shoshones. To the native woman thus honored was given the name Marie, or Mary, who ill turn gave her newly acquired appellation to the stream, which T r a time was called Mary River. But as usual in such cases the wife Mary was soon dropped; and then the river dropped the name Mary, having no claim to it on aboriginal grounds, and took on the more appropriate one of Ogden, from its enter- j)rising and humane discoverer, which name by right it should bear to-day, instead of that of Humboldt, b}' which it is generally known.^" During this same summer of 1825 free trappers from the United States percolated through the hills from the Bear River region, where Henry and Ashley were in camp the previous winter, and came down into north-eastern Nevada. In the History of Utah I have told how James Bridger discovered the Great Salt Lake while endeavoring to determine the course (»f Bear River on which a wager had been laid. After reporting his discovery to his comrades at the rendez- vous in Cache Valley, Bridger with a few others sot their traps on the western side of the great lake, and gradually working their way westward, before the season was over they came upon Ogden and his party. And thus met in this isolated sterile wilderness, com- ing from such widely different quarters, these Euro- peans — French, Scotch, Irish, and English — s«nne by way of Canada and the Columbia Riv'er, others by wav of the United States and the River Platte, but all animated by the same lofty sentiment, all aiming at the same nol o bject, During the following seasons there were many more '"See Wnrren, in Par. P. RepL, xi. .16. The name Humboldt was con- fcrrcil liy FrOiiiuut witliout a shuduw uf right ur rcunou. i '' i 'i f. M 88 EARLIEST EXPLORATIONS. American trappers who found their way into Nevada, so much so as to render the Ogden River region les.s attractive to the people of the Hudson's Bay Com- pany, ^or while Bridger was trapping and exploring to the west of Great Salt Lake, William H. Ashley was bringing his company of one hundred and twenty njcn i'roni St Louis, and was building Fort Ashley on Utah Lake. Thence in 1826 many Americans penetrated the wilds of Nevada: so that soon the fur- bearing parts were well known to mountain men, among the most prominent of whom was Mr Green, who gave his name to Green River. In August of the year last named, Jedediah S. Smith set out from Great Salt Lake with fifteen men, and journeying southward past Utah Lake, turned south-westwardly, and following the old Spanish trail from the great lakes to Los Angeles, crossed the south-eastern corner of Nevada, and reached San Ga- briel Mission in December. After divers adventures and misadventures in southern California, he pushe<l northward up by the western base of the frowning Sierra to the lands of the Mokelumnes and Cosumnes. On tlie 27th of May, 1827, he found himscir with but two men, seven horses, and two nmles laden with pro- visions and hay, attem[)ting the ascent of what he calls Mount Joseph, whose summit was then crowned with snow. The mountains were crossed in eiufht days, with the loss of two horses and one nmlo. Twenty days' march to the eastward from the base of Mount Joseph brought him to the south-western coi- ner of (irreat Salt Lake. The country traversed he j>ronounced arid and witliout game. For two days he was wholly without water, working his weary way over a plain which yielded no vegetation. Afterward he came upon some s})rings, gathered round which were hordes of natives, whom he pronounced the most miserable wretches on earth. When he reached Utah he had but <jne horse and one mule left, and thes< were so exhausted that they could scarcely carry the WOLFSKILL, NIDEVER, FRAPP, AND WYATT. 39 Nevada, •cgion los.s Bay Coni- exploriii^LT I. Ashley iicl twenty rt Ashley Americans n the fur- tain men, Ir Green, dediah S. teen men, e, turned inish trail 3.ssed the 1 San Ga- Iventures le pushed 1 frownin*: osu nines, with but kvith pro- what Ik- crowned hi eight le mule. ) base of orn cor- rsed lit! lays he IV wav • ^ * terward 1 which he most d Utah d these irry the I few things yet remaining." Before the season was over, with fiesh supplies and eight men Smith re- traced his steps to California where part of his orig- inal ci)ni[)any had been left. Thence he proceeded to Jt is worthy of remark that the first crossing by a white man of the Sierra Nevada, and of the entire I)ivadth of what is the state of Nevada, was not in the usual direction of marching empire, but from west to east, a doubling of progress upon its own track, or like a ray of scrutinizing intelligence flung back from tilt- ocean. In 1828-9 some of the Hudson's Bay Company's trap|)ers who were in Nevada under Ogden passed over the Sierra into California, probably following Smith's last trail. During the next decade the few trappers on the Columbia seeking the Sacramento took McLeod's nit)rc western route, while those en- tering California by way of Santa Fc did not touch Nevada. A trapping party under Wolfskill came from Taos in 1830, and followed one old Spanish trail toward Salt Lake, and another away from that region toward i^os Angeles. As this country had been explored hefore, and as nothing worthy of note happened on the way, we will look in upon the doings of the trap- j)ers who every year rendezvoused in the Green River i(%qon, and thence spread out in every direction in search of the nmch loved beaver-skins. Alter lengthy trapj)ing excursions on the eastern si(K; of the Rocky Mountains between Texas and Nebraska, George Nidever in November 1831 crossed li'oni the Platte to Green River where he went into winter quarters. Early in August 1832 three parties under Ni<lever, Frapp, and Wyatt set out from the J'ierre Hole rendezvous on trapping expeditions to " There is nothing furthor known as to Smith's route. For a full account (if liiw uiivcntin'f!) witli all tl>o cviilcnoo sec //m/. ('alijhrnia, ami //■ . A'orlh' VI .y ' 'luisf, tlii.i serict. It in posfiihli! thut In; niiidu tliiti possugo without dia- cu\ L'liiig lluiiibulUt liivct-, tliougJi it u uut pi-ubablu. I I p ! 40 EARLIEST EXPLORATIONS. the westward. Nidover's destination was Ogdcn River, which he then called Mary River, "a small stream about south-west of Salt Lake." Frapp's com- pany were mostly Canadians and half-breeds. For some distance the route of the three bands was the same, and they continued together. Their first camp was fifteen miles from the rendezvous. Next morn- ing on starting they discovered a band of four hun- dred war-painted Blackfeet coming down upon them fierce for tight. Hastily throwing up a breastwork of their packs, they despatched a boy on one of their fleet- est horses back to the rendezvous to notify the assem- bled trappers, and then turned to receive the enemy. As soon as the savages were within range shooting set in on both sides. Spreading out in a long line the Blackfeet attempted to surround the trappers. Con- spicuous among the savages was a tall and well-built chief, arrayed in a bright scarlet coat and mounted on a mao:nificent horse Wishing to be regarded a jjreater and braver man than his companions, he rode some distance in advance of them, intimating that he would fight single-handed any one of the trappers, or all of them together. Presently one of Wyatt's men, Godin, a Canadian, advanced to meet the chief. Godin was also well mounted, and carried a short rifle concealed from view. The antagonists continued slowly to ad- vance until they were separated by less than fifty yards, when quick as a flash Godin raised his gun and fired. The proud chieftain fell dead to the ground. In an instant Godin was upon him; the scarlet coat was stripped from the fallen hero; and before the savages could arrest him, he flew back under heavy fire to his comrades, whom he reached in safety with his trophy. Reenforcements from the rendezvous ar- riving the Blackfeet retired. A council of war was held and William Sublette chosen leader. The sav- ages were well posted in some timber near by; never- theless the trappers determined on immediate attack. In the encounter which followed William Sinclair, i I ! i WALKER'S EXPEDITION. 41 as Ogden , "a small app's coni- eds. For Is was thu first camp i3xt morn- four hun- pon them stwork of their fleet- he asscm- le enemy. shooting g line the rs. Con- well-built ounted on a greater ode some he woulfl or all of n, Godin, odin was ioncealed y to ad- an fifty gun and ground, rlet coat bre the heavy ty with v^ous ar- var was he sav- never- attack, linclair, Phrlps, Sublette, and others were wounded and fifty Black t'l'et killed. Hastening forward from that hostile region the three conijianies soon parted, and Nidever set his traps on OjL^nleti River, where ho remained with fair success till October, when he returned to the eastern slope for t!ie w inter, and came again the following spring to Green River." It may have been this expedition that cau.sed one writer to make the somewhat ludi- crous mistake of sending Nathaniel Wyeth with Sub- lette to trap on Ogden River in 1832. It is scarcely necessary to say that Wyeth was never on Ogden River. Josejih Walker was of Bonneville's expedition which encamped on Salmon River during the winter of 1832-3, and in the spring divided into trapping j)arties, taking various directions from the Green River rendezvous. With thirty-five or forty" men Walker set out as Irving says to trap beaver on the northern and western sides of Great Salt Lake, in- tending to pass entirely round th.')t brat^kish sheet before the season was over; but finding the country along the north-western border desolate and void of water, the party turned about and trapped toward the nortii and west. Nidever, however, who accompanied the expedition, and who was fully aware of Bonneville's purpose, and the intentions of the party before leaving the rendez- vous, says nothing of any intended survey of the lake, and that idea probably arose in the mind of Bonne- ville while reciting his adventures to Irving." " XiJever's Life and Adv., MS., 49-55. " Xiilever, Life and Adv., MS., 58, says 36; Bonnevilln 40. "Oil the other haud Nidever, L\f'e and Adv., MS., 58, distinctly states: * In the spring tiiere were a large uuinlxir of trappers gatiiered at the rendez- vous in Clreen River Valley, and among them C'apt. Walker and company IkiuikI for California. We joined him, making a party in all of 'M. V\M>n i\\v linakingun of the rendezvous we started southward, intending to trap a sill lit time on tlie Mary's River.' A party of 15 free trappers under .Sinclair is niintioned hy Irving, Adveii. Bonmt'ille, 72-.1, as present at the rendezvous of \H',1'2, and taking part in sulNie<|Uent events, but not as part of Walker's cuniiuiuy. Geo. Nidever watt one of the 15, and be relates in hia L{/'t atul ; l! Ilii ill t 42 EARLIEST EXPLORATIONS. But whether originally impelled by the Salt Lake survey or the Calit'ornia expedition, they had not pro- ceeded far before the barreiniess of the country and the absence of water turned their attention toward the snowy mountains seen in the north-west. There they would be sure to find cooling streams, and doubt- less multitudes of beavers; so striking out in that direction they soon came upon a little hnnik, which increased in size as they followed it towani the mountains, until it disappeared in a lake to which there was no outlet. On the way they found the Shoshones exceedingly troublesome. They stole the traps and com|K.lled the white men to keep a constant guard to prevent attack. Finally they offered to permit the strangers to pa.s8 through their country if they would give up their horses and })rovisions.*'' This the white nieii refu.<ed to d<>; and after some stray shots on both sides, one of which struck a man named Frazier, further attempts at traj>ping were abandoned, and both sides pref»ared for battle. Nevertheless the white men continued their march, doubling their guard, and making a de- tour from the trail when necessary to avoid ambus- cade when passing through narrow defiles and thickly woixled places. One day in passing a thick and quite extended growth of willows, from which as usual they had turned aside to avoid surprise, four hundred Shoshones eniertrod and formed into several distinct bands ac- to the villages to which they belonged. cordin<r A'IfrnturiK, MS., most of the events of the time and place notice<l hy Irving, with Home variations in detail wliieli it dinm not concern my preiw:iit puqiotie to mention, 'i'he original company under Robert Bean hail left Fort Smith alM>ut 44) stmng in May 18>tO. It included many men afterward wxdl kuon-n in California, which country they entered at dillercnt times and W ditfereut mutes. Such were liralmm, Naile, Nidever, W^ihiams, I'rice, LecHe, and I»yc. Their adventures ai"c related at some lengtli hy botli Nidever and I)j'e down to the time that the party was divided in New Mexico in the spring of 1H.'{|, and tile later adventures of the mrty of l.'> that went north to<>m.-n River liy Nidever, who says that Uraliam, Naile, and Price were still with him. '"They 8|>oke the Snake tongue, a language wbioh most ot oor men vex* familiar with.' A'idevir's Li/e anilAde., MS., 58. BATTLE WITH THE SHOSHOXES. 43 10 rera rrosontly thirty-four of the enemy advanced, and fit'tt'cn wliite men stepped forth to meet them. The litter ])ermitted tlic savages to approach quite near \)v\\>vv making a move; but when they did fire, if we iii.iv hcliove one who was present, it was with sueli t ( lliiig effect that but one of the number escaped alive During this march there were many dastardly deeds counnitted which Mr Nidever fails to reniember, such as shooting down the unoffending of either sex or any age, and that without provocation.*' As to the way by which they left the sink of the Humboldt, and crossed the desert and the Sierra into ( aliCornia, there is much uncertainty. Said Bonne- ville, "they struck directly westward, across the great chain of Californian mountains. For three and twenty days they were entangled among these mountains, the ])eaks and ridges of which are in many places covered with perpetual snow. For a part of the tinio they were nearly starved. At length they made their way '".VfV/ewr'* Life and Adv., MS., 59-60. " Tlic- tirst publishcil uarrative of this expedition was in tho Jonishoroii;ih, Ti'ini. Si')itlnel of Marclt 8, 1837, a brief account from the statcnient nf .stt'phou Meek wlio had rctumuil to Tcnuesace, and reprinted in A'iUs' lii'(j- ixh I- (if Maruh *2.")th, vol. lii. 50. Meek aava that on Sept. 9th tlioy Wfie Biirnitiinlcil luid attacked by a largo body of natives witli a losa of live nicii uoiiiiditl, uiid one — Wm. SmuU— billed, the natives Ijeiug rcpuLsi-d witli a In.ss (if 'J7 killed. On Sept. IGth the hunters attacked l.'iO luttivcH, scattd uiid einiikiii^', killed 18, and took 5 captives, who were beaten uiul ivKaseil. litiniiL'villo represents that the natives wore i)e«ceful and timid, kei'iiiii^ nioiif by day but pilfering somewhat at night. A trap|M:r having lo.st liiti traps vuw'cd to shoot tho tirst Digger ho saw, and did so. SuliHcijuently guilty cuuHuienuo led tho party to imagine themselves in a hostile cuiiiitry, and nt a furd farther down the river they attacked a crowd of inotrcn.sive ]ii'(i|iK', »h(xitiug 'I'i, and meeting no resistance. Irving paints this outiaj^u in viviil coliirs. Nidever by way of excuse says that the natives were inciras- ingly bold and hostile from tho llrst, stealing all they could lay their iiainlH (III, and attempting to shoot Frazier while setting his traps. It was iicctH- saiy to give up trapping almost entirely, and only by the greatest )>ii can- ticins did tho comimny escape annihilation. Finally tliey turned iisidt- fiuni tliL'ir trail Just in time to avoid an ambush, and were attacked by sonio liuiulreds of savages, of whom 33 were killed. Nidever adniiti<i, however, that a. little later ho could not resist the temptation to kill two Indians with one shot, thus avenging his brother who hud I>cl-u treacherously murdered poinetinie before, tinuly Joseph M'jck, according to ViHur'^ I'irir of i fie ^^V■'^ Ud, admits that the attack— in which 7."» savages fell, but Meek exag- gerates everything, stating that Walker had 118 men — was unmovoked e.\- •:'.'\>t by the thefts and constantly increasing numbers of the Indians; but he detenils the act as a necestiity, though it did not seem so to Bonneville, who was not an cxpcrien«».>d ludiou-lighter. li !| ! I I ' u EARUEST EXPLORATIONS. throujrh them, and came down upon the plains of New California. They now turnecil toward the south, and arrived at the S])ani8h village and pOHt of Mon- terey." Stephen Meek tells us " they travelled now four days across the salt plains, when they struck the Californian Mountains, crossing which took fif- teen days, and in fourteen days iLore they reached the two Laries" — Tulares; "killed a horse, and sub- sisting on the same eleven days came to the Spanish settlements." Joseph Meek is represented as giving the route somewhat definitely westward to Pyramid Lake, up the Truckee River, and a'^ross the moun- tains — by the i)resent railroad line very nearly — into the Sacramento Valley, and thence southward. This authority also states that they met a company of soldiers out hunting for cattle-thieves in the San Jose Valley, and were taken as prisoners to Mon- terey — a dramatic ending to the long journey em- anating probably from the trapper's imagination." Finally, a newspaper version, founded on Walker's own statements, and corroborated to some extent by that of Nidever, gives what I suppose to have been the correct route from th*) sink, south-westward by way of what are now Carson Lake and Walker lake and river, over the Sierra near the head-waters of the Merced, and down into the San Joaquin Valley.*^ Bonneville had been quite lavish in fitting out this expedition ; and when Walker and the men returned, and the captain learned that such of his property as had not been consumed in the desert had been s(juan- '" Yet Sebastian Pomlta with a party of veeino$ from Saa Jot6 did meet early in Novemlicr a coinnany of Bo-called French trappera bound to Mun> ten-y. San Jo»i, Arrh., MS., v. 27. " Uiograpliical elcetcliea of Cant. Joa. R. Walker, in Sonoma Drmorrat, Nov. 2.">, 187G; and in Snii Joa6 I'ioiuer. Sept. 1, 1877. Mr ThompHon, of tiio lifjitocriit, yuan well acquainted with Walker; and the article in tho J'ioucer was founded on an interview. One account sayo he saw Mono I^ke, an<l the other tiiat ho discovered Yosoniite. According to the Pioneer, Miis firMt attempt to descend to the west wofl near the head-waters of tho Tuohinine, whicli he found impossible; but working a little to tho sonth- wcHt he struck the waters of the Merced.' Nidever states that they came down between tho Merced and Tuolumne, and aooo arrived atGilroy's rancho. CAUSOX AM> ni:rK\VOl'KTH. 4.T I dried ill ( 'ulifin'niii, toj>;('tlM'r with the furs wliirh tlicy ^ liad Ljiitlii'ied, he wns very aii;Lfry. I. hus Ix'oii stutfd tliat (Miiistoplior Carson and .liii irs I'. H('«kw<nirtli wort' of this party; orthatthcy were in Carson valley in IHaiiand with seven others passed over intt) Calit'omia. Caist.n and Heekwointh were not of the Walker party, nor did they cross tho Sierra Nevada to ('aliforniu in \^li'.i. Tiiev niav have hei'ti in Carson or some other valley durinjj; that or stini(> other year; indeed, Carson was there in that vear; they were traj)|>ers, i^uides or lndian-<iLjht»'rs .iceordintf to eii'eiiinstances, and as such were n.'ovin^ liither and thither in and around the «iri'at hasin. ( )f I in- wanderings of the fur-hunti'rs there is no coin- jili'te record ; hut of the names of visitors to Cjdif<»r- :iiadurini^ ilies»! years there is a reronl. (-arson had hiiii to California hefore this by the Santa Fe and Los Anj^t.'les trail."* '•Kit Cariiiiiwas liorn ii« Kimtiicky in I8«»». In IN28 he went to Nowr Mi'xu'ii, uiiil tlii-ii(.'u (iriK'i'cilcil witli Kwin^j \'ciiing to L'alit'urniii. tlu^ following M'.ii' liy tlj<- iilil Los Anui'lu.s trail. 'ri'a|i|iiiig on the San iloaipiin lit; ciircnin- ti nil a p.irty umliT I'ctcr Skcm Oi;ilfn, wlio wnit from tluTu to tlio ( 'oluni- Ilia ri\i'r wliih; farson rftnrnt'il to Ni'W Moxii-o liy way of I^ios Anjfcles. In |s:!iM 'arsiin ti'a|i|itMl on (iiccn ami Salmon rivers, visiU'il .Tackson lloir, ami III ls;il trajipi'il on IV-ar river, tlit-n todrccii river, ami Inck to New Mexico. Till' follow iiifi year he wa.s again on <irien aixl Snaku rivers, wintering on tlio Utter stream, ami in |h;<;< ]iu went with 'I'lmmas MeKay of the lin<lson'.s Hay ii>iii|i.iiiy anil live otliiirs to tin; lieail- waters of Oyilen river, uml followeil it to the sink. Theiiee McKay proeeeileil to Walla Walla, ami I'arson to Kort Mall. iMiriiig \S'M ii Carson traiipeil on tho Vellowstoiie ainl I'latte.aml tho lolliiwiiii; year went to (lent fort, where for eight years lie wan official linnter lor the |iost. In ISf'.' he visited the L'niteil .States, met Krt'mont onasteam- lioit. ainI engiigeil to act as his guide. I'lttiri Lih' of Oirmn, and AUmiCs l.j'r ij' i'lirniii, jiassiin. I I I { ; CHAPTER III. PASSAC.K OF THK KMKHIAXTS. TRAriMNd Bkcomes Okneuai,— Opkmno or tiik Kmioration Kr«x"ii— Tiik KiiAli TO CaI.IKOHMa— I'UiHJUK.HS «iK TIIK HvilTI.KSOS <'ciMr.\NV THIltH'CII KkVADA — 1{|1>\VK1.I., Hk>S11\W, AM) NyK. IlKl.DKS, Ku KM AN, ( 11 II.K^, AND Webku- What Thky Skvkrai.i.y Said or It— Skaiu ii kuk Oimikn IllVKIl— 'I'llKV AllANlMiN TICK.lll \V AliONS— FlllK.M.I.Y InTKKCoI IISK, WITH TIIK SlIiisIKiNKS — VaKIKIi AIiVKNTIUKS — DlSSKN.sIliN — SKAUfll KUK \ 1'ASS— OVKK TIIK SiKKKA — llASIIXliS AND HIS ItooK— t 'llll.KS OVKK A Nkw Uoitk Wai.kkh <!rii>Ks a I'auty inio (^ai.ikoknia hvkk his IvKTius |{iiitk ok 1S.H4- Kik.>t \Va(;i>>s To Tuavkksk ihk Kmiki Col ntky — Fiikjiont's Kxi'Ki'iTioNH Ki.irjiiA Stkvknsou tiik MruiMi\ CoM> ANY — SSVDKU, SWASKY, 111 ACKIll UN, AND ToDD t'oMIANY Si li i.K'iTK FUoM St l-oi is— Wai.kkk, C::xon, Tai.iiot, and Kekn- Kxi-k- DiTioN or Scott and the Ai'1'i,e<;ate.s ki.mm ()kk(H)N. Aftfk tho roturn of WalkT in IH.'U tr{H)piii«^ j)ar- tios ill NovjkIji were f're<|U(jnt until ^tiniu lu'canu* Hoiirc'o. As one was very like anotlur, and all unin- teresting in detail, it is not necessary to report them further. I'resfiitly a fV*!sh impetus was irivcn to westward-manhing empire along the line of border Hcttlenients. It was no longer furs that most tilh-d men's minds, but broad fertile lands of easy tillage, temperate airs, and a near markt;t. Wh- re tluii- wore so many blessings provided by nature without price, as j)resented themselves to the settler in the then soM'alled western states, it is no \vo:>dtT that lie became discontented and demande<l yet gr<.»ater favors. Thus it was that from IH.'Jl) to 184(5 we si'c parties of emigrants w«Miding tlu-ir way to Oregon and to California, some of which pass through Nevada, giving us a view of the country as it then appeared. Tin: lUltTI.KSOX COMPANY. \\\ Aiiioiij,' (ttli* r-H was .loliM liidwi II who in company lliiisliiiw and Miiliac'l ('. Xv«' «'aino th < n-(>ri;t' Irnni Missouri to ( 'alit'oniia in IHll; also faniilirs or ii.irtiis iintltr •losiali Itrldm, Hohert liicknian, tFolin llaiil'soM, .loscpli H. Chili's, and CliarK-.s W»'h«'i', .snnit finu's iMiitini,' in lar;^«T conipanics, son;*' i»ound for ()r<'j(on and sonj*' for California. Tlu'n* was jtrcs- t nt ono woman, Mrs liiiijainin Kcls* y, an«l lur chiM. 'ro<4ttli»'r came the two tiniiLrrations l»y th»' usual rouft'. n|i the IMatto and throu^di the So»ith Pass to luar l{iv«r Valley, and wlu'H n.t ar Soda Sprini^s tli.v partrd «'onij>any, thost; tor On-Ljon, and with tJH'in somr wln> had ori;,nnally intruded to <;o to Cal- ifiTiiia. pro«'ctdiniLj northward to Foit Hall, whilo tlif otlii IS diitcted their steps to thi> south, and pass- in-^ down into T'tah turned toward X«'vada ahout ti-n miles north of (Jrt'at Salt J^ako. Later emigrants passed round or just touehetl the north-west corntT of I'tah. Notliint; was k' own of this r<\<jfion except what the tia|>pers had repo )rted: none wei-o known to I lavc passed across tlu^ country from ami to California .save tlie parties un<ler Smith an*' Walkei* respectively. As these had followed the Oujtien Hiver, tlu' emii^rants (l.rmed it necessai-y tinst of all to (ind that stream. I jiave a manuscript narrative hy Mr Chiles tMititled J \'isit to (yii/ijonila, in which he states that they tr,iv(lled seven months with no ji^uide, no conipa.ss, notliinij hut the sun to direct them. They Inul learned liom l)r Marsh the latituch; of San Franci.sco Jiay; tliey knew the latitude of their staitinif-point; and it u.is thus tlu'V c ast th lemseives a« hi ft I wild upon an ocean ernes.s. I if wastes am III answer to in(piiries of Mr Grant at Fort Hall, tiny were told that west of Salt Lake "there was a Lireat and almost impassable desert which we weio liahle to iieconie involved in if wc went too far to the south; that there wa.s a stream runninor west which had been visited by some of the trappers belonging to 48 PASSAGE OP THE EMIGRANTS. I I the Hudson's Hay Company, amonj[y whom it was known by the name of Mary's, or Oj^den's river; that we must try to strike that stream, for to the south of it we would find no feed for animals; that we nmst be careful not to go too far to the north, for if we did we would become involved in a maze of canons, an«l streams with precipitous cliffs which led olf into the Columbia River, and where we should be sure to wander and starve to death."' After travelling for seven days westwardly from Bear River, round the northern end of Salt Imke, meanwhile suffering greatly from tiiirst, they camped the 27th of August on a grassy spot beside a spring of good water, there determined to remain until a way to Ogden River should be found. Being told by a Shoshone who came into camp that not far away were Indians who liad horses, Bi«lwell with a small party went in search of them but with- out (^iccess. They found, however, five miles from camp a native curing some venison which he had just killed, half of which they bought for twelve .artritlges. Before proceeding further with the train it was deemed advisable to examine the country before them. To this end, (m the 29th Bartleson and Hopper starte<l out, and in ten days returned saying they hatl found Ogden River, distant five days' travel. Meanwhiio tlw weather had become cold, ice forming in the water bui'kets, and the company had nioved Hl«)\vly forward. Sig:ial fires iiad been kindled by the natives and the atm<)sj)lii're was filled with dense smoke. This is tiie way Mr Belden tells the same story in his manuscript entitled Statement of Historienl Fdetx: " Wo went .)ii, hunting our way along the best we could, amongst the rocks and gullies, riid througii the sage-brush, working ah)ng slowly for a number of days, aiming to travel westwaiil as fast as we (;oul'.i, havi?ig no other guide than an intention to get west. IS. midwftl'H Ctilifoniin, I84I-S, MS., 32-3; OidiodVa Joumfy to Cat., 1841 WAGONS ABANDONED. 4» After travelling several days, passing over a very d'jacrt country where there was scarcely any foocl for our animals, and very rough getting along with our wagons, we finally came to a spot where there was nu)i.st ground, some springs, and a little patch of green gra.ss, which we denominated the oasis. We cannxjd then' about a week to recruit our animals. While there we did not know which directioh to take, nor liow to go; but we had heard before leaving Missouri that there was a river somewhere in that section of the country, which was then called Mary's River, wliich ran to the westward, und this we thought might be a guide for us in st)me measure, if we could strike th«j head-waterH of it and follow it west. So while the company were camping there, three of the party wlu) had the best animals started out in a west- it1> direction to explore by themselves, and sec if they couhl find any such river, any water running west. After waiting there several days these men cauje lack and reported that the}' had found a small stream of water that seemed to bo running westward, and they thought that might j)erhaj)8 be the head- waters or some branch of the Mary's River that we wisJied to find. After they returned, we raised camp, and under their direction, as near as we could foHow it, wo travelled two or three days I think, and struck this little stream they had spoken of We followed it down and found it trended westvarvl, *hough vary- ing its course, and it proved to be the south fork of Mary's Rive,". We followed it nW the way down to tile sink of it." It was the 1 Hh of September when after a hot day they passed through a gap in a ridge of mountains uiul ent-red upoA a high plain. "It was painfully c\ itient," writes J idwell, '* that wo must make greater jii'ogress or wintc r would set in before we could reach the Pacific coast That night we determined to leavo niir wagons. S< early the next morning we set to work making pack-saddles for our animals. We had Bin. Nkv. I PASSAGE OF THE EMIGRANTS. to pack mules, horses, and the oxen. On the after- noon of the second day we were ready to start. No one of us had seen horses packed . . . the packs would turn and get down into the dirt. Old mules that wero almost skeletons would run and kick at the packs. The work oxen would jump and bellow and try to throw off their loads." The night before they had cooked supper with fires made from some of the wagons broken up for that purpose; and as they were about to start a Sho- wnone sage appeared, sent thither from the mountains as he said by the great spirit, who had told him that on the plain below he would find a strange people who would give him many things." There were, indeed, many articles which could not be carried in the ab- sence of the wagons, and the good savage might as well be placed in possession in due form. " The first thing given him," says Bidwell, " was a pair of panta- loons. He immediately turned toward the sun, and commenced a long and eloquent harangue. As ho was perfectly naked he was shown how to wear the pants. As article after article was given him during the day, he turned toward the sun and gave thanks in a long speech. As the day wore on and he had many things given him his talks grew shorter, but for each he made somewhat of a speech. The first two addresses must each have been fully half an hour long. We called him the Persian." It was late in the day before all were ready. Be- fore them was a range of mountains, in crossing which the company were scattered and some of the animals lost. All were suffering for water. Dawson and Bidwell were Bcnt in search of the cattle, but tiio former soon returned leaving the latter to proceed alone. The cattle fell into an Indian trail which led into a grassy country where was water. Observiii«» Indian tracks mingled with those of the cattle Bid- *Bidfceir» Cnliforvm, 1841-8, MS., 36-7; BidmlVt Journey to CaL, 1841, 18; Uildtn't Statement, MS., DOWN THE HUMBOLDT. n' well prepared himself a« well as possible against sur- prist!," and continued the search until he found the oxen \yuig side by side with their packs undisturlied. Meanwhile the company had moved forward, and Bidwell, unable to follow, and fearing to approach any of the numerous Shoshones to the west, hid hinmelf till morning. Even then his situation was not greatly iinpif)ved. On his north wer'^ mountains, and on the soutii a plain of hard indurated clay, which yielded no impression to the foot of man or beast. Tying his oxen to a willow bush, in the absence of trees, Bid- u< 11 rotle hither end thither not knowing what to do. ]*reHently he saw horsemen approaching from the south, and supposing them to be Indians he hastt^ned toward the oxen to u-e them for a breastwork in case of attack; but suddenly his horse sank into a slough, tilling its very eyes and ears with mud. Thereup«>n the iiorsemen came up, proving themselves to be hia friends Cook and Thorne. Following a yLfath- westerly course along the base of mountain ranges for several days ** we canie to a dry desert region, without grass or water, and with few or no hills to the south. Being obliged to camp without water it was the opinion of all that we hud come to the borders of that desert spoken of at Fort Hall. The only remedy was to go north and cross a mountain chain which was in sight. The first I'amp after crossing the divide was on a small spring branch whicli had trout in it." Indians appeared from time to time in some numbers, but as the strangers were weak they were respectful, and no troui>le ensued. The trout stream which they followed soon sank into the ground, leaving the foot-sore animals on the dry, rocky bed, between banks impossible to scale. The * ' I examined my arms, which consisted of a flitit-iock riflo and a pair of (lrn|j;ooii pistols also flint-lock. All our comiiany lia<l tliesc gnus uiul piHtois. Old liunters in Missouri, whom 1 asked what kind of guns to bring, miid, "Don't have anything to '1o with those ni-wfunglcd things called cam; ii VDii do you will lose by it. If they once get wet you arc gone; but if you loH>' your flint you can easily pick up a atone tliat will take its place.'" BidueWt Caiifornia, 1841-8, MS., 40. n PASSAGE OF THE EMIGRANTS. course was northerly, and the travellers began to fear that they were in one of those frightful cations spoken of at Fort Hall, and which would lead them to the Columbia. Their hearts were tilled with joy, there- fore, as they emerged into an open country on the 20th, and came upon a stream which they felt satis- fied was Ogden River. Its course was at first north- west, and this troubled them, for " according to the map Mary's River ran w. s. w.," to which course it presently changed. There had been 8on»e antelope, but now they had to kill their oxen for food. On the 2 1st they came to some boiling hot springs, twenty within the circumference of a mile, and exceedingly beautiful and transparent. The white sediment and the rocks which walled the water gave to it a variety of brilliant colors, blue, green, and red. One spring in particular was of striking btmuty; "it was about four feet in diameter, round as a circle, and deeper than we could see ; the cavity looked like a well cut in a solid rock." The natives were becoming moro numerous. '* From signs the valley contained thou- sands." All the misfortunes of the journey were as nothing in comparison with that which now befell them. It was ascertained one day as they followed down the Ogden that the party were out of tobacco. Some had consumed their supply, and one man, William Belty, had lost his that morning. He swore the Ind- ians had stolen it, and was ready to shoot the first savage ho saw in consequence. Some cut out their old pockets and chewed them. Belty offered his mule to ride to anv one who would give him tobacco to chew for the day. It was now the beginning of October; and at the Humboldt Mountains Bartleson determined to press forward and cross the Sierra, leaving thoso to follow who could. With Bartleson were seven of the com- pany, who killed an ox, and taking a double share of the meat started off. Those in charge of the cattle 4 OVER THK MOUNTAINS. S8 wvre unable to follow, which caused much ill-feeling. ( )f the advance party was Charles Hopper, thought to l)c' the best mountaineer and guide in the company. "All had confidence in his ability to find the best route through the mountains. As long as we could — • about one day — we therefore followed their tracks. Tlio Humboldt River was extremely dry that year, and as we approached the sink it ceased to run, an<l we were enabled to cross dry shod in several places as we descended it. The seceding party having passed what is now known as the Humboldt range of moua- tains, atul followed down the east side of the Hum- boldt River, we traverse<l a sand}' plain, where the wind had completely obliterated the tracks of the party who had left us." Thus thrown upon themselves to find their way over the mountains into California Benjamin Kelsty <an«e to the front. " As soon as we nuiehed what we supjKiscd to be the furthest sink oi' the Humboldt," <(»ntinues Bidwell, "but which I am now inclined to think must have been what Fremont afterwards called ('ai*son Lake, we endeavored to make our course more westerly; for we knew that the Pacific ocean lay to the west... The first stream crossed was that now known as Walker's River, so called by Fr(5mont in I.S44 I thiidc. This river we ascended to the foot of tlie iiigh mountains whence it came. Here we deemed it best to give our animals a rest, for men and animals were much in need of it. In the mean time njen were sent to scale the mountains to the west, to diwcover if possible a jmiss. They were gone a day and a night, and reported that the mountains wen* barely piussable At this time we had but two oxen lift, anil Wl! had jiist killed the best one; of these, and were diving nu'at preparatory to scaling tb«' m<»uiitainH tlu' ntxt tiay. The meat was driid to make our loads as linht as ]K)ssible, beeaUHc neither nun nor animals wci-o able t(» carry heavy burdiMis ovit the nu»untainM." While thus engaged, the party who had deserted fASSAOE OF THK EMIGRANTS. Hi ' nine days before, came up, ^eary and halting, from ,the east. They had gone south too far, probably au fur as Walker Lake, and now returned crestfallen and weak with dysentery brought on by pine nuts and fresh nsh given them by the natives. "Boysl" ex- claimefl the now humbled Captain Bartleson as he sat eating the wholesome food prepared for him by his late abandoned comrades, " my hogs in Missouri fared better than have I of late, and if ever I see that spot again I swear to you I will never leave it." All set forward next morning, the 17th. The as- cent was made; the great divider of waters was passed: and on the second day the party were out of Nevada, and upon the tributaries of the Stanislaus, where we will leave them to find their way into the valley of California.* *Mr Belden's account is as followsl 'Before we atrnck this river, we fouiut we were so delayed by our wagons that we coucludeJ to abandon tlieii), and wu U'Hik what things we could and packed them nn our horses and oxun, and what we could not carry we left with our wagons standing in the plains. Wo wtjro then within sight of the iSierra Nevada mountains, which we knew we had to cross. But M'e couhl see no appcaroii<;c of any opening or depression which we mighl avail of to get across. Thcti we stnick soutli, until we finally came to wnet id known as Walker's Uivcr. We then fi)l- h>wed the west branch of this rivt-r, I think, up into the mountains. Wlion we Htruck that river, however, after following it for some distance and cut- ting into the neighborhood of the mountains, without tinding any deprcssuni, or any ])lace wht-re it seemed possible to cross, there was some division ttf opinion among the memlMirs of th^ company. ()ur provisions had given out before, while we were travelling down Mary's Kiver, and then we commenced killing tiie cattle we had with ua and eating tlicm. At the sink of the Huni- bohlt Jiiver a portion of the comimny who had tie Iwst uinmals, aliout ninu of them, parted from the others, and said they were going to travel fast4>r, and get in lH>forc thcv became exhausted. The balance went on, and uh I said, got to Walker's Kiver. When we reached there, there was a ditferencc of opinion ulMtiit whether wu should attempt crcssing the mountains, or give iip the ox|)fdition then, and turn back, and try to get Iwck to Fort. Hull. .While wu were stopping there, one day two others and n)vself left the party, and went up to some of the liighur {leaks of the mountains to explore and hcc if we coidd tind any place where we could cross. We returned and reportcil .that we could see no oiMining in the mountains, that so far as wu could scu, the mountains Heemed rather higher l>eyond than lower, and there was nn apitearance of any en<l or termination of them, and very little chance to get itlirougli. There was a vote taken in the company to determine whether we should go on and try to ■' t across the mountains, or turn Ixick and try to reach I<ort Hall. I thinic we had only one majority for going sheud. Although it lo<ike<l discouraging on the niountaiufi, my idea was that we should |)erit)h in trying to g'-t Ini 'k to Ft. Hall, and we had Iwtter take mir chances of getting across thi- mountains. >S*> we decided to tiavd on. Tim uuxt morning we were packing up to start into the luouutaius, and iu loukiug CHILES' SECOND ADVENTURE. ing, from obably as fallen and nuts and oysl" ex- as he sat m by his ouri fared that 8put The as- bters was iro out of tanislaus, into the lb river, we 1 to abandon ir horses niul ituling ill tlie itaiiis, which oiiy opening tnick south, Ve then fol- lius. VVlit'ii ice and pt- " deprcsHKiii, division of d given out couimenci'd of thn Iluiii- , uliout ninu •uvel fu8t)T, )n, and uh 1 u ilitrerciR'*! ins, or trivo Fort Hull, t the party, lore and Hnt nd reportni u could see, lere was no anco to get whether wr and try to ting shfuil 08 that wi- IT take (iiir •I on. 'I'Iki In 1842 L. W. Hafitings led a company of one hundred and sixty to Oregon. The following year Hastings passed with a small party into California. In 1845 he ftublished at Cincinnati The Emiymnt's O'uide to Onyon and California, copies of which wore found distributed along the road the following year. Joseph B. Chiles, of the Bartleson company of 1841 , having returned tu tlie States, organized a company which in 1843 followed the usual route to Fort Hall, where they divided, some of the men proceeding by a new route by way of Fort Boise and the Malheur and Pit rivt'rs to the Sacramento Valley, leaving the wagons and families in charge of Joe Walker, acting as guide, to \h} taken to California by a southern route, through Walker pass and by Owen Peak, the one by which he hud returned from California to Great Salt Lake in 1H.')4. This they accomplished, following down the Humboldt to the sink, then to Walker Lake, and over the Sierra; theirs being the first wagons to cross the state, as Bartleson's had been the first to enter Nevada. When Frdmont returned from Oregon in the winter «)f 1843, he kept along the eastern case of the Caa- <-ade and Nevada ranges, entering Nevada late in December. Snow and siige brush <rovere<l the valleys, but gross for the animals was found on the hills of Iwck we saw the dust rising on the trail we ha<1 travidled the ilay Iwfore, and >v(' uaitcd to see wliat it was; and presently wu saw the nine men wli > ha<l left us scverni days )>efore with the idea of going ahead, coming n\> on our trail, Miy hungry iuhI forlorn -liMtking. W\> ha«l a iiuarter of \iouf left from the LiHt nniinitl w*; had killed, and gave tlieni sometliiug to e^t. They had nuule II kind of I ircle, and reached our camp, having stnick onr trail. \\'v then all M> lit on t4>^ether. \\v workcii tmr way mto tlie inuuntains with a givat de»il of •litKciilty anil hunlMhip. The way wan vcr\ mugh, and unc day in wind Uiti niund tlie side nf n mountain we hwt four of our anniiaK t\liii misMxl then footing and rollisd down the mountain. Wc tinally i-tvulicd ti'c >uni- iiiit with great hilxir and ditiicultv, and after getting a little U>y<>nd th« Minimit on the other s^de, we stnick a little ntreani of watt^^r that mH-nied Ut I nil wtiHtwaril, and wv judged that we lioil ^»t itvcr tin divide, and thought tliiit liy followini^ thu strtmni tut veil as we cmihl, it Mould lead w down the Mi'ttt-rly b1o|mi ot thv mountiun. Meantime we had cat(><i tlm I -t of our beef fiiiiii our cattle, and wc were reduced to the iH^t-siiity of kiliiii»( om horsaa ami mules, and living on them.' /Hntorifnl Fortin, MS. Knr i-ontiBuatioB of the narrative alter crossing the Sierra see IJial. Cal., this saries. m m I. i m PASSAGE OF TIIE KMIORANT& 8li^ht elevation, dividing the successive plains, while in the mountain pansus were Meen lai'ge cedars. Th«.' ShoHhones here oncountere<l stole horses, caught hare, in whose skins tlu^y sontetinies sought to cover theiu- selves, and huddled almost naked over a sage tire. Following a grassy hollow, into some meadows, on the 29th the party came to a willow grove, where tliey FlttMONT'H U«>UTK, 1843^. made canip. Next day they saw a stream enter a canon which they could not f(»llow, but doubted not it flowed into Mury Lake. "On both sides tiu* nioun- taiiiH sIiowikI oftun stupendous and curious-l<N»kin<{ nx-ks, which at seviTal places so narrowe<l tlu* valU*y that bcarceiy u pi.:su was left for the cump. It waa u FREMONT'S EXPEDITION. H singular place to travel through, shut up in the earth, u sort of chaHin, the little strip of grass under our feet, tlie rougii walls of bare rock ou either hand, and narrow H*rip of sky above." N«'W \ oar's day, 1844, saw them continuing down till' valley "between a dry-looking black ridge on the Itl't, and a more snowy and high one on the right." TUo grass was gone, and a finely |M)wdered sand and .saline etfloreseenco covered the ground. Next day tliev crossed south-easterly the dry bed of a largo muddy lake. In a dense fog which scattered the men and aiiiinals, on the 3d of January, the search ior ( )gdt'n Kiver was continued. "Our situation had now lu'couie a serious one," writes the lemler. "We had leached and run over the position where, according to \\\v hest maps in my possession, we should have found Mary's lake or river. We were evidently on the verge of the desert which had been reportetl to »is; and tlie appearance of the country was so forbidding that 1 was afraid to enter it, and determined to bear away to the southward, keeping r\umi along the moun- tains, in the full expectation of rearhing the liuena- vciitura River." In fact the search for this mythical stitain brought upon the expedition mu<h i-onfusion, its absence being scarcely less bewildering than the ctintinuing fog. They had but to useend a hill, how- ever, to find it all bright sunshine. Then they crossetl the bed of another lake, where were tnices of sheep and antelope, and came through grass to .some hot springs. Since leaving The Dalles the party laid lost til'teen animals. On t'iie (ith, with Godey and Carson, Fremont pro- (•('t'de»l in advance ti» explore. They so(»n eanu; to <;iass with springs ov»'rshadowe<l with eottiuiwoo*!, Ii.irhingcrs of better lands. On the mountains tiny Niw iu'avy tind»er, wITuh led them to iider that they ui ic not, far from the I*acifie. While Carson and Kivniont were again reconnoitring they came upon a bin el of green water, which they estimated to bo I i': 'I i i 1 m PASSAGE OF TBE EMIGRANTS. twenty miles in width. "It broke upon our eves like the ocean. The nei)(hboring peaks roue hi^h above us . . . the waveH were ourlinu in tlie breeze, and their durk ffrcen color showed it to be a body of def|» water." It lay at the foot of the Sierra, coniuiuni- cutin^ lit what they call the western end with u seriis of basins. Wild sheep were seen; also ducks and fisli. HiHiii^ from the middle of the lake was a remark- able rtM-k, estimated by them to Ihj six hundred feet in hoijrht, in form like the pyramid of Cheops, when- UfMin they called the sheet I'yramid Lake. They were surprised to Hnd at the southern end a lur^a- fresh-water inlet instead of an outlet; the latter did not exist, as they were then informed by the natives. There was here un Indian village, whose inhabitants brought fish of excellent (|uulity to trade. The natives made a drawing on the ground repre- senting this river as issuing from another large lake, three or /our days distant over the mountains toward the south-west. Then they drew a mountain, uiid beyond it place<l two more rivers, from all which the explorers concluded they were not on the waters of the Sacramento, or even of the Humlx>ldt, though at every turn they still expected to conie u|K>n the great Buenaventura. The IGth they continued their jour- ney along the l>eautiful Truckee, which they called Salmon Trout Kiver; on their right was the great snow-enshrouded Sierra, while at their feet tlowetl tlu; limpid stream in places almost hidden by large cotton- woods. Carson searched everywhere for beaver cut- tings, which he maintained would be found only on streams (lowing into the ocean, and failing to find sueli signs he Ix'came convinced that the waters thereabout had no outlet from the great interior. They then crossed to Carson Kiver. Smoke-signal ■< rose on every siile; vet the natives being unmolested gave no trouble, and even brought pine-nuts to trudi . The shoes of horses and men were becoming w«)rri out, and the conmiauder determined at this juucturu THE MUEPHY COMPANY. ou^h at ir jour- eulKil o great ivetl tint cotton- er cut- only oil rul Kiich ruubouL sij^nnls olcHtt'll > truth . worn lacturu in pass over tho mountains into California, which, iil'tcr prooeuding south wuril up tho eastern branch of Walker Kiver for some distance and returning, ho ai-cDinplished under the guidance of natives near where ^^'alkur, Hartleson, and others had crossed before him, and Htill searching for his Hueimventura." Fremont next entered Nevada from southern Cali- roMiia by way of Tehuchapi pass in April 1844. The \ie\v of the great basin eastward from this point was )i(»t pleasing. White and glistening, under a h(»t mist, lay an apparently illimitable desert, with blistering Iiiittes and isolated black ridges. A spur of the Sierra, stretching ea.sterly son»o fifty miles, showed peaks of snow pronounced by the natives perpetual. 1 )eMrending the eastern slone the partv followed tho Santa Fe trail, over which the caravan had not passed this year, so that at the camping-grounds was found good grass. They were troubled occasionally by tho nalives, through whom they lost one man, and one by accident. They were joined by Walker at Las Vegas, and on reaching the Rio Vfrgen they ascended that stream and arrived at Utah Lake the latter i>art of May. Thence they proceeded by way of the Uintah liiver and Three Paries to the Kansas. A party under Elisha Stevens, sometimes railed tlu! M^urphy company, passed though Nevada in 1844, bv the usual route down the Humboldt to the sink, n their way from the Missouri River to California, riie names of the party, who were the first to trav- erse the entire distance in wagons, are given in my Ilislorff of Cnlifornia. There were one or two women |ii('sent; and save the fact that the party under wcMit sonu! suffering at the sink of the Ilumboldt, where ' Krrinont'ii report ahowi that in tliia oxnniUtinii ho hn<{ not ■oen, or did lint ciiit' to uivit htHid to, tlie nruvioiiily piihliHliud hiHt4>ry and map of tliu t'x- jilnnitionii of lionnuville; for niid hu done so lit< would prohuhly not hikvi- U-eu l< •! into thu tirrur tu which h< .ttril>ut«d a uri-at duul of hiu hurdHliipH, nf eon- Ktaiit'y IfNikinu for tliu liyiMitiititivul river o7 Itueniiventura, which, um lie Hup- jHiMcl, tukin;< lt« riiie in the Uucky Mountain* emptied itaulf into the hay ol •Sun i'Vuncivcu, aud n|H>n which he oxiHivted tu wiuter. o 'I' # IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I ;ff iiM iiM 2.0 1.8 1-25 1.4 III 16 «« 6" ► Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. MS80 (716) 872-4503 .:*' .4r W / Z6 ^ 6^ a I ! bU I'AiSSSAUlU UJ*' lllJtU JJiMiUKAJN 19. they arrived about the first of November and re- mained a month, later narrowly escaping the thrilling adventures afterward involving the Donner party, there is nothing of special interest to mark their pro- gress through Nevada. It was common for part of the Oregon immigration to branch off at Fort Hall and go to California. Among the first so to do in 1845 was a party of twelve young men, among whom were Jacob R. Sny- der, William F. Swasey, Blackburn, and Todd, who with pack-animals preceded the wagons. Following these was a party of fifteen under Sublette from St Louis; and next the Grigsby-Ide company. As the emigrants merely passed through the country by a well beaten road, on their way to California, seeing nothing new, doing nothing in particular, making no stay in Nevada, and leaving no mark, there is little to be said of them in this place. Speaking of their journey along the Humboldt Mrs Healy, who was of the party, says: " None of our company were killed by the Indians; but John Greenwood, son of the pilot, slio J down an Indian by the roadside, and afterward boasted of it." And Thmnr'^ Knight in his manuscript Statement writes: " W it Independ- ence in April 1845. After we had loai ned about this country from Col. Joe Walker, George McDougall, Snyder, Blackburn, and myself determined to come here if possible, as we did not like the idea of going to Oregon. We came on to Fort Bridger, in the Snake Indian country. There we fell in with hunters from whom we got more information, and we crossed the Bear River, and went north to Fort Hall, not the Salt Lake route, for that was not known till the j'^ear afterwards. We got a book written by Hastings, extolling the country highly, and depicting it in glow- ing colors. We read it with great interest. We met Hastings on the way. At Fort Hall we camped some time, and recruited our animals, which had bo- NOMENCLATURE AGAIN. 6l> come very much jaded at that time, feed being scarce. There the party divided, and those of us who were bound for Cahfornia joined some others, and a new party was made up, with about 15 wagors. We started, and went down and struck the head of Mary's River, at that place only three or four feet wide. The Indians killed some of our cattle, and some of the Indians were killed, the Shoshones; they had no fire-arms at that time. They would come around after dark, and make a noise like a coyote, and call to each other." Fremont with a party of sixty came again this year by way of Bent Fort, the Arkansas River, and Utah Lake. Thence they passed on to Nevada, entering Fremont's Route, 1845. near Pilot Peak. On the 5th of November at Whit- ton Spring, in the vicinity of the head-waters of Ogden River the company divided, Fremont with a few men striking due south-west, and reaching Walker Lake the 23d. The stations named by the explorers were Crane's branch of the south fork of the Hum- boldt; the head-waters of the south branch of the Humboldt; Connor Spring; Basil Creek; Boiling Springs; Moore Creek; and Secondi Spring, Sheep Mountain, meaningless terms for the most part to-day, although the latitude and longitude are given. The main body followed the Humboldt to the sink, and then turned south, reaching Walker Lake the 27th. m 02 PASSAGE OF THE EMIGRANTS. This party was under Joseph Walker, from whom the lake was named. Here they all remained for two days, when Fre- mont with fifteen men crossed into California by way of Walker and Truckee rivers, while the others, among whom were Theodore Talbot, Joe Walker, and E. M. Kern, on the 8th of December proceeded southward to Owen Lake and on to Kem River.' We have seen the veteran trapper and pioneer Jede- diah Smith crossing Nevada from west to east along what was later the track of the emigrant road and the railway. A more difficult and dangerous journey was that achieved by fifteen men from Oregon in 1846, under Levi Scott, Jesse Applegate, and Lindsey Applegate, a full account of which is given in my History of Oregon. Their object was to find a pass through the southern end of the Cascade Mountains, by means of which immigrants could enter the Wil- lamette Valley direct by travelling due west from Great Salt Lake, or rather by bending south and fol- lowing the California trail along the Humboldt for some distance, then striking northerly toward the Modoc country and Klamath Lake, and thus avoiding •Thomas S. Martin, in his Narrative of Frimonfa Expedition in 1845-6, MS., 9-10, gives the following version: ' We left Hardscrabble with about 60 men; followed the Ark. to its head. Here we crossed the dividing ridge between the head-waters of the Ark. and Grand rivers. On or near the top of this ridge we found a fine lake about half a mile across. Striking the Grand River we followed down it for several days, and then left it, going about due west, I think, across to Hams Fork, which we followed down to Utah Lake. Thence by Jordan River to Salt Lake. Here we remained 22 days taking soundings. From here we crossed to Mary's River, followed it to its sink, thence due south to a large lake, and thence to Carson sink just above Lake. Here Fremont took 15 men to cross the Sierra Nevada at Bear River, while the rest of us, under Lieut. Talbot, proceeded southward and crossed at the forks of the Kem River. Bill Williams, Capt. Walker, and Kit Carson were with us, the former two as guides. Bill Williams left us I think before we left Salt Lake. Fremont was to meet us at the point of the Sierra Nevada, or rather a little above it, at the forks of the Kem River. Haying reached this appointed place we waited 18 days without hearing any- thing of Fremont and party. Bv this time provisions had given out, and all the men threatened to leave Talbot if he aid not move. \Ve then crossed over to the San Joaquin and followed it down to where the railroad now crosses it, where we arrived Feb. 17, 1846.' EXPLORATIONS OP THE OREGONIANS. 68'i the Rogue River Valley. Thence their course was along the banks of the main stream until they en- countered its soutlieast branch, which they followed to the base of the Siskiyou Range, and from this turned eastward toward the Cascades, passing through a region now for the first time explored, and only a few miles north of the boundary line of California. Ascending the slopes of the latter, a stream named Keene Creek conducted them to a small valley, after- ward known as Round Prairie. A day or two later, Long Prairie was reached, and near it n pass from which, following a ridge trending toward the north, they reached the summit of the Cascades on the 4th of July. Crossing the mountains, they entered the valley of the Klamath, and following the course of the river to a point where it separates from the lower Klamath Lake, crossed by a ford to the western shore of the lake, skirting its banks until they arrived at Hot Creek, where they encamped on the very spot where three of Fremont's party had been murdered a few weeks before by the Modocs. From Hot Creek they made their way to Modoc Lake, thence to Goose Lake and Surprise Valley, and over the ridge dividing tin. Pacific lake basin from the great interior basin, and after innumerable hardships, they finally struck the Humboldt River about where now stands Humboldt City. They were now upon a well known road, which it would be useless for them to travel for pur- p:)ses of exploration. So striking northeasterly they examined the country in that direction to ascertain if any better or more direct route might be found than that which they had just now for the first time marked out. They continued their course to Thou- sand Springs Valley, and satisfied that further search was needless, the company divided, part going to Bear River and part to Fort Hall. It was the intention of the Oregon company to locate a direct road to Bear River, but one not less J T 64 PASSAGE OP THE EMIGRANTS. than fifty miles to the southward of Fort Hall, which pijint would be avoided by Americans in the event of hostilities with England, then threatened by the de- termined attitude of both nations in regard to the boundary question. But as provisions ran short, the party divided, some proceeding to Bear River, and the remainder turning off toward Fort Hall for sup- plies, hoping also to induce a portion of the emi- grants, then probably in its neighborhood, to journey by the new route, and thus open the road for travel. Cession fr Static GOVER Trade NEXAT] er.vmk: JUDICI- In the followed Mexico, was inc] niont's e ment — tl city two in so doii such a st dalupe Ir. owners o attracted founders the advei grims to vegetable latter mu rangemer Salt Lak( themselv< particular H18T. CHAPTER IV. SETTLEMENT. 1847-1860. Cbssion from Mexico — Advent of the Mormons— Colonization— Mormom Station— Traffic with Emigrants— Intercourse with California- Government Assumed — Land Claims Made and Recorded — Cattle Trade, Farming, and Building— First Settlers— PErmoN for An- nexation TO California— Movements toward a Terrfi'orial Gov- ernment — Conflicts with the Latter-day Saints— Political and judiciat. In the sudden occurrence of remarkable events which followed the war between the United States and Mexico, the settlement of the great American basin was included. Much notoriety was given to Fre- mont's explorations, and less to a far greater move- ment — that of the Latter-day Saints, who founded a city two thirds of the way across the continent, and in so doing forestalled the necessity about to arise for such a station in such a place. The treaty of Gua- dalupe Hidalgo was no sooner signed than the new owners of the California territory, by discovering gold, attracted toward it a stream of immigration. The founders of Salt Lake City, saved from nakedness by the advent of trains of starving but better clad pil- grims to the land of gold, were glad to sell grain and vegetables to the westward bound, which saved the latter much suffering. This mutually beneficial ar- rangement of demand and supply was not confined to Salt Lake, but Mormon and other traders soon posted themselves along the line of travel to the mines, and particularly in the valley of Carson river, where, in HivT. Nev. 6 (66) I ," M SETTLEMENT, 1849, they founded the first settlements in what is now the state of Nevada. Ceded to the United States at the same time, and, indeed, as one with California,' this region of the Spanish domain had not, like that west of the Sierra Nevada, a distinctive name, but was described by local names, and divided into valleys. In March following the treaty with Mexico and the discovery of gold, the inhabitants of Salt Lake valley met and organized the state of Deseret, the boundaries of which included the whole of the recently acquired Mexican territory outside of California, and something more.* Soon afterward a company was organized among the same people to visit the mines, consisting of eighty men, led by a captain named De Mont, and having for secretary H. S. Beatie,* who, becoming enamored of the valley of the Carson, and the oppor- tunities offered for turning an honest penny, took possession of the site of the present town of Genoa, and thereupon erected a log house. Several of the company remained with Beatie, while the others con- tinued on to the mines.* After putting up the walls of the first house* built ^ Statutes of Cal, 1850, 16; Hayden's Oreat West, a book historical, scien- tific, and descriptive, by Prof. F. V. Hayden, once U. S. geologist, in a brief sketch of Nevatla history, says that it was at first a 'part of California terri- tory, and was subsequently attached to Utah, ' a statement which is some- what misleading. *The Mormon State of Deseret included what has nnce become Nevada, Utah, Arizona, portions of Colorado, Wyoming, and Oregon, and in Califor- nia the counties of San Diego and Los Angeles as far north as Santa Monica, whence the line extended north to the Sierra, taking in half of Kern, a part of Tulare, all of Inyo and Mono, a part of Alpine, the whole of Lessen, and a part of Shasta and Siskiyou counties. See Hut. Utah, this series. * Beatie, from whose manuscript narrative, Tlie First in Nevada, I take the history of this expedition, was bom in Va in 1826. He moved with his parents to Mo. at the age of 10 years, and in 1840 to K^, returning to Va and entering college. In 1848 he immigrated to Utah with his wife, whom he had married in Mo. From that period his history is a part of the history of UUh. * De Mont, Abner Blackburn and brother, Kimball, and Carter were five of the men who remained in Carson valley. Beatie s First in Nevada, MS., 2. Three other names are given in lieatie's MS. — Pearson, Smith, and Brown — but I am not certain that they remained. ^The structure is what is called a double log house — that is, two com- partmenta connected by a covered passage-way, after the style of the Mis- BEATIE IN CARSON VALLEY. 67 in Nevada since the disappearance of the okl-tinie fabulous cities,* Beatie and one of the Blackburns crossed the mountains by the Carson pass to the American river, to purchase supi)Hes for the re n»aindcr of the summer. There lie learned that a large inimigation might be expected from tl.e United States to California; so he sold three yokes of cattle for a good price, and purchased provisions. Return- ing to Carson valley, the cargo was quickly disjposed of to the immigration, and another journey made to the mines, this time with pack animals, and by tlie way of a pass over the mountahis tliree miles south of Beatie's claim, the adventurers crossing the streams on bridges and floats of logs.' At tlie end of tl e sum- mer the little party in Carson valley found itself better oH' from the profits of trade tl an many who had spent the time digging for gold in California. Other traders had come over the mountains from the west, and dis- posing of their goods disappeared with the immigra- tion. When he returned to Salt Lake in September, Beatie sold his house and claim to one Moore, of wliom I know nothing further,* except that he prob- ably sold in 1851 to John Reese. It is certain that one of the Mormon party kept possession until Reese came. Two of Beatie's associates went to California. The other five, with ten who came back from the mines, travelled back in company to Salt Lake, and were attacked by the Bannacks in the vicinity of Bear river, losing all their horses and provisions, and scmri frontier in the past generation, It had neither floor nor roof, but as it t.li<l not rain that season, was not uncomfortahle, A corral was also con- structed, in which to keep cattle and horses. "Ithasheen claimed that the Mor^rau exploring expedition to southern Xevada and Utah found in a desert valley, two dayn' journey south of Keese river, renniants of an extensive city, with reeularly laid out streets and good masonry. The ruins were covered several feet deep under .••and. The ro.-ider may t.ike tlie statement at what he deems it worth. Corr. iVT. Y. Tri'mne, in E kn In'liwnihnt, Oct. 23, 1877. 'This was proUahly the route openeil by the returning Mormon battalion in the spring of 1848. See HuA. Cm-, this series. ''Beatie says his house was directly west of Reese's saw-mill, subse- quently erected, and al)OUt 50 yards from where Keese built his trading post Fint in Nevada, MS., 3. i I' 1:1 68 SETTLEMENT. being relieved by a company from Oregon carrying provisions to Fort Hall for the new military post.* In 1850 there were about twenty trading posts, built of saplings and green boughs, at intervals along the length of the Carsim valley, most of thom estab- lislicd by men from California, who this year did not reap the same profit as before, the principal part of the immigration having taken the route by the Truckeo river. As there was no communication between the two routes, the traders could not take their flour, which the immigrants greatly needed, to them; in consequence of wliich failure to meet hi Carson valley, the former suffered loss and the latter hunger.'* A disease resembling cholera prevailed in the val- ley, which took off ten or twelve daily, the immigrants falling easy victims, owing to previous exhaustion. These several circumstances retarded the settlement of the Carson valley, and hi 1852 there had been no houses erected, although the returning Mormon gold- hunters made selection of several claims as they passed homeward." Reese's establishment was called the Mormon station, and was known to all immigrants between 1851 and 1857." Reese's capital in trade • I find that some have placed the advent of the Mormons in Nevada as early as 1847-8; but for such assertions there are no grounds. The founding of Salt Lake <lid not take place till 1847, and the Mormnns vrere in no con- dition to send out colonies at that time; nor was there any object for so doing before tlie State of Deseret was organized. PoioeU'n Nevcuiu, a book whicli should have been more correct, makes the same mistake, and the aiblitional one of stating that gold was discovered in Nevada 'during the absence' of the Mormon settlers in 1849. In Broiime'a Min, Jiegources, 87, the same error in date* is repeated which occurs elsewhere; as in Kelly's Nvv. Dir., 18G2, 95; VirijiniiCUy EntrrpiHse, June 6, 1875; San Josd Pioneer, May 26, 1877. " Those who did reach the immigrants on the Humboldt desert could get a horse, an ox, or mnle for 12, 10, or even 2 pounds of flour; while the 50,0iM) pounds of that commodity at the trading posts on the Carson route — so siiid E. Eyre, a trader — could be purchased for 15 cents a pound. Sacramento Tnm- script, Oct. 14, 1850; Cal. Courier, July 2.3, 1850. " I take this statement from a manuscript by A. H. Hawley, called Tji^ke Tdkoe, full of pertinent facts and suggestions. Hawley, who was born in Vt in 1813 immigrated to the Pacific coast overland in 1852. He speaks df seeing no other building than the ' Old Mormon Station,' kept by .John lleese, except the abanded and never completed one erected by Beatie, and 16 miles farther up the valley a brush-tent called Lucky Bill's trading post. Sue also Sw. Trantcript, in Cal. Courier, July 23, 1850. '^ Reese's station was a two-story log structure shaped like an L. It had a frontage of 30 feet, a depth of 50 feet, and at one time formed 2 sides of a i le 1 i ■ as ■ i ng I'l )U- ^K'' .f^' "g eh ual of ror i 1 li-', il get j| )M ii.l i«- xi'c i ill of se, IG iue ad a REESE'S MORMOX STATION. 60 consisted of ten wagon-loads of flour, butter, eggs, and otlier articles. His company from Salt Lake com- j)risod John and Rufus Thomas, Stephen A. Kinsey, two or three of the name of Leo, Condic, Brown, and (Jibson, and a few passengers fur California — sixteen in all. He stopped for a short time near the eastern ciul of the valley, at a place which, from the debris around the camping-ground, acquired the name of Kagtown, by which it was long known ; but Kinsoy liaving proceeded to the western end of the valioy and reported Beatie's former location a better one, ho removed in July to that spot." On the 9th of September, 1850, congress defined the boundaries of Utah, which did not extend west of the Sierra Nevada." In the autumn of 1851 a little handful of settlers, part Mormon and part gen- tile, in order to be enabled to take and hold land claims, assumed to form a government for themselves in tliis remotest western valley of Utah. The popu- lation at this time did not number more than t)no hundred, and of these not more than twenty were actual settlers. The first meeting for this purpose was held on the 12th of November, A. Woodward presiding. The resolutions passed provided for a peti- tion to congress to erect a distinct territorial govern- ment in the valley ; for the survey of land claims, and the appointment of James H. Haynes as surveyor. Tiie governing and appointing power was vested in a committee of seven, namely, William Byrnes, John Reese, E. L. Barnard, A. Woodward, H. H. Jameson, T. A. Hylton, and N. R. Haskill. The committee on pentagon-shaped fort. The land which Moore purchased from Bcatie, and Koesc from Moore, was also purchased a^aiu from a chief of the Washoes, uauuMl Captain Jim, for 2 sacks of flour. WriylU's Buj Bonnnzii, 20. '••Keese was born in N. Y. state in 1808. He came to Utah in company with Knoch Reese, hia brother, in 1849, and was in business in Salt Lake as a iiieinber of the firm .1. & E. Reese at the time he removed to Carson valley. Hfese's Mormon Station, MS., 1. " Tlie boundaries of Utah as first organized were, west by California, north l>y Oregon, east by the summit of the Rocky mountains, and south by lat. 37 < V'''' I, ! i 70 SETTLEMENT. resolutions, or laws, consisted of John Reese, J. P. Barnard, William Byrnes, Washington Loom is, and H. H. Jameson. The amount uf land which could be taken was limited to one quarter-section ; a recordhig officer was appointed, who was also treasurer. At the second meeting, held on the 19th, John Roose presiding, this pioneer legislature resolved to give claimants a right to sell their claims and take new ones; required improvements to the amount of Hve dollars before the expiration of six months; gave authority to companies to take claims for each mem- ber, *and to hold the whole by improving one claim to the amount of five dollars each ; and decreed that timbered land should be common to all, except in the case of lumber manufacturers, who should be limited to a certain number of acres. At the third meeting of the settlers, which occurred on the 20th of November, the same officers presiding, it was agreed that a justice of the peace, a clerk of the court, and a sheriff should be elected, and that E. L. Barnard should be magistrate, William Byrnes sheriff, and T. A. Hylton clerk. To provide against abuses, citizens should have the right of appeal to a court of twelve men summoned in the manner of a jury, from whose decision there should be no appeal. A con- stable and clerk of these courts v ere also provided for. At another meeting, in May U j2, J. C. Fain being chairman, it was decided that to any one who should build a saw-mill, the right to take up a section of timber land should be granted." No further action appears to have been taken in the matter of govern- ment before the intervention of the territorial author- ities of Utah." '^ The several authorities conflict concerning the date of the first saw-mill. Beatie says that in 1853, on revisiting Carson valley, he found houses built of sawed lumber, but there is reason to believe those he mentions were made of wagon-boxes. '^ft has 1>een later reported of those living in Carson valley in 185I-S, that John Reese is a comparatively poor man in Salt Lake City; Frank Barnard wa<i killed by an immigrant ir the winter of 1852; A. Wooilward wa& killed by Indians at Rocky Point on the Humboldt, about the end of LASiUa, tiAULti, AM> EDES. n The first land claim recorded ander the govem- iiH'iitof Utah, on December 1852, was that of Reese, which extended from his trading house south "to a lone tree," and included all between the river and the mountains on the west. Five other claims were re- corded south of Reese's, in the order following: E. L. li-vniard, S. A. Kinsey, James C. Fain, J. Brown, ami William Byrnes. J. H. Scott and brother took a claim north of Reese, these seven being all that wore recorded previous tP 1853." The land law was amended by a citizens' meeting in 1853, when it was decreed that notice of a claim must be given, and $100 worth of improvements put upon it within 60 days. A married man might take G40 acres, and a single man half that amount. Jo(>f'ph P. Barnard, Frank Barnard, George Follensbee, '. . J. Rollins, Frank Hall, and W. L. Hall came over the mountains fro? » f le California mines in November 1851 to look for gold in Carson valley ; but not finding paying diggings, they took up the land where Carson City now stands, and erected a trading-post. Frank Hall one day shot an eagle and stretched its skin on the front of their cabin, from which circumstance travellers first called this Eagle station, then Eagle rancho, and lastly spoke of Eagle valley, which name tiic region still retains ; but these men disregarded the authority of the self-constituted government in the matter of land claims. In the autumn of 1852 a man named Clark erected a cabin under the shelter of a timbered spur of the mountains, near the site of IS.*)] ; R L. Barnard, one of the firm of Reese ft Co., absconded in the antnmn (if 1854 with the proceeds of the sale of a large drove of cattle, and broke up tlie linn; N. R. Haskill, in the eprins of 1852, attempted the assassination of \Villiam Byrnes, shooting him fuU of bullets, and leaving him, as he believed, dyad. A miner's court compelled Haskill to leave the coui.try, together with liiii partner, Washington Loomis, who was afterward hanged at Ijos Angeles f|>r stealing. Byrnes, who had been a Texan ranger, recovered from the Hliooting, and became an inmate of the Stockton insane asylum. Thorring- ton was accused of murder and theft, and hanged. "The records of this government, made by T. 6. Barv^rd and T. A. Hylton, are preserved in a book of 60 leaves, 6 by 7 inches ui size, in the possession of Martin M. Gaige of Canoa City. I 72 SETTLEMiia^T. Franktown, and called his place the garden of Eden, to which fabled spot hv fancied it bore some resem- blance." Like the first Adam, he deserted his para- dise after a short residence for a more lucrative exist- ence in the outside world. The Utah legislature, on the 3d of March, 1852, created out of western Utah the counties of Weber, Deseret, Tooele, Juab, Millard, Iron, and Washing- ton. The territory was divided by parallel lines run- ning east and west, and the first three named divisions occupied the northern part of what is now Nevada down to about the present northern line of Washoe count V. The next two divisions on the south, Juab and Millard, included all of the Carson valley settle- ments. Judges were appointed for a term of four years. For Weber and Deseret, Isaac Clark ; for Tooele, Alfred Lee ; for Juab, George Bradley ; for Millard, Anson Call ; for Iron and Washington, Chap- man "Duncan. It would seem from these appoint- ments that the Mormons were scattered over the whole territory, or that it was their intention to send out colonies. In roads, bridges, and mail contracts they became prominent. In December 1852 John Reese and Israel Mott'* secured a franchise for five years to construct a toll-bridge over the Carson river, and improve the road estabi (lino, which son \'i <; ratio I "B. L. King settled in 1852 at the month of a cafion in Eagle valley, which bears his name. A man named Bowen tarried through the summer and raised a crop, hut went away in the autumn. A few others in Carson valley in 185'2- 3 were Lee, Condie, and Gibbon, Mormons; and Joseph Webb, T. G. Barnard, and James Fennimore, or Old Virginia as he was called, gentiles. Jaco1> II. or ' old man ' Rose, was another atom of humanity which found lodgment about this time at the mouth of King's cafion in Eagle valley. G. W. Dodjit; and John Campbell, who had been mining in Gold oafinn, took up a claim in Washoe valley, and Christopher West located himself near them. On tho Truckee meadows lived a Mormon named Jameson. Dagget took a pla'-c two miles west of Tleese, and John Redding in Jack's valley. Jones, James, and Hay ward settled in Carson valley about 1852. 1* Mott, with his wife, left Salt Lake for Cal. with a train in May 18.52. He first settled 4 miles above Reese, and built a house out of the beds of wagons abandoned in the valley. He made a window-sash with a jack-knifo, paying 75 eta a light for 7 by 9 inch glass to put in it. He was the founder of Mottaville. His wife, who was the first female settler, married a second time to A. M. Taylor, and later resided in Carsnu valley PROGRESS EN 1852-53. 78 road up the mountains beyond. A mail route was established between Salt Lake City and San Bernar- dino, and a post established at Las Vegas spring, which was for the protection of this route. At Car- son valley this w-as a prosperous year. The immi- gration was large and hungry. At Mormon station turnips grown in the virgin soil of the valley sold for a dollar a bunch; watermelons, potatoes, and corn brought extravagant prices ; wheat and barley were also marketable for cash, or cattle, which were better than cash. Reese, who was the principal trader, bought out a would-be rival, Ben Holladay, after- ward famous as a stage-owner. In 1853 the settlements had very much increased, and land entries became frequent."* A number of fiimilies had been added to the population, a.id some of the forms of social life begun to be observed that year, notably a marriage, a divorce, and a ball." It was a year later before a school was opened. ^ J. H. Scotland Charles Ferguson filed a claim April 11 th; also the same day J. H. Haynes and David Barry, and Thomas and E. H. Knott. On May I'Jth Charles A. Daggett filed a claim; May 17th R. T. Hawkins in Jack a valley; July 22d, L. M. Young and James Greene; Sept. 30th, L. Olds and John Olds; Oct. 5th, John L. Cary and Thomas Knott sold a farm to W. B. Thorrington for $600. Oct. 6th, four sixth of the Eagle rancho was sold by Frank and W. L. Hall to EL L. Barnard, two sixths having already been sold to them by their former partners, A. J. Rollins and George FoUensbee. ^' Mrs Laura M. Dittenrieder, who arrived June 9, 1853, was at that time the wife of James B. Ellis. Her liusband took a land claim 1^ miles below where Dayton now stands, and erected a substantial log house. Oct. 4, 1854, KUis accidently shot himself. Mrs Ellis, like an intelligent woman, kept a jmirnal, in which she wrote the following facts: SpafTord Fiall, from Fort Wayne, Indiana, kept a tnuling post and station at the Gold caflon, on what is now Mine street. Opposite to it was a blacksmith shop made of wagon beds. The only women she found in western Utah, outsiile of Carson valley, wore Mrs McMarlin, Mrs Cosser, her 12-year8-old daughter, and the wife of the blacksmith named Henry Van Sickle, who went to Cal. before winter. In her place, however, came a family with several daughters, one of whom niarrie<i Lucien Olds, and another Al. Squires, both of Car.son valley. The Halls, after selling Eagle rancho, returned to Cal. and Frederic Bishop resided at the rancho, later the propert}- of Reese and Barnard. 'Ihat autumn Walter Cosser began business in the mercantile line, at a point which eventually became Iknown as Johns ion. In March 1854 Thomas Knott 1)egan building a saw-mill for John Cary, at the head of Carson valley. The first plank was sawed on the 2M]\ of July; the first lumber protluced in western Utah bringing $100 per 1,000. The marriage and divorce occurred under the following circumstances: An inunigrant named Powell, whose wife had died on the road, had among Lis childreu a daughter 14 vears of age, named Mary, While the father was ,4 i, ''^1" I 74 SETTLEMENT. ■: In February 1853 there was presented in the legis- lature of California a petition of forty-three citizens of Carson valley, praying to be annexed to California for judicial purposes until congress should otherwise absent looking for a place to live, Benjamin Cole, a young man from Missouri, iiiiiuced the child to marry him, the ceremony being performed by a justice of the peace named Parke> . Having no home to take her to, he left her with Mrs Co;jser while he proceeded to erect a cabin, and that motherly Scotch woman advised Mary to remain with her until her father's return, to which the girl consented. The husband demanded his wife, but Mary declined to leave the protection of Mrs Cosser until her father should sanction it. This late prudence created a feud in society, some approving it, and others advo- cating the rights of Cole. On the return of Powell he took possession of his child, and started with his family for Cal., followed by the irate bridegroom anil his friends, with the purpose of abducting the girl. But the Cosser- Powcll party also mounted their horsea and rode after them to prevent any forcible measures. To avoid a bloody conflict, Powell at length offered to abide by the decision of his daughter if the other party would do the same, to which they agreed, and Mary declaring her desire to go with her father, Cule returned to Gold cafion. The divorce was even less informal than the m.vrriage, for no other proceedings were ever instituted. Tlie tirst ball was held on the last night of 1853, in a room over Spafford Hall's store, at the mouth of Gold cafion. There were present 9 females, great and small^U of womankind there was in western Utah except three — and about 100 men. While the dancing was going on the VVashoes made a dejceut on the horses of the company, and drove them all off. The animals Were recovered, with the exception of two which had been roasted and eaten. Spafford Hall, having been accidently wounded and disabled, sold his sta- tion to James McMarlin, his clerk, early in 1854, and returned to Indiana. Jo!m McMarlin, on the way to join his brother, was killed by Indians at Slippery Ford a few years later. Asa Kenyon located himself at Ragtown, where the overland road first touched Carson river. Above Ragtown 4 miles, a blacksmith, Thomas Pitt had a station, and called his place The Willows. James and Harvey Hughes, from Mo., established themselves not far from Honey lake on Carson river; and John Smith purchased the trading post of a Californi^in at thn west end of Twenty -six Mile Desert, which place became later known as Coonie's rancho. George Brown settled at a station on the river about 3 miles above old Fort Churchill. J. S. Child and Moses Job were traders who established stations near Cosser's. Job's peak was named in honor of the latter; and the former became an induential citizen of Nevada. On the 1st of Mny, 1854, the first white child was born in western Utah, a boy, named James Brimmel Ellis, who died in 1869 at Virginia City. In July 1851 Charles H. Albrecht and family, from St Louis, were encamped at Ellis' place. Among his party was Rachel F. Albrecht, his sister, who cap- tivated a miner named James Dover. The enslavement was mutual and tlie couple wished to marry, but there was neither justice of the peace nor minis- ter on that side ot the mountains. In this dilemma, by the advice of Mrs Ellis, a marriage contract was drawn up, signed in triplicate, and witnessed, as follows: ' Carson River, July 4, 1854. By these presents we hereby cer- tify, in the presence of witnesses, that we will, from this time henceforth, to the end of our lives, live together as man and wife, obeying all the laws of the U. S., as married persons. In witness we set our hands and seals, this 4th day of July, 1854. James Dover, Rachel F. Albrecht. Witnesses: James B. Ellis, Charles H Albrecht, Augustus 0. Albrecht.' The contract w.is published in the Placerville H^oiititnin Democrat of July 29, 1854. For 8 years the obligation was kept, but at the end of that time Mrs Dover left her husband, and went to live with her brother at Placerville, n^^d finally was regularly divorced. wan CARSON COUNTY CREATED. 75 provide. The committee to which the petition was referred asked that jurisdiction be extended east- ward to 120° of longitude, as far north as the 42d parallel," and south to the intersection of the 35th l)arallel with the Colorado river. This action on the jiart of the people caused the Utah government to take action for their relief. On the I7th of January, 1854, the legislature of Utah passed an act creating the county of Carson, which embraced all of western Utah, from above the j)resent southern line of Humboldt county, south as far as about latitude 38°, and east as far as to about the 118th meridian. It was made the 3d judicial dis- After Thomas Knott had built the saw-mill for John Cary he erected a s;iw and grist mill, with a stationary thrasher, for Reese, at Mormon station. The dishonesty of E. L. Barnard, before mentioned, crippled Reese finan- cially, wlio was unable to pay for his mill, which added cieut to his disaster. Tlie land claims recorded in 1854 were J. C. Fain and E. L. Barnard, Feb. 2Sth; H. Van Sickle and Post, March 28th; R. De Frost and Frederick IJisliop, April 2d; John Stephens, April 6th; Joseph Williams, May 18th; A. V. Siewart and A. Clark, and C. D. Daggett, May 27th; George Lambe, Ootolier 30th; Nicholas Johnson, Dec. 4th; R. Sides, R. Abernethy, and J. M. lialdwin, Dec. 20th. There were also several transfers of claims. The claim of Samuel Blackford in Jack's valley had passed into the hands of Julius Peltier, who sold it to George Fogle Nov. 29th. The farm of one liruwn was sold by the constable, and bought in by Samuel Blackford for §787.32. G. B. Parker, who had purchased the Clear Creek rancho, first takun by Georse Mires and C. Phillips, sold it to R. Sides and RoUand Aber- nuthy Dec. 7tn. Joseph Brown sold a farm to Rufus Adams Dec. 26th. Jan 3, 1856, VV. P. Cosser recorded a claim; A. L. Kenyon, Jan. 12th; I. N. i{i\, Jan. 20th; Reese & Co. transferred land and property to Thomas Knox, valued at $4,000, to pay him for erecting the mills already mentioned. TliR transfer was made Jan. 23d. On the same day J. & E. Reese & Co, sold or conveyed to William B. Thorrington if 23, 000 worth of property to make gnnd a loan. The Eagle rancho was included in this transfer. On the li)tli of Feb. the same firm conveyed the remainder of their property to their cruilitors. On the 12th of March W. P. Allen and E. A. Parkerson recorded a land claim. Nicholas Ambrosia recorded a claim on the 24th of March. The last entry on this record was of a sale by Julius Peltier, of land, to R. D. Siilcs, J. M. Baldwin, and L. B. Abernethy. James B. Ellis kept a record of arrivals of Cal. -bound emigrant wagons, in 1854, upto July 1st, finding thum to foot up 213 wagons, 360 horses and mules, 7,528 cattle, and 7,150 sliocp. In this year John Reese, accompanied by a sergeant and 3 men of thu U. S. troops, pioneered a new, shorts r, and straighter route 1)etween Salt Luke and Carson valley than the oae previously travelled down the Hum- lii>l(lt. It was expected that Steptoe, who was to march to Oregon with troops, would come this way. The road was not opened until I860, when Ri;c8ti again piloted Capt. Simpson, of Johnston's army, with 10 wagons, across the conntry by this route, afterwnrd adopted as the mail route and a vairnn-road. A school was taught in the winter of 1854-5, at the residence of Israel Mott, by Mrs Allen. Prices were high, but not so high as they had been, which is proof of a full market. «Cai Jour. Sen., 1853, 90, 130-1, »nd App. Doc., 46. t ■ 76 SETTLEMENT, trict of the territory, United States Judge George P. Stiles being assigned to preside in it. Stiles, Hyde, and Haywood were also commissioners to establish a|)- proximately, together with commissioners from Cali- fornia, the boundary between Utah and that state, Tlie organic act authorized the governor to ap[)oint a probate judge, whose duty it should be to organize the county, the person selected being Orson Hyde, Accordingly, on the 15th of June, District Judge Stiles, Probate Judge Hyde, United States Marshal Joseph L. Haywood, and John and Enoch Reese, with an escort of thirty -five men, arrived at Mormon station from Salt Lake City, An election was called to take place September 20th for the choice of county officers, which resulted in the election of James C. Fain, sheriff; Henry W. Niles, surveyor;" Charles D. Daggett, prosecuting attorney ; " R. D, Sides, treasurer ; H, M. Hodges and James A, Williams, constables ; Nicholas Ambrosia and Henry Van Sickle, justices of the peace;" Henry D. Sears, William P. Allen, and James McMarlin, selectmen," whose duties were to act as associates with the probate judge, and attend to the care of the county's poor, orphaned, and insane. There was but little business in the courts during the ante-mining period of western Utah history/' The first criminal prosecution oc- The ! ! *• Niles was appointed clerk of the probate court Oct, 2d, by Orson Hyde, also ex-officio clerk of the county court. '''* Appointed assessor and collector in Dec 1855, ^ James McMarlin was appointed justice of the peace for Gold Cafion Dec. 3<L ^^Fain resigned in May 1856, Russell Kelly appointed. Niles resigncii in May 1856 from the office of surveyor, Orson Hyde appointed. Kesigned from the clerk's office Dec. 1855, 8. A. Kinsey appointed in Marcii 1^5(3. Hotlges resigned in May 1856, Daniel Woodford appointed. Wootlford was killed by Indians at Slippery Ford in 1857. ''The first lawsuit on record was brought by John Reese against George Chorpenning, the surviving partner of Woodward & Co., in March 1853, to recover S075 for supplies furnished them while carrying the mail from Salt Lake to C'al. It was brought before E. L. Barnard, magistrate, and judgment rendered against Woodward & Co. for the amount and $25 costs. The prnp- erty sold to satisfy the judgment brought $499; but as Reese b ought it all in, it \a probable that he obtained full value. Among the effects sohl was ' Mor- mon Station to J. Reese, $130,' The second suit was brought in April 1854 ORGANIZATION OF COURTS. 77 curred November 2, 1855, a negro man named Thacker having been arrested for using threatening l;ui*'"uai'e against A. J. Wyckoff and Mrs Jacob Kose. Tlie judge held that " a man may have malice enough ill his heart to kill another, and judgment and dis- cretion to prevent him from committing the deed ; he may have the ability to cut a lady's heart out and roast it upon the coals, and at the same time he may liave the good sense not to do it." The judgment rendered was that Thacker should pay $50 and the costs of the suit ; he was advised for his own safety to return to California. At the first meeting of the pro- bate court Charles D. Daggett and Samuel C. Perren were admitted to practise in that court. Judge Stiles ai)pears to have returned to Salt Lake with Marshal Haywood after settling upon an approx- imate western boundary for Utah," as no proceedings of the United States court are recorded before 1856. IMean while few events of importance had occurred, the most noteworthy act of the people being an attempt to shake off the authority of Salt Lake by draughting a territorial constitution or compact for the govern- ment of Carson valley.'* On the 27th of October, 1855, a special term of court was held at the house of Jolm Reese for the purpose of granting " the sole and exclusive right to take out any portion of the waters of Carson river which they may desire in a ditch or canal, for mining and other purposes, in the vicinity of Gold canon, to J. C. Fain, Jolm Reese, Stephen A. Kinsey, John McMarlin, James McMarlin, Christo- ])hcr Merkley, Morris Fitzgibbon, and Orson Hyde." This is the first mention of any citerprise of this l)y Henry McCalla vs Thomas Knott, judgment rendered 81 1.3.43. No other anpoars on record before the organization of Carson county. The first session of tliu probate court was held Oct. 3, when the complaint of .Tames Mclntyre Vs Asa A Knouse, to recover $187.7"), was tiled. The case was tried on the 12tli, at the house of one Cowan. Mclntyre lost his case, and was ordered to pay S.'W no. '^Bcufie's First in Nemda, MS., 7. "Tins instrument was draughted by William A. Cornwall of CaL S. F. AUii, Oct, 27, 1864. 78 SETTLEMENT. nature." There was some increase in the population, but the number of women was still small." In January 1856 the inhabitants of Carson valley again petitioned the California assembly to annex them for judicial and other purposes. A resolution was passed in that body asking congress to make the 118th meridian the east boundary of California." This move a second time aroused the Utah authori- ties, although congress denied the prayer. No at- tempt to form a religious colony in Carson was made before 1856." At this time there was a movement on foot in Salt Lake and eastern Utah to reinvigorato the church of Latter-day Saints by founding new col- onies or missions, and also by preaching a reformation among the members. A colony of between sixty and seventy families was ordered to Carson valley in the spring, most of which arrived before the election in September, when the Mormons took the conduct of aflairs into their own hands, being considerably in the majority over the gentiles." With this colony came **0n the 27th of May, 1854, at a citizens' meeting, it was resolved that in the use of water no settler should be deprived of sutticient for hnuschold pur- poses; that it should nut be diverted from its original cliannels, and when t\V(^ or more levied on the same stream they should share water according to tlie number of acres cultivated, each usins on alternate days when water ua-i scarce. The sole right to take water from Carson river compelled settltTs to pay a water rate. Jacob H Rose fell heir to the ditch beff>re its comple- tion, and when the work was finished found the foot to be higher than the head. " The Reese brothers had brought their families from Salt Lake, Alex- ander Cowan had arrived with his wife, destined to become famous a few years later as the richest woman in Nevada, and the wife of Sandy Bowers. Miss Mary Wheeler was married Oct. 28, 1855, to Squire Mott, son of Hiram Mott, the officiating justice being Orson Hyde. Miss Mary Gibson w.h married Nov. 6, 1855, to Henry Van Sickle by Judge Hyde, at the house if Niles and Sears. Miss Sarah Jane Thompson was married Oct. 2, 18G6, tn Stephen A. Kinsey, at the house of Judge Hyde, in Washoe valley, by tliat dignitary. ^■'Sen. Misc. Doc., 48; 34th cong. Ist sess.; H. Com. Rept, 116, 34th coiig. 3d sess. "William Jennings, in his Carson Valley, MS., 2, says that amission ^^■1s got up in 1852 by the two Reeses and others. On page 3 he says: 'The Car- son valley people, I think, were mostly apostate Mormons before 1856. The Reeses.' he continues, ' were only partially connected with the church.' '*The following Mormon ofiicers were elected: Richard Bently, recorder; Russell Kelly, sherifif (joined the Mormon church); William Nixon and I'er- meus Jackman, selectmen; Chester Loveland, justice of the peace; Nelsou anothJ who hi above! ruted who e^ grand inond, church! cisco, y\ The Jack, al (ienoa, Hyde a A saw-] and Fr buror of took its An at of eastei broad, r small dii and fieic architect was done dress th( nient was the least these pa Merkeley an( pointed asse lS.i6; Sac. U "Among Merkley, Jes i"^. who wer S'vMa, MS., and (ieoree \ William Nix( tlement, Allx ker, Cherry, s ^"^ Klein a k If'oG; Citmon Wri.jht'g Bi:] 19, 1859; Id., THE MORMONS. 70 another judge of the 3d district, W. W. Dnimmond, who held a term of court in Mott's barn, four miles above Mormon station. No business was really exe- cuted beyond convicting two men of grand larceny, who escaped after being sentenced, and impannelling a grand jury, which brought in no indictments. Drum- mond, who was not beloved by the authorities of the church, departed inmost immediately for San Fran- cisco, whence he sailed for the east. The new-comers settled in Carson, Eagle, Washoe, Jack, and Pleasant valleys, founding several towns." (xenoa, at Mormon station, was named by Judge Hyde after the birthplace of Christopher Columbus. A saw-mill was erected by Hyde in Washoe valley, and Franktown was settled and named. The little burg of Dayton, at the mouth of Gold canon, also took its rise in 1856." An attempt was made to form society on the plan of eastern Utah. The settlements were laid out with broad, regular streets, on either side of which ran small ditches carrying water for irrigating gardens and fields, as well as for supplying families. The architecture w^as of the simplest and rudest; nothing was done for ornament, but everything for use. In dress the same principle prevailed ; personal adorn- ment was unknown. To work and get the most with the least self-indulgence was the law laid down to these patient builders of Zion. Their one amuse- in Merkeley and Seth Dnstin, constablea; Charles D. Daggett (gentile) was ap- pointed assessor, collector, and treasurer. Placerville Anmri-an, Sept. 13, lS.i6; Sac. Union, Sept. 15, 1856. ^ Among the members of the mission '.vho came in 1855 were Christopher Merkley, Jesse M. Perkins, Reulien Pei'kius, Shepherd, and William Hutch- iui. who were sent on the special business of tlie church. BiMtii''ii first in Xi-mda, MS., 7. Other colonists of the same year were Clu-ster Loveland and (tenive Hancock. In 1856 came William Jennings, ChristopluT Layton, William Nixon, R. Walker, Peregrine Sessions, who founded Sessions" .set- tlement, Alliert Dewey, William Kay, founder of Kayswanl, tleorgu Nelje- kor, Cherry, and others. "'Klrin'a FottmUra of Curiton City, MS., 2, 6; S. F. Golden Em. May 11, 1836; l\trii>m Statf RfijiOer, July 29, 1871; Kelly $ Nev. Directory, 1862, 54-5; Wright's Bi:} Bonanza, 23, 24-5; S. F. Altn, Oct. 6. 1856; Sac. Union, Doc. li), 1859; /(if., Jan. 2, 1860; S. F. Bulletin, June 8, 1860. 1 <^' 'S i-J-"j I 80 SETTLEMENT. '■■■! i-i ment of dancing was forbidden to be practised in the company of gentiles, and to wash away their sins re- peated baptisms were enjoined. Still, the authorities in the west did not neglect the subject of instruction. At the December term of court in 1856 it was ordered that Carson county should be divided into four school districts. A school-house was erected at Franktowu in 1857, which was afterward sold to Lucky Bill, who moved to Genoa and used it for a stable. Affairs were already so shaping themselves in Salt Lake that nothing less than the complete abandonment of west- ern Utah would make the city of the Saints secure. In November 1856 Orson Hyde left Carson county to return to it no more. When he departed he leased his saw-mill in Washoe valley to Jacob Rose, that being the best that he could do with it at the time. In the ft>llowing year the colony of the faithful was ordered home to Salt Lake to defend Zion against Johnston's army. As the order was peremptory, they were forced either to abandon their property or sell it at a small part of its value, and they chose the latter course." Apostate Mormons, some of whom had fled from the reformation at Salt Lake, and gentiles, scarcely less hateful in the eyes of the saints, became the possessors of their improvements ; for which result of a futile undertaking the fortunate heirs of Mormon enterprise suffered condemnation, even to a curse uttered by Orson Hyde in 1862." ^ On the IGth of July, 1857, P. G. Sessions' train from Cal., consisting of 31 men, 16 women. 18 cliildren, 17 wagons, 40 horses and 32 mules, left Eagle valley for .Salt Lake. On the 5th of Sept. the Conover express from Salt Lake arrived in Washoe valley late in the afternoon, an«l on the 2Cth 450 persons, some of whom were from Ciil. and Dr., started with 123 wagons for Salt Lake, which tliey reached N.)v. 2d. Reese left with this train, travelling I>y the route south of the Humboldt to avoid the Indians. Jni- nifi'j*' Cnrt'^n Vallfy, MS. 4. ** In a letter of Orson Hyde, dated Jan. 27, 1802, addressed to the people of Carson and Washoe valleys, in which he relates the history of his null, he says it M'as liuilt l>y himself and a Mr Price; tliat the property was worth $10,003 when he left it; that for the rent of it he had received in advance ' 1 span of small indifferent mules, an old worn-out harncis, 2 yokes of oxen, and an old wagon,' things which he required for his journey to Salt Lake. A war followed l»etweeu the Mormons and the U. S. govt, an event which was uufavoraLie to the perfection of Mormon titles, after the orgaui'atioQ \>h '■■ THE MORMONS. 81 The abandonment of Carson county " by the Mor- mons loft it with a scant population, and for a time without a orovornment, although attached by an act of the legislature to Great Salt Lake county for elec- tion, revenue, and judicial purposes. From July 5, ISaf), to September 12, 1859, the operation of the ])rol)ate court was suspended, although the county was allowed to retain its organization so far as a re- corder, surveyor, and precinct officers were concerned, and these might be elected in accordance with exist. iiig laws, "until further directed by Great Salt Lake county court or legislative enactment; " but the ** rec- ord-books, papers, blanks, and seals, both of probate and county courts, shall be handed over to the order of the probate court of Great Salt Lake county." Til is act was passed January 14, 1857. On the 13th of April the county court, Chester Loveland presid- ing, adjourned to the following week, but without meeting again for three years." of the territory of Nevada, upon the abandoned premises. Hyde gave the jioDple of Carson val'ey choice Ijetween paying hiui $20,000, or being cursed witli earthquakes. Hoods, pestilence, and famine, and they took tlie risk of the hitter. Hyde was accompanied on his return to Salt Lake by ISimoii lijikiT, James Kathall, John Vance, William Price, Durflfee, Carter, Har- sliee. Woodland, and Butcher and family, and travelled the route explored by lifose in 1854. He died Nov. 28, 1878, at .Spring City, 8an Pete county, Utali, a man distinguished among his sect as a faithful and gifted servant of (lOtl. 3'Tliere is a statement in the S. F. AUa, Sept. 29, 1857, that Brigham Young liad ordered an organization of secret cavalry to western Utah. It was certainly iu)t to Carson. Much comment on the exodus of the Mor- mons is to be found in the Alta. They were ordered in from Cal. also. Mention in Xetvrs' Nff(ula Pioneern, MS., 1-2; CnulMtnuqliH Nevadu Bicxf- niyhii, MS., 3; OoUl Hill News, May 16, 1873; San Jcmi' Pioneer, May 26, 1877'. "Samuel A. Nevers was bom in Boston, March 1, 1824, came to Cal. in 184!t liy sea, in the ship Sweden; settled in Eagle valley in 1859, and niar- rie(l thereabout. In a manuscript account of Acixula Pioneern, in my coUec- ti'Mi, lie says: 'Tliere were but 4 persons settled in this pjirt of the valley at that time, to wit, B. L. King, Mart. Stebbins, .lacob H. Rose, and John Maiikiii, who were settled on land taken up by them under the laws of Utah None of the above named were Mormons .... Nearly all the Mor- iiKius, when leaving for Salt Lake, sold their land to John Mankin for a nominal sum, payment to be made in wheat, which was sold for a very low prii'i". This sale carried a strip of land from King's cafton down to the Hot sjiriugs, but Mankin subsequently claimed the whole lower portion of the valley Society was on a low plane, every man doing about as he pleased — There was no law here until Judge Cradlebaugh came, who to a great extent brought order out of chaos.' Hist. Nbv. 6. I 1 [.!„ SETTLEMENTS. Before the Mormons had made their final exodus, the remaining inhabitants seized the opportunity to prevent their return by again petitioning congress for a territorial organization m Western Utah, with por- tions (►f California and New Mexico." At a mass- meeting held at Genoa August 8th, by appointment of a previous informal meeting held on the yd,*' it wag declared, in a series of resolutions, that it was the sense of the inhabitants of that region that the security of life and property of immigrants passing through it depended upon the organization of a territorial gov- ernment. No other reason for the proposed division of Utah was given in the resolutions, but in the memorial accompanying it other causes were set fortli; namely, that no law existed la western Utah except theocratic rule, which was exercised by the Mormon church without reference to statutory regulations. The Utah legislature had abolished the courts of tlie county of Carson, leaving no officers to execute the laws except two justices of the peace and one con- stable, whose authority no one respected. The county was reduced to an election precinct, in which no one voted, or cared to vote. Th6re were bad men in the community, whose crimes could only be punished by resort to lynch-law ; the country was cut off from Cal- ifornia four months of the year by snow, and equally from the then seat of government by distance. In claiming a white population, however, of betwcm 7,000 and 8,000, and 75,000 to 100,000 natives, the to " !■'! i *'The petition makes the Goose Creek mountains the eastern, the Colo- rado river the southern, Oregon tlie northern, and the Sierra Nevada the ■western boundary. *''The fii'dt meeting was held at Gilbert's saloon, and was presided over liy John Reese, William Nixon being secretary. 'Ihe mass-meeting was al.<o presided over by Reese, the vice-presidents being Isaac Roop, F. C. Siuitlt, B. L. King, and Solomon Perrin. The committee on resolutions consisttii of William M. Ormsby, R. D. Sides, Elijah Knott, Thomas J. Singhton, B. L. King, Daniel Woodford, S. Stephens, Warren Smith, and John Mo- Marlin. The meeting was addressed by James M. Crane, a Califoruia journalist of some repute, in a speech of an hour's length, the substance of which was probably contained in the memorial which he was elected to present to congress. SEPARATION. 83 ',.lo. the rl.y al^<1 nth, Whi St I'll Wi/^ ton, Mc- niia c of 1 to iiif morlallsts (»reatly exceeded the truth." In October a iiiass-mootiiig was held at Honey Lake valley, which was presided over by Peter Lassen, approving the action of the Genoa meeting, and in January 1858 the California legislature and Governor Johnson endorsed it. As an inducement to congress to grant their peti- tion, it was submitted that all the routes across the continent would be guarded by the peo{)le of the pro- posed territory. A committee " was appointed to solicit signatures, and James M. Crane was chosen to proceed to Washington city with the resolutions and nuMUDrial of the meetnig, and also to represen.t the territory as delegate, when it should be organized, iu congress. Committees were also appointed to " man- age and superintend all matters necessary and proper in the [)remises." *" and the newspapers of California, Oregon. Washington, Utah, and Xew Mexico were re(i|uusto(l to i>ublish the proceedings of the conven- tion, as well as the leadhig papers in all the eastern cities.** The attitude of the Mormons had its influence on concrress. Crane wrote to his constituents from Wash- itigton in February 1858 that the conmiittee on ter- ritories had agreed to report a bill, and that it would he pressed through both houses " as a war measure, to " compress the limits of the Mormons, and defeat «.9. i^. Al/ii, Sept. 5 and Oct. 21, 1857; C'tl. Jnur. Assemhly, 18.")8, D6; Cil. SliL, IS.'iS, 3r>0; Sen. J/m. Diir., ISl, 3.")th cong. 1st sess. <' vV. W. Nicola, K. D. Sides, Orriii Gray, J. K, Truuibo, anil William Rdger.s. *-'lu Honey lake valley, Isaac Roop, Peter Lassen, William Hill, Mo- Miirtry, and Arnold; Kaglo valley, B. L. King and Martin Stol)l>in.s; Carson vallo,'. \\ illiam M. Ormsby, Jamei McMarlin, C. D. Paggett, .Tolin Reese, \Villi:iin Rodgers, TItoinas J. Singleton, Mo.ses ,rol), William Tliorrineton, Is:iac Farwell, Dmiel Woodford, Orrin Gray, and D. E. frilhert: Willow, tciwii, Solon-m Perrin; Ragtown, James Qnick; Twenty-six Mile de-icrt, ■JetL'riim Atc.liison; Sink of HnmUoldt, Samuid Blackford; Walker ri^er anl valley, T. J. Hall and James Mclntyre; Hope valley, S. Stevenaou; Lake valley, M. Smith. '°A memorial ad<lressed to President Bnclianan was presented by him to the hniHe April 19, 18,58. It was signed by William M. Ormsby and Martin Smith, ami indorsed by Oov Weller. //. Ex. Dir., 102, 35th cong. Ist sess. *' Tlie house committee reported favorably May 12, 1858, in a bdl to organize the territory of Nevada. //. Jour., 789, 1221, 3uth cong. 1st seas.; //. C),u- £ipt, 375, 35th cong. 1st seas. ¥m :':•. 84 SETTLEMENTS. tljoir rfforts to corrupt ami confctlorato with tho Ind- ian tril)L'H." So certain was tho prosjiectivo dt^h'jjjjiti^ that an or«.janization wouKI he cftl-ctrcl tliat lie atl- visod the sowinjjj and planting of ht-avy crops, wliich ho proplu^siud they wt»ul«l hu ahlo to .soil for good cash prices to tho govornnicnt to supply tho army and tlio Indian rosorvations. lUit tho army under Johnston having made it i)ossiblo for federal (»(Kcors to rosido in Salt Lake City, and a governor being api)ointed fur Utah in place of Brighain Young, the necessity no longer existed of creating another territory, and tlie project slumbered. Under (xovornor Cummini^'s Carson county was reorganized, so far as tho appoint- ment of John S. Childs probate judge, and the order- ing of an election, wore concerned. Previous to tlie election, ami in tho absence of courts, a committee of citizens had hanged William B. Thorrlnsj^ton for com- plicity in the murder of a cattle-owner, and soiling his herd. Thorrington's guilt was n<»t clearly established by the evidence, but from the facts of his being a gam- bl(T, acquiring property with extraordinary rajiidity, and having sheltered the real murderer, he was con- victed in a citizen's court, and suffered the extreme penalty." This exercise of the judicial functions by *" It seems that in spite of liis known character. Lucky Bill was a populir man on tlic frontier. He was born in N. Y. state, removing to Miehigaii in ltS4iS, and to C'al. in 1850, across the piainn. He ha*l little education, l>ut poM^essed a tine person, a handsome face, antl a gay and liencvolent disi>ii- sition; benevolent in tho sense tliat Robin H(mhI was so, ho rublnid those that had money or property, and good-naturedly gave of his easily gotten gains .1 small portion to tlio.se who had not, when they iipiiealed to hia sympatiiies •• a trait which often <listinguslic.s tlie gambler. Being a large and powerful man he iiad t!ie reputation of great courage; and often defending the weaker jiarty in a quarrel gave him a charar-ter for magnanimity. H< owned a farm ami a toll-road, in addition to his -ading-post. and he accpiired <a large amount nf avellers at thimblo rig. In the spring of l\'>S ot a man in Cal.. took np his quarters with id by the friends of the latter he denied lii-i lie with W. T. C. Elliott and John N. ii\\]<u\. *i one Mullins, he mnnlered Harry (Jonlicr, { of cattle, an innocent man named Snow ristances coming to light which pointeil to Carson valley, and declaring his innocenci', from threatened peril. Edwards wislicil to leave the country, and begged his friends to sell a valuable horse which ho rode, and help him to escape. While endeavoring to effect these ends, two miscellaneous ]iroperty from William Edwards, who had Thiirrington, to whom it w.os guilt. Later he stopped for t at Honey lake. Afterward, v. for his pro]>erty, including a h being hanged for the act. Cirt the guilt of Edwards, he Hed t claimed Thorrington's protectir the 1 f'TMIi with Jlll.sjtl the f. he w;i own; ^Morm the vo hi ( -a us "Mon cho.scn Al)irii< ■•md J{, S. A. 1 Farwel A. Hmi belong i to the I onerous ilfti'<'(iv«'s fi h.'i-.-,,' aiil \\ ti'M, llMltlillj Wire arri'.ste C. \. Xotev sliiTitr. John fessi,!. and < liy th(! loose <'iie tlii'inseh •it tho .scene riiigtoM at hi 'i'liorriiij.'ton asyhim it St ^I.IXWeadi, i MS,;.-?. See "lt.sl,ouh nions li'ft ill ( JiiTh.-ips also I viiitiirc upon "(iii-.Ts of the •'"liii llawkin v.ilh.v , *Thecand Martin Stebbi a'l'l \V. (\,ssc ^'^Mi': .1. M. .-^IcMiiiis was !i <';'nliiii; to the •^^iiiets not Leer KLKCTIOX. tlic iu'iti»li' created a division of sentiincnt, and tlio f.iiiiiatittn of two political tmrtios, the 8yni|)atlii/erM with Tlu)nin;4ton hoinj^ called Monnoti, and the op- jtdsite party anti-Aforinon.** Tho latter party accused the fcnm r of coiidoninj^ Thorrinfjjton's jj^iiilt hrcauso ]h' wa.s conveniently blind to certain ]>ractic(S of tluir (iwn; and they also made war upon Judjjio CMiildsasa Mormon appointee. At the election, October JU), 18.")S, the votes of four out of six precincts were thrown out hnausc ot alh'i,'ed illei^al votiuji^, and a majority of the '•.Mormon" candidates elected. 1£. ]?. demons was chosen re[»resentative ; !M M. Gaii^o treasurer; L. All' rnethy slieritF; W. G. Vyatt, James McMarlin, and \i. ] ). Sides selectmen ; C. N. Noteware survevor ; S. A. Kinsey recordei ; Benjamin Sears and James Farwell justices of the [)eace; T. J. Atchison and J. A. Smith constables. Sides and Abernethy did not helonLj to the ^lorinon party." Little heed was jj^iveji to the officers elected, whose duties were not of an on(>rous nature. (Ictoctivcs from the vigilanro committee, Elliott and Oilpin, pnrcliascd the linix' anl woniifii tliein.sclves into the conlidencc of KilwanU and 'I'liorrin^;- tiiii, li'iiiriiii^ of the propoHed elopement of tlie former, whurciipon hoth men wi IV arri'sted and tried by a citizen's court, the evidmce lieinK recorded l>y ('. N. Noteware, afterward secretary of Nevada. \V. T. C Klliott acted an Hln'ritr, >)o)iii L. t'ary as judge, and IS otliers as jurors. Edwards finally con- fe.-isid. and declared the innocence of Thorrington; but the jury, prejudiced liy tlu: liio.se character of the latter, and the fear of other crimes, committed one themselves by convicting a man without evidence. Edwards was hanged at tliu scene of the murder, m Himey Lake valley, June '2.1, ISiiS, and Thor- ringt.m at his farm at Clear creek, on the 19th, two days after the trial. Tli(irrinj;ton had a son, Jerome, who died, while his wife went to the insane asylum kt Stockttm. There were 2 accomplices of Edwards, who were fined IJl.tHK) each, and ordered to leave tlie country. Van Sirkle's L'Uih iJiKjH-rulofx, MS. :H. See €ilso /'op. TrihuwiLi, this series. "It should lie borne in mind that there were not enough professed Mor- mons left in ('arson valley to make a Jiarty; but there were apostates, and jht1i.i|is also s( cret believers. 'J hey were too well tlrilleil in obedience t.) viiitnre upon the vigilant system of justice unless ordered to do so by the nlliciTs of the church. Keese names tho families of Moore, John IHlworth, .loliii Hawkins, and Perkins, who wtrc i',iormona and remained in Carson valley. ■*Tlie candidates of the anti-Mormon party, in the order given above, were Martin Ste!)l)ins; H. Mott, sen.; (Jeorge Chodic; Jolm \j. Carey, J. H. Hose, ami W. Cosser; .Tohn F. Long; S. Taylor; A. J. Hammack and H. Van Siikle: J. M. Herring and .T. M. Howard. The vote between demons and ^tt'liliins was a tie, but the result was 'declared in favor of Mr Clemons, ac- fiTclins; to the Ctah statutes, page 2.'?4, sec. 1'2.' Had the votes of 4 pre- I'iiicts not been thrown out, Stcbbius would have had a majority of 48. SETTLEMENTS. In this year Carson City was laid out in Eagle valley by Abraham V. Z. Curry/' who erected a stone house, which was followed the same year by three or four others;" but no rapid influx of popula- tion followed that year or the next. *' Only at one point was there any perceptible increase in population, and that was at what is now Gold Hill, where the discovery of rich placers in 1859 had attracted tlie usual rush of miners which follows a report of new gold diggings. By this mixed and migratory population the need of some laws and regulations was felt, and they accord- ing! aval etior make erii })atri ii ; ■rn' " A. V. Z. Curry was an energetic pioneer. He settled in Warm springs and built the hotel and swimming baths. He discovered the extensive sand- stone deposit at Carson, and erected the stone buildings in th'j town. lie was witli <.rould in the Gould and Curry mine; was a member of the terri- torial council, and acti - in various branches of business. ' He Imlonged to that sturdy class of men who found empires and build up states.' *^ Nevers, in Nevada Pioneers, MS., 2, states that he himsjlf built the third house, ' in what is now Carson valley,' in 1859. 0. H. Pierson, writing in the Carn'm 'fiifmne, Aug. 5, 1870, says that when he entered Eagle valley in 1859 he found there three houses only, one of v/hich was occupied by Aliram Curry, one by William M. Ormsljy, and another by Martin Stebbins. Pier- son also says that he erected the fourth house, which was the St Nicholas hotel. *^ Granville W. Uuffaker, in a manuscript entitled Uir/y Cattle Trwh in Nevwla, mentions some of the settlers in western Utah whom he found in 1859. Hutfaker was in Salt Lake in 1857-8, when the gentiles were ordered out. Among those who left were John H. Kinkead, Bell, Gilbert, and < iear- ish, the latter two settling in Los Angeles, California. Hutfaker had perinia. sion to remain, couched in the following trenchant phrase, ' Keep your tongue in your head, and you will not be molested.' He remained, on tlii>!<e terms, until 1859, and then sold his stock of goods, and with a drove of cattle removed to the Truckee Meadows in western Utah, where he took a land claim of 160 acres, and by purchase from other claimants acquired a total of 640 acres. Hufifaker was born in Ky in 18.31 ; was educated at Jacksonville college. 111.; removed to St Louis in 1846 and to Salt Lake in 1851, bringing a train of 40 wagondoads of goods, which he sold in three weeks. Ho enn- tinned in trade in that place till 1859. Huffaker says that he found in Truckee and Steamboat valleys 6 or 7 white men. Henry Miller and Edw ard Ing were on the north of Truckee; four miles south of them, at the dairy farm of James and M. F. Evans, called the stone-house rancho, and living with them, were Richard Martin and Henry Berryman. Peleg Brown was another settler of this region. In Pleasant valley was 'Mormon' iSniith. Theodore, Joseph, and John D. Winters, with their mother, were settled in Washoe valley, where they had been since 1857. Richard D. Sides ami William Best were also in Washoe valley. South of the sink of the Hum- boldt was the trading post of John F. Stone and C. C. Gates, where Glen- dale now is, then called Stone and Gates' crossing. Buckland mentions Jacob Winters as living in Jack's valley as early as 1857; and Evan Jones in Carson valley next or nearest to McM&rliii'a rancho, at the same time. Indian J^jlUiiKj, MS., 1. 1i.l!^ PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT. 87 jIp in (1 in ereii ii'ar- ■mis. y.nir hose ittle land ;■ ;■ ilof ;. ville ?i"g L'llll- 1 in , '■ •iml liry ; ing ;■ ■'■ was : " ■,■ ith. '; lin ]:? md 'iji im- *?■ en- u ms if'i leg k: le. ■i iri'^lv, on the 11th of June, agreed among themselves to adopt certain simple rules of conduct, and to enforce tliem on others." At the same time certain politicians stooa ready to avail themselves of the suggestion toward another etfort for a separate territorial organization, and to make use of the feeling against the Mormons of east- ern Utah to give force to their arguments. These patriots called a mass-meeting for the 6th of June at Carson City, which meeting divided Carson county into precincts for election purposes, and called an elec- tion to take place on the 14th of July, to choose a delegate to visit Washington city and complete the work begun by Crane of getting a bill through con- gress creating the territory of Nevada, and to elect delegates to a convention to be held at Genoa on the 18th of July, when the votes for delegate would be counted, and other business connected with the pro- posed change of government be attended to. The convention met pursuant to appointment, re- maining in session nine daj's." It was not altogether a harmonious session, the majority being determined to consider it a convention to frame a constitution for a provisional government, which congress would be asked to recognize, as in the case of Oregon, and a minority insisting that the delegates had been elected merely to provide for a constitutional convention to be held in the future by other delegates elected for the purpose. A constitution was, however, framed, modelled closely after that of California, and adopted by a vote of the people on the 7th of September. * '^'Piis was the miners' cwle: for murder, hanging; wounding, robbing, and other crimes were to be punished as the jury should determine. ' No hanking game shall, under any consideration- he allowed in this district, under the penalty of final banishment from the district, ' Under these laws ( ieorge Uu4pas and David Reiae had their ears cutoff for stealing cattle. Wriifd'.^ Biij Bonanaa, 72. ' MitryitviUe Democrat,. July 26, 1859; Carson Valley Territorial Enter- prw, July 30, 1859; Sac Union, Sept. 18, 1859; Kelly's Nev. Dir., 1862, 26-7. '"' In the declaration of cause for separation, two principal evils were Cduiplained of: the usurpation and abuse of power by the Mormons, and the danger to life and property upon the routes leading iu the Mormon capitaL iiii I I 'I •i 88 SETTLEMENTS. :i.,1iji !■ No record has been preserved of the election re- turns," but there is evidence that the majority for a constitution was about four hundred, that Crane was reelected delegate, and that Isaac Roop was elected governor, although the board of canvassers failed to meet to canvass the votes, and the certificate of the president of the board, J. J. Musser, alone testified to the result. The cause of this sudden indifference to politics and patriotism will be given in the next chapter. Immediately after the election the probate judge, John S. Child," appointed by the Utah legislature, attempted to reestablish the authority of the probate court in Carson county, by giving notice of a term commencing on the 12th of September, at Genoa, P. H. liovell clerk ; but the only business transacted at the term was the appointment of a coroner, W, P. Morrison, to sit upon the body of John Buckley, killed in a quarrel, and the application of Rebecca A. Bristol for a divorce from Essie C. Bristol, which was granted. Judge Child made a further effort to reorganize tlic county by calling an election for the 8th of October, first dividing the county into ten precincts. Out of the ten, only three opened any polls, and the officers elected in these refused to qualify, although their commissions were forwarded by Governor Cummings, successor of Governor Young, with his urgent advice to them to do so, and the county continued to be without a proper corps of officers. But if the courts of Utah could not sustain their authority against the people, neither could the United *' From some partial returns it is probable that the following persons were elected; together with the adoption of the constitution: Isaac Konp governor, A. S. Dorsey secretary of state, John D. Winters auditor, B. L. King treasurer. *" Child was born in Vt in 1825. At the age of 21 years he came to tlie Pacific coast by sea, via Nicaragua. After mining two years in Cal. he went to Carson valley. In 1859 he married A. E. Lufkin of Placerville, Cal., wlio died in 1873. He married, in 1874, Kveline A. Gilbert of Carson City. Child was a))pointed commissiouer of Douglas county, and elected to the as< Bombly in 1870. orgai POLITICAL MATTERS. 89 States court properly administer the laws of the couutr3^ John Cradlebaugh, one of the district iutlg<-'3 appointed to Utah, was assigned to Carson county, and arrived in the summer of 1859 at Genoa, where the grand jury of the second district congratu- lated hiiu, in their report of October 25th, upon the or'atiization of a court of justice, "under the immedi- ate protection of the United States flag,"" but they had not taken into account the difficulty of establish- iwy courts, against which the laws " practised in them raised insuperable obstacles, controlling, as they did, the marshalships and the juries, to say nothing of the witnesses. The people, instead of welcoming Judge Cradlebaugh, were opposed to his holding court as a branch of the Utah government, and his position be- came as disagreeable to him as it was useless to them. Ill October 1860 R. B. Flaniken superseded Cradle- baugh, and held his court in Carson City until the organization of the territory, in the midst of a rebel- lious people, the prosecuting attorney being P. H. Clayton." All efforts to revive the county organization had fliiled, but the hearts of the patriots had not. A mis- fortune had befallen them in the loss of their delegate elect. Crane, who died suddenly of heart disease on the 27th of September, at Gold Hill." An election •''• Ifiii/es' Minhtf) Srraps, xi. 24-6. Alfred James was clerk of the court. and (renri,'e W. Hepperly U. S. marshal. "•Ill Clarke's Stiitement, MS., 10, he mentions that the lawyers practising in tho idurts ((noted the laws of Utah. "Tlie persons chosen at the late election who refuse<l to (jnalify were C. H. Fountain representative, W. C. Armstrong and L. Drixley seleotnicn, E. C. .Morse sheria, Henry Van Sickle treasurer, and .1. F. Long surveyor. Tho only legally constituted otticers in 1851) (H) were the probate judge find comity clerk, road commissioners, 1). G. (Uoyd, A. Kinne, and James White -the last four already named, the recorder, S. A. Kinsey, the sur- veyor, P. 0. Rector; three l>eing appointed in the spring of 1860. '^- Crane ran against Frederick Dodge, U. S. Indian agent, Iwating him l>y til Votes. The election was irregular on both sides. Crane was a native of V^a, about 40 years of age, and a printer. He was a well-informed politiciivn, auil founded the Hrst whig paper in Cal. — the Cdlifontin Courier. After the iliscriitinuance of this journal he made careful researches into tho Spanish records, arranging his knowledge of history in tlie form of lectures. Before his researches were completed he died. Kdky's Nns, Directory, 29-30. m U. iJjjl 90 SETTLEMENTS. : ; m m for his successor was held November 12th, resulting in the choice of J. J. Musser;** also an election fur members of the legislative assembly, which was ap- pointed to meet in December. The vote for governor was canvassed ; Roop was declared elected, and duly sworn in by F. M. Preston, United States commis- sioner for the second judicial district. On the 21st of November the inhabitants of Car- son valley held another meeting, at which a memorial to congress was adopted, asking for the organization of the territory of Nevada. On the 1 5th of December four members of the legislature elect m^t at the house of J. B. Blake of Genoa, O. H. Pierson*' speaker, H. S. Thompson clerk, and J. H. McDougal sergeant- at-arms. Governor Roop delivered his message, some resolutions were passed, a committee appointed to draw up a memorial to congress, and the legislature, being without a quorum, was then adjourned to the first Monday in July. In his message the govenior alluded to the peculiar condition of western Utah, and the helplessness of the United States judge. Cradlcbauijh, to administer the laws of the countr\ ." but expressed his confidence in the justice of congress, and in the disposition of the people to wait upon its action. The administration of Governor Roop was entirely of the negative kind, and corresponded in this respect with the two other governments exercising a nominal authority over the country.** But the faith of the people in congressional interpositiou was des- * Musser left Carson for Washington city Dec. 12, 1859, carrying a large piece of silver ore from the Ophir mine for the Washington monument. >!>. /'. AUa, Dec. 12, 1859. **Pieri,;r. came to Carson City in 18.59, and built the first hotel — the St Nicholas — on the corner of Carson and First streets. It was filled as sihui as comnleted. He erected 12 other houses in Carson. A portion of the town was called Pierson 's Addition. Cargon Triliune, Aug 5, 1870. **The court-house at Genoa is descri1>ed as a building 30 by 60 feet. U storier high, in the upper part of which Judge Cradle1>angh held his tirst V. S. D. court, access to it being had by means of a ladder from the street. Later, stairs were built from the sidewalk. **The only instam-e!* of Roop's official action were in connectioQ with the Indian diilicultiea uf 184)0, of which I shall speak hereafter. n tinJ turj to j)re(| (leejL to hi POLITICAL MATTERS. 91 tinod to another year of trial. Delegate Musser re- turned from Washington, having done no more than to reiterate the appeals of his constituents and his predecessor, which reiteration may have served to deepen the impression already produced, and thereby to hasten in some degree the end. CHAPTER V. THE COMSTOCK LODR 1849-1860, CONFIODRATION — PlACER GoLD— EaRLY MiNINO IN GOLD CaNON— SiLVEB Found bv tue Okosch Brothers — Death of the Discoverers— Com- STOCK, Old Virginia, and Associates — Johntown and (Joi.d Hii.l Claims and Locations— Ophir, .Silver Citv, or VimuNiA Town - Discoveries Elsewhere — Walsh and Wooiiworth-Testino and Skparatino — Introduction of Mills— Processes — Descriition of THE CAUFORKIA, A REPRESENTATIVE MiLL. in t sink Tru( Xci and nort boui a way inuf iiiili'.s know times Jiahit; years its he l\ The state of Nevada came iiito beinjj tlirough the discovery and development of the Conistt)ck lode. No doubt the corruption of the federal judiciary hastened the formation of a state government. Nowhere else in the annals of the world do we find a society sj)ring- ing up in a desert wilderness, so wholly dependent tui a mountain of metal, so ruled bv the ever-chauirinu: vagaries attending its development, and which finally attained the full measure of a fair and prospc;r()Us commonwealth. Hence it is that the history of the Comstock lode is to a great extent the history of Ne- vada. The yield of this vast deposit aided greatly in enabling the nation to resume specie payment after the close of the civil war. The ranice of mountains in which the great mineral vein of western Utah was situated is separated from the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada by a continu- ous parallel depression, which is divided into tlie smaller valleys of the Truckee, Washoe, and Carson rivers. Irregular in outline and height, it gradually slopes at the south into the basin of the Carson, he- coming more elevated farther south, where it mersjjes (92) GEOLOCIY. 98 on in the Pine Nut range. Toward the west the hills sink rapidly to the dctrital beds of the Washoe and Truckco valloys, being connected with the Sierra Nevada by two granite ridges crossing the northern and southern extremities of Washoe valley. To the north the range extends, with several breaks, to the boundary of Oregon, and to the southeast it melts away abruptly into the Carson valley. The culminat- in<4 point of elevation is a peak something over tliirty miles from Genoa, and eighteen from Carson City, known as Sun peak by the earliest settlers, and some- times as Mount Pleasant by subsequent mining in- luil)itants. It was named Mount Davidson' in later years by the California state geologist, who ascertained its lu'ight to be 7,827 feet. Down from the south side of this peak runs a ravine to the Carson river, a distance of several miles, wliich is tlie Gold canon referred to in the previous cha[)ter. It obtained its name from the fact that some gold mining had been carried on in it ever since the settle- ment of the valley. It comes quite down to the im- miijjrant road, and consequently was well known to early passers-by. Beatie relates that in 1841), while lie and one of the Blackburns were on their first visit to the Calif«)rnia gold mines, Abner Blackburn occu- pied himself in prospecting in the lateral ravines of Carson valley, and discovered gold in this canon in the month of July,' but not in quantities sufficient to cause a fever in the blood of the saints. No mining ' After Prof. George Davidson of the coast survey — a fitting tribute to his genius. ■ Firxl in Xrvaila, MS., 4-5. Tliere arc various versions of tJie first dis- covery of gold in western Utah, hut none more authentic. See lirim'ii'n Min. lirxiinnrn, 87; Vinjinia City Orriiteiititl, in Domiimlln Mountniii Mif^rwjrr, -May 14, 18G4; Sail Jogi Mt-rcttry, A\m\ 14, 18U4; Sar. Tniiinrript, Aun.'M ]HM (steamer edition); i>. F. Jhnilil, July 1, 1850; M(trii>'>K(i (r',izitti,S\arch 2:?, 1878; ^r>,■.,ftn'il Trip (1840). ]9'20; Wri>,lu's Bi; Bommx, t-'C; <lnl,l IliU Er.: AViri. Fei.. 24. and May 18. 1880; Cal. fownVr," July 23, 18.-|0; I\t,iln,„n Arijm, .Itine 18, 1880; S. F. Alt-i, Mav 17. 1880; Elko Indefmhul, May 20, an.! '_>;<, 1880. Tlw R>>m Oazette of Feh. 12 1880, gives the date as 18.51. Tli:it lH"iO lias l>een so generally nanic:l as the year is due, prohalily, to the f:iit tliiit the newspapers did not publish the Mormon discovery until miners beguu tu go tu Cal. i m k U ^f i: 94 THE COMSTOCK LODE. was done by Beatie's company, which returned to Salt Lake the same season. But on his second visit to California, Beatie informed the Mormon com[)any in the mines of the discovery, and subsequently some of them, with immij^rants from the states on tlieir way to California, stopped to mine for a while in Gold canon. The gold it produced was poor, bcinjjj worth no more than fourteen dollars to the ounce ; but as Cakson Vallky. the dio^gings continued to yield a fair day's wages, there were at work generally in the mining season from one to two hundred men, some of whom had made settlements upon land claims near by. But down to the period where the last chapter ends, there had never been any marked recognition of western Utah as a mining country. Gold canon was the only mining ground worked in this district before 1857, It opens from the north- GOLD CAJSON. 95 west near where the Carson river turns rather abruptly to the soutliwest. At the distance of about f\>ur miles from its mouth it forks, the middle branch of three beinjjj called American Flat ravine. Near the head of this ravine is a mound, which in 1858 acquired the name of Gold hill, to distinj^uish it from (Jold canon. This hill is a mile or more from Mount Da- vidson. Coming from the north side of the mountain is another largo ravine, wliose head is within a mile of the head of Gold canon, whose mouth is on the Carson river, a few miles northeast of Gold canon, and which was known as Six-mile canon. It had no settlement at this period, but at the mouth of Gold canon was the little town of Dayton, then known as Chinatown, from the presence there of a camp of Chinese employed in digging the canal before men- tioned, for which Reese obtained a franchise, and which was finished by Rose. The white inhabitants called the place Mineral rapids, and it never received its final christening until November 3, 1801, when in a [)ui)lic meeting this important matter was decided,* About four miles up the canon was another camp, known as Johntown. Neither of these places had a dozen houses of any kind, the migratory habits of tlie miners and the scarcity of timber, with the entire absence of lumber in that part of the valley, causing them to live in tents, which at the end of the season were easily removed. Nor were there ever more than 150 or 200 miners in Gold canon at one time before 1859. That mysterious something which is called fite by pagan, and providence by Christians, and which like Wrljht'a Bi'j Bonnnzn, 28-0. William Wriglit, whose nom de phimr as a po])iiI,ir writer on Nevada journals was Dan DeQiiille, was reporter on the Vir- ginia City Territorinl Enteiyrine for 16 years, and had the liest facilities for aL'(|uiriiig liiitorical facts. His hook is made popular l>y the introduction of facL-tious anecdotes, and a stylo of raillery much in vogue in writing of min- inj; atfairs, with no better reason than that in early times one or two liumor- <ius journalists set the fashion, which few have been able to follow with fimiiar success. Wright's book is, however, a storehouse of infornuitiou, L't'iurilly correct, on current events connected with the mining liistury of Nevada, which gives it a permauuut valuti uuioug my authuritioa. 96 THE COMSTOCK LODE. fiMi ■!'|i love and justice should be painted with bandaj^od eyes, with one extended hand holding a crown, and the otiier the emblematic cap-and-bells, that whoevLf I)a88ed under the one or the other should be its pos- sible recipient, held now suspended above the mining camp of Johntown the fateful wreath. How it fell wliere the cap-and-bells would have been more fitting let me here relate. As early as 1849 two brothers, E. Allen Grosch and Hosea B. Grosch of Reading, Pennsylvania, sons of a univcrsalist preacher, educated and serious- minded young men, came to the Pacific coast via Tampico and Mazatlan, and engaged in mining in El Dorado county, California. In 1851, hearing of the Gold canon placers, they paid them a visit, returning the same season to California. In 1853 they made another and longer visit, prospecting in Carson, Lake, and Washoe valleys, Gold canon, and in some of the adjacent mountains. In Gold canon they found what they called "carbonate of silver," which they described as a "dark gray mass, tarnished probably by sulphuric acid in the water. It resembles thin sheet-lead broken very fine, and lead the miners supposed it to be. The ore we found at the forks of the canon ; a large qUartz vein — at least, bowlders from a vein close by here — shows itself. . . Other ore of silver we have found in the canon, and a rock called black rock, very abundant, we think contains silver." * In 1857 the Grosch brothers were living in a stone cabin in American Flat ravine. In their later corre- spondence with their father they mentioned a mine which had been named the Frank, after a Mexican called Old Frank, an experienced miner, who corrob- orated their impressions concerning the nature of their discoveries. They spoke also of " our monster vein," and of a " smaller but richer vein," and " suits of veins crossing the cation at two other points."* 'Letter to A. B. Grosch, the father, in 1853. (This description should fix the fact of the discovery of the great silver ■li:i: THE GROSCH BROTHERS. 97 Hut the (Icvelopmont of qllrnr ,«• ^' '" "i<Ar to obtain wJiic] a 'V, '"''' ''^'^"'^'^s capital -•^t of the friends o^lh^^^l'y ^'^^ j^^nnedTZ ^"'U'itj, CaJifornia, and partiv in n' -^ '" ^^^ J^(»rado ;;v,n,s not to bave boc./,nucV n '"• ^^^^^^ ^here tli^" autumn of 1857 fi'"^ '"""^7 m either fo,. ;. M "n the Humboldt, t„ c o, T' •*'"'" "' Gravelly "":• ealle, the Pio„eer chl^^''^'^ *" "Inning what ^^-n, by wLieiri:fa 7, t::? tf *^^^ "--^- of ';<0 uere niuc]i cast down a 1 ^^ ^^I^^^^^ed aid Jfosea struck a pick in^, f, fi^^?"* «^e san.e tinfe "Msonn.g resulted, and J.o ; j^' ^''^m which blood ;• '• .A ftiond ]md. W -e 1 7; '^^ ^d of Septent I'mnuaryaid;« and AU^LTl '"^'^»t''n>o. offered ^•" 'U^'noss, started about' ?. ^- m,^'" *« California :"' ^"^ 1^^-r person, to cross the ^' '^^ November? ^^^.;;'' f-iUi,'Iit in a terrible ^n !'""""<^«"^s/ Thev 0. ,„er on the west s.^e titV*f '-""/P •"■» Mexi! ■i"il above the kneea A V *''<">" Hs frozo,, f„ , . . , *«i^e oi Henrv T P 'I'''' . 98 THE COM STOCK LOKR. Conistnrk/ ft minor in Gold rafion, who nlf»o livdl about Jolintowii, und \nu\ been in western Utah since 1H5(). How niurii or liow Httlc Coni.st«)ck knew of tiio plans of the (Jrosch i>rothers previous to eoniiii:^ into the [)ossession of their hooks and i)aiters throu^li the death of Allen (irosrh is uncertain ; hut prohaltly ho had never heen admitted to their confidenee fur- ther than to enirago his services, and to explain to him what the consideration wouhl he,* with assurances of the prospective value of the-r mininj^ claims. The total disappearance of their hooks and papers, with all the evidences of their company and indiviihial ri!j;hts, is strong presumj^tive evidence afj^ainst Coin- stock as the person in char<^e. Whatever knowledujc ho had he kept to himself, and with e(jual caro re- moved the traces of their claims,'* which mi^^lit Iciid * William Jennings, in his Car/ton Vnlliif, MS., 3, states that f'omstdck came into tlie valley in IS.TG, driving a thick of Kiii'i'|), l>nt that ' tlie Inili;iin fot mo-it of the sheep.' C'oni.stcicl< .says of himself that his name Mas Hiiiry 'liomas I'aige Comstock, anil that he was tlie son of Xoah Comstock of C'livf. laiiil, (Jhio, anil was h(»rn in Canaila in I8l'0. He declareil tliat ho hinl Ikiii in the wihlerness from chihlhooil hunting and trapiiing, except wlien ho \v,n Berviag in the Blauk Hawk, Patriot, and Mexican wars. His mind \v:is ill balanced, or if not so natnrally, he had sntfered so many shocks of f.ntiuie that the latt years of his life were hut thcreconl of a feehle .stintrL'lc au:iiii-t advancing dementia. After leaving Nevada, wiiich he did in iMi'J to (.'n to the ea-ttern Oregon and idalio mines, he wandered ahout in those (.oimtiiii for several years, and constructed a mad from Auhurn to IJaker City, Oi(i.'uii, before going to Boise, and finally going to Montana. He accomiiaiiicd tlia Bighorn expediti<m in 1870, and on his return. September 27tli, when mar Biixeman, committed suicide by .shooting himself in the head with his revnlvor. Wriiht't Hi I Bomtiizt, 8'2-7; Silnr <'if>/ Ximln TinfH, Aug. 27, 187'J; Eiinhi Senfiii'l, -fuly 14, 1875; a,l>l IIHI Xnr:,, Aug. :iO, 1875. ' .V writer in the Stir, [fnimoi Aug. 17, 1803, signing himself <•♦*••/' but s{)oaking as one who knows, says that Allen f Jrosch made a written cnii- tract with Comstock to go into his cabin and take charge of tlic ' Hill " iliiim during his absence for the winter, for whii-i. , !'r\ice he was to rcciivo a fourtii interest in that claim; .said claim boin'^' r.;c rded «-ith a diagram aiiil marked by posts, the claim covering 3,7i>() feet nirth of the ledge win re the Hr.-b notice was posted, and extemling beyo 'd '.lie ravine on the iioitli .-iile of Virginia City. This, if true, would Cx.t tlie locality and the value ni the Grosch mines. '^Wriglit says that he Raw the old furnaces of the Orosch Inntliers nnearthed in 18(50, they having been covered up with a foot of mud ainl .-ami from Oold ciinon. They were 2 in number, only 2 or .S feet in length, .i i><"t in height, and l.\ feet in width. One had been used as a smelter, ami the other as a cupel furnace. The remains of melting-pots and fragments nf cupels wore found in Jind about the furna<'es: also a large piece of argentifer- ous galena, which had doubtless been procuretl a short distance ^vl■^t I'f Silver City. After the discovery of the furnaces there was» much scar.h by 1 (JOLI) DISCOVERIKS. 00 in Idontifioation l\v oithor of tlio rompanu^s, or by tlio lirirs t»f tlio (irosch hrotlierH. For more than a yi-ar jii'ti r tlu' (leatli of Allen (Irosrli, CN)nist(K'k remained ill (iold canon, keepinuj a siUnit watcli u|»on the pro- • -ress of discovery, and ready to pr«jHt \)y it. At the la-t it came, ap lie expected." ilciurnini; to the lii.story of mininiyf for jjjold hy the psidents of Johntown: during the summer of IS57 a iiiniil)er of men from Gold canon, j)ro.specting in Six -mile canon, discovered a new field ahout a mile lit low the ground now occupied hy Virginia City. Tlif gold was not found in auriferous sand and gravel, hut in hlue clay so tough that it had to he dissolved to fit the metal. From $5 to $13.50, the value of aiiounce, was a day's wages, and in 1 858 the same iiiim IS returned to these diggings, puzzletl to under- stand their peculiar features, hut satisfied with the |iay. AVith them came a few others, who were forced to talce claims higher up the canon. Among the newer coiners was James Fenniniore, an iiitt'!ii|)erate Virginian, without eitlu r brains or educa- tion, wiio for some breach of lawful cticjuette com- mitted elsewhere, had found it convenient to remove t» Carson valley in 1851," where he had remained ever since, digging his s(^ason's wages out <»f the earth to i)our it down his throat in bad whiskty during his leisure months. When ho first came to Carson valley he calKd himself James Finney, until outgrowing his ai»])r('hen.sions, he ackmnvledged his true name to be Fi niiiirore. But although so well supplied with ap- pellations,'^ he was dubbed by the miners Old Virginia, niiiuTs in the neinhlinrliood for the mine they had been prospecting, but it was Mot fiiiind. liij Bnntiioft, 34. "Wriijlit relates tliat Coinstock obtainoil the sobriquet of Old Pancake aiiiiiiii; tlie miners, because he could not tak<> time to make bread. ' Kven as, witii s|ii)()ii in hand, he stirred up his pancake l>atter, it is said that he kept oiif fvi' on the top of some distant peak, and was lost in spoculatinns ia ret'iir.l to the wealth in gobi mil silver that might rest somewiiere beneath its rocky crest.' Bi<j Bnmtnvi, 41. '•' It is said that Fennimore came to Carson \-alley with Reese's company in IS.")! as a teamster. T/iOmjiunn ib Wfnt'.i Ifht. AVc, .11. " He is often called Mr Berry, ^c Territorial Enterprise, Sept. 24, 1859; S. F. Alta, Sept. 28, 1859. 100 THE COMSTOCK LODE. a sobriquet significant of liis characteristics ratlier than of his years, which really were not yet hi the Hedino of life. In company with Fenninioro were Petei O'Kiley, Patrick McLaughlin, Joseph Kirhv, and Nicholas Ambrose, the latter not a miner, but a restaurateur. They Avorked contentedly in tlieir new claims through the sunnnerof 1858, returning to John- town to winter. But in January 1859, durinix some warm weather, which melted the snow, and gave plenty of water, prospecting in Gold canon was resumed l)y the residents of Johntown, and among «)ther8, ])y James Feimimore, John Bishop, and H. T. P. Coni- stoek. On the 29th, after further examination of the mound at the head of the cafion, aud finding the prospects rich, tliough the gold was very fine, Comstock, Fenni- more, Bisliop, and others staked ott' claims, and calKd the place Gold Hill. In connection with their claims. Fcnnimore discovered and claimed a spring of wutc r. which could be brought to their o;round. Several Io'j: houses were soon erected at Gold Hill, whicli became the centre of the mineral region, the miners in Six- mile cafKm, who had worked t«j within a mile or two on the north side, making it their headijuarters. Although the gravel in which the (iold canon miners were now workimjf was evidently decomiiosKJ quartz, and almost black in color, no one appears to have guessed the secret of it at this period.'* Tlio miners also in Six-mile canon conthiued to work tlicir claims, which, as they advanced toward the head, be- came darker in color. Early in June, being short of water, they excavated a small reservoir a short dis- tance above their claims, in which to collect it fnun a ** Jainea Thompson, a Norwegian, who carried tlic mail from Carsdii val- ley to California on snow-shoes, used to bring specimens to Frank Stewart, geologist, connected with the Plnrerville Olmrrrrr. Among others, in tlie winter of ]8.'57-8 lie lironght to Stewart a small package of black-ldnkiiig rock, rich in gold, which he said came from (J;iid caflon, and the iiiiiurs desired to lie informed of its nature Stewart c.iUed it Mack snlplmnt if silver, containing gold. Vinjinia Entfrprise in Stufkton liidc}>iwlciit, ,h\\u 10, 1875. The writer is evidently more than a year too early in his date, unlt-bi the package came from Comstock, and was found in Groach s cabin. rivulet a (icpti lodlviiig stand, who ap nioveiiu tlio .spot the JKM'.- At tlie tVoiii w claiiru'd (Old V[ ^[('LaM'4 found it fornu'd t to .some Joseph I' thoivupDi )n;rsi)ijs V to a Hrni( and O'liil Olio, and whicli C( aLHoed to, sale of th found. 1 (>omstock interest ii theio yet who was I that it wa; haste to fi i\^dit, witl TilE DISCOVKUERS. lUl riviilrt for thn use of tlieir rockers. On tlic 10th, at a depth of tour feot, they caiin; to a stratum of strange- lodkiii;'" earth, the nature of wliicli they did not under- stand. It is upon record, however, that Conistock, who appears to liave been extremely watchful of the moveiuents of prospectors, immediately appeared upoji thi' .^pot, with the remark, " You have struck it, boys,'"* the jjcrsons addressed being McLaughlin and O'liiley. At the same time he made known that the spring from which they were conducting the water was claimed bv himself, Emanuel Penrod, and Fennimore (Old \^ir:,nnia), the latter owning but one share. As ;M('L;i'ighlin and O'Riley tested their discovery, and found it as rich as it was qu(^er, Comstock further in- formed them that the ''round thev were on belonged to some pcrstnis then ubvSent ; namely, Fennimore, Josi'ph Kirl)y, James White, and William Hart, and thereupon j)ropt)sed an arrangement by which the.se jH'rsDiis were to l)e l)ought ott", and himself admitted to a lirm consisting of Penrod. Comstock, McLaughlin, and O'Riley.'* As the claim was evidently a valualde one, and as it could not be worked withtmt water, which Comstock controlled, the proposition was iiLHeed to. Penrod was employed to obtain a bill of sale of the claimants, only three of whom could be found. To these he paid .$50 for their rights, and (yoinstock negotiated the purchase of Fennimore's interest in the spring for an old blind hor.se. But there vet remained one of the oriufinal claim-owners, who was not .satisfied, and Josepli D. Winters seeing that it was vieldin-' .^.'500 a dav to the rock r, made haste to fmd the missing share-owner, ami secure his ri'dit, witliout iid'tirminiX him of its value To avoid ■'Tlii.s (■xi'tiinatioii lias Iktii t;ikiMi ,as ])riiof tliat Coinstoc'k know of this il'liiisit, (ir at least that hi- reougni/.i-il its \aiiit! frinii kiiowlivl^o iplitaincd fiMni thd I'oiitcKtH iif tlie (iriisch ea^ill, siu'h ktmwh'dj;!' imt li('iii>^ jiossis^t'il liy tiir (ithor luiiiiTs. If this were triio, liu actuil witii I'onMUiuiiiatt; tact tlir.iiigiKmt th(! wlioli; .sul)s<'i(iuMit iiroow-clini^s, '■^ linnk ,/ />,,,/.* <'/ til Whit' iiii'l "■ •)>liii dronwh by Cteorj^f! Wells, MS., i In this iloeiiiiU'Ht it is sfateil ti... . ulicy al-io Imsied theiiiselvvM that clay til HcMiri' tlie siirfa laiiiK |>reviiiudy liea'e 1.' This iiiamiseri|)t is a history of thu (ireat Buiiaii/a, from uvnleuce fouinl in searching for title. i! 102 THE COMSTOCK LODE. ; ! litigation. Winters was admitted as a partner, after the lode was discovered upon which the fame of the state of Nevada was so soon to be built. For only about one week did the claim continue to pa}'^ in the rich decomposed ore, of which the niintrs were ignorantly throwing away the greater part of the value," when the miners came, on the lltli of June, to a solid ledge four feet in width, which Pen- rod declared to be a quartz vein, but which Comstuck at first denied, and finally admitted, the other two partners still assenting and objcctuig to " locating " as such. Penrod and Comstock, however, prevail* d, giving notice of their claims, which included 1,500 foot on the ledge — 300 for each man in the company, aiicl 300 additional for the discoverer, according to the mininor laws in California." Comstock claimed 100 feet to be segre»j[atcd to himself and Penrod, where- ever he should chose in the company's claim, in con- sideration of their services in securing O'Riley's and McLauglilin's claims to them by including them in the location. This segregated claim became the famous jMexican, from which millions of dollars nv( re taken. By these methods, without ever having (hs- covered anything, and always claiming evcrvtliinL;', by nmch loud talking and a display of stolen knowh edge — for the hints obtained fiom the pa[ier.s df the Grosch brothers, never before well understoixl, now enabled him to discourse with a show of learning — Comstock caused })eople to talk al»out the Comstock lode. Many located claims u[)on it. The ore was sent to California to be assayed, and with the astonishing returns came hordes of new adveii- •' Assays from the top of this iiiiiie (tlio Ophir) yiolilcd .*!1,.'>!).") in goM anJ $t,7'.tl silvor. ,S'. /''. Al/'i, Nov. 10, 1859; .V. Pur. J{,ri,w, i. UO-ol; nhk''-! Jfcrhir, in .Uh). M't<i., ISOO, 'J'-'l-n. ^"Jlitlrirs Unwi-llU- of MiniiKj, 1S4. In Will's Bm^k n/ /Jw/x, MS., it is said that thu puhlio iia'cting ineiitioiu'il in the jirevions chapter was c illiil l>y Comstock anil assouiatcn tlio day after tlioir iliscovery, ami before it was made known, in order to indueo tlio miners to pass laws and rei,'ul.i!iiiiu which would enalile tliem to hohl (piai't/ claim i. Ihis is an error, as it «:is not known to he a quartz claim until about tlie 17th, and the nieetiu;,' wi" held on the 11th. ture \V fSt fame the f ( 'Ity, claim rccor Fcnii of th lead, An apjX'u: C'uii'v hut oi liave OtJ cover« CLAIMS LOCATED. 108 turors, who quickly converted the quiet haunts of western Utah into roaring mining camps. Sucli is taiiii'. rtMirod, Conistock, & Co., this beliig tlie name of tlio hrni in Book A of the mining records of Virginia ( 'itv, called their mine the Ophir, and it was the first cliiini recorded on this lode, but it was not the first ivconled in western Utah. On the 2"Jd of February Ft uniniore located a claim on a large vein lying west of the Comstock, which came to be called the Virginia lead, after the nickname of the claimant. Among the "notices" recorded at Virginia City a]ii>car.s nno of a location made May 12, 1851), by A. Cuiiy. J. E. Clark, H. F. Clark, and C. W. Curry, hut on \vh?.v vein is not stated, though it could not have ) •..el), 'h- Comstt)ck at that date."^" OtJi' !" v.'u , both placer and quartz, had been dis- covered I'l diifcrcnt parts of what is now Nevada, previous to any locations in Carson valley. As early as 184'J an innnigrant named Hardin, while hunting with two other men, discovered silver in the Black Hock range, in the Humboldt country, one anil a half miles fnmi Hardinville." In 1857 quartz mines "'riiprri are many wlio speak of OLl Virginia as tlie di.scoverer of tlio Comstdfk, liut without sliailow of truth. 1 ; .■'.pi)ears prohalile that his claim oil another larj^o load, ahove nu'iitiouud, '^avo rise to tiie heliof. It wa.s at one tiiiiti tiiiiujiiit hy some to he tlio iiiotliiT loile of the range, as the Com- stoik a[ipeari(l to dip tovvaid it. Tlie purt'hasc.'rs of FL'iiiiimore's claim hcgaii a.suit au'aiiist the Ophir vompaiiy .. i- 'rtiiig that they wore on the Icail located iiy I'cimiiiiore. Ihe Ophir '■•iDii-uiv tiiially paid .StiO.OOO to «]iiict title. Wrhjiit's li'-i HoiiaiiZ'i, aU t. i'lii^ \ids juMl'alify the 'monster vein ' of the Oi'(),c!i iirotlicrs. Account ', varyir : accordiui,' to recollection or prejudice, aluniiKJ of the disc()VL<'y (•:' sdvi r 1^77, 7'J; Briiini<''.i Mill 1: mu ■■■•<■' Miaiwi Ji'cv., l>S7t>, 11-12, ^-r. ///.■ S'li. J'liii:, IMiti, app. (, !^ '20; ;i; Wevada. Instance J/ai-jxr'n Miri/., .lune, •2 ■-;«■), t<7-S; Knnj-'-i Cw/>r;irn}nitl, !»4 101. , i{)"}<, 1. 'Jlil (■>. Mth cong. 1st sess. ; Xi r. .\''e.<r Jfiiniioii Shition, ^IS., It; Jiniiiii'jH ('■ir.snu V'nl'i/, MS., ;i-4; COirk-.t J. \ .)-■)■/, MS., I'J; Mii,. M'l;/., ISIiO. i. :i."); Birl«'rs W'^cmShit-n, A''M); Oiiz/ii!/'.i i'ar. Monthly, 3'k-AO; Wcntirn Monthly, 'I'M A\; B'lUe ycwa, March '), 18(54. ■" Lciu'f.i from (in oU Bunk o/' C'tnistork F.nrntionx, in Vir'/hii'i Viti/ Erininij Chronirl,; Aug. .so, 1878; Ooli/ Hill AV- . .V- »•.<. Apr. 10, 1880. this early record shows evidences of altered dates in more tlian this instance. •' lianlin hroughl specimens to Cal.; Imt the Indians being tro\d)lesonie, ndtiiiiii,' cnuld lie done until 1S.")8, when he revisited that region with Alliert K. .luiiiison and others. They failed to lind the spot, and on the foilnwing vriir he reiicated the .seari . with like result. In 18(10 several hundred pros- ln.'(.tui'!j Viuix looking for J., \i)ii iniue, L'ut their search was interrupted by !'f 104 THE COMSTOCK LODE. were discovered in the .Reese river country, eighteen miles from Kingston springs, on the /oad to Salt Lake. A San Francisco company purchased tlie Arniagosa mine, and sending out an expcnsi'. e mill, soon sunk themselves in debt. The mill remained tor some months with a guard of a few mcti, wiion down upon it swooped a band of Piutes, and both guard and mill were destroyed, which ended Reese river minim; for the time. The Potosi silver mines, situated eighteen miles from Las Vegas, in the extreme southern part of western Utah, were discovered by the ^lornious about the time the Reese river mines were found. Believing them to be !• ad, Brigham Young sent a party of miners to wi 'i< them, in anticipation fif the war with the Unitv ^)tates troops, but the product proved too hard foi bullets, and the mints were abandoned.'' About the same time the silver mines of the dis- trict lying at the head of Walker river, in what was lat<.'r Moncj count}', California, but which was then claimed as a part of we.'^tern Utah, were beginning to attract attention, and in 1851) were well known. Rich diggings were also reported in the Truckec val- ley. But the principal interest centred in the so- called Washoe mines, another misnomer, not s» easily accounted for as the first, since there were no mines in the Washoe valley," wlujse name wa.s ap[)lied Indian hostilities. Late in IStJ.l, liowever, Jamison discovcreil rich iirospocu, ami iu 1S(>() Hanlinville was .suttied. <!?. /'. AUt. Man-li iMi'.', ami Sept. (J, 18t5i». Minini^ in tluinlxihlt county Ix-canic protitaMe :>hout IXW. '^^ Afterwanl 8-0,0()() wa.i expendeil on tlu'se nlinc^i liy <'apt. Allen, wlm derived no henetit frojii it, tliougli the wealth of tlic mine was uii<|iiestiotnil. Assays made hy the ' camel ' houmlary line e.\i»edition showed .*.'{.") jxr ton in silver. Tlie want of railroad transportation was the chief drawlwck. ^eo Sulli ii'in's It'"pt on Potnx}. *''Tho name of \\'ashoe mines has lioon derived from Washoe valloy, wliicli ii some 'i.") miles distant [actual dist.iiice I'J miles], anil in no wayc^in- nected with tlie mines.' B. O , in S. /•'. littiiifhi, (K-t. 1 1, l.S.V.». In the A'"'/f (C'al.) Ddiii^rnt is the following, furnished hy Frwter, e.Yprcssniin lK-t«ii'n Nevada City and ("arson valley: 'Collins & Co., immigrants, lin-ated a liduc ahnut the 1st of Octohcr, 4 miles from W.-vslux- lake, whicli assayed .<t>4<> |" r ton in gold. Sutxecpiently a numher of locations were made in the v.ill' v. and niiuiug districts urgaui^d; but thure is uuthing iu thi^i tu accuuut fur :Lc ■% IcsttT f-'iving it IS \\ritt(ii •''i'lii; Sjin pood fcrtuno to the l,ir;.'L' t\ "' lir 'irii'n J-^-V), .Ulnrdil J;'!in S. Jtiitl, Aiiirrisdti, |>. .Ih«|iIi Curlv. ')• .'^iv-iL'e, \V J"!iM Murpliv ^- ■■S^utt, W." EARLY DEVELOPMENT. 105 I BO- S' » 110 lied to the system of mines on the great silver lode, and all tliG roj^jion thereabout, until the name became as wi(l< Iv known as Conistock's. The discovery of dig<j;ings j'ielding several hundred dollars a day caused from the first a fever of excite- iiu'Dt, the existence of a valuable lode beneath being to most ])ersons a matter of doubt and of secondary importance. Locations of quartz were made, because it lould do no liarm, so long as the same results were ohtaiiied on the surface. Miners from California hastened over the mountains to secure claims. Soon tlio whole country was covered with prospectors. By till' time the ore had been further assayed by com- pe^nt mineralogists, and pronounr-ed to be richer in silver liian in gold, all the ground o. the Comstock had been taken up for the gold known to be present. The Ophir company proceeded at once to make a ]irartical test, and in f)rdcr to be able to do so, ad- iiiitted a sixth partner, J. A. Osburn, who with J. D. Winters aufreed to construct two arastras worth $75 each, and furnish the horses or mules to propel them, the proceeds of tlie mine on working to be equally (liviiled between the six owners, anv memlxn' o^ the company to have the preference should one or more desire to sell. In a few months not one of the orig- inal owners of this pioneer bonanza" firm owned any- tliiii'4 on the Com;itock, while more than a hundred otlu'rs had claims there." Among the fir.st, if not quite the first Californians to arrive at tiie new mines were James Walsh and Irswr pivinj; its name to the greater. In sf>inc of tlie earLer Mormon records it i.s writtiii \\'assa\v. ''TIk! Sjiaiii'*!! wonl Imnnizn, sifjiiifyiii^; pros]n'rity, fair weatlior at sea, good fortiiiio ill mining, was introiluceJ liy tlio Muxiuans, auil licre applied to tlic larjio lines. '■' lir 'irii's Mill. Re.tnnrcex, 88-9. Tlie names of locators up to Sept. 1, l*'.")!', act'onlini; to tiie reconl, are asfuUows: Thomas Winters. James Welilier, J.lm S. IJiitkr, <;. F. Rogers, .lolin Hisliop, M. L. I'ow.ll. F. Leary. V.'. P. Ai.irris.m. \\ T. Ileally, H. .lolinson, H. H. (amp. A. ;:. Hiuiiack. \. White, .liKijih ( 'inly. W. Henderson, .laiiu's Finney. Jnhn l5>Try. Jj. ('. Savage, .■\. 0. .^iv-iL'f. \\. Sturtevant, < '. C^ia-e, U. ('rail. I>. .Mifrnather. L. S. Uowors, JdIhi Miirpliy. .lames Lee. .lames I'tu'lianan. \\m- Fielii, .\. I'ower, Kiiliraim U. Jicutt, \V. W. Capen, F. McNeil, ( lei rge (_'. Koscubakcr, Jolm Carter, A. W0'': li M' II if h I m m Mi 1 1 106 THE COMSTOCK LOEE. Joseph Woodwortli of Grass Valley. Walsh liad procured an assay of a piece of the ore from the Opliir early in Jul}^ and immediately started witli Woodwortli to ins[»ect it. The result of the exuui- iiiation was that on the 1 2th of August Walsh othrcd and Comstock accepted $11,000 for his one-sixth in- terest in the Ophir mine, which was exclusive of the 100 feet owned hy Pen rod and Comstock in the niiiist of the claim." The transfer from Comstock convex cd also "one undivided half of 200 feet of mininjiirrouiKl being worked b}' the California company at the pns- ent time under an agreement made with me," besidi s certain claims in Six-mile canon known as the Cald- well claims, one half of the spring before mentioned, and " also mv recorded title to a ranch, on which tlie aforesaid village of Ophir is h)catcd." " In Septoiii- bcr McLaughlin sold his interest in the company's Bell, S. r. Kaudall, U. Guinness, S. Stoyle, (1. A. McBrido. J. McConiull. T. A. Ri'id, L. S. Piokeriiig, II. Baco-i, E. T. >'artin. A. K. Jenkins. S. s I'enry, J. S. Crensliaw, l',..irlo.s ^^ iiitciicatl, David El)augli, Ellen Cowaii. IJenjaniin Calioon, .1. E. Sniiire, Edwin ('. Mi)r.se, M. Benhani, N. IVariiiaii. W. Ross, 1). li. L<iyil, llirain Eokert, V. ('. Van Horn, Alexjuider (!ilin(i>, John Lowe, Joscpli H. (iardiner, A. 1$. t'ole, Kohert John.son, S. M. Hi tiii. William Justice, I. W. Ha.stings, C. W. Heperly, A. D. Allen, Williaii. Pratt, John Havens, A. Tliornton. John Correr, W. B. Boyden, A. Loviwill, E. Scott, Melville Atwood, A. Delano, W. K. Siiencer, y\. H. Walsh, Itiiliaii Tihhals, Joseph Woodwortli, A. E. Head, W. P. Morrison, M. >S. Powtis. W. W. Cai-erton, Jo.seph Wchb, A. Kichar.l. R. Wilkins. W. (iill, 1. I. Cn lin, G. Wilson, Nicholas Mellon, 1). H. Rule, Fred Miller. CI. W. Auil'ii. Edward Connor, T. J. Atchison, H. -Tacohs, 1). F. McNeil. E. Beklirr. Jcl.ii Blacklmrn, (Jeo. .Stead, Tlioina.s Stead, Arthur E. McHugh, John ISi-uliiii. S. P. Lord, John Vitriiot, Stephen Wood. John Black, D. l). Rice, ,1. W. Rice, 1. W. Rice, I. (ireen, L. (Jreen. Eil R. Bucklin, T. 1'. Mallone, Xclsdii Brol)rant, Michael Dah^y, Micliael ( looiia, <:. S. Fisher, (!. H. Ingersull, (;. Kenny, E. Payne, F. Eiiton. John Becke-, M. B. Thompson, I). ,S. BlaiKlin.,', Cook, (J. A. Whitney, J. Spitzer, James Corey, William Vauglin. The lift is not complete, owing to the wear to which the book of record has been subjected, having rendered some names undecipherable. ^^ la October Walsh and Woodwortli tshippe<l l'J,000 pounds of <irc, am! the Central Mining Company IJ.tMWponnds. About 150 persons arrived fnun Downievillo during the last week of the numth. S. F. Attn, Oct. 31, l^."''.'. ^'In the contract it is said that tlie three owner.* of the mine M-crc diily entitled to use the water go long as they continue to own iu the imiie, Wriijht's Bin Boninizn, 73. ^^ Wlietiier this claim of Comstock 's to 100 acres of Land on which Vir- §inia City was erected, with the water supply, waa bona fide is open to oubt. In a communication written for the pul)lic press a short time licforo his death, and when his mind wandered, lie assertctl that he used to raisi' ail his potatoes and vegetaldes on it, hiring Indians to do the work. In the same letter to the public he states that Kiley and McLaughliu were working fu; TRANSFERS OF CLAIMS. 107 mill.' for .^r..500 ; Oslmrn sold for 87,000 ; O'lvilcy, V ii<» was tlio last to sell, received $40,000— all beiiiL; v,-v\\ satistiud with the prices ohtaiiied. California iiiiixis knew nothing about silver-mining, expected tlitir claims to be worke<l out in a few months, and wore pleased to part with them lor a few thousand dollars. In Xovember Penrod sold his share in the 100 feet segregated to (jrabriel jMaldonado, a Mexi- can, for 8:{,000." He had already sold his interest in the cnni[)any mine for $r),r)00 to prevent being, in iniiiiiig plirase, " frozen out," by the threatened erec- tion of a costly mill, and the consecjuent assessments. The claim in which Maldonado had purchased a liaU'-iiiterest was called the ^Texican. John H. Atch- ison also obtained a share eijual to one-eighth "** in liiiii whoii 0]«l)ir was ilisoovorcil, .luil that lie gave the other inoinhers of the cDiiiii.iiiy tlieir claims; also, that he loi-ated the Savaj;e ainl (imilil ami ( urry, aiiil ouiumI the Hale ami Nuivross ainl the (iriiicijial part of (!<ilil Hill, gixiii;^ cl.iiiiis to Sandy Rowers, William Kiiii;ht, ami Joe I'lato. He eiitertaiiitil tin; iilc;;, of liriiigiiig suit toreeoVLT all these properties, of which he iiiiajiiiieil liiiii^clt (lo|iriveil. That he <liil set up a claim to tlie groiiiid oi\ which Vir- p Ilia is located at the time of the discovery of O'Riley and .McLaughlin, i.isiiig liis riglit iipriii the fact of having paid a Mexican soinetliing for the sjiriiig claim, seems to l>o ciirrnlxirated liy other circiini-itances, and dues not sci'iii to have liecn ilisputcil; l.ut all his right to the land was cunveycd to W.iUh. There is no record in existenct! showing C'onistock's claim, and at t'.w lii'-t he could have hail only a sipiatters title. •'■' It is interesting to followtho sulisec|iieut histories of these sports of for- tune. C'oMi-itock engaged in merchandising in Carson City. He liad married t le wife of a Mormon m regiihir orthodox fashion licfore a gentile pre.iclicr in \V,iOioe valley. Rut she ran away froni him, a-i she hail t'nun her first lin-i- hiii'l; and alter many inetl'ectual attempts to hind her to him indissolulily, he all iwc 1 lur to go her way. He .soon failed in his mercantile venture, aiicl li i.iilv eiiilcd hi.s life, as I have said, in Montana l>y suicide. O Kihy received a coiisiilerahlc fortune for his interest, ami erected a stone hotil in \'iru'!iiia City with a portion of it. He then indulged iu stoekgamMing. jiiiil soon was forced to resort to pick and ]iaii for a living, l^ike most illitcr.ire jicrioiis who iiave lost money, he hecame extremely superstitions, aii<l tinally iii-^;iiic, dying in a private asyhiin at Woodhridgi", Cal., ahout 1S74. Mc- Lniiihliu soon sjient the little lie received, and in 1S7."> was eugugeil .-is i k at tiic lirei'ii iiiiiie ill San Reriiardino co. , Cal. I'eiirod also soon 1mi ainc a ]iour man, living at Klko, Xev. Oshnrii went east; and Winters to Cil., where lie was no hetter off than the others. ■^I'enrod says that while the original company still held the 0)>liir, a tiinat was iiunle to change the mining regulations, and reduce the w idtl. of a ciiiiii to IJtK) feet. I'mler this a|>]irelieiision the company eai'h selected a iiriii to whom wasileeded fifty feel otF the north end of Ophir, thus voluntarilv 1 iiiitiiig their ground to L'JOi) feet. This :{(K) fe<a was afterward called the .\tcliisoii. Some of the ground was recoverecl siihseiiuently. 'I lie mining law was changeil in the Virginia district Scptemher 14. IS.T.t, the first article rca'liiig, 'AH tpiart/. claiius hereafter located shall be -00 feet on the lead, Jiikiiliitiid f '.■ I 'l^' ■ \ 108 TlIK (.'OMSTOCK LODE. tliis mine." Buvin<x and sellinuc were of daily occur- rence. Bc'ft)rc' tlio i-iid of the year there were four tliousjind |K'oplo in Carson and the adjacent sniall vilhiLj«s. wheru in June there were liardly so ni;niv Innuh't-ds. A town spraiii^ u}) ahout the ()j>liir mine. whieh, as I have just shown, was first called after tlic mine. It was afterward named Silver City by Coni- .stoek. but by a drunken whim of Fennimore's became. in Octolter. \'ir;j;inia Town, after himself ^^ A moiitli later, nt which time it hail eight stone houses, it was ]»ro|)o.sed to call the place Winnemucca, after the Piute ehii-ftain of that name ; but the idea being un- popular, \'irginia City was finally adopted. The impoitanee of tlie new town was at once p;M-- ceivetl.'^ and it was spoken of with respect as "tlic mo.st important town in the newly discovered dig- gings," evi-n at this time. It was described as situ- ated in a " kind of mountain amphitheatre leaiHiig down the eastern slo})e of the Sierra Nevada iiitn Car.son valley," distant fifteen miles from Carson City, six from Steamboat springs, and 102 frt>m Sac ramento. A hundred miners were at work, and fjuartz was being broken in fifteen arraatras. There was no hotel, and only one restaurant, where half a dozen persons at a time could be supi)lied with jioor meals at seventv-five ci'nts. Travellers found lod'j in«j:s bv sDreadiu'' their blankets on the east flank ot incluilinj: all its ilijis mill angles.' Hut this rcijulation <litl not affect titlus alrea.ly ;io|iiire'l t.> 'Mi fi'i-t. /li>t>ir ■ //awl-Ilini- „/ Mitiiifj, I!H). -' It wan from this ))art of tlu' iiriifiiial ^rouiiil that the first ore was tclkt-n. Vir jiiil'i I'lii'ii in .\fi i: ilazelt'' tiinl /'rirr Ciirniit, Nov. 17. ISCif). ■'- Wriglit. in his liri BuiiiiiiZh -S. "lO. S+, <|Uoti's ("oinstocks airmiDf : 'CM Virtiinia an<l tliv nfjicr hoys got on a ilrunk one niglit there, aiiil Ol 1 Viruin'.i fell ilnw-n ami hrokc his liottle, ami when lie got up he said lie Ini.- tizeil that ground -hence Virginia f'ity.' Feiininiore, who is niiieli |)ar.i'lr.l l>y all the historians of Nevada, witliout any diseoveraMe reason, unl<-~ i fondness for whiskey may he aeeomiti'd a distinguished as well as distiiigui-ii- inL' trait. Mas killeil at Dayton in .Inly lS(i|. heing thrown from his lior-e while intoxi.ated. and suffering a fracture of the skull. *'0. H. riiTson laid otT the town in lots some time in July. Comst.Hk offerin;: him the land on which at that t-iiie John L. Itlackhurn and one otl. r man had spread their teats; hut Ormshy of ''arson City, for whom I'iir 'ii had l>een .•» clerk in IStO at Sicraniento. offered him a comer lot in his iov^w, and thither he went. C'tmon Trihunt, Aug. 1S70, Sun p callr.l \ icinit Me .lis and w; niiniii'. drt-r (hiring in ''.\ca At ( from tl c<|ual in ing up ( ence to to coiice buy at a ^'I tiiKl of til.' <;oiii was really i .lollll MisllO] jpnisueetiiig As tliey w el the town of ( iiew known there are son try It.' The out hy Virgil iiiMiiiiil. cliscd tliey to,;k oul i'eiiit raviiii'. found the Ion >iirrtniiided t liriiiiediately each other, j; afterwaril ,") o Henry Com-;! al)'Hit Spanis .■•taked out an •Ol tlie^e of tlieseconi] 1 Viri.'iiiia tirit. ■itioii ,,f his 1, new iiieori>om I'liiiaii \- Co. I >teven>ion cla main in i.' 20 fee ciirp,, rated in knoWTi as the for .*."in |.,T for Heniiir<on ar year, in jiartn seturned to th O0LI> AND SILVER. 109 I Sun peak, or Pleasant liill, as it was not infroquently callnl. The country boitig treeless in the iinnietliato \ iciiiitv, and the one or two saw-mills at a eonsiilera- 1.1c distance, lumber was worth $50 per 1,000 feet, and \\;is scarce at any price, being more valual)lo for iiiiiiini purposes than for houses. These facts did not dttir people from hurryhig to the new dii^gings, and (lurint!: the severe whiter which followed many lived ill excavations in the earth. At (iold Hill, which was nature's dump of tailings tVo:ii tiie Comstock lode, was less ixcittment, but (■(|ual industry, aiul eight or ten arrastras were grind- ing iii> quartz for the gold it contained, without refer- ence to the silver. In truth, the Californians wished to conceal the actual value of the ores until they could buy at a low }>ricc," A few mule- loads were sent to ^'1 tiiiil in the Viiyiiii'i Citi/ Union of Oct. 14, 18(53, the following aoi'mmt of tlif Imi|(I Hill iiiiiies :ui<I their first oivncrs: ' Late in the fall of KS.IS |it w.is rciilly ill .lanu.iry 1S")!>] four men, iiiinieil James Finney, alias Virginia, .liiliii Hishiip. alias Big Freneh .lohn, Aleek Henderson, and Jack Vount, Merc jirosinTtini; in the vicinity of the iilaee where (iold Hill is now sitnate<l. . . A-i till y Wire jiassing along the ridgo immediately east of the canon in whiih the town of (inld Hill is now loeateil, Virginia jiointed to the large mound. Mow known as (Juld Hill, and remarkeil to his comrades, 'Hoys, 1 hel'eve tlii-re are some good diggings over there. In a few davs Me will go over and tr> It,' 'riifv returned, . . . and in a few days went to the mound jiointed out I'V Virginia, as agreed upon. . . . Virginia in hunting arouinl over the iii.>iiiiil. discovered a iiole which had lieen made hy a gojiher. From this tlu'v tock out a ct>nsiderahle quantity of gold and carried it down to tVown I'oiiit ravine. . . . All there immediately thought that tlu'V had at last found the long looked for Kl l)orado, . . . and the hieak mountain.s which >urroiuidc(l tliein echoed and reechoed their wild shouts of delight. 'I'hey iiiiiiudiitely staked out 4 claims of .")() feet each md divided them among each otlicr. giving Virginia, as the discover, the first choice. A few days afterward .") other men, nametl James Rogers, .loseph I'lato, Sandy Howers, Ihury Ci'UHtock, and William Knight, mIio had heen \m .ilioiit Sp.inish ravine, came down to the newly discovei -takid out aufther claim of .")0 feet, being 10 feet tt> each. 'Oi tlit<e 4 discoverers, not one owns a foot of ground on Cold Hill, an<l f>f thpsc.ond locators, only one and the heirs of another uom own an interest. Viri.'iiiia lir<t gave John Vignot, alias Little French John, D feet in consider- ition of his having attended him during a sjiell of sickness. This <t feet is now iuiorporated in the Logan and Holmes claim, "i^ then sold '1\ feet to liiiL'au ^^ Co. for S.")0 per foot. Of this, 10.\ feet now comiinsc the Coover and Stcv..n>*on claim, and lOi feet the Lindanor and Hirschman claim. The rc- inainiuL' W feet he sold to L. K. and J. W. Riee. Of this, fij f^t't i» now i:.- (dr|inraficl in the Locan and Holmes claim. The remaining ISj^ feet i;-< still known as the Rice claim. ,Tohn Bishop sold his claim to Logan and Holmes for .*."n per foot. Jack Yount sold .TO feet to J. D. Winters, and 20 feet to Hi'iiiJiTson and Butler. Aleck Henderson retained an interest until last ypar, in jiartnership with his brother W. Henderson, when he sold out and retunu'd to tlie states. il ting in and liggings and no THE COMSTOCK LODE. i: California to lio tested, in the autumn of 1859, and the owners suspecting sonietliing unfair in the returns, the following s[)ring put u[>a (luantity of ore in sacks, reserving every alternate sack for assay hy experienci d Mexican miners, and found that the ore tested in California yielded hut ahout half as much as that assayed by the Mexicans.*" A San Francisco iirni'° 'Of the .') later locators, Rogers sold his 10 feet to Mrs Cowan (now Mrs Sandy B.>wers) for S«IO() per foot. Tliis, with tlio 10 feet whieii Sandy How its owned, and still retains, form what is now known as the Bowers elaini. (uin. stock sold to one Frink. This 10 feet is now known as the llaroUl iV t'ci. claim. Knigiit's interest Mas solil, and also passed to Harold & Co. TliesL' '2 interest are now incorporated in the claim of the Empire Mill and Miiiiin,' company, i'lato died, hut his wife inlierited and still owns tiie 10 feet wliiiii he hicatud. Finuey, lalias Virginia, I'lato, and Rogers are now deacl. tli'.- latter liaving committed suicide a. few months since. Bishop still lives alii.ut Virginia . . . Comstock, immortali/.ed hy the famous le»,d in tiiis di>trut wliicli ht^ars his name, is now iu the uurtheru mines. ISaudy Bowers and uife reside in Washoo county.' *'Tlie process of testing consisted in heating the rock to a powder in a mortar, or grinding it line on a largo flat stone with a lesser stone, 'liie pulverized ore was placed in a small canoe-shaped ve. sel, made of a split «\- Fiorn, and carefully washed out, much in the same manner in which aurilirnin gravel was worked iu a jiau. Tlie gold w<mld he found lying in a viUow streak at tlie Ixittom of the horu. This was a, very siniiile process, and any miner could prospect his discovery of goM rock to decide wiiether it wmil.! p:iy to work it in a mill. In testing for silver, acids were used. The (|u.irtz was pulverize I as in the first instance, and the lighter matter wasJu'd out m the iiorn. Tiu? residuum was tlieu washed from the horn into a mattrass (i tlasli of annealed glass with a narrow neck ami hroiul hottem). Xitnc nid was tlieu piiureil in until the matter to I>e tested was covered, wiion the t! i>k was suspeniled over a lamp and evaporated hy hoiling until the fumes es- caping ciiauged from red to white. After cooling, tiie liquid contents of tlie tlask were poured otl' into a vial of clear, thin glass, called a test-tulie. A few drops of a strong solution of conuiion salt were then poured into the vial. If the ore contained silver, the liipiid in the tuhe would take on a milky luie where the salt first came iu contact with it, changing grailu.illy toward the hott(»m. If much silver was present, the niilkj- matter forme 1 little ropes, whicii sank to the hottom of tiio vial. Muriatic acid was sonie- times used iu place of salt, to produce tlie formatioit of chloride of sIImt. To dispel all douhts, tiie pros[)ectcir held the test-tuhe in the strong light of the sun for a siiort time, when the chloridi! wouhl assume a rich purple Inic. To reduce the chloride to a metallic state, it was dried and placed in a small excavation scoopeil out iu a piece of charcoal, and the llame of a cainUe hlown upou it until it was melted, when a hutton of pure silver would lie formed. Chloride ores of silver could not ho tested hy this process, 1)eing already a chloride, hut had to ho smelted in a crucihle. Lead ore treated with nitric acid, as in testing silver, ])roduccd a chloride somewhat resemhling silver, hut more granular in ap[iearance. It did not turn purple in the sunliulit, and it diss.dved in 20 times its hulk in water, whereas the chloride of silver did not dissolve in any amount of water. If cojjper was present, a pien- (it hright iron wire or the blade of a penknife dipped m the solution would show a coating of it. **Douakl Davison & Co. Tcrntonal Entcrprkc (Genoa), Oct. 1, 1859. I. jiurcl t.. l-i ].it ((iiick wliicli ai,.l .] run next t'oiir-s ][<ilnu stcaia iiiarin I Ith it lir^t wl the CdS licing s a(l\anc( practise battt'rv f lur lioi wet jmx tin's met amount working cliai'god per ton. ^'S. F. A tlic time of f iiiill uas luiil atiiaii hoistiii an-astras. '1 li:i!leries, the a:iil liauled o IS days to tl wnrk, niunin el aims until { tl the wet ]ir tniiii Virginia "as ill opurat consisting of •tth mill was 1 tith hy W. .S. mill' eafidii. viemity hrouu MIIXS AND DEDUCTION. Ill iiurcliasod 200 tons of oro, at $'J00 a ton, to be sent t't England for inactical tt'stinjj^. Tlio first arrastra ) It in ojX'iation was at tlie ()j)liir niino. Others (iiiiclvlv followed at the Alexican and other claims, whicli were <)[)erated hy liorse-))ower. NVoodwortli and Hastings erected two arrastras at Dayton, to be run 1)V water-})oWer from the Carson river. The lit \t advance in milling in 1859 was a liorse-power, t'dur-stamp batterv, erected at Davton bv Lo>ian and llnhncis. This was foll(>wcd in August LsdO by two steam (juartz mills, erected by E. 13. Harris and Al- iiiarin B. Paul, both of which started running on the I 1th in close competition, Harris' mill blowing the tir->t wliistle." The introduction of mills, by saving tlif ct»st of freight to California, where the ores were hciiig sent to be crushed, Avas an important step in adxaiiee. At first the process called diy crushing was ]»i;utised, whicli was found unprofitable, one Howland l)atterv of nine stamps crushing only a ton in twenty- f lur hours. In October the Pioneer mill adopted the wet pnK'ess, and was soon followed by the others. By this method ten times the work was done, and a larger amount of gold saved. The cost of crushing and working the ore was about $(5 a ton, while the mills charged $100, falling to $75, and afterward to $50 pel- ton. The retorted bullion was worth from $10 to ^' S. F. Alfii, Aug. 7, 1803. There was Imt a few minutes difTcrcnce in the time of starting up. C W. Coover was assooiuteil witii Harris, 'riii'ir iniU was Iniilt <in tiie east side of the road, nearly ojumsite tlif |iri'sciit l.evi- .itii.in hoisting works, tiie site being one formerly located t)y Overman for arni-itras. Tlie mill consisted of one of llowhind's ',t-stam)i jiortaMe rotary li:iUfnos the engine and hoilers Iteing from <!oss iV Lanil>ert s, Sacramento, and liaulcd over the mountains l)y ox-teams, at 4 and ."> cents a iiouiid, taking IS, lays to tlie passage. On the l.'Uli of .August this mill l«c;.'an on custoni- Wi'i'k, rtnniinn continually on ore from tlie Bowers and(ioiild and furry c! I'.iin \intil Octoher, when it was stopped to make tlie clian!,'c from the dry ti t!u' wet process. Pauls first mill was erected at Pcvil's (!ate, ") inih's frum Virginia City, and if we are to helieve the S. /•'. liiiUiliit of Aujj. l.'>th, was in operation hefore Harris'. He built another, the 'M in the territory, (imsisting of S Howland batteries (72 stamps), below lower (Jold Hill. Tlie 4th mill was by the Opliir company; and the Sth by Staples at(Jold Hill; the tlth by W. S. Hobart at (!old Hill"; the 7th by the Nevada eomiiany. in Six- mile tafnm. Wood being reipiired to run steam-mills, what there was in the vicinity brought a continually increasing price from $4.50 to $15 pe- cord. 112 THE fOMSKKK LODE. I'i Li ^ , $14 an ounce, and oven at this low rato the Comstook niines yidcletl $1,800 and 82,000 per ton in y;old. As soon as it was settled in the publie niiiul tliat tlio mines in Virininia an«l (jiold Hill districts wcro U[)on the same Kail, it l)t'canie of importance to know the extent and dip of the great vein. There was, as might have heen expected, a conflict <>f opinion. Some }»laced their faith upon the Fh»wery district, east of Virginia City al)out five miles. In this district were the Kodgers, ^lorning Star, Mammoth, Desert, Nary lied. Lady Bryan, jMarco Polo, and Cedar companit s. It was asserted with much confideticc that this dis- trict excelled the Virginia district. The mines of the Devil's (iate district, south of Gold Hill, were said to be the next best in the territorv. All the work done which could serve as an indica- tion of the actual value of the mines was beinj; done in two or three mines of the Viijxinia district, namelv. the Ophir, ^lexican, and Californian. The Mexican was being worked after the method pursued in the mines of Mexico. A shaft was sunk, about fourteen by eight feet in size, which came to the vein ten or fifteen feet from the surface. From this point the inclination of the vein was sufficient to allow of rude steps being cut on the lower side of the shaft, up which clambered the ^lexican miners, carrying on their backs, suspended by straps round their foreheads, ox-hide baskets filled with ore. In this primitive way, with little expense, they brought up from tlio bottom of the shaft a richly paying quantity of ore. Forty or fifty feet below the surface drifts were run, and from the drifts other shafts were lowered. Tliis system left standing pillars of ore, which supported the mine, and obviated the necessity for expensive timbering. A tunnel was, however, run in at a dej)th of eighty feet, and when the miners had reached that depth, and a greater depth, the tunnel was utilized for a roadway to bring out the ore in loaded cars, an approach to American methods of mining. Tl iini p'tWi sli.tft ear w |i,ii!y and e I' inid of' fori can j)I; uci'ihl firir/lt i of the 1 he ol)ta i;iij)rris| eiicount( the nios aid of'th 'I < Jirina Dridr, ' three \ d)erinn '>e rem plan was S'jUare set sizf. wliiel ivpiired h t" any circ r'l'essijre. Ijt' injide ei deepest mi I M1I.LS AND MACHIXKBV. Tlic Opliir rcimpany eninloin,! . ^'r.„i f;,ii„«.i,,. «;;. .lip .,f t ;';: ;:'■^•'' 'r.«" i..cii„c:d ;:';;i I'^'i; ^TP^rts «.,„,„„„ ,'^'v;:''. ""i..^- ti,„,„„t '■".■■' ""-■ »■•« Ix-dy to 1,0 „f ^"''''"■nm ,„i,K..,, a„d "' l"it.v.fivo fi,.t ■^Tl, V ,*'"' ""'■^""iplud Lrcar/A -;. t ,,f t,,. s,„,e;i,',eu"L ft tr-'V'" I""'-'" .0 iKKMt jf/iirth aiu stren.rfl. .^'*""- ^"nk-rs oFsmF ""I- ^""f "f ti,o ,„l o i^; ; :; '7y™>'t ti,o «-„ki ,:"i ; ;;:/;;;;;'f-|'iiity to „,akcM:S'" '"^' "'••7'"i"ir::^ tl"' "|".st serious import an ti '"'"•■"«••». IxTa,,,,, ^f 'i-ri",!,' without wi,i4 to Co n";:" ".'y'^"'" -> ••■■ .■,n,a,„ei| sealed bol,, v ,'!f".'''"«"ii's Would I'l.iii H.is s ,,ii,lv .i,.,f f .."'^, " certain dontl, T, ■•'i-'7't.s '.'nui ,'rtt "f"?" *■?'"«' d,or " ■^^ ■■ wloVI, could be ril.vl '■"'" "•■"■ by six feet ,'1 '■ '"'y <-i,cu„i3taneos of l,f ,'' '"' """'« '" conform |""-'»v. These crO, fin'T'-^f "'^'l' "b dow, va" "■ '"•■"'••• enduri,,,, ,^t^y ;V"1' «-a.ste rook oouK ..„ „ ' "'" '"^^fe'inmii"- of its '"It „,,e(i (;„l,i Hill Hll,-,. \T '• ^» t''« i^tli of A, ' .''^'""■^^"'•X- J//«. "'«T. Nev. 8 ^ '^J..1S09, Jan. 3. 4, Jun^ •Ji Ih' 114 THE COMSTCCK LODE. mining history, the Comstock lode received exactly the service needed for its Civuiplete development. Xor was it the fertile Americau brain which achieved the triumph over an obstacle that threatened to be insur- momitable, but the sturdier German intellect." ( )tlii'r su«;gestions of Deidesheimer's were afterward adopted, witli great profit, regarding the kuid of machinery tu be used. Plan of CRinBi.so. "Deidesheimer's device wm p.irtioularly adapted to the extraction of tlio ore bodies of the t'oiiistock, and would have <ihviated tht^ difliculty fin'iiun- tered ill tiie early devclopiiu'iit had it heeii applied. Wripht dcsciilns tin' former method as follows: 'The only supports used in the mines wcri' rmiiil logs cut on the surroun<lin^ hills. These U>gs were from 10 to 3,") foot in length; when of the latter length, they were manufactured, that is. wore made of two logs spliced and held together hy means of iron holts and liiimlv Owing to the stunted character of the pines and cedars found in the noi<.'li'"'r hood, it was almost im])ossihlo to procure a log ii'ore than '20 feet in loiiiTtli After setting up two of these logs, a log 18 feet long was placed upon tlioiii m a cap. These posts and caps were plaoeil as close together as they cniiM I* ma', to stand, hut they wouhl not hold up tne ground when it h( iiui t" alack and swell from expo.sure to ihe air. Besides this difficulty, tin ro wa* DO safe way of working either above or hclow these sets in the vein. T" tak'' out ore, either under or over the timhers, loosened them and causeil n ili^^* TlMHKRlNa. 115 [1 fe'.;^ Tlio (lisrovory of tlio new inctliod was made none td.t sDoii. for at the level next below the one hundred iiiiil . i'4hty-f«»nt, or third t^aliery, the ore body had wi.i. ii<d "Ut to ^.ixty-s!\ feet. Locators not in the lhiii;iii/.;i mines were watching with nmeh anxiety the iliit of the Comstoek, hoimit; to secure claims on til. lodo where it slmuhl make its a[)[)earancc !>eyond tlir limits »»f knewn locations. For a time it seemed fu .li|» toward the wist, and to run beneath Mount J);i\ ii|s(»n. on the eastern slojje of which tin; cro|>i»ini;s iilaiiily aj»|»fare<l. Lo<-ations on the east sidi' of the Xiiuiilia ran«j;e w«^re tlu'U eaiu'erly souglit after; but win ti the tlejith i>f 300 feet had been reached in the ()|.!iir mine, the had was found to have been bent ami (Icrii'cted from its trm; course by the jiressure tV.iiii ;ih<»ve. and that its true dip was toward the ea.-^t, ami away from Mount Davidson. This discovery <>avf a lit'W interest to the Flowerv district. Mills for crushiui^ ore ra|>idly having beiMi intro- (lu(r!l. the question of entering upon silvt'r-miniiig iniiH i-avo. Many acriiloiit* lia]i|>cne<l, aiiil many iiit'ii Inst tlivir lives wliilc this iiHtlKiil iif tiiiilH-riiij; was ii.aitist'<l, Imt lui lives have ev.T liecn l<»t in '.iiiiiH r iiig l>v tlif ■.i|iiari'sft, nr l>eiilesliciiner plan. In tlie mines at Oold Hill " i-i wliirir tlie timliers X") feet in len>;tli were uspd, ami liiert! uaswlieru lip ::ii:ifi'Ht niiMilHT iif aeeiilents liaiUH'neil; lint in tlie Ojiliir n.ine tiinliers Hi f.'.t inn:.' hail Im-j-h useil. ..In IMJI the new stylo of tilTihering was ,i4i']itiil ;\li>iii; the wli.'Ie hnenf the * 'ninstiiok, and has lieen in nse eversineo. Till' Opiiir wa- iiri'lialily tin- tir>t mine In any part of the wm .d where siiili a >y<'iMii lit tiiiilierin;; U-e-ime a neee.ssity, as nu ore Imdy of siieh j^reat '\ idtli li.'.l !•• IT liefnre !>een fnnuil.' /iiij liun'iiiZii, l.'i."). See also Lori/.t Cnnil'irl: .l/.i'ii;/ •'(/'/ .l/'wer*. one iif an interesting ^Tnnii of monograiihs lielonjiin'! to till- rrp.irt iif the V. S. geoj;. snr., of which Clarenee Kinjj was direetor, tlie ex|iiii-is liriiiii |>;ii'l and tlie Looks jmlilislud liy povernini'ut. riiiliii I'lidfsheinier was horn in tJcrni.iiiy in ISIt'J. and eaino toCalifornia vial'ip.. horn in IS.'il, where he remained nntil l^t'it). In Nov. of that yi'iif Ml- W. r. Uaheock. ajjent of the I'. M. S. S. Co. and leading' direetor (if the Ojihir mining coniiany of Nevada, siiit for Mr |)eidesli','inier, wliowas llii'ii iiiiiiinn in F.l Dorado i-ounty, to ask iiim to |iro]iiise a plan for \\orkinj( till- ( 'I'lii^toi'k nnnes. for unless some way of siip))ortin>j the j{»'ound was dis- iiuincj tiny conld not Im- work>-d, on aeeoimt of the width of the v.'ln, (10 flit, iiid the -ioftufss of the earth. In his eartie>tni'ss to assist Mr Halieuk, Mr I'liilfsheinier tmik no tlionuht of hini<elf, or he would have jiatelited Uit. iiivriitiiiii. This he did not do. iii d all the mines si'i/ed upon it as ipiieily a* it liieatne known. It wouhl weeni that some reward sliotdd voluntarily linvf fulinwed. though none ilid. He was piiade superintendent of tho 0]iliir, ami I inii'il his salary as iniuini; en)ziueor the saute as another, and the miue ewuers heeaiuu rich through hi:) invention. 116 THE COMSTOClv LOUR propc' was tlie next consideration. Opliir, Mexiran, aiiJ otlior Virginia ores of sufficient value, after assoit- iiijL;, to l>e S(!iit to England tor rcducti<in had Ixcii sent, and the remainder, as second and third class (nvs. Avcre allowed to accumulate. At (iold Hill thev hud not y(!t Worked through the gold to the silver ere, when ex[)erimenting with the latter began at Wv- ginia. It was a ditflcult [)robleni for the unh-arin d and inex[)*'rii'nced American miner and mill su[»t;iii- ten<lenl. The man (tf science might have found in.iiiv halfiing peculiarities about the silver ores of w<'st> ni Utali; therefore it is not surprising that the nun Iv practical man, without ex[)erience, encountered ni;iiiy discouragements. The sur|)rise is that they so reaillly coiKpiered them.** During the experimental pciiiMJ millions of dollars went to wasti! in the "tailings,"' fir pulverized or(>, which ran away from the mills after j»assing through the pans and other apparatij) used in amalgamating silver by the wet process. Tluy wi iv swejit into the Carsoii riv(^r through the caho!is in which the mills were situated, and dei)osited finally in the sink of the Carson, where they lie embedddl. Only the Mexicans knew the value of these tailings, *"Sa_v.s Wri.ulit, ia his Bniiai'zn, IHO, 'Tlio amalgamating nans in iho in, lis siirpasscil the lalih'on of .Madii'tii'ji witihcs in tin' varii-ty ami villalrnn ii'- < of t.icir oiiiiti'iit.s. . . .'I'lic^v pdiiruil iiili)tliiiir jians all niuinrr of acid <; iliiii.|>. 1 in iMita-h, horax, .sal'.jK trc, alum, aiitl all t-l-c tliat i-onM lie fniunl in tli'' 'iriig clurt.'S, tliin wi'iit ti> t!io h;lh ami starlrij in on tlio \ ('"{etalili- k:n_' loin. Tlicy iH't'lu'l liaik oil' the oclar-tri'iM, li.iilcil it down until tlicv hail r.lvi .i''! a i-lroiiL.^ KM, an i t'.u'n |n>iiii'a it iiiJollu' [i/ms wluio it wnuM lia\c an opiiur- tunity of attai'liing tln^ silviT f-tiiMiornly rmiainin^ in tlio i-ocky jiirt-i m t!ie oro \ ,;i'iiius ill I'liai'i^o of a mill oonciivcil tiif idcaof makinj; a tia it liii-, { a^e-hru-h or artfUii-sia) and i>:ittin^ it into hi.'* j)an.s. Soon tht; W"ii'li r- . f till! hato-'ii'ii.li jn'oi'i'-n, as it \va < callcil, ww.- hrin^ hfra'drd throiiijh tii.l imi. The wuiiei'Jlli'ndt'nt of I'Very niill hail liis secret iiroee^is of working tiic :lvi r ore. . . I'roee.s ]H'.'idler.<, Miili litiU) viah of eheinicaU in tlu'ir vv^t [n" k'N. Went from m.ll to mill to nlmw what tlioy eoiild do. )iroviileil they ri . nil from >.''.(i:»!) ti».'?'.'0,l>(>l) for tiieir .-eeret. ' l/iz/fll'.- Ilmillioik itf Miiihii. |i;i!i- li 'led in isiil, nieiitioii-i wiihont dc.seriliiii;^ tiie Hagley ai>il Veati h (irni-' -i-', a!il says tliat tho Opliir omiiany n-^i'il tlio foriiuT, and the Central C'lii yms til! litter. 'J'lii- Oiiliir eoiiqiaMy tinally liaid SlO.lMX) and a roy.iify t r t':' Veati'h proce .. Tlie ' Hul|iliuret imzzle i^ «li-ieu>sed in the ,S. I''. ll-nfJ, .Miri'h "J-J, ISlill; S. /•'. I'i'iiK. Jiino'j;t. IStiT. Hediietioii niellimU i-oiitiiimil t) Ih! di-'tus-iil and ehaiijied for .icvoral s'cars. 'Iho ehlurini/inu' ] > ".-3 received nnn-h attention almut ISTl. O'uul JliU X' 'vs, .St'^it. li and t.' '. -S, 1871; i'lmm Ajijuiil, June 18, ISU'J. I.M rROCESSES. or attomptcd to wive fl.om « /• •'^t a .s.nall expense. E,? X J'' /^" ^^''^^'^ l'^'*»^'^«s'^ were nv.ueAly founcf ^ ! ^^ ^^^^ i!!-- o^'-nal^ain 'J'" (aJifornia conn.- n tV , ''^'''''* ''' ^^^'ilin ..s.'^ "I-." the ore deposit wJ.k.J . r^^^" ''"" ^' t"'"i<-l in ^,^^J'tJKM>ther,ninc^^fi^'^;'-V';^''^^^^^^ '-"^^ ''^-rnre its depth sh ouil , l' ^^"'"P'"'^ 'nachinerv i:;:"'^'^ ^ was aJs<, luchi^\ ^^f ^^'^'^^'J^ '"f ".ore ex- ^^t...n J,o..e-power ^::^ Se:Jt"^- '^"^'"- •>f ,"■'■'"' ratio process as n .• , "^P^-^'^d by those of ei.rhtv -""'1 1.J,!;; ;, «^ ;;;;"« '^t ti,. to,, a'l: 'H..?k;"':f r"*'''?-- ''-■•'« "h '".••^"- -'t iiii.l di.'vit -n "'«••""■'• "ito a ki.-i I „/ : . • ^''''*'' "'I'll"' I" tlio «,'.'i''' the. .silver em 1 L r> '"" '""''"^' i'' m, I , ' P'' *'''" V'''^^ '•'■'''i' f"""^. 0,a,.,I iu t ' sn^ ^'"'''■^' """ ■^'"'"M -11../' ^ '■'■'''•• "'"'Vtllo '■"' ^ -^"W* m am- *"'"'\-'*' ^'"'' <^'"l of .-{ ,n. li '^''''""^■'' the «at, ,- I a,[ .*! 118 THf: COMSTOCK LODE. i^ horse-power, anJ finally by those of five huncind. The question of water, both in the mines and out, was one that has led to some mi'jfhtv eniiineerliu' ft ats. Silvor-minin;^, as at present carried on, is an acliii'VL-ment of scientific and eni^ineerin^ skill wliidi was not dioanied of in the })eriod antedating the ad- mission of Nevada as a state. What it has to (j<i with the history of the state will appear hereafter." '■^ As a contrast to tlio siiii'ill lK'f5iiiniiij;s (loscrilieil in a jircvions fintc, an aciNiiiiit of tlie C'oiisoliihitfil \'irgiiiia mill is iiisert^'<l in this {ilut'o. Tln" mill w;is ]il:kiiiieil liy .Iaiiie8 <•. Fair tlie Itoiianza manager. It sti^nl -Jdi) fret Iiortli-east of tliu (■oiiipany s mai;i .^liaft anil lioisting-wurk.s. 'j'iii grouml iiii'linoil towanl the east, allowing cf a convenient descent, aii>l ua:^ terraci-'l to accMuriiiMlatc the several (lejiartnients. First came the hiitttrv room with ore hin, heiii;^ ICO l>y 58 I'eet in size. A<ijoiniiig it on the east, and on a terrace a few feet lower, wa-s the amalgamating-room. I'jij liy ".►•J feet. A little lower, on another terrace, was the r<Mim eontaiiiiui; the settlers, Vi'2 1-y '3> feet. North of the anudgamatiiig room was tlir engine room, V'2 l>y •").S feet. The whole of the maehiiiery was dri\i m I'V a com|>oiinil condcnsing-enginc «>f (i<K) horse-{>ower. The main s-hatt f n ;ii tiiis engine was 14 inches in diameter, and weighed 1.">.<MI0 jiouiul'-. A tly-wheel on this shaft, which was also a hand-wheel ami carried a larjii Ixlt liy which the iKitteries were driven, wa-s Isteet in diameter, and vvciglmi 111. toii.-t. On the extreme end of tlu- main driving-shaft was eon|iled a .'-haft 11 inches in diameter, which e\:eniled inti> the amalgamating-rooin and 'Iikvc the pans and .settlers, and all the machinery not connected with the liatt.rit^. The whole weiuht of the eiiiiine was fifty tons, and it stoixl on 4.">0 cnliic _\,irii4 of masonry laid in cement, weighing (WtO tons. Tlnrewere 4 ji-iirs of lnuiir'. each of which was .'>4 in<-|ies in diameter, ami which could Ik- used sc|iarately or in connection with the others. A portion of the waits were of st<iiii . ana '22 feet high. To the ridge-jiole of the roof was ."K) feet: to the 'op of the 4 sinoke-stacks IK) feet. In the engine room were twolarg? steam j>uiii]>- ti'I* useil in feeding lioiler.H <ir in extinguishing tire. The mill consumed -Ju' '•■r<U of Wood jH-r day, which wiu hroiiglit to the mill from a side track of th' Vir- ginia and Tnickee railroad, on trmks holding two eords t.acli. The tni. k vn emptied into a chute which carried the woo«l into the hoder-room. On the the west, or highest side of the mill, higher tlian the roof, was a cm red track, UTH feet in length, leading directly to the main shaft of the li"i-tiiig- Vork.s. Whi'ii the loaded cars were liroiight up on the cages they were 'Irawn in trains of 10 cars along the track to the chutes which led down from the roof of the iiiill to the ore hill IhIow. The track, with the huildiiiu' viii>b inclosed it, resteil on strong trestle-work, 44 feet ahove the ground at the highest point. A car loail of ore was fed to the Iratteries every 5 iiiumte*. It fell first n]Km an iron .screen through whiih the line orepa-^sj'd; that uiiich had to Ih' hrokeii was dunipi d near the cru-iher, which n-M'nililed a Impc lcinon-s(|ueezer, and was iiiv«'iifed hy Blake, and after Iwing iTukm was distriluited hy chutes to the hatteries or near them. There w<re *» "i thi'se, with 10 stamps each — SO stamps weighiiiii NX) puiindseaeh -aii^l rither coiihl he Worked, Htarted, and stopjwd inilepeiiileiitly of the rest. Fi'imtlie ore-hin, maehineH called .self-feeders, invented hy Jaiiie-< TuI1<k'Ii of <'il . aihl ojMTated hy the motion of the stamps, dropjK-<l the ore into the hatttries without the intervention of human iniisele. Mere hegan the jirocess of extracting the silver. Tlie pulp win. h ran from the hatteries was eondiicted to the settlinu-tanks in the ainalgaii. iting- rouia by ttluicutt. Whcu it was settled to the cou.:itsteucy of thick uiurur, it ^ f was ^Ii Jiaii- jMHiiel and itM tliu iin origin,! til wliic llV li'V. wllh il V fill- tl same «i F. A. til add, d I, <■■: ~.,it mIi'II tilt tint tins in- •■!' tin -■t;liii,'ti "lull the •liliek-ilvi Ml|l''|-tllllll ^.i^ >trani .-tiMiiier. of' tills ve- aNo lit ini amoiiiitiiiij IMIIi'll IiMI'i iim. Il left, rcnved tli mill a .sliorl ca^t-inia cj tll'illilli reto 111 the ri'tor ii"ri|iii,ksil really cmst Ile\t |irtiees. J-'ii'ii. a largi f" '111 ti f:ini, •f'O |..iiiii,is I tlie silver w sllttii-ielitly el 'its Weigiijii ""•tal. t.akcn «at.r, when! I'aves. An ; t" i^Tcc, or t !"">,' .1 ^'ramii "I i eiiji,'! II,, -J \^'hfll il.|lir(i. ''■■'* liig a liiitl ;i til 111 sheet, I "l""i it. The ''"■ I'littoMi of -'•^■'■r HMs ,i|| '"'Itnia „f f|„. P'Ti'i'liin, drit ^*'ii'!i it was I n^il hiiftmi rep il HOW IT WAS DONE. 119 I III ran was shovellecl out upon a iilatform extemling along the rows of amalgamiiting- \y.in-. - rows, Iti pans in t-ach, each pan .'>.\ fcut in tlianietcr, antl litililiiig ;>,UUU iiMiiiiil-* lit jiulii. Ill tlie Wottoni of tilt- pans were cant-iron platvs, callcil dies, aixl rcviilvni' upon these other iron plates, called shoes. Tliese pans werG tliu invi'ritinii of Henry IJrevoort of Sonora, C'al., who iinproveil upon the oiJL'iMil ;iMi:ilganiating pan ilesigneil by Israel W. Knox of fS. F. Tlie pulp, t.i winch ^orIll■ water was ailtleil, was again pulverized between these plates l)v iiviilving tlie upper ujion the lower, >teani heing admitted to the mass, whi.h was tiglitly overed, during the grinding. Tiie steam was snlistituted fur thi- ?<W('ating process, which reijuires days, where the steam etl'ected the saiiH' Work in lioars. The nlea was originated hy .<eiim K. W Iworthof S. F. .Alter ".'i hours of heating and grinding, .'MM) pounds of cjuicksilver were aild.il lo the contents of each i)an, there lieing added besides a cerUiin amount ■ if •'.tit and tiulpliate of copper, and sometimes .sinla and otiier chemical.s, wlii'ii the grinding was continued for 2.]. hours longer. It will hu perceived thiit this |)roci'-is did not dilfer from the patio process, except in the superior- itv lit the ineclianical arrangements, wiiich w«'re fci|ual to the l»est in the World. .\t the end of this time the amalgamated jmlp was drawn ort' into tiie M'tthn^-lanks, from which it passed tlirough strainers of heavy canvas hags, «liiii the cartidy matter separated from the metallic, and only the silver ami ijiiirk^ilvcr were collected in tlie hags, where the mass remained until tiie ■■.uiiirlhious ((uicksilver drained otf. When no more pa.sscd tlirough the can- v.i-i strainers, the amalgam vas removed tit another, called the hydraulic sti liner, a heavy cast-iron vessel, shaiied like a mortar-gun. Over the mouth of tills vessel was fa.steneil a troiig iron cover, through which passed a pipe, also of iron. A water pijio was then connected, and water under jiressiire .imoiiiitiiit,' to \'iO pounds to the s(|uaro inch was turned on. Hy this method iMiii'li more i|uitksilver was removed than liy any other, Imt there was still mil' li li'ft. All iron ear, which ran on a track in front of the strainers, now revived the amalgam and carried it to the retort house, removed from the null a short distance. This was a hri<'k huilding 'J4 !)y (ii> feet, containing (j cist-iroii cylinder retorts, with a capacity of 5 U ha of amalgam jier day, tlioiiiili retorting usually only half that amount. The amalgam wlu^n placed ill till- retorts, had .i dull, gray, muddy appearance, showing neither silver nor iiiiirksilver. Hy the gradual application of intense heat the latter, which really roiistituted l of the whole, was finally separated from t!ie silver. The iRXt proeess was that of assaying. The assay otlice of the Consolidated Vir- ^iiii I. a large, tine liuildiiig near the main hoisting- works, had in the melting- ro.iiii li f'.irnaces, with melting-pots made of graphite, having a capacit)' of ;ftM iioiiii.ls of silver each, hut .seldom cont.iing much over IMO jiounds. Ilere the silver wai uiidted, the dro.ss lieiiig skimmed oil' after stirring. When siittiiiriitly cleared of impurities, it was poured into iron moulds, which formed liirs weighing something over l(X> pounds. A small ladleful of the molten iintal. taken from the to]) and l>ott>>ni of the meItiiig-i>ot, was thrown into wat'T, when! it assumed various shajies, soiih- heaiitiful in form, astlowersand I'Mves. All j.ssay was uuulu of th(>se tirsi and last granulations, which had to agree, or the melting lie done over. The assay was performed hy wrap- \m\J a or;ii|ii,i,j ,,f the silver in a thin sheet of pure lead, placing the package 111 iiiijii'l made of Imne ashes, and '■ tlijoctiiig it to the heat of a fiiriiaee. NVIicii li'iuelied, the lead and all o. iierha.se metals were ahsorhetl hy the cupel, lra\ iiiL' a liiitton of tine metal. This hit of Imlliou was then hammered into a tliiii sheet, placed ill a flask of annealeil glass, and strong nitric acid poured lil'iiii it. The flask was placed in hot sand hath — an inch or more of .sand on the liottom of a very hot oven— and the sheet of luiUioii was hoiled until the '•ihrr was all dissolved, and the gold in the form of a jiowder settled to the hottoiii of tlie flask. This precipitation was jilaeed in a <'rucihle of iingla/.ed Iion-i lain, dried, and melted in a furnace, when the particles united, after wlii.Ji it was carefully weighed. The loss of weight susfciined hy the origi- nal liiitloii represented the silver which it had contained. The liars of hul- '.:..i. ining Weighed, aitd their relative pruportiou of guld and silver aacer- s, i i'i :)'ii !;« I W^ '■• ■ ■!' 120 THE COMSTOCK LODE. taincil from the assay of one gramme, their value was marked on tliciii in degrees of tincness. The calculatious were assisted by tattles "f Viilm.s. When silver, for instance, is 900 tine, it is worth ^LlG/^^j per ounce; wlna gold is IKM) tine, it is wortli l?18.G0i. Assay of ore was sinular; 200 grains, finely jKiwdered, were nudted in a crueiMe with proper tlux, and the metal depositetl was suhjected to the process just descrilied, fnini which the viilue per ton was calculated. Many ingenious contrivances for saving (juicksilviT M'cre in operation at this mine, M'hich, although interesting, were not a |iai't of silver production, M'hich is here brietly descrilted, as practised afterlltli'fii ears of progress. The cost of the reduction works at the Consolidiittil 'irginia mine was ^SiiO.OOO. Other mines may have had less expoii>ive works, hut the methods pursued were the same in all. An interesting I'li.ip. ter might he written on the improvements in hoisting, pumping, and othur machinery, full descriptions of which, with diagrams, are contained in ( 'l.tr- enee King's report on Miiiiinj Imfu^try, an elegant quarto, tilled with instruc- tive and entertaining matter couceruiiig the Comstuck mines, from their discovery dowa to 1870b ^• I CHAPTER VI. 1S60-1888. T'hk firsfc rosulf nf +i '"";;» -as wild spe" ula ion^'f '/"f,"^ "'" <^'""^t'"-t "t cxt,a„rdi„arv prices oi,"T;'''^' ^•'"<''' "'^y Lefd 'l'-<'-"vori,s were made at >l i ' "'""«' »" tl.e .rreat Jfp;'an, and tl,e nn'nes in ! td i, / ,."'"' *-''''"■•■ «»d ""'i' «l.ioh partio patd , ti,"!'*V''" ^'""P" f'^>thor ''— . or a s,ua,,, si,n,V;'rute;;r ':ir Mr "O (l2i; 122 FURTHEU DEVELOPMENTS ON THE COMSTOCK. sessiii'jj the small shareholders of a Hiinc until they were forced to part with their interests was a "frecz- iiiiT-out" process. "Kitin<'"a mine was j^ivinor it a fie- titious value in the market. These latter two practices were very frequent, even as early as April 18G0, aiij gettiu;^ rich hy swapping jackets was carried on with zeal on the Viri^inia bourse. The "bulls" of tlie n)inin<.; t<twns, or of San Francisco, who perforiiud the kitini.;. sometimes saw their favorite mine pulled down by the " bears," as became the custom after the formation of a stock board. L)urin<^ the winter of 1859 Ophir was sellinj,' for $1,000 and $1,200 a foot. In April followins^ it was offered on the street for $G00 or $700. The cause of the decline was pros- pective liti'^ation. A company callini^ themselves the Luckv conipanv of the Burning' Moscow ledije, luit afterwanl the Burning Moscow company, located on ground first claimed by the Opiiir.' It was a.sserted by them that the ledge they wore on was entirely distinct from the Ophir, was twenty- three feet wide, and as rich as the Comstock. Tim shares were eai^erly bought up at from $40 to $27."). according to the market. The Madison company first sued them f«»r infringing on their rights; and the Ophir also brought suit to recover possession of the ground in dispute. To establish their case, cross cuts Were ujade by the Ophir com[)any opeiiing into the works of the Jiurning Moscow, and on application to Judge Oordon N. Mott, an order was obtained re- straining that comi)any from further work until the arguments in the application for a permanent injunc- tion ha<l Ih'cu decided upon. The question involved in these suits, and which divitled the mining connnunity, was whether there was one great lode or many smaller ones. Mott was a believer in the onedode theorv, and while he held the offi<-e of judge the Ophir was triumphant, and Burnin*; M«»sc<»w share's were at a minimum. There ' Vinjiida Miiunj District iitcorJji, Buitk E, 101, ram thr t>( T( ai: as and i-ral ( of th iiitt [)( rio((»u hail, h the ex 'ii'4' till .i\al (•( aL;aiiist A iR a ft IT a , •ni end In an tv tt'Tcst (»i J 'I i< a tod I'urchas( •^^^^ feet covt^red tile deed led-e."' than tlic' l'.^» feet !) i^- th.. <''»iiteiide( ni(»th(.'r Id <^|'hir, in.> "Ut possi stalled hv Uj' all the u^tifii'd th •>■[ • I LITKVATION. 123 rainc a reversal wlicn Mott was surcocded in office 1)V .laiiits A. Xortli, V lio believed in divers lodes, and tin i)uriiinj4 Moscow shares went up again, while the Opliir's tlrojiped. T<» clRck the rise of their enemy, thc'Opbir made ar. ;i>s:iult on the Moscow's works October '2'.), 18(53, and skinnishinj^ underground was carried on for sev- trai (lays; until Philip Deidesheimer, supenntendent (if thf latter mine, procured the arrest of the sui)er- iiit. ndciit of the Oi^iir, with eighteen of his men, for ricitiius conduct. The })risoners were released on hail, hut tlieir wrath was not in the least cooled by the rxprricnce, nor by a temporary injunction restrain- ing tlii'Mi from working within the limits fixed by the .ival company, followed by the dismissal of their suit against it. which brouglit their stock down from 3!jr)0 to ^'1,150. A IK \v suit was begun in another district, and soon after a discovery of exceedingly rich ore in the north- .111 end of the Ophir carried the stock up ^500 a foot. In an effort to possess themselves of a controlling in- terest on the Comstock, the rivals had further coni- lilicated their affairs. The ()[)hir, in September, 18G0, jiurcliased of James Fennimore and John H. Berry •J' I') feet of their location on the Virginia ledge dis- covtMcd by Fennimore in 1858, this being named in the dtcd as their "entire remahiing hitercst in the ledge." ' It was, however, over a hundred feet more than they po.ssessed, ft)r they had already sold all but IK") feet 9 inches of their oriojinal ()00 feet. l^y the Moscow company and man}' persons io was contended that the Virginia ledge was the main or niutlier lode, of which the Conjstock was a spur. The Ojjliir, in.stead of following up their plan of buying cut possible rivals in toto, found them.selves fore- .stallt d bv William H. Garrison, who secretlv bouijfht U|i all the other interests in the Virginia letlge, and uutitied them, in October 1 8G2, that he was prepared "Storry Co-iidy Records, Book D, C26. l'J4 FUUTHKK DKVKLOPMKXTS ON' THE t'OMSTOCK. 1'^ to co)itost tlioir title to tlio Coinstock. This tlircat (icfasioiii'd {mother raj>i(l fall in the Ophir stock tVinn $;{,'><>() to 31,800 per foot, and forced the company to coni|>romi.se hy payinu; $00,000 or $100,000 for (Jar- ri.Noii'.s title, whicli was ohtained, toy;ether with nii- otln-r claim, descrihed as located l)v Jacob VVhitht <k on the " V^iri^inia lead of the Vir;j;inia company," in F( hrnary 18()'2.* Another, or middle lead, had al- ready heen [lurchased from McCall and others hy tiie Ophir company, which now had i)ossession of no less than four so-called ledges within a distance of l,40u fi'ct. Four others were alleged to exist within less than half that distance," and one of these was the Moscow, which was being harried by the Madison and adjacent comi)anies in much the sanie manner as that bv whirli the owners of the Middle and Virginia ledges had been worried into compromise purchases. On the liHli of November, 1803, the Burning Moscow rid itself ef its minor enemies by consolidathig with them, an<l uniting the strength of the whole against the Ophir. Its capital stock was increased from less than half a million to three millions. As I have said, the Ophir company began a \\v\s suit in October, so<>n after which thev struck a budv of rich ore in their mine. The consolidation of tlie Moscow com])anies innnediately followed, and a suit for the ejectment of the Ophir was begun. The lr<j;al conflict was continued, the best talent of California and Nevada l>eing employed on this and other minin<,' suits of equal importance for several years, during' which questions of law, of geology, and of veracity were about equally contested. The question of genl- ♦Some naiiifl one amount aiitl .some another; Imtit docs not signify in tliis plane whether it was 8*iO.O,tO or .%100,00<). The irarrison elaim was im nly s|ieeulative from the outset. Claims were inirchasetl that never existeii. >iiii- ply to avoid litigation, whieli. after all. could not he avoided. The wialth of the Ophir was wasted in suits at law as well as in other ways. * Ledge of La (Vosse conijiany, located Pcceniher 9, 1859; Oellcr h'lk'e (Harris, -n company), located June 17, ISOO, ledge of Madison (Jold and Silver Mining conipiuiy, located July 3, I8()'2; aud ledge of the Buruiug Mo:>oiW company. Jiai'atm-y was set \\ came on, <,MV('(!. an .SLlh.'il ill The [)( wra ry of till- niiiiin were com of t!ir Ar<' \W liiiyei- Ix'U'^lit U| ih'aily :{.() ost. 'But assess! nenl when the 1 sal. uiio;i |inr,'(|ii|M- iipl'lif-ation Ml)SfuW C( ' Vii-'jinia Ci Si, r^ / LITIGATION. 1J5 . :^ 'V was (tf all the most iH'ri)loxlMj^, bocauso it could I).' sctth'd by notliiujj; l)ut actual oxj)loiatioii of tlio l(<(|„a's ill disjuitc, whidi proccrdtMl .slowly us tlic dif- t'nut coiiijKinics «lcvclo|n.'<l in a jtartial cicL;n'c their liil clninis ; ami even tlio tcstiuioiiy (»t' s< icntilic! Si'Vl )U (xurits was iit)t |)crinittt'(.l to luive much iiitlut.iicc i one siili! oi' the other. |)\ F(l)ruary lHr>4 it bc<jran to appear that tho liiirirni'4 ^[oscow was intrinsically valueless as c<ii!\- |i,ii((l with its rival, and whilo it still lu-ld on to its |iivtcnsion.s, tho stock wont down to $12 a foot, to iis( a^'aiii, by the kitinijf process, to $^i■2 beforo tho end of Octolu'r. When the "lU'W vein" which had lir<»ii'j;lit it up was as.sayed it receded to $-0 ; but in Xovfinixr skilful niana«jfement <^avo it another toss, wlh II cvcrv sharo in tho companv chan''<'d luuids thivo times durm»jj tl 10 month. This was tho last '■(Lai ' of tlu! ^[oscow com|iany, and was made pre- jiaiatory ti» the trial «»f their suit for ejectment, which Wits set for tho 2 1st of Juno, l.s()5. Wlien tlio ti'ial Ciimo nil. which lasted for two weeks, tho jury disa- i^recd, and a new trial was ordered in July, which iv- .siilt'il in an i'(|ual tlivision of the jury and no verdict. Tlif |ioitple and tho press were about this time weary of liti;i,ation, which retarded tin; pros[Krity of the iiiiiiiiij; industry," while tho companies thi-msolvcs wn-e (■(iin|>clled to stare ruin in the face. The stock iif the Moscow had fallen to live dollars ]X'r foot, witli tew Itiiyei's. At this juncture the Ojthir cautiously l)nU'^lit up tln^ stock of its enemy until it secured nearly M.OOO shares, which <jjavo it a contiollin^i- inter- est. l>ut they found themselves confronted with an as>;essmeiit of J^l.') a foot, which they hesitated to pay, when the board of directors advertisi^l the stock for sale upo;i tho 18th of October. On the afternoon I'receijiii.^ tho day of salo the stockholders made an application to have tho shares on the books of the Moscow company, which had its office iu San Frau- ' Virjinin City TtrrUorial EnkiyrUe, July 14, ISGo. ^ r I I Ml' ^ 1 1 136 FUUTIIKR DFVKLOrMEXTs OX THF, « 'OMsTOCK. cisc'o, tmnsrcrriMl to a siii;^l»! person, hut tho socrot.iry retusf'd to jx-niiit tin; transfer bet'orc tlio nsscssiin nt was [)ai(l. The holders then wished to restiain tin; Company from si'llhi;jj their Ktoek, and appUed to iFnd^t; Sawyiir fur an injunction ; hut no injunction couM lie granted, hecausc;, \ty th j C'ahfornia law, tliiswas ad.ty for tlio election of the judiciary, and no slieritf cniil,! serve tho writ. The sale ronsefjueiitly went on, ami the Moscow com[)any hoU;j;ht in the stock at a low price, there heiii'' few hidders. On the succeediiMf day an injunction was ohtained restraining^ the tiieis- fer of the stock to other purchasers until the coints should determine the It^'^alitv of the assessment sih; under the circumstances. Tho loni; and dislieartoninj^ oont«!st einled a Ww days later hy the Ojihir surrendering the stock of the Moscow, and irivin<' lu'sides .^7,500 in nionev for the possession of that part of the Moscow claim wludi had hi'cn in dispute, and whit-h was of no value e\(i |it to establish a boundary. There had been e:vj)( mini in this contest $1,070,000, and it was oidy one nf many similar ones selected as an example because it was the first important mining suit, an*, involved the first discovered silver mine.' '' Tlie fiillowing taltlu shows the drift of litigation in rcganl to tliu Iciiling iniiie»: Name of Misf.. Ojiliir Yellow .liiuket Savajie iioulil * t'lirry Overman t'hollar I'oto.Hi (.'rown Point Bullion Belclier iSierra Nt^vaila Ualu & NorurosB IsnitN In Willi li Suit sin wliii'Ii (ulllpllllV WHS t'oiiiimiiv \Mi> riiiiiit'iir. I>. it'Uilunt. 2H 9 '.'4 8 •» '/ 2() 7 ]8 5 7 10 7 S 12 3 11 4 9 4 8 5 o 7 U\H <7 Tnt.-ll. 1.) 1.) i.'t i:i :l TJ on til rieiiey discMN cl.'ii.ii they I \ery i th.it t Were ;i clajiiiii of fh.-I SI 111 IS M The t\ th.'it ac tint hi tiff or J t'lr two !-.•:». w teiitijin it \\:iH ea ti'i'iiia. w *'ii"II.ip .mil lliH<ffl.sil'l III O'lij ('i>iitiniu> Ktttlr.j l.y ;| ■Aih.tlic r I'lMii tlif •miiiM ,iri, was lirmiL'lit I I'ors .,f tl,r ^■„ ■iiirn,',-,! s,, „,. "KM lia.i hinii >l'rlll^',,|• |s(i() aii'Liiiploy,.,! Vnlltii.' Illi'U (nr I'H.H' 'iiliijiaiiy >■;'■•. r„;„„. \„ I'l.iii.iiti; .Mar.'j * 11 an.lCnr '""'"a- in liti.r "' NVva.la. tha'l •Ji:. One of tlie most protracttd and exitensive coutuHts was that betwti ii the i INKFFICiE^rCY OF MIXING LAWS. 127 Tilt! trniiltles wliicli hesct quartz niliiiii<^ rompanics <>M tlif CiMnsttxk came fVoin tlu; looseness and in«tH- (1. :i(\- of the niiniiii; laws prcvailinj; when (|uartz wujj (lisn)Vt red. Ti.t! first locutions were t.ikcn as |iia<-cr ( I;ii.iis umlor tlie rc<jrulations of mining districts as tinv had hccn in Calitorni>i in early niinin^L,' times, and srrv iiiudi'<[uately descrihed. When it was known tli.iL tlitj richest claims were on top of a Icd^e they wrVi- a'^ain locatid and recordedas (juartz, the locators (laimin'^^ all the "dips, spurs, angles, and variations" nf then- discovery. It was this goinjjf after dips and spurs which made the war iK'tweeii tht; contestants. The first Nevada legislature passed an act providing that action for the nicovery of niiinng claims should Hot Im iiaintained unless it was shown that the plain- litf or his assigns had hoen i:i possession of the gntund fcir two years hefore the suit was brought,' or since is.V.t. wlien the Comstock claims were taken, the in- triition of the act being to confirm those titles, l^ut it was ea<;' to evade this law by bringing suit in Cali- fonila, wiiere most of the corporations had been or- Cliullir ami I'll isf companies, in wliich the former broufjl it suit to ricovrr ii.wic.^nii'U of a iirfaif claim of 4I)() liy 1,4(H) ffi-t, ini'luiliiijj; tliiConiHtock lri|j.'r, wit . .!!:■. iliji.i, iingluK, Niiur-i, etc. ]'roccrtlin>,'s v,vrr hv)i\ni in li>«il uikI cciMtiiiucii til iSCfc"). After .^l.miO, 00)) liail Ihth fXiirniliMl the MiituMerc Mtttli'i liy a comiiromise unitiiij; the 'J eonipanies in the I'hollar-I'otoftl. AiimIIk r fiiiiiin-i suit was that ln'ought \>y thu (iroseh ('on.x liilateil a^^ainst tlirtlnuM :\\\-l Curry anil Opliir, ni tho iL'lh (list, court of Cal. Thi.s i-uit WIS lirnut'iit liy jiiTsons in Kl I lorailo county, in lS(i.'{, «ho hail Iieen nuni- I HIS (if tlif fiiMH>anies fornifil hv the (iro.sch lirothers, whose unha|>{i\ fate >'Iiiiii;imI sii materially the iirosjicctivo fortunes of these coiiijianie.s. 'I'lu-se iiicM liaij lurniMlieil means to thu (irosche.s (luring their e.\]iliirations. In the .-liriiiL,' "I' i Nil) they fnnneil the Washoe fJoM ami Silver Mining c'iini]iany aini iiii]i|i>yi'il an agent to go to the states to contract with the father ot the yiiiuiL' null fur his claim as heir, and the claims of the Western Utah Knter- lirisi- riiTii|iany, which they secureil, after which they hegan suit as ahove, > ' •. /'//(..». Aiiir. 17, 1863. The actions were ilismisseil at the cost (>( the ihuiitiit, M.irili 0, |8(!5. S. F. ItnWlhi, March !», ISCm. This suit cost the ' M.ul 1 -iiiil < 'urry company •*i*_».<KU..'M). Mining jiroperty valueil at .S'ltt.OOO,- (NH»w,i« ill litii^ation in 1S(>3. It was estimatcilhy S. \\. Marlette. stir gen. <'i' Ni'vaila, that then; was expemleil in lawsuits ilurmg |Sr»() .">, .*!I.(H),(HH),INH), mI'.i li was one fifth of the proiluct of the Comstock loile. /irniriii'y Mm J'l", fM lMi7, '.\i. William M Stewart, who reci'ived annually as -nuch as S*J<K>,- (Htd Kl Ills as the |irinci])al attorney of several Comstock » omi>anics, esti- iiitfil tl ntire cost of litigation up to January ISCT.. at SI ((.(XH), 000. Liti- gation ijiil not cease with the settlement of these great suits. ' A' '' Lines, IBCL '•^- Tliin law waa amended iu liJiiU hy changing 2 to 5 years, ■i;''j 128 FUUTllKll l)EVELOl'MK\TS OX THE L'OMSTOCK. i|t ganizod, and where most of the iniiiiiig cases \v<to ilerithMl i\r oomproiiiised. Another aet ill 18(5:2 required traiuftrs of nuiiiii^ propertv tt) be conducted with all tlu' formalities of a transfer of city lots,* and made it impossilile to truiii|» up a story <>f a sale which had been madi; for an old blind horse, and vet involviuij millions in ijold jiikI silver. Had these laws existed before tlu; discovtiy of the Cemstock lode the history of silver minini^ in Nevada would have been ditferent, i»ut as it was, tin; lej;islature had no ])ower to interfere with the title to mineral lands,'" and no niinini; laws atfcctinijj tlu^; titles was passed by coui^ress lH'f)re l^VtG. In .Inly «)f that vear coiiijress confirmed the titlos alreadv ac- (piired under district laws, and pi-rmitted the owners to take out i>att'nts ;" but it still left the dis|>ositi()ii of the mineral lands as they were bef«>re, subject to the rules and re;j;ulations of minin<; districts, it beiiiL; assumed that the miners knew b«'st what was t'lr their own <jjood, and that if thev wcw atjji-eed in it- sj;ard to followitiij; dips and spurs, an<l sustainini; l:uv- suiU, tliere was no occasion to interfile. A subse(jueiit act made some amen<linents to the first, and enahhd tlu' !e<j;isliiture to n <j;ulate the recoriliiiLj of cliiiiii»'. too;ether with other minor matters, but left the oicit cause of legal warfare where it had been from (he first. '^ The first period of (juartz mining wasdistinguislnd by every s])ecies of e\travagaiu-e. It began while yet California ntriiiied in a great nieasun; the nek- less habits of its first decade. Most of the openuois were Californians. Kvervthing C(tst a great <leal in t.hat state, and to its first cost tliert,' was adderl tin' i'X[)enso of transporting it over the Sierra Nevada at a heavy e.\.pensc. The richness of the mines eiicour- *y>;'. L.K/w. I81V_', \2 \X i^sV. (/•,(,f'.< Sp<<rJi (in fniir/i i,t A'-ivAr. IS^',.', 10. " r. .V. S(.,/.. iv •2-2\, S. /•'. Mil, April 14, 1805. »■■ t'. i'. atnt., x\ii. yi. Spent sliared tide h. of the while below costly cctiiipaii (li.sigrci hoiiaiiz.] .shares, until doilars t On th San Fra <.f the h. was form .shares un of tlk! .sa trouhle ai iiiinii'g s] thv share Scilietinies stock wen ^b»rning j reports of Hill, and ( made, the '"•iird. aiu Itrokers foi trowds we hnard.c; ai within a li Itrokcr hou ft'*3 hv the iMil ill J.iiiiiiiry 1S75. Hisr. . i ^ STOCK aOAHD. 129 rt^'f (I prodii^ality. Wliilc money was being so freely hi), lit wa^es were hi«;li, and the working miner sliand ill the general prosperity. But in 1864 the tiilc lK'i,'an to turn. The rich deposits near the top of the Com.stock mines were evidently exliausteti, while the cost of mining increased with the depth iicluw the surface. Millions had been ex|)ended in (ostlv works and costlier litigation, and the «)Uler (•(tinitaiiies were being brought faco to face with the (lisiiirrcable fact that they had seen the end of their hoiiaiizji. While endeavoring to dispose of their xliaifs. tlie public became alanned, and stocks dropped until •• tVrt " fell fnmi thousands to hundreds, from dollars to cents. Oil the 1 St of September, 18G2, was organized the San Fraiicisc«> St<K*k and Exchange B(»ird,'* the first of the l>oards of this kind on the Pacific coast. It was fornuil by thirty-seven brokers, who sold mii>iii<f shan s on commission, and issued printed ccrtifica'. s of the .same, which wer* transferable without the trouhle and expense of a deed. Through this board iiiiiiii'g shares were bought and sold over and over, the shares of a mine equivaUiit to its whole stock s(»iii('tin!rs chanixinij hands twice a week. When .stock went up there was a lively time in the board. Morning and afternoim sessions were lield, and the ri|i(irts of sjiles telegraphed to Virginia City, Gold Hill, and other mining centres, as fast as they were madf, the prices ruling being marked on a bulletin- hnard, and placed in the windows (»f the Nevada hrokcrs for all to see. In times of excitement dense crowils werealwavs to be seen around these bulletin- hoard.--; and in San Francisco it was ditti<'ult to get within a hWk of tlic exchange. But whetlier the broker bought or sold ft>r his customers he made a fto hv the transaction ; and couKl he have refrained "'"/. Anumtl yfinimj Rn., 6-18. The California Stock Boanl wa» orjfan- tMJiii January l»7l!. The Pacific Stuck-ex change wan orgauizud iu April J 1S75, Hist. Nbv., 9 180 FURTHKIl DEVELOPMENTS ON THE rOMSTOCK. fnim speculatiriij for hiiiisolf, or ram'iii^ the stork of otluTs " OH a marjjfin," ini»^ht liave rt'aix'd a Jdarvtst from tlio misfortunes of his cHents. The stcjck ex- chanjjje in 1804 was a scene of njelancholy interest tn the simple observer, and t)f painful anxiety to tla owner of minin>; shares. Tile workin*; mim'rs were not infrequently owikts of some stork ; therefore, when it fell rapidly in the market ihey had lost as much of their wnii;es as the shanks represented. And when in addititjii to this the mine-owners or superintendents set about re- trenchment by cuttiiii^ down their pay, tliey becaim stubbornly rebellious. Deep minin*; is severe and dans'erous work ; and foar dollars a dav had not Ix rn considered too nuieh for the labor, Kven before tlioy were asked to take less tlun' had deci<hMl not to do it. by orjjjanizing, in ^^ay ISfiH, a Miners' Protect ivo As.sociation, consistini^ of between three and fdui humlred members, A sturdy and peculiar class, delvinj^ in the (hirk and sweltering" bowels of the earth, as nakt^d nearly "Tlic temiM-raturea of tlio roinntork iiiiiius, as testc"«l frnir. SeptemlM r IS7S to Aii^iiMt ISKI, at till! Foriiian ('oinliiiiatiini Hliaft of tin; Ovcriiiaii, ('alr>l<>ni3. lirlolicT, <"rowii I'oiiit, and Sfgri'gated UcKIkt foiiijiaiiii'.s, wore as fi.llnw* Depth. ToinpcrtttUttv nopth. Ti'mpcriifMM'. feet. />(■;/ rrrs 1 hWt. Deijrtii. I()0 r.«4 1,200 8!ti 200 f>5 i,:m)o »1.', m) 62 l.4(N) JNii 400 tiO 1,.J00 101 rm »w I,)i00 1(« m) Tli 1.700 UHh 700 7«J I.WK) 10.-. s S(N> 7()i l.'KN) KM) •MM) 7« 2. (MM) HI 1,(HK) 81. J 2,1 {to lift', l,l(NI 84 In soiiK^ niinP!<, ami nonio )iartN of iiiint"4, owinji to ilefi'otivr vctitilatinD. anil soiiii'tiincH to iiiiai^(-«'rtaincil faii-fs, tli>' lieaf wan a-'tiially iii"iiii|"'rtal>l'. takiMi in conjniiction witli t\w liacl air in tli.- ininc-t t-vi-n tin- livst \ i ntihttnl. and iiH'n not infri'i|ii(>ntly foil di-ad in oonsfijuoiici-. In tlif '!<)(>■ ftit livd''! the Kt'l her in \Hiti\ the mvu i-ould wnrk Imt a few niinntct at a titti>. ani •wu%t lillud thuir lounu «huv<i 'uuUl it rati uvur thu top8,' whik lu tb« ns w INT?, ' DEPTHS. 'r;i"!t.™:r',« f-"' ^'-ir mot. ISl iziiii tliat a terriblo fUto >er's womb, real- "'"'ie-Mt overtake tliem, vet witl " ^^™'^» doponding u,.on tl ■''isl;t at^a,,y „,.,„„,^'j: .'I I II IV ' vvivt'8 and chil.l em fit !*r ir ••"•"i".sta,H.os soomod to warra V ' ""'''"'"*' ^^'^ ';""'""'"* P*-'^^ f'T tJ.oir labor t' if "'t^'>J'«''iM.<r •■"'Of the Undo S;L C" ^ "'"'^''^'''^^^^ •^■">.|.,Vor /,im.- Oti,',,,.^" ^'^' """^''»'s made an ^-i.a,..r labor. sc/'u^^S?" ''^^!V' ^'! <-«t abou^ •b'lv the Minors' J wbicb -;v|.arado({tJ,ostroof« J<^?'r'^!t,onl '." tbo last dav of Hill •streets of \ 'ej^'an to act. li):is < 'n tlio band at tjjeir J ;_!"• Iiit.Tnational botel! tbt ^'"•'''"•'^•''i'vsstbein, wlii,.); J ^""|»<tli,.tic speed,. All '''"'!•. .Haltin,!r in fv. "1 iMtervals (,f ■ontof .> <aled ujM.n Frank Til- le did '"""i.-r. and tl 'e crowd d was tlonc in in a Houery and "'•^t dav a, id «I,'mar!d of tl y^Tst'd to nu-t '^" ordei'Iv t<'ii'l.'iits unif( ii'»t Ik'imi>' "?•"• wajrcs at .'^4 a d ^' several min a.irain tl le <'0||( |>n'|)ared t ''^>"<"» without an iy. Ti '".tr «uperin- iniJI- men nil I mill,, flie „.ator m exception, and tj whii'li tli. |IIH III USD K":Srf,!;r'- ./w-"*!. .1, )e r was W ■'•!! Ml tillK "lino .if it "■■n 'liie to tl IS Nllfft <l. ';;""""•'•:'• ••..«ist...n..i i puiii,,,.,! ,1,3., „,„.,, J, ■I"'"'' l.7()()f,.,.t. I.utf, m ""'"« to Hoiiie.xt, lit '• I"--^cMi..o ..f the l,„t '' ^i Week late " ' ' it niiitiiiiie,! !iinl I4(» 'll' tllllllLT.lt "I'll.ol th,. I A ( •'■St l|( illivll tl.;ii tIl.T. l«-»i<u,M („r v,u,l '" t'l !()(»' Hi •" -i "Irift in th... I '"'0 Mas I, water s Iiriiigs, «<'reil. Tl '"?,' tlio mill It'll air-iiirri'ut "'J'<'nal «li,-,ft at m -"','■' '•■■ l'r::l::iu^i^^:;^:^y. '"-traa..., fr.;;:;,:L":::r ■"!'!" '••■' i->- •''•'■» "•" ■■»"<i it wa ;" ^»<Tu ...s|al,|i,|„„i. / iviirk tli. iiit.i t 'yi'iiiMiiiiiiin^ t 'y •■■'■•. 47-.» t Mv.i "111 I'lH f aiifl "11 tlio r..cki a t iniifti ||,.,,t Icliiiii l>: .1. .'. ' ... ..,„,,„ aiiriirac to o,,,| *), ' "'"^" '" .'H l.vu-.it '''■ iiK-liiie. I'jek ■» *''>ii!(| . inly Ik. | '•"III waf.r at a t allot 'I'liiiK Mas 1111, i::t"s:r.^-!:'-''''i-.-i:i;in .■iii,||..,| with '•"111.. ratlin. .,f |; '" l'<:s. .iff, r I <■ '""inoioiisii an I W I ( nitliin I'SS. Til "•uas Hr.nv M 111. '' Kl'iv.s, aii.l ,.h,t| I III I ^ '"Vcrcl iii " Mfrvatta.k..,! ". .1 iiiin Mill ' Mas let lis M-.'t i a I'-irn, I r;;^",:;;":"!*'™ I"-.; ,111,1 I,.... . ."I'.'M'il Ilk.,' an nf..... ?,"■","•'' tr„„Me,| '«" infant, ff to l-.'.S f, ""t r.'cov.r I 7' '".""• <"'"M aii.l ' < ramps ainj *'iirr\ "! ■■"'III.' tin,.', faint...'! till' fit lIlHIIll' '■iiliir , Hit. ii'i'Mses ■It an "'"'■'■"It- s p / \K''''',' 'Ml, ... '^- '''■'■'ll'/, ,1 "'" ""iKTs as earlv as Vi io Mas Kra.liiall I's r. II..,. t y r..st..r(.,i, \\ "•II Hheii iif.r ["■'y IM'ri.i.i "!f r . n.riii/ii/iir. .Inn •»« iv-i «"-n:TCter;-«''-"U?n..i;:h.:, ""• M). i8(j<»; an.j t • • 1.1111 hoLMtlllK ,.hI,I 1 H.lS ll t III- ll.s..,| ;,,s li" I'll,. ,,f li.'ist,.,! (■• tl ll. a (• '••iiisliman M. he .aste ,rf /"'""' "•"'•'". With a l-i ,. f . ''V *"'«"•"■ '"'""-I .r-^t. . Iirt from <'orn«-,-,ll • 1 .''.'•''" ^•:»''ti'ii.'.l to hi... ■!. ■"f'li'i, an.i tinallv '.! •niwall ' |{ •--.ris,^;^aj-;,-^Ert:::;i ■•■■V 1 i.ts(enei to iJiM ' ll tliilei'j) .*'".''l an.l •"'•. ^>ay ai, ISO.} ,"• I'l'ils Ml which I'' I? :m I3'i FUKTHKU DKVEI.OPMEXTS OX THK ( OMST(K'K. or<janizc«l the Minors' League of St<»rov c<»untv. hy tlio laws of whifli each member was ri"quire<l to pli (I^,. himself not to work in Storey eountv for less than .si a day in coin. Upon information that any nieinlHr had hrok"n his pledge, the president of the leav'ew.s ri'quire('. to eall a special me«'ting to remonstrate witi the ottendiiii^ nu'mher ; should the remonstnuice li, disregarded, then tlie president must "call out tli. entire fon-c of the league.*' This threat did not det»'r minors who were iki niemlH'rs of the league from covertly ai'cepting jnwt i wages, and jxraduallv crowding out the four-»lo!l;tr men, wh«> finally withdrew hoiu some of their it ;i>t tenahle positions, and the league was finally di.ssolvt.l. But the mine (jwners had never been able to estali- lish a uniform price lower than $4, while the inim r^ formed "uni«>ns" to maintain that rate, in wliich ettbrt they were ni^ver defeated.' i« During the first four vcars of working, the Onliir lM)nanz2i vielded fifteen millir>ns in <;old and silver, i.-s than a million and half being |Kiid out in divi«li nil>. During the siime time other mines on the Idle to th ■ south htul Ix-en tiiking out their millions," and (x "Thirre Were .1 miners' union-, one at Virginia <'ity, one at (ii M II. il ami one at .Silver (.'it v, the olijtet of wliicli wa.'t the keepiug up of wjgo« t> tlie Ht4in<laril of four ilollars ]H-r ilay of H hourx. '■ <M>ulil ami I'urry, organizeil in liU'tH, ouiic<l!>*JI feet, alntuthalf of wlii 'i waH liriMlnetive. The rieh ore in this mine lay within l*M) feet in lenctli. .'ii') feet in heij^ht, ami a wiiltli of alwiut l<NI feet. Total amount of aniH-s-iiit'ii:. to Nov. IST.'i. t<1.tUa,0lN>: total amount <if .livi.leii<N, ^<.N-.Hi,.S(N>, .Ivi.i, t among IOK,(NNI xharei*. Savage, the next mine mmth of (ioiilii an<i *'urr^ with ll-.>,(l'M» Mhare.t in 8(Nt feet, a.H-se.tMMl «ivMMi,«MM), an<l {Kiul out iti >\n (lends ^,44M>,(NH), in the Haiiie time. Hale ami NorenMit, with a elaiiii i>'\<r iiig4<)l)feet, ilivii!e<l into lti,<NIU Mhare.H, Itegan o|ier;iti4imi in IMil nr iNi.' It wa.s ill wii alMiiit 'J.'JINI feet in IHT.'t. The art.testments levie<l amoiint'-'i ' ' (il.TTO.IMK), am! the iliviilemU to .^I..V.»S.(NM». < hollar- I'otoitl, i-overiai' l.4«> feet on the Coiiuttoek, Wiw iliviileil into 'JH.4NM> Mhan-s. Iti a'*!*eHi<miiit- yr> vioo.H to INTti were ^I.IKTJ.OINI. ami \tx iliviilemU .«:t.(IM».O0O. ViIIom .1 k.k<v with !>.'>7 fi-et iliviileil into'J4.<MN) Hhares. iisi^-^Meil the hoi.leri l?*_',:C>S.(»>i. ,>m iiaiil ill (liviilenilM, ^i.lSI.OOrt. in the name |NTiiMl. <'ro«'n INiint, liaMiiu •">»'' feet on the CoinstiH-k. wnmliviileil into HW.Jinn nhard. It asue-ifM'il *I17'<,'C" anil {mill #ll,.'>HM,linil in iliviileniU. Th in mine hail aa nnuAiial lM>nati/.v in IH70 it wan apfMirently exhannteil, when the l.-irgent ore IwHly ever fouii.l. tip to that time ou the ConiKtix-k liMle w.i' iliwoven-il. In '2 yearn it v:ilil'»l |U,iH4,783.57, aud cuutiunvU tu yield largely fur Mtwnl yeara. Ik-Klar, is- 11' i:;i AXXUAL ITJODUC Tlo.v. 133 i; til. Inst tuc. vo v(.ars J,a^ I. V ^'""stook duii.Mr ■"''-'"t ''v.-r ol.atinod in o.; .,;;''''* V''^»'' ^'""'>'- tho »"';M. '^ ^^a« tJjo Wonder of tlio vii'>."u"wn ,: frj',.:tr';i'"r,r^j-"'? ^"""' "^ f- -■ '^'m.-v. White „,„, \ urn ;, ';"',""• ^"-'"^'1 N" '— " ">«-i- over t&/,i«!-. «^.;;;-; '"•»• fr..,„ I, ,i,:„ "X; '" ""■ •">"...„ ..i IS. .Vi™"f"; ";'r""»i! ".^ ''ilfui.or,. <',„K„|,,|., ' •)"'l«'s Am,,na. .v,.| i-,.,, .■,""•'••' 'I"Mii, ( ..,1,,. ''"*""«•. 110 f- '""•"•"'»'' ■ Tlu.Ui'.T"' • »-M» f,.,.t a.l 184 FUltTIlEU UKVELOPMKNTS OX THE COMSTOCIC. I ': I i days of the Opliir oxcitomciit, the unmuts held tlui ground at prices hi«;her than wouhl-he pureliasi rs offered, and the eoniitanien undertook the dovt Inp. nient, which proceeded slowly, and witlumt any t n- couraj^injjf discoveries. A shaft had hccn sunk «>ii the Central to a depth «>f over (»()() feet, and several tun- nels driven in, intersectinjjj the shaft at dc^ptlis nf from 800 to 000 feet, two of which were costly and extensive, hut which failed of their purpose^, noiliin.; beinijf found except some small hunches of ri<-h oir in the California. So persisttsnt was this harienncss of the lode over so ^^vcut a space that the fact at l»ii.jtli attracted the attention of those who were versed in the «^eolo<j;ical filatures of the district. In June 18(57 four of the six com|)anies — Central No. 2, Kinney, White ami Murphy, and Sides — n»ni- hined under the incorporated title of the VMr^inia Consolidated Mininijf company, hut without attem|it- in<j; any sisjjnal exploitjition for two years Ioniser, in IHf)'.) they expended .^ir>l,:{41>.4l wiUiout «liseov<iiii.,' an ore di^posit of any valu(% their power toa^ses!^ was exhauste<l, and th(» whole mine worth, at the |)iiiv their stock was brinLjin;^ in the hoard, hut $ls.s.)(i. The most dis<,'oura;..;ini? feature t»f their enterprise, in the minils of the owners of the Virginia Consolidatnl, was that the ()[>hir bonanza had faih'd at about th. depth of tlu»ir latest explorations and tlwuthe (Jeiild and (^urry ha<l also «riven out 1,000 feet below tin surface- coincith'niM'S which seemed to fix the (Irjiili to which they mi^ht j^o for rich on^ bodies. At tliis juncture the minini' firm of James (J. Fair, Jolm \V Mack *y. James C. Flooil. and William S. O'lliim made an offer of $80,000 for the pro|>erty of the ("'m sitlidated V^iririnia, which was transferred to tlitin !* I l>oiiiiil:iri<>'« was aurocl u|>iiii. .Tosojdi Wf1>I» was iillownl .'M) fcil nii rlir north piirt iif Hishoi) .t ( 'amp's Krouiui; Wiiit*-. Ilamiitack, it Kirliy IiuMmi lyiiiii to tilt) Houtli, .laims * Murpliv 110 Wt U'twi-cii tlic Wliitu ami \Vi!!i yroiiiiil, aii<l iloliii l>. Wl itt-rs ainl Sides fi Co., pit soiiK'tliint; over .'(iH) l.it on tliu Hotitli. Tliis si'ttleiiK'iit \N as iii'vur ilisturltvil, aiul won tliu liaai.i >'i tlic title puruliaaud by the bouauza tirm. THK llOXANZA FIUM. 1S> if, lu itrd. til.' >iuM rpth tins I, w |>ri<'ii 'on- IClll, .Mill' |\V. ' •> HI 1.1 '. ninl soon aft»r also a controlling intorest in the Crtli- l",,riii;i njinc." Till- ininin*; ox|HTience «»f Fair and jSIackay, with tlnir kii<»\vliilj;i; of tho KadiniLj ffaturcs of the Cnni- .stiik, JustiHici th«j ventun; which they ha<l un»l«'r- tiikt II aa njuth as any unknown unilortakin;^ is ever "Tin; history of .l.iliii W. MacUay is tli.it of ii fiivorito of furttiiio. Ili'wa^ liorii 111 IhiMiii, Iri'liiiiil, Nov. 12'.*, ]S',i\, iiiid tliiTU rci-oivtiil lii.s tiihioatioii h -.iti'il t.i tlie I'mtoil St:itc.s Willi ii.s])ir^Uioa.s after •■» wiiii r liiM i.f ,ti..ii tli.iM wat air.irilril '"iiii in lii.s an>'t'stral islainl. Kur il year or two Im Uiks > iii|>l"Vi'<' I'y a iiiiiiiiit'rfi.'il lioii.Hc, liiit lu.'ariu>{ imu'li of tliu laiul of ]iroiii- iM' <.M till- .^lioru of tliu r.'iritic, liaili- farcwrll to Mtiaily-^oin;; Boston, ami jnii.i.l tlir.'iniiy of uol<l Kvi-kiTs, lainlin^ at San Franoi.sco, ami ;,'oiii^ to work ill til'- iiiiiKs near l»owiiio\ ilU;, in Sierra roiinty, Cal. Am a iilat-cr-iniiirr lie tii:i'l<' siiia ll aiivaiK't' towariU tlio eovi-tcil fortuiu-, Imt liciiij; y ■iiii^, uiiil iia<'- iiii^ Miiiii'i'l.'tiiiis to iM.iiily Ix'.aiity, liu riii|il4iyi-il a|i.'irtof his time p.iyin^ court t.i a <l iiii:littToi Ihmirl K. Iliinnfrtonl, to whom lie was aitcrwanl niarricil, III » ll has Ik'i'oiiio known to all tin; M'orhl a.i a woman of ran I! .SiH'l.ll i|iia ill .1 lir;ii'Vii|ciu;e of cliaraffiT. Wlion tho ( 'omstock locK? w.as iliscnvrrol M.'ti'k.'V, .iltiiit; Mith tliu rest of the iiiiniii^ worhl, hasteneil to Wa.shnc, where III' wiii'ki'il .'it lirst as a eoinmoii ;iiiiier, liiit saving lii.s money ami Matehin^ li;.> rli.iiui: for all investment, lie |iiireha.seil nii iiiteri'Ht in the Keiitiiek I' iiMi' al (ioM llill, an<l |)aliently worked a lew years more, iliiriii;; which lu^ aii|iiir<-il a va'.a.ililc kiiowlcil;;*! of the jireat loile. In I.SlHMie j-im il .1,'iiiies (i. Ka:r ill a contract to ilevelo|> tlit; Male .t NorcroM.s mine, which froiu p.iy- 11',' ilivi'lcinU h.iil fallen oir to reijiiiring heavy assi-ssmeiits. Mack.iy ami I'.iir lirlieviil the iniiu nl«l he mailt; to jiay lar>{ely ajiaiii, anil fornuil with \'\ 1 ami O'llricii of Sim Francisco the coiii|>aiiy which tinallv strciiriil con- trol of a l«oii.in/a. From this jierioil Maokay has eiijoyiif uii|i.'ir:illi'leil liii.iiir'al |>ro-|icrity. His family has resiileil in I'Uii ., where Americans of ili-.tiii>'tiiin have Ih-cii royally entertaineil liy them, ami his ilaii^^liter has Ih'oii iiiiinii'l to a |iriiii'e of the Italian In ■f ( 'olonna. Many an; tl 11- ili>erv- iiiL' iiir-ions ami charitihle enterprises which have reeeivcil niil from the iii- ti'llii^eiit ap[ilicatioii of the wealili aci^iiireil hy this inemlier of the !ionaii/4 linn. Iiiiii-'f;. Fair w;is a native of rionjjher, t'ounty 'ryroiie, Iri'laml, Imni |lii'. ."!, IMll. Me came to the I'mteil .States with his parents iit the ai,'i,' of iilin;' for l> vears in III. uiil joining the Argonauts m filif.i ill Isttl. His tir.st mining was tlone on Feather river, hut having a tenileiicy tiiwai.i iiiLirt/, he was leil tM stuily this liranch of mining. Ins inlelli^^cnce in Ills ii'i^.ir.l I'liiiplcil with this extensive- kiioMleil^e of mechanic <, pi icci! him III till' |>n'.itioii (if sii|H'rinten<U'nt ami maiiapM- of extensive mines in ( 'alitor - Ilia, .uiil till. lily of the Opiiir aiiil Hale A' Norcross. While at tiie l.ittermine lir |.fii|.iiM ,1 to Mackay, Flooil .V <)'llrien to form a partnership fur tin tn I 111 iiiiiiiii){|(ro|)ertv. The Hale k Niircro.ss ^.-ivc the lirm its lirst st.irtf till' roail to wiMlth. Fair was a man of a striking; pcrsmiil appcira .1 hiii^lit, .i.tive miml. ami prohaMy orij'iiiateil some of the most Niiccessful iihivis uf the l>oiian/;i linn. His further history helon^fs to politics. .l.iiiH-s C. Flooil anil Willi.ini .s. O'llrieii wi-n- eii^.-iucil in reiailini{ liijiiont iM'fnl in- Ill a saloon jiatroiii/eil l>y mine -iperalors, ami li.ivm^; >;;um'i| soim i'liiiiiition, m;ti|e capital in stin-k o)K'ratioiis. To the^e men Mackay ami I'lir. with a full kiiowli ilife of their eapaliilities, applieil for an! in t.ikin^ till itr.let for the ilevelopnn it of Hale* Norcross. O'llrien was another IrNliiii.iii. ami FIoimI w;is a native of New York. Neither of these men pi iiv other talent than m oni'V .1. M. Walker was u iiiunil>er uf the lii'iii ui tliu Li^guiuiiig, but auuu sold uut tu Mackay. fn Mi ,1 I 1^ IM FTJRTHER tEVELOrMENTS ON THE COMSTOCK. justifiable. A drift from the 1,200-foot level of the Gould and Curry was continued throut^h Best and Belcher into Consolidated Virj^inia in 1872. At the same time the shaft already bejjfun was deepened, and a drift run from a depth of 500 feet, east and west, improvements made in the hoisting-works, and tin* sliaft deepened. 13uring all these o[)erations the search for an ore deposit different from the low-jj^radc ore found in drifting, and more continuous than tli;- hunclu'S wimetimes encountc^red, was being proseeutid bv tiie untinng manager Fair, who was f<dlowin<r up in the lower drift a thin seam of ore, from dav to dav. of which he never lost sight, although it sometiiius narrowed to a mere film. There had been exp( ndcd thus far $'200,000, and the miners began to think it was borrasca in the Consolidated Virginia for tlie in w proprietors as well as the old. In March 1873 aflfteen-foot stratum ol ore, milling 834 to the ton, was reached in the drift, about eiglity feet north of the south line of the Best and Beldur. TIk- size and richness of the ore increased throughuut the year, the deposit spreading out like a wedge with its a\yQ\ at the top, until it showed a width of betwct n 300 and 400 feet. The shaft was carried down to cstfublish its extent in a vertical direction. A numhor of mills were employed on the ore, and the montldv shipments of bullion from the Consolidated Virginia reached in a short tinie a quarter of a million of dol- lars. The .shares of the company went up from .Sl'» to $400 before the close of the year; the capital stock havhig been increased from $7,080,000 dividrd hito -23,000 shares, to $10,800,000 represented l.y 108,000 shares. In December the California company was organ- ized by consent of the managcnjent of the C<»ns(ih- dated Virginia, which conveyed to them the ground, and took a controlling interest in their stock. The new arrangement gave the latter company 710 liinar feet, coveriug the Sides and White and Murphy gn Ccn citnl gill J an* nil! gini.'l STOCK VAlUBa gmunj. nliilj Ihe CaIiforr.i« „ '" tVutna California, CeS'lT'^r^.'^ived the f o,„„i„.,.s,„.,, OUO feet between the pV",'^-'' <■'""''«. K"".. .in,! the Ophir-bet" en *r T'"'"'«' ^'i'-- »'»;""t "f capital sfKk a.^ value r,, "r"'-""-""^ Si.M.i. *-°' *'"-• Consolidated Vir Vc'tivithstandin^. that a rich nr-> ( i !fro«m,. neher, had been fo™ e"? .'^^' ''"'"tantly "■"" " <'l>«. "f I,lfi7 fe t i? °"!"'"' ''""-.nvard '■•";;'.'r-. to I. .TOO feet, vet wS'"-' '."'"' "-^t on- --tK- buddings, and st<;ok„,r^',T'''"»,«l«>.se8, »o e I.,.,,,,.. i„ ^^^^ mark" ,? X?, ;','"• "'" ^'""■<'» «^>. They increased to siiOio?''^' '«^^ ("'t '"Nt.r. when still richer m- .7 V""''^'''' ""d m nn.l '■■'""•^-Uevel. to $580 L""f„''"'^»,'''""'<l on e ' 'n-m.' the California aio , ,WU '1';''!''".^ ^^i"-«»"« |l"scn„n,iou.s advance thou! 1 ",' ""' """-liet. ";' " ''.""«'" W'-alth to juLtif ij , "T''^' fl'«-"l«tive, t'O ')( inniin. sh.ce H,, ' ! K"^*-'"'"' ""'n the hi, ■ ".r,at,„„. „.hich led stock |' ''"^'"'« '" "'<•• iuN ; ■ "US ,ni.ht yet bo wort i, n^lr^'" ^'"0 tlX ""■>• ''"I "'■! I re„ch 87 r •> ^!' "^""""n- IS75 »"■;■« c ,„.sid„r,.d as ossJn i|,H'''''^"'"'"»l'a'vs;which ''•'",' the market value f't,'''' ?""■' »■•''" '" «rH( 1^^-™ nunes f,Ir five '::"'•■"'"' ^''^^'"''^ »m.I C, ""-'J ^ 1- .lividenJi'-d.!::: ';'^;s;'' )■•>•'"-' "".- .,. , „,.,„. 't"l880, paym(,r S540,- --Mi 138 Fl'IlTllKR DEVELOl'MENT.S ON THE COMSTOCK. 000 in that yrar. California paid the last ilividtud ill the yrar lH?i)." It is |>laiii that rich as was the j^roat honaii/a it liad n-arlictl a ruinous jxiiiit of iiiflatiuu in is7;"). fur evt'ii if the actual valu*; of tlu' sliari'S lia<l Ixen ctjual to tilt' price put upon thcni in tli' stock-inarkrt tht \ did not n'pr» sent availahic capital to that amount. Tl'c l)onan/.a niinos had carried uu the other minis (ni th ' ComsttK'k, anil few in the whirl of exeitenu m cared to inijuire wluither or not th-ir sttK-k was of am intrinsic worth. To-day they l)(»Ui<ht for a ri.se \n sell t(»-niorr)w, and evorylxMly turned sto<-k speculatur. l^ut this could not last hmiLi;. Hur.or hejjjan to wln>- ])er that the honanza mines were n<)t what some said they wi-ns th'! fever of hope was succeedeil hy tin riijjors of fear, aiul panitMMisued. People were as anx- ious to s«'il as th(!y had heen impatii-nt to huy. Tli< decline was rapid. Consolidate*! Virij;inia fell .3-'"" a share within a week, (^ilifornia fell ott* ir.ori' than two-thirds of its lato market i)rice. Other stinks h i: li SI I li|:i "Tho following tallica show tlio amount of ore and Imllion taki^ii from tlu' ( 'nit^toliilated Virginia auil California mines during tlitiir UiLaii^ lioriod: 0ONSOUI>ATKI> VII<(JINIA. Vi'ur. Ani'ut Kxtrai'tud ToIIH. llulUon I'njiliii't I.s7:{ i* M'> .'iS-' 1 7 1.S74 (»i,ir>8 !(><.). :{()7 I4'.'.(i7l> 144.400 i-j'.'.s.'n 4,'.KS|.4,S4 (i."i is7r. 111 717 ."in I Tii 1N7G lti,(>."i7.(W'.i 47 IS77 i:{.7:m 01 ;• 07 187S 7.!»<.m;,7."«:i 11 Total . (■>o.7.'W.ssj o;{ CAIIKOKNIA. Ycur. Vnrnt Kxtraitfil Tons. Hulliuu I'ro 1 k;. 1875 .M'.'4 ll.'8,801 i.'l7.4:{'2 i:<4,8.S8 ij! 4.'i:< INK) Hi 1876 13.4(K>,N4! 40 1877 l\0-J4..vMi -2: 1878 10,'.»4".l.07> '.••" Total . . f4:i,7'J7,8:fi iiti SPE<'L'LATI()\ AND IHSASTKR. 139 fi ]] from ;')() to 250 |>t'r <vnt; and while n few pcr- 8oii> liad jU'oHtt'cl l)y till' excitt'iMciit, many liad boon ruiii' tl. t'V»'U soiiu" of tliosf wliose judginont in nuiiing ii.ittii's should havi' hiM-n trustworthy.'' ■ \Vho is to l>hiiiu' r* tht' victims cried. The l»o- ii;iii/,;i-(i\vii('rs were accused oi' spcculatiui; in tlieir ..uii shares, of causini? ih-ehncs in i>rder to buy in, and cicatin;^ a "boom" in whicli to sell. Vox ]>o|»uli is ii-it always vox Dei. The voic<' of the j)eoj»lt' is siiiiittiims the voice of the devil. The bonanza tirm hicamc immensely wealthy, and were rcLfarded with iiiiii<' or less envy and suspicion by their less fortu- iiat'' t'l'Ilows. ]^ut the fact remains that they paid out .s7.'M 70,000 in tlividends to shareholders, an<l tnat their works at the nanes were of the most ex- |iitisive kind, while the force employed was large and \vi II paid. The haste with which the jrreat bonanza was ex- tracted was not due altogether to the desiie for sud- i| II riches. The Comsto< i.. lode was not one regular \tiii of hard (juartz, with walls nearly e(jui-distant throughout its whole extent, but was swollen with (»re-hodies of great richness at irregular intervals, and stiuiig with smaller branches more uniforndy, yet liaviii.; some barren rock in places. Wherever the (in occurred there W(Tc ma.ssos of a pen-olating clay and crundding fehlspar, which, by swelling, H.nving, shifting, and breaking down, con.stantly endangered the mine. It was to sup|»ort the roof and walls of drifts, and prevent accidents and losses, that the 1)' ideslieimer method of timbering was resorttd to; l)iit timbers of any form decay rapiilly in the htat and moisture of the mines. The largiT the body of '•n'. the greater the difficulty and expense of keeping it in place. The s«)oner, therefore, that the ore was riinovetl, the greater the security from danger by caving, or from fire, wliich might attack so large a '-'- t'hiliii Dekluahetiiiier, anda tiiuusaiul otliura na iutuUiguiit, wuro liruught to liaukruptcy. ' uo FUKTHER UEVKLOrMr\TS OX THE COMSTOCK. .f ! body of timber witli disastrous t'rtort." For tlifse reasons, bad tliore Ik-'oii no <»tlur. it was di't-nicd the most I't'onomical mode of working a boimnzji to ( x- baust it ((uickly. Tlio a«^'ii;re<j;ati' \ irld <»f all tbo mines on tlio Corn- stock down to tbf 1st <»f January. IMS I. was.^;{()(;.U()().. 000 worth (tf bulbon t-xtrat-ted from 7,000,000 tons nf oro. Tlu'n* had «^oin' into tlir tnincs, besides tlie uii |)r()du«'tivt? hiijor, and small means «>t* jJivispeetors and pioneers in mininjj;, and the timU'r" (»f the e«»untrv. ^()"J,000,000 in assoHsmeiits. There had l>e«'n paid baek to shareliolders .f; 1 I Ci.ooo.ooo, and the small. incorporated companies bad derived j)roHtsamon>itiii,' to ab(.ut .'J-J.OOO.OOO more=8l I H.000,000. The dili; r- euco betwoou tbu outcome and tbe otsts to tbo shair. •'Comparatively few .ipcidpnfai happcnod on tho Conwtock, l>nt those worr HerioiH. Oh the Ttli nf A|>nl isiHlii im- limkr mit m tlif Vcllnw .lack-'t, lu wliicli 4.') iii.'ii lost tlitir hv.-^. .V. /'. Hull.thi, April S. !(, 10, i;{, I.SlHI; \ F. Oiill, April S, <», ami May 1. ."i, |.S«H»: ',„„„„ ,1;,;,,//. April H. lA, |M(i!». lln. lire i'iiiiiiiiiiiiii.-ati'i| to Crown I'tiint ainl Ki'iitack, the mckn in the MM) fnnt lovi'U lifiii^; fiiiiiiij to In: fjrcatly luaU'il .'{ vi-ar* afti-rwanl. In Sept. I^TH a scciind tiro anil wru's of i-xpln-mnt t<>.'k plaic, liy wliii'li (> nii'ii lost llmr livcM, aiiil ntluTs Were injiiri'l. On the •_'lti. <«f M.iy IS74 the liuiMtin^wi'ik'' of the Siu'ciir wiTt! ik'stroyi-)) liy liri-. an>l '2 inon killutl. On tht-.'tOtli nl Ort. tiie Bi'li'hcr air shaft oaii^ht lire, an<l vvaslmrnci! fur a ilistancc nf l.tMNi i. .i. It was not i-onipioU-il, Ixit hail lost U-i \vi<< ii ^:M.(KiO ami 8(().)><H). It !•< m; iiOLVMsary for nifn to ilt>s<'<-n<l into the mine to cUmu the lirifts leadini; ti'"iii tile liiirnin;; shaft, IS vohinteereil to u;o. While en>;a>{e(| in liloekin^ up tli.- month of a ilrift a eave oi-cnrruil, anil a otron): ilrafl of air suckeil liaik iiiti> the .irift, hearing tiames upon the liakeil men, Mcorehin^' nine of tiiriii t.> death, and Imrnint; others. Volnnteers tiM>k tiieir places nntd the umk nt conipletini{ the linlkheads wasaeeoniplished. In May IS7'), when anew>li:itt was hiiin^ eonstrneltd, tlie workmen enconntered ^reat masses of r<"'ki Htill almost at a whiti; heat, or hot enou>;h t<> set on hre the new tiiiil'iri. Fires liroke ont in the ahandoned levels of the Con'olldaled Virginia '>ji<1 California, wliieh eonid only In- extni^iiiithed hy Imlkhuadin^ all eornruu- itiealin^ drifts, and allowing; the limlxT.s to smoulder, until from li< k "i oxyj{en the tire was smothered. Wri ihl* Hi<i linwiiii/i. I7(» ''."i'l; Viiijiiii' 'ilij Tfi-ritiriil KiU<rprii<\ .May 4, ."i. (i, ISSt; ll,l,w> Mmifiii'i /'w/, .\pril .'Ml. Ivi'.l; (M/ Hi'.l S,iiu, Mov. I. ISTi; /./., Miv l-.'and Au«. 17, |S74; 1,1.. Ma li II. 187t>; n<ili-h'M MiiiiMiiiKlMimro, 7«.K» M>|; //,/-/ lldl X.w, Oet. '-ti, 1.S7,-,. '* It is ostiiiiateil that the annual consumption of tirewood on the Cmi- stock was, at the least, PJO,0(¥) eonls. Browne, Afhihi'i /jr.-, od. IS(i7. iniku the amount *J07,3'JO eonls, which is pnilKtMy tiH> hi^'li. Thr IimuIh r hm-iI in huililinx and miuiiik; timU>ri was estimated at 'J!.t,00(>,(NN) feet (l>o.ir<l moasurc) yearly, ineludin^ that used for domestic purposes. The eo^i <'f this wood in its several sha|>es was ii^ured l>y Ifrowne at ASOO.OIH) anniiillv. Soe also, //.!«'/ ojl. /f.),t. |SiS7, 31.".: .s'.f<-. r„i.,„, ,Fuly '.'4. 1805. Svx' ,iUo Sunoniii, in Rcmtc Dtiu AlQiulct, Hov. lUlo, 'Mo~^l'2. r <'«>STOF.MKT.\L Jifil.l.Ts was AnCt 000 OOft o.> • f'^- "tlu.r ass,T,)o.(,o,')^'!, ,' ;;"';'-tmcM.t/ Hut "": n"''^.-. T,.., MM.;.).: it s t u. "'"' '" ^'•"••"•^« ^-"'■"'. ..ostly n.ar),iM,..v ;, "' ' '">' «""" '"to litj. ^\""""t Valu..-iMto M.id'of ,. iT'' '"r''V**'« »'".nst -'"-: u-n,iM.ss iM a r/. ;;":;;''' ''-^ti,.^..,,,,,, '^••'v.*! to tJic .H..op]o for i. ^ ,'' ''■""''' ''"vc. pro. ,,.„„,j^^ . I Pic tor u ^.reutor iei.gtJi of tiuio theL ^'"<<|iial in intcrt'st wifl, ♦.. i :"' .vl.nsivc. ,,i„,,. „f .,,,,''" "■"' ••"•"Pi'ti f ''•"■■ h.'« I.,.,.,, r..f,.r'rc.c '^ " v ■"''>• »' "» '••irly ;:"'^-'l tl„. »us,«,,«i • / .''V ""'"■«• l'"-l f.v.,u,-Mtrv '','""•,' "Ut oivs fr,„„ t „ 1 '."•"■""ivc ii.,an.s „f .""'-• '"'t • hap r, 7;^ ^'"-"""••••-1 i. ,: ,;1'^, """!•■ • ^^''-''-u'^t: ■jj, ■J 1. Ik 142 FUKTULU UEVKLOl'MENTS OX THE ^OMSTOCr Tlic autlior of the sclicmo was Adolpli Sutro, who had a quartz-iuill on the Cai**m river, but was in-t known as a mining engineer. The Nevaila Kgisla tare, by an aet parsed February 4, 18()5, ineorjutrattd the Sutro Tuiniel coni[>any, witli tiie exelusive privi lego, tor fifty years, to excavate and eonstruct an adit intersecting the Conistock lode at a depth of I. (Km fret, H iiu'hes below the niouth of the Savage shaft. fciutKeii'ntly wide for a double line «>f railway, and ex ten<ling fro.n a point between Weblier and Corral c inoMs, a ilistanee of ovit three miles. Besides etlt ct- i ig the drainage of all tlie nunes to that level, it i.ould cross-cut several veins in its course, and atiiml 1 u'ans of transporting the ores to Carson river, wiuir water-power a!id wooil were more cheaply procured tlian at tlie n)ine8. The four intervening cannns would atl'ord I'acilities for sinking shafts to the l<v< 1 of the tunnel, and from these thi' work cctuhl l>f • x- tended in both directions as well as from Carson val- \v\ . Ijiis was the plan. The incorporators of tin tunnel company were Adolph Sutro, William M. Stewart. 1). E. Averv, Louis Janiu, and H. K. Mitchell. Stewart being president. In tin- spring of IS(;() Sutro secured contracts from tv.'enty-thne of the principal mining courpanics rcpn- senting most of ti»e capital on the Comstock,'' bindiiis: them to pay to the tunnel company two dollais a ton for ore extracted above the tunnel !• vel aft r the e\t«iision of the tunnel and its lateral diifts ti> points within their boun«uiries. The privih^c was granted to the mmiisg companies of trans] mrt- ing ore, tools, tunbi-rs. waste nnk, and workimii di'|>tli lii'Iiiw tliuin. Tn ]S(i:) the OoM Hill and Virttiiiia Tuiiiu'l aiul Miiiini; C(i!n|iaiiy ^of;;lu ti> pirrcf tin- CiiiiiKttH k IimIc at a tlrpth <>f MM) fi't>t, v.tli.i tiinml tiA iiy 7 f«'«'t, .\\\\ if li;i<l Iwc-n t;xt«^nilv<l KIC fiTt in May IhtU, win nth. paiiii' <"i>iiHt'<|iu'iit (III tilt I'xImuMtiiiii of th«> Opliir lioii.iii/a jiaralyfl, '"f ■' tiiin\ the ininiiiK indiHtry Hvfnrc tin- rifurii of oi.nfidvv.ci' Siitrn'n i iitrr- jirisi- had Ihth .'«'t nii font, and tiiidril ton-vivt- the niiiiiii|j iiitrrc.st. Miriinj R,l>t<ir fi,,,! Sfiu-H' f.'il'tr,; I87.S. 1(17. IIS; .S'. /'. V/.--/' A,'.iv/,.r;/./. , Manli 'A'. 1877: v. /•'. Al/o. Manh I'J, i.StM; //'//<•/( "-< Mnim <i„l Minns, *MH .'.:«. ■' III Ilk (</' ( 'itli/ornia ayiuimt Hulro Tuutel, ArffimivHt «M</ JSUUtmnit "J Facte, 17. THE SUTUO TUNNEL 143 tliriiiiili tlio tunnel on tlio payniont of stipulatotl tolls. T < iii>ui«' tJK' conipK'titin of tlicir work within a rca- s iiiililr tiint'. the tunnel company ensj^ajxed to si-euro sii!isrii|!ti<tii.s to liie amount of $;{, 000,000 before the 1st of Auizust ISG7. Till' «|ii»">ti«»n was then mooted whether the let^isla- turc «'f Neviula had the power to cvdo to tiie tunnel (•.iiii|)ai<v jtri\ ih'^es so valuable as thosi; contained in till ir iliartc**, and all'ectinjLj the title to i^rouiul belong- iii:^'. as mineral land, to the United States; and the <Miii|taMV n«xt unthrtook to obtain eonfinnation of tlicir fraMihise by act of conjjjress, in which t]u;y were ^iio'ssful.'" A iX«'oht;4ical and an en<^iin'Oiin;j: surv» y liaii Imcii madi'.* Xothin<^ n^mained but to secure tlic r<'<|uisite .^:>. 000. 000, and Si?tro made his first .If.) It in this direction in the city of New York. Tin lectitain capitalists at^rced to make up the .^U.OOO,- (iiHi after li«> should have t>btain((d subscriptions to the aiiinuiit of a ft w hundred thousands on the J*acific roast. .H.'torc the vnd of May 18(17, $()()(). 01)0 had licrii substrib'.d by nunc-owncrs, and an extension of a \(ar's time «»l>taine«l in which to securi' tlw remain- <l(i'. Tin- X'fvada li'Ljislature of ISdZ also consmted to iiit'Miorializt' c<tni;r»ss to jjjrant (inancial aid to the roust ruction «»f the tuimel, whose coniplction. it was I ......1.1 : 4.\ *:....'.... »• MM... as.su ft '( I. wou hi increase the nation's rtveiiiu Th li ^islaturt' of the statt' never di<l am tliin;^ else but (MifouraLTi' th(^ eiittrprisf. Sutrt> him ise Wol ke<l un- tiiiii';;lv. sccurin;4 a favorable reptirt f^'i^iii ilit? lowt-r liousi' of (•t»i>''r»ss in recommondati»>n of liivim' mate- rial aitl ti» the tunnel.*' At tln' m<»men\ when perft'ct nchi(n^t'mont seomod rcaily to be i.jras|K' I, the miiu^-owneison tlu- (Nunstock ■• II Kr. Dof. 47. |»t •-'. I>»S7 «, 4fa(i con^. X\ »om.; X. t'. Mh<, July n», |Ht)(i; V /•'. IhiW .'. .Inly I.H. StUV " Hnlithojin'sCoi^'t'^^l: l.'oi : lU'port to tlio Siitro Tiimn'l ('iiiii|iany on till' '.'i. ill ijjy anil Dtriu-tiire of .In' Imlc. /'mr. //',< I.^ukI c/ Siln r, I'-l'. K. ti. l'ail\lr maclc aii a«vMir.it<- mir i-v "f tlio work to l>«( ilitiu-. Jnitr. S.- \stu In ^11 A'rjrf, :*\. 40.1 co'ij{. V.M ncHH.; S. t\ Call, July 4, 1808; A'tto uluii, .Nov. 17, ISti'J. :!;l?rf^ ^lil'f ^; r ■ 144 FURTHER DEVELOPMEXTS ON THE (O.MSTOcK. withdrew tlicir sulwcriptions, an act wliich reiulcml it iiniMiHMible for Hutro to call u|M>n uaHtcrii capitalists for the pruinisod aid, and the failure of the cntcrpiisf seemed iinniinciit, and would havi; Uien hroui,'lii ahout had the projector |M>s8es}.s('d less pluck and eiK'rj^y. He appealed to the people to take wlians; he wrote K'ttera and hooks, addressed niefctin«;rt, Ki,ms- lalures, and cont^ressional coniniitteos. On the I'.ttli of October 1801) ground was broken for the Sutro tunnel," at a point on the Carson river north «>f Day- ton, and Sutro continued his indefati^ablt; labors at Washington and elsi^whero. As a result of his pi r- sisttjncy, congress passed an act on the 4th of April, 1871, authorizing the i)residcnt of the United Statts to appoint a commission, c(»nsisting of one civil and two military engineers," to rei)ort upon the "import- ance, feasii»ility, cost, and time ri'tjuhvd to constnift ' the Sutro tunnel. A favorable report was rendt red concerning tlu; first two points,*' so far as its valur as an exploring work was c»»nsidered, but its cost, esti- mated at ^4,4 18, 321).50, was pronounced dispr(»|M>rtiiiii. ablv y:reat for the benefit to be derived from draiiiair anil ventilation in the mines. No counnittee could make a re|x»rt up«m tlir.*; matters without consulting; the mine-owners oit the " Vlfjiiii" Cily Torilnriitl KnUrjtrhe, Oft. 20, 18fiO; .9. F. Call, O t. cn, 18(iW. Im\\ l.aiiil>, iiiikoU'r cariH^iiter iif the Sutni tiiiinc-l, miyii tlip Wi'ik "i Ciinntrufling tho tiiiiiui 'wan nctually i'<iMmiciie<Ml in Si'iit'Miil^T l>«W. " l.unii wax liorii ill N. V. Mtiitu iii .luiio IH'JU. Iltt oaiiie to I'al. via tho liithiiiu» m \H'A); iiiiiuMl (III till! .'\iiifrioaii riviT, ami afttirward on tho Feather rivi r ,iii>l nowiiiovillu. ill' went til Heveral otiier iiiiiiing cainim, and wan in the IiiiiiIht litihiiiuiM at Maryaville. He Imilt the lirHt \'2 hniiHUM at Howlaiid Klit in Nevada CO., Cal., in IN^ri il, and asNiNtiid in Hinking tliu lint Mhaft nii 'i hiok- at that |ilace. In |S.M> lie went ti> farming in Tularuco., and there reiiiaiiiri t;l! \Ht\'2, when he reiimved to haytmi, Nevada, where ho worked in a ipinrt/- ni:ll. Liiml,'» Kirlii Mimiuj, MS., I Ti, ahrief account iif liia own exiMiniKe in Cal. and Nevada. •■^The I iiiiiiiiixNiiinerK aii|ii)int(>il were H. O. Wright and J. (i. Fouler, in ConMiiiction with Prof. Newi ili. »' // A'.'. />rw,. 47, i.t'i. lOKS. 4rtth cong. %\ Mi%n.\ Sen. K.r. Ih^., \'\fi'^ conK. '.M Nt'MH ; .sVr. War lt<f>f, Kh?, W'M 7-', 41.M eong. ?ld nemi. ; //"M*. f'"" /^7>^ m, 4'-M mmg. 'Jd Ht'HH. : Sni. Com. fdjit, 40ft, 4'.>ireonu. 'M iich». ; I'Mri" «^.V. /'.. 7lh .liilv. I.S7I. Ilth Jan. IS7'J, and 'JlKh April IN7'.': >" /■' >''"' //'j».»/, Oit. II, |H7'J; ViiyiMa VUu Ttrrilnmul EnUrpHat, K«h. 'ib, \^7i\ S. t\ AUa, Fob. W, im. i I ^ I ^■■'." "t. ..Mali,;,,,,,-,, ,,,,.»: ;""•"' '/' *-.""".<"i(), ^"'"^ti^. JJnttlM. l.ilMuil r. '* '"^V"'"'^V ^•'•I'-H .'IlKl ■'"■"/"■ tn tll( SCI ipti <»ll Iv U.'IS """unt <.r iii-_> |,„) K' Illf.'Ui- '■•'^t n"<l that fi OOO. at rs l"<|M|.,. iiec ( ) .in( '"■;' ^li.'ift. Ill tl ''4I1 (liill J () m il i" 0<.t,,|. ^^''■><t start '•"^ Was si )ur ami til,, "u and ■<ars, al <'on- |jiirl( "•' MiTIVtd /', "' •':'l"''ii,i,^ of I.V74 '"m' 'loiii til M lav 1 1 IS( • "f fl .l/ill Hill Mlir ,1 ^'^plTlDUnts •"'••"sdatnl tlio a,| with while I>ut il I "'"'-;■'•< 'SH now I at wojj^ ' "|'<rati(.i 'I «<'ll||a<r, Was S'i|)|),„ti/|i^r vantaLfcs SIX ••""stiurtr.l, and ' '.".' the 2L'd of ,} ';:;:'■-■ -■"' -,:::;:;;:';,"^,rr.' -;^ ^!" lilK" " II t " f.rf '^'■'-.■l-V |>l'..o;,v,ss I (I,.. /' . . 1 ( XT IlK.nth d ^^ ••»••' add,.,! N.it,, j,,„| '""'»""-k miM.;;ri;;.,r;;:.''''''M'niiH77 l"r IlK.nth. iJ iiif. '"•" iNlifv,.,! nrhl It ^'^''thciicat I Was "r;"'-' ..■..ii...f ■^xortv,] that it will '"■'I \\nn I'l "■ ''i'^il'l-. I.ul, I "'■^••'i f" Inn 'M'ral w.-is tlic i„;| ''"''••••d, was "'<'""'iii-: intense ''•f"'->"<"',.,i ,„ ,1,,,^.,. , '"'I'lUlNd U'l I— II 'III III, HIM Mdltl '"'"<•'" "f III,. |{, tl AMs.. f ;' /"■'■'"■'•'> "" 111,. ( inl< ,,r lN..,t (, "■II timt ih. •rill I. iiriii,,|jv,w •li aiiij ".'" ""t "Ml, Hll.l <"i'|>'.r,,ti "><• WUH not l'l"«ili..n ivrtiiinl Xt'l/V II ',"> «aw iu il |.'....,| •V'"" 'f>,„„,.f ( '«'""-t tll,.„, l„. il ■'l'l»ll...,l t l'"ii If f,.r tl //»</ .\ '" •=•• K A If. >'». It •l..,( Il " '•Hill,. I,., niv .l.,t,2S. ls,i WiiT. N 7< I'.Mi !MI.-,; .V /• \ May I '^ ••iHit Ill tl ii'iii.>,<>h '•"•Ills |l„.y 111. IIIIMIIH .issiiiil, "III. wliat,.v. »-v JO •/. AI r,i,. '»'-cli 11', |j,7;(' -I. ISM: .V„ </.,/./ ,'iriirf « 140 FUUTIIKIi DKVKI.OI'MRXTS ON' TIIK « i>MsTO«K. il I only 2r)0 foot a month roul«l l>e mado." Connection was offootod with tho iioarost niin«>Hhaft at the Sa\;i..'i w<»rk.s on tho ovonin<; ot' tlie Hth of July. Tli< l.i>t (»l>stru('tion WJ4S ivnt away hy a Mast in tin* Savic'r niin«\ Sutro hinist-lf was on tho spot, antl was tin first to <'rawl throui^h tho oponinj^, "ovorriuno hv ex. oitoiniMit," " as woll as liL-at. llo had aohiovr<| a triiiinph of on^inrrrin*;, and ]>ut tho C'onist<Mk lud, undor <*ontril)Ution of two dollars |Kr t«»n of or< i\. traot«Ml thonaftor. But thoro roniainod yot to Ik? ovorconio tho rtliict anoo of tho lato hostile r 'P i«y an Tho Sava«^«' romnany ofiontl nn nini»nstnino«'. Init attempt was made to drain thcadj«)inin«4 mines tlirnii.jj tho Savaj^o levc-ls. To prevent this use of histiinni with-iut oompensation, Sutro started a drainuay, wliid would oon<luot the inoominv; water l»a<-k into a I ow.r as prohihited hy order of the court. S a fter a rise of water in tho llah aiK 1 \ KM ill oreross iiiiii.' caused an overflow in the conihhiation shaft of thf ilalo and Norcross, Savajje. and ( 'hollar- 1 •oto>i, ti hold which in check the water was pumpe<l into tli' Sutro tunnel, drivinjj; tho workmen from their |»<ist> Sutro then threatened to cnit a water-ti<;lit luilk- hi'ad. Althouj^h still unwilling to carry (»ut tli.ir contract, the inci<lent of the overllow was not witliout otfoct, and joined with tlu; threat to hermeti<'aliy s^ai the tunnel, hrou«j^ht aJMiut a ctimproniiso. '• Tlio t<-in|(or;»tiirf in tin- tunml fruiii Is73 ti> .iiul tlir<>iiKh I^T.Iwm*."' dltliMii^li 'J |MiU'iTfiil Kocit liliiHiTt wTi ii>taiitly li>ri-in^ air iiit<> it. A' tli<' fill of iHTii It Wilt 'Mt , iiik! oil IJif lirit ..f .l.ui. |h7s r<'.i<'lif<l !n; T: fttin>M|ilii'ri' WiiH fiiiil at we'll n^ hot. iMiriiiu tlif laxt imxitli*. in I^T'*. i^' iniiirr< wiTi- lu'ii imlcn frmn tlif ni'arciit vrntil.-itinu dlmft. 'I'lii- Impt wi< ('li.-tiit(i-<l four time il liny, ■ind tli<- men cniilil tliin only work a Hinall |Nirti"ii •>f tlic nnniinal lionrH of UImif. Tin- toiii|NTatiin> rose tu 100* iu A|>ril, uJ thru t.> no anil 1)4 . " I'irifiiwi City T'-rrHori-il EhI, qn-iitr. July y, IN78, level of the Sava«j;«' mine, froni which it was puiii|H.|. ordy to n-turn a^^ain. on dis4'overinjx whi<-h in K» liiu- ary 1H71>. tin.' workmen wore arrested, and the ppi^'ntt of tho shaft stoppi'd when nt-arly coniplet«-d. Th. v were reh-ascd immetliatoly, hut tht; cutting; of th' fj^ drain w t<' f'ii>-i IIIK-ofll ill'/ Hi.. fll' life II'' rum tiriiiiii.i .'ii;iiii>t (•iir|iuf,if ,/'''"•" '!'ll<> lui; llliHrtii ill Oiful S'lllfll l.r;( iM/ikiii'/ ti fiini). 1|||,._ tli»>'' ucri I of' \V;itrT, I I I' HIS. or I. Wllii-il \v;is I" I a siiimII •■"iiiji;ui\ a l»'tii f'ur j) tUllli.j, lint iii.'iiia'j[(iii,i )?-."!";.;, .-id. "Mt.ij l»v \\ t'Tiiiiiic its ""III S \V;|.s ,j I'nilk." ti ^■'•"H. fill! i . ^v.. j„„, , ;'»,Tl; S,„r; T>,m 'v;.'; "/^•,. r,„o„ ■•liloriiiii IN Si '•■"'If .111.1 {•'liiil'lil ,1 I I"" "'•■ ;'lt"«iii,.„ ..„.. •■Ill- lili:i||.i,l ,. '"^"•\«'n:i{ OF ojtKs. Hr tlio now fon tract tJ t" fiirnisJi MioMcv t » <'.\t< "' Jlji;ii„jr o,„„ 147 panics a|L(roo(I '.''""' •;',"'•♦■ '•""■sow fVuu, tj t. ICN ,s, f'"n\ Wollars <>v I I»:'v ""(MloIJa,.,,,.,. ^, till J/l'' IIIM '•<! than fortr dolJ, '«'«s, aij(J two dull, 'V """*''< wliici !»rs upon all I ussavod m> lie ,'i,s s(M)ii as <HI ';;••■*)•;■'• ton. ,.avn,cnt t I"' cum :' */ t).,. Jat,.raJ I '>»'«' as.sav •> ••oiij. •rjiuivifion isfai of ^>^ teuton - Ij'ancJics sliuuld '"•"""••'tc«l tJ.c iun.r stru-.rl.. , a^n-.st tiiat ,.ncn,vl.ard.;rto li uZ!r'''':r^ N-it TI lis C(»|jt; let 11' 111,1 Tho ]\,i.rUi "I tiinncT measured 2 -" " «ouJl,jtss ^V.'.S III,,,. f,.,.t fl HI Uctdhrr Is.SO j '*'t''^ ^'-f' i'. I.n.rt), ;•■ i"«-I„..s, and tl 'CJ'S. TJ 10 Nv id tl, '"' ""I't], luancj ^'••"1 i >Mj I,,,, I ,..., . , , , ■■"Ilil Ml- -","• i.r.„„-i, i„ M ";: , ?';";;'' ■■•"■■' «•'•'. "...i "i;ilv!ll'^' t'»._rf.t|, t'lnii- lliiiM- (.j.rjjt I !ireli I SHI was 4 I tl ;:;'""•" tl.an a n.iK.'and I -I feet ill l.ii.rtl lO <»f U.lfiT ":^' •"• i.'J77.:nn)( ''•^•••<'as,.d „„ ^;,„„. ^j^ '•>;-te,|(I,,s ,,f Join •ns »li'<-li w.-M 4. 7;, J ^ "'<> -alloii, s to .'M».|l.'.7i.'(> .ral •» ^"lall am, :o.") t oils. •niiuaJIv. tl unt of ,„..i,.| After I "' ^v.•,i.|,t of ;:::'■;:':! ;^ "":Vt „„. ,„;; '""■'•y '" tlie nI "'"'X »nad(.' to |., 'u. '"■'" '"!• irri'^af tIJDIl IH'C ""t ilK'llidill.r tl y ">^<' <»f (I l"^'!""^'--- The total '"■"'•''.'••niciit in t] '•' ••x|H'nscs i loj.s of ^}^^, "■ ^^aa-r lias <-ost of tlio ^^■-«v'-^".n::,,.,::j:;:::ri:-r''-i ncurred |,v tl 10 MMf,,| \,y Jj "' <'ommift( "I'll. S U-;,^ .„ .* -^ *''> •■ ^''•••n Jialf of tl '•' <'l'I""'nfr,| l.v le 'MIfl. s \V;| I'ullk viiis. t\ ■^ L'»'<'at •^••inlit to tl,,' ( <<Ni.!^'n. was am. Hint c sti- '■""k'ress t-.do- o ,'" *lic Soiitli A nistcn'k 10 indicat "•triean and Af '""^ '«'•'' tl.at it will er »'\ican silv '■"' I- f.....,d '*' vat u,j';!s,7" ■" •^■•"•'•. w„„ .II,,;;;;.:;;:':, 'iij"; "«; "11 |iiiw'i)r of -m ifer-' - '•^-■-1^ l!^>^l* i -- i US FUKTIIKIl HKVKLOIVMKNTS ON' Till: ( OMSTOCK. j)rotitaltlc to Wdik tin- iiiincM of tin* Cniiistock at ,i vt'iy Lfpat doptli," I'nlikf silv« r in otluT pjiits u\ thn \vi>i'l<l, its Diily ;4aii'j;ur is (|u;ii-t/,. wliicli is lar. K 8i>!i(|, l)iit is invitli fiattuird. niul ot'd'n partiailv Mtt'i vuvi\ Wy rlit'iitical ai-tion. 'I'hr |tiiii(i|ial on s ;ii. HLi'ithanitr, \itr<(»us silver, native silver, ruKy sihn lioni fiilvn-, Hhtl jKtlyliasite. with <ifcasioiiaI siii,i. t|iiarititi"s »>l'ai"tj;t'ntlt'<rous tiaN'iia. Native «j[<>|(|, ii,,. a 11 I e.>|»|Mi' |tyi-|ti l.l< < tide, and eat'iioiiiite and ])hate i/f ie.-id ill iiiiiiute i(uatilities are t'oiind in Jjeetion with the silver «ireH. plh I (le diellMinelia t»h>erve<l as connected wiili tl, occurrence i;f' silver ore in the( 'oinstock have hern lliu« suininari/,' d : In the northern pait it is in cliinnu v- di|t|»in;j; ♦<> the south, in the soutliei-n jtai't it t'c'iiii. continuous sheets of iL^reat length, hut <'oni|'ai'.iiivi I; narrow, 'I'he « ire deposits ai-e enclosed in the ea-iirh and sometimes in the middle |iortion of t!i< \. in while the western hraiu lu's are poor or hai'reii. '{']• largest and richest deposits ha\»' heen found w In r the outcrops Wire most promiinnt. AttI H' iiori h ( tiM o vem IS in\;iri;d'Iy poni- where it passes a ia\ ii. hut Hot so ill the south end. Tlie richest ]>ort ieiiMii south of ench ra\ ine ci 'I >SS( •( liv It, .Ml tl le c|iniiiic\ in tlie northern pai-t occuj- wheie the Mails aftiidi^. '" Willi roganl to tlio iloptli nf t],r iliiroront mines, Kitfxr'.* rinl'-fjrmi Wmlil, u ciiliiftiuii iif iiiiiltri |iMi--il\ tliiiiu II tii).'i tlnr.iiiici'nmi^ mill' •, ia\' tllllllrl-> .'Mill ilMli'l' Mlllti-riMIMMII |ii.'l> I'l allil air.'lll'- imIiIIIIIS the rnllnvi lll;; niii c-liiii; i:nl^ 0|iliir ami MfMiiiii di^m, ircil at llic -urlaiT, lailol iii nii .it IM j ili|ilii !•! .""(Kl iiii; <Miiil<l iiiiil <'iirrv al-i < \Iii».i|,mI .'AH\ IVi ' fri.iit ili< siirfvv; i S.iv.i^c, uliK I: wa-sa i oiii iiiiialinii fi tli. (ioiil'- iiii'H'iirr> l>iiiiikiiA-k ivtiliM' i t.'.'t(MI I'l il ImIoM tlir r|i>|i|i|li;:i; Hair aiiil Ni-riloK^. lii>liati/.'\ ua- lli'^l imiiii •I'll) Il I t lii'inU till' Mil! Ill', iliil I'Vti'liili'il liiiuii III l.'JUl; ni..||.i I' ' f I at a ilijith iif .'ilN) fi'i't. ainl rxli'lnliil tntlii' j.TlN) font. Ii'\ i I ill^riivrl'i'il mi tllr Mirtari'. iNttiiilcil .'i<M) In I ilnWIlU.il'il itiiil MKI ' vi'iii; \ I IJiiW .lui ki !. ill- iv iTiil nil tl . siiilaii- wii.t tn a il(|i||, Ki'ltlliU III (I <|i'|itll III UN) Int. :UNI IVct nil till IimIi': ClnVI, Ullllil'l linliail/a. liisniXirnl nll lllr I. UN) flint li'V I'l. 1 Xii'lllll'il tMMi < 'nliNiiliilatril \'ii't'il|ia ainl t '.ilifiiriii.t Imiiaii/a u.is ili-d n\ crnl ai I flint li'Vrl. mill I vti'llili'il alinvt' it. .'ilnl lii'InW fi.r il •ll'«tllTii')' nl 4<HI ' lilNI fi'i'l. III licit'lit ainl i(Nl mi tli< vi-iii. Siiu'c tlii- (iiililii'Mtinii 1^ linnk, |.h7h. siviral nf till'"!' iiiiiifH hnx'i' Imtii Nimli a nuiMilfralii • 'aliinriiia ua'> iliiw II '-.TIN) fn't 'ii |.>>*.'. < 'misnliilntcil VirKiiii.i ' Hall .iiiil Niirrriws ;i.ii<!0 fir'. Surra Ni-v.iila '.V7(K) li-ct, (iiiil a iiiin >' older imuci* wtrc tUiwu iicaiiv It.UUU tcct m lSf<8, "Tl,. '/•/„»■„.„./,.., /''(W.. r,„. IN I il ir.irN'l till- Lull', in ' A.-.'.I,M| iMMri,'r F. It. ill|{ till' lii.'KI .iii'l .i!.iii iiii> <ltll, .Hill III .1 Iiti'i' ii.ii ii'ilni |M- 'Lllllll^ rue liiiriii', iiiit III 'I'iiltli' i|IM|'t/ 'iiairijiilly liiM ■II till- \ii-,t. 'lie 111 |i'<iliM f l/'W « -III / I'liil. |.'l|,|,i.t. •f'l'k III I,', will till.' I'l 111 II I i-y rni T lllr I'Kt <li|i l"ll »■"■ nil .11^ Ai.,/. t,;.,/„ ' iN.f'i'k lii.|i.. ' ■ ''"Ilii I'.Tc;; '!'• < iilllilni-li, V 'Jiiii.'.l .Stal.w ill till' I'llMll- M'h.M. yii'l. ml .11 a \\ ''''•"•"■■ll'ln-i„|,|, '■^i-l.iii.l I.sii7. ; ''■•nil iiiiiii'. Ill ' •' "ri', ,111.1 it< . •;>i<' vii'v u.M ■ .■1 r>.|,. .r,,,! ,,_ I »•- ri'f,i:;|||/,,,| ., •.T'll I'l-ll jlfl,,,, ;, '""ttr-t «,|,. |„."„„ tir.it Kiij{i'm \. (;kol()(;v. 149 (•oiit.ii t sij.Mfiily <livii!4*'." Wlitii T liiiv." a<l<lr(| tliat thr iii"Uiiiaiii ill wliirli tlif( 'uiiistock lixlc" is touinl is iiiii.i--'"f' vt>lfai»i<* r<»fl\s, tliiMii'.rli wliifli nMi i- lorks ;iiv t 'iiinl <>l»tnuliM;4. svfiiitf. |tro|iylitt'. i^iaiiiir. wiih lra*-|>vti'. ainli'sit)-, aiitl iiK'taiiioi-pliir |-<Mks. ainl that ,., itliiui'^''' n-«-<iL;uiz'' tin' vein as a li>siir<' rails, d l>y rni'liii.;. \vlii<-h sul»s«Njuciitly iMcaiiir lillttl willi (juaii/. iiii'l oi'. I liavr sjiifl all that, is of in t»' rest (•(•iicirniii;^ N,\,i(la"s jjfrtat silvrc lode." llO-O I .liHTVitions oprnrin I'.aron Foriliniiul l{i(lithc;fi'i\'< Wi«rk,rntitl<il ■/';„ (■„,„./■»•<• /."'•. ''•» <'!'■ I '■■>•■/. '/ tli< /'ni'-i'il' Moih of /■/< « III, tmioiw Itiiiih. 'IIk' Mil>M;i|ii<-iit lii-<t<iry III till' IimIi' li.is lioriii' oiil tins Ht.iti'iiiiiit nf .f It, 1 liar.n-liTi-li'-. 'I'lii'X an- iiuoud Willi hiImt I'ciiiaik') mi tin- j<i til,' |, I'll-, III Miiiiii-i I"'! M-' 'll'ii-ii'/ 11/ ii'ilil mill Silii ,-. Iiy .1. Arthur I'IiiIIi|m. \.'i'.>iii|i.iii>iii.ii Ml • llil^lll ml tllf (ifllll'lfl iij till- i'niiislix'L Imli, liy li.'.irn"' iiik,' t!i> ^iii> <itil, llltiTIMIIl'' K. ll<'rkiT, \V.l«lllIll{tii|l, iHVj, Is it iMMIItlllllly lilUMtlMtfij Alin. )i\\- |ii4';Uli>M III all till' llillX's nil tlicl 'oMIHtiii'k, ainl ill IIk' \\ .isIkh' ill^trirt, tl |,1 .lUi) till' li'Mltlnil III tin- -I'Vi-l.ll roi ks riiliipi:siiiir (lie \ ii'uiiu.i iMii^i', | iinl III .|i'>iiiiot!Vc I'liliinii^. Il hIiiius the I'.ii'lii'r iKiriililiiiilf aii>ii'siti pr l.-ii.lr, aM<li--iitf, aipl aiinitf aiiiioilr, ami i|U.ii-l/ |i"r|i|i\ r\ , tulx'tliu »ailiii'4 P'M'k. Nixt III pri'valriiii- arc ilinritf, iiiiia ilioriti', iiii'taiiii>i'|iliio Imriti', iii.t.iiii"r|iliiu iiii-/<i/iiif. aii'l iju ilniiii y. In .--iiiallcr iiuaiitilic-i miiir Ici'titw 1(11 111/ |iiir|ili\ r\ , ijr.iiiilc. Iia^.ilt, ainl ilialniM'. 'I In; iiuarl/vriii liis llv Ih'Iu'ci'II till- carlur linrtil'litiiii' ainli'-ili' mi tlu' ra-t. ainl ilimito ;>i!iii'i|ii .111 till' Mi-t. A VlTlliM I -I'l'lKill 111 til trn tiiiiiicl 111 tilt' same atla> >li till' (11 liMl'-. Ill |ir«'V III aimi',' tlu! tniiin !. , , iiiil l/i'ic /•«, liy Willi nil Kal-tmi ILilili, a i|iiarlii ui' I,l'(M» jKiirci*, riiili 1 •l|ilii.i, l^'*'-^ iciiitaiin niiiiil (1 •*iTi|iti\ 1 matter iniiri rniin^ tlir < mn- •t'l.'k lull'. "'Villi illii^tr.iti'Mi-i. IJalrii. «li(» 11 Miiiiily ii ciuiii il.r. ail.i|it^ lur .1/'- tlic I'Diiiilrv rm'l •t tin ir;£i!ii I W I'll- 1 1 ir IMI t -ihli' .1 HvciiiU,- liir III' iisliiu' liisli let, the II rill lit |i ,l,t^ <l >li|(' tliii'li (listiiutimi IS 11 iiimi ii>'' nil iiii? ri'-iliiit miiHTi. 1./7 . .1.,,;. ii a;.;./ ui. n <n;. iilaiiis ;i full ili si'ri|iti..u r tlii» l'iiiii<ti)''k l>»l<'. Willi lira «« itiiTn aii'l 111 in 11 1 <■ iiili>riii;itii>li ui .1 \ aliial>|i rli triili r. ' .liiliii I'lTc'ival .Imii's, who for Ni-ir-. w.i- pi 'Uniiii'iitly I'miini-ti'il with P| I"- I'liiiiitiiik, was a Wi'Irliiii.iii l>y luiili, ami imiiiu with Ins |iari'iilH to tlif Ijiiiliil Slatc-i ill |.S:UJ, wliili- y«-t an ml ml Ati thf I'llMii- si-l|oois of X<'W ^'ork i-ily. Ins lirsl iiri'ii)iati I'l' ri'i i'i\ 111^ Ins I'lhi'atioii 1% on was ni ii mail ill <l. til' •IS a Will k'T II! »ti'llr. IH.'iO hr roiiH' to ( aliloriiia. .-iii'l WiS ii'-rwaril- i'iii|iloyi'.l in various fin».icitic<. scrviu>j in lln' stalf ••nalr ImIwci'ii lMi:t^iii>l I'^iiT. ainl III ISItS lM-ini( a|i|iointi' 1 -iii'irniti'inli i:t ot tin' ( 'n ■nil Mlllli' In thi i\i 11 il it^ i|iaiiy iIkti- w is it|irwai-.l iIIm lo-cl 1 1 iriii- Imiiv of from !<•.' or « to 8l.^iH» a -hti u h' T -itlll' VrrV Wi'l Ith ■riliy III In |S7:{ h ■.\- ilfi'ti'il r s. -M'n.ilKr lor Ni'vaili i»1 r-i'li' -ti'il II, |S7H, ainl lu'aiii in l*»So, ainl whih a iiKinliir ot that Unly » i> riT' i| IS a rliMf ailil rmii'lil s s|ii-aki Ml vrii lilioii. ainl iiiis|>arMii! iii n-'i'iiih. Tin- ^'iiaior was t <i lilH'r.il \ 11 ws. ,,f wii'i- inairii 'I. iiiH hr<t vt ilf hciiiu till' ilaiiuhti-r of .linliic Colik'i r. .iinl tlir <« ,onii tin ilaiijli. tiT .it Kiixi'lK- A. .*>iiHnaii. a inost aol'oln|lll^ln■ll ami liriii'M'li-nl vx'.m.iii. i>;i| 'It 'f C'llAPTKIl VII. TKIUUTOUI AL OIK i AN I/ATION. IS.VMSlU. TiiKN'tVF. Xevaha — Auka ami I.imhh— Tiik (^rKsrio>f or BoiMnhv- C'oM1ll-M!lo>.<l A\U SlUVKVH — KlKKIUl'I.IIKM WMIl ('ALIKtHMA— Tn;hl- Tl»KIAI. Ol'IH-Klcs — CiiVKKNOIlNvK — Fl IIS T liKllIsl.AII'KK — CoUK <i( I,\\14 AM> ('••I'lC-iK Of LKiilsl, \ri(is— « 'iilSIV ()i;iiAM/.AIli»NS AM> Oniil:i,> — 4'ai*ital — .Iri>i«'i*i. Ilis'i'icn'i's ash .Iikii'I vkv — Statk ok SnriKrv - Ki>i<%rio\AL — NKWsfAi-r.i; I'kkss— Coitiuri'iKiH or Lawvk.k, am, Jl-Ill.lL<s How tin- territory, wliich in nnswor to so many praytTswjis orLjiiMi/<'«l out ot' wcstciii I tali on tlirjd of Manli. l^^'il, camo to \n\ called sim|)|y Ni Aiida. Riiowy, is not alto'^ctliiT clear. When l)el(«ratt Crane wrote to Jiis constituents from Wasliin^tun ii, Fel>nuirv IH.'»M Ik; assured tlieni that a tni iic.ii;i| jifovvrrnnent was /ihout to he cstahlished unihi tla nani«r of Sierra Nevada. On tlie IJth of May, I ".')'•, a hill wuH introduced in tlic hous(; to or^iini/' tii< tt rritorv of \e\ada.' The asseinhlv wliirh ni' i ;u n<noa ill l)e«'enihei' IS;")l>\vas reported as tin lii>t Ic'i'ilature of till' " tei'ritor\' of Xevada."'' At a latii |hrirM|, when Xevada was a|t|»lyint:^ for adnii.ssion as.i 8tat<>, motions were nia<le in convi'iition to ciiaii,'' the name to Washoe. Ifumholdt, and Ivsnieralda Sierni l*lata, silver mountains, was nw ntioiud in «lf l)ate ill allusion to its inineraloeical features, hut it ' //. J'Mr. 'H'.t. X'lth ,n;ii{. Int 80ss. ; .\',r. /.nirs. |H(1|, ix. xiv., |S(.4-.' 2»-:»l; /' V r.,„xf. .(;,./ <V,.(,7,,i, ii. r_'40 .'): /I. tils, h'r. />...•., 47, i>t:<, l'>M •-'. 46 vHi<i. .'H **•%». 'Sir. Chi>h. Dfc. 17. IS.V.l; II, lilts' S<i: Smijf, xi. 40. i.XVr. r.m-f^ ltr>.u,M, \^A, '3;^ai;; S. F. Cult, July 7. 1804; IhmM Qturltrlf, i. |>t III <>J NAAIK AM) AUKA '■•'""" '" ^^^'"P^'tit;,,,, witi, Oro pJafn „ . , . ^"'" tv.;,. u.th ]iulli.,u. Havin? '^•'^'^.''"^'s'Jvor. -.". ■■Mku.J t..,.,.it., ,>, ''"' ?ff-r l„.i„. „,|„,,., • .N.-..la »l„.ro tlu, 4lM , In ./'",' "".""■«"•"« ■^'"■'•l.ynv,.,.,a,K| tl,„„.,,,r„„ , [i", .'"'"•t.".. »itl, tl,.. i.| t K, ,„..„„),, ,,.,;," :'"" '■• t K, ( »ro.„„ |i„.... ->''■"■■", ai„( w,..st l.v t|„. ' " ''"i'i"l«rv „C K,,,.. »'■'■ l;:";ii..n ..f tl„. r„unri," „f M ."P'. " '•""■"i'l.T- ».. .S,,sku„u, sul,j„,t „tl ""•-^'l'"'". ''"««'i. U; ;l..,„ia.- ■• '" "'« '■■""«'>.t „f tl,.. „t„t,. ;> '\:.n„u p„.,„ , "*^"' ►States ,!,«. ^•''^'^::t'i^'i: ;rV' V- t;7i:.:^/j^;rv'ir;!-> ^'.■" 188 TKiaiTTOUIAL OKliANIZAl'loN. I I ' tr'u't jiid'^r ill Carson county, VV, W. l)nnniiinii<l, in IH."»(> iitldit'Msocl a coiiiMiuiiiratioii to l^iittd Si.it.s srii.'itor WtlliT, and ctMiij^nHsincii Drnvtr and l|.|. hcrt of (/aliroiniii, int'orniin!^ tlitni tiiat llic M<iiiii,i|, ri'sidijiits j'lainird Carson vallcv as a |>iiit, ot" I'liIi, .-Hid tli.-it "a laiLjo }ind irs|M'«'tal>l«> poition" of tin i iti- / IIS ot'( he \iiIlcycoiit('nd('d in ^ood faith tliattluy w. tc r<'si*l«;nts of (California : tliatiit' liitnscif liad Im'IiI < >>iirt tlM'r<\ iM'lifviii'^ lie was in I ' tali, and now In- was \i>\\- viiiccd of liis cn-of; that an ini|)oi'tant <-aso had l>tri< t ikcn to thf sii|»!»'nic toiirt of Utah to he ar^urd ilic f tllowiii!^ .lanuaiy. in wliifh it was rxtit'inrly d'unt- fiil whrthi'i' the |>ai'ti('H to tlu^suit and tlit> |t|-o|irrt\ in ••out lovnsy welt' not in I''! Dorado rounty, ( 'alifoiiii;i; and that a \»ry hittci' tr«lin»^ juivadt'd tho iiiind- ut' tin- aiiti-Monnons ai:;aiiist |>ayiii|uj a rt'vcnuf to suji- |K»!t, Utah, which was in open Jt-hrllion a;4ainst tlir irnitcd States. Druiiiniond ai'cordiii'^ly reconinuiidiil that a hoiindai'v eoiiiiiiission Ix^ set on foot.* The California jei^islaliire, in April 18JS, jiassed a (» appttiiif .1 •onu '.SS coiiiinissioii U) act in conjunction with one iVoni ili.it state tor the survey of a line ctuiforniiiiLj to th e run. stitutioii of California.'" In Kel.iuary IS.V.) the ( ';ili- fornia le^islatun^ ai^ain instructe(i its del«<^ati<"ii in coiij^i'iss to ui-^c upon the pr«'sidcnt the appointni. nt ol tin- houiidary c(»niinissioii. Nothing; was dmic. however, until the SpJ'ill;^ of IK(!(l. when Coll-Jlcss |iassed an act auth(»ri/iii;4 the }>resident toappoinl th re(plire(l comiiilssjoiiei'S The li'siislature. witlieiit iwaitiiijL? coiii^ressional action, liad already «ru«tt(ii ">'. /•'. H'l'il'l III Ihiii'i' M\)i. Srriifi.-i, xi. .">. '{'Ill' ^.Tiiiiii jury "I tin '.M lli«trii-t 111 I'l.lll, ( 'ia.ll<l>all^'ll |'l.lt!r. Ill Oil. jS.V.t. ili'i'lal'ril tll.lt tl'lr mix 111. .i i-iiii(lili(iii III till' ImiiiiiiI.'1i\\ w.is 'a Iniiltiii siniri'r nl aniinyaiKi' ami ili^|>iit,i- tiiin . . . Km- tills rcaMiiti rriniiiiaU I'liai^ril with ^ravr iiHi'iin-s li.'tvc i-.si'i|><'i| fulivii'tiiiii: ri'iiiir has lici'ii liiililly I'liiiiiiiittcii uitlmiit ti'ar of ai'i-ii.satinii. iinl valiialili' |in>|icity I'l'iiiainrij sMllmiit asN('.M.siii('iit ami ta.Xiktinii,' etc. aiiil ui'ijfil tli.it luiiurcM.t hIhiuIiI iTratr a iMiiiiiilary ('iiiiiiiii-ixii>ii. Tirrifnriiil Kul'f' \tri.ii, ill III., •.'."> li '"r.(/. .>7.i/.. I.S.VS, ;i.'i)i 7: llimif Jimr., '.177 H. .'t.'itli i<>iij{. 1st scsH. "^'•>H'/. <lli)li. |S."i!l (ill. aii|i., I7rt. Sciilt 111 ( 'aliliHiiia !ia<l |>ri'viiii|sl\ in- ti'oilii I a liill III clia'ii;!' till' ctslurii tiouiiclaiy ol L'alituniia. //i.».« J'ur., 671. J<'i07, fkitli I'oiif;. Isi st'.ss. '•'•'•M'.AIIV (o\, Mlssio.v \],< "r\v\-<)r.j_r,.n,.,aj ,,f ^j m '•' sfat,. t. "'^^';" ""••<■•'' Ma»al|,.| ;HMMi \, "'''■V^'^''-' ''■"<-• (' ill).s( )<• <llsrMVrrv «>f' silv •'»', DC 1^ MIMICS <r.jy, •^"'ll''-^ Tl... CaJi, >l.f •"''ni,.,|..v,.|, '".••'"•'inonal i f) li'-JIS lilt <"•'' III ,1.11 '•niia on Veil "i|»oifaii r"'<'Mt ,,ft\ lO In |"r"';'i""l •'/ (lir , »•. Ill / (■)' IIS III,. ^•» til I" ( ';ilif{»ri 'ii"ii,(|ix,.(j f "'■'. .•Mid ICculi ""••■•^ Mas (I MK-M,|,.<| tlijit "''"*■>' ••M li,.x,.,| ' •^"•..ijs ^,t' I 'IIIM 7,'"""^'"'<'n-l,tt„('.,i ;">' ^> Hi.. 1/,s(), ,1 it •■"Ml; less I ""<'\V|||.4 MK.liJli tj„.t <'L;rc<' (, r I •"■"'.••if"«\t.ii,|J '•' Mlc- Wllli It .'I til •M ','n' \vsr..|i, I •■'■•"-•yur\..,,„, "M'4ifU,|, icr !';■■"■' i"''>y'<ii„.. r„r ti,.>,.| '"Uiularv I U.I S (H;r -•IS ,|| In <|, Miizc<I '[<»nii;i Ir.^isl "' -l <"llll|||ssio||,.,. ( •'••floii, i, fifiir, a IK I'" •»M """"M.s.si.>ii(.|- in ,|,.f «>. •(.(>!),. ,..,<, ' .l"Mlf, coiiv.Mt .■".set J •t;i(. A(, t] ''»MlM||||._r fl ''i-.Miizii,:^- (,|„. t,.,.,.,j^ IIS tliM,. til,. I ,^vitiitii,.r„if„,,,^ "'"•'•^^••'•M limit ,,f t"| l<»M. tut .l((»r; "■y \V(.|'( •■'"'"•^"f tl...;M.t,,f I>»-<»l)aMy u„|, ^":" ^" ""• ih'st i,.,.i,si |'""lflllC||(, ,,f :i> itii ■■' '■••Ml|||jtt(.(, t l<! I '•••ssr.j a •''■•""Ml(>||,|i,,.r (I '^''■''■■■-i<i'«i:r;i,;;'';::™'''';.''^;:'i-<v.iiy "•"• s(.;itc |\-i T \\<» 111, I III ^^■'■iv, II, a ".^^ <'.-ist of tj •■"MiMiissi .L^miit .,f ..,j| tl '■<'"l(|;|| <»!l(.| "' '^"'MMlits oF th./s ""^^'Mfo til,. '■•"MlMIJllici, ••'I'- ''»i-iiia |»'»i-f iuii laf. / utu- I U'Vlti •••"n(.;ii,y uill, tl »N<'II1 '■ "'. '>';i. t, y»'»l» .-111,1 |{ SiMill ;,( '"'•^''"'M..,.h-||.r..rH. . ^'* ^'"'^'^'-niiaranital ''•"^^'; ^^'••'t i.n,iv t,. ,;,! '';";''''•.• "'xiontli,. '" ^''" ^"^-''^ l.-islatu -i'ti. „r tl '<' Mfxt a »>"\;i( •^•^••Mil.lv. aii,j 'a tl IV '•■ ''iiitfiiv lie u' tl "v.nior t„ unicrt] "•^^'^•^t boundary fVon, Lai, "' .^.•>Ml,. |||,„,fj Ill ' "IM ;u't '<'.sun-,.v ,.r (J •YW. *•'"/.. i.s(k), i,s» cT laf "'•'O ' ti.bci |"»i-fi I'MlZiiiiT <>M of O wK SllJO- kl I, T,il .'": •>><,/., /,s,;,_ ..<- "»11 InC.lj,- ."- •■•< '■.•'ii-i i„-.k,. ({,,; "•• /.. '^^'^^•■titllily i,„i 'I-iiuiuh r,„ """lotliii,.. ,1 UUt III tl i^'H. r,r.i ■•*" "l'K.'1'mu.. a.s ,u |„,| I'' II.IIIH "• •lit, I, n. Mill.) i.iii aj.j>t.||ativ '•^'lixtiLsioinJ I "■■"•"' it ua.N t<'lli:i||y, ,uuJ ^:k ^> #^' o^\^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) M(. 1.0 I.I 1.25 W 111 11125 III itt lU 2.2 2.0 1-4 III 1.6 Photographic Sdences Corporation ,\ « ^9) .V <F v> # '^ C^ <^ .<^ 2:1 W£ST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14590 (716) 8.71.450^ ^^v. t/i 154 TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION. J'!i ralda, and an appropriation was made therefor, witli a proviso that the survey was to be contingent upon the non-action of Cahfornia." That state making mt survey, Jolin F. Kidder and Butler Ives surveyed the line from Lake Tahoe south, and received pay there- for. The commissioners proceeded to California, and in March 1862 presented their memorial. Nothing came of the visit beyond a conference on the 21st of the month," and in the following December another memorial was sent from the legislature of Nevada to that of California. Congress, had, however, already attempted to compensate for the loss of territory on the west by adding a degree of longitude on the east." In the mean time the injurious effect of the unset- tled western boundary and undetermined jurisdiction was becoming more and more apparent with the in- crease in population. The sheriff of Plumas county, California, in attempting to make an arrest at Susan- ville, in February 1862, was resisted by an armed force, and one of his posse wounded. Governor Stan- ford of California then appointed Judge Robert Kob- in^^ni a commissioner to visit the then acting-governor of Nevada, Orion Clemens, wifli the object of con- ferring u[)on the means o' aceably arriving at a settlement of the boundary i.ispute. The California conunissioner informed the acting-tjovernor of Nevada that the authorities of his state would not consent to the sunnnit boundary, and it was agreed between them that a commissioner from California and one from Nevada should be appointed to establish a per- manent boundary ; but in order to remove the danger of any future conflicts as to jurisdiction, a line should be temporarily regarded as running north through the '"AVi'. Lnw.% 18GI, 2G9. The legislators Wfire a little in the dark aliout the geogra))iiy of their territory. 'Below Esmeralda ' would have takeu the Nurveyora out of tlic territory. '"r,j/. J„ur. Svn., 18()2, 387, 38!); CI. Jour Heme, 1862. 390 '".Vt'c. Lairx, 18(i2, 19,'); Act^ uml Re^., 1861-2. 295; Ccnvj. OMie, lSCl-2, 408; H. Jux. Doc., 47, pt 3, 46th coug. 3d sesa. &yi BOUNDARY 155 eastern end of Honey lake, and as running south on the survey of Kidder and Ives." On the IGth of May, 1863, Clemens appointed Ives ooiuniissioner on the part of Nevada, who joined the Califi)rnia commissioner, Kidder, in Lake valley on the 2'2d of May, and they proceeded to establish the l)ouiidary line, beginning at Lake Tahoe, and running nortli to the Oregon boundary, and south to within one denree of the north line of New Mexico, when winter arrested further progress. The work of the commission was accepted by both the California "" and Nevada legislatures, and Ives was paid, for his part of it, >S3,000. This final action put an end to the con- flicts which for many years distracted the comnmnities ou the border of the two commonwealths. California yielded a jurisdiction, long maintained, over the rich milling region of Esmeralda, with the town of Aurora, and Nevada relinquished any claim to a revenue from Lassen county. Hardly were these conditions of peace entered upon when the territory aspired to become a state.'' With- out alterino- its boundaries in the formation of its constitution, except to add one more degree on the east,"^ in order to embrace the mining: resfion of Paliranagat, it was provided that whenever congress should authorize the addition to the territory or state of Nevada of another degree on its eastern border, or California should relinquish any territory lying west of lier then eastern boundary, either of these might l)c embraced within and become a part of the state of Nevada," thus giving evidence that Nevada still felt '"Butler Ivea was deputy sai-veyor-^eneral to Jolin W. North, ami John F. Kidder was his cluef clerk. The assistant clerk iii tlio surveyor-geueral 8 dIHcu was Julius E. Crarrett. AVt). Lnirs, 18(il, xvii. '"Cal. SUU., 1864-4, 500-7. A'er. L<tw^, 18()4, 189. ^' AV*'. Compikil Law/i, i., cxxix.; Nfih Coii.tlit. DeMtm, 847. '■''riie legislature by concurreat residution, in Dec. 1804, asked for the extension of its eastern boundary anotlier degree. It was presented in the st'iiate I)y Nye of Nevada, and ordered to lie on the table and be printed. linn. Jniir., 230, 38th cong. 2d sess. "JVi-r. Stai., 1804-5, OOj 133-4; Cat. Jour, Sen., 1805, app. 56. r ! , I ill i H ^ II I ino TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATIOX. herself iinraiily dealt with iii the matter of her west- ern bouiitlary. In May 180G congress jj^raiittid the one tiegrec on the east to which Nevatia laid claim, as far south as the Colorado river, and with it all of Arizona Ivin*; between tliat river and the south line of Nevada, making together ;U,iSr)i) 8(juare miles, and made ap- j>rol)riations for the survey.'* To this southern teni- tory some objections vvore made, upon the ground that it was wt,>rthless, but in January 18()7 the legis- lature formally accepted the gift, after passing a reso- lution in the senate to have the wiiole of Utah annexetl, and in March lPfil> ap})ropriated 84,000 for continuin*'" the survey of tlio east line. Not yet con- tent with its area, and grasping after more silver mines, the legislature in 1871 asked cou<j;ress to a'ive Nevada all of Idaho lyiiig south of the Owyhee river, to which retjuest no favorable answer was returned. The same IcLjislative bodv memorialized the (California assemblv to ijrant them the boundary named in the organic act of Nevada territory, namely, the sunnnit of the Sierra,*'' But this attempt to revive the boun- dary agitation met with no ajUJroval by that body. ' It was, however, agitJited about this time by the commissioner of the general land office, Willis W. Drunnnond, who reported in 1871 that the line be- tween California and Nevada, from Lake Tahoe nortli to the Oreijou bounilarv, had never been correctly surveyed, and asked for an a])propriation of over $41,000 to have the survey rectitied. It was alleged that California was atthat time excrcisinij iurisdictiou over 1M,000 S(|uare miles of Nevada territory.'' The -* F'irst appropriation in !8G8 was ?10,fi'2.\ which wa.s increased to.*l7 0< (! in 1870, wliuii I. K. .laniL-s lieg.in the survey. Mtigx. u ml Doc, 1S71-2. pt. i., 4!)-.')!; Corson J;.;»-(/, Oct. '2, 1870. -^ Jloiixi' Join:, i;{7-8, 4'Jil coiig. 1st se.<s. ; Ifoii.<e Misc. Doc, .12, 42d coi'i.'. Istscss.; AVc. A<((c.<, 1871, 18.">: A'tr. Jour. J/ou-r, 18(57, lUi, 123-4, l".>5-7. 2.*?'); Xcv. Jolt r. .Sen., 1871, l(iO 2; CiirM,i, Stoti; IfiyMir, Aug. ,1871. I)i<- liiriii'ir-'i I)ir., 1881, 10; Austin I.'rrsr /{inr h'rrrill,'; Dec. 15, 1855; Ellioll .i; C'u"i I/isf. Ariz., 2!»; Tiilwf.jrs I list. .Solt Lide Vity, 247. -"f. S. foiKtil. fiii'l riiirtns, \-2M). " Vinjinin Vity TvrritoriiUEHUqiri.ti; in S. F. Chronicle, April 1.1, 1872. ■ ri ii' TERRITORIAL OFFICIALS 157 <?nrvoy of the west and cast lines was finally com- ]il.'ttxl in 1874,''"' the returns being made by Allexery X'oii Schmidt, astrononier and surv-eyor, who gave tilt' It'nijth of line between California and Nevada at a little over 611 miles,'" the north line coincident with the-4"2d parallel being 310 miles, and the east line somewhat shorter than tlio west, the southern iioundarv being a shari) ani^le. Notwithstandinij the frequent discussions of the boundary between Nevada and Cnlifornia, which should have led to a better kiiowlcdiic of the limits of either, litigation has been jiad as late as 1 881, founded upon a dispute as to the {ao[^er jurisdiction. The United States officers, appointed upon the or- gani/.ation of the territory of Nevada," were James AV. Xye. governor,^' Orion Clemens territorial secre- tary,'' (ieorge Turner chief justice, Horatio M. Jones and (4or(lon N. Mott associate justices, with Benja- iiiiu L*. Bunker United States attorney/' D, Bates m ^"('■iL Jnur. Snt., 1S75; app. 10, 7 8. I>t5., 13; Xii: Jour. Sun., 1877, app. 8, 1; Id., 1879 •-'//n«<, Er. Dw opp li, ;{ 4. -J The Cal. legislature assisted in persuading congress to create anew ter- ritnry. instructing its delegation in Washington to use tjieir be 1 endeavors. ('•d. Sf'if., 1JS()0, 409. (iwiu ami Latliam of Cal., and Otero or New Me.xieo, ]irisontt'd liills in favor of tlie project. Jour. Si'ii., IMl, StJtIi cong. 1st sess.; ('..),./. ainlic; IS.V.t-tiO, 374, .'{17, 2t)(18. Latham presented W petitions from Vfstorn Utah; (irow of I'a presented a bill in the house for tlie temporary fiiivcriiment of Xe\ada. Crecn of Mo. was tlie author of the hill which liniiliy passed the .senate Feb. 'JO, 18(51, and the house on M.arch 2, 1801, and u:is ajiproved tlie .same day. Jour. Sni., 228, 317, 372, 3t)th cong. 2d sess.; Ex. />»•., vol. 2(i. 1084, 4<Jtli cong. 3d sess. -'Commissioned March 22, 18(11. Xye was born in Mas.s. about 1815, re- moved at an early age to N. Y., vi here he was educated for the bar. He ]iractiseil in Syracuse 4 years, removing thence to N. Y. <.'ity in 1857, Miuie lie was appointed com. of police. His reputation as a political orator was made in 1.S48, in supporting free-soil principles. Thougii a democrat, he was .strongly anti-slavery. S>jritnt--ie Jouninl in Jhii/t'in L. ('. Srufiiicl Fell. II, iM'i'); f /,)/,; 7/(7/ A'lHv. March 8, 1870; Vinjiiwii'ity ('hronick, Dec. 28, 1870; .y. /■'. Ermiii;/ Po.-<t, Jan. 13, 1877. •^'H'lemena was from Mo., and a brother of Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), vhn accompanied him to Nevada. J. C. (iallagher officiated as secretary uiit 1 the arrival of Clemens, about the middle of August. ^•■J. McC Reardon Mas clerk sup. ct; David "SI. Hanson clerk Ist dist, witli Itighton Corson district attorney; Alfred Helm clerk of the 2d district; with Marcus I). T.,arrows attorney; Alfred James clerk of the 3d district, with E. B. Zabriskio attorney, A'ev. Luwn, 1801, xvii. I ' (J ^iiH h 158 TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION. marshal, and John W. Nortli sui'veyor-i2;enoral. Gov- ernor Nye arrived in Juh', liis proclamation declariiii^ the territory organized beuig issued on the lltli, fol- lowing which, on the 24th, was the order to take a census of the population preparatory to districting the territory and ordering an election, Henry Do Groot, in the absence of the marshal, being appointid to make the enumeration. The returns were made on the Hth of August, and the day of election set for the 3 1 St. The total number of votes cast at the election was 5,291, of which only 985 were democratic, the gnat majority in Nevada being on the union side of poli- tics, and very enthusiastic in support of the govern- ment. "Battle-born" — meaning organized amidst the tumult of events on the eve of the great civil war — is the favorite soubriquet for Nevada in use by political writers. Born on the eve of battle, she took no time for infancy or childhood, but poured out the precious contents of her subterranean treasury with a free hand to the help of the nation, from the very hour of her birth." The election resulted in the choice of John Cradle- baugh for delegate to congress, and in the election of nine councilmen and fifteen representatives.'" in ■ **Nye says, in his report to Secretary Seward, in Dec. 1861; 'T may herp, I think, with panlonahle pri<le, call your special attention to the gratifying fact that tlie tertitory of Nevada, with one exce^ltion, stands alone aiiKHi:,' the states and territories of the union in having provided by legislation lor the payment of her share of tiie war debt. Tlie money will he subject to the draft of the secretary of the treasury of tlie U. S. by the montii of August next ' Si'ii. D'K., 36, vol. v., 3, 37th cong. '2d sess. ^ As there was but one county organized in the whole territory the re- turns for councilmen were made from the following districts: No. 1, iacluil- ing all of Carson vahey south of Clear creek, J. W. Pugh; No. 2, inchuliiii,' all of Carson valley north of Clear creek, Ira M. Luther; No. 3, Empire city and vicinity, William M Stewart; No 4, Silver City and vicinity, John W , Grier (resigned during the first session); No. 5, Gold Hill and vicinity, Thomas Hannah; No 6, Virginia City and vicinity, indulging the Flow( ry mining district, Augustine W Pray and J. L Van Bokkelen; No 7, inibil- ing Washoe valley and the region between the valley and Steamboat crci-k, Solomon Oeller; No. 8, Steamboat creek and Truckee valley, none eleotil: No. 9, including all the territory north nf Truckee valley and west of Pyr i mid lake, Isaac Roop Tlie representatives from district No. i were Sainml Youugs aad William E Teall: No. 2, James McLean; No. 3, W, P liar- II ' LEr.ISLATURE. IS9 Tlie orovcmor ordered the asseml)lin<j' of the Ivmn- luture oil the ist of October at Carson City, but Jiouses beuig few, and owners doubtful of their i)ay, some difticulty was experienced in procuring a hall. Tliey were relieved from their emliarrassment by the offer, rent free, of a large stone building outside of town, belonging to Abraliani Curry, famous among Ills follows for deeds of generosity, who furnished the iniproni[)tu eapitol in a primitive fashion with benclics and tables, and crowned his nmnifioence bv construct- ill"" a h(jrse-railroad from the legislative hall to Carson ( 'ity, on which the legislators were privileged to ride me. The code of laws passea was similar to that of Cal- fornla, upon which, and the code of New York, it was based. Both houses passed strong union resolu- tions, and every way behaved most loyally." By an act of November 25th the territory was divided into nine counties, namelv : Churchill, Douurlas, Esnicr- alda, Humboldt, Lake — name changed to Roop De- cember 5, 1862 — Lyons, Ormsby, Storey, and Washoe. ■ ' ^^ ■*j ington and John T). Winters; Nn. 4, William L. Card and R. M. Ford; No. 5. .lolm n. Mills; No. (>, Mark H. Jiryaiit, ]Ci)hraiin Durliain, aiid.Milos N. Mitclitll; No. 7, Edward (J. lug and J. H. Sturtevant; No. 8, William J. Oshorii; No. 9, John 0. Wright. ^Vcr. Jour. Vouncil, 18()1, 5-0; Xiv. Jour. JIdiisi', 18t)l, 4; Sac. Union, Sept. 10, 1861. J. L. Van liokkelen was presi- dent of the council; Henry O. Smeathman, secretary; William H. lJar:''-ow, asstsec. ; Noah 'I'. Carpenter, sergeant-atarms; P. Fl. Siiannon, messenger; Henry Lewis, page. Miles X. Mitchell was speaker of the house; W. M. (iille.spiu, clerk; Samuel E. Witherill, Charles C. Cotiger, assistant clerks; .1. H. McCormack, sergeant-at-arms; G. S. I'icrscm, messenger; Robert T. Haslan, page. Nvv. Ltiirs, 1801, xviii. ^''Tiiis last is on the authority of Mark Twain's Rouijliin;/ ft, in which is jlivi'ii a humorous history of the first Nevada legislature. He .says the Icgis- Lituro 'sat 00 days, and passed private toll-road franchi.ses all tiio time. When they adjourned it was estimated that every citizen owned ahout tliree franciiises, and it was believed that unless congniss gave the territory aaotiier ilegreo of longitude there would not be room enough to accommodate the tdjl-roads. The ends of them were hanging over the boundary line every- wlicre like a fringe.' The same might have been said of all the other early territorial legislatures. But concerning the seats for the representatives, I fiiiil tiiat Mrs M. A. Ormsby and Miss H. K. Clapp of Carson city donated on tile I9th of October to the mend)ers 'comfortable chairs for their use,' ami that they M'ere not only thanked, but invited to a seat within the bar of tile house for the remainder of tin; session. JWii Jour. Houae, 1801, 87 ^' Pnrkers Lettfr-Book, MS., 34-6; Rept. of Gov. Nye, in Sen. Doc. 36, T., 37th cong, 2d aesa. \\i i; ';1 ': '■t ■ i .'f i 160 TEURITOUI AL OIK J AMZATIOX. Churcliill, Esinemkla, aiiil Humboldt included most of the tiJiritoriul area, and tiio other counties the \h>u- ulation. In [)oint of fact, the oidy white inhabitai.ts of the central and eastern parts of the territory wen; a few station-keo[)ers along the overland mail route, hartllv more than enouijh to constitute the usual cori)s of county officers. The legislature, howevt r, nominated, and the governor confirmed, three coin- niissioners for each county, whose duty it was to meet and ap[>ortion their territory into voting [)re- cincts jjre[)aratory to a general election, to be held on the J 4th of January, i8G2, for the purj)osc of choosintf county ofHcers, who should hold until the reu'ular election on September lid, provided ft)r in the elec- tion law of the territory. This rai)id change of offi- cers Ljave some of the counties three different sets between the Ist of January and the middle of {Sep- tember ISO'2. The organic act provided for nine councilmen, which nund)er might be increased to thirteen, who.se term of service should be two years, and thirteen as- send)lvmen, whose number miijht be doubled, to serve one vear. The lenislature made the whole of this iri- crease at the first session. In an act concerning crimes and [>unishments it was provided that no blark person, or mulatto, or Indian, or Chinese should lie permitted to give evidence against or in favor of aiiy white person; and that any person having one eiglith part negro blood should be deemed a mulatto, while every jjcrson having one half Indian blood should 1)C deemed an Indian. In the civil practice act it was provided that all might testify, whether of negro er Indian blood, who had not one half or more of l)la(k blood in their veins; thus placing the value of |»rop- erty above that of life or liberty to those who were three quarters white, an impropriety which the gov- ernor pointed out, while he approved the crimes act on the ground of necessity, the condition of society in Nevada at this tmie requiring the restraints of a penal REVENUE AND RESTRICTIONS. 161 code. A tax of forty cents on every $100 of taxable ])r<)j)crt3' was imposed for territorial purposes, witli an uiUlitional tax of sixty cents for county puqwscs." A poll-tax of two dollars was also imposed on all males between the ages of twenty-one and fifty years, not exeujpted by law, for county purposes, a neces- sarv measure for raising revenue in a country where the^ land still belonged to the United States, and the population was a migratory one." The mines with r-A ! * !g 1 M Tebritobul Seal. their products remained untaxed, although the design adopted for the territorial seal had reference only to uiiuing as an industry." A law to secure the observ- ance of the sabbath was passed and approved, which '^Xi-v. Lmi'.% 1801, 144. This tax waa raised in 1862 to r>P centsofl $100 for torritorial, and 80 cents on the same for county expenses. Tlie last terri- tnrial legislature fixed the tax at .SO cents on 8100 for territorial and not to exceed 80 cents on the same for county revenues. ^"Tlie poll-tax was increased to $4 a head in 1862, and might be ma<le to constitute county hospital funds. The limit of age was suhseqiiently ex- tenileil to sixty years, and assessors made ex-officio poll-tax collectors. *• Mountains, with a stream of water coursing down their side and falling on the overshot wheel of a quartz mill at their liase. A miner learning on his piek and holding a United States flag. Motto: Volens et Potens. De- signed by Secretary Clemens. Nev. Jour. Ominril, \f^&\,A6;Nev.H(m8eJ<nir., 43; Nev. Laws, 1861, 295. Certainly nothing claaaic. Hist. Nbv. 11 ' i'i „■ , i 162 TEURITOUI.VL OIUJANIZATION. inflicted a fine of not less than $30 n(tr more tlum $2r)0 for keeping open a play-hou.se, ganihlintr-dii^ coek-pit, <^r engaging in any species of noisy anmsc- nients on the ''first day of the week, commonly culltd Lord's day;" and the same law interdicted any judi- cial husiness, except in the case of a jury in unfinislud deliberation, which might receive further instrlictioh or deliver a verdict on Sunday ; but permitted arrests for crime, and an examination before a justice on Sun- day.*' Cohabitation with Indians, Chinese, or negroes was made punishable by fine of not less than $100 nor more than $500, or imprisonment in the c(»unty jail for not less than one month nor more than six. Lotteries were also forbidden. Altogether the work of the first legislature, which extended over sixty davs, was discreet and moral, and it would have been well could they have kept society up to their standard. With the adjournment of the legislature, the offi- cials appointed by that body and the governor came into power,*' and arranged the preliminaries of the coming election of county oflScers. Some difiicuhy was experienced in appointing officers for Lake iiiid Esmeralda counties, arising from the disputed boun- "JVcw. Comp. Laws, i. 2; S. F. Bulletin, Oct. 24, 1861. *'Thc conintissioners appointed byliov. Nye for Douglan county were S. A. Kinsey, Hiram Mott, and Henry Vausickle; county clerk, Joel A. Harvey; surveyor, Rol)ert F. Hart; sheriflF, Wiiliam Wallace; probate juilgt.', Chauncey N. Noteware; recorder, B. Rush Horton; treasurer, John 'I'iiii,'- man. Com. of Humboldt co., M. S. Thompson, A. U. Sj'lveater, ami A. Benway; sheriff, A. W. Nightingill; probate judge, A. W. OUiver. t\.iii. "f Lyon and Churchill counties, E. B. Zabriskie. Rufus E. Trask, and S. S. Buckland; co. clerk, Daniel Kendrick; sur., Francis Tagliabue; slieritr, J. Martin Reese; dist. atty., Frank H. Kennedy; trcas., John Irvine; rec, .lolm G. Shirts. Com. of Ormsby co., H. F. Rice, J. S. Albro, and F. A. 'Iritlc; CO. clerk, Parker H. Pierce; sheriff, William L. Marley;8ur., James S. ]..iw- son; probate judge, E. C. Dixon; dist. atty, Dighton Corson; treas.. I'liiliii Stoner. Com. of Story co., H. G. Blasdel. Charles E. Olncy, ami Israel Kno.x; CO. clerk, Nelson W. Winton; probate judge, Leonard W. ?"trris: sheriff, William H. Howard; rec, H. G. Blaisdell; sur., Seneca H. Marlttc. Cam. of Lake co., William Wetherlo, William H. Naightley, and Panitl Murray. They failed to provide for the election as intended, and the iMniiity was not organized until the following year. Com. of Washoe co., F. H. Burroughs, H. F, Pierce, and C. C. Smith; sheriff, Charles C. Smith; co. clerk, B. E. Shannon; rec, Isaac Mean; supt schools, J. W. North, Nea. Jour, Council and House, 1861. fOUNTY AKKAIUS, 168 tlnrv. In the case <)f Esniorakla, it was clivitlocl bo- tu icii two jurisdictions. In March I Hi] I tlio Calitornia li„Mslaturo organized tlu! county of Mono, uitli tiie tdwii of Aurora for tho county scat, assuming: tliat the 111 )Uiuls of that statu roach cd eastward ht-yond this tin II thriving plaro. Tlio act creating the county j»ii)\ idc<i for tlie election in June of a full set of county ofticials/' exce[)t a judge, who was to bo appointed by t!ic goyornor, and it was attached to Tuolumne for rt.j)ioscntativo purposes. I before the arrival of CJovernor Nye and the ortjani- zatitiii of the territory of Nevada, tho election had tiktii place, and Mono county, with a full list of otlitirs, most of whom resided in Aurora, was exer- cisiiiu; iurisdictictn over the Esmeralda niininjjc district of western ITtah." An appropriation of .^10,000 liad been made by the Culifcrnia legislature for the ex]>enses of a boundary connnission to act in concert with the United States surveyor in locating the cast line of the state, and tho Nevada legislature appropriated one tenth of this sum for a similar purpose, which circumstances de*^^erred till! territorial authorities from pressing the matter of county jurisdiction; and although an act "to legalize the records of Esmeralda miniuir district" was intro- duced in the council, it was not ])assed. Tho (juestion of ownership was still unsettled hi 1862, no complete (iL'anization of Esmeralda county haviiifj taken iilace bt fore the ammal election in Septcnd)or;*"' but nover- tluli'ss, at this election representatives were chosen fn)m Esmeralda county to the legislature of Nevada, while Aurora was doing duty as the county seat of *^ Commissioners of Mono cow., ty appointed hy tho Cal. legislature were V. ,!. Hukey, ^V. M. Boring, E. \\ . Casey, C. N. Noteware, L. A. Urown, (i. \\ . Bailey, and T. A. Lane. These provided for the election in .luiic. "Tlie otficers elected were, for co. clerk, R. M. ^Vilson; .sheriff, N F. i^cntt; dist. atty, R. E. Phelpa; assessor, .F. H. Smith; treas. ; \yilliam Feast; sur., L. Twttle; supervisors, E. Green, Charles R. Worland, and J. •S. Scliulz. The judge appointed by the governor of Cal. was J. A. Moultrie. *'.Iudge Moultrie had resigned and .1. V. Baldwin had been appointed in Ills jilace Sheriff Scott had been killed by Indiana and G. W. Bailey appuinted to the vacancy. ,S.| ( 1 ( I ! m 'Is lat TKUKITOUI A L OIUl ANIZ ATIOX. :!i! I >i two counties, one in California and ono in Nevada. This duplex |;<)vennnent continued, to tiic gnat ann(»vaneo of the inhabitants, for all the years durin' which the boundary was in dis[)uti'. Lake county was similarly situated, beinu^ jiartly claimed by IMumas county, California, with the diH'erence that in tli!.>, instance Nevada failed to substantiate her claim to the Honey Lake valley, which was supjiost'd t»» lie within the territorial litnits. It had been the hmno of Isaac Koop. the governor elected by the peoj»lc of western Utah in 1859, and was made the 9th council district for the election of membersof the first Nevud.i Iciiislature by Governor Nye. The commissioiurs appointed in 18GI (li<l not provide for an election in January, nor were county otticers chosen before S('|>- tember 180'2, the county remaininjjf unori5anize<l until after the second mcetinu: <^f the le<j:islature/" The representative, C. Adams, did not take his scat, and Councilman Roo]), wiio held over from 18Gi, was the last member from Honey Lake valley, l^ut the lei>islature in 18G2 fully organized the county, cliani,'- ing the name to Roop, the governor commissionin.; the officers elected in September, appointing a | no- bate judge, John S. Ward, and ordering a sptcial term of court to be held in January 1803. This assumi)tion of the cont "ol of municipal affairs in that region brought on a conflict with arms, as I liave mentioned *' in a former part of this chapter. Before ♦"The officers chosen wcro W. H. Naileigh, slicriff, H. J. B.aretto. clerk; Z. N. Spaulcliiig, recorder. Fraiili Drake, treas. ; E, A. Towiisenil, assc-xir; Henry K. Arnold, collector; E. R. Nichols, siir. ; A. A. Holmes, schoul s\iii. ; Franklin Strong, S. J. Hill, and J. C Wimple, commissioners. *' T.ie trouble began by the judge of Plumas county enjoining from linM- ing court a justice of the jieaee of Koop county, who failing to ol)ey was liiud §100. The slieriff and proliato judge of Roop co. were next orderctl to iciise the exercise of fiuthority in the disputed district, failing of whieli tlic I'biiiias CO. slicritf arrested them. Tlie citizens then arose and reeapturod tlio prisouiTi. A few days later tlic Plumas co. slierifT, E. H. Pierce, rcai>pi;ireil with a posse of between 1(X) and 201), and a piece of artillery. He arn^tt'l the judge and slierifF a second time, and again they were rescued. Open war ensued on the 15th of Fel).. 18()3. The Roop co. forces fort'fieil in a Ins; building, and tlie Plumas co. forces in a liarn near by, one of tlie latter \'i-'Mi severely wounded l)y the Roop co. men. The battle then grew hot, resiiltin.' in the wouudiug of two of the latter, when au armistice was at lengtli agrieil thr f was I tinll I'lio.si' was ii Jilil'iKl U'liolo I'ccoi'd till' te] Session it|'|M'Oj) The III! dollars f'.'ijiital. t'\|i('ns( "lij^ht L twenty, officers, tol i!j(3 i?li',000, appropj-i tin* finst Ore-ron] the view '^'li<; sala 'I'lcfjuate COUNTY AFFAIRS. 1G5 the filial survey, which \eh all of Roop county which was pitpuhiU'd or desirahlo in California, another elec- tion had heen held in that district, but the persons ilidS' n never were permitted to hold ottice/" and Hoop was ill 1804 attached to Washoe county for judicial jiui'poses. Hy the action of the first territorial lej^islature the whole of Carson county was eliminated, and the nconls ordered to be delivered to the secretary of the territory for safe keeping. The expenses of the session were estimated at $35,000, and Ci)!.gress had appiDpriated but $20,000 in a depreciated currency.** Till! members were paid three dollars a day, and I'iree dollars for every twenty miles' travel to and from the fii|iital. The per diem was obviously below the actual e\|i(iiso of living in Nevada at this per ■ •, but it iiii;4iit be assumed without fear of controdiction t'l'st twtntv-fo'K legislators, with the nece.ssary clerl's and ulHiers, could have subsisted themselves comfortably f»n I he forty-nine days they were in session U[)on ;?IJ,000, the lowest sum to which the depreciated appropriation had fallen. Compare the expenses of the first Nevada lejiislature with those of the first Oiei^on legislature, and we have the difference between tin; views of a mining and an agricultural population. Tlie salaries of the federal officers were entirely in- adecjuate to their expenses,'* and these the legislature u[ii.ii l)y tli(? leaders of the two factions, who promised towithtlraw their men t'l'iiiu till' lielil, leaviiiu it ueutral, and to report to tlieir roapectiNC goveruorH, rti|iustiii^' tliein to hnd aome peaceaMe way of settling their difliculties. Friiik I)nike was chairman of the conference, H. W. .Jennings secretary, ami tin; two sheriffs, Pierce and Naileigli, principals to the agreement whicli WHS uiitort'd into and a copy forwarded to tlic governors of (,'al. and Ncv. I lia\e idready stated that they immediately appointed a commission to survey till' Iioundary, and the results. '"'llie officers elected in 1863 were William V. Kingshury, councilman; Jii'iii e. Partridge, representative; and H. L. Partridge iiiemher of the con- stifjiticiual conventi<m. ^'.Vr. romp. Laws,i. 239; S. F. BnllHin, Nov. 1.% ISOl; Comj. OIoIk; IHIll. ai)].., ,m Says Clemens: 'Tliey levied taxes to the amount of fSO.OOO or siO,(IO(); and ordered expenditures to the extent of about a million.' Once in a lit of economy a memher jiroposed to abolish the chaplain and save ?3 jiur ilay to the country. Roiujhiwj It, l!H-2. "'ileport of Nye to Seward, in Sen. Ex. Dor., ,36, \., 37th oong. 2d sess. ; Parka-:-} Letter Book; MS., 43-5, 98. !- 'I' 1 d m :' i i' J 166 TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION. 1fr might havo been justified in increasing had there been a population sufficient to pay the tax. But no such population existed, and the career of extravagance entered upon in 1 861 entailed upon the state a debt from which it was not free twenty years later." With regard to the seat of government, there was not in the case of Nevada that strife concerning its location which distracted several of the Pacific grouj) of territories. By act of November 25, 18^1, Carson City was declared the permanent seat of government, and the city plaza was dedicated to the use of the public buildings. While the bill was pending a i)eti- tion was presented by citizens of Virginia City ask- ing that the capital might be located there. Silver City also asked for it, but it properly remained away from the mining district." Governor Nye, by proclamation on the l7th of July, 1861, divided the territory into three judicial districts, the 1st district to embrace all that portion of Nevada Ivini; west of the 118th meridian; the 2d district all between the 118th and ll7th meridians; and the 3d district all east of the 1 I7th. To the first he assigiud Judge Mott, to the 2d Judge Turner, and to the ,'Ul Judge Jones. If Nye had been content to give jSIott all the populated territory west of the 119th meridian there would still have been left Ragtown and Aurora west of that line for Turner, though there was noth- ing east of them for Jones except overland stage stations. Once a year, according to the organic act, the three judges, or a majority of them, were compelled to hold a term of court at the seat of government, and on this occasion at least the two supernumeraries had the privilege of occupying the judicial bench with Mott, ^* Thc'numbor of senators in the first state legislature was 17, and assem- blymen 36. The state constitution limited the number of memljersi tu 75. Nev. Laws, 1864-5, 61. *'■' In 1864 a company laid out a town on the flat south from Gold Hill and called it American City, offering the territoi-y $50,000 to remove the capital to that location JUDICIAL MATTERS. 167 who perhaps was assigned to the whole inhabited part of the country because he was first to arrive. That his presence was required is undoubted, as tlic governor called for a second term, on the 21st of August, "to meet the necessities and wants of the people."" A part of these wants arose from the great number of mining suits which were brought during the scramble for claims on the Comstock, but crimi- nal cases were by no means infrequent. On the 18th of November Deputy marshal John L. Blackburn, an excellent officer, was assassinated while attempting tlie arrest of a criminal by William Mayfield, one of the irany: to which the criminal belonjjed.** A reward of §3,000 was offered by citizens of Carson for the capture of Mayfield. So great was public indignation that the clergyman who performed the funeral ser- vices called upon the people to secure the murderer, and volunteered to assist in the pursuit. Mayfield was arrested on the 21st, and placed in irons in the log building which did duty as a jail at Carson. Tlireats of lynching were openly uttered, and it was observed that a large number of " secessionists, gam- blers, and sympathizers with the murderer" were gathering in Carson from the neighboring towns, so that the chances were divided between rescue and summary hanging. The governor visited the jail in person several times during the night, finding it neces- sary to disarm a former deputy of the marshal, and to send to Fort Churchill for a military guard, a lieu- tenant and fifteen men arriving next day, whose pres- ence, it was thought, averted a general jail delivery. Tlie desperate social element was not so large as it afterward was in Idaho and Montana, but it possessed the advantage of being thoroughly organized, as it was in those territories, and was a dangerous force to '■'^KyesReTpart in Sen. Eh-. Doc., 36, v. 37th cong. 2d seas. ■'" Hkickbura had killed one of these men in aelf-defence, in Nov. 1859, wliilu acting as watchman, as well aa deputy marshal, in Carson. Doubtless lie was marked. Blackburn waa formerly a resident of Dutch Flat, CaL Parku's LeUer-Book, MS., .36-8. IftiJ^ 168 TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION. encounter. By its assistance Mayfield escaped from prison and fled to Montana, where he was killed in a drunken brawl. The condition of society was chaotic. The population consisted chiefly of men, who gath- ered in the mining towns, one third of the whole popu- lation ii. 1860 being at Virginia City," where very fow women of the respectable class were to be found." Gold Hill, which was a suburb of Virginia City, had something over 600 inhabitants, and only fourteen women. Silver City was a place of about the same importance, these three towns containing over half of all the inhabitants of the territory. Before the or- ganization of Nevada, the following year, the popu- ''The numljer of white male and female inhabitants in 1860 was 6,102 of the former, anil 710 of the latter; total of colored,. 45; number of dwellings, 2,037; hotels 19, boarding houses 29, restaurants 15, saloons 63, stores 10',), barbers 17, carpenters 118, teamsters 131, blacksmiths 54, boot-makers 22, jewelers 4, printers C, physicians 19, dentists 4, livery-stables 14, harness- makers 1, upholsterers 10, tinners 11, painters 9, school teachers 3, tailors 4, brewers 9, milliners 2, gunsmiths 1, speculators 21, lawyers 5, bakers 28. The majority of the population were miners; a few were agriculturists and stock-raisers. About one third of the whole were of foreign birth, Irish, German, and English, with a few of all other nationalities. ^Total population of Virginia City in 1860 was 2,390, only 118 of whom were women. It was incorporated under the laws of Utah, in Fell. 18(51. The first board of trustees, elected in March, consisted of N. W. Wintou prea., J. C. Bateman sec, George H. Shaw, Joseph Scates, and Louis Feusiur, city treas., C. P. Robinson; marshal, D. Bailev; justice of the peace, Joseph F. Atwill. Kelly's Nev. Dir., 1862, 108. The editor of the To-ritoruil En- terprine is the author of the following reminiscences concerning Virginia City: The first child born in that town was Virginia Tilton, born April 1, 1860, named in honor of the then new mining camp. The parents were John H. and Levina S. Tilton, who immigrated from the east to the mines in 1859. From Sept. to March they lived in their wagon, after whicli tliey occupied a house built by the father, whose first employment was carrying mortar for the Ophir office, while Mrs Tilton earned money by sewing. The first school was taught by Miss Downing, on South C street, near Taylor, in 1860. Miss Gregory opened a school subsequently on D street. The lirst public school was organized in October 1862, the school-house being on tlie site of the present fliird ward school-house. Mr Melville was principal, Miss Fida Collins assistant, and John A. Collins supt. Only 17 children were in attendance at the first term. A year afterward there were 3()0. The first religious services were held in 1861, by an episcopal minister of the diocese of Cal. In the spring of 1862 the American Church Missionary sd- ciety sent Franklin S. Rising of New York to organize a ohurch. The first death was that of a young daughter of Lyman .Tones, who was buried in a cemetery near the Ophir works. The first ball was held on Christmas eve, 1860, d,t which the following women were present : Mesdames Dirks, Paxton, Tilton, Bryan, Blair, Flick, Hastings, Dill, Howard, Adams, Ross, 1!. J. Smith, Howard, C. Barstow, and Leonara Dirks. A sleigh waa made by Mr Whipple expressly to carry these persona to the ball. NEWSPAPER PRESS. 169 lation of Virginia had increased to 3,284, and of Gold Hill to 1,294. Carson City, on account of its more agreeable cli- mate and favorable situation, was expected and in- tended to be the business centre of Carson valley. AVliilo mine owners bought and sold and speculated in nulling ground at Virginia and Gold Hill, speculators in town lots bought and sold, and built, and planned tliu future metropolis, which it was soon found would go whither the gold was, in spite of their efforts. Yet Carson Cit}' had made a good beginning in 1860. It had an able and flourishing newspaper," the Territorial '■The first newspapers in western Utah were publislied in manuscript, as cirly :v.s I8r)4. The Scorpion, edited by S. A. Kinsey, was published at (n^uia; tlie Gold Canon Simtch, edited by Jo.seph Webb, was published at Jiiliutowii. They were humorous and satirical in tlieir character, and fur- iiisliod amusement, if not any great amount of superior journalism. On the ISth (if Dec, 1858, the TiTrUorUil iJ/iArjww was started at (Jenoa, by V.'illiam L. Jernegan and A. James. It was removed to Carson City on the .'Jth of Niiv. The Eiik'iyrixe contains a complete history of Nevada since its organi- zation, ami has l)een conducted from time to time by able writers. In 18(50 it \v:iM a L'Ocohunn wee'cly, printed on a sheet 21 by 28 inches. Jonathan Williams and J. B. Widlard purchased and removed it to Virginia City in N()V. Its place in Cfjson City was immediately filled by the Silirr Aijc, aiintlier weekly, published by John C. Lewis and Sewall. It was 24 by 3(i inches in size, and union in politics. In Sept. 1871 it was issued as a daily, l(i liy 20 inches. The Silver A ije. was favored by tlie legislature with the first |nil)lic printing, to which I find reference in Nev. Jour. J/onxe, 1861, 85. This journal was also sold to John Church, S. A. Glessner, and J. L. Laird, who removed it in Nov. 1862 to Virginia City, and changed its name on the 4th to tlie Dailu Union. In the autumn of 1868 it was again sold to W. J. Forbes, who called it The Tre-*p<Ms. Not long after, John I. (Jinn and Robert E. Lowery took the stock and published the Sdjhjuunlior a few months. It was then removed to White Pine co. by J. J. Ayres and C. A. V. Putnam, who published the InUwd Empire. Finally (lov. L. R. Bradley pur- chased the stock and sold it again te Holmes C. Patrick, who took it back to Cal., whence it came. It served afterward to print the Stockton liiptihliran, the Ndrriiw Gnuijc, and the Daily Courier, respectively, subsequently to which iu 1874, Laura l)e Force Crordon purchased the remains of the plant, and pub- lislieil with it the Daily Lauler for two years, after which the press was taken to Oakland. The 3d paper published in Carson City was the Daily Independent, started July 27, 18(i3. It was a 24-column sheet, 21 by 27 inches, published by W. W. Ross, and strongly union in sentiment. Israel Crawford became business manager in August, when 4 columns were added to the size of the paper, and in Oct. Oawford purchaae<l the establishment. A company consisting of G. W. < 'alwell, George A. Eades, An<lrew Maute, and Charles J. M iller, pur- chased the Independent, Feb. 28, 1864, and published it as it first ajipeared. Within a month Crawford bought it back, and it expired Oct. 11, 18(>4. On the 27th of Aug., previous to the suspension of Crawford's ])aper, H. W. Johnson k Co. began the publication of the Daily Erenimj Poxl. Tlie press was one on which had been previously published the Mensai/e at Gold UiU, by -MX aaaociation of printers under the firm name of Geo.»^ je W. Bloor & il r< iS 11 1 (t- i i ill, 170 TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION. s « Enterprise, a water company/* a seminary of learning, Co. The Pa^l was 23 by 3*2 inches, and contained '28 colunuis. John C. Lewis was euiploynd to edit it until Oct., when lie purcbajjcd and changed it to a morning paper, and aa such published it till Jan. 18G5, when it sus- pended, fn the following Dee. Lewis started a weekly journal callccl tlie Euitfni Sl'ifm at Washoe City on the Pmt material, continuing the publica- tion until 1S(>8, when he again susjiended, removing his press to Uenoin Julv where he printed the CrcMceiit until 1875, when he sold to J. C. Dow, who coninienced the publication of the Daihj XvtKula Democrat, which was fdl- lowed by the Kino Diiily Record. In 1878 the press was again removeil to Bodie to print the Boilie \eics. The .">th pai>er started at Carscn was the Daili/ Slate Deniocrnl, by A. C. Ellis, Oct. '2.'), 1864. It was a campaign paper, 17 by 24 inches, containing 2() columns, and supported McClellan for the presidency. It suspeudoil at the end of tlie campaign, leaving tlie capital without a newspaper. On the 16th of Maj-, 1866, E. F. AIoElwain, J. Barrett, and Marshall Robinson started the Ciirton Dnilij Aifpcnl, a republican journal, tliu tir.st number of wliich announced the capture of tlie reljcl chief, Jefferson l)avis. Henry R. Migliels was at first only the sabvried editor, but soon bocaiiiu joint propriet<jr in place of B;irrett. In 1870 the paper was soKl to (.'. L. Perkins and H. C Street, the same wlio fought the newspaper battlus of secession in Idaho. Tlie politics of the paper were changed to democratic, ami the name to Ditihi Strife litijixtcr. In .September 1872 Mighels ri'i-ur- chased the office, and issued the Xew Ditily Appeal, republican in politics, m a new press. William WithereU and D. R. Sessions were employed on the pai>er as local editors, and soon Robinson became again a partner ii\ the ownership. .Several changes were mivde in the size of the paper, and it re- sumed its old name of Canton Daily Ajrpi'al in 1874, and in 1877 it was changeil to Moniinj A}>}K'aL On the 27th of May 1879, death deprived this journal of its inspiring spirit. Henry U. ilighels was bcm in Norway, Maine, Nov. 3, 1830, his father lieing a physician and a learned naturiilist. Henry received an acailciiiic education at Portland, and removed with his father to Cincinnati, Oliin, in 18-. J, whence he came to Cal. in 1850. Possessing artistic talent, he eiijiagcil in the business of ilecorative painting, but in 1856 took the more congenial [w- 8iti<>n of editor of the Butte Reconl at Oroville and later of the local cnhimns of the Sacramento Btc. He was the first editor of the MarysviUe Ajijiiai, ami established his growing reputation on that paper. On the breaking out nt the civil war he went east to enlist in the union army. He was comniissidncil asst adj. -gen. with the rank of capt. on the staff of (ren. .Sturgis. He was in eight battles, and wounded in June 1864, from the effects of which ho was disabled for duty and honorably discharged the following Nov. in IStit! he married Nellie Verrill, also of Maine, by whom he had 4 children. A short time before his death, being in broken health, he adopted the ad'-ico oi his friends and collected for publication some of the inorceaux which had iliMpiieil from his pen in his journalistic experience, which were pulilished uihUt the title of Saije- Brush Lmres in a volume of 3.S5 pages; .San Francisco, IST'.K The semi- weekly Xenula Tribune was lirst iml)lished at Carson City July 16, 1872 by E. .F. Parkinson and Joseph Mc(."lure. It was changed to aa evening paper the following year. The Daily Eirninj Ilcrnlil was started August 1), 1875, by Wells, Drury, & Co., with C. A. V. Putnam editor. The CarKm Daily Times, republican, was first issued March 18, 1880, by Kilwanl Niles. It suspended in 1881. The Daily Index, published by Marshall Uoli- insou, commenceil its existence Dec. 25, 1880. ** Organized Feb. 9, 18(50, with Wellington Stewart prest; Thomas J, Moore, supt; John Leach, sec; and William I>e Kays, treas. The logishiture of 1861 granted the right to lay water-pipes for supplying Carson City, t'l J. J. Musser, Jonathan WiKl, .*<arah A. Blackburn, and John O. Kdlv, and their associates. A gas coni]>>any was also chartered by this legislatuic tor SOCIETY. 171 fuuiKlcd by Miss H. K. Clapp,*' a telegraph office, >t;iuo lines, and other adjuncts of conifortablo and re- iiiK'd living. The plenitude of money in the early (la\.s of the Conistock lode's development, while it made possible a rapid realization of unwonted luxu- ries, Mas in Nevada, as it always is, a temptation to vicious habits, and the occasion of glaring absurdities.'" In A'irt^inia might be found, notwithstanding statutes ilhiiniiuiting Carson City, J. J. Musser and George Lewis receiving the fniiK-lii^e. •■■'Mis.s Clapp was formerly a teacher in Ypsilanti, Mich., and very en- thu>iastic in her profession. She was one of the lirst women to take up lier r siiitiu-o at Carson City. Associated with licr in the Sierra Seminary were .Miss j;. C. Babcock, and Mrs E. <i. Cutler, who with the principal did much to gi\ f tone to Carson society. j\V*v'/-,s' A'cxwla Piinieerti, MS., 3. "'rinTc came to Carson valley in 1855, with Orson Hyde's company from Silt Like, Alexander Cowan and wife. Tlie maiden name of Mrs Cowan vas lOilli-y Orruni, and she was born in the highlands of Scotlaml. At the a^c !■{ 15 years she married Stephen Hunter, who immigrated with her to Salt Lake in 1850, where he, enterijig into polygamous relations, caused her to li-.ivi' Jiiin. In 1853 she married Alexander Cowan, with whom she re- iiiiiviil to Carson valley. She kept a boarding-house for miners in (.rold Cannii in tiie winter of 1855, and the following summer with her husband t(Mik a land claim in Washoe valley. When Orson Hyde and the Mormons vtic recalled to Salt Lake, Mrs Cowan refused to return, preferring to re- inaiii at her farm in summer and keep boiirding-house at the mines in tlie winter. In 1858 she married a minernamed Lemuel S. Bowers, an illiterate Insliiiian, who owned 10 feet on the then undiscovered Comstock ledge, .loiigside of which she also owned 10 feet, for which she had ])aid .SIOO. Wlur it came to be known what lay underneath their claims, the Bowers lie aiiie famous alike for their riches and their ignorance of the uses of wealth, lint lii'ing urged by the mischievous miners to make the tour of Europe, tliey Set out in 18G1 to perform this pilgrimage, having first contracted for the .reetion and furnishing of a mansion on their land in Washoe valley, at a cost of .^lOT.OOO. Before leaving Virginia they gave a farewell entertain- iiiei'.t to tiu.'ir friends at the International hotel, on wliich occasion Bowers remarked tiiat lie had money to 'throw at the birds;' yet Sandy, as he was familiarly calh?d, was as innocent of boasting and as kindly intentioned as iva- was Dickens' Boffin of Boffin's Bower. They remained three years aliroad, anil probably gave some color to the popular English prejudice against rich Americans, although there was nothing American about them lilt tin ir mone}'. Four years after their return, 18()8, Bowers died, owiiing an estate valued at §(5.18,000. The business of her mine and mill being left to the care of a superintendent, M:. Bowers soon found herself hopelessly iiidilit. '^--^ tii.c mansion became a public resort, and the brave Seoteli woiiiaii, . u . <) nmch that is dramatic in her life, supported herself in her oM age by telling fortunes. lieiio State Jounvil, Jan. 9, 1875, and Jan. 5, is7>; III strong contrast to this phase of Nevada life was that of a Scotch miner wlio made himself au abode in an abandoned tunnel near Silver ('ity, and exeavated for himself a nundjer of apartments. A vein of goUl-bearing quartz rail along the roof of his dwelling and he had silver ore for hi.s door-sill, and silvi'r ill the walls of his living rooms. Tlie eccentric owner had a good liliraiy, ami being of a serious turn of mind sometimes held religious services ill iiis eave dwelling. GrMS VaUiif Union, July '-'8, 1870. iijt 1.2 <i 172 TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION. to the contrary, every form of vice, and all kinds of degrading amusements. On Saturday nights the underground population came to the surface ; and while business houses were closed on Sunday, bar- rooms, gambling-dens, dance-houses, fourth-rate the- atres, and bagnios were liberally patronized.*' Dui]- ling was not uncommon, but a bill introduced in the house at the first session of the legislature legaliziiKr it was rejected. Street fights and murders were also frequent, though it was usually the organized, migra- tory ruffians who perpetrated robberies and murders, and not the residents of the territory. California as well as the Mississippi states had contributed largely to this undesirable condition of the body politic. Probably the first federal judges would have been able to hold their own against the criminal element in Nevada ; but opposed to the combhied influence of the capital and legal talent of California and Nevada, as they sometimes were, in important mining suits, they were powerless. Statutes regarding the points at issue did not exist, and the questions involved were largely determined by the rules and regulations ef mining districts, and the application of common law. Immense fees were paid to able and oftentimes un- principled lawyers, and money lavished on suborned witnesses. As I have explained in the previous chap- ter, the community and the courts were divided uikhi the one ledge and two ledge theories, which notliiiiu' could determine except actual demonstration, and demonstration often depended upon the settlement of the suit. *' Jacob Klein, bom in Alsace, France, in 1831, by trade a baker, vlio immigrated to America at the age of 19 years, and came to Cal. in 18.")."f. re- moved to Nov. in 1800, settled at Carson, and erected a brewery. In a manuscript sketch of the Fouiitlers oJ'L'urxon City he described society in the Nevada towns at this period, and for several years following, as had in tlie extreme. He soM beer in 1860 for ^ per gallon, which fact covered a mul- titude of sins in his customers. See Wr'uiht's Biij Bonanza, 354-83, l^!l'2-t>; Xeif i-y' Ifeiyuta Pinneer/i, UH., 2; Oold Hill' NcHfa,' Oct. U, 1803, and May 16, 1873; Nfw York Timex, Dec. 1863; S. F. BnllHin. Sept. 26. 18C)3: .s\ F. AlJUx; May 7, 18(),); Prin'ti Tii"> Americajt, 250-7; Virjinia Vhronich, I'ec. 5, and IS, 1870, and March 5, 1877; Jfev. Scraps iSO-l, LITIGATION 173 In the case of the Chollar-Potosf legislation, Judge ]^I()tt. ill whose district all these suits fell, wasaccused of ontortainipg the belief which favored the Chollar coiup.iiiy, as was also Chief-justice Turner. Mott was, thtit fore, worried or bribed into resigning, with no otlier object than to procure the elevation to the bench of James W. North, first surveyor-general of the ter- ritory, and a lawyer who was known to liold opinions of geology adverse to the Cliollar company. Nortli, who, notwithstanding appearances, was an honest man, fduiid himself informed by telegraph September 14, 18(5.'}, of his appointment as judge of the 1st district, and innncdiately opened court. After several months of tedious litigation he decided in favor of the Potosi company. It was now the turn of the Chollar com- pany to attack the judiciary, and, as it was known that tlie chief justice was on their side, tlicy endeav- ored to get a majority on the bench by gaining over the judge of the 3d district, P. B. Locke, who had bo(3n appointed in the place of Jones, resigned. The ai)|K'al to the full bencli of judges was argued on the L'Sth of April, 1864, followed the same evening by attempts of the Potosi people to influence the deci- sioii."' The excitement ran high, and Locke was se- verel}' and justly denounced for behavior unbecoming a man in his position. Contrary to the expectations of the corruptionists, however. North filed his decision May oth, Nvith the concurrence of Locke, aflirming liis former judgment, and debarring the introduction, in a suit for ejectment against tiie Potosi company, of any damaging evidence based on the old titk'S of location of the Cliollar company. But the advocates of the latter company used means to indu<'e Locke to iiKikc an addendum to his decision, which reopened the hearing of evidence. Being again besieged bv the Potosi company, he ordered the addendum struck ofl' the file. This uncertain and unjudicial behavior ''■ Ta-ritor'ml Enterprise, July 26, 1864; Gold Hill New$, Aug. 3 and 4, 18G4. ti "■:( if &. li u lit !' I I I I I I j f 1. 1 f ■ li 174 TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION. caused both parties to express iriditjnation ayainst Locke ; and as interested [)ersons desired to get Noitli off the bench, great i)ressure was brought to htur against all the judges. Among those most anxious to unseat North was William M. Stewart, a young lawyer from the inte- rior of California, who was proving hhnself of gnat value to certain mining companies, who retained liim to look after their interests for $200,000 a year. " from which the measure of his talents and his ener- gies may be estimated. Stewart's methods wtre sharply criticised by those opposed to him ; the state- ment that he was not always over-scrupulous was doubtless inspired by the fact that he was generally successful, which was the basis of his claim to luigt- fees. On the 22d of August, 1864, North resigned, to avoid the scandal of which he was the subject. On the same day the chief justice followed his example. being persuaded to it by a "private conference" " with Stewart. Inunediately after this triumph, the mem- bers of the bar invited the remaining juclgc to a niv* t- ing, and asked him to resign, which he was forced to do.** Thus the whole judiciary was removed in a day by the bar of Nevada, under Stewart's lead." Some of the public journals professed to believe that "Stewart was bom in N. Y. state Aug. 9, 1827, and came to C'al. via Panama in ISoO. He mined in the Coyote claims at Buckeye hill, disci iviTud the Eureka diggings in the autumn of that year, and projected the (Jii/./ly ditch which supplied them with water. He built the first saw-mill on Sliaily creek in 1851. In 1852 he began to read law with J. R. McConnell at Ne- vada City. The same year, such was his progress and talent, he u as ap- fointed district attorney, and elected to the same office the following year. n 1854 he was appointed attorney-general of Cal., and married a daiigiiter of ex-gov. Foote of Mississippi. He continued to study law and mining until he went to Virginia City, where he made and lost several fortunes. ** This is Stewart's own statement. But it is certain that there was a petition signed by nearly 4,000 names published in the Territoridl IJn/' rjn-i-ie, asking the judges to resign. The petition probably emanated from tlic same source. •* Stewart's account of the affair is that Locke hesitated to obey, ami turned to iiim, saying, 'Mr Stewart, what do you think I ouglit to do?' *Do !' replied the lawyer gruffly, 'resign, and resign now.' He was dlityeJ. *^ Territorial Etdetyrwe, Aug. 2.3, 1864; 8. F. Bulletin, Aug. 23, 1804. LITIGATION. 175 tl, to On willi nciii- Ih't't- (l to in a 1 lit) U(l. that tlio overthrow of the judges was a "blessing to Ne- vada, as it would stop Htigation for a time, during which tlie uiiuers could go on with their work with- out i'viir of being enjoined but nothing was paid about tlie iKiicfit it might be to drive out the lawyers, who took hundi-eds of feet of the best mines to keep litiga- tion i^oing, and used hundreds of thousands of dollars of tluir clients' money to corrupt whoever stood in tluir way. Whatever may be said of tiie Nevada bench at this time, I know of no more trying position tiian that of an appointed judge. ,al. via i;i-\/./ly shady lat Nu- lv;is av If year. lig until was a n' same j.y anil ItoiloV lifyed. 1)4. . r tif-' I • i ! CHAPTER VIII. STATE GOVERN.\»ENT, 1864-1881. LKOISLATION— MOVBMESTS TOWARD STATE OrOAMZATION — ThE UsION Pari Y— Union Sentiments — Military Companies — Govermik Ulas. DEL— First State Leoislatuke— Finances -Taxation— STUKicjiEs FOR SeNATORSHII'S — MoSEY AlL-POWERFIL — (IqVERNOR IJKAlir.Ky Governor Kinkkad- politics ok the I'erioi> — Monopoly am> roLiTi- CAL CORHI'PTION — SiLVEB IN CONGRESS — PuBLIC INSTITUTIONS. At the territorial election of Septembers, lSf)2. Gordon N. Mott was chosen deleijate to coiiy:res.s.' Twenty-six representatives and five councilnien were elected to legislate tor the people. They chaiim'd the time of ineetinu for succeeding: legislatures to the sec- ond Tuesday of January in each year, granted nuiiier- ous franchises, authorized the creation of a jail fund in Ormsby county, increased the compensation of the federal judges, authorized the pr<?servation of files of all newspapers, provided a contingent fund for tlie territory, created tJie county of Lander, amended the common-school law passed at the first session, created a prison board, and performed the usual amount of miscellaneous law-making' of no particular interest to the historian. It should be noticed, however, as re- lating to what has gone before, that at this session the federal judges were reassigned to their districts. the chief justice remaining in the 2d district; Jones was removed to the 1st district, such assignment not to take effect until Mott should have resigned, or until i.T. J. Musser, John D. Winters, and J. H. Ralston were the opposing candidates, their strength l>eing in the order here given. ^JVw. Laws, 18ti2, 15, 65, 73, 76, 9i, 53, 110, 1J5, and 127. (170) tlio 4 tiiat .M(.tt. hi By on fci'ahh iiUt (•( Seals, ] if doiu the .SO) r'hj;]it U By ;ui() tained 1 ajid niiy the pro havin<' for a .sui i'ltlividui ^^'as easy J«)f)rer o "lado by t'> provid <'oiiij H'l in their j)rin ^V'vada, I of ]osin<r t This act w (>^ Beceiiil lution and sates ordo] ^^^I'tenibcr "lade to pj 'Utiiam of ( «!;e 6 mo.itln i,a, •<itli cdiiL'. 3d sp P 'I'le council] J-'^meraMaco.;!, f ' J-'lm C. Lew i^me. ff. Sturte^ ""•nboldt CO. J, Hisi POLITICS, the 4th of March Iftfii. e -M"it. and invited it. '"P'a'td the resijfHati,,,, of In tlie matter of inii,in,r kw, l.t.i '■'■''*' I'V tl,e same formalities » 'hereafter trans- '"' -meyanees l-revi. u ^'ta^f ."''.'f^O"! estate, ^va s, recorded or unreeoX *, ^" ' '"■ "-'"'out ; <'""o in conformity to the '..irw?",*? '"■V"-'''' ™'id t "• several „,ini„„ L(": '/f '"'"^f"' l«ai rules " of ;>'U to contested'ela n s si ; ,w"i''k''^,*'"^'« '"'"^ the i.v -.other aet con.Xes ", t ^ '^f''P'^ '" "'"rtT ta„,ed by the misnianascme t*" f „ r" ^"^ '"J"'^'' «"* '""' '"'i' judgment ohtaS "1 km''''"""' ""'"Panies, I- property „f the jud^mort detr'"''-",'''-'" "P"- havM« the right to appl? to ,1 "*■• "'"«''■ Party f >r a survey. Bv a t iJ^tf . ""' ™"rts for an order '■"Jividual „,e„E fo^ f "'' ''"■•Porations migl,Uue «- -.y for the rtl^^„rr"'T''- .^^ «"« '-'"-t I""-'-; ones, and take "S sLr" /'"'"'"" ""'" "'' ma,le l,v a „,aj„rity of tl e wl, ' ^'"^ "^'^ssments ■' l"<'v,do «>r formigeorpoShl""'"''"''^^ ^" "et '"ni|«l mininij eomnan.n. • "• ""^ "" attemr,t to "j™ l-rincipaf officera'd C^ ';', ^"^'^■^ '" W J«<;Va<)a,underai)enalHr;ff^- "''"'"' the limits of ; '"-« their BtindW^;"^,^:'^^^'"*?. '"'^ ''" '"""4 Tins act was not approved bv co? *' "f ""^ t"™'"''/ '•( Uccen.ber an act »«! '^ e"»grosa* On the 20tl '"ti"" and state g'vornl'T'^f '" '''^"'^ " «.„:*! ^"'- ordered to tko pCe ^t fi" f,;.""" "^ <<*- Member 18fi3, an iroron; /• '"''1 ^ "di.esday m '"^^ "> pay its'expeS""T|'"" ;'■ 'f'"'"' ^--"^ ''■»ti,.mofOar „ "" '"'''= "f the people H.sr. N., ,/' "^ P--^-t. George VV. HopktJ^Sr^l il t Mill Pli i if'' '} . n f'^'-' j 178 STATE GOVERNMENT. for or against state govern mont was provided f^r in tiio same act. If thoy desired state governnujit. tin' dell-gates would meet at Carson on the 2d of NO- veniber. The result of the election showed a vote of SJfi'j, and a majority for a state constitution of 5, 1 50. 8i> strong an indication of popular sentiment inspired confidence in the minds of the delegates-elect tliat the instrument they should prepare would be acccjtti d, and they accordingly put forth their hest endeavors to create a constitution which should meet with favor and at the same time serve their own political pur- poses. But in tliis last atttunpt they defeated tlic main object. The constitution, as framed, i)rovi(k(! that the offices created by it should be filled at the same time that the vote was taken on the instiiiiuiit itself This naturally led to opposition from all who desired to be nominated to some office, and were iidt. They would not vote for the men who were in the places they coveted ; and by refusing to vote tlicv defeated the constitution, and the plans of those who had expected to carry out their designs by attadiiii}; them to the success of the constitution. Tlie uiiicn party, which had heretofore carried everything bo- fore it in Nevada, exhibitini; the most intense lov- alty, was now divided by factions on account of eftii ( s, and the seceders united with the anti-union deiiio- cratic party to prevent the adoption of the organic act. Foremost among the seceders were William M. Stewart and A. W. Baldwin. The former used all George L. 1 Umcr asst sec, George Madeira sergeant-at-arms, Daniel K. Ha»- kinH inesse 'cr, Henry M. Lewis fireman. The representatives wrre: Jdn H. Mills, ,' Ties Drew Meagher, W. S. Mineer, J. G. Howard, J. Williains, M. N. Mi, ell, E. R. Burke, and William H. Davenport of Storey co; Theodore \ tors, J. K. I.ovejoy, and R. W. Peekins of vVashoe co.-. \\. H Curry, and Aaron t). Treadway of Ormsby co, ; J. M. Acklcy, Id .Tr, and John B. Winters, Lyon co. ; Robert Fislier ami .ttle, Douglas co.; William H. Clagett and A. J. Simmons ot Arthur M. Mekee!, John S. Ross, and J. M. Calder. Esnior- --. _ .n H. Mills was speaker, William M. Gillespie cliiff clerk, Charles D. King asst clerk, John Bowman sergeant-at-arms, Charles T. Carter messenger, Charles Helm firemau, Brumficld, i John McDc Charles M. ' Humboldt c( alda CO. J' ( •( )NSTITUT10N AL ( ON V ENTION. 179 liis pDWerful influence to enlist the mining population a-.iiii-^t the constitution, upon the pretext that it taxed iiiiiiiiijf property, tho "poor miner's sliafts and drifts ami h((|-roek tunnels." Tiio phrase, honest miner, caiiit; to provoke a sniilo wherever heard, from the frt(|iiriicv and etl'eet with which the j^reat lawyer usrti it in his speeches. It was sutticit-nt, with the IMiiitical discord, to make abortive the work of the (•((iistitiitional ct)nvention.' The split in tiu^ party jipiiranMl at the nominatinjif convention which met at (arson in December, C. N. Noteware president, A. I*. K. Satford secrctar}', to select candidates for the t<tat(' otHces. It was ther'- that the rejrular party, uii(l<r Thomas Fitch, the "silver-tonguid," himself an aspirant for the office of state printer, Iwul its first ( oiitfst with the Stewart division. But it was at the polls" that tliey felt the weight of the opj)ositiou which overthrew them.' Of the nine nows[>apers four supported the opposition,* three of the four giving tlicir support to the democratic party within a short ptriod thcTeafter, and the fourth in 18G7. ''Tlifi memUers of the constitutional convention of 180.1 were William 0. Alli.iii, Natiutiiiel A. H. Itull, ('liarle») H. Kryan, V. M. BroMnan, Saimiel A. ('Iiajiiii, Johii A. Cdllina, l^vi Hite, Milca N. MitciicII, ,l(i.s(!|tli U. I'liinkett, Willi.iiii M. Stewiirt, and James C. Corey, of Storey co. ; Frederiek K. Beeh- t«l, lii'iivy Conner, James 8tark, L. 0. Stearns, ami Sanuiel Vounj^s, of Es- iiit'iiilila; Kilward B. Doraey, (Jeorge L. fJibson, .1. Neely Johnson, .lolin H. Kink. Mil, and Warren VVasson, of Ormshy: Frederick A. Knt, KtlwanJ V. hiij, .Ichii W. North, Charles S. Potter, Tlionias H. Sliamp, of \N aishoe; William Epler, \V. R. Harrison, and A. \V. Nightingill, of Hinnlxildt; .liuiics W. Haines, C. N. Noteware, and James W. Small, of Douglas; Wil- liam |{. Ilickok, (Joorge A Hudson, Frank II. Kennedy, .lames B. McClure, aiiil William II. Virden, of Lyon; ^larcusD. Larroweand James H. Ralston, lit LiuiliT. W. M. (lillespie was sec, A. J. Marsh and Amos Bowman re- IJcirters, and H. M. Stow door-keeper. "Till' vote stood, with Ornisby county left out, 2,157 for the constitution, aiulS.S.')! against it. 'Till! eaniiidates put in nomination by the convention of Decemlicr who rfireiv(!il the greatest number of votes at the special election in January I8(i4, were.IiihnB. Winters con^jfessman, M. N. Mitchell gov., M. S. Thompson lieut-guv., R. 8. Mesick, M. D. Larrowe, J. B. Harmon, judges of sup. ci.urt, Orion C. Clemens sec. state, W. B. Hickok treas., E. A. Sherman coiitroUer, H. (i. Worthington atty-gen., A. F. White supt of instructions; Alfred Hulni clerk of sup. ct, G. vV. Bloor state printer, H. M. Jones, William Haydon, T. M. Pawling dist judges. ''The opposition papers were the Virijinia Union, controlled by Fitch; the OldFiiJt Utv , also of Virginia; aud the Aurom Tiiuea, '1 AV- "■ I 'Am 180 STATE GOVERNMENT. But though disappointed, tlie friends of state cjov- emmcnt wore not discouraged, a bill being introduced in the United States senate, in February followincr the January defeat, authorizing the people of Xe\ ada to frame a state constitution, which was approved liy the president in March, and was followed by a jnoc- laniation from Governor Nye callintj for an eliction of delegates on the Gth of June* to a constitutional convention, to be held on the 4th of July at Carson State Seal. iii*- City. The form of framing anew a state constitution was gone through with, the instrument being siili- stantially the same as the one rejected, except in the * Unhnrilli', IfnniMift, ReijiMer, May 14, 1804. Storey co., wlifW tlic strongest oinxisitiou hail prevailed, sent Nathaniel H. Hall, Ciinulins M. Bro.suan, .Saniuul A. C'liapni, Jolin H. Collins, Charle.i E. Do Loiii.'. •'"■mIi Earl, Thomas Fiteh, Lh)yd Krizell, Almou Hovey, Charles W. Tcizor: I'-m-liy CO. sent Israel Crawford, (ieorgu L. (Hl)8on, .J. Neely Johnson, .1. 11. Kiii- kea<l, and A. J. Lockwoinl; Ihunholdt co., James A. Banks, E. F. Inimu', and William Heiny Jones; Washoe co., W. W. Behlen, H. B. IJiady. (.il man N. Folsom, (Jeorge A. Nonrsc, an<l James H. SSturtevant; Lyoii I'n., 'I. S. Crossnian, George A. Hudson, Francis H. Kenneily, and H. <! I'arkir: Esmeralda co., B. §. Mason, J. ii. McCIinton, I). Wellington, an.l William VVetherill; Lander co., E. A. ^forse, J. H. M'arwick, ami R. H. \ViIliaiii'; Nye CO., (created hy tlie loginlature of 180S-4), Francis M. IVoctur atiil Francis Taglialnie; Churchill co., Nelson E. Mnrdock; Pouclas en, T. W. Hainej and Alhert D. Hawley. Johnson Mas president, William M 'iiH''*- pie sec, Andrew Whitford assst sec, A. J. Marsh reporter. T. M. Carson lerg.-at-arms, William E. Skeeue door-keeper, George Richards page. ,, :! LOYALTY TO THE UNION. 181 matter of taxation, the new constitution exempting all property in mines and taxing only the products. ° Eveivtliing was put in order for adoption, even the seal of state, whicli represented the sun rising over mountains, an elevated railroad bridge supporting a train of cars, a quartz-mill on the right with a load uf ore approaching it from the left, a plough and a sheaf of wheat in the middle foreground, and around the margin "Seal of the State of Nevada." The declara- tion of rights, and of the paramount powers of the federal government, were in the most liberal spirit, and of the most intense loyalty, there having been up to this time but one political party recognized, and that the loyal party. Battle-born, owing existence to an attack on the integrity of the nation, and paying for it with a moun- tain of precious metals, we should scarcely expect to find this new commonwealth disloyal. California in 1801, while raising her regiments of volunteer infantry, received a company from Nevada. In 18G2 the 3d rei^inient of California volunteers, under Colonel Con- nor, commanding the military district of Utah and Nevada, was stationed at the United States posts in Nevada, with head(iuarters at Fort Churchill. Con- nor issued an order, on taking possession, forbidding the utterance of traitorous sentiments, or threats aii;ainst the loyal population; and though having now and then to put down disaffection by a show of force, he had little troubl, in maintaining good order, the great majority everywhere being ready to give him assistance. In 1863, an order being received to raise a hattalion of cavalry in Nevada, six companies were fornit'd, consisting of 500 men, and six companies of infantry of about the same strength." These volun- ".V(r. Laws, i. cxxvi.; Kinlrnil's X'ii<iti/a oinf AhJthi, MS., 4. "Tilt! first otJii'er mustered into the nervico was J. H. Mattliewson, who ojioned arecruitinK otiiee at (inltl Hill. He wascdiiniiiasionutl Istlieutor Co. H., Nevada Cav. Vol., N. BaMwiii, oapt. ; Co. A. heiiitf formed at tlie same timi' at iSilver city, E. B. 2^bri»kic, oapt. Baldwiu uecame major of the ! lb f , I . t S m ?! i \ 'i m • 182 STATE GOVERNMENT. teers, like those of California and Oregon, were enlisted with the promise of being sent to fight the battles of the union when they should be sufficiently well drilled ; but being needed on the frontier in suijilu- ing hostile Indians, and suppressing incipient ^ivil war, they never had the opportunity they craved. They remained and performed their less distinguished duty in Nevada and Utah. The militia organization was also made the subject of legislative care at everv session. But it was in contributions of money, so much needed by the government and wounded soldiery, that Nevada most exhibited the people's patriotism. Besides providing by law for the payment of her quota of the war debt, the territory contributed $163,581.07 in currency to the sanitary fund between the years of 1862 and 1865." Independently of this was over $175,000, raised by one individual, li. C. Gridley, who, from being an open disunionist, was transformed, in the performance of this charity, into a loyal citizen.'* Nor were the legislators less mind- battalion, and was placed in command at Fort Bridger. Zabriskie couM have had the position, hut preferred to remain with his company. H. Daltmi wai recruiting capt. of Co. C; (reorgc Milo of Co. D, Robert I)yon of Co. K. and J. W. Calder of Co. F. Co. i). was afterward comniaiuled by Caiit. A. B. Wells, and Co. E. by Robert C. Payne. The infantry was comuiaiuliMl as follows: Co. A., Capt. A. J. Close; Co. C, Capt. M. R. Haasctt; Vo. E. Capt. G. A. Thurston; Co. F. Lieut VV. G. Seamonds; Co. G, Capt W. Wal- lace; Co. H, Capt. A. B. Kelly, •'The companies formed in 1864 were Dayton Guards, Dayton Artillery, Emmet (iuara, of Conio, Silver City (Juard, and others. Dnijton Sintinel, July 2, Sept. 3, and Dee. 3, 1864, and April 8, 1865; Ntv. Voiiip. l.>iii-<, ii. 356-76; Nw. StahUes, 1866, '22, 206, 267, 272; Nev. Jour. Sen., ISTIf, App. no. i. p. 18. ** Almarin B. Paul was secretar/ of the Nevada branch of the Sanitary C'ommisdon. The above sum, as given in Paul's report, does not include the counties of Huniboldt, Nye, and Churchill, which nmst have given from $6,000 to 810,000 more. Gold Hill Neim, Sept, 8, 1865. i*The Gridley sack of flour became historical. It was from a wager be- tween two citizens of Austin, Lander county, upon the result of a local elec- tiou. The republican candidate for mayor was elected. It was agreed tliat the loser of the wager, which was a 50-pound sack of flour, should earry it ti) the winner, a distance of about a mile. Subsequently it was suggested M give the sack to the sanitary cominission, and amidst much mirth and en- thusiasm it was put up at auction. Men bid against each other chiefly fur the sport it gave, and tiie person to whom it was kmmked down retuined it to the auctioneer to be sold over again, until lS4>540 in gold liad ben piil in. Gridley caught at the idea, of raising a largo sum ia this manner. He 11! Pi flff. Mf PARTY POUTICS. 188 ful of their expressions of loyalty, but passed reso- lutions expressive thereof'' upon every fitting oppor- tunitv, enacting a law depriving those who were dis- lovul from voting at elections. This was done not less to hold in check the agents of a secret organi- zutiou than to encourage the government.'* Had the scliemes of Gwin and Lane been carried out, it was expected that Nevada would be brought under the new government, and of this design the union men wore not ignorant. They took possession of the ter- ritorial government, and kept it until the period whtu a state constitution was under consideration, wlieii the democrats proceeded to organize themselves into a party, Frebruary 14, 1863, to strive for what- tvir share of the offices under the state government thty might be able to secure. The only act looking toward insubordination was the rejection of the national currency by incorporat- u\>r in the practice act of 1863-4 a provision substan- tially the same as the California specific-contract act, by which gold only could be paid in cancellation of debts where the contract read "payable in gold coin of the United States;" but this did not receive the sanction of the governor." Tlie total vote on the acceptance of the constitu- visitcil tlie towns on the Comscock. where he sold his sack of flotir over and over, until lie took in §25, OIK) i:iore in gold, after which he visited California, (ii)tai:iiiig altogether from tliese auctions alone ^175,000. He then visited the east, ami addc<l considerahly to tiiis great charity, giving a year of hia life to tlie mission. It is said tliat he injured his healtli l»y the excitement of the cainpiij;!!. At all events, he died in 1871 at Stockton. Slocktnn Eiminij Mail. .March 10, 1881; Hai-pcrH M<o)., June 1800, .34 (i; S. F. Bulletin, May li) and ■_'■), 1864; Awttin Revue Rirer Reveille, June 4, 18(54. Nev. SrmjM, 'illS. Aiiuiiij,' other gifts to tlie sanitary cotn. were several silver bricks. S. F. Cull, May 4 and Aug. 17, 18G4; Cnmn Sentinel, June 18, 1864. The last silver slab was sent in 1865. Dayton Sentinel, Feb. 4, 1865. ^'■' UniLifl Mixr. Doe., 70, 37th cong. 2d sess. ; Xei\, Jour. Council, 1861, 82- 3, 102 H; Nev. Jour, //oimc, 1861, 94, 199-201; GoU Hill Neu^, Jan. 15, 1864. ""TliiTe was a provision introduced in the constitution enabling men in the service of the U. S. to vote at elections. Nev. ComtU. DelxUes, 1864, 915, W:t; Nrr. Laws, 18(54, 81-5. " Pnrk-er'it Letter-Book, MS., 177-8. The Carnon Appeai of Sept. 22d, ISlifl, says that Nevada paid nearly four times as much internal revenue per capita as any other state, owing to the honesty and efficiency of her otlicers. 184 STATE GOVERNMENT. Ff * tion was 11,393, the majority in favor of it, 9,131." There were elected at the same time the members of the legislature for 1864, and a delegate to congress, John Cradlebaugh, on the independent ticket. Tlie democratic candidate was A. C. Bradford, who was beaten by CrafUebaugh by sixty-five votes only. Fitoh, the republican candidate, was far behitid. This was a warning to the republican party. However, all these elections went for nothing when the president on the 31st of October proclaimed Nevada a state of the union. As the presidential election was yet to take place in November, a new election for repre- sentatives and state officers was ordered to be held at the same time." Two full tickets were put in the field, but the republicans elected their candidates by large majorities.''* The choice of the people fell upon H. G. Worth ington of Lander county for member of congress to fill the unexpired term ending in March 1865. H. G. Blasdel was chosen governor." Under the constitution the state was divided into nine judi- cial districts, one judge to be elected in each, with the exception of the 1st distri(rt, comprising Storey county, which might have three district judges."" According to the constitution, also," the first le«;is- "JVVf. Comtit. Dfbatea, xiv., gives tiie majority at 9,091, but the Lander county vote was not counted. '• Congress changei! the day fixed in the enabling act to bring the electidn OQ this day. "•The total vote at the election was 16,420; the majority for repuWiean presidential electors was 3,232. The same majority, or near it, was givi'ii t^i all the republican canditlates except two. Nye county sent one (leiiiiicrat, Frank M. Proctor, to the state senate; and Churchill county one deiuoi'rat to the assembly, .lames A. St Clair. ■■"J. .S. (.'rossman lieut-gov., C. N. Noteware sec. state, A. W. Niglitin- ill controller, E. Khoades treas., A. F. White supt of public instructimi, S. Marlette sur.-gen., C. M. Brosnan, H. O. Beatty, and James F. hvKii, 6' sap. ct judges, (reorge A. Nourse att'y-gen. ■■'•' There were elected in this district C. , Alfred Helm clerk of sup. ot. Burliank, R. 8. Messick, ninl K. Rising, judges. Ormsby co., which constituted the 2d district, electoil S, H. Wright; Lyon co., the 3d district, W. Hayden; Washoe and Ko(>ii, tlie 4th district, C. C. Goodwin; Nye and Churchill, the 5th district, H. L. Baker; Humboldt, the 6th district, R F. Dunne; Lander, the 7th district, W. H. Beatty; Douglas, the 8th district, D. W. Virgin; Esmeralda, the J)th district, S. H. Chase. The district judges elected in 1864 were to hold ofticc until January 1867, and after that their terms should be for four years. Guld lllll NtiP*, Nov. 16, 1864: Xer. Lmn>, 18<U, 53. **j\Vv. Laios, 1864-5, 65, article xvii., sec. 12 of the constitution. The FIBST STATE LEGISLATURE. 185 lature convened on the 12th of December," and on hv'uhj; organized listened on the 14th to the message (if (Jovernor Blasdel, which communicated to them, among other facts affecting the state, that tlie new (rovrrmnent had inherited from the territory a debt of 8-<U,000 exclusive of the expenses of the last con- stitutional convention, and that to meet this indebt- edness tliere was an empty treasury and an uncollected tax of $70,000." He recommended economy and wise revenue laws; but, as I have already remarked ill another place, the state of Nevada has always been hunKncd with debt, from habits of extravagance (triginating in too great expectations, and from regard- ing mining as the sole industry worth encouraging.^* rcu'iilar sessions thereafter were to begin on the first Monday in Jan. follow- ing,' tlie t'lfctiun of members. -'Tlie iiieiiil>ors of the first state legislature were: .'"Senators N. W. Win- ton. S. A. Kellogg, C. A. Sumner, and W. H. Claggett from Storey co. ; J. S. Soely ami A. J. Lockwood from O'-msby; James S. Slingerland and CluarlL's Lambert from Waslioe; Lewis Doron and John Ives from Esmeralda; M. 1>. L:ir;owe and W. W. Hobart from Lander; M. S. Thompson and Fred- crick Hutcliiiia from Humboldt; J. W. Haines from ]>ougla.s; Alfred James from Lyou and Churchill; and D. L. Hastings from Lyon. The assembly, men were: W. M. Cutter, Edwin Patten; Erastus IJond, W. W. Bishop, • 'liarlis \V. Tozer, James A. Rigbey, A. L. (Jreely, H. M. Bien, John Leavitt, K. A. Vi-ung. James Eolan, and Jacob Smith of Storey co. ; S. C. Denson, J. E. W. Carey, and L. C. McKeeby of Ormsby; D. H. Brown, B. H. Nichols, and J. -Ansiiu Dun of Humboldt, 1). P. Walter, E. P. Sine, J. L. Hincklev, and M. A. Rosenblatt of Lander; W. F. Toombs, AV. (I. Lee, and H. G. Parker (if Lyon; James Small and Henry Epstein of Douglas; A. C. Bearss of Nye; L. .Vl. Shackleford, H. H. Beck, and A. J. Myrick of Washoe; James A. St Clair of Ciiurchill; D. H. Haskell, D Wellington, John S. Mayhugh, and Cyril Hawkins of Esmeralda. AVj\ Sen. and Axueiii. Jour.*., 18(i4; Ouhl Iliil Xiic!, .Nov. ir>, 1S()4. The senate was presided over by the lieutenant-gov- ernnr. Tlie officers elected were L. B. Moore secretary, (Jeo. R. Ammond assistant secretary, Mr Hollister and ( Jeorge Wellington, enr. and eng. clerks, Thiimas IV'asley scrgeant-at-arms, and Hickey door-keeper. 'Iho house cleotcil Cliarles W. Tozer 8i>eaker, W. M. (lillespie chief clerk, C. S. Ham- mer enj;. clerk, W. B. Fulwiler enr, clerk, J. M. Woodward sergeaut-at- arms. Xei\ Jour. Sen., 10. •-' I am not able to reconcile this statement of Gov. Blasdell, which is un- (loulitfiUy correct, with the report of Nye, in March \SM, that the territory was nut owing more than §15,000, which I find over his own signature in Pitrbr'x L'ttcr-Book, MS., 179, this authority being a book of copies of official correspondence, taken with a press and therefore unaltered. •'The taxes imposed by an act to provide revenue for the support of the state government and payment of the public debt imposed a tax of .'?l.'2i) on each .^IrtO of taxable property, and a poll-tax of §4 on every male inhabitant over 21 and under 60 years of age, not exempted by law. The county tax was $L.")0 cm every 8100. The sheriff of each ctmnty was made ex-otticio col- lector of licenses at the following rates: Each public billiard table $5 per Huartir year; every bowUng alley §10 per quarter; theatres $100 per mouth. w\\. } v< i r w il '. ti^ » ^ il "> S 1 il 1 )j III ;! u 186 STATE GOVERNMENT. h: But whatever errors it fell into its loyalty remained ; and even before liearing the message of the execu- tive a resolution was offered in the house by Bleu of Storey county, congratulating the country on the reelection of Lincoln, and pledging the lives, honor, and ft)rtunes of Nevada in sui)port of the govern- ment/' which was made a joint resolution by the senate on the 1st of February. On the 2J)t]i of December the senate passed a congratulatory roso- lution offered by Sumner to General Sherman on the design and brilliant execution of his "march to the sea," which was concurred in by the assembly. On the 16th of February the senate and assembly rati- fied the thirteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States by which slavery was abolislieil. But to return to more purely local affairs. On the 15th of December, both houses being organized, they pri)ceedod to the election of two United States sena- tors, Stewart, Nye, Charles E. De T ng, Crtullc- baugh, and B. C. Whitman being nominated. Stewart or §o a (lay for a shorter time than a month; if for three months §'20(); ami if for a year ^WK); concert singers paid the same license as tlieatrical iiort\iriii- ers: a single exhibition of a menagerie or a circns was taxed «!'20; tiglit-rdjw dancers, jugglers, and such folk were taxed §10 a day; a pawnl)n>ktr jSKX) per quarter; a keeper of an intelligence office $15 per quarter. Brokiis wore divided into five classes, according to the amount of their business, and taxed respectively, ^100, §80, §ir)0, $30, and $20 per quarter. Rmkers v\ ere also classitieil, and taxed respectively $200, $150, $100, $75, and $r>0 per iimntli. All venders of any kind of wares, merchandise, lir-aora, drugs, or kfepfis uf livery were divided into ten classes, according to their receipts, and taxod respectively $50, $37, $25, $20, $15, $10, $7.59, $5, $3.75. and. '<2 5<) jK-r month; but retailers of liquors were taxed $10 a month, and hotel koqierj who kept a bar outside the limits of any town were taxed $15 a (luarter. Hotels and boarding and lodging houses were taxed $10 and $5 a iniuith; peddlers on foot and auctioneers $10 a month; peddlers using a wagon fur tiio vending of any merchandise or liquors, or anything except fruits and vegeta- bles, $20 a month. A capitation tax of $1 upon each person leaving the state by any railroiwl, stage-coach, or any vehicle employed in passenger carrying, was also levied, and charged upon the companies engiiged in such tratlie. such companies adding the amount to their fares. As the coaches aUviiys were well loaded with passengers this was a fruitful source of revenue, aiiuuinting in some years to $20,000. An ad valorem tax of $1 on eacli $100 valuation of the pnnluct of all mines, after deducting the cost of extracting and redno- ing the ores, was levied; and lastly a stamp-tax was imposed on agreements, affidavits, assignments, leases, bills of exchange, and almost all doeunienta employetl in business affairs of from two cents to $1, which was a source of no mconsiderable revenue. Nev. Laws, 1864-5,271-324. The state wua em- powered to issue bonds to the amount of $150,000. ^Nev. Jour. Aaaem., 1804^5, 17; Nev. Jour. Sen., 1864-5, 99. M- •.-. fa 'M^Jf ELECTION. 187 ^vas elected on the first ballot."" Then followed a miiiilH'r of ballotings fi^r a senator among the reiuain- iiii; ciiiididates, Nye receiving on every one the great- (st number of votes, but not enough to elect him, and Do Long receiving the next greatest number. An udjiiurnment took place, which permitted the presen- tation of informal arguments, and at the first ballot on tlie 16th Nye was elected. That Stewart brought ills threat influence to bear there can be no doubt. Ncvatla thereby gained a representation in the senate of which a young state might justly be proud, and wliich was of the greatest value to the country at lari^o, when uncompromising republicanism was de- nitindcd to reestablish its dignity among the nations. The })residential elector chosen to convey the vote of Nevada to Washington in 1864 was S. T. Gage." Tlie term for which Worthington had been elected to congress expiring in March, it became necessary to provide a successor at the general election of Novem- ber 7, 1865. About the only issue of importance at this time, the civil war having been brought to a close, foHowed quickly by the tragedy at Ford's theatre in Washington, when the revengeful hand of political fanaticism struck down the most devoted and pure- '^^The newspapers accused Stewart of working himself into the U. S. sen- ate tlirough his manipulation of ' the honest miner. ' The voice of Stewart 'b lionost miner was heard above all crying, 'Hurrah for tlie .state of Nevada, and Williair M. Stewart for the first chosen senator.' Nw. Scrapi. It is said tliat Stewart sent word to Cradlebaugh tiiat if he would resign to him all the patronage due to Nevada's senators, his election should be secured; but ('rilillebaugh refused the proposition. •'J(i:ige, an intense unionist, was born in Ashtabula county, Ohio, March 7, ISIU. His father, Joshua (lage, a man of sterling (|ualities, was one the early pioneers in Ohio. Stephen, who worked during summer, and attended school in winter, began teaching upon his graduation, at the age of nineteen; teaching, farming, and conducting a saw-mill alternately up to I85'J. During this year he crossed the plains M'ith an ox-team, driving the entire distance iiiinself, and making the quickest trip across the plains on record. In Cali- fiirnia lie engaged in milling, mining, and mercliandizing. In ISfiO. at the age of twenty-four years, he was elected to the legislature, being the young- est nieiiilier of that body. He was one of the committee who drafted an ahle rejinrt on the important question of a transcontinental railroad He held various offices up to IStiO. During this and the succeeding year he en- f;aged in transporting goods over the Sierra Nevada to the Washoe mines, iia pack-trains being the largest on the road. ft ' i; %'L 4 «*& : ' it. J 188 STATE GOVERNMENT. ■:: 1 minded of rulers," was that of the Pacific railroads, which Nevada, in common with the whole Pacitic coast, very much desired to have built at the earliest possible period. On a pledge to labor for this end Dolos R. Ashley was elected Nevada's representa- tive." Under the constitution of Nevada, members of con- gress were chosen only at the general elections for state officers and legislators, all terms expiring on tlic day succeeding the next general election. The terms of those elected in 1865 expired in November 1800, and biennially thereafter." This provision made another election for congressman necessary in 18 GO, when Ashley was reelected by a majority over his democratic opponent, H. K. Mitchell, of 4, .370, tlie issues involved in President Johnson's policy influenc- ing the vote of the people. By the same majority Blasdel was reelected governor. The changes made in tlie official list were J. S. Slingerland, lieutenant- governor; R. W. Parkinson controller; A. N. Fisher superintendent of public instruction; Robert M. Clarke attorney-general; and J. E. Eckley state printer. The terms alloted to senators Stewart and Nye were four and two years. Nye drawing the two years In 1862 he became a resident of Virginia City, where lie was proiniiu'nt in federal and state politics. Later, he had much to do with railroad mat- ters. He was invaluable to the Central Pacific road during the early strug- gles of that corporation. His arguments before legislative committees wure logical and 'Mgenious, stamping him as a man of marked ability. In 187' he removed to .San Francisco. Ho was the only officer of tlie road located outside of Sacramentc at that date. Later, ho reiiii)\('il to Oakland, Cal. In 1885 he was appointed assistant president of the South- ern Pacific system of railroads. '*It would be unjust to the Nevadans not to mention the feeling with which the news of Lincoln's assassination was received. Every town and hamlet was hung with funeral black, and the expression of men's faces jiliuiily indicated their mingled grief and wrath. The man at Gold Hill who \\:u bold enough to express gratification at the president's death, was suiiiiiiarily stripped, flogged, and marched to prison with a plr-oard on his back insiriliod 'a traitor to his country.' Gold Hill Netoa, April 15, 17, 20, 1865. "There were two other republican aspirants, W. H. Claggett and Charles A. Sumner. The democratic nominee was H. K. Mitchell. Ashley's majority was 1,476. He took his seat Dec. 21, 1865. House Jour., 101, 39th cong. Ist sess. « Nev. Lam, 1864-5, 65; Id., 1866, 223. I'OUTICS. k^isl.uurc in Jan. Try iZ? t) ^'7 '''■«''-■'•«"'. by tl,e ""■ f^ .V^'a,.' torn, c^mn.oJn ,' in'' T' ,"?.""-'' f" rc|>ul.)i,-an convention of %,S '" Marcli," In t|,o I>'";.'. «l,o withdrew tonrevc^,f » .^ '"■■*"'""^' De Imt was subscnuontlv cont? ?',"■'""« "' the partv ■-"i-or to Ja^anrw^^iH Tffir^fi^ «-.P"-'-" "f t""i- Ti,c same convontion wil ':'' "''"' '''«'""■- «itl„>ut opposition. Stewart », 1 . ^"'yi^^ssnmn. ''■'""t- At tiie stato! 1 ^. "'''"=''"1 on the first .'«'■» all the repuhltan P^^^f ^'""'i"! election h "f-'"'S Fitch Te rres^naf 'l^ T'' ^'"-" " »' '""« <le„,ocratie nienCsof', *f ''•*''' "^^"^P""" , All over the Pacific „„=?*> , 'egislature. '■a=i I'co., followed l^thri ° ' "''' "f^'e civil war orat.an,l theirgraduLttumS?'^'"'"" f "'" ''emof t«„ty years to become ,t/ '""'""'• ^' *'"* them "'-.'' "f the United States Err-'' *" ^''=«' " l"-e™ var...u.,„ffices under state 'n?! f'T"'"'"'' »"i for """«. they received tCsu^, ""^""f "'•S'«"i2a. 'aasaammous i>o,m?o » i.i ^™ fees of a fearhSs and ■'ty than of oir 'in Z'' T'^ " '""« '^''^ '"•! ar«S^ «,r^i-/"..— „.,„.„„„.'?!"' "*■=- '" the state of ."■'''" '•"»' "omiMe, »„ „ , " '" t''e State of ''^^\'g:ito the charges Th •"'*"=*'"". and appointed a . 1 accu.satio.is of ■^l';'""" in .March tC" +i • "* V""""'"ee reporte.I tn tt •'"'"!"'"*''« o^ 5 to in- a^ a t'oiuossion of . ^ • . "® niatter, wliicli min^iVr ' '"^'' absconded win, ''■'r.nonoyotferedT,"*/-'"'^, *''■''* ^^^ W M^u id I "" tr'"»ony se- J{"lioit Cullcn I p T ^ . ^ "'lends of Nvp a, i ^ i '' '''''^'c I'wn eWfo.? 'y Jolmsou Bup. judges. 'mil ;*• "*t [ft '''f ' £l 190 STATE OOVERNMEN'T. ^;:4 ^l i; Nevada, namely, that of g<ivern()r, L. II. Bradley; lieutenant-governor, Frank Denver; treasurer, Jerry Sehooling; state printer, Charles L. Pcrkhis; suitrenie judge, John Garber; attorney -general, L. A. Buck- ner." They also elected the member of congiess, Charles Kendall. What is remarkable about this change of party sentiment and power is its complete- ness, the majorities on the democratic side being fully as largo as they had formerly been on the republican side. Where tlie latter had been accustomed to have more than double the votes 'of the democrats, tl.o democrats had now double the votes of the republi- cans. This change was brought about largely by the unpopularity of F. A. Tritle, the liepublican candi- date for Governor, who was supposed to be a favorite of the Bank of California. This corporation haviiiu; large mining and milling interests in the State, had gained the enmitv of the workinjxmen, who raiseil the cry "Anti-bank," to the detriment of theKepublicaii.s. In 1872, Nye's term drawing near its close, there entered the jiolitical arena a power greater than l»;irty, patriotism, or talent, which was money. The repre- sentatives of this world-moving lever were two men well known in connection with mines, railroads, and banks, but hitherto not notable in politics. One was William Sharon, born of Quaker parents in Ohio in 1821. Like many famous men, he had once owned an interest in a flat-boat, but failing to make it profit- able had studied law, which mental training proved useful to him in his subsequent career of merchant, speculator, banker, and railroad manipulator. Op- posed to Sharon in the race for the senatorship was John Percival Jones, a mining operator whose business it was to bull the stock market, and in which he made both money and adherents, being considered the friend of the miners, and named by the press the " Nevada commoner." The commoner now desired "The republican candidates elected were the sec. of state, J. D. Minor; con., W. W. Hol>art; A. N. Fisher, supt of public instruction; .Tolm l>ay, Bur-ge.n.; mineralogist, H. R. Whitehiu; clerk of sup. court, Alfre<l llehn. PURCHASABLE POSITIONS, 191 to step up higher and become a senator. It was ♦'xpected tliat the race would bo to the most bounti- ful, and, therefore, it was said that Sharon, with the J'iicilic railroad at his back, was endeavoring to pull (li)\vn the stock market in order to disable his rival, lie accused Jones of himself forcing down stocks by causiiii^ the fire in the Yellow Jacket mine, whereby sovtral lives weit; lost and much damage sustained, in order to buy up the stock of Savage at a profit." Sucii was the nature of the contest. Sharon finally witiidrew, and Jones had opposed to him only Nye; for there was still a republican majority in the legis- lature; but the people were pleased with their rich connnoner, and no h>nger regarded the claims of their p^)()rcr Gray Eagle, the sobriquet applied to Nye. Jones received fifty-three out of seventy-two votes in tlio legislature of 1873, and took his seat in March. Nye died December, 25, 1876." The republican candidate for congressman, C. C. Goodwin, was defeated in 1872 by Charles W. Ken- dall, reelected on the democratic ticket, but the party ♦gained the presidential electors by over 2,000 major- ity ; also the supreme judge and state printer, the only state officers voted for.*' Tlie senatorial contest of 1874 was another strug- gle between men with large moneyed interests |)rinci- pally. The democrats again chose in convention Thomas H. Williams, and the republicans William Sharon. A third, or independent, party had for its leader Adolph Sutro, who feared if Sharon should be elected it would redouble the power of the bank of California and Comstock lode, against which he was making his great fight for the Sutro tunnel. Party lines were less rigidly drawn than ever before. There " Jones was supt of Crown Point in 1869. He risked his life in an en- deavor to extinguish tlie tire. J'X,)'., Jour. Sen., 187.3, app., no. 12; S. F. Call, Jan. 24 and ?iarch 29, 1873. Of republicans who asr>!i*ed to the senatorship at this time were ex- Ocivornor Blasdel aud F. A. iVitle; among the democrats tl\ere were Thomas H. Williams, Judge Garlwr, and Henry I. Thornton. Gold Hill News, Aug. 19, lS7-_>; S. F. BidlHin, Dec. 28, 1870. "Thomas P. Hawley judge, auJ C. A. V. Putnam printer. IP t! i; r 102 STATE GOVERXMENT. wcro some men on the independent ticket from Ixith the othtT parties, but more from the democratic than the re[)uhlicai» ticket. This insured tlie reelection of (jrovcnior Braiiley, the election of Jewett W. Adiiius lieutenatit-ufovernor, J. K. KittrcU attorney-<^eiu'iul, J, J. Hill .state printer, and J. Schooling; trea.sunr; the remaining; offices being given to the republicaiw, who also elected their candidate for congressman, Williau) Woodburn of Storey county." The Icgisla- ture consisted of forty-seven republicans and twenty- eight democrats, the full number of members allowed by the constitution. There was not one dome k rat among the fourteen members from Storey county- all were republicans, and represented a constituency nearly all of whom were interested in the Coinstock mines, which they had been told would be ruined hy the Sutro tunnel. To prevent this ruin Sharon must be elected, and was elected*' in January l87o, to suc- ceed Stewart, for the six-years' term. Fitch assum- ing the labor of the campaign. But to his coadjutor, Jones, was left the duty of representing the interests of Nevada. Sharon did not take his seat until Feb- ruary 187G, and was contiimally absent from tlio beiiinninij of the session, commencing in October 1877, to January 1880,*^ attendhig to his money mat- ters. No honor accrued to him or to the state through such representation. The state congressional and presidential election (if 187G gave results sliowing the very gradual restora- tion of the ante-bellum political balance. Again the republicans obtained the presidential electors, tlioir representative in congre?^s, Thomas Wren, and .su- preme judge, O. R. Leonard. They still had a large ♦•J. P. Minor was chosen ,<i» orr Jary of state, W. W. Hobart contniUcr, S. P. Kelly sunt of public instruction, John Day sur-gen., H. K. Wliitiliill mineralogist, >V. H. Beatty sup. judge, Warren Earll sup. judge (aliort term), and C. T. Bicknell clerk sup. corut. " The other aRpirants were H. K. Mitchell and Thomas P. Hawloy. "Sen. Jour., 240, 44th cong. Istsess.; J<1., 6, 149. 45th cong. 1st seas.; Id., 6, 948, 4.'jth cong. 2d sess.; l'., (>-7, 357, 46th cong. Istsess.: Id., 85, 912, 46th cong. 2d sc^s. NEW OPFICIALS. 193 niii|.>rity in the assomlilv but i„ n '"■■■•'ts li.ul a .Majority ,/'„„„ A """"" ""> de.n. n>iiv,„ti„ii U, revise the oon«H>..T'''''"'""' '" ™" a '■l':>"'^'^ tlio ti>ne of the iL^..^ !•""■ "'"' »'*> to l«75. „,„! vote,, un^, at t^^l 'r'''"'' ^'"^^"•"■i H "W-rity of 3,34. 'a,'ai,3t -rir''""; ""-^ ^'"-^ a "ftl.. .■«itatorstnab'Zl7t ' A **-""!'"' ""' <'<'4'n I.. tl,e political canvas! of 87^h'" '"""»? J'>oclucts ."•S t" >v|...al tlie tax on I, .lli " '"""•'■'• "f ■'.•fus ;,' ""• fl-Wioan I.latf™,,''^^' ":C "r'"- " l''«»k "•n.u.,r!, the ir.fluo ire of t , l! "'^"'^'^'"'t withdrawn l'"l''i'-". .<™.didate fiV eo ^etsT "^^ '^'I'i' ^he Te? "a» MM.nlaated without on ^ cT' •""'" ^f- Da.r,rett •;..l -l-oted against W E"F"fc % '^^ "*" Party,' ileiiioorat. J, H K;„tZ f' . "^ Storey countf. Sovon,or over iIr tni\ 'T''''""'- '«^ ■' " « "PP"-"ts regretted toSelten" ''™" '"'" P""*'™ ;<-.m,,,t,hIe honorand practS h^l °" '^""""^ "f his f-v.'iT state officer „„ tCtS/ """T' "' ""a'™-" ''« ».;i>cri„teudo„t of pulJie i„l„T ''***'"'' "^'''■Pt t™a.,t,^„vemor, for whie n^v ''?!' *'"' "'e lieu. the hrilliant and patrioth^ ^ r"" ^ H. Jfohw" ■'»''■<'• His defoaTwls lCr«'' J*'' ''«» ''">-' «l'™lya,lvoeated thr^uJoPth* r^ ^'^' *''»* •«= ^ad |^» ,.on,,«rc them with nl of^'-''^' «""'» *"' far '«!, to ho detriment of t],elattef » f' f"'' ^'-'nish «1 ;v.th his utterances, attemDid' I,'^''™ '^""^ i; <l™y them. The rjgrets rf hi "'/'•'"' '° «■■< P'am '--■d by his untimely laSf'Tsr^^^V-'f •'Ki.ikea,lwMU,„,„p,,^. "''^' which ■r ' 'ft M' I '■ fli i\-^ 194 STATE GOVERNMENT. removed him beyond the possibiHty of reparation at some future thiie." In order to make more clear the anomalous rondi- tion of Nevada politics, it is necessary to consider the local influences brought to bear upon elections. As has already been stated, the first constitution foriikd taxed all mines in the same manner that other pron. erty was taxed, and for that reason was rejected l)v a mining population, led by able and well-paid agents of the great mines. The accepted constitutifdi ex- empted from taxation everything but the proceeds in bullion. The revenue law passed by the first state legislature provided that twenty dollars per ton, tlu' assumed cost of reducing the ores, might be deckictcd from the gross products, and that only three fourths of the remainder should be taxed. This discrimina- tion in favor of minhig property, though evidtiitlv unconstitutional, was not referred to the courts at that time. Meanwhile the Comstock mines were yielding an aggregate of .$15,000,000 or $17,000,000 annually, and the amount which under the constitu- tion was due the state and Storey county, had :icoii- raulated to a vast sum on the Comstock mines rdono. In 18G7 suit was brought before Jud^re S. H. Wri'iht of the 2d district, to test the constitutionalitv of the **Tlic repuMican camlidatcs elected, besides those I have iiicntiimcd, were: Jasper Uabcoek sec. of state, L. L. Crockett treas., .1. K. Iliillcck coiit., A. J. Hateli 8ur-i(en., Thomas]'. Hawley sup. judge, A. M. Miiriiliy attygon.. C. F. HickncTl clerk sup. court. On tlie <leinocratic ticket wore .lewett W. Adams lieut-gov. d li-ctoill, (Seiirgo W. Baker sec. of state, K. M. Elstiier c<mt., .1. K. Ihmcm tnas., |l. R. Sl'ssIous siipt of public instruction (elected), S. H. Day sur. jrcii., R W. ('olc sn|). judge, J. R. Kittrell attorney-geueral, Richard Rule cKik of the Hupronie court. Iji-.w'iH R. Bradley, born in Va in 180fi, began life assupt of a fuiii at ■<'^il per year, being promoted to be purchaser of horses and mu^■^^. In IS4.'ili(' removed to Ivy, and the foUowmg year to Mo., where he n'lnaincii until IS.V2, when lie migrated to (.'al. witli a band of ca'.tle. The nrxt year h-' returned to the states, and brought out horses, mules, and sheep, nn wliiili he macle largo profits. Tu ISIi'i he settled in Lamler co., where hv iiiis fal- lowed stock-raising. His wife was Virginia Willis of Va. John It. Hr.nlli'y was born in Va in 1835, and married in Mo. in 1857. The father srtiKii m Elko CO. in 18(JG, being a])ionecr of that part of the state. He haij Ikciu'ii. com. and treas. of Fllko co., and his son, John R., has held the sairu' ntlin'* after liini. A. M. Hillhouse waa uumiuated for U. S. senator, yrrult iW- Jourml, Nov. 17, 1878. LE(iISLATION AND TAXATION. 195 rovcnuo law as it related to minin*^ property, ami at tlic saiiio time an extra session of the lei^islaturo was called to deal with this particular subject. Before the (Icrisioii of the court was rendered pronouncing the foniier law uncoTistitutional, the special legisla- ture had abolished it, and passed others still more favorable to the mining interest, and especially to the iiiiiies of Storey county, where the tax was limited to twenty-five cents on ever}^ $100 worth of bullion. Tliesi! proceedings kept the matter in the courts and put off tlie day of reckoning when the bank of Cali- fornia, represented by William Sharon, and control- ling all the then payhig mines on the Comstock, would have to pay up its indebtedness to the state and county. Jiut in 1809 and 1870 new complicatitms arose. Sharon had been able in the former year to induce the Icjjrjslature to auvhorizc Stt)rey county to issue its horids for 3300,000 to constitute a gift to the Virginia and Truckce railroad company, his particular and favorite enterprise, a levy of one-half of one ])er ccjit to he made animally on the county property to meet the interest of these bonds and create a sinking fund. It became a question with the railroad comi)any, namely the bank of California, how to avoid paying the tax upon one species of their property to discharge the interest on money presented to them by the county. As usual, resort was had to the legislature, and a new law |)assed which classified orc^'. and exempted accord- 'm<r to class, those which were ritod below !J12 a ton \mu<j; allowed ninety percent for the cost of reduction ; under i?:{0 and over $12 eighty per cent; uiider $100 and over $30 sixty per cent; and over $100 fifty per cont, ])rovided it could be ]>rove<l that this was the cost of reducing them. What was left of the pro- ducts of the mines was taxable exce[)t in the case of those where ^he Freiberg process was used, when a furtluT exc.ption of $15 was allowed. This law euablod the Comstock owners to work their low grade H ' 1 t 190 STATE GOVERNMENT. H''ii! ores without tax, for it was easy enoui^h to show tliat the expense covered all or nearly all the [)r()coe(ls; and at this time the bonanzas in the old mines ^vere worked out. But almost simultaneously with this legalized de- fiance of the constitution, Fair and Mackay discovorcd the great bonanza in the Consolidated Virginia and California mines, which soon began to produce over a million dollars a month, making this firm a powerful rival of the bank of California, wliich did not desire the new money kings to enjoy the same exeni[)tion which had been so advantageous to itsel f. The Sharon interest, therefore, offered no opposition when, in 1874, tlie people at large, and Storey county i'l particular, elected their representatives with the pledge that they would enact a more righteous law than liad yet been enacted concerning the taxation of the mines. To tiiis end, Senator John Piper of Storey county prepared a bill which passed without opposition in February 1875, making the products of the mines taxable at the rate of $1.50 on every $100, or at the same rate that other property was assessed. It was now the turn of the bonanza firm to protest, partly because the new law seemed to discriminate between them and the bank of California, wliicli had been helped to evade paying a just tax on its property. and greatly because they were forced to pay so larire a proportion of bonds of the Virginia and Truekee railroad, which they believed had instigated the change. They set up a plea that the new law was unconstitutional and refused to pay any taxes at all, by their action forcing the people to make up the deficit. The matter became a political issue at the election of 187G, both parties insisting on no uwk compromises with the great mining corporations, and every candidate being compelled to pledge jiiuisclf not to vote for a reduction of the tax on bullion. The report of the C(mtroller at the opening of the session showed a balance of the state debt unprovided RULE OF THE CO.N'STOCK FIRMS. 197 for amounting to ^108,429.71, of wliich $74,678.53 was then due. Adding to this the estimated cost of ruiiniii'^ the state government for two years, or until another meeting of the legislature, $894,250.85, and the state would be owing about a million dollars, while the state revenue less the tax on mines would not reach $800,000." The mining tax, less the bonanzas, should the yield continue the same, would reduce the amount of debt $64,464, but there would still he a deficit of $193,255 to be met. This state of [>ul)lic affairs shook the nerves of the legislators. To add to the uneasiness of the Storey county mem- bers, it was seen that the refusal to pay taxes by Fair and Mackay would compel the county to borrow >? 100,000 to carry on its schools and pay for its court- ' >use l\v() courses lay open to the legislature: to increase tne state and county debt by borrowing, or compro- mise with the bonanza firm. They decided to violate their pledges and compromise. A bill passed both houses which was the essence of a contract entered into between Fair and ISIackay on one side and Storey county officials and state officers of finance on the other. It reduced the bullion tax 31^ per cent, which was eq'ial to giving up 20 per cent of the entire property value of the state. The price agreed upon for tli's submission was the payment of the tax witnheld h\ the past by the bcmanza firm. After ck'liberaf ",ig tvvo or three days Governor Bradley vetoed tl <> bill, and the questi(m was left with the upro'u.; ciuj't, where it was likely to be decided in favor ot thti 't?i*-'of Nevada. In May auotiicr attemi)t at compromise was made, this time succesfully. The bonanza firm offered to pay all that was due from them under the law to the 4ato and county, with the costs of the suits instituted to folleet, if the recipients would agree that in case "" Tlib < iitrollcr figured $12,643.47 too high on the expenses, and too low ontliurf ■.. ; by $'ja,(i26.20. i-« li^f 196 STATE GOVERNMENT. the decision of the United States supreme court was against them, the district cou t of Storey countv would issue a stay of execution for tlie satisfaction <if so nmch of the judgment as included the penalties for contempt and the percents, until tlie 1st of April, 1879. This offer being accepted, $290,275.72 was paid down two days before the svpreme court dcciikd in favor of the state. The legislature, as had Ijclii tacitly understood, passed an act in 1879 releasing the bonanza firm from paying the penalties due the state and the county of Storey, The attorney -general of Nevada, however, requested that the constitutionality of the act miglit be tested, with the result that the court '-.lered the payment of $77,578.22, the amount of the ^; -es unpaid." From what has gone before it will be perceived liow really little national politics had to do with politics in Nevada during the rule of the Comstock firms. The republican majority in the legislature in 1879 was thirteen in the senate and thirty-two in the assenihly, making secure the return of J, P, Jones to tlie Uni- ted States senate. Jones had, as chairman of the monetary conmiission in 187G, done himself and his state great credit by his report. This commission particularly concerned Nevada as a silver- producing state, its duty being to inquire into the change which had taken place in the relative value of gold and silver, the causes thereof, and whether permanent or not ; its effect upon trade, commerce, finance, and the productive interests <»f the country, and ujnin the standard of value in our own and foreign countries; also into the policy of the restor- ation of the double standard in this country, and tlie legal relations between the two coins if restored; and •'The case ■vns appealed in Nov. 1880, and decided in the sup. eoiir; agaiii!<t the oonipaiiy. Another attempt was made by tlie legi^*hlturl in b''! to release the iMtnanza company, Imt <iov. Kinkead vetoed tlie lull. 11 1-^ *;'• tion -tva-s applauiled 1>y the majority. Cir.^in /wlix, March 4, ISSl; Vinjiniii City ChroiticU, March 4, 1881; Lamb's Etrlj/ Miiiiii'j Canipn, MS., 4. MONETARY STANDARDS. 199 further, into the policy of continuing legal-tender notes concurrently with the niotallic standards, with the ett'ects thereof upon the labor, industries, and wealth of the country; lastly, also, into the best means of providing for the resumption of specie pay- ments. Nothing so thoroughly exhaustive of these questions had ever been presented to congress, and the view taken was favorable to the interests of Nevada, and particularly, at that time, to the Corn- stock mines. Therefore, he received the votes of all the republicans in the legislature, and one of the democratic members. The legislation of congress upon the question of a double standard for money had affeeted the mininn' interests of Nevada sensibly. In July 1870 an act v>rs passed to refund the national debt, the government engaging to pay at some future time .32,000,000 000 in coin of the value of the coin- of that date. The units of value of coinasre aire were dollars consisting of 412^ of standard silver and 25i; grains of that of standard gold. In 1873 the holders of the United States bonds, and bonds of the French government, made a movement in Europe to demonetize silver in order to compel the payment of these l)()nds in gold only, Germany being the first to cnint> into the arrangement. Such influences were hrougiit to bear in the United States that congress, ill revising and codifying the mint and coinage laws of the country, omitted the silver dollar from the list of coins, and it being the only silver coin which was a full legal tender, became thereby demonetized, and the people were compelled to pay the national and private indebtedness in gold alone. The product of i,'old being irregular, and growing less with the int rease of p()[)ulation, as well as the decrease of the laetal, it wjis considered to work not only a present hardship by raising the price of gold in the market, but to threaten at some future time to make the pioplo slaves to the bondhidders, by compelling them to yield so nmch more of their labor and propert}*^ for ! ' i.i 200 STATE GOVERNMENT. a dollar in gold than they would have to do W( re there a double standard as before. Silver had alriudv depreciated twenty per cent in 1878, when coui^nss required the secretary of the treasury to purcliuso. ;it the l<)we.«t market price, not less than two nor uu>iv, than four millions a month to be coined into staiidiiid dollars for circulation, the <2fovernment spoculatiiiL; in the ditference in commercial value, but without nstor- ini» the silver dollar to its equality with the <^ol(l (Uio. This was the status of silver in the currency of the United States, while the question of restoring it ti) its former value was becoming one of the foremost subjects with which statesmen had to deal, and oiio of vital importance to the state of Nevada. Kv 1885 the silver question was regarded as a pitlitical issue, and the public was much interested in knowing what course a democratic administration wonid pur- sue with regard to it. A silver ccmvention was luld at Carson January 3 1st. The voice of the conven- tion WIS that demonetizing silver would doubK" tlio riches of the rich, and in the same proportion increase the burdens of the laboring and proilucing classes. riie Nevada Silver Association was formed, witli a constitution and by-laws, the object of which was to insist upon the retention of silver as money. The meeting also indorsed the proceedings of the silver convention hold at Denver, Colorado, at which Kan- sas, Colorado, Utah, Now Mexico, Idaho, Wyoming, and Arizona were represented." *' ProffnUnijx of tho Nnyidrt SHixt Comrnlion, ISS'); Pacijir CouMt Minin'j Ri-i'lrw, 1878-9, J»"7 10.'<; Joiuh' Spm-h oh the SilwriJuiKti,,,!, April '.'4, IsTti; Jimc'i' Sp/'ch oil the O^ilioiinl Stmidanl, .luno 28 iiud .Inly 1."), ISTti: ,t<ii<* S}M--i-h oiiSi'm'r Di'iiioiiil'aUim, Ful). 14, 1878; (\irsim Ap}K'iil, .luly 11, l>>Tl); <S. F. Cfii-onirk, March 2, 1885; Procecdinijs of tlie Neviula Silwr Voiifntiim, 188.5. A monograph upon the silver question called A Phi for Sllirr (' •Iwi'f awl the Dimlilv Sttiw/<int, pp. 139, written by T. H. Huchanan, and puMisluil at Usnver in 188.">, attempts to explain the money (piestion as atrcctiiig values. It is a good, common scn.^e treatise, but shows what its autlinr claims, that the science of political economy cannot all be contained iii mie l>ook. and has never Ihjcu completely formulatod. A much more tn-nchaiit treatment is that contained in a dictation on T/w Sititr QiirxtiDii liy Win M. JStewart iu uiy yosaoaaiuu, thu body of which is uldo cuutaiuud iu a pampUlut rvi. 11 DE-MOXETIZATIOX OF SILVKU. ••" ^ par witi. .old, a,Kl mnZlA^T "^ ^"-cuJation «.Jv.r ,vv,vod, and was o rr t?'^ ^'^^' ^""«i-t over wesern sjlver producers. L „•'?*''" ^'""'^^''-^ ^"d 1" JJecvniher J.o elaborated I A; '^''''^'^^ *'' ^''^"^'''^•■-•s I>'<>"^U c)utson.e inter !^^nr'^'''' '."'''« ^""^ It ■^t.tt.Mu>nt of the direet?.r Af '^7'r^'"' «^^'»^^^«- Tl.o '" .i,">i<l PHKluotion on the p! 2 ' ''^•'•' ^^^'-^ttJiedeeJino ^'••M .'ind silver at the %t. r' ^^'^ ^^T<>«its „f ■^-•^.'^!^J'.ror.lo,or.^5 00oOOOl ?r'''' "'i"t was .V-':- The Nevada n^t w^s 'T ^^'1" *^'« l^^^^''^'in^ "•*''^'-"y reduced to n'S,;^.,;", ^"^^""^ " '-''^^ l:^'"'^7'oudu,.ted sin.nlv as fn ' *^J^^ institution mrc heen closed Wifl. f''''->^ "^^o. It j,., ' ^'^'"•■ml, there was Zl VT''^ <^'» *''« countn i? "™ .«•■"■ "f ^l.7-2!,.72r;ov "'r;"'r over tl,o ,„■,.- ■""■■"I int., t),c Ui,iti.d St,;' , V '"'IwrtH „f ,',,,1,1 *»--»'-';:'i£r'"?™^-^^.,?:v'i'r«'! ...... i i ' 202 STATE OOVTiRNMENT. duction in tlie United States during the year had been $30,800,000 in gold, and $48,800,000 in silver. Of this amount of silver $28,000,000 had been coined and $0,000,000 used in the arts, which, with tlu^ l>ul- lion exported and wasted, left little or nothing on hand. The production of the whole world in tlie year ending June 30, 1885 was $95,292,501) in gold, and $115,147,878 in silver, gcdd production luiviii*' fallen oif over $5,000,000 since 1882. There would appear to be nothing very alarniiiig in the relative <iualities or values of gold and silver at this time, but agitation has made it a party question in congress. The repeal of the act of 1878 Ixing insisted on by the monometalists, various scheim s for preventing the demonetization of silver were broaclied, such as certificates of deposit with a market value, the government beinjj obliorated to coin the bullion and use it in redeeming certificates when presented, and other proposed devices for keeping silver in eiicu- lation. An English writer, Morton Frcwen, projiosed that the Pacific ports should be made free to the (ast- ern nations of China and Japan, buying their tea, coffee, sugar, rice, jute, etc., in exchange for the silver of Colorado, Nevada, and California, and building up a mercantile marine to rival England, This propo- sition, which miijht be considered were it not tor the Isthnms canal and the Canadian Pacific railway, would doubtless bo received with caution. A meet- iiiil of the Nevada Silver Association was held at Nevada City October 20, 1885. The resolutions passed declare that the agitatio i of the silver ques- tion is "especially aggravating, since the success of such a policy involves the annihilation of millions of dollars worth of capital locked up in their mills and mines," threatening to bankrupt an industrious and loyal people. A convention of silver men, and another of bankers, was held at New Orleans in Deoendier, but congress alone had the settlement of the ques- tion; and the president's message was distinetly CONSTITUTIOXAL AMENDMENTS. ..)vo.o .. .Ivor coinage. Uter legislation was ,„ore an;i'r^i:,,?s„*;tie*iS!;st"in r;T^"' <•- ^ffi- ..ever v„tecl for a pros '1™! huTl "^ ""''"'' """ ''« tl.o IJ.iitod States sonat,- Tl '""■ """"'"'"to for «...tor luul „„t bee titi Ju TT\"^ ^'"•"•''" »^ Ho ,adoftorcdhiu,self fi,rr™„„; ,';'•"'""" "■• l"^"^^- ...o.-.t.s, without the usual ,X?,'"" P"'''->' '"' '"« "'. \"^ constituents, and the '!'''"''" ?" '!'« I-al.i.s s-.i.l to have gone by dof'' ,t'lr"""' ^"''k-'' '"''v be ""■ '"""!» of the do^nocrati „,"■"': 7«'->-""%' i»to ".7- "0. for presidential ett'' '";? "^ '"f'^y "^ si'ly, tho.r eandidato UcZZT "'"'*'"' ^- Cas- j;;- '.-'00 nmjority, and C S Tb 1?" ^'^■^""' ""^ ^J'a]ofc;lbLS-i::^£g'tr^s: ••""""l...o..ts to the ronstit, tT f ■"?" "'« '■""""'in" , „.'"".. .-r„.a«.,n„ ,,,8..,,., , . '. ■■" >™'-«»ecoi>ted; all the other gUfn „«' ' ''" '''''''''«" '"'Ik'e hvrn, 1 i •'■■'""' •"••ij-rity -y at />Wiirf„^S" .'•-•'^ivo.l '"-^ -'"-Ui n a. u"k;. "l ''r''' -venter t">ie,| liis ,.|. ,Vn. x"*" ''""""'-■to.l Mith thJr' f .'-';"""■'' "f '«<«. Tie ■- '-.rapines'" W irBlL^"^'"":'' ^'i''--> N vlvlh l'^^?'^'" '^"4 ''■'""^•■'' t'> Ky i. ;„/:,,, "''">'/■*'» '""-'i >•» M..nlova o.'i Vi < '""tains '" ""' >"■«■ .li.stri..f ,.f AIM '•. , ^ ''" H''«I.iture in m !a *> *''° ' th < .strict "•isticcteU cliief jiLstice Niii, , 1 ^""t^r ho re- J '^iiie siq), court of (.'aj. I * ...I- 204 STATE GOVERNMENT. The elimination of the word "white" from section 1, article 2. The addition of article 18, grantnig rij^lits of sutfraije and ottice-holdinyr without reference to racf. color, or previous condition of servitude. The addi- tion of section 10 to article 11, forbidding the use dt' public moneys for sectarian purposes. Chinese inniii- gration was disproved by a vote of 17,251) against 183. Of the sixty-one members of the legislature elected, only nine were republicans. Two of these were ;stn- ators, who with the republicans holding over gave a majority of five in that branch of the legislatuii'. whereas they had but seven members altogether in the assembly. The aspirants for the senatorsliii), besides Fair, of the democrats, were Sutro of tlie independents, who desired to keep the C»)mstock out of politics, and Thomas Wren, nominated by the republicans in place of Sharon. Sutro was not jnit in nomination. Fair was elected on the first ballot. Wren received twenty votes and Daggett one. *» William Sharon was bom in SmithfieM, Ohio, Jan. 9, 1821. After gratluatiiig at college he studied law. jiraetising for a time .it St Loui-i, Mo. Afterward he engaged in a mercantile liu^iness at (.'arnillton. 111. (.'(Hiiuij,' to C'al. in 1840, he opened a store at Sac. later engaging in real estate in >. F. When the bank of Cal. oj)ened an agency at Virginia City the niaiiagi- ment was entrusted to him, and in connection with hi:* as.sociate.s in the bank lumglit up the greater piirti<>n.s of the Kentuck. Yellow Jacket, an. I Chollar mines, and obtained contml of the mining mills, incorporating tlie Union Mill and Mining conij)any, and the Virginia anil Truckee K. R., tiie state of Nevada granting z> lilieral subsidy in aid of the latter. Tiic rual was finally completed to Reno, where it cunnected with the C P. R. K., tlio cost being tliree millions. .Sharon an 1 W. C. RaUt.m also purchased the Belcher mine, receiving large returns therefrom. In 1875 Mr Sliarnu was elected U. S. senator from Nevada, serving with honor and credit. Mrs Sharon was formerlyMiss Maria MuUoy, a native of Quebec, and the result of their unkm was five children, two sur\-iving, Frederick W., wlio tnarrieii a daughter of Lloyd Tevis, and Florence E., who became the wife .>t >ir Thomas Heaketh. Mrs Sharon died in 1875, and Mr Sharon in bSS."). After setting apart SIOO.OOO for charitable puri)oses, and the embellishment uf (iolden <;ate park, the projjerty fell in et^ual parts to his son, daugiiter, auJ son-in-law, F. G. Newlauds. if"t CHAPTER IX. india:^ wars ■JS49-1882 C.*MF0Rxr.v EMr«R.vvT.s or 1849 s,.„ •^f^i < f.i AS,, inE p.,, ,. '^^ "■'^KQiK.VT Deeds op v, "----Move: .^rV--= -^ ^^r^^J^Z: ,t^^'^^- Jia> fn]J()Wetl wars nn.i ^ "''* ^''^ aboriui,ies f),..; I '«'vo s|„k,„ i„ , „,"""'''''''; '"'•"'cs,,f Nevada Tl": niyratioa to Cal L, ^- f'"^'' "^ ""*' ]<istor :::!:v!'r-' «- foil;: „■"««,«- '-gc/s , . '"^'^ "ttackocl 111 fi,« Tj- ,"&^'Ui. oevcraJ ''7'- enttJe taken, Joav „.. H.^"'"'^"^^'^^ ^'^^h', and I^a 'T conipanies c^mi.^' "r /^^^ ^"i^^rants on f,^^ H , , ''"""'"i-ousBill hVi ''"' ""' allay IW-'' n^''f""^ ''•'''' ™'?bout'T'' ''"" ''"»" '«o "^■■" k'l'«J bj- tl.e India,,".'"* '"''-'" ""'"' "Inte men (206) 4'ia 206 INDIAN WARS. ! I- From 1851 to 1857 tliore were many deeds of vio- lonoe on both sides. In 1856 a party of ten nuii I by Levi Hutton of Missouri were surrounded eunip on the Hund)()ldt by sixty Indians well ariiicd with ritles and revolvers. The party returned the fiiv of the Indians and retreated, drag<;injif their wji^ou by hand, four of tiicir horses bein*^ killed and otlurs wounded. All that niyfht and next dav the Indians continued to liarrass them. Hutton and Aleliiic, u Frenchman fniin St Louis, were killed. Two (ttlur men were severely wounded, Thomas Reddy fiom Leavenworth, and James Edwards from St Louis. Keddy became exhausted and urj^ed the remainder of the party to leave him and save themselves, which they finally did, takin*^ what provisions they (-(luld carry, and destroying all the arms they were forird to leave. The party of seven arrived in Carson val- ley October 25th, where Edwards had his Wouiuls dressed, after a fatiguing journey of 200 miles. Thir- teen Indians were killed.* In 1857 a party of twenty-two immigrants undor Captain Pierson encountered on the Hund)()ldt. r the mouth of Keese river, a large body of Pah with whom tliey hail a severe contest. The place ob- tained the name of Battle Mountain, which name was retained when the country was settled, and given to a mining district on Reese river.* John McMarhii and James Williams, in charge of pack trains from Mormon station to California, were killed by Wasliocs on the trial which crossed the mountains south of J^akc Tahoe on the same day, one at Slippery Ford hill and the other on the summit. The settlers became alarmed and called upon the people of California for assistance.* Arms and ammunition were tendered hy the governor of that state ; the Pah Utes also ottered their warriors to fight the Washoes. ♦ Hayes' Scravn Miniiiif, xi. 2, 3. ».V. /'. Alta, May 7, 186G; S. F. Altn, Ana. 2, Sept. 7 and 10, IS,". •■'A party of young men attempteil to find and punish the offenders, Imt incautiously fired at some birda antl discovered themselves to the Imliaus, who ried. IJawky's Lake Tahoe, MS., 4-8. WASIIOES AND PAII UTES. 807 Bris^lmm Young, governor and superintendent of Indian aflairs for Utah, in the summer of 1857 sent (iarlaiul Hurt, Indian aj^ent, to Carson valley, who iiiadc ii treaty of amity with the Washoes. In tJie Hunimer of 1858 the Pah Utes gave consid- oralilt' trouble in the Humboldt valley, and F. Dodgo was sent to reside in Carson valley as Indian agent t(» ciKleavor to keep the peace. Early in the follow- in!^ year also, they, as well as the Pit river and Walkir river tribes, displayed open hostility to pros- pectors and settlers. In March seven men, among wlioiii was the well known pioneer Peter Lassen, wero pidsjurting in the Black Rock country, on the immi- •Maiit route of 184G, when they were attacked in camp and Lassen and another man killed. Other sinali parties disappeared never to be heard from, and their fate could be readily conjectured.' The winter of 1859-00 was one of exceptional se- verity, and the Indians suffered greatly ft- mi cold and liiinger. So strong was their distrust of the white race that although some good men now endeavored to mitigate their misfortunes, building large fires and offering them food, they were but little benefited, many refusing to cat, lest the food should be poisoned, and attributing the extreme cold to the ])resencc of the detested white man. Many children died of pri- vation.* In January 1860 the Pah Utes killed Dexter E. Deining, who lived on Willow creek, north of Honey lake, then thought to be in Nevada. A company, under Lieutenant W. J. Tutt, was ordered to pursue If .: i I . it ' \ it i ! . ■■cfl (If i \l !Fi UiiicHiwV.^ Tmlinn Fii/Iitinij, MS., 2-3; AV////'.i Srv. Directory 1802, 33; S.F. liullftiii, April 21 aiiil 28, ami May 9, 10, 'and 11, l.S.')!). AVcnnling to tlic rt'imrt of l)(i(lge, Indian agent for I'arson district, tlio I'ah Utes imm- litTod aliout 6,000, tiie head chief, Winncmucca, residing on Smoke creok, iii'iir lloiu-y lake. Small bands under sult-ohiefs resided at the forks of Carsiiii river, Ciold Cafion, Big Bend, sink of the Carson, on Walker river, at Hig Meadows on Truckee river, at tlie lower crossing of Truckee, at the iiiHiitli (if Truckee, at Pyramid lake, and Lower Mud lake. The Washoes mutilKTi'd 900, and inhahited the country at the base of the Sierra Nevada, Waslioe, and Eagle valleys, and about LakeTahoe. /;/'/. Aff. ii}>t, IS.W, 273-4. •■ Territorial Enterprine, Dec. 24, 1859; ILtyci Miniivj iScrajw, xi, 40, If ill ftrv 208 INDIAN WARS. ri- the offenders, who were traced to the Pah Ute camp. The governor then appointed two couiniissidiurs, William Weatherlow and T. J. Harvc\', to visit Poito, the head chief, known as Old Winneinunn, to demand the criminals, in accordance with an exist- ing treaty. Winnenmcca was found at Pyramid lake. He did not deny the governor's right in tl.c matter, but refused to give the order for the surim- der, and demanded $IG,000 for Honey Lake valkv, It was observed early in March that the Indiai.s were withdrawing from the settlenienta. In the lat- ter part of April they held a council at Pyramid lake, and recited their grievances, a long enough li^t of insults and injustice, among which the cncrc acli- nients of the white race upim their favorite lands, and the cutting down of the pine nut trees, which W( n their orchards, were mild charges. Every clii(f in the council except Numaga, known as Young Winiu - niucca, although not related to the head chief of that name, which signifies bread giver, was in favor ot war, hj having mingled more with white people, and knowing theirnumbers and strenjjth. Tlio head < hi« f, like Peupeumoxmox of the Walla Wallas was a shrewd politician, and, while secretly supnorcing tlie war movement, never connnitted himself opinly to either party, but consented to be governed bv the niajority. Then there was a chief of the Shosj.cnfs who had married a Pah Uto, and another chief fi ini Powder river, Oregon, a halt Bannack, who were clamorous for war.* ^leanwhile !Mogoannoga, cldcf of the I[unili<ildt IMeadows men, known to the settlers as Captain Soc stole away from the council with nine braves to end •The Shoshone was killed a few years later, afters raitl into I'arailisc valley, hy soiiie of hi-j own peojile, ni';ir Kattlu inoiintaiii. They killcil liiin iK-'oause ho kept them in perpetual trmilile l>y his raiils upon the stock lif tin' pettier^ in Nevada and Oregon. Tiio chief of the .Smoke Creek Iniliiiiis. a lir.ither-indaw of *Vinneniueca, was slain Ity one of his own people for at- tempting to l)ewitch him. 'I he chief of the Honey Ijake hand \v;i^ al^' killed hy his followers after years of war, to put a stop to hostilitit'-; aii'l anutlier Honey Lake chief was killed hy his peo]de. A hrother of Wiiiue- inucca named Waho was murdered hy the Tah Utes at Walker river. 1* *mcK AT »-a„^„,, ^^^^^^ all discussion by oDenm,, +i, ** M^u- tliey attacked Wjjl^P '''^'•- On the 7th f ^-i road, kilied seyZlZ\:Tr' «" "- -or' Tiiou pas^mg by tlie place o/S^ ^"^"^^ the house H,. ca,ne to the farm^Tw H "i^T^ ^^ ^"^^Cd '^ UioNo oir the stock an J ! ^' -^^oouifield Ti ^•f~S one „f their"! ^ "."-','<> ^K^'id wT ■'"■«rotur„cd to his fe.,,^ t"'". ^".': "K J. O W^^ Jic'iir winch laxr +] "'""t- to find it a cir. i • ^''" ffratiou was tlie ventpfni ^ ^""5 smothered n. a ^^-^ no.,s ortheattactl" W;-n-'""^"' -^"Kwt" si>^"d ni ovorv direct ,V. ^'V'^^s' station p ^"^*^<i •-""''it i--. 0,1:"'' "'"''-'"'■■""'i. ' aS • "*• * uiar J. A Tk l^fl^'H: sli 210 INDIAN WARS. interring the dead the volunteers proceeded to the Truckee river, where they encamped on the ni<,'lit of the 11th at the present site of Wadsworth, moving down next day toward the main camp of the euLmy. About two miles from the foot of the lake the moun- tains approach closely to the river, leaving but a nar- row strip of bottom land, which constitutes a pass easily defended, and dangerous to an attacking forcf. No enemy appearing in sight, the volunteers niarcliod on for a mile and a half. Wlien they were well with- in the trap, about 100 Indians showed themselves m the ridge a little in advance. Mnjor Oruisby gave the order for his company to charge up the shtpe. When they reached the plateau above, on still an- other ridge, another line was stationed in the same manner as the first, but more extended, and with their right and left almost touching the narrow vallov through which ran an impassable river. Soon from every sage brush twanged an arrow or hissed a bullet, and the thirty men realized their peril. They made a hasty retreat to a piece of timber which came down toward the bottom on the west. But hero they were met by the savages under the Black Rock chief Se- quinata, commonly called Chiquito Winnemucea, or Black Rock Tom, who forced them down toward son, Lee James; Caraon City Rangers: Maj. William M. Ormsby, John L. Blackburn, F. Steinger, Christopher Barnes, James M. (Jatewooil, William 8. Spurr, Frank Gilbert, William Heailley, F. Khinn, William Mason, Kul. ard C. Watkins, John Holmes, Samuel Brown, William E. Eichelrotli, AiiMi W. Tjiidcr, James J. Mclntyre, Eugene Angel, William C. Marloy, Lak' , Abraham Jones, Charles Shad, Bartholomew Riley, and 5 dischar),'(il I'. > soldiers from Fort Ruby. Silver City guards: Cant. R. O. Watkiiii. .VHiert Bloom, Charles Evans, James Lee, James Shalxsl, Boston Boy, Keiiic, anil a boy; Virginia vols, co, 1: Capt. F. Johnson, F. J. Call, AleTcriit y, Hudi McLauKhlin, Cliarlcs Mcljcod; John Fleming, Henderson (Ureck.s), Andreas Schnal<T( Italian), Marco Kneegiswohlt, and John Ciaventi (Austrians), (h'ti-o (aChileno), O. C. Steel; Virginia Vol., co. 2., Capt. Archie McDoiiaW. \\il- iiam Armington, Charles W. AlUm, O. F. Brown, Joseph G. Baldwin, .Ir, I' D. Cole, A. K. EUiiitt, A. L. Grannis, Fred. Galchousen, F. Hawkins, Ar. ! ibald Haven, J. C. Hall, (rcorge Jones, Charles Forman, R. Lawrcme, Henry Meredith, V. Mcintosh, O. Spurr, M. Spurr, John Noyce, C. Mc\':iiu, I'at- rick McCourt, S. McNaughton, Henry Newton, A. J. Peck, and Hiohanl Snowden. Another company from liold Hill contained J. F. Johnson, i|. Jonner, James McCarthy, T. Kelley, J. Bowden, N. A. Chaudler, A. (i. '>• Hammond, Armstrong, £. Millsou, and 24 others. THE WINNEMUCCAS. tlio riVcr, where thev w.. ] i ^ """ .... the, would be entirely at his At tins lunrturp XT.,. (•i;u (oiisonfc took fi '"®'^' where OrinsKv I c ;:■;,?" f "^' *<> j-^'oii,': ir:/"' i"'-''""^™^ V tmn l" r "' "'' "'" Silver atv°"'' ?'' ^'^P'^'n I'ssnoss 7;i. ?"^^ P'-^'^'c ensued ^o • f^'^'" «"* too late- ^' ^"* "^« savages said ' K^^^"^" "^^» T^- batth be.an ah .. ^^^senow; l,,tl, „r„,r t7 '' P'."*"«' O'-i-ow „„,, " ""f **'">' f»" '•'•- ws h" Ln "» "' "- ArcaS";':':' ;" 'lion fn roll '^^^' ■i<;wassaiV]fl...fi I "^'"»to -onues before life was^^LTV',''" (f ! INDIAN WARS. (H; pursuit was kept up until interrupted by the darkness of night, and the fugitives scattered ovjr the country a hundred miles from Virginia City." Comparativtlv few were wounded. The first effect of the delVat at Pyramid lake was to drive many out of the countrv. The women and ehildrcu of Virginia City were [)]uct'(J in an unfinished stone house, whicli was turned iiitoa fortress and called Fort liiley. At Silver City a for- tification was erected on the rocks overlooking tlio town, and a cannon made of wood was mounted iit the fort to frighten away invaders. At Carson City tlio Penrod liotel was used as a fortification, after \mu<r barricaded, ami pickets establisliod. At Genoa tlie small stone house of Warren Wasson w.as taken fnra defence, while Wasson rixle through the enemy's coun- try 110 miles, to Honey lake, to carry a telegnipliic order from General Clarke to a company of cavuirv supposed to be at Honey lake, to march at once to Carson. As I have before stated, the Californians responds d quickly to the (all for help. The news of the battle and the death ofvoung Meredith aroused tho ( itizciis of Downie\ ille, who within thirty -six hours raised and equipped 105 men, who marched to Virginia City on foot in five days. Sacramento, Placerville, La rurto, San Juan, and Nevada City sent volunteers to lidp fit'ht the Pah Utcs. San Francisco raised monov and arms. General Clarke issued orders to Captain Stew- art of the I3d artillery stationed at Fort Alcatraz, and *' The killed, l)esi»le3 Onnsby, wore Eugene Angel, William Arriiii^ton, >!. Aul>crsnii, B<>>ton Boy, A. K. Elliott, Joliu B. Fleming, \V. Hawkins Wil- liam Heatlly. F. (Jatehouse, J<ilin (Javenti, (Jeorge Jones, Flourney .iulmsun, M. Kuezerwiteh, James Lee, Henry Mereilitli, P. Mcintosh, Charles MiLoikI, O. McNaugliton, J. McCarty. Par.-ons Richard Saowdcn, William K. SjK'ar, Anilrcw Schucld, and others. One cnrre-ipondent of the S. F. y/.v 'A/ gavo the niunlKT of l>o<lies found on the field and huried at 43, If(tyfii'Sir']ii.Viii- iwj, XI. 101, and another says that on the 27tli, two weeks after tiu' tight, nearly 00 persons were still mijsing. See abo (Sac. ^cron/, .luno 'J'J, l!)7i'; S. F I/eniU. May 14, ISW); ,S. /'. Call, Jan. 20, 1S7!); KUhi'i F^nwlrnf;} CiirMnCity, MS., 4; S. F. Aila, May 8, IStM); J/iiwl.'y\i Luke Tiiht,; M^.,+-i; CrwUrhau/h's Nen> liioif.. MS., 4-5; J/iiif>H Srrit]» Miiiiwi, \\. Ol-SIi; .V. /■ BiMiHn, May 14, IG, 17, 2G, IW, 31, and June 5, 0, 7, 1800; C.il. ftmer, May 11, 1800. li' r ,■! Hap puo:, c,u.,WRs,,. Capt,-,;,! FJiiit of t)ie 6th ;. c . "" "■-.a. t,; proceed at once to r""'' &^'"'"-<i at Bo- rompaines nun,l.erinir 1 50 n, '.' ^ ""'T. tlie tvw -■'"-yix'^t. AJ,,^,,! "'''"J«,ero-;;taU:,;;' arnvals fr„„, „,,t of tl e ,,tZ,, '•"='"'=''^'- ".ere ,vere "•""'.„„«., to the divert ly " '"'• '■''''•'' ijave ,. ,^? I" -^' wimt turn aCr w , m'TT- "n li.^, ^ :';'■ ,■""""' t'-e--'^ were ailut 800 ?• ^-^' "'« '•'•■^t l^r.,n city, Vie,, t; etiifeV'"°?f^ ".ilea belt '■•""-: '■'■«volu;,teers;?reT ?",''' ""' '« toul'i'f ' ""» "as reported broken un, T'"''"''- Evorrst" --"-P^rMnt^/el^LiToffi^^^^^^ if'' "ill ' iij r4. \ II m IP ! i V. I 'I i Si;; S14 INDIAN WARS. Eureka county." On the iOth of June the exjress and mail were escorted from Carson City eastward by a picked company of twenty men, and the Hue re- established. While the volunteers were crossiiii; the Twenty-six-mile desert, one of the scouts, Midiael Bushy, was cut oif by the Indians. His roniains were found two years afterward near Williams' sta- tion, and the Indians who pointed them out said he had fought bravely for eight miles, turning on his pursuers and driving them to cover, but his horse gave out, the enemy surrounded him, and the end soon came. The army found the Indians waiting for thcni at Big Meadows, in the neighborhood of Williams' sta- tion, where they engaged a detachment of scouts, under Captain Fleeson, whom they attempted to cut off. In the skirmish two volunteers were woinidod. and six Indians killed. The enemy retreated when tlie main volunteer force came up. In tliis fig] it. as in the battle of Pyramid lake, the Indians had rifles of longer ranije than the volunteers. The rejjulars coming up two hours after the action at Bi<,' ^Meadows, the whole force moved on to the scone ot the first battle, where they found and buried the bodies of the slain. From this point the Indians warily withdrew toward Pyramid lake, followed hy the army, which could not bring them to any decisive enixaixement, but which was resolved to drive them beyond the lake, and then leave the regular troojis to guard the passes, as previously agreed upon, ho[iing thus to starve them into subjection. As the fatal pass was ncared they found the bodies of those killed in the retreat of the 12th of May, which were interred, and camp was made on the 1st of June, about eight miles below the lower rrossini; of the Truckee river. On the afternoon of the -'Jd an order was issued to Captain Storey of the Vir- ginia RiHes with twenty men, Captain Wallace of the '^llayea' Scraps Mimwj, xi. 217, 221. S-vl FORT STOREY count t>.eaty-three bodies '^^IT'"''', ,»«'»• ^nouglto H^es and Captain St^ivlrt ,?"""«/«' <» Colonel s|wt and a battle tliree i '?, ' • '?^ hastened to the pW«l. They dislod..ed^th. r r ''''«''''"•' were en l«;t)v.e„ f„„ ^ J fiv?e „, i„ fV,'^."'"^' pursuing Jhe^ 'f ".' fi% of their h„C^' r^T- '-^-'.v-fi've and S »r.nV' was shot thronTthe . '"' *"""» Capt^„ »vn, wounded, and a private of *!" ''S''''"- ^*ie4 aiJJiiilo led at sundown H,l t .?' '^''e Pursuit was '"'lUiitains. Fortifier/- I"tlians flcein,r *„ ,^ K ,'i| fi ■1^ '^^ ' nH m 11 1 i T 1 '^- ' "jS!' h t - m *^^S U- m.-' f^3 nh ■ 1 •i'i ; aB • » n n« INDIAN WARS. I!: ;r' Haven, Colonel Hayes returned to Carson and dls- banded his regiment. On the inarch he lost a valued scout, William S. Allen," who was shot from an am- buscade, this act being the last of the Pah Ute war of 1860, in the western part of the county of Carsdn. There was some fighting in the Goose Lake countrv between the force under Colonel Lander, then explor- ing for a wagon road over the sierra and across tlio great basin, who had been appohited special Indian agent. In August, Lander gave information that old Winnemucca, with the principal part of his hand, was in the mountains north of the Humboldt rivir, and the Smoke Creek chief scouting from theTnirkw river over to a point north of the sink of the Hum- boldt. Before quitting the Humboldt countr\% Lan- der sought an interview with young Winnenmcoa, and through him a convention was entered into Ity which Numaga agreed that the Pah Utes should kocp the peace for one year, and Lander promised at tlii; end of that time to use his influence with congress to procure payment for the Pah Ute lands. The regulars under Captain Stewart remained at Fort Haven until the middle of July, some jx isdiis taking advantage of their presence to make settK- ments on the Truckee, and near Pyramid lake.'* Tlio troops after leaving Fort Haven occupied themselves, under the direccton of Captain Stewart, in eicctim,' Fort Churchill, a permanent post on the Caison river thirty-five miles below Carson City. Lidian- agent Frederick Dodge endeavored to perfect tlic promised peace by setting off reservations at Walker and Pyramid lakes, and in the Truckee valley, wlu re the fishing and other food supplies of the Indians were most abundant, and placing them in charge of Warren Wasson, an energetic, fearless, and just man. " Bucklitml'tt Iwlinn Figldimf, MS. >• J. 1). Rolierts Thomaa Slarsh, Robert Reed, Hans Parian, 0. Spi-vey, Anderson .Spain, Washington Cox Corey, and M. A. Braley. The in H' ;< at Aurora were <liscovered by Corey and Braley, whose names were givtii to two mountains in that region. ON OWEN RIVER fo^-tlu' time. J-ruciioe, war was averted Tilt! winter of 1 861-2 u-o St .•!> „f provis OII3 Was ;,.„ 1 '*l'"''«l. nil, «.iiw,B .".-I .1.0 cattle boI„„7,J':te, *" "-"•'• -ul! tlKHis,.|vt.s so,„eti,„es''s|.''„.;,':'"'"'l">' «'ei.. ami were I .'" ''"'o' to faiiip tliov worn , ' """" ">"> '"an " «l<"mi,|, two „t|,er wl it . I? ' ""■^"«'' «'"' "' anothor '«"'..' -'-M under eve;'':f ">'!;?''"•»•" Tl," '..^f « <■"■ (..rtitieation, abauSm! '"''" -7"' '■«""-"od to "f a-""mniti„„. ei..l,tee ! ' " "'"sideraLle .mantif ° "" "'« field. On fe . '^'' "'«' I'^avin.. tl, .1 S f " tl'o infection of[Zt " '''*""'«"oe, and nre I'™- (Jeneral W,i. ,!',( ''"■<^'"'"'.'? t» the S" '>•.*'. hcott, sheriff «f m ' "° "^ Mono cotintv anri Vf • ^' *"" Morrison of Visalia I ^^•ff §f' 'MUM'' i\t' ' 'f til INDIAN WARS. .i4--i command of the detachment were not to engage the Indians without the sanction of the Indian aj^tnt. But wlien Lieutenant Noble met Colonel Evans on the 7th of April his command was taken away, and liis men ordered to join in the pursuit <»f the Indians, whom Wasson desired to meet and pucifv. On tlje second day, believing that the Indians were secreted in a certain canon, Evans sent Sergeant (}[]. lespie and nine men to reconnoiter in advance of the main command. The squad was fired upon almost as soon as it entered tlie canon, the sergeant killed and Corporal Harris wounrled. An attack was then ordered, the cavalry under Evans taking the moun- tains on the right of the defile, Noble, with his coin. pany and a few citizens, the heights on the left, and the remainder of the force remaining below. Xohle succeeded in gaining his position under a gallin*^ fire from a concealed foe, but the colonel of the citizen's company, Mayfield, who had accomj)anied him. was killed Not being able to cope with an invisible enemy, he retird down the mountain, and Evans having no provisions for an extended campaign, re- turned to Los Angeles. Noble then escorted the graziers with their herds, numbering 4,000 cattle and 2,500 sheep, to quieter pastures in Nevada, and the Indian agents undertcK)k the task of soothing away the excitement amon*; tie reservation Indians, who from fiijhting among themselves were willing and anxio'is to go to war with the Owens River tril)e should they be asked to do so. But with this people the governor of California made a treaty in the fel- lowing October, On the 23d of May the governor met Winneniucca and his people in council at the lower bend of the Truckeo, but nothing came of it. In August, eh ven immigrants, men, women, and children, were killed by the Indians on the Humboldt, eight miles east of Gravelly Ford, and their bodies cast into a stn am. Thereupon General Conner issued the eminently in- Mm r^ / TREATIES, tcHi^nt just and humane order to -^h. . „ lM|.aiKS found in the vicuuty, and lAa^ al] nmle it .sava,^re warfare or eiviS ^ 5^'^'*' "'^ '"^ ««k, Is -" -'.^a^- in ? The ctm^^^^^^^^ t],e white sum..! oonnnand of the ZtZ%?"T' ''^''^ ^'^ - Au.u.st 1862, against the P^fu?^^ T"^ ^^'^^^ Nevada, and the Snakes ^^l. i ^^^^ "^ eastern Idnl.o are given Ztre^^tfr'^^'l''^ ^^^^^^ .^leanwJnJe desultor; ho"tife ^"''*"''^«- ^'' ^''« Oosh Utes. A CO, na ^v T''" V^^"^^ «» nf;. n S.n.-fK . ^ company of remi .-.».., i _ witl. .1.0 Gosh Ut-erVZ :;" T'" 7'-™'' °" 'itl> crept upo,, acal^,;'? '•?P'"!:^ "'■''<"• " tl.e .«.<«« j; 3 Sr'!.''' Step- Captain Sni..„ crept upon a cami)''nf T "?^ '""'.'' """^'^ ^^" ya loy on tlie 4tli of June Z ll "I'f "' ^'^ ^^^P" ^^■xtday they killed five nior. . i^'''^"^>*-^<'"r. t-';";.v-t];ree^]K>rribIe massacre 'tf"'' *^? ^^>' ^^^^^ cali-1 J.ad the savages per»eSa[. I !r^ ^'*" ^^""^^ he ^ •<• Indians ec>ntinued' t<? p M Meanwidle « a,^;- <lriver occasionally and del f"'"''^"* <>r a alJ along the line. Treat p« I ''^^^^^"yed the stations -I autunn. of 1863™ tTrsT^V" *^^^ «"-'"- C..nMor and Governor Doty of Ut^ hT^^'r ' ^^"^'^-^l S)->.shones and Bannacks in south *''f*"'^\^itl» the J"ly- and Governor Doty and r^^'^''"x^'^^^^^ i» ^"-^n the north-eastern pa tofT''"?' ^^^^^' ^'^^ -nod, including the Gosh Utes .^''^^^' ^^ ^ ^^^^r a reservation in Ruby vallev " V J"^"^ ^^^'-^^^^ «" su-nna-r of 1863 were raised {L V *^ 'P^'"^' ^nd •"^antiy l.y order of th^ general ^'""^^ '^"^^^^ ^^»d ^•t'o distributed to the rhfl^^ 1 government, which ;tat.ons Neverthlt 1';,^-^^^ overlanS red continued through 864 a mM 8 A. ''^'t "^"" ^"^ Twenty-n ne of W;« ^^ "*"fJi as before " ."'>■ year last name I ^^^'^^V ™l<tam i„ March "'"••''. tl'o ehieftairS^I [.rf '"n "*' '•"""l - <"i""Mttcd against l,i,n by „■ L ™''''"S,"o oforiines ™;-d those Which coiJ^^^^^^^^^^^^ . 1-} I-* \'\) ^ '■ w i > ' 1 !i i 220 INDIAN WAItS. liiin; yet Winnomucra was not nhlc to kill ton wliite moil for evorv twenty dollars' worth of property stuli n, else lie woulfl have done so. In April the s tthrs in Para«liso valley were attaeked, and the Indians with diiHculty repulsed. In May thirty-six men attacked a force of 500 l*ah Utes and Shoshones, IJiO niiha north-east of (Iravelly Ford, and 75 miles from Tiira- dise valley. The troops were repulsed afti r four liours hard fightinsij, having lost two men kilhd and four wounded. An Indian camp at Tahle mounliiin was surprised in September and ten killed. A whole vilhige full were butchered shortly afterward, niid other camps and other villages; and so the game went on, until enough of the savages were swept away — the civilized war being likewise brou<;ht to a close— to enable the Nevada volunteers to be mustered out of service." Troubles continuing in northern Nevada, Captain Conrad of Company H, of that organizatiofi, and a detachment of Comimny I, under Lieutenant Duncan, with eight citizens, had a battle on the morning ot' the ritJi of January, 18(10, with th'i Indians on Fisji eri!<k, sixty-five miles west of Paradise valley. Tin conflict was a determined one on both sides, the savages being led by Captain John, a chi^f of the Warner Lake Shoshones, who had killed Colonel McDermit. After a three hour's fight the troojts were victorious, slaying thirty-five warriors, c aptuiini,' ten wonu n with their children, and destroying their supplies.'* The settlers of Paradise valley being agam dis- turbed by Indian raids, an expedition against them was organized, under Major S. P. Smith, of fifty-one '■'■''The military farce in Nevada in 1808 consisted of cos. of cav. audi of inf., wliicli coninaniea garrisoned camps McDermit, Wintield Scolt, lliiliv, Halletk, and Fort C'liurcliill. Mv^^. nwl ))(«:, l8G8-{>, :Hi8-{>. In l.ST'J cainiis llallcck and McDernntt alone w^ro garrisoned, the former liy 1 cniiiiiuii) nf tlie 1st U. S. cavalry, and 1 company of the I'Jth U. S. inf. Sir. War l,']tl, i. G(i, 4,ld cong. 1st sess. ■^8 Uiiiniirill,; Nit\ OnzfUe, Jan. 24. 1866.: Sac. Umm, Jan. 22, 18W5; Ihc., 7, Misc. Hint. Papers, MS. WINNl.VUCCA. m men of the same regiment aided by tliirty citizons of the iiif(?sted re«fi<)n. A hattlo was fou}j;lit ut Kock carioii, on the 15th of February, in which 115 Ind- ians were killed and 11) prisoners taken, with a loss of (Hie soldier killed and Major Snnth and six [>nvates woiiiuh''!. \W reference to the second volume of my Iliatory of lh-f;/(ni, it will be seen that the troops in that state and ill Idaho were drivin<jf the Indians south, while the Nevada troops were forcing them north, so tliat trulv the savage had no place to lay his head. The total loss to Indians in the district of Nevada for IHCd was 17- killed and about an equal number made |iiisi)ners. Iti 1H74-5 there was some trouble with the Indians ill east(>ru Nevada, which was, however, quickly sup- pressed. C. C. Clevland was conspicuous in putting down tlie disturbance. Owing to the milder disposi- tion of the Nevada tribes, as well as to the swift voii'^e.ince by which any resistance was met, the state lilts siitt'ered less than some others by Indian wars. Pr<»l»al)Iy -50 or 300 white persons have been killed 1 '• Indians in Nevada, while ton times that number of > ivages have suflfered death at the hands of white iiion. Xo treaty was ever entered into between the gov- eriinioiit and the Pah VUes or Washoes. The latter never had a reservation, but roamed u[) and down the country formerly occupied by them, sometimes labor- ing as servants, but largely idle, with every combina- tion of vices, savage and civilized. The friendly Pah Utes, \esH vile, more manly, and numbering a little over 1,000, were for the most part established on re- servations at Truckee and Walker rivers, .nggregat- ing 044,000 acres These reservations wore surveyed by tlie government, and confirmed to the Indians by executive order in 1874." "/»'/. A^. Hejtt. 1871, 682. LmulOf. Rrpt, 1864, 20; Ihiyei,' Smrpi,, Ind- iam, i. 51; Sec. JiU, Hept, iii., 9-10, 108-73, 3G1-95, 40th isuug. 2a sesa. ; m M' (If I ' 'If >i 'i f| 41 INDIAN WARS. m Winnemucpa dkl not remain long upon the ipsor- vatioii at Pyramid lake, but roamed over the nortlu rn part of the state, being never met in battle. AlUr the peace of 18C8 in southern Oregon and Nevada, lie remained in tlie neigliborhood of Can>p McDeniiit and received rations from the military deiiartiiictir. ' It is (juite certain that in tlie Modoc war of 1S72 3 the Modors looked for assistiince from the Pah I'tf s and Shoshones in that quarter. A tract in eastern Oregon containing 1,800,000 acres was set a[iurt in 1870 for a reservation on which to place tlic Mal- heur and Warner lake Shoshones, and tlie nst- less Pah Utes of northern Nevaxla. A few \vt re gathered upon it in 1875J, among them Winnemucca's band, who still spent the summers in roaming tlinnij;!! Nevada and Idaho, and were fed whenever tUv applied for rations at Camp McDermit. Duriiij tlic wars of .1877-8 in Idaho and eastern Oregon, A\ iniK- nmcca's band was hovering on the edges of the liostile field, yet sustaining a neutral character. The war nf 1878 caused the abandonment of the Malheur rt si r- vation, the Indians having destroyed the agency. At the conclusion of the war the Shoshones and Pali I tts were removed to the Simcoe reservation in Wasliii)<^r. ton, where they were not wanted by the Yakimas, who made them miserable by various systematized oppressions, causing them in 1880 to return to Nevada. The Malheur reservation was ordeied to be sold, and the money applied to the benefit ot" the Indians." The treaty made in October 1803, befweeii tlio Indians of eastern Nevada on one side and govenmrs Ny<! and Doty, of Nevada and Utah respectively, on the other, contained an article authorizing tin; presi- dent of the United States to select a reservation tor Tf,!';'" PnotA ami Stnlhm, 2; Iwi. Aff. Ifrpt, 1874. 3-4, 5XA, 104-79. ST^M; /./., 1873, 3.Ttt-l(5; AVr. Sen. Jmr.., 1873. app no. 6. 18: S"n. Dor.,i-2,i., 43»1 c<ing. Idtsess,; //.»iMr> Ex. Dm:, 157, xii.. 43«l cong. IstiifiM. =* Winnemucpa died in Oct. 1882. fifnn OnzfUe, Oct. 27. 1S82. » Winnemucca Silver Shtte, July 10, 1880; Jieno OuzetU, Nov. '/I, 18S0. ii , i :^ RESERVATIONS. tho western Shoshones Th; ^ lisJicd in 1877 at Duck valW TT'''^'''^ ^«« ^stab- t H^^^lr^ ^'^-' "^ Elk?" ^„X^^7, *^- forks of ^^"^ tl,o Moapa river reservation in f. '^ ","'>' "t^'^'*- corner c,f the state, estubJisjTedIn I8r5."'"''"^'"^^^""^ ■""fji Fel). 18"! 4«th cui,«, 3J ,««,; ""'•^••y reserve. -',15,5.33 ac^i '£ i^;'' i^i"''' ''J'P- -^w-, ^53, voJ. 2o, I, t j CHAPTER X. MATERIAL UF>;OUIU'ES AND DEVELOPMENT. I84iM886. QtESTioNAni.F. Value of Mines— Transportation — Roads and Rmlkoads — Mail Uoi-ies and Tki.eorai'iis- Staiies- I'onv Exi-kess— Sikam BOATS -Fisheries Metals -Hook Reviews - Aorictlti' re t'lniMn — WlllRLVVINKS AND EAKTHyUAKm — FloKA ANO FaIJNA— LiVE SiiiCK — Caitle R/.isiNo Lanks and Surveys — Counties ok Nevada Si m- MARY OK REsorR«;Es- SociEiY Educational, Religious, and Benev- olent Lnstitutions Newsi'ai'kr.s — Biklum:rafhv. What advaiitai^e to Nevada has been her mountain of silver? What advantaj^e her organization as a state? Some, no doubt, but more to individuals than to the connnon wealth at larj^e. To the later inlialii- tanta, the njerchant, tlie miner, the farmer, tin* jno- fessional man, it is not a matter of great moment, the fact that millions of money have been taken hi mi somewhere about Sun Peak, leaving hills of dt'luis and ghastly hole'? in the ground — money squaiuh ml by lucky gamblers in New York and Paris, and usid for purposes of j)olitical bribery and social corrui»tioii in Virginia City and San Francisco. Less tlia>) thi" least of the tailings of all this vast output of wtahh has goi!.^ to benefit Nevada. California assum* il in tlu^ beginiung, and kept until the end, the mastery of art'airs. San Francisco without the Comstock was a dirterent rx'^y from S.'?n Francisco with a long list of Nevada mines, paying large dividends, on the stock- boards. I wish I could say that Comstock ethics were likely to mend ; but the truth luuat bu tuld, which iii that ""■""■ "" "'"-'-^ TO r„K sr.o- the manairrrs, when they !,a,l , "■ selves tile 'wnanza er,w„ "I'l'^'Priated to th„ M ".. '■«luei,„. the U " '""""".lo of- mni!''™'- 'l-"-.|ve, of «1 a :„'T„7 Sf/I" '-res a 1" o^t'to -;";n.s fro,,, ho„a„^r-,''"":^' ;■' ft" "f al t, " '"'"'■"'■'"'•-'« ».lx''t ;;■'""?'' "'' >'"v.'.i« lies ,„ H 'r"ii""B«»,r,",'"(, """■•• i« »i.i I, ,^, ' ,"»" "I n.n"; if "'•'•■■ »>i 0} h 1 IN m MATERIAL UK80URCF.S AND DEVKLOPMENT. the absciifo of eiiorinous mineral developments, mrh as paralyze puny eftort, invite speeulation, and turn the heads of men from |3atient, plodding eftort. Kai jijreater general progress has been made sinrc tin Comstoek mines eeased their fabulous yield than lx;fon'. But this is not meant to deny the vahic of lejjitiniate minim; t«» Nevada. With regard to transportation, always an inijiottaiit subjeet in an un<K'vt^'ln|>erl country, Nevada was for a long time unfortunate It is true that a road to (.Cali- fornia existed bi'ftire the discovery of mines in west- ern Utah, and the same trail led backward to the Missouri frontici-. But the distance in one direction and the high sierra in the other gave the territory an isolation which retarded developmi^nt, and added tn the (MKst antl inconvenience of living. It was tiecrs sary to make provision in the summer for tlu; sub sist«'nce of tlu- people through th<! winter season. during which they wi'r<' cut oft' by snow t'roni travel in either direction throusjrii an uninhaliittd country. As early as ISf)! the United States mail was car- ried by a contiact with Woodard and Chorpenin*,' (•(' Sacramento, from that place to Salt Lake (.'ity, going and returning om-e every month, the nuiil-hajjs being tra'isported on th(> backs of nmles, and tli< dis tance l)eing 7.'>0 miles. Tin- route was via Fnlsoin. Placervillt , the old iinmiixrant road throu<>h Shaw beriy and Hope valleys to Carson valley. thiou:i;li (iein.a, Carson City, I)ayton, Kagtown, across tin forty mile dc^sirt to the Humboldt river near tlu sink of the Hund»oldt. thenci' along the S(>uth side of tlio river to the jtoint where Stone Housi; station of tin (-entrnl J*acific railroad was placid ; then<'e south ui east by the Hastings cut-oft' to Salt Lake ('ity W<jodward and two of his men were killed at Stone House station in the autunm of I8f)l, but Chorpon ing continueil to cany the mail until tht;ex|)lrati(>ii of his contract in lHr)'l. Siiow-sIkh's bcL'^an to he usoil \h : i ; itOADS AND MAILS in crossing the Sierra i,. f i . '"-'' -rr-rs ^^'^f Bishop u. j^^..^^'"^' of ,853 by tho t ' r<e ajui Jojin A Tl *' succeeded bv P •'■"■ 'oJl- Veatu- ■ ""'"■•■'^t for ,.ar', • ''"•';'-^'"<^ to l"-",^'.^r.s, wj'id, t '""'■-;"'''■ toa,,,, a ' t„^ "'"' '"■■■""■" LJtal, „,i„ t ,"•■ '"■'" '"rans r ,, "^tT-^ ■>>;.^/rw,,.Watr; Cki'V''-'"'^' "''"•" .1 I r "','" <'r -tin^t; r-^'-"''' ''^'' n;!;\ c. r '" I"» is I W ;"^"' '■••"■'.»■ times iV" '' ''""•«""•• «. «-' ''i.-.-rv it" !r"^"i7 •-'••"v.i 1 „:^r '";""••'•• ■St .;,.s,. ;, u"' ""■ ">^^Ha,„| „J '';;."' ", «'»no,.t,,,, ■r..,MI, ,' l^/fl"^' ■''•■ IHr,H: an 7 f I J"'"' "«"-li IJl,,.,,,,,'''^'"* i'Wcrvill,, »a» '„""■, .'■'.■•^t «rriv., ,;,,u;n,;''^'-^w.„i.„,,„:;;;'^t,n.^,,^ r '■''•■ ""I-ovon„.n, • •■""•'""' of Ju/j "'»«ir tlint ,-"'■•" transit. 1^„. "'""' a ww'k ' mat was sinf i.. , '" "mount ..(• •• ■'Mioii^ |„.;„ " t toHlio,t„n tl,.. ,1- ' '"• ■""I ni>w '""•'-u' .rp?"""- ""••in.'ti '„;;"/'""" ■■'• -«.«' usta siuighs **■ '2M MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVKLOl'MKNT. [S- I'i irii^ HI between Strawberry aiul Carson valleys, kcepinj* th(^ road «)|)en all winter for Jie first time. The pony express was the next step. It was the conception of F. A. Bee,* W. H. Kussell and H. F. Ficklin, nuuiai;ing officers of the Central Overlaixl and Pike's Peak Express company, incorporated hv the Kansas le<jislature in the winter of 185!) Oo, \n keep messenjjjers going for over 1,700 miles, Hyin.: ;ir the rate of from seven to nine miles an hour foi t( n days. Stations were first established twenty-five miles apjirt, but the distance between was suits. (juently shortened. The messengers were requiifd tn ride seventy-five miles, but the ponies were chaiiitd at every station. Not more than ten or twelve poumls <»f mail were allowed to be carried, five dollars Imui^ charged on each letter. Newspapers printed on tissii' |)apcr were allowed. The mail was wrapped in nil. d silk and carried in pockets in the four corners <»t' tlir mochila, or leathern saddle cover, which, with tlir saddle, went through from St Joseph to Sa<ra!m nt.> without change. The first l)ony express from tin- rasi bnught eight letters, and made the distance in tni days, having started April 3, 1800. The first tiMin the west left Sacramento April 4th, and arrival ;it St Joseph on the IJith. The route followed \va-> nearly straight, and through Nevaila j)ursued tli« Simp.son trail via Ruby valley. The ex pens.' nf maintaining; this line throuijh mi unsettled cuunirv was extra«)rdinary. As an enterprise it was )Mi|»r(»- ductive, and the object of its founders has nevn- 1m in distinctly made known. They claim, howev. i. t^ have shown that the central routi' across the cinti- nent was feasible for railroad ojierating at any tiuii' .>t the year, which had been doubted. The view tnk'ii by Walter Crowinshield of Nevada, who assistrd t > 'Rcc was horn Sopt. 9, IS'iO, at Clinton, Oneida co., N. V. M. ■'iii.i to Cal. in 1849. Was early idcntilioil with tclographio niattt-rs aiii later gained distinction l>y l)eing tiie third in rank us consul of the (luiiP't^ government. Fie wrcs a man of striking peraoual appearance and tr'iaoity of purpgee. rr^Mthc road after the Pal, I If ., "'" ■> that ,t ua.s with a viow of 1^ -'"'^^T'^ '" 1^60 f;-'^' t over tJmt route wj.en it f '"'!".?: *''^' '"^ii con-' ;'"•"/":". ';"t«»m'redtriiS T,f ^'^ "> «'«t t<: o .t.uM tl... route west of S It T T '^"H contractors tn-ast.n. |,orti„n. But .ii ^"'''"^^Kv to s.-rur.. ^i-natol..^ s,ttled ti.e t ^ l^n'of ^l'^^^''^''^ '-«i'i- ' '^--H'-'c-n.^. it out of the Cc,:^ f^, ^''^ 'overland '^f%, '^'^'^' "^ *J>« confederate "I tlw. sprin.r of iQnn „ ^i ;";;■■■■'• lino (•,,„„ aJ^^iTZ IZ"'" f;r'"--<-'> tC »■" l..werc,I tho far,. fnmTr^ »'N-li.>rsc. ooacl,,., „ '" '.««' a .lailv„v,ria| S *" '"■""*.>• ''"'lar.. ' '1m- AfHsouri riv«. t„ Sa V '"" '^''tal''isl»^d fr,„„ *■""'■■':" <'alir,„.„i„ '^^•,;^^7M.«i<-o, Arizona, a, «"l'.>- vnll,.^, a,„ ^at;,f'; '•"'"l^'y "l-.u.l a far,," ^t '"■""•-■ an,( vo,,ota I ;,"",''" "''•■" "'■ '>a.l..v, „at, " 'f <it farmmir i„ ..asten. V '^i ^'•'^t experi- o im. (iiai <>■(' i<<>niii» I ^1 1 '^ '""ifress m "■' "-'Ugh i„ tw.. ,'";•; '.';,•■''<•'• -"an t,? i« .„ " '"■ l""''''.«-' t.. tiK. P„ t "i ""'■«>•-">•'■ 'lavs, l,o«,l,. ■""!•"♦ >'/ l.y .stea,no nT r"'"''"" ""' '■"•■- •^"'liiiieil lurin.r tl,„ „ .• '" '•""tm,.t„re wen. -.I. 1 1 4' : ; lu -^ i j ' |;.|il ■ i'L 3M MATKRIAL KKSOURJ'KS AND UKVELOPMENT. the public $1.50 per lialf ouiico. The contract als.. required the performance of a tri-weekly mail servir. to Denver and Salt l^ake City. The maximum pric allowed for the overland service, includinjjj the pom express, was .$1,000,000. The (luiekest time tv(r made across the continent was in 1801. when l*n>i dent Lincoln's inaugural address was l)rou«?ht to Sac- ramento in five days and eij^hteen hours. Tlic last pony to Denver was but twenty-one and a half inii: utes in runnini; ten miles and eighteen rods. TIms. were the .achievements of pioneer times. In September 18GI tho ti^legraph line from Dciivir to Sacramenti), via the stage route, was complitid. this being the first wire toward the east, ultlmimli the Carson and Plaeerville division, built by V \ Bee, had been in u.se since I8,5i). It was nect'ssan to the proper ])roteetion of tlu' road, as well as ji con venienco U) the public. There never was any stairr service in the world more complete than that bt'twccn Placrervillc and Virginia City. A sjirinkled road over which dashed six fine, sleek horses, befoir an elegant Concord coach, tho lines in the hands ot" an expert driver, wiiose light hat, linen duster, ;irul Itmion -colored gloves betokened a good salary aiitl an exacting company, and who tinjed his grooms and his passtMigers by a heavy gold chronometer wat<'li. In M carelessly, if conspicuously, on the tips of his liii'ji r> — these were .some of its conspicuous features. This service contiimed until it was supplanted by tlic Cen- tral Pacific railroad from Sacranuuito. On the 4th of July, 1 858, the Plaeerville and 1 lum boldt Telegraj)h «-ompany erected the first pole on th* line of a transcontinental telegraph, and the wire was extended to (ienoa that autumn, to Carson City in the following spring, and to Virginia City in ISfiO. Congress then passed an act directing that the .secre tary of the treasury advertiser for sealed proposals for the coustructiou of a line from the Missouri river iv 'San Vrauvisco, to be ,-, •'"'y -n. iHdo, to Ih' r< «'rA(;K AND TKLmHAVH. •"'Pioted witJ.in two ii>v i <'M Vt'i ^<>r t] TMia Tins off; Calif; wit) tj, '«"<'t to. .xcoed .^40,000 •-Ml r'vi/ij I a ' .r*:"'P«"y, wl.icj H^h voinpauy aud t] :::V;i^^ -^^^50,000 * '"nnetliatoiv ntlcrx Tl.o 1 "H' was und Lake (^itv, w] • T SKifl, s/atr,. louti-, and '.i^' tJic c'ljitm! or «>vi'rlan(/ <• ca In ,hiu San f ny tl 'o mail ^'«'Jyau.K.<r,,,,,,, , ' ^ailroa<i I K'M '•ancisco to A ''^'•■■1 a /rancj urora, via ( '■";'Vvas c,„.,p|eu.d fr. ;"'<^ '^'"-andC'arso, X • '''' ^"^^i,,, Vj, ,^^:";-viiic^ and S;;.;::^-^'/^-'^^ ^^-ada lic'J J'l'ar. ■oni iUV 1 t(. and J'y^inia. coil SfCOIld '^*?'''"'r''m::::r'!;'.^='/;!':"-.»'i ( itv •^" ''/HI ()Vi>r •!• I A I i^'««^ Vtlanti |HTati<,„ witlii,, tJ » Was V'ti l^u-ifi, ^'•^^3^»nan,Ify.oni ,.!:^^?^'*'''^'«'ivtoJ> ni ]H(U; ^7^ t" Austin aio,' I";, ;,"^;. ^^'^^^ <-an-i..i fv;;;;; V JiM(. was vtccUhI' Vnvcr tin ";unnia Citv Kt tl Sa/i I- ■';;vas l.utone 1 « wci ino, iiold 'I' ■astc ;■?:;:;'«•-• f<:r ten wo.,! 'i'J.O (./ Hand ir- JfHitc. iarL>( oil' ro ■ni citi ^''•"' ^^'^- Nevada I ^('.S as iliirj, .^^ gj.^ r^, •s Was 8l'..")() Ml A as U'oia to I'lTsoii.s or e«rj,s tcl, (lid i('<r rapli I .*'"n><"ations latu <> ''ncttui-^.r "'^'« *»ver ,,i,l>Ji(. r*'^-Mact('d in Jsyk; m .^■'it constviir.f I •'id to tl ■'' conij)(>ti. lO nii.rlit "'Struct and lat ai ^^'^''^''<'-nstru::tt::tev^^ 'y "lauitaiii ^Vc«K/., Vo,.j.. ^„,,^ i- 3^^ J2. tile Central Pacific 't' sann KiiJroad '? .! I y -fr! I . I f in l(! :• 232 MATKUIAL UE-SOLllcl-iS AND liKVELOI'MKNT. caiuf th<; eivrtiim «»f the Wcstorn Union transcon- tinental tclt!«jfm|»h line, whirli followoil the railroati route. With tlie first rontr;u't to carry tht; mail over ilic Sit-rra in waijons, it Ixcanie n«'cessarv to iniprovt; tin old innni<^rant road, which, in 1850, was done hy |wn tiaily rchuildint; it. Tin* road to Salt Lakr hail al^i to he furnished with l)rid«j;cs, and nta<lc |>a.ssal)k Numerous toll-rt»ads wore chartered. John Kisesf and Israel ^[ott were the first grantees of toll privi le«res under the provisional )4overnnient. Tlu' first territ<»rial lej^islature i^ranti-d six franchises foi- toll roads, the secon<l twenty-five, and the thi«'d twnitv nine. It wouM sei-m from this that t\\v tiavcIKi could not |>r<M-eed far in any dire«'tion without |>ayiii.,' toll. From (lolil Hill down (iold canon to Jiavton. a distance of seven miles, was a toll-road in iS.V.i. owned hy H. C. Howani, S. J). Bosworth, and (J. J) Holu'rts. As mo.st of the quartz extra«ted from tin Coinstock lode j)a.s.sed over it to the various mills, it was a payinjif property, and cost ahout $20,000. As early as ISdO an a))plication was made for a railroad franchi.se from Carson City to Viro;iniji City. tlie ]X'titioner hein«jf l^eonard L. Treadwell. St vmil proje<'ts were hefore the first le«;islature, which L'liiiitfd charters to tour companies, namely, the Nevada K'ail road company, with the privih'^^e of construct iii<j; a road from the western to the ea.stern houndary of tin territory, to Leland Stanford, Charles Crocker. Cnlli> 1*. HuntiuLifton, l^ucius A. l{(t(»th, ^Tark Ho|»kiii.>. Theodore J). Judah, Janu's l^ailey. and Samuel Silli man; tlu' \'irginia City and Washoe company: \ ir <j:inia, Carson, and Truckee com]>any; and tin Ksmeralda and Walker Kiver company. Heniy A Cheever and associates received the franchise for the 'Another, extending from itolil Hill half way to Carwm, was huiltat > cOHt of f I'J.OOO liy Waters, Hianchet. ami Carson in I8G1. Krlly's Xr. Iht., 1872. 174. \' RAlLHoADs. ir-jiDia an id WasJi mZ r W V '" '••"»^: 'f H Tori LM3 Hi iicol). i>n»kr. VViJIia,,, Hj i*'»lilk.s. iimi n^u,.,.:.-^ «y«'«. Will 'a't. Frank- Car II.. . J*^^"^'>«'l ; umW I> /I ./.'/. *'»'^M/.m, »'■'■; .HKi Walk,,, i«v,.r ,•;;, ,f ','"' '■"^ ""■ K».- at t/Mt <'.ulyperh)W t) mil/. I, -. __ . ^' ^p^'islat «t r .at <.aWy perio,| t).o „ .'" '^*'^ "' .^'^ ''•'i'M'<'WcT in the J,and ;/ r^ '' <u,vr wore nu-n fi„. cj mnts. i< ">iin Isnicr. 'veil aiMJ from tl '";"• ^^''i<'ii u-a.s "' ^'••I'-iWf ti.at U'liici ill l)( '"is t(, t/,0 first !"^:^''^t<.,i. a ,.|, t'lTJ u'a ^•"'^^vitIl naviiral,/, sJat <'*"M|>an '.!' ^'.'•' «r.st .^tato ; ■*''f^<' Was ^l»iti tran, oo :<) SJt t 'onstitu- "itroriucotl -'tv'u-k en „ut. wato tuiv to <.iv,. ^.7" '"'^^''' actii; »;■"• ir'v^- .'""' -'-ti J'ltcndi,.,.. t( '■'■'^"■'■" ^'Hlifornia tL' " f'oiistruot HT anv (•( ""jiany >y mij- tiiii u-JiiJ \raijvoad tu ti Ha.s '"-?rzj'::£t:\f^^^^^^^ aiioti -_;>'• its soLvtod at ti ''<»Ut( ''■■■ l.^^,l :;/.""'»'"'-t«l tinrt .."■■'.''•' ■ty-(.i,,J t" J-:.tr„l„. i„ ;'.,,'■',:"■'■?»'"" "11 tl.o Ham,., , , ■ '"'"' ''■'"-" that ., ;„„j" ,«"". "-.■,.,;„,, ',:•'■?'■•'•■•' it Juiios > rivor au ^r|vi;i "f'tllilt '■'•III r .vvaisorJ,.ss,t fosoivod 1) ■:.!'-"=ns^-^^'!r;::!.^- ;o ti C'''^*' ''^ miiwav lino :;'''^''^^'"" wiii.i, si lU t'S '" ti.e «; '"'■*'ii va|;,.v. T,,:„ ,_ . — ,„ ''!'' ''-ti".ui«t</t, /::i:;r''"". '-.I '■iJiMiin lonid 'a'Tujucnti <>r«i <'!•. •inrrr •'SSIO *•' e«»n» «\i ipany i,, -•* nvvr to ' <'.tii,.r ..H'.rt ■v«-t^/:»!;r^r'."f''"' ^^^••S'^il^'^r ''^ondti..j,i.,,;T'-' »rt. Tl 'f^'f road "'"' ^"'"'i Pacific I i il t tl •£» MATKIUAI. KKSOUKCKS AM» 1>K\ KMU'MKNT liiH's wcrr »iiit«'(l by <lrivin«^ a golden spike, with t'lal)oruU' ct'rciuoiiialH, about iW'iy inibs \vi st ,>- Oj^dt'ii. ill Htab. Strant^t' as it may appear, thf Ic^iHlatun; ,.\ Nevada, wliicli of all the statt'H and torriiorits received |urliaps tbc most beiu'fit tVoiu tho <'iniNtrut tioM of tilt' railroad, failed to up[)r(;ciate tlie patn..tii and disinttTosted motives (»f the builders, and ;i viu- lent opposition early appeare«l. The avt^raL^e It .risla tivo mind is unable to penetrate far beneath iIk surface of thin*;s. The resources of the directors, nd less than their desiijrns, were brou<^lit in <|Ut stinn, and a leadini' en»rineer rh'clared before tin- \' Nadu Ic'^islature that it could not Ix' completetl within twentv vears thousjfh its i)romoters had at theii' coin. mand all the <^old in the bank of KiiLjland. In a letter written by this en<,xineer in Felouarv lH(>r), in answer to the re<juest of a joint coniinitttM on railroads of the Nevada lei;islature, he says: Tlu celebrated eiiLrineeriny: work built for the Austrian jjjoverninent — a railw.ay cntssinj^ the Alps from \ !• iiim to Tri(>ste is a bajjjatelle as compared with tin ]iiu ji'cted liiu' t.i. J)utch Flat. Coinparinjj; the estniiutui cost of the Centr*d Pacific with tin- actual cost of sui'h eastern lines as the Baltimore and ( )hio ami i\v Boston and Won-ester, and allowin<j; fitrtlu^ ililf( ioihv in th(; j)rice of labor and materials, and for the "greater physical obstacles to be overcome, " It is my tiini (on viction," he writes, " that the Central Pjicifie will cost $1150,000 to $:{00.()00 p<'r mile before it is eoin|»lt'ttd to the Truckee, stocked ami equip|)ed as a tiist-class railroad." Now whiK' a few miles passim; llii'Mijii the heart «»f the Sierra may have cost perha[is .^:1(M).- 000 per mile, the avera<j;e cose to that point wa.s lt!i> than half tliis amount, while the averaj^e cost nt tin entire road was little more than $100,000 [xr inik Not least amon^ the opposinj^ elements was tlit hostility of the owners of toll-roads and sta*:;*' li"'^* acroBS the Sierra, all of whom were arrayed ai,'aiiisi a f.rof..rt whirl, wnuhl «» . ^ «iicn tip roil. I -l ncv wcrn „™ ^ , '" "o "'?« -"W "'oTt""*' » ,"«'"" "»^S "' ", "■'"« III' 'vvi-vvvv /■ Ml MATRUIAL KK80UIU'E8 ANl; UKVKIA>I'MKNT wliat ini«;lit scoiii to bo oxcessivo rates uf far, aiul tVei}j;lit should be considered. Th»' railroad ijiaii. they wiid, like the merchant, is conijK*)Ud ny tin- very iiiiture of his business to dis<M-iniinat«> lut^vcn his seviiral classes of customers. Just as th»^ inor- chant (ii^nands less for iiis wares when sold Uy tho toll than liy tlu^ pound, demands ni«»r<' wlim In knows that he alone can supply the article re(|iitrri|, so docs the railroad man charge a h»wer frciLjIit fdt lar<<fe than for small (juantities, and less for |iniiit> where then' is competition — as bv steamer and siilin- vess«il- -than for those whore none exists. Kur iiii< <-arloatl of j^oods shipped from N«\v York to tlh ti>wiis of t^astern Nevada proi>ably a Iwmdud aiv forward(>d to San Fraiiciseo. and no one will dls|iijt, that ''ood.i ean Uc conveveil at eheaiM'r rat»'S in lai'. (|uantities than in Minall, and handii>d mor(> n.-idily it lennina! points than at ini/ermediate stations. Then as to local trattic it should be renieiiil)oiv i that the portion of the line whi<'h erosses tin Siciv.i was by far the most cxpensiv<' set-tion to eonstnin and is p«'rliaps the most I'xpensive to ojM'rate i.t' aii\ in the Ignited States. Between Sacraniiiilo aiul lloeklin. where the jijrades are nnxlerate, foity-tiw loaded freiijht ears can be drawn bv a siii<.;le eii-'iin while from lioeklin to Truckt-e. a distartce of niiut\ seven miles, only nine ean bi> hauletii by tlif iin -t powerful lotonmtive." If w«' take int • i-onsidrralin, also the extra wiar anu tear «)eeasi(»ned l»y luavv i^rades nnd euiMs. it will be foinnl that tin' <«)st 'if iiiaintenanc«> and operation on this divisii>n is pnihaUy heven or ei<j;lit times a.s much as for the same distune on level uround. tn The first, sec<Mid, third, and f »urth tV.iii<lii*'* «^rante«l for the con«<tniction «»f a rr.ilroad (r<>\\\ N n ^inia City to the Tru<'k«'e river failed of their puipos.' •Fnnri Kni'kliii tci (no Ruiiiniit of Mm Sii>rr.i tlii' fi'm* in r».7'»8 ft» '. iiiJ t!i« work to t)v ovrt-ooiiiu i>i,uut to A'M iiiilr.t of a Icvt'l roatllH-d. KAILKOAIXS. 237 Ytt it was of 'vital iinportaiioc to oounoct tlio towns tlic CtnustiM'k loth^ and Carson and Washoo vallrvs with tin' (Vntral PafiHc railroad. At length a t-oni- jiiiiiy \'i>f^ torniod wliioli would Imild tlio road as (Itsiittl. pntvidcd thecounticsof WashcMMind Orinsliy \v..ul«i lakr $-_'0O,00i) worth of stock farli. At tlio iiditl "t this sclifnic was Williaiu Sharon, and hotwccn hiiti and Thomas Sundorhmd, tnd the connnissioncrs ttf thi two countios in <|U(>.<tion, an aj^recinont to this -tlrit was niadu, which, howiVin*. was not <'arricd out. TIk' \ ir.;iiiia and Truckoo llaih'oad cotn|)any fih'tl articli N «'t' incorporation Marcii ;'). IHTiH, tiic survey was i<ini|tlct('d with estimate of costs, and iw !)< cem- iii I it was announ<*ed that Sharon would Imild th«! load tVon; \'ir>;inia to (^arson it' the people of ( )rmshy (•..iiiity would donate $'JOO,(M)() and the people of Si(iii\ county $;J00,000. As an inducement to make this |iirs(nt t«) tl o company, itj was shown tiiat the |irii|)< iiy of a single county, Ornsshy, would he hme- titf.i .^i,0(»(),()()0. The p<«opK' cau«,Mit at tiie <,Mlded tly. and asked the lejifislature to permit th«'m to <j;ive thiir lioiids t'or the amount, with interest at seven per nnt. |»Tiiiission heinj^ j^ranted at the followirii;' .ses- sion. With this SharcMi constructed a portion of the nwl, and hy mortiiraiifiniL:; the wholi* raise<l money to iHliiph'tr it.' Thr <ost of th(^ Virt;inia and Truckee railroa<l for thi tirst twentv-one miles to Carson wa.s set «lown at SS:{ ;{.•{;! |tir milr ; hut th? ^otd «'ost of the whole to ihiio. and e((uipment. Aas i nori- fairly stated after- Is at ."?;)!!. 1 07 prr ndle, in ISHO the company in n|>oit to the stat«- made its rost per mile, to lu'n(», •-•'• 100 mijos, jg;;t:{,(>-J7. It had received in .^it'ts 111 Oniishy and Storey comities an I the Comstock 'ii;.r companies $HH7.MS;{. .'),'{. espial to $17.0^;') p^r Ul'i Its iini iiiic Instead of incn-asiny; tlu^ taxahle property of 'if (I ,jnty <»f OnuMliy $1,000,000, the pr<»perty of th<> , '.V. . / ,„v, \\m, 4.1, 40j <Vir*>n ^;7*.i/, S,].!. i.»r., IS7:»; Wi-i./ht's liij :••'■> I \ 1 1 ' i! n r? ■.1 I < 9tt MATKUIAI. UE80UKCES AND DEVKLOI'MKNT. company in tlmt county was |»ivcn to the asRosaor at $13(),;}a(). In order to induce tlio people to nriv, their bond for $200,000 the company had proinisid to perniil themselves to be taxed on $40,000 per mil... So far from grovvinjj; any richer through the posses sion of a railroad, which wuk makin«4 $1*2,000 a dav the total tax paid to the county hy the company in twelve years was very little more than the intcnst the county had to pay to the company on its honds presented to the company. 1 have already spokejidt the strugj^le of Storey county with the Vin^iniu ami Tru«'k(M> railroad, or in other words the hank dtCiili fornia. That Nevada asHessors, sheritts, le<jfi^l''il<'i- and sharehoUlers have assisted thes<' railroads (. oppress the commonwealth cannot he j^ainsaid. Tip exani[)le to other railroad corporations, whieli .uc in a manner compelled hy the lanj^er companies toaddjn similar tactics, has Imumi and is extremely injuiioMs ti. the best interests «)f the state, by defeatitijjf tlie triir pur|)ost! of railroads, which is cheap as well as rapid transportation. The Nevada Central, narrow j^auge, railroad was projectcil in 1 874 by iM. J. Karrell of Austin, and after five years of uneeasinjjj liftort was compltttd in I8H0. Tlu' surveyin<^ en<4itie«ir was Lyman Miidtjcs of ('hiea<j;o; president, VV. S. (j}ajj;e of Sa Franrisco: vice-president, Jt. L. S. Hall of New ^ oik : lr<a> urcr, A. A, Curtis of Austin ; secn>tary, .1. I> N(%nis «d' l^attlo Mountain; directors. I). H. Hatch otXtw York, dnmes II. Fietllie of IJtica, M. J. Farn II, M. K. Aii<4«'l, ami A. Ni«'hols; assistant superintniditit F. \\ . Dimn. (»ov(>rnor lira«lley vetoed the iVamlii.--' bill in IS7.^» on account of a subsidy froiii Laadtr county of .^200,000 j^rantod by the le}.,nslatui< , Imi the bill was passed over the veto." The road extiuided from Battle Mountain south alojjti; Keese riv(!r to J^edlie, two miles from AiiHtiii 'Net'. Jour. Sen., 1H70, app. uu. 1, l»-20; Id. Jour., 1&, l'2l. KAILltOADS. •-';;« [<'r,,iii Lt'dlio to Austin and tlio Manhattan company's iiii(u s, a (listu!»cc of thnu' niiloH, was another narrow 'iiUL'''. <»wiu'd by the Austin City company. Another liraiK ii was the i^attle mountaiii, t^aUed the BatUe iiiuuiiiaiii ami Lewis railroad, running from (lah^na throu'^h ijewis and J^uliion to Quartx mountain, a (listaiic"' of elevi;n mih^s.' TIk l']in'( iia aM<l PaHsado, narrow gauge, company was t<ij,aiiized in Nov«'inher iHj'i to construct ninety iiiilts lit" foail h(^tween tli(>Hc two |)laces. The in(;or- iMtiatt'is were Krastus Woodruff, Wilham H. Knnor, Monroe Salis'oury, JohnT. (rilmer. (\ II. Hempstead, ;iii(|,l. !\. Witliington. In l.s74 tlie francliisi- |)assed III a (oiiipany of OaHfornians, who also pun-hased tlu; Kiinka and liul)y Hill railroad, five miK\s long, simi- lai to llie Austin City n)ad, and optM-ated hotli with (in»tit Tiif l*ioch(^ and Hullionville narrow gauge, was in- ((iriMiiali'd in Feltruary IH7'2. Il was t\v(Mity-ono milts long, and completed in 1871}, its use i.eing to M.-'iort the ores of that region to the mills at i^ul i)iit;s lie. When the minus were exhaustt'd it was no lon-nr o|>(iated. Another short road was eight and ihiir-tourths miles, constructed to carry lund)er and (iinl wood from (Jh^nhrook on Lake '''alioe to the wisttiii .siiinnut of the Sitrra. whence it was convevi^d 111 a Ihiiiie to (-arson City. It was huilt hy II. M. VcriiiiitoM and I). L. Hliss. There are points on it ri'Iliarkahle fol- r.cenic ell'ect. 'fill Carson an<l Colorado narrow gauge railroad wiuj iiicorporated in May IHSO, to run from Mound .; •} r. 'KirrtH, tlio |tr«ijt>('t(ir <tf llio r<Mul, wan a niitivti nf Mount. Hope, Morri.'f (-■', N .1 , Ipoiii March '_".•. |S;|'J, of Irish |i;irriit.i^i'. \lr iMiiic to .s.in Trail- "Hco 111 \l:iv |.s,"i;i, K"i"K' '" ''>•' iiiiiK'-* III Ncvaila co., (".il. In Isii.'l, tflcr a viriiil i\|Miiciu't', he went to Uicm- river, NfV., localiiii^ hliiisrll' .it .\ii.sliii, :. l-iMili'i- in. Ill' was at oiictiiiu' part owiirr in thr Kiink.i ( 'oiisulnlati'ij h<\ llii'liiiiiiiiit niiiii'M, Iml ,Mo|i| out licfori' Ihcy wen- ili'vi'hi|ircl. In ISCT In' lie<;im. .kk ictary to thf .Manhattan Miinnx co., aini m jsy-j was clicl. .1 I'lerk (.f I iiich^r cii. He was ojci'tiij to tin- state scnati' in IS7H and rrrU'i-tetl ISMI III iill ri'lation.H to socn'tv lii> was a (Mililic spintvd unii high inlnl c Ill/on. Iti.i wifu was Miss L. V. I'ulcrsou of Austin. .i-W .MATKKIAi. KKiSOURCKS AND DKVKLOl'MKNT. house, on the V'irj^inia Jind Truckee railroaii, ulnv^ the Carson river, thr<»u«]fh Mason valley, to Wiilk(r river and lake ; thence through tiie ininoral rc^iMii ,,f Ksniemlila i-ounty, the borax and salt fields of lilnidts Marsh, to Helleville and Candalaria; and thence over the White niountiiins into Owens river \;ill(\ in C«>lcirada, t«» the shik «)t' Owens river, and • vn-t- ually to the Colorado rivir.'* Th«' Nevada and Oregon Narrow (iauge eoiii|iaii\ was «»rgaiiized in Jum* ISHO. to eonstruct a road ['nuii Aurora, via Hodie, north to (^arson City, and ilciiu thence to Honey l^ake valley, Madeline |)laiii>, I'ii river, and (i»»ose lake: and thenrr to thc^On'g(»ii lii)(. whence it was tx|»e<'ted it would proceed td tin (\>lund>ia river. Tlu> directors were A. .1. Ilatch. (Jeorge L. Wootls. Janus NFcMechan, C. A. Hia,".', .lohn Sunderland. |{. L. Fult»>n, and C. P. Sduh Hat<'h was presith'nt, W(»(ds vice-pr«'sident, Sumld- laiul treasurer, T. S. CoHin secriitary, H. (J. M( Clellan <'hief engine»-r of <'onstru<'tion, ami Tlinina- M<M»re of New Jersey <ontractor. (Jnmnd was hiokt n at lieiio in Deceinlier, hut owing to inisnianagciiitiit no material progress was made, and in April ISHI tli' franchi.se was transftrred to a New York coni|iatiy Besides the railroads actually completed and in prn:. ress there wer»' si'veral im'«trpoiated companies mak ing surveys in ditt'erent parts of the state, snid ]mi haps no U'tter pro«>f <'onld In- given of tlu- rcsoiini- «>f Nevada than this investment of cai>ital in railnuni^ where tlu; jnipulatitui is still much heK>w lUO,()<»(i. TransportatitU! hy water is impracticable in N>'vail;i ext'ept up«»n the lak«'s of the western |)ortion. wlur small .steamers may be employt>d with some litti' ^'SHrrrt/orCiHfmfjt fifyl, 1884, '27-8; Ciiiiihiliirin Tnir A'wyM/c, Si-pt. '.'' ISSO; R-m Sl-Uf J<»ir.. May fi. 1880; f '.kv...// 7V//;->, .hiiie 7. 1880; .S'l/^r 'V» TuHfo, Aug. 'JS, I.ViO; Suiro Iwl-fxnihiit. Si-iit. l:«, 1880; KiOfka l.-iuh;: (k' I.T an.l l).i-. 'jy. ISM»: WI.U. I'h,, .V.wrs .Ian. 'Jl, 1881; K^„„nMi Ihr-ii May aJ, ISM; Ttucaroni TiiiuH l{,vi.u- .Marcli 7, 1881; Htm </,iZiU>. Aiin! 1883. I^ISH CULTUIJE. b«^n. fit to commorrc. Kfl; 241 iiaviLM t<'t)u>Colomdo.wW;M!J:rJ^^^n made wJjicli bounds tj t( • \;»(ia are useful f( «UC008S. Tj '<^ -state on t! o le ti<»ii> (iiav fact "ivs. aiM "- useiu for rrlira*: . '"^ III ./, niiiarv at ' otiier hiatjcJ I»'>uer.s utiiized to iivrrs of •o JJ!-( iiem. t'« of iitdu IIIISSK S'iiiin'ii III Stat. " j''aced .000,000 iApnlis7f)thoO an stry. ^I'l^oriim fisi '" tJiaiiu- 111 A/accJi |( i ill M ^ i*'vt"r, vvJiicI, ■KV IHSO several tJ partis ,000 I <'oni- i" tj.at ,"'•"'>? "i.ito h-siVZ^r";' '''"■- '-"t i^ '•'vor, VVaij. ':,:;:i^,":"i;'"'-*«t.™ind t ^ "V IJ|(. ,w;, ^' waters „f \\',,.^j • iiie .fc.test.M.k,,|vvithoatfis) 'l' '••v.T, KuivJ, loe Ono I-'UikI.s of trout ' and .sal <'-•'-•• Ti,ir":ri*'^^-^- ;:M'-n,neMtsf;,|I„wedi,U88 f; I'^l'-'^vii from ]\r, Wtis erieoiiia a I a poiid^ parts of tlie -'fni l)rook-troiit i, and .unt.cr. K 70,. KH' ifl FiirtI V. '^^-^aiiatej ler uiie and V J|| P'v>^u,nal>)v tlie |>est I, y'T- ., " ^^'^1 Truek ^vas estaMislK,/: ^ ^ «sP (.11. >Wltl I'MllfHlt. TJ "cations, trout ;* •^^'.^'•t'lv planted ^-is :;';: c^;;x^;:7,,^:- -'...on ..-; «"^' witii flatt^ weresl,i|,,„.d toN crtni. vw i\!;:n '^'h'" "' T-ko =S > 1',. '' """ It IS SJO* *I..>A s sjud tJiat lak fliii r''''?''''--'.ii."K nt,;:;-t:r «'''■•' "■hm-..".:^^ and S (I ♦'aniieries wore ^^'♦>ro inade'fi, •**U|.j.|v 1 i lllrtal . wliiVj, J I'liiir, Cnal 'l'<■."".^' a now sourci' of rev •'^taMi.sIii.d at M "II tJiis <'i< '•^Wojtli '•■'^■" ,«'.;^a^lv s,,okeu of ^'.'uo as w.jj ,, f„„J lave Ix'en tins al)oun,l t] '<' |"(.untains rioJi ■M»ai», "^'P"«it.Hl in wat, '".!.' IM tllost and ti's. a I, tl TU; i;....H'a,arse,iie,and ^*a.s found in niiiierals iiiniK '•'itiese, -«iilt, soda, sui'. ■'■ ".IS rouiKi n« <.o..l ■■,-,"in!«i otu ''•rson vail "^ uuun nrovcr ♦,> » • ^ • .. "■•""" va ev "; ':'.""•■ "f the. NVv„.i nil 1 '"'■i'ic riiilr,,i„l -- i A^;:;"'. ;"■;'< "^^"..mii;;:;; lli-T. N KV. i« HI KIk O CO on Hear "..ty, and in Kl 242 MATKUIAL UKSOURL'KS AND DKVKLOr.MKNT. .' I Dorado cnfion. Iimnonse tracts of peat, one lud cov. eriiiLf 13,000 iirruH, oxtond uloiii,' the Huinl«»l(lt livtr, valualilr for fuel, pa'licularly in a country destituti of tinilxT like this valley. Of th<' ores of metals used in manufactures, Ne\a<la furnislii>s many. Iron, althou<j;h known to exist on the Cai-stui river as early as 18(12, on Ket;se rivi r in IHfio, and in the Peavine distrirt of Nye eountv in ISf)."), has l)e(!n nei^leeted. Copper, disoovent I first in Carson valley in I HaG, and quarried in specimen hlucks a few years later, was little heeded l»y minin.,' mm until recently. (\>pper ore is found on Walker ilv. r. in Elko county, and near Soda sprin«;s in Ksmk raUa county. The <'opper mines of Elko county wciv tin first to 1x5 devel(>ped. Load production has iiK ivasod so rapidly in a few years as t<» place Eureka at tin head t>f the lead producinj* distrii'ts of the I'liitrd States. Cinnal)ar was (liscovered in Washm ami Nye counties in 1 87(5. It is found in a er\ staliznj state and also in anior[>hous masse.s. NiekrI iiiiiii> exist in Hund)oldt county, the discovery lu-ini; wd<\< in 188'J, and immediately worked. Ten car loads ni the ore were shi|)p(!d within a month aftoc it wns found. Tin ore has been known to exist in NCvaila since lH()r\, but it has ni'ver been worked or its valiir detennined. Antimony was di.scovered as early a^ I87fi, but does not apjKiar to have been miiitij until 1882, wiien there was a shij»ment of the "m- frum Elko county. Hismuth is aiiothrr nietaHic pru'Jmt of which at pr-seut not DUcIi is known. Notwithstandiii ' this extraordinary ricliiuss of mineral proihutions, or perlmps because of it. ftw spt'cimens of precious stones havr been fniinl in Ntivada, and those of an inferior <^ualit\, A ni!»y from the C(»mstock lode weiiriiuil one carat, r.ftir cuttiii'jj, was discovered in 18m2, and occasionally, onils and turquoise have been found, of littji \alii' ( )f the distributiuu of tlic ureciuUK mt^tuls, tin; most A'lXKUALS AX;, .MkTALS. • 2*13 inipr.rbnt part of tli.. n.;.. i '"• ' """ wax wl„,i, tl,e "I'll til.- Slll)jfi,.t„f;.OSo,,..„^,. , . r;::::;S':i;;:;-'K;f'te^^^ "i'''"!i''t;'''')'>u\.i{.,,«rai,i !..'■''•''■ "''"•'/*•/•« r V v., "'" ."'•""•cast " iH.lor s /irst .•vi.,.,l,ti,„ . V ? "'"'" """"• ''nmrl !?/ ' ';'' ••"•""«'■ ».sa.MM.., ,y l.,eut...,.,u. .H Ji I '""'''"•"••••r.s «t <Vt,..,, j1 ,."'*' ''^''T- III- l.i.t iM.I,|,.s|„.,| r,.„.,rt „. V^-v ."-' ""•' \> lilMiii 1 (,''*""'•"'■• "« ■M-.v„.„, (S,,,., ^„,.,.,.^ .;."/';'• '•'"'''•'■■•-I u... , :, ;: '^;\'-?'v'" '» isra ""•••^ of tlun'..,„ r""t">n .111.7 '■*" ■"■■•i .1/.,,,,., K,™ '""''■' K'-i""'-i «n.i 1 .;',"""■,"• "■■^^ <■.»..■ f'-'« •i.x.r.j.t..,.;. ,.r ti"'« ';' '""-'^- '«"«.sti,.,, a,. it ';;'"","'o'. , ..i. '■^i<"i«iii...MiMHH«L.;. r' '• ''"-t.-r, Mi..,J . . "^ "'* '*'""•" n^ 'nititi,,,, ,,,,,1 I, " '■■"*•'• l<iirt..ii. Ji..H,v,.r „ "'"^'"11, 7'/,, r,y„ ,,-•.. "••:;^'' ..I 'U-"nut,r% "•• '•"-'' »"r.M..( v:.'7">.-'"' ' •<t.vl« ■^- "''hi,,, i.siii ,|,.v,.* , '■'/'■ "" f'"' /•/,„•,,, ,„ /^ ■^'^••l« in isijo, ,,-,„i AV.»r,;,.,/l'T,-. >"'.''''>'■ »- th,.„s,.,i.N l„ .-. " H"■^'•^";''""^. «itl, "^ V" IV"'' ^'•''writ. ■r;^. . .M»,.r,„«s. fa,nm« ( n 1 f f 1 jHi fl«< 244 MATKIMAI- KKSOUUrivS AND DKVEI.OrSIKNT. wliulr (Xpiiiisc i)f ]»lain at tho oastrrn l)a.so df the ]{«t<ky inuuntains was iciuvHcnti'il to ln< a dcsnt ; \.t out of that «U'st'rt liow many states ami tt'iiittiii.s liavc Ixt'M raiv('«l wlio.sc wcaltli ami i«ii|Ktrtaiiri mv ii(»\v uiiilri'stiMxI. Kastcru Or-cj^on and Xovadn lia\i l)»'»'n <onsid( r«(l little Ix'tter than (k'scrts, althtuj'jli it was kn<»Nvn that tho Imliaiis [)astuit'd hw^^v IkkI, U|Hin their nutiitious <jjrasses. Wlierevei- tht |i;i> tiira'L;(' is lieh tlie soil may l>e (n)n\'erted to the ijiowtli nf eeicals, and often only water is recjuired tn iimk. the driest and most harren-loitkini^ sectiniis fruittu! fields. The ovi'rtoppini^ intluence of the mining interest has kejtt hack the aj^rieiiltural." anil siifTipiontly ilosorilics tho work witliont saj-ing moro. /Awjm (:„. trill li'iiil' til till I'lii-ijii- /iitiii tlir Viilli II of llif Mii.-iiM.-^sijipi t'l t'liHt ll I'l till E.L nxilltlnll I t 'iilih iriini, mil I fi I E. /'". liiiili , Siijiiriii/i lull lit 11/ liiiliiiii .l//'i( y/.i /A <'"]!, Jl'lllll Mixsniiri III ( iillliiniiii. riir rmiti' lallcil (•cntriil in tliii wntk i« liy tin' old trail trmn Wc-tport t iv lUiil's tort; th t<i till' II ii.rtaiiK riviT, in tin' Sjiiigre 1 !.•(■ ■I'lii iiji.iiii- tiiiiis, ami tlirMii^li tlii'iii ta Kurt Massacliiisci ts, mi IJtali crti k, in Ni» Mi<- ic". Ihmx.ii^; Knit Massailiiiiftts, tin? nuittr laj' iii> tin- San l.iii> \.ilii \ h< tilt' Sii^iiaclit' \ alley, tliripiiuli tin? ('ucln'tdlia pass in tin' Saj;liai he im nii- tiiiis, ami ilowii till' Kivi'i' Umiiiii|ilia>,'ri' to tin' (Iranil rivor fork nj tied!- orailii ill I'tali; tlii'iii'e aiross the Kiiiikani riviraml thodririi rnirlcrk of tilt? Colorailo, tlirou^'li tin' Morimiii si'tlli'iinnts mar l.ittli Salt l.aki' .iiiii till' V'l'^as ill' Santa ( lai a; tliiiirt' aloiiii tin' ol.l Sjianisli trail tii in Al .i|iiiii across the ili'sj-rt to till' Moliavr riM'r, into thr 'I'lilaii! tliroii^'li \\ ;ilkrr |ia*» ill tin' Surra Nrvaila. Kxi'i'iil that tin; roiili'Ma.H nil iiiiiisual i.tir, ;iiiii tlit I'ali I'tc's Wire foiimi to ln' tin? worst lior-c thieves on tin? rmitiiniit, tlinit notliiiij; wortliy of note in the lionk. (''ill/oriiin oml its (uinliliiii-! i( nlilnr- nioii nml Seitie N'erliiiltiiisse), liy A. V. Oswalil, is a liiiinl I'ook ei ii'.iiiiii'>,'a Hketi'li iif tlu! history, neojirajiliy, utatisties, cliinale, Koils, ceinini n r. I.i««. liioiU's, mill routes lit travel, etc., with a ina|i nf the I'liitetl Stall >. \>VX The reteielioes to Nevada are of the liri"fi!st. J]i}ilitiiii'.i lininl ItnLiJ 'I'rnril. Istil, makes a lirief iiotiee of I'tah territory, \» itlioiit mi ntii'iiini! the se|iaration of tlin territory of Nevada from I'tah. The travi lli r iiiiM it have ^'allied niiieli information from A|i]iletoii. The Oc (•/■'/>'/'•■'"'''. I'V ill li II. rii, IS.' IS n nil ro road hook from Cnuiieil Hliill's to Sm raiimili'. and as sinli must have heeii of niui'h use to iTniiii>:raiits, as it jjavi a 11 \h river eros-iinjjs, eani|>in>^ ]ilaees. eti itli tho distaiiees l.etweiii. 'I'liirfari trikiii).' inai'i'iirai'ies in the distances, how. ver. mi the wtstiin uni" the route. Allnrt (J. Hrarket. in t\\"\Vi^tirii M ■ntlilt/. a liiava/iiie. <liii'U" Al'ril. ISIiH, has an artiele on Xinnlii nml tin yilri r Jifliif<, whiih very partii'iilar deseriptinii of the western |iortioii of the state, and 1 Upon the then iii'W distriet of White Pine, iiiade from |irrsiiii.il e' There iniu'ht he iiientioiied also /'nut/ nml Urimiiliii. i. ICi'*'. iil.iiii- ririai k- \atii'M. Cnii^ .W S. II. /)..'•., 114, ISW: Uit.'ixi'x Siiiiifiiir :iM' 4!': Ori'ifiii. -'>S (ifl: Miii/ir's M'.n'rn: .!*./('', SjhiiK, mill lfri>., ii. 'M \ Wmiil- •r Yi I niitt 'I'M lliill'i Hiiiihtii tl„- (hint ll'/i., Rf) (Ml; and IV'/'" Mniiifiit Ih •Hull ill tin Wfl. m I >i- r'l'n'l ■^fni'i'ltn'. AllL'. ISIill, •••'III IStit) Nevada had less than l(K) small farms: in IS70 there «'-i o" The li ill l^.">7. .""Iiiicks ; iii'„dit iliil no .'I top nf tl -m I Mi: I riilllllli'lK tiiiiiiii'^- ;i (l;i\. Si l.iHill, .1111! i Tli.ii I line ai iVl.lcM f V .\l. (radhliai ca'ii" to ( '.ll. li.'tH-1'l'll III.) ,-| liirt tl tlie III M >riii III ant I .V. '•-/.( ,1/;.,'-/, l''lllllV< of till t" .Vi'vada in 1 1 till' aiTi! ill riiv'< .sillllr III 1:1,' t'l tills ant i''il'ltV, winrli .ml .M II ^' iM st Imii' :h till.. f;i T 11 Siiiiili of f'li IM IS.Vt, a With ll. H. Sill iiii-iit wlii'at \ I I'lt-i .ilnnit the \V:iii,.rs of 1;, l"ltll'"'i. •Jll HI Til.- Mi'l.l is Ml ri'liiH i.f liH) •I ■.11'1,'r, are l."ii |iiiri'!ii„.d lllil in. I l>liin,|,.d st( ''(• i-ii'i tl. I Slit. .Miy 'J,-,. Till' iliin.it,. wri' tlii'i'i' II, I "III' '"'I'lirri'd III ll''ll<llt I'llln; I,, tiiri.ii;4li |{„. |,,„ iTty li.'f,,,.,. it. '''!*■ .V "■/•.,„„,// "Vi'rt..„li |.;,i,.,.k: .VlCyW/r .{f,j„, l>H,,,l.-l,, \|,_, iril'ihiy i.,!l,,^x, of iinnjcTty at SOIL AND I'liOKL'tlS. 946 Tin- i'ii'^^ «)l>sorv»'(l cnrtlKjUukf since si'ttlt'iumt was i„ |s,,7. Oil tin- I'Dtli »)f May, I.sCH. tlu-n' wnv tour slnuk> at (arson lu'twi't'ii iiiius and 'im o'clock at iii._rlit Tlicy were distinctly felt in tlu^ mines, l»ut ,|i,| IK I ;iania<;e, thoUijii tlu'V displact^d liricks at the tdiMif the court housi'. On tlie nij^lit of Dectinlu'r •jC). isfi'.i. a series of seven; shocks weii! exjteriencfd, (•Miiiiiitiiciiiij; at six o'clock in the evenini^, and con- tiiiiiiii'i i't. intervals tlirouu;h that ni^ht and the next (lav. Some Imildings were injured, and at Steam- 1 1 I.IKIO, ami in IS70 m-arly l,r)0<), r;ini{iii^ fnun 10 acres to I IHM) <ir iiioro. Tim iliiii' ari' fanii-* Ml till' xUilr »'i|iial to the lust aiivw lure h >iillicn'iit ni,|,ii, I whiit iii.iy yi't lie. In .V'/--"/" Hi «ini)iloi, Ms., |, liy William .M. ( raili<'l>aiii;li, limtlicr of ■IuiIkc ( 'raillrliaiij^li nf ( 'Inli'Villf, Olim, u liii tM'ii'' til t il. Ill IS.'i'J, ami til Ni'v.ida in iS.V.t, is iiicntiun nl liis tarin nf Ih'tw.Tii U»iJ ami .")(H( aires in ( 'ar.snii valley. This .MS. is ilevnteil in iivvAt iiirl ti llie history of early times ainl Jinl^e < 'raiUeliailj^h's contest uilli tho M ii'in III antliorittus in relation to the .Mountain Mcailow s massacre. In .V.<')/) Mi-'lhiiit, M"^., coiiliiiniim neveral eoiiU'ilnilioiis u|ion the jiliy^ical l.iiiinMof the country, M. II. Iteyiiii'i-s oi' ilanover, (ierniany, who came t.i N'cvulv ill ISTO, s|ieakiiii.; of fanning, s.iys th.it lie t'ets -I tins ol' alfall.-v 1 1 till' ii'ic ill two i'ro|n, 4."» liiishels of w heat, .'Ml to ■♦(> Imshels of liarlev. ami rii'ii siiiiic hlue joint iirass, '2 tons to tin,' acre, all in .Ma^on valley. Accoril- i!ii t'l tlii-i author tile lini'st ilraii;;lit horses 111 the state an' raiseil in Lymi iiiiiilv. which aill yet l>e faincil for its iiroilucli..n of l''.iivli-h t'o.-ich. Civile, *iil M ii'j; lu stock. Kii'liaril Kiiinan ami T. 15. Itukey oi .Aiiteloiie x.illiy liivi' a-i line f.inii ami stock raisin;; ]irii|)erty as can he foiiiiil in the wmM. T U Siiiiili of .Smith valley in Lyon comity, liorn in .M i-s in ISIU, came to t'll iM Is.'ilt, ami to Ncv.iila in liS,">',(. lie lirst settleil the valli'V in eom|iaiiy witli 11. 1$. Smith anil < '. Siiiilli, v hence the name. .Acconlinn to his states imiit wlieat yichls in Smith valley 'M) to (iO Imshels; liarhy '.'."> to K( Im-hels; mt* alimil the .same. A|>|ilcs, prunes, pears, currants, etc, i|o «ell. T. W'.nt.Ts nf Kcese river in ISlU had I lit acres in liarley, 7."> in oats, 'M) in |MtitiM's, '.'il III lliiui<ai'ian ):r.iss, .'lot) in native (grasses, and H( in vil;i t ildes. Till' yield is Mill ;,'iMn. .\ti4iii /I'rr.ir /,'!i: r /,'i ri iili, .June 'Jl, ISI'.J. Willnn a ri'liiH i.f 1(111 miles of rioi'he, excluding the Morinon settlement of St (inrHc arc l.'iil farms. I'hrhr l;,,-.<nl, Kd.. i:t, ls7:i. .Iiid>.'e j'crlev of I'loelm |iiin''i:i..'il till) acriM in Ste|itoe \ .illey for tin' iiur]iose of raisin;; fruit, ^.'lain, .'III I lilniuli'd stock. ,lohn ( lUthrio in MmiiiIioIiU coiiniy. liroii::lit his farm of tin are , to lie one of the most valllalile on thecoa't. Wiinii iiiiii-i;i Silrt r Sill. Miy •_'.■>, I.SS'J. This ilata wa-i j;.ifhercil for nie l.y • ieo. II. Morrison. Till' iliiiiate is dry and hcalllifiil. t'loinl l>iir>ts are oec i-.ional. There «ri' three III IST'J. itrirliiinl M"i,l/,li/, |.s7."!, -Itil (1. The nio^l lemark.ilile mil' ui'i'iirri'd in Is74, on the istii of Aii^jiist. .\ mass nf water .S feet in lli'i|{llt ctliie liilllli^ down till) lanon where .XiInIih \\:h located, s>\ee|iilii; t'iniir.;li the tow n like an a\ al.inche, and eai ryiim S1(MI.(MM» worth of prop. rrty li"liiie it. Till' |ieo|ile liein;; w ariicd liy a s« ift i iiler, escijied to the lill'v S„;:,i,„ii/'t J{,,, .\iiK. lit, |h71. On the '.'4th of .Inly a simil.ir 11 I "viTtniili Kiirek.v wiilioiit w.niiiiiL;. Many lives wei-i^ lost m this cloud liiir--t. .VlCyW/. .{),;.,, r/. .\llj». I, |S7»', h'rii-S/'llr Jniirinit, Auii. 1. |S7»: .l//,i»./ri;- l>isf,ii,-li, \u4. |S74. .\ flood resulting! from a violeiir, ram-torm, which iril.ilijy tiillowed a cloud liurst in the inouiitdiiiri, tlustroycil ?<KK),IMK) worth of iiri.iH.ity at Austin in August ISOS. •M MATKUIAL UF>UU11CES AXI» IiKVKI.OI'MKXT. m I I I boat sprinj^s tho ;j<'ys4'r« wtTo uiiusunlly active. Tli. iiiiiii's Wore iu»t at all atlcTtt'il liy tin- Hlnw-kH, alf Inui^l, tilt) l»oiK?rH of tli(>Htcaiii lioiHtiiii^-works lilcvv oil st.aui at each viltmtioii, nmcli to the coiiHtcrMatinu •.(' tin i'iii^iii»«T.s, who rituhl Hot arntiiiit tor the |>lniiniiiiii..ii. At tlu! Sava;^t' iiiino tin* ent^idri'i' Ktoji|HMl tlic l.nvr »uiii|>iii^i; cni:;'!!!!'. ami alaniKil the iiiiiu rs utidt i.rniiiinl )V this action more than the earth({uake iiiul i|ui|.. Ill March IH72 tiu'ic were two ln'avy whocks in \Vl,it. JMiie couiitv. This was proliahlv what is kin.wn ;i, tlie Inyo cartlHiuake, which was felt at th* cna,? Oil XovemluT .'), ih7'{, a heavv shock was t". ll at Union ville ami four at \ irj^inia City hetwceii :• .\. m ami 7 I'. M. Th»j <listurhance continueil two davs. tluriiiLj which time there were eij^'ht distim-t slimks ahout the sink of the ('ars«tn, the wat»'is of wliidi Were nim-h ai^itate<l. In Au'^ust IHdM Mount Hiitl«i. near \'ii<'inia ( 'itv, wis ohstrvi-d t(» hi' ^^iveM .««i_'iis .[' voleaiTu- «listurl»ancc. tlanies hreakin*^ out in a caw. but prohahlv from the i-'iiition of ixases. Of the indi'^eiious piiMluctions of the si.il in Nevada, tlu^ timlK-r is tirst in importance, aiiil In fouml in tlu' imuintains <'.\clusively. First nn tin ramies <*oines a belt <»f the juni|>«'r and nut |iiiif; next above, the white pine and balsam fir; then tlif l)ou;j;las spru<e, ami on Wlu-eler peak and elscwhtn tho Itocky inounUiin sprur*'. (Jrovesof as|»eM (pcrin at a height of '.i.joo t'e«t in the Tiov ran<4e. tiie li. j.^'lit of the timbi-r belt beiic^ nearly ll.ooo fV-et in <riitr!(l Nevada. ( K'casioiial cedars and cottonw»)ods. witli willows, and mountain maho^^any, complete the list <>: trcj's. Their size i»lativelv to those of tin s.iiin Hpecies in California and Ore<j;on is interior. Ii<<' fiftv feet in heiijht, and twelve to fourteen iiuln'S in diameter art? of the avcra«.;tj si/e cut tor niiiliii'j Th(! number of acr«'s of timber, includini^ wni.dlaii'i. was reported in IH7l> at l.4'J<l.4lo, with some<Muiiti.- to hear from. Coiinressionaliand statti le«^islati"ii liJi^ endeavored t«)i)rt)tcct the fL;rc'stry, which with juiliti«'ii> iA kilt PLANTS AM> ANIMALS. 247 innnn'-Tfii'""^ ^^Y ^^^ ^'^''n^'^y pro»orvt'«l. Tlio flora (»f N. \ii<l;i is much iiun'fioxU'iisivo tluiii nt Hist Hi«;lit iiii.:lif l)f supposcMl, tlu'ii- lu'liiiT ovtT l/JOO plants <-ata- |(i._'iir«l witlituit ('(unpK^tinj^ tlu^ list. Tin; ohtruslvt!- III >s ot' the artcnu'sia, or Hii^e-brusli, ohscuros cvory- tllill.' III'T*' llUxlc'St. W iM -•^aine is inoro plnitifiil now than tliirtv vcars Vfiirs ivu}, \H'u\>r protuctfd l»y i^aiiio laws, ainl not so iiiuili ncriK'tl by tlio Indians for food as fdinuirly. it would 1)(! erroneous to conrludi! that bccaust! ft'W niiimals liavo rhoscji Nevada f(ir tlu'ir homo thatthrro was not su|)|M»rt for animal life; for n*-\t iti iniport- aiiir to its mines at pn-scnt is tin- trade in rattle, and !.ti>( k siiltsist almost entirely Upon the native orasses. Tin ir low hills and the l(»ftiest summits of the inoun- iaiii> furnish huneh-jj^rass, of wlTa-h tlniv! are two v.iiit tiis, that }^rowinj,;on the lower hills I Min<^ coarser iiiiij mote thinly set than that whu'h ^rows further up, and whii'h hears an (wit-shape'd seed. Nsitive (|n\i r. hhie-joint, red-top, and one kind of hunch- iia-s are found in the valh'vs. On all th«' creeks of the northern part of the stJite ar«' extensive patches of i\ r-<4iass. which «;rows often six f«'»t hinh, ami maki s »\<t'llent hay. The mimlur of acres «lassitied as iiaziii'4 laud in 1H78, some counties not heing lirar.l from, was 7,50S,()(;o." '-'I'lii' cattle lionliiil upon tliPMc nntiiral jiaslnros niftko tlio host of liocf, or uliii'h at li'.'iHt I'aiiiiot lif I'ljualU'il i^xcrpt ii|miii -iiMiiiiir ritiiui's in the liUii' li ^rnxH rrL!ioiiM of c.'iMtvrn Ort'^nn, lilalm, iiml Montana, ami ).n]H'rior t'< tli.it |>ri>ilni'<'<l with careful fanning in tlic caKtcrn Mtatcs. I iiavc given M lull iiarticiilar.i of Htock raising; Inr niarki't ni my //*'•.'";•(/ i;/ M'tiitunn that It ii iiuiiciCNHary to ri'|icat the aic.iiiiit here. e\ee|)t to say that Nevaila i< va>tly Miiierior to Montana on acciiiinl of the niilcier v. inters. 'I'he fact-< ari' In ueiicral tli<- Name, ami tin- |irolit.H Nimilar. 'I'he eoniiiioii xtnck of the I'Miiitiv w.'is Lfracjeil Hoinewliat !>>' hulls kept hy immigrants, hut has hi'cn >:iiMil) iiiiproNcil more recently l>y iinporteil animals. The averajfe wei^'lil "t i-attli- has hccn increaseil ten piT cent, ainl the Nevaili herds in I.SXl Wire iliMiit half thoron^hhrcil. Some examples niay not I iit of place. W. .\. Mar'.li hail a .stock farm at the licail of Carson \ alley of hi^h hreil iMttli'. T. I». Parkinson of Kelly's creek iinporteil in ISMl six car loaihi of iiii|irn\id toek. Ill' hail importeil wcveral lot." hefore. haiuel .Mnrpliy l.i'l lin.iNHt acres of laiul in Nevaila, from which he shippeil li.lNtO heail of utile Nearly. Muri>hy wan a California pioiiuur of 1844, uud the largeiit ! \r Wi 'ill 1 I u IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ^ m m '■^' m 112.2 m 12.0 i.8 U III 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STriET WEBSTER, N.Y. \4it0 (716) 872-4503 4^ \ iV :\ \ %\^ ^ ^ c^ <s <^ >> 4?. .<? ,<i M ^\ ^^ S48 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. The number of sheep in Nevada in 1884 was .100- 000. The wool clip of Nevada was given in 187G at 100,000 pounds. In 1880 the crop in Paradise valky alone was 84,000 pounds. The shipment from Battle Mountain for the year was 200,000 pounds, a falliii«r off from previous years, owing to large sales of sheep I: H stock owner in Nevada, as well as the largest land owner in the world. He owned 4,000,000 acres in Mexico and 23,000 in California. He died at Elljo Oct. 22, 1882. The combined herds of Glenn and hia partners ag^'roi-ated about 30,000 head. Todhunter and Devine had 25,000 liead, and sliijiped 6,000 annually. They had over 100,000 .acres of land. Riley ami lliirdin own about 30,000 cattle. Burns, Stoffal & Co. 8,000. E. W. C^lltcllel•.^ stock range covered all the meadow land and water on a section of cdiintry 01 by 42 miles. He had 15,000 head of cattle and 1,000 head of li(,rse^. Hardin of Hflmboldt county shipped 30 car loads of beef cattle montlily to California. Wells & Co. near Rabbit creek were the heaviest cattle (Icaltri in that vicinity. Altogether there were in 1885, 500 stock raisers in XtvaJa, large and small. Hametia Minimj Alxtut Eureka, MS., 4. One of the first persons to discover the advantages of keeping cattle on the Nevada ranges was Harry (Jordier, a Frenchman, who was killed in 1858 by Edwards and Thorrington that they might get possession df the eattle he hail driven over the mountains from California, and was fatteiiiiii» in Carson valley. But he was not the f»nly person feeding California lattle on Nevada pastures, for as early as 1855 the practice of driving stcxk mer tlie mf)untains in summer was well known. Ifiiffakvr'n Earli/ ('<iUle Tr'tdr, MS., 1-2, 5-0. G. W. HufFaker bought cattle at Salt Lake City, ami dnive them to the Truckee meadows in 1850, fattening them and selliuj^ licff to the miners in the early days of the Comstock excitement, when prices riikil high. Cattle were first wintered on the Humboldt in 1859-60, and were df the common Texas species. Long Valley in White Pine county was lit-st oc- cupied for herding cattle in 1869 by Alvaro Evans and Robert Ross. In that year se. •Tal thousand head were driven from Texas to stock the Nevada ranges. The laws of Nevada encourage stock raising, and shield the dwiicM of cattle from the penalties which sliouhl f ■" injury to crops tlinmgli trespass by them. No act having been pa .otining a lawful fence, the supreme court decided in 1880 that owners ock were not liable for dam- age done to crops by their cattle unless the laud was so fenced as to oxcliuii) ordinary animals. This decision placed the burden of protecting cnips en- tirely upon the agriculturalist, and saved the cattle raiser the expense of herdsmen. Again, cattto must be taxed at the owners' residence, and not in the localities where they were grazed; by which decision the county was often defrauded of its proper revenue. The law of 1873 required each owner to have a brand, and also a counter-brand in case of sale. A law of 1881 provides for an inspector of hides, who may enter premises and search for hides, reporting to tlie district attorney as to the brands. This act in- sures eijual justice to all. The number of cattle in Nevada in 1884, as esti- mated by stock raisers, was about 700,000. English capital was being used in purchasing ranges to a large amoun'',. The finest draft horses in the state in 1886 were raised in Mason valley. Fox's Mimoti Vallfif ScttU'i-K, MS., 1, in Nvmda MiAceUany. J. J. Fox. liorii in 1834 in Baden, (Jermany, immigrated to the U. S. in 1854, and tn Vir- ginia City in 1860. In 1864 he settled east of Dayton, but the folhiwiui; year removed to Mason valley, and raised stock. J. A. Perry imported Niirinan stallions in 1880. Scott and Hank imported 3 English stallions of tiie Shire breed ia 1881. J. S. Trask, W. W. Williams, and VV. L. Pritchard raised LIVE STOCK. 249 to ]\rontana. From Winnemucca the shipment for 18S0 was 140,000 pounds instead of the usual amount ofjr)0,000 or 300,000 pounds. These figures give some idea of where the sheep pastures are w he found. Tlio total shipment by railroad in 1882 was 349,585 pounds, the bulk of which was sold to eastern dealers at from sixteen to twenty cents per pound. Angora Croats were increasing rapidly in Nevada. In 1869 itlioro were 25 of these animals reported to be in the state. In 1879 there were several bands of several thousand each. The sage brush land was found well atlajited to pasturing these hardy creatures— the Olio animal which thrives upon this coarse diet. Tlic long silky wool finds a ready market, and the hides are sold to the Angora Glove company of California. In 1861 an attempt was made to domesticate the cauK'l. A band of a dozen was first employed in this year to bring salt from Teel's marsh, in Esmeralda county, to the Washoe silver mill, a distance of 200 mill's. They proved well suited to the labor, but on the discovery of a nearer salt deposit, wagons were used, and the camels turned loose to take care of themselves. This they did, increasing in number and condition. The camels taken to Nevada in 1861 were part of a herd of thirty-four which was sold at Benicia, California, by the government to Samuel ^[cLaughlin, who had been intrusted with the care of them. They were brought to the United States for use on the plains, and increased after their arrival. In 1S76 the band was taken to Arizona, with the ex- ception of a pair placed on a rancho in Carson valky, whore they increased to twenty-six in a few years. But it was found impracticable to use them on the liliKuleil horses. In 1882 the latter shii)pc(l 8 thoroughlireds tn Cal. This year :t(M) horses were sold to go east. J. W. Dean of Kuruka county was till' largest horse raiser in tlie east range of I'ortez mountains. In 1881 a tar loail of jacks and jennies was imported from tlie western states by Willi.uri Billups; mule raising having become a considerable branch of stock farming. 260 MATEIJAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. highways, horses being frightened by them, and suits for damages following, for which reason the legisla- ture in 1875 prohibited their running at large or being upon the public roads. A part of the herd was disposed of to the Philadelphia zoological gardens. An experiment in ostrich farming was made in 1879 by Theodore Glancy, whose land was southwest of the Bismark range, near the old route from Carson to Bodie. Failing to hatch the eggs in sand by solar heat, he obtained a pair of birds from which, in 1881, he raised ten others. The use intended to be made of the birds, was in transporting provisions and other parcels. Their plumage alone would make them valuable. Hog raising proved profitable. H. C. Emmons in 1882 had 400 at the sink of the Humboldt, which was the largest herd in the state. There were several others near Lovelocks, and James Guthrie near Win- nemucea was raising Berkshires extensively. Poultry raising likewise prospered, George W. Chcdec, at Carson City, having in 1882 twenty-six different breeds on his poultry farm. From these beginnings, small when compared with the area of the state, enough may be learned to remove the impression that only metals and minerals can be produced in Nevada. I ! 1 ' I Something should be said here of the public sur- veys and land laws. I have already mentioned that John W. North was the first surveyor-general ap- pointed. Acts of March 14 and May 30, 1862, united Nevada to the California surveying service, to take effect July 1, 1862. On the 2d of July congress es- tablished the land district of Nevada, and autlioiized the appointment of a register and receiver. A joint resolution of the Nevada legislature protjsted against being united to California, and asked to have the office of surveyor-general restored, with au ap- LANDS. 251 propnation for the survey of the pubHc lands. An act of congress approved July 2, 1864, at- tached Nevada to Colorado for surveying pur- i)oscs. Another act, on March 2, 1865, attached Nevada once more to the California surveying dis- trict. It was not until July 4, 1866, that a United Stated surveyor-general of Nevada was again author- ized by congress with a salary of $3,000. The con- stitution of Nevada, adopted in 1864, provided for the election of a surveyor-general with a salary of $1,000. S. H. Marlette was chosen at the firc^t state election to hold office, according to the constitution, for four years. By a special law of March 9, 1866, it was enacted that the state officers should be chosen at the general election for that year, and on every fourth year thereafter. Marlette was reelected. The du- ties of the state surveyor-general were to select and dispose of tlie lands granted to the state, and act as cx-officio register. The same law fixed the minimum price of the lands belonging to the state, except tlie lands embraced within the twenty mile limit of the Central Pacific Railroad, at $1.25 per acre, and the niininmm price of all lands falling within that limit at $2 50; but the board of regents of the state had the power to fix a higher price upon any unsettled lands not already aj^plied for. By an act of congress ap- proved June 8, 1868, Nevada was authorized to select from the alternate even numbered sections within the limits of any railroad grant, lands in satisfaction of the several grants to the state made in the organic act, the act of admission, and the act of July 4, 1866, granting university lands and agricultural college lands. The public lands of Nevada were not subject to entry, sale, or location under any laws of the United States, except the Homestead act of May 20, 18()-2, and preemption law, until after the state should have received her full quota of lands; and she should have two years after the survey should have been made in which to make her selection, in tracts of not !i--:'l "H fi- »l It 252 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. less than forty acres, but could not sell in tracts of more than 320, and to actual settlers. The state had selected all the land granted by tlie government in 1877, except the sixteenth and tliirtv- sixth sections, or common-school lands. In tlnso sections was included a large amount of desert, alkali, and mountain land which the public surveyors jno- nounced unfit for cultivation, and therefore left uii- surveyed. In 1877, 780 townships onh' had bten surveyed, and the available area out of 17,17 1.200 acres was 10,702,237 acres. The state in conse<|Ueiice lost 7.208,963 acres, which were pronounced untit fur cultivation, and the school fund in projx»rtion. Out of the 10,702,237 acres of land sui-veved as cultivable, the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections contained 608,307 acres. Of this amount only 64,528 acres had been sold in 1877. The whole state of Nevada contained 3, 1 l3[;io town- ships, or an area of 71,737,741 acres, which upon the above basis would afford of available land 42,1>00,S,SI) acres, and of school lands 2,428,252 acres, instead of 3,984,640 acres, which, if the whole were availabk', would belong to the school land. At the rate at which the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections were selling, it was evident that not more than 257.5H1 acres would have been sold within the time allotted for reserving the public lands f(jr selection by the state, when the opportunity of securing indcinuity lands would be lost. State survevor-general Cbaiks S. Preble recommended to the legislature to take some action to secure a grant of land in lieu of the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections for school purpose s. This advice was acted upon, and congress granted 2,000,000 acres of land to be selected by the state in place of those sections. For this service the state owes Mr Preble a lasting recoijnition of his tab nts. Tliis grant placed the state as well as the school fund upon a better basis, no waste land being chosen. a:.d sales being much more numerous. From July i, COUNTIES. 263 18?0, to January 1, 1883, 1,031 applications were filed, covering 166,800 acres of school lands. The meridian and base of Mount Diablo were used for tlic standard in the survey of Nevada. Guiile iiiori( liana were established in all the principal centres of jiopulation. The first land district was that of Carson. The second land-office was located at Aus- tin in 1867; the third at Aurora in a di.strict includ- in;4 tlio counties of Esmeralda, Nevada, and Mono and Inyo, California, in 1868 ; the fourth at Belmont, in ISO!), removed to Pioche in 1874; the fifth at Eu- reka, in 1873, removed from Austin; there being but four local land-offices in the state. In March 1872 the Klko land district was established. The amount of mineral land in the state was ap- proximately given, from the incomplete returns of counties in 1876, as being 1,679 acres. The total amount of salt, soda, and borate of lime lands was re- ported in 1871 at 52,000 acres. The legislature of 187;5 asked congress to permit Nevada to select saline lands under previous acts, and subsequently fixed the vakie of salt and borax lands at five dollars per acre, maxinmm. An act of congress concerning desert lands, passed in 1877, provides that a settler may ac(iuire title to six hundred and forty acres by irri- oating the tract for three years, and paying $1.25 per acre. Capitalists were quick to see the advantages of this law to acquire large tracts of country, which hy the simple cost of irrigating canals became of great value. In 1879 an act of congress provided for a puhlic lands commission, to consist of theconnnissioner of the general land office, the director of the geological survey, and three civilians, to report to congress a sy.steni of classification of ])ublic lands, and a codifica- tion of existing laws relating to such lands. zJM The territory of Nevada established by a legisla- tive act, on the 25th of November, 1861, nine coun- ties, and on the 29th fixed their capitals. Douglas, A.-^' 254 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. Mi with the county seat at Genoa, contained tlie oldost settlements, and is therefore entitled to the first jilaoc on the list. Extending on the west to the eastern summit of the Sierra, it includes 50,000 acres of tim- ber and wood lands, from which have been drawn vast quantities of wood and lumber by means of Huinos constructed at great expense for this purpose, (ileii- brook, situated on the eastern whore of Lake Tahoe, is the principal lumber manufacturing point in the state. It was first settled in 1800 by G. W. Warren, N. E. Murdock, and R. Walton. In 1861 A. W. Pray .erected a saw-mill, which was run by water conducted half a mile through a flume and ditch, which served until 1864, when a steam-mill was erected. Fray's mill was the second one built at Lake Tahoe, the first being on the California siih-, in 1860. Other mills followed, and in 1873 the firm of Yerington and Bliss began the lumber business at Glenbrook, and threaded the entire timber belt of Lake Tahoe and the surrounding slopes with tluines and chutes, conveying wood and lumber to the towns about. The lumber product of Douglas county was about 12,000,000 feet annually. It cannot be classed with the mining counties, although some miniiuj; en- terprises have been attempted there. Agriculturally it is one of the foremost sections of the state, i)ro- ducing grains, fruits, and vegetables in variety and abundance, and having about 40,000 acres of arable land, 200,000 acres of grazing land, and 100,000 of reclaimable desert lands. In 1885 the county had six saw-mills, two hundred miles of irrigating ditches, made forty thousand pounds of butter annually, and had farms to the value of over half a million, (ircnoa was made the county seat. The extraordinary snows of 1882 caused an avalanche which came near destroy- ing the town of Genoa. The towns and settlements not before mentioned are Bridge House, Carter, C.i'"- son Valley, Cradlebaugh's bridge. Double Spriig, Hot Springs, Hoyes' Store, J ob, Mollville, Mammouh, POUOLAS, OllMSBY, AND WASHOE COUNTIES. 255 I^rottville, Mountain House, Slieridan, Spooner Sta- tiini, Sprague, Summit Camp, Thornton, Tisdell, Twelve-mile House, Valley View, Van Sickle's, Walker River, and Warren's. Ormsby county, a small shire sandwiched between Douglas and Washoe, but of an importance not pro- portioned to its size, contains about ten thousand acres of arable land, half of which was under cultivation in 1S85, and excellent grazing lands. It shared largely in the lumber and wood trade, was the seat of numer- ous quartz-mills, contained the capitol of the state, the penitentiary, mint, and other public institutions, and in 1876 paid taxes on $2,673,006. Carson City, incorporated in 1875, is both the county seat and state capital, and is pleasantly situated, with wide streets which are bordered with trees. It has, besides the public buildings, a number of fine structures for business purposes, half a dozen churches, and many handsome residences. Its water-works were erected in 1860. The towns and settlements not named are Brunswick, Clear Creek, Empire City, Lookout, Mc- Raey, Merrimac, Mexican, Mill Station, Santiago Mill, Swift's Springs, and Vivian Mill. Washoe county, also one of the first subdivisions of Carson county, contains 75,000 acres of agricultural, 400,000 of grazing, 80,000 of timbered, and 20,000 of mineral lands, and pays taxes on $4,165,210 of real and personal property. One of the farm products in which Washoe excelled was honey. The crop in 1884 was not less than 37,000 pounds. Hops also did well in this county, which produced 40,000 pounds the same year. The first county seat was at Washoe City, but was removed to Reno by vote of the people in i870, and an act of the legislature in 1871. Reno was founded by the Central Pacific Railroad company in 1868, in the Truck ee valley, and named in honor of General Reno, who fell at the battle of South Mountain. It has been twice nearly destroyed by fire, once in 1873, and again in 1879. A court-house 286 MATKUIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. was croctod of brick in 1872-3. A poor-farm and hospital W(.!re provided by the county coniniissioiiLr.s in 1875, who purchased forty acres for the purpose on the south side of the Truckee, one niih} east of J^ciio, with water for irrigating purposes. A free iion bridge was constructed across the river in 1877 in place of atoll-bridge, which had been in use jsiiuf 18G3. An asylum for the insane is located a sli.nt distance from the town ; also the state board of ajri i- culture, the state university, and a fine school f(»r girls under the management of the episcopal church. named after Bishop Whittaker, who founded it. Tlio Truckee river, which is near the town, will some day, no doubt, invite manufactures. The first settle- ment on the site of Reno was made by C. W. Fuller in 1859, who kept a hotel, and built the first bridi^e across the Truckee at this place in 1860. Fuller also owned a toll-road, and sold the whole of the property to M. C. Lake, from whom the place took the name of Lake's crossing. The name still sur- vives in Lake house, a hotel on the original location of Fuller. Among the prosperous stock -raiscr.s may be mentioned Jacob Stiner, a native of Ohio, who came to California by sea in 1853, mined on the Yuba at Park's bar, subsequently settled in Sutter county on the Sacramento river, giving the name of Stiiicr's bend to that portion of the stream. The towns and settlements of Washoe county not named above are Anderson's, Brown's, Clark's, Crystal Peak, Essex, Galena, Glendale, HufFaker's, Lake View, Little Y'M- ley, Long Valley, Mayburg Store, Mud Lake, Ophir, Pleasant Valley, Poeville, Salvia, Steamboat, Tliree- mile Station, Two-mile Station, Vista, Verdi, Wada- worth, and Winnemucca valley. Storey county, named in honor of Edward Faris Store V, who was killed in an attack on the Pah Ute camp in 1860, has been the theatre of the most stir- ring events of mining life in Nevada, and still main- tains much of the prestige acquired when the Comstock STOREY AND INYO COUNTIES. S57 was at its liigliest point of dovelopmont. It was or- (.ani/."l iu 18Gl,aud contains soveii hundred and tifty iicics only of fanning land, twenty tliousand acros «>f .rrazin.; lund, the remainder being classed with min- imal hinds. Much of its history has already been given. \'ir;j;inia City, the county seat, being (VJOo fiet ahovf sra-level, and 2,000 feet above the JIuniboldt plains, })crciicd on the eastern slope of an isolated iiKinntain, whose altitude is 7,827 feet, the only watei- sii|(|ily of the city came at first from natural sprius^^s. A few wills were ailded as the town increased in size. At li ngth a company was formed, which collected in W(»<)(k'ii tanks the water flowinijf from minin*' tuiniels, and (listril)uted it by means of pipes through the town. But in time the tunnels ran dry, and it became iKci'ssary to pierce the hills for new water tleposits, which in turn became exhausted, until the town was thriJitcMcd with a water famine. Prospecting'^ for watir brought out the fact in topography that it was ill tlif Hat-topped hills it would be found, rather than in the conical ones. Miles of tunnelling were done with no other oljject than to find water, and many tliuutsands of dollars were expended in this work, and ill dams and bulkheads to hold the water formed by uu'ltingsnow.'* All the institutions of Virginia City were cosmo jiolitan compared to other towns. The hotels, banks. cliuivlies, school houses, theatre, opera house, court house, city hall, odd fellows' hall, hospital, stores, and iiusukiss places and residences still give evidence of the enterprise and money which have been expended tliere. "After the discovery of silver mines," sa}'^ Clarke, " two enterprising men of San Francisco took advantage of the excitement, surveyed and staked out " In 1 872 the Virginia and Gold Hill Water company employed H, Sduisslor, engineer of the S. F. water-works, to make a survey of the conn try til tliu Hrst available streams in the Sierra Nevada, twenty-Hve niiles. «e4 (if \'irjj;inia City. Athwart the route lay the Washoe valley, an obsta. elf rt'(|uiriiig unmistakable skill to conquer. The works were completed ib 1S73 at ail estimated cost of ^2,000,000. IIlST. Kev. 17. K '■'■ V H''. (mi i:: !'i iff >il' 11 258 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. ''i: ^1 ' ( ! all the unocrupicd laml where Virginia Cit^'iiow stands and Hold ofl'tlie lots as mining claims, though im minf existed there, nor any symptoms of it. Tlu-y a< ttiallv sold otl" !ii?-2r),000 worth of stock." It was l.uiit upon ground with such a pitch that what was thf second story of a house in front hecame tin- liist .nt the hack. The assessed valuation of the wlml,' county of Storey, giv(>n in 1884, was $'_', 885, ").')('.. In- ing less than that of Washoe, hut its finances wric in a healthv condition, without deht of anv kind. Tlio towns and settlements in Storey county, asidf fimi, Virginia and Gold Hill, are American Flat, Daltio, Bonanza City, Gold Canon, Louisetown, Mound House, Washington, and Valley Wells. Lyon county was organized in 1801, hut had it> boundaries changed in 1804. It has 128,000 acre sdt agricultural, 100,000 of grazing, 5,000 of mineral, and '2,000 of timbered lands. It 1ms 200 miles of iiTJ-at- ing ditches, which water 17,500 acres. Its prn|Kity valuation in 1884 was $l,'X^C),C>59. The geiinal sur- face of the county is mountainous, all the arable laml being upon the Carson river, except about eigjit iiiiiis of Mason valley in the southeast corner. Da \ ten, the countv seat, is one of the oldest towns in Xevadn. Being situated at the mouth of the cafum leadiiiLT t' the Comstock nunrs, it became the site of nuiiieiniH quartz mills, and s* ared in the general prosperity et that lode. In the mineral district of Palmyra, seutli- cast from Dayton aljout ten miles, in an elevated val- ley, in 1803-4, was the mining town of Como and it- sister Palmyra. Como grew rapidly, its hopes Ik iiiu' based on the supposed richness of its mines. It va< made the county seat of Lyon county, and liad a quartz mill and a newspaper, the Co/z/o So/inal Gradually the town was abandoned by every inliaM- tant except one, G. W. W^alton. On the 22d of No- vember, 1873, the last inhabitant perished iu tlie flames of jiis solitary residence. The deserted lieusij, haunted by the ghosts of dead hopes, open i<> tlio KSMKRALPA COrNTY. L'.-.9 witiils of sumnuT, and Imricd uikIci' the siiow drifts of wiiiti'T, oti'er a sad ctinmioiitary oil liuinaii cxpijcta- tidiis. Silver Citv, si'ttlt-d hi'foro Virginia ( 'ity, was iiiC(ir|inrutt'd in 1H77. There were, in IHSj, four (|u;irt/. mills, six taiiin'^s mills, two arastras, and one siiiiltiiiij fiirnaoo in the county, and seven mih'S of miiiiii'j; ditehos. The towns or settlenuMits not nien- tiitiicd iihove in Lyon county are l^uekland's, (/leaver, Kiircka, Fort Churchill, Hayward's, }[ot Si)rin;j;, .loliiistown, Mound House, ^dountain, Palmyra, and W.ilmska. lOsmerahla county, oru^aniztMl in IfiTtl, has, a|)|>roxi- iii.'itoly, 100.000 acres of a>4ricultural laO.OOO «>!" jjra/- iii'^. 150.000 of timUercd, and ;{00,()()0 of mineral hinds. The value of its real and personal r»'''>]ierfv in 1SS4 was <j;iven in l>y the assessor at J?l, ..S,;w;;), (.r iiciiily 8J00,000 less than thc^ j)revious year. Miiilii'.^ hv'XMi enrlv, Ksmeralda minin;^ district, ahiait the ])r('S(M)t town of Aurora, being orjmnized in August I - ). No less than seventetMi quartz mills, costing (ivi'f ."^ 1. 000, 000 were erected at Aurora, and bullion ti) tlu! amount of $10,000,000 has been produced in this district. Aurora, for twentv years the countv si'at. was first settled l)y J. M. Carey, James M. Brady, and E. li. Hicks in 18(50. The value of its tixalili! i»roi»(!rty in 1880 was $200,000. One news- )ti|>i'r, the bUmcrahla Herald, was published there. Hawtliorne, a new town, twenty-eight miles distant oil the Carson and Colorado railroad, was made the countv seat in 188;3. Belleville, situated at an alti- tud(! of a.OOO feet, on the slope of the ]\[onte Christo iiiouiitains, was founded in 187-5. Marietta, another mining cam[), lies ten miles northwest of Belleville. Candelaria, the railrond terniiims, had, in ISSf), a school house, church, hotel, stores, and other places of husinoss. It was named after a mine discovered ill ISG.^ by Spanish prospectors, and was surveved for a town in 1876 by J. B. Hiskey. Tre White ^toun- tain Water company of Nevada was organized under ' "I Or.'.». 2(30 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. the laws of New York to do business in Nevada, Henry A Gildersleeve president, James A. Prit- chard secretary, John Aandroth treasurer. The dis- tance to the springs was twenty-one niiies. The Van. drJaria True Fissure newspaper was first puhHshcd June 5, 1880, by John Dormer. Columbus was set- tled in 1705, and a quartz mill erected. In 187*! the Pacific Borax company commenced operations on tlic Columbus marsh, and in Fish Lake valley hi 1875. This company suspended work on the borax maishcs; but the Tecl salt marsh was worked by Smith Broth- ers, and lilioades salt marsh by A. J. Rhoades. Walker lake, with a part of the Pah Ute reservation. is in Esmeralda county. The only agricultural town in the county is Greenfield, or oNIason vallc}-. in tne bend of Walker river. It was first settled bv W. K. Lee in 1809. Its growtli has been pormaiu-iit and healthy, with church, school, and mail privilei^es The settlements not above mentioned in Esnioralda county are Birch Agency, Alida Valley, Alum Creek, Black jMountain District, Cambridge, Chase, Corv- ville. Coal Vallcv, Cottonwood Well, L>oad Horse Well, Durant's Mill, East Walker, Elbow, Fisji Lake, Five Mile Station, Gillis Mountain, Gold Net, lion's Back, Hot Spring, Hulche Canon, Johnson, Lida, Lobdell, McGeer, Mammoth Ledge, Marietta, Me- tallic, Military Station, Miller, Montezuma, Blount Grant, New Boston, Nine Mile House, Palmetto. Pick Handle, Pine Grove, Rockland, Sand Siuiiii:. Santa Fe, Silver Peak, Soda S[)rings, Sweetwater, Sylvania, Virginia, Vdcano, Walker River, Wasliiii;,;- ton, Wellington, Wheeler, Whiskey Springs, Wildes, Gold IMountain is a new town in the southern part of the county, which took its birth and growth from tlie recent development of an old gold discovery called the State Lime mine, remarkable for the lichness and extent of the fissure on which it is located. Tiiis lode was discovered in 1804 by Thomas J. Shaw, wlm abandoned it on account of the distance from water ROOP AND HUMBOLDT. 2(51 or mills. It was relocated in 1865, and sold to Jog. <rles W'riglit, who worked it for some time, with only paitial success, and it was neglected mi til recently. Churchill county, created by the legislature of 18(il, with the county seat at Buckland, wasattached to Lvoii for judicial purposes. Before it was organ- ized it lost a portion of its area by the creation of Liiiidcr county, and only came to be an independent (listiict ill 18G4. It lost another part of its territory ill 1 S()!) to Nve county. What is left is largely tk'sert. iiiari^h land, and alkaline lakes, but contains 25,000 acns of excellent hay land, and 20,000 acres of aralilo land, of which there are })erhaj)s 5,000 acres uiidci" cultivation, on Carson slough. The first flour jiiiil in the country was erected in 1881 by J. T. Walker & Co. The first farm was started by Asa L. Ki-uyoii ill 1854, who settled on the Carson at Bag- town. The principal resources of Churchill county are salt, soda, sulphur, and f^tock-raising. Its asses- sihle property is reported as less than that of any (itlicr county in the state, being only $480,432 in 1.^83. La Plata, a mining town on the eastern confines of tlu! county, was the first county seat after organiza- tion, hut iiaviiii; become deserted by its inhabitants a'hout 18^0, the county seat was removed to Still- water, in the farming region, in 1808. The foumhr (if StilKv.'itcr was J. C. Scott, who settled there in iMiJ. Wadsworth, on the Central Pacific railroad, was tilt! shipping jioiiit for the agricultural region of Carson slougli. The wood su})ply was obtained in t!ic Silver Hill range, from twelve to twenty miles distant. In 1803-5 considerable gold and silver min- iiiij was done in the mountains of the east part of the riiunty, but on the discovery of White Pine these mines were abandoned. They never ])aid higher than twelve or fifteen dollars to the ton. The settlements liesidcs those mentioned are Alan, Chui Alpine Mill, Coates Wells, Cold Spring, Desert, Desert Well, it-, I 2G'2 MATKIIIAL RESOURCE.S AND DEVELOPMENT. Eagle Salt Works, East Gate, Hill's station, Hot S[)rings, La Plata, Mirage, Mountain Well, j\lui|tliy Station, Ilagtown, Salinas, Slioshones Spriiiy', Sink Station, Soda Lake, Soldiers' S[)ring, St Clair, West Gate, White Plains, and White Rock House. Hoop county has no separate existence, but is attached to Washoe for judicial and revenue puiposes. It has thousands of acres of land valuable for tarm- ing could water be brought to it. At present its valleys are used ft)r the pasturage of stock, of Mliich 20,000 head are herded in the county. The sitllc- nients in Koop are Buftalo Meadows, Chalk Hill, Church's Camp, Duck Flat, Fish Springs, Lewis Kancho, Millers, Sheep Head, and Smoke Creek Depot. Several land claims were taken on ])u(k Flat, at Dry Lake, Dry Valley, Little Winnemucca, and Winnemucca valley proper, and at ]\rur]»liy's Salt Marsh. Grain is raised and dairy-farming car- ried on in the last-named valleys. Humboldt, the last of the original nine counties, is of great extent and varied resources. It contains i?0,000 acres of agricultural, 50,000 of grazing, 8,0ii0 of timbered, and 508,000 acres of mineral lands. It has 10 miles of mining and 400 miles of irrigatin'^ ditches. The largest single enterprise of this kind was the Humboklt canal, projected in IHG2 Iv J. Giuacca, an Italian, the founder of the town t>f Win- nemucca. He fi)rmed a com[)any in San Fraiicisce. Tlie first 28 miles cost $100,000, and tliere uas no more numey forthcoming. Humboldt county had in 1885 10 quartz mills and 2 smelting-furnaces, .'5 steam grist-mills, and 2 water-power mills. It had in l>>4 of stock cattle 28,000 head, besides work oxen, fjr.OOd heeps, 80(5 hogs, a few cashmere and angora goats, 5,000 horses, 200 mules, 10 asses, 300 milch rows, 4,500 calves on the ranges, and 1,348 bei'f-cattle. The amount of land actually cultivated in 1884 was 9,218 acres. Tlie wheat raised was 8(5,000 bushels; of barley, 125,000; of oats, 5,230; of corn, 40 hush- LANDER COUNTY 263 tics, is iiitains 8,01)0 ;. It ;j;at'ui'4 kiml Iv J. \Viii- |\fisri>. :is 11" li;i(l ill Istt'aiii ir.Onti • '•( lilts, lC(i\V>, :ittl.'. was <lu'ls; I bush- els. Tliorc were raised also 8,170 bushels of potatoes, and of hay, 21,175 tons were cut. The product of the (livhy was 1,800 pounds of butter. The wool crop was 2-40,000 pounds. There were growing 5,000 apple, "2,500 pcacli, 250 pear, 200 plum, 50 cherry, 10 nectarine, 40 quince, 20 apricot, and 20 prune trees. Of sluule or transplanted trees there were (5,020. Of the small fruits there were 7,000 bushels; grapes, 200 viiie:^. Thousands of acres of wiUI sugar-cane grow uldiut the sink of the Humboldt; and a textile called lieiiip, but of a stronger fibre and longer staple, is al»uu'liint in the Humboldt valley. In fruit and tiaiis[tlautcd triK-s the county of Washoe alone sur- juisscs Humboldt. The assessed valuation of the countv, real and personal, for 1884, was $3,152,092, which is a good showing for the population. The mining property of Humboldt county is of much less value than its farm property, a fact which I have ondeavored to show in detail. Yet there are good niiiiing districts, one of which, the Buena Vista, has viulileil its millions in bullion '* Unionville, which owes its existence to mining prospectors of 18G1, was the first county-seat. A iiiajotity of its founders being confederates, it was (iii;j,inally called Dixie, but as union men became prominent, the nanie was changed. In 1873 the '".Idlin H. Hnppin, engaged in cattle raising in Hninboldt co., was born ill I/iiii'sliiirc)', Herkshire co., Mass., Ful>. 9, IS'Jl, and brought up on a farm ill till' town of Eldridge, Onandaga co., N. Y. He was educated at Monroe a il.t iiiy. ancl taught school for a wliile after completing his studies. In ISU his fatiier and all his family removed to Niles, Miuliigan, where they ivsiiK'l until 1S4',), when John H. tl(i[ipin set out for L'al., overland, and iiMeliijil tlu! Yul>a diggings in tlie autumn, mining during tin; winter at a \i\mv now called Washington. The following year lie started in mci-cliau<lis- ills,' (III tlie N'ortli Y'uba at (tondycar's bur, in connection witli ^\'o(Hlrut^, Hiuiiiin iV- Co. Later ho was joined by his brother Charles 1!.. and tliey ]mivlia<oil 40!) iicacl of cattle from the immigration, which they fattened and <"lil. Ths lirothers purchased a (i-league grant at Yolo, wlicrc thoy were jiiiiUMl liy two more of their brothers. Henry L., and Thaddeus ('., .Tohn ancl CliiirliM going to Texas in 1870 to buy cattle to stock grazing land in Nevada. Tlicy iiwn l."),(X)0 acres in Humbohit co., on which are from I'J.OOft to 1.'),- OiH)^luvp, ami from '2,5()0 to .S,(XK) head of cattle. In 1872 John H. was flocti'il ti) tiic legislature on the republican ticket, and iieljied to elect John 1', J.iiic-< for U. S. senator. He is Iai)orint; for the plan of storing water for use ill farming, aud believes Nevada will yet bu ix wUuat growiug state. ■•■-.:. »!1 ii m p. >' * I ^ MATPJIIAL BESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. county seat was removed to Winnemucca, wnicli until 1868 was known only as French Bridge or Ford. In tliat year it was named to commemorate the Pah Uto chief by C. B. O. Bannon, a nephew of the secretary of the interior. Tlie other towns and settlements in Huinholdt county are Adobe, Barbersville, Bartlett Creek, 1 Juta- via City, Brown's, Buffalo Station, Cane S[>riii.,', Canon Station, Centreville, Clark's, Coin, Cuiiil)er- land, Derby's Dun Glen, Fairview, Fort McDirmit, Gem City. Granite Creek, Grass Valley, Griggsville, Hardin's Ranch, Hillyer, Humboldt City, Iiuliaii Creek, Iron Point, Isabella, Jersey City, Junctiim, King River Valley, Lancaster, Little Humboldt, Lovelock, McCulley, Mason, Mill City, Mountain Spring, O'Connor Station, Oreana, Panther Canon, Paradise Hill, Paradise Valley, Pine Forest, Pleasant Valley, Queen City, Queen River Valley, Raspberry Creek, Rock Spring, Rockwell Statit)n, Rocky ('anon. Ross Creek, Rye Patch, Santa Clara, Scottsvillc Smith Ford, Spring City, St Mary, Star City. Trin- ity, Tule, Vandewater, Varyville, Ward, Willow Creek, Willow Point, and Winnemucca Spring. L..nder county, created December 11), 18()"J, was cut off' from the eastern portion of Humboldt and Churchill counties in obedience to the demand of a small army of miners, who, according to their tradi- tions, made a rush in the previous May for Reese river, hitherto unknown except to the Indians, tlie military, and the overland-stage and pony-express companies. The road crossed Reese river at Jacolt station. Almost directly east of the station was a pass known as Pony Canon, because the riders of this express often shortened their route by taken it instead of the usual pass through the Toiyabe range. Wil- liam M. Talcott, who had been a pony-express ridei'. being in this canon May 2, 1862, discovered a quartz vein, S'une ore from which was sent to Virginia City to be assayed. Reese river mining district wasimuie- diatl eouii LuH m 1 ,.■. LAXDER COUNTY dkUAy organized, and in the fnU • ^ county was also created ^„ ^ /""^^'ng December a govcnnnent and the tenitorv Prn' T'''*;^' *^ ^^^^ wliKli was eidarcred hv fi f^'" "^^"tiercountv '-■V'""^'^^^' ^^^^* it has btn ca r'^.'^^^'^'^^"^« ^'^^^'^ t'-'ii'ities. ""^^^ t^a^Jod the niotJier of TJic amount of survevor? i i • ,^ :'^")all, wJ.ence it may l?^!^ .'!' ^"^^^ ^^>""tv is "'jr'-'^t is small acCdi^r i^' '^"\^"^i^"^t^^''^' j^'lvasa mineral re<rio„ tjT/'jf ■\'^' "''^^"'^'' P''J"ci- javing been clug out of its ^Lt f "'''^''' '^' ''^^^th ^'-- <>f son,e ^other , orS o^^' ''^'''^'^ ""^^J^^ ^rs sirs' '^*'^^^^ -^-^ ^^ wf '' "'"^'» Nevada Central rii rri L ""^^^ ^^^^' ^vben the '•^'"ainod unchanc^e n '^' completed to Austin -^f ^-if^l^t-wago^s dra^nTlf 1 ''^ ^'«''^-" "c^- I-:^<>';'ned all th? transit ati^Jn "' -''"^^ *"-^« •".vahe range, quartz VZsfb.f ^ ]''T' °^ *^-' ^'''"' -^'00 per ton were \hZ\ ^ /'^'^^^^ »<> iuo2-e l-^^-<'tin,, {be bulli:,rW?a j;f ^V^^^ *^'^ -'^^ 'f ^^'^y years, and never I,o J " ^ ^^ *^ ^^'^<^ f^>r tlie first •''".i^^■«edisadvantao"ftl" 1^ >vere worked. With i^i torM.>rking. fiat'tle \r ?' 'T' ^""'^« have .^'^1-a ores assa^-in^/^^loo lerT'"''' ^'f ^^^^ ^"'■"i^l' ". '■'",^ ^^^ 1^'ad. The .wen,? e vi. ' 1 •" "\ ^''^''^'^ '•^»^' ^0 Per "'"' '!^ P«- t of lead^ jVV 't '^'^^ ^^"'" ^"" ^^'^ver ^'""'"'.ations to cont-iin A ^'''"'Jf'^'" found in some '"-''' grade. Tbe sa m n, ''"*""^ "^"^ ^J-so of a li '' '. >f1 «66 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT Si from Battle Mountain, was connected by rail with tli< Nevada Central and Central Pacific railroads. Keeso river district was the principal as it was tie first onjjanized in the countv. Since it creation twi other districts hav^e been consolidated with it, Aniadir and Yaidvcc Blade. The number of locations y. corded was over 8,000. The veins were contained H gneiss of granite, and run northwest and souther st, dipping northeast 35°. The ores were silver hearin;'. although a small percentage of gold was foun/1 in some mines; also galena, antimony, copper, ironluiid zinc. The chief mines of this district were jj\u\'^ A.lfred, Chase, New Pacific, Magnolia, ^[orrisj ninl Caplc, Patriot, and the Manhattan company's cl.jiins, The King Alfred mines were owned bv an Enslisli compan}^ An English company al.so owned a cojijkt mine in Battle Mountain district. The first miiir ln- cated was the Pony. The deepest .shaft in 1S84 was 700 feet, and was on the Oregon, one of tlui ^Manliat- tan company's mines. The veins of this district wvw narrow but rich, two and a half feet being the widest, and all require chlorination. The gross bullion yii Kl (»f this district, from its discoverv to 1^65, is esfimatrd at .S-, 000, 000, since which time it has yieMcd i>V),- 5 01,;") 5 1. 18. ranking third in the state for productive- ness.'* Tlie amount of land cultivated in Lander county in I8S0 was 2,700. The producticms were l,0S() liiish- els of wheat, 43,000 of barley, 775 of oats, G-J,UUU of "■Tlie .Marysville mines ill Lamlerco. were iliscovcreil liy Willijim Stanage AVilsdii, wlio, with liis sons, owns t!ie groiqi. Mr Wilsmi is cf Si'nU'li descent, his granilfather arrivinj: in America alMiiit 177">. anil lifliiiiii,' to liglit the battles of tiie revolution. ^Ir \Vil-ii>u wa-s \f>m in L<ii;an <.•<>.. Ohio, \hv. .TO, 1S21, hut at tiie age of U years remove.1 to hikhart o>.. luii. In IMS iie vohmteered fiir tlie Mexican war, hut j)eace l»ein2 sfHiu afttr iliclaivil. lie ■was (hschart;c(l. Hj came to the I'acitic coa.^t in 1 vVJ along with the iiiiini- gration to Oregon, residing in that state until 1''74., wl.eii he ri'inoviil to ('arico valley. Lander co., about GO miles from Aa«tin. Having wmU: iicmiii- fortahle fortune in mining and cattle raising, he left the care i^t" thfl.ir.'i' C'arico farm to his sons, and devoted himself to pros]M?ctiiiL', Mliioli lie f'll- lowecl for eight years before lie found what satisfie^l him. lie l:iti r Imimi:'.!' a resident of Reno, his largo family being i»ruviJed for, and all the rwiilt of bU iudoiuitable euergy aud sagacity. TOWN SITES. 267 potatoes, 9,500 tons of hay, and a few hundred fruit trees. Of live stock, it owned 2,100 horses, 400 mules, 4,0-J4 cattle, 23,000 sheep, and some otlicr fariu stock. The first town and county seat was Jiu'ubsville, at the overland staufe station. But Austin ill l,s 08 superseded it. In December 18G2 two men, luinied Marshall and Colo, were the sole occujiants of the site, being engaged in running a tunnel on the soutli side of the Pony canon, on the Highland Mary claim, near the centre of the ]ire.sont town In that sanu; month John Frost, '^ Fehx ()'Neil,J. Q C. Van- (Icibosch, and George Buffet located tlie Oregon, North Star, and Southern Light mines in the same lo- cality, and in the following spring erected a log cabin.'" A survey was made of a town site, which was in- teiidetl to secure the water and mill rights, but the property was sold in 1865 to a New York comjjany, under the name of Manhattan, Frost being letained as superintendent, and having charge of all the ma- cliincrv put up on Lander Hill for many years. Mar- shall also located a town site, and another was taken iipl.yD. E. Bucll, W. C._Harringt(m, E. Welton, and I. C. Batoman. The citizens united to construct a uiiuhd road from the lower town, or Clifton, to the ui)p(r town, or Austin, and soon the n)ajority of the population was at the higher point, and practically thcro was but one town, which was Austin. In April 18G;5 a hotel, newspaper, and post office were added to tlio new city. A pony express was started by G. L. Turner to the various mines, and Wells, Faigo & '•.Iiliii Frost, liorn in Monroe oo., N. Y., in IS'J!), and ccluoatcd at tlie (■iiimrinii scliools, came to C'al. in IM4t) in a wlialur, toiwiiing at \'aliiarais(» ami MiititcTuy. Ho was '2 years lu'fiiro tliu mast, and '_' ycurs lid mate of tin; vi'ssel, tlie voyage lasting 4 years and 8 months. In KS.")I lie made an- otlur voyagi! to C'al.. and arrived, ff.r the thinl time, in l>ec. IS."»2, in the iliUlii'r shij) Tliowii.'< Wiit.tnn, when he went to the mines on Yuha river, re- iiiainiiicf there until IStiO. In that year ho enacted a hotel in the Hcmness ]ia<s (if the Sierra Nevada, hut removed to Pony, now Austin, in ISfrJ, in iiHiipiiiiy with Vanderhoseh, O'Neil, and Hutt'et. This oomiiany, known as tile Oregon Mill and Mining co., erected a ten-stamp uiill, which ran for two J cars. iUltl . ii. «8 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEV'ELOl'MKXT. Co. established an express office. Boini; directly upon the overland route, Austin had stajj^e conimuiiicatioii with the oast and west, besides wliicji spuciiil lines wore established. The passenger traffic for ISO.) was estimated at 0,000 fares between Virginia City uml Austin, at $40 a fare. The fnight carried ov( r tlio road cost $1,381,800 for transportation from this dl- rection alone, besides what came from Salt Lake Lumber transported from the mills of the Sierra cdst $250 per thousand feet, and that sawed out of the na- tive pinon, $125 per thousand. Brick nuinufacturcd at Reese river cost $12 to $18 per thousand, and other tliin'gs in proportion. The treasure carried by tlio express company that year aggregated $6,000. Qui) Three banking houses were in operation. Men of the learned professions flocked there, and Austin was that anomaly of motlern times, a city in the midst of a wilderness, grown up like a mushroom, in a u'v^ht It was incorporated in 1875, and disincorporated iu 1881. Battle Mountain, the town next in importanco to Austin, is simply a shipping pohit on the Central Pa- cific railroad, and the northern terminus of tlu; Xe- vada Central. Its position with reference to thi; Humboldt valley is favorable to its growth. Irriga- tion is converting the desert lands in its vichiity into fertile fields." •* Jolm Ansel Blossom, the first settler of Battle Mountain, was Imrn ia Ohio in \S'M>. went ti) St Louis in 18r>7, and rcniaincil there until ISIiO. wlic:i he came to Cil. In 18(>'2 lie went to Nevailawith barley and hay, .startiiij.' ii livery-stable at Star eity. In 18(i7 lie removed to Duu Cilen, wini" lio mined, and went next year to French bridge, now Winneniucea. This lii-idg'', the first on the Humboldt, was erected by the Lay IJrotiiers, and a i'ltiicii- man named Frank Band. Burned ont at Winneinucca, in 18(W, iu^ wtiit to Battle mountain, Natiian Levi, a merchant of Winnennicca, assistiiijiliiiu t > start anew. His house was the first in Battle Mountain, after tiie railrnail building 4; an<1 the town received its name from Robert Macbeth, a iiidiaer who was conversant with the early history of the spot. In 1871 Blosicim bo- gan stock raising on an extensive scale. He was the contractor wlio Ijuilt the Nevada Central railroad from Battle Mountiiin to Au.stin. Another early settler of Battle Mountain was .lohn W. McWilliaiiis, boiii in Oliio in 1835, and in I85-I came to California, and in 180.T to Nevada, set- tling first at Unionville, where he was county recorder. In 1870 he lucati'il himself at Battle Mountain, where J. A. Blossom had a teut, and Tliumu NYE COUNTY. Tho settlement"? in T « i tl..« m.„ti„„ed, arc! aS,;™,"'!?, "^"r'' *'""" Ai-..nta, Artisan, B„i|,.,. "/. ' ' ,'*'"■■• Ans„iiia, Pint.', IJavonsw,,, I. K":^'*']f;""''"i' J^"''"'". T.nvis, on, ly bcoomo a «-cl|.k„„w„ ,,^'7; ' 1 ^"T'" '"'» ■■'^- ■■"- In.vo bc.cn several ti^s o V, T f " '''"""'"- » I'.i-ijo eounty still it "nr,.r =''''• •■""' " '■^""»i"3 »l"».v miloa Tbo I'i.,; vc"^ ."^^i'.f «'■» '-",^' .8.432 "iM.vnMlcs south of .\,,„i; ■','"'''' "'""'W ilistrict ;va.^ tho occasion of til su x"' *'"' "'^''r'"'"'-' '''"'i;^ I""o, in Union <listric bi f'™'""' "■""' *''« ''""" <>f '' ;" O"jo,vod for thrcrvcars:?'-' r''^^''''-'' '-■"» »- -ov ed to BeOatZ tnZrl^ ,^V ^'"'^^ "mall shop. Err. 'B F W-ii . ' "'"-'" '"J «'>M to \ I I ''""CTn carried,,,, l,J 1'"";, ' ' ''^'''' '^ ^'^P^^'ty of lo tons nor /h. "^""'""■g '"ino ),e J nomas O Af , ^ ' ''''^' '""""'"g hy steal., ,,' '^ — "•' "' i-J toils Dor .l-.„ - •.— s ■"iiiu lie . J '"^"'as G. Morgan In . , ^ ^ ' ""'"« ^>' «'«*'« '"•KHH married M.ssCa;.' n'''" ^'''^''"^ '-I'-e So d 1,, r ''''",''• '*''' 'f-^^"" i li , 970 MATKllIAL UKSOUIUKS AND DKVKLOr.MEXT. ! i r I if 1805, by Antonio Bozquoz, the first settler, and A Billuian, H. il C. Schmidt, J. M. Reed, C. h. Straight, K. KelU^y, 1). li. Dian, L. ^Fartin, 0. Brown, S. Talhnan, J. (Irover, ]). E. Buel, Williaiu CieHer, Charles St Louis, J. W. (iashwilcr, S. M. Burk, and others. The situation was U}>on a ]>lat(aii of the Toiyaha range, at an altitude of 8,000 tc(t, wlierc wood and water were abundant, and the scenery picturesque. There arc several j^ood mining districts in tln' county, which has produced ^8,000,000 in bullion. and lias a permanent population of two thousand, with an economical and healthy county administratidii, yet owing to itf want of transportation the progiiss of any kind of enterprise has been slow. The nund)er of acres under cultivaticm in 1880 was 2,300; of bushels of wheat raised, 4,328; of bailtv, 33,212; oats, 5,000; potatoes, 18,000. It had n.ili- paratively little stock, about ten thousand head hav- ing been driven away in tlie two previous years, o\\ in.; to a failure of a"rass from over-feeding. Fruit dors well in this region, and is extensively cultivated. The total assessed valuation of real and personal jir()|i(ity in Nye county in 1880 was not much over $l,00(),(ii)it, the decrease being in personal ])roperty, which, iKinL,' largely mining property, has failed to hold its own, while farming property has not declined. The gfoss yield of the mines for the last half of 1880 and the first half of 1881 was respectively $273,881 and $188,908. Mining having reached a depth at which capital and improved methods must be applied, a tompoian abandonment followed, this being the historv of the great majority of mining districts, just as hydrauhc mining not being known or applied, the placer uoM mines were deserted when the bars liad been washed off. The settlements in Nye county to be named are Argenta, Barcelona, Blue Eagle, Centennial City, Central City, Cherry Creek, Cloverdale, Danville, LINCOLN COUNTY. 271 Doyle, Duckwatcr, Dutrh Flat, East Belmont, Ells- wnith, (xrant, Graiitvillo, Jott, Junction, Kincy, Kiii'/j^ House, KnickorbockiT, Lodi, Logan, Milton, ^[(»ivy, Now Philadelphia, Northumberland, Peavine,. Kiittlesnake, lleese lliver, Reveille, Sacramento, Sail Antonio, San Augustine, San Juan, Seymour, S[)auld- in<;, Toyali, Troy, Tucker's Station, Tyho, Union, Ural Canon, Washington, and Yokum. Lincoln county, cut oif from Nye February 2G, ISfiH, is a mining county of much historic interest, having been first traversed by the white race when the Spaniards, between 1540 and 1775, made ex[tlora- tions through the interior of the continent. In 18G3- 4. an Lidian brought to William Handin, iu Meadow valltn', a specimen of silver ore, which on being sent to Salt Lake caused several expeditions to visit that r(\L,non, the first of which, under J. M. Vandermark and Stephen Sherwood, organized the Meadow valley mining district in April 1864. Not to be dispossessed l)v (ifentiles, Bri*jrham Younjjf ordered Erastus Snow from St George to Meadow valley with a company of men, who in the :omporary absence of the minhig recorder, oriiaiiizcd a new district with new rules. A. tliinl company, consisting chiefly of men from tlie Californ'a volunteers, followed, and the former rules W'To ultimately restored ; but the presence of so many Mormons making the place distasteful, the district was aliandoncd by the gentiles after some work liad 1)61 n done on the Panaca, the original discovery ledge, and on the Mammoth. Paliranagat district was next organized, in 1865, hundreds of locations made, and one milKKm feet of tj;r()und sold to W. H. Raymond for eastern cajiital- ists. The legislature having created the count v of Lmcoln, Governor Blasdel and suite proceeded to Pahranagat to complete the organization. On the way. having taken a roundabout course through Death valley, and become involved in barren wastes without food or water, they narrowly escaped destruc- I m'i^\ ]n. Km 973 MATKUIAL UK.SOUlt('i;S AND DKVKLOPMENT. -; tlon. As it was, ono lifo was lost, ami inurh sufTcr- iiig ciuluri^il by the party. Tlio ^ovt'nior fimiid tlmi tluTu was not the nuinlxT of lo«ial vot«'rs iciiuiicd in flio county, wliich after all this troiilili- was not or- jj^anizL'd until the following year. Its ori^^inal huuii- daric'S wore twice diaiii^od, in !Marcli Ksfi?, whdi a strip ten inih'S wide was codrd to Nyo on the west. and in UiZf), wlicn it received some torrit<»ry finm Nye on the north. The county seat was first (Icciccil to be at Crystal S[)rinuts, but in 18^)7 was chaiiu;t(l to Hiko in tlie same district, and ultiniatelv to l*i(M he, Tliis town was situatccl on a sjMir of the Ely iii->un. tains, and faced north. It was first settled by Josi ph (irange and E. M. Chubard, who in 1808 erected a small furnace for the reduction of ore, but failiiiif in their expectations, abandoned tlie location. In I^Oi) the ^leadow valley district wasreorur^nized and iiaiiidl Ely district, in honor of John H. Ely, win) with W. H. Kaymond, })laced a five-stamp quartz mill, rented from a New York company, in Meadow valKy, at the site of Bullionville, the nearest point whore suffi- cient water could be obtained. A company c(»nsistiii;j; of P. McCannon, L. Lacour, and A. M. Bush laid out the town in the same year, whi( h was sui\ cvcd by E. L. Mason, a civil engineer, and named by ]\Ir,s Carmichael Williamson after F. L. A. Piochc of San Francisco, who owned largely in the mines. In 1870-1 it was the most active town in Nevada, ami consequently infested by the criminal element, wjiic h ever followed in the wake of honest enterpri.so in the mining districts. On the loth of September, 1?7I, it was ravaged by fire, and $500,000 worth of ]iin|i. erty c >stroved. An explosion of three hundnd pound of blasting powder killed thirteen men, and wound forty-seven others. But the town was quickly obuilt in a more substantial manner, only to lose anc her $50,000 by the same terrible agency in May U '2. On the 22d of August, 1873, a Vain flood caused a loss of $10,000, and in 1876 a fire again CASUALTIBS. 273 (lostiMVid $40,000 wurtli of proporty. P'uK'ho rcnclu'd the 111 i^lit of its proHpfi-ity in lH7li-3, wlicri tlio ]K)p. uliitinii was rstiinated at six tliousand, and tlicrt! wore OIK' Innidrod and ton stamps erusliin;^ oro in tlio dis- trict. with a narrow-^au^o railroad to BuUionvillc, to ranv oio to tlio mills. Bullionville itself had a ]M)p- uhitiiiti of fivo hundred, but it declined when, on the coiiipit tioii of the water-works, l*ioche was lihorally su])|)litd with water, and the mills wore removed to that place. A revival began in 1880, when new siinltiii<jj and concentrating works were erected at IJiiHiiMiville to work the tailings deposited by the mills. The nearest railroad station whore goods are rcci'ivrd or bullion 8hi[)i.cd is Milford, on the Utah SoutliiTn, which renders Lincoln county a dependency (if Chicago chiefly, though some trade is carried on with San Francisco. After producing $20,000,000 (if bullion, the Ely district was almost deserted, Pioclic having not more than eight hundred inhabi- tauts ill 1880. The Pahranagat, Colorado, Freyburg, Pennsylvania, Silver Springs, Silver King, Groom, St TliiMuas, Timber Mountain, Pah Ute, Wheeler, Southeastern, and Yellow Pine districts all contain godd mines, which may yet be developed. Pahrana- gat, which means watermelon, has been the most noted of these, but is at present nearly deserted.'* The ])opulation of the county in 1884 was 2,200, an increase of four hundred over 1883, and the assessed valuation of real and personal property $488,004. Tho affairs of the county have been extravagantly maiiam'd, and the indebtedness in 1880 was $300,000. Of the several towns, nearly all of which are mining ^'' ini;>} Sibrr Mlniiirj Company s R<f>t, 180(5, 1-22, ,34-6; Tlir Miner, i. 27; Qmiiri/ t'lihii, June 23, 18(56. There are several valleys wliicli witli Irrigation woulil iiniiluce good crops. Meadow ISpriiigs, Ash, Clover, Eagle, IJry Miiilily, Ruse, and Pahranagat valleys are all susceptiblo of cultivation. The liest farujers are Mormons, who have several times been recalled liy the clmreii, when their improvements passed into other hands. About 1S8() they C'lninienccd to return and take up land, which is a promise of an increase in amculture. The soil and climate in the valley of Muddy creek, a tributary of Rio Virgen, are adapted to cotton raising. William Aiidersou in 1873 had Hist. Nkv. 18 .1' I'm m 274 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. il i! r I Hi H centres, glc \rhich is not a mining town is Callville, founded by Anson Call and a few associates from Utah, at the head of navigation on the Colorado river, in 18G4. It is not a lovely situation, being amo\\<y the barren sand-hills of this desolate region, with nothing to recommend it except its importance as a place of transfer and storage whenever navioation shall be permanently established on the Colorado. There are men who see evidences of a prehistoric race, possessing many of the arts of scientific civilization, bordering on the Colorado, and having large cities. canals, aqueducts, and highways, and who understood mining. As faith is given each one of us we will be- lieve. As with the footprints of a man of giant pro- portions in the sandstone quarry at the Carson state prison, more is suggested than proved."* The towns and settlements not described in Lincoln couuty are Bristol, Bunkerville, Camp El Dorado, Clover Valley, Cottonwood, Dutch Flat, Eagle A alky, Parmington, Flag Spring, Freyburg Mines, Hillside, Homer, Lake Valley, Las Vegas, Logan, Loiil? Val- ley, Lyonsville, Mayflower, Mesquit, Midey A'alk y, Montezuma, Overton, Panaca, Pahrock, Patterson, Potosi, Royal City, Silver City, St Joseph, St Thomas, Tern Piute, West Point. Elko county, created March 5, 1869, was cut off from Lander, and combprises, esides a large extent of 10 acres, and Mr Carter 20 acres in this staple, which grows and yields wdL At Washington, Utah, is a cotton factory. Pioche Record; Carmm A]ipiid, July 22, 1873. ^* A man who has labored to improve Lincoln county is Eugene Howell, a memlwr of the 11th session of the Nevada legislature, elected in ISNu' mi tlu' democratic ti'iket. He M-as the originator ofa petition to congress tn apiim- priate money for the improvement of the Coiorado river. The matter win not acted upon by congress, and G-ov. Adams vetoed a bill introdueeil iii the Nev. legislature by Howell and passed, to appoint a conimissioner to giithcr statistics on the subject to be presented to congress. The navigation of the Colorado would be a great boon to the mineral and agricultural regions lior- deriug on it. Howellwas the democratic nominee for state senator in IS^I, but was defeated. In 1886 he declined the nomination of state coinjjtrellor. As a mining man Howell has bean connected with firms in Bristol, in the Pahranagat district, and the White Pine district. He was born in Kureka. Plumas CO., Cal., on March 21, 18.58, and was educated for a practiial metal- lurgist, alf^hough he has been engaged iu merchaudiaiug in Bristol. ELKO COUNTY. 276 mineral land, a larger amount of good agricultural and "lazing land than any other county in Nevada, 1(1,1 J 4 acres being under cultivation in 1880, or five JiuiKind more than Douglas, the most productive (ouiirv of the west tier. It should be borne in mind that farniing in Nevada has no other object than the local supply, on account of the enormous railroad tar- ift" which places an embargo upon grain growing for tlistaiit .narkets. The different policy of the Northern Paoitic has encouraged the cultivation of the grain lands of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, while in Nevada the management of the Central Pacific actu- ally i)r()hibits it. For this reason a large proportion of cultivable territory lies idle, and what is cultivated is not made to produce as it might. The average pioduft of farms in Elko county is 30 bushels of wlunit, 35 of barley, GO of oats, and 100 of potatoes to the acre. Elko county raised in 1880 of wheat 30,000, of barley 150,000, of oats 370, of potatoes ;i70,000 bushels, and of hav 50,000 tons were cured. The county contained upon its ranges 70,520 cattle, 17,200 horses, 4,150 mules, 10,000 sheep, and 1,400 iioirs. In 1884 it had 3 flouring-mills, and made 5,470 barrels of flour. It had 460 miles of irrigating ditches, 21 miles of mining ditches, 9 quartz-mills, and 2 sniel ting-furnaces. There were cruslied in 1884, 5,124 tons of quaitz and smelted 1,412 terns. The jxtpulation was over 6,000, and the county upon a good financial basis. Like all the other counties, it is divided into valleys with a general north and south trend, excepting the Humboldt, which is not an agri- cultural valley. Its mines of argentiferous galena and other metals are found in the ranges separating the valle3s, and are numerous. There are no loss than 20 mining districts in the county, of which Kingsley district, discovered in 1862, in the Antelope range, by Felix O'Neil, is the oldest. A furnace for smelting ore was erected here. The Tuscarora district, organ- ized in July 1867, lies 45 miles north of Carlin on -m m 276 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMEXT. the headwaters of the Owyhee river, and is the next ill point of time. It was discovered by the Btaid brothers, who worked the placer diggings for n-old. The quartz is free milling, and carries gold near tlio surface, which diminishes as depth iso btained. The Grand Prize mine is down 600 feetj and the Independ- ence has a tunnel 1,500 feet in length. There are 500 miners in this district. Island Mountain district. 75 miles north of Elko, was discovered in 1873 by E. Penrod, one of the original owners of the Ophir mine on the Comstock. It is worked chiefly for tlio gold in the jilacers, and is supplied with water from a canal 10 miles in length, constructed by Penrod. Carlin is the oldest town in the county, having been settled in July, 1868, by J. A. Palmer, and soon after by S. Pierce, C. Boyen, and James Clark. A town sprang up with the completion of the Humboldt division of the Central Pacific railroad, and the loca- tion of the comjiany's round house and shops. Elkn, the county-seat, was first settled by George F. Pad- dleford in December 1868. In the following year it became the point of disembarkation for White Piia' and Tuscarora mines." The towns and settlements not before mentioned in Elko county are Antelope Station, Aurora, Arthur, Blythe City, Bradley, Brown, Bruno, Buel, Bull inn, Cedar, Cloverdalc, Columbia, Coral Hill, Cornucoiiia, Deeth, Dolly A'arden, Elaine, Excelsior, Fair IMay, Falcon, Fort Halleck, Friend's Station, Golconda. Gerald, Good Hope, Heenans, Hicks District, Higli- land, Hoolon, Huntington, Independence, Island Mountain, Kinsley's Springs, Lamoille, Lamoille \ al- ley, Lone Mountain, Loray, McPeters, Marshall Sta- tion, Moleen, Montello, Moors, Mountain City, Xat- -' A town was laid oflf by William T. Rvllou, Ballnna Adv., MS., '-'4, anl had a rapid growth. In 1885 it had a population of 800 taxable imii'irty to the amount of Si:Ml,400, a daily and weekly newspaper, tho state umviTsity, a good coinniou school building, a church, several lodges of ditlfn-nt sdcio- ties, a brick jail, mineral soap factory, tlouring null, water coiiiii.uiy, ami other useful institutions. It sustained a loss of about $100,000 by lirt's. WHITE riNE COUNTY. 277 chcz, North Ruby, Osino, Otego, Owyhee, Peko, Poquoj) Robber's Roost, Ruby Valley, Salmon City, Slio;iuiikers, Stickney Town, Tacoma, Toaiio, Toll Gate, Tulasco, Tuscarora, William, and Wyoming." White Pine county which was created out of Landor, April, 1869, consists of a succession of val- levs between high ranges. Diamond range on the v/est briii«4 tipped with snow. In tlie autunm of 1FG5 a partv of prospectors from Austin being attracted to the rrgion east of this range by the view of moun- tains covered with white pine timber, discovered some miiK'S of silver, lead, and copper, and organized the district of White Pine October 10th of that year. Kohert Morrill and Thomas J. Murphy were promi- nent in these proceedings. The first discovery was ill the region near the present town of Hamilton, others following in its neighborhood. The succeed- in*,' year Murphy and Crawford went to Philadelphia with ores from mines in White Pine district, and formed the Monte Cristo Mining company, which sent out a superintendent in 18G7, who put U[) a mill and i)r()ceed to work the ores. In the autumn, after snow had fallen on the mountains, an Indian, for some tritiing favor bestowed by A. J. Leathers, the black- smitli of the original company, gave him a piece of ore wiiich being nielted produced a button of silver. Ho was induced to show the place from which he had brouglit the specimen, which proved to be the Hidden Treasure mine from which Treasure Hill near Hamil- u ' '1 ^ 1 ! '^^ 'll i \ m "■•'An iinp()rtant man at Tuscarora was Amcrious Vcspuccius Lancaster, boni in liulfast, Me, Sept. .'), 1835. Ho came to tlie I'acific coast in 1S."),"», and after milling in various localities in Cal. ami IJritish L'olunil>ia, vi.siting Cen- tral America, auti liis former homo in .Me., wliere he married, lie returned to this coast, and in I8G7 settled at Tuscarora, then a ii'^w i)laee, where he took contracts to supply wood and ties to tlie C. P. U. R., and with the proceeds set up in the grocery husiness, and also bought gold dust of the miners, making a prolit whiel» enaliled him in a few years to improve some valuaMe mining property. The Young America and Young America .south M-ere wati'ii and patented by Lancaster and others, and the town of Tuscorora I* nn their eround. He owned in the Navajo and North Belle Isle, lH)th of *liii'li produced well; and al-io greatly eidarged his niercaatile interests. In ISS') lie removed to Alameda, Cal., to give his children the advantages wliioh his liberal means suable him to bestow, iii t m f 11 i n 278 MATERIAL RESOURCES AKD DEVELOPMENT. ton took its name. The Hidden Treasure was located January 3, 1868, by Leathers, Murphy, ai.d ^Marcli- and, and sold in January ] 800 for $200,000, to G. E. Roberts & Co. Soon after the discovery of the Hid- den Treasure, T. E. Eberhardt of Austin, discoven d the famous chloride deposit on Treasure hill, whir Ii was known as the Eberhardt mine, although in mak- ing locations with some friends the richest portion did not fall to him. The Eberhardt mine was disposed of in 1868 to a companj' wh\ch took several tons of tlio ore to Austin for reduction, where it was found to yield from $450 to $27,000 per ton. Ore working' $3,000 was constantly taken from the Ebcrliaidt, Keystone, and Blue Belle mines, which was bankid up for smeltinor, when furnaces should be ererted. On the 25th of September the Defiance mine produced in one day ore that would yield $40,000 wortli of bullion, and had $75,000 in sight. These [)ro(ligie.s of wealth created the greatest fever of excitement known since the discovery of the Comstock. Tliou- sands of men hastened to White Pine, rich and pour alike, and the prospector's pick was heard in all direc- tions, while every canon of the bare and rui:;4ed mountains about Treasure Hill had its sides adoiiied with miners' cabins, hanijing like bird ca(j(^s from its rocky sides. The excitement culminated in the win- ter and spring of 1868-9. A question in mining law was raised which was never before brought up, and arose out of the discovery that the Eberhardt group of mines were not upon any ledge which could be measured off and its extensions taken up, but were a single horizontal deposit, the chloride layers l)einjj separated by layers of limestone, and bounded by walls like a vault. These deposits have since become familiar in Colorado and are called contact, or blanket lodes. Supposing that this arrangement of ore must continue downward to the depth of other silver mines. a movement was made to compel those in possession, after working out one deposit, to allow another claim- HAMILTON COUNTY. 279 ant to take the next under it, and so on. The move- im lit, however, did not prevail, and the Chloride Flat irroup of mines was suffered to remain in the hands of its fortunate owners, who sold or worked them as sccnu'd best. Suits at law grew out of the peculiar formation after it was discovered that there had been ditionnt locations made, by croppings, on what jiroved to bo tlie same body of ore, that is, not divided by aiu' wall. One of these cases, brought in the courts of Lander county to which the district then belonged, was among the causes celebres of that country. The bank of California made haste to secure the manage- mt'iit as in the Comstock mines, purchasing several lainis, but it never obtained the controlling interest. In the autunm of 1869 the mines of White Pine were producing monthly about ^500,000 in bullion. The rich dc})osit which set the world agog proved not to be a deep one. Some millions of dollars were taken out, but at the depth of 100 feet the body of almost pure silver was exhausted. The Eberhardt was purchased in connection with the Aurora mine by an English company, by which it was worked with energy and varying fortune. A shaft was put down l.4<i0 feet, and over a mile of tunnelling made into tho licart of the mountain. There were about twenty- four mining districts in White Pine county which were sufficiently tested to prove the value of the minis, which were of silver, gold, lead, copper, and otlier metals. In most of tlie districts wood and water could be obtained with little dittieulty. Aurriculture was neglected for want of transporta- tion, more than 2,500 acres being under cultivation in 188,"). Tliere were in the county in 1884 of stock- cattle 3,000, cows 2,000, calves 900, sheep 10,000, lambs 8,000, hogs 400, horses 1,200, and mules 150. The amount of good farming land was estimated at 12.000 acres. Of grazing land, much of which, with irrJLjation, would produce cro]>s, there are 4,776,160 acres; of timbered land, 500,000 acres, and of min- wm ■it-i-'l t ■ I I ■ 280 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. era! land, about the same amount. The population of the county was 2,500, and its assessed valuation $864,870. Hamilton, the cor.ity seat of White Pine county, is situated on the northern sloixi of Treasure Hill, near the foot. Its altitude is 7,^J77 feet abovo the sea level, and the site commandini^. It was laid otf for a town by W. H. Hamilton, Henry Kelly, and E. Goben, in May 1868. Previous to this, and wliile only a rendezvous for prospectors, who dwelt in turf- houses quite as often as anything, it was called Cave City, but since received the name of Hamilton. Such was the rush of population in 1868-9 that houses could not be provided for the 10,000 inhabitants, but canvas was made to do duty for wood and brick. Hamilton was incorporated in 1869, and disincorpo- rated in 1875. A brick court-house and jail was erected in 1870 at a cost of $50,000. \ water com- pany was formed which supplied Hamilton and Treas- ure hili with water brought from Illapah springs, in Momoke Hill, three miles ea.st of Hamilton, where 2,000,000 gallons of water per day flow out of the rock. Steam pumping- works had to be used to force the water two miles through a 12 -inch pipe and lift it to a reservoir 1,000 feet high. This cost ^^J^O.OOO, and the original company sold to the Eberhardt and Aurora Mining companies in 1878. In 1873 afire destroyed $600,000 worth of property at Hamilton, this devastation having been caused by the owner of a cigar store who set fire to his premises to uct the insurance, having first turned off the water to disable the fire company. In Applegarth's Canon, at the foot of Treasure hill, on the south side, is Eberhardt, with 100 inhabitants. On the western slope, near the top, and often above the clouds that overhanij Hamilton, is Treasure City. It had 6,000 inhabitants in 1869, and 50 in 1885. Shermantown, situated at the mouth of a canon dividing Treasure Hill from White Pine Mountain, five miles south of and at a v M EUREKA COUNTY. 881 mucli Idwer altitude than Hamilton, was the seat of twti siiw-inills, five quartz-mills, and four furnaces in lg(;g_j)^ and had 1,000 inhabitants. It was incorpo- rated in 1870, and had a newspaper of its own, but is to-day deserted by all but a single family. Swansea, threi-rourths of a mile north of Shermantown, had two quartz-mills and smelters, and several hundred peo]>lo, of whom none remain. Such was the rise and declitie of White Pine district, the most remark- able of any in eastern Nevada. Cherry creek became the principal town in White Pine county. It was situated at the mouth of Cherry Creek canon, on the eastern slope of the Eagan range, at an elevation of G,300 feet. It owes its rise to tiio mines of that district, which were discovered in ISl'l. Ward is another mining town whose growth began in 1876. It is 62 miles south-east of Hamil- ton. Both towns support newspapers of their own. The settlements of White Pine county not above named are Aurum, Centrcville, Clayton, Cooper, Diamond, Eagan, Ely, Glencoe, Hendrie's Mill, Hunter, Indian Queen, Kingston, Lehman, Maryland, ^Mineral City, Mosier, Newark hill, Osceola, Planum, Picotillo, Piuma, Queen's Station, Rubyville, Srhell- bourne, Shoenbars, Simpson, Tiermont, Warner, West Ely, and White Pine City. Eureka county, created out of Lander March 1, 187;}, owes its separate existence to its mineral re- sources. These began to be known immediately after the settlement of Reese river, which formed abase of operations and supplies. The district was located on Mt Tenabo, the highest elevation of the Cortez mountains, thirty miles south-east of Beowawe, or Gravelly ford, where one of the largest mineral- hearing belts ever found in Nevada was discovered. The formation consists of granite and limestone. A dike of quartzite 500 feet in width was named 'The Nevada Giant,' and excited great expecta- tions. This mineral belt was subsequently developed m I ii I'^'MI "! > M 282 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. and its promised wealth realized, under the owner- ship of Simeon Wenhan,^ one of the orighial discov- erers. It appears 3,000 feet above the valley, and stretches its enormous body diagonally down the mountain in plain view for about 19,000 feet, the south end dipping down and disappearing in the val- ley below. The district has proved one of the most important in the state. The first mines were located in the granite on wliat was called 'Bullion Hill'; an eight-stamp :.iill was erected in 18G4 by the Cortez Company for the ]»ur- pose of reducing the ores found in the granite forma- tion, and was oj)erated by this company until 18()7, when it was purchased by Wenban, who increased the capacity to ten stamps, and continued to operate it on ore taken from his mines located in the lime- stone formation, of which there were many, the most prominent being the Arctic, Idaho, Garrison, and St Louis. These mines have proved of great value. In 1880 this mill was superseded by works to re- duce ores by the leaching process, having a capacity of about fifty tons per day, erected under the per- sonal supervision of Wenban. In the granite f(jrma- tion the Viins running through the quartz were found to be rich but narrow. The whole mineral zone was productive, but it was in the limestone that Wt'nl)an found his great wealth. The ores required roastin*; before amalgamating, and carried both gold and sil- ver. Wood and water were brought a distance of eight miles. Eureka district, discovered in 18(14, produced great wealth, which increased the population of Lander county, and caused a division of the same. '"Mr Wenban was born in England in the parish of Hawkhurst, county Kent, May 18, 1824, and was the son of a wheelwright. In 1828 his iMRiits immigrated to the IJ. S., residing in Utica, N. Y., and later in Clevi'laiid, Ohio. In 18r)4- ho came to the Pacific coast, mining for a while in C'.il., Init removing to Nevada in 1862. In 1803 ho made one of a prospecting ii;irty which discovered the Cortes district, in which he owns about thirty mines. Mr Wenban has done everything to prove the wealth of that region, ami in doing it has made hiniself a millionaire several times over, and without |irai- tising any selfish greed to tiie injury of his neighbors. His character .-^tauds as deservedly high as his success has been deservedly great. EUREKA TOWN. The town of Eureka, wliioli was founded in 1869 by W. W. McCoy and Alonzo Monroe was made the counry seat." Euii'ka town, nearly 7,000 feet above the sea, is situattxl at tlie liead of a canon four niilea lonj^ and 'jOO vanls wide, from the sidesof wliich parallel lines of stOL'j) hills rise one above the other to a hcii^ht of from 50U to 1,200 feet, from whose crests numerous smaller canoiH run down to the main one. Where this jjjorge spre.'uls out among the lesser hills and ravines at tlie top tlie town site was located. It rapidly acquired ])0|)ulatioii. A line of stages from Austin to Hamil- ton passed through it, and a post office was established ill IS70. In the same year the town obtained direct coiincction with the Central Pacific railroad by En nor and \V« (odrutifs stages from Hamilton to Palisade. A fiist freight line to Palisade was established in 1871, and in 1874 the Eureka and Palisade railroad was boij^uii, which was conn)leted the following year. With its completion Eureka became the centre ot freight and passenger traffic for a large area of country. By a steady growth the population liad increased to 5.000 in 1880. Stone quarries adjacent to the town furnished superior material for building, the public oditires as well as residences being partly constructed of this material. Brick was also much used in build- ing. In 1879 a court house costing $53,000 was erected. There were two daily papers, two banks, and good schools. All the ores of this district were lirought to Eureka for reduction in its sixteen fur- naces. They carried from 15 to 60 per cent of lead, and sufficient iron and silica to obviate the necessity for importing foreign flux. The yield of Eureka dis- trict for 1879, was $10,000,000, and the total yield for the seven years, including 1879, was $20,000,000. The town of Eureka has been three times visited by :lill ^' This section has been thought of sufficient importance to justify the pulilioation by Molinelli & Go. of a bound volume of 109 pages eutitletl Eureku and Us Reaourcea, 1879. MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. fire, the first, in 1872, causing tlie organization of a fire department ; tlic second, in 1878, which destroyed $1,000,000 worth of property ; and tlie third in I8h0. A cloud burst in July 1874 destroyed consid( ruMo pro[)erty, with the loss of seventeen lives. From these disasters the connnunity recovered witli tlio vigor imparted by conscious resources. Kul)y Hill. two and one half miles west of Eureka, in 1880 IkkI a population of 2,165. It was the residence of about UOO miners, who had a miners' union, and supported a newspaper, churches, scliools, a theatre, and other popular institutions. Palisade, the northern terminus of the Eureka and Palisade railroad, had 200 iiihahi- tants. It was furnished with water from the moun- tains to the north. The railroad con)pany's shops were located here for manufacturing cars. Although specifically a mining county, Eureka is self-supporting, and might be made productive of a<jrricultural wealth to a much greater extent. The amount of land enclosed in 1885 was 27,940 acres, of which 9,255 were in hay, grain and vegetables. It had 18 miles of irrigating ditches. The average yield of wheat was 40 bushels to the acre. It raised. in 1884, 10,000 tons of hay, made 15,000 pouiuis of cheese, 50,000 pounds of butter, 55,335 gallons of beer, and sheared 74,000 pounds of wool. Its live stock was 2,425 horses, 466 mules, 7,577 stock cattle, 12,400 sheep, 366 cows, 210 hogs. The valuation placed upon real and personal property was ,*i^;{,()l)9,- 429. The produi'-t of the mines in bullion was .sl,- 647,289, the net yield being set down at $218/286. Charcoal burning was carried on to a considerable extent. In 1879 the mine superintendents at Eureka rebelled at paying 30 cents a bushel for this indis- pensable article, and fixed the price at 27 cents. The Charcoal Burners' association immediately declared war, refused to permit any to be delivered at the smelters, and took possession of the town of Eureka, threatening destruction to their enemies, the miue CHARCOAL BURNERS' RIOT. 285 inanncrera. Governor Kiiikcad was inforiiied by tclo- irrapli nftlic clanger to the public peace, ami "a suflfi- oi(Mit toroo of the second brigade of the state militia t(» insure a restoration of order" was autln^rized to be oallcil out. On tlie 18th of August, Deputy-sheriH' J. 1). Simpson attempted to arrest some persons be- joiiLfii'i.? to a coal camp at Fish creek, thirty miles from Eunka. Five coal burners were killed, and si.v wounded severely, in resisting arrest. Much excite- ment followed ; but the coroner's jury brought in a verdiet of justifiable honiicide. Little doubt existed that tlio charcoal burners had suffered injustice at the hands of the contractors who delivered coal at the snieiters, and made their measurements to meet their own interests. Added to this, a reduction in price brought on the riot which culminated so sadly in what is known as the Fish Creek war. The price of char- coal was reduced subsequently to 22 cents. In 1884, 105,000 bushels were burned. The nut pine wood, from which it was produced, yielded 28 bushels to a cord. The towns and settlements not above named are Allison, Alpha, Antelope, Beowawe, Blackburn, Boulder, Bullion, Cedar, Cluro, Colman, Cortes, Corwiii, Devil's Gate, Diamond, Evans, Garden Pass, Goodwin, McLeod, Mineral Hill, Newtown, Oak, Puie Station, Pleasant Valley, Shipley, Shoshone, Silverado, Spring, Springville, Sulphur Spring Sta- tion, Summit, Vanderbilt, and Willards. To sum up the condition of the state in 1883-6, it ranked third in the production of gold and silver, coming next after California and Colorado. It pro- duced in twenty j^^ears about $600,000,000 of the precious metals. There was in the state $27,625,- 257 in real and personal property, at the assessor's valuation, distributed among 62,000 inhabitants. The state sold of its land grants 85,000 acres, showing the prospective increase of farming. It had been rather the custsm to disparage Nevada, because with only W6 MATERIAL llESOUUCES AND DEVELOPMENT. « I '' i i I I J I t I inhabitants enough to make one small city, wen- tlicy all gathered together, it did not go on producing ut the rate of $600,000,000 in twenty years from the nimes, in addition to its other produets ; but thu sub- ject was coming to be better underHto<Kl, and in < vtrv ordinary sense the state is yet only in its iiifiiiicv. Oregon had in 18()0 about the same number of inlialii- tants that Nevada had in 18F0, and raised of tlic diF erent cereals 1,820,278 agauist Nevada's crop in 18>s(i of 782,519 bushels ; but Oregon was preeminently an agricultural s^ate, and her wheat fields stood in the place of Nevada's mines; and while it is imj^ossiblu that the latter should ever conipete with the fornur in grain raising, it is also improbable that ()n'4((ii should ever show much more wealth per capita than it does at present, which is, at assessors' valuation, ^402, while in Nevada at the same valuation it is $444, notwithstanding the wastefuhiess which attends mining in new countries, and which for the future must be overcome. Of manufactures in Nevada there is not much to be said. The assessors' reports for 1884, from which two counties nmst be subtracted as not sendini,' in any abstracts, and others of which are visibly iiniiLr- fect, give 18 grist-mills, making 22,270 barrels of Hour, besides which they ground 7,000 bushels of corn, and 22,000 of barley; 121 quartz-mills, crushing 34'.»,<588 tons of quartz; 24 smelting furnaces, reducing (54.076 tons of ore; 8 saw-mills and 3 planing-mills ; H liorax factories, reducing 1,460 tons of the salt; and JJ breweries, manufacturing 246,354 gallons of \)wr. The Nevada foULidry, established at Johntown near Silver City in .1862 by Mead, McCone, and Tas^ar, formerly of Plar-e^'ville, was the pioneer iron works of Nevada. The hrni removed to Silver Citv in l.^G4, where they erected a stone building at a cost of $125,000, employing from seventy-five to one hundred men in the foundry afterwards. The establislunent was burned in 1872, when McCone, having purchased the entire in! wliy-iv lie boug lH(i;i \,y Thoml foumh'v, J)ecei the Vidlow Jal pounds, the larj roast. It was made in Neva] company in ISOl Pioneer foundrj was opened at Gold Hill four erected on Moui feet high, made : a Wooden ma.st the first Nevad? In ISO!) Mead a 1878 Frazer <i ( foun(h'v, wOiich ^\ Tlie first iron fc at Bullionville, i company. Iron ' 1880. The figure resent the numbei it appears upon sc sor's report to t county al(Mio had pro[)()rtion to the manufacture of lu tent in Washoe th that modern inv( plays an important the flume is V-sha iiig power. Fluni '^Jolin Kewea in 1876 suspended after about a fimndries, blacksmiths $6 §3.50 :i.i(1 U. Kelly K Xev. llian.l Aug. 13, 1804; Onl, tcl,; Felj, 6, 1878; Jieno Ga MANUFA(rrURES. t87 the entire interest, again removed to Virginia City, win IV h«3 bought out the Fulton foundry, (srected in 1H<;;) l>y Thomas li. Jones. Tliero was cast at this foumlry, December II, 18H0, a fly-wheel centre for the Yellow Jacket hoisting works weighing 44,500 pounds, the largest casting hitherto niadeonthe Pacific coast. It was lure that the first engine and pump niado in Nevada were constructed for the Bullion company in 18(54. In 1802 Oliver Hyde started the Pioneer foundry- at (iold Hill, and in 18r)4 another was opened at the same place by (^rreely, called the Gold Hill foundry, which cast the iron flag-staff erected on Mount Davidson in 1878. It was <'ighty feet liigh, made in three tubular sections, and replaced a wooden mast erected in 1803. The Pioneer cast the first Nevada cannon, an eight-pounder, in 1804. In ISO!) IVIead established the Union foundry, and in 1878 Frazer Sc Cumniings established the Virginia foundry, which was removed to Reno in 1880." The first iron foundry of eastern Nevada was erected at Bullionville, in February 1873, for the railroad company. Iron works were opened at Eureka in 1880, The figure eight does not by any means rep- resent the number of saw-mills in Nevada, although it a])i)cars upon so authentic a document as the as.ses- sor's report to the surveyor-general. White Pine county ah>no had five in 1884, and other counties in proportion to their tindjer and population. But the manufacture of lumber is carried on to a greater ex- tent in Washoe than in any other, and in this business that modern invention, a wood and lumber flume, I>lavs an important part. As I have before mentioned, the flume is V-shaped, wherein lies its great conduct- ing power. Flumes of a box shape were common ■ 1 1 1 '* John Kcwes in 1876 started a brass foundry at Virginia City, which suspended after about a year. Macliinista received li!>t) per day in these fimndries, blacksmiths $6.50, pattern makers $5. .50, and other workmen §3.50 a. id ^. Kelbfa Kev. Dir., 1802, 174; Dnyton Li/nn County Sentinel, July lliand Aug. 13, 1804; Onld mil News, March 21, 1865; Virifinia City Chroni- icle, Feb, 0, 1878; Heno Gazette, Dec. 14, 1880; Id., Jan. 31, 1883. 288 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. enough, and had been used, to float timber down the mountains in California, but the wood lodged, aiul caused waste and destruction ; the V form allowed it U' move swiftly without obstruction. The first Hume for transporting wood in Nevada was project<d in 1865, to run from the west Carson river, in Alpine county, California, to Empire City, in Ormsby county, Nevada, thirty-two and a half miles, the fall beiiitr nine hundred and seventy-six feet. Among tliose who contemplated this scheme was J. W. Haiiits, who adopted the V-shaped flume, and on being satis- fied of its advantages patented it, in September 1870. At that time there were about twenty-five nnlesof lum- ber flumes in the state, which increased as their econ- omical value became known. In 1872 J. W. Haints sued William Sharon for an infringement of patent; but he was beaten in court on its being shown that certain persons, for economical reasons, had used flumes constructed similarly, though without having any idea of the superlative merit of this form over the box flume.''* In 1874, several other companies having been formed in the mean time, the bonanza firm, for tli^in- selves and other mining operators on the Conistock, having by their agent surveyed and purchased twelve thousand acres of the finest timbered land on the summits of the Sierra, formed the Pacific Wood, Luni- ** James W. Haines was l)om in Stanstead, Canada, near the Vermont line, on the 17t'ii of Aug., 1826, his fatlier being a Vernionter of Eiigli.^li descent, and liis grandfather a revolutionary soldier. In 1833 they k'ft Can- ada for Aijhtabula county, Ohio, where they lived upon a farm. When he ■was 20 years of age lie begiin to follow the lakes, and remained in tliiit ser. vice for ahout three years, when news of the gold found in Cal. hrouglit him to this coast with a company from Ohio. After a brief experience nf min- ing he o])ened a restaurant in Sac, and made considerable money; went into merchandising with Z. Lake, also from Ohio, and later with A. J. Web- ster. During the squatter riots he was on tlie squatter side of tlie quarrel, and was arreste<l anil sent to the prison brig, but was soon released. Having made about $20,000, he returned home and married, but on revisiting Cal. found times somewhat changed. Cholera carried otf his wife and nuniernus friends in 1852. His partner sold out to him and he took another. In 1854, during the excitement caused by the know-nothing party in politics, lie was elected marshal of Sac. by that party. In 1857 he purchased an interest in a hay raucbo of 8,000 acres, bis partner being Alouzo Gheaney. lu ltia9 be FLUME COMPANY. 280 ber and Flume comnanv «,i, purpose. At a great'outV«fTb"r' ."'P'''''"' ''" ii.aol,.nery for a steam saw m 11 "'"' ™P'W the iiiit, wiiere ,t was set up anwt "^ *" "'^ sum- ber to be used i„ the Zne fe? '""^f^S the lu,n. aftu- the first. The «,„„„. *"^'"'ted luimediatelv twentv-four.i„eh pitk tl n er''^,'^^'''''*''. °f liaci a capacity of five UmVT ,'" fnckness, and 500 000 feet'^^f lumherda' y %^^ "f .fir-woJd ™ grade ,fc was necessary „ S) if ^""" " ""'f"™ anJ st„„gers the wholi dista"! T " " ^'""'e-work "ous , to support heavy th,Xr if '"?'*'' " '''''""g tudii.idly and across tL ' '' '^^ braced ion.rf ,It was fifteen nuS WtTTh^^ ^^' "'. "'-''X '•'S m the Truckee n.erdoi i hT^''' *'="''""'*- «t.r .supply ,^„,^ fron, Hu ter cr^ft'-:'''^- »'"' "'e "P "1 reservoirs. Great as «^^ u • '^'"S danin.ed iaj; was soon returned i, ZMZ f •"'"'"'<=• "'« "ut- ^st,mated that in twenty .^a "Lo Ir''''''- ^' ""b Talwe and Truckee river anrTtI If, '^'■"^'^ <>" Lake ;"K".the basins of the Truck' '"l '"P"''^ ^«»'»i"- 'vas 5 000,000,000 feet after i"".*'"' "^ tributaries amuiaily f„r ten yeare if i^f'''^ '^'" 40,000 000 » , a very i,uportant one Tbo t ?iT ''^'^ '"• »ft,.r <!-"- ,n Douglas, Onn^y,!' , wt^"'"' "f »vood '*m«J is fe "T"*™'"* .ilvon 1 Uo"™.;.1 "r^"*.'-'' '»'"''l «rcat », -ctor for (Jnint. /»„.?.._*'' .^''« «tato Nen uiL fi^j I ii 1 S90 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. over eighty miles; the lumber transported in 1879 33,300,000 feet, and the wood 171,000 cords. Large tracts of timber land have been purchased by eaj)itul- ists, and the tendency is toward noneyed men owniii'r and controlling those two great natural resources, timber and water, in addition to a monopoly of graz- insj: and desert lands. There is, perhaps, no section of the union in which agricultural development is so largely dependent on irrigation as the state of Nevada. Though in tlio report of the state surveyor-general for 1888 30,000 acres were classed as agricultural land, with the ex- ception of a narrow strip on the banks of the larger watercourses, its entire surface is practically unavail- able for tillage without other moisture than i.s .sup- plied by the rainfall. With a water area of more than 1,000,000 acres, and with at least 10,000,000 acres of irrigable land, little, as yet, has been ac'<;om- plished in this direction, except in the Carson and Humbt)ldt valleys. Within recent years, how(\rr, numerous projects have been considered, auiong which i.s a tunnel through the eastern slope of tlio Sierra, starting from a point near Genoa, and tap- ping Lake Tahoe, whereby an immense volume of water would be furnished, not only for irrigating vast sections of the country, but for manufacturing and other purpc)ses. In 1888 the sum of $100,000 was approp'-iated by the state legislature for a hj^drographic surviv, and a state board of reclamation and internal im- provement appointed, of which Senator Evan A\ 11- liams was made chairma!i, the remaining metnlHrs of the board being senators Bradley, Blakeslee, and Springmeyer. Artesian wells have been successful in some local- ities and have failed in others, though in the great valleys the conditions are such that the existence ot vast subterranean basins is assured beyond a ])erad- venture, for to these valleys there are no outlets, and SOCIETY. 291 the greater portion of the vast streams of water that i1(»\\ fVoin the mountains sinks below the surface. In IS" 2 a bill was introduced in Congress by Kendall, (if Nevada, to authorize the sinking of wells on the puMio domain, with a view to the reclamation of cli'si'i't lands. Congress subsequently off'ered a grant (if one hundred and sixty acres to every person who obtained a flowing well, which stimulated cxpcri- nioiit in this direction. The cost of sinking wells to a great depth has varied from three or four dollars to twenty, according to the nature of the r()ik to be penetrated. The Nevada legislature in l!S7i) enacted a law providing for a bounty of two (iollars per foot for sinking a flowing well in any part u^'tho state below a depth of five hundred feet. Per- r 3 who at the passage of the act had already sunk throe hundred feet were included in the bounty. Coiiujress was also asked to make liberal donations of arable land to such persons. J: 'I- ii iB^T.-ii^ The social condition of Nevada has undergone all those transitions for which mining communities are noted, and in which recklessness and crime are more conspicuous than honor and virtue. Not because niitiers are worse than other men, or because the criminal classes outnumber the law and order class, but cis the siiadow of that small satellite, the moon, being nenrer, obscures at times the broad face of the BUP, so I? iittln evil ofttimes obscures much good. The non-pr d." I'v .labor-shirking leeches of society swarm wlier-^ they 'xpt ct to c\:3lw rich blood. The prospec- tor, on the cc-ri rary, is a serious-minded man, willing to toil over the mountains and through the rugged canons, where nature hides her treasures, and it is he who has developed Nevada, and not the stock-gam- blers, faro-dealers, lawyers, and whisky-sellers. From 184G to 1880 there were over four hundrrd homicides. Couip V -vtively few were downright murders for rob- 1 U 202 MA.TERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. bery, but many were from hasty qu;^rrels over nuDincr or land claims, and were from the excitement caused by intoxicating drink and mingling in the heterogene- ous crowds of new towns where there were no com- fortable homes. The Chinese were never welcomed to Nevada, and were discriminated against in the laws and the oon- stitution of the state, their employment beint*- also prohibited by the charters of the railroads constructed within the state after 1871. They were first intro- duced in 1858, to work on the ditch which Orson Hyde began and J. H. Rose completed, to take water from the Carson river to use in mining at the mouth of Gold c I Once in the country they could not be expelled, 1859 they were working in the mine:; of Walker ri\\.r and other localities, but were never tolerated on the Comstock, where the miners' union took care of the question. They were employed in building the Virginia and Truckee railroad, whoso franchise was granted before restrictive laws were passed, and also by the Central Pacific, in grading its road-bed, a kind of work which Americans by common consent have usually left to foreign laborers. But when other industries were approached, the race prejudice showed itself; yet in vain, for in spite of miners' unions, legislative enactments, and popular feeling, the scarcity of house- servants compelled their employment in that capacity, as well as in that of laundrymen, farm-hands, and wood-choppers. Xor was it possible to prevent them from v/orking in the mines where there was no ortjanization against thcin. An anti-Cliinese society was formed in Virginia City in 1879, and further legislation was had aijainst nn- pl(^ying them, and yet in 1882 they held their ground in s|)ite of leagues, had begun to engage in (juartz mining, and were applying to purchase state lands. I have already referred to the manner in whicli tlio state supported a common school system, by payinuj interest on a large loan from the school fund derived EDUCATION. 298 from the sale of the school lands. The common-school laws of Nevada arc enlightened and liberal, and a certain amount (>f education is compulsory. The total nuinbor of public schools in the state in 1880 was IDj; total number of districts, 109; average monthly mv of male teachers, $100, of female teachers, $77 ; whole number of primary schools 81, of intermediate 11, unclassified 81, grammar schools 19, high schools 3. The average rate of county school tax on $100 was ;{:{| cents. There was also a number of private schools, with a total attendance of about 1,000 pupils, promi- nent among them being the seminary establislied at K no in 187G, mainly through the efforts of Bishop Whitaker, of the epis-^opal church. The state uni- vnsity, originally locaW at Elko, and in 188G re- moved to Reno, had two years later 115 students in attendance, with a corps of zealous and efficient teachers, and included a business department, a nor- mal school, and schools of liberal arts, agriculture, nit chanic arts, and mining. Under judicious man- aufcincnt its land grant of 90,000 acres, together with state appropriations, furnished ample funds for its su[)])ort. In connection with it was the agricultural experiment station, for which, as in other states and territories,. $15,000 v/as appropriated by the general government. The appropriation for an agricultural college was diverted, with the consent of Congress, to found a college of mining and kindred sciences. After the Mormons, the pioneer of religion in Ne- vada was Jesse L. Bennett, a methodist, who preached ill Carson valley in 1859. In tliat year a methodist society was organized at Genoa by A. L. Batenian, and another at Carson by Bennett, who also preached the first sermon ever delivered in Virginia City, on C street, in 1861. When the collection was taken up, tlie humble itinerant was surprised to find he liad nearly a hatful of gold and silver coins. Soon after Samuel B. Rooney was appointed to preach regularly at Virginia City, and Bennett was stationed at Washoe. It- \i-i'n- m 894 MATERIAL RESOURCES AXD DEVELOPMENT. I ■ ' I I: 11 It i F' ; . III Rooney built a small woodc-n cliurch at Virginia, on the corner of Taylor and D streets, costing only $2,000. In 1862 C. V. Anthony, his successor, erected a brick edifice costing $45,000, wliicli was dedicated February 14, lii64, and paid for by Jolm C. Fall and Ex-governor Blasdel. A parsonage was also erected, at a cost of $2,000. Nevada had Ijien made a district by the California conference in l^;()l, N. E. Peck presiding elder; and in 1864 it was orictcd into an independent conference, whose first annual session was held at Virginia in September 1865, and its sixteenth in September 1880. In July 1871a high wind unroofed the methodist church at A'irginja, and blew down one of the wails. Before re[iairs were begun, a fire completed the destruction, and a frame building, costing $8,000, was substituted l)y T. H, McGarth; but on Christmas eve, 1872, another wind wrought $3,000 damage, and in the great fire of 1875 this building was entirelv con.sunied. Finallv, in 1876, a frame church, costing $20,000, was crcctt don the old site. A society was organized among tin; negroes of Virginia in 1873, under the jurisdiction (^f the African methodist conference, which in June 1^75 completed a small church, only to have it destroyed in the great fire of October. The second methodist church in Xevada was erortcd at Dayton in 1863 by J. N. Maddox. An incendiary fire destroyed the building in 1876. In 1863 acliurdi and parsonage were erected at Waslioe In* McCTaitli, who preaclied there for two years. The building was donated to the school trustees alx)ut 1873. Tin' methodist church at Gold Hill was erected in IhlJo by A. F. Hitchcock, and was a small wooden build- ing. On the 11th of April, 1873, Valentine Ifi^lit- mycr, pastorofthis church, dieel of lingering starvation, having a small salarv, a large faniilv. and too nnn ii pride to reveal his extreme want, a sacrifice all the more cruel and needless in aconnnunitv where iili ntv and liberality were the rule. The methodist cliureh RELIGION. 295 at Austin was built by the management of J. L. Tre- feii ill a peculiar manner. When mining shares were sul)scribed, as they often were, he accepted them (rratofully, and pooHug the stock organized a metho- dist iniuing company, of which he became agent, sell- iti" the claims in the east, and realizing $250,000 on papir. Oat of this amount a brick church was erected, with a fine organ and a commodious parsonage, costing $35,000. But the shares had been sold on install- nuMits, and the mining furore had subsided, so that no fuitlicr collections could be made, leaving the concern $f),000 in debt. The church was sold to the county for a court-house, but subsequently redeemed, the society clearing itself from debt. The mothodists of Ciirsoii City had no church edifice till 1 8G7, when, on September 8th, Bishop Thomp.son of Ohio dedicated a stono structure which had cost $10,000, and which had been built chiefly by the exertions, and not a little by the personal labor of, Warren Nims. In 1874 the buililing was repaired and improved. The only meth- odist house of worship at White Pine was the broker's hall at Treasure City, where cpLscopal service were first held, which building was purchased for a meeting house in 1872, but subsequently abandoned. No other church has .supplanted it. Winnenmcca had a frame church, built by Oeorge B. Hincklc about 187'?: Unionville a frame church, built by L. Ewing ; and Reno a frame church, erected in 1870 by A. R. Ricker. Eureka had a church and parsonage, erected by John A. Gray in 1875, which were destroyed in the fire of 1879. Being jiartially rebuilt soon after- ward, the church was again burned in another con- riajjration in 1880. Another edifice was erected, under the charge of J. T. Ladd, which was dedicated April 17, 1881. At Ruby Hill the methodist so- clety erected a church in 1876, completing and paying for it before any preacher had come among them. Tiieir first pastor was R. A. Ricker. Mason valley l);)s liad a small fcame chufoh and a parsonage since iM.i jMi 206 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. 1880; the former the result of the exertions of Mr Ladd. Methodist societies were established in Tus- carora and Elko. The membership of the methodist church in 1880 was 470. with 13 preachers, and the value of church property $67,300. Losses by fire ag<rregate $59,600, and abandoned property in de- serted mining camps $6,500. These figures do not represent all that has been spent in church proper ty, which is $160,500. The first catholic church edifice in Nevada was erected at Genoa in 1860 by Father Gallagher, on King street. It was blown down in 1862, and an- other erected in its place. In 1861 the first rehuious services were held in Virginia City, by Mr Snitatli- man, an episcopal clergyman, and in the following' year Franklin S. Rising, of New York, began a mis- sion for his church in Nevada, which was followed by a visit from the bishop of the north-west territories, Talbot of Indiana, who held services at Aurora ( )ct()- ber 4, 1863, and organized a parish with William H. Stoy as its pastor, wh.o was not able long to keep liis restless flock together. St Paul's episcopal church at Virginia City was consecrated l)y Bisop Tallxtt on this visit, and received, as its rector Ozi William Whitaker, afterwards bishop. St John's churcli was erected at Gold Hill in 1864, and occupied December 18th. It was taken charge of in 1865 by H. D. Lathrop of Ohio, and dedicated October 13, 1867, by Bishop Kip of California. An episcopal churcli was erected at Silver City in 1874-5 by W. K. Jeuvey. Trinity church, Carson, was erected in 1868, and con- secrated June 19, 1870, by Bishop Whitaker, (xeorgo B. Allen rector. A parish was organized at Dayton December 26, 1863, under the name of church of the ascension. Bishop Talbot held services at Austin in 1863, and Marcus Lane of Michigan ministered there in 1868; but the parish of St George was not organ- ized until 1873, with Christopher S. Stephenson in charge, who was succeeded by S. C. Blackiston, of CHURCHES. 997 Colorado. The church of St George at Austin, built of brick, was the gift of Allen A. Curtis, superinten- dent of the Manhattan mine. The bell was presented by John A. Paxton and N. S. Gage, and the organ bv James S. Porteous. The cost of the church and rectory was $17,000. The first episcopal services in White Pine district were held in Broker's hall, Treas- ure City, ill the morning of June 10, 1869, and in a justicii's court room at Hamilton, on the evening of the same day, by Bishop Whitaker. In September St Luke's parish was organized at Hamilton, with Samuel P. Kelly, of Rhode Island, rector. A small Wiioden church was erected and consecrated July 14, 1872. Bishop Whitaker visited Pioche September 13, IS70, preaching in a drhiking saloon to a large coiii^ngation. A year afterward H. L. Badger of Ohio, commenced a mission at that place. • The town had just been destroyed by fire, and services were hold at private residences until July 21, 1872, when a Pinall frame church and riectory were completed. Eureka also received a visit from the bishop of Ne- vada September 28, 1870, who held services in .a canvas restaurant at nine o'clock in the evening, ow- ing to a delay caused by an accident to the coach conveying him. During the following winter, Mr Kelly, of Hamilton, preached occasionally. In May, 1871, St James parish was organized, and the corner stone (tf the church laid by the bishop. A rectory was completed that year, and occupied by W. Hen- derson ; but the church, which was built of stone, was not consecrated until July 28, 1872. In February 187;'- the parish of Trinity church was organized, and services held by the bishop in the court house for three years. In the meantime, William Lucas of Ohio was installed as rector, and a church edifice com- pleted June 8, 1878. The first episcopal services were held at Belmont in 1872 by Mr Kelly, S. B. Moore of Pittsburgh taking charge of St Stephen's parish the following year, which was incorporated i' m ' Ha : 1 if 298 MATERIAI- RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. February Ifi, 1874. and a neat wooden church erected. It was consecrated in 1875 by Daniel Flack, of Rochester, New York. The cost of the episcopal churches of Nevada has been about $140,000, The first catholic church building at Genoa, as I have said, was blown down in 18r)2, not beinuj entinlv completed at the time. Patrick Manogue then took charge of Virghiia parish, and erected a better oiu . which was consecrated to St Mary of the mountains. The passionists in 1862-3 erected a frame cliuich between Virginia and Gold Hill, which was afccnvard removed to Gold Hill; but being too small for the congregation, Father O'Reilly hi 18G4 erected a larger one, A catholic church was erected in Austin in 1864 by Father Monteverde ; and at Hamilton ii\ 1868-9 by Father Phelan. The church erocte.l at Virginia City by Father (xallagher in I860 being un- suited to the population of 1868, a brick churcli cost- ing $65,000 was erected in that year, by Fatlur Manogue, who was appointed vicar-general of tlie diocese of Grass Vallev, which hicluded the state of Nevada. In 1870 Father Grace built the clmrch of St Teresa at Carson. In 1871 a church was erected at Pioche by Father Scanlan, and in 1872 at l^clniont by Father Monteverde, who also built the frame church of St Brendan, at Eureka in 1871, whidi uas replaced three years afterward by a brick church, erected by Father Hynes. In 1871, also, Father Merrill built the first catholic church at Reno. The great fire of 1875 at Virginia City destroyed tlic church erected by Manogue, who in 1877 replaced it by another, costing only a little less than the first, and beautifullv decorated in the interior. The lleiio church having been consumed in the fire of 1879, was rebuilt in an improved form. Up to 1885, thecatlio- lics expended about $250,000 in churches and cliari- table institutions. The new school branch of the presbyterian church is the one which took root in Nevada. As early as CHURCHES, 999 thf- pprin<jf of 1801 W. W. Brier, exploring agent of thd tissoinbly's cominittce of home missions, visiting Xevuda, hold a meeting at Carson in the stone school lidust'. and organized a society. Subscriptions to the amount of $5,000 were obtained for a church edifice, and A. V. White of California reiUoved to Carson the saiiK! year. The building was begun in 1802, and (IcdicaUid May 1804, Mr White officiating, assisted hv Xiiiis of the methodist church, and W. C. Pond of ralifornia. The presbyterian society of Virginia Citv was organized Septendicr 21, 1802, by Mr Brier, aiwi in December T>. H. Palmer of New York took cliarge of it. No church building was erected before 18n7, when a neat edifice costing $4,700 was dedi- rated July 7. It was built with money obtained hv a successful deal in mining stock purchased with the church funds, one of the few examples of stock (ramhling by a religious society, as such. The trustees purchased four lots on C street, and erected stores for rent on either side of the meeting house, the rental of wliich left but little to be su[)plied toward the supjtort of a mhiister. This property escaped the fire (»f ls75. The membership at Virginia City is 105. T\\v (toUI Hill presbyterian society was organized Xov. I, 1803, and W. W. Macomber was the minis- ter in charge, thouj^h the first sermon was preached hy Frederic Buell. This society never erected a church. A presbyterian society was organized at Austin January 3, 1804, at the court house bv L. P. Webber. No church was ever built, and the society was assigned to the Sacramento presbytery. On the %t\i of March, 1870, John Brown, of Glasgow, Scot- land, organized a society at Elko with onlv seven members, and the Central Pacific company presenting,' it with four lots, money was raised to erect a small ohurrh, an organ being presented by Henry W^ard Beeeher. The presbyterians of Eureka organized with six members in August 1873, and W. C. Mc- Dougal was their first pastor, under whose cliarge a ^'■% \\\ .!j5» 5|; 1^ 800 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DE\'ELOPMEXT. church waa erected. J. P. Egbert orj^aiiizcd IIk^ so. cioty of presbytorians at Pioche in Janua ! 87;j, with twelve members. It never had a moeti iiouse, and in 1879 it was taken off the roll of oliurclicg. The total membership of the presbvterian cjiurrli in Nevada is less than 200, and the value of their cliurch property $15,000. The first congregational church of Reno was or- ganized February 19, 1871, by the society whicli was ft )rmed a month earlier. A. F. Hitchcock was eKcted pastor. A building was erected in which the society of odd follows had their hall, and consecrated to re- ligious services. The Cumberland presbyterians formed a chunli in 1878 at Winnemucca, but after two or three years dissolved the society. For two or three years also, 1874-5, the Welsh miners held services in, their native languaije at Miners' Union hall in Virtriiiia City. The Christian church also had its representa- tives at Virginia in 1873. Tlie baptists first organized at Virginia in ISf).'^ with a membership chiefly of colored peop^ Natcliell pastor. The church was dissolved in 1866 idtlRr society called the tabernacle baptist church was foniiKl in 1865, McLafFerty pastor, wliich held its services in the court-house. In June 1873 C. L. Fislicr of California preached in any public hall obtaiiiahlo, until the middle of Decend)er, when the first baptist church of Virginia was organized. In April 1874 ground was purchased on C street, and a house of worship finished in Jul}'. In 1875 Fisher organized a church at Reno, in the opera-house. In the tnllow- ing January he built a modest meeting-house, \vliich was first occupied on the 7th of May. This cliurrli was destroyed in the fire of 1879, and a larger one erected. The total value of baptist church property in Nevada in 1880 was $5,000. A bequest of .?J0.- 000 was received by the American Church Mission- ary Society, for Nevada, from Miss Sarah Burr of BENEVOLENT .SOCIETIE.S. »1 >3"(\v York, who died March 1, 1882, to be applied t(i the support of strujj;«^lin«4 rhurclies. Tlie l^il)lo Morirtv <*f California had an agent in Nevada until |S7ii/when the Storey County Bihlo society was formed, which was nierj^tMl in the Nevada Bible sorietv October 19, 187H, at its organization. The itannt society in New York presented the Nevada otfslioot with $2,000 worth of bibles in many ditierent lau'-fuages, and H. Richardson acted as agent in tlieir distrilnition. At the west Shoshone reservation there was a school and some missionary work attempted, but without important results. The baptist church had control of the Indian missions in Nevada, though the catholics labored anumg the Washoes and Pah Utcs urt' the reservations. * Binovolcnt societies have always found ready sup- port in Nevada. In charitable work every religious (knoinination took part, and tlie world's people mi)st of all, the money being chiefly coniributed by the non-sectarian public. Among the first organized efforts at benevolence was the formation of the St Viiuetit de Paul society in 1803 by the catholic citi- zens of Virginia Citv, which numbered 500 members, and was organized by Manogue. Its charities were extonded to all, irrespective of religious pn^judices. The Nevada orphan as3'lum, St Mary's hosf>ital, St Mary's school for girls, and St Vincent's school for boys were charitable institutions under the care of the sisters of charit}', and founded in 1864 by Manogue. The grounds for the hospital were a gift from ^Vlrs John W. Mackay, who, with her husl>and, was fore- most in every good work for numy yi'ars. The Jew- ish population were notably benevolent among their own race, and contributed lib(>rally to many pu' lie charities. A society was organized bv them at Keno, April 23, 1878, called the Cliebra B'rlth Sholom, for religious and benevolent work, but their property was burned in the fire of that year, and the society dis- solved. On the 10th of August, 1871), the Reno ,'fi l' 111 1 11 ■I lis 1 i1 f I I; 302 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. Hebrew Benevolent society was formed, with twcntv- one members, for the same purposes. It owiioda cemetery near the city. In February 1881 tin. Nevada Benevolent association filed pajjcrs of incor- poration, the object of which was to give pubHe eiitor- tainments of a nmsical and scientific character, to sell tickets to such entertainments, and to purchase hold, and distribute among the ticket-holders certain prizes in real estate or other property, to raise a fund to be devoted to charitable purposes, particularly tlie care of tlie insane; and the legislature was induced to pass a special act in aid of the enterprise, pcnnittiiiL; the association to give five entertainments. But the constitution of Nevada distinctlv forbids lotteries, and the supreme court deciding the law to be con- stitutional the association abandoned its purposes. The first lodge of free-masons was established hy a dis[)ens3tion of the grand lodge of California, Feb- ruary 3, 1862, and chartered May 15th of the same year. In January 1865 the grand lodge of Nevada was organized, and Carson City Lodge No. 154 be- came Carson Lodge No. 1 under the new jurisdiction. Washoe Lodge No. 2 also derived its authority to organize from the California Grand Lodge July 25, 1862, and chartered May 14, 1863. Virginia Lo(1l;c No. 3 received a dispensation January 15, 18615, and was chartered May 14th following, All these liKlges were ])rosperous and dispensed many thousands o( dollars in charity. But in the great fire o'. 1375 Virginia Lodge No. 3 lost its temple, and thereupon it was resolved to hold a lodge upon the top of ^Mount Davidson, with all the pomp and ceremonies of the order, which unique intent was carried out in Sop. tember, when a large number of visitors wert> pros- ent. The jewels of the officers, made of Ophir bullion, had been recovered from the ashes of their former lodge, and though injured, were worn on this occasion. Soon the society was refurnished and redomiciliated." 2' Amity Lodge No. 4 of Silver City; Silver Star Lodge No. .') of (ioM Hill; Esmeralda Lodge No. of Aurora; Escurial Lo<lge No. 7 of Virginia LIBRARIES. 303 A state library was provided for by the first terri- toYVdi legislature, which prescribed a fee of ten dol- lars from every person receiving a license to practice law, the money to go toward purchasing books for tliu tci'niory. After the state was admitted an act was passed requiring each officer commissioned, except cuiiiinissioners of deeds and notaries public, to pay City: Liuilir Lodge No. 8 of Austin; an'l VjiUey Lodge No. 9 of Dayton, all iwrivoil tlicir dispons.-itioiis and chartura from California in ISiW •'ml iNil. All tin Lodge Mo. IO(l<SO.")of Austin; Oasis Lodge No. 11 (18(i7) of ]!rlriiiiiLt; l)ouglu« Lodge No. 12(|{5GS)of Genoa; Reno Lodge No. L'i (1809) of lit iin; St John's Lodge No, \',i, coloreil, (1875) of Carson; White Pino \.o,]iii' So. li (KSi)'.)) of Hamilton; Klko Lodge N(.. 15 (1871) of Llko; Kill-, l<;i T>od,i,'e No. It) (187-*) of Kiiruka; Hundioldt L;<dge No. 17 (1S7I) of riiii'iivillo; St John Loilgo No. 18(lS7l)of I'lociic; Wiiinenniec.a Lodge No. I'.lllSTl) of Winncnmcca; Palisade Lodge No. '20 (ri7fi) of I'alisadc; Tus- carnr.i J.'Ml.'e No. 21 (1S7S) of Tusearora; a.id Hope Lodge U. D. (1880) of Jhi-dii v;dlcy, all derived their charters from the Nevada grand lodge, cx- ci'i't Xii. }',i, which is working under the jurisdiction of the sovereign grand liiilue iif California. A masonic association was formed at Ward in 187<) wliuluu'vcr asked for a dispensation. On the ICth of January, 18(i."), tlir grand Imlge of Free ami Accepted Masons of Nevada was organized at Vir giiii;i City. On the 2.")th of January, 1806, soiiie masons of S-'ilt Lake City iiet.tiuiu'd tlio Nevada grand lodge for authority to institute Mount Moriah jii(li:o in that place. Three chapters of the eastern star order have been cstalili-lipil in Nevada, to which women are admitted. Tliere are feveral chapters of niasons under different names, a general gran<l chapter, and gcviral coiiimaiideries of knights tcmiilar in tlie state. The order has dis- iit'ii^cil aliout ^75,000 in charities; owns .*! 10,8 1 3 in property; and lias lost l.y tiris.«;.->0,000. LiHli,'c.-i of Odd Fellows were organ '.zed in the following order: Wildey LmIlv So. 1, Crold Hill, April 1, 1802; .Silver City Lodge No. 2, April 14. isiii'; .Ml lint Davidson Lodge No. 3, Virgi-'-ia City, April 22, 1802; Carsou J,iiii^(! No. 4, Carson City, April 25, 18i2; Dayton Lodge No. 5, June 2, iSOli; K'tiieralda Lodge No. 0, Aurora, Septemlier 10, 1803; Nevada Lodge No. 7, \ irginia City, January 15, 1S04; Waslioe Lodge No. 8, Washoe City, January 18, 1804; Austin Lodge No. 9. Austin, January 2.% 1804: Virginia huhv No. 10, Virginia, May 18, 1»S()5; Alpha Lodge No. 11, Austin, March 11. IM>7 (disincori)orated); Olive liraiich Lodge No. 12, Virginia, April 4, liilT: I'arkcr Lodge. No. 13, Cold Hill, Octohcr 8, 1H(>8; Tnu-kee LcKlge No. 14. Kiiii). Octolier 28, 1868; <{enoa Lodge Xo. 15, (ienf)a, December 25, 1808; HmiilM.ldt Lodge No. 10, Winnemncca, Augu.st 29, 1800; Hamilton Lodge N". 17, Hamilton, April 20, 1870; Klko Lodge No. IS, Elko, October 19, I'TO; P.cno Lodge No. 19. Reno, May IS, 1S71; Cajiital Lo.lge No. 20, Car- snn, .Tulv 2S, 1871; Buena Vista Lodtre No. 21, I'nionville, October 20, 1871; Kiinka Lodge No. 22, March 14, 1872; Pioche Lodge No. 2.^, Sciitember 10, l-*7-': Rilmont Lodge No. 24. March 5. 1S73; Paradise Lodtre No. 25. Paia- <U- valley, October 17. 1873; Palisade Lodcre No. 20, Palisade, April 1.3, 1^*74: M.mntain Lo.1ge No. 27. Eureka. MayTl. 1S75; Tybo Lodge No. 28, Tvlid. .Xjiril 17. 1877; rornueo]iia Tiodeo No. 29. Cornucopia, May 31, 18i/; T.Hciirnra Lodge No. 30. Tuscarora. .Tunc 7. 1878 Battle Mountain Lodge No. :il. Tvi,tle Mountain. March 19, 1S79. At 'irantsville and Cherre Cn-ck there are odd fellows' associations for the relief of the order, which will lie chartered in the future. The first ten lodges were fomied under the jurisdictiou of Califomia, but uu the Slat of January, L8G7, the graud lodge i'l 304 MATERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPxMENT. five dollars to the library fund; and all fines and forfeitures for non-compliance with the law were devoted to the same purp(»se. The number of bound books in the state library in 1878 was i>,4'J8; of unbound books, 663 ; and the number of newspapors on file, 15. A library was organized at Wadsworili in 1879 by the locomotive engineers. A ciroulatin;,' library was opened at Eureka in 1872. A litirarv and scientific society existed at Gold Hill as early as 1865, and encouragement was also given to the attain- ment of knowledge, especially of the sciences. The Nevada state medical society was formed in A[)ril, 1878, as a branch of the national American iptdical association. Twenty-four physicians were eurolkd at the organization, the number increasing to 38 in! 880. of Nevada was organized at Virginia City. There were in 1885 ten encamp. ments in the state, tlie lirst six deriving their organization from tliu gnuiil eucanipniont of California, the 7th from the sovereign grand hxlgo, ;uiil three from the grand lodge of Nevada, or^;inize(l DccenihrT'iH, IHTt, atCir- Bon. Two llehekah degree lodges were instituted — the Colfax Lodge at \'ir. ginia City, and Esther Lodge of Austin. The Knights of I'ythia-j order had 12 lodges in 1885: Nevada Lodge No. 1, Virginia City, organized March 2H, 1873, by authority of the suimiue chancellor, H. C. lierry of Chicago; Damon Lodge No. 2, Carson City, .)iily 18, 1873; Mystic Lodge No. 3, Cold Hill, Nov. 24, 1874; Cars.>n Lod^go Xo. 4, Carson City, Decendjer 20, 1873; Uumholdt Lodge No. 5, Genoa, Miirth 1, 1874; Lincoln Lodge No. fi, V^irginia City, March 2'>), 1874; Hcatitio Lodge No. 7, Eureka, Sei>tend)er 22, 1874; Amity Lodge No. 8, Kcim, .Ian- uary 31, 1875; Toiyalw Lodge No. 9, Austin, >fovenil)cr 9, 187."); Ai^.Mita Lodge No. 10, Battle Mountain, July 20, 1870; Triumph Loilge No. II. \ !;•• ginia City, Octolier 20, IH70; Lyon Lo<lgo No. 12, Dayton, October l.">, INS.), A grand lodge was organized at Carson City March 31, 1874. The ancient order of United Workmen, ancient onler of Hibernians, in- dependent order of lied Men, independent order of Foresters, Calicliuiiaii club, Virginia Turnverein, and (irand Army of the Republic, all have their organizat'ons. Tiie Miners' Union was organizeil at Virginia City JuneO, |S(i.'<, vitli It. D. Ferguson president, W. C. Kiteman vice-president, and 11. .1. Sha\ mito tary. I'ho Cold }lill brancli was organizeil August (>, I8(>4, with \\ill:aiii Woodburii president. Wooilburn was afterward mend)er of congress. The union lia< a l!l)rary, est.ililislied l)('ceml)er 28, 1S77. Its lir.t board ef ili- rectors wai composcil uf William 11. J'arker, H. Colgan, T. 1'. Uolu'it.s, .In- seph Josephs, Jolni V. McDonald. Secretary and librarian, 11. Colgan. The library building was erected in \S1\\, and took the pl.ice of tlie miin'is' iiinnu hall, wliich was destroyecl by the lire of 1875. There were set ajarta ciicv*^- room anil daneing-liall, and a public hall used by several societies, iiinnly, tlic mechanics' union, ancient order of Hibernians, kniglits of thr lli'l Branch, and Montgomery guards. The library contained in 1880, 2,2(HI linnks, Wort!) !*0.000, and tlie building and ground were worth §15,000 :iorc. It M-as free to meinl>ers of the union, but a fee of fifty cents .: niontli w;y charged other peMouit u4ug tUg buuka. Ruby ilill aluo iiad aiuiuers uuiuu. p;ir[ fro II nii.s.'^ gov in 18 000 erect in ]8 theri'i displ lection ing l)( ^larka for the the offi in 1877, of puldi niuseuii mens w] and wJii "Nevadi catiizntiims. June 22, 187 to January ] nieml)ers. ^ the CDnll.igrj That ci 111 Id II costing 822,0 of K« .0 liiv who rosiilucl i olijc'ct iiuingi Pctiiatc the n I liavo me Thenuni'ier ( fhows great ii Ki'l'Io. WitI I'.v ciiiintien, tl "here known, First Issued. 'S65, Sept, 5. Nm, Oct. 7. . I'^T.i, Fell. 20. ''^*>. July 23. 18S0, April J'lsr. LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC The lejrislature in Ififii p:.rp„^ uf collecting and so'S-''t!?'^.»5»0 «>' the fr<.m Nevada to the'world's fat af r'^T"^ of ores -n.ss.o„or was also authorized to hi ."''?"• ^ ''om- gov.TM.ir to rej>resent NovaJla ft h ^PT^'x^ted by the " I«W. The legislature XlS^-i '" ^•''I'o^'tion 000 t„ constituted eentom II ft"dT'^l>™*«d «20,. er«t,„g a quartz-„,ill at the Pk •.'/",' "'« I'"''l'"se of ;" '^76, and to exhibit .nS'^'P'"!^ "^^I'-Won thereat. At the Paris PTrw>i"." >''"'''' siiecimens «l!layed one of the"arges7a^r °V-'''« "'"■"o was cctions of minerals evefevi -A"',""' '"terestin.r col ";g lx.en made po'ssTbl' ifmk^f'^P''^^''^^' ■r the .naiptenani^ o a ,„ ^f'r'-"""^ '*-'d^' l.e othce of state .nineralol 1 7'""' ""^ '■'•o-ted a IS , and it was „,ade the dutv.Tf h '"" ""' "-"P^W »f pul.hc instruction to beev oZ; "^ ™I'ori>.tondent "'««^"". of n.ineraWicaI lof ■"7™'°'""'"t''estate Zr r^^^ *"^ been^tilSfe.' "'"'."""•'^ -p-S- »V i_ to.lanuarv 1 IsT f? ^ "-'asses; tl.ose who w!!! ' '^'"■"'*"' ** vfrBini- rT -as organised Juno j "7o*"*''''"-ary. Tj.c «,„,,"« . - •;"'i mil, 1)0 reniace S:',fiii^£;j^;-;;iecti„ga„oti;;;^,i^,^a,i later a [.;;;i;;=,;^ «l!"ro.si.Ie,l in Reese rivo'-''-^*'"^'^"' Juno 1 jo*-"*''''"-a'-y. Tj.c «,„,,"« "" '"""■ ■*"" '-- S.?^ t,?^ K^ S jSiS; first Issiiort IWiroLAS r..iTv '# 'I' } f AUTERIAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. rLKO COUNTT jE. D. Kelley and) < G. 0. Berry, d. S JW.B. Taylor and) ... T. I. Butler, r. f ^^'^' "«<=• iE.A.LittIefield k) 1869, May Elko Independent, d. 1870, June 6. . .Elko Chronicle, s-w. . 1875, Sept. 11. .Elko Weekly Po8t |S c. P^wnS rf 1881. April 18''7, March lO.Tuscarora Times, w E. A. LittleHela,' r. 1877. May f Tevir. "s^'^f .. C. C. S. Wright 1878, .Jan.,. ■ta-'a T„_ 1 jTuscarora Times-Re- J Dennis Fairchild/ lOin, Jan. 1 . . . ^yjg^ (consoli<rtd), d. . ( & Wright ) ESMERALDA COUNTY 1862, May 10. .Esmeralda Star, w E. A. Sherman A; Co. 1864, March. 1804, March 21. Esmeralda Daily Uniou. J. W. Avard, r )8(i8, Oct. 186.% April.... Aurora Times, d.&w. . j^' r] oJen^d °'H 1805, April. 1877, Oct. 1.3. .Esmeralda Herald, w... Frank Kenyon, r. 1873, Aug Borax Miner, w \Vm. W. Barnes, d. . 1877. 1877 Ikdleville Times Mark W. MusgroTe..l878, July, 1880, June 5. .. ] t-'andelaria True) j ^j j, ' I rissure, w. \ 1881, Sept. 1... Oasis (Hawthorne), w. .0. E. Jones. EUREKA COUNTY 1870, July 16. .Eureka Sentinel, d A. Skillman k Co., d. 1885, May. 1878, Jan. 1 . . Eureka Dy Repuldicau. J. C. Ragsdale 1878, Juiie '.'4. 1878, June 25. .Eureka Daily Leader . . j ^^'E^^is^',* } 1880, April 26. . . j ^"''^^" News.^'°" \ ^""'^'^ ^- Anderson. 1863, May 2. ) HUMBOLDT COUNTY. Unionville Humboldt ( W. J. Forbes k C. Register, w. \ L. Perkins, iud. s - 18f)9, Mav. 1869. Oct 30. j Winnemucca Hum- j E. D. Kelly, M. ) ,^-. , ) holdt Register, w. 1 S. Bonnifield, d. » '■''"•'" 1868 Winnemucca Argent Jno. &. Jo. Wasson, r. ISiW, Nov. 1870, March. Unionville Silver State, w. k d. '_ Winnemucca, Hum- Imldt National. H. A. Waldo, d. J. A. Booth, d....lS(;9. . . . I8.S<), Nnv. 1869. Aug. 18 . 1879, May 10 .Paradise Reporter .H. Warren, d LANDER COUNTY. First Issued. Name. Name of Pounder. I)is<'oiitiuue<l. 1863, May 16. .Reese River Reveille, s-w. . W. C. Phillips, r. .873, Dee. 26.... j ^^J^Ye'^su!:.'**"" \ W.J.Forbes 1875, Oct 1877, May 19. .Battle Mtn Messenger. .M. W. Musgrove, r. 1881, Aug Battle Mtn Free Press. . 1881, Nov. 23. .Lewis Weekly HeraM. . LINCOLN COUNTY. 1870, Sept. 17. .Pioche Ely Record, s. w. W. H. Pitchford k Co. 1872. Sept. 17. .Pioche Daily Record Pat. Holland, d. 1872. Sept. . . .Pioche Review, d j^*^- B*'fflor,*r.^^' I ''"-' ^"'* 1874» D~. 16. .Pioche Journal j ""■ ^..^Tytl'' \ ''''• '''' ' NEWSPAPERS. 807 tTON OODNTY. ISM. April le.Como Sentinel, w j ^vhu?ahX*r^[ '^ ^'^' r I n ( Dayton Lyon County (Abraham, Cooper) ,aaa m,'hdy9... j ^ Sentinel, w. ] & Paine. \ '*^ 1574, July Lyon Co. Times, t-w Frank Kenyon 1876i March 10. Silver City D. Mg Reptr.Reporter'Company. .1876. 1575, July . . . .Sutro Independent | ^ ^^^Fic'^t ^' \ ^^' ^*''' NTK COUNTY. 1864, June 25. .lone Nye Co. News. w. j ^- g^ ^^^^ f «} 1S64. Sapt lone Advertiser, w John Booth, d iStir, March SO.Silver Bend Reporter, w j ^- ^ c/'iL'd "*^ [ ,S.S. .I.ue 6. . . j ^[Tam^ptrt" { W- F. M;res." r. . . . ,S74. Fe.,. U., Belmont Courier, w.... j ^^*BoX^d.* } ISSiJ, May Tybo Sun.w J. C. Ragsdale 1S78, Dec Grantsville Sun, w D. L. Sayer, ind 1S80 OrantsviUe Bonanza.... ) ^-i-S^^f- ( ORM.SBY COUNTY ( See vbi supra). 1867. May. .1864, Nov. 1868, July. 1868. 1879. Nov. 1879, Jon«. S Philip Lynch and ) J _J. H. MandalL f STOREY COUNTY (see ubi mpra). 1S63, July 7 . . .Virginia Evg Bulletm, d.H. P. Taylor & Co., r. 1803. Aug. 10. . Dy Democratic SUndard \ f ^; ^^^^^^^ \ ISe.'J The Occidental Thomas Fitch 18(5:}, Oct. 12. . Gold Hill Daily News 1864, .March 31 .Nevada Pioneer, s-w J. F. Hahnlen, d Virginia Constitution.. lSr.4. July 3. . . .Washoe D. Evg Herald j '^; ^^^^^-^^ \ ISG(, OL-t. 28. . .Nev. Staats Zeitung, w.H. M. Bien, r STOKBY COUNTY (continued). Fir«t Ivni'il. Name. Name of Founder. Oiscoutinaed. isi;.-), .\i,ril 17 . Two O'clock News John P. Morrison 18«5. ISiii), Oct. lti...Deut8ch Union J. F. Hahlen 1866. 1S72. Oct. 8. . . Virginia Evg Chronicle. \ IZ^Annn"! \ m), Sept Comstock I). Record . . . . W. Frank Stewart. . . 1876, Sept ISS Virginia Footlight 1864, May. 1863, Oct 1863, May. 1864, Oct 1864, July 27. .1864. 1^2. Oct. 18. . . ISiiit. l>ec. 12. . . ISW. April 16. . l-itw, .l:in. 8. . . , •*'S, Aug. 5. .. 1S70, V,)v. 23. . 1876. March 28, 1881, March . . , WASUOR COUNTY. Washoe Times, w (i. W. Derickson, r. . . 1863, Dec. 12. Old Pah Ute lohn K. I^vejoy, r. . 1864, Apr 16. Daily Old Piute Wilson & Gregory.. . . 1865, Jan. 8. Washoe Weekly Times. .De Lashmutt & Co.. . . 1865, Nov.20. Reno Daily Record H. A. Waldo & Co. . .1878, Nov. 1. Reno Evening Gazette. J. F. Alexander, r. The Flaindeuer ...M, U. Hogan, ind. . Hi] ; 4 J i m ml sod MATEIUAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. I c ^ I I f I WHTTB PISE Cf»CSTY. ia«o r»«^. ofi S White Pine Xewg f \V. H. Pitchford ) ,„-,, , 1868. Dec. 26.. J (Treasure City). ( A B. W. .Simpson, f '^''^' 'Tan- 1870. Jan | ^^'(HaSl^.*" ( W- J- F^rl^^^ r 1878, Nov. 1869. Veh j ^^/AiS'* f ''*'°^ ^- ^y'""' ■"• • ^'""' ^'"^• »««». i^- I ^Tiiln^lr" f »'*^ "°»-''- ^ •■^'»- 1869. March . . . Shcrmantown ReiMfrter. . McElwain A Allen. . . Is7(), ^[ay. 1872. July Schell Creek Prr«pect. . .F<.r»K-» & Pitchfor.l. . . I.s7:{, .),iii. 1876, Out Ward Miner Mark \V. Musgrove. . 1877, April 1877, April 19. .The Ward Retlex, w 1;. W. .Simpw.n, ind. 1878, Jan. 1 Cherry Crk Indeiiendt-nt.B. M. Barney, iuil. . .1878, March. ,„„, T S Cherry Creek White i W. K. Forrest, ^^^' ''*° ] Pine New*. * W. L. Davis. Spirit of the Wesrt (Wanl). IJnion (Wanl). Watchman (Wanl). The histories of all these ncwsi»aper», which, by their itinerant haliits, well illustrate the restless vitality of a mining jiopulation, as well ai tliiir varying fortunes, would l>ea history of the state from a political aiiil tinan. cial point of view, and would contain a great deal of the must inturfstini biography of tlie country; hut it wonM form a volume of itself. I li:ivc in my collection tiles of all the more im|«ortani journals; for several of wliicii I am indebted to O. K. Leonard and James Crawford of Carson. Reference has been made in thi* chapter to the following works: Tm Yi'iim ill Neixula, 1870-80, by Mrs M. M. Mathews, which i.s a narr.itivu (.f family life, antl s^ieaks of Nevada incidentally, but none the less trutlifiilly for that. Tlio Tim A meririu \>y f>ir Htme LAml«ert Price, Bart, ill^l^trat^•li', 1877, is a book of travel in South and North America, superticiul in (iliserva- tion, and of trilling interest. TV JIona^tHs amJ tJir Silf^r Miw/i Ijy ,i, \im- wick, 1872, another hasty book by an EnglLih tourist, the most nntiocalile feature of M'hich is the credulity of the author as to the fallil>ility of every- thing nn-English. The chapter on Nera<Ia silver mines is the lust |iart df tile i)ook. J'/ii; Woiiinii In BnttU. A X'trriitin- nf Uie ErplniU, A'li; ntitm. anil Tntveln of Miiilinn LorvUa Jnnfttt I'fLvm/tuz, MenriM' kiinini <(.< Lhiitin- ant lltirrii L. Biiford q/* the rrnif'tlfnttti anutf, f/i/^l liy C. J. W'liiliiwjtm, The title explains the nature of this ^>ook. It is only to be adiled liiai utter her ailventurea as a spy the subject of the narrative married ainiiur in .Aus- tin, Nevada, and offers some slight remarks up<iu life in that aiiil (ithcr western towns. livanurces ami Prtiitprft.' of Atin-ririi, Ann'rUiiiml ihtriiii a Vmt to the. Uiiiteit Stnlea in t/ie Autumn of 18 -'•, by Sir .S. Morton Peto. Hart, ISIki, is a book of nearly 400 pages, containing some facts and soiiie ali>iirclitie'<. What shall we say of a man s\ippoEie<l to lie in his senses wlio visits Ni'vaiia and writes thus: 'This district is said to liave been actually iintravirseil before 1859. In the spring of that year it was explored by .Mr Horace (Jreeley, and in the ntonth of September following by a party of yniiiii; imii from Illinois.' 'Ihis |>arty was proliably the young man with his associate^ to whom Horace said 'Oowest.' tt'rjtti*tr>l ti^ /{<ul; the N<ir /,'nii/, tn tlv EiiM, by W. F. Rae, 1870, is another iMwk by an English touri.-t, tins times very good-natured one. Thirty-three pages are devoted to sights ami inci- dents along the line of the Central Pacific. AUtJif Wtmtem Sf>it'--"ii'l 'IWri- tnrie.i I'm n tin- Alltyhnnifx tn the P"rijif, ami from the fAiies to li-, (iiilj. liy.lnhn W. Uaiber and Henry Howe, ISliT, is a history from their carihst times, with pioneer incidents, biographical sketches, and geographical ilcsiriiitinn, illustrated. Twelve pages are devote<l to Neva«la. and thebnef skrtrli i,<in general correct, BarWr's work is worthily done where he deals " itli terri- tory within his reach, and it an excellent epitomized hiatory, i^-tyioration AUTHORITIES. 309 ,,.,._ 3og Mmernliviiipif Deg Rfinnna %r • • n.>ir.ivhi.,w.H, par M / /Ziu^'^'^lH''''' *«'"! De NotfA A^ia , . tk^e\snljc. t to thr»i^ /'''"'",^*'-*3''-«. ^tc ' fm iff ''"^''' '■< JStA. ...erelv to.icla.,1 uponin" re'to^k^P?'*'. '"^^JS ^t ISn"^"^* "» aii.i a few jiages to the ireZrl?i' * chapter being civenf-, fK V Nevada is r .<w^ J//«;i i./.,. IsTl^n;':? .*»:1 "li-eralog/ «rt^"„ J^'^t^e I„,,,a„ tribes. Sunvu, a tiling's tlie society of Carson r'? uJ- ^^^ite, IHS2 dol.J) ^ "'"'' ««'^ W; l-if'''u.lU^rlu,^'l?^. i,'*yv262-7l; ^^'m-Jro^.^^ 7 ^"""'g other tniir II the- western Iff/ ;..'"■"'■•'"'. >y W H.3,, iV , ' •^'""•'"'*, 270- £-7/ withXtstt N^;s^'iv'^-. fc^.fc^^^^ i-f ^'^ i';ngli»ii, and an indu8trin..« 1 ■^''*' W ter of tlm 1= I *"*' ""''th-west •i-e !.o„k ia good of tSj T'' t ^*3^«''>« ^--^V^^ T'^f ^"'•k is .'.imes J!o«3 and Geor«?e r«? ::""" '»^»'-o^mi« to Pnnf. ■ '"^'aJ customs. l"ry •' li.e nation and each nJ A ''■ J'^^^' ^iv^^ a brief TfV '""P '""' '^ erarid ,, recent re8o,"rce8vL*''!/***«« ^^I'arately with "^ "^*''« '''«" ejcril.ing wlia was ^teruln^f'' ^*^^' '^ «'« title of 'l"^^- f'^''"'-* ^''••p * Alackays lumber rt?.^P^"*''^,l«"'-ney. A f^w?. "'* "'^ ''i^ pages '^tl'er points of interestin H ^ T^ ^*''^* station on thlV,,^ *'"*^«"ers' guide i^^'.V';'//V. ^.oS«/ >« the state. White /C //,« ''■■"*''• a^'l a*o of "' . I'.v Albert S CL Sr"' ^'^'"■".'/ ^"'r^.^T'''"'-''' ^'-"^'«« P;»m,se of its title page' 1 L £r"tLP"'"»'''^^* «f ^^ 1 S tTr^' ^'""•"* J^"'//m „( 0////br«ia bv T r - 1^, *''*" many a more M^ff' ^ '"-'* '"=«P8 the f 3 a cliapter on the Ses of 'C* '.' ^^^"^^'^ <^hieHy Jo Cabf"*'''' ",* »»'«*«- tiNii wortli reading. pZ,,?,/ ^ f^^da, with here and H 1 , '^'"*' ''"t con- ^"-ne'-y the isSs of pI?"*. *''«J"»rneytmIol'^ *««''•'■«« of k?- •^^^a'iaoutof l.SSinan t"± ^ dozen pages a ri»- ***=*'*" ^"^'age """• ''.v V. French Tn„\ ^? ^^Aotisand J/Z/^V^Vf^cf " *" mining in »''«tl,e «ritersaw » ^l*"""'.' <=*?* 2d Life GuanI, '•'"*'' '^'?«'<. "'«l A,fnl?. ; "'; l'!-ram,Tom"e'remrir ^'« ^--^n Am t;ave? ^i;'!""^ n"'-^"^ ^;'".'-/" '■o««<„/; ^ y^r y%ln« aT!" ""mingin Neva.la ^'i^'""n« hunting yi"-y readable styi; p'lj'it^ ^^"^ descrij.tive andh'istortS^* "" ''" '^''"^'• ^eva. a. H^j^rJof uIt'J^T,If.^\?re given t? ^' l'"* «I-r and CHAPTER XI. ■ I , i : i PROGRESS OF EVENTS. 1881-1888. Finances — REorcnoN of Exfenseh — Public Buildinos — State riasn'* War — State University — Pcblio CHARrriEs — Educational Affaim — Proposed Annexation of Southern Idaho — Mining — Railroads— POLHICS. Following the excitement of the bonanza period, and the struggle in congress over the silver quistiou, was a period of quiet adjustment to existing condi- tions. Nevada had begun its car<'«!r under those cir- cumstances which foster a spirit of recklessness iu expenditure, and had for some time been inakiii;^' endeavors to bring the cost of county and state ^x*)\- eminent down to a level of reasonable economy. Only one defalcation of importance had occurred to stain the records of the state — that of the treasurer, Ebcn Rhoades, in 1869, when $106,432.58 of the state's money were feloniously converted to his use. The bonded state debt in 1872 amounted tto $500,000, bearing fifteen percent interest per annum, then nearly due, with very little in the treasury to meet it. To remedy this unfortunate condition of aflairs the legislature of 1871 had passed a law authorizing the state to borrow $280,000, and to issue its bonds tliere- for, payable in 1881, with interest at ten per cent per annum. A loan of $160,000 was negotiated in April 1871, and a further loan of $120,000 at nine an«l a half per cent, payable in 1882. In 1875 the lei^isla ture authorized the purchase and cancellation of these (310) FINANCE8. SlI bonds, and $119,600 were so cancelled at that time. Till? state moneys were also applied to the purchase of United States and California state bonds, the inter- est on wliich was devoted, with the principal, to extin- .ruisliiiiir the debt of Nevada. But there was also what was known as the territorial debt amounting to ,^380,000, which the legislature of 1871 provided for in a manner similar to that ado[)ted for the state debt, l)V borrowing and issuing bonds at nine and a half crnts interest, and payable in 1887. United States bonds to the amount of $100,000 were also jmrchased toward tiie extinguishment of this debt during the years previous to 1878. With a view to the cancel- lation of the territorial debt, which congress had repeatedly been asked to assume,' the legislature of 1877 passed a state law authorizing the application to this )uir[)ose of the assets of the territorial interest and sinking fund, the bonds belonging to the state school fund, and $50,000 from the general fund. This law contemj)lated the issuance by the state to the school fund of an irreducible bond, bearing five per cent interest per annum, for the sum of $380,000, whicli was considered to be the best application of the assets in the state school fund that could be made in the interest of the public schools. But the liolders of the territorial bonds refused at that time to aoc^ept this exchange. The debt, however, was virtually extinguished, as the means were in hand to pay the honds whenever surrendered. There was in Nevada at this time a singular dis- proportion of revenue to expenses, notwithstanding the refusal of the bonanza mine-owners to pay taxes areording to law, there being in 1879 a surplus "far bevond the wants of the state," '' besides the mmmg 'Tlie legislature of 1867 endeavored to have congress assume this iudebt- wliiess. Aci*. Lows, 1807-83; and again in 18(59 niuniorialixed to the same etftct. III. 1869; 'AKi. These claims Mere still unsettled in 1887, but were then miller consideration, and liave since l>een paid. '^Governor Bradlet/'s Memuuje to t/ie LeijiiiUUure 1879 JJ. 6. ,!lii li 812 rRCXJRESS OF EVENTS. tax due amounting to $290,275.95, and a penalty for refusal to pay off $101,596.57, for which suits were pendini^ iti the state court-s," and the territorial debt due from congress and notwithstanding the Icr. islature of 1875 liad reduced the tax for all state pur- j)ose8 from a dollar and twenty-five cents on cverv $100 to ninety cents, which reduction amounted to half a million in the four years followhig. Clcarlv, taxes were inordinate when the state treasurv was overflowing. However, the valuation of real and personal property fell off" between 1873 and 187H fidui $20,466,505 to $21,342,663. This simply showwl that other resources of the state had been nc'dccttd to give undue attention to mining, and also that iiiin- ing property was not taxed as it should havi- hicn. The state had produced an annual average of $25,000,- 000 in bulli<m ever since its admission, doing niort- to help resume specie payment after the war than luanv t»f the older states, and had asked and received less in appropriations than any other commonwcaltlis. maintaining also a clean record as to its public tiiists. Nothing was wanting but a little time to bring min- ing to a legitimate basis, and to develop the a;,n icul- tural and other resources of the state. In IHS2 the valuation had again risen to $27,000,000. Yet, a bill was before congress hi that year to abolish the state of Nevada and attach the territory to Cali- fornia I It was quite the fashion in some quarter.s, after the failure of the bonanza mines, to dis|wira^o the battle-born member of the republic,* which had i^o speedily relieved the government by its support ; hut this fashion proceeded solely from the spleen conimon to humanity when any prodigal gift once enjoyed is withheld. Senator W. W. Hobart of Eureka county intro- duced a bill, which passed the legislature ui 1881, reducing the public expenses about $26,000 annually, * These taxes were finally paid according to the decsion of the suitieuiu ooort. r^ / FINANCES. 313 first hy diminishing the number of legislators from seviMity-five to sixty, and secondly by reducing the salarifs of the state officers.* The pay of the latter liaviiii; i)ecu adjusted to the cost of living in the early territorial and flush mining times, and to the expectation that tlio state would become populous and wealthy, coultl very properly be made to conform to later condi- tions without an exhibition of parsimony. With a view to rt!torms,the legislature of 1883 submitted to the peo- ple the question of calling a convention to revise the roiistitution, but the pro])osition was negatived, and Hohart's bill took its place." At the close of 1888 the finances of Nevada were ill a sound condition. It had between ^G00,000 and §700,000 in cash in the treasury, and $(J00,000 in I'liitt'd States bonds. Tlie school funds, chiefly in- vtstcd in United States and Nevada state bonds, amounted to ^1,250,000. The revenue was still f(tiisi(h^rably in excess of expenses. The state owed little except its debt to the school fund, which there was money in the treasury to meet, and which amounted to about $400,000, of which $380,000 was in the form of a five per cent irreducible 1)011(1, the interest on which was payable semi-an- nually, and the remainder in forty-five $1,000 bonds at four per cent. This conversion of the school fund into a fund for the support of the state was found to l)(i beneficial to both. It at least prevented specu- lations in the school fund which were carried on to a considerable extent in another of the Pacific States. All that the state owed in 1885 was due to this fund which was irredeemable, as well as irreducible, and the interest alone applicable for educational purposes. Public buildings in Nevada have kept pace with ■'!!' iiirl m mi ( M 'if * Says Gov. Adams: ' We find a system of state government much too cumlitirsome for our present wants, and requiring an annual expenditure en- tirely out of proportion to our taxable resources.' Bknninl MeMta<je, 188G. Till! salaiies of sup. judges were reduced from $7,000 to ^,000; govern- or's salary from «6,000 to «.">,000; secretary's salary from $3,600 to $3,000: treasurer's the same, and smaller salaries in proportion. The mileage of the legislators was reduced from 40 to 2.5 cents. The law went into e£fect in 1883. Qqv. Mempjt, 1885; Treas. Rep(, 1884, 314 rUCXJUESS OF EVENTS. I •I f it! the general progress of the state. The Unitod States hranch mint erected at Carson was founded Srpttiii. bur 25, 18(>G, and its machinery put in motion Noxm. ber I, IRfil). It is a handsome structure, built of wiiid- stone, with a front of 90 feet, and two antl a half stoius high.* In January 1 8G1> the legislature api>ro|iiiiit((l $100,000 to erect a capitol of sandstone, tlu' (•i»nii r- stone of which was laid on the 9th of June, 1870.' The state prison was also located at Carson, where a stinic quarry marked by the footprints of primeval nmii furn- islied the material for its construction. Curry was tlio owner of the land, of whom the legislature pur- chased tlio site, and was the first warden apitointed before the purchase, wiiile the projxjrty was uiukr a lease. The state in 1804 paid ^80,000 for twenty acres with the buildings and appurtenances as th v then existed. In 18G7 the buildhigs were destroynl by fire, together with the records. The stone for the new )>ris()n was quarried by the convicts, and over $72,000 was spent in its erection, besides the labor and material on hand.* But in 187J) the political exigencies of the democratic part\' in the state, and the wishes of the inhabitants of Washoe county, caused the legislature *o assume that there was a su; •The block of granite cnntnbutetl l>y Nevada to the natioiiul mimui.i^ expressutl tlio temper of the people. It wa-i a simple Klalt 'Jx.'t feet uinl o iiiclius ill thiokneH!4, with a raiseil panel highly {Kilislied, inHcrilteil: ' All for our CDiiiitry,' the letters being lined with gold and arranged in a siMiin'iri'le, with the date 1881 beneath. Across the face is the word Nevaila in IrttiTs 4 inche.-) in height of native silver set in the atone. '< Xri\ L'lWK, ISGO, 73-i). Contract awarded to Peter Cavaniiu):li fnr $84,01)0, to be completed in Jan. 1871. *Ncv.Joni: Sc/i., 1869, 181-«. ///., 1879, 10.3-4. In 1870 a nuinl.r of priscmers attempted to escape, and several perMins were wounded. A still more serious uprising took place in 1871, in which Lieut. -gov. Denver ami 4 guards were seriously wounded, F. M. Is<aacs, guard, and Mattiicw I'lxk'y, a prominent citizen, killed, and 29 oi the most desj>eritecliaractcrs i-iiii[nil. The militia were called out. After that, in 1873. tlitre was what was Um^wii as the state prison war. when Denver, who was warden, refused to. •"UirciiKr the prison to his successor, P. C. Hyiiian. Gov. Bradley called out tiu' militia in tliis instance, also, and 60 armed men under Maj.-geii. Van Bnk- kelen, with one piece of artillery, were ordered to place the new inruinl«nt in possessi(m, even at the cost of life. Denver then surrendered. In 1H77 there was a third attempt at escape, made by 8 men employed in n shoo fai'- tory, which had been aiided to the prison, in which one convict was killi'il, and the deputy warden, captain of the guard, and one prisoner woiin'li'il. An attempt was uade to bum the prisuu iu Aug. 1879, which wad detected. ^VhUV BUILDINGS. fifiontly urorent nood for .» ^" an u,.t was ,«,sed providing CTntl «": '"'"•'f .'• »"■' K.r tins |>urp,«c a stnf., LA°' "".^ "'" * - ■ - """ """ra provKlin.' fill- „ .. . '•"J"'-^. otut for tins purpose It state Ll^'Z •'/'"*"" "' J^'""- I"t" tins fund t|,o Jaw tra. sfe,l '' *«» •■'"•tal. "'■'";;"« .n tho state ,apit'j&'' "'^ «"TIu» re. vwl.tl, of one percent, was l/v^^ ' f"'"'- ' *»" "'' ""- «..• nr.st 1100,000 so obtai'^r ".''.^ ."' "I-"^'"! "x*^^. (iurrlmse of the neeessar/Ck ' ^ t""^'^ '« "'» buildin-s to accomodate nnf fu"^ *^^ ^'"^^'^tio,. of T1.0 law of the pH^:^ tl' t ^r ''? i'"-"-« prosecution of the Work S -^'^'"^^^^ "» ^^'^ oecded to purchase 200 acro/nr i ''''"""'^^'""ers pro- clwnory, the foundattrs w ^^'l"- f '^ '" "« «'Hi nm- eroct..d. But iiotwithstandin'. !h 'l^?;^ *''« ^'""« co/iditioi, of the Rf«f« """uin*,' the better fin.iiir..-o? .-s ha« been rnlt t^S'^' "^^. ^^^ '- - ^■•'"'.nodated in t],e oJd pr^^on i ?^ ''""'''^^' were ac- sufteientJy large under a lift' ?^7"" ^'"^h proved 1^ "as discovered tW wlut S^^^^^ -nl JJeno was an excellent on! T^^^^^^^y the site at about the advisability oTU;;;!;' ''"? ^^^'"^ ^'^^^t conjpet.tion with wa/e vor&5.r^"" ^^^"^ i» K«»<>: And as nothin J c^fc^;. .% "'"^^^ l>« at ;i"-^t.on, the subject mnabs in K ^ ^^*^""'»- the ho meantime an asylunX th. ' '•^^"""- ^"^ "> f Ko,.o; and the inentallv ifflT?"* ^^« ^^''^cted ^-" Cahfornia hospital SeVf^ .T^'^'^ XT , '"'^ at home. Nevada received frnr« *u usual grant of seventvTw^^ ^!"'^''*' S^overnment the -taWishing a stari^itlr^tf 71 1^^"^ ^ -id in th^'mamtenance of a coF' ^'^ ^0, 000 acres for '"^''^hanic arts. In the nf'^% "^ agriculture a [ appropriation was eontrttTjf/r ^^^^-^--»t t ' f ess to tho niaintenance of 7 • *' ^" """«^"* «^ ^^on ""•versity was located at Elko ?'"% '?"^«^* The •^V- Jour. Sen., ,8C, ^pp. „„ , p ^^ « "'' ^"^'" ^^^ -- i> p. 20; no. 8, p. 12-14, 43-9. 8' i-i : < ^ 816 PROGRESS OF EVENTS. isting centres of population, and was for a long time no more than a preparatory school or academy. The citizens of Elko in order to secure the university offered to erect a brick edifice with acconnnodations for one hundred pupils as the initial foundation of the state colleges. A school was first opened there in 1874, and taught for four years by D. R. Sessions, A. M. and B. A. of Princeton college. With but meagre appropriations by the state, the university languished until 1887, when, it having been removed to Reno, a more eligible locality, the legislature ap- propriated $30,000 for its support, and started it ujxtn a niijre useful career. Congress had been liberal to Nevada in the matter of land L'rants. The school lands amounted to .3 ')J5,- 000, acres, of which the state had sold previous to the Ifithof June, 1880, 16,967 acres. By relinquish- ing to the United States all the remaining 16tli and 36th sections, many of which were not agricultural, the state secured the privilege of selecting 2,000.000 acres of any unappropriated non-minsral lands, to he disposed of under such laws and regulations as the legislature should prescribe.'* The grants bos' its those above mentioned were 500,000 acres for internal improvements, 12,800 for public buildings, and 12,800 for a penitentiary. The state made provision for public charities, erect- ing an orphanage " at Carson in 1861). In 1873 (reo. H. Morrison was the author of assembly bill 29, which greatly enlarged the usefulness of the institu- tion, since which time it has been one of the l)est charities on the Pacific coast.'* There is an asvlumfor ^» SHn-eynr-ijcwmrn Kept, 1884. 31. "A'cr. Jour. Ahsi-ih., 1^M•^6, 247-9; AVi-. Jour. Srn,, 187.1, app. no. '.), 10; RemStfilf Jimnuil, Jan. 27, lh77; Gold I/ill Xiwh, April 13, 1881; Uhiti' Pine X<^o», Doc. 24, 1881; Eiinka Lmlet; April 9, 1881. . '^ ^lorrixon was bom in Calaia Maine, Nov. 8, 1845. Ho camoto N'i'v,"..ia in 18:>4; was ansossor of Virginia Vx'y in 18G6; represented Storey cniinty in the statu IcgiHlatnrc in 1S7H; waH chief clerk of tlie asseniM}' in I88:t; mar- neil Mary E. Howard of Bostor in 1870. In 1H89 ho wiia elected ilimtor of th)t Kiincroft-Wliitney li.w puliliithiii^ oo., and director and Heorei.ii'v i>t the Hixtory company. He rendered niu valuable aid iu ^fathering dat i fur my hibtoriuul work. i\, i-\. /v 1^ '■>» ■'■>' '' rraiic INSTITTOo.vs ., . , _ " * 317 the insane at Reno. Until 1 sa.> • sent to California asylums at til'""*"" •*'''""*' "^^ but tl„. logisiaturc at lei rf h ■"'''''""•• "^ »''« state- th^- l«ly politic, and in 1881 ^iT*', ""^'"'x-'ra "f 8 ;>m. of the Nevada asWum T^ i'"'^ *'"' <"'"'«••- HmkI were sent to CaliCnia in^J-* ?■'-''"' /"■"''• "'"I tioM. the „u,„ber of such "nf 1 "''""* ^"'^ "'st™c. P"|..i ation not justify,™ thef^^'l-f '" ^^^"d"'- m» /or state schools.'^' '^^ipenditure of a lai^e A favorite idea -vith <5 * ci mmrxation of soutl^n. IrMl" •.t'"*'"^ ""^^ the l«l'" .>tio„. There "ere hi T'"' '■» '"»>«« and j,'';l>"'at.o„, as the noi lX,r ^'•''? "^ "»'*»""•'« "' ■^'.-.t- with b,«r*ri ,!"■''"','"''''•<' youti.- l™.vaux have re.ninded I in ,^ ",'"' """"•.^'mtion Fooeed.ngs. I„ antioiiM ;,f . " ''^^ ''"^ "'"•''■"ry t«.". perhaps, and ren em "r n, 'T,"'" •■"■'^''H'la of h,, c,ti.ens of souther S,. '' TF ""'"l^« filth, the Nevada le,.islatu' of '? ? ^onnons in eur.v,,t resolution, amc Tt ^Z- '■'''' J'"'"' <•""- exWu, le from the privik e ' f 'l\™r"*"'''"' *' «» to aft hated with anv onler n- ''elonyed to or «". :>r Lostile to\l ri'veraS"'? V" '"'•"--tent ^' I'mted States, ..r%W,1™ ' L" "'," '*»'« "■• "f ';«--ii"y or polv^a nv tL *'""^''"»ed or tolerated ; '''- t. r<laho "JhielU lf"r ■'"'!"'« '''« -^d !"■ a;m„ge„,e„t with Neva h f, ' H ""' f" ""'"« »'«'" "jr "tatelKHKl. If the M i''° ^''« of aehiev '':".'-tned territory tm S'V'f ^<''";" -"'ed ihit -'■-;-vheniten:„i:^„-t-^,int.;e^ •>/'•. 7o»/,-. ,9^„ lofa „, rt"',-, iiie Sink- '4 818 PROGRESS OF EVENTS. :\k ing of artesian wells, and the storage of water from the snow-fall of winter. For the soil only awaited a sufficiency of moisture to change its condition from one of sterility to that of fertility, as had been dore in the state of Colorado and the territory of Wyom. ing. Another important bill looked to the miiiiinr interests of the state by authorizing the appointiiient of a board of commissioners to hear and consider testimony as to the most economical and best metliods of treating and reducing ores of gold and silver found and reduced in the state thereafter. Rewards wore authorized to be paid out of the general state; fund for the most economical method, and the most suc- cessful method, separately, economy taking the first prize. Mining, although causing less excitement than in the early history of the state, was by no means on the decline as an industry. The amount of bullion returned for taxation in 1887 was .$7,000,000, wliich did not represent more than half the actual t)ut|>ut, but even at the assessor's fii'ures this sum divided among a population of 60,000, which was thec(Misus of 1880, would give every inhabitant $116 from nnning alone. New discoveries were frequently made, tlio country never having been thoroughly prospected; hence the law of 1887 to stimulate this industry and reduce it to a scientific basis." Nothing in the history of Nevada ever gave grtatir satisfaction than the passage of the interstate ecmi- mcrce bill of congress, compelling the railr<ta<is t<» cease discrimination against the owners of sliort-liaul freight, compelling a merchant at Battle Mountain, for instance, to pay a high<}r rate from New York than the San Francisco merchant whose goods '♦ A new concentrating process was cmployeil in the Rccsc river ilistriet with ffreat success in 1887. It waa invunteii by Hannhett and .ijiiiliiil liy Hancnett and Whipple to the dump of mills in that district, niakmir i liv- ing of 9(^,(NN),OnO from ore that without this method would he vasttd. t!ii! former mills reducing no ores assaying lean than !P40 jmrton, wliilo tlif tail- ings thua disvarded uft«n held (30, of which the concentrator savol ^0 ])vt ceut. RAILROADS. m W( rn cam;»<l for two days* time farther west. This heavy tax upon the people of the state, dopendent entirely upon railroad transportation, was sufficient of itst It' to prevent the undertaking of various enter- prises which would otherwise have been set on foot for the deveh)pment of the state's rcf»'>urces, and the rilief felt and expressed at the pas&u^. of the relief bill nf congress was universal. llailroads, the great want of this state, as of every other li' this era of rapid movement, were now thrice welcome. Fortunately for Nevada, 18 87 was a year of great activity in railroads, which were spying out new linos in all directions, anticipating the growth whieh they were, more than any other agency, to pro- mote.'* Such was the business on the Central Pacific in til is year that blockades of freight were frequent, more cars being loaded for the west than the com- pany had locomotives to move. There was the same Condition on the other transcontinental roads, showing that with the half dozen eastern roads to the Pacific there was room for more. Naturally, Nevada looked to have her hopes gratified, when the Chicago, Bur- linij;ton and Quincy company — "the old reliable," aa it was fondly named by the expectant Wyoming and Nevada jieople, had surveying parties in the field who actually had made more than one reconnoissanco over the Sierra itito California She had hope also of the Utah Central, which was understood to have a stake in California. And the finger of prophecy pointed besides to the Northwestern whicli was hesitatinij at a point in Wyoming whether to go northwest to Ort>gon, or west to California. The year of ISH8 went by, however, and no definite measures were m li . '■'I f : ui '"■ Tlie legislature of 1887 enacted a law providing that narrow gauge roaiN Hlinuld lie aHsessed at $6,00() i)cr ntilu, ami Htaiulanl gaiiji^u f l*l,<MIO per mile. This settled me queatioii fur the asMosxorH wlui had lieen taking tuuh i)r<i{>erty at the valuation of the owucn; hut a Instter law would have been to assoHs them at their actual value, and tax them at aa low a figuro u thti public iutercst rt-i^uired. 820 PlUXiUESS OF EVENTS. taken by any company to parallel the Central Pacific through Nevada. Neither was there much uuleage added to the local railways, for until interociimic roads should parcel out the threat area of the state between thetn, there would be Uttle use for merely local lines. m- But whatever drawback there may have been to the progress of the silver state, which I have or liavo not pointed out, its honor has never been assjilKd; its representatives in the national legislature liave been men of mark ; its people loyal to the Aintrican idea of progressive government. The re[)ul»]i(an leorislature of 1887'* elected William M. Stewart to succeed James G. Fair in the United States senate, making him the colleague of John P. Jones, hotli strong on the silver question in which the state Lad so great an interest, and on which the best financial talent in the countrv still remained at variance. Bv their united efforts, joined with those of Teller of Colorado, and a few other friends of bi-metalism, the demonet- ization of sil . or was prevented. Stewart also effected some important changes in the mining laws of con- gress, desirable from the standpoint of the miinr. ' At the general election of 1886 William Woo< II lurn was elected to succeed himself in congress. C. C. ** T)ie republican majority in the senate in 1887 was 8; in the assenilily 22. "As the law was amended, the amount of work necessary to \\M a placer claim was rediit'cil til ■S.M) per aiiniiin, and the amount i>f land whiclk might Ik; inchidud in a patent to 100 a«;res. It tixed the hour of uiMin on iln' 1st day ot Auguift as the cumm~:ncenieut and close of the year for aiiiiiKil work, instend of midnight on the ol^t of l)vc,, darkness and cold having Sroven favoraldo to perjury. Relocations by the same persons were furliiil- en, thus preventing the fraadulent practice of making anew iofutM'n mi the same ground to avoid doing the amount of work required by law. Ki;.'lit of way was reserved through or over any mining claim for roads, ilitrlui, tunnels, eauuls, or cuts, the damages oocasioned to be assessed and \>w\ in the manner provided by statute for the eonileinnaticm of private iircpi rtv tor public use ia the states an<I territories in wliich the mines are sitmti'il. No person should acipiirc in any manner more than one mining claim '>n the same vein. This restriction was meant to l>e in the original law, wim li waa ■o worded, however, that .'t was often construed otherwise. t)tli-'r iniimr changes ma<lo the miniug law dearer and stronger in the interest d tiis actual miner. POLITICAL AFFAIRS. 321 Sttvonson," who for many years had been closely iden- tiH<'<l with the political history of Nevada as senator, as chainiiaii of numberless committees, and as r, leader of tilt' republican party, was elected governor after a i-harp but friendly contest with J. VV^. Adams,*" not 'M'liarlu* C. Stevenson is a native of Ontario co., N. Y., whence in 1830, liciu^' tlu-ii lour years of age, he went witii his parents to Canada, a few yt:l^^ afterward removing to Michigan. In 1859 he joined a party bound tiir Pilv<! peak, but on account of discouraging reports decided to push on to .Scvati, ami was one of the (ir^t to arrive on tlie Comstock. At this date, July, IS.')*.), Virginia City — then called Ophir— consisted of a single tent and ahrusliwooil saloon, while Gold Hill contained one lu^j-house and two miners' cil)iiH. After mining for a time at the latter point with fair success, he pur- (.'liasc'l lit 18lil a lialf interest in the fir^t quartz-mill erected in Nevada, kiKiu'ii ;i8 the Coover and Stevenson mill, and has ever since been engaged ill iiiiiiiiig and milling. In I8<i7, and again in 180<J and 1873, he was a mem- In-r oi' the state senate, serving also in the first of these years on the state ceiitr.il <;<>ininittee. In 1872 he was elected a delegate to the national con- vt'utiiiii at I'iiiladelphia, and in 187m a member of the board of regents of the st.ito university. It was largely through his efforts aa governor and fx oJHeio line III the regents that this institution was afterward placed on a solid fuun- (laciiiii. Tiirough his instrumentality an appropriation of 920,UU0 waa secured tor till! proper representation of the stiite at tlie centennial exhibition, and as oli;iirm m of tlie board and superintendent of the department he gave his services free of charge, returning to the state treasury IJ1,000 of the appro- (iriitiiiii. In i(>S't and also in 1884 he was chosen a delegate to the national iiiiivi'tition at Chicago, in the latter year being appointed chairman. For a nuiiiliiT of years, as chairman of the Storey coimty and state central com- mitti't's, he was one of the most active workers in the interests of his party. .\!i rliairman of the Nevada silver convention, held at Carson City in 188o, anil III tlu! Nevada silver association, he rendered good F.rvice to the state. Hy till' latter thousands of documents were published and distributed in all parts iif the union, advocating the free coinage and restoration of silver to its tiiniier standard. As president of the stiite agricultural society, whu-h iilliir lie held for several years, he devoted his time and means to the farm- l; uiil stock-raising interests of Nevada, introducing at his own expense lilt' liiMt grades of Lloodod Jersey cattle. Governor Stevenson is widely est< t'liiiiil, not only as a ruler and statesman, but also as one of the most publio- Mpiritml men in his adopted state. "tiiiv. Adams was born in V'ermont, Aug. 6, 18.1'); came to California in IvVJ, aiiil to Nevada in 18<U; was married in 1878 to Miss Emma E. Ia-v; W.IS aiiiidig the early Comstock pioneers, coming there from Mariposa oo., I'al., ami engaged in the various pli.wes of mining industry until elected lifiit KKV. in 1874. A keen active politician, yet a thoroughly clean, hon- ist <iti/,en. For eight years lieutenant-governor and iiresident of the mulv, iluriag which period he was in the most intimate relations with Gov. Briilli'v, ad adviser, and on many imjiortant ooeiuiions the chief executive, ill tact, also, during his own four years of gubernatorial control, he wa^, at all imi.'its, the actual servant of the i>oople. In all niatt<!r8 of an economic nature, especially as a member of various boards, having in charge the dis- burmiiient of the state funds, he looked exclusively to tlie bent interests of tho i» 'ople, regarding their affairs as a sacred trust in his hands, and hence igiiiiriug every distracting consideration of nartisan feeling or iiers.tnal affil- latioii. Ho aerved the state faithfully and with honor. His friends are Duuieroun and an intense in their regard for him as )<•> lias shown himself in his loyalty to them, but iu this his fourth oandidacv it was found, as is true UisT. Nbv. n ; ' ••! f . 'Pi lb 322 PROdRESS OF EVENTS. a single unkind word or act marring the friendship which had long existed between the rival candidates; H. C. Davis was chosen lieutenant-governor; ' J. M, Dormer secretary of state; George TuHy treasurer; J. F. Hallock comptroller ; J. F, Alexander atturiuy- genural, and W. C. Dovey 8U|K*rintt'ndent of jtuhjii instruction. O. R. Leonard was chief justice of tin; supreme court, and C. H. Bi-lknap and Thomas 1\ Hawley associate justices. In this placidly prosptr- ous condition I leave the silver commonwealth, wliost^ greatness, although it makes liaj^te slowly, is march- ing forward to meet and crown her none tliu hss surely. in the cxperiRicc of all men of his p«»itirc charaottr an<l unpoinpvdmisini,' temiier, his enemies ha<l liecome KnlfiL-icntly nuinfronx t<t tlctVat liiiri liy a smaU majority. Mra Ailams, a m«Mt rvtiiK--l and worthy lady, was in cviry sense the ornament of the Unyenu'r'rt mansion, ami continiK-.s to (>r<'ii|>y ;i 'warm place in the esteem and affeetioiu <>f the best men and woiiait ut tlic silver state. Philetns Everts, a n-itive of Xew Vf^rk. lir»m IKWi, came to Cal. in is.Vj, where he cngage<l in various hrancliea of Ko^m^-s^ untd ISdl), whtii lu' went to White Pine and engaged in merchanduing at Hamilton. Mr Kvcrts took an active interest in the welfare of the town, an'l in the atlairs of the Kui'ki and Palinade railway, of which he wa:< saperint^ndent. He was also a lar';^r owner in the Eureka Lnndter comiiany. Hu health failing, Mr Kvcrts dis- posed of his interests in Nevada, ami after a trip to Kuro]>e went to ()aklaii<l. Cal., to live, where he built a busine** block on Broa4lway. Mr Kvcrts li.i-t large interests elsewhere. He Lt a man of sterling character, and is lii::iily respected by all who know him. HISTORY or COLORADO. CHAPTER 1. PHYSICAL FEATURES. MocNTAis System— Primeval Watkus— Upheaval, EvAroRATtox and (iLAOIAL AcriON — ])HY lllVKIW — FloKA AND FaUNA — PrIMII'IN K ,\rA!l — CaSo.ns a.ni> UirBB Systems — Series ov Parks— Climate— Soil— FtiKEsrs — UEoL(MiHVVL Formations — Minerals and Metals — (}olu and Silver -Coal asu Iron— Precious Stones — Lani> and Water Elb- VAIIONS. Is the j^radual uplicaval of the continent from a deij) soa submersion, the <,'reat Sierra Madre, or iiiotlitr range, of old Mexico first divided tiie vvatcra, and presented a wall to tlio ocean on the west side. The San Juan ranijo of Colorado is an extension of the Sierra Madre, and tlie oldest land in this part of the continent. Then at intervals far apart rose the Saii<,'re de Cristo range, the !Mojada or (jrreenhorn raii<j;t', and lastly the Colorado, called the Front range litc.iuse it is first seen from the east; and northeast from this the shorter upheavals of Wind river and the lilack hills, each, as it lies neanr or farther from the main Rocky ranijo, beiin' jnoro or less recent. The longer slope and greater accessibility of the mountains on their ejistern acclivity has come from the gradual wash and spreading out of the detritus «>f these eh'vations in comj)aratively shallow water, while yet the ocean thu!idered at tin; western base of the mother range. The sjilt waters enclosed by the bar- rier of the Rooky nmuntiiins, and subdivided after- ward by the later upheavals into lesser seas, were carried off through the canons whicli tlieir own mighty force, aided by other activities of nature, and !:4 , J.J 3-.'4 PHYSICAL FEATURES. by soim- of her weaknesses, opened for tliein. Fur unrounted ages the fresli water of the hiu<l lln\v,(| into the inUind seas, and purged tlieni of tlu ir salii,, flavor, waslnng the salts and alkahes int«> tlic Ind ,,(' the orean on the west, where after the einrriLjciicc <if the Sierra Nevada, and the elevation of tlut iiittivtn- ing niountainsofthegreatbasin, they largely rtin.iiiitd, having no outlet. Gradual elevation and evaporiiiinii, with glacial action, completed the general sliiipin;^' ^>\' the couDtry. Subsequent clenientjil and voltunic action has left it with four parallel mountain rauyos, from which shoot up l')'2 peaks, ranging from rj.Odo to I4,r>()0 feet above sea h'vel, anil from D.OOO in 10,000 feet above the general l(!vel o( the state. Mitli man v lesser ones; witli larije elevated vallevs ealhd parks, walled about with majestic heights, (((vtnd with luxuriant grasses, threaded by streams of tlic purest water, beautified by lakes, and dotted witli groups of trees; with narrow, fertile valleys skirtiii;^' numerous small rivers, fringed with cottoiiwocKl ami willow; with nobler rivers ru.shing througli mils in the solid mountains thousands of feet in depth, and decorated by time and weather, with carvings such .h no human agency could ever have designed, th( ir wild imagerv softened by blended tones of color in hariii«>ii\ with the blue sky, the purple-gray shadows, and tlic clinging moss and herbage; with f«»rests of piiic. fir, spruce, as[»en, ami other trees, covering the iiioiiiitain sides uj) to a height of 10,000 or 12,000 feet; svith wastes of sand at the western base of the Snowy raiim. or main chain, and arid mesas in the southeast, whiiv everything is stunted except the enormous cacti ; witli urrassv plains sloi)in<jf to the east, niavle <jav with an indigenous flora, and other grassy slopes, exteiuhiiu' to tlic mountains toward the west, each with its own distinctive* featun^s. It is, above all, a moiintaiii countrv; and with all its streams, which are numt lous. it is a drv one. In the summer manv of its seciiiini' water-courses are merely arroyos— -dry creek bods; otli.rs roritaiii some wnior fl • tuvufy or .noro feet Itu i^ ^ '" ''>"""^''« ^'"t up fro.u these nfaV h a\T T'"'!' *'^'^"*^- «J"Pi'.c^ <"ven<i sparsely wit lov. «n ' r '^^^'•"^' ^''»' tr? f- ;'.";' ""•^■'••i,' about u,)on it i"'r'^*^''*^'''"vxT '•""••'-■s, , leer, and antX' ' 7'''^ ''O^'''^' ''orsen. "'••■""■'HlowsJ.avi,,. i„ tlu'ir'niicl 1 V" !""""taina ,U'..UM with aspens ar.d n ' r'''''^''-*'^^'"« '»ver- ;'-"•, Several ithe^ ?:;lh L^fr'''^^ ^••'^•'<'i%' rJn In still other localities are fin ? Tl^' ""'^ ^^^^'-^ a'Ho. f'^-'t then, is ahundan tet ul"^ f ?'-'";^.and ^an.u V'^"^' ^^'oJves, panthers pu,;"l'"';^'V'; "^'''-P- '-ars, f'---nts. ptannVans, an b rd« f ''"'"^ -^'''"^^ J'^vn.i. their I.ahitrtt tlie^ "^ ''^"'*"« ^'"ds J5ut these were not tli « * • """'"'""';•'• In tl.o l,.Kl ,'f ,!!' ';;!'al>it«nts „f tl.eso « '» -"Ic^ to co,„.|u,le that r I r'"' "I"'"-'-' i"il<'s »' ,"t "f ani,„al ifo at tl,?; r"' '", '*"l'l'"rt-^'l a vas r.To,,t,«.|e. ""-"^ '■«"«"'" to ti,at anWeat ™"i»M,l sandstone of v^.rf " '" '' '"'""■" "' «'l'ito sfvn '*""■'• asl,os. Their for'::: '^.'/^[^^j-'i';" "f If! i; -,. -! i 3M THYSUAL FEATURES. and they enclosed usually a <"n<lar stump, tlio usp of which is purely ronjceturul. So numerous wtTc tlitsf dw»'HiM«;H, that the pupulation must have luni dniso which <K'Cupied thv'Ui ; yet all were in these in>(r«s- sihh; situations. Ahout them were scattere«l i few domestic implcMcnts, including; lar«^e water- jjii> sunk in the «^round, and some arrow-heads. But ii> im water can now lu; found within twenty-five mil. ,s nt" the clifl-dwellinj^s, a lonj^ time must have elapsid t.» account for the chanjjfe of climate which has takm place. Why this ancient people found it nccessjuy or dcsirahle to dwell on the top or in the fa<e ot" the clitts is unanswen»'>le, unless we accepi, the almost in- credil)le thet»ry that, like the lake-dwellinujs of Swit- zerland, these houses were erected when the water of the now dried-up lake reached up to them. This hc- lief mii^ht i;o far to account for tluj vjreut numh. r of bones of animals fountl in the lakt> bed, for tiny must have subsisted upon animal food. The few liuiii.iii bones found have boon fossilized, which is in it.«n H' evidence of the long period of time since they were clothed in flesh. I should be afraid to say this primitive race wt n- capable of comparin«jf the beauties of the j^reat canons over which modern (^oloradans jijrow enthusiastic; or that they would understjind what to-day is meant I'v Garden of the (Jo<ls, the place beinj^ cons[>icuous for the absence of both garden and gods; yet more strik ing, |)erhaps, than the Olympic mount, as Inn wv liave, if the imagination be strong enough, sandstoiif columns sculptured b}' the elements intt> the simili- tude of giant human forms, divim^ly tall if not divinely fair. ()f the eight or more principal canons whit h were opened for the waters in the infancy of this early world, the most wonih^rful and beautiful ;irc west of the main range; and Black canon, on (Juii- nison river, which is a branch of (irrand river, itself a branch of the great stream of the west, with the longest and deepest canon in the world, is the gnuKJ- r!lEaENT AND PRIMEVAL W e«t of thoin all. So many aspocts has it tliat any HICK » I iiiiiy 1)0 aatisfii^J in regarding its varied features. Tin Willis have an average width of three hundred felt, tlie rock heing stratified, and continuing for inil( s. In places it rises one, two, or three thousand fci t, with level sunnnits, surmounted hy a sijcond wall of prodigious height. The level of the (iunnison rivir iit ^[ountain creek, above the canon, is 7,200 flit ahove the sea, that of the mesa on the noilh side 8,(100. the wall of the canon here being 1,000 feet, ami a little lower, on the opposite side, l,{)("). Still fiiitlier down, the wall rises 3,000 feet, tiie lower l.HOO being of gneiss rcK'k. The elevation of the iiirsa at this point is 9,800 feet. But these figures n |ii«si'nt only height and depth; they convey no im- |ii(,ssii»n of the gorge itself, which sometimes narrows (l(»\vii to the width of the river, and is all gloom and .rriiideur, and again broadens out into a park, with wabifalls dashing down its inclosing walls, needles (pf highly-colored sandstone pointing skyward, trees Lirou ing out of the clefts hi the palisades, hugt; rocks ^muped fantastically about, curious plants sheltering ill their shadows, and the brilliant, strong river dart- in.:- down in swift green chutes between the sj)ume- riecked boulders, dancing in creamy eddies, struggling t'l tumble headlong down some sparkling <'ataract, making tlic j)rismatic air resound with the soft tinkle as of merry laughter. Again, it surges along in half slia(l<»ws, rushing as if blinded against massive abut- iiiciits, to be dashed into spray, gliding thi^rcafter iiioie smoothly, as if rebuked for its ]>revious haste, but always full of light, lif«s and motion. The grand- cur, beauty, and variety of the views in I^lack canon make doubly interesting the reflection that through this channel poured the waters of that great })rimal soa which once spread over western Colorad«\ A rival to it is the canon of the Uncompahgre, in the same di vision of the state; and on the eastern slo^ie are ii; m b5L :' ; m 32« PHYSICAL FEATURES. thoso of Boulder, Clear, ami Cheyenne creeks, imd the Platte and Arkansas rivers. The W(!stern slojx) in drained entirely, execptin^ some Hinnll streams falling into the San Luis liiki'>. hy the atHuents of the Kio Cohirado (»f the wrsf. All of th(! |>ritiei{>al of these, exet-pt the main rivt r ;iiii| some of the branches of (»r<'en r»ver, have tlnir 8oure(!s ill tlio R(M'ky ranj^es, in the state of Coloiadn, most of them in the Park, the Sa;^uache, tiic KIk, (.r the San Juan numntains. The (irand river ris( s in tlie ^^iddle park, and after rcceivinpf the trihiiiiiiif.s that drain E^eria park, and the northern sIo|ms u{' the Elk mountains, euts its way in mii,d»ty < iiiKniM tlirough the plateaus of we.storn Colorado, wliili- its two chief atHuents, the (Gunnison and Hio |)<»i(iivs, with tlieir branches, drain all the western s1«>|)ls lyiiii,' between latitude 37" 'M)' and .'VJ' north. In tlie cx- trenu^ soutiiwest the Rio San Juan and its triijutaiiis perform this office for a large extent of country. On tlie east side of the great divide, the South Platte river, with about forty tril)Ut{iries, rises well up among i!ie peaks of the Front, or Colorado, raiiu'f, and flowing north-northeast and easterly, (haiiis a large e.4tent of country, whih the North Platte, ris- ing in the Park range, drains the whole of tkf Xnith park toward the north. The east* rn slojx' of Colo- rado is watered and draine<l by the royal river Ar- kansas, with its sixty or more tributaries, smut of which are of considerable volume. It heads in the hiiih re*cion of the Sa<jtuache ran«jre, interlarino; v ith springs of the (irand river, quite as the Coluiiihia and the Missouri ri^•^) near €?ach other farther iioitli. Re[)ublican river, an afttuent of the Kansas, itself having four tributaries, fl«)ws northeast down th- long descent to its union with the main stream, m lu- its junction with the Missouri, and in the south the Rio Grande del Norte, starting from the summits of the same range which feeds the Gunnison branch ef Grand river on the opposite side, flows towar<l tho VALLEYS AND I'AKK.S. (»ulf of Mexico. Such is tho river system of Colo- n rail' Till" sories of higli valleys, to which in Colorado arc j^MV. II tho iiaine of jiarks, and of which 1 have s|miIm II, are of various diineiiKtoiiH. North park has a diameter of thirty iniles, and an elevation of H, jOO fctf. Middle park has a lenj^th of sixty-Kve miles Itv a hnadth of forty-five, witli an altitude of H.(M>o ftrt. South park is but little less in size, and is 84'2 fed tnon' elevated than its neijuhhor. San Luis park, .till further south, is nearly as lar^e as all the i»ther tlirce just nrwned, and has an altitude of 7,500 feet. Tn it are the San Luis lakes. These elevated valhv- aif separated from each other, and surrounded l>y the several mountain chains, and their spurs or<-ross- raiiL,'es, except San Luis, which is op«jned toward tho last. Throuf^h them courst; tlie tributary streams wliieli fe«'d the <jfreat rivers. Ej^eria, Este.s, Animas, and Ifuerfano parks are small valK^ysof great Leauty, at a 1,'eneral elevation of 8,000 feet. What, then, shall be said « if this country so fjrandly ni^aiiic ami so intercstiniif in its cosmical histor\'? Thar it illustrates the conditio!i of tin; lower valh'VS and j'lains when they shall be as old as these oldest lands in America? For with all its numerous streams as I have said, Colorado is .'i drv country. Tin air lias little humidity in it. The sunnner heat of the plains is excessive by day, but owin'^ to the altitude the lULjhts, even in midsunnncr, are cool. The sum- mer mean temperature rauijji's from (54. (I' to (i\).'2\ and tlic winter mean from lil.'.i to li'l.H". The maximum luat of sunnner ranges from DU" to 1)1) , with from ?«i\ to thirty days above DO"; and the minimum «>f winter from M" to 12°, with from six to ti>n days when tlif mercury is below zero; wliieii gi\(!s an extreme range for the year from 1)0" to !10"; and the rain- fall averages 1H.H4 inches. With a surface composed of mountiiins and plains, ranging in altitude t'roin ft*? Ill \. 330 PHYSK'AL FEATURES. al)out 3,000 to more than 14,000 feet aborc the level of tiie sea, Colorado possesses many varicl'us (»t" climate. The sharp extremes of heat and colcl are perceptible to the senses only in a limited deujrco, (u account of the large preponderance of sunny days and the dryness and tonic properties of the atmosplit ic. which is at once healthful, bracing, and exhilaratiii!,'. Tlie winter is the season of greatest charm, for tlicii tin- bright sunshine gives balminess to the air, while in tlio blue dome of the sky is no cloud to stain its purity. From tiie small amount of nioistui'c (listributcd ovt r the surface, and the great general elevation, it is nat- ural that the agricultural area should be limited, and that only by a good svstcm of irrigation could tlu soil be made to produce food enough to supi)ly a dcnsi! po)iulation. Yet the soil is exceedingly rich with its mineral constituents of plants, and also deep, and nmst yield, when supplied with water, la.'ge and fihc crops of cereals. On the eastern slopes of the stat •, in tl)'.? parks, and west of the mother rang<\ are «;ni?,- iiig lands for countU'ss herds of herbivonnu? animals. By and by all this will be changed ; the herds \vi!l give way to the superior demands of the soil, a way ujean while having been found in overcome the ster- ility of nature. The etlect of climate is visible in tl)e forests (f Colorado, which cover perhaps a tenth part of tlic area. The tn-va are not Mnvjestically tah and strai^'lit. like tliose of the more northern and western ri'^wi's. but s<|uat and branching, and of no great size. Neither are they m any great variety, but they will serve for fuel and lund»er as well as the tries of nianv of the trans-Missouri states. To find out where tli«- natural wealth of this won- derful and beautiful eouatry is hidden we must seardi beneath the soil and !)n'ak opiMi the rocks. Tlic geology of the plains is <'ri'taceous, or poKt-cretaerous. with the excei)tion of areas of tertiary formation in the northern portion and on the Arkansas di\itlt At the base of the mountain the strata a) -^ turned GEOLOGY. an up, forming hog-backs in which the cretaceous and Jura trias are exposed, coal being found in the liitt< r. All this is very simple ; but in the mountains all the formations known are represented, and the arraii;^oment is complex. The Front, most of the Park, all of the Mojada, and part of the Sangre de Cri^tt• ranges are of granite and allied metamorphic rocks. The southern poition of the Sangre de Cristo is carboniferous, with here and there an intruded vol- canic rock. The San Juan mountains are volcanic, with an area of quartzite peaks in their midst, and flanking the range on the south is an area of carboniferous and cretaceous rocks, while the Elk mountains are a medley of volcanic peaks thrown up among the siluiian and carboniferous, I!.*nked by cretaceous areas. The North and Middle parks rest upon the tertiary formation, througn which liave been thrust U[> moun- tains of volcanic rock, while South park is an inde- scrihable jumble, and San Luis is of recent f<»rmation, V^^lcanic rock overlies the high jdatcau on White river, in the western part of the state, beneath which may be found every formation down to the t^"tiary. Still further west and north the plateaux are tertiary. The Uintah mountains, which project into the state, consist of cretaceous, Jura trias, carboniferous, and Silurian. In some places small groups of igneous U|»Ii( avals have been pu^h^d up through thosedinjen- tarv locks. South of tlie ;-an Juan mou!itainsa larue tertiary area is enclosed i.-y cretaceous iH'ds. And so oil. (Iranite, gnei.j.-, and sandstone might be said to bo country rock, with impure liniestoiH;, slates, shales, Lud trachyte. It would seem ho[)eless to search for in isure uith so confusin a stone guid«-l)ook to take ('Ur lirectioiis t'ro'n. The younger world in (^dorad(^ lias .ten n^seiitfully pushed aside and overflowed by till- tKler in so rude and violent a mannei that iiiucji lal>. :• oiust be expended in fitting together again the dis' 'cated strata and reading the story they should I'i u ! PHYSICAL FEATUFES. Hrl teach. First 1)}'^ accident, and a,^terward by S(>arcli. tlie clue was discovered vvhicli led to the ki.)wl('(l|ire of tiic mineral wealth of this portion of the Kooky mountains, for so lons^ a time unsusjxjcted. The minerals of Colorado were not easy t«^ coiiu; at Gold, which was found in y;neiss |>rini'i[)ally, existtd in many refractory combinations, with sulphur tind iron, with copper and sulphur, with zinc, telluriuin, ajid other metals and minerals. If it were tree miilini; it contained silver, and sometimes lead. In the trachyte mines of the south-west there was a chloriJized combinati«»n of izjold, silver, iron, matfaiuse and gray copper. Silver, which was found in hoth gneissic and granite rocks, was chieHy in the form c^f a compound sul[)iiuret of silver and lead called nrj^iii- tiferous galena, but existed also in combinations with carbonates of lead, carlx mates and sulphunts of cn\). per, zinc, tfUurides of gold, nickel, iron, coj)per, inaii- ganese. antimony, arsenic, and sometimes in the form of a chloride, or as horn silver. N()r was there any rule of nature known to iniiicr- alogists which applied to the situation of miins iii Colorado, and old traditions were entirely at fault. Ciold, which had always been found in jdacers washrd down from the mountain veins, or in fissurr vrins of granite, or at the deepest, siluriun rocks, fillrd with fragmcnt.s of quartz or conglomerate, among which grains of gold were mingled, or deposited by watrr, was lusre found in metamor[)hic rock.s, and also in the tertiary. Silver, too, was e(|ually eceentric in its situations. ( )ne of its remarkable <h'poslts, found in the Liail- vilhi leoioii, was in horizontal flat vi'ins, from a li v. iiu'hes to a foot in thickness, separated from <aoli other by layers of barren rock of a depth of a frw hundred feet — blanket lodes they are called. TIm y extended quite through lofty heights, cropping out ou uitlicr side ; but whether they were so depo^^ited MINERALS. 333 or wore formed in tlie rocks, which by some convul- sion of the mountains were split open and turned over, is still conjectural. Almost equally surprising was it to find silver in trachyte rocks, or enveloping |(tl)ltlrs and bowlders like a crust, or still more rc- iiifirkaldo, in fine threads or wires. These were prob- jeiii-i t'»»r the scientists, as the modes of extracting the metals from their matrices was for the practical met- al hi i'j:ist. Tin' trend of the fissim^ veins in Colorado is north- east a!id Houth-west. They have in general clearly (jftincd walls, some of tluMii remarkably sniootii and n „Milar, and correspond in direction with the <'leav- ajre of the eruptive rocks, and with the dikes wlii( h cxtt'iid long distances across the plains. There is aiii'tlier cleavage of the nietamorphic rocks ina sctuth- east and north-west direction, which was made at an earlitr period than the cleavage of the eruptive rocks, as is shown by the eruptive material overlying the ■tainorphic in large areas, a combination of facts icli seems to fix the age of the deposit of the ores ill fissures at a date more recent than the cleavage of til"' iiietamorphic rock. In a few instances short veins art" found running east and Mest, or noi*th and south ; l)Ut tliough sonu'times rich, they soon pinch out. Coal in innnense (juantities has been formed in Col- orado. It is of several geologic ei'as. some of it iinrcly lignite, some beds petroleum-l)eari!ig. and in tilt' westt'rn portion of the state anthracite in large anas. Iron is placed in juxtaposition, as niso lime- stone, hydraulu" lime, and a variety of rocks u.scd in building or manufacturing. Of the dilh-nMit crystiils <tf <juartz which are scattered liberally ovt-r the nunitry the varieties are numerous, thouoh none iiioii' valuabh' than cai-n«lian. cbalcetlony, onyx, jas- jK'i, sardonyx, chrysoparse, and trope, rose-tpiartz, Itlai k (|uartz, nioss-agatr, and aventurine. After all, nothing intensts matiy of us like the muuutaius, which will alwavs draw men from the \ n " mm win' '' i^'i Hi .1 9m i 1 WMa ii 334 PHYSICAL FEATURES. ends of the earth that they may cHmb as noar to heaven as may be by their rocky stairs. Take a position on Gray's peak — there are really two <if tliem shooting up from a single base in the midst <>f a \\\l derness of mountains — which is won by a.scdKlinjf from the plains to the timber-belt, then following tin course of rapidly descending creeks to where uttticcs can grow, but scant grass and lowly flowering plants have the zone to themselves ; higher still to the licit of starving mosses; and yet higher among gnat blocks of loose, broken rock with patciios of siutw between them, and chilly springs in their si ia(l«»\vs; and theti to the whidy pinnacle above the 8in>\v I The view begins nowhere and ends nowhere. It is infinite. Mountains beyond mountains, unlHiundid plains belittled to look like parks, the great South park like a pleasure ground, range after range west- ward, silvered with the lingering snow, although it is August — f«>r we nmst not attempt the higli pcika bef(»re the summer heat has done its utmost to nuMlity the climate at their altitude. Among the innri! western mountains stand some covered with almost perpetual snow, and one which fixes the eve on ac- count of the snow-field having taken the toriii df a cross, that symbol of life eternal alike among \y.\\*a\\ and Christian philosoj)her8, and which could have found no nu re fitting place to be displayed than »>u these everlasting hills. Yet here more than almost anywhere are the evidences of change which \\v r,\.\\ decay, the proof that eternity is but a comjiarativf term. (Jorge and ledge, shattered cliff, and \vi in! shapes in stone, furrows cut by avalanches, torn iits hurrying down from the melting snow-drifts, washiiii; earth and gravel into the basins below, generations of forest fallen like slain warriors on a hard fought fitld. all point to a continual transformation, and show that the most heaven-inspiring heights are destined to lower their proud heads before time and the elements, that the grandeur of the past and the presgut is constuntly MOUNTAINS. 336 passiiii? away. Lower, this consciousness becomea liss o|>|»iv88ive, until it is lost ia the injoyinent of wliiit the decay of the higher zone has «!onu for the lower. Tiny parks, gem-like lakes, green gnjves, beda (it" tltiwers, miniature presentments of the grander val- 1( vs, fon'sts, and lakes still farther down. Ill a general way one mountain is like another; yet tlnv have tlieir differences, dependent upon the kind (if j'.ick of which they are formed, its hardness, friahle- lu'ss, .stratification, color, and condition of upheaval. Tli»' variety of rocks and their singular displacement «ri\ rs a corresponding variety to the mountain scenery. Ill one place is a cluster <)f low cones, broken down and rounded, so grouped as to ri'scmble the rim of a iiiiulity peak broken roughly off; in another an almost siiioutli round toj), and in its immediate neigliborhood a iici'dle-like peak. The other features of each are likely to corres|K)nd somewhat to the character of the summits, which are approached either by circuitous tiails, by long slope after slope, or by wild ravines, kadiiig from bench to bench, but everywhere grand and impressive sceiujry meets the eye. Many are the jKiJsst's by which the mother range may l)e crossed, imt only seven are Im'Iow 10,000 feet, five are over IJ, 000, and one is 13,000 feet alxne sea-level. Some of tile high mountains to whieh names have been jriveii, none «tf which are less than 14,000 feet high, are Blanca, Harvard, Massive, Gray's, Kosalie, Torrey, Ell)ert, La IMata, Lincoln, Buckskin, Wilson, Long's, Quandary, Antero, James, Shavano, ITncompahgre, Cnstones, l*rinceton, Bross, Holy Cross, Baldy, Snetiies, Pike's, Castle, Yale, San Jjuis, Kv.il Cloud, Wetterhorn, Simpson, ./f!A»Ius, Ouray, Stiwarfc, Ma- roon, and Camer»in. Of thosii over III. 000 fci't which have received names, Handie lacks but three fe*>t of Iti'longing to the first class, ihvu Capital. Horseshoe, Snowmass, Grizzly, Pigeon, Blaine, Frustrum, Pyra- mid. White Rock, Hague, H. (4. Pyramid, Silver Huels, Hunchback, llowtcr, Heuiestake, Oj(», Spanish 336 PHYSICAL FEATUR&<. Peaks, Guyot, Trinchara, Kendall, Buffalo, Arapahoe, and Dunn. The nomenclature of these peaks httrays its unroniantie, unscientific, undeseriptive, and ottin commonplace orij^in, tlie accident of a mineral discov- ery by prospectors fref|uently givin*^ the appellative; for the i)reeious metals lie far up ainon*^ the eruptivt' rocks, and the gnomcjs of these lofty )»eaks aic oftin the Smiths and the Joncftt-s. The lakes of Colorado, with the exception of the San Luis group, lie fr«»in eight to eleven thousand feet alM)ve sea, and may therefore he reckoned a part of the mountain scener}'. At the f<iM»t of the SaHua(li(> range, near the source of the Arkansas, are the Twin lakes, one three and a lialf miles liy twi» and a half in extent, the other one third sm large, and both finiii^li- ing delicious trout, while the surntunding mountains al>ound in game. Not far distant, at the foot of Mount Massive, set in terraces of the mountain, sur- routided by gently sloping i>h<*res, is a group of silvirv sheets of purest water, which pa«s under the roller. tive and inappropriate name of Evergreen lakes, one lake being five hundred feet above the ]>rineipal grouj). of wliich it is a feeder, and the lower and larger .sinylc lake occupying a teri-a«e to itself None are laruc this one being but alxmt fifky acres in extent, but all are highly pictures<|Ue, witli clear wati^r which K ts the speckled trout Ix' plainly wh-ii. The middle ter- race furnishes some rare mineral springs, tlit wat(rot wliich bubbles sfmrklingly out «»f the .artli around i\w lake, adding to the other i»ttTacti<»n.s of tlu' |»laee. The view overlooks the valley -»f the Arkansas river, with clunjps of trees up«>n il« banks «-ontrasting with the briglit liuneral stains uprm ks Vianks, whih' ahove all towers the backgnmnd of e\ ♦•r-present mountains. On the west side of Fmnt rau^--. in the «dgeof M.ddle park, occupyinir the trouirh «4 a glacier basin, is Grand lake, in the imni- au r-hadow of Koundtop mountain, wliich, with oiner niirii jH-alvs, iruards its .Molitudes. It is three mika ioun bv twy iu breadth, MOUNTAIN LAKHS. SS7 and hwuhodB of feet i„ (Jeotl, n. u , , nnrronW the 8urr*,undi„' C„. / '^^ '^"''^ ^«^^ are ^^'"K'y currents whir], w,,^, . ,,^ '" ^^'^ g'-fgos sweep approach. leavinJ it >„ ! J*- ^'''^^ *''« ^''^iarM feu? L Clu.aj.0 lakes, tl.e hUrh^J^!' ,. i ,5"0 f..et above the seaT are near .^T'?'^' »^^'»S ^ '';; ••^" <Teek, on tJ.e easten! SZ f r^'^^ters of ""•tl,..,- range. Thev a r.. *? • ^ '*^ *''^ Koeky or ^/--i lakeTsurroXl 1^^^^^^^ ""'"'•-; «"'!, like *'""''f"'"y the 8an.e. San S« I i '?* ''"'«"• ^"s un- ;'^^vaf.r „, C.>Ioraclo, and Jms H « n"'- '•^' ^'»'-^'^' ^'"'v ;[r -^ '-in. without' any ^ ':;f''''"^';^^ P^''^"''^^- ^'-,;;-'tor of sixteen trih^tl Hes if -'""f'' ^•"■"'^•'••^' '""'•'" "^ the ,,ark. and eUenl -• . '' "f"^'*^'^ '» ^''e -'t'.. About its borh"^^^^^^^^^^ •Stnrir.s are told of a «„»;* ^ deposits of peat "■'1 ■" -^i" oxt„:t on™,' :&'' 't° '" ^'"'--'' "I. " lu.l, l,as a .•..ni-fic.M „r ' ''""''.*'' ""l-s of '"'''•■•"'•I (Irops a 1h,, k a,,,l r • T'' "^ """ <li".xa '■' «/"„„try so alH ,liM« , , f ';'■■"'•''• ^™".^l't- '■"■■ -;:' l"To, i,„|,.,„|, J.fi "","'''■ ■"''■■"'•I I- l....k,.,l !";;>"0- .....untains. ■„; 1?^"' "I'/". *'"■ f-t of "'■"-I. andClom,!,, ,„;,| i ' ""■: " ■'"'l".v »-«8 re. "■* "M,| very .lifter,.. '" '" ""■ «'"-M i., iu CHAPTER II. •(I DISCOV ERY AND OCCU I' ATION. 1541-1853. What Corpnado Failed to ito— Emcalante'h Expedition— Spanish asd French IKh-upation— Fikk'h anu Ldno's Expkuitionh— K.viti.v (;iii.,i DiscovRRiEM— Akvknturem ok thk Williamh Fakty — .Santa Fk Tiuii. — Trappkrh and Traiikrm — Forth— The Bknts, VAnyi'Kz, St Vkais, and (>rHER)«— El Ppeblo— La Jitnta — Immiokation — Fkkmont's K» ioktm — The Murmonh at Pitrblo— Militahv Expeihtionh— (;uvkkn- MINT tSDKVEYS BY Gl'NNDtON, HaYDEN, WUEELIR, ANU KlN«i. Probably the inquisitive and not woll-beliavid fil- lowor8<if Coronadu, in their marcliea from New Mcxici in search of Quivira, dici not set foot withhi the {)i ent limits of Colorado. If they did, they have left no record of their ex|)loration8, and no sij^n of tluiii remains; and thou^^h they atfirm havin|^ found struc- tures similar to the ruins which exist in soutliern Col- orado, they found them in what is now New Mtxiod. The expedition of the Spanish captain, in 1541. at the instance of a native of fabled Quivira, brou^^Iit liiiii possibly across the extreme southeast corner t>\' the state; but since the j^uides complained that in his march lie went too far ea.st, it is hardly pmliahh. Changint; his course, he foU!id Quivira, an Indian village not ditterent from those wo may see to-ihiy, iii latitude 40 \ but far out on the plain.s, am<ti><j: the northern tributaries of the Arkansas. A few ptrsnns, priests and their attendants, remained with the Iixl- lans; some of them in time returned to Mexico, ami some died by the hands of their converts. .Many narrators, who have hastilv yjlanced over an atcount J:' UNDER MEXICAN DOMAIN. 339 givi ti by some previous writer as careless as theiii- srlvcs, state conhdeiitly that Coronado was the first Kur<>|)(>jin in Odoraclo, and so he would have been liad lie liecn tlierc at all' Al)«»ut the middle of the eijrhteenth century con- 8i(l< nihlo interest was manifested by the authorities of \(!W Mexico in the country to the nortli of Sunta V6, iiiid Cachupin, who was trovonior for a long time ill tilt' last Iialf of the century, set on foot one or mori' (expeditions, the object of which was to ascer- tain the true character and value of the minerals to 1)0 found in what is now known as the San Juan (•((untry. After these came the exi)cdition of Juan Mana Rivera in 1761, which was prosecuted as far ns the (xunnison river. He was accompanied by l)(iM Joa(|uin Lain, (iret;orio Sandoval, Pedro Mora, uiiii others. There is no do'ibt that a number of expi- (litioiis, of only local importance, were made into what Ih now Colorado, botii east and west of the con- tiiitiitai divide. About fourteen years after Kivera's tour, Padre Junfpero Serra, president of the Cali- fitrni.i niissiitns, ui^ed the ecclesiastics of New Mexico to undertake the exploration of a route from Sunta Fe to the ct)a8t of upper Califtirnia. With this ob- ject in view. Padre Francisco Silvestre Velez Esca- liintc!, niinistro d<K;tnnero of Zuni, and l*adre Atana- (io Doniinguez, visitador comisario (»f New Mexico, I'liTiiui/A'd an ex|>edition in 1770, which consisted, lu'- hitles themselves, of Pedro Cisneros, alcalde mayor of Zuni, n«>rnardo Mieray Paclu^'o, capitan milicianoof Santii F<5, Don Joa<piin Lain, w]io havini^ acci»nipa- uied Rivera, was ofKcial guide of this expedition, and ■ ,, |1 '<;riM'iihow, who i» UMually well informod, nayiiQuivira was prnUably tho n'ljhiii .'iliiiiit tho hoailwattirH of tlio Ark<lll^<a.s ami I'latto rivers, Ixit Contiia- il<>'4 iciiitu would not liavu brought him ho far wc^t aii<l north. Or. and Cut., Oil. .Siiiiio of the Spanish writers have coniiiiitt«.Ml Herious blunders in geog- rapliy, making tho wa visihlo from Quivira. See ll'mt. North Mfx. iiUilrt. Iiiiihui, St'tririt of the Snidii Fi' Tniil, I \ 59, has an account of Coronado 's man'h, and aives his course <|uite correctly. This is a well written and cap- tivatiii)/ 8eri)>s uf legends and talus of the great historic highway of tn« pkiui, by Ueary lumau of Kaunas, 18M1. MO DISIOVEUV AND tX ( UPATION. five sol^litTs, Lornizo OlivornH, Lurn'rio lyfui'ii/. An- (irt'S Muniz, Juan 4I0 A«>;uilai', aiul Simon Ijuc* im. They sot out from Santa V6 July 2J»tli, antt pro. rri>(l<>(l to Al>i<|uiri on tlu! KioCMinma, from wli.nce tlioy took a nortli rourn*; to tlic J{io San Juai>, n acli- \n^r it tliri'o Icajjrm* below tlie junction of tlu- Xaviijo AuLTUst 5tli. Tho \Aivo of contact was calUd Nms- tra Sinora las Ni«'vcs, and, although not tlir first place named in Colorado, as we ghall see, is the first whose date is unquestioned. From Nievestliey t.mk a course north-west, across the sevi-ral attiuents ot'thr San Juan, which lay between them anrl the liiu dr Nuestra Senora de Um ])(»lores, the Tiames of wliich havi! been retaini'd to the present as l*iedi*a l\ir;i<la, l*in(»s, Florida, and 1ms Animas. The eastern srctinn of the Im JMata ran<j:e was called bv Ksoilanti Sierra (h- la (iruUa. The lia ]Mata river he call. d the San Joa<}uin, and in the canon, says his narrative, Were the mines sought for by Caciiu|>in's oxpionrs. and which gave the name to the mountains, supposed to contain silv<r. l^si'alante's <h'scription8 of th(! country passed o\( r avoid dwelling upon the exceeding roughness of this region, dwelling rather upon the beauty and fertility of the small vallevs, the urandcur of the forests <»f pine which grew upon the high benches and iiioun- tttin sides, and the abundance of water, even tlmt which fell from the clouds, of which he com)>laiii< d a little. At the llio Mancos, or San Liizaro, he a^aiii heard reports of mines. At the llio Dolores he U- heM ruined habitations high up in the south iiank. ( )n this river he met with sonu; difliculty in trav( lliiiir. being sometimes at a distance fr<»m tlie stream, and at other times ap|)arently confined to its canon. Tlir stations or camps along the Dolon^s were nainetl Asuncion, Agua Tapada, Canon Agua l"'.sr(>inlida. Miira Lal)arinto (in honor of tlie capitan). and Anciii San Bernardo. At the latter \)\iU'o, he found soiic Utis, frt»m whom he obtained a guide ; and obsers in- THE ESCALAHTK EXPEDITION. (Iirfc paralvzed women (»f fl * u a "M.all stream with the D,',l ro,?! "'" J"'',''?'"'' "f Par.. III.™. It „„, ,t this n Zr' ""'.'"''' '' "'O '■ ' '!« c«n„n .,f the river i^d™,'' ""f-"' """ he vall.-.v. .>r Caj,.„ ,|.J Yeso still « »" '" ^'-»l«""' "l-i. .. mesa, he travolM s , i ''»""'■ C'liml.i.i.' ''.•■-xt station. SarBcrnaL T','""^''-"""' '" fmni this |,„i„t bmuffht liim L, .'' '""»"'« ""rtl' S- Miguel, ,.r, as jfe t "Jif Tj^-S^ » ^Ao". to the '■aiii|mi« atstatioiiH on tim ..lli • ®"" ^ <"'"'• Kii- fn i.eli,« (,,.„,„ Ze\Zt^ rf ur""^ ^" ^"». i^iJ.iitttdo Ja Guia *in/i . • -twvora's passa<r,.i [••<'.)<' d-" Lain (nauied in ho, r VT'''^^^'^^'^^ I'^^k, ';•' -.u.J.od the U.u.o,ni a] e rill^''^ -ffi^jal Kuide) ;^'" 'I'ajran, and named Jiio%n ^ ^^''^"^'^ ^v hi.n tothc l^neon.pah..r^rtw?.nf ;^ fr-'" the San Mi^u "l Kwis W(Te needed of hii 1 ''"^^ "^^'«»' than descri,. ;'n.Hn,.hgre cour//"fe^^^^ through tL ^n Agustin. The distai^f fro' n " ^V^^'^I was yncoM.pahgre, in a nortreast court ' "'"''"'- ^'^ ^''^^ Mhe Gunnison river which I ! • '. "^^ *^^" '^'^^'"^'S tl.e natives Tomichi bu 1- i '^"^ ^^ ^^"^d by «an Javier. His pnlball '''* ^"'^ ^'»"«J »>y him ^UH near tlie junction of the 8.>nH. n i ^'"""»S'>n 1" InsregionHivera's exnwl" 1"'^, ""'*^'» ^'^^J^^- ^arth.T down a cross hllho !"'« ^ad reached, and "•"•^'•-oast ch-rection, he caniX ' ,^"""'«"'^ i» a "'""-' Santa Rosa : and nrocr ? ^^'7'"' ^^^'^^ ^^^ "^^m.. course, to Rio Santa i^rf^'^'^'^J^^her, in the to the ..rth branch of'tfre ttlXk '^^J ^'"^'^l^ son F„M,„v,„ ji ji ,, ';' ,"1'^* "f the Gunn . t"tho Ri„ San A„to,lMrtirw!'- K "'■''"• '""<•»"•« "";;■'' <;f the present. Even th; ^ " V" "'" ^"<''<^ «« t,.o North «n,l South Mmn *" ''""^■»' '"'""•n t^' (after liacalanter»,^m':,7uN"h'' '''''"• ^'■'"- "^h anu JVebuncari. The !- !.'« V H»ip*^-' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 5, /. % ^^ I/.. 'V. 1.0 I.I 1.25 S Jf llllitt 1.8 U III 1,6 Sciences Corporation 23 WEST HMH STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4 J03 4s^ C/. 6^ 342 DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION. Mam creek of the present day was at that time called Santa Rosalia. Near here he forded the San Rafael or Grand river, the course of the travellers seeming to lead over Book cliffs, and thence north-west to White river, called by them Sail Clemente, where they arrived September 9th, about L:t the pohit where it crosses the boundary of Utah, having spent a little more than two months on the journey, and travelled UlaAL. Snitr L. Escalante's Roctb. from the Dolores 86^ leagues. In two places on his route Escalante mentioned other roads, and especially that there was a shorter way from the Gunnison to the Grand river than the one he was t;aking. He crossed this road near the stream he called Santa Rosalia. Beyond White river te found hilla of loose slate, passed throuj^h a long cafion, on the wall of which were painted three shields and a spear, and two warriors in combat ; saw veins of metal, and found buffalo trails, from which he named this defile Arroyo del Cfbolo. At Green river he found a group FRENCH COLONIES. 343 of six large Cottonwood trees, and one lone tree. On Olio of these Lain carved his name and the date, 1776, with a cross above and below. The company returned from Utah by a more southern route, and the Span- isli trail was established not far north of the 37th parallel in Colorado, crossing southern Utah, and thence southwest to Los Angeles. A trail to Salt Lake was, however, established at a later period, which crossed the boundary of Colorado and Utah on the south side of Rio Dolores, which was surveyed as late as 1857 by Captain J, N. Macomb for the United States Government.' In the beginning of the seventeenth century France claimed the sovereignty of the country, and dur- uv^ that period several expeditions were undertaken toward the Spanish frontier, a not very clearly defined boundary.' The most important of these was con- ducted by Monsieur La Salle, who first having in 1682 explored the Mississippi from the Illinois region to the gulf of Mexico, and named the region contiguous Louisiana, in 1685 took formal possession of Texas, and founded a colony or two near the gulf, on the Guadalupe and Colorado rivers. But La Salle was assassinated, and the only effect of his settlement was to carry the western boundary of Louisiana as far west as these rivers.* In the mean time the countrv west of the Mississippi had again changed hands, Spain claiming it from 1762 to 1800, when it was retroceded to France, and sold by the first Napoleon to the United States three years afterward. Still the boundary was unsettled, and in 1806 an arrangement was entered into between the Spanish and American authorities that the torraer should not cross the Sabine, nor the latter approach to it, To prevent collisions, ^Domintfuet and Eacalante, Diario y derrotero para tletcuhrir tl catnino dmle SaiiUi F^ d Monterey. In Doc Hist. Mex., 2d ear., i. 375-558. See also Iliat. Utah, this series. ^ Among these few are mentioned one by Col Wood in 1654, and another by Capt. Bolt in 1670; but they were productive of nothing in particular. * U, S. luwa aud Doa, 1817, 6. y f 'I 1 m Hi .I'S MA DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION. orders were given not to survey the public lands west of the meridian of Natchitoches, or Red river. But the curiosity of the new proprietors of Louisi- ana concerning the regions toward the Rocky moun- tains could not be restrained; and President Jcft'cison, also desiring to know something of them, encouraged exploration. It happened that Zebulon Montgoincry Pike, son of Zebulon Pike of New Jersey, an ofticfcr in the revolutionary army, who at the age of twenty had been appointed an ensign in his father's company, and was a lieutenant at twenty-six, was serving under General Wilkinson in the west, at the time when Lewis and Clarke were fitting out their expedition to the head waters of the Missouri and Columbia in 1804. General Wilkinson, whose military duties included keeping peace with the Ind.ans, thought to serve liis country and gratify the president by sending young Pike to explore the upper Mississippi, under the pre- tence of comnmnicating with Indian tribes in that region. To this end, in August 1805, a keel-i)oat seventy feet long, manned by a crew of one sergeant, two corporals, and seventeen privates, under Lieuten- ant Pike, left St Louis to discover the source of the Mississippi, being provisioned for four months. Ho had started late for such an undertaking, encountir- ing many difficulties, and performing the last part of the journey with sledges drawn by his men. On the last of January 1806 he reached the utmost source of the great river, arriving at a fort of the North- west Fur company, by whose officers he was gener- ously entertained. He returned to St Louis about the last of April. General Wilkinson had meanwhile found cause for another expedition, having on his hands some rescued captives of the Kaw nation, who lived on the Osaife river, a southern branch of the Kansas, and whom ho had promised to restore to their people. On this errand, possibly, Pike set out July 15tli, after a brief rest at home with his family. VARIOUS EXPEDITIONS. 34S His party consisted of one lieutenant, one surgeon, one sergeant, two corporals, sixteen privates, and an iiitoiprcter, besides fifty -one Indians of all ages, and both sexes. He ascended the Missouri in two boats, taking six weeks to this part of the journey, which brought him to the Osage river. Here he landed his exixxlition, purchased horses, loaded theui with pro- visions aiid presents, and set out north-westward across tlie plahis, delivering his Indian wards to their pco[)le as previously agreed upon. Having performed this part of his duty, he entered upow the more inter- esting one of exploration. Crossing the country to tiie Arkansas river he ascended that stream, finding th(! plains black with bufl'alocs. At two o'clock on tlie afternoon of the 15th of November he first dis- cerned a small blue cloud, which being viewed with a s[)y-glass he perceived to be a mountain. A half hour later the range came into view, and his men gave "three cheers for the Mexican mountains." It was already too late in the autumn for mountain travel, but Pike knew nothing of fear or discourage- ment. Pressing eagerly forward for yet another week, he at length reached the most eastern ridge of the Colorado range, thinking to come to the base f f the peak which bears his name; but finding, when with great toil and suffering from struggling through snow tliat he was still distant fifteen miles from this moun- tain, he relinquished the attempt, his men being with- out proper clothing, and having quite worn out their stockings. Before beginning the ascent Pike had established a depot at or near the mouth of Fontaine- qui-Bouille, where he left most of his party; thence he aioved camp nearer to the foot of the Sangre de Cristo range, about where Canon city now stands. Tlie cold was severe, and many of the men were frost- bitten. Leaving these in camp he began exploring for a river by which he might return to the Missis- sippi, it having been specially charged upon him to discover if possible the sources of the Red river. 1 346 DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION, i' ,i Coining to the South park by the present route from Canon City, he called the first stream he reaclud the Platte, in which curiously enough he was correct; but in his wanderings striking the head of Grand river, he believed it to be the Yellowstone. Other errors were entered on his chart, given in cliapter XV of my Arizona and New Mexico. The geograpliv of the west was very vague as yet ; and toiling about in the mountains with the mercury below zero was but a poor way to improve it. But in the South park he made a discovery that white men and Indians had been there before him, and that recently. Not wishing to fall into the hands of Mexicans or Indians, he retreated toward the soutli, and became entangled among the canons of the upper portion of the Arkansas river, but finally reached camp with only one horse able to travel. After a little rest he again set out, this time on foot, in search of Red river, and crossing the Arkansas, violated the terms of the recent arrangement by entering Mexican territory. Marching up the Wet Mountain valley, leaving disabled men by the way in improvised shelt- ers, he moved straight to and up the Sangre de Cristo range, and from its summits looked down on San Luis park and the Rio Grande del Norte, which he btdieved to be the Red river. Greatly rejoiced, he descended to the valley, erected a fortified camp, and sent back a detachment of his little party to pick up the stragrglers. Not long did he enjoy his dreams of success. The Mexican authorities had been on the lookout for his expedition, which had become known to them, and a few days after completing the above arrangements he was politely arrested by a squad of Mexican soldiers, and jiersuaded to accompany them to Santa Fd, El Paso, and subsequently to Chihuahua, more than a year being consumed in this courteously manai,'cd captivity, during which the most valuable portion of PIKE'S DISCOVERIES. 347 liis papers were lost, and his command scattered. Till}- wore finally returned to the United States through Texas. One thinof pertinent to the subsequent history of Colorado, Lieutenant Pike discovered during his detention in New Mexico. An American, James Pursley, of Bairdstown, Kentucky,* whom he met there, showed him lumps of gold brought by himself from tlie South park; and he learned that the traces of white men and Indiansseen by him, and which had turned him southward, related to gold discoveries in that region.* In 1807 Pike was permitted to return home, and in the second year of the war of 1812 was killed at the assault on Toronto, after having been previously promoted to the rank of brigadier-general.' The peak which bears his name was measured by him, ou the base of a mile, and on the presumption that the })lains were 8,000 feet above sea-level. He made the height of the mountain to be 18,581 whereas it is really but 14,147. Most early explorers exaggerated tiie height of mountains, whether purposely or not. :'s} :< I !■ |. 'Purslej' went up the Platte in 1803 or 1804, and was conducted by Ind- ians to Santa Fe. A French Creole, La Lande, took some gooda up the Platte in 1801 for his employer, Morrison, a merchant of Kaskaskia; but he toi)k the goods to Santa Fe, and established himself in business, where he remained. Burlier s Hist. Weid. Staleji, 549. ^ W. B. Vickers, in HnyderCs Great Wext, 98, says there is no evidenie to show that there were any settlers in Colorado previous to 1843, or any knowl- edge of the treasures hidden in the soil or rocks at that time. This is a lia.sty conclusion. The Spanish-Mexicans would conceal as much as possible any such knowledge from Americans; but it existed. The American referred to above discovered the gold on the head of the Platte while a captive in the hamls of the Indians; and he assured Pike he had been frequently solicited to go and show a detachment of Mexican cavalry where to find it, but re- fused. It was probably this detachment which had just left the park when Pike arrived in it. Appendix to An Arronnt of an Erpetlition to t/ie SourcfH of the MUiiaxippi, and Tlirow/h the Western Part of Loumnna, etc,, in the Year8 181).;, l8iH>, and 1807; PhiladelpUa, 1810. I have seen it stated that old de- fiertocl shafts had been found in southern Colorado, together with some cop- piT vessels, the writer attributing these evidences of mining to the ancients wlio inhabited the ruined cities and the cliflFs; but these people used only Htoiic implements, and clearly knew nothing of mining. The prospect holes W('re undoubtedly made by the Mexicans about tiie beginning of the century. • J limes Parian, in TVie IKsroverer of Pike'n Peak, MS., 7, an abridgement of I'arton's account of Pike's expeditions. See also Denver Rocky Mountain Umild, Aug. 21, 1875. ■■ iSli :^m 348 DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION. Probably the cold had something to do with tlie reported altitude of Pike's peak."* No furth(!r official explorations of the country at the base of the Rocky mountains were ordered until after the treaty of the 22d of February, 1819, bv which the boundary between the possessions of Spam and the United States was definitely settled,* givinjf to the latter the northern two thirds of Mie present state of Colorado, with all the country north of the Arkansas river. Immediately after the confirmation of the Florida treaty, Secretary-of-war Calhoun or- dered an expedition more complete in equipment than any which had preceded it, comprising besides military officers a number of men of science. The company, commanded by Major Stephen H. Long, left Pitts- burgh May 30, 1819, and proceeded by a steam-vtssel, constructed especially for the purpose, to St Louis, and thence by land travel to Council Bluffs, on tlie Missouri, where they wintered. In the following June, Long explored the Platte valley to the junction of the north and south forks, where he took the di- * From the original Pike's ErpediUon — for a biographical notice of wliich Bee my lliMtoi-y of the Northiveitt Const — come scores of accounts whioli follnw, such as is found ill the Colorado Gazettetrtor 1871. This book, wliicli con- tains besides a brief history of the state, a eompreliensive accfmiit of its mining, agricultural, commercial, manufacturing interests, and climate, will be frequently referred to for statistics on these subjects. Notice of I'ikv.'s expedition is found in Thomas B. Corltett's Coloraito Directory of Mincx, 1 .S79, p. M. This also is an important book of reference, containing a description of tlie mines and mills, and the mining corporations. The Northurd, by Samuel J. Parker, son of iSainuel Parker, explorer and missionary i'> the Oregon country in 1835, is a manuscript history of the north-west country, compiled partly from the father's writings and partly from the accounts of other explorers. It is, like the other missionary writings, very bitter against the fur companies. A writer in Harper's Mmjaziiie, xli. 372, gives a good brief account of Pike's expeditions. » U. S. Laws and Treaties, 1815-21, vi. 614-29. This boundary, which was changed by conquest and purchase, subsequently gave the U. S. the Florida territory east of the Mississippi. West of tlie Mississippi the line began at the mouth of the Sabine river, continuing north along the west bank of that stream to the 32d degree of north latitude, thence due north to the Red river, which it followed up to the degree of longitude 23 west from Washington, running thence due north again to the Arkansas river, m iiich it followed to its source in latitude 42° north, and thence it was drawn wus* ward on that parallel to the ' South sea.' It will be seen that this !)■ u.i'iary supposed the Arkansas river to be two degrees longer than it really w ■'.s, aiid left the actual boundary from central Colorado northward to tiie 42' still iu doubt. LONO'S IlEPOllT. 349 rp(tioi\ of the southern branch, which brou*]fht him to the South park by a route different from that of Pilce's. Tho high peak first seen by Lieutenant Pike received tlie name of E. James, botanist of the expedition," ho l)oing the first man known to have reached a suni- iiiit of the Colorado mountains. He also measured it, and made it almost as much too low as Pike had madt) it too high." Long descended the valley of tlio Arkansas to the Mississippi, having gained nmch valuable geographical information of the country cx- j)l()r(Hl. But his account was not one pleasing to the socretary of war, or to the government. He repre- sented the wliole country drained by the Missouri, Arkansas, Platte, and their tributaries as unfit for cultivation, and uninhabitable in consequence. Ho found all between the 39th and 49th parallels, and for five hundred miles east of the Rocky mountains, a desert of sand and stones, whereupon this region was represented on maps as the Great American desert. The report of Long was a stumbling-block in the way of the advocates of the American claim to Oregon in congress for many years, for no sooner did an advocate of that claim open his mouth than he was remhided of Major Long's scientific observations and explora- tions, and asked what value could attach to a desert. This impression was to some extent the key which kept Colorado a locked treasure-house until Oregon and California had both been settled, and proved to 1)0 rich agricultural countries, even where they had appeared as much deserts as Colorado. It should be borne in mind that small parties of adventurers, like Pursley, had already penetrated the Rocky mountains in advance of either of the abovc- m i^ L i '■ .',' vi It i lis "Tlie name of Pike has been retained, hut to James ami Long were given peaks elsewhere. For Long's note on tlie subject see Low/h Ej-)^''I. JM:i/ MoHittaim, ii. 45. Another peak lias been named after Lieut (iraliain nf Lorii^'s party, and the hot springs on tlie Arkansas after Captain Bull. Cnl. Gm'ttver, 21; FrimrmHn Elxphr. Erped, liO. "James called Pike's peak 11,500 feet high. Fremont in 1843, made it U,300. Its present received measurement was made in 18<i'2 by Parry, whose careful examinatioa of the country entitles his work to credit. til 350 DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION. named expeditions," and that previous to that of Long's, a number of traders had established jjosts on '■•Soe Hull. NortlivifKt CouM, this geries. A little work Ly l)avi(I il. Coyner, first published in 1847, and repul>liHhe<l in Cincinnati in Ib.'t.i, lalluil Tlif. Loxt Trappen, aivea a particular account of the wanderinge of a < <iin. pany of '20 men who left >St Louis in 1807, intending to cross tho iCniky niountaina. The leader was Ezckiel Williams, and this was the tivnt kwI- land expedition to tlie Pacific of the kind ever undertaken. It procL-odiii to the Mandan village under the guidance of a chief of that trilte, lii^ Wliitc, who had accompanied Lewis and Clarke to Washingtoi , and was rutiiniinir to Fort Mandan. From this point Williams's party proceeded hy Liiid tu the mouth of the Yellowstone, up which they travelled looking for luMven. Soon after finding a locality where beavers were plenty in the streamu ami buffaloes upon the plains, a hunting party of ten men went out, )iut wire set upon by Indians, whom they believed to bo Blackfoot, and iive of tkin slain, the other five escaping to camp. The company at once set olf again southward until they fell in with the Crows, by whom they were so will treated that a man named Rose, who had joined the party at St I oui^, Imt whose character as an outlaw was not known to Williams, determiut'il to re- main among them, and did so until 1S23, being the first white man w ho liail a residence in the Yellowstone country. He returned as guide to Fit/]i,'it- rick and Sublette, and afterward joined the American Fur company, |jut was ever one of those unprincipled men wlio gave to the trai>pers t!ie iiu-a- vory character dwelt upon by the Parkers. Williams' mrty, now redmicl to 14 members, proceeded in a direction toward the Southpass, and when upnii the headwaters of the north Platte were attacked by Crows and sii taiiicd another loss of five men. In the first attack one Indian had hccn kilk-<l; in this fight, for wiiich the company were prepared by the the tlieft of tluir horses, twenty or more of their enemies were killed. Tlie party now re- duced to ten, their horses being gone, hastened on foot out of the vicinity of the battle-ground, caching their furs and such things as they could not carry on a long march, and moved southward, wandering about until spring, wlicn they found themselves on the sources of the south Platte, and of course in Colorado. One after another of them were cut oflf by the Comanclies until only three remained, Williams, James Workman, and Samuel Spencer, who determined to return to St Louis if they could. But as often hapi>en.s, mis- fortune had made them not only reckless, but at enmity with one another; and the tliree wanderers separated, Williams journeying down the Arkan- sas, which he mistook for Red river, in a canoe, and by travelling at night arrived safely among the Kansas, who directed him to Fort Cooper, on the Missouri. Ilere he found an Indian trader of the U. S., C. Cibley, almiit to pay the Indians their annunities, and who first compelled the Kaiis:is to re- turn to William] several packages of furs they had stolen from him after his departure from their village. In the following year, 1809, Williann re- turned to the mountains with a party and recovered the furs caclied 1>y l.i^ company on the Platte. Workman and Spencer in the meantime had made their way to the Arkansas, which they also mistook for the Red river, and in following which toward its source they discovered the trail of Pike': party of the year before, who had cut in the rocks the name of Red river, w liieh confirmed them in their error. Hoping to find that its headwaters w ere in a range by crossing which they would rtnd themselves at Santa Fe in Xcw Mexico, they followed up this stream, cominff in sight of Pike's peak, v hioli they said seemod so high 'that a cloud could not pass between its top and the sky.' They became entangled among the mountains and canons of Col- orado, passing many weeks in endeavoring to find the sources of tlic Itio Grande Del Norte, but coming instead to the Rio Colorado, which tin y fol- lowed — ^believing it would take them to Santa Fe — until they came to a crossing and a plain trail, which they resolved to follow. Meeting a Muxi- INCOMING FUR TRADER.S. 361 lity (if ; carry when mrse m until wl.ii ir.is- .ther; Arkau- niglit n tlie Mint to to rc- aftor iii.s re- ly las 1 maile r, ami party vLicli re in a New viiich 111) and 'i' C..1- e I'M |y fnl- to a iMcxi- tlK Arkansas and other rivers," forerunners of the iimiv powerful fur companies. A profitable trade w;i> also carried on between the merchants of St Louis and the inhabitants of New Mexico, of which all of Colorado south of the Arkansas river was a pait. The Indians on the Santa Fd route — the Co- ma iirhes of the plains — gave traders and travellers much trouble; and in 1823 the government ordered an escort, commanded by Captain Riley, to meet the Santa Fe train, and conduct it to the Missou'^' fron- titr." He advanced to the crossing of the Arkansas, and conducted it to Independence, the eastern termi- nus of the Santa F6 trail, the first military expedition by United States troops west of the Missouri and north of Texas. Four years afterward Fort Leaven- can raravan bound to Los Angeles, California, two days afterward, tliey joiiieil it, and the following spring returned with it to Santa Fe, where they reniaiiiud trading for 15 years. Wlien Workman and Spencer set out to de- fend the Colorado it was l>y canoe. From the description given by them to the author of tlie Lout Trappern, I think tliey were upon the Ounnison hraiich of the Colorado, and that it was tlie Mack caflon which interrupted their navigation. Tlie crossing of the Spanish trail could not have been far friiiii the present crossing of the Salt Lake road. At all events, they were the lirst Americans to Hoat upon the waters of this stream, rr, so far as I have discovered, to cross the Rocky mountains south of Lewis md Clarke's pass. " Manuel Lisa, a Mexican, enjoyed a monopoly of the Indian trade west of the Missouri at the beginning of the eentury under a grant of the Mexi- can government. Peter Choteau, a rival trader and U. S. agent for the O.sago.-i, managed to separate a part of that nation from their adherence to Lisa, and estsildislicd a post among them on the Verdigris branch of the Ar- kansas in 1808. It was, however, removed in 1813, and it was not for ten years afterward that a regular fur trade to the Rocky mrmntaiiis was begun. "This was in conseouence of the capture of the previous year's train from Santa Fe, commanded oy Capt. Means, who, with several of his men, was killed. Coyner relates that in 1823 the Mexican government, having ban- ished several citizens of importance for alleged treasonable designs, per- mitted them to go to the U. S. with the annual Santa Fe train, and sent as an escort a company of 60 men, Mexicans ami Pueblo Indians, under Capt. Visearro, who was to conduct the exiles along the road until he met Capt. liiley. When near the Cimarron river, GO miles from the crossing of the Arkansas, he was attacked, and 8 or 10 of his command killed. Visearro himself is accused of cowardice. The Pueblos and two Americans named Ranies and Wallace fought and pursued the Comanches, inflicting severe losH upon them. The company hoping to meet Riley at the Arkansas, yet fearing that he might be gone, sent a detachment, consisting of the Pueblos, Wallace, Barnes, and Workman, to overtake him. They found he hail moved away from the river, but overtook him in two days' travel, and detained him until the train came up, after which they were under the protection f>f American troops, and Visearro with his depleted force turned back to Santa Fo. Coyner'a Lost Trnppers, 170-8C. 11 I Ml » i ni 352 DISCOVERY ANIJ Ot'CUPATIOX. Worth was c'stablislu'tl on the west bank of th- Mis- souri, twenty niiloa above tlie uiuuth of tlie Katisas rivtr, and near enou-^li to tlio Santa ¥6 trail tout!«.r«l protection to travellers. For many years this was the initial point of exi)etntions west and n«>rtii\v. >i. ward, as all books of travel show. In 182'J Maj..r Hiley, with four companies, escorte<l a caravan as far as Jient's fort, on the Arkansas, Captain Whartuii was on the trail in 1834, and Captain Cook in l'«4.>. The establishment of a fort in the Indian enuntrx- did not precede but followed the adventures of j»riv;»to indiviiluals and associations in the public territory i.f the United States, to which I have alreadv referred. Among those who followed their pursuits in Colora<li» were the Bents, St Vrain, Vasquez, Bridger, Carson. Lupton, I'feitfer, Nugent, Pattio, Baker, Beckwounli, Sarpy, Wiggins, the Gerrys, Chabonard, and oth. r-*. Bonneville's company of trappers and explorers pa.-.s<.-(l through the Arkansas country in 1834. * ^fieo Virtnr'H Hiwr of tlie West, 157, and HM. Northvyi4 C""^, thb Buries. Ik is dillii'tilt to givo satisfactory accnuuts of men wlio lead a wander* i:ig life in an unsettled cuuntry. Only 8cra|]a of informatiou are prt-ervt:*!, wlio.se authenticity may well be quustinneil. From the liest infoniiati>'n lii- tainable tlic following liingraphies have been gathered: James P. B>:ckwi>Lnh was lK>rn in Virginia of a negro slave mother and an Irish <>ver>ie>'r. H.4 white blood impelled him to run away from servitude in or about 1^17, arrd he joined a caravan going to New Mexico. Some years afterward lie wvi in the service of Louis Vasquez ia Colorado, and subsequen :ly so ingrati- ated himsi-lf with the Crows that they made him head chief, an otii'v in which he used to give tlie Am'rican Fur company much trouble. Latt;r la life he severed his counectio. with savagery, and became interprtter aal guide to government expedituns. He resided for a time in a valh-v' of ti-.e Sierra Nevad.a, but being implicated in certain transactions which attm tel the notice of the vigilants, fled and went to Missouri. Wiien the niij-'niti' n to Colorado was at its height in 1859, he proceeded to I>enver, and w« taken into partnershi]> with Vasquez and his nephew. Being tired of traile, he went to live on a farm, and took a Mexican wife; but fell out with l;er, and finally relapsed into his former mo<le of savage life, dying about I ^77. Moiitntft Patt, Feb. 23, 1867, Bridger, Carson, Pattie, and others have l^ra frequently spoken of in other volumes of this series. The last name>i '-arne to the mountains of Colorado in 1824 with a company of 120 men. lb.' »m a youth at the time. The company fell apart, and drifted in various .lir«o- tions through New Mexico and Arizona. Pattie and a few companion-* de- scended the Colorado, and reached the coast at San Diego, naked and I'tarv- ing. They were arrested by the Mexican authorities and imprison-?.!, sutfering much; but Pattie, on account of his knowledge of the Spanish lan- guage, was employed as an interpreter, and escaped back to the states. .Jarne* Baker came out, probably with Bridger, and roved about in the niount.i;ru until he finally settled ou Clear creek, four miles north of Denver, I d<j not FOULS 3C3 No forts of importance were erected within the nn'S( lit linuta of Colorado before IH32, when the Jii lit brothers erected Fort WilHani on the nortii briiiicli of tlie Arkansas river, ei-^lity miles northeast froiii Taos, and one jumdrod and sixty fniin the moun- tains.'* They traded with the Mexicans and the Co- kuuw exactly at what date; 1)ut he is recngnize<l a* the firitt American set- tlir HI Coliiniiln. Ho hail an Indian wife ami half-ca^tc childrt-u grown to maiili I ill 1S59. The occupation of the conntry diHiilt!a!M.'il liini, and he It't't ('l<':ir creek for the mountains of Idaho, where he ended Win dayu. O. P. \\'i^;,L;init, a Canadian, formerly a servant of the HudMm'M HuyCo., came tiiColiiiailo in 1834, and was employed hy the Amc-ncan Fur Co., and sta- tinnu'l at Fort St John. He hecame a vcalthy citizea of Colorado. Peter A. Sarjicy was one of the French families of .St l>iui». H<jha<l oue trading- |iu'<t ill Colorado, and another at Bcllevue in Nc1>ra»ka; a Mil '. wiry, nier- i'uri.'il-di.s]io!iitioned man, who lived among savagc'i simply tu n i '■ money, wWwU fiirtiiercd no enterprises and purcha.sed no plea«turc-a t.uch Hb a man of giMid family Hliould value. Col Ccran St Vrain liegan tnuliuK ' > I^<ew Mex- i '(J ill 1S'_'4, Working up into American territory a lew year .ater, where Jio l.iiilt a fort named after himself. He died at Mora in H« • I'jxico, lu Octo- l*r 1^70, to which country he returned on the 'decline of tlie 'nr tiade. Oo'lfrcy and Klbridge Gerry were lineal deseenilantiiof fiov. Elhriil'^a Ocrry, (piie of tiin sij.' era of the declaration of independence. They cam's lo the Kiicky ^lllauw^,in8 while auite young men, and sj^nt their li^>-» on the fron- tiiT. After settlement began, Godfrey built an adol^e re^iil-juce on the ''ttc, and kept a station of the Overland Stage Co. iJuriug tLi: Indian iiisturliaiice of 18(54 his station was besieged — it went l>y the name of Fort Wukcd — for days by a larco force of the savages, who endeavored to fire tlie ImiUKngH. With no help but his own family he HUcceHsfully resisted all tlic'ir attempts to reduce hia fort, and killed m.'iny of the Ije^iegers. The luiliaiia also conspired to capture Elbridge Gerry and ai» large band of Ijorsus, but hia IniUan wife having discovered the iilot, infonne<l liiin of it, ainl Ir', too, saved his life and property. These orotherij were among the „....i„... :.. i~.,i.._.,_ «yc,.///i,t Cot, MS., 61 -S. ■ 4 Elbridge (lerry Kit Carson, Bill' Williams, Pfeiffer, the Auto1*eas brothers, earlif.it settlers in Colorado. (lieil ill 1S7G. Jnlin i'aisel, andRoubidcau were all noted mountaineem. Carbon rendered liiiii'-clf a second time famous during the civil war. He die<l at Fort Lyon iu -luiio 1808. Denver Rocky MounUiin KarM, .June 3, ISO-**. Williams was kilk'cl by the Utoa in south-western Colorado in 18.jO. F'/t^jin (<'al. ) Tek' ijrayh, t)ct. 28, 1871. And so died many a brave man. But none who went to tiie mountains in those early times wercljettcr known than the ]:k-nt fam- ily of St Louis. There were six brothers, John, Charlt.», William, Robert, (iuiiriie and Silas. Robert and George died in IS41. Charles was the first Aim-rican governor of New Mexico, and Mas killed in the ui>a.->isacTe at Taos in March 1847. Silas, the youngest, was a memlitr of the exj)edition to Jajiaii under Perry, and made a report to the Crcr>graphical .Society of New Yurk concerning the warm current from the Ja^tan lea, which t-oucbcs the C'last of North America. The other brothers were fur trailers. an<l William was subsequently government freighter. He died May 10, ISiJH, the last of tlie orij{inal firm. Colorado Paper, in MonUmn Demttrnit, June 17, ISG'J; Ar- himtx VaL Hint., 830. "^ It is related, and is probably true, that Manrice, a French trader from Detroit, built a fortification on Adobe creek in Arkannas valley in 1 8.30, wiiich would give him precedence in point of time He collec-t«<l a Mexican Bettlement, and erected 13 adobe cabins around a si^care or plaza, in Mexi- Hist. Nev. 23 i 111 u 854 DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION. ■'■t;! Y,r.. . manches, Choyonnes, Arapahoes, and Utes. Fort William, after which the other trading-posts \\ire modelled, consisted of an enclosure 150 by 100 feet in extent, surrounded by an adobe wall seven feet thick and eighteen feet high. At the north-west and south- east corners stood bastions ten feet in diameter aiul thirty feet high, with openings for cannon and small amis. A partition wall divided the interior, two- thirds of which was devoted to the necessary shops, storehouses, and dwellings, the remaining third beintr a corral in which the horses and nmlcs were secured from theft at night. In the east wall was a laiyc gate, with heavy plank doors, opened only on certain occasions. Adjoining the wall on the west was a wagon-house, made to shelter a dozen or more large wagons used in conveying goods from and peltries to St Louis. The tops of the houses were flat and grav- elled, and served for a promenade in the eveiiiiii.'s, like the house-tops of Egypt. There were about sixty persons employed in the affairs at Fort WilliaDi, and many were the dangers they incurred and advc n- tures they encountered;" for the region was the com- mon ground of several of the most warlike tribes of the plains. Here, too, at different times were enter- tained travellers of every description and rank for a period of more than twenty years. In 1852 Bent blew up Fort William and moved his goods down the y: can fashion, one of which was used as a church. In 1838 the Sioux and Arapahoes attacked the place, and were fought by the Utes, wliose assistaiuo had heen sought. The hattle was a bhwdy one, resulting in the victory ni the Utes. This Mexican settlement was not entirely broken up until IMti. ArkiiiiKim Vnl. Hist., 54r)-6. Among those earliest in the service of tlic fur companies were Bill Williams, John Smith, a young man of good eihu'atii'ii from Philadelphia, Ben. Ryder, 0. de Bray, Metcalfe, and William liiaiis- ford, who later lived in Las Animas county. " Fitnihain'i> I'mnlH in the. Oirnt Wfufeni Prairies, .'?.5. The author of tliis book was at Fort William in 1830, and wrote accurately of what he saw. He says: 'In the months of June, August, and September there are in tlu' neighborhood of those traders from 15,000 lo 20,000 savages, ready ami panting for plunder and blood. If they engage in battling out old causes oi contention among themselves the Messrs Bent feel comparatively .'■aff m their solitary fortress. But if they spare each other's property and livn there are great anxieties at Fort William; every hour of day and uiglit i* pregnant with danger.' FUR TRADERS. 355 Arkiiusaa to the nioutli of Purgatoire river, whore he trectt'J a now fort, wliich was leasod to the govorii- TiK nt in 1859, wlicn it was occupied by troops and called Fort Wise, after tlie governor of Virginia. Another trading-post erected in 1832 was that of Louis Vasquez, five miles north-cast of the site of ])( liver, at the junction of Vasquez fork or Clear ci-.H k with the Platte river. A nephew of Vas<iuez r('si<lod with him at the fort from 1832 to 4836, and was one of the first settlers in Colorado. Fort Sarpy was erected soon after the two above named, and was situated on the Platte, five miles below Vasquez's pi)st. Five miles below Sarpy's post was another fort, whose name has been forgotten, and fifteen miles fiiitlier down the river was Fort Lancaster, erected by Lupton, which in 1886 was in a good state of pivscrvation. Fort St Vrain, ten miles below Lup- ton, at the confluence of the Cache le Poudre river with the Platte, was erected in 1838. The Bent brothers also had a post on the Platte before reaching the junction of the next stream below. So thickly flustered rival establishments in the first ten or fif- tocii years of trade in the Rocky mountains. Five iniK'S above Fort William toward the mountains was El Pueblo, a Mexican post, although owned in part by Americans, and constructed very nmch on the }i!au of Fort William. It was not, like the others, a trading establisment, but a farming settlement, iiiteuded to supply the trading-posts with grain, veg- ttables, and live stock. The proprietors irrigated their farm with water from the Arkansas, and were ui'.doubtedly the first agriculturists in this region ; but as they neglected to water their potions of alco- hol sufficiently at the same time, their enterprise did not flourish as it should, even hi 1838." ''Stone, Clmeml Vkm, MS., 20-21, mentions a Col Boone, who had a trailing no.st known aa llardM^rahle in the Arkansas valloy, contemporary with St Vrain ami others. Anotlier post was on the site of Trinidad in Las Animas county. The St Vrain mentioned hero, 1 have no doubt, was one of tlie family uf that uanie which became poudCiisud uf a grant to certain lead '.? ^i| '■^11 i\ m 356 DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION, I m' iH:- Si Somewhere between 1840 and 1844 anotlier settle- ment was made on Adobe creek, further u)) the Arkansas on the south side, in what was later Fre- mont county. It was under the patronage of an association of traders, among whom were Bent, Jjup- ton, St Vrain, Beaubien, and Lucicn B. Maxwell, Beaujien having charge, and being the owner of a large grant of land from the Mexican government. The settlement was broken up in 1846 by the Indians. A feature of the period to which I have just alluded was the obtainintj of grants from the Mexican authorities for the purpose of colonization and devel- opment. As I have shown, success had notatteiuhd their efforts, but the grants were valid notwitlistnud- ing. The Vigil and St Vrain grant embraced nearly all of what is now Colorado south of the Arkansas river and east of the mountains, excepting the Nolan grant, a tract fifteen miles wide by forty miles in length, lying south of Pueblo, Under the treaty of 1848 the title to these lands was undisturbed, except that the United States government thought best to cut them down to eleven square leagues eacli, as enough to content republican owners, I shall have occasion to refer again to them in this history. < )ii the Vigil and St Vrain grant James Bonney in 1842 founded the town of La Junta. In 1841 the first immigrant wagon bound to the Pacific coast passed up the Platte valley, and taking the North fork, crossed the Rocky mountains into Oregon by the South pass ; and soon it became the usual route instead of tliat by the Arkansas valh \, being safer from Indian depredations. Butwhatevir route was taken, no settlers came in these days from the United States to make their homes in the Rocky mountains ; and even the hunters and trappers, whose niinf . in ' iipppr Louisiana ' l)y authority of the Baron de Carandolet, sm - vcyor-geiit>ral of Louisiana in 1796. This was James Ceran St Vrain, ami tlie mines were iu Tennessee. THE MORMONS. 357 nunibtrs had once been that of a respectable army, \V(!ic being killed oft' by the Conianchos or absorbed bv the half civilization of the Mexican border. The first government expedition since Long's was sit on foot in 1842 under Fremont, but did not more tlian touch Colorado this year. Returning in 1 843-4, s<»iiic explorations were made of this portion of United States territory. The only persons encoun- tered in the Rocky mountains by Fremont '* at this time were the few remaining traders and their former employes, now their colonists, who lived with their ]\Iexican and Indian wives and half-brccd children in a primitive manner of life, usually under the protec- tion of some defensive structure called a fort." The first American families in Colorado were a part of the Mormon battalion of 1846, who, with i: •it ' -I . ^U " Kiinugh has been said about Fremont's expeditions elsewhere. He made no iiiipiirtaiit di.scoveries in Colorado, tliose which he did make being noted uiiilii' cither lieads. His expedition was very completely furnished. He left tlif I'latte with a part of his command after reaching Fort Ijaramie, and fol- liiwiiii,' the 8outli fork, came in siglit of Long's peak July S, \S4'2. He con- tiinud up tiie valley as far as St Vrain's fort, ] / miles ea.st of that niomitain, wlirio lie remained for three days only, returning on the I'ith to rejoin his niiii|jaiiy. In 184;i he took a different route to the mountains, via the valley ci tliL' Kansas river and Republican fork, crossing thence to the Snioly Hill fork, aiul proceeding almost directly west to Fort St Vrain by the well-worn trails (if the fur companies. From St Vrain, where he arrived July 4th, ho iiiiitiinifil up the I'latte, seeing Pike's peak covered with mw -fallen snow on tlu' iiKiniing of tlie 10th. Crossing the divide lietween the I'latte and Ar- kaiisa-t, he arrived on the 17th at Fontaine-qui-Honille, or Soda Springs, iioai the eastern base of the peak, the same which Long hatl named after Ciqit. Ik'U. On the 19th he left this spot, and descending the river to the castuiu fiirk, wliich was liastily survejed, the party returned to Fort St Vraiii, whence tliey proceeded north to Fort Laramie. Fremont mentions tile I'.irt called Fl Pueblo, and explains that the inhabitants were, at that time at least, a nund)er of mountaineers, principally Americans, who had iiianiiMl .Mexican women, an<l occupied themselves in farming and carrying (111 a ilcsultory traile with the Indians. In l^>44 he returned by a course wliiili took him tiu'ougli the north-west corner of tlie state, through North jiark, wliich lie cnlleil New park, through the South ])ark, and to the Ar- k iii.sas river, by wliich route he reiiched St Louis in tlie autumn. EjyUn: Erfu'l., IK). His .'id and last expedition in 1S4S was ii disastrous <uie, in which he lost most of his men, animals, ami stores in an attempt to cross tho niiiiiiitaiin to ( Jrand river in tlie dead of winter. •"Captain (lunnison in 18.")3 noticed a small settlement in the Culebra valley, and on the banks of tlie Costilla, wiicre lie Tound a little farming, ulirat, corn, beans, and watermelons being among the productions. Six Moxican families were settled on the CJreenhorn river, and at Sangre do t'listo pass an .Xmtrican named \\ illiams was herding some stock. Ba-kviUi, in i'ac, 2i, Ii, liiid, ii. uL. iii ^- 888 DISCOVEliY AND OCCUPATION. their wives and children, resided at Pueblo from Sep. teniber to the spring and summer of the folluwinir year, when they joined the Mormon migration to ISalt Lake. A number of persons later living in Utah were born at Pueblo in 1846-7." A number of houses " wore erected by them fur ^' See Hiat. Cul. and Hist. Utah, tliis series. From Tykr's Mommn B^il- talion, 120, [I take tlie following naniea of persons who were fiu.-irtiicMl at I'ueblo during this period: Gilbert Hunt, Diinick B. Huntington, MciutL,'iiiii- ery Button, John Tippets, Milton Kellej*, Nicholas Kelley, Nornuin Mjaq), James Brown, Harley Morey, Thomas Woolsey, 8. C. Slielton, Jnsciili \\'. Richards, James T. S. AUred, Reuben W. Allred, Marvin S. Uluuohriril, James W. Calkins, David Garner, James H. Glines, Sclmyler Hulett, Klijaii E. Holdcn, Charles A. Jackson, Barnabas Lake, Meleher Oyler, CaratatC. Roe, Joha Sessions, John P. Wriston, Elam Ludington, Joiin U. ('liasc, Franklin Allen, Erastus Bingham, William Bird, Philip Garner, HaniKin 1). Persons, Lyman Stepliens, Dexter Htillman, William \V\ilkcr, CliarKs Wright, Orson B. Adams, Alexander Brown, Jesse J. Brown, William ]•;. Beckstead, William H. Carjjenter, Isaac Carpenter, John Calvert, I'raiicilli) Durphy, Samuel Gould, John C. Gould, Jarvis Johnson, Thurston Larsmi, Jabez Nowlan, Judson A. Persons, Richard Smith, Milton Smitli, Andrew J. Shupe, James Shupe, Joel J. Terrill, Solomon Tindall, David Wilkiti, l)a- vid Perkins, John Perkins, Thomas S. Williams, Arnold Stephens, .Insliii.i Abbott, Jonathan Averctt, William Casto, AbnerCliase, James Davis, Italpli Douglas, William B. Gilford, James Hirons, Lorin E. Keaney, LisbnuJ.amli, David S. Laughlin, Peter J. Meeseck, .Tames Oakley, William Rowc, .bilm Steel, Abel M. Sarj^'cnt, William Gribble, Benjamin Roberts, Hemy W. Sanderson, Albert Sharp, Clark Stillman, John (i. Smith, Mynni Tainu", Almon Whiting, Ednuind Whiting, Eljenezer Hanks, Samuel Clark, (icni;^.! Cummiugs, Luther W. Glazier, J. W. Hess, Charles Hopkins, Tlioiua.s Kai- ren, David Miller, William A. Park, Jonathan Pugniire, Jr, Roswell 8tipli- » s, Bailey Jacobs. These M-ere detached and sent to Pueblo on account nf sickness; first detachment from the crossing of the Arkansas, and a stcnml one from Santa Fe. Those who had families were ordered to send them to Pueblo, except such as were retained for laimdrcsses; bnt as their uatiics are given but onco, and that before the division, it is impossible to give tli'; num- ber of women who wintered in Colorado. There were 34 married wdnuii with the battalion, with children of all ages, to the number of GO or 70. There were also several men, not enlisted, with the families, as John IJoscn, David Black, James P. Brown, and others. Milton Kelley, Joseph W. Richards, John Perkins, Norman Sharp, Arnold Stephens, M. S. Blaiichanl, Milton Smith, Scott, and Abner Chase, died in Pueblo, or on the mail to that place. Tlie first white American bom in Colorado was Malinda Catlior- ino Kelley, daughter of Milton and Malinda Kelley, in Nov., soon aft(M- the death of her father, whose first child she was. Subsequently Mrs Fanny M. Huntington, wife of Captain Diniick B. Huntington, gave birth to a cliilil, which died in a few hours, Eunice, wife of James P. Brown, bore a snn, John; Mrs Norman Sharp a daughter; Albina, wife of Thomas S. Willi.iins, a daughter, Phobe. A child of Capt. Jctferson Hunt, by his wifi;, IVlia, died and was buried at Pueblo, and probably otliers, whose names have luen forgotten; but from this record it is easy to imagine the remainder of a s-ail story of privation, death, and burial in a savage laud, and children born to Borrow. '" f^eo Stone's Gau View, MS.; Byns' HkL Coin, MS. Tlie detachmi-nt sent from Santa Fe built 18 rooms 14 feet square, of timbers cut in tlu' woods. Tj/lir'a Hint. Mormon BiUtalio/i, 171. The first detachment may have built others. ROUTES AND EXPLORATIONS. ■11! uy W. iimu", iciirgfi las Kr.i- Sti'pli- ouiit of second lom to UK'S are IlUlll- WOIPOU or 70. ]5osL'o, ph W. ncluinl, riail ti) 'atluT- f tor the miv M. c'liiM, a son, llianis, (Vila, lirCU a i-ail orii to (■linient liii th'> ly 1ki\ e winter quarters, and here were born, married," and buried a number of their people. Driven out of Illinois at tlie point of the bayonet, seeking homes on the western side of the continent, they liad accepted Service under tlie government, which had failed to protect them in their direst need, for the sake of being jtrovisioned and liaving their families transported across the continent. Of their strange history the winter in Pueblo was but an incident." Another jiortion of General Kearny's army, under Colonel Price and Major Emory, travelled up the Arkansas as far as Bent's fort, where it turned off to Santa Vv hy the Raton pass. This force consisted of 1,058 men, including Doniphan's 1st regiment of Missouri mounted volunteers. Meanwhile there were no real military establish- ments in the whole region west and north-west of Fort Leavenworth ; although, to protect the Oregon immi- gration, a chain of posts across the continent had been niucli talked of in congress ; and it had been announced that Fremont's explorations were ordered with the design of establishing a permanent overland route, and selecting the sites for the posts which were to guard and render it safe. I have shown in my history of Oregon that this w\as not actually done before 1841), the intervention of the war with Mexico diverting the army to that quarter. But measures were taken early in March 1847 to select locations for two United States f()rts between the Missouri and the Rockv mountains, the sites selected being those now occui)ied by Kearney City and I'ort Laramine, the latter being '"..Uiiii-a, <Iaught«r of Capt. Nelson lliggins, was marriiil to Jolm Chase at riiolpld. '•" 1 liave notiiod some erronoous statements concerning the Mormon hat- taliou ill my Colorado manuscripts. It was commainli'd ia tlie tirst place liy a regular otticer, Col James Allen, 1st dragoons, though it was an in- fantry force. He died soon after the battalion left Leavenwortli, and the cdMimand was taken hy Lieut A. J. Smith, who rc[)orted toCol Doniphan at Santa Fe, the whole l)cing nndcr the commaii<l of TJen. Kearny. From fsinta Fe to Los Angeles Col P. Nt (Jeorge Cook commanded the battalion. !5cu JJiat, CitL aud //w<, i'dih, this scries. . <■■ ! ■m N-'f 'U, m PL m 360 DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION. ^^1 i" i ' purchased from the American Fur company." The work of constructing and garrisoning these forts [iro- gresscd slowly,''* and it was not until some nioutli.s after the close of the Mexican war that troops wtre stationed at them, although in 1847-8 there was a con- siderahle force kept moving on the plains. In 1 850 Fort Massachusetts was erected on Ute creek, at the west base of the main chain of the Rocky mountains, near Sangre de Cristo pass ; the site being chosen the better to intercept the raiding bands of Utes, and was occui)ied, although the situation proved unhealthfuh until 1857, when the present Fort Garland was sub- stituted." In 1853 congress passed an act authorizing a sur- vey of railroad routes from the Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean, that between the 38th and ;5;ith parallels being entrusted to Captain J, W. Gunnison. <if the Topographical engineers. Captain Gunnison began his survey at the mouth of the Kansas river, proceeded westward to Bent's fort, up the Arkansas to the Apishapa and Huerfano affluents, throu^li Sangre de Cristo pass into San Luis park, the Saguache valley, and Cochetopa pass, down the (Jnn- nison branch of the Colorado to its junction with Grand river, thence westward acri)ss the Wasatch range, in Utah, as far as the valley of Sevier lake and river, where he, with several of his party, was murdered October 26th''* by Pah Utes. Gunnison's * Flirt Ijaramie was sometimes called Fort John. Byrse in his IIM. < "/'», MS,, 06, says it v.as St John, and that the government changed its naiiiu to Laramie. But it wa» known to travellers as Laramie a number of years lit- fore the iiurchasc; and in Bomu'riUi's AilrciUunn it is called Fort William, nrol>al>ly after William Sublette, who built it in 18l}4, in conjunction v ith Rol)ert Camiibell. They sold it the following year to Milton Sublette and James Briilger, who went into partnership with the American Fur Couiiiany. There is a more complete account of Fort Laramie in my J/htoryo/ Wijninhhi, this vol. Hastings, in his Or. and Cal., 13G, meatious Ft Jolm as being one mile south of Fort Laramie. ■■'•Rept of W. L. Marcy, sec. war, in Mkx' Prg., Dec. 13, 1848. ^ Fort fiarland is located in latitude 27° 35' north; longitude 27° 20' west; with an altitude of 7,805 feet. The reservation comprises 4 scjuare niilos, and lies betweca Sangre de Cristo and Ute creeks in San Luis park. .S'h/-;/i '>«• yii. Cirr., 1870-t, 257; Berhrith, in P<ir R. R. RifX., ii. 38. ■■^Ounnison had an escort of a dozen mounted riflemen, Co. A, uiu'.er Capt. Morris. On the morning of Oct, 25th Gunnison, with F. CrcutzfiLlt ROUTES AND EXPEDITIONS. »6I survoy of the mountain passes of Colorado rendered it cniK'lusive that there was no route equal to^ that tnivelled by the immigration through the great Jojuession about the 42d parallel;'* although the apprehension of i)bstruction from snow in this lati- tude continued to govern the views of those in autliority, and in spite of the survey of the Northern 1'. -itic railroad line, until the civil war forced the abandonment of the more southern routes. liiituiist, R. H. Kern topographer, William Potter giii<le, John Bellowa, and a iiiiii'iral and G men, left camp to explore the vicinity of Sevier lake. On the ni\t morning, most of the party l)eing at breakfast, the Imlians fired U]iori tlicm from a thicket, and stampeding the horses, prevented tiieir es- lape. Only 4 out of the 12 survived the attack. The coq)()ral, who was a'lili! to mount, gave the first information to Capt. Morris, and the escort ar- rived on the scene of the massacre that evening too late to collect the re- in iin of the murdered, which liad liecn mangldl by tlie savages, thougii not s oaliieil, and torn and almo.st devoured by wolves during tlie niglit. Brrk- n-'tli III Pw R. R. Rej^t, ii. 73-4; Oijimpia Wimh. Pioneer, Jan. 21, 1854. See HUt. i'f'i/i, this series. -' See Hi.4. Xorthircst Cout, this series. The other government expedi- tiniis wiiicli have surveyed Colorado have been tiiose military reconnoissances "iiiii'e'ted with railroads and mail routes. In 1Sj4 Stei)toe, on his way to ()ii'L.'iia witli 300 troops, survej'ed the country from New Mexico to Salt Liiki; City, and expended .?lJ5,000in improving the route from that place to till! siuirhcrn California coast by tlie way of the Rio Virgen and Muddy rver aii<l the Cajon pass. V. S. E.r. Dik., 34th cong. 1st sess., i. pt'2, r)04 7. The overland mail was carried overtliis route for several years, or until the war with the south compelled the adoption of the central route. In 1857 the f.MV(M-nment sent out an expedition under William M. Magraw to locate a wagnii-road through the South pass. It was accompanied by a corps of sci- liitiiio men, who made collections of the plants, niinerals, and animals of the country. Sinithsoni'tn Rtpt, 1S58, 50. Congress had at ditlerent times made api)ro[)riation3 for the exploration of the Rocky mtsin the interest of science, auil especially of geology. An expedition to the lower Yellowstone, under the eniiimand of C^. K. Warren, of the U. S. Eng. corps, as early as 185(5, was tlie first to become interestecl in the marvellous reports of the Yellow- stene country tlirough tiie medium of the fur-traders. James Bridger otfered til giiido the command to the head of the river, but the undertaking was not etileied upon at that time. Warren had planned an expedition to Yellow- st'iiie lake for the years of ISoit-lJO, but was superseded in connnaud by Col Kt yiinlds of his corps. Prof. F. V. Hayden was connecteil witli the expedi- tiiiii of 1856, and had charge of the geo.ogieal department in 1859-CO; but lleyiidlds failed to nake tiie passage of tlie Wind River mts, from which side he iiunle his approach. At tiie same time a small party under Cook and tolsoiii, by approaching by tlie valley of the Yellowstmu!, crossed the divide intii the geyser basin of tiio Madison river, but not until after W. W. Do Laoy, as I have shown in my HUtimj iJ'Mniitdii'i, had peiietratcil to that spot fniiii tlie hoacl of Snake river, in 180.'$. In 1870 tiic sur.-gen. of Montana, Henry I) W'ashburne, with a party of settlers reached the upper geyser h;i<iii, at the head of the Yellowstone, and N. P. Langfcrd, one of the party, piihlislied an account of the discoveries made by the expedition in the May aiiii .hine numbers of Srril>iin''i M'liji'ziiii' for 1871. An army officer who ai'eiiiiipanied the excursion ineommanil of a small escort— Ijietit (!. C. Doane, lM eav. — luude au otlicial re^wrt to Gen. Hancock, who forwarded it to the Ft -\ ■^1 ill 362 DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION. sec of war, Belknap. These revelations of the wonders of the Rncky tnts greatly utimulateil ruscaruli. Under the direction oi the sec. of th« int., Dehmo, the geological survey was reaumed in 1871 in tlio mountain ivgidns] I'rof. Hayden being in charge. He proceeded from Odgen to Fort Hull, an,! tlieuco tu Fort Ellis, Montana, where ho obtained an escort and muilu the long-contcniplated visit to the geyser basin, of which there is a dusi'iipijim in his report fur 1871, being the 5th of the series. In the following ye.ir Hayden, with his photograplier, W. H. Jackson, made a tour through ap.-ut of Colorado, and in his report for 1872 gave a brief ceneral sketch nf tlia scenery an(i the geological features, with analy.ses of the mineral spiings; but his explorations were conrined principally to the country nortli iif the 4l8t parallel. In 187.3 and 1874 the survey of Colorado was proseciUtdMith zeal. The headquarters of tlio company was at Denver, but it was Kcjiar.ituil into 7 divisions to prosecute s^wcitically the work of the topograpiiical, gcd- logical, botanical, zoological, archicological, paleontological, and ])h(itii. graphical branches of the service, which m all respects was of great valiiu U tlie country and to science at large. Hayden's report for 18/4 cuiuuins, l>esidcs the strictly scientilic history of the state, many interesting observ- ations on the conditions of the country and its development at this date. All of liis reports are written in a popular style, which enables the least s'.adimii reader to find some clnrm in them. Daly's A</ilre.i8 Am. Oeoij Sm., JST.'i, 9-12, 55-G. In 1880 Hayden published a volume of general antl scii'iitiiio information concerning the intramontane states and territories wliifii lio lallol T/ie Gri'it W<vf., containing over 500 pages, and made up of selected matter from other sources, with sonic descriptive matter from his own, in wliidi TJ pages are dovjtedto Colorado. In 1873 an expedition was tlirown into the field by the war department, under the general charge of Lieut George M. Wheeler, tlie primary object being to discover the most available rmiU'sfur tlie transport of troops and wagons between interior posts, and incidentally to conduct researches in geology, zoology, botany, arehieology, and otlnr special branches of science. The expedition was in the field three years, aiul a part of it in Colorado most of the time. Tlie force for 1875 was diviilud into two sections, one under the immediate direction of Wheeler, to start from Los Angeles for the survey of soutiicrn Cal. and Arizona, and another under Lieut William L. Marshall, to start from Pueblo for the survey of tiio southern part of Colo, and New Mex. I have referred in my Ui<tnnjnf Nrvdila to Wheeler's work in that state. Marshall's route froiu I'mcMo meandered the sage plains east of the mountains, rounded the base of I'iki' a peak, through the Sangre de Cristo pass to Conejos, on the Conejas liran.li of thellio Grande del Norte, where the real work of the expedition forl'olo. began. The topography of the whole country west of the 100th meridian and between the parallels was secured by triangulation, and a series of niapa made which omitted no faintest trail or smallest stream. Wheeler's jmlili- cations consist of reports, maps, and photographs, and are of great giogra- phical value. In 18t)7 the government onlered tlie geological survey of tiie 40tli parallel, and the explorations were placed in charge of Clarence King, a man of many attainments, to whose work and that of his party I havi^ re- ferred in my Huftonj of Xeryvla. A large octavo volume published iu l'*>70 at Washington on mining industry contains chapters on gold and silver min- ing in Colorado, by James D. Hague, with general and particular histories of the most noted mines and mineral districts, with illustrations, the whole being of much interest and value. CHAPTER III. GOLD DI.SCOVEllIES, 1853-1859. XhiiioLOfjicAL Mixes— Men from Gkohhia — The CiiEnoKEEs — HrcKs and KcsHEi.L — The Lawken(;e Pakiy — Oi iieii L'omi'aniks— Aukakia vkksus pF.NVEi! — The Tows Biildeks— Eaki.v Merchants and Manufac- Ti iiKiis — FmsT Guide Bdoks and Jouunals— Gold Discovekies on BoiLDER Ckeek and C'lkak Creek — Russell and Gkeuory — Central City and Fair Play — Pioneer Biourai-uy. Up to 1853 Colorado's scant population still lived ill or near some defensive establishment, and had been (Increasing rather than increasing for the past decade, owing to the hostility of the Indians.' The great wave of population which rolled westward after the gold discoveries in California had its effect on this iiiterniediatc territory. Traditions of gold nuggets carried in shot-pouches of mountaineers are of early (late, a Frenchman named Duchet * being one of the careless finders of the royal metal, " away back in tlu! thirties." These stories were wafted abroad, and piijued the curiosity of the California bound pilgrims, who prospected, as opportunity oftered; anywhere along the branches of the Platte river/ A party of Clierokees being en route to California, looking not only for gold, but for a new country in which to locate their people who had been invited to sell their 'Fri'mont, in his E.rplnr, Erpfil., 1843-4, mentions the taking of Ronbi- (Icau'.s fort, on the Uintah branch of Green river, in northwestern Utah, liy tliu Utes, soon after he passed it in 1814. Tlie men wore all killed and tliL' women carried into captivity. Bent's fort was also eaptnred »ub.se- q'lpiitly, and the inmates slaiightered. The absence of the owners alone pre- veiituil their sharing the fate of their employes. ■ lli)Uister\^ Minc'^ of Colnnu/o, (5; SliKirt'a Monhina, 68-9. 'Colorado Rait, in San Juan, MS., 1, (363) ' '■ i'^i--al ^? il S64 GOLD DISCOVERIES. ill lands in Georgia, taking the Arkansas valley rnuto, and tlie trail by the Sijuirrei creek divido to the lu ad of Cherry creek, made the discovery that imM existed in the streams of this region. The party continued on to California, and returned in ti;iie to Cieorgia, where they attempted to organize an exj)c. dition for the Rocky mountains. The news came to the ears of W. Green Russell, a miner of Da]il(iii("j;a, Georgia, who also projected an expedition to tliis region. In the meantime a Cherokee cattle trader fr.iia Missouri, named Parks, in driving his herds al^||^r the trail, and having had his eyes sharpened by tlic report of the previous company of liis pcoplr, dis- covered gold in 1852, on Ralston creek, a small ;ilHu- ent of Vasquez, or Clear creek.* A column of tnupps marching through the country a few years later made a similar discovery, on Cherry creek, on tlie south- west corner of the present state of Colorado; and in 1857 other troops made tlie same report concerniii;^' Cherry creek in the Platte region.^ Still, but little gold was found, and no excitement followed at that time. Early in the spring of 1858 the Cherokees oriifan- ized for a prospecting expedition to the vicinity df Pike's peak. W. Green Russell joined their company with a party of white men. Some difficulties occur- ring in passing through the country of the Osui^cs, part of the Cherokees turned back. The expeditidn, as filially organized for the plains, consisted of twelve white persons and thirty Indians, among whom were George Hicks, Sen.,* leader of the company, Geort,'c Hicks, Jr, John Beck, who had organized the expi di- tion, Ezekiel Beck, Pelican Tigre, and others. The ^Pahar'a Colo, as an Agrinihiirnl State, 21-22; Kinifa G<ol. E.rplor., iii. 487-92. ^ Rirhrmlsotift JIM. Giiuiiiwii Coiid/i/, MS., 4; Oilpin^n A Pinifrr of iS'il, MS.. 3; Corl>ett\f Li'i/ii. Manwil, 'M; Jhiyilvna Orent W<'.it, Ity-ICK); ll^n-yn's Mai,., xli. 373-4. ^ Hicks was a lawyer l)y i)rofe9sion, had servel on the bench as jiulgi', and was a uotable man auioug the Cherukeea. iii n< osvEci iX( ; ex pei utioxs. 303 wlilto porsons were George MoDougal, brotlier of GDveruor McDougal of California, who had a trading p()st on xVdobe cieek, a Mr Kirk, wife and two chil- (Ircn, Levi Braumbaugli, Philander Sinunons. a njoun- taineer of a dozen years' experience, and ^[essrs j^rcwn, Kelly, Johns, Taylor, and Tubbs. Kelly had a Cherokee wife, who with her sister accompanied liiiii. The company left the Missouri frontier May IJtIi, and arrived at Bent's new fort in good seas<m; hut the winter had been severe and the spring late,' which made travelling difficult. Nor were their labors rewarded that season, though they prospected from the liead of the Arkansas to the Platte, and thiity miles to the north ; and only Kussell remained, with half a dozen men, who ultimately found diggings where they took out fair wages, on a dry creek put- ting into the Platte seven miles south of the mouth of Cherr}'' creek. The fame of the Cherokee expedition spread through tlie ^[issouri river towns, and soon other companies were on the road to the mountains, without waiting for confirmation of the rumored discoveries. A com jKiiiy left Lawrence, Kansas, soon after the passage of the 1 licks and Russell parties, consisting of fifty men, two of whom, Holmes and Middleton, had families, and went by the Arkansas valley route to the foot- hills t)f the Front range. At Pueblo they found a few Mexicans, and at Fountain City a mixed settle- niei)tof Americans and Mexicans, presided over by '^^•ovgo McDougal. The company prospected south- ward as far as the Sangre de Cristo pass, some cross- ing tlie mountains to Fort Massachusetts for supplies. Keturning nortliward along the base of the mountains, tlioy remained two or three months in the Garden of tlie Gods at the foot of Pike's peak, which a party, including Mrs Holmes, ascended, this woman, being 'Simmons relates that in the Squirrel creek pineries they found the de- 8erti'<l camp of C'apt. Marcy, who, on his way to join Jonnson's army, lost several men and a large number of sheep by tlie cold and suow encountered here. ArkaiistM Vul. Hid., 548. I il 77. m GOLD DISCOVKRIES. h ] il :(':- the pioneer of hor sex upon tliis lofty summit. Tlitir camp at this placo was called by them Keel n»rks. While in this vicinity, the Lawnnce companv laid out a town at the site of Colorado springs, wiiirli tii. v called El Paso, from its h»cation at the mouth <>f tife Ute pass of the mountains Some of the coiiij»aiiv took land claims along the Fontaini'-<jui-B<»uill«- river, above El Paso town site, covering ix)rti«»n.s of tl),. site where Colorado City now stands. But as no om- came to purchase lots, and as no gold had U •■n found in the vicinity. El l\a8o town company bccam*- rest- less, and moved northward to the Platte, a numlKr of them encamping five miles above the f>re?Kiit citv of Denver, where they again laid out a town, puttin*; up eighteen or twenty cabins, and calling it Montima. Here the company finally disbanded. Part of tL* iii again engaged in a real estate venture, layinv out tl e town of St Charles, the site of which end)raci.d l.*J-0 acres of the ground now occupied by Dcnv* r. jos- session of which was subsequently acquired by tie Denver people.* The greater portion (»f the Lav- rence company returned to Kansas, some in tie autumn and others in the following 8i>ring. A f< w wintered at Pueblo,'* and while there were joiii«d ly other companies " from the Missouri border. *There was also a place called The Pjleven Caliins, 14 miles l(*I<.w iHnv^r. on the I'latte, but of its history I learn notliiiig, except the name of the builder, John Rothrack, of Pa. •The wouhl-have-l)een founders of St Charles were Frank M. C'<«M'. AH- nah French, William >Smith, and William Hartley. Cobb rt-tame^l Ia«i m the autumn to Kansas, leaving Charles Nichols in charge of the new I' wn. On his reapjMjarance on Cherry creek in 1859, he found the I)enver c<'n:]iarij in po.%session. Cobb mined for three years, and was sutler from ISfil t" ]'*'5 to the army in the south, after wliich he went to Worcester, Mass., mbtrelii- was engaged in business until 1869, when he embarked in cattle raifiiij: auti min ig in tlie (iuunison country. He was born at Minot, Maine. Vmong those who returneil to Pueblo to winter were Jieorge Pet-k. M)'l- wife and child, and one McClellan. They returned to the ttau? :s ■ing, and to Colorado in the autumn of 1859. Peck, with a It' :Ivt. I) farming on the Goodnight rancho, where he remainetl till l*^-,". »i ime he engaged in mercantile business in the ea.<(t. In 1ST2 ).e re- ince more to Colorado, settling at Las Animas, where he ai-aij hi- 1 farming and cattle raising. In 1880 he was elected jirol^?'.- "<ir«- t county. He married Mary E. Rice in 1871. Arknruas V'tL II vi. die the wen. whicl tume gaged forBt 877-8 "Few of the names of the Tiawrence party have Iteen preserved. .I'}:ii T. Younker was one uf those who remaiuud. He was a native of Ohio, I'cni AURAKIA. W "Mnunvliilo several otlir-r f»artioK liad set out from various [x/mts along the Mi-souri, arrivin*^ at Clitiry vrv.rk ill the autumn, l»y tlie route ui» the J Matte, Ftii'i'inost among thewe was a little company from MllU county, Iowa, consisting of L). C. Oakes," H. J. (fialiam, George l*aneoast, Abrani AValrod,'* and Char) t '3 Miles. They arrived on the lOth of Oeto- l)tr (111 the site of l)env«r. and after paying a visit to W. ( lieen Russell at IMacer cani[), pitched their tents at til is place. Two weeks later a crunpany of fifteen men arrived (in (ylierry creek, encamping on the wist side of the sti'tiiin. AmoUij them was Henrv Allen from (.\)un- cil Hlutt's, Iowa, a practical ^^urvcyor, whose talent ai»d instruments were soon called into the service of town companies. Small parties c<»ntinued to arrive every few days, encamping for the m<»st part on the west side of Cherry creek, which suggested, of course, a town ; and Auraria wa.s duly organized in the latter part of October, with Allen as president of the com- pany. The town plat wa.s surveyed by him, assisted bv William Foster. The first building erected was by AiKselm H. Barker." To a*Jd to tiie population, Aug. 'JS, 183S, and lircil a farmer. Frr>in farm life lie went to scliodl teach- i:iL', niiil next to telegrapliy. He enjigrate.1 t'> Kan.sa.i just in time to l)u- ciiriii' involved in the troul'lus there. Joining the free htii.te men, and (ightini^ 'liDi'.ler rulKini.' After tlie faihire of the Lawreuce c<jiii|»any tn tind gold, ho took a land claim on the Platte, tive mile-* from Ik-uvcr. where he resided until 1S79, whea he removed to the city. In IHOl he married Anuio K. Tlidiiipsmi. 'M». ('. Oakes was bom at Carthage, Main«. April 3, 1825. At the age of six ycare he removed with hU parent* to^Mlli'.n, Ohio, four years later to Iii'l., .iiid tlie following year to Iowa. Ir. I>I9. his parents having died, Vciuiii; Oikea accompanied Ahram Walro<l t/. C'al., and mined on American river in partnership with A. R. (\.lton. R'^tnminir home after a few year* of life in the mines, he married, and .oettlwl at <;!enwood, Iowa, as a oon- trsi'tor and builder, remaining there nntil WA, whea he started for I'ike'H I'eik. From this time his life is a i>art of the hutfjry of Colorado. Denver ni4., 5:i8. '^ Abraham Walrod was born in X. Y.. .Ian- 22. I82.'>, bred a firmer, and ciluciited at the common schools. In I>v43 he remove'! to Iowa, and in 1849 aotoiapanied D. C. Oakes to Cal., working in the mines for two years. On returning to Iowa he settled at Clenwoo*^!, whenc* he came to Colo in 18,58, au'l engaged in mining. In 1852 he marrie<l Emily A- ("rainblet of III. His iliuu'liter Mary was the first white girl l>om in Denver Dt-nrer Hint., 044 5. " Ikrker was a native of Ohio, l>om in Oallia <v»«intv. Nov. 2.1, 1822, and bred a farmer aud blacksmith. lie married Aug. 7, 1M3, and removed to % 368 GOLD DISCOVERIES. vtl the settlers nt Montana were persuaded to move tlieir cabins to Auraria " and become incorporated with the prospective city,** every settler being allowed as many lots as he would build upon. Iowa soon after. Iii lSr>7 he again removed to the new town of I'liittsiniiutii in Neb., whoiico he came to Ctnoraih), whore he reniaiiietl ami worked at liis trade. Among his discovories was tiie Total Eclipse mine at Leailvillf. He was ncrgcant-at-arms of the constitutional convention of 1870. '•'Auraria wa.s named after a town in Lumpkin county, (ieorgia, hy some person.s from that mining region. Some autiiorities state tliat it was naineil after some person, for which jva.sertion I liml no ground. There were many miners from <Jeorgia who would wish to compliment their former residenee or preserve their home memories in this way. I quote liijer/i' Ilitt. Culd.. MS., 17; Sojim SiUti'iiii-iit o/Dnnvr, MS., 1. In lloUUlfrx Minia nf C'lonitl,, 10, it is said that J. L. Russell of Auraria, Oeogia, named the place. '"Ricliard Sopris, one of the Auraria town company, was horn in liiuks CO., Pa., June 2(i, 1S13. He was bred a farmer, and learned the trade of ,i carpenter. On the 5th of June, 1S;57 he married Eli/aheth Allen, of Treiitcui, N. J., and removed to Ind., changing his residence frequently, as lie timk canal and railroad c(mtracts in various parts of the .state. He arriveil at Cherry creek Feb. I, 1859, in company with I'arks. He took an active i^art in public affairs in Colorado; was a capt. in the first Colo inf.; first i)resideiit ^' the Colorado Agricultural society; for two years sheriff of Arap.iiicie v. jnty, I8U4-G; assisted in building tlie railroads of the state; and lias Init'ii mayor of Denver, and president of the Pioneer association. I found iiim in- telligent and reliable authority on Colorado affairs, and his contributiixi of T/ic S'ttlciiieiit of />('H(V'r,MS., very important. His family consisted in bVi4 of five .sons and tliree daughters. Andrew J. Williams was a native of N. Y., bom Nov. 22, 183n. Wlien the Pike's peak gold fever broke out ho left for the mountains in tiie autuiim of 1858, in company witli Charles H. Blake — after wiiom IJlake .-itieet, Denver, was named — having four wagons drawn by four yokes of o.\en eacii, carrying merchandise. They arrived Nov. 1st with the first stock of gcn.ds, and erected tlie first store in Auraria, or West Denver. In l>ec. they joiued the Denver town company, and helped to survey the ground, removing to tlie east side of the creek in the spring of 1859, where they erected the first hotel, a log house, 110 by 32 feet, and roofed with canvas, situated on Blake street near 15th street. It was burned in 1863. In 1859 Williams engageil in freighting and contracting in Colorado and New Mexico, wliich he lol- lowed until 18(i5. He also bought large herds of cattle which he drove to C(dorado from Texas, making good profits. He became one of tiie ineorpo- rators and directors of the Exchange bank in 1870, and president in bSTS. Judson H. Dudley, born in N. Y., April 3. 1834, in 1857 went to Neb., and from there to Pike's peak, where he arrived October 20, 1858, and assi-ted in organizing tlie town company of Auraria, of which he was vice-president. Subse(|uently he joined the Denver company. On the breaking out of tlic war he was apjiointed quartermaster with the rtink of major. He was owner of the Moose mine, and manager of the reduction works at Dudley for five years. William Cole, a nf^tive of N. Y., was bom Feb. 16, 1836, and jducati d "t a common school. After a brief experience as a salesman in a mercantile es- tablishment, he travelled through several of the western states, and beinj; cjiught by the current setting toward the new gold region, found himself on the 20th of October, 1858, at Cherry creek, and when Auraria was lieiiiu' or- f;anized joined the town company. Then he went to Missouri to purcli.ise »eef and stock cattle, and soon after obtained contracts for furnisliing the government posts. In 1865 he engaged in stock raising on a large seule. With W'lliams & Co. he built 40 miles of the Kansas Pacific railroad. TlIK AUIIARIA COMPANY. S'lunc time duriixr fiw. • . Aunuiaanartyfo fr "'"ter there arrived at W-!.it.itt," Gocrge WihJ, t'"""'"'' i''' ^*"'""-^' K -■■• Jr, CI...ries"A. I a " o,,o^ il'T' ^^■''''"" I-- "l'l"-'tc' or cast side of tl,c or ,1 ^l'"^''" "" "'o "L'lit to Kiiiono (\, ! ■ '■''^ <-<'lo Cuv.ilrv «..,. f ^"I'amt ruountain a^'-, as s..',!;^,,; •^^'-'"^ fro,n ahroa'^.e" S.^'"^— • -',1 £" ii.«T.NBv. 24 '"""'^''«t"okm Colorado. A..,; //^.Jti') »''''''- «70 GOLD DISCOVERIES. when the founder of St Charles returned from a visit to Kansas in the spring he was compelled to take shares in the new company or lose all, his agent hav- ing already been overpowered. The first secrotarv of the company was P. T. Basset. He was followed hv Whitsitt, who was secretary, treasurer, and donatiii'' agent until a grant was obtained from the gtncrii- ment, all the deeds passing through Lis hands. The town was surveyed by E. D. Boyd, Larimer and A. J. Williams carrying the chain. It was this survey- ing which was assumed to give the new company tlic superior right. Larimer built the first house " afti r a stockade occupied by William McGaa." It was a log cabin 16 by 20 feet, with a ground fldor/' and probably a turf roof It stood near the corner of Larimer and Fifteenth streets. The seoond house was erected by Moin and Rice, carpenters and wagon-makers, on Fifteenth street, opposite Larimer, which goes to show that this part of town became the business centre. The first trader in Denver was John Smitli, who was acting as agent for Elbridge Gerry, one of the brothers before mentioned as a wealthy fur-trader. When Blake and Williams opened their stock of goods, Gerry hastened from Fort Laramie and took charge of the business." A tin-shop was the third ^* ScyprW SHtlement of Denver, MS., 3. There is some doubt almut the builder of the tirat house in Denver. Like so many first tilings, it has sev- eral claimants. David C. Collier, a native of Mina, N. Y., born Oct. 1,'), 183'2, a descendant of puritan ancestors, a student of Oherlin culUgi', iu Ohio, is one of those who built the first house on tlio east side of Churry creek.' Clear Circk ami Boulder Count}) Hist., 444, Collier drove an ox-team from Leavenworth, and was the first lawyer who offered his professidiial ser- vices in Colorado. He erected ser'iral houses in Denver. Hoexploreil .udii- siderable portion of (Jilpin and Cltar Creek counties, White and Uiinmi- pahgre rivers, and the head waters of the Del Norte and Arkansas nver,-;, and also the San Juan country. In 18Gi? he removed to Central eity, ami besides practising law, edited the Reijister. He was connected with the educational interests of Colorado as supt of the public schooLi for (lilpiu county. '* Hollmter'8 Mine of Colorado, 16. '" The first building havinj^ a wooden floor was at the store of Wallingfupl and Murphy, at the corner of Larimer and 17th street. Moore's E<.irlij Dayi in Denver, MS., 3. ^' Denver Rock-y Mountain Herald, Jan. 8, 1876. DENVER VEusrs AURARIA. :i7l business place opened, kept by Kinna and Nye, wlio luul brought a small stock of tin and sheet-iron to imiku into such articles as were required by miners. Tin V began business in Auraria in November, but were soon induced to remove to Denver. Tiie first stove in Colorado was made by them out of sheet- iion ft)r Blake and Williams' public hall, known as Dciivt r liall, for which they were paid $150. On Christmas 1858 a train of six large wagons belong- iu'jj to liicliard Wooten and brother arrived from New Mexico, loaded with provisions, and these goods being ])]a(ed on sale, made the third trading establishment, ami tiiG last before immiirration bcijan in 1851). The lU'Xt huge stock of goods which arrived belonged to J. B. Dovle and Fred Z. Salomon, and came from 'the States. It consisted of twelve large wagon- loads of groceries, provisions, boots and shoes, and minors' tools. A wareliouse was erected in Auraria, ami an active rivalry in tratle was carried on between the two towns, Denver soon after receiving almost as huvii a stock from New Mexico, beloncjinsj: toSt Vrain and St James, whose store was on Blake street, and was the largest in Denver at the time. It furnished women's and children's shoes, the first offered in Col- orado. Women and children were not reckoned among the inliabitants of the Pike's peak mining ix'gion in 1858, although there were five of tlie former who saw the buginniiig of Denver. They were Mrs and Miss Rooker from Salt Lake ; 'Mrs H. Murat ;" Mrs Smoke, who afterward went to Montana; and ^Irs Wooten, a native of Mexico. To these were added ill August 1859 Mrs W. N. Byers, Mrs Henry Allen, and two daughters. Before winter of that year there were many of all classes in Denver. The first child ••H. Mur<at, commonly called 'the count,' was a lineal descendant of Marslial Murat, king of Naples. Tlie countess washeil, and the ccpunt shaved men's beards — occupations more useful than nolde personages iisually eiij,M(,'u in. Ho later became aa inmate of the Arapahoe county hospital. %«' Ilint. Colo, MS., 82. % 372 GOLD DISCOVERIES. i ! n !*■',! " 1 born in the town was a half-caste son of McGaa,"one of the original town company, who voted to name it after his friend, tiie governor of Kansas, and to give him a share in the town site." The destiny of cast Denver as against Auraria was settled in the autunni of 1851) by the arrival of two trains from Leavenworth, aggregatiiig tliirtv wagons, loaded with merchandise, belonging to Jonos and Cartwright, who opened stores on Blake street. " Now," said tiio Denver partisans, " no more Mexican trash for free Americans. No more one hundred per cent. The trade is ours, and Denver is saved." They made good their word, as it afterward proved — all but the one hundred per cent."^ -^ Met raa went l>y tlio name of Jack Jones among riountaiii men. It is sail] l»y Moore in his Eu-bj D^iy-^ in Dciifir, MS., 9, that ho \va« tliu son <if an Irish haronrt, hut liycr.s, in J/i.4. Colo, MS., ';\, says ho was an Aineriiiin. At all events ho was an eihicateil man, auil a good writer, lie was a I'litinl and guide of (Jen. J. W. Denver, and a shrewtl hu.sines» man. But he fell into dissipated habits, and lost his standing. The town conijmny liasteneil his linal end by changing the name of Mcllaa street to Ilolladay stnei in honor of IJeu Ilolladay. This insult broke his heart. At least, so tays Mcjore, quoted above. Mc(iaa died about 18GC, -' Denver did not visit the place, or claim his lots in accordance with tlio terms of the grant, until ISS'2, when his share had been taken posses.^inii if, ancl divided among some of the otlier members of tlie company. He wduM not disturb titles, as the property had passeil to innocent purchasers. -^1 find mention of a number of the pioneers of 1S5S belonging to the set- tlement of Denver who have not been here recorded. William M. Slaugliter from riattsinouth. Neb., later maj-or of Central City, was one of the early arrivals. John J. Keithmann, born in Lausanne, Switzerland, in IS.'ilS, eame to the U. S. at the age of 10 years, and was educated in the puldic selumls cf Indianapolis, where he was emjiloyed in the bank of the capital. In lf«,"^ the family removed to Council Hluifs, from which place he soon after emi- grated ivith his brother, L. D. Reithmann, to Colorado. They did nut pn tn Cherry creek, but the latter wintered at a place known as Kough and l!e;iily, 2\ miles below tlic mouth of Cherry creek, on the Platte, while the fi'iiiKi- returned to Council Bluffs, carrying the tirst mail between Cnlorado ami lnwa. In the spring of 1859 he recrossed the plains to Denver, where he engaged iii manufacturing crackers; and in 18G8 began .selling drugs. He made a for- tune, and spent it freely in travel and the education of his children. He \\m president of the (Jerman bank — laterthe Gennan National bank- of Denver, wliich position he resigned to go abroad. Louis D. Keithmann was also a iSwiss, although not of the same family. Brought up in Ohio, he lived after- ward near Indianap(dis, ami removed to Council Blnfls in IS.'iCi, whence lie came to Colorailo in 18,")8. He mined until 18(!5, went to Salt Lake, and thence to Montana, where he openeil a bakery in company with Frank llcgert, luit three years afterward returned to Colorado and engaged in dair,\' faiiiiiiiL', and later in tiie grocery trade in Denver. Henry Reitz, a Oernjan li\ hirtli, learned the trr.dc of a baker in London, after which he came to the I' S , working as a ])ainter for a time. On arriving in Colorado, he sold his ox- toam, and with the money, u^tcued a bakery, making $3,50U iu a few luonths, TiiE riki.S PEAK COUNTRY. 373 But I will not further anticipate. D. C. Oakes havini^' obtained possession of a journal kept by W. (irccii llussell, who returned with him late in the autuinii to the states, published the same with a way- bill, under the title of Pikes Peak Guide and Jonmal: and altln)Ugh it was printed in the little town (tf Pacific City in Mills county, Iowa, it was widely cir- (ulat.'d with similar publications, causing a large cm i- ((ration to set out for the mountains as soon as the i^rass l>cgan to start in the spring, and even before. ()ii the white covers of thousands of wagons was ii!S'"ril»od "Pike's Peak," often with the addition cf sou H" jocose legend;'* this conspicuous landmark, in the absence of an official name for this region, stand- ing for all the country from which this mountain was visible. In April 1859 there were ten or twelve hundred poisons encamped at Aurariaand Denver, the advance (if tliat army stretching across the great }>luins from the Missouri river in different lines, but principally up the Platte valley. Among the first to arrive v. an 1). C. Oakes, with a saw-n^ll, which he placed ou aftir which he went to mining, and accumulated a comfortable fortune l.y lii;it iiii'.uis. and by painting. Edmund A. Willoughhy, son of < ien. Frunk- liii Wilhiugliliy, was born mdroton, N. Y., Jan. G, lS:{t», and removid :u l^.')7 t.i Omaha. Neb. In ISoS he joined a party for Pike's peak, viiich nr- rivjil Oct. "iTth at Cherry creek, where lie asso<;iated liini.«filf witli .M. A. .\vury ill contracting and building, erecting, among otl!<!r .structures, Uenvi r liill, laiiidus in early times. Ho manufactured the Wdloughby brick. He was >htTiif of Arapahoe county in 1871?, and two year.j alderman of the 4lh Manl of Denver. Andrew ISagendorf was born in N. Y.. Aug. 2U, 18'JS, anil liivil a farmer. In IS.MJ he removed to Nob., and in IS.IS he left Omaha f.T I'lki'ji |it:ik, and arrived at Cherry creek November 5th, remaining tliero over wiiitir. In the spring he went prospecting, and with others discoverrd S|i,uiisli l)ar, where he mined until July. Returning to Auraria he was tliitcd secretary of the town company, which ottice he held for two years, lif wai also weighing clerk in the mint at Denver in lS(i.'5. In bSlKJ lie was app.Miitcd postmaster for Denver, holding the oflice tliree j-ears. He sub-c- f|aiiitly erected tlie government buildings at the White Kiver Ute agiiicy, ami afterward engaged in stock raising in l>ougla.-i county. In 1.S74 he re- iiiiivcd to Colorado .Spring.s, and for two years ran tlie expresa and transfer liiie. and tinally went into the drug business in this place. -'Cue wagon bore the inscription, 'Pike's Peak or liust!' Tlie di<ap- pnintrd gold seeker returned soon after with his addenda: 'Uusted, by Tlnmdcr ! ' emblazoned on his wagon cover. EUiert'n Plllilir Mi'ii (iw( Mfiixnri.t, M> . 'J; Iii'jertioWs Knockiny around the liockics, 6; Sopris' SvUkment oJ'Dtitnr, Mjj., 1. 374 GOLD DISCOVERIES. •;!l Plum creek, twenty miles south of Denver, and which furnished the first lumber for the improvement of that town on the 21st of April." On that same day tliore arrived from Omaha a newspaper company wltli a printing press, ivhich was destined to do as much toward building up the town of ])envcr as the saw- mill, though in a different way. The head of the company was William N. Byers, who, like Oakcs, liad published a Guide to Pikes Peak, which had Keen extensively sold to the immigrants." It liappened that before he arrived at Cherry creek signs of a })anic began to appear, and he encountered pirsons who threatened to have satisfaction of him for hsiviii;^ raised expectation by his Guide which had not boon fulfilled. Oakes was regarded with still greater <hs- fiivor, because he had been the first to represent I'ikt's peak as a mining region, and his name was mentioned with execrations."* Henrv Allen and William Lari- !• ^^!.i: "The first lumber was purchased hy Richard Wooten, wlio cainn tot'olo- rado in 18;{8, and Thomas PoUouk, M'ho erected the first frame house-;, li'it- r<r Hist., 180. ^Vooten was living in Trinidad in 1882. Ih-tiivr Cntmulo Aitlriffx', April, 1882. The 2d saw mill was erected by Little, and the M liy ^Vhittemore. iSiiprM Settlement of Dcnivr, MS., 12. "•".Mr liyers had a most important inrtuence in shaping the history of Col- orado. I am indebted to him for very valuable material, collected during a tour through tlie state of Colorado in 1884, in four different manuscriiit i.(mi. triliutions; namely, HUtory of Colorado, The. Newtqtii^ier Press o/ ('../. .?■.(. A i, 'J'/ie Sniiil Creek Affair, and The Centeuninl State, each filled witii tlio very e-^ii-nce of liistory. Byers was born in O' lo, Feb. 22, 18;$1. At the ajo if 19 he removed to Iowa, and joined a government surveying party fur C.il. anil Or. in 1851, returning to Washington in ISt"),*?, after whicii lie settkil at Oinalia, tlieu in its infancy. He continued surveying until lie eaiin' to Ci'lo. In changing his occupation he followed tlie natural bent of iii< miiiil, aiMi made the best use of his talents. He founded the lioeky Mounta'ni .V. "■-■, the first newspaper issued in Colorado. Tlie first number appeared Apr;! 22d, the day after his arrival, .and proceeded by 20 minutes the ChernjCn'h pi tiiier, owned by .Jack Merrick of St Joseph, who, being beaten in the race, Sold to Thomas (Hbson, also of the News, and never issued a second nuriil'ir of his paper. This left a clear field for Byers and (iibson, which tin y im- jiroved. (JeorgeC. Monellof Omaha liadan interest in the News, but tui'm;d back mi his way to Denver, and sold it. Biiers' Hist. Colo, MS. ^Tlie following distich was made familiar to tiiousands on the plains: ' Here lies the body of D. C. Oakes, Killed for aiding the Pike's Peak hoax.' IliU's Talis of Colo Pioneer.^, 27. His effigy was buried by the wayside, and on a buffalo skull planted at the lieatl was written: ' Here lies the bones of Major Oakes, The author of this God damued hoax.' ANGRY GOLD SEEKERS. 375 mt r oarae in for a share of blame also. There was as little reason in this revengeful feeling as there had be< II in the unbounded credulity which had led them on the first unpn)ved statement of a bookmaker to lia^it'ii to ])lace themselves in the front rank of gold- seekers. ]]ut their panic was not groundless. Gold had not vet been found in amount to justify any excitement, although it was the belief of old miners on the ground that it was there. Very few of those who came to mine knew anything of indications, or the metliods of mining. They needed to be taught; but until mining liail been begun they could learn nothing. Other eiiij)loyments there were none at that early date. Till' last argument for quitting the country was fur- nislmd on the 16th of April, when a man named John Scuclder killed another named Bassett in a quarrel. If a cour.se of outlawry was about to commence, they Wduld none of that countr}' ; so away they went like senseless steers — senseless in coming or in returning — stampeding down the Platte sixty or seventy strong, swearinof thcv would kill D. C. Oakes and ^V. N. Byers if perad venture they could lay liands on them. On foot, unfurni.shed with transportation or pro- visicns for a journey of such length, the backward nioviiioj men kept on. The stories they told of Pike's peak affairs were at least as exaggerated as the rep- resentations of the guide-books which they condenmed, hig lies in their minds seemingly being neccessary to counteract the effect of bi<jf lies. And everv man they turned back added to the apparent weight of evidence, gaining like a rolling snow-ball. If sixty could turn back sixtv, twice sixty could turn back their own number at least, and 240 might l)e able to inriuence not only 480, but, by that power which crowds have to create a state of feeling, a much larLjer imndDcr could be made to share in the alarm. Of the 150,000 persons on the plains in the spring H 376 GOLD DISCOVERIES. and summer of 1850, not less than 50,000 were thus turned back. This was doubtless the greatest suc- cess these sixty men ever achieved ; and their rcwiud was free transportation for tlieniselves, and iirovisious for the journey. The return bei^an far up the IMiittc, and many who had loaded their wagons with uicr- chandiso to sell in the mines, or pro[)erty for tluii' own use, throw it away rather than tax their tiinl oxen to drag it back five or six hundred miles to tlir Missouri river. The route was strewn with goods of every description for hundreds of miles, and of tin- 100,000 that pushed on to the mountains, less tliau 40,000 remained there. Some tarried but a few weeks, and others remained all summer, going homo when cold weather approached. mi But there was really something back of all this runninij to and fro, this seemingly wasted effort. It was slow in appearing, revealing itself little by litth.' in a tantalizing fashion which is sufficient apology for the discontent of those who imagined gold could be picked up like pebbles. On the loth of Jaiiuiuv 1850. o[old was discovered in a small atttuent of Boulder creek, to which the name of Gold run was given ; nnd about the end of January a discovery was made in a irulch filled with fallen timber, on the soutli Boulder, and called Deadwood diggings." In th<; spring J. D. Scott discovered a gold-bearing quartz vein, and named it after himself, the Scott, and the place Gold hill. Out of these discoveries grew the town of Boulder On the 6th of May a party of Chicago men, lieadod by George Jackson, a California miner, made a rich discovery on a branch of Clear creek. The diggiiiu-^ took the name of Chicaiio bar. or Jackson diuginns. and soon overflowed with anxious miners, nianv o\' ** Compare J/bnn''.y Early Dayn in Denver, MS.; Soprls' Settlement of Dm- wr, MS.; Byerx' Ilixt. Colorado, MS.; BrailfonCa Hht. Coloraih, .MS.; una JMlister'a Mines o/Colomdo. MINING CAMPS. 37: wluMU were compelled to look further for want of 1(1(1111. A 8li(>rt distance above tiie mouth of Fall rivtr and Chicago bar was Spanish bar, so called because there were evidences of former minin*jf at that in the vicinitv were Fall river and (irass A al- itlact' l( \ iiiininiif camps. But the })rincij>al camj) on this jiart of Clear creek was opposite Jackson dii^jj^inos, and became the foundation of the town of Idaho Spiiiigs. wliich began to take shai)e the following year. On the 10th another party, led by John H. (Ireg- nrv, a Georgian,^' made a discovery just over the ■'(irogory W!i9 a lazy follow from Gordon county, (Jeorgia, ami drove a ^'ovcriiiiiciit team from Loavuiiwortli to Fort Laramie in KS.VS, iiitt'iiilinu to gii til Kiiscr river, bnt lieiii;,' detained at I>aramie liy want of means liad (liifiril oil' to I'lear ereek, and witli some others had encamped at a point lictui 111 l)enver and Golden, and called tlie plaee Arapahne. it is said !>y IJiilli-tcr, in his Minrs oj' ('dlorndo, G.S, lliat he jirosjiecti'd in .laiiiiarv, and fouijil tlic eolor in the north fork of Clear ereek; and that hein^ out of [iro- viMiiiis liu WHS forced to return to camp. It <loes not a[>iiear that he made any fui'thcr effort for several months. He was tinally ';,'riili slakeil '(fmiiislicd \Mtii provisions for an interest in his success) liy i)avid K. Wall, and induced ti> lead a party, consisting of Wilkes l>e Frees, his hrotiier, and Kendall, to tlu^ iiKiuiitains and tlie stream where he had seen the color. Tile party set out in -Vjiril, proceeding from Arapahoe np tiie north forth of \'a^(H!ez or ( Ir.ir cicek, dimliing many successive ridges, and lloundering through snow li inks, until they came to the month of a gnldi near the head of tlie creek, ■lUil cniiscijuently well np ill the mountains. Here < iregory suggested that it Wiiiild he well to dig and look for float gold. While the o'Jier men dug he limkcil on. They ohtained a fair prospect, and went on excavating. Then sail! ( iregory to Wilkes De Frees, who had grnli staked him, ' Uring your .sliiivcl, and come with me.' They went ahout ;U)i) feet I'nrther \\\i the side of tilt' giilcli, when Gregory pointed to the ground and said, ' Here is a good liMiking spot; stick your shovel in there, Wilk.' De Frees oheyed, turning liver a few shovelfuls of earth. Miive me some in the jian,' .s.-viil Oregory nuain, and De Frees tilled the pan half full of dirt, which the (Jeorgian jiro- ci'cilcd to wash at the little stream rnnning through a gulch close at ham!. 'i"l e liroiluct of that half pan of dirt was half an ounce of gold I ( Iregory went hat k li>r another panful, with the same result. Claims were immediately staked oil". The effect of his extraordinary fortune crazed the weak hrain of poor • iregnry. All through the night slee]i deserted him, and his comiianions litaid his self-coiinniniings. lie sold his discovery claim, under the imprtis- siiiii that ho could easily find another as good. The price he ohtained. .^'J'J, - (Hill. WIS a fortune to him. At length, in ISfil-'J, he disappeareil from a li.iti'l in Illinois, and was never .seen .again. The man to whom Oregory sold liis mine was Edward W. Henderson. He was horn in Austinluirg, Ohio, Niiv. '_".•, 1818, and hred a farmer, receiving a common school education. In I>>I4 ho removed to Iowa, and from there he went to Pike's j)eak, where he arrived in April ISilO. After prospecting for a few weeks, he Meiit to (ireg- ory gulch on the 16th of May, and on the 'iflth, in company w ith Amos • Iriith'v, he purchased the (Jregory claims, paying for them out of the pro- cii'ils of the mine. It was a fortunate venture, although he lost some of the iiiiiney he made in other ones. He erected a (jnartz mill in 18(51, where the Kureka foundry later stood, in company with D. A. January, Ely H. l.ack- lauil, and Judge Lacklaud, iu which was a loss. He afterward purchased a ■^f h ,. y0 JiU'll 1 w 378 GOLD DISCOVERIES. u ti mountains west of Jackson bar, on the north fork of Clear creek, the richest ever found in Col(»ra(h), and one of the richest in the world. These discoveries arrested the backward flow of immigration to sdiiic extent. Not less than J{0,000 persons haf^tencd after Jackson when they heard of Chicago bar, and wlnu Gregory point was made known they threw tlieiii- selves in there pell mell, each striving to be first. But the (Gregory party had taken the i»rt'caufi(in before giving their discovery publicity to admit tin ir friends and organize a district, with rules and regula- tions by which all future claimants should be o"<>v- erncd." Comparatively few of those who came fouiid ground to work;** for which reason much discontent was exhil)ited, and a mass meetinij was called to cliain'c the laws of th«^ district." The new-comers wiio unable to cope with the mcu'c experienced miners, and were surprised to find that the committee appointed by tli'^mselves to revise the laws made no mateiial change in them. They had failed to perceive that the pioneers were mingling with tlu; assemblage in every part, nominating their n>en on the conuiiittee. Not knowing the nominees, the malcontents voted iiiill at (Jregory point in company with flridlcy, Imt lost in this transaitinn also. Ho finally consolidated his claims with four others, and sold tuit tn a New York company, his .share of the price obtained heing .*100,0(H), In \s'',\ he was appointed receiver of the U. 8. land office at Central City. (.'Imr Vri'k and liimMcr Val. JIM., 454-5. •^Tlie mining laws adopted were nearly identical with those of California, defining the boundaries of the district; forbidding the taking of more tljaii one claim of a kind, except by purchase profjerly attested; fixing the extent of a mountain claim at 100 feet on the loile and 50 feet in widtli; a!)d nr a culch or creek claim at 100 feet along the creek or gulch, an<l extending finin bank to bank; limiting the time of holding without working to 10 day>; ^'iv- ing the discoverer a 'discovery claim,' in addition to his working claim, whicli he could work or not as lie chose; dividing the water of a stream ecjually Ic- tween miners, etc. Disputes were to be settled by arbitration. On tlic '.Hli of July another meeting was held, at which it was resolved to elect by b.illnt a president of the district, a recorder of claims, and a sheriff'. Iticlianl Sopris was chosen president, C. A. Rol>erts recorder, and Charles Ptik sheriflF. A committee was also appointed to codify the laws of the district. IloUUti'r's Mmc'< of Coin, 77-9. '^ Bates and Taschuer hired Orcgory at a high price to prospect for tlioin, and together they found the celebrated Bates lode. Colo Oazi'ttcrr, 174. ^*Byers, who was present at this meeting, describes it as looking like :i •flock of blackbirds,' .so thickly were the sides of the gulch covered witli men, Jlist. Colo, MS. 34. GOLD FIELDS. 879 sarticn lilt tn ,1 111 is;:? lifiirnia, ll'U tllllll fXtlllt and I if a ugfrniii ly.-: !.'iv- 1. V'liiili illv 1.(- till"' !itli iMllnt iiirlKinl •s r.rk ili^trict. tlioni into office, and accepted their report because til 'V liad done so, with a suspicion that they had been uiitwitted. I'rospcctinij continued in the mountains, a number of discoveries being made on the headwaters of nortli Clear crock, Boulder, south Clear creek, and the Platte. Early in June W. Green Kussellconinieiiccd iniiiiiii^ on a tributary of north Clear creek, a little south of, but parallel with, the Grejrory claims, in a II viae which took the name of Russell gulch. Six III 11 in one week took out seventy-six ounces of gold, uoith from sixteen to ei<jhteen dollars to the ounce.^^ Siinothing over 200 men were at work in Nevada a id Illinoi.^ gulches and ^lissouri flat, tributaries of Gregory and Russell gulches, who were producing an average of $0,000 a week. In the latter part of Scp- teinber there were about 900 men at work in Russell ;jjiil('h, taking out an average of ^35,000 a week. Water becoming scarce, ditches were constructed to bring it from Fall river to Russell and Gregory <,nileiios, which cost the nihiers $100,000. The dis- tricts discovered in 1859 in what were later Clear creek and Gilpin counties were, besides Gregory, llussell, Spanish bar, and Jackson, Nevada district. Like gulch, Griffith, Illinois Central, Enteqtrise, Central, Eureka, and Virginia. The di.scoveries in tlieso districts were numerous enough to em[)loy 111 my, ^^ but by no means all who sought for claims. ^'William Green Russell remained in Coloriado until 180*2, and made eon- siil-ralili! m moy. On his way east lie was arre.-stetl for aconledcrate at Santa bV', Imt lie was released and returned to Colnrado, wliere he reiiiaineil until IST."), w lieu he removed to tlie (.'lierokce eountry. liis wife lieins^ a wcuiian of t!i;it iiiti.ni, ami died a few years afterward. Bi-'i'l/onl'n Hisl. (,' dn, MS., 4; S<]w< S -I Up III' lit. of Dnnri; MS., 2. "'1 f^ive herewith the names of mines and their di.scoverers in IS.'ii): In <M])iii county, the Alger, by William Alger; American Flag; Harrett, hy Wesk-y Barrett; Burroughs, Benjamin Burroughs; Briggs, Briggs Brcithors; Hiltler, James I). Wood; Connelly and Beverly. < 'onnelly ami Beverly; Dean- Castro, Dean and Castro; (Jaston, .lames (Jaston; (Uinrell. Harry < lunncll; Hill House, Payne it Co.; Ingles, Webster & Co.; Indiana. Thomas Brotiiers; ■''■linings Thomas .Fennings; Kansas, James Madison; Kentucky, Jones and Hn-L-:,ty; Miller, A. Miller; Maek, W' . Mack; Missouri; Uoderiek l)liu, Sfi'vciis and Hall; Smith, A. A. Smith; Snow, .Tames .Snow; Tarrvall: To- I'tka, Joseph Hurst; Tucker, John Nichols; Virginia, J. Oxiey; Whiting, 880 (iULD DISCOVIIUIRS. A rumor of tliscovi ry, and tlioy swarm* <] at tliat placo, alij^htiiig like locusts upon a fitUl whir-li foiiM nut furnish <> round for onu in athousiind of ili<»fi<' wl.o canu'. Findin<4 tliomsclvt'S too late, tl.ry swaniiid a-^ain at soine other spot, which they aljuudoii«.-d in a similar manner. Out of this coascloss activity grew worthy results. From Araj)hoe " at tho mouth (d' Tahh; mourn liii canon, where they had leathered durin;^ the wnitt r, ^ Minks hk Oili-in Chumy. Whiting & Co.; Wood, Robert Wood; T/Cavenworth, Harsh Brr»tliers: <^"ali- fi>riii:i, Hiitcliiiisiiii; l'"reiK'li V. Teniilull; St Lmiis. In Clear tT--«rk c^'unty till' Oritiitli, (lenrge V. (iriHitli, ami tin- Virginia. Tii(;se were •h-fCf<\ <-••■< wiiicli \inivcMl to l>e real lodes, called at lir.st "mountain di;,'giiMj-»' t« <ii-t,'i- guisli tlitMu from the j^ulcli and bar diggiug.s; Imt tliese were umI alL Hi' 'o KLcnis to have been a go«id uniform yiolil, but never an extrj<>r»iiu»ar>' jt"- ductiiiii as ia some jmrts of Idaho and Montana. Hnlli.-'ter, in Miu^Ji'iJ * I ; Gti -7, gives the yieh' (.'' the decomposed quartz in these nionntaiiu digjr^ujj as follows: tiie hids'st t'^.yV income from the (Irogory, working it with a sluice, wa-s S4'.>.;, and tl ■ lowest 8'21. Zoigler, Sjiain. & C'.>. cl«ant-"1 up ii three weeks on the ' Jre-ory .S"-',400. Do Freea & ( 'o., cleane»l np .*2.<»y I'l '- days with one slurce. Kehler, Patton, & Fletelier averacjeil wish 5 hsn n §100 a day on the Hates lode. P'ritm .SI 25 toS4r>0 a day were olntaineJ ir.iu single .sluices, working four men; and so ou, •'•Arapahoe was staked off by George B. Allen. It contain**! in l*"^'!* nearly 100 houses, but was soon after deserted and converte<I into fswin-. Clfir Creek ami Boulder Vt>L Hist., '47. Allen became a nMident t,i a 3a;;n near Golden. He was born in Albany, N. Y., May 17, ISi"? I:i ^*^^*'^ ]■ ■ removed to Akron, Ohio, and sub8e(iueutly to Deliance, whe;-e he reuiiiH'- 1 TOU"X-i}UiiJ»ix<;, Ml '.vi lit tiio founders of (ioUleij." Golden Catc, Mount Ariiion, Central City, ah<l Nevada/* nil on the alllu- oiitji of Clear creek. (joM«n T«»wn coinjiany was finned in tliespriri'jf of lc51», an<l was anaftt;rt]iou^lit uf its or4anizer.s, >vli«> were encaniju'd at tlio Gate of tlif Mountnina, or tlie mouth «>r the canon of Clear cr. ( k. The trail to the iniu<s crossed the creek lien?," and the water U-iiij^ lii;jjh, J. "M. Ferrell con- structed first a foot-hrid;^e and then a toll-brid^-e for tciiiiis, and improved the road, niakinijf his bridge a good i>ii!eo of projierty, a** well as t'le first of its kind ill Colorado. Many |»ersK»ii.s {gathered there, attracted liy the natural beauties of the scenery, f)r encani[)cd ])i( paratory to enterinj^ the mountains, suj^j^esting tluri^bv a town, when acompanv was formeti, consist- ing? of D. Wall, J. M Fenvll. J, C. Ki.bv, J. C. B.uhs, :^[rs Williams, W. A. H. Loveland. H. J. Carl( r, Ensii^n Smith, William Davidson, F. W. l^ee- i)ei\ E. L. Berthoud, Stanton, Clark, and (Jiarrison. Th('V called themselves t::e Boston company ; and liaviii'^ Selected two s<ctions of land laid out half a section in lots and bh^rks, the remainder not beinjy surveyed until tlie following year. A saw-niill and five years. Having lo.<t astock of acttfl* I'V fire lie engagcil in lirokerageand tlii'ii in l)uyiiig anil Nolling strK:k. In I -vJT he rcniovid to Uoniplian, Kansas, Imt im account of failing health <lett-rni:a<.-<l t^) cross llio jiliiins. After laying out Auraria ami Arapalioc. ho l-^.-caiiie isit'.-rei-ted ia quaitz and Iiinilier mills. l\c niovuil his .saw mill across tliu rri>'Unt.3iUii into Cilifoniia (inlch ni 1 8(1 1, and 'lilcw the first whistle acrosii the ranjic-.' In IS<i4 he took IGO acres of land oil I'lcar creek whore he made ]iim.**li a L<ihk'. ^"Tho fir it settler.s of (loldcn were \V, A. If. I^»velanil, John M. Ferrell, Fnx |)cifend<!rf, P. B. Clien^v, I>r Hairdv, <;c.T;re Jackson, I'hailcs M. Fer- r. !1, John F. Kirl.y, T. V. ]\,\y.l, Wdltttm l'..ll.:d. James Mdlonald, Oemgo \\'eit, Mark Blunt, Cliarlos lC<min^'"n, K B. .^mith, J. C. Bowle.s, Daniel McCleary, I. B. Fitzpatrick, and W. J. M< Kay. ""J. M. Beverly built the tir^f rat»ra in N'vada, and was elected recorder of tlie district in the autumn, }if^'ul(r* being i-herilf ami justice of the peace. I)iiring the winter he located r>»rv»-rly'« di-cvery on the Burroughs lode. In ISii-J he erected a quartz mill in Xtva^la gnhli. JTe returned to Chicago in lS(i8aud was married there; I>nt in tii'? ^rrtat lire i,' 1S71 he lost all his accu- mulations and hegan the study of the Uw. Aft'-r In-iug admitted to the har 111' rcvisiteil Colorado, where he lo'.-alKr'l and i>urcha.seil a nuinher of mines, \\ hicli Were ])rofitaldy worked. Beverlv was l>orn in Culpepper county, Vir- ginia, in 184:i. '"It is mentioned hy several write-r* that Horace Oreeley visited the mines t'lis y(!ar; and it ia related that he ats^-mpt'i-d to swim his midi^ acros.s Clear irLek, and wuuld have been drowut^i but ivr itssibtauue luudored him. If'': t % .(* * i ! , 382 GOLD DISCOVERIES. shingle-mill in the pineries furnished material for building, which went on rapidly, the town luiviipr seven or eight hundred inhabitants before winter," Golden Gate, two miles north of Golden, wluru tlie Denver and Gregory road entered the mountains, was a flourishing settlement. At the mouth of Left Hand creek was a town, later abandoned, called DavcnjMut in 1851). Mountain City at Gregory point was laid out early in May, the first house being started on tlio 2 2d by Richard Sopris, who, with J. H. Gest, was one of the Mammoth quartz mining company, wliic h owned thirty claims on that lode. A near neighb(jr to Mountain City on the south was a miner's camp called Black Hawk, and adjoining it on the north, in Kendall gulch,*^ was Central City, so named by W. N. Byers, its fii-st inhabitant" after its founders, Harrison Gray Otis, Nathaniel Albertson, and Jolm Armor.*' Central finally absorbed the other two " IMiii'h date, of the Mountninn, MS., 1; Enrbj Rrmnh, MS., 4. T/c /.'nd-,/ Mimiilnin Gobi Itcvoi'ter mid MouDUtin Cilij llernlil, of Aug. 0, ISiJO, ."iays tliiit luililuii at that (late, wlien it liad been .surveyed but one month, lia'i ."n) liouses, l.'.KW men, and 70 women. Mo.st of these must have been trausicnt. if indeeil that might not bu said of all. Helm say.s tlie first garden hi' kinu- of in Colorado was at Golden. This of course applies to the mining popu- lation. *■' Xamed after Kendall in Gregory s company. In seem.s the honors wciu divided l)y naming the gulcli after Kendall and the hill or point afterOregnry. *\Sopri.i' S'Uli'mrnt of Drnvn; .MS., 7: Bnulfn-'Va IfK Colo, M.S., 4. ** Thomas Gibson of the liorhii Mouiifiiiii yi'tm had a newspaper oUii'o at Central city in July 185'.), and pul)lished tlie fiork>i Mnuutnin Ould l'iji,rt'r on the press purchased of Jack Nlerrick, a cap size lever machine. It li.i'l :i brief existence of five montlia, wlien it was discontinued, and the press suld to tlic Boston company of (roMen, whose managers established tlie ir<-7/)( Moitntniiii'i'r, wliich a few niontiis later was enlarged and printetl on a inw press. Among its editors in the winter of 18.V.t-(50 where A. D. Ki(.hariK"ii andTliomas W. Knox, both of whom afterward .achieved n^.tional r<'putat:nin as newsi)aper correspondents. While the press was in Central City it occu- pied part of a ilouble log house owned by George Aux, author of Miiiiirj ht Colortulo (irul Mon/iiwt, MS., in my collection. Aux was l)orn in Marryit. Pa, in 1837. At the age of 14 years ho removed to Cleveland, Oliio. Fivo years afterward he went to Kansas, and May 1850 to Pike's peak. He went to Gregory point, or .Mountain city, wliere he remained untd he enlisted m Gilpin s reg. of volunteers raised to keep the territory in the union. In IM'4 ho Went to Montana, with his wife and infant, in an ox wagon, but .so'ij returned and engaged in farming and stock raising in r)ongl;is county. His manuscript is an accourt of early settlements and military matters chictly. Benjamin P. Haman erected and kept the first hotel in Central City. Hamm was born in Vt and imn.igrated from Iowa. He married Rachel Berr\ in 1847> Hugh A. Campbell opeued the lirat stock of goods in Mouataiu Ciiy TARRY ALL AND FAIR PLAY. 383 places. On tlie headwaters of Clear creek George F. Criffitli laid out a town and called ;t after himself, (Jcoigetovvn. It did not grow much that season, nor for several seasons thereafter, but its importance was (Iciiionstrated after the discovery of silver mines a few years later. A i)art of the population spread across tlie range, and located Breckenridge on a tributary of Blue river, in what is now Summit county, where several liiiii(h"ed miners were soon congregated. Others pene- tiated the South park, and a miner named W. J. Hoi man discovered on a branch of the Platte the Poimd diggings,** wliich had a great reputation, the name signifying, as some thought, that a pound of gold a day was their average-production — an opulence wliich nature does not often bestow upon diggings anywhere. So magnanimous were the first locators in the prospecu of sudden riches that they gave the placo and the creek on which the placers were situ- ated the inviting name of Tarryall. So many tarried, and such was the squabbling over claims that a por- tiiiii of the population determined to seek for mines elsewhere, and to their delight soon discovered them. But the first party of eight men which left Tarryall was killed by the Indians, except one, while passing tlirough a ravine, which took from this circumstance the name of Dead Men's gulch." It was decided that there should be no cause for dissension in the new district, but that even-handed ill ' ' < f in a l)rush tent, and was the firfit to placn ;i sign above liis nlaca of business vitlithe new name of Ct'iitral (_': y iipiiii it, aiul to have liis lettern aiMrcsseil tnt'fiitral City, by whicii ireaija tl:e 1*. (). ilej)artineiit was brou>.'lit at last til ri'Cdgnize the change, lie liiiilt the Atchison house in I)etiver in the V inter of 1859. He discoverej the Cincinnati lode onCasto liill, ami l)i.oaiiie till' owner of 40 acres of Placer mines on Quartz hill, hesiiles other iniiiiiii^ |irn|ierty. He was bom in Adams county, Pa, and married Mattie W. Wliitsitt, of Centreville, Ohio. ** Named after Daniel Pound. The amount actually taken out by tlio Miiuatain Union company in one week, with 4 men, was .?-t'J(). Ilolmun, with 5 men, took out .^(iSti in the same time. Boweru & Co. took out in one Wit k *!•(■>>), with 3 men — 57 ounces worth SI 7. " N. Byers, in Out Weal, Oct. 1873; Dead Men'a Gukk and Other Skik/itid, iia,, 1, VI W I I' ' 384 GOLD DISCOVERIES. '■I justiro .should rule the camp, and to emphasize tliis determination it was named Fair Play.*' Eight niiks north-west of Fair Play a discovery was made hv a mountaineer, whose characteristic dress of taiiiied skins gave him the descr' tive ap))ellation of Buck- skin Joe, ana the Buckskin Joe mines next attracted the unsatisfied. This camp became the town of Alma. Hamilton and Jefferson followed in South park tli^ same season, the latter becoming a town of several thousand inhabitants in the first few years." *' S'tpri-' Sittli'mt'iit ofDrnrrr, MS., 8. There arc .several storie.s to accouut for tlii.s uaiiic, all of them far fetched and inaccurate. ''Ik'fore proceeding furtlicr with tlie history of settlement, I will recdnl the names of .some of tiie pioneers of this partof Colorado in 1859. Jo>eiili M. Urown, horn in Maryland in 1832, M'as witli ( Jeneral Walker in Xicamgiui ill IS.")."), lie returned, drifted west, and hecaiue a farmer and stiii'k-raisi i. Samuel ^\'. Brown, horn near Baltimore Dec. 23, 18'J'J. removed to N\"i- York in 1844, hecame a cahinet-maker, served in the Mexican war, ^i '.,i from tiicse hattle-liclds to ('al.,and afterward to Ciiicago. lie ((■ll'Vi.l Walker to Nii-aragua, and furnished supplies to the army for one year, tu IS.")7 lit! iiiarridl a daughter of John Perry, at Olatlie, Iowa. On eoniii.,; 'i.p Colorado he sicured "idO ai'res and went to fanning. Thomas l)oiiilsur., a native of Ohio, was horn June I'O, 18"_'4, and hred a farmer. After s(Vt>r;il removes westward lie came to Colorado, where, after one season of miiiiii;.'. lie hrought out his family ami t,ettli'd on the I'latte, 17 iiiilej below heiivcr. Henry Crow, horn in Wis., hred a merchant, came to Colorado in I8,")!t. au'l after mining for a .season returned to Iowa for liis family, and located at Central City. He served in the Indian war of 1804, after wliicii he reiiiovcil to Ueorgetown. Selling his mines at that place he settled in Denver ainl organized the City national hank in 1870; hut in 187(5 withdrew from tin- presiileiu'V of tiiat institution and returned to (Jeorgetown to eiignge in mill- ing. Charles (J. Cliever was horn at Salem, Mass., Sept. 13, 18"J7, went to Cal. in I84*,(, where he resided 10 years in tlie mines, and then reiiiovid to Colorailo. In I>S01 he was elected clerk and recorder of Arapahoe cmiuty. He has ever since heeii in the real estate husiness. S. B. Morrison, horn iii Oneida <'astle, N. V., May 2, 1831, removed to Jetlerson, Wis., at the age of 10 years, and in I8.")'.( came to Colorado, where he turne<l his attention to farming and stock-raising, 3 miles north of Denver. He al-^o erected soiiir <|uart/ mills iiiCilpin and Park counties. John H. Morrison graduated fr>'Mi Uusli Medical ciillcge, ''hicago, and after eomiiig to Colorado lie nsiileil tii'.-t on a farm ami then in Denver, where he died July 21, 187t). Jasper P. Scars was ixirn in Ohio, in 183S, ami educate^', at Delaware, after which he riuiovnl to St Paul, Minnesota, wliere he trailed with the Sioux. In Sept. IS.'iN, lie started for Pike's peak witii a stock of mercliandisc. hut did not arrive for a year afterward, owing to sickness and Indian hostilities. In company vith < '. A. Cook he opened a store at the corner of ITitii and Larimer streets, Den- ver. After 4 years of prosperous trade tlu^y opened a banking-iiouse. In I Sil!) Sears hecame a government contractor, and dealer in real estate, aii'l made a fortune. Thomas Skerritt, horn in Ireland, in IS28. imniigrntcil m 184Stothe U. S. and Canada. In 18,'),5 lie married Mary K. Skerritt. wlm Mas one of the first women to go to Central (^ity, and accompanied her liui- hand across the mountains to Breckeniidge. In the autumn of IS.'iO he ti"'k a lancl claim on the Plitto river, hut all his imiirovcments were swejir a^ay by the tluuU of 1804. What remained uf thu lai.U itaclf waa purchaiied i^y BIOGRAPHICAL. 385 p,>ti'r Mai;nus for the site of tlie Harvest Queen Mill, and Skerritfc settled upnii iiintlier claim (i i...ies from Denver, where he cultivated 1*00 acres. E'luiird C. Sumner, a native of La Fayette, Ind., joined the rush to I'ike'a peak, and found permanent employment in the Denver post-olilce. Alfred H. Milo-i, horn in Clevelaml, Ohio, Sept. 4, 18'JO, set out with his family for I'al. Ill I8."i!), hut stopped in Colo and selected a faiiu on Clear cn^ek, 1) milea frmii nenver. Ho remained there for 7 years, wiien he moved to I'herry creek and liually to Denver. He haa lieen one of tlie most suecessfid farm- ers of Ccilnrailo. Isaac E. McBroom a native of Ind., horn April 'J'J, ISiiO, romiivi'il to St Joseph, Mi.saonri, at an early age, and'in IS.'iO to Iowa. Ho caiiii' to Cull) with the first mining immii^ration, and settled on a farm near IJeuvi'r. .loiin Milheim, haker and steel polislier, a native of Switzerland, lioru iu |s;!.">, c.anie to the U. S. in 1S49, to Nel). in lS.">(i, anil from there to Piko s |pi;ak. Just heforo leaving Omaha, he was luiirried to Miss lleitiimann, wliiiso brothers also hccame citi/.ena of Denver, and with whom lie opened tiie lirst hakery there, which laid the foundation of his fortune. James W. Kicliards, a native of Oliio, worked on a farm in 111., and thenco vent to the Colli mines. In IStJ.J ho estahlished a fast freight line hetween Denver and Central City, remaining in the husine.ss 7 years, when he went intoatlourand grain trade Mo shipped tlie first cardoad of grain over the Kansas raoilic railroad to Denver, and estahlished the tirst line of transfer wagons in the city, upnn wJiieh he, with W. J. Km-ioy, had a jiatent. IVter Magnus, horn in Swollen, in 18"24, bred a farmer, came to the U. S. in 1S,")2, and in IJS.VJ to Cull", and selecting a farming claim hrought out his family. The tlond of IMi ti)i>k his improvements, and grasshii[>pers in ISV.'t— 4-o, nearly destroyed his crops, yet ho prospered. He received all the medals at the ogriotdtural exliiliitioii of Colorado in 1870. He was county commissioner for Arapahoe ill ISliT-'.t. Mason M. Seavy, horn in Maine in ISIIO, removed to 111., and tlienee started with other Kold-seekers for Pike's peak in 1S.")0, hut turned hack at Fort K >arny, and did not reach the moutitains until tlio following year, when he settled indolden and went into the grocery traile, doing well niitil he lost a largo and valuahle train hy tlie Arapalioi's, wliieh compelled iiim to suspend husincss. He hegan a second time in Central City, hut failed again, owing to commercial complications. In 1872 he settled in Denver, and again prosecuted the grocery husiness. this time with hetter success. I'aniel J Fulton, a native of Va, removeil to Ohio in ISt'ti, and a few years later to [owa. In IS49cro8.seil the plains to Cal. where heniined forlJ years, returned to the states, and in 18.">!) came to Colo. After iniuing for a year, ami trying his '.'ortunes in Idaho, he settled upon a farm on the I'latte, l(i miles lielow D.iiiver. Cieorge W. Ha/zard was horn at Klk drove, Wis., 'Nie. 7, 18H7, came to Denver in 1S."9, ami went to the mines of (iregory point ami Missouri flats, where, with his brother, ho tfiok out gold enough to.'.':'rt in farming 1(5 miles from J)enver. John \V. Hill', a, native of Oiiio, hni.i w IS.'il, hreif a farmer, and educated at Delaware college, came to Col- •riili! i!i iS")'.) with a snuill train of provisions, purchased with a few hun- iln.'.l I'l liars which his father gave him, and selling out invested in a small hen] :>t cattle. Ho followed up the eattlo husiness for 18 years, mastering i'i lun I'eUils, anil making a large fortuni\ He owned 2(M),(KX) acres of pai- ti.ri! l.iudi!, t.'^ok government contra"ts, and shipped eattlo to eastern mar- ket. :t tiie .'-^toof 1 .OOOajear. He died Fehrnary 9, 1878. Lil.eus Bar- h y n . •! of Vt, crossed the ]>lainsin the lirst coach of the Denver and Pike';; [leuk passcnger line. After mining, with a hrother, he tried liouse- Imihhiig, and erected the hall in which the Hr.it provisional legislature met. Farming was next attempted, hut a grocery store iu Denver was the final resort after these ventures, and in that he did well. Caleh S. Ihirdsalj from Ohio, mined near Colden in IS.'iO, and in ISM Was a|)]iointed Rurgcon of tho .Sd Colo reg. Since then ho has practised nieilielno in Denver. He discovered and named Soda lakes, near Morri- Riiii. .loseph W. Bowles, bora in Itockford, N. (\, came to Denver in 1S."8. Hu 1 icated a mine on Quartz hill, ia the Nevada district, ou Clear creek, Hist. Nbv 'ib wr *, (."V- *.\ 1 .-'I GOLD DISCOVERIES. Hi I f tvhore ho worked for three years on an extension of the Burroughs' loile. He was twice elected sheritf for the district under the miners' organization. In 1862 he purchased a raucho on the /'latte, 10 miles above Duiu cr, nuar tlie present village of Littleton. ( Jeo'g W. Drake, born in Oliio, came to Colo in 1859, and opened a hotel on t':ie old Gregory road 7 miles fmin lilack Hawk, at Cold Spring ranclio, in partnership witli Homer Mt'dbury, of Ohio. In 1803, he became agent for (Jibson's pony express between Den- ver and the mountain towns. In 1SG4 he set up a store in Black Hawk, and in 1870 joined the colony at Greeley, which he helped to build up. Tlirce years later he settled in Denver, where he purchased a marblc-yanl in 1874. Charles Eyser, a native of Holstein, Germany, born in IS'J'J. tame to Colo in 1859, opened a provision store in the mines, but returned td l)en- vcr in 18G3, where he kept a boarding-house, which in 1809 was washccl away by a flood. After that he settled at farming. E. W. Cobb, born in JJu.sUin, was sent to Cal. as the first agent of Adams' Express co. After two yeuM he went to Australia, returning to Boston in 1857, then to Denver, wlieie lie sold groceries for two j'ears, then carried on the Elepliant corral a year or so, and after that mined for a few years, until in 1S(>9 he was appointe.l iliicf of the mineral dept of the sur.-gen. othce. Jolm W. Cline, a native of Cunaila, mined during the summer of 1859 in Russell gulch and at Breckenriilge, Imt in tlie aatumn took a piece of land 7 miles north of Denver, where !.i; made hiiui-^lf a home. Samuel Brautner, born iaMd, came to Cal. ?u Is.'i'J, ainl fiB:. ''■ t-i ''"lo, where he engaged in mining and farming. His oliKst jiiild is Si 1 he first white girl born in Colo, but I have shown tlwit white childrc . born here before the gold discoveries. George L. Hcudersim, born in .o, in 1859 came to Central City, and in 1800 to California gulch. He was the first postmaster at Leadville, which camp was thus named at his suggestion. H if' II i CHAPTER IV. PROGKESS OF SETTLEMENT. 1859-1801). The Aukassas Valley — Road into South Park — El Paso Claim Cm-b — OiLoiiAiM) t'lTY Company — Ikuication — Tun FiiiiiriNi) Fakmeks or Fi'NTAiNK City — CaSos City — Ci.kar Cukek — ruKULo — Califoksia (It LCII — PlONKEItS IHTIIE SEVERAL LoCALtTIKS— Ouo ClTY— LkaUVILLK — Fkyim} Pav OrLOH — Road-makino — Mivivd Dkvki.oi-ments — Fkeicutisg — Mail Facilities — Ponv Exi'kess — Stahe Compames. Whii.k the vailoys and head waters of tlie Platte and its tributaries were bein-jf actively explored by one part of the imniiijjratiou, another part began to txcupy the Arkansas valley. A portion of the Law- iriice party of 1858 had wintered five miles above D« liver, w^here afterward was Younker's raneho. They contemplated making a town there, and erected a f<w houses; but before spring they became restless, and some returned to the Arkansas vallev, with the (Jisign of going back to Kansas. This party of about a dozen persons, among whom were Charles Gilmore, Julio n Smith, George A. Bute, and Anthony 13ott, triissed the ridge between the Platte and Arkansas rlvt IS when the snow on the summit was thne ftct drt'p; but on coming to the spot overlooking the snutliern slope, and seeing a sunny valley below, they clianged their purpose, and selected a site for a town in the delightful region of the Fontaine-<pii-Pouille, uhich they called El Dorado. On hearing what had been done, others of the original company who had locatt'd land claims on the Fontaine-qui-Bouille the previous autumn, some of which covered the new town site, came over from the 1057) 1 m PROURESS OF SETTLEMENT ? I f. M, Platte to dispute for possession of the grouiicl. The quarrel ran high, but a conipruniise was effected hv admitting the land claimants into the town co!ii[ianv, all johiuig in the erection of a large log house as tlie nucleus of their future city.' This being done, Bute, with two others of the El Dorado company, and Tucker, a squatter oti Fontaine- qui-Bouille, with two associates, making a party ot'six, set out to search for a route into the South park, where they believed gold existed. Following the Indian trail westward to Soda springs, where the Lawrence company had located the town of El Paso' the [)revious autumn, the explorers encamped for two days to admire and enjoy the natural charms of the place, after which they proceeded as far on their way as tlie Petrified stumps; but falling short of pmvis- ions, returned and loaded a wagon with sui)plifs. This wagon they took into the park, its wheels hc'uvjf the first to print the sod in this beautiful mouiitaui basin. Gold, as I have shown, was discovered in tlie park during the summer,' the mines drawing away ^E[P<tsoCo.,etc.,MB.,6. 'Tliere was at this time a log cabin at tliese springs, which hail lieen ereeteil Ity Ricliard VVooten, as evidence tiiat lie claimed the site l)cfore the El Fa<o town was projected. Sometime in KS.')'.> Wooten sold his duiin to R.E. Whitaittft Co., for $500. A year or two later, Whitsitt's partner -I'M hk interest to the Tappan Brothers from Boston. They hought almut tlie s^iiiie time 48,) acres on tijo west side of Monument creek, which was known a-; tlie Bo-iton tract, and was onlyput into market as an adilition to Colorado siniiigj in IS74. V/hitsitt and Tappan lost their right to the springs hy al):iiiiliMi- niont, and they were jumpeil hy one Slaughter, son of a methodist iiiinistiT from Illinois, who erected a frame hou.se on the claim. He in turn al)aii- doned it, and it was again taken by Thompson (iirter, who secured the sul- phur springs in .South park. He made some improvements and sold to CdI Chivini;ton for S1,,")(K), and he to hisscm-indaw, Pollock, who made a trans- fer of the property to some other person as security for a debt, this pirsnn selling the sprmgs for $1,500. (Jeorge Crater of Denver subsciiuiiitly organi/xid a company which purchased the property, paying §10,000 fur it. and afterward sohl the 80 acres on which are the soda springs for i!'2t).0()<i to the company which finally fonnded the present town of Colorado S])rin2-i. nf whioii further mention will be made in the proper place. El Pttao Cmntii. il'-., MS., 9-11. It hii.s been stated that H. A. >V. T.'ibor built the first house at Colorado Springs in the winter of 185i(; that he came back to Denver in tlii; following year, and endeavored to organize a company to go down and lay ott' a town, but failed. The statement is erroneous, but that Tabor was at sotiu; tiiiie about this <lato interested in the place is pcrhz^ps true. ^ A writer in the Cohnulo Spriiiijn (iiizft/e of May 2.1, 1874, ascribes fiio discovery of gold at Fair Play to this party. Tlic discovery was madu m EL PASO CLAIM CLUB. :i89 all tlie settlers at El Dorado City, which was aban- doned. The richness of the South park diggings, luiwc'ver, caused the revival of the town in tlie autunni uinK r a new name. It had been observed by certain oiitt'iprising persons that the pass of the Fontaine-qui- Buuillc seemed tootfer the most practical wagon route tor the innnigration to these mines, thousands of per- sons travelling through it during the sunnner, asuccos- siiin of delightful park-like valleys furnishing a natural ami t-iisy road into the main park. A company was torn ltd at Denver and Auraria consisting of L. J. W'incliester, Lewis N. Tappan, Anthony Bott, George A. J]ute, Melancthon S. Beech, Julian Smith, H. ^F. Fosdick, D. A. Cheever, R E. Whitsitt, S. W. Wagoner, W. P. IMcClure, P. McCartv, A. D. llirliardson, T. H. Warren, C. W. Porsall, A. B. Wade, George W. Putnam, John S. Price, John T. Taikinson, G. X. Woodward, Charles F. Blake, E. P. Stout, Clark and Willis, Mr Cable, and Higgins and Cobb, with two or three otliers, with the object of toundini; a citv on the deserted site of El Dorado. The president of the company was Winchester, and tlio secretary Tappan. ( )ne of the peculiar phases of squatter sovereignty in Colorado in 1851) was an ortjanization known as El l*aso Claim club,* shadowing forth the jirovisional iZdvernment. A meeting having been called in the Arkansas valley to deliberate upon the best method to 1)0 pursued in holding land in the absence of law and land-offices. El Paso Claim club was the result. The limits over which the club had jurisdiction, and the powers and duties of its officers, were defined ; a j'ri'sident and secretar\' were chosen, and provision made for the selection of jurors to decide upon cases under arbitration. A book of records was kept,^ and Alii:, liy miners from Tarryall; lint there were nthor jjartios in the park at till' time, who joineil in working the ground if not in tlie discovery. ' Kiiwler, Arouml Colonnlo, MS., 3, G; Helm, (rulf of the Mmtntnim, Ms , 4. The names nf A. D. Kiehanlson. V>. A. and C. B. Chever, Samuel Ta pan, William Larimer, .S. W. Wagoner, and other prominent men may I ■" 111' , ( ' s i lap- r' be 300 PROGRE.S.S OF SETTLEMENT. I. hi on its pages was recorded the declaration of tlie Colo- rado City company's claim of 1,280 acres, sigiud l,v the secretary of the club, H. J. Burghardt, and dated December 20, 1859. Tlie following summer tliire were three hundred houses in the town, and lots wore S( lling at four hundred dollars.* It was a short-lived pros})erity. The breaking out of the civil war, and other causes, forced travel away from the Arkansas valley to the Platte route, and budt up Denver at the expense of Colorado City, which lost its hold upon the car of progress, and was left behind in the race.' It will be remembered that Robert Middleton and family, and a few others of the Lawrence com}»auy of 1858, whitered at or near Pueblo, where thev were joined by others in 1859, who had arrived early in that year. A number of these persons, rightfully judging that when corn was worth from five to fifteen cents a pound, farming was as profitable as miiiiiijj:. and much less laborious, determined to put in cmps in the rich Arkansas bottoms. Accordingly tliey constructed a ditch which conducted the water of the Fontainc-qui-Bouille over their fields, and ]>laiit('d corn.** When the corn had readied a ijood hei'^ht, and waved temptingly in the wind and sun, a roni- pany of disgusted prospectors, returning to Missouri, encamped near the settlement, which was called Fon- taine Citv, and foraijjed their lean and hunyrv cattle on the glistening green blades and juicy stalks. Tlie seen. Houses were erected on tlie Fontaine-(nii-Bouille by R. B. Willis, H. S. Clavk, .lolin Bley, Hiildtanl Talcott, William C'anii)l)ell, the last tlirui' 'if whom opened farms in IS(iO. Arhin-^a-t Vol, J/ist., 4'JO. * The first store in Colorado City was owned by (ierrish and C(>lil>. in charge of William (iarvin, the original claimant of the (larden of the (imU. John (ieorge, who still resides in the old town, opened the first saloon. 'I'aiJ- pan & Co. put up the first frame house in IStiO, which was .still standing in 1874. It was occupii'il as the county court dumse before the removal of tiic county seat to Colorado springs. El Pnun Cmnih/, I'f/:, M.S., 10. T t<il>nr'.t Vnlmi Li/,' in Coin, M.S., 12; Ihwlx-rt's Indinn Trouhlf.9. MS., 2. ''The first farmers in this region, other than the fur-traders, wore Ruliort Middleton, (ieorge T'eck, Charles D. Peek, Josjah F. Smith. Otto Wiiinck.i. Frank Doris. (Jeorge Lebaum, William H. Greeu, aud William Kruinig Arkansaa Vol. Hid,, 700. FIOHTINd FARMERS. r>'J( ran( iimcti remonstrated, but the Missourians outnuni- Im 11(1 tliein. Tlie settlers then demanded pay, which was ivfused, and whenever opportunity came drove tlio cattle into the field, where they were kept and ♦nianled as indemnitv tor the loss of their corn. Then followed a struggle on the part of the Missourians to recover their teams ; but the settlers had entrenched tlniiiselves, and i)repared t«) fight. In the battle which ensued some of the Missourians were killed, ami some on both sides were wounded. The victory, however, was with the farmers, who received at last ))ayuient of damages, and restored the cattle to their owners. The Missourians were ^lad to ujet awav, having apparently no further use for the fighting farmers of Fontahie City.* In October a town was laid off at the mouth of the Arkansas river pass of the mountains, called Canon (jity.'* Its founders were Josiah V. Smith, Ste[)hen S. Smith, ^Villiam H. Young, Robert Bearcaw, Charles 1). Peck, and William Kroeniof. Thev erected a single log house on the level ground above the hot springs, which were found here, as well as at the [)ass of the Foutainc-qui-Bouille ; and Robert ^[iddleton and wife went to reside in it, this being the actual first family of Canon City. The following year the house was taken as a blacksmith shop by A. Rudd. In the spring of 1860 the t(.>wn site was jumped by a company from Denver, which magnanimously retained some of the former claimants. They relocated the town, making it embrace 1,"J80 acres, and in April it was surveyed hito lots and blocks. The new com- pany consisted of William Kroenig, E. Williams, W. 11. YounLr, A. Mavhood, J. R. Dovle, A. Thomas, II. Green, J. D. Ranuige, Harry Yt>ungblood, W. W. "Tlio first store in Fontaine City was ojH.'r.ecl l)y ('o(i|>er ami W'ing. .Some nf tlic tirst settlers after tlie Lawrence party v.ere S. S. Sinitli, W. H. V.iiiiig. Matthew Steel, 0. H. 1'. liaxtcr, (/eorge M. L'liilcitt, .John W. Shaw, Mark (i. Hradfonl, (Jeorge A. Hivisdale, Francisco, anil Howard. ^'' Ihuhls Rn-ly Affairs, MS., \-'A\ FowUr's Arnuwl i'olorwh, MS,. 1-8; .1 Wniiian'-i li.i-jtirit'tirv, MS., S-S; ll>iiii'.\ Hate of tlie MouiUaim, MS., 12; I'rrMvtt'fi Thivwjk Cailon de Hkm, MS., 2-3. ■Ul I 392 pro<;ress of settlement. m Ilainage, J. Graham, M, T. Green, Alvord and Com. paiiy, St. Vrain and Easterday, and Buel and l^oyd, surveyors. Having jumped a town site claim thciu- selves, they organized a claim club for t: eir prutfc- tion, in which those taking up agricultural lands joined." Coal creek, in the coal region, was, in JS«5, " The first grist-mill in Fremont county was erocteJ by Lewis ("oiilcy in 18G0 on Heaver creek, ami was wasiietl away in IH&2. No other was Unit till l>S(i(» or 1807, 4 miles east of Cafnin (-'ity. In 1872 a f^rist-miil was erectecl in the town. The first saw-mill was huilt the same year hy J. li. Cooper, J. V. Moore, Karkins, anJ A. C'haniUer. on Sand creek, almve tiie soda springs. As a premium they were presenteil witli un original >liare in the town of Canon City. R. U. Kirkpatrick ran a sliingle-maciiiiie in cun- nectiou with the mill. The first merchants were Dohl & Co., wIkkc; .-tock was presided over hy Wolfe Londoner; l)oyle it Co.. represented liy Si.lc.indn brothers; C. W. Ketehum and brotiier; Stevens & Curtis; Majors it ilii^sfll, who Imilt a stone store 10() feet in lenijth; R. O. Old.*, J. A. hraiiir, .laines Cormly, .lames Ketehum, C. D. Jenks, I'aul brothers, Harrisuu it Maion, ami iK V. Wilson. These were all in business in Canon City in iMiO, Infore the decline of its early prospects, i'r. I). Jenks alt^o opened tlie 1iiv-t lintol. Custer and Swisher kept the first meat-market, anil K. B. Sutht rland the first bakery. W. C. Catlin established the first brick-yard abimt 1^7'J, to employ tiic prisoners in the penitentiary. Tiie first newspaiier was tlie Viih>n <'i/i/ Tinitu, issued in Sept. 18(J0 by Millett, since of Kansas City. Tiie first postmaster was >L (J. I'ratt. In 1870 thi.-re were but two jxistnllices in the county. Tiie first ilistrict Court was held at Canon City in tiie spring of ISfil} by B. F. Hall, who held but one t»Tm before resigniiij,'. lie foimrl that men who had conducted jieople's lourts were hard to awe into rcsin'i't fur imported judges. Tiie discoverer in ISd'J of the oil springs (i inik-i fpinii Canon City was Cabriel Howen. He sold them to A. M. Cassidy, who inaii- ufactured in lS0"J-5, and shijiped to other parts of tlie country IMH). (Mid gal- lons of superior (juality of illuminating and lubricating oil. Since iliat tune ])rospectiiig lias been going on to find flowing wells. Some of the llrst set- tlers in Fremont county, outside of Canon City, were Ceorge and .M. 'I'lnif, John Pierce, Hiram Morey. John ("alien, Jolin McClure, and Fustir, on Beaver creek; .T. Witcher, T. N'irden, William Irwin, Ambrose Flouriniy, and Robert Pope, on Ute creek; ]{. M. Adams, M. 1). Swislier, Kliciie/er Johnson, Sylvester H. Dairs. James Murphy, Jesse Hader, and .Mills M. Craig, in Oil Creek valley; Philip A. McCumber, John Smith, Jaim ■; A. McCandles.s, Ira Cliattield, Stephen Frazier, <lid. B. Frazier, Jesse Fra/iiT, B. F. Smitli, Jiiiiii Locke, Jacob U. Reisser, and William ll. May, in the vicinity of Florence; James Smith, Bruce, and Henry Burnett, on ilanl- serabi)le creek. I have said that the town site of Cafion City was jumped in the .s]iriiig of I8(»0. The company remained in possession till 1804, when all abainlciricd it, and sought newer fields of enterprise in tiie mining camps. Three l.iiu- ilies finly remained in the town. Not long afterward the governiiieiit sur- veyed the township and the town site, wJiereupon it was precnii>ted by lirn- jamin (irilKn, W. C. Catlin, Jothan A. Draper, Augustus Macon, and A. Rudd, who deeded to the owners of improvements the lots on wliicli tliiy were placed, and proceeded to setatfairs again in motion. These men lidoiiL'ed to a company of 20 families, which migrated from Iowa that year, and who were known as the resurrectionists, because they brought back life to Canon City. They were Thomas Macon, who, while a member of the legisl.ituro of 1807-8. secured for his town the location nf the jienitentiarv; .Mrs Ann M:ir- riaou, Mrs George, Johu Wilson, Joseph Macon, Fletcher, Augu.stus Sartor, BICKJIIAPHICAL. 393 next to Cafion City iu size, having a populati«)n of fiv. hundred. Tlio first farm located in wliat is now Fremont county was by J. N. Haguis, on the 1st of January, Zaoli Trwiti, and others with their families. Ansnn liiidd M'as one of tlic thiri ipri;j!iiial settlers who would not forsake the iilace of his choice. He «:is iiiii. sheriff, county coinniis.sioner two terms, i>rovost-iM:ii .^lial, oil in- sin-M'tcir, postmaster, clerk of the peojde's court, candidate for lieutgov., and hlacksiiiith for the county. He was one of tlie locators of tlic roads to Wet Mi.untiiin valley, to which he guided tlie (iermaii cfilonj-; of tlie road to the ii|i|ifr .\ikansas rcjjion, and to Currant creek and Soutli park; was for sev- oril M'ai-' president of the Cafion City Ditch company, ancl was the first Hii'icri of the penitentiary after the admission of the state, as well as one of ihi' i'onimi.ssinners to locate it. The first ciiihlhorti was a son of M. H. Suislnr, wlio dieil in infancy. W. C. Catlin was also of tlie ori;:innl set- tlri-, as was . I. A. Draper, who was .second jiostmasti-r. and county treas- iiic !■, collecting tlie first taxes ever gatlicrcd in the county. He gave the ^'iiiuiid i<n whidi tlie })enitentiary was jdaced. Wlitii he .-^ohl a tiact to the (intra] Colorado Im[)roveiiient company it was with the intention of rescrv- iii;,' iiir the use of tiie jmhlic tlie soda springs; hut througii some iiiadvcrt- amc in the deed he failed to do so. Other early Canonites wci-t- William H. (ijciii. captain of the 1st Colorado regiment; Folsoin, who also enlisted, and \va> riip|>led for life; Piatt, W. R. Fowler, autiiorof Arotni'l Culiiriii/n, M.S.; ,1. Kiid, IJeiijamin F. (Jritlin, S. I). Welister, county surveyor, jinlge, and ijiiiiilpcr of the legislature; Frank Hengley, mIio, although a Canadian, en- listcl ill th(! union army; Alhert Wattliers, tir.-t keeper of tiie ipcnitentiarj'; S. II. lioyil, hotel-keeper; H. W. Saunders, W. H. .McClure. who limit the MrCliiie house and ruined himself hy the help of the l>. X It. <;. railroad tiiinliaiiy; U. .Murray, who kept the house, and S. W. Huinphrpy. The first cliimli organized in Canon City was in ISlJO-l, hy Johnson of Kansas, a iiiitliiiilist, witli ahout ten niemhers. None of tlie.se were h ft when the loua colony arrived, and (Jeorge .Murray again organized a church, with 45 imiiiiImts, who purchased a stone huilding and litted it up for Morshiji. Ju iMi.'i the missionary haptists formed a church, with H. .M. Adams p.istor, and IS mcmhers, who in liS(ii) huilt a small church editice. In ISliT the (iiiiilpcrland preshyterians organized uinlcr their elders, B. F. Moore, Striihcii Frazier, and ,J. lilauchanl. In hsT- the jiresliyterians were organ - i/cil hy Shelden Jackson, J. K. Krewster heiiig ruling elder, and soon huilt a siriall hut pleasant church. In 1S74 or I.S7."> the renowned episcopal liisliiip, Itandall, organized that church, which after a few years erected a hrirk editice. 'I'lie piihlio schools of Caflnn City were somewhat late in securing a li|i']icr huilding, which was not erected until |SS(). It was of stone, line, aii'l commodious. The hoard that secured the honds for its erection coii- siMiil of Charles E. Waldo jiresident, Mrs M. M. .Sheet.s secretary, John \\ il<iin treasurer. The tire department was orgaiiizeil in Jan. IST'.', consist- ing' III' the Kdief Hook and Ladder company No. I, of 'JO niemhers. The folliiwing year H. A. iieynolds Hose company of \'.i niemhers was added to the department. Mount Moriah lodge No. I.") of masons was instituted in Niiv. KS()7, under a dispensation of lleiiry .M. Teller. M. W '■. Master of Ciiliirado, and chartered Oct. 7, iNiiS. In |S.S| there wer ', ' memliers. ('afiiiii City lodge No. 7 of odd fellows was instituted Nov. 10, ISiis, the Hrst lii'liie south of the divide. It had iu INSl 4(5 niemhers. (irand Carton Kn- caiiipment No. 18, July '29, 1881. The united workmen organized Iloyal • icmgc Lodge, No. 7, June 'i"), 1881, with 'J4 niemhers. • 'anon City was incorporated April 1, 1872. In I87'.l a hoard of trade was nruaiiized. wliich greatly assisted the city government in purifying morals hy forcing out of towu uertaiu disreputahle characters, a function which, if un- 3M ruo(;iiRss of .skttlkvkxt. 18C0. It was rccortU'd by B. H. ^-^i^tliii, ami was taken previous to the organizutiwn c le claiin i lul, whoso constitution was ^lattd Mar<-li ,3, IbOO." Tlir pretensions of Canon City to UTonie the iiictrojKilis of tlie future state wore founded Huiilurly to ih' .so ot' Colorado City, and were rendered nu^at<»ry liv tlio same causes. Tlie first company suneyed a jm.kI to the Tarryall mines, setting up mile |»«»sts tlie w liolo distance of eighty miles. A large i»art of tlio imini. gration of 1860 took this route to the mints, and Cafion City enjoyed for a year or two a }»i(is|Mr()Us growth; and there, for the time, it ended.'" In the winter of 18f)l)-00 the American town of Puehlo was laid off, on the site <^f the ahaiidoiud Pueblo of Mexican times, by a com|»aiiy compo.sed of \n fit Usual for such a lioanl, proved beneficial. Fn I»ec. t.i tLat year a joint stock cDiiijiany va.-i orijjani/.od, witli a capital of .S")<'.i**>. t"<-"ri*truct watir works, coiisistiiig of ■[allies Clcllaiul, .Fames IF. IVaUwiy. <.«.-«<rge i!. Sliactlcr, li:i Miilock, August Hccksclicr, Willmr K. .Folmton. I»jivi.i <'ainl. and (). (i. Stiiilcy. Oil .hily !t, 1881, was laid the corTur stone «< iJiecouit lioiisc, a liaiiil.sonie eililicc, the county coniiiii.^.sioritTS manatr:nj{ tljc- !iu-iiif^s liciii^ Kilwin Toliacii, F^ouis Muolilhach. and .[o-itj>h .1. I'li'-lio; al-<> nt the iiia-onic temple, another tine structure — lif>tli of liriuk. In ^1 tlit-re vii n- •_'•'> stores iu Cafioii ("ity, well stocked, some carrying a t -A over {?^{(X).000 au- uually. Ix'side.s shops of all kindf '-This claim was taken on the north side o. . .trkaufeas rivir. on a creek whoso name is not given. Two hrotlitrs namfl <-V.!it<ijis ti'ok tlaiiiis on tlie south side, 7 miles htlow Canon City. On the rt«.--<)rd tiuy witc de- scrilted as 'situated in Mexico.' The names of M, V. B. Coiiin ami )!. F. Allen occur among the iiiiiahitants of Caflon City prwrsnct jn Ks<k(. '•"T'owiia and settlemeiit.s of Fremont county. Eie>i<k-* th<"se nuntioned, are IJadger, liarnarcl Creek, Carlisle Springs, Clfllan»l, C'««al.iuiii-tioii. Coiijier (rulcli, Cotopaxi, Fairy, Fiiller, Florence, (iak'na. lialcua Ba-iii, ' "liinlale, <Jrapo Creek .lunction, f!reenwtH>d, Hayi' ^n, Ha_v.[»;n Creek. Hayilciiviiic, Hillsdale, Howards, .Junij>er, F.ial>ran, Lake, Mar^h. Mtning Ca,mj>. NcwCiii- cago. Oak Creek, Parkdalc, I'ark Station, Ple.a.sant Valley, IJockvalc. Siiii's- Iturgli. Sjiike Buck, Texas, Texas Creek, Titiuviil*-. Tonuclii. Twclvr Mile Bridge, Vallie, Webster, Williamsburgh, and YorfevjlJe. Ainon>r the •■(■ii- tributors to this ])art of my work are F^ugene Wcr+tii*i. \\. A. Helm, ami Anson S. lludiU Weston was born in Maine in l!^)f», a^aJ canie to Colorado in I.S(M), and to Canon City the same year, where I i>.tiniil Liin in J'^M. He is the author of The Colirii'/n .U/hcv, MS., treating of {iila>.ner« and early tntiis- portation. Helm was born in I'a in IS.'H. After mit^^sing t<t several ot the western states, became to Colorailo in l.srrf), and in l>»»l t*ttied in eafion City witii his family. On the 'resurrection ' ot that town heo|K^n<'d a hotel. He is the autlior of The Oitteo/ the Mnuntnin, MS., fr*-1i Jill«ii with rcimnis- cences. Kudd, wlio furnished £<fr/y AJTnirn in f''tnf»» ^'Uti. MS., and ^^llo«e account forms tlie basis of early history here, was l«if>ni lo Erie co., i'a. in 1819, and after learning the jirinter's trade visited Kan*a.«. Mexico, and « il- ifornia, coming to Colorado in 18G0, and settling at Canon City. Flow lie acted his part as pioneer, I have said. I'L'KMLO. SOB Bdt. Cattorson, Cyrus Warren, Ed. Cozzens. J. Wri'ilit." AlUrt H«ar«a\v, W. If. (irt'cii. and others. It was surveveil l»v J3u< 11 and Jiovd, who laid it out oil i iiroad Si-ale. and the f.^riner iiaiiie was retained. It dill not at fir**t. however, exteiul over the hottoni land ill tVont of th<f town suhse(|uent additions hav- iii.j Ixtii made by other companies and railroad cor- porations. ' ^<S/",i/.^ Gin. !'»>»/•, M.*,. 19, Wright Imilt the first house in Pueblo, on till' idiiiir of Front Mtrett aii<l >anta F<'- avcmiu. hr <'ivttt'i'soirs ciiliiii wa« (111 Stnniiil street, near the »veuuv. Tlii- first fiiiiiily in I'uciilo was ^l/it of Aai'iii Suns, ami the sm;c»»imI tliat of .Josiah F. Smith. .lack .MlfU opened a NiM.ill fii'ocery ami «lririkiiig iiJti<M>ii. A hliM-k of other goods was o|)eneil in a ntdi'c on Santa Fe avenue, <rt-er wliieli l»r Catterson iiresided, ami the town was laimelieil ujoin the Mr* ttf c<iniinerct'. Fniory Voung, Hon of W. II. Ydiiii;.'. w;m the tirst male cliiH l"ini in Fuel. hi, anil Hattie Sniitii tlie first Uill. /.'»■'■,< y-,/;//.-^ in l'n>>Jf,, MS,. I; /^/.A/'w A'/c/// Affn'iM hi C'lrniii ( itjl, MS.; Wcit"!!-* C'^ilornili) Min"i, MS.; J/^l/n'i >>'ifi- "/l/if Mniiiit'iln-i, Ms. '■'Of tlie iiioncers ''t' .\rk.ui'»ajt valh-y tiie follnwiiij/ nieiilion may he made in tili^ ]iiaee ; Harry V<>atii:!.!.*i«i caiiie out witii Ivoliert Miildh'toii, and went UM'irr an assumed n;»rri»; itfta wuie eonneetion lie was allrj^ed to liavu liad witli tlie (h'atli of .J»«».'|>h Snaitit. thi- founder of .Mornionism. (ieorj^e \V. Ilc]ilmrn, a native of X. Y., in IV..' \(ent to Omaha, where lie owned an in- tiii >t lirst in the AV/z/^mX-***, ajjd •ii<ii in tiie Tin, is. In ISIJT he settled in riielilii, where he .ttart^jtl, in IMI, a news]>a|i<r ealleil T/ir /'<ii}>li: Charles Naelitrieli, a Oerriiiin, hrrmirht a Muall stork of jjoods to t'olorado in IS.")*). .Ic.-,se Krazer, from Mo., MrfAr^i ia the K]iriiig of 1S(»0 on tlie .Arkansas, 8 niili-ilnliiwl anon • 'ity, an<l »»» the^irsttoturn a furrow in that re^^ion, « liicji lie iliil M ith a forked cf>tu>n»-<i«»l liinh. Keulien .(. Frazier, a native of Ind., stalled a farm in the npjitr .\rk<tii^a-i valley in the spring of lS(iO. There are many more irt'iijii.-t-ri', known and tmknown, of I.S.'i!). Of those of whom .sometliing m r>n rtx.-j-r-L not elsewhere mentioned, are tlie follow- ing: Lewis W. IJerry, a c:*!'!. in the- Mexiean war, was liorn in .\. Y., mined at Central ( 'ity, and finAlIy *«ttl<.-'l at Idaho Springs. Corhit Kacon, horn in N. '\'., ereeted a plank hf'tUK- with a shake roof in Denver in the winter of lS."iS-!», and went to Central l/ity in tlie s]iring. John W. Edwards, a ^^'elsh• man, resided at Idaho spriniif*. 'Dku there were 'I'liomas Cooper, an Knglish- iiiaii, miller; David V. .'*lr«>*rk '-i Ohio, miner. Anthony Tueker, from I'a, sit up a saw mill enu'ine <<it Bentk-y and Bayard of Central City— the first steam mill in < 'olorado; .Anilrew H. .S]iiekerm.Mi, from N. Y., stoek raiser on 'rurkcy creek. D. D. .Minv..y. fr<<iii Ky. farmer and miner; Frank .1. Wood, from Chieo, opened the tirtt ilni^ (store in (ieorgetown; William ,M. Allen, of New Brunswick, farmer; .I<>««]>ii S. Ik'aman, from (Jennany, hrewer. Central City; Keulien C. Wtll«, from 111., juircliased the (iolden I'aper mill, the lirst estalili.shment <>( the kin-l in tlie state; Jay Sternlierg, from N. Y., erected the Boulder City n<j«in«j; nulls in IS7-; lliram Buck, from Ohio, farmer; .August Burk, a >»e«I<f. ofieiied a liakery in Denver in IS,")*.); Wil- liam .\rliuthnot from I'a. i^rtu'^r: Norman K. Howard, frfun 111., farmer; Koliert Xiver, a native f>f X. V.. farmer; Henry B. Ludlow, from Ohio, tanner; Thomas .T. .Tones, \0tra in 111., merchant; .lohn Keese. from I'a, far- mer: L. A. William.<(, frr>m Vi, erwte'l a steam saw mill at Denver; (ieorgc C. < ^rittin, born in T't, fanw-r. Ki5*i-in Loliaeh, horn in I'a, friMghter and f.iiiiier; Henry Burnett. fr*'iri M<ii«ii<. farmer; Francis R. Ford, from Maine, uiiuer ami farmer; B. F, .'^aiualitfr, irum i'a, uar^teuter; Hubert L. LaiuUirt, \0 *f H.it « ^ , ?>/ jnv ' fe *l* . ^- t r f ■ r^ .^ 1 li 806 PROGRESS OF SETTLEMENT. Late in the autumn a party of prospectors ccdisist- ing of C. F. Wilf^on, Ratferty, Stevens, Aljiaui Lee Currier, Slater, and two others, crossed the raniro on the west of South park, and discovered good iliu. gings in a gulch on the headv/aters of the Arkansas, river, which they named California," and wliicli at- tracted thousamls to that locality " in the spring fol- lowing. The first house erected in the new mines was on the present site of Leadville, and the place was called Oro City. The post-office, which was es- tablished at this place, being removed m 1871 two and a half miles up the gulch, the name followed it, and Oro City left its first location open for subs( quont development by other town locators. California gulch was thickly populated for six miles," and had two un- important towns besides ^Oro; namely, Malta and freighter anci ^tage owner; Aaron Ripley, from Ohio farmer; Emmctt Nuckolls, a native of V'a, stock dealer, N. (_'. Hickman, horn in Mo., miner; l>;iviil ( lark, born in 111., stock raiser; Kufus Shute, a native of N. Y., cattle niiscr; ,1 W. Lester, bora in Pa. :i'iine;\ George Rockafellow, was a capt. in tlit- Gt!' Mich, cavalry during the ■».^r, anil sei vol afterward under (icu. C'luiiicr in the Powder river expedition against the Indians. '"Three men in three months took out 1^,000. Vestons Colo .I/okx, MS., 2. " Among the first were H. A. W. Tabor and wife, S. P Kellogg, and Na- thaniel Maxey. They came up the Arkansas from Cafion City with an ox- team, and encamped a month at Cache creek, wiiuie tJranito city now is, finding gold; but being iniable to separate it from the ijhick sand without quicksilver, of which they had none, they were compelled toaliamlon the diggings. Word then came from the discoverers of Cal. gulch to ino\e up to their caiiip, and as provisions were scarce, the oxen had t>) be killol. 'I'hc men in camp soon erect'"! a cabin for Mrs Taljor; and by nul by a sclihuI ■woman, Mrs C. L. Hall, camt:, wid a third, Mrs Bond, wh )se husliand after- ward became blind. Talmra Cahin LiJ'e in Colormh, MS., 114. Tabor was afterward elected to the state senate, and became one of the wealthii'st ami most prominent citizens of Denver, which city is in no slight mea.suru in- debted to him for its prosperity. "Says Wolfe Londoner, in his Colorado Mininif Camps, MS., 7. 'Cali- fornia gulch, in ]8()0 and 1861, had a population of something over 1().(HHI, and was thcgreatcamp of Colorado. It was Ktrung all along thegulcli, winch was something over f) miles long. . . There wore a great many tents in the road and on the side of the ridge, and the wagrHis were backed up, the pfople living in them. Some were used a« hotels. Tliey had their grub under the wagons, piled their dishes there, and the man of the house and his wife wiuld sleep in the wagon. Their boarders took their meals off tables niadi' of rough boards. . . . Gamblers had tables strung along the wayside to take m the cheerful but unwary miner. The game that took the most was thrie- card monte. ' Indeed, one mining camp differed little from another in tins respect. See also Chi^dey* Tnirim, MS., '2; Jiimd'a duide to C'tlo, .'•0. Bayk'i PoUtica aiui Mmivj, MS., 3. ROADS AND DITCHES. in Slabtown. Twenty miles below, on the Arkansas rivtr. the town of Granite was started not long after, rich mines being at this place, which were first dis- covenxl by H. A. W. Tabor, hi the spring of I860. Tilt y required quicksilver in separating the gold from tlic black sand, and were afterward owned by Bailey and (laff of Cincinnati." Duriiii;' the sunnner of 1860 gold was discovered in Frying Pan gulch, at the base of Mou^^t Massive, opposite the mouth of California gulch, by C. F. Wilson, the diggings receiving their name from the oirninistance of a frying pan being used to pan out the first metal. These mines did not prove of much vahi(> until 1863, when the name was chan":ed to Col- orado gulch. Chalk creek mines were also discov- ered this season by Stephen B. Kellogg and others. A pntiMided discovery was made in 1860 in the San Juan country by one Baker, which drew 1,000 per- sons to that region, who found no gold, although it was tliere, as subsequent exploration and development proved. Some improvements were made in 1859 in the matter of roads and mining ditches. There was a road from Denver into the mountains via Golden Oato, and another via Bradford ; also one into South park, via Mount Vernon and Bergen's rancho, under construction. Three others were surveyed, the St ^'^rain, (xolden, and Colorado wagon road, and the roads into South park via Canon and Colorado cities. A mining ditch eleven miles long was constructed at Missouri flats by a company of which W. Green Rus- sell was president. Boulder, South Boulder, and Four Mile creeks were diverted from their channels for some distance. "Some of the pioneers on the hctd waters of the Arkansas wore tl>o fol- lowing': SiiTinipl Arhuthnot, from Pa; David C. Dargin, from Me; Kolwrt Kerry, from Oliio; Charleit F. Wilson, from Xy, Charles 1.. Hall, from N. Y.; John Hil'iig, from Ohio; George W, Huston, from Pa; and Philo N. Wcstou, from N. Y. 1 aee PROGRESS OF SETTLEMENT. Those who returned to the states carried reports sufficiently confirmed by the gold they exhibitrd to re-aroase the gold fever, causing an immigration the following summer equal to, if not exceeding, tliat dt' 1859.'* The settlements already founded were greatlv enlarged, and new ones made, both in the niiniii<4;uJl agricultural districts." Over tiie 600 miles of road from the Missouri to the mountains, a stream of ma- terial wealth rolled, which was expected to flow l»ark again in a stream of gold dust a few months later. Contrary to the usual practice of the eastern journals. the New York Tribune contributed to the furore fur emigration to the mines by advertisijig Colorado di- mate and scenery in terms of lavish praise, its editor- in-chief, Horace Greeley, and others of its staff liavinjr visited the mountains in 1859, at which time Greeley ^Sopris' Settlement of Denver, M.S., 3. By the niiddle of .Tuly an .irastrii was running at the mouth of (Iregory gulch, owned hy Lchnier, Laii^'ljlin. and Peck, which was the pioneer <[uart/. mill in Colorado. In .Scpiciii' rr Fros.ser, Conklin, and co. hail a small steam stiimp mill in operation. 'I'lio following month there were live arastras running on nortii Clear crcfk, ainl two small wooden stamp mills, all operated liy water power. Anotlicr sicaiii, mill, belonging to Coleman, Le Fevre, and co., stari.jd up the sanu; iiiinitli- Imt i>roke down, and took a month for repairs. Wiicn it sfcirtcd ii).'iiiii. Imw ever, running on (Bunnell ({uartz, it produced 1,44*2 jtennyweights of f,'iilil in seven <lays, tlie rock being tJiken out at a depth of lifty-six fct^t. At tlic depth of .seventy-six feet, fifteen tons of rock yielded §1,700. A rndc tlinc- stamp (piartz mill, ownoil by T. J. (iraham, was in operation at (i<>lil lull during the summer, and a large mill, run by water, M'as erected there in tin; autumn. Where no mills had been erected, miners M'ero busy get tint.' 'iiit ore for those tliat were expected to be built the coming spring. As wmtir approached, many, under the impression that mining in the coldsea.son w<>uM l>c impracticable, returned to their former homes to speml the interval in more comfortable (luarters, and prepare for future enterprises; but many there were who stayed by their claims in the mountains, fortilyinj; thrm- fielves against the ex]>ectcd colil by lianking up the earth nr<i\inil tlhir i;abin.i, and tilling them with a store of pi-ovisions sufficient to outlast tliu iinticipatcd snow l)lockade, whicli never came. Some mining was earriiil en throughimt the entire season, even in the mountains and tlierc was alinest uninterruptetl travel, to tlie surprise and delight of the imperfectly shell, red inhabitants of the differe it towns. '■"At the close of 18(!0 tlvere were 71 steam quartz mills in the Clear creek region running (>00 stamp.^, of an average weight of 4l(i pounds; and "A water mills, with iJTO stamps, weighing .liVi pounds, besides .'iO arastras, tlm tt)tal power enijiloyed l>cing equal to JHiO horse jjower. In the Houlder reji. ii there were four steam mills, five water mills, and 'iU arastra.s, e(|uallinK I TO horse power. South park itnd (California gulch had also ". number of nulls and arastras in 18(50. Cnllini' Hiui-if Mnunli'in OnU Re;;' n, "il-.'J. This ii an emigrant's guide, containing tablei of distances, map«, and a business dircc* tory, with luformvtiou ccuceruing mining and a miner's outlit. OVERLAND TRAFFIC. 399 extended his visit to Nevada and California, Fortun- ately tor tlie prosperity of Colorado at this period. there was nothing to interrupt the intlux of people or property. The freight trains of Kussell and Majors (lraL,'getl their winding length along the Arkansas or Siii"ky hill route day after day, bringing cargoes of <f(M)ci.s, which were stored at their dej) )ts and sold to retiiil merchants on their own account,'" or carrying the goods of others. Many thousand wagons stretched in a continuous line along the Platte also, from its mouth to its source." Prices were necessarily high, ami likewise high because everybody who had any- thing to sell desired to become rich out of it without loss of time. Mail facilities were introduced, and more quickly than could have been anticipated corre- sjiondence with the east became established." On tlie 4tli of March, 1 s(10, Kehler and Montgomery started a line of coaches from Denver to the mining w IMins nntenfthf Mnuntnim, MS., 2: Aut' Miniwj in Colo, MS., 6-7. ■^' .Voi'iirdiiig to l>avis, lli.il. Coin, MS., tliore were bt'tweeii 8,000 and lO.lHKt men of the freighting cla.ts, mostly tlrivers, in Colorath), wlioiii he du- scrilit's ii.i 'turbulcitt felluwa, spciuling most of tlicir leisure and all of their iiuitii-y in saloons.'' -'lii'siiles the many who travclK'd with con'-eyances of their own, there wero sonio who took passage with tr;ins]((>rtation eomiianios, al which Kiis.sell mill Majors, of St Joseph, were the tliief tirm. This conipany organized a line iif stages in the spring of |S,V.», the lirst coacli for |ten\iT leaving Leav- en Wurtli .Mareli 0th, carrying the mail. They eallid Uienisehes tlie l.eaven- Wiirtli anil Pike's I'eak Kxpress company, and ehatged an extra ] postage of IV) cents on a letter, having liost othces of their own at Aliraria and other towns. The iiostmastcr at Leavenworth was directed to dcli\ir all mail matter for Pike's peak to the express company so long as they would carry it without exi>ensu to the government. Nelson Sargent w.is superintendent of this company. lie resigned in the autumn. In the winter of 18.V.) UO a charter was olitaiiied from the Kansas legislature incor[iorating the Central Overland California and Pike's Peak Kxpress company, which was a reorgan- izatiic. »,r t''e former comjiany, the principal men in it heing William II. Kiis.cll, .Fiihn S. .Tones, William 15. Waddell, Luther H. S'lmot, Alexander M.i|:irH, and J. B. Simpson. Tin- route juirsued hy the express companies in KS.'iK was via the Smoky hill fork of the Kansas river, on the line adopted hy tlic Kan.sas Pacific railroad. 1 have already given the history of the Cal- ifornia and Salt Lake mail in my AV(vr<//(. Chorpening owned the line in CHiijiinction with Holladav. In the winter of I8.V.> (U) the fertile hrains of \\'. II Kussell and B. F. Vicklcn, president and superintemlent of the C. O. and P. P. Kxpress co., conceived a plan of rapid communication with the I'aillic coast and intermediate points hy niean.sof the pony express, ami hav- ing prepareil the stations, started out their first pony, April 3, IWiO, from St .liiscph. The fiHite connected with the mail near Atchison, jiassing through Troy aud MarysvilU to Furt Kuaruy, kueX'iug uu the Houth siilo of ..he Platte if 400 PROGllES.S OF SETTLEMENT. ;i camps. Ill May, Sowers and company established a line, and in June the Western Stage company anutlur, all together being insufficient to carry the increasimr crowd of passengers. To this point of progress had the Pike's peak region arrived in its second year of growth. to .lulesliurg, ■where it sent a branch to Denver, crossing to the north side of tluj I'latte, ami continuing to Salt Lake, via Scott Klutf, Fort L<ir;iiiiii', ami Fort Bridger. From Salt Lake it followed the route l>y Hul)y vallty hihI Carson to Sacramento, California. The success of this cnterjjri.so causuil tin; transfer of the C. O. ami P. P's stages and freight wagons to this route; ami the successful oiieratious of this company on the central ronte is said liy its friends to have led to its adoption by the first overland railroad, it ilemon- strated that it could lie travelled in winter, which had hitherto been duulpkcl; but it was the attitude of the southern states, more tlian anything;, wliich caused the central route to l>e adopted. These causes together, in tlie sum- mer of 18C1, caused the transfer of the overland mail from the southern or Uuttertield route to the Platte route. In that year, also, the Overlaml Mail CO. purchased the interest of Chorpening in the western half of the ovorliiinl route. Later in the year the C O. and P. P. Express company and pony express were sold to Ben Holladay, the western half being retained liy tlie Overland Mail, under the management of Fre<l Cook, Jacob King, II. S. liumtield, general agent and superintendent. UoUaday afterward seuurcJ ntail contracts tliroughthe north-west. CHAPTER V. ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT. 1858-1861. Blef.i>in(i Kas.ias— Reprksentativk from Arapahok Cocstt — Provis- ional (loVEUNMEST — TeKIUTORY OR STATE OK JeFFER-SOX — ElEITIONS ANU Conventions — Ooveknor Steele— 1)iver.s Goversmests— Popu- lar Trihfnals — The Turkey War— SyuArrERs — The Name Colo- KAiH> -Territorial Oroanization — (»ilpin, Governor — Bounkakies — Cdsoition of the Country — Seal— .Mint — LEoisLATrvE Proceed- i\(;s~Gilpin'8 Military OrERATio.Ns— The Colorado Reoiments ix TiiE Civil War. While gold was the spirit of the mountain miner's dreams, there was a desperate political struggle going oil in Kansps between the advocates of free soil and slave soil. There were alternating territorial legisla- tures and state legislatures, and it was a question under wliicli form of government the people were living. If Kansas were a territory it extended to the suuiinit of the Rocky range, and embraced the Pike's ptak countr\'. If it were a state, its western bound- ary (hd not reach within three degrees of the historic mountain. The little handful of Americans gathered at Au- raria in the autumn of 1858, with that facilitv for P'tlities which distinguishes our people, took into con- sidrration these questions as affecting their future, and prneoeded in a characteristic manner to meet the diffi- culty. A mass meeting was held to organize a county, tn 1.0 named Arapahoe, after one of the plains triV)es of Indians, with the county seat at Auraria ; and an informal election was held for a representative from tlii.«< c«»unty to proceed to the capital of Kansas and ife Hist. Nkv. 26 (Ml ) MB ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT. procure the sanction of the legislature to its establish- ment, the representative chosen being A. J. Smith. He was not admitted to the Kansas legislative body, but was successful in his mission, Governor Denver, witli- out waiting for the action of the legislature, appoint- ing county commissioners, who proceeded at once to the performance of their duties. ' The county be- ing divided into twenty-three precincts or districts, ' I find that all the writers who mention this subject speak of Arapiiliiie county as having been actually established, which was nut tlie case. An- other error is apparent, the date of Smith's election being given as Nov. tith in JfolUntfr's Mines qf Colorado, 18; Cohrmlo Gazttteer, 1870, 24; ami CoiMt'n Directory of Mines, 38; while in the HiKtory of Denver, 631, the coniinissioners appointed by Gov. Denver are represented as arriving Nov. 12tii, (J days after the election. Probably Smith was sent on his errand some time in ail- vanceof Graham, whose mission was an afterthought. Denver, coniprclii'iul- ing the situation of the miners 600 miles from law, with no chance of an organization by the legislature for several months, simply commis!<i(incil H. P. A. Smith probate judge, and appointed for county commissioners K. \V. Wynkoop, Hickory Rogers, and Joseph L. McCubbin — see Clenr Cnrk nwt BouUler Vtil. Hint. 4G8 — persons about to start for the mines. There was no other organization than this informal one of Arapahoe county, Kai)sa.s. The legislature Feb. 7, 1859, passed an act creating 5 countic»; namely, Montana, in which Denver was situated, El Paso, Oro, Broderick, and Fre- mont out of the mountain resion where gold misht be found. Montana county Ijegan on the 40th parallel, 20 miles cast of the 105th meridian, and embraced the territory south to within 20 miles of the 39th parallel, and west to the summit of the Rocky mountains. Oro county lay in an oblong shajic east'of Montana, and also El Paso, which was south of Montana. Krodeiiek county lay south of Oro and El Paso; and Fremont took in the South i)ark and all the territory west of Brmlerick and El Paso to the summits of tlje Rocky mountains. The commissioners appointed were J. H. Tarney, \\'il- liam H. Prentice, and A. D. Richardson for Montana county; D. Newecmili, William J. King, andlieorge Mcliee for Oro county; Simon C. (Jephart, W. Walters, and Charles Nichols for Broderick ; T. C IHxon, A. G. Patriek, and T. L. Whitney for Fremont; and William H. Green, G. W. Allison, and William O. Donnell for El Paso. The commissioners were required to es- tablish the county seats, and to offer for sale by public notice 2U0 lots in each of these towns, the proceeds of which should be applied to li(|uidating the exiHjnses of location, any excess over expenses to be paid into the county treasury. They were also required to call an election for county nlhi-ers at as early a day as practicable, the officers elected, in view of the distance from the capital, being authorized to qualify and proceed to the diseliaijic of their duties before being commissioned. The county commissioners \Ncre to be i)aid $5 per day and expenses for their whole t«nn of 9 months, but the money was to come from the sale of the lota before mentionod, from which arrangement it may be inferred that not more than one, if any, ( oidd have received full payment. Kansryt Laws, 1859, T-CO. Whether on tliis account or some other it does not appear that these counties were organized; but at the election of March 28, 1859, the following officers of Araiiaiic>e county, having no legal existence, were chosen: prol)ate judge S. >>■ Wagouer, sheriff D. T). Cook, treasurer John L. Hiflmer, register of det lU J. S. Lowrie, prosecuting attorney Marshall Cook, auditor W. W. Ho.>iipr, assessor Ross Hutchins, coroner C. M. Steinlwrger, supervisors L. •'. Win- chester. H. Rogers, R. S. Wooten, clerk of supervisors Levi Ferguson. Byrs' Ifut. Cob, MS., 49. TERRITORY OF JEFFERSON. 408 sheriff and other officers were chosen for the time from among the population of the county. Oil reflection, and in view of the peculiar situation «)f Kansas, the politicians of Auraria conceived the idea of a separate government under the name of the Territory of Jefferson, and on the 6th of November elected Hiram J. Graham and Albert Steinberger deleu^ates to proceed to Washington with a petition to etfect this object. Graham was from New York, but liad lived in Illinois and was one of the pro- jectors of Pacific City, Iowa, from which place he went to the Pike's peak country. He was a man of excellent traits and fair ability, but not likely to carry out so extraordinary a scheme as that on which he was bent, of persuading congress to erect a territory in the Rocky mountains to oblige a few hundred per- sons who did not yet know of any gold diggmgs of much value, whatever their faith that thev should find them. Graham gained nothing by his delegate- ship but an enlarged experience of the ways of con- j^ressnien and the machinery of government. Stein- berger was a young man, and dropped out of the delegation at Omaha. He was afterward king of a <,'roui> of islands in the Pacific, but was deposed by a British man-of-war. During the winter the isolated community of Ara- pahoe county governed itself without friction, by the observance of some simple regulations, and the au- thority of their chosen magistrates; but on the 28th of March, 1860, an election was held, under the laws of Kansas, for the choosing of county officers. There were 774 votes polled, the population having increased at least 500 since the last election. Continuing to increase rapidly, a public meeting was held on the nth of April at Auraria, which resolved that the different precints should be requested to appoint del- egates to meet in convention on the 15th, to take into consideration the propriety of organizing a state or territory -, aud a central committee was appointed, one 49* ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT. ■ of whose duties was the designation of as many new precincts as the spreading population required. On the 7th of May an address was issued hy the committee, appointing an election on the first Mon- day in June, to choose delegates to a convention to draft a constitution for the state of Jefferson. The election was held, but in most precincts by luclania- tion only, no returns ever being made, ^'ifty dele- gates met in June, inWooten's hall, Denver, repiosent- ing thirteen precincts. W. N. Byers was chosen temporary chairman ; but on the permanent or^ranjai- tion of the convention, S. W. Wagoner was made president, Henry Allen, E. P. Stout, R. Sopris, Levi Ferguson, and C. B. Patterson vice-presidents, Thomas Gibson and J. J. Shanley clerks. After a two davs' session, in which the chief Imsi- ness transacted was the appointment of committees to draft a constitution, it adjourned to meet again on the first Monday in August, the long interval being taken to observe the course of events. A. F. (jiarri- son was chosen president. A committee was ap- pointed by the convention to form new precincts, so that when that body reassembled there were i)rcsent 167 delegates, representing forty-six precincts. The convention was now about equally divided in favor of and agahist a state constitution, and discus- sion ran high. Three sets of resolutions were ortired, one by H. P. A. Smith, providing that the conven- tion should dissolve, and memorialize congress for a territorial organization ; another by Beverly D. Wil- liams, providing for a conunittee to report to the con vention on the expediency of forming a constitution, or n^emorializing congress; and a third by S. W. Beall, in favor of forming a constitution. The resolu- tions of Smith and Beall were finally withdrawn, and Williams' resolution adopted. A committee was ap- pointed, a majority of whose members reported in favor of a constitution.' * Extract /r<m Early Records, MS., 4-6. Among those engaged in early COXSTITUTIOX AL COX V EXTION. 40S The convention reniainccl in session one week, the constitution of the state of Jefferson bein*^ f<»rnu'd, with limits siniihir to the present state of Coh)r{uio, It was submitted to the people on the first Monday in September, with the alternative, in case of its le- itctinn, that an election should be held in October to choose a delegate to congress, who should endeavor to have the gold regions set off in a territory to be called Ji'rtt rsoM. The constitution was rejected by a vote of L',0U7 to 04!), demonstrating by the lightness of the vote tliat gold, and not politics, absorbed the i»ublic mind. And yet there was a party which found time to jiress the scheme of a provisional govennnent, and which called a mass meeting at Auraria on the 24th of September to consider the subject. An address to tlio j)eoi)le was prepared, requesting them at the Oc- tolxr election to vote for delegates who should meet a little later for the purpose of forming an independ- ent government.' Tiie election took place on the 5th of October, when, owing to the return to the states of a large part of the population, and the indifference of those who remained, only about 8,000 votes were polled. Beverly D. Williams was chosen delegate to congress, and Eiehard Sopiis representative from Arapalu)e county to the legislature of Kansas. As on the previous attempt to secure a hearing in congress, Williams accomplished nothing more than to impress the govornmcnt with the |>ertinacity of this far off ond auibitious political bantling, variously' known as Pike's peak, Arapahoe, county, and Jefferson territory. Sopris was given a seat in the Kansas Icijislature, Governor Denver hav- giivcnimeiit aiTairs were: E. H. \. Patterson, delegate from Left Hand cri'ik. liiirn in Va, an«l was at one time formerly editor of the I'litnr TimiH, <if Sacramento, in California early days, and a^ain of the (ieotgetown Mimr 10 v( ars afterward; Charlea C. Post, miner and lawyer from Missouri gulch; (Icoriic M. Chilcott, and I. J. Pollock. 'Till- leaders in this movement M'ere Frank De La Mar, S. W. VVapoiiiT, B. 1) Williams, (}. M. Willing, A. Sag.Mnlorf, H. P. A. Smith, Heury Allen, 6uh1 M. C. Fisher. Byen' Hut. Coio, MS., 55. 406 OWJANIZATIOX OF GOVERNMENT. ;;!■ SI ing issued a proclamation to the voters of Arapalioe county to elect a representative — although no sucli county was known to that body.* According to the plans arranged by the provisional government or territorial party, the election of their delegates took place, and on the 10th of October the convention met at Auraria, when eighty-six wen* found to be present. They adopted a constitution and proceeded to district the mining region, providin;^' for a legislature consisting of eight counciluioii, and twenty- one representatives. An election was ordered for the 24th, to choose a governor, secretary, nioiuhcrs of the legislature, and other territorial officers, which was done with one unimix)rtant exception, tlic vote standing about 1,800 to 300. R. W. Stetlo was elected governor of the territory of Jcft'crson, and Lucian W. Bliss secretary. Steele's message was creditable, and so was the action of the legislature, which jnet on the 7th of November and lasted forty days, during which many general and special laws were passed. Among the latter was a charter for thi; city of Denver. Nine counties were organized, for which probate judges were appointed by the governor, to hold until the first county elections in January I860.* A tax of one dollar per capita was levied to defray exix;nses ; and the assembly adjourned to the 23d of January. *In Sopris, Si-ttkmmt of Demrr, MS., 13, ho 8.iys that ho oht.iineil a charter for a ditcli to bring the water of the I'latto into Denver, which was ))erpetual, the city of Denver oM-niiig it; tlu't he also obtained oliartcrs fur roads, banking, insurance, and telegraph companies, and much necessary ltigi><lation of like character. *Tho other officers of the provisional government were: C. R. Bii*«fll, auditor; 11. L. Wooten, treasurer; .Samuel McLean, attorney-general; ((scar B. Totten, clerk of sup. court; A. J. Allison, chief justice; S. J. Jolinsdii ainl \,. W. llorton, associate justices; Hickory Rogers, marshal; H. H. McAfee, Hupt of public instruction. The meml>er8of the council from the 8 coiiinil districts were X. (}. Wyatt. Henry Allen, Eli Carter, Mark A. Moore, I M. Wood, Jamei Emmerson, W. D. Arnett, D. Shafer, in the order in wliich they are nametl. The meml>er8 of the lower house were .lohn ('. Moore. \V. P. McClure, W. M. Slaughter, M. I». Hickman, I). K. Wall, Miles I'attoii. J. S. Stone, J. N. Hallock, .1. .S. Allen, A. J. Edwards, A. McFa.li. n. Edwin James, T. S. Golden. J. K. (iray, Z. Jackson, S. B. Kellogg, Wilham Davidson, C. C. Pout, Asa Smith, C. P. Hall. ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE, 407 The supporters of the Kansas government who had Bcnt their representative to the capital of that terri- torv, refused to pay a tax to support the provisional irovcrnnient, in a remonstrance signed by six or seven hundred miners. The men of Gregory district, which the new government had erected into Mountain county, held an election on the 3d of January 1860, and rejected the county organization by a vote of 395 to !);"). ( )n the other hand, Arapahoe county, as cre- ated by the provisional legislature, acknowledged the new ijovernment, and held its election accordinir to tlio law by which it was established. On the 2d of January, a mass meeting was held at Denver, at which a memorial was adopted, addressed to the president, asking for a territorial organization, and S. W. Beall was delegated to carry it to Wash- inirton , but no notice was taken of the petition. The assembly met again on the 23d, pursuant to adjourn- ment, and completed a civil and criminal code, which was observed and enforced in some parts of the " Ter- ritory of Jefferson," while in others the miners' courts held sway, and the Kansas government was least observed of any.* The miners had invented a system of regulations, and were satisfied with them, and inclined to reject innovations. Each district had its president or judge, recorder, and sheriff, elected by ballot,' the rules laid down for their governance being simple and expedi- tious. Claim clubs, for the protection of agricultural or town site claims, with similar regulations, served the purpose of legal statutes, the expounding of which was tt)o often accompanied by aggravating delays and ruinous costs. There was little anxiety therefore for change, except among professional politicians and their friends. But the people being generally order loving "In the autumn of 1860 Etiward M. McCnok was elected to the Kansa!* legislature, but secured no benefits, an<l probably no pay. Corlftf'H Dir. of MineM, 42. ^Jack Keeler was elected sheriff uf Arapahoe district in 1860, and hin deputy waa William Z. Cozens. 406 ORGANIZATION OF COVKRXMKXT. and law abiding, obeyed without question fitiier fwrm of government, whoso oHicers happened to be ts(ab. lislied in their midst, which obedience averted ariv injurious collision of authorities. OccaHionally a change of venue was taken from one governiiKrit to the other, when the litigants suttered by havinir licavv costs to pay. And occasionally crimes were coni- mitted, which demanded a strong and recognized u«,v. eminent for their punishment. In the aljsenee (tf tliat, the people defended themselves as those of ('alifniiiia and each of the new mining territories had dmu . Ky committees which dispensed a rude and vi«i(»inu.s justice without appeal. They acted K|x>ntaiie(tusly and openly, and were known as the people's ctmrts, electing their judges and marshal as ref^uwed. and taking no notice t)f any but felonious ottVnces. In some parts of the countrv they Ix-came, frtjni tjje iiects- sities of the case, vigilance committees, and <l(alt, with horse and cattle thieves. Tlie iienaitics infh( tid were in accordance witii the crime, and niiiilit he either hanging, whipping, or banishment. Of tlie first three homicides, one esca|x.'d, one was tried li tnje Judge H. P. A. k >mith and hanged, and the thii<l was tried before Judge Hyatt and acquitted. Denver being the principal town Ijad most need of the people's courts. In tlie latt*.'r |x»rt of Jaiiuniv the unruly clement became alannin^ly conspi( uoiis. Among the disturbances occasi«»ned by this portion of the i»<)i)ulation was what was known an th<* Turkey war. It originated in the plundering by them of a party of hunters fro?*i the southern jiart of the terri- tory with a great number of wild turkeys for sali'. A committee was organized to puni.'^h the thiev( s ; but it was found that they had many defenders, and it was with difficulty that a bloody conflict was avoidc leu • Previous to April 1860 there were two duels in Denrer. In one of tlicm J. S. Stone, a nietnlier of the provisional legi.tlatnre, w»m kille<l 1>y L. W . Bliss, secretary ami acting governor of Jefferson territoiry. wlio at a jiiililii: dinner made an otfensive remark in allusiun to Stone, which called oui the challenge. CLAIM CLUB. 409 The next excitement was over the jumninj^ of town lots l>y Hquattern who liad Bettlcd on tliu outskirts of Denver, and clauiied tlie land under the agricultural j»rteinption hiw. Several times duadly weapons were ilischarged 'u\ alten-ations over ttiwn property, though no lives were sarrificcd. This led to the organiza- tion of a rlaiiii rluh at Denver, the members being l)ound to defend v,iC town company against squatters, hoveral of whom were banished. In July a still more threatening atTair warned tlie people to be on their VttutuMto IN 18G:{. ;j;uar(l. Tlie office of the UncJn/ Moinifahi News was attacked by a d»?*|>*'rate man iiaiiietl (\irl Wood, be- cause the pafx^r l»ail condemned the killing of a negro named Starks by a confi-dorate, Charles Harrison, and layers narrowly <-**capcd being killed. Wood was taken, tried, and l>ani«hed by the decree of Judge H. r. Bennett. So determint-d were the people that justice should lie done that Slieriff Middaugh pursued and brought '% W1 410 ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT. back from Leavenworth for trial James Gordon, who had, without provocation, killed Jacob Gantz in July. He was prosecuted by Bennett, before a judjj^e ajp- pointed for the occasion, defended by able lawyers, pronounced guilty by a jury of twelve responsible citizens, and hanged. Four other homicides wen' tried and acquitted, and three tried and hanged be- tween March and September. Several horse thitvcs were also punished and banished. It could not l)o said that there was no law and no government, but rather that government was triple-headed in tluse munng regions. At the second annual election of the provisional government, October 22d, its officers were electt^d l)y a vote so insignificant as hardly to deserve the name of an election. The legislature, however, met in No- vember, and held its second session, unnoticed by the people, its doings never being published. It vrould hardly have survived to a third session had it not hwn supplanted as it was by a government erected by consjress.* That the effort to firmly establish a provisional gov- ernment was well meant and patriotic I do notdouljt. Its failure depended partly upon one of the causes of its creation, the conflicting claims of five several ter- ritories, whose boundaries were included in the J'ike's peak region; namly the eastern part of Utah, the northern part of New Mexico, and the western parts • Uol>ert W. Steele, governor of the provisioual territory of Jftferson, was ail energetic, Hanguine man, tall, angnlar, rather rough, hut ptH.^c^iii!^' good common nenao and honesty. He win horn in Ohio in 1820; ii'iiiovimI in 1846 to Iowa, where he studied law; and to Omaha in 1855, where he \v,u a niemlier of the legislature of 1858-0. Then he went to iX-nver ami to ( m tralCity, where he was president of tlie Consolidated Ditch Co. He was governor until June 1801, when the duly aiiuointed officers of Colorado tc- ritory arrived. He settled his family at Coldcn, hut removed to Kiiipirj in 180*2, and afterward to Georgetown. In !804 he was one of the party w liii li di.scovercd the Argentine d-strict and IVlmont lo<le — the firsi paying .-ilwr deposit in Colorado. This mine was named aftor August Belmont of .\i-w York, and hronght 8100,000. It was Uter called the Johnnon. 'llieodoro P. Boyd, justice sup. ct pr »v. govt, was from Pa; in 1840 lanit' to Cal., and finally to Golden, where he erected the third house. In tlii- winter of 18.MMJ0 he located farms for himself and scna on Clear crcik, 7 miles east of Golden. . i ^^ JEFFERSON AND COLORADO. 411 of Kansas, Nebraska, and Dakota. '* Had every man ill tho mines been willing to yield allegiance to the independent government, these other governments were likely to interfere, and probably would have (Idiio so, had time been given or complaint been made. There were other reasons, in the instability of the population and the avoidance of the cost of a govern- ment. There was nothing in the public acts of tho officers or legislators of "Jefferson territory" which was not intended for the public good. They were a portion of the same people who, in their people's ((;urt.s, settled all matters of law and justice as effi- ciently as it could have been lone anywhere." '"That psirt of Kansas which lay west o the east houinlary of New Mex- ico wai coiiliiiuti to tlic territory between the Hfith and 40th parallels. St Vniiri anil Boulder creek mines, and many farms, were therefore out of this jiirisdietion. Brecktiuridgo was in U<.th, and California guluh was on lit'liatalilc ground. "Tiie hrst people's court at Cafio » City was organized liy Wilhnr F. Stoiio, who i!ratte(l a code for the go/eminent of tliat community. Stone was Ixirn at Litchtield, Conn., in ' X,, but removed to western New Yr)rk at the age of 6 years, and later to M.ch., Ind., and Iowa, lie MaM educated at Aslmry university, and the stato university of Indiana, where lie graduated from the law dej)artmeiit. Settling at Kvansville, he practii^ed his professiiiu aiiil edited tlie J)<iily !n<iiiirer. For a short time \\!i resided at Onialia, eiHt- \\\g the Xi'fmMkitn, but came to Colorado in the spring of I8<i0. He was a nii'iiiKer of the Colorado legislature from Park county in I8(i'2, and again in iMit .'i. In 1866 he returned to Ind., and married Minnie Sadler, after whirh ho settled at Puelilo until 1877, wlien he was elected to the bench of the supreme Cfiurt. From 18(>2 to 18<)0 he was assistant U. S. atty for Col- orado. In 1808 he was apiiointed by the gov. 1st dist atty of the 'M\ judicial lh^t of Colo. Ill 1808 lit! gave a portion of his time to editing tlie Puihh r/z/V/^riH, tlie only newsjtaper soutli of the divide at that time; and after- ward wrote for the /V<)j)<(''» .iV('»p/it>f;»'r, and otlier journals until 1874. Ho iiiiU'il largely in building up Pueftlo during a 12 years' residence, and was olio of tiioso v.'lio secured the completion of tho Atchison, Topeka, an<l Santa Ft' railroad to that place. He was a meinlNM' of the state constitutional con- vi'iitioii, and judge of tho supreme court. Ho had ever nt comnmnd a vast fiiii'l of information, which tluring my reiearcbef in Colorado in \XM were fjiinrously placi-d at my disposal, and which kindness resulted in valuable iii.'uiuscript contributions to history, entitleil ('/■tuTal Viiwof {'(dnnuto and l.iiuil (Iriintn. .\aftlier high authority on early government matters is /fnllrtt's Cmirt*, l.'iii'. itiiii LUi'jiiti'in, MS, Moses Hallctt was born in haviess county. III.. in IS,^4, and resided there, with the exception of a few years spent away from homo in acipiiring an education, ami in the study of the law in ( 'liicago, until tlie spring c.f 18(i(), when he came to Colorndo. Ho settled at Denver, and after a trial of mining entered upon the prrictico of his profession. He HtTvi'il two terms in tho territorial oounfil. In 18tMi he was appointed chief jiixtifo of the territory, which position ho held for 10 years, after which ho V IS appointed judge for tho IT. S. dist. of Colora<lo. Tall and dark com- ]>lt'xioned, with an intellectual face and affable uiauuurs, liu enjoyed the 412 ORHANIZATIOX 01' iiOVKllNMENT. il ^1 So many potltioiia had gone forth for a tcrrit< uial orgauizatian by congress that a bill to provide fur the friendship and atlmiration of tho I>c.st men. Hallctt explain!* even more fuUv than Miine tlio jiuculiariLit's, laerit.s, and ecix-ntricitius of tl;e ijooj.lo' anil minor'ii courts. He tells ua there wuro arbitrary executions every year, ihiwii to 1877. In tiiat year a man name Musgrove, tlio leader of .; j;,in)^ (,f horse thieves, Mas hanged oflf tlie end of Larimer street bridge, in f.iicii il.iv, without concealment of any sort. The i>eoplo seldom interiVred wiih tl";9 administration of the laws. One inatanco i ■; however, given of a territ t al judge, who waa on hia way to ( !<ilden to make Home onlerallectiDg arailrunl eompanv, being taken from a train, curried off, anil kept 24 hour i in durante to prevent the order l)eing made, t'•lll|■t■^, Lmr, tiiul LitiftttUm, M.S., (5-7. Wolfe i^ondoner, in a manuscript on Vi'jilitiice VonnntUKS in C '..r.v.'i, giving an account of 'all the juilgmcut.s of capital puni.ihment, audallt'.o executions of tlio people's enurts i:i Ueuver,' isa valuable authority. II,; c. plains tliat; there vero otlier triah by tlie Kamc kind of court.*, but no <,;' t r Konteucea or punislunonts. Tho tirst murder M'as committed by Jn'.u S',i; 1, Hoii-indaw (.fa (teriuan named lieincroff. Stofel killed one of his yoii:ig broiliers-indaw, on Vas(piez fork or Clear creek, April 7, IS.'O. lie wxs tu - IKJCted, arrested, e.xa.niined before II. P. A. Smith, admitted his g!i;lt, ir.i], as tliero was no prison in the country, it M'as determinetl to hang him. '!'..j examination was held in tlie Recouil buildinc below what ia now* Iloliai'..: ,' K^reet, east side of Ferry, now 1 Ith street, liie execution took pl.ve at t! • corner of llollailay and lOih streets, where Ntofel was han;;ed on a trie: I.,- Xoi^y Tom, executioner for the occasion. Oa the I'JLh of March, IM' ), \\ li- liam West was shot by Moses Young, on thuAvcstsiilc of (.'lien y crei!'. nt;ir Larimer street bridge. Young was tried nest day, found guihy, a scaii Id erected on the spot Avhere the murder was connnittcd, and liie dav afii r tlio trial and conviction he was han;:od. On tho r.Mi of June, isik), jaiob K.e. der and family passed through Henveren route for South park, hi eomiauy with .Marcus (iredler and others. llocdcrand(irecller<juarrclkd, andK ■. .Iit was killed a'\d buried by <iredler in revenge. Tlie mur'erer was aric^tdl, and on compuldon showe>l tiie grave of liis victim. He wa.s tried, seiniiucl, anil hangi-d the next ila^', on a scaffold at the foot of the lilull' wlicie CmiLS street enters Cherry creek bottom on tho cast sidij. On the 'J(Uii of iliiiic two freighters ijuarrclled, and, ou tho road near l>enver, lladley stabbed C.iiil mi that he died Hadley was brouglit back on tho ITJil, a court organized iin.'n r a clump of eottonwood trees which stood (ui 10th street, oiiiiosite the ri.iiit- era house, this being tho only cnurl held ia tho oiien air. lie was seiUcnvid lo be hanged on tiie 2<'»tli, biitescaiiecl (roinliis jailers. On the 'JOtIk of ,liily, 186-'), occu'-red tlio murder of .lai'ob (ianta, by ,1. A. (Jonlon, of wiiicii 1 ha\o givei') an account, (rordon was executed at tlie same place nstJriMHcr. thi tlie:Wth of Nov., 1S(5(), Ihomai R. Freeman waa killed by Patrick Wat.rs. Freeman liveil alone, "J inllm belo-v Diiivcr, and was one of tiie few wli.i at- tempted f.irming tliat year, raiding vegetables for market. Waters w.n a lianger-on of lietter iiien, aad aci'ompanied Freeman iIowti the Platte t.i buy hay, inunlcMng him for his nionev, near Fort L'.pton. Tho body being dis- covered. Welters was arretted in Neb., tried at |)enver, and execute I mi a gallr .ra at tliO farther end of l.">th street bridge. The prosecution in tiiis oaso made the tir-t prpsenfment in writing, as follows: 'The jM-ople of tlie Pike's jieak gnhl rci;ion ii'-hiia I'ntrick Waters. The people of tlie Pike's jieak gold region. asscinbhMl at the city of Denver the 10th day of l>ec.. l>'i>0, do lind and present that im tlie 30th of Nov., a. i>. IKi'K), at the said I'lkc's peak gold reff>f»n, one Patrick Waters did make a telonions assault on ono Tlioiiias H. Freeman, then and there being, and him, the said Thoni.is U. Frt' "man. with pifineditated malice, ilid murder and slay, contrary to all tiui Uwa of (iud and nuui. r.OUXD.\lUES. 413 en rtlon of a new territory was at Icnj^th introduced," wliicli passed b«)th houses and beeanu) a law February 29., iSfJl. The name of Colorado was given to it at tlie suu^gestion of the man s<'Kcted for its first gov- ernor.'' The boundaries of Colortulo, as described in the organic act, ineluded nil tl)C territory between the tliirty-st'venth and fort, ' rst parallels of north lati- tude, and the twenty-fifih and thirty-second meridians of west longitude, forming an oblong scjuare eontain- iiii; 104,000 scjuare miles, or (')(>, 880,000 acres of land, wkli the usual proviso, that nothing contained in the at't should be c<»nstrucd to impair the rights of the Indians while they remained unextinguished by treaty, nr pnvcnt the govirnment from again dividing the t "iritory at })leasure, the act in all respects resembling otiicr oriranic acts establishing temnorarv novern- intMits. The territorial ofticers commissioned bv the pn sideiit Were William Gilpin governor, Lewis Led- ])ard Weld secretary, Benjamin Y. Hall chief justice, kS. Newton Pettis and Charles Loe Armor ns-o( iate justices, CN»[)eland T<»wnsend marshal, Janus ]). Diil- li I la attorney-general, and F. ^l. Case surv« yor-gen- cral. They arrived May iIDth, and were cordially Welcomed, even by the unpaid oflicers of the pro- visional government, whose functions ceased with the ap|)earance of the presidential appointees. (Jovernor Gilpin was a man capable of inspiring enthusiasm upon occasions. He visited all the prin- cipal settlements '* as rapidly as possible, making liim- "/'..'?. .?.<». yw., 1.-., fWth ciiu'. 1 I Msv :/■.,>'. ,s',,.. .A.«r., 8.10, '2-il, Wth coau. l,tsos.s.; Cmj. (.1 J^f, lS,'..t (h*, l.VCJ; //., ISCiO 1, «i:il» 4."), T'iS », 7('>:» J, IJ|.> (1; /./., v.: /./., xvii.: /./., \\\. ^^Ui'}iiii'H I'iiint' r <J' Is;.', M >., S, 'Sniiio,' h,iy,< tiiliiin, ' want 'il it oallcil iK'tlVrtiiii, Hiiniu Arcailiit. ... I ^.1l'l the ]m'ii|i1(! li.ivu to ji ^{rciit «'xtriit ikuiu'iI tlio .sliiU'< iifuT till! j.'riiit riviTsol ilio fiuiii:: V . . . ami tlu! ^tcjU fiMtiiri' "f that 11)1111 try !■■ tin; \ivva\, < 'i.loiiiiloriviT. . . " Ali," Hiiiil lie ( WiNuiinf Mass. ), "that i-( it;" timl lit; liuiiii'ii it ('iilontiio. ' "I li-a.ii r, -Ml r. .s' //. A'-, ho-., v.. DO. r>r., ICtli imin. ill hcmx., anil tlio If'.'/ttcjfiit' (t'tnii i»>ti C ■Hiitfi. Ms., Iiy Sylvester Ua'liiiril->iiii, that <iilpiii, with the .'isHistaiiee <if iihl iiiniint.'kintH'pt, iriiih- ,i iiii|t ef tlie territory in 1M>I, vhii'li was fiMiml to I'ltrre'iiiinit remark i lily with the Niiletetiiieiit xiirvi y^. l!i''li,iri|<on w;i,H a native of t'attkill, \. V . aihl a man of ciilf iva'eil niiinl. a-t Will (u »u ttblo luvchaitH;. liu caini. to e<ih>railo iu lti(k), and ru«iiloii !• yvttn 1 if {, il 414 ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT. self acquainted with the condition and wants of the territory, and everywhere was received with festivltv and favor." On the 8th of July ho took the oath of office, and, the census behig completed,'* proceeded on the 10th to assiijn the judges to their districts, that the supreme court might be immediately organi/xtl." On the 11th he issued a proclamation declaring the territory to be one ctmgressional district, which Avap divided into nine council and thirteen representative districts, in which was ordered tlie election of dilc- gate to congress and members of the legislative as- sembly to take place on the 19th of August. In the matter of dates Colorado's history has Ix Til in Denver. la 1873 he helped to explore the Gunnison country, and the f.l- lowing year organizetl a colony to settle it, of which the history will be giv.ii hereafter. "William GQpin was l>orn Oct. 4, 1822, <in tlie battlefield of Bramly- wine, and appointed to the military academy of West Toiut in 18;((>. I {» ii completing his studies he was commissioned lieut in the 2d draeoous, an<l fought in tlie Seminole war under Gen. Jessup, and accompanied rreiMoiit'x expedition of 1843 to Fort Vancouver. Gilpin was designed by his iii.ikcr for a man of mark. Full six feet in height, of a slight Irame and nervuim temperament, with a Hue head and expresnive eyes, rather military U-ariiig and Freiivh gestures, he was enthusiastic, while his shrewdness ami coai'tisy Were sometimes ovcrshadowol by his generali/utions. Said one of liis tnciiiln to me, ' There never was a man like him, and there never will be anotlicr; t'nr 20 minutes or so he can talk as closely to tiie point as any man, but uftci' tli.it he I>egins to generalize.* On the breaking out of the Mexican war, (iilpiii, lie- ing again in Mo., was chosen major of tlie first regiment of Missouri oavalry, and moved south along the great central plateau with his force until hu iiiiiiiu a junction with the main army in Mexico. In 1847, the Indians of tlic plaiii-i having confederate I to cut oil immigration westward antl to make war on tlic frontier settlbinents, Gilpin, by dii-ection of the president, led a force of l.'.ti. cavalry, infantry, and artillery against them to open up conimiinication. Tliis expedition did not leave Leavenworth until Oct., the troops wiiittriii); at Pike peak and fighting the Indians the foUoM-ing Hummer. Gi/pin'x I'mtmr of 18.',.?, MS.; Pitliiis P'tUtirnl Virtfn, MS.; Bt-diifonVs Hixt. CoIotmIo, M.S.; ISfM'it'n Pul'lir Men ttwl Meiuurrn, MS. '*Tl»e crnRUs showed a population of 25,.T29, four-fifths of which wcm men. f^orliett'n Lffji*. Mittmnl, 5i. Tlio count did not really show the Mfmlo niimlicr of inhabitants, nmny being prospecting in the mountains. Hcxiii Mounfnin Xe>rs>, July 17, 1861. "Byors Kays in his CfntmnM Stiitr, MS., 10. that a proclamation wan issued on the 23d of July appointing a t»<rin of <he sup. ot on the first Mem (lay in Sept. following, to lie held at I>enver. Ho also says that the t.rst grand jury imjtanelleil in Colo was upon the 4th of Sept., 1861, at Dcnvtr, and consisted of Nelson Sargent, foreman, Charles A. VV right, Jolin \N . Smith, Alexander M. Smith, John L. Bogg, John G. Vauter. William !•• Davis, John B. Ashlaod, Jonatlian U. Price, Milton E. Clark, Warren Hus- soy. J. F. Gonline, James M. Iddings, Miltnn M. Delano, Etiward H. Hart, V. H. Smith, Andrew Sarg#?ndorf, and John M. Clark. See also Roiiyi Motmlair. Nam, SopC 4, 1861. OILPIN. GOVERNOR. 415 «h' wan (III- t.rst vcr. W. I>. ■Hus- iiiarkc'd by periods of national importance. It was tlic business depression of 1857-8 and tlio Kansas tidubli'S which inspired so many with a willingnesa t.» seek new homes and fortunes farther west. The t.rritt»ry was organized just previous to and while the «i\ il war was impending ; and lastly the state was ad- iiiittod on the 100th anniversary of our independence. It is with the coincidence of the territorial organiza- ti.diandthe sudden and great strain put u[Hm the government that I am chiefly impressed ; in connec- tion with which must be considered the manner in wliioli the affairs of the new commonwealth were munaged. Gilpin, although appointed governor by l*resident Lincoln, was without instructions and with- out money. Washingttm was threatened; there wore a dozen cabinet meetings a day ; and when the ap- pointee begged for writtten orders he was told there was no time to attend to such matters, but to go and do as well as he knew how and the bills would be piiJ. His verbal instructions, taken in the vestibule of the wliite house, or in the portico, conferred broad powers. He was to see that the new territory was ki[it in the union. If soldiers were needed, he was to call them out and command them." He was loval, lit' was a soldier, he would be quick to sec the need of an appeal to arms ; but was he a statesman, and miglit he not be too quick to discern a danger? These were questions the cabinet had no time to ask. The period elapsing between the arrival of the ex- ecutive and the August electioti was maile use of to ascertain the political bias of the majority, the pop- ulation being almost evenly divided between those wJio would support the government and those whose ts\ nipathies were on the side of the confederates. This equality warned the republicans to make haste slowly, and to adopt a liberal and conservative platform, lest the loyal part of the democracy should he driven to er)courage disloyalty. A convention was held at »• OiltMn's Piorvxr of 18^, MS., ^^ \m -•i m \ .a 416 ORGANIZATION OF OOVERNMENT. Golden City 'm the 1st of July for the purpose of nominating a delegate to congress, Hiram P. Bennett being clK»sen from among eleven candidates." On tlio 24th a 'union convention' was held by the demo- crats for the same purpose, which nominated h. D. Williams. The newspaper press was divided, and issued campaign sheets, as might be expected, but were guarded in their utterances."* WiUiams was beaten by the republican candidate, on electi(m, by 3,801 votes, the total number of votes cast being 9,597." The legislature, which was also chiefly republican, met at i)enver, and held its first session of sixty days, beginning on the 9th of September, adopting and enacting a full code of laws, civil and criminal. The original acts of the leijrislature recognized the Ic- gality of the miners' courts, confirmed their decisions, and provided for the transfer of their cases to tlio regular courts, thus avoiding all conflict over previnus judgments."' The adoption of the Illinois practice '* Aiiins Stock was president of this convention, and L. N. Tajniaii si'ire- tary. liifis' < 'intnininl Stulr, MS., 8. ^'iliu /{orh/ Mninitiiin Au«w, though loyal, opposed drawinjf party liues too strictly. Tlie publishers issued a second journal, tlie AMini'r'n RirnnI, at Tarryall, during the campaign, which did gtuHl work in preserving tliu Iiyalty of t\u' people and determining the result of tlie eli-ctiou. The liim-tr JU'iuiifiiinirr, owned by Moore and Coleman, was a disuni<m journal, ainl wa^ bought liy Ilyt'r.s and Daily, and silenced in the spring of 1801. Byrrs' y< in- ftju-r PriMS of Cnloriuli), >iS., 13. ''Hiram P. liennett wa-i I)orn in Mo. in 18'2(5, and removed to Nebraska, where lie was elected to llio Kr.st territorial legislature in IS54. In l'<.")ll he removed to Oeiivcr, where he practised his profession, Iteing associated with Moses Hallett, and distinguishing himself by his successful prosei-uti>>ii nf criminals. Ho served two terms in congress, ol)taining the branch iiinit {»t Denver, with otlier benefits to the territory. He resumed his law practice in l>M>9, but was appointed postmaster soon after, which otlice he liclil until 1874. He was a member of the first state legislature from ArapalxM) en. '■^^Tlie momlters of the council representing their districts in thefollowiiii; order were Hiram J. Oraham, Amos Steek, C. W. Mather, H. F. Parker. .\. IT. Colby, Samuel M. Robbins, E. A. Arnold, R. B. Willis, and .I..I111 M Francisec^ Cnli. Jmir. Cnunril, 1801, 3. Members of the lower house, in the order of their districts, were Charles F. Hollv. E. S. Wilhite. Rlwiii S. ud- der, William A. Rankin. T. B. Chaffee. .T. H. Noteware, Daniel Witt( r. Coorge F. Crocker, Daniel Steel, Corydon P. Hall, Victor Oarcia, 'e'Ks Barela, ami (Joorge M. Chilcott. Onto. Jnur. Hotuw, 1861, .3, l'.>. K A. Arnold of Lake co. was chosen presiilent of the council, S. I.. Baker, sec, David A. Choever asst sec, E. W. Kingsbury sergeant-at-arms. Cliarles F. Holly of Boulder co. was elected speaker of the house of reps.F. H. Page chief clerk, £. P. Elmer sergoant-at-arms. CorbeU'a Le<jia Manml, 212, CREATION OF COUNTIES. 4i: codv was another wise act, giving the territorial courts a svstcin of practice which had been ably expounded bv'tlic supremo court of that state. No subsequent le.,risl;itioii was had upon this subject while the terri- torial torni of government was in existence. TIh territory was divided into counties " and judi- cial districts," the eluction of county officers provided for. iiiid a complete organization effected. The capital of tlio territory was located at Colorado City, and roiniiiissioners appointed to select the actual site within till' surveyed limits of that town, the commission to jxrt'onn its duty within a month after the adjourn- iin'iit of the legislature." The location was chosen with till' view of making the capital central to the futun^ state. That it was subsequently abandoned was hi'cause it was found to be inconvenient. It was fixed Jit Golden City " in 1862, where it remained -' Tlif following counties were organized, with County seats temporarily l>cat('il, as foliow.t: Costilla, county Heat at San .Miguel; (iuadalum-, county seat at tlu; town of Ouailaluite (the name of this county wax changed to ('iiiit'iiiM thcHauicMesstioii); Huerfano, county seat at Autuliee; I'uehio, county xeat at the town of Puclilo; Fremont, county seat at CaAon City; Kl I'aHo, county scat at Colora4lo City; Douglas county seat at Frankstown; Arajutiioc, county scat at Denver; Weld, named after the secretary of territory, county M'at at St Vraiii, Larimer, named after George William I^rimer, county seat at Li I'l.rtc; lloulder, county seat at the town of Boulder; JefTerson, county scat at lioldcu City; Clear Creek, county seat at Idaho; <iil|iin, named after the gnvcrnor, county seat at Central City; Park, county seat at 'I'arryall; Like, (iiiuity seat at Oro City; Summit, county seat at rarkville. Coio'den. Lair.<. IStil, .">•_» 7. " 'I'he territory was dividefl into three judicial ilistricts, the counties of Lirinicr. Weld, Arapahoe, Btuilder, Douglax, and Kl Paxo constituting the 1st, to which Chief .lustice Hall was assigned; .lefferson. Clear <'reek, (iiljiin, I'ark, and Summit the '2il district, to which .ludge Armor was a.Msigncd; bike. Fremont, Puelilo, Huerfano, Conejos, and Costilla, the 'M district, to whidi wait assigned Judge Pettis. Oni. Ltfint Colo, IWJl, 3J»"> 0. •''rhe committee consisted of .S. L. Haker, E. B. Co//ens, and M. Holt. •■' There were certain rivalries to lie considered, as is always the case; hut the chief aim seemeil to he to jireveiit Denver having the capital, that town lieinif accused of a desire to secure evervthinjf; therefore, at tlie next session, the lej^islature, lieing dissatisfied with Colorado Citv as a place of meeting, havin;; to camp out and ilo their own cooking, adi'inrned to Denver, and reinovcd the capital once more, this time to Wolden City. Says Stone, 'The wMithern men were opjmsed to adjourning to Denver, and they went away anil hid in the woods, and the sergeant -at-arms coiildn't find them. Finally we sent men out with flags of truce to hring them in, and getting them together in Mother Maggart's h«»tel, under pretense of compromising the matter, l(H*ked the doors on them, finished the vote, and got the adjourn- ment to Denver.' hirui Orants in Cob, MS., 11. , HI.ST. Nbv. 27 ' 11 if m ■Mi «1« OR(iANIZATIO\ OF GOVERNMENT. until 1868, when it was taken back to Denver; hut the feeling in the southern counties bein<^ stromr against this point, and Pueblo being prevented tVom getting it in 1872 only by bribery, the constitutional convention provided that the vote of the whoU' |)tu|»l(. should be taken five years after the adoption nf tli(> c<nistitution, the place receiving the greater nuinhor of votes to be declared the permanent capital. The vote was taken in 1881, and Denver, which had heen growing in influence, received the majority of votes, Skal. thus ending, to the chagrin of the southern counties, the long struggle for that division of power wiiich will only come with the development of the resourcis of the south. The seal adopted for the territory was an herahlic shield, bearing in chief, or on the upper portion of tlie same, upon a red ground, three snow capped moun- tains, above surrounding clouds ; upon the lower part of the shield, upon a golden ground, a miner's ba(l<];o, being the same badge prescribed by the regular liur- LEGISLATIVK rUO('EEUIN*(JS. 419 nldlc rulo8 ; as a rrost above the ^hiold the eye of (Jod, hc'm'j, 'j^oltlen rays proceed iiij^ from the Hues «»f a tri- aiiijl' ; Ih'Iow the rrest, and above the sliield, as a scroll, the Koinan fasces, bearing on a band t)f red, white, and blue, the words Union and Constitution ; IhIow tlie whok', the nu»tto Nil Sine Nuniine; the whole to be surrounded by the words Sigilluin Terri- toiii ( 'oloradensis, and the figures 18GI. This design was a(lo[)ted by tlie state in 1876. Tlit^ message of Governor Gilpin to the legisla- ture contained much good advice, with many origin.-d itl(\is. Ho recommended a thorough organization hv ciumties, townshijjs, distri<*ts, and precincts, and advised a system of "social police" laws for the piiiteetion of property, enforcement of contract, tax- ation, roads, education, and charities; but particu- larly he desired them to recognize the importance of the Judiciary an<l military departments of the govern- ment, which constituted "the bulwark of their liber- tiis." Acting somewhat upon the suggestions made, ami also on their own «j:oo<] sense, the first legislature of (Colorado, aa I have said, did some excellent work in establishing ijood jiovernment, both civil and mill- tary. Among their acts was a joint resf)lution ex- pressing sympathy with the government, and pledging sn|»|»()rt. Another resolution indorsetl the acts «)f the l^'i>\ernor which had reference to preserving the loyal attitude of the territory. Joint memorials asked for the establishment of n branch mint at Denver," for a mail route along the u|)per portion of the Platte riv(!r, from which the mail had been withdrawn bv the opening of a cut-<»ft' for a dailv mail between DiMwerand Mountain City (Central City), which, it was alleged, distributed more mail than any office in the territory. An act was passed increasing the rep- "The amount of goM oninod at the U. S. mint from (^olorailo mines in IH.")!) wan »5'2*2,O0O; in IS(K) it was ft!.0!n.()0(>. I^irge amouuta were in i-ir- ciilation without cninago, and a certain amount was umoiI in manufactures. Oil tills showing the Coiuradaua thought themselves entitlcd to a mint. Colo Vni. Laws, 1801, 513. ■ V - , M ; em '■■■t§\ im 420 OIMJANIZATION OF (JOVEllXMEXT. I ^i ; I ■l> resentatioii in the lf«(islative body t<» tliirtoon council. men and twonty-six reprcsontativts, tlit; wliolc nuiii. bor allowed by tho organic a«t, and conj^nss was anked to increase the per diem from time to six dollars, which it did not do until 18G7. Hy the act incnas. ing the membership, it was provided Miat thesr addi- tional legislators shouhl be chosen at tiie general (K ( . tion in December 1801, and another session of the legislature hehl, connnencing on the first Monday in June 1H(>*J, but that thereafter the t(!rritorial legisla- ture should meet on the first Momlay in Febru.uv <«f each yejvr. The adjournment took place on the 8th of November/" Meanwhile Governor Gilpin, relying upon the in- formal permission given him to do whatever Iw tlu)Ught right and proper for the good of Colorado and the preservation of the government, had t x- ceeded the pijwers ordinarily invested in a territorial executive. Believing that the exigencies of tiiu times re(|uired the raising of a ngiment, he proceodtd to raise and send it into the field.'* ■■'* Tlic additional counoilmfii flectedfor tlio 2il KPssion wore 11. 1\, Hunt, William A. 11. liovclaiid, N. .J. lloiul. .). H. Wood^nii, and lleliry .Mtinaii. Tile additional repn-si-ntiitives were .Itweith Kunynu, l». ('. OakoM, ('.<;, Iliiis- ooine, William M. Slaughter. H. B. Hayes,.!. W. Hamilton, Wdlmrl'. St. me, .loliii Kosher, M. S. Bi^aeh, Jose Ika|ihael Martinc, .Jose Francisco »;;ill(i(is, and 1). Powell. Of the council K. A. Arnold wa>! iiresident. S. 1,, I'.akir cliief clerk, I). A. Clicevcr asMt clerk, K. W. Kingslmry «er>icantat-;iriiiM. Of the house, Charles F. Holly was sintaker, 1*. H. I'ago chief clerk, K. !'. Klnier Hergcant-at-arm.<t. i'uHill, Lfi/in. Miunuil, '2\'2 14. '■"Owing to tho presence in the territory of a large nnnilier of sontlicrii men, ho felt tho importance of avoiding a coiitlict, ami tiie necessity of jirn- ceeding secretly to th«* acc<implishment of his piirpo'c in order not t>> |>n>- voke op|Misition from those who, whde not openly disloyal, iiad eoiifidi ntte proclivities. Two infantry companies wen- first riisi.-il, of |)icked men, iiiimil with weapons quietly purchasetl wherever they eoiilil lio found. Le.id was obtained trom a Coloratlo mine, and three loiuls of gunpowder from 'r>>|ii'k;i, through tho friendship of .lohn Iturke. Having now tlie nucleus of a rc^'i- nient, a call was ma<lc for eight more companies, which were rapidly forjiidl. and promptly furnished by tlr -ijovornor, who j>aid tho I>onver mercliint^ for supplies ny drafts on the tr^iisury, which he had authority for drawiiiL' in the fully given w<ird of the president and secretary uf war. Hue tliat it was a fortunate fon-cast in X\w executivi' iN-canie ap]>arent wlu.-n it was dis- covered, after the call had lieen made, that the disloyal part of the po|itil;i- tion Wii*) proceeding with equal caution to gather a force t<i plunder the lianks and business houses of iKjnver and escajio into Texas, there to join tlic ("H- federate army. At the head of this conspiracy was McKee, a Texan rans." r. lie was arrested with about forty of hut followent, oud coutiuud iu jail. Tlie CIVIL WAR. 4'.M smutlnTtitTit liad their reixlezvous alxutt forty inilen from Clicrry crtM'k, iirnr UiH.. lUillc, wlirru tlif liritl Culorado infantry wait nrnt to citittiirc tliu ri'iii uikIi'I'. Soniu prinonvri won; tiikt'ii, Imt aluiut one liundruil csi'iiiit'il and well! ml" I'ainp "ear Fort Wise, on tin- ArkanHax river, where thfy ea|itured ;i j,iM I'liiiient train, hut were overtaken and f<>rty-one liroii^lit lia<'k to iK-n- u r. vvliiTe tiiey Were a Hoiirce of intinitv v< xatiott, nolnHly knowing >\liat t,i ilii vsitli theui, while they had ti> lie guarded and fed at con.iideralilo Tlic I xt ('olora(h) regiment wax cnni|io!u.><I of g<M>il material in the main. Till' r< _naeiit wan or){ani/ed ax followx: ,1. V. .shuigh cidouel, S. K. Tappan liiiit <.<l, .1. M. f'hiviiiuton ni.ijor; eaptainx, K. W. Wynkoop, S. M. Lo^mm, liiiliird Sdpris, .laooli l)owninj{, S. J. Anthony, S. H. t ook, .1. W. Ilaiiilili'- t.iii, (leoino L. Sanitorn, ('harh'.'i Malie, ('. I'. Marion. It wan jireicnted w;th I liaiidsoiiieailk Hag l>y the woiiieii of lUfiivcr. Ilifk;/ Mniinfiiiii \i /c.i, .Aug. 'Jl. I'^iil. Ihit it coiiUiined a eertiiiii pro|iiirtion of undi.>oi|dined, .itroiig, and tt4tliH-i men, who had volunteered in the ho|» I iH-iiig ealled ii|>on to go to till' ii'iiiit. I'lieir jireMeiiee in Colorado at tin- me was a Htan<ling nu'iiace to f.iiilV.lor:ite .syinnatlii/er.-i; hut it watt not tin- k'lid of Mervii-e wliieh they ill "irc'l: I'liforced idleiie.HM .toon hred a mutiliouit xjiirit, and diHcipline U'caiiie ililii'iiit; to iiiaiiitain, the pre.seiiee of the regiment in I)enver reipiiring an t\tr.i [iiiln'e force to preserve tile i(ri'|H.-rty of citi/eiis from the nightly prowl- ing of sipi.iil.s of miMchievoun or tlninkeii Holdiers. In XoveiiilH-r they were niiinvicj to Camp Weld, two miles from l)enver, where they eontiliui!il to fret :it tlnir liiiiiiiage and threattsn ilesortion. Two eonipanic.'t were sent to Fort U'l-r, afterward Fort Lyon, where they were no Inrtter pleasi'il. This post, «li].li was ill [lart Meiit's new fort, was huilt hy Sedgwifk's eommaiid ot XtO ['. S. tro'.iii.s in the winter oi I.S(i() |, alter a 8ummer eamiKiign among the lii'lhiiis. riie ipiartem were of stone laid up in mud, with ilirt roofs and l|. Mil's, lieiits portion was used aa a oommi.ssary. The imst wa-seommanded !iy l.ii'iit Warner, of the regular army, who regarded the manners of tiie \.i|iiiiti'ir.s with great disfavor, a view whieh was entirely reeiproeated. In I'VI). .Major-general lliiiiter, in command of the department at Fort i,.iviiiwortli, yieliled to the representations of the tillicers of the Colnrado l-t. tli.it unless the men were put into the field Oiey would desert in the >|iriiii;. Cliivingtoii says that it wa.s his intliienee ; hat procured tiie eliang<>. /■',/■</ ''../.(r'/'/o llri/t incut., MS., .'1-4. An (M'casion was op|Mirtunely furnished "I linking them u.seful hy the advance <in New Mexico ol 4,<NN)Texaii tronps, iiii'lii-iieii. II. II. Sililey, and iM-'rinission was granteil ."<liiiigli to U\V his reg- iiiii'iit siiutii to the relief of the threatened territory. On arm iht; at Fort \Vi..e iinlers were received to hasten to the o-ssistance of <!en. t'.miiy, wliii «,i- iii'iiig overpowtTcd, the Texans having taken forts llliss and Fiilniore, fniiijlit Ciiiliy at Viilverde, ami driven him hack to Fort Craig. They were |iri'|i.iriii;; to march on Fort Union, the principal depot of supplies in Nov Mi'Mi'H. Tile Colo troopM hastened forward throngli the IlJtton pass, and itttri' ;i lirief rest motlu a forceil march of l>4 miles in '1\ hours the liagu;ago lii'iii^ li'i't at Red river, and the wagons ii.sed to relieve tli<! men in s<|iia<ls to lu'cMiit their giving out. By great exi-rtioii the regiment reached Fort I'nion III! till' I :Uh, where were 400 men, under Col raid of New Mexico. Tiiero Urn: at tliis time two inile|H'iideiit Colorailo companies in New Mexico, wliicli liad lieeii formed hy tiie governor's permi.ssioii in the southern cuiin- tics, ami .sent to Fort Carlaiid. Tiie captains were James If. Ford and Tlieo- liiire II. l>odd, a liejihew of (iov. Todd of Oiiiu. These two cumpanieit liriiiin,- the nucleus of^ the "Jd Colorado regiment. Tile day following the arrival of Sloiigh at FortUniim news was received friiiii ('anliy of the capture of a large train of supplies, and that ."^ihley was at Sriiita Fe with recruits pouring in. U|>on this information the Coloradans il''ti'iiiiiiieil to march on Santa Fe On the 'i'liX the army set out, consi>tiiig iif till' 1st Colorado, two light hatteries, one of tiie inile|K.'iideiit companie'i iiiidi r ('apt. Ford, and two companies of tiie ."»t!i infantry, in all ahout l,."MIO uit-u, ouminauded by Col Slough. One oum(iany wad mounted for scouring 11 ()IW;AXI/.ATIi)X of «a>Vtl:XMENT. piir|K>i«L'ii, ami tliviilnl intu ili-urhm^nu, aiwler <-a|itaiiii« llnwlaiiil nf tlm ruKiiliir army mill Kuril. On tlit; niKlit •>< iIm- '.'4iii tlu- himuIi* (M|itiiii',| ^ |iii'k('t uiiiinl, ami li'ariii'il tli^tt a Iitii- •»/ hUi T«-xuii< ut-rr aiU.iiinn^ on fSaiila Ft'-. I'ri^utratiiiiiit urru at •iiii't- nt»le ti> inU-nvpt tlii'in. M.tj. tiijv- iii^tnii waM DriltTt'il to iiiaki' a iui^lit niari-h (r>*fn Hrnial K|)riii^i, ti. ■■iir.-iinii \>y iluy, ami to iiiarcli a^.'iiii l>y iiif^ht t» .Safila Ft-. i>|>ikf tlif t'liftnv's i:iiiia, atiij ilii at iiim'li UM |HMMilil(t t<> rri|>|>l<- him. All tlit* iiioiiiitt'il miii m tliu ciiiiimaml, aiol two ciim|>aiiicit of liM>t tniiiiaa. ntn- fiiLaili'il. aiiioiiiitin^ to 4(N) iiicii. Oil tliti lirHt night out. at tK'- fet-^o nv«-r, Li<-ut-('i'l r.'i|>|iiii mf. ]iri'«-il uiiil i-a|itur(!i| a party of i-onfir>l>-ratr M-^mt*, «lio wt-rf M'lit to SimigliK L'am|i. Chivinijtoii c'outinucil luit tii«ri.->i l>y iLtjiliKiit itlu-n- miih imt .iiij.iii ni tlic I'l-giliD'lit, from tliv i-ol ilown, who ktu-m b"*' to oln-y imIit^O, iiinl nii't tlir ailvam-i-il ^iiaril of tlu- I'tii-niy a littir *itfr u<«i(i. «lii*-li Hiirri'iuliriil. Ill' was now ill tlir Apai'lit! caAon, a 'ia.«i*i>f iIh' uiouiitaiiiN ti'ti milrs lun^, iM-twc-t^n liilU from l,(NH) to >J,(MNt i»rt hiKh. ami |>nM-<'filiii^ at a li'i>iiri'ly |ia<'t', wlit'ii tlu! |ii('k('t caiiii' running' l><t<'k. ini!»rtiiiiik' < 'liiMi.gtoii that lir u,h coiifriititt'il with a column of iloul>li' hi.^ntrmicth *u\ furiii.ilii'il with artillirv, wliilf hill hatti-rit-'M wtTc with Slmigh m the r«ar * '4iiii<iiia<liii^ ^a-i Ihx'u'ii, ami Chiviiigtuii dt'iiinyi'il liis fiMit ai .•liirTni«ft«-r* oii thi- Miles of thr iriiniii- taiiiM out of ranui! of the hattrry, ami IteM the h'<rm.-, umlcr <'a|it;iiii lliiw- laml of till! rogular army, an a n-icrve, nn>i«-r ««»«-r, with onlirs to i hiirgi! wlun thi'y naw thv ini'tny in retn-at. Kut wIm-m Im- iIkI ri'tn-at lluulaiul failuil to I'harge. Mis trooiH |»art<'il i-ither way aM<l til«il to tiiu nnr in n>n- fusion. Fortunately for tin- fame of the i»t <"«Jor»ilo Ik- was net, cf u. Another troop uuiIit Cook awaitnl onl^r* with tli*- nIic-IIm whi.'-tliiii,' v.u\ Hi'ri'ainin^j; ovit tlu-iii. Tin- skirtiiish<'r*M»ii ina>i< tlt« |MiKitii>n of tin' 'IVxaiiH in till! road untcnalilf, ami tlury n-tirt-ii :•> a Ultet out- a mili' U'luw, roiici'a!- in){ their infantry in thu rocks, aiiil ixintinK i^wrir howit/xrH to coiniiiaiiil tliu roail. Cliivinuton followi'il cautiou-iy nntil wiiiiin an eighth of ;i mile i>r tliu batti-ry, whuii Iw lialtcil to get the infantry ainl Ih^mt tiVether, except ( oi.k 4, ili'pliiyiiig tliein right ami left to outriank th<r iww ottiA^lcrate pu.-itinii. In thi-sc movements ('hivingtoii, wli>i had hitlwrt'* Ixrt'ii a man <>I piaic. a nielliodist preacher in fact, liehaved well. He wu a native of OIhm. Luin m IVJI, migrated to III. in \H4S, where he entemi tite coiifeieiice nf the M. K. I'hiirch, lieing transferred i.^ the Mo. eonfereiK-ir. anal iii |H.Vt to Omaha, .- Ii. \\'liile in Mo. he was a missionary to the WyaixloitnL In ]H(!4l he came to I>enver as presiding eider of the KiM'ky mountain district. Of a com- iiiamli.'ig presence, and in full regimerit.il •irr«s he was a con>piriii>iiH li;:iiro as he gai!o|M!d through the rain of hutlet*. Fnrtl»er retreat of the 'I'exaiM was the signal to Cook, who came forward with hto 1*1* iiorsemeii. The loail was unfavorahle for cavalry, Imt the char(f«r wa^ ^u^xessfiil. resulting 111 a large niimlier of killed, woiindi^il, and i^niMifMrr*. On the other Ii.ukI. tlio Texaiis fought bravely and inflicted severe iajar%~. A storm of lead iMiiireil down on the enemy from their infantry, Imt the C«4/«r*ilo regiineiit was |ii.sti'tl aliove them, and soon drove them down the hill*Kle iut'o tlie rmid mil to lliglit. The loss in the )>attle of Apache caAon wa« lite killeal. thirteen wniiiiilcil, and three missing on the union side. The Texan* luul sixtieii killed, lurty Wounded, and seventy-live taken pri.<w>ner*. .At *un-*-t Chivingtoii fell li.uk to rigeon ranclio I'igeon being the name giTen toa FniK-hmaii naiiieil N'allii who owned it- where the wounded wert* atie»ie>l Ut ami the dead biini'd. The ]irisonerM, including seven coinmissiooenl <itficers. were M-iit to Kurt Union under guard of tord's coiiii>any <ii alragotftis and the conimaiid till back to a former camp at Coslasky s for water. On the •JStli, two days after the liAttle. IVJ Slr<ugh oame uii with tlio reserve fr(iiiilk>iMialH|irings,andChivingti>n wa.ta|raia mrnt forwanl across the mountain, with si.x eonipanies of infantry, t<» lk*r*.«w the enemy's rear, ami a eoiiipaiiy of dragoon:; was ordered to scMit tnwani fialisteo. The reiii.tiiiili'r of the 1st regiment, two batteries, and two *nidill oi«in|<aiiies of regul.ii' cav- alry, numliering altogether (MN>, also move>l forward i«i the roa<l to Saiit.i Vv, uut duubtiug that their ^^aaaage wuuld U: «liaj«ut«xL While iialtiii^ at CIVIL WAR. 421 Pi." u 4 r»ncbA tht |iirket« came in witii tlio information that the Tvxaiiii wen v-itancinii i» lortv. leu than .lalf a uiilo away, (^uiikly the huulttii i4)Uii'l' 'I. t^'« ""* '*" *" '"'*^> ^"^ '"^*' tS<"*" ^**^ "^ ^*'*' huitclrt!)! yards wTivii thf tiriiiK l««[»«- ||.i>l the Teaaa* ><«*« awan; how grvatly they outnatnl>c>r<!(i tho union tpMiif. MMtea*! "< ikirat. Ui4-y uoiihl havu priivaiUMl. Ah it waM, aftvr a day ■• ii»(htint(. Utejr naUol for time to liiiry tlicir ihuiil. Thu foUowiiig day thi'V iiokt-d U> hare tk*- aruiiotiii- cxti-ndi'd to .'Ki houFH. At thin nionit.'nt an i,T,l,T .irrw Minim *'iii'y tu Ntop lighting, and rvtiirn to Fort Union. 'Ihe ('iiliirad.tnii wrrvr a«t<«u(t>lt«L Canity hitd ho far Utvn driven hy the enemy. Till \<'** on the T«taii m'I*-. in tin- two lutttluM, wan *J8I killed, tMN) wounded, ami MKI |iri«ioer«, a U<tal of .'>M. <hi the union mile 4U were killed, 04 >,,iiii>ifil. ami 21 ~i|>tare><L, a total of l.'(4. Col Slough, on returning to Port L'liiiiii. tcndrntfi hi* rfti^uation. In-iiig otfemled, it wiiM Huid, liy Canhy'i* order. Till- triHjH wt-ns 4II<>«»<1 thn-e day'H of rent, when inforniution C'nie that Ciiiliv ha<l left F<>rt < rai^ «n the I nt of April, and w an liaving a running fight (III the itio (iraiwle «iUi .Siiley'M army in retn^at to TexaH. <)rder8 to niari-h miiitii to divert the imtnuv'* attention, or anHint in driving him out of the ctiiiiitry were re*»iTe«L On the »itli, the regiment, now eomniaiuled liv Ta|»- piiii. .I't out agaia '« lite natne road it hud lately marched over. Canity and till I'.tiil were i»m»tl at a Miiall village at the head of Carnuel {tans, endeav- <iriiit( ti> make a JB*ct««ai with Slough, while tho Texann were at Allmqueri|ue, wliithiT they had falka iMnk on a feint from Canity looking like an attaek. Slmigli'^ resignatfi* Ijeiu^ ac-oepte<l. Canity (lioinoted Chivington to the eol- oiii'li y iiver Ta|>|i«o. vl«> waived hin r^iiik in Chivington 'h favor, and <iil|>in a|i|iriivi'd. <>o the I4tii of April tiie united commaiidH nioved down the paHH, aiiil tilt- Kio (>raD<l« rallt-y to a ixunt eighteen mileN Itelow Alhuiiueri^ue, and (.111- mill- from IVralta, wLere Sild«^ wan encamped, the Texan army in igno- riiiri- iif th»r a|>i>r>arl> «f Canity. Chivington desired the ]trivilege of attaek- iiift Hitli the Cttlfxraok/f re^^intent alone, hut was restrained liy liis HiiiKTior. Till' Cull irado trrxiM re|«<M^l on their arniH, in the hope of Iteing called to MirpriM- the enafe'Ltrat^w. I'Ut uo hui-Ii order came. The ImglcH Hounded on till' iiii>rniiig «>f tk« I5tl(. within hearing of >Sihley'H ItraHH Itajil, and the now iiii]n rmr union Umx!* |>r<M«e<ieiI xpfiily to thu eontlict. The Itattle Itegan in till' iiiiirninij hy the ca|<ture of a train c<tmiiig from All>ui,ucn|ue. After liri'^tkt'ait I'eralta wau attJU'ketl: hut Canity having to tight in thu ojtcn field, wliilr Sililt-y wax clieltiert^ii hy the walU of the town, thu fighting wan (tf the iiiilih'.'tt >'ver ite»-n. At two o'chn-k a high wind having ari.Hcii, and tlie air In-ill^ tilled with Aanni. Cauhy withdrew ttt camp. That afternoon and night iSililt-y erii<4H<nI thw nver. aii<l iiroceeiled down on the went siiif. MiU'h iluMatL*fa>;1i«u wais kit l«y the Colnradit troiips concerning the gen- en I i failure to atta<-k I'eralta. On the Kith, Canliy entered I'eralta, and iiiirrht'd leixorely diowa thm: river on a line piirallel with Siltley, hut unaltle to rriM.i until the '3Hh. at limitar, when it wan learned that the TexauH liad liiirii'.l their artilier>- «soe|<t Imo pieces, Iturned their wagoiiM, .iiid were going tlirniigh the mfmnvum Uy i'lMik springs to McMilla. Caiiliv then iiniceeded to Kurt Craig. i.lnrtu^tHt g<iiug into caiiiji at Valvjjrde, a Itattle-field where a i'<'iii|>any of the 3>i C«ylorailo, iH-foru mentioned as heing in New Mexico Mitli Cmliy, harl «ii»tiii^i4je<l itself f"r liravt:ry, losing forty per cent of its iiuiiilM'r in a vain eflnutt tj< »iave the lost Itattle of thu Ulst of Fehruary. HiTr the 1st regiment reiuaiued inactive' until August, waiting for urderx ami pay. after whhcii it wan nciit to Port ITiiioii. In <luly Chivington olit.iiiii'il leave to yr'****l t.<i \Vahhiiigt<in, to endeavor to have his regiment tnin^terred to a f*>:l«l t4 a<ctive service, and Col Howe of the 'M U. S. cavalry ■mil pl.-tcetl tem|i»r«rily in command. Ho succeeded in securing an order ciiiiM-rting the refpmciit into tiie 1st Colur.'ido cavalry, with hea(h|uarter8 at l)eiiviT. In mwlwinter it wa* conceiitratcd at Colorado City, mounted, when it pris'ee«lefl tA luenvtr. aud was received with eiithusiaHm by the oiti/ens. T)ie histnry of the iSii Colorado regiment has less connection with the |tolitical Uutof}- U tbt iiUUi. Tlu; tint two ttuuipauiea were recruited under 424 ORGANIZATION OF CJOVEKNMENT. the order of Gilpin. They were inarche<l to Fort Garlanri, and inu-itpred into the service or the U. S. inliee. 1862. Tliey experieneol great liariUliijn in croHsing inountaiiut to New Mexico, not to mention the hghtiii;^ at the hittlo of Valvenle. In Fch. 1802 Col .1. H. Leavenworth was aiitluin/cdliv tlto secretary of war to raise six companies of volunteer info.ntry in ( nlnniihi. which with these two, ami two others of a later organization, M-ere tiMimsii. tiitti the 2(1 Colorado regiment. T. Fl. Diniil was appointed lieut-c<il. TIji' captain.* of the new uompanies were J. Nelson Smith, L. D. Ut.well, ll.uhtn Howard, (Jeorge West, E. D. lioyd, and S. W. Wagoner. In Au^*. tlir ngi- ment was onlen-d to Fort Lyon, wlicrc it remained until April I8«>.H, when six ciiinpanios were miirched to Fort Leavenworth. In June Lcavcnwurtli w.ii plat.'ed in command of nil the trooi)s on the Santa Fe road, with licail'in.irt- ers at Fort Lamed. The Indian.^ and the ccmfedcrates together i;:ivi- limi plenty of employment. On the 2d of July occurre<l the luittio of ( itlijii creek, with a loss to the enemy of ahout forty killed and wounded. On tlio Kith tliey were joined at FortGihson liy (ten. Khintcommanding the liistrict of Colorado and western Kansas, and their unite<l force numlteriiig l.4ihhiji't tlio confederate f(»ree of (),(KK), under <ien. CcM^ter, at Honey .s|iiiii;.'<, attiicked it am' in a liattle of two hours routed it, with a loss of 4(HI killi'l] wounded, and missing. To prevent his stores f.llinf^ into Blunts li.unU] Cooper Inirned them. The loss cm the union sitle in this engageini'iit w.ts U kiUed and 'Mi wounded. From July to OctoU-r, I.ieavenworth was in eiiin- niaml at FortLarneil. In the latter month he was dismissed the servicR on account of having enlisted a comi>any, without authority, to act m artil- lerymen, hut tiie ord»'r wiis sHl>se<|Uently revoked and his reconl elc-ar.il Dotlil succeeded him in command of the reg. During the same month tli< -.M and 3d Colorado inf. reg. were consolidated into the 2d Colorado voliiiit-ir cav. All detai-hments were ordered to Missouri, and thence stMiteast. Kuni, who liail lieen majnr of the 2tl inf. was promoted to the command ef the '.'.l cav., l>odd lieing lieut-col. Cr.rtis, Smith, and I'ri'.chanl were niAr miijurs of tlirue liattalio'is. Ford m'i.-i apiH>inted to comnisnd suhdistriet N.i. '4 ,,f central Mo., with tlio Colorado vol. cav., the Mo. militia, and a le^j;. of inf. Tlio reg. consisted of twelve comoanies, and numliered \.'2M) men. It remained h. seivico until IHCto, fighiiinj guerrilla, ciiietly, hut tiikini,' an eiiorgetio part in the (histruction of Price s army. In i>ec. the regiimiM w.d concentrated at Fort Uiley, relitted, and put on a footing an winter >*< eits fo protect the road as tar west as Fort Lyon. The following spring Funl w.n uroinoted to Ilea hi'ig. gen. hy hrevet, and t<M>k command of tlic disti'ct. In April, .May and June iHlio, a force nf ,"i,iV)(» men, and two hattcries wis (tistrihiitecl ill this district, prepared for a summer c.-uqiaign a^'aiiist the Intliaiis south of the Arkansas river. When ev< <ytliing was re.nly tin; interior department interfered, and arrested the movcinent. Irritated at tins pcdicy, l''i>i-d resigned, amKieneral Sauliorn took tho command. .Almiii, as !ii' niiith' ready to eli'istiso tho hostile Indians, the caia]Hiign was hrnkeii n]> hy the same interference. In .Sept. th<' reg. wa.s mus ered out at Furl l,..iviii. worth. It ii.'id done faithful He'',-ice, and lost aUtui. 7U men killed and many more wiiiiikIoI. The ;M C, dorado volunt.eer infantry was raised in I.S<52 hy (iov. F.vans. By the 1st lif Fe!i. IHlilt, tho first hattalion was mustered in. Curtis rnni- mandnig. James ii. lord was iiiadi' eolomd, and .lames L. I'ritehard major. The eaptaiiis were II. U. Uarliour, V.. W. Kingsliury, K. I'. Klnier, <i. \V, Morton, Thomas Moses, .Ir. In March they set out for the Suites via the I'l.itte rout«', reaehiiitf Fort LeavjTiworth on the 2:<<1 of April. They shand tht liaidNJiips of Ixiidur warfare with tho 2d regiment, to which they >v< re tinally joined. litssiiles the presence o{ confediirato symjMithiwr.s. the territory wasvisitej in the siiinmer of IHI>;< hy a small hand of Mexican giierrilas, who spi 'ad terror through tin- Soiita piirk liy emulating '.he Hiin){uiiiary di-eds of ;lie traditional Stexieaii hanoitti. The hhwHly F^jiinosas they were callil Mueh mystery .■'U'Touiided their. "ictioiM ami tiieir motives, since it was not for CIVIL WAR. 425 rigi. III. It 111^ an I't W.li Its to I W.H littt'ft. -t till) -ly the 'It tillK at !ie ii|> l.y IVl'Il. many «ain lliat they committed thoir criinus. Tliey are suppofiec) to have lieen out- law- ii'iii Cliiliualiua, aiicl tluit tln-y were lirotliei-H or cim^iiun. One was a Ibtl' . ir.Mi-fraiiicil mail, with n villaiiiniH ei.intfiiaiu'o, the ieenml a smaller iiiiiii, " ith nothing marked in lii.s a|ii>earani'e. 'I'here was also a tliinl. a nii-rc 1,()\ ()ii their journey to Colorado they killed a nieroiiant of Santa Fe, and a HiiMiiT at Conejos. iMiriiiti; three \Vi x;\n in the vieinity of < 'anon ( 'ity they killc.l '.) iiion, William Urueo of llanNeralilile <reek heiiig the lirst vietini; till II II irkiiis on Fontaine ereek; and Alderman at lii'i farm, on the road from Col, I I, 111 City to South |iark. Then f(dl Shoii|i, a lirother of < reorjie L. S';ouii, IJiiirkl' y, Carter, Ijehiiian, and others. A eoin|)aiiy was rai-'ed in Califor- nia ^iili'ii, hy -lohn MeCannon, which followed and traced tliein to aeaiii|ioii the licid waters of Oil ereek.. in Kl I'aso eo., whi-re the laru'er man was killed |,y ,l.iM|)li Lain!). The otiior Kapiliosa escaped to New Mexico. Me wrote a li'Mi I' III Spanish to Cov. K'.iii.-i, stating that he had killed '2'2 men, ami for tint rca-iiiii demanded the icMtitiition of his property captured liy the voiuii- tt'i'is. He was tinally kilK^I, together with a nephew, hy Tom Toliins of ( ,..t,lla CO. J/<IIU<t'i M'liirM of ( 'ohnulo, ;«)•.» 3; /iri.-l.ii/ <ni'l //nrfinlt Sntitli- ,,■11 t tilii, 'it* 'M; JJii--i'iiiM Ark'niiMiiJi l'i)l. Hilt., ")•> ti; t'tirlifH H'o/h'/m's ;,',;../■('».■'■, .MS., ]'2iJiiir.* T'lli'X of IMni-iu!,) J';.„"i:i, 'J'.K) •_•; Ur. rhind M.iiili'il, V. .V.'ti; FiiLtiiiii T<l'';i>-'i)tli, Oct. '2S, IS71; Ki /''111, r,iiiifi/,'/i:, MS.. :<il to. In the spring of IM>4 •lames KeynoldM a pioiieir of I olorado, turned 'la, and picking up a uonipaiiy of 'J'J i i.i deratt; de-tcrlirs in 'I'exas ■ii Ci.l'.rado. (Jii the way they capture! i ;• train, which fiiniisJM'd them .»ul)t>isteiice, arms, and uinmunitioii, $t.'>,0(K) in driifts, and a larger sum III iiiMMcy. They <piarreled over the spoils, and sc|iaiati d, l.'l turning hack. I'll; iitlnr half secreted their )illlllder, and proceeded to the Suiilli ]i:irk, tlm ' ii'iiiir lioiiK! of iveyiiolds, ca|ituring a stage coach going frmii l(uik->kiii .lnu II iti'iivir, and roMiing the mail. Tiiey cuiitiinicd to infest the luad for a lays h'liger, seeming 'o invito oliscrvation, as if they gloried in their unci iin am in III (c«- ..... valiant dr ds of theft and uulrago. Hut tlicy were suon piir-'iicd hy parties iif citi/i'iis, and finally nv irlaken hy a sipiad of vuliiiitecr-i iiniii the iiiiin -i in Siitiiiiiit CO., under .lack Sparks on the north fork of the I'lattc \\;is wniinded and <aie man killed, iiaiiicd Siiiglcterry. In the I iiie llolliinaii was captnreil, \\ ho turned state s cvideiiee. Inn , ., were i:uight liy partil^^ lying in waiting on the CailoiiCiiy road lMMiii;lil liclore a military ciiiiiini-.Miiii, :tiii| urdcred lo Furt atiiMiiptiug to escape, were tired on and all killed. Ijeyilolds ll^ht lit the Fl\e iilhelM They Were I. yon, hut ':Ml liili I '.cans. Cillll. niajiir. W. >'ia tliii sliarcd Were visited <pi •;m1 111 the I'alleil. it for 1 ,„.. „ hlL^: M I f' CHAPTER VI. POLITICAL AKFAIUS. im\ I88U (iIli'in'h Hkiumc Sftx^fWrtiw— Sm-KiisKKKii iiY .John Evans — VVki.i. am, Ki.iiKUT Lk«)1si,.\tivk ArrioN- i'oiNAtJK- HKNNirrr K.\ii.riiK m y^. TAlll.lsil SlATK «1<I\ KHNMKSr Fl'KTIIKK KkKhHIS AMI KrSAl. Si i il.ss — ClIlKKNT TKIIillloUIAI. AtKAIRS- OkuANK.' LaW— • JsiVKIlMH; ('| \|. MtMiS— BUAliKOKIi ('llll-CiriT- HCM, MrCdiiK, ASH Kl.HKI;! liny. KKNoU Kdl-iT <'(IAKKKK— I'tWTAI, lloiTKS- I'AriKHSdN, Hu.iNK, \M. MiCOMWKI.I. TlIK JrmriAKY—rdl. ITU'S INDKR StaTK OlidAM/AlhiS — TKt.l.KI! I'olTI.ATIiiN AMI LaN l)S - ( ioVKKNOlW I'lTKIN, <ilHM, AS|. Katun— Sknatoiw ilii.L am> JJuwk.n. (jovkunoh Gilpin's confiilcnt moasuros for tlir jms- crviitioii of iH'jicc uiul loyultv in tlic tciritorv . with tlio bohliHss of his (IcMiiituls on the treasury, Idnii^lit Iiiiii into troul)K>. An amlacioiis trinpcrainint is nt'tt n tlio l)ost possession of a man in onuTiiienoics. H' ativ one rofusoti to a<'C'c|tt liis drafts' tlu-y were told, '• It is simply a question of wliether you will tak« tlii> evidence of indebtedness, or^i\»' up your j^oods with- out any such evidence ; for the articles we need \\i must and will have." Several hundred thousanil dol- lars of the ijjovernor's orders ' were on the market, iiiid. as at first tliey were not reco«^iiized by the j^ovoi iininit. ' .\ cuiiy "I "iiu of t!if<<! (inlfi's is jircscrvnl in Kiirml* Jroin L'^ulp h'ri-Kn/", MS., wliiili is f<i|iifil from the iircliiv)-* nf tlio llisturii'iil Suciily of (.'iiliiiMilo, lunl runs tlills: ' Kxi'i-iitivc |)i'|i,'irtiiifnt, ( 'oldr.iiln 'I'cri iti>i\ . I'lli- v«"r. Sopt. I>>, iStil At Mi^Ut jiiiy t.> (lie onlir <>f Mrs ,1 ili.i A. Kuril thirtv ilnlliirs, v.iliic ri'iiMVfd, iiinl cluirui' thr s.ihk. fo tlir accoimt of Willinin <iii- iiiii, Covi-riiorof ('oliiriKlii'rirritiiry. To the Scfrctiiry of tlif riiitcd Matiw Tri'iisiiry. NVasliiii^toii, l>. (',. .N'mnln'r '-'"JO. ' -Tlir uliolf ;i|i|)ro|iri<'itioii for tlio <\))i'tisi'N of ( 'olnrado for ttio Hsral yiar ending! . I lino :«», ISCi-J. was s;<'J.(KH) /'. \ // A'/ /)..,•. no. i 44. ."Ctii . r.h^•. *2il soss, ; r,,i„i. i'lulu; IHlia I, ;ij(. WW. Tlio ilir'of tJtr iovir.l on tlic ti niiorv l>y ronnrcss for tlio «iiine (ictiihI wan !fi.'*2,',K)5. Lmrn Hil. IHrrft Tiijr, UTtli OUUg. lat ilUil I'll Hiiitli., 6t GUBEKXATOUIAL CHANGl-X 4m finnii' i.il distress followed and a strong faction elain- (ii-iii tor (jiilpiii.s reiiiovul. Tlio record inadt; l)y tlie 1st ri'i^iineiit JustiHed his acts so far as to secure the payiiunt of his drafts, hut in the nu'untiine rnucli dis- satisfaction exisU'd. Those who c(tuld not uii(»rd to hnld, sold th)ni at a loss to s|M!culaiors ; and, tiioui^ii uliiiiiatt.'ly redeemed, tlu- losers wen; naturally disaf- fucLi'd, and lal)ore<l for the removal of the author of their mist'ortunes.' He was succeeded in office April 111. IHdJ, hy John Kvans of Kvanston, Illinois, who served the people acceptahly for more than three vi'iiis.* S .cretary' Weld, an ahle youni; man, hut of in- ..Milar hal)its. was remov«<l to make way for Samuel H. Klhert, son-indaw of Kvans. Weld died early; hut (Jilpin lived to see his acts justilied.'' lliiiteil States Marshal Townseiid was leiiiovj-d in .liiiie istl'J, and A. S. Hunt up[>(»inted in his place. Ir will bo r(Ma«'ml»ered that the first lei^islaturc! ud- JDunied, to nuv't a<.;ain with the full comphnit-nt of c Miiicilmen and ret)resL»ntativ"S allowi'd hy tin," or<Jtani<' acf, in .)une. Hut it was disc«.vered that a lilunder had been committed, as the two Hessi»»ns would fall within the same fiscal year, while two ap|tropriations would not; and, by p-rmissioti of conj^iess," another adjournment wjis made to the 7th of duly, when the assemhly met at Colorado City, where, as I have '/?■/'/•- /Am'. ('■>h. NH . IT. •-•:«. '2Ck KVkH'h fil'Mr .\fr„ .,„■/ .][.„..„,:■-, Ms., 4-S; liily'ni'* I'i tiif'ii- <ij /A';.', MS. '.loliii Kv.iiM w.n of t^u ikiT j).i.-riiis. Ii.irii in Oliin in |S|4. Hi- Htii<li('<l iiic<l.''iiio, ami |)i'i<'i('«-il III 111. niKJ lii>l. Ml- win clii'ti'il to tlii> cliair of tliti Kii<li mi'ilic.il (mII '){''. tliiMi iir^aiii/iiik{ in Cliii-atiu, iiii<l iu'i'iiuif nut! of tliu cdilor-t iif I'm- X ift'nr *>■ ,ii .l/.7<'i/ iiii'l Siir/ifit Juiirn fl, liiwiiliM liiiim cll'uniiaii of tlu! iNi:ii iiiltt-c mi |iiili|ii- mcIihhIh of ('liifii^n. Ili' <l>iiiati'il S'_>,*i.lHM) for tlic I'liilinviiii'iit of a I'll. iir of iin'iii il ami mor.il |iliihMo|iliy in tin- North- wiMti-rii iiiiivi'r<ity, tin- tnuti-CH iiaiiiiiig tin- !iiii\ i r-itv town in \\i^ Imiior. aii'l oliH'tiiig liiiii itri'-iiilfiit of tin- liojirl A-> i railroail |>ri.jfi't-ir aiul ki-cu |io|iiu-iaii III! wa-i loii^ (-oii<|iii'Uoiis. Ilw ilaui^litcr •Fimi-|iIiiiii< niarrii-il liism-i'- r :ar>. S. ||. KHwrt, in |S«m. hyiiiu; looii aftt-r, lii-r f e'li-i- n-crti-il a flm|M'l I'l K^an-t" Addition to l>iiiM-r to h.r iiii-iiiorv. /.'»/', 7' .c. mi'lSiit'. \\>., :>: l\lkit,\ f.Mti-iil I'i ir., Ms,. <» III; Kl'x'ii. I'li'Mr il i, ,<wl .M,,i-ui>a, S\-<. 7 ' Wi'ld wai a (\>iiii(-ctii-iit Mian. Hi- wiiit cast, and w «t a|i|».iiit(-d luut- I'll III I I'olori'd ri-t;ini<-iii. and <li<'d of fuvur iii Uta kouUi litiiiuij tlio war. AV/-/7, /•„/,/;,• Mr., .,,„( M.,..,„t^, .MS., 1. it i. 429 POLITR'AI. AFFAIRS. already stated, it renmiiu'd in sossioii Imt f< ur<lii\s in.. fort' rctuniiiii^ toiiioreromfortabkMjuartors in Di nv,)'. Hiisidfs rt'visin<4 and jM'rfocting tlie work tif tlic tiist si'ssion, tlio Ic'^iHlatun' asked oon<;reHs to increase tin; jurisdiction of tlie |>rol)at«! (vmrts, and tliat tlif laws iw |)rint(*d in S|»anisli. f«>r tht^ In ncfit of iiic M( xk an population. 'I'lic postinastt'r-j..;(MKM'al was ri'(picst( d to provide for a ttiweekly niail from the east, uiid tVi.iu Denver to lioulder City ; the Union Paeitie KailiMa.l and Telej^raph conipany was asked to locate its luad tlirou<4!i Colorado, an<l to select one of its Itnaitl of directors from atnontr its citizens, Evans beiiiir lecom- inende<l. The secretarv of tlio ♦^reasury was ur«'((l to put a United States mint in op«'ration at an mrly day, by pur<'liasin.f the private mmt in Deiiviiv which prayer was '.jranted ; an<l the secrc^tary of tlic interior was solicited to treat with the Jnilians tur lanils, chi«'Hy mineral, to wiiicli their title had not lu'cn extiniuuished. A. joint resolution was passnl relatinijj to the (^llnrado volunt(>ers, coinmeiidiii.; them to the favorahh* notice of the president. Tlir election law provide«l that the j^eneral el(!ctioii \'<n- delej^ate for <'on;.^ress, nu'inhers of the council and assembly, and county ofti<'ers, should be held mi tlic first Tuesday in Sept<'mber; but as the appropiiathui for IS«52 'A would be exhausted bv the Julv session of \H(\'2, the I'h'ction of a lei;islatur«^ before IH0;{ was l»v joint resolution pt»stponed to that year. ^ Aoooriliii^ to tilt) iiu'iimrial, a private mint IiikI Iioi'ii in miccosHfiil i>|ii r.k- tiim fill' iiiiirc tliaii two yi-ar* when tlit- |wtitii'ii wat nimli'. Uycrs nliu-i tliat till* privato Itaiikiu^liiiiiKe of ( 'lark, <i nil ii'i', aiul Co., ItiMivcr, Iklmu Coming ■<>, )«lo, aii<l •''•-1» jjoM iiii-rr'* .Inly "JO, |S(»0; ami I'arsonx aii<l Co. al ■<> I'oiiii'il Moiiu- at llaiinltoii at a liirr |N-rioi|. 'I'lif .'^lO'x coiiuMl at jlciivci' l>y Clirk, (irulKT, nii'l Co. wcri' 17 uraiiis lii-avicr than tlit; coin of tin- I'. S, mint t'liitiiiiiiiiSt'i/f. MS., I. 'I'Ik' liill t'stalilisliiii); a liraiirli mint in h'ii- ViT a|>pro|iri.'it(>il .«<7ri,(liN», aii>l \va^ apiirovcil .April 'Jl, iHtl'J. ('..117. ^7M'»•, ISi'il 'J, ap. :t|*,>. In Mari-ii lMi3 a rcxoliition ^va^ paNsi-i] to piiri'lia'<i> lli<' lott aiiil aiN.'tyiii); Iioiimc i.r lioii'.fs of < l.irk, (muImt, aiitl Co, I'lic riiniii'x'r <<i i'oiniiiiT«'t' of l>ciivi'r, on May S, |S»;|, ailopt<><l tlir following rate, for yoU tliHt ai a I'iri'iil itiii^ iiii'<|iiiiii: Itliu* river tfojil, i<\H) per ounce; Kretirli ^iiii-li. liiiiiilin^ ((iili'li. K.iiriilay unleli, Xi^xer X'il>'li< '>■>■! MeNully j{iileli, .♦'IT i"r cmnee; California ^'iileli, vlli |H>r oiim-e. Central City ailopteil the ral • of SI" |K!r omiee for Cle.ir ereek ^oM iliist, anil .'*l.'i per oiuu'e for UllHSell milrh du»t. Itc'.il rutortuil gtilil, >'l.'t |M'r iiiinee; coutinou relortcil aiitl dirly ^'' i'i, RE1»UE.SEMA11UN AND JUlilClAUY. 429 III July the doiuocratic party attoinptcd to oi^^anize, hol'iiii-' ii conviMitioii on tlio lOtli, but did not hecoine p,,>„^st'(l of any power or ooliereni-y unti! after the cl.i>.' ottlie civil war. At tlie Hi'pteniber eleition of 1,^0 J. lliniui J*. Bennett was a<j;ain chosen {leh'«jate t.i t nii'^nss, the Mni's sunnninjL; up his services during (iiir M ssi.'U as follows: A mail servict^ and new post fiiuti s; jiost-oftices throu«j;hout the settled pt>rtion of til. trrritory ; a land district and removal of the sur- vcv'r-«^«neral from Utah ti> Denver;* appropriations fi.r >inv( ys; military posts; a l>ran<;h mint at J>enver ; |ia\iiiriit of tiie (iilpin war debts;* licsidts lai>orin^ tur tin- pass{i;j;(! of the IJidon l*acitic railroad hill, and bills for various wa;^oii-roads. With such a record his n election was assured,'* and ht; resumed his stjat, to r. tain it hi the ihirty-eij^hth -ontjri'Sh. Tiie aim iwlments made to the orjjjanic act h\ con«4ress in ISC.;;, reffrrini; to the judiciary system, gav the jus- tires' ct>urts jurisdiction in matters of controversy in- vol\ iii'4 not more than thret; liundred dollars, and the p'-.ihatf courts juristhction in cases where the s\im cl.iiiiK (1 did not exceed two tliousand doHars; U^ides whith tho probate courts were given chaiiccry as well as coimiion law jurisdicti()n, with authority to redress all wroii'^s ag'iiMst the laws of the territory nHi'cting p.r<.>ii.s or jiroperty. The same act nu'ijirnd the |io\\( r of the govt;rnor, ma<le absolute as lo tin- ap- proval of laws by the organic act, the amendment "|IITft. n liti's ',,. ill „, Ml' liy V.ii. 'iir (if (llll'll, 7 |"P ll • Ml' .'II It'll K"M, ?!•_' |irr ounce. li<'foro tlio o><tAMitilin)m)t ot' tlioso rate* thr price of all ({nM ilu^i ii;ii| Ih'vii luiifiiriii at 'i'lS. FrauiliiU'iit ^<>|il ilu«t aii'l jji-l-l Itricks witd iii.intiliK-tiiroil liy fiiiiiiti'i'ffitorH in IHtil. 'I lii' lirickj* liail >>Uf r «rnj'r niail^tof p'liuiiif iin't.il, from wliicti tlio hcIIit'^ cut a I'liip wliuli tlicj i-tltTcil forasiMy. Out- 'ankiT I'uh^IiI .*'.*0,(K,0 wcirtli nf tlirsc cnuiitrrfrit lirit-ki. '''•»;/. Cl'Jx, IN4>I 'J, lip. :<-(r>. ('iili>r.-iilii wan i')>niti>lulat<-<l with Iilahoand Niva.la in Isd.l 4. •rill' act ii.il amount of the Oil|»i!i ilraft^* wa« ^Tmi.OIW), a<M<'<l to which was aliout ylOK.lMM) cif (IrlitH wluTt! tln' draflM liail Imtii rcfiurtl. Cnn^ri'tx a'-oiimcil till- tvliiilf amount early in 18(1'.'. A'ock*^ MouHUiin A''n«, March 'JO, I »<■.•-• ' 'riuTi- were throe candiilatPK in th»' HcM: llonnrtt reprimfnting tho |)i>iiula-i i|*-ni<H'raoy, iii<litr<'rciit to tlio fate of the nri;r". Init true to tho III! Oilpiti, suiiportotl liy tho Abvlitiuuinta, MiU J. M. Fritucuco, Urvckeu* riJgc (leniucmt. 430 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. pt;rmitting the legislature to piiHs an act by a two thirds vote over the j^ovcrnor's veto." (In the 2tl of November, 1861, a convention was held in Denver to memorialize congress for a liome- stead law for the protecti<ni of 8«juatterH on tiic \m\i\\r domniti, and the same rights allowed to tlic Htttl. iv ,,f Oregon, including holding their claims as boundul l>v lines drawn by themselves instead (»f the govnniiit lit survey. To this proposition no answer was rtturiifd. But in June 1862 the right of preemption was ex- tended to tile territory, with the appointnuncof a r. .jis. ter and receiver, and the repeal of the graduation act." There had been from the first a party in Colorado, though not constituting a majority, which dcsin d a state government. Tiie promoters of state organi/a- ti<m in early t«'rritorial times are usually anibitiiMH men, desirous of place and power, and C^dorado olln.s no exception to tl»e rub*. In compliance with ilic df. niands of this portioti of the electors of the tiTiitoiy, an effort was made at the third session of the thirty- seventh congress, IR62-.*J, to havi^ an enabling act pas.sed allowing ( 'olorado to fonn a constitution, wlii'li was defeated, liut in March 1864. bv represent irp' the population to be between fifty and sixty thou.suid, **Cn)i'i. nUw, mVl-\ ap. 2(M); (Wlfll'n h'/U. MnuH'il, .'il 4; vt./.i ,i)-l RtA., SS,':J7. ;{; .V. Jmr., 471, 4H7, .S7, X '^ 'An <i.i't to )(r<iiliiiito ami ri'ilii.-i! tin- pripi! of the )iul>lic UihIh to .ictnril Hi'ttiiTH .iml culliv.iturM. ' All act aji|iroviMl in May coiHtitiitfil Colorado iii<l Utah Olio mirvi'viiiu ilistri't, with tlir otiicc of tin' Murj{cii. at iUiiiVfi'. TIil- aii|>ro|iriatioiis for Mirvt'ys was ."ifUl.CdKI. No -iiici'iai I iml lawn wt-rc ciiartfil ill favor of Colorailii. Tlic Htatim of lain) titles w is nxi'icilinuiy Hiiniili', aU>r the fXtiii^iliHliiiKiiit of liiiliaii ri^lit'.. > \c<-|it in a !• w cascM of^li-xu'aii ^'r.tiit^; a Mexican grant, I'kc liuliaii tcrritorx. Iiciiitt of xucii inclctinitr iIiiih ii^<i<'us as to iiiMto a coiitcHt i>t wits, if not ••! vi'a|>ons, in tlic si-ttlciiii'iit. /lnW/i CimrU, fy~ui<M, iiti-l l.ihiiiliiiii, Ms , " S. In In7;1 4 i (li^tiirlwiiu'c arose in Lake CI), over tin* poHHUMHioii of ~onit- ijro« •TnaM-iit laii<l near tlu' prcNt'iil Mtc of Itiicna N'lHta. F.iijali <iiliim was .tttacki-<l liy a iiioli calling tliciiiMlviM vigilant^, and killcij in wif-dcfcncc oiir of thuir iiuinl'»^ «!corgc narriiini"ii. At aiiotln ' time lie killcl a man iiaiiHM < 'oon who lieion^fii to an attacLiii); party and had to escape, tiic frieiidH <• tlu men wlio were killeil tiiking ii|i the quarrel, whicli wan carrieil on tor »everal years, anil m which 7 or S |h r- HoDH were killeil, including dlidge l>yer of Oranitu City, who wivh assa^-<i- nat<-<l «!-i|e trying onu of thu caaeM which grw «i(it of it. Jiycm' ('eHt<iimii( SuUf, MS., 3'-'--3. IX)OKIN« TOWAliU STATKIIOOD. 481 Art.l it,, I tci actiiril >r;ii|c> III, I vir. 'Illi; '(• iiiaili'il ipli', alttr III );r;«iil>; " IIUIlMplK ai'iisr III JNciit site |rliisrlv(M •riii>.'iMii. Ittai'Liiig jlvlllff U|l ir S |irr- ii-oa*-!- lit' It (III it or 'I'uMo what it really was, and by otlur dcviros, i<»ii^ri ss was iiiclueed to pass an enuMint; act, iwrmit- tiii.: tin' dclei^ates oloctod hy tho pcoplo to nu-ot on til. lirst Monday in July to form a ccjnstitution, to be suliiiiittod to tlu! people at an election to be held on til. M'cond Tuesday in October. The campaign wasa stiiriiii,' one, several ne\vspa[)er.s beinjiij devoted to nian- ufat tinini; a favoralile public opinion; but the people, kiKtwinj^ there was an empty treasury, and not beinj^ (loirous of replenishing it to the requirements of a sUite <jfovernmcnt, decided that it was inexi»edient, and vot. <1 a*;jainst it." There was yet anf>thcr reason why many rejected till' cniistitution. The organic act of the territory, funned ere vet the civil war hud burned its bill of rii^lits so terribly into the conscience of the nation, provided that the right to vote at the first election slinuld be extended t«» "every free white male citizen of the United States, including those recognized as citi/.eii.'i by tin* treaties of I H4H and 1 So.M with Mexico.'' The tir.st legislature, in an act regulating elections, «|rrrei!(l that only citizens of the Unitiul States, per- sons of foreign biith who had declare<l their intention to l)«'come Citizens, and persons of Indian blo<Kl who had l>een declared by treaty to be citizens, should be (hemed <jualifie«l voters. On the llthof March, l^KU, this act was amende«l so as more plainly to exclude "a IK '410 <»r nmlatto," and the constitution perpetuated all the territorial laws. " riic frainern of tliiari-ji'i'ti'il (■"iiHtitution \v»to W. A. H. Iiovplaml, jiren* i-lfiitiil tli«' oKiumticii, Siiiiiui'l K [triiuiic, .liiliiil,*. t 'liarlfs, .1. Itri^lit Siiiilli, .laiiii'H M. i 'nvaiiaii^li, Riiliai'M >ii|iris, ,Iiim!JiIi M. Mrnwii, (ii-orjif 'l". Clark, .loliu A. Kooiit/., I). H «!<i.iilwm, A. ('. Hunt, ( "liarlc-s A. t'ook, < t. W. Milltr, l»a>i«l n. \kIio1s. r M. Miiiinaii, I> I'ouinl. .\. Liiiiiry, W. K Sistv, .1. T. H.Tn.-k, lt..l-.rt W'Uav, T. H. I'ait. r^..ii, .l'>liii l.tukc, 'D. I'. WiN.m", K.l S. rrrrin, Wia K. l>arl>\, M. ('. W.iiciinan, Umliicy Krcncli, A. .' N'aii liiTfii, H. K. I'.'w.ll, F H .Iii.l.l, ('. VV. Mather, H. K l«ikr. » i.M.rnf K. i:aiicl,.l|.h, W > ll...kw.ll. O. .1. M..lli-<t.T U U. (iorsliiu, T. Whit iil.. (I. IV liarkus T (' IWrcfii. T. I*. Hoy'l H. M l>.Mnv, N. K < 'hecscmaii, ('. Naclitruli, II. Amirr-oii, .liiliii Mc<"aiiin>ii. 'I'liiin Kcv«. W. .1. «"urlii'«'. Alt-x. Hatch, A. ihiK.is. H UoiiHim. .1. 1>. I'aiin.lcc, c' \\ . I,,, Im. r. M. H. Mask.]!, .I..hii T. I.Mi.li, <-. W. t'ortin, .1. !•: Waslilinrn, F. M-rnil, I I,. I'l-t. har.i, i J. W. Ilnwkiius C. C. Uawloy, U. t. I'liie, W. Ci. Kcul. CoHjtU, Liyis. Muuiuii, I ! ft! lOLl riCAL AFi'AliiS. Tli<>u<j;li beaten, the ntate government partv wan not lli^slleurtened. A convention was culled in I Mij. in which eleven counties were reju'eHented out of sev- enteen ; a eouHtitution was submitted to the |>e(i)i|t, whicli, without any law to sanction it, was adoptnl— another illustruti<»n »tf tin; vox populi vox dei f-.iw (iilpin was t^lected governor. The legiHlatur us^c m. bled and made choice of two Henators, John Kvans and J(!rome 1^. Chatteo, who ])roceeded to Wasliin-j- ton to urge the admisHion of Colorado under tin ( un. Htitutiini to which a majority t»f those wlio \oUii (ui the (juestion had assented, if not a majtirity of all the voters in the territory. Nor did they urg«' tin ir wishes ill vain. Congress again consented to admit the state of Colorado to the uiii<»ii, as (Governor Ciiin- miiigs aftirmed, in the face of the principleB for wliidi the nation had been contending during four yiars uf war, and in tlit; face of their own legislation at the same session ; " for the constitution still exclude«l ]>er- stms of iiigro bl(H)d from participating in the elections, an exaniple of the power which Haunts itself in tie h»bby <tf the national ca]>ital, though acting in tliis instance in ilu' right direction as against that most monstrous of American absunlities, African votintr. But Pnsidt'iit Johnson veto.d the bill.'' A siinil.-ir bill was vettxtl again in 18(>7-H, which failed by niily one vote in tin senate from being passed over his head. Till! matter was revived periodically for ten years. On the .'kl of March, 1875, an enabling a«t was jiassed, authorizing the electors to vote, hi July 187(», npoii a constitution, to be formeil in c»>nveiiti<iii to be held at Denver before that time The period " //. Jniii:, ISCrM!, «•_'*.', (m7, r><iS, 07'.». On the 1st of Fc1>. IW.'t, li.l.^'at. Itoiiiiett liad lifdiltil a writti'ii nmnlution of the tL'rritorial ih'h-gali's, ainiii'^ ihg thu |ini|Hisiti(iii ti> aiiifiiil tliu fi'ilural coiitititiuiou forever prohihitiiig '■' lii/irn' t'liitiiiiiidl Stnti; MS., ;U. KlliiTt Hays that the OHtflnaihle reasiii for vt'tdiii^ tlio liill was tliat tin; i>i>|iiilatii>ii was iii»ulhfieiit, hnt the real reason vast that tlic t»i> hi'iiatnrM, Kvaiin ami ('haHVi-, wimhl not iili'ilgo tlieiiisilvi s to vntengainHt .lolmsoii'H ini|M'a('hni<'nt. /'«'>. Mrn niiil M'iixiiri:i, MS., 10 II Tlu! rf.'isnn wliicli .lolinsou gavu was that thu iirucuuilings wuru irre^^ulur. Vo„j. aM>e, 18G.J-(}, -J 10. C0X(;UESSI0XAL MEASURES. 433 wfis I ipo for its acceptance ; the political sra was calm ; t'lt !-•' was nothing in the new instrument at variance witii tlio amendments to the federal constitution, and luttli conj^ress and the jH'ople of t\w commonw«>alth wi'vr satisfied that Colorado was entitled t«» lu'come a s(iv< nii^n state,'" with boundaries as ample as in its tiiiitnrial days." Tlie constitution-makers of Coloratlo were, hy this time, skillctl artificers.'" It was a nohle document, with those errors only which the course of events ili'Vi lops.'* An attempt was nuuh' f»»r universal suttVaujij hv iiitroducini; a clause ntakin«; it «)l)Iijijatorv upon the first Ici^isiature to pa.ss a law confi'rring the elective franchise upon women, which wa.s, however, to he suhinitted to a vote of the male citizens at the first election thereafter. h'litiMii |peri()(i |l>«lcf.'an- lllllliltlU^ To riiturn to the reorular marcli of events under the territorial rt3}^ime. Bennett's di'U!jj;ateship terminated with the thirty-ei«;hth session of con«:;rcss. With the exception of havinj; secunnl the payment of the ( filpin (h-.'it'ts, and an appropriation for a l>ran<*h mint, which was Hijilly no more than a United States assay-ofiicc, "Tlin vnto sttxKl 1. "5, 443 for, to 4,0.'t9 against accci>tancc. (WIhK, /.f/iv. M.UIIKll, 111). '■ A joint resolution of the IcfjiNlaturo of 18<»4 prottmtH againxt the rt'iluc- tioii of territorial limits in acconlanou witii tlio cniliNtvor'* of the delc^iitt) fro'ii New Mexico in congroiK, and inHtnicta this Colorailo duK-gatu to liu C4J lally watoliful and opposo all miu-Ii atti-niptH. (Ini. Anttw r'o/n, iMVt, '2'A). "Tlu'ir names were .1. <'. \Vil.<on jirnsiilcnt, li. 1*. H. Broniwfll, Casainiio lUirli, (icornu Hoylui, \V. K. Bui-k. liyron I,. Carr, William M. <'ti.sliman, W M Cl.irk, A. I). ('oo|H'r. M. K. Cnwl.v, RolK-rt lioughii. L. f, Kll^*wortli, L' IV KKlfr, P. .1. Klliert, NV. H. K.dton. .1. M. (iarcia. Daiii.l Hurd, John S. HhiiuIi, Lafayette Head, William H .lames, William U. Kennedy, William I. Lee, Alvin MarMli, William H. Meyer, .S. ,T. I'lumli, (iuorne K. I'ease, Kol„rt.\. (^lillan. A. K. Vomit. Will.nr F. Stone. \V.<'. Stover, H. ('. Tliit.lier, Agajteta Vigil. W. W. We).-<ier. <i. «i. White, K T. Wellt, 1*. 1'. Wil.c.x, .1. S. Wiieeler. .1. W, Widilerliid.l l.ew in ( ". Uoikwell. Secretaries, W \\. t'oulsoii, lleriiert Stanley, and H. A. Teriieiininjt. l'»i-litt, l.niit. Mu,<u,l, ll.i 17. « » '■'See Pitkin, in /'olitii-nl ]'i^lr^. MS., \X Only one article of the com- ulitiitiiiii eonld l>e amended at any one session, the si-ssions lieing Itienn'al. One ln,,lnh iirovifion in tlie eonstitiition was the pulilieation of the l.i\»sin S|iiiii>li aii<I liermail. It wouM seem that the fon-igners we import to gov- oni IIS iiiiiiht at least learn our langnatfe. .Sfsnioiis were limited to forty liiy-, ,11.. 1 every lull was to Iw rea«l three tiuieai before cacli house for the beiaiit of slniiid memlKTs. llisT. Nev. 'JH 434 rOLITHAL AFFAIRS. ■|^ S i 1 ' nothing had Ijocn (1«hio for Colorado beyond wliiit tlio actual wants of the |H;oplo donianded." Beniirtt was surccodcd hy Alien A. Jiradf«)rd, who in IHflj was appointtul assoriato juHtirn in placo (»f J*ottirj. si rvinir in the wrond judicial district until tflcctod to n'|in srnt tho territory in the thirtv-ninth con<rnss." lie l.il.ntvd for tho ])assage <)f a honiestoad law, for a niiiunil Lmd law, for incrcaseil pay for the supreme judges, aihl njend)ers of the le«;islature, and for payment of tin; mounted militia employed in opening comnnitiicatinn through tho Indian country in 18(54, of which 1 sliall ppiNik hereafter. At tho close of this congress tlu; salaries of tho judgi^s were raised to $2,500." Vrr\\. ously, and hy the eflorts of the Afontana ddi ^ato chieHy, an act was passed appropriating the not prn- ct'cds of tho internal revenue of 18(50-8 to tho cnction of penitentiaries in seven several territories, includiii:^ (\)lorado. At the heginning of the fortieth coin^n ss an act amending tho organic law <»f Colorad<» iiiad*^ tiio sessions of tho legislative a.ssembly hieniiial. the election for four years for council men, and two \ .ars for as.semhlymen. and tho pay six mstead of tliiLi; dollars per diom." "•Tiio n]>|>roiiriati(iii for ISfi^, itirluilins J.I.OOO for a territorial iirisoii. ami W.-'MH) for a territorial lil>rary, a^^rt'Katc'il ?»>1>,'.M)0. Tiie apiiropri itimis for |S('»4 .') aiiioiintuti to ^'vl.TflO. Thin was cxcliiHive of iioHt-mutcM, wlmli uiru of p-iKTal UHO. Tlie roiiti-M c.«ta)ili^lif<l in iNti.H -I wero from ht-iivcr t.i Kin Uaniiack, in Idaho; from i><>nvi'r via I'onclia paMM ami Coiiojoh to S.inta l''i'; from lK>nv(!rto Hijoti liaMin: ami from Onlilcn City via UaUton cr.rk. ami lJo\ililtT fity to lliirlinxton. A \v;ini.ii rnail wax in proorMs of (•(instriiiti.in ill IS(S:t 4 from tliu lii-ailwatt;r'4 of Clear creek, through Middle park, and tlio valley* of lt<'iir, Uintah, ami 'rimpaiin^aH river to I'rovo in I'tali. •' A. A. Itradlord was Ihini in Maine in ISi,'), went to .Mo. in IS4I, «tii.lii'il law ami wad made jiid^c. In I H.'i,'i )iu removed to NthraHka, where he wis a mi-mlH>r of tliu letjinlativu eimiied in |.s.'i<i S, and camu in IH.'tii to Cnitral, Mettliiiu liiially at I'uolihi. He was a man of many cxjierienceH, soinr nf wliieli 1 was forciinato enmiKh to Mceiire in a inaiiUMcript. •'^''rho organic art j{ave the ^;overnor 1*1, 'MM) with ^1,000 nioro an Htipt c.f Ind. all'., and Rave tlio jiidgcH ^l,SOO. ••"The appropriation for IWS<J«fiM ?4.1.0(H» inoludinK ll.'S.OOO for Hurvcy- in^. The podt-ronten iioeiirecl were frmii Oeor^otown to Arjjentine; fiiMii Oold I>irt to South lioulder; ami from Oeiiver via Mt Vernon and Idah.i to Kinpire City. Tlie appropriation for |H(»7 was W7,01K). The jmit rout** opened were from lladifo to Spanish inmUm; I'livhio to HcnnoMillo; I'lU'lil.! to Carsiiii Citv. via Hock « 'afton Kid^'e an<1 Fra/ier Hettletnciit to rlumcit'vvnj Aitd from l^urvka to Brcckuuridgu via Arguutuiu ttud l'«ra. ELKtTIDXS AND ArrOlXTMKXTS. I what tlio iin.tt was l^*"»- was ir«, StTvilijr I r('|trrsrlit If l;illn|T(| luTiil-Liii,! ulj^fs. aiitl 'lit (^^ the uiiiicaiicit) ell I sliall i^n-ss till! not |)rn. lo onction iliclutlili;^' 1 <'(Hi!4rfS9 l<|() iii.'kIo iitiial. tlie Wo years of tljroe 111 jirismi. and |)n.'iti(>iis fur whirli wiTf livur til Ki^t |<i Sdiitll h'l'; crci k. and iillslllhtliiu lirk, aini till! k»l, studied llTf til' W IH Itii ('iiitral, p.>(, »i)|in; iif laa Niipt of lor Hiirvcy- Itinc; froin Idaho to Iwwt rMiit4>u ,1'llrM.. to Illicit, wii; In ()ctol>er IRfia Prositlent JoluiHon appointed Al" xandor Cuiiiinin<:^M «;ovornor of Colorado in pljiro of KvatiM. Cuinniin«;s was famous about IHCri ns fiiuinlcr of tlu' iV. )'. />f///»/ Worhl, and notorious at'ti rwanl for his |H^rulations in a rontrart with tlio w.ii <l< piirtinont. Tlu; Coloradans diHiikcd liini, and mad)' lii» adminiHtration un|topular l>y all the ways known to journali.sts and politicians^, rvcn to rctjUrst- iii,,' till' prcsidc'iit to rumove him. It was not shrewd II. >s or intellii^ence tlnit lie laeki-d, hut the knowled)^»? ot li 'W to inspire ronfitlenee hy j^uttinj.; them to a I). (11 licent use. lie remaiiiod in otfiee alH>ut a year an<l a li'ilf 111 Novomher, (ieor|L?«* M. Chih'ott" was elfcltd njtrosentative to conj^ress under the state (uiistitution, whieh, as I have already stated, the jMoitli'iit refuse<l to rero»j;nize, lest eonjrress should use tlie two senatorial and one repn-seiitative vote of tile (lew st'ite against him in his im|Haehment trial. Ill tilt' ftdlowin*; Au^u.st (Miilrott was reele»'te<l, and tiK.k his seat as delej^ate, after some loss of tiiiu; tIirou.jh havinj; his election contested hy A. C.Hunt, Ih secured the pas.sa<^o of a hill repealinj^ the act wliif'li discriminated a«'ninst the wlxde re«;ion west <d' Kansas and east of California hy (har^^int; letter po.st. a.j(' on printed matter within those houixlaries. lie was also fortunate in securinj^ important oction con- ocrninLj certain land-i^rants, and appropriations for the public surveys." He was succei'ded ih 1808 hy A. A. "('liilc<itt was lioni in Pa, in IS'JH. niovnl in IM4 to Iowa, and wamdictoil uliirill III |S.">:{. itiid ill IS."i«Jto N<d>. w liiii ho Mnswiit to tin- li-niclntiirc, TIio ^^ iM' "f ini^'riktiiiii ritii^ht liiiii in IH.V.t, and f.-irricd liiiii to ('idonidn, wlicro 111' arnvi'd in May. Il<- wax a nuMiilN'r of tlif c-nnNtittitioiial ci'iivi'iitioii i>f that yrar at l>i>nvt'r, rcttirninv; tottinalia to4|M'iid th<> winter. In tlnMiiitiiniii of iM'td lie Mi'ttlcd ill wlint i*< now I'luddo <•" , <iii{aj:'ni{ in farm Miik lor a livildiH.id fcir two yonrw, aftor wliicli lie took a ijaiiii for liiiiixtdf I'-' iiidi'> «'a».t iif I'lii'lilo and liroiiglit ont liii family. He wat elrctt-d to rt'iirfsriit ttii.t ri'ifi.iii.at till' tirxt twoMCHttioiiMiif tlir ti-rritorial I.'KiMlafiin'. and waM a|i|ioint<-i| liy I'i'ft. Lincoln roniwtor of tin- l'. ■*< land ofliri- for the di'-triot of Cid^'railo ill Isii.'l, wliii'li |)0!«itioii lu' liidil until In- was < liTtcil to foimri''<'«. Hijnildi- can 111 jxilitioK, rhiloott wa- an «'n«TKftii', clu-crfiil worker, with a lini' \<\>y- liijiii'. and iinivorxally NiirocHHfiil in ]m iiniii>rtakiii){<*. •■'rill' a|ti)ro|iriationH for 1S(1() wcri- greatly in pxce^s of any In-foro made, iiiiniintiii',' inr i<vcrv ]mr]iiint>. i>xce|itin){ m.liU and Indian dopartniunt, to |li>;i,44G,01, Hudy JlouiUain Scwt, Aug. i, IWitt, n IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^0 A &1 ^ 1.0 144 121 III 2.5 1^ 111^ 5if IM III 2.2 :? "^ |||M I.I Nil 1 fl 1.25 1 1.4 1 1.6 Hiotographic Sdences Corporation r^ WEST MAIN SKEET WEBSf£R,N '. 14580 (716) 872-4503 t 436 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. Bradford, elected a second time, who introduced biHg for grants of land to two railroad companies, for ap- propriations for public buildings in Colorado, fur the settlement of the southern boundary of Colorado, and for increasing the pay of officers of the supreme courts of Colorado and New Mexico. Meantime, the territory had twice received a new executive, A. C. Hunt being appointed by President Johnson in May 1867, and Edward M. McCook W President Grant in June 1869. Hunt had beoii United States marshal, was familiar with the i)liysioal and social aspect of the territory, and gave an adininis- tration satisfactory to the people ; but he was removed to make place for a protege of another president, accord- ing to usage." His successor, McCook, lacked noth- ing in ability. He was charged with peculation in office as superintendent of Indian affairs, and the charges were investigated, leaving the impression on the public mind that a powerful interest had screened him from just punishment." He held the office from June 1869 to March 1873, when Samuel H. Elbert was appointed." A scheme of this governor's was the reclamation of all the lands west of the Missouri river by irrigation. He called a meeting of delegates from the western states territories, and had fairly set the matter in motii.. looking to secure congres- sional legislation, when he was removed and McCook reappointed. For several months the senate refused to confirm this action, and Elbert continued to admin- ister the government." On the final issue between ^ Hunt became interested in railroads, was one of the projectors ami con- structors of the Denver anil New Orleans road. He would ride 100 iiiilus a day on horseback, superintending railroad work. He became largely inter- ested in mines in Texas, and railroads in Mexico, but continued his rcifiilcnee in Denver. EU>ert, Puhlic Men and Measures, MS., 12; Pitkin s Polit. Vitwi, MS., II; Bnulford, Hist. Coh, MS., 5. '" See Salt Lake Herald, Aug. 24, 1874; and in Deer Lodge Xew A^ortlnnst, Sept. 5, 1874. ^Elbert, a native of Ohio, came to Colorado in 1862 as ter. sec. under Evans, after practising law and politics in Iowa and Neb. After his 4 years of secretaryship had expired, he entered into a law partnership with J. Q. Charles, and was elected to the territorial ii^gislature in 1869. ^Elbert weat east, and John W. Jeukina, territoiial secretary, became PARTY ISSUES. 437 federal republicans and territorial republicans the part\' was divided into factions, and lost the election to tlie democrats for the first time in the history of the territory. During the excitement of these polit- ical squabbles the plans for public improvements on a lar*i^o scale were abandoned. McCook's second term extended over little more than one year, the administration deciding that it could not bear a rebuke which came in the form of a doiiiocratic majority, even in a territory, and in March 1875 appointed John L. Routt governor of Colorado. Although a stranger in the territory, he soon became known as its friend, and received the highest indorse- ment his official conduct could have when he went out of office with the territory, to resume it under the state organization in 1876." While these events were in progress the office of delegate had been filled by Jerome B. Chaffee, after Bradford's second term, until the election of a democrat, Thomas M. Patter- son, in 1874. Chaffee had been a delegate in everv presidential nominating convention since that of the free soil party in 1856, and was the leader of the acting-governor in his absence. On the return of Elbert, after the confirma- tioii I if McCook, Jenkins addressed a letter to him which he signed as 'act- ing-governor.' Elbert resented this and returned the document indorsed 'nut. recognized,' signing himself 'governor of Colorado.' A spicy corre- spondeTice followed, Jenkins asserting that he had been notified of Elbert's removal, and Ell)ert that he had never been officially notified, and that he was governor until the arrival of his successor with a commission. Elbert kept his otiioe at his block ou Larimer street, and Jenkins his in McCook's block on Blake street. In the same building was tlie national bank, delegate Ctiatfee president, who opposed McCook's comfirmation. D. H. MoflFat, Jr, cashier and territorial treasurer, was accused of fraud in connection with his office. Such is politics. N. ¥. TimM, July 28, 1874. *" Jolin Long Routt was born in Ky in 1826, but removed to 111., where in due time he was elected sheriff of McLean co. In 1862 he was captain of Company E of the 94th HI. volunteers, and remained in the service until the autumn of 1865. Being offered the position of chief clerk of the bureau of the 2(1 asst postmasttr-general, he accepted the office in 1869. The following year President Grant appointed him U. S. marshal for the southern district of 111 . and in 1871 to the post of 2d asst postmaster-general, which position he tilled until appointed governor of Colorado. A thorough business man, his own and the public affairs intrusted to him have always prospered. In mining operations he acquired a fortune, becoming largely the owner of the Morning Star and Waterloo mines in Leadville. He was short and strongljr liuilt, witli great power of endurance. Bratlford, Hist, Colo, MS., 5; Routt a TerrUory and State, MS.. 1-9. H n& 11, "if ^j* l! 438 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. republican party in Colorado, a capitalist, and liberal in dispensing money for the uses of his party. Only the split that occurred through the McCook-Elbert imbroglio could have unseated him." On taking liis place in congress he began the demand for the admis- sion of Colorado as a state, and persisted in it through both terms. He secured the authorization of a treaty with the Utes for the cession of that portion of their lands in the San Juan country whose mineral wealth had made it coveted by miners. One of his most important measures was advocating a change in the rules of the house of representatives so as to give the territories a representation in the committee on territories, establishing a precedent which greatly increased the influence of delegates. Under tliis rule he was the first delegate to report a bill directly from a committe to the house. He was the author, and secured the passage, of a bill enlarging the power of territorial legislatures ; and was instrumental in estab- lishing a mining code, besides greatly extending the mail service," and laboring for the interest of pro- " Jerome B. ChaflTee was bom in Niagara co., N. Y.. in 182.'), removing while young to Michigan, and later to Mo., where he engaged in banking. In 1860 he came to Colorado, and in company with Eben Sniitli ertetLil f lie Smith and Chaffee stamp-mill, to develope gold lodes near Central ( ity, iiis success encouraging other miners in that district. He subsequently lieiaiiie principal owner in the Bob-tail Lode and Tunnel company, from which tiieru was from $.300,000 to $500,000 annual income. The name is said to liavu bti'ii derived from a bob-tailed ox being used to haul a drag made by stretching a rawhide across a forked stick, for conveying pay-dirt to the gulch for sluic- ing. Besides this property, Chaffee became mtereated in nearly a Ininilred gold and silver lodes in different stages of development. In 1865 he pur- chased the banking business of Clark & Co., Denver, and established the First National bank, of which he was president until 1880. His political career began with his election to the territorial legislature in 18()1, and again in 1863, when he was chosen speaker of the house of representatives. His election as senator under the constitution of 1866, which ■was vetoed by Presi- dent Johnson, and the long controversy over it, brought him conspicuously before the people as a man fit to be a leader, and caused his election in 1870 and 1872. Bifera' Hut. Colo, MS , 21. A daughter of Senator Chaffee mar- ried a son of President Grant. *' I will make one more mention of the post-routes, to show the gradual extension southward of settlement. Routes were opened from Badito, via Crestone, San Isabel, and Bismarck, to Villa Grove; from Caflon City, via Greenwood, Mace's Hole, and Dotson's to Greenhorn; from (irreenwooil to Colfax; from Badito, via Gardner, to Colfax; from Trinidad, via San I'raii- cisco, to La Trinchera; from Fort Garland to Zapato; from La Loui.i to Capote; from Colorado Springs to Fairplay; from Colorado Springs viaEustou, THE JUDICIABY. 4» jected railroads. Finally, in the last weeks of his term, he effected the pas8an;e of an enabling act for Colorado — March 3, 1875 — which was amended, how- ever, so as to postpone the date of admission to July 1870." The career of Patterson, begun under the embarrassment of being in a certain sense an acci- dental rather than a legitimate and voluntary choice of the people, was creditable. The republican party was divided into two factions, one designing to rebuke aiul the other to sustain the administration. Nor were the democrats altogether harmonious, many being dissatisfied with the nomination of a late-comer in their midst ;" to show their displeasure they induced a pioneer of note, A. G. Boone, to announce himself an independent candidate," but he withdrew before the election, leaving the field to H. P. H. Bromwell," the administration republican candidate, and Patter- son, on whom the anti-administrationists united with the democrats, v/ith the result already indicated. Before proceeding to the history of the state organ- ization it is due to the territorial judges and other otficers to make mention of them individually as far as space will permit. Chief Justice Hall was suc- ceeded in 1863 by Stephen S. Harding. In 1866 President Johnson appointed in his place Moses Hal- lett, who was twice reappointed to the same position, toGomer'a Mill; from Pueblo via Huerfano junctions, Baggaville, and Lag Animas, to Fort Lyon; from Creswell, via Bergen park, to Junction; from Fort Collins to Livermore. yr. Jour., 43 cong. 2d sesa., 577, 6.32, 644, 679, 43, 2; Cob Gen. Laws, 23-7; litdtuk's U. S., 44 cong. Ist sess., pp. vii.-viii. " Patterson was an arrival of 1872, a native of Ireland, born in 1840. He was elected city attorney by the common council of Denver in the spring, 1 874. •■''Boone was the eldest son of Jesse Boone of Ky, who was the eldest son nf the renowned Daniel. While he possessed those half military and wholly bravo and generous traits which distmguish the clas-i to which he belonged, iiu »'as not trained to the sinuous ways of legislation, and was moreover abdiit 70 years of age. ""Bromwell wasuorn in Md, moved early to Ohio, and then to 111., where he Ix^gan the practice of the law in 1833, at the same time publishing a news- I'.iper, the Aqeo/Steani ami Fire. After a political career m 111. he came to Ciilorado in 1870, was a member of tlie territorial council in 1874, of the constitutional convention of 1875, and of the state legislature in 1S79. Ho was a Hue scholar aad fond of literary pursuits. h ■ii'rt I f S I,! f 3 ;! ij i I il MO POLITICAL AFFAIRS. and after the admission of the state again appointed by President Grant to the higher post of United States district judge, being commended generally bv his fellow-citizens for honor, ability, and personal qualifications." The associate justices appointed in territorial times were, after Bradford, Charles F. Holly and William H. Gale m 1865; William R. Gorsline and Christian S. Eyster in 1866; James B. Belford in 1870, reap- pointed in 1874; Ebenezer T. Wells in 1871; Amherst W. Stone and Andrew W. Brazee in 1885." The United States district attorneys appointed after Dal- liba were Samuel E. Brown, 1862; George W. Cham- berlain, 1865; Henry C. Thatcher, 1868; Lev/is C. Rockwell, 1869; H. C. Alleman, 1873, and C. U Bradley, 1875. The territorial secretaries after Elbert were Frank Hall, appointed in 1866, and reap- pointed in 1869 and 1873," who was often virtually governor, and conducted the affairs of the executive office in a worthy manner, presiding over the legisla- ture and defending the territory from Indian hostili- ties; John W. Jenkins, appointed in 1874 ; and John TafTe, appointed in 1875." The history of Colorado '" Says Pitkin: ' His record is the most remarkable of any judge in the state. As a lawyer his character is irreproachable: he is an honest, upright judge, a man of great learning, and has shaped tlie law of Colorado. ' Pu/i'^Vai Viewg, MS., 8; Colo Pub. Doc, Set E. '* Brazee was born in N. Y. in 1826. During the civil war he was in the army, holding successively commissions aslieut, capt., and maj. of the 49th N. Y. regt. Ho also tilled the office of judge advocate of the '2d division of the 6th army corps. In 1867 ho was appointed brig. -gen. of the N. Y. Nat. Guards, 32d brigade. In 1871 he was appointed asst U. S. atty for the northern district of N. Y., which office he resigned to accept the appoint' ment to Colorado. »» Frank Hall was born in N. Y., in 18.36. In 1860 he came to Colorado, mining for 2 or 3 years at Spanish bar and Central City. In 1863 he was associated with O. J. HoUistcr in the Black Hawk Miniinj Journal. He was elected to the legislature in 1864. In 1865 he purchased an interest in the Miners Rejjister, at Central City, of which he was editor for ten years, when he removed to Denver and entered the office of the U. S. marshal as cliief deputy. In 1878 he became managing editor of the Daily Times, from wliich position he retired to open the Great Western Mining Agency with Prof. J. Alden Smith, state geologist. During his editorial and official career he has done mucVi to advance the material interests of Colorado. '• The territorial treasurers appointed by the executive were George T. Clark, 1861; Alexander W. Atkins, 1864; A. C. Hunt, 1866; John Wanleas, 1866; Columbus Nuckolls, 1867, reappointed 1868; George T. Clark, 1870, LEGISLATIVE. 441 vtLs in tho the 4<)tli vision of Y. Nat. for the appoiut- TS, wlien as chief )m wliich Prof. J. r he has does not afford those scenes of discord among legisia- tors and disrespect of officials which darken the record of some of the cotemporary territories." Neither reappointed 1872; David H. Moffat, 1874; and Frederick Z. Salomon, 1876. AiKlitors, Milton M. Delano, 18U1; Richard E. Whitsitt, 18(34, reappointed in ISliG; Hiram J. Graham, 186(3; Nathaniel F. Cheeseman, 1868; James B. Thompson, 1870, reappointed 1874; and Levin C.Charles, 1874, reappointed 1876. Supt8 public instruction, William ,1. Curtice, 1861; William S. Walicer, 1863; A. W. Atkins, 1865; John Wanlesa, 1866; Columbus Nuckolls, 1S()7 (tiie last three ex-offieio us ter. treasurers); Wilbur C. Lathrop, 1870; and Horace M. Hale, 1872, reappointed in 1874 and 187''. *' Tiie members of the Ist and 2d legislatures have been named heretofore. The M legislature, which met at Golden, Feb. 1, 1864, and adjourned to Denver on the 4th, consisted of councilmen Charles W. Mather, president; Aino.s Widuer, Moses Hallett, Richard E. Whitsitt, Robert Berry, A. J. Van Direu, K. A. Johnson, William A. H. Loveland, Lewis Jones, R. O. Bailey, J. H. I)('yle, C. Dominguez, and H. E. Esterday; representatives Jerome B. Clialfio, Rjjoaker; A. O. Patterson, David A. Chever, J. A. Koontz, John A Nye, John H. Eames, David Ripley, James Kelley, Leon D. Judd, John Kipp, Alvin Marsh, Samuel Mallory, E. F. Holland, J. E. Leeper, M. C. Whit«, John T. Lynch, Henry Henson, J. B. Stansell, Joel Wooil, J. McCannon, Pahlo Ortega, Jose Victor Garcia, N. W. Welton, B. J. McComas, L. D. Webster, and A. Z. Sheldon. Sec. of council, C. B. Haynea; asst sec. W. T. Reynolds; eng. clerk, E. C. Parmelee; enr. clerk, O. B. Brown; Bergt- at-arnis,'C. A. Bartholomew. The 4th legislature, which held its session at Golden, Jan. 2, 1865, was: cnunc'il, J. W'entz Wilson, president; Amos Widner, Moses Hallett, Richard E. Whitsiit, George R. Mitchell, E. K. Baxter, Lewis Jones, William A. H. Loveland, H. L. Pearson, Robert Berry, Robert B. Willis, C. Dominguez, H. K. Ksterday; representatives, L. H. Hash, speaker; Hiram J. Bredlinger, Kufus Clark, Baxter B. Stiles, F. M. Case, D. H. Nichols, A. O. Patterson, Thomas D. Worrall, Benjamin Lake, A. Mansur, C. M. Tyler, E. F. Holland, B. F. Pine, John T. Lynch, A. Hopkins, Wilbur F. Stone, James Ttiompson, C Nortli, J. G. Ehrhart, Miles ^L Craig, 0. H. P. Baxter. Sec. of council, Ozias Millett; asstsec, James O. Alien; enr. clerk, W. B. Felton; eng. clerk, \V. Adams; sergt-at-arms, Marshall Silverthorne. Chief clerk of the house, C. H. (irover; eng. clerk, N. S. Hurd; enr. clerk, A. D. Cooper; sergt-at- arms, Henry Gibson. The 5th legislature, convening at Golden, Jan. 1, 1866, and adjou.*ningto Denver on the 4th, was composed as follows; council, Henry C. Leach, presi- dent. .Joseph M. Marshall, Jolin Q. Charles, George R. Mitchell, Ebenezer •Smith, Beujamin Woodbury, William A. H. Loveland, Robert Douglas, George W. Mann, H. H. DeMary, O. H. P. Baxter, Jesus Marfa \'alasquez, (Jeorge A. Hinsdale; house of representatives, E. Norris Stearns, speaker; B. F. Johnson, David Gregory, Louis F. Bartels, James. F. Gardner, Ji. J. <>raham, S. M. Breath, T. C. Bergen, Perley Dodge, Frank Hall, Columbus Nuckolls, V. M. (irimes, J. W. Watson, David J. Ball, B. R. Colvin, John Fosher, A. I). Bevan, George W. Norris, Thomas Keys, J. G. Ehrhart, Jose (ial)riel Mar- tine, M. Mandrigan, Jesus Marfa Barela, Matt. Riddlebarger, William Lock, John W. Henry. Sec. of council, Charles G. Cox; asst sec, George H. Still- well; eng. clerk, Benjamin P. Thompson; enr. clerk, N. F. Cheeseman; sergt-at-arms, Marshall Silverthorne. Cliief clerk of house, C. J. McDivitt; enr. clerk, A. D. Cooper; eng. clerk, A. Hopkins; sergt-at-arms, Charles Bartholomew. Tlie 6th legislature, which convened at Golden Dec. 3, 18(36, adjourned to Jan. 11, 1867. The council was the same as at the previous session, Rol>ert Douglas president. The house consisted of E. L. Berthoud, speaker; Peter Wimie, C. U. McLaughlin, Edwin Scudder J. E. Force, C. J. Gobs, Jamea m 4 M 1^1 •I 'il 1 « f ft biii m 442 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. did it become notorious by defalcations in office in the formative period of its territorial existence, a charac- ter which the state has sustained. The admission of Colorado as a state was the signal for a struggle for political control. Both purtius organized, the republicans at Pueblo on the 23d of S Doggett, J. E. Parkman, Columbus Nuckolls, E. T, Wells, J. Y. Glemlintn, C. M. Grimes, Charles B. Patterson, R. W. Davis, Ziba Surles, W. W. Well'- ster, Charles L. Hall, F. C. Morse, Julius C. Hughes, Jacob E. Ehrhart, Juau B. Lobato, 8. Valdez, JuauMiguel Vijil, Matt. Rid(Uel)urger, M. Milla Craig, W H. Young. Sec. of council, Robert Berry; asst sec. J. A. Miller: eiir. clerk, N. F Cheeseman; eng. clerk, William B. Rines; sergt-at-arms, ii. 1{, Wall. Chief clerk of house, C. J. McDivitt; asst clerk, W. J. Krani; eng. clerk. Root; enr. clerk. Grey; sergt-at-arms, E. H. Brown. The 7th legislature convened at Golden Dec. 2, 18G7, and adjourned to Denver on the 9th. The council consisted of William W. VVebster presiilunt. James H Pinkerton, Amos Steck, Charles A. Cook, Hugh Butler, David I). Bfdden, J. Wellington Neamith, William A. H. Lovelan<l, E. Norris Stearns, Wi liam W. Webster, Julius C. Huglies, B. B. Field, Jesus Maria Vulas- qujz, Francisco Sanchez; the house, of C. H. McLaughlin, speaker, H. Strat- ton, Baxter B. Stiles, J. E. Wurtzebach. G. W. Miller, H. L. Pearson, V. 0. Sawin, T Haswell, D. M. Richards, S. F. Huddlestou, C. R. Bissell, W. M. Slaughter, J. C. McCoy. J. E. VMiarton, Stephen Decatur, J. A. Pierce, Ansel Bates, W. J. McDougal, J. Gillilaud, B. Fowler, J. Lawrence, i'ablo Ortega, Silverio Suaso, Thomas Suaso, Thomas Macon, E. T. Stone. Sec. of council, Ed C. Parmelee; asst sec. , W. J. Kram; eng. clerk, E. It. Harris; enr. clerk, A. Hopkins; sergt-at-arms, Ziba Surles. Chief clerk of hou.se, (.', J. McDivitt; asst clerk, M. L. Horr; eng clerk, Joseph Sharratt; eur. clerk, A. Cree; asst enr. clerk, Charles F Leimcr; sergt-at-arms. Wells. The 8th legislature held its entire session at Denver, from Jan. -3, to Feb. li, 1870. Tiie council waa the same as at the previous session, with tlie exception that George A. Hinsdale was president, and that Pinkerton s ]il.'t<'i.' waa tilled by Jesse M. Sherwootl, and Beldeu's by Silas B. Halm. The hi mm; consisted of George W. Miller speaker, Matthew S. Taylor, Samuel H. Klliert, H. B. Bearce, C C. Gird, John H. Wells, Allison H De France, Thomas J. Graham, Thomas J. Campbell, H. E. Lyon, A. E. Lea, John F. Topping, John T. Lynch, D. B Myers, George W. Mann, A. D Bevan, C. M Mullen, J. G. Randall, D. L. Vandiver, J. C. Hall, Manuel Lucero, Clement Trujillo, William H. Meyer, Felipe Baca, William Sheppard, J. B. Rice Sec. council, A. O. Patterson; asst sec, George T. Clark; eng. clerk, J. E. Cobb; enr. olerk, Henry Bell; sergt-at-arms, E. T. Stone. Chief clerk of house, W. M. Slaughter; asst clerk, A. M. Barnard; eng clerk, A. M. McCrystal; ear. clerk, John D. Mclntyre; sergt-at-arms, W. W. Riemine The 9th legislature held its session at Denver from Jan. 1 to Feb 9, 1872. The councilmen were George M. Chilcott president, Joseph E. Bates, Frantis Gallup, William C Stover, Allison H De France, Nathaniel P Hill, Benja- min W. Wisebart, Edward C. Parmelee, Madison W. Stewart, J. Marsliall Paul, Jesus Mar(a Garcia, Silverio Suaso, Jose Victor Garcia. The repre- sentatives were Alvin Marsh speaker, Frederick Steinhauer, Isaac Bachellor, Clarence P. Elder, John G. Tilley, J. W. Bacon, B. H. Eaton, John D. Tat- rick, James P. Maxwell, Charles C. Welch, George E. Randolph, John F. Topping, VV. W. Webster, James F. Gardner, Thomas O Boggs, J M. Givens, B. P. Crowell, A. D. Cooper, John G. Randall, Caaimiro Ba yu, Lorenzo A. Abeyta, Mariano Larrog|oite, John A. Mauzanares, Pedro Raji' ael Trujillo, Jose A. Valasquez, Francisco Sanchez. Sec. of council, Edwaru L. Saliabury; asst sec, Chase Withrow; eag clerk, £. U. Starrette; eur. clei k, STATEHOOD AND PARTY SPIUIT. 443 August, and the democrats at Manitou on the 29th, with full tickets for state officers. The election was held on the 3d of October, 30,000 votes being polled, the entire republican ticket for the executive and judicial departments being elected, with a republican majority in both houses of the legislature, and a rcp- S. N. Sanders; sergt-at-arms, Robert N. Daniels. Chief clerk of house, Jamca G. ('()(>i>er; asst clerk, Joseph L. Boyd; eng clerk, BoUin Morrow; enr. clerk, <.'. W. Baldwin; sergt-at-arms, Uriah M. Curtid. A. W. Archibald suocesa- fully contested the seat of Abeyta. The 10th legislature met at Denver Jan. 5, 1874. lu the council were Madison \V. Stewart president, H. P. H. Bromwell, R. G. Buckingham, Thomas Sprague, John B. Fitzpatrick, Hugh Butter, H. C. McCainmon, William M. Clark, George M. Chilcott, Janus W. Hall, Daniel L. Taylor, Juan B. Jaquez, Lafayette Head. In the house, David H. Nichols speaker, Frederick Hteinhauer, Alfred Butters, R. S. Little, J. H. K. Uhlhorn, Joseph C. Sliattuck, John McCutcheon, Levi Harsh, James P. Maxwell, David H. Nichols, Henry Paul, Bela S. Buell, William J. Buffington, Benjamin F. Naplieys, Charles W. Perry, John W. Prowers, Joseph C. Wilson, William JliMire, Joseph Hutchinson, William A. Amsbury, Mariano Larragoite, Casi- miro Barela, Alexander H. Taylor, J. A. J. Valdez, William H. Meyer, Manuel S. Salazar, Juan Esquibel. Sec. of council, Foster Nichols; asst sec., 1). (_'. Limljerger; enr. clerk, George H. F. Work; sergt-at-arms, (ieorge R. Ward. Chief clerk of house, Joseph T. Boyd; asst clerk, E. P. Drake; eng clerk, J. A. Koontz; sergt-at-arms, 0. H. Henry. The 11th legislature convened Jan. 3, 1876, at Denver. The council con- sisted of Adair Wilson president, Bela M. Hughes, Baxter B. Stiles, B. H. Platon, John C. Humniel, Silas B. Hahn, E. L. Salisbury, Robert S. Mor- rison, Andrew D. Wilson, James Rice, James Clelland, P. A. McBride, Silverio Snaso; the house, of Alfred Butters speaker, Edmund L. Smith, Edward Pisko, W. B. Mills, Norman H. Meldrum, J. C. McCowan, M. N. Everett, David C. Patterson, George Rand, John C. McShane, Frederick Kruse, William Lamed, John H. Yonley, J. M. Nimerick, Frank Binghai.;, Albinus J. Sheldon; H. O. Rettberg, James Y. Marshall, I. N. I'eytou, Dduaoiano Gurule, Nicauora D. Jarramilla, Mauricio Apadaca, Herman Duhnie, Jr, Francisco Sanchez, T. M. Trippe, Reul)en J. McNutt. Sec. of coiuieil James T. Smith; asst sec, Frank Fassett; ene clerk, James D. Henry; enr. clerk, William Barchert; sergt-at-arm.s, J. A. J. Bigler. Chief clerk of the house, Joseph T. Boyd; asst clerk, C. L. Peyton; eng clerk, James W. Galloway; enr. clerk, W . B. Dickinson; sergt-at-arms, James D. Wood. The legislature of 18G5, which convened at Golden Dec. 12th, under the state constitution framed that year, but vetoeil by the president, adjourned to Denver on the IGth, and sine die on the 19th. The senate was composed of (ieorge A. Hinsdale president, Leander M. Black, Charles A. Cook, L. B. McLain, Truman Whitcomb, L. L. Bedell. A. G. Laugford, W. A. H. Love- lanil, James Castello, Adam B. Cooper, H. H. De Mary, John W. Henry, Je<us M. Velazquez, J. L. Casper. The house of representatives was com- posed of D. P. Wilson speaker, A. Lumry, Rol>ertL Hatten, G. H. Greenslit, \yilliam Garrison, D. G. Peabody, A. Wright, T C. Bergen, David H Nichols, Isaac Whicker, Jason E. Scobey, StepnenGoodall, Lyman W Chase, Charles B. Patterson, B. R. Colvin. James A. Pierce, Aaron Hopkins, George W. Lechmer, Charles L. Hall, Thomas Keys, F. C. Hughes, Pedro Arragon, Jose Gabriel Martine, Pedro Lobato, Matt. Riddlebarger, George A. Bates. Sec. of the senate, Joha Walker; asst sec, Edwin H. Brown, sergt-atarms, H. B. Haskell. Chief clerk of the house, L. H. Shepherd; asst clerk, C. J. McDivitt; sergt-at-arma, Charles Bartholomew, Corbttt, Leju, Manual, 226-7. ': I"; Mi. 'r 444 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. resentative to the forty-fourth congress, while the democrats elected a representative to the forty-Hfth congress." John L. Koutt was chc^sen governor, Lafayette Head" lieutenant-governor. William (J, Clark " secretary of state, D. C. Crawford " auditor, George C. Corning" treasurer, A. J. Sanij)soii" " It is not a little singular that, for the second time, Patterson was elected to represent Colorado ni congress through a blunder of the dominant i)arty. The territorial secretary had ordered an election for representatives for the 44th congres.4, to be held on the 3d of Oct., and another election for the 4oth congress on the 7th ot Nov. But the pe<ii)le voted tor James B Belford fur l>oth congresses on the 3d of Oct thinking to save themselves trouble. On the 7th of Nov., however, the democrats voted, and elected Patterson by almost the entire vote The canvassnig board refused to count it, but after a long contest in congress, Patterson gained his seat, and was, as he had been l)efore, a useful representative "Lafayette Head was l)orn in Mo. in 1825, enlisted in the 2d rcct, ^In. vol., and fought in the battles of La Canado, P^inbudo, Taos, ancf Santa Clara springs. After the peace he settled in New Mexico as a merchant at Abiquiii, and was appointed U S. marshal of tbo northern district «t tl.at territory for three years. In 1801 lie was sheriff of Rio Arriba co. for two years, and was elected to the legi.slatnre from that co. in 1803. In IHm lie was commissioned a lieut in Col ISt Vrain's regt of volunteers, whicii nerved 6 months against the Utes and Apaches. The following year he was elected from Taos to the legislature, and was subsequently chosen to fill a vacancy in the council, of which he was president in 1857. He received the apjtoint- ment of special agent for the Utes and Apaches in 1859, holding the dilice 9 years. He was elected councilman in the Colorado legislature from Conejos CO. in 1874, and delegate to tlie constitutional convention in 1875. He re- ceived 14,191 votes, against 13,093 given to the opposing candidate, Michael Beshoar, for lieut-gov. "William (1. Clark was born in Pa, enlisted in 1801 as a private in com- pany F, 28th regt, afterward E of tlie 47tii regt. Pa volunteers. He was eaji- tain of his company when he was mustered out in 1805. He came to Colo- rado in 1800, settling in Clear Creek co., and engaging in mining, soon becoming known, and being elected to besupt of schools, appointed clerk cf the district court, elected member of the legislature, appointed brig. -gen. of militia, and elected a member of the constitutional convention. He received at the first state election 14,582 votes, against 12,843 for James T. 8mitli, democrat. ^•^ David C. Crawford was a native of Canada, removed to Mich, and Wis., and in 1800 came to Colorado. He first engaged in mining in Gilpin and Boulder counties, in 1802 in merchandising in Park co., and in 1805 in farm- ing in Jefferson co. He was elected clerk and recorder for the latter county in 1807, and afterward opened a real estate and insurance office, becoming in 1875 proprietor of the Crawford house at Colorado Springs. He married Amanda J Thornton of Golden. His opponent for the office of auditor was J. F Benedict, whom he Imat by 922 votes. <" George C. Corning was born in Ohio in 1837, organized the V)ank of To- peka, Kansas, in 1808, and in 1870 settled at Boulder in Colorado, where lie opened a bank. The repuldican vote for treasurer stood 14,038 against 13,310 for Thomas M. Field, democrat *' Archibald J Sampson was born in Ohio, and entered the union army in 1801. He was promoted to a captaincy, but at Hatcher s Run, Va, was dis- abled for life and discharged. He then studied law in the Cleveland law fiohool, begiuuiug to practise ia ISfHi at Sedalia, Mo., and married the STATE OFFICERS. m coni- ng, soon clerk of ■gun. of rci'civpil Smith, of To- here lie againiit irniy in ■as (lis- 11(1 IflW -eil the attorney -general, Joseph C. Shattuck " superintend- ent of public instruction. James B. Belt'ord ** was elected representative in the forty-fourth and forty- fifth congresses, although his seat in the latter was successfully contested by Thomas M. Patterson, owing to a misapprehension concerning the day of election. On the 1st of November the General Assembly of the state of Colorado convened at noon. On the 3d, Judjyo Brazee administered the oath of office to the executive officers. Early in the session two United Stites senators were chosen — Jerome B. ChafFee and Henry M. Teller** — and three presidential electors, Herman Beckurts, W. L. Hadley, and Otto Mears. The assembly did not adjourn until March 20, 1877. Three judges of the supreme court were elected by the people ; namely, Henry C. Thatcher, Samuel H. Elbert, and Ebenezer T. Wells, Thatcher drawing the short term of three years, which made him the first chief justice," Elbert the six years' term and the (hui;hter of Judge Allen C. Turner of his native town the same year. Ho (looliued otBce in Mo., and the consulate of Palestine, Imt was presidential elector in 1872. He came to Colorado in 1874, settling at Cafion V'ifcy in the practice of hii profession, until elected attorney-general of the new .state, a^iiiMt a. Q. Richmond, by 963 votes. '%r(Heph C. Shittuck was born in N. H. in 1835, and educated at the WeUminiter seminary, Vt, and Wesleyan ^university. Conn., but without completing the course. He married Hattie M. Knight of Marlborough iu 1S.)S, and migrated to Mo., where he was a teacher. In 1870 he eaine to Colorailo with the Greeley colony, of which he was vice-president and mana- gL'r. Ha was electeil to the legislature from Weld co. in 1874. His majority over (r. B. (jrroeil)eck, democrat, in 1876, was 1,831. ".Jamei B. Bolford was born in Pa, and came to Colorado in 1870, havinu lK;en appoiated associate justice of the supreme court, which position he held until the admission of the state. ^> U. S. Ofi-i'il Rfi/Utcr, 1877, 2. Teller drew the long term ending 1883. Ht! was boru in N. Y. in 1830, and practised law in 111. He had been a re- piihlicaii since the organization of the party, and taken part in the campaign of 1860 for Lincoln. la 1861 he came to Colorado, settling at Central City in tlie practice of his profes.sion, in partnership with H. A. Johnson, and sub- ser|uontly with his brother, NVillard Teller. He was appointed by (lov. Kvaus inaj.-gen. of the territorial militia in 1863. He organized in ISlio th8 Colorado Central railroad company, of which he was for five years presiilent, auil has promoted many business enterprises. In theU. S. senate he distin- guished himself, while lal^orinff for Colorado, by his report on the election frauch in southern states, which he, as chairman of a committee, was forced t<) investigate. He was also chairman of the senate committee on civil ser- vice reform. '* Henry 0. Tlia+^her was bom in Pa in 1842, completed his law studies in the Albany university, from which ha graduated in IStiii, coining direcUy 446 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. chief justiceship for three years, and Wells the term for nine years. Wells was a man of fine character and ability, but resigned soon after election. The bar of Colorado, in convention, nominated Wilbur ¥. Stone to fill the vacancy, a nomination which mot the hearty approval of the public, and which was con- firmed at the next general election. Four district judges were elected for six years ; namely, William E. Beck, Victor A. Elliott, John W. Henry, and Thomas M. Bowen, in the order in which they are here given. The attorneys for the four districts were Edward 0. Wolcott, David B. Graham, James M. Waldron, and Columbus W. Burris. A full set of regents for the university, trustees of the school of mines, managers of the penitentiary, trustees of the deaf and mute institute, and members of the state board of agricul- ture, were also elected, such was the care of those having affairs in charge that the state should com- mence its career in the possession of all its dignities. The population of Colorado, when admitted, was 135,000, the disproportion of the sexes remarked upon a decade earlier having in a great degree be- come adjusted. Its boundaries remained the same. Its assessed valuation, exclusive of untaxable mining property, amounted, in ret and personal property, tn $44,130,205. Upon this the legislature fixed the limit of taxation, for all purposes, at twenty -three mills. In 1879 the state tax had been reduced to one and a half mills on the dollar, while the local taxes were correspondingly reduced. There was no funded debt, and the floating indebtedness was small, owing to a clause in the constitution prohibiting the state, to Colorado, and settling at Pueblo. He was appointed, in 1868, U. S. atty for the district of Colorado, holding the office but little more than a year, when he resigned. He was an active member of the constitutional convcn' tion in 1875. oeing chairman of several of the most important committeen. In person he was six feet in height, with bright blue eyes, and possessed I'f genial manners. 'Thatcher,' says Pitkin, 'made one of the ablest judges ever on the bench. He declined reflection. He died at San Francisco, while on a visit there, at the ase of 41, of Brighii*8 disease.' Political Views. MS., 8; HaUett't Courts, Law, ana Litigation, MS. PUBLIC LANDS. 4«7 counties, or cities from foaninjr their credit. These wore magnificent measures ft)r a young commonwealth to adopt. The pubhc lands received through the enablinnf act were the 500,000 acres granted to all the new states by the law of 1841 ; 50 sections for the erection of j)ul)lic buildings ; 50 sections for a penitentiary ; 72 sections for a state university ; six sections adjacent to twelve salt springs; the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections for common school purposes, besides the usual five per centum of the proceeds of the sale of ai;ricultural public lands to be applied to inti t lal im- provements. I have shown how this dower of some of the north-western states was wasted. Governor Routt had witnessed the same fraudulent isc o'i' the school and other lands in Illinois, Iowa, and Nebraska, Tlio CO' ;' ii ution of Colorado made the governor and secretary a board to select the state lands. T* > their everlasting honor, instead of squandering these lands upon party favorites, they labored to make them pro- duce the highest amount for the purposes for which they were intended. The plan adopted was not to oftcr the school lands for sale, the chief part being so situated as not to be irrigable, and therefore not worth more than the minimum price of $2.50 an acre, but to lease them for an amount equal to the interest on their present value, and hold them for pasturage, or for any purposes. It was found they brought between $40,000 and $50,000 annual rental. Seventy- eii^ht miles of land along the Republican river was also entered for the state. The lejjislature then passed a bill authorizing the sale of alternate sections of state land, the purchasers contracting to construct ditches of sufficient capacity to water their land and tlie state land through which the ditch was carried. By this means also the value of the unsold land was raised in some situations to $30 per acre, and the school lands of Colorado acquired a value of many millions more than they were worth when the state ;!■; i 448 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. received them. Wisely the public institutions of the state, ins'.aad of being supported by legislative appro- priations offering temptations tto jobbing members, are sustained by a direct tax for the purpose desiirned. The result of this care for the public funds is the rapid accomplishment of those beneficent objects for whioli tlie gifts of the general government were intended or for which the state is taxed. The successor of Routt in the executive office was Frederick W. Pitkin, during whose administration the Ute war took place, of which I shall speak in another place. A serious riot in Leadville and an- other in Denver were the chief events in 1879-80. In the former instance martial law was proclaimed in Leadville to bring to reason the miners who liad organized a strike, and suspended every branch of business. It was expected that the governor's action would destroy all chance of his reelection ; but such proved not to be the case. During his first term he had beconle a sort of Admirable Crichton to the people, and if he lost any of his former influence in his secoiul term, it was through being a candidate for the United States senatorship and having active rivals in the race. The lieutenant-governor during his adminis- tration was Horace A. W. Tabor," and the secretary of state N. H. Meldrum." Belford was elected rep- '■■'Tabor was elected licut-gov. in 1878, ami became such for Pitkin's scodiiil term by succession, the vice-governor elect, George B. llohinson, having liwn aisassinatcil, and the president of the senate by law succeeding him. ** Frederick W. Pitkin was born in Manchester, Cimn., in 1837 of an Imii- orable line of ancestry, the Pitkins andOriswolds of Conn., and educated at the Wesleyan university of Middleton, from which he grjvduated in 18.">8. lie rtudied law at the Albany law school, and after graduating removed ti> Mil- waukee, Wis., in 1860, where he enjoyed a lucrative practice until failinj; healtli compelled him to seek a change of climate, lie visited Europe in 1 87'!, and subae(iucntly Florido without nenefit, and in 1874 came to Color.ulo, M'here he has obtained a degree of health which has enabled him torei'nu'ag« in business pursuits. George B. Robinson was assassinated Nov. '27, 18S(), a few week < after his election, under the following circumstances: Some mint m had taken offence at certain tyrannies practised by the manager of the iuili- inson consolidated mine in Summit co., aud Robinson had been appcalcil tn for the removal of the obnoxious manager without eifeet, he having no powr to remove without the consent of the other trustees. On the evening of thu 27th Robinson, witli two other men, visited the mine, and was challenged liy the guard, who hearing uo answer, discharged his guu. An autopsy, ii«v.-- REPRESENTATION AND APPROPRIATION. 449 rosontative to congress in 1878, by a majority of more than 2,000 over the democratic candidate, Patterson, ami twice reelected, his majority at his last election being 2,737 over the democratic candidate, Wallace. Ill 1884 George G. Symes was elected representa- tive in congress. The governor who succeeded Pitkin was James B. Grant, a man of large means, fine ability," educated, methodical, even-tempered, and strong enough to act upon his own convictions. He was the first demo- crat honored with an election to the executive office." The Heutenant-governor elected with him was Wil- Hain H. Meyers. Grant was succeeded by Benjamin H. Eaton, elected in 1884,"* a man of strong and quiet character, and acquainted with the history and the rcquirments of the country. The lieutenant-gov- ernor elected with Eaton was P. W. Breene. Na- I's secoml I'iiig lii'ca I. f ail lii'ii- catoil at 85S. II.' ItoMil- I failing liii KS7;i, 'oloriiilo, ■et'iiLrage , 18S(), a e millers ;lie Kol>- L'al.'.l t(. opiiwr g (if tlio |ngoil liy y, IKHV- cver, revealed a numl)er of wounds from bullets and shots fired from a posi- tiiiii ill the rear, while the guard swore that ho tired upward in such a man- ner as not to have hit the murdered man. Other testimony confirmed the suspicion of foul play. He came to Colorailo in 1877 from Mich., and engaged in wholesale and retail grocery business. He was a man of educa- tion anil culture, and was worth ^2,000,000. Deimr Trihiine, Nov. 28, 1880. -*', lames B. Grant was born in Ala, in 1848. On the breaking out of the civil war, although but 1.3 years of age, he joined the confederate army, .ipemliiig several months in the field, after which he went to reside witli his uncle, .ludge Orant, of Davenport, Iowa, who sent him to the agricultural colKgu of tliat state, where he spent 6 years, subseipiently taking a course at the university of Cornell, anct finishing his education by travel and study in a ( iernian university. ■" l,',»itl's Tcrntori/ ami State, MS., 6. Grant's opponent, E. L. Campbell, was defeated bv political legerdemain, though it was said it was on account of unlitness. He was fairly nominated in >he republican convention. Among tlie oanilidatcs for nomination was H. R. Wolcott. asst manager of the Argo Siiielting works, of which N. P. Hill was manager. Chaffee was cliairniau of the republican state committee, and Hill, who was in the U. S. senate, and wiio had been opposed by Chatfce, wished to defeat his measures and lessen liis power, in order to get an enemy out of the way before the next senatorial contest. Hill and Wolcott, with their friends, bolted from the reimlilioan jiarty with the object of weakening Cliatfeo, rather than with regard to tlie fitness of the candidate for governor. It was fortunate tiiat tiiuir antagonism elected so good a man, and unfortunate that the reason they gave fur it was prejutliciul to the defeated candidate. ^'' licnjamin Harrison liiaton was born in Ohio in 18.14, and brought upon a farm. Being ambitious he studied and taught school until the Pike's peak fever carried him to Colorado. He began mining in California guleh, but eolin turned his attention to farming, being the first settler near tlie town of (ireeley. He later owned and cultivatecl 7.000 acres of land, all of which ho irrigated. Irrigation in Colora«.lo owes much to him. He was also interested in cattle raising and mining. Hist. Nbv. '.•» maiM 490 POUTICAL AFFAIRS. s. 1 thaniel P. Hill was chosen in 1879 to succeed Chaffee in the United States senate." His services to the state during six years in the senate were not uii im- portant. He secured the removal of the White river and Uncompahgre Utes to Utah, and the opening of the reservation to settlement, which added 12,000,000 acres of land to the wealth of the state. He obtained a land office at Gunnison for the convenience of set- tlers on these lands ; an appropriation of $20,000 to bore artesian wells in the arid regions of the state ; the exchange of such sixteenth and thirty-sixth sec- tions of school land as fell in the mineral regions for agricultural land ; $300,000 to erect a United States court-house in Denver ; improvements in the mining law, enabling miners to make adverse claims before the clerk of the district where they happened to be, instead of in the district where the claim was located, as before, and also enabling them to take the oath of citizenship without the trouble and expense of a jour- ney to some distant point ; made Denver a port of delivery, enabling merchants to import direct from foreign countries through the seaports ; secured the Hot Spring reservation to settlers ; procured authority for the postmaster-general to extend mail facilities in rapidly increasing settlements without waiting for congressional action ; and secured on increased rate of fees in certain cases where the old law worked a hard- ship to witnesses in the United States courts. Nor was his labor given altogether to local affairs, but he combatted the great land stealing corporations, which upon one pretense and another were wheedling con- gress out of the public domain ; he labored for the ^'Colo Jour. Hotuf, 1879, 111-12. Hill was born in Orange co., N. Y., in 1832, and brought up on a farm, of which he was left in charge at the age of 16 years. He was the son of an old-time democrat, who had represented liis county in the general aasembly, and held the oflSon of county judge, and not- withstanding unusual responsibilities for his years, found time to fit himself for college which he entered at the age of 21, at Brown university, I'rovi- deuoe, R. I. In 1856 he was made tutor in the chemical department, and in 1860 professor of chemistry, a calling which led directly to his usefulness in and his connection with Colorado, as Im p'.ready been indicated in the history of mining. EXECUTIVE AND JUDICIARY. 451 Chaffee to the 't uiiim- te river 3ning of 000,000 (btained ( of set- 3,000 to 3 state; xth sec- ions for 1 States '• milling J before d to be, located, oath of f a jour- port of ct from red the ithoritv lities in ing for rate of a hard- Nor but he which Ing con- Ifor the N. Y.. in the age of ^sentctl his B, and not- It hiiTiwlf ity, I'rovi- fnt, ami in ^fulness in ed in the postal telegraph bill, for a tariff on wool, and for a hotter national financial policy. But nothing more com mended him to the people of Colorado than his attitude on the silver question, as the advocate of a bi-mctallic currency. Upon this subject he became the peer of senators Stewart and Jones of Nevada, and many republicans desired his reelection in 1884** on this ground. But having in 1882 used some polit- ical weapons against a rival, these were turned upon liimsolf at last, cutting him off from a career for which lie was well qualified. Henry M. Teller, senator from 1877 to 1883, was appointed to the cabinet when Arthur came to the presidency. To fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Teller, Governor Pitkin a])[)()inted George M. Chilcott, who had been prom- inently before the legislature in 1879 as candidate with Hill for the senatorsliip. In the contest for the appointment in 1883 the principal candidates were lioutt, Tabor, and Bowen, three millionaires, and each fougiit hard for the position, but Pitkin chose Chil- cott. Pitkin himself was an aspirant, and the politi- ical gossips said that a strong pressure was brought to bear upon the governor by the others, they promising that if his choice should fall upon one of them for the appointment they would use their influence with the legislature when it met to have hitn elected to tlie senate. Pitkin, however, resisted the combination, which punished him by defeating him when he became openlv a candidate. Tabor was elected for the thirtv davs remaining of the Teller-Chilcott term, and remaining '^ Dfinvr Trihunf, Oct 26, 1884; SenaU Misrel., 47th cong. 2d seas., i. no. S. p 10. A silver congress was held at Denver m January 1885, to which Holford and Symes were delegates from Colorado. The points laid down in till' resolutions were 1st the doctrine of I>i-metalism, as einl)o<lied in the U. S. hiws previous to 187.3; 2d that the interests of traile demanded free coinage at tliu existing standard; 3<l a demand that congress should withdraw from circulation $1 and $2 bills; 4th censure of the secretaries of the treasury for tiMlawful evasions of the provisions of the Bland bill; 5th a demand for amendments to the National bank act, compelling them to keep l.'i per cent i>f tlieir legal reserve in silver; 6th that congress shouhl restore silver to its ancient and rightful equality with gold iu respect to coinage, and asking priiteotiou for the silver industry. ■JM '<'. :■->•'. 452 POLITICAL AFFAIRS. i-i\ Thomas M. Bowen of Del Norte for the term from 1883 to 1889." The legislature m 1885 elected Teller to succeed Hill, who had now a strong combination against him. A large amount of money was used in the struggle for place, and the people of Coloradd begun to question whether it was well that the capi- talists of the state should decide political prefornieiit. The election of 1884, which gave the first democratic president in twenty-four years was strongly republi- can, the plurality for Blaine being nearly 9,000. The presidential electors chosen were F. C. Goudy (»f Gunnison, F. F. Obiston of Idaho Springs, and B. F. Crowell of Colorado Springs. Goudy was chosen as the messenger to carry the certificate to Washington. Some amendments were made to the constitution of the state at this election by a majority of nearly 11,000. Of the justices of the supreme court elected in 1876, only Elbert in 1886 was on the bench. Wells, who drew the nine years' term, resigned after serving one year, and Wilbur F. Stone was elected to fill the vacancy. Elbert, whose term expired in 1882, was elected in 1885 to succeed Stone. He will go out of office in 1897. Thatcher, whose term expired in 1879, was succeeded by William E. Beck. Tlie ju(l;j;e who took the bench at the expiration of Elbert's first term was Joseph C. Helm, who will go out of office in 1891. The supreme judges are not nominated by political parties, but by the bar association, and the character of the Colorado courts has seldom been as- '•Thomas M. Bowen, born in Iowa in 1835, elected to the lower hou^o nf the legislature at the age of '21 years. He served in the union army irom 1801 to 18(55, first as captain of Neb. volunteers, Ist regiment, aftcrwanl a* colonel of the 13th Kansas infantry, and lastly as brevet brigadier-general in tiie army of the frontier, and later in tlie 7th army corps. After the war lie was justice of the supreme court of Arkansas for four years, and accepted the executive appointment for Idaho in 1871, but resigned and returned tn Arkaniias, where he was defeated for the U. S. senate by S. W. Dorscy. He came to Colorado in 1875, resumed the practise of law, and was elected jw'lge of the 4th judicial district on the admission of the state, and held the office for 4 years. He engaged in large mining enterprises and became wealthy. In 188*2 he was elected to the state legislature wiiicli utade him senator. MISUSE OF WEALTH. 483 111 from 1 Teller )inatiou used ill oloradit lie capi- briiieiit. iiooratic republi- •),000. oudv of d B. F. loscii as lington. iitioii of f nearly 3cted in Wells, serving . fill the 82, was lo out of bired in e judo;e t's first f office ted by nd the icen as- [irmy from Drwanl ai Igeiu'ral in Ihe war lie ac<"t'i>ti'il Ituriifil ti) Doi-sey. I and was Uate. anil prises aiiil are wliieli sailed. The most serious accusation ever made was a.aiust the United States judges in the ca^e of a strike among the employes of the Denver and Rio (irande railroad, in May 1885, under the direction of the knights of labor, some members of which order had hcen dismissed from the company's service. Arms were carried by a part of the strikers, when persuading their associates to desist from labor, and although no violence was oflTered, the fact of arms having been shown was considered as sufficient evi- dence of the intent. The men were arrested, tried for contempt, and imprisoned from three to six inontiis. The charges brought by the knights of labor against the judges were that the receiver of the road was appointed by one of them ; that the men arrested were not allowed to call witnesses, unless they paid the expenses, which would be over $160 each, or swore that they were paupers, neither of which could they do. That they had not been tried by a jury ; but that in fact the judge had made the complaint, tried, and sentenced them without a hear- ing, being at the same time concerned in the road, thereby construing the law in the interest of a rich cor[)(>ration against the constitutional rights of other men. The order made threats of impeachment when con!j;ress should meet. Whether or not there was found sufficient proof to sustain the complaint of the knights of labor in this case, it is evident that the danger which threatens Society is the overweeninof influence of wealth. The temptation to men who have acquired millions, right- fullv rir w^ronorfully, in a few years is to consider them fives better than their neighbors, and less re- trardful of the rights of men. At bribe ly or any moral or political corruption they do not hesitate. They would constitute themselves a privileged class, and return toward feudalism by surrounding them- selves with the largest number of dependents in the form of ill-paid laborers, that being the only form of HI 464 POUTIC.VL AFFAIRS. serfdom at present known under our government. How long they can maintain that position in political economy and ethics will depend upon the nerve of the working classes to resist the tendency ; and nowhere is the struggle more apparent than in mining states. not even in manufacturing states, where tender child- hood is pressed into the service of the capitalist, and made to earn its daily bread at the sacrifice of its future manhood and womanhood. It is difficult to determine which class exercises the more baneful influence upon public morals, the low- ignorant foreigner, orthe unprincipled monied monopo- list. But aside from these, Colorado has a larger proportion of men of culture among its men of business and affairs than any of the intra-montane conmion- wealths ; and, in proportion to its population, more college bred men than most of the older states. In its people, its climate, its impressive scenery, natural wealth, and liberal institutions it is altogether a noble state, needing no encomiums from its historian other than the simple narrative of the achievements of its founders. [ I! CHAPTER VII. INDIAN WARS. 1860-1880. TRinKs AND Treaties — Aborioinal Brigandage — Unrecorded Optrages III.' THE White Men — Appropriations — White Force in the Field — The Colorado Heuiments — Depredations on the Overland Mail ("oMi-ANY— Communication Cut Off — The Sand Creek Massacre — CiiiviNOTON Censured by Congress, but Thanked by the People OF Colorado— Forts and Reservations — West of the Mountains Wide-spread Hostilities and Battles. When the territory of Colorado was organized, its governor and Indian superintendent found there sev- eral powerful tribes, with which the government had already had dealings. As early as September 17, 1851, a treaty was made at Fort Laramie with the Ogalalah and Bruld Sioux, and the Arapahoes and Cheyennes, by which the country claimed by them should be included within the following limits ; com- iiieiicing at Red Buttes, on the south side of the north fork of the Platte river, at the crossing of the iiimiigrant road, following this stream to its source in the Rocky mountains, thence along their summits to the head waters of the Arkansas river, down the Arkansas to the crossing of tiie Santa Fe trail, thence iiortli westerly to the forks of the Platte, and up the north branch to the place of beginning. It was esti- mated that the area contained in the Upper Platte ai^feiic}', as it was called, was 122,500 square miles, while the population did not exceed 5,500, not more than 2,000 of these being warriors. The treaty re- quired them to keep in their own country, to avoid (455) iir I 456 INDIAN WARS. wars with the neighboring tribes, to refrain from rob- bing travellers, and for this righteousness they wore to receive annuities, to be distributed at Fort Laramie. Of the region here designated, the Sioux and ono band of Clieyennes ranged the portion lying nortji of the present state of Colorado, while the Chcycnnes and Arapahoes occupied the country next the Arkansas. That part of the country south of the Arkansas was traversed by the Kiowas, Apaches, and Couiancjirs, with whom a treaty, similar to the Laramie tii aty, had been made in 1853, but with whom the govern- ment had now and then occasion to display arnitd force, in order to punish or prevent depredations uji()ii persons and property upon the Santa Fe trail, wliich was traversed by the caravans of the Santa Fo traders, the supply trains en route to the nnlitary posts in New Mexico, the United States nmil for California, and frequent companies of immigrants and travellers. These Indians also were looked after by the incumbent of the Platte agency. That portion of Colorado lying west of the Eoeky mountains was inhabited by the Utes, branrhrs of which great nation extended to the Sierra Nevada, as I have shown. In Colorado there were three divis- ions ; two in the southern portion yearly presented with goods at the New Mexico agencies, but the more northern tribes were still wild and shy, although numerous and warlike. The whole number was esti- mated at 10,000. It would have required greater diplomacy than the average superintendent of Indian affairs can command to adjust the yoke of civilization to the necks of 15,000 free-born American savages without galliuLi; The task was made more difficult by the animosity between the Utes of the mountains and the Arapahoes and Cheyennes of the plains ; but in a double degree by the feeling already engendered by the action of the military in punishing the plains people for attacks TREATIES. 457 on travellers.' And, while the retaliations of the sava- trcs iU'o written in letters of blood, the outrages of the wliitt' men upon the Indians niustgo forever unrecorded. Ill June 18G0 conj^ress appropriated $35,000 for the piirposo of making a new treaty with the Cheyennes ami Arapahoes, and also with the Kiowas and Co- inaiicl.'os, who for three years previous had occupied tlic country on the south side of the Arkansas, which was crossed by the Santa Fe trail, to the })eril of travellers. Commissioner A. B. Greenwood arrived 'The history of aboriginal brigandaj^c on the plains has never Iwen writ- t<Mi. ami iiiily now and then related, in part as a fi-ontior experience, to enliven SI line tr.ivullttr's tale. From tlie authorities in my possession 1 learn tiiat fiiliiiwiiii; tlie Mexican war certain tril>e3 made an alliance to war on the triiliofthe Santa Fe trail. Tliey succeeded in cutting oflf the connec- tiiiiH hetwoun the troops in New Mexico and their base of supplies in the Uiiituil Stitci. In 1847 the southern Utcs were pursued into Fremont ciiiiiity l>y Mexican troops, and, making a stand in tlie detilo of the Arkansas a')i)Vo C:i.i\on City, sustained a heavy loss; hence tiio name of the gorge, Ute carton. I^ondoner relates that 8 out of a party of 9 trai)pers were iimrilered by the Utes in California gulch in 1854. C»lorailo Miiiimj Cuiiijm, .MS., 8. On Cliristmas day of that year all the inhabitants at the iViehlo, OH the Arkansas river, were massacred in a drvmken revel by a wandering Iriiiil of Utcs, who had been invited to partake of the hospitalities of the s('M<i)u. T/ioiiih'a Mcx. 0>l% MS., 1-3. The authorities differ as to whether thuro were 17 or 29 of the victims, all of whom were Mexicans. In ISSo I till I tiic troops from Fort Massachusetts, now Fort Garland, pursuing and imiiishiiig the Utoi of southern Colorado, for their raiils into Now Mexico. Wiieu un route to the Platte agency point of distribution, with annuity ^'oiih ill lSr>4, the agent met at the crossmg of the Arkansas from 1,1^U0 to I, .'»»:) lodges of Kiowas, Comanches, Osages, Arapahoes, and Clieyennca, liMiiii a war party en route to wipe out, as they expressed it, all frontier liiiliaiis on the plains. When near the Kansas River they were defeated by 10') Saci and Foxes, in a three hours' battle. The Mexicans of New Mexico We're their chief source of supply, and as long as these could be made to iiiriiisli liorses, mules, and captives to the United States Indians, with which thoy carried on a profitable tra<lo among themselves, they were comparatively wt^li-lu'haved towards travellers on the great western highways; but when Ni'W Mexico became a part of tlie United States, and they were forl)idden ti> ml) and kill its people, they ((uarrclled with those tribes who made ami ohserved treaties, and began roi>l>ing and killing anywliero to make up tllc loss. In IH.V) Agent Tliomas S. Twiss, on arriving on the ground, found that tlic .\nipalioes hiid l>een charged with killing cattle and sneep to the amount (if j<b"),()l)l), which would stop their annuity for some years. They admitted the tliefts, but excused them on the plea of sickness in their band, and fam- iiu' eoiise(iuent on not being able to go after buffalo, and submitted cheerfully tothe loss of their annuities. A war was going (m between the United States troops, under Harney, and the Sioux, which had put an end to Indian trade ill hiiffalo skins, etc,, so that the prospect looked dark for the coming winter. Ill March 185(5, Harney entered into a peace treaty with all the Sioux of the |)laiiis, which was intended to restore tiie former eipiilibrium in affairs; or, rather, he proposed to improve the condition of the Sioux and other tribes hy teaching them agriculture. But before tlie plan could be carried out a 458 INDIAN WARS. , at Fort Wise — formerlv Bent's fort — about the mid- dle of September, but finding only the Arapahoos on the ground, appointed A. G. Boone special agent to carry out the intentions of the government, ami re- turned to Washington. In February 1861 Boone concluded a treaty with the Cheyennes and Arapa- hoes, by which one third of the area claimed by them between the South fork of the Platte and Arkansas rivers was ceded to the United States. Their rcstr- collision occurrod at Platte bridge, beyond Laramie, where a company of troops were stationed to protect innnigrants to California and Ort-gon. Tip; commandant accused the Cheyennes of having stolen some horses whivh tluy had in their possession, an<l imprisoned them. The savages atteiiiiitin'^ escape were tired at and one killed. I^ter the Clieyennes were attacked liy a body of United States troops, and six killed. They then sued for jn'iict', which M'as granted. Nevertheless, some of them continuing hostile, ('nlont'l E. V. Sumner, with United States trotips, in July 1857, destroyed their prin- cipal village. Meanwhile the agent coming to Rent's fort with annuity goods, and desiring to leave them there. Bent refused, but finally rentuil the place to the government, fearing to remain. On the ]8th of August Sumner arrived at the fort, when he ordered tlic goods distributed to the Arapahoes. In 1859 VV. W. Bent was appciintcd agent for the upper Arkansas. His extensive acquaintance with the Imllnii tribes gave him an influence over them which a stranger could not havu liail. In Bent's report for this year he remarks that the Kiowas and Coniauciu'.s, being driven out of Texas, had for 2 years appeared in full num1>erM and fur long periods upon the Arkansas, and were then permanently occupying the country between the Canadian and Arkansas rivers, with 2,500 warriors; iiml that so so<m as the troops were withdrawn from Fort Riley, a jMist erectfd in the region of the Arkansas river in 1852, they had assumed a threateuiiig attitude, for which reason he considered it essential to have two permanent Eosts for troops, one at the mouth of Pawnee fork, and one at Big Tiniliors, oth on the Arkansas, for the protection of travellers upon that route, that since the gold discovery had become numerous. And this he urged for the sake of the Indians themselves, who were being gradually advanceJuponfinni all sides, and who should be brought into subjection and treated with. t<> the end that tliey might be assigned reservations and assisted in learning to sup- port themselves by agriculture and stock-raising. Fort Lamed was tliero- upon established at the mouth of Pawneo fork, and Bent's fort purcluiseil and converted into an army post, under the name of YoH Wise, litis year the Utes killed J. L. Shank and J. L. Kennedy in the South park, ami a party of 7 unknv.wn men, with 12 horses, in a gulch, to which from this cir- cumstance was given the name of Dead Men's gulch. Byers, in Detul Mint Oulch, MS., 1. In June 18G0a large number of Arapahoes and Apaches, with a fewSinux, met at Denver, and organized an expedition against the Utes. They entered the Ute country midway lietween Platte caflon and the present town of Morrison, the Ute village being near where the Platte leaves the South park. The Arapahoes were repulsed, and returned to Denver with 5 dead and 32 wounded. Another expedition, organized soon after, tied back in confusinn, alarming the white population by representing that the Utes were asaenilileil in great numbers, prepared to attack them, which, as they were encamped in the heart of Denver, was certainly not to be desired, but the alarm pr<i\'ed groundless. Such was the attitude of Indian affairs iu Colorado at the puriud of its settlement. iw.Siiiiu, ■ eiitiMvil town of til jiiirk. I and ;« nfiisiiiii, »eMil>lt'<l icain|iL'il 1 jinivi'il e period MILITARY MOVEMENTS. vatiou was bounded westward by a line drawn north mill south from the mouth of the Huerfano, in what is now Pueblo county ; but they did nt)t keep upon it. MuJinwhile some of the Arapahocs and Cheyennes will) liad not been present at the treaty of February, inailo tiiat an excuse for nullifying it; and the Kiowas ami Comanches, who had accepted annuities, had coinrnitted depredations in 1862 which called for the interference of troops. Further than this, civil war now came on, and the savaj/es were not willing that the civilized men should have all the battliny: and butfliorini; to themselves.' The only force in the territory during the summer of this year was the 2d Colorado regiment, com- manded by Colonel J. H. Leavenworth. The Indians kept the recruits in practice. In August the head- quarttjrs of the regiment was removed from Denver to Fort Lyon, as Fort Wise was now called, where in January 1863 they were joined by the 1st Colorado cavalry, under Chivington. In April the 2d rogi- nient was ordered to Fort Leavenworth, and in Juno to Fort Larned, to protect the Santa Fe road and watch the Texans, w*';h whom they fought the battle of Cabin creek on the 2d of July, inflicting a loss of forty killed and wounded, with but one man killed and twouty wounded on the side of the Coloradans. These tr()oi)8, with a few hundred others, on the 16th fought another battle in Kansas, in which the confederates lost 400 killed, wounded, and missing, the loss on their side being 14 killed and 30 wounded. Soon after the 2tl regiment was ordered away from Colorado, Gov- ernor Evans was directed to raise a third, which was marched to the States as soon as organized. The 2d and 3d regiments were consolidated in October 1863, and formed the 2d Colorado cavalry, which was kept continually moving until the spring of 1865.* '^ See Fowler's Wonian'ii Eqperknce in Colonulo, MS. ; Gilpin s Pinnecrs of 184^', MS. ; Uowbert'a Itidian Troubles, MS. ; Jioeky Mountain Neioa, passim. ^Cltinnijtnn'a Fimt Coloniifo HcijinwHt, MS., 13; PrencotCs TTtromjh Cnflon Be Sheit, MS., 4; Byers' HisL Colo, MS., 85; Eouna, Interview, MS., passim. 460 INDIAN WARS. Hi J. ■ II fli Tho first regiment remaining in Coloratlo wns the only arujud force in the country north of Fort (iar- land; and, notwithstanding treaties and negotiatimis conducted with great care and at a great exjn iiso, there was a general insolence among the treaty Ind- ians which boded no gO(Kl. In 18^4 attairs culmiiiati d. A cond)ination was effected between the several hands of Sioux and all tiie plains Indians of Colorado and south of the Arkansas in Kansas, to attempt the expulsion or extermination of the white population. Their first overt act in Colorado was to repknisli their connnissarv department by taking 175 cattle frm the herd of Irwin and Jackman, government con- tractors, who were encamped with their stock in Bijou basin, forty miles south-east of Denver, in April. A detachment of the 1st cavalrv, under Lieut Avrc, was sent after them, which recovered only twtnty head, having come up with them when night was closing in and snow falling, the Indians running off the stock while the officer in command parleyed w itii the chiefs. A soldier who became separated from the command was wounded, but no fighting occurnd. Being without subsistence, the detachment returned to Denver. Soon afterward a second expedition of 100 cavalrymen and two howitzers, under Ayre, was ordered to go as far as Fort Larned, by the head of the Republican and Smoky Hill forks. When luar the fort they encountered the Cheyennes, who charged the troops 400 strong. So desperate was the onslaught that they rushed up to the mouth of the cannon, falling within reach of the gunners. Twenty -five or thirty were killed, among them a chief who had signed the treaty. In the same aonth another party of Cheyennes drove off a hei of horses from Kiowa creek, and Lieut Clark Di. n fron) camp Sanborn, near Fre- mont orchard, pu ued them with twenty men. He found the Indian^ about fifty strong, who attacked when the demand for the return of the horses was III ON' TIIK PIAINS. 461 niatlo. and killed and wounded four of the soldiers. Till' troops returned the fire, but bein^ armed only with revolvers and sabres, inflicted but little loss, and afttr a chase of several miles returned for fresh h< rses and 'jjuns, the Indians in the meantime escaping;. A tliini tiepredation similar to the others bein<( coni- initttd near the junction of South Platte, a detach- iiitiit under Major ])owning, j^uided by an Indian tradtT named Ashcraft, surprised the Indian camp at ("((liir canon, where they had fortified, and killed twtiity-five, destroying their village and capturing one hundred horses, one soldier being killed hi the fight. In June all the troops wer*' ordered to the Arkan- sas, oastof Fort Lyon, except one squadron, and (rov- rriior lOvans anplied for permission to call the militia of Colorado into the service of the United States, as the territorial law was defective, and the means of arming and equipping t'lem was wanting, at the same tinio askiug leave to raise a rei;i«nent of United States vnluntoors for one hundred days. This last request was finally granted, but not before the occasion for th ir services had been greatly augmented by repeated and horrible outrages. About the middle of June, when the last company of the Ist cavalry was encamped on Cherry creek, fifteen miles from Denver, undiT orders to join the regiment on the Arkansas, messengers arrived in Denver from the settlements on Box Elder creek, from two to twenty miles distant, with information of a general stampede of the stock in that region, and the murder of the Hungate family, consisting of the husband, wife, and two children. This event, which brought the war to the doors of Denver, caused great excitement. The remains of the murdered settlers were brought into town, and exhibited to the angry population. Governor Evans applied to the adjutant of the district to have the troops on Cherry creek sent in pursuit of the savages; orders were despatched to camp Sanborn, eighty miles below, to send after them a detachment, and 462 INDIAN WARS, General Curtis, commanding the department, was telegraphed to allow the cavalry then en route for Fort Lyon to return, which request was granted, but in the interval of delay the Indians made good tlieir escape. The militia were ordered to organize as lionie guards. The friendly Indians were placed at camp Collins and Fort Lyon. In July the agent for the upper Arkansas made a visit to Pawnee fork to meet a large concourse of Cheycnnes, Arapahoes, Comanches, Apaches, and Kiowas, with whom he held a council. They all expressed the greatest regard for the white people, and disavowed all knowledge of hostile acts. A short time after this friendly council, according to the assur- tion of the agent, the Kiowas visited Fort Lariied, and, while the war-chief was engaged in conversation with the officer in command, his braves stampeded all the '.orses, mules, and cattle belonging to the post. A few days afterward the Arapahoes made a raid on the settlers along the river, caused, as the agent asserted, by the commanding officer at Larned firiii*,' upon them as they were coming, under a flag of truce, to offer their services to recover the stolen stock. The situation was becoming critical. It was esti- mated that there was not more than six weeks' sup- ply of food in the territory. Mail communication with the east was cut off; mail-bags containing let- ters, money drafts, land patents, newspapers, and other miscellaneous matter were cut open and their contents scattered over the prairie. But one statiuu was left standinsr on the overland mail-route for a (lis- tance of 120 miles. The farms were all deserted between Fort Kearny and Julesburg, and for 400 miles the movable property of the company was with- drawn as much as possible, leaving a large amount <>f grain and provisions, which fell into the hands of tlie Indians. Trains of merchandise, all that were ujton the way for hundreds of miles, were seized, their con- ductors killed, and the property appropriated. THREATENED DEVASTATION. 463 There was this year a large immigration to the Pacifit' states, numbering, according to a memorandum kept at Fort Laramie, 19,000 persons who passed thiit post. From this account it would make proba- bly a total of double that number. Among these, ]i()W many fell by the hands of savages will never be known. The Coloradans thought they could cc^unt 200 victims for the season, over fifty of whom were tlieir own people. On the 19th of August two Chey- onnes gave notice to Elbridge Gerry, Indian trader, jiviiii^ at his station, 67 mile below Denver, in the Platte valley, to remove his stock, as on the 2 1st tht'V would make a raid along the river, and take whatever property came in their way. They would divide into parties of twenty or more, and strike sim- ultaneously at Fort Lupton, Latham, Junction, and the head of Cherry creek, and also at Pueblo. Their rendezvous was appointed for Point of Rocks, on Boaver creek, 125 miles from Denver. Gerry has- tened to Denver, arriving at midnight on the 20th, when orders were immediately issued, placing all the militia and recruits of the one-hundred-davs' men, under the control of the district commander. Colonel Chivington, Messages were despatched to the threat- ened localities, and the force at command divided among them. At the appointed time the Indians stealthily approached the points indicated, but finding tht'in guarded, retired. For thirty days there had been no mails from the east, letters having to be sent round by sea to San Francisco, and being from four to pix weeks on the way. No stages or trains moved in Colorado except under escort. Early in September, the hundred-days' regiment was completed, and dispatched by Colonel Chivington to points on the overland route to open ronnnunication ; while a portion of the home- guards under H. M. Teller, major-general of the militia, pa- troled the road between Denver and Julesburg, the 1st cavalry being employed as heretofore, chiefly on ' ' 'I 4&1 INDIAN WARS I!' I- the Arkansas. These movements produced two re- sults, the opening of communication with the Mis- souri, late in October, and the surrender of a small portion of the Cheyennes and Arapahoes, who had hitherto refused to make a permanent treaty with the su[)erintendent of Indian affairs. When the outbreak first occurred, the governor issued a proclamation to the friendly Indians to repair to poldts which he named, to be taken care of by the agents ; the Arapa- hoes and Cheyennes of the Arkansas to Fort Lyon ; the Kiowas and Comanches to Fort Laratnic ; the Sioux to Fort Laramie ; and the Cheyennes and Arapahoes of the upper Platte to Camp Collins. In response to this invitation 175 Arapahoos, under a chief called Friday, took up their residence at Fort Collins, and another band of the same tribe, under chief Left Hand, repaired to Fort Lyons but did not lonar remain. The agent distrusted them, and thev distrusted the agent. It has been asserted, and as strenuously denied, that although apparently friendly, some of them acting as spies to give information of the movements of the hostile Indians, that they were go-betweens for their own people as well. About the time the hundred days' men took the field, the Cheyennes, who had their principal villai2;e on the head waters of Smoky Hill fork, 140 niiles north-east from Fort Lyon, sent three messengers to that i)ost to inform Major E. W. Wynkoop of tlie 1st cavalry tliat Bent, their former agent, desired them to make peace, and that they were prepared to do so, provided peace should also be concluded with the other plains tribes. They also informed him that they had a number of white captives. Wynkoop, who had just been reenforced by a detachment of infantry from the department of New Mexico, sent by General Carlcton in command, deemed it his duty to attempt the release of the prisoners, who were women and children. He left Fort Lyon in charge of the infantry, and marched to the Cheyenne village with 130 mounted men and WIDE-SPREAD HOSTILITIES. 465 one battery, finding himself confronted there by from 600 to 800 warriors drawn up in battle array. Mak- iiiir the best display possible of his resources for tic fence in csise of an attack, and putting on a bold front, he obtained a council, at which he urged the ClKVonnes to prove their desire for peace by relin- quishing the captive women and children. Much hes- itation being shown, he left the village and retired one tiay's march to a strong position, taking with him the three messengers whom he held as hostages, giv- ing the Cheyennes three days in which to determine upon a course of action. At the end of that time the prisoners were delivered up, and several of the chiefs consented to accompany the major to Denver to It arn upon what terms peace could be concluded with tlie Indian department. Here, however, they met with an unexpected rebuff. It appeared from their own report that the majority of tlioir people were still at war, as well as the Kiowas, Comanches, Apaches, and fourteen different hands of the powerful Sioux nation, including those from j\Iinnesota. A peace made with them would not l)e binding on the others, as the governor explained to tliein. He reminded them also of their refusal to meet him in council in the previous autumn, and of their neglect to avail themselves of the protection oti'ered in his proclamation, since which time they had heeii concerned in the most atrocions crimes, besides destroying a large amount of property. The war was still ijfoing on ; and while thev might surrender to the military authorities, which he advised them to do, he could not make a treaty with them until peace was restored, they being for the present accountable to the war department. This opinion was not indorsed by the commissioner of Indian affairs, who could not help believing that very nmch of the difficulty on the plains might have been avoided if a spirit of conciliation had been cxer cised by the military and others. What the feeling Hl8T. Nbv. 80 466 INDIAN WARS. !; i^'i of the military was at this time appears in a despatch of Major-general S. R. Curtis, commanding the department, to Colonel Chivington, in which he says; " I want no peace until the Indians have suffered more. ... I fear the agent of the interior depart- ment will be ready to make presents too soon. It is better to chastise before giving anything but a little tobacco to talk over. No peace must be made with- out my directions. " Following the advice of Governor Evans, about 400 of the Cheyennes and Arapahoes from the Cheyenne valley surrendered at Fort Lyon to Major Wynkoop, and were rationed at that post. Not long after Major Scott J. Anthony succeeded to the command, and after feeding the Indians for a short time, restored to thera a portion of their arms, and ordered them to remove to the region of Sand creek, forty miles distant, where they could hunt, removed from any contact with white people passing along tlie road. On the 27th of November Colonel Chivinsftoii, with a force of 900 men, attacked this camp, treatiu'jf it as hostile, and killing 131 persons, men, women, and children, with a loss on his part of 50 killed and wounded. That the attack was premeditated, and intended as a part of the further suffering which Gen- eral Curtis had said must be inflicted before peace could be made with the hostile Indians, those con- cerned in it have never denied. But about its moral and political aspect there has been much controversy. A commission was appointed in Washington to inves- tigate the conduct of Chivington, and testimony was taken on both sides. It was called a massacre by the Indian department, and is so called by a large portion of the people of Colorado to this day. Another class would justify Chivington to the fullest extent, a reso- lution of thanks being passed in his favor by the Col- orado legislature.* *The facta Beem to be that Curtis was urging Chivington to punisli the Indians. Winter was coming on, before which it was desirable to strike a ! .1 THE SAND CREEK AFFAIR. 467 In the spring of 1865 the plains Indians renewed hostilities with all the more fervor that now they had a rtal grievance, and many persons were killed upon the roads leading from the Missouri westward, and on tlie Platte; in consequence of which the head of the military department instructed General James H. Ford, commanding the district of the upper Arkansas, to proceed with all his forces against them, and to pay no attention to any peace propositions. But in liliiw. It was sufficient excuse, whether tnie or false, the report that some of tlie hostile Indians visited the camp of the uou-couihatant^, and shared witli tlani tiic spoils taken from the wliite jjeople. It made no difference tliat thi'se Iiidi.ins were professedly peaceable, and under the protection of the U. S. Hag. Cliivington organized an expedition of (ioO of Col 81ioup's 'id Colorado, or 10()-ilays' men, 175 of the 1st Colorado, and a detachment of New Mexico infantry then at Fort Lyon. He moved secretly and rapidly to the fort, taking lare that word should not be carried to the Indian camp. He siir- pri-ioil il.e camp at sunrise. The Indians, not knowing who they were or wiiat the purpose of an armed force at this hour, sprang to arms, and tired tite first shot. The butcliery then l>egan, and lasted until '2 o clock, the Ind- ians being driven up the creek several miles. Tliey fought valiantly, and coiLsidering the odds in numbers, killed and wounded about as many as the troops — all of their killing l>eing of fighting men, while the greater part uf those killed by the troops were old men, women, ami children. (ieorgeL. Hhoupwas colonel of the 3tl cav. William L. Allen, farmer anil stock-raiser, who came to Colorado in 1S,">9, was one of the lOO-days' nun. David H. Nichols was captain of a comj -ny. He was a niember of the legislature of 18G4-5, and sheriff of B«mldcr co. previous to his election to till' legislature. He wjis again sent to the legislature in 1873, and in 1878 wa< one of the penitentiary commissioners. O. H. P. Baxter of Pueblo was at Sand creek as captain of a company. He was also a member of the legis- latnrc the following winter, and a meml)er of the council at the 2 following si-sions. He came to Colorado in \S't8. and was one of the first locators of tlif town of Pueblo. Martin Brumbly of Cafion City, who came to Colorado in IS.")!), was a private at Sand creek. Azor A. Smith, a graduate of Rush nioilifal college, removed to Colorado in 18o0, antl was iippointed surgeon of the 1 at Colorado. He has since occupied various public positions, and was fcli'oted to the legislature in 1876. In 1878 he was appointed postmaster of Loadville. Irving Howbert, liorn in Ind. in 1846, and son of William How- ln'i't, the pioneer preacher in southern Coloratlo, who died in 1871, was in the Saml creek affair. He has furnished me a manuscript on Ind'uin Trnuhles in (' ihniiln. I have drawn from his notes some valuable hints of the early set- tlinn'iit f)f El Paso and Park counties. -4 Woiiiitn'ii Ej-pfrienre. in Colorado, Ms., liyMrs W. R. Fowler, abso contains incidents of the Indian war, of alarms that were well-founded, and others that were exaggeratcil by fear. Further antliorities are The. Sand Cirrk Affair, MS., by Byers; correspondence be- tween Mr Byers and Mrs Jackson in N. Y. Trihine of Feb. 5 and '22, and Mar. 3, 1880; Ind. Aff. Rfjtt, 186."), app., 515, 527; Id., 1807, app.; Speech if Chivington, in ffett's Talrs of Colnrado Pinnrer*. 88-02; MrClunx Three Til mmnd Milen, 358-95; Elliert'ii Pithlie Mm and Measures, MS., G-7; lloto- krt's Indian Trouldes, MS., 8; Gilpiii'i Pioneer of IS4J, MS., 8; Dij-oii'n Nno America, 49-51; ToimwhemVa Ten Thonmnd MUen, 142; Becbrifh'g Rept, 44; Cdw/. Glolie, I8G4~5, 250-6; Newlins Prnpwt/ Indian PoUnj; Couneil jour. Coin, 1805, 2; Oen, Zmws Colo, 1864, 259; and many brief allusions by various writers. I ■■ li I '4'i If 408 INDIAN WARS. May a committee consisting of United States Senator J. R Doolittle, L. F. Sl Foster, and L. W. K,.ss were, at their own solicitation, appointed to negotiate v.'itli tlie hostile tribes, and an order was issued to suspend the campaign against them. The Indians, however, could not so suddenly be brought to enter- tain the idea of peace. In the mean time the com- mand of the district of the upper Arkansas was given to General Sanborn, who, with Leavenworth, agent for the lower Arkansas, in the course of the sunnuer, obtained the consent of the Kiowas, Conianolics, Arapahoes, and Cheyennes to meet in council (arlv in October at Bluff creek, forty miles south of tliC Little Arkansas, any commissioners the presidint might appoint. At this council treaties were entered into between these tribes and tlie United States. The proposition of Sanborn, as chairman of the com- mission — Harney, Murphy, Carson,^ Bent, Leaven- worth, and Steele being the other members—was to make reparation for the injury done the Indians at Sand creek, by repudiating the action of the ColoracU) cavalry, and restoring the property captured or its equivalent, and giving to each of the chiefs to hold in his own right 320 acres of land, and to each of the widows and orphans, made such by that affair, 1 f!0 acres, besides allowing them all the money and annuities forfeited by going to war. The amount appropriated as indemnity for the Indian losses at Sand creek was $39,050. A treaty was affectid with the southern bands of Cheyennes and Arapahoes, and with the Kiowas and Comanches, by which tliey consented to allow the president to select a resersa- tion away from contact with white people, a conces- sion which led to their removal to the Indian Terri- tory, where they have since remained, the goverii- ' Carson, who figured prominently on the Indian side in the investigation, died at Boggsville, Colorado, in August 1868. In Nov. his remains, with those of his wife, were removed to Taoa. N. M., where they were hoimreil with a masonic funeral. Bozenian Amnt Courier, March 24, 1876. He w:n a colonel in the volunteer U. S. service in New Mexico during the civil war, and was Indian agent before that in N. M. THE CHEYENNES AND ARAPAHOES. 4G9 moiit paying them afc the rate of $40 per capita, or $11:1, 000 annually, for forty years. A treaty was also otibcte*] with the Apaches who were confederated with the Cheyennes and Arapahoes on the same tiTlllrf. With the close of the civil war the volunteer recfi- iiKiits were disbanded and the regular army sent to take tJieir place. Notwithstanding the treaties, four iiifantr}'^ and two cavalry com[)anies were stationed at Fi)it Lyon ; two infantry and two cavalry companies at Fort Garland; one cavalry and two infantry com- panies at Fort Morgan, in Weld county ; at other posts in the district of the upi»cr Arkansas twentv- oiu; companies of mixed infantry and cavalry ; ami in the district of New Mexico thirty-three companies; all tliese being in the territory formerly rt)amed over by the treaty Indians. Nor were they suffered to rust in garrison ; for between the Sioux and the other ])lains tribes they were pretty constantly employed. Hostilities were renewed in 186G, and in the whiter of that year, as related in my histories of Montana and Wyoming, occurred the defeat of Fettermann's com- mand at Fort Pliilip Kearny, by the Sioux. In the spring of 18G7 a systematic war was begun along the Platte, in which the Cheyennes and Arppahoes were iin])licated with the Sioux. About the first of Septcm- bt^r, 18()8, Colorado was visited by a party of seventy- five Clieyennes and Arapahoes with passes from forts Larned and Wallace. They went through Colorado City and the Ute Pass, killing a party of Utes, and returning by an unfreijuented trail, stampeded and (•aj»tured a herd of 120 horses. This act being re- garded as a declaration of war, the stockade erected ill 18G4 was hastily repaired, and arms collected for defence. Meanwhile a company of scouts pursued to recover, if possible, the property taken, but were sur- rounded by the Indians, and onlj'^ escaped by the arrival of a party from Denver, at whose appearance the Indians tied, their swift horses distancing those of 470 INDIAN WARS. •i: III the volunteers. A few days afterwards a war party appeared in the valley of Monument creek, killiiir three persons, wounding two others, and driving oH' all the stock they could gather up. North of lnro they killed four other persons, and burned one nsi- dence. This was the last foray of the plains Indians in the Colorado territory. Two years longer war raged upon the plains. Every mile of the Union l*a- cific and Kansas Pacific railroads was disputed, liut with their completion came peace ; for against tlie despotism of steam and electricity there is no power in the Indian to defend himself I -1 'I The Utes, occupying the country west of tlic Rocky mountains, had taken no part h\ the hostilities thus far recorded, but rejoiced in whatever punisli- ment was inflicted on their hereditary enemies, the Cheyennes and Arapahoes. Of this people there were seven bands loosely confederated, but having each a chief and council. The most powerful of these occupied the north-west portion of Colorado, and have been most commonly known as the White River Utes. Their chief was Nevava. Their territory bordered on that of the Arapahoes and Cheyennes, with whom, whenever they met, courtesies were ex- changed in the form of scalps and horses to the vic- tors. South of the White River Utes were the Uncompahgre Utes, whose chief was Ouray ; and south of these were the southern Utes, whose chief was lijnacio. These three bands belonjjed in Colo- rado. In New Mexico were three bands, known as the Mowaches, Tabaquaches, and Wemiquaches. In Utah, west of the White River Utes, dwelt the Uintah Utes. In 18G1 the Colorado superintendent of Indian af- fairs sent Lafayette Head, an experienced agent, to reside at Conejos in charge of the Tabaquache Utes, and to distribute presents to other bands, in order to gain their confidence. Xu 1862 several chiefs, includ- THE UTES. 471 in;4 Ouray of the Uncompahgres, were induced to visit Washington 'vith A^ent Head, where they wit- nessed the movements of troops, the action of artil- lerv, and other impressive demonstrations. But in 18()3 the Utes were somewhat troublesome, having been engaged in several raids, which they said were a»minst the Sioux, but in which they carried off con- sklerable property of the white people. To counter- act the hostile tendency, agents were appointed to the other bands of Utes, Simeon Whitely being appointed to the northern agency established in Middle park. A council was held with the Tabaquaches, who relin- quished their claim to the lands the government de- sired to purchase ; naniel}', the San Luis valley and mountains, and that portion of the country west of the Rocky mountains in which settlements had already l)een made. From this time there were no serious troubles between the Colorado Utes and the white population, although depredations were occasionally coniniitted by the New Mexico bands in the southern counties.' A council was held with the Utes in Middle park in 1806. There was the usual dissatisfaction because a treaty had been concluded with one band and not witli the others. There was also a very just dissatis- ^ 1 n 1865 a council was held at Fort Garland to settle the troubles between tlio Utes and the Mexican population, and a peace concluded by a mutual iiiilcniiiity. In 1867 a chief of one of the New Mexico bands, Kaneache, had a (luanc'l with a United States officer, in which threatening language was u-i'l on both sides. A collision was averted by the sagacity of L. B. Max- Vfll. liut Kaneache 's heart became bad toward the white race, and he iiiaile a raid upon the corntields of the Purgatoire valley, claiming the soil mill the crops, which so exasperated the Mexican planters that retaliatory iiK-:isurcs were resorted to. The troops from Fort Stephens, a camp at the fiMit of the Spanish peaks, interfered, and met with a slight loss. Kaneache nrnv took the war-path in earnest, raiding up the I'urgatfiire, around the Spanish peaks, over the Cucharas, and up the Huerfano. Couriers were sent ti) invite tlie Tabaquaches and Ouray to join him. Instead of joining him, liiiwfvcr, Ouray placed all his people under the surveillance of Fort Garland, iMiiiinanded by Col Carson, and repaired to the Purgatoire to warn the set- tlers. Tlie enemy was met by a small force of Tabaquaches, under Shawno, om: of their chiefs, whom Carson sent to bring in Kaneache, dead or alive. The order was obeyed, Kaneache and another hostile leader being captureil ami taken to Fort Union. Five white men were killed during the raid, and inucli property taken or destroyed. But for the exertions of Ouray, many muru Uvea would Uave bcea lost, rap* 472 INDIAN WARS. faction on the part of the Tabaquaches on account of the character of the annuity goods furnished thoni, which were disgracefully worthless, rotten, and iHh- gusting, and might reasonably have been made the ground of revocation of the treaty. In 1868 anotlur treaty was made with all the Colorado Utea, in \vlii( h some of the provisions of the former were confirmed, but important modifications made. The bounds of the reserved lands were the southern limit of (yolo. rado on the south, the 107th meridian on the east, the 40th parallel on the north, and the territory of Utah on the west. The government was pledged to expend annually for the Utes a sum not to exceed $30,000 in clothing, blankets, and other articles of utility ; and $30,000 in provisions until such time as these Indians should be found capable of self-support. Anionsj; themselves there were certain causes of differonct'. The United States had insisted that there should bo a head chief over all the confederate tribes, throui^^li wh(jm business could be transacted without the tedious council in which they delighted to exhibit their eloquence and their obstinacy. Nevava had passed away, and his sons, of whom he had several, each claimed the inheritance of the chieftain8hi[) of the White River Utes. There were many in tliis tribe who would gladly have accepted this distinction — Antelope, Douglas, Johnson, Colorow, Jack, Schwitz, and Bennett. But in their stead was appoined Ouray, of the Uncompahgre band chief over all, with a salary of |1,000 a year ; and the lesser chiefs were forced to content themselves with suoli a following as their individual qualities could command. There was much jealousy. The White River Utes who thought the head chief should have been chosen from among themselves, began conspiring against Ouray as early as 1875, and talked openly of killing him. The neglect of the government in sometimes failing to deliver the annuities was charged against the head chief, who was said to be in collusion with U OURAY. 473 certain white men in depriving them of their goods, a suspu'lon to which the greater wealtli, dignity, and iiosperity of Ouray gave some coloring, for ()urt»y, iko Lawyer of the Nez Perces, was far above his contemporaries in slirewdness and intelHgence. J^ut the attempts to unseat Ouray amounted to nothing.' The effect of tliis dissatisfaction was to cuhninate in disasters more serious and important than the over- throw of the head chief In 1876 tlie White Kiver Utcs began burning over the country north and oast i)f their reservation, claimed by them, although i)r<)p- erly l)clonging to the Arapahoe lands, which had been purchased. The following year a chief known as Jack made overtures to their traditional foes, the Chey- ciines and Arapahoes, with whom he a[)pointed a ren- dezvous in western Wyoming. Here he fountl con- genial sympathizers, who filled hirf ears with stories of the excitement and glory of war. The southern Uto agency was at Los Phios on the Uncom[)ahgro river, a few miles from the present town of Ouray, where the head chief had his residence. The agency of the White River Utes had been removed to the southern bank of that stream. Early in 1879 the venerable N. C. Meeker, first president of the union colony, was appointed to the charge of the White Kiver Utes. He undertook to carry out the designs of the department, by selecting agricultural lands and opening a farm at the new agency, by encouraging the Indians to build log houses, and by opening a school which was taught by his daughter. He found himself opposed from the outset by the Indians, some ' Ouray was brought up in part under the influences of the McxieuuM, ami Mas iiuiilc much of afterward by Aj;ent Head. Evans .appointed liini inter- pri'tiT at the Conejos agency, paying him ?.")()0 a year. He assisted in dis- tiiliiitiiig the sheep and cattle presented to the Uies after the treaty of 1S('>,'{. Kfi'|iiiijf his own, he bought others witli his money, and in the course of time Mils alile to employ Mexican herders. He erected a good dwelling, well fur- nished, near wiiere the tow; of Ouray is located, where ho lived in comfort until his death in 1880. Emm' Iiitm'inr, MS., 13-15; Deiul Mens Oitlr/i, Ms., 1-11; fn'/crmlCa KnocL-iri'i Aroiiml the Rttckies, 9(>-10G; Denver Trilmne, All;,'. -JS, ISSd; Colomih Miiiinj Cuiiq>s, MS., 12-15; Stunjia' Utc Wm; 7-8; 'fmitio mth Iiuliam, MS., 11. 474 INDIAN WARS. «i • ir f I i| II M Hi I I ir of wliom pretended that when the sod was once broken, it was no more Ute soil, the real difficulkv beini^that Jolinson, a l>rother-in-law of Ouray, wanted tho land selected by Meeker for pasturing his numer- ous ponies. Several councils were held, and when the excitement was abated, Meeker resumed farminjij op. erations, when Johnson assaulted him, forcing tlio agent out of his own house, and beating him. Meeker then wrote to the department that if lie was to carr}' out his instructions, he must have tr()()))s. Assistance was proni'sed. Orders were issued by the commander of the department, that a troop of colon d cavalry from Fort Garland, under Captain Payne, should scout through the parks on the border of tlie reservation to protect the settlers and prevent arson, and join a command of 160 cavalry and infantr}' from Fort Fred Steele, under Captain Thomburg, ordered to repair to the reservation. When he was at Bear river, Indian runners brought the news to the agency, and in much excitement required the agent to write to Thomburg not to advance, but to send five officers to compromise the difficulties. Meeker wrote as re- quested, sending a courier with the letter, which left the matter to Thornburg's judgment. The decision of that officer waste advance, and to reach the agency September 30th, but to quiet the Indians by promis- ing to meet five of the Utes at Milk creek on the evening of the 29th. On the morning of the 29th, a large number set off with the alleged object of having a hunt, taking their rifles and amnmnition. The ordinary affiairs were lift- ing transacted with lesri than customary friction, ow- ing to the absence of so miiny turbulent spirits, when at about one o'clock the lightening fell out of a clear sky. A runner from Milk creek brought the news that a battle was going on between the troops and Indians at that place. This information was not im- parted to Meeker, but half an hour after it was re- ceived twenty armed Utes of Douglas' band attacked SANflUINARY CONFLICT. 475 the agency. Twelve men and boys were quickly slaui^litered. The agency buildings were robbud and l)uriioil. The gray headed philanthropist was dragged about the agency grounds by a log chain about his iKck, and with a barrel stave driven down his throat. Tlio women were seized and carried to the tepeos of ])(»iiL(las, Johnson, and Persune, to be subjected to tlu'ir lusts. ';",""i/..y ( I m '■-.'■li Thorxbi;u(! Battle Gropnd. At ^lilk creek were other de])lorai)le scenes. The protended hunting party had ambushed Thornburg at tell o'clock that morning, in a narrow pass at tliis place, and separated the troops from the supply train in tlic roar. Major Thornburg, in attempting to fall back, made a charge on the cordon of Indians, and was killed, with thirteen of his men. The command 476 INDIAN WARS. ! then devolved on Captain Payne of the 5th cavalry, who reached the train with forty -two wounded, in- eluding every officer but one. Trenches were dug, and breastworks erected out of the wagons and their contents, to which were added the carcasses of horses and mules, and even the bodies of dead soldiers, piled up and covered with earth. In the centre of the entrenchments a pit was dug, to be used as a hospital, where the wounded wure placed, the surgeon himself being one of them. The Indians attempted to force the troops out of their iii- trenclmients by setting fire to the tall dry grass and brush in the defile, and nearly suffocating them ; but, although they had no water, they put out the fire with blankets as it came near, and so conquered that peril. At sundown the Utes came up and were re- pulsed. That night a scout, named Rankin, stole ont of camp, and, finding a horse, mounted and rode to Rawlins, 160 miles, arriving on the morning of the 1st of October. It was not until the 9th of October that information was received, via the Uncompahgre agency, at Los Pinos, that the women and chikheii were alive, in captivity. Troops were rapidly concen- trated for the relief of Payne. Meanwhile, on the third night after the attack, Captain Dodge, witli the colored troop before mentioned, succeeded in eluding the Utes, and joined Payne in the entrenchment; l»ut to very little use, as all the horses had been killed hut two, and as this troop only added forty more to the loss sustained by the government, their dead bodies being soon added to the fleshy and rotting rampart by which they were surrounded. As the Indians gen- erally withdrew at night, some relief was obtained hy dragging away and burying the decayhig animals, and carrying water from a spring near at hand. In this maimer were passed six days. Relief came on the 5th of October, when Colonel Merritt arrived, after a forced march of 72 hours, with a force of 550 men. For the appearance of this THORNBURO. 477 particular officer the besieged had waited with a con- iidciice which sustained tliem through one of the iUDst trying ordeals ever experienced by troops. Tlitre was a skirmish next day, but the Indians soon retiree], and the dead were buried as decently as tlie circumstances allowed. In the affair of the 29th, 35 Iiuliars were killed. The loss to the white forces was 14 killed and 43 wounded. Thornburg's body was hut little mutilated. The Utes had disposed the ]iini)s decently, and placed a photograph of Coiorow in Olio hand, to signify by whom he had come to his death. The officers engaged in this affair, besides Tliornburg, were captains J. Scott Payne and Joseph Lawson of the 5th cavalry; Lieutenant J. V. S. Pad- tlock of the 3d cavalry ; lieutenants Wolf and Wooley of the 4th infantry, and Lieutenant S. A. Cherry of the 5th cavalry, the sole officer unhurt, and E. B. Grimes. Tliornburg was a Tennessean. He cn- listt'J as a private, September 1861, in the 6th Ten- nessee, serving until August 1863. He rose in five months to be sergeant-major, and in t*vo months more to be lieutenant and adjutant. He subsequently entered West Point academy, graduating in 1867. He was commissioned second lieutenant of 2d artil- lery, and was stationed at San Francisco, Fortress Monroe, Alcatraz, and Sitka, and was professor of military science at San Diego, California, and subse- quently at the East Tennessee university, going thence to Fort Foote, Maryland ; and from there to San Antonio, Texas; tli* n to Fort Brown, and to Omaha. He became ma; /r of the 4th infantry at Fort Fred. Steele. ^NT'jrritt reached the ayjencv on the 11th, finding twelve dead and mutilated bodies." " Others not here named were likewise killed. The twelve were N. C. Meeker, E. W, Eskridge, his clerk, a lawyer l>y profession, and had heen a laiiker; W. H. Post, assistant agent and farmer; E. Price, blacksmith; Frank llresscr, Harry Dresser, Frederick Shepard, George Eaton, W. H. Thdnip- si'ii, K. L. Mansfield, Carl Goldstein, and Julius Moore. N. C. Meeker was liorn ill ^' ' d. Ohio, in 1815. He was early known as a newspaper and iiiaga/.iit., iiter. He married the daughter of one Smith, a retired sea-cap- taiii, juiuiug a society kuowu as the Trumbull I'halauA, a branch uf the 478 INDIAN WARS. While the command remained at White river, Lieu- tenant Weir and a scout named Humme were killed while hunting in the vicinity of the agency, but no demonstration was made against the Indians. Uncohfahore Aoesct. North American Phalanx and Brook Farm Societies. Communism not com- ing up to hia expectations, he returned to Cleveland, and went into a hut- cantile busmest) in a small way, prospering very well. Then he lieoanie war correspondent of the X. Y. Tribune, and later was on the editorial start. In 1869, heing sent to write up Mormonism, he spent a little time in t'olorailo, and was so charmed with the scenery and the climate that he deterniiiud to settle here with his family. In this design he was encouraged by < ! rtf It y, who promised to aid him with the THhune. Out of this grew the Unicn oni- ony. How Greeley kept his woi-d the readers of the Tivmne remember, and the flourishing town of Greeley attests, named in acknowledgment of his services. PEACE SCHEDULE. 479 er, Lieu- re killed 7y but no niUfi \ ■m not com- Into a ii'.tT- Iwcaine war start'. In Coloraiii', lermincil to O reeley, I Union col- enilier, and lient of \\\i The captives were finally given up, owing to the skill of Postal-agent Charles N. Adams and the in- flut'iice of Ouray. The Indians guilty of the crimes coinniitted at the agency did not present themselves, aiul finally Adams went on to Washington with Ouray, Jack, and other lesser personages to the num- ber of a dozen. After nearly a fortnight of negotia- tions there, during which the government insisted upon two points, the relinquishment of the criminals and the removal of the Utes to a reservation outside of Colorado, Jack and three other Utes returned with Adams to this state to attempt once more the capture of Douglas, Johnson, and others under criminal charges. About the middle of February they were so ftir successful that Douglas and Johnson were among the Indians who accompanied them east, Dinisxlas beinij left in confinement at Fort Leaven- \\\)rth. K)\\ the 6th of March a new convention was en- tered into between the Ute representative in Wash- ington and the agents of the United States. By this arranijement the chiefs agreed to endeavor to effect the surrender of the Indians implicated in the massa- cre of Meeker and his employes, or, if not able to take them, they promised not to obstruct the government ottieers in the same effort. They agreed to cede the Ute I'^servation, except that the southern Utes, or Ignon;>\s 'land, were to be settled in severalty on agri- cult^iirai lands on the La Plata river, and in New 3T. ;i-.,. The Uncompahgres were to settle upon iu.ul? en Grand riv^er, near the mouth of the Gunni- s( n, in Co' rado and Utah. The White River Utes agreed to settle on lands in severalty on the Uintah reservation in Utah. The severaltj'' bill passed by congress allowed 160 acres of pasture and the same amount of farming land to each head of a family, and 80 acres to each child. The consent, first of congress, and secondly of a majority of the tliree bands, was to i" 'obtained to this arrangement, when $60,000, or as 480 INDIAN WARS. much more as congress might appropriate, should be distributed among them. An an?i 'ity of $50,000 was also to be paid them, and a su'jport furnished thoiii and their children until they became self-supporting.' This schedule was so altered as to require the sur- render of the murderers before the White River l^tes should receive all their share of the money, and an annuity of $500 each was to be taken out of the Ute annuity to be paid to the widows of the men slaiu at Uintah Reservation. the agency. On the other hand, Schurz insisted on an appropriation of $350,000 for different objects beneficial to the Utes, to be expended in surveying * Denver Trihune, Mar. 7, 1880. The history of the progress of the Ute coinmis>sions was reported in the Tribune from day to day, and from its ii>l- umns I have drawn most of my statements and some of my conchisimis. The account of the massacre, etc., containeil mBwkinn Denver HiM., is ap- parently derived from a similar source. There is a pamphlet by Thmiuw Sturgis, The Ute War of 1879, Cheyenne, 1879, pp. 26, showing why the Iii'l- ian bureau should be transferred from the interior department to the mili- tary, which also contains a history of the outbreak. I find partial accmints in Byers' Centennial Stale, MS., 4t>-52; U.S. H. Doc., 1879-80; //'/"■' ( M(mt. ) Heraki, Oct., Nov., and Dec, 1879; Helena Independent, Oct. It5 and 30, 1879; Sen. Jour. Colo, 1881, 42-3; U. S. Sen. Doc., i. 29, 46th c.mg, Sdsess.; U. S. H. Dor., ix., pt .5, pp. 109-11, 121-5, 46th i ong. 2d sess.; Stockton Indepemient, Mar. 17. 1880. PEACE SCHEDULE. 4ai tlieir lots, building houses and mills, buying wagons, harness, cattle, and other property. Back annuities, which by the terms of the treaty of 1868 might be paid in cattle, the Utes insisted should now be paid in cash, and enough added to it to make it $75,000 annuallv- The bul finally passed with these provis- ions. Douglas was kept in confinement at Fort Leavenworth for more than a year. His tribe were removed to Utah. Ouray returned to Colorado, where he died in August Colorow lived to cause further trouble. Hist. Niv. 81 CHAPTER VIII. MATERIAL PROGRESS. 1859-1875. Placer and Quartz Mining — Refractory Ores — Processes — Smeltino— SwiNDMNO Corporations — The Flood — Indian Hostilities— A(!ri- culture — Products and Prices — Discovery of Silver — Lo^alhies and Lodes — The San Juan Country — Adventures of John Bakkk's Party — Great Sufferings — Architecfural Remains of Pkimmive Peoples — Pile's Expedition — Treaty Violations — Opening of Roads — Silver Lodes — San Miguel Gold Dktrict — Ouray. It is time now that I should turn to the considera- tion of tlid material development of the country. After the first three or four years of immigration and gold mining, during which $30,000,000 of gold was produced, it began to be realized that the placer dig- gings were soon to be exhausted, and that quartz min- ing only could be made remunerative in the future. A more discouraging discovery was that the ores in quartz were refractory, and the proper methods of working them unknown. It was then that many Colorado miners, hearing of Salmon river in what was then Washington territory, migrated in that direction with the same impetuousness with whicli they had first flown to the rumored El Dorado of the Rocky mountains. Failing to reach there for want of a wagon-road, they, with others from the western states, began prospecting on the headwaters of the Missouri river, and discovered gold. Forthwitli the town of Bannack sprang up, then Virginia City, and simultaneously other towns in what was soon Idalio, followed by the rapid population of the still hiter (482) liv PLACER AND QUARTZ MININfi. 488 territory of Montana, Colorado furnishing a large proportion of the first settlers of that region.' Placer, gulch, and bar mining had about come to an rnd in 1859 in Arapahoe county ; in Clear creek and Boulder counties in 1860; in the parks by 1861 ; and in Gilpin county by 1863. It revived somewhat afterward in the parks.' The richest of the gulch claims had proved to be the cropplngs of quartz ledges, which were easily worked, the gold near the surface beiiii:^ freed from its matrix by elemental forces operating for ages. Little water at first accumulated in these mines ; simple machinery answered for hoist- in*,' the ore, and fuel was cheap. Arastras and stamp- mills were introduced as early as 1859, as I have before mentioned, and were quite numerous in 1860. But to the surprise of their owners the mills were often found not to save gold enough to pay expenses. D. D. White is said to have thrown a quantity of gohl-dust into the battery of his mill in Boulder county that he might be able to declare that he had cleaned up some gold, and not a trace of the gold thus devoted could be found. The first successful mill was the pro[>erty of Robert and Cary Culver and John Mahoney, and was set up in July 1860 at Gold hill, ten miles from the town of Boulder, to work the ore of the Horsfal mine, discovered' in June 1859, and wliich had already yielded $10,000 by sluicing. Two months later a six-stamp Gates mill belonging to \\ eniott & Merrill arrived from Chicago, and was set 'The following persons were in both Colorado and Montana: W. McKim- ons, .1. Daniothy, E. Nottingham, A. W. Pillshury, J. Brady, F. Temple, W. Rogers, John Call, John Willhard, Christopher Richter, Nicholas Kesa- Irr, W. J. English, G. W. Krattcar, Sargeant Hall, 0. W. Jay, Joseph Kvcans, Wilson Butt, James M. Cavanaugh, William Arthur Davis, O. Brv.iiii, James Williams, Thomas Foster, John M. Shelton, Charles L. Williiims. Benjamin R. Pittes, John Fenn, Thomas Oarlick, William Fern, David Alderdice. C. B. Reed, A. E. Crater, Alexander Metzel, Etlward D. Alston, J. W. Marshall, Isaac Hall, William Stotldea, George L. Shoup. - IfnlliMer Miiiei> of Colo, 122-3. 'By David Horsfal. M. L. McCaslin, and William Blore. Blore was a native of Otsego CO., N. Y., though of German descent, and was bom in 183.'{. He resided in Pa when a chdd, going to Neb. in 1856, and l>eing one of the Colorado pioneers of 1858. He purchased land and went to farming and stock-raising. 484 MATEIilAL PROiiliESS. to work upcn this lode, the proprietors of the former mill discarding tiieir own and purchasing an inturest in tiiis. By this means $600 to $700 per cord— ore being measured, not weighed, at this time — was saved, and tlie Horsfal yielded over $300,000 in the succeed- ing two years. Some other mills made good retunig for a time;* but, as I have said, at no great depth the ores generally proved refractory to the treatment to whicli, ftdlowing the methods familiar in California, they were subjected. The milling processes practised on the Comstock enabled the mill men to extract tlie metal from a ton of ore at a cost of from five to ten dollars; consequently low-grade ores could be profita- bly worked ; but it was found that quicksilver, which in California and Nevada saved the free gold and car- bonates by amalgamation, was wholly indifferent to the sulphurets and i>yrites* of Colorado, and that the ores would have to be treated by some then unknown method, and at probably a greatly increased c«st. Much money was expended in unprofitable expni- ment for the whole period between 1864 and 1S(\7, and many claims were abandoned which have since been profitably worked.* From $7,500,000 annual * Archibald J. Van Deren of Ky came to Colorado in 1859, and ojn'rated successfully one of the tirst stamp-mills brought to Colorado at Nevada ffulch. He was commissioner of Udpin co. in 1861. In 1863 he was a mom- be r of the legisiature. The John Jay mine was discovered by him. Kiisign B. Smith, born in N. Y., came to Colorado in 18.")!) with ids family, buililiug the second house in Golden, which lie kept as a hotel. In 18(50 lie reiiKivtil to Black Hawk and erected a quart/-niill of 6 stamps, which he suhl, ami erected another at Buckskin Joe, which ran for half a year, M-hen lio aliaii- doned it and returned to hotel-keeping. Hu was appointed probate judge in 1862. In 1863 he built, in connection with his brother and >V. A. H. Love- laud, the Clear creek wagon-road from Golden to the Golden Gate road- Perry A. Kline, born in Pa, came in 1859, and mined in the Gregory and Russell diggings, and in 1860 at California gulch, French gulch, and Hiuk- skin Joe. In 1861 lie was employed in a null on the Gunnell lode, near Cen- tral City, and became superintendent. He was subsequently superintend- ent of several different mills, among others the Kansas Consolidated, ruu> ning .V2 stamps. * Pyrites are sulphurets of iron, whereas combinations of sulphur and other metals are called sulphurets. Pyrites may have, besides iron, the sul> phurets of other metals. "■ Warren R. Fowler, author of Aroiind Colorcklo, MS., was born in N. Y., and in 1849 came to Cal., and to Central City in 1860, which he helped to build up. He has remained, mining and farming in different psjrt'S of the state, finally making his residence at Cafion City, NATHANIEL P. HILL. 4SS production the mining output diminished until in 1807 it was but $1,800,000,' when men ceased to exhaust tlioir means in wortliless " new processes," and returned to tlieir stamp-mills, which wasted from one half ti) two thirds of the precious metals, and all of th(! Kad and copper contained in the ores, but still atfonlt'd a profit. During this period many miners parted with their properties to eastern men, who bad advanced money on them, and they were lying idle, which accounted in part for the decrease of gold pro- duction in Colorado. Time was required to establish titles and start up the mines -under a ne\V regime. Also a large per cent of the unsold mining property was bonded to be sold, in which condition it could not he worked. Gradually the new owners, having com- mand of capital, secured the services of mining experts from Europe, who introduced processes of dressing and smelting ores, which being imj^roved upon by native ingenuity, resulted in a solution of the problem. The yield of the Colorado mines in 1870 rose to §5,000,000, and in 1871 to $6,000,000. In the meantime the discovery had been made that some of the supposed gold mines were really not gold, but silver; as, for instance, the Seaton mine in Idaho district, which became almost valueless from the small amount of gold contained in the bullion produced by it, the name of Seaton gold being synonymous with a iieaily white metal. Comparison of the ore with some from the Comstoek mines revealed a resemblance, but the owners were still doubting, because they knew nothing of silver in Colorado, and no competent assaycr was at hand to decide the question. In the suimner of 1864, however, there was discovered a lode, wliich, on being tested by experts, was pro- nounced to be undoubted silver ore. This important revelation changed at once the reputation of such ■ 1W.1 Otvr the Plains, 226; Hekna ReptMenn, Sept. 15, 1866. The ihittuwi Post of Apr. 30, 18G», says that Montana produced in 1868, $i5,000,- 0(X) ill precious metals, against $2,107,235 in Colorado, and that Mr.Ltaua'a agricultural product waa ^,913,000, against $2,683,640 in Colurad(>, I 486 MATERIAL PROGRESS. mines as tlie Seaton, which, from bein^ regarded as ahnost worthless, assumed a great if unknown value. It also stinmlated prospecting afresh, and prompted the holders of mines which were lying idle to attend to their development. It was in 1864 that a company of capitalists of Boston and Providence requested Nathaniel P. Hill, at that time professor of chemistry at Brown univer- sity, to visit Colorado, in order to examine a land grant in which they were interested. This examina- tion led to a second visit in 1865, when the mims of Gilpin county were subjected to thorough resiarch, and the attention of the man of science was drawn to the imperfect methods in use for treating ores. After acquainting himself with his subject, Hill paid two visits to Swansea in Wales, taking with him enough of the Colorado ores to make practical tests at the Swansea works, and studying ore-reduction in other parts of Europe. Returning to the United States in the autumn of 1866, he organized the Boston and Colorado Smelting company, with a cash capital of $275,000, and proceeded to erect a furnace at Black Hawk, near Central City. This furnace solved the knotty problem of how to reduce refractory ores, and make abandoned mines of value. For ten years its fires were never out, but other furnaces were adiled by the company until there were eight, which wire always fully employed. In 1878 the company renH)ved its works to Argo, a suburb of Denver, where seven acres were covered by them, and where ore was brought by the railroads, not only from diflerent))arts of Colorado, but from New Mexico, Arizona. I' tali, and Montana. The company had increased its capi- tal before removal to $800,000, and its products fioni $300,000 in 1868 to $2,250,000 in 1878. Until he was chosen to the United States senate. Professor Hill devoted his entire energies to the mining devel- opment of the country, whose savior, in this direc- tion he became. Not that smelters before 18G5-7 REDUCTION WORKS. m had been overlooked, though there might be smelters aiMi ni) gold or silver. The first furnace erected was in St>|»tember 1861, by Lewis Tappan, who had dis- covered a lead mine in Quartz valley. Governor Gil- pin waa in need of bullets for his 1st Colorado cav- alry, and did, I am bound to believe, draw his drafts on the treasury to erect this smelter in order to sup- ply them. These bullets had the reputation of being poisoned, so few of the wounded recovered, though it was not the governor who was at fault, but the smelter, which did not extract the poisonous metals mixed with the silver in the lead thus obtained.' The second furnace erected was for smelting gold, and was built at Black Hawk in 1864 by James E. Lyon, but failed of its purpose, as I have already intimated. After reduction works were successfully introduced at Black Hawk, they multiplied m the gold and silver districts. The mills resumed crushing, those few mines which produced ore free from sulphur being i^oncrally furnished with apparatus for turning out bullion, and the majority sending their concentrated ore to the reduction works.'* of Colorado, or quite '^l fiiiil these facts iii a manuscript on Miiiiwjnnd Smeltimj in Colomdo, by Jiiliii Ht'iuiett, of Littleton, who wa-i born in Staffonlco., Eng., in 18'J0, and iiiignitL'il to Anterica in 1841), landing at N. O., and drifting to Wis., where lie niiu.iined working in the lead mines until IStM), when he came to Colorado, llo made the plan of the furnace which furnislied lead for (rilpin's regiment. It was 'built of rock, with a channel chiseled out to receive the lead aa it w.is nu'ltod in the lire, a blacksmith's bellows, a water-wheel, an<l a small stream of water to give blast to the funiace. ' Bennett assisted Hill in select- ing (irt's to be taken to Europe. S<'t; also, O'dpin'it Phiicff of JS4-^, MS. 'One run only waj made. A ' button,' 2i leet in diameter and six inches in thickness was the result, wltich was placed on exhibition at the national li.iiik, ai.d the works closed, the process proving too costly. Meagher, CVmer- nliiii^, MS., 2. Meline, Tira ThouMiiml MiUt on Hornelmeh, 66-8, tells all that I have told here, but in the light of a huge joke, or at least, with little sympatliy for the disappointed smelter-owner. '"'Cash and Rockwell of Central City, lietween 1867 and 1870, erected Works near Central City for the reduction of gold ores, which saved 95 to 98 \i.'T cent of the precious metal. Walliiiijhaiii'n Colo GozftUvr, S.'W. Besides Hill's smelter at Black Hawk, there were reductions-works for the treatment (if silver ores at (Georgetown in Clear creek co., erected by Crarrott and HiU'hanan, but sold to Palmer and Nichols: and Stewart's silver-reducing Wdvks, also at Georgetown; Brown Co. 's reduction works at Brownville, 4 MiiU^s from Georgetown; Baker's works 8 miles alwve Georgetown, the International Co.'s works in east Argentine district; and the Swansea reduc- titin works, 4 miles above Georgetown. At the latter, both gold and silver MATERIAL PROGRESS. often to Omaha or Chicago, where large smelters had been erected for the purpose of reducing and refiiiint,' the ores from Colorado, Montana, and other nnmug regions to which railroad transportation was biini,' extended. The expense of the treatment and liaiui- ling made a low grade of ores comparatively worth- less. In the first place, the mills charged from .$_*0 to $35 per cord " for crushing the rock, to which was added the cost of concentration, reduction, and trans- portation, in all from $45 to $50. Still, the average assay of all the silver ores treated was $1 18, of whirh 80 per cent was guaranteed to the miner. Some oris yielded from $350 to $650 per ton, these being sent to Newark, England, or elsewhere for reductit)n." While the territory was passing through this exper- imental period of its mining history, it had yet other brawbacks in the operations of swindling C()ni})anies, which brought discredit upon the country by ohoating their stockholders, and then unblushingly pricking the bubble. One fraud of this kind gained more notoriety than many excellent investments. In other cases there were really good mines in the hands oi operators, who mercilessly, by a system of assessments and practices known among miners as freezing out, excluded all but a favored few from participation in the benefits of mining property in which they had in the first instance embarked their small capital. It* a prison is the proper thin^ for men brave and bold enough to rob contrary to law, a rope would be about right for the vile creatures that cheat and steal within pale of the law. Besides those intentional wrongs, there were many failures which were the result of ore were reduced. In Summit co. there were the Sukey Silver Mining Co.'s reduction works, and the works of the Boston association, which were all the smelters in operation in 1870. Rums of experiments were to be seen in all the mining districts. " A cord measured 128 cubic feet, and weighed from 6 to 10 tons, accord- ing to density. •'^ It would Ije out of place for me to go into details concerning the meth- ods of reducing ores in Colora<lo. No two smelters used tlie same processes, and every process was varied to adapt it to the requirements of the miuer- aJfl to be separated. BAD MANAGEMENT. ^e aecii m folly in the manajvement of funds, in the erection of cxixiisive but unnecessary buildings, or attempts at thf liithorto unlieardof processes to which I have allii<K'»l. From the depression of this period I shall sill t\v by and by that the mininj^ interest coniplt'tely i'iiiriLr<'<l. if not all at once, yet before tlus admissitm of Colorado into the union. In nine years, endinji 18S0, the small county of Gilpin produced 1^18,126,- 5<)4 in gold and silver." ( }(»injj; back to the be(^innin^ of this chapter, it was not altogether the failure of placer mining, the ignor- ance of and subsequent blunders nmde in quartz niin- injjf, with their concomitant ills, of which Colorado had to complain in the years of her infancy In coninion with, but to a greater comparative extent, tilt' new c(mimnnity suffered like the older ones the burdens and the losses by civil war, which had (livcrtod men and capital, raised i)rices, depreciated currency, and even swallowed up the means of trans- portation across the plains. The summer of 18(53 was a season of drought, when boats could not ascend tiu! Missouri with freight for points above the mouth of the Kansas river, and goiids became scarce. The *^rass on the plains was burnt up by the sun, so that stock did not thrive; the city of Denver was visited by a fire which destroyed proi)erty worth a quarter of a nnllion, b,\k\ all things conspired to make desolate the hearts of tlie pilgrims from home and }>lenty. Following this exceptional summer was an equally oxcoptional winter, which began in October and was severely cold. The impoverished cattle <m the plains perished by hundreds. Hay and grain brought twenty cents per pound, and fuel advanced a hundred per cent. Trains with supplies and machinery were snowed up en route, and some were lost. Others "Oilpin CO. prcxluced $2,240,000 in 1876, which it did rot exceed for 9 years except ib 1878 and 1880. In the latter year the yield was $2,(>80,- 09a I 400 MATERIAL PROGRESS. were a year ai'riving. While these circumstjitices made gold more than usually a necessity, mining was interrupted by the cold. The spring brought no relief, the rfiins descending in floods, driving «)ut of their claims the few miners who had returned to tlie mountains, and destroying the crops which had not entirely succumbed to the drought. On the 19th of April the waters of Plum and Cherry creeks sudiknly rose, and sweeping through Denver, carried destruc- tion and deatii in their course. A million dollais worth of property, and twenty lives were lost." Sim- ilar, though less extensive damage was wrouglit by the storm in other portions of the territory. Follow- ing this sudden flood, was a heavy and continuous rainfall, which, with the melting snow in the moun- tains, caused a second slower rise, which overflowed the farming lands, and remaining up for a month ruined the crops, the young fruit trees, and in many instances changed the face of the county by dep)sit- **The storm which causetl such devastation in Denver came fnun the aouth-easit, autl was a heavy fall of rain, foUoweU by liail, which ilaiiiincil tlie water from t!*.c Uiountains until its weight foroetl the i)arricrij, MlUii^ up tlu^ valiay, and jari-yins everything ttefore it. Mixed with the water atxl hull was the sand which had accumulated in the bed of Cherry creek, <!iviiig it additional weight. The flood struck the town at 2 o'clock in the iiinniui^^'. and 12 hours afterward water was still rolling on in massive billows, r, ImcIi rose so high in tlieir frantic course thata man standing on one bank \xiiiM Im momentarily hid<len from sight on the other. A eupful of the iKjiiiil was found to bo iialf xaud. The fall of the creek throueh the town was .'{.'> ttit to the mile; above it was much greater. The city hall stoo<l in thchitluTt>> ilry bed of the creek. It was utterly tlestroyed, and a safe containin>{ the valua- bles of the city was never scc'i again. Tlie office of the Rocky MoUHtniu A' «•< was erected on piling on a little island !>i the creek bed. It had in it 3 iiiliit- ing uresses, one weighing between 2 and 3 to:;?. All were swei>t away ^lilll the Imilding, and so lost and covureil up tiiat they were not discovfrol t'nr 9 oi* lU years, when the heaviest press was found in the middle of I'latte river, Itelow the mimth of the creek. A portion of another press — tlio mic Byera brought from Omaiia in IHoi) — was found covered 10 tuet dt't'p witli eartii when the water company excavated for their first works at i»iiiMr. Against such power as this nothing could stand — houses, britlges, ]iri>|i('i'ty of every kind disappeared forever. Five persons asleep in the A'<'"'< ollii'c were aroused only ui time to spring fron: » window into an edily forinnl liy drift lotiged for the moment agu.inst the building, from wliich tlicy wi-rc drawn and rescued just as the office was carried away with all it contaim <l, and the lot on whicli it stood. Tlio pioneer saw mill of D. C. O.ikrs »a» carried aw!iy. Byera, Imsides losing all his town pr<i{)erty, had his farm. which was in a I>end of Platte river, desf.royed by tiie cutting o' a new ( liaii- nel. h'iH. Citlo, MS., 48. Oibson, Arnold, Schlier, Lloyd, Stover, and iitlicr farmers were ruined. Recti, Palmer, and Barnes together lost 4,000 slicup, and ao uu. For a new country it was a great disaster. FLOODS AND INDIAN TROUBLES. 491 ir)g sand to a considerable depth over it. The roads becauio impassable for weeks from the thorough sat- urutioii of the soil of the plains, and every kind of business was brought to a stand still. This stagnation in the life giving industries was f()lh)\vcd by an uprising among the Indians along the oviiland route, whicli added still further to the dis- trc -s already felt on account of interrupted conmmni- oatiou with the east. The situation called for a mili- tary force, which was organized about inidsunimor for niiK'ty days' service, and sent out to open the closed cdiutiiunication with the east, which it effected. An accouiit of these afRiirs is elsewhere given; I only roiuark liere that Colorado, young and heavily taxed as she was, had already raised two regiments in (IcftMice of the government, which were then in the field, ond tliat the 1,200 ninety days' men made the third. Had business been better it might have been more difficult to raise this last; but at all eveiits matters could not mend until the embargo on trans- portation was raised. The vengeance meted out to the Indians reacted during the following winter, wlu'ii again all communication was cut off for two months, the Platte route desolated for 250 miles, and a^ain tlie territory raised 300 militiamen to open connnunication.'* The dangers and losses to freight- ers greatly raised the charj'jes on freight, cc also the price of every commodity, and the result was that by the time the heavy milling machinery so long delayed was upon the ground tlie companies owing it had exhausted their treasuries These were tlie dark (lays of Colorado; yet never so dark that faith in her was lost by those best ac(|uainted witli her resources. Two things they waited for which came not fa^* apart — a knowledge of the true metlu»ds of extractinu: yfold and silver from refractory ores, and railroad comnm- uication. I might add that confidence in the value ^' linyliit PoUticx njiit Mhumj, M!S., 4; Iknitu' liUtrview, MS., 16; KVnrt'» I'ul). Mfii aiiU Jletuures, MS., 9. 1 I 492 MATERIAL PROGRESS. of agriculture, which was established after a few j'cars of experimental farming, tended to give permaurnoe to other enterprises. These years of waiting, from 1864 to 1867, were not lost. They proved the stulF of which not the mountains but the men were nade. No more did they depend on freight teams to bring to them from the Missouri flour, corn, and potatoes. In a single season, 1866, Colorado became self-sup- porting; in 1867 she exported food to Montana, and contracted to supply the government posts ; and in 1868 made food cheaper than in the States.'* I have not yet given the actual history of the dis- covery of silver in Colorado. An assay made of ore from the Gregory lode in 1859 resulted in showing a yield of 16f ounces of silver per ton, and 10| ounces of gold ; the assayer being John Torry of the United States assay-office, New York, a notice of which Mas published," but does not seem to have attracted much '"Says Bowles, in his letters to the Spriwijidti Itt-puhliam in 18(i8, after- ward published in a vol. entitled The Si;^(':erhwl oj' Ameririi, 'At a rn\\^\\ estimate the agricultural wealth of Colorado last year waa 1,000,000 lm>liils of com, 500,000 of wheat, 500,000 of barley, oats, and vegetables. r)(),(HO heatl of cattle, and 75,0<I0 to 100,000 of sheep." Of the prolific qualities of tiie new soil lie says: 'The irrigated gardens of the upiK'r jiarts of Denver fairly riot in growth of fat vegetable.-*, while the bottontdamls nf tlie neighboring valleys are ac least etpially pnMluctive without irrigatim. Tliink of ciibbayes weighing 50 to 60 i>ounds each! And jMitatocs from Ti to 6, onions I to 2 poiinds, and beets to 10.' Byers speaks of waterincli ii» * piled np on the top of one anotlier,' so abundantly the vines were laileii. Jlijit. ('(m, M.S., 43. Market prices for 186S, l>efore harvest: barley, 'A iciils a pound; corn, 3^ to 4^; corn-meal, 5 cents; oats, 3 cents; jMitatoes, '2 ami !> cents; wheat, 3J cents; tomatoes, fresh, 3 cents; cabbages, 1 cent; beef I'J to 15 cents; cheese, 20 to 22 cents; butter, 4."» cents; flour, 7 to cents; ejrt,'^, 50 to 60 cents a dozen. Formcly the simple freight on all these articles I ail l)een from o to 10 cents a pr.and. Concerning locations of fa. min« lands at that period there were the Cache-la-Poudre valley on a branch of tfit- Platte in Juarinier co., which, besides grain, vegetables, and hay, priHl\iceii fiom l.'i.lKlO to 20,000 jMiunds of butter; the Hig Thompson valley, iii tli.' game counwy, which produced, besides grain, h.-»y, and vegetables, 7..'»0 pound.-i of v'hee.«e; the Platte valley, In-tween Denver and tlie Cache la- Poudre. wjiich produced, l)e8ides a large crop of grains, etc.. 23,000 pdiunis of butter; tlie same valley, for 20 mile^ south of Denver, and Bear emk also had considerable cultivated lam! In tl-.e main valley of the Arkan-ns about 6,000 acres were under cultivation; on the Fontaine-f|ui-Bonille. •>,('"*'; on the St Charles, 1,500; in tlie Huerfano valley. 5.000; all of which eeiii- p'ised about half of the land actually farmed in the territory in 1868, " In the /?'«•/■»/ Mi<unU\in Xeira, Aug. 20. 18.59. See also Clmr Crt-ii- mnl Botiltlir Vol. Ilht., 278; A'»«'/. U- •^- <^<-nl- Erftlor., iii. 588-62. . fiiul in Aur\* Minht I In Colnrnih, MS., 4. that the author claims for hiiti^'elf ami k. Miller the tirst discovury of a silver lode, in July, 1859. They fouud it near SILVER LODES. 493 Dttontion, probably owing to the shifting nature of tlh mining population, and the prevailing ignorance of silver mining. Nevertheless, the Ida mine, near Eiiil'iro, in Clear creek county, was recorded as a silvrr lode by its discoverer, D. C. Daley, in Septem- ber I860. It was assayed by Day of Central, and found to contain 100 ounces of silver per ton. Another hxle was recorded October 4, 1860, called tlie Morning Sun Silver lode. A number of other locations was made of silver lodes by E. H. F. Pat- terson and others, and not infrequent mention was made of these claims in the local prints." They were found in Gilpin and Clear creek counties, but chiefly in the latter, about Georgetown. The Seaton mine was discovered in July 1861, by S. B. Woniack and others, who mined it for gold only. It became one of the celebrated silver mines of the world. The existence of silver was not, however, authoritatively proved until several years later. In the summer of 1864 Cooley and Short, while prospecting on Glazier mountain, discovered a lode which became known as the Cooley, ore from which being carefully assayed by Frank Dibdin, a metallur- gist, and other experts, was pronounced to be beyond (loubt silver. Dibdin indeed seems to have estab- lished a fact which the Coloradans were hlow to gr-sp, that theirs was a silver mining region, with much better prospects for a solid future than if their mines had been all gold mines. This was the first rift in the cloud of dullness which had at this period siittlod over the pregnant mountains. The first pay- ing silver lode war the Belmont, later the Johnson, discovered in September 1864, by R. W. Steel, James Huff, and Robert La3'ton. The first accurate assay of the Belmont gave $827.48 per ton. This inter- (Viitreil City, and called it the Dallen; but thinking it wnrthlcHfi, after rci'orilinff, abandoned it (irasset relocated it, and sold to Tapuan Hrothers, wlio worked it for lead, which was sold to tlie government and condeinmed an imi^^onous. ^* Rofky Minintain JVrtn*, Nov. 2, 1860; Oovemor's Afesa., in Wentern Mi^miitaiHeer, Nov. 22, 1860. t i mm 494 MATERIAL PROGRESS. ested eastern capitalists. C. S. Stowel erected tlie first mill in the argentiferous district in which George- town is situated, in 1866. For the reduction of tho ore an ordinary blast furnace was provided, wliirh failed, after several weeks of trial, to liquefy it so that the metal could be run off. When the owner, and even Dibdin himself, had exhausted their science and ingenuity in the effort, a negro named Lorenzo M. Bowman, from the lead mines in Missouri, offered liis services, and, from a practical knowledge of the tem- perature to be attained, succeeded in smelting the ore. But, as I have before stated, these first (.-tturts were unprofitable, and it was not until about 18(58 that there was a marked improvement in quartz min- ing. Stamp mills, which had been for a time sujht- seded by a variety of experimental structures, bttran aorain about this time their continuous crunching and grinding upon the rocky gangue of the precious mtt- als, which has since never ceased, and promises to go on with increasing din forever. The number of stamp mills running in the autunni of 1868, in Gilpin county, was thirty-eight, witli an average of nineteen stamps to a mill," and the bul- lion shipment was $1,775,477, of which $123,730 was in silver. The number of mines in this countv. in which development had begun in 1870, was over 170; of those in which hoisting apparatus was em[)l<»vo(i on account of depth, about a dozen. Clear onik countv had at the time fewer mills, but between :>oo and 350 mines, on which some work had been done. Boulder county had about 100 mines, with some improvements, and only two quartz mills. Summit county had no mills, and about 20 mines, not nuuh developed. Lake county had 70 mines in one district, the Red mountain," which assayed well, but wore not yet improved to anj' extent." ^* Rorl-y Moiintttin Keuv, Feb. .3, 1869. "•This district was disoovered almut the Ist of August, 1869. ** Forty other miscellaneous mines are mentioneil, 19 of which were iu Oilpin, 14 in Clear creek, two in Park, two in Jeffer.son, and four in Lake county. See al o Denver Rocky JlounUtin Herald, Aug. 27, 1609. THE SAN JUAN COUNTRY. 499 In another place I have mentioned that in 1860 a prospector named John Baker led an exploring party into that rugged, south-west portion of Colorado, vaguely known as the San Juan country, from which the company returned disappomted. The iiistory of this expedition, on account of subsequent develop- ments, becomes a portion of the history of mining discovery. San Juan Mining District The San Juan country, as now known to the world, includes Las Animas district, situated on the upper waters of the Rio Animas with Baker park as a cen- tre ; Lake district, situated on the Uncompahgre slope ; and Summit district, situated on the eastern <ir Rio Grande slope of the continentjil divide. It is tlie wildest and most inaccessible region in Colorado, if not in North America. The mountain ranges, wliich are lofty, are broken and deflected from the main Cordillera del Sierra Madre, which bends to the south-west from the foot of South |mrk. Crossing Sajifuache county it swerves still more to the west, until midway between the meridians 107° and 108° it bifurcates, the main ridge separating the head waters 496 MATERIAL PROGRESS. I of the Rio Grande and Rio Animas, and turning cast- ward forms the so-called San Juan range. The other ridge continues in a south-west direction, becoininir the Sierra San Miguel and the Sierra La Plata. It is as if the great spinal column of the continent Jiad bent upon itself in some spasm of the earth, until the vertebra overlapped each other, the effect being unparalleled ruggedness, and sublimity more awful than beautiful. Here, indeed, is one of the continental summits, from which flow many rivers, tributaries, and sources of the Colorado and Rio Grande, in rapid torrents, frequently interrupted by cataracts of con- siderable height. In the midst of a wild confusion of precipitous peaks and sharp ridges are a few small elevated valleys, or as the early trappers would have designated them " holes," but which are without much relevancy denominated parks by modern Coloradans, after the great parks of the country. Among those higher valleys is the historical Baker park, a simple widening of the bottom land of the Rio Animas at the north end of the caiion, for six or eight miles, to a width of one mile. Animas park, another widening of the Animas valley, is thirty or more miles further down the stream, and consequently at a less altitude, and being on the south side of the divide has a climate much warmer than the upper park. The lower val- leys of all the tributaries of the Las Animas are small, but of great fertility. They are the Navajo, Nutria or Piedra, Florida, Pinos, Plata, and Mancos, all flowing into the Rio San Juan. The higher portions of these valleys abound in yellow pine, and spruce, fir, and aspen are found on some of the slopes in the vicinity of Baker park. Below the cataracts, the streams abound in salmon-trout, and game is abundant. Such are the more prominent features of the Sf ii Juan country as it existed in 1860, and for a dozen years thereafter." "San Juan antl Other Slrtchea, MS , 12-17; PUkin'a PolUical Views, MS., 4; Out West, Dec. -Jan., 1873-4. SAN JUAN EXPEDITION. 497 Baker was a mountaineer of note. He had heard from the Navajos and other Indians that the royal metal existed in the mysterious upper regions of the Sierra Madre, proof of which was exhibited in orna- ments and bullets of gold. More than these pre- tended revelations no one knew, when Baker deter- mined to prove the truth or falsity of the Arabian tales of the Navajos, who had frequently received bribes to disclose the new Golconda, but evaded mak- ing the promised disclosure. Finding at Pueblo a considerable number of prospectors who had passed an unprofitable season in looking for placer mines, and who yet had the courage for new undertakings. Baker raised a company variously stated at from ' a few' to 1,000 and even 5,000, who set out on their crusade as uavlv as kniojhts of old, albeit their banners were not silken, and their picks and shovels were not swords. Proceeding into New Mexico, they entered the San Juan valley ; from there, by the way of the Tierra Aniarillo and Pagosa," they penetrated the country as far as the headwaters of the Rio de las Animas, where, in anticipation of the future populousness of the country, they laid out a town, calling it Animas City, which was seen longer on the maps than on the fjround. Some placer diggings were found along the various streams and in the vicinity of Baker park, but nothing which promised to realize the exagger- ated expectations of the discoverers. Small garnets and rubies were also picked up, and indications were believed to be seen of diamonds." The main portion of the company went no further than Animas City, but a few penetrated to the Rio Grande del Norte. Reinforcements with provisions failed to arrive as expected, and the condition of the adventurers became critical. Anxious to avoid the long journey back ^ PAgosa is the Indian word for hot sprinss. •' l>. r. Collier of Central City visited tl>e San Juan country the same season, witli others, and offered to stake his reputation as a geologist and journalist on this being the richest and most extensive diamond held in the worlj. Out West, Dec. -Jan. 1873-4. UlBT. Nkv. S2 498 MATERIAL PROGRESS. I I through New Mexico, the company separated into squads, each of which sought according to its judgment a shorter way out of the maze of canons and peaks than the one by which they came. Many perished by starvation, cold, and Indians, and those who sur- vived suflered the pangs of death many times over before they found egress from the imprisoning moun- tains " Baker hved to be a wealthy cattle-owner, and to organize an expedition to explore the grand canon of Colorado. He was killed at the entrance to the canon, with all his party save one, a man in the prime of life, who reached the outlet after days of indescn^jable suffering, with hair bleached like snow, and both hands and feet blistered, in which condition and insensible he was finally rescued. He had devoured his shoes, his leathern belt, and buckskin pouch. So suffered, and often so died, the vanguard of civilization on this continent. Before the inexora- ble laws of nature an heir of centuries of intellectual growth is no more than the jelly-fish to the soa, which casts it upon the sands to rot in the sun ! The outcome of the San Juan expedition deterred further exploration for several years ; and in the nuan- time mining affairs fluctuated in the older districts, as I have described. In 1868, by a treaty made with the Utes, they were allowed the exclusive use of all that portion ot Colorado west of the 107th meridian, and south of 40° 15' north latitude, or, in brief, f(»ur fifths of the whole territory west of the main sierra, including the San Juan country. At this period the boundary between New Mexico and Colorado was not clearly defined, but the mining district of Moreno, believed to belong to the former, was coveted by the latter, and the Colorado legisla- ture memorialized congress to annex it to their terri- tory, hearing of which the New Mexico legislature. ** Adam Augustine and David Mc8hane. residing later in Monument val- ley, were memuera of this expedition, as were also C'harlea Joaesof Clilpin 00., and Charles Hall of Salt-works, South ^wrk. BOUNDARIES. 490 in February 186S, addressed to that body a counter inoinorial. Congress does not appear to have con- conied itself much about either, and in the nieantinie the U)Uiidary Hjie was being surveyed westward from tlio north-east corner of New Mexico on the 37th parallel to the north-west corner, which survey was reported as completed in 1868-9." It found several ""•SoeSfc. Int. liept, 39, 41, 2. Thia report gives an interesting description of tlie rciuto with tbu variou:« streams auu valleys crossed, and mentions the al)*uil)iicd clitf-tlwcUingi in the valley of the Rio Mancos. A. D. Wilson of the llayden geological survey, while pursning his labors inthetojmgruphical ODrps discovered a stone huilding ' about tlie si/.e of the patent-oAice at W.i^liiujiton.' It stood ui>on the bankd of the Rio de las Animas, and con- tiiiied about 503 rooms. A part of the wall left standing indicated a height 1)1 4 stories. A number of tiiu rooms, fairly pre.serve<l, had loop-hole windows hut IX) doors. Tiiey had evidently boon entered by latblers, which were •tr i\rii in by the occupants. Tlie doors were of cedar logs, the spaces betM'een tliu l.ig< liohig iilled neatly by smaller ptdes and twigs, covered by a car- |)'t (if oedar l»ark. The ends of the timber were hewed and frayed, as if ^ievl)r.^l i>y a dull instrument; in the vicinity were hatchets and saws made III siiiditone slivers, two feet long, worn to a smooth edge. A few hundred yir.ls from this 'casa grande ' was a second lar^e ruin, and l>etween them rost's lit s;nall dwellings made of cobble-stones laul in ado)>e, which ouaccount of the sliape of the stones were in a niore advaucetl state of destruction than tliti Itrgur buililings. The ruins of this uncient town were overgrown with {iiiiipur, and piflon, the latter a dwarf, wide-sprca<ling pine, M'hicli bears iwiieatii the scales of its cones together with nutritious nuts. From the size of thu dcail and the living trees, and their position on heaps of crumiiling sCiiie, a long time must have elapsed since the buildings fell. Ihe preserva- ti<>;i iif the wooden parts does not milittvte againist their antiquity. In Asia, o'lar lasts for thousands of years. The cedars of the south-west Colorado ri'.;i>m ilo not rot even in groves. The winds and whirling sands carve the lie 111 trees into fantastic forms, drill holes through their truiiKs, and gradually, after ages of resistance, wear them away into dust, which is scattered aliroail. atom by atom. Subsequent investigation sliowed the casas grandes of Wilson to be on the northern edge of an immense settlement, which <>nce extended far down into New Mexico, covering several thousand square inilos, au'l ciiMiprising also portions of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona. The most sontii- er:i mills exhiliit the best architectural designs. The region is remote from civilization. From Fort Garland, which is west of the Rocky mountains and t;nt of tiie Rio (Jrande del Norte, in latitude 37° 23' nortii, longitude 27° ;'.«' we -It, the route leads across a trackless desert, where no shrubbery is fouid hut sage-brush and grease-wood, and no animal life except rattle'i:.akes^ horiu'il-toads, lizards, and tarantulas. Patches of alkali whiten the sand-s, a;i.l the sun beats down on all with a blistering heat. The streams coming iroiii the rocky range How through deep cafioiis, often thousands of feet h low tlie surface— that is, when they How at all, which they do not all the yeiir — and springs are of rare occurrence, even in the caAons The country s iii,'ht lies in a triangle lietween the Rio Mancos, La Plata, anil Rio San •l'.i;iii, and around the triangle is a net-work of ravines crusted with ruins. 'I'he San .luan and La Plata have some width of bottom-lands lietween their si.jes, but the Rio .Vlancos runs between walls closely approaching each other. Oil the rocky terraces of the more open cafions are multitudes of ruins; even in the wilder and narrower ravines are single houses or groups of two or tiirei' perched on the face of the dizzy cliff, so far above the valley that the n ikt'il eye can distinguish them merely as specks. Above them the rucks soo MATERIAL PROGRESS. Mexican towns north of the Hne," and one, La Cos- tilla, directly upon it. Soon after the survey tlio legislature of New Mexico inemf>rialized congress to have the counties of Costilla and Conejos reaiinexcil to New Mexico upon the ground that Colorado luul obtained them "through fraudulent representatioiiss," and that the people desired it, which was not the fact." The boundary remained unchanged." In 1869 Governor Pile of New Mexico, as if to retaliate, and meet covetousness with covetoust uss, fitted out a company of experienced prospectors to explore the headwaters of the San Juan andtliu con- tiguous country, who learned at this time little to encourage effort in that direction. But the foUowini,' year a party, having pushed their explorations west- ward to the Rio Animas near Baker park, discovered the Little Giant gold lode, samples of which were sent to New York for assay, and yielded from .^I>()0 to $4,000 per ton. Other discoveries followed, chieHy of silver lodes, and Las Animas district was formed in 1871, while the mountains swarmed with ]>ros- pcctors. This being a violation of the treaty of 1S(»S, the Utes and the miners were soon antagonistic, though no open hostilities followed. In 1872 troops were sent into the country to keep out the miners, which action on the part of the government only stimulated the desire of occupancy. A commission project 80 that they could not have been approached from alM>vc, ami thcru remains no means of reaching tiicm from below, though signM of a trail doubling among the rocks are here and there visible. In tliu icw vhm-h wliere towers exist they are curved and smoothly rounded. Emma C llanl- arce, in Hayden's GiriU Went, 445-5G. '" Trinidad, with 5U0 inliabitants, Calaveras, San Louis, Oua(1alu]io, ( 'mu.-- jos, San Antonio, and several minor Spanish settlements were fouuil tn Im north of the line, according to the survey report. '" U. S. II. Mm. Doc., 97, 41st cong., 2d sess.; //. Jour., 383, 41stc(.iig. 2d sess. '■"' The survey of 18(58-9 seems to have been made merely preliminary, ami the final Itoundaries of the state of Colorado were not established for 10 yiarH thereafter. //. f'om. RppU, 708, 4")th cong. 2d sess. There was a bill 1m tore congress in 18()9 to extend the lumndaries of Nevada, Minnesota, aiiil Nebraska, and the territories of Colorado, Montana, and Wyoming, wliii'h was referred to the committee on territories and there lost. U. S. If. Juiir., 13?, 40tb cong. 3d seaii.; U. S, Sen. Jour., 150, 40tb cong. 3d sesa. LAS ANIMAS DISTRICT. 801 was also appointed to negotiate the purchase of the iniiieral lands of the Ute reservation, which, through till' machination of interested persons in Wall street, faiKid of its object. An onler was issued in Febru- ary 1873, at the request of the interior department, requiring all miners, prospectors, and others to quit tiie reservation before the first of June. So strenu- ous w(>re the objections to the order that a dotach- inont of troops was ordered to march to San Juan to ontorct; it, and was half way up the Rio Grande when it was suspended by the president. A commission was attain ordered, and a treaty made by which the Uk's surrendered a tract of country containing 3,000,- 000 acres of territory, which, though unparalleled for rounliness," was considered of inestimable value by mining men. In 1874 more than a thousand lodes were claimed, upon many of which the work required by law was dono." In 1875 roads had been opened by which inacliinery was transjjorted to the Animas district, 11,000 and 12,000 feet above the sea, where it was put in operation before winter. The first mine worked was tlie Little Giant in Arastra gulch. With this exception, the leading lodes in this district were arij;entiferous galena, highly impregnated with gray c(»[)por, the veins being large and well defined, yield- ing in the smelter $i50 to $2,000 per ton." Blue * Kriiest Iiigcrsnll, in Harper' it Magazim, April 1882. See also TngerHolt s Cri4 iij' the Conl'meitt, 162, 'a record of a suiiiiiicr'a raniMe in the KocI<y Miiuiit.iiuH.'and Hupplcinentary to KiKx-kin;/ around the liwkifH, wliich desonbea Ciilorado an oeon lu 1874, wlien, attached to the U. iS. survey, the author iiiiulu a tour of the mountains. '' The minins laws were senerally known and nnderstood, like common law, except in tlie matter of local rulcH in different diHtncts. In 1881 K. S. Monison and Jacoh Fillius, lawyers of Dc-nver, puldixhed a volume on J/i'm- i»7 ItijIiU, pp. ,t86, 12 mo., containing all the Colorado Htatutes on mining, iiii'liuliiig the rules adopted under the provisional government, and all huc- cessive n^gulations, with the U. S. laws on the subject The law to which refiToiicee was had above required a discovery shaft to be 10 feet deep, and IIIM) worth of work to l)e performed annually to hold it; or, if ;$500 worth were I lone, a patent might l>e obtained. ^- The names of some of the earliest mines of note were the Highland Mary, Mountaineer, North Star, Tiger, Thatcher. Chepauqua, t'omstock, I'riile of the West, Phdadolphia, Susquehanna, Pelican, (Jray Eagle, Shen- andoah, bull of the Woods, Prospector, McGregor, As^Hin, Seymour, Lvtter iiiliM. 802 MATERIAL PUOvJRESS. carbonates of lime wore found on Sultan mountain, and larjjfo deposits of iron ore at its foot. The Eureka district lay n<)rtli of Animas, with tlio town of Eureka, nine miles from Silverton, surrounded by lar^e ore bodies. The Uncompahj^re district, tlic highest in the San Juan country, contained a bitter class of ores than the lower districts. Lake district. in Hinsdale county, and more accessible tlian tlio others, had for its chief town Lake City. Humlreds of mines were located here, its tellurium lodes beiiii; the only ones of note in the San Juan region. Ono hundred and fifty tons of selected ore from tlia Hotoh- kiss sold in San Francisco at the rate of $40,000 ])er ton." Ouray county, which is on the northern skirt of the San Juan country, was found to contain not only silver mines of the highest value, but the gold district of San Miguel. This gold district rcvculs one of those wonderful pages in the history of the globe which inspire awe, the gravel deposits, 100 to 150 feet above the present San Miguel river, bi'iiig evidently the bed of some mightier stream, wliich in a remote past rolled its golden sands toward tliat buried sea, to which geological tacts point a signifi- cant finger. The present cost of carrying water t) these ancient gravel beds is in itself a fortune, which only the certamty of greater riches would tempt asso- ciations of miners to expend. But it is as a silver region that San Juau became, and will remain, preeminent. Some of the moun- tains, notably King Solomon in San Juan county, were so seamed with mineral veins of great width that they could be seen for two miles. The most remarkable of the Ouray county lodes was Begolo, G., Empire, Sultana, Hawkeye, Ajax, Mnllie Darling, Silver Cortl, Altliea, Last of tlie Line, Boss Boy, Crystal, King Hiram, Abiflf (gold), Ulysses, Lucky, Eliza, Jane, Silver Wing, Jennia Parker. '"Some of the leading lodes in Hinsdale county are the Accidental, Amer- ican, Hotchkiss, and Melrose in Galena district, yielding from KM) td (iOO ounces of bullion per ton, in the concentration works at L^ke City; IVllc »f the East, Belle of the West, Big Casino, Croesus, Dolly Varden, (J ray ('iii>li<r, and Hidden Treasure. Ocean Wave, Plutarch, Ule, Ute, and Wave vi the Ocean are in Galena district. MINES AND MINING. known as Mineral farm, because the locations upon it rover forty acres, and the veins twelve acres. It was located iu 1875, and developed by a company which built reduction works at Ouray, the county seat, in 1887. One vein carried a rich gray copper in a a u''HV2rue of qua.rtzite, much of which milled from $400 to $700 per ton, and another in some parts car- rieil a hundred ounces of silver with forty per cent of load, per ton. The latest discovery in the San Juan r(\i,'n»n was of carbonates, in the western part of Ouniy county, on Dolores river, where the mining town of Rico was located in one of the inclined val- jfV.s near the top of the globe. Almost every kind of ore was found in this district, not often in regular veins, but in irregular deposits, lead and dry ores occurring in contigut/us claims. Also coal, bitumin- ous and anthracite, limestone, bog and magnetic iron, fire-clay, building-stone, and wood for charcoal, from which it is evident nature designed this for a contra of reduction works and founderies. A branch of the Denver and Rio Grande railway v/as constructed to Sll erton, one to Antelope springs, one to Lake City, mil one to Ouray. The region which I have briefly described under the general name of San Juan com- prises the counties of La Plata, Hinsdale, San Juan, Ouray, and Dolores, created in the order in which tliey are here named, out of the territory purchased from the Utes in 1873. CHAPTER IX. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT. 1875-1886. CALiFORNrA Guix-ii Redivivus— Hii.Ls OF Silver— The Carbonatk MiNEH —Men or the Period — Organization of Leauville— Monetakv and Political In8Titut«>ns— Output of the Mineh— Vi«»ilani;e Tom- MITTEK-S — MINERh' 8TKIKE -MaRTIAL LaW PROCLAIMED — DlHAKFF.(TKI) Utks — THEGrNNisos Country — Scientific and Minino Exi-kuition* —The GrsNr.-Hj.v Colony— Coal— Towns EtnABLiauKU — Biblioukaiiiy — Nkwhpafkiui. i. n The San Juan region was only fairly started on the road to development when a fresh fever seized the Colora«^!an8 and drew nmny to an older field, but wliore discovery made it seem new. California gulch, as the reader knows, was discovered early, and had yield d in the first five years over $3,000,000. After that its productiveness lessened, dropping annually, until in 1876 the diggings yielded but $20,000.' During six- teen years the miners had been accustomed i^ move out of their way with difficulty certain heavy boulders which neither they nor scientific geologists had rec()<^- nizcd as of any value. No one for all this time had thought to question whence they came. Among those who had long u)llowed phicer mining in California gulch was W. H. Stevens, who in IH7fi discovered a supposed lead mine on a hill on the sout'i sitle of California gulch, a mile and a half above the present site of Leadville. This is known as the I^K-k mine, and adjouiiug it is the Dome mine, also owned ' A goM lode, the Printer Boy, wm discovered in I8«8, which drew pros- pectora for a iteiutou, who soon aoaiuioned further searuh. COD DISCOVERIES AT LEADVILI E. 005 by Stevens and his partner, Leiter.* From tlip Hock niiiie Stevens took samples of ore, which being assayed hv iV. B. Wood yieldcid from twenty to forty ounces of silver to the ton. It now became apparent what was the nature of the }K)ulders wliich had so troubled tlio miners while sluicing in the placer diggings.* Further exploration revealed richer ore, and carbon- ati! of lead similar to that of White Pine district, Nevada, was found to exist over a number of emi- neiKos surrounding the mining camp of Oro. These liill.s, before unmarked, now took names of the mines first located vpon theni, or of their discoverers. The Carbonate nrane, disc( vered by Hallock and Cooper, t^^avo its name to Carbonate hill ; the li'on mine to Irt/ii hill; Long and D«rry mine to Long and Derry liill ; Yankee mine to Yankee hill ; Breice mine to Broece hill ; Fryer hill being named aff^ jr one of the discoverers, Borden and Fryer. These hills were the seat of so many different groups of mi les,' some loca- » LradvSk. Colorailo, the mwt Womlerftd Minimj Camp in t/w Worlit, etc., Oilorido 8pr >ng«, 1879, u the name of a jiamphlet written concernini; the (lis- ccivury. iSottn a'ter the first louation there were tiiacovercd nortli from the U lok the Adulaicie, Camp BinI (by Long and i>erry), Pine (hy the <>allagher linitlicni), ami Iron, la Strayhorse gulch the Wolfstone was h)uate(l the Kitriii' year, these huiiig, according to tlie authority ahove i(iiotcil, all the iiii|ii)rtant discoverieti of 187G. The Iron mine imiil its ownen* in the first twii years 1^00,000 above expenses, which were J^7,r)0U. The Silver Wave iiiiiii- a<ljoiued the Iron. Maurice Hays, and brother, and Durliam are men* tiiiifl among the original locators. Jiilmnnt AVi-. Courier, Oct. '21, 1876. ''This statement is premature as to time, for althcmgh silver was known to exiiit in the lead ore in tiie beginning, the nature of the composition was not at ouce understood. Carbonate «)f lead la the silver base iu nearly all tlic oru.t, which, however, vary in the ditfcreut groups. *'l'ho Leiulvillii rJeiiiocmt of Due. ,31, 1881, sives the principal mines of tli'!!Mi N'ariout groups as follows: On Fryer hill, tlie Robert E. Lt;c, Chrysolite, MikU:liloMs, Little Chief, Dunkin, Amiu, Little Pittsburg, Climax, ('arluiu. iicrciiis; and among tiio less known, the Little Sliver, American, Fi>re|>au^h, liaiii{kiik, and others. On Carbonat'i hill woro the Evening Star. Mornmff St4r, (iliis^-Pendcry, Cloutarf, Yankee UotMlle, .Etna, Carlionat* , Maid en Krm, Munrietta, VVolf Tone, and Vanderliilt. On Iron hill, the Iron Silver, Siir.i;i{lur, Tuscon, Lime, Cleora, Silver Coni, Silver Wave, Rubio, A<Utlaide, FrtMii'liiiian, and Belgium. On Yankee hill the princiiial was the itroiHirty of tilt! Deliver City company. On Brceco hill the Br»'c««, Iron, llighlaua Chief, Minor Hoy, Colorado Prince, Black Prince, Higlilaml Mary, aid others, On L.>iig and Derry hill, the I^>ng and Derry, lltHmicr (iirl, Bi^lciier, Preston. Mawkins. In California gulch, the I^ast Rose of Summer, Columbia, A v.. I Silt Eilge, La Plata, R<R-k, Dome, Stone, and I^ieopart'.. In Iowa <iiil('li, t^) the south, were the Florence, First National, Kaiser, Brian Born. On liild Muutttaio, at tbo Load uf Califuruia gulcb, the Uroea Mountain -\...^ 606 FURTHER DEVEIX)PMENT. tions, however, being made in gulches which sul)se- quently proved to be rich in veins of carbonate. Tlie oxide of iron imparted to one group of ores a r«d color, chromate of iron gave another group a ydlitw hue, while the predominance of silica and lead in others imparted a gray color. Chloride of silver per- meated all the ores, and horn silver was found in all the prominent mines. What were termed the hard carbonates were those in which silica was [)red(>iiii. nant, with iron for a base, preventing disintegration as in the before mentioned boulders. Th? soft car- bonates had a base of lead. The normal position of the lodes appeared to have been in contact or hori- zontal veins, sometimes called blanket veins, with limestone as the contact, iron above the oro, and trachyte as the cap, the latter being covered from ten to a hundred feet with drift. The veins dippid slightly to the east, and varied in thickness from a mere line to a chamber of ore from ten to forty feet in height, giving evidence of disturbance bewilucrin^' to the prospector. The ores in almost all cases wiro easily smelted without roasting. Such in brief was the character of the new mines to which thousands hurried in 1877 and 1878. In June 1877 the first building was erected in Leadville, mine, while ' scattered along the whole length of the pileh were numerous othur mines and prospco'cit in various staues of development.' In Kvamk' guloh were the Ocean, Seneca, and Little Ellen. Six miles from Loailvillc, across the Arkanitas river, were Frying I'an and Colo gulches, with tlie Sun- dowa, ]>cHaneo, Venture, Gertrude, llolilen Curry in the former, ancl tli'' Mi- rer MtNin, Little Mystic, and others in the latter. West, in Half-iii(><>ii aii<t Little Halt-moon gulches, were the Sus<|U';iianna, Hanling. Billy Wilson, ami Iri>a Duke. Lackawana gulch and Twin lakes are mentioned as rich districts. In the latter were the Eii^Ie Nest, Itoaz, tconlon, Bengal Tiger, M. K., Pounder, Australia, and otliors. In Hayden ami Echo eaflons wen' tlie Black I>iamon<T Black Cro<ik, NalM)l», t HpjierojMilis, (iarHeld, Ross, Sw.i |» Htakes, FiHher, Antelope, DeXvvr, and Mountain Quaie. North of Leaihille wore Mosquito, Buckskin, and Pennsylvania gulches, in which were llie London an<l New York, Sunny South, limanza Queen, Bonanza King, Cmv, St Louis, Steele, Stonewall, Fannio liarrett. Silver Leaf, and 'a large nuniKir of rich claim'4.' Northwest of Leadville was Tennessee park, where wire El Capitan, Plattsl'urg Jvmiof, Sylvanite, and other rich claims. South i>f Lttadville, in Ceorgia and Thompson gulches, were the Coon valley ami Mishawaka. In a new distri^rt, the Hmy Cn^ss, on French mountain. l.'tO niiues were located, ' nearly all of which are in i>ay raiosraL' QUICKLY MADE MILLIONAIRES. 807 which 80.1 1 grew so as to absorb the mining camp of ()r<>, where Tabor was keeping a store and ixjst-office, ill a resident population of aljout fifty persons.* The efftct on Tabor's fortunes was magical. The Little Pittsburg, in which he was third owner, proved exceedingly rich. S<K)n after it wo , opened he, with one partner, was able to pay $1)0,^00 cash for the interest of the other owner.* A month later the sec- ond partner was brought off for $2G5,000, and Tabor booauie associated with Senator Chaffee in the owner- ship <:' the mine. In an hicredibly short time, not only Tabor, but many others, could lav claim to be of America's privileged order — millionaires.' Nor can '■So ssys Tal)or in a brief M.S., Eitrhj Doy^, devoted to Lcadvillc hiatory. Mri lalior, in (Vi/h'h Li/r in Colonuh, M.S., relates how by mutual hilxir and lianUliii) in the minus they aci|aired $7,0U0 in money, after which they Net iiii.i store and l>oarding- house, with a post-otiice and express -ottice, the oare of all fulling on her, while hor hu.sl>an(i l()oke<l after a contract for furnishing railroad ties to the Atchison and Santa Fe railway, in which he made nothing, lint even wages. They were still keeping their little trading-post in Oro wji; II the Carlmnate mines were discovered, Talnir ' gruh-staked, ' a.s the iiiiiuTs' phrase is, Uische and Hook, two prospectors who discovered tlie Little I'ltt'ilmrg, on Fryer hill, in April 1878, and in Oct. Imught and sold his hun- dreds of tliousaiids worth of mining proiierty for cash. "Kischo, who with Tabor Iniught out Htntk, was a Pmssian, bom in'Min- den, in 18%t, and immigrating to America in 1852, worked at shoeniaking in .St Louis. He served in our civil war, coining toColorado in 18(>8, and work- ill^' at liis traile in Fairplay. He retired from the ownership of the Little I'lttsliurg with f310,00U, and afterward owned in the Nevada, Hard I'ash, List Chance, Little Kische, Wall street, and Willie mines. Lttidvilk in Ytmr IWbt, 176-7: LeitdriUf Dem., .Ian. 1881. ' Among the men who profited by the discovery of the carbonate mines was J. Y. Marshall, born in Pa, and came to Colo in 187.3, settling at Fair- iilay. He was elected to the legislature in 1875, and removed to i<<!adville m is78. He was elected judge of the district court in 1881, serving two yoars. He was the tint president of the Kot>ert R. Lee mine, not far from till' Little Pittsburg, which iiroved very valuable, and made its owners rich. J.. I. Ihi Hois, lH>rn in N. V., came to Colorado in 1877, locating the same year in California gulch, ami prosiK>eti::g for mines. The time of his arrival uas fortunate. In August he had an interest in four claims, and in Dec. atakoil out the Little Kiton, 'in snow waist deep,' the mine l>eing afterward KnM f..r «tl,'J(N),0()0. Du B«iis was elected mayor of I.«a<lville in 1884. Charles J. Howell, a native of Vt, located himself in 1880 at I<eadvillc, in a law partnership with A. S. Weston. In May l8.S*2he was made business iiiihai^iT of TalHtr's pro)N>rty, of M'hieh he had control for IK months, resuming liH law practice late in 1H8.'<, He beaiiiie owner, with TaUtr and Weston, of tilt' Santa F.duviges, in Chihuahua, and also owner of valuable mining prop- erty in Montana. Lyman Kobison, l>om in Ohio, came to Colorado in 1878, and, with ajtart- nrr, |iK<ated the Col Sellers minu at Lea<lville, which produced in 4 years IKNI.INH), and was then valued at over '?! (MN),<iUO. He was one of the ineor- p<'rators uf the 8uath Park Loud ana '..'attle co. in Ittbl, with a capital of Hi I'f; 1 t!i! 606 FURTHER DEVELOPMENT. it be denied that in some instances their liberality and public spirit were as princely as their fortunes." $750,000, autl in 1885 was vice-president. His residence in Cafion City cost $50,000. He married in 1800 Mary A. RtxMlnight of Chicago. Peter W. Braene, from Ireland, located himself in 1874 at Leadville, wiiere he became part owner in the Crown Point, Pinnacle, and Big Chief mint.'t, besides havme other mining interests. He was elected to the lower lumne of the generalassembly in 1882, and lieut-gov. in 1884. He marriud Mary L. McCarthy, principal of a public schcH)! at Leadville, in May 1884. John U. Morrissey, I>om in N. Y., came to Colorado in 1872, settling at Georgetown, working at mining until 1878, when he removed to Leailville, and l)ecame interested in the Crown Point and Pinnacle mines, which, tliough slow in developing, finally made bim wealthy. Crown Point yielilid, iu Sept. 188.1, $20,000 per month, and was afterward still richer. Samuel Adama, bom in Canada in 1850, removed to New York city in 1866, and to Coloratlo in 1880. S<K>n after arriving he purchased half oftlie Brooklyn mine, at Leadville, for $50,000 cash. In 1881 ho bought other mining interests, and organized the A<lams Mining company, with l.'i(),(N)0 shares at $10 per share. In 3 years the company took out $425,000, puyiiig $220,000 in dividends, leaving $50,000 in the treasury after paying all ex- penses, besides having $600,000 worth of ore in sight in 1885 John T. tUkins, from Mo., joined Price's army in 1861, and surrcmUrcd to Gen. Canby in 1865, going to Nebraska afterward; then to New Mexico, where he was a freighter and miner until 1879, when he came to Ltailvillo. He obtained interests in the Leadville C<msolidated, Boreal, Small llofx m, and Annie, selling the Annie iu 1881 for $750,00i), $500,000 of which he lu- vested in Kansas City real estate. He was elected state senator in 1884. F. De Maineville and W. H. Brisbane were partners in Wilmington, Del, from 1871 to 1876, when they removed to Cheyenne, Wy., where they kejit a hotel until 1879, in which year they came to Leadville, investing wiiit capital they could con. nand in mining property. In 1882 they ereottil tin: be Maineville block, at a cost of $16,000 for the land, and $25,000 for tlio building; and secured a large amount of real estate in leadville. Luther M. Goddard, Iwrn in Wayne co., N. Y., in 1837, was in l.S«U en- gaged in freighting across the plains between Leavenworth and Denver. In 1878 he came to reside in Colorado, and began the practice of law at Leml- ville that year, investing some money in the Peiidury mine, which iu I >T1> proved rich, when he sold five sixths of it for $200,<>J0. He afterwanl :ko- quired an interest in Crown Point and Silver Cross, the former at Roliinson, in Summit co., and tike latter in Chaffee co., lH)th of which proved v,'il>ial>lo Sroperties. He was elected judge of the district court of the 5th judicial istrict iu 1882 for a term of 6 vears. * Horace A. W. Tabor was born in Vt in 18.S0. At the aae of ID >>iiri he removed io Mass., where he remained until he came to Coltjrado in Is.V.i, and ha<l his share of the rough work of oreoting a new state. He ha<l re»i<ieil in Kansas, and liecn a meml>er of the Topeka IcgiHlature. He was the first to realize any large amount from the mints at Lea<Iville, and thureaftcr kept in the lead. In 1881 he owned the following miutis wholly or in i>art: tli>> Matchless, Scooi)er, Dunkiu, Chrysolite, Union, Knuna, Denver City, liinri- etta, Maid of hrin. Empire, Hiliemia, New Discovery, May Queen, IiomiI ■* mining property iu Mexico, and 6 claimn in the San Juan countrv. Ho ore< teil the Tabor o|^>era-house, oosting[ $860,000, and built the 1>ank of Leatlville fur a safe deposit. He was first m the organization of a fire departtn<!iit, pre- senting the hose company with their outfit; cauMed the construction of water* works, the incorporation of a gas company in which he was principal own< r, and which expended $76,000; organized the Tabor Milling company t<>r crushing dry ores, investing flOO.OtW; ami cijuippod the TalMtr light oiivalry, 50 men, at » ouet of $10,000, besides donating $10,000 annually to schuuU .ui<l SMELTING. On the Ist of August 1 877, there were six buildings on the site of the present town of Leadville,* and by the eiul of the year 300 inhabitants. But until sniclters on the ground should teat the various ores there could be no certainty of riches sufficient to caut^e a (rreat influx of population. The town organization was perfected in January 1878. About the same time the first smelter was completed by the St Louis Smelting and Refining company, Weise superintend- ent, which received its ore through the sampling- works i)f A. R. Meyer & Co." During eleven months ending November 30, 1878, 1,080 tons of bullion were j>rit(luced from 3,330 tons of ore. Only one furnace, with a capacity of fifteen tons daily, was employed until late in the season when the capacity was dou- blotl. By the end of the year four other smelters of various capacity were in operation." The smelters churches, and giving freely in private charities. The Talwr Mock in Denver cost, witii tli») land, 1^200,000; the Windsor hotel was owned diiefly by him; \m private rei)i-<ence coHt 940,000; and his interest in the Firtit National hank aiiKiuntcd to nearly half the shares. > At a iiKwting on the 14th of Jan., 1878, at which 18 citizens were present in (iillit'rt'.i wagon-shop, where Robinson's block now stands, at the corner of (iicitnut and Pine streets, steps were taken to organize the town, and give it a n.iine. It was suggested to call it Harrison, after the owner of the lirst sniiiltor; and Agassiz, after the sreat naturalist; and Carlionatevillc, ■iftiT its ores; but Leadville, proposed l»y J. C. Cramer, waf finally adopted. 'i he town tlien had 70 houses and tents. On the Slith the governor ist<ue>l a pruiliiiiation for an election of town officers Feb. 2d. II. A. W. TaUir wus liiixii mayor, C Mater, Win Nve, and J. C. Cramer trustees, and C. K. Ainlcridii ulerk and recorder. Kfiit'a LfitiMlle in Yonr f'ltrtrt, 3*2-3. " Mi'VLT & Co. purchased the first ore in I87*>, ami shipiicd 300 tons to St I,iMii-i by ox-tcams, which did not i«iy for the ex)N!nse of transportation ,t:i'l n'i|uciii){: I'.ut as the grade inureasetl bv developroent, TiO tons snipped in thf •'iiriiiL' <>t 1877 proved very well worth the handlinB. Meyer A (^>. entab- h-h(il tlic tir.st i<ampling works in IS77; Bunlell ami \Vitherell in Nov. 1877; Eihly \ .lainei in .Inly 1878. Loomi*' LfoiiriUf, 19 'JO. "The work)! of J. B. Orant commcnce<l running on the 1st of <lctober. l.lUlt iciiiH of ore {uirchased averaged 84 ounces of sdver to the ton; and .'K)5 tiMH iivcragud 3*25 ounces. On the 9th of Oct. the Adelaide company com- nu ii 1 Miudling. During 1 1 days tu blast before the 1st of Dec, *.M) tons of luilli( . were produced from 240 tons of ore. Tlie Malta smelting works, J. H. I>ii'k<iiii & <.'o., stiirtod up on the Pith of Octolwr. By the \*t of Dec, tiu'v hitil Hiuelted 1,081 t^jus of ore, and proluced 181 tons of bullion, valued at {^-{S.-'iltS. Tlie average nunil>er of ounces of silver to the ton of ore was 47; toth< tuit of liullion, ItO. On the 28th of Oct. the smelter of Burdell Si Witlii ri'll Itegan operations, and 070 tons of ore were tumeil into 210 tons of hulhdii Worth $85,000. These were all low grade. The high grade ores wore rtvii 1 olspwheru at first. In 1870 .\. Kders erecteil a smelter at lAiodville, whicii he ran for two years. Eiler* wa.i bora in C rmauy in 183U, aud edu- filO FURTHER DEVELOPMENT. settled tlie question of the value of the TiCadville mines, and tlie growth of the town in 1879 was phf- nonienal, even for a mining country. In the first four ntonths of tlie year tlie increase of population was 1,000 a month ; after that it rari up to 3,000 a month ; about the last of the year there were 35,000 rtsi dents. Keal estate was held at high figures, and lot jumping was practised, as in early times at Denver. A hotel with accommodatio!is for 500 guests, several lesser ones, a church ami a theatre wen? erected dur- ing the summer, besides private dwellings and mirnng im{)rovements, which required 1,000,000 feet of lum- ber [)er week. This activity was joyful madness. Men seemed to tread on air, so elated with hope were they, and imt only with hope but with realization. In 1879 Lcad- ville was created a city of the second class, with an efficient police and fire department, water and gas- works under construction, telegraphic communication, a local railroad company organized, hospital acceni- modations, and other concomitants of nuxh'rn civilizii- tion It had a post-office requiring ten clerks, with a money-order department issuing orders at the rate of $355,911 per 3^ear, and cancelling stamps at the rate of over $:{2,000 annually. In 1879 the Denver and South park railway was within thirty miles of Leadville, and at the same tinie the Denver and l»in Grande road was extending a branch to LeadviHe. where it arrrived in August 1880." catcd at tlio mining Rchool of riaustha'. and university of Oottingon. At the age of *J<) yearrt he gratluated, ami inuiiigratcd to the U. S.. lu'in^' cim- jiloycd l>y mining t-nginueM in New York tor Hevi'ral years. In ISIl'.l In M.i.t ai)|Miintvd deputy U. S. mining stiiti.sti('ian, wliicli jMiNition hehuld until I^Til. Ho then migrated to Salt Lake, where he erected thcHecondliermania smclior in IM77 .S. He then came to C'ohirado, ami erected a Hmelter at LeadvilK', whicii he sold, and went to Enrope in 1881, where he si^nt two years. On returning to Colorado he organised the Colorado Smelting company in Tin lilu, where a ftirnace was started up in Aug. 1883, the works in 188(5 having 4 furnaces, with a ca|>acity of 20.) tons daily, and employing 125 men. 'Mieorge W. CiMik, horn in liradford Ind.,in 18r>0, was apjminted .''1h»t- intendent and general agent of the Lead>'ille division of the Denver an<l \\w <trand« road, upon its completion. Cook ran away from home at \'2 vcai'^"! ago to uuliut on a druiumur-buy, and wait muittvrvd uut iu Juu, IbtKi. i'hut he BANRINO. Sll Tlie business of Leadville demanded banks almost at once, and in May 1878, the first in Leadville was ostal)lished under the name of Lake County bank. Soon nftorward it organized as the First National liaiik with a cash capital of $(»0,000. The exclianj^e tor IH79 amounted to $10,000,000." In October the I )'*^^ ,2.aoo Leadville and Vicinity. ilnitnmed through the war to fall on his feet in Leadville was a rare manifet- tit'.oii of the favor of the flckli* gorMoss. '^'I'lie officers and atookhoMors woro F. A. RovnoMs. pres.; Nt>l«on Hal- l"'-k, vice-prefl.; John W. Zollars. cashior; A. \,. Ordo.in, asst cashier: AuR- II -t 1{ Meyer, .T B. Grant. J. S. Ravnr.l.N, fharU-s MaN-r. .T. C. (Vaiii«T, <''iirl(^ I. Thompson. Peter Finertyi E. D. Long, J. H. Clcmer, Charles T. LiiiilxTg, Rufus Shute. 612 FURTHER DEVELOPMENT. bank of Lcadville was opened with a capital of about a million dollars, aud drew $11,500,000 " exchange during 1879. Others soon followed and in 1880 there were five, since which another has been opened." Newspapers, scliools, and churches enjoyed the l)ene- fits of abundant money. All this prosperity was the result of mining, and it would be superfluous to go into further details concerning individual mines or miners. It is sufficient before proceeding with the history of discovery to state in evidence of the pernia- nance of the Leadville mines that the average outitut of mineral from them for the first half of 1885 was 10,000 tons per day. It could not be expected that a community with a growth so marvellous, and founded upon mineral wealth should have no other or more dramatic inci- dents in its career than copv^s from rapid growth. The richer the country, as a rule, the more poi8()n»>us the parasites which it attracts to fester in the uody politic ; hence vigilance committees and midni<j;lit hangings had to havo their day in Leadville,'* Two •♦ H. A. W. Tal>or, prea. ; N". M. Talwr, vice-pres. ; George R. Fisher. ( asli- ier. The Miners' Exchange bank, James H. B. McFerran, pres.; andtioorge W. TrimUle, cashier; ami the Miners' and Mechanic's bank were the next )n ortler '.n 1879. In April 1880, the City bank of Leadville was incoriiorattd with a capital stock of $50,000. J. Warren Faxon, president; C C, Howt 11, vice-president; and John Kerr, cashier. At the close of 1880 the organization was snrrendered, and a private bank opened, C. C. Howell k. Co. projirieturt!. Leadville Democrat, Dec. 31, 1881. In August 188.3 the Carlwnate bank was opened. John L McNeil, the first cashier, and subsequently president, was btim in Tioga co., N. Y., in 1849, and came to Colorado in 1870. He was employed as chief clerk of the office of the Denver Pacific R. R. for a few months, when he took a position as teller in the Colorado National bank, and held it until 1S7G, during which year a bank was opened at Del Norte. »f which he was chosen manager. In 1880 this bank was moved to Alamosa, where it Iteeame the First National bank of that place. At the remie^t of citizens of Leadville, McNeil, as alxtve, organized tne Carbonate bank. ^•' Looinui' Leaiirille; LeatMlle Chronicle Annual, 1881. " At the first meeting of the town Iward T. H. Harrison was appointed marshal, T. J. CampWll police magistrate, and A. K. Updegraff town attor- ney. Harrison was soon driven out of town by the lawless element. At the second election in April George O'Connor was chosen marshal, and four police- men assigned to support his authority. Suspecting one of them of complicity with the ' mughs, ne was alwct to remove him from the force when he was killeil by him, only 18 days after assuming the office. The mffian's name was James Bloo<Uworth, who escaped arrest. At a special meetii:g of tiie board next morning, Martin Duggan was appointed marshal, and acce^ited th« office. Almost immediately be received written notice that he would be POPULAR TRIBUNALS. 618 men named Frodshem and Stewart were taken from the sheriff and hanged November 20, 1879 ; following which the criminal and vicious class, to the number of several hundred, organized and threatened to retal- iate by killing some of the supposed vigilants, and burning the newspaper offices. A few days of intense excitement followed, the city being patrolled nightly by tiie Wolf Tone guards and Tabor light cavalry. Tiie action of the committee was approved by the niajorit}' of responsible citizens, who regarded it as necessary under the provocation given by the men who were hanged. This sentiment, together with the firmness of the militia, finally awed the vengeful would be rioters, and the city was restored to order." In the latter part of May following, however, anotlier kind of mob violence was threatened, the men employed in several mines being upon a strike. The disturbances increased gradually for several weeks, all business being brought to a stand, and seme of the most vicious of the idlers, who were glad jf the opportunity to harrass better men, inciting the discontented miners to a riot. On the 12th of June, owinij; to threats, all the places of business m the city were dosed, and a procession of citizens paraded, in tlie hope of impressing the strikers with their solid force. A proclamation was read in front of the opera house, signed by the Citizens' Executive Committee of One Hundred, declaring that men who desired to kilk'il unless he should leave town within 24 hours. Duggan made no sign tliat he liad received the warning, but took prueitutions agaiuiDt seizure. Within a few days a murder was committetl at a saloon by a negro, and the 1«i1kc h;id taken the wretch to jail, when the outlaw organization attempttnl m rvk'nae. Duggan faoed the mob with a revolver in each hand, and made them understand that he had the nerve to shoot any l>old enough to interfere witli the execution of the laws, and they retired. Duggan served his term, iKoIiniii^ reelection, P. A. Kelly Iteing bis successor. But Kelly was intini- iilateil, ;ind the city council telegraphed for Duggan, then in Mich., to return aiiil t.ike the marshalship. He comjilied, and .served out Kelly s term, but refused reelection. He remained in Leadville, however engaged in mming. rhij.v;iii was bom in Ireland, migrating to the U. S at the age of G years, ami living in N. Y. until IG years old, when he went to Kansas, and from L«avt hworth to Colorado, where he engaged in miniog and freighting. '■ 5>cf Demrr Tiibunt, Nov. 22 and 23, 1879. Hist. Niv. 83 614 FUUTUER UEVELOl'MKNT. return to work at former wages " would bo protortod. A motion buing made to adopt this as a resolution, the strikers, about 1,500 in number, shouted No I and assailed the citizcnii with threats and op[)ro))riou8 epithets. An attempt was then made by the militia companies to clear the Htreets,'* which only inert asid the confusion, and the belligerent attitude of the strikers. Hoping to j»rc8ervo order by a show of law, the sheriff, L. K. Tucker, arrested the military coin- mander, and disarmed the companies ; but just ut that time a supply of anna arriving from Denver, under escort, the mob mado a movement to seize tlieni, and were met with presented carbines. A partial iKuce was restored at nightfall, although the strikers still held out, and the Citizens' Executive Comniittco of One Hundred remained in session, and the fire coni- paniea in readiness during the night. A nunilur of telegrams were sent to (lovernor Pitkin asking that martial law should bo declared, and an officer onh nd to Leadvillo to nmster into service the militia, which had disbanded on bei»»g disarmed. The governor replied by instructing the sheriff to sunnu<m to liis aid every law abiding citizen," and ]>romised to consider the question of martial law. Other telegrams fol- lowed the first, and about midnight a petition, luaded by the sheriff, and signed by all the principal projurty owners in the city, was despatched to the executive, still urging martial law," which was thereupon jiro- claimed, and Major-gc^neral David J. Cook ordered to '•Minors received from $3 to Jt4 per clay. Krnt'a LewMlle in Your P^ht, 150. The cost of living was high, but diniiniiihiiiK aH the railroaii.t ap- proached. '*The Wolfe Tone gnards was the oldest militia organization in L<>aiU ville, dating from July 12, 1879. It nuni)>ored 80 privates, and IS ciPitniiis. sioned and non-commissionodoificers; John Murphy, capt. TheTalxir l.i^'ht cavalry organized August 2<l, and mustered 64 men; Cecil C. Morgan c.t|it There was a 'M\ company, the Carlranate rides, 44 men, W. P. Minor ca|it., ready to act aa required. ^The law gave tlie sheriff thin authority. Gtn. Luiwt Colo, 1877, 237; ud Laws of 1879, 135. In case of violence he might call out the military, or the aid of citizens. '^ Pitkin » Politienl Vinim, MS., 1; Bofttfhfr, Flwih Thnei, MS., 2-4, Dtn- ver Tribune, June 15, 1880; Colo Sen. Jour., 1881, 40-1. MOIJS AX I) STRIKES. 515 Ijcadvllle to talvo coiniimTul of tlio militia, and imistor in us iiiiK'li forco an lio Hlionld find ncrossary. Li tl»o iiittiim, |Hnidin<; hh arriv.-il, William ][. Jones of Ltjidviilo wa8 commissiomui a bri^jjadicr-pfuneral, to bkc tlio command and p«Tform tlio duties of Ids nositinii. J^rovost-marHJial J. L. l*ritclianl forbade the ass(Mnl)lin«5 t>f groups of people U[)on the street, or ill piiMic lialls, and ordered all saloons and [ilacen of hiisiiicss closed by ten o'cl<M'k in the evenini^. On tlio iiiL;;lit of the I4tli (iencral C^ook arrived, and found tlio excitement in })art allayed, and some of tlie min- ers roturninj:; to tlu^ir work. Also that W. A. I£. Ijovcland, mana;j;in»jf editor of the Dcmocraf, a ])ai)er wliicli sided with the strikers, had been (lej)osed, and Clark, one of the editors of tin? rm/.t," published to stir up disorder, had al)srond(>d. Notwithstanding tlio serious nature of the disturbances, no Yiwh were lust. On the '22«l of Juno the ordcT of the IHth was revoked, and civil authority reinstated, tho miners lifiviiii^ returned t. their work. Besides tho li»ss to Ijcadvilleof half a summer's labor and profit, tho state was taxed $19,.')0r> for tho expenses of the militia. For a t'uno these incidents clouded the reputation, as tluy retarded the progress, of Lcadvillo; but the "The first paper eataltliHliod in I^adville wan the lievnlle, by R. R. Allen, in |s7S. The ]iriiitiiig-<>llii"! wax a log Iioumo <iii Kim Htruct, liulow (..'iiedtiiiit. ]{<'iiii> a pnM|H!Ot<)r \ty nature, Allen liitil pioneen!)! journalism in Hcveral new iiiiiiiiii; caiiinM. He pulilixlietl tlie llfijMer at Central in early tinier, and tlio H'liliiii I nt I* airplay Honiewliat later; and, when earhonateH were diaooveriMl, aii|H';iri'il in Leadville, where for a year and a half he jiulilitdied the Rfwillr, sinl tlii'ii HUspeudcd, and went his way. The Mecond newspaiter in Leadville HM tilt! KrtijMf, a dady denioeratie journal, estaldished in IN78, and .<us- pi'iidiil ill 1S7"J. On the tl'Jth of June, I.ST'J, appeareil the daily i'luimirli; <iwiui| liy Carlylc V. Davis, John Arkiiu', and James M. Itiirnell. Their iiriniiM);-ollice was one of tho tirHt huildinKS on (Miestnut street, a one-story fraiiii' Ntruntnre *J0 liy HO feet. None of the trio had any means which was not Ml tli<<ir huHiness, and nscd the olHee for a lodging-house. The tint issue «Ms ;i small sheet of ii columns. Its hiiccims from the start was so great that it WiiH twice enlarged in H months. In May Bumell sold to the other part- niTH. In |)ee. they purchased a 4-horNe-iMtwer steam engine, with a press ca|iH<'ity of 1,800 an hour. In April 1880 Arkins sold to Davis, who con- ducted tlie Imsiness alone, publishing a 0-eohimn daily, quarto sixe, ami a 9> coiiiiim weekly, an able, instructive, and illustrated paper. The. Drmomit, uitl the ll<-niid, a little later in starting, are also able papers, of which men* tioQ in made in another place. nf FURTHUt DEVliLOr.MEN'T. advent of railroads in Auj^ust, ami tlio coiitinuod dis. covories of rich ore bodies, sijon restored the ludaiicc." Such natural wealth on the cast side of tl.n con- tinental divide was sure to inspire the desire of stjuch upon the occidental slope. But all that couiitrv, as I liave already stated, was left in reserve for the I'lcs. The first attempt of miners to o<cupy the Ute coun- try was in 1861, when a party of prospectors all pt r- ished at the hands of the Indians in Wasliin<j;t(>ii ^ulch, since known as Dead Men's gulch, on the head of Kock creek, a branch of Koaring fork of Grand river. A few men who were undeternd bv the massacre of the first party, or wlio had fniv(<l ''It will be instructive to mention the smeltrrH in nml altoiit Lcadvillo at the close of 1879, with their output. Little Chit-f, S. Tysou mijit, nturicii Aug. 5, 1870, with one furnace— silver ami leail, with a triico of gnld- lui.il Viilno of Imllion, ^212,775.88. Ohio aiul Missouri, .J M. KocUwihuI h\iiiI, Btiirted July 1(5, 1879; one furnace; total valuu, #ir>4,817.80. (uiiiiiiin^is A Finn, Frederick H. Williams Hupt, started July '25, 1879; three fuiiiiKis: total value, $!i'23,039.'24. (iagc-Haganian, (i. W. liryan mctalhu'tiist. ^tiirtrd Miiv 23, 1879, one furi^ace; total value, JH!0.4.>4.84. Kaynumd. Sluiiiiaii. ancl McKay, started June 20, 1879; one furnace; total value, SI4;i,Mt7."0. Klgiu Mining and Smelting comj>any, started June '24, 1879; one fiiniiiiT: total value, f4'2r>,2r»l.'20. Harrison Keduetion works, started 0( t. \S'S: three furnaces; total value, ?l,018,l(>4.'i4. J. B. (irant ft Co. Btuelti r. (iiant manager, started Sept. 2.3, '878; eight inmaces; total value, S'J,.' itT, 174. kS. Leadville Smelting co., started May 15, 1879; one fnrnaeo; total value, $IIM),177.80. La flata Mining and Smelting co., started Nov. 2. I.>^TS: f.iir furnaces; total value, 9l,9<>9,(>34>.24. American Mining and Sinclting co., 0. H. Hahn supt, started June 5, 1879; two furnaces; total value, i''22;!,^;i7.."(i. Billing ft. Eilor's Utah smelter, Fritz Wolf supt. started May 14, IMT'.i; two furnaces; total value, $1,022,<)70. lt>. C.ilifornia Smelting eo., Htnrtnl ><'|>t. 1879; two furnaces; total value, $7fi,870. J. ]>. l>iekson & Co, l,ix/i. tur- naces, started June 1879; two furnaces; total value, $785,010.40. .1 . I! Stioii & Co, Malta Smelting works, started June 1878; one furnace; tnlal \aliu', $(')2,5(W.7(). Adelaide Smelting M-ork», started 1878; one funian •. total value, 875 252.%. To sum up, .34 furnaces in less than a year, n iludii^; 210,341,719 pounds of ore, pro«luced .37.727.797 pounds of lullion, ciiiilaiiiin',' 6,913,408 ounces of silver, valued at ?7.74.3.l 1«\86, and 818.8 ounces of f.'olil, valued at 816,376.37, and $1, 49*5,4.37.64 wortii of lead. . $9,2r)().<iAS S."«. Besides the ore smelted in the local works, there was sent away to l>e rcihiccil 82,751,879.76 worth of ore, to In? reduce*! in foreign smelters, and .*lt(i.(HK) in gold from the gold mines, making the product for the perioil ahovc uivcii |l2,032,808.61. LeiuMlle CnrtxmnW Chnntide, Jan. 3, !880. The outlay was of course enormous to pro«hice this result, hut it could never l>e so j-n at for any other year for these companies, and the amount «.-f ore to he smcltcil must increase with time and facilities. Supjmsing the I'upply to Ik iirac- tif-ally unlimited, as it seems, mining Itecomes in Colorado a p«'ruiaiii iit in- dustry on a grand scale. The product of Lake co., in gold, silver, aud lead, up to 1882, was ^,945,117.69. THE OUNNISON COUNTRY. 817 thcmsolves in at abt)ut tho samo time, fouiul gold in Union jMirk, Taylor pjirk, (irrinan flats, and Tincup flats, l»ut none wtTo ablo to hold their ground against tilt' Indians except a company in Union park, which omtfd fortifications, and mined in the intervals of hunting and skirmishing. They 8oen» to have con- (]iitr«'(l a peace, for this limited region contiimed to he occupied tor twenty years." Very little was known of the country. Old mountaineers had traversed it. Fivniont had crossetl its nortUtrn portion by tho W hi ti' river branch of the Colorado in 1844. Gun- nison ha<l explored it by ihe Grand river branch, the soutiurn fork of which was named after him by Gov- ernor (iilpin. Expeditions under Macomb and Ives had traversed the south-west corner, following the old Spanish trail from Santa Fe to Salt Lake. Ives explored the lower Colorado in 1857 8 to a point oi>,dity miles lielow Grand cailon, where lie organized a land ex|K^dition and explored the plateaux traversed by it. This expedition approached from the west, and did not extend to the Gunnison country. Baker's party penetrated it to the Grand cafton of the Col- (»rado, where they were killed by the Indians, as I have already related. In 1869 Major J. W. Powell explored the Grand canon with an efficient company and outfit, adding nmch to the interest already felt in the country." He had been preceded in the Gunni- "Seo RichardMfCa HiMory of the Ounnimn Country, MS., or an account of it!ii-x|ili)riitiou and aettleiiient. Sylvester Kiolianlson was l>orn in All>any, N. V. Migrating first to iShelmygan, Wis., he foUowuil arcliitecturo anil linat-lmililing, with music-teaching. In 18(iU he came to (^>lora<lo, where he imctisud uietlicine 22 years. lu 1861 he went into cattle-raising, but the Inihan war of 1864 ruined his business. He afterward settled in the (iunni- 8iin cimiitry. -'^In the summer of 1867 Powell visited the Colorado mountains with a party of amateur naturalists, during which ex{>cditi(>n he explored the cation on tiraiid river Iwlow Hot Sulphur springs, and also the Cedar caflon, by whiulHirand river leaves Middle park. His iniri<i«ity thus stimul.ttcd, ho (leteriiiiiied upon further explorations. In 1808 he organizetl another expedi- tion, which spent the summer among the mountains, and encampe<l for the winter 120 mdes aljove the mouth of White river. During the winter, which was a mild one, excursions were made southward to the (trand, down Wliite to (Iricii river, north to Bear river, and around the Uintah mountains. Gradually these exploring excuraions bad become geological and scientific, i S18 KUUTilKR 1)K\ KLOrMKST. SOU country in IHOC* Uy Bcnjainiii Cjmhain, who, in IH7(), coMductr*! a Hrcoiid t'.\|K!(liti<»ii,'* wliirh s|M.iit tho HunuiKT ill |>rosi»t'ctiii|^ tlio went slope (tf tin Klk niouiitain.s, where they iliscovcnd many t^aliiia luii.s, <'arryiii<^ coniHsito in liiiicstonc formation, and a nml vriii on llock «'nH'k. A 1<»*4 fort waH eroctnl. uml proHiKctin^ ('ontinucd, hut the Utos in 1H74 l»inini| tlu' fort and <lrovr out. tlic j>r<JK|M'ftoiH, who l<»st all their property t;xeept tluiir arms, and w»'re«'om|i( IKd to make thiiir way liome, 100 miles, on foot, suhsist- in«^ hy shootiii'Lj jjfaiiu!. In this instanru tlie I'tis proved thiMiiselves al>le astroiutiners, as the l()7tli meridian, their (astern Umndary, tt}^ree<l to th»' vmr before, lay a few miles east of the KcK-k ereek caiuii. In IH74 llayden's seieiitiHe and explorin«^ lixpeditiou passed the summer in the (xunnison country, hut l> these tho Indians made no ohjec'tion, knowiiij^ thiv were transient visitors, hut not, perhaps, hein;^ awar that the knowled;^*' which they {gathered would siml them nit»re prospectors," altliouj^h, as it ha[»pened, the Mill woro oarrinil on unclor tlio iiatrnnago of tlio government. Tin' Ix-ttiT t" carry out hit |ir(ij»ct (if cxiiloring tluH 'nlurailo (Mj^uiih, I'liwcll li,'i>l 4 Ih>,iI4 limit ill (.'liiua){ii, iM Htroiig ax could lio inailc, ami traiiHji<irt<'>l liy r^nl t>> ili<' ix.f'if where tlic I'. I'. It. K. crouncs (Jrccii rivur. On tlio '-^tli nf M,i\ tin' lii'i't left Oreon Kivur city, in Wyniiiiiig, prDviNimioil for 10 niontl-.t, aii'l xnp |iiii'il Milli Mciuntilic inNtruinuntx, arum, aiiiiiuuiition, and touU mid tuo i^i tliciii dcfkcd. I'lic ImatM wtTi! iiaiiicd and iiianniMl aM fiillo'v.t: Emiiin It 'in, J. If. /''■ii«ll, J. ('. Striiiirr, aui\ H'illi'H.i /I. Jhnin: Kiflft ri,/,l.',< Sff- r, 11 //. /'■"/••ll aiiil O. V. Hni-llii/; \o \iiiiif, O. </. /f iirliiiii, Simm Hiwhnl, and Fniiil- Uxi/ii.iiii: Mitiit </ t/m r'il7(>/i, W. It. Il'iirkin-i and Anilnin Ih', A Niiiiiiiicr of t'Xtraiirilinary travel aii-'. iiia^'riiiicKiit iIihci wry foljuwi'.i, :■( \%liu'li the oltji'i't wai ' A'coiin|ili)ilifd, tlx* t'xaiiiiiiation of tlii^ ^raiid i ir>"ii of till! i'olorado, iK.'iiide.'i vtliicli tlirro were Mcvcral otluT*— Cuiitrai't r.iftnii. 41 iiiilcH loiifiC, with wail't from I, .'UN) to '.'.7(<> fi'il in lioiuht'. Oli-ii r^iimii, 14'.) niil<"< loii^, \«ith walU .^oiii 'JIH) to l,*MN> Icit in altitude; M.irMi,' r.irinii. (iTij, iiiilct long, *J(M) fi'vt di-cp at iN liua<l, and .'{..MNtfci-t drr|i at itt lnui r riiil; (ir.'tiid cD.ni'U, 'JIT', niili'~i ill It'ii^'tii, and from :i,OtN> to ti,(NNI feet in ili'|itli. *' 'I'lii* party coiiHiHti'd of H. A. Kirkor, WilliaiiHiant, Samuel MiMilliii. I.OU1H Unini, JaiiieN llrcniian, and •' M. hefahauiii. Sio FoHnett'n ' !•/ /-.i./i. a i|cHcri|itivc, hixtorii'al, and HtitiiitlU'al work of •V.t'J |ii>|{ei<, N nio, miMi inaio a'ld illuHtratiotiH: New N'nrk, ISM), the iiioMt eoni|i|etii of ttie iiikii> I m a'toiil the centennial wtate. Ki''ker waiari'Mideiit of I'ark eoiintv, and .irtiv<' III exploring the tiio'intaint, |iartieiilarly the I'ark ra>ige. A. 'I'liortitMri \t.i< A |iriiH|i<H-tor ill tliH ri'tt'on alioiit thin time. ■'■ 1 hav<i Meveral tiliiev had oeeaMion to refer to llayden'i* renearclieH iii Ihi coiirM«) of thin work. Tli" n'|<orti» of Ha>deii, Klidlieh, I'eale, ( iaiiiieli. .-iimi iluluiua wvru of ^tvAi vurviuu iu making Uuown to the world tl<v uuikmI t ' I rROsrEcriNt; i-lxpeditions. 619 ^ Nvlio, ill lii'li s|..'iit i.fth. Klk U'lia liiih's, tiwl u coal jcti'd. mill r4 Imnitil II » lost all cuiiiiicIKmI >t, Hultsist- tlu! rt(s til." I(i7lli • tin- vrar rnek ciiiiiii. t!X|M'l|itiu|| A'V, luit t» Avill!4 they L'iii|Lj awai" v':>lllil scliil nifucil, tilt Till' l«n<r t.> 11 Ii.'kI 4 IxKiii Ity rail til the th nf M;iy tim jlitl:'«, aii>l HU|i' |iIm aii't twii i.f : Eiiiii''t I I'll!, i.'^Si'f'i; tr. HI I'd llniihhl, Aiidn in II ■ ', \ fnlliiWi'il, III ■ nr.Ainl r.ifn'ii iitrai't I'.itVm, : <i It'll cai'inii, iMailil"' rafiiiii. Its liiui r I'li'l; I'iii't III <li'|itii. iiul MrMilli'ii. IfttV' ../■<-.i.^. (|<l, M Itil lllAI'' IIIKII> liiM'K< itv. aii'l artivf iTiiiiriitnii «»» |i'nrrh«i 111 ttic I CaiiiK ti. 'tii'l II t>'i.- iiiiiiimI first wlio came and stayed were m a dato at least ooii- t( iii|inraiRM»u8 with the f^overninont explorations just rfci'i'dftl. \\\ \r<7'l a party of prospcvtors roturnin«r from the Sal! Juan country, whoro they were unwelcome, iiasM <1 up the (funnison river, and oxaminin*; the old (Ji.^'.riii>j;H on K(»ek er«'«?k, discovered a number of sil- v( r littles in the vicinity." A company was raisi'd in ]Xiivor the followin*; sprinj^ t«> visit the alle«(«'d tlis- cevcry, ann)n«5 whom were Jt>hn Parscms, licwis Wait. an<l Thomas Croider. Tiuiy went ami returnetl l)V the t»M Wash in|jf ton t^ulch j»a.ss, via He<' nM»untain, Twill lakes, Buckskin Joe, and Fairplay, !yrin«^in«5 a wcallli «if wcstorn Colorado. Sfi> Hiiyilvir.i t'. S. (Ifol. ai.il t/iiM/. Surrrtf oj (',/.,/M./i mill Atljiii'fiit T-rritiirit, |H74. [i. .'•I.'). Wikiihiiigton. I8"t>. In llny- <KiM litter to tlio iHJiTcUry of tlio iiitvrior, wliioh «en'«'H uh a jiri'faco, li« ii.tiiK'^ tliraM^^iHtaiitj with liiiii inC'olorailo an followit: (irNt diviHioii cnm^iiiij the iiiMiiMiaiiii liy till- ik>rtlio'.ii| iiaii, <!X|iiiirci! iti IHKI l>y lt4-rtlioii<t wliito loiikiiiK fur an (Ai'rlanil mail rmi'o by tlio way of iJi-iivcr, coimistt'ilof A. K. Marvine t;,'ii|..i;i^t, ^. U. I.aiiil toii.igriiplicr, I.oiiis Cheiivcia-t anttt to|ioj{raj)li«T, M I.. \Virl ami NV. S. Moliiiaii Jiirti'oroloKiiU, K. A. ISarlKT liotaiiiHt, W. W. WiU Imiiik .'iHst, '2 \n\ckiTi*, c-oiik, aiiil iiiiiitiT. 'i'liu hi-coikI (liviNioii cuiiKiNU'tl of llniry tiaiiiiott toiiogra|ilirr, Kn-il OwenHOMKt toimgraiilitT, A. t'. I't-ali' gcjil- ii'.'i^t,' Frank Ki'ltogg, aMKt, An-li. li. Bailocli aHst, 2 )>ai'k<'ri and a cook; tii'M, tlietirand nvor. Tliird divinioii coiiNiHti-d of A. I>. Vt'iUon toiMigraplifr, h' i;ii<iila anst. K. M. Kndlicli gcologi.st, (iailiip ni<>t<ioroliigiMt; tii'ld. tli<- San .liiiii I nimtry. With Havdcii woro (!. H. < 'hitt«iiil«n tiipograiiluT, W. H. ll"liiii'-> gcologiKt, W . 11. .lackMon |iliotogra|ih*-r, Anthony at«Ht, KrnuHt Ingur- kill! iiatiiralint, Frank Smart aHst, '.' parkirM and a conk. 'Ilii' grogrnphirai MirvfV* Wfst of tin- IIMHh nicridian, condiu-tud liytii-orge M, W licfliT of thu I'oriii of iiiiiiiiiiTs for Mcvcral hiiivcskh i- ycar.i, wurc of uimsiial iiitrrfnt. lie liad uiidiT \\\* ordiTi" a jiarfy if fngiiu'or oiruTrs, and n<'<'iiiii|iaiiyiiig hill) aniinilifr of H|H'('ialiittH. .loliii .1. Stcvcti'ioti, gcologiitt, in h7^ I x.'iiiiiiu'd tlid ooal-ini-aHiiri'H at the i'ai«l liaso of tlio Korkv iiioiintaiiiM. |i:irtii iilarly from Triiii lad Moiilli to Santa Vv. Tlio nportH do«ii to IHNI, hIiii'm liavi! Iifi'is jiiililiHlifd. hIiow .i . i^t .irca of n'Mrarcli for all tho icvcral l>raiii'li<^< of 111)' Hurvry, Imt tin y a..i r tlu' nioMt jiart too lalmri'd and tt'cli- nii.il inrtlii' general roadt-r. 'I'lnTMiro Ivw lliigli MilU'r'* ingi-nlogy, and until ilirri' arn iiiori', tiiat Ni-iontv Will niiiain a dru.no and tdMUdi'XM to|ii(' wliirli ■liKiiM glow ami Hjiarklu \ ili Niiggi'stmn and meaning to tin* eoininoni'Ht iiii'li r-itandiiig. A litili- in t(n"<i' i'i|iorts coiii'iTning tlio effort of cortain rix-k firiii.itioiw on tho aH|H'ct of a iMunitry, it-< hoiI.<, rlMr^, and vogctaMi- |iroiln>!- .iHiii, lioth liofora anil afti-r it coinoM nndi'r ini|irovi'mont, mimiM iirnvu aa av'rai'tiso foatiiro ill p!<-o|ogiral Workx. Tlio iialontology of Colorado ix ri'ii irkalilo and intor-Hting, an nIiomii in tho ItuUrtim nf t/n' I'. S. h'toiiM/tml iiwl '.'■■liii-iiji/iirol Surfy nf' t/if Trrri/'n-im, SifmiiiSirvM, A'o. /, I'oi'.taining 'li'm'' jitioiH of fiMiiil (mIii-m ami inaaiinalia. Tliix Hiil>i<'>'t. ooiii'iincd with on iiitfl itoiit (ttudy of tho rockH, and thf interrnt attai'hmg to tlir n lirs of a Ikiij jia't Ht'ini-('ivili»itioii ir. Colorado, Nhoiild fiirni»h a faxiinating liidd of oli-i vat on to tho ordinary mind ax widl ax to tho Nprrialist 'I'll-; iiamrH of Hoini* of tliix romiiaiiy wcro l>ouglax McLaughlm, Jkme* Bn \iiau, ttuil Ouorgu Cirouii (oolorotl). ■ ' m vi tr^ySsM :■ ^Hv .■(5 |i)f 1^ ini 520 FURTHER DEVELOPMfcNT. report so satisfactory that an expodition was iiiiiiit^di. ately or^anizotl to return and explore the wliolc (iuii- nison country. It consisted «>f thirty men with ri.jlit wat(ons and a pack-train, which pr<>ceeded to cinss tlie mountains by the S(»uth park, Poncho, and Cochetopa }msse8. The geologi.st of the expcdiiiun was Sylvester Richardson, the metallunjrist Kit liard Cook, and the botanist Parsons, tlie recojrnized Kad* r. On arrivinjjf at the Indian aj^ency of Los Pinos, tin v were forbidden by the assembleil Utes, nuiMlurini' 1,500, to c«)ntinue their journey. But ujion holdin.^f a council, an<! takinjjj the sense of the meetini^ by vote, it was found that there wns an equal division, wIk n the head chief, Ouray, j^ave his voice in favor of allowin;^ the party to proceed The company proceeded to the junction of Tom id ij creek and Gunnison river, where they met a ruu|ilo of white herders in char«^c of the <;ovennnent tattle belongin*^ to the a<;ency, and who conducted the wajjjons to a ford of the river. On the site (»f (Jiniiii- Hon City Richardson took an a.stronomical observa- tion, and beinj^ siitisfieil that they were on the < ast side of the 1 07th meridian, determined to there tuuiid a town, and occupy the beautiful valley of the (Juii- nison. After several more davs of toihsome inad- buildin*; and travel, the exix-dition arrived at the head of Rock creek, and at once erected a small smelter, near where the town of Scofield was sidtsc- quently located. In two months a .sufficient teat had been made, and the comjMiny returned to wiiitt r at Denver, the wa»;on-train by the same route by '\ liicli they came, and the pack-train by the Washiiiu'toii gulch trail. Arrived at home, Richards<m ma<^le his rep«»rt to pI'r.'XHis interested, residing in Chicago, Quincy. and Denver, which being favtirable, furnace.s and niacliin- ery wire purchased, and all things placed in readimM to commence mining in (runnison countv as soon ns spring should open. Before spring arrived a pauir i;UNXI.>OX COUNTY. r.'ji liad (»i(urred in huHincss circles, wliich put an cnci to tb« M lit'UiL'S of the Parsons company. But Kicliard- sdii, I'lnemberiiijjf tlie beauties of (^unnison valley, and Ih'Ihj; resolved to locate hinisr-lf there, calh'd a iiiiM tiiiij; at Denver, and proceeded to organize a joint stdck company for the purposes of settlement. About the 1st of March the company was incorporateil, with Mt.uf Ihe Holi Cm »& 4AJ> E ' " j*<iwU 111: O^Af"'* r"- W ^ - . J TliiCui. ti,t ^ ■ > (il NM.S4IS MiMM) liKtiloN. l{i<liardson presi«lent, (ieor<^o Storm vice-president, ("liiirles A. IV'ale .secretary, and a bnaid <if dinctors (•niisistin«^ of these persons and tl. li. ( )utca]t, .Ii'lm S|iiii(Hin«;, (jreorjLife W. Huj^he.s, ami Doctor Know les. Til.' colony arrived at CJunnison rivt-r April iM, IS74. Till' land was surveyed into <|narter sections ; each (•nl.mist drew 1(10 acres bv lot, and a town was laid on (ill Richardson's portion, and ?iamed (Jnnnison, after (^iHitaiu Cirunnison, who fu.st surveyed this valley. ;i if^^ V ill!! Rill 'S ':1 i! i; ( i 522 FURTHER DEVELOPMENT. Ill the autumn dissensions arose in the com pan v. some members of which abandoned their iiiteroHts ami went prospecting to the north. Alll returned to ])tn- vcr to winter, and of the thirty original mcniUisnnlv tliree resumed their occupancy in 1875, namely liidl- ardson, and John and William Outcalt. Gratluallv settlers, especially cattle-owners, came to remain. Iii 1876 a new town company was formed, which took possession of the present site of (iunnison, outside of Richardson's claim. But this company also ijuar- reled and dissolved. In 187U there were two rival organizations — the East and West Gunnison town companies. The Denver and Rio Grande railwa\ was being pushed westward witii a purpose to dtx dop the country, and the west Gunnison town conijtany by libera] donations of land secured the statioii and car-shops. In March 1871) the legislature establishod tlie county of (iunnison, and attached it to Lake for rep- resentative and judicial puriKises. Its bountlarit.s commenced on the summit of the Saguache " ran«,'e, between the headwaters of the Arkansas and Colo- rado, where the south line of I^ke county crossid the divide, extending along the said sunnnit to tlic north line of I^ako county, thence west to the wtst boundary of the state, and south to the north line ot' Ourav county, this being the north boundary of tin San Juan purchase, thence east to the west line of Saguache county, ftdlowing the boundary of this county to Saguache range, and north along its sum- mit to the south-west corner of Lake county, rndmi- cing more than 10,000 square miles.*^ Setth nn nt and discovery progressed slowly. In 1877 the tbn- nintjfs brothers located a mine of bitunnnous coal at Crested Butte mountain, and the foliowhig year 11 'W- >* An Imlian wnnl, pronounced si-watch, meaning bluo stroani. Jii'hunl- soiiH //int. (I'iDiniMoii Couittrt/, MS., 15. ^din. Liiiiv Colo, \S1\), 21H-hi; FoneeU'n Colimuln, 665. Pitkin <'.<iinty waH takon frdui the luirth-eaHt corner of (fUnuiHon ami MontroHC, Delta auJ Mosa from the wovturu portion, GUNNISON SETTLEMENTS. 623 nnl F. Smith purchasetl 8«»me c«ml intcrcsta and stiitti'd the villat5e of Crested Hutto Tlio existence ot' ( (»al of a good quality was of itself a reasi)n for (vtiiuling railroads in this dirtK'tioii.*' But jmts- |i((t<»rs from Lake county, the overHow of Leadville, l)(<j;jin pouring into the (xunnist)!! c«»untry early in 1871) — so early, indeed, that they had to tunnel tlie SHOW in one of the [)asses of the mountains. Jiich (lis(()V(!ries in gold and silver wvre made, and the usual sanguine expectation was aroused. Tlio first important discovery of silver was of the Fcnst Queen, in the summer i»f KS71). The history in siiiipio and romantic. A Maryland man, W. A. Fisher, who had driven an ox-team across half the continent, became fastened in the mire of tlu; moun- tains and was heli)ed out hy a s|>ectator, O. J*. Mace, whereupon Fisher gratefully proinisetl himahalf-inter- ( -it III the first mine he should find. A few days later Miice was informed of the disc«>very of tiie Forest Queen lode, half of which he received froniFisherunder tin- name of Ruby camp, and which he almost immedi- acy sold for $100,000." The village of llul)y a few inih'S west of Crested Butte became a dependency of the mine. Other discoveries, and other incipiiiit towns followed; namely, A.s|K»n, (Jothic, Schofield, Elko, Bellevue, Irwin, Pitkin, Virginia. Tin Cup, Ohio City, Hillerton, Massive, and Highland. But in the midst of hope and promise tin* brightest, a thunderbolt fell. The Utos, viewing the gradual, hut sure encroachments upon their reserved tmitory, turneil in their rage and slaughtered, not the iiitrud- " A well known inincnilogint i" n»port*<l tn hsro saiil t'lat while a jm'ind "f iVim ftiithrMrito will iiiak- 2'y poiiniU of Mrani. a (Mxmil <>f tins lutmiii. itMiis ciiikl will liiako '2'\ |)<iiiii<iw; luit while oni- |h>iiiii| of ciistfrti nnthricite \< l>iiriiiii){, two iioiiiuIh of this will Imm. Tlifivfort*, «hilf tlii> ]ioiiiii| of I'l III! aiithrncite in inakiii(( '->.*> iMtiiiiiU of «teaiii, this coal will gciifrato 46 l"Mlllll^. /«;/(■(•«)//'« ("nif of Ihr C<mt'ii>til. •J.%7. ^'<lriiiihi'iiriVn*^nlnriuhi. S'l ' Oritx Ifanl ' i« -'ohn F Jirntr, niiil hi-* Ixiok wriiM (if Irttors to t'lo Philnili (^Jii't /*rv.«, lM>in|{ jnit,'» of n innnu'v to hen- v<r :iii 1 li!itk. in tin- iuitiiiim iiu<l wint«<r of \ss\ •.», ]■ tH). Isv_* It is a !<i>{><'rlii'i:il liiit ]i|i>ii><atitly written view uf the couutry, gatlttiroU vliiutly from c(m\ ( raatioiiH with iiwu. t r 524 FUUTHEU DEVELOPMENT. ers, tliey wcro too many ami strontj;, but thoir Ixst friend, tlio i»liilantlir(»|)i.st Meeker, and hia fuiiiiK . at the a<j;en('V, as I have related. This outbreak \v;is an interruption, but not a lon«jj one. Tlie rush tn the Gunnison eountry in IHKO wa.s ufnsater thuii cvd- before, bein«jj a repetition of tiie ijeadvil'e exciteiinnt. A ri'j^iou was exjjlored fifty by a iiundred inil<s in ext(Mit. The niin(>ral formation while similar to that of California jj^ulch was less of the oarb«>nate ehara'^. ter, and eons('<juently more diffieult of reihictjdii, sometimes requirin*^ roasting. Yet, as the mines wir » frequent and rich, the (vumiison country, on aeeount of its extent, was reiLjanled as the li^reat treasiny (if the st^ite. In July IHHl the J)enveranil ]lio (iniiult' railway was extended to (iuimison city, and in ilie latter part of November to Crestetl Buttt;. Bi tnio this, however, smelters and mills had been erected. Such nmrvels of proy;ress were seldom witnessed as this mining and railroading progress in the h<'ait of the mountains; nor could it have been possible, no matter how great the skill, without the native weiiltli to sustain the outlay.^** hi "Some facts with regard to Chinniaon mines arc hero given. TIiu finina- tinii of the niiiieriil h'-aring country is geniTaliy liorpliyry, <juart/itr. iiinl linientone, or )lucoui])ose<l granite. Among the notewortliy huKiM uv:ir I'itkiii are the Fairvicw, Sil\ it inlet, Silver Age, Terrible, Old l>oniinii>n, (iicni Mountain <ir..;ii(, Nilver Vueen, Silver King, Western lletnis|iheri', Hl.uk t'loud, Merriniae. ami Silver Point. Tlu' Kairvicw averamMl in the early |.rniH[ of its develiiiuneiit, Itk) ouneesof silver per ton, witli llHjicr cent of Icid; :i\A a large amount earried 4.V) of silver jter ton. Sdver Islet siiuiples of ilre>.-i'cl ore averaged 4.">(l ou'iees. niidnssi d, '2~'i. with •-'."» jur eent "f eoiiper. !t lielonged to ('. <'. I'uHer, 'vlio -'Id it for s;M),(MHI ufiire nuu:h »iirk h.i I ''iiii done on it. (!ov. Routt honvflit tin; IIimI .laeket, a 4-foiit vein, tor .lii-O.tKKi. Near Ohio City wen; the ()lii<., Ii.'dsnii, (irand \'u!\v, Ontario, (Icild ri.iiii, llurulMililt, Tornadii. Tamle, '. "timii, and (Jol. Link. Kre^ inilling ')ii:ii t/ainl gold were fiiund near the nurfaee. cliiiiigint: in sdvcr l>el..«». Ne.ir llilliihii the I'rince mine, on <iiil(i Hill, showed tive fi'taot earlioiiateH, <'arrying mImt 27'i ounees to the ton .ind trni-es of gold. 'I'he K^-yal Oiik Miniiiff <-.iiii|Miiy of New York owned mines in this seetiou. 'I'iu < i|i. S'iver ( ii|), t.olil i .|i «;iililen tjueeu. Mirhie l.<'e, Alleutown, Anna, Ueiir ka, .\Iayllow<'r. Ited I.miii, Thiini|i''in, Little Anna, ami Kigtiah-na, were amnng the )iriimmeiit in ms ahoui Tin • 'u|i. The (lolden (.liieeli was one of the few true lissurux' ns, Rssayie •*<•<) ]iertuii. uiostly i:i gold, .unl showing eulie gal»-ua. Tlie Tin • "p, (iiild < 11)1, and SiKer ('up were on 'lUo hide or ileposit. l>eing earl>oii;ili s, in linn^stoiie. worUeil hy the Hald Nl'mnt^'iiii «■.>.. f.m! p^tviriu well in «ilir. Highland Mining distriet on linariiiu mrk and Castle ereek ecMtaine.l a I' It of limestouu 18 luiles loug l>y 3 luiluti iu widl^ Ijutwuuu these streanui in w liu'li II GUNNISON MINES. 5?5 I liavo now j^iven tlie principal history of silver and "j,'>l(l niiniiiL,^ in Colorado tor the first twenty years? t'roni IHolJ-OO to 1871) 80. A dotailcd account \>\' i\\\ the minor diHcoveriea would be more tedious tli.iii iiiterestinj^. In the f'ollowin*^ chapters a suni- iiiitij; <'t' results, broU|L,'ht down as nearly to 188(1 as uiiiiil transition so rapid it will he possible to do, will (iiMclude the history of this portion of the state." an iiriiiii IMC amount (if iiiiiuTal wa.i found. Tlio Monarch lodo cropped out of tlir iMi'lli '.'0 i^•^•t in liiiglit and '.'■'• feet in tInt'kncsM, iivtTa^in^ (iOouix-oh of kjImi' I" till' tun. The Sinuf^gli'i', Spar, Cpliir, and Kii'linioiid yielded hand HliMli l\ Citv. the Opliir S."i(»;> per ton, tlie llicliniunil, owned i>v Stevens and l,,«Mter, 70 til 81'M> piT ton. 'J'lii! Sning),der, tlie oldext foeation near Anpen ai rieil fruin 70 to KM) ounces of silver jier ton. 'I'hc ore of tlie spar was lii'in v li.iryta, witli inaHsex of cupper and eldurides yielding richly. The Sil- ver !: II Iddc .showed native Hilvcr, and milled *.)4 tiuiu'cs per ton. The Littlu Uii.-mII nulled .siMK) per Ion. .Massive City is in the centreof a carlionatc lielt. lUil'V WIS re>;arded as tlie point of converjjcnce of thn^e mineral lielts, and the ri.-hi- t of ill! the districts. Anion^ its imtalilo mines wcri' the Forest (^ueen, l.iid ( ijicf, Kullion Kiiii;, lnilcp('iidence, Monto ( 'risto, Kiiliy Chief, Little .Mmiii.-, Sliver Hill Crystal, Zunii', .lustice, Mulitail, Mope\\'ell, I'ickwick, Koiirili I'f .Inly, KurcUa, and Old iMissimri. The ore of th<^ first 7 named yiiMi I finiii S'JOd to S'i.(MIOper tun. The (iood Knouifh Smelting Co. erected ill Issil a chliirnili/iii'.^ and a^lalgalnatiIl^ mill, the machinery of which tilled '.','i iMilw.iy cars. W . II. Weliii, ,1. H. l'. l.indley, S. |j. Towiisend, .and M. H. t W ri^^ht were owners in this plank. Th(! Fin^side, Itidiy, Kipiator, MiHinii^r star, ])ictator. Capitol, Miinkidori, and ilnl> an; in this district. The lii'~t liK'ation, tlie Itiiliy Chief, was made liy .lai Mr ennan It •d riiiiv ihiiicral. 'I'he Forest <j>ucen in |M7'J shipped 'J4 tuns of picked ore to I'll.!. I. .and Denver that yielded .'!iI<),S(K). Crested Hntte had a smelter in IS7U tli'iiiKli thi'i-e are no silver mines in its immediate vicinity. Cothic district, 7 null ^ iiciith of Cre-teil Hulte, is located on Cupper creek and Kast river. Its I'li^iiiiss ei'iitor is < lulhic < '.ty i».t the fuotof the ( Jotliic mountain. Anionj^ llic iiiiIimI mines are luilejiendent. Silver Spence, IJeiisselaer, Vt'rmont, Jenny l.iii.l, Kciiu, Wulverine, rnnmiih, and Sih irl^uccn, wliich carries .'CtOounci-s <if ^ijvir jnr tiiii of ^ray c'u|ipcr. (iuudwin iti'u. uwn the mine. 'I'he Sdver >|i. Iia-i a vi'iti uf ^^lIcna, aiitimunia Isih lativ r and niliyHilver and snl- liliinN, friim 4 to '.20 inches in thicknc-is. The Mveiiin^; Slai Imh , on the same iTiik. ii uf liiie-jfraincd j;;ileii i ore intermixed wit ti white feldspar. There ip' f"ur --iiicllcrs in the « lutliiedistrict in iH.sd. w thin a radius of ton miles. (»M I; ( I'k wi re al-o ma?iy ar^jiiil ifcnms \i ins and a snielter. 'I'lie Sil- three feci Wide, was jiiiii li isid liy '!', Fuley uf headvil|(! and K. M. if Carmn City. |)ncoverics had liei'ii madttthu sann; year on Criz/ly iTiM'k. IIO miles within the Indian reservation. ^' Smite of the authorities consult'sl f.T this cli.aptcr and not previously noted, are: .Vi le i'nlnrftili nn-/ IIk Sitiitu /V '/';•'(;/, liy A. A. Mayes, .Ir, which, vliili' It tuiiches on tin; sulijei'ts h«Tein contAinid. is chiefly a hiiinoruiis view 111 III f.iinil lar scenes, and uf little value as an .iiifliunty. '/'hi- rni.tfuiiil" tif I •! Ciiiiijitit' AiKilft*--' iij' iiiir Ain'ri liy dialled lUncruft, iJuut juililishcr. Hiiriii itiiplics a cuiMpcdium ul facts nlatinu tu uii tliiis a hricf oUlHlK! uf the historv of each st foil ■> f/.i/ .11. 1 I.. \s; KHI'DIIKI III, )) :3,H. 01 ri (iTcnce Di Sum nil' run I m t'nh.nllt '1 I . a iiM-r 111 |s7», liv Ki.'h.inls.V I , witli til is as its name 'mental system, ;i'.| cun- territory-. .\ iisi'fnl Imuk viiluine uf I.'iS jw»s«cs pulilislicd at -i),'ii "t" attra.tiiii; tuiirists tu tli; griiinl uuii ruuiiuitiu scuicry ui UtfelUcky tuuuuUiun. It ud-jscriplive, with ?™ * ,» In 4 > iti,';li ■r.-'' f- ,'1, ifinti FURTHER UEVEIX)l'MEXT. a few photographic views, aa<l a table of altitudes and distances. Cnlonul.mnd Hoini-.^ in Uif A-io Wrut, liy E. 1'. luuiicy, prcitideiit of Colorado lullim, p, IIS, Kostoii, ISSO, m prolialtly intended to advertise the L-ollug.;; at tin Jme time it givuH ii pluasaut inipreattiou of Colorado as a wliole, and u a n iduMe liook on ii pluno aliove comicality, at which it ia faahionalilu tohtr.-iin m muil. ern travels. '/'"" T/iounitnil Milm on Horm-lmrk, l>y Jaines V. Mt'liiic, )i. ;t|; New York, 18(57, i.i the narrative of a journey to Santa Ft* and back m Isiiii. Iiiit coKtainii inoru than the ordinary amount <if information to lio fuim.i iq 'iuch '.tookii, and for the date at whuii it was {mldishud wax interesting, h Inle iiiueh tliat it contain!! in still of value. Miline wan a contriliutor to the (''ith')lii- WnrH, ill wliich tlio aliove narrative first appeart-d. lit; lin-d at BriMiklyii, Aug. 14, I H7H, aged tiO years. The .l/»V;« o/' rotoni(/n, liy Uvaihln J. Hidlister, editor and propi'etor of the Vnlnrtuh Miiuiitj Jaurmil, is a vul- uiue of 450 pages, dovoted to .-; brief historical sketch of the discovci y <>t the luiiie.i previous to 18(»7, with a tieseription of theditfeix-iit ilistrii-tWH^ tliry thcu existed, for wliicli rcaMoii it deals mora with gohl than HJIver iimiiiiil'. It i.s sut)ii;ieiitly practical and scieiititie tigether to Tie intelligilile to the gni- eral reader. T.'f t'olinvfo Mininij DireHnry ami Miiiiinj L<iw», 188,1, p. <,M)S, eon tains a description of every developed mine in tiie state at the date, arraiii:i'it liy counties, witii tlie statutes on mining, an adiniraido authority for \u pur- pos«', thi tJii: Pliiitin niul niniini/ l/if Pfuku, or /iitir Mm Muxiiyll Miiili Inr X'ltitiid /fUtonf CoUerthm, hy Mary Dartt, Phila<hdpliia, 1879, furiiislics lit- tle that is availaldo for the historian, but is iu a measure autlioritative as to the fauna of tlie country. Mrs Maxwell's collection of Colnradu niaiMiiiais and liirds was exliibitcd in Washington in 187(5-77, auil received inueli praisL'. Ilht. ('i/( >;•((//(>, M.S., l)y Carlylo C. i>avis, Ix-adville, treats of tlie lii>tory cf the Chrimiilr, and other iiewspiipers of Leadville, the early hi.story of the town, and its present prosperity and peculiarities. I (avis was liorii at (lli'n Falls, X. Y., ill 1H4(», and eaine to i'oiorado in Oct. 1878, as one of tln' pro- prietcirs of the <Viro,;:rlt', Miiich becaiiie a leading jmirnal in the state, '/'okvls ii'/om/ L'liilrilli', M.S., by .laines N. Cliipley, gives a brief a< count of the n<u of the mining towns iu i^ake co., and the hi.story of leading iniiies. The lloliert K. Ia'i! iiiiiio took out ill one day, aeconling to Cliipley, ?! l.s,(HHI, aini many days ?i!,'»lt,()(N). Cliipley was a native of Mo., burn iu IH.'il, and eaine to Denver in I87;J: thence to lieadville in 1878. T/i<- Flush TIhu.a iu ('<>(., i-uU, M.S.. by Charles Boottcher, Leailville, is a narrative of tiio authors nii^ra- tions, and inciilentally a history of the places where he lias tarried for certain periods; at Cheyenne, in Wyoming, (Jreeley, Houlder, and lx«idville, iii Col- orado, lloettcher was born iiiOermaiiy in IS.'i'J, immigrating to the l'. S. in 18(57, and to Wyoming in 18(58, whence he came to Colorado in 1871. and to Leailville in 1878. Siiitltiwj in t 'olorndo, M.S., by Franz Folir, contains ^unii! loose statements concerning smelting; a.s, for instance, that at llenver, I'lidln, CaAon City, and lx.'advillts such works e.xist; ami that the output of Lead- ville alone, not inelnding outlying camps, M-as iu 1884, l,OtN) tons of bill. .on daily, /'roiinin in ^ 'ohnulo, NI.S., by Charles 1. Thomp.son, wiio hail rli,iri;o of the St Louis smelting Murks, and the Ijoadvillu linproveineiit coiii|i.iiiy's property, gives a history of the troubles of the latter corporation with Mjual- tors, as wtdl as many items of general information. Thomp.son was linni it Newburg. N. Y., Ill 1815(5. removed to Ohio in his childhiNtd, to Kans.i- i ity ill IS(i.">. and to lA-advillo in 1878. HiciiirM» In l.i'nilrilli; MS., by ( li.nh'j .Mater, is a view of early mining, supideiiiented by the crowning f,i<t that Leadville Iron and Silver Consolidated mines have yielded .S^tO.OOU.tXHI annu- ally ever since I87'.>, with many more general items of interest. Matiiwas iKirn in (iermany in 18;{,"), and oaino to the IT, ,S. in 18."i;i, niigrating to ('.'lo- ratio iu 1S(5!I. .Vo^■s on Culoriulo, by William Cilpin, pp. 5'J, is a jiunpldi't deserijitive ami geidogical, issued in 1870. MHn>tuhc Mont/ilii .!/•' /"Vnc, ilune I87-. 'J0.'5 1(i, descriptive. Sitn Jwm nnil OUtrr Shirhm, ,\|.s., isa.,.ui- pilntion (if historical articles, made for this work. TIk' .\fin-Hoj'(' ilnrii'ii. by Sakiiiel D. Silver, MS- deals with early times in Califorviia gulch, and the BIBLKXJRAPHY 627 rohsoi|Ut'nt discoverios. Silver was Imm in Fort Wayne in 1840, and came til ('i'l'>i'iil<> •" ^^''■i- Korl'n All Ihf Ynir Umtnd in tlir Rtre*ntii u/ tlie Hitrky Mull III' II II \ ii|>. 'M, ileMoriptive, illuHtratetl. .liiiii'iialiHHi in Coloratio iias always ranked high, many of the weekly uml il:iily (tulilieatiouit Itoiiig of an order to ilo credit to eitieH iiiiieh older t,Mii I'liiver. <^u the lilW of April, lS,">i>, two newi«|>a|iuri« wero ismied tit liiiivir, then Auraria, the Hucky Moiiiituiit A'cmw and t\\o t'hrrry Cnrk I'io- „,ir. Tlio lattur was iMHUed l>y John Merrick, on a vup-Hi/e lever ])reM8, and ,us]ii'Mili'i| after the first number. The Xi'im, wiiich was owned l>y William \ livers and ThomaM (illinon, continueil to appear weekly. In July IK'itt, (iilrsiiii sold to John L. Ilailey, and he in |S7() to Hyern, who conducted the l>u>iii(M4 ,'i|one for M years, when he sold to K. (i. (.'ooi>er and associates, who III t»<> mouths sold to William A. II. Loveland and •lohn Arkins, or the News iViiUiii^ CO. In iMilitics the A'firii was repnliliciin until it came under lute iiiaiiai;iiMcnt. The Riirh/ A/ountninOnltl /tijmrtn- wan started in July ltSr>!>, at Ci'iitral (.'ity, hy 'Ihomas (iilison, who pulilished it ahout three months, wlicn lit! returned to Neltraska. The press lie used was that hrou^ht out l>y MiTiuk, and after his departure it was taken to lioldenCity, where it served tlif H<i-t(>ii CO. to print the M'fifrrii Mniiiiloiini'r, which flourished for one viar iiinirr the conduct of ( ieorge West, the material and press heiiig sold in lit'i'. I'ttii) to Mat. Kiddlebarger, who took it to Canon City. Karly in the !>|iriii;j of IHlK) H. K. Hounds and Kdward Bliss came from Chicago with a iK'UsjiapiT outfit, which Byers Ik. l>ailey managed to cons<didato with the A'"''<. Ill the mean timeliilison had returned to I )enver with another press, iiiiil oil the 1st of May, IMM), liugaii the issue daily and wt-ekly of the ll<u-ky M'liiiii'iiii /li-ntl<t, the first daily in tiie territory, 'liio A'i»w ststn followed with a daily edition, and also pultlished the Jiiillftin, for circulation among iiniiiiiiraiits, which was discontinued in a few mouths. The A'cxwand lli'ral'l wiTr .ictive rivals. Both maintained pony-express lines to the principal min- ing; iMMijis, delivering the daily in .H or 4 hours - 'JS cents a copy, ^'l-\ a year. Itiit tins was not all the extra outlay re<|uired. There heiiig no U. S. mail for inaily two years, the mails from the east came liy express, at lOc. a iicws- ]ia|iir ami U.^c. a letter, which, with the heavy freight and expres.i ciiarges ipii material, made newspaper pulilication not so protitalde as it seemed. As sii.iti as the tclcgraiih was completed to Fort Kearny, the rival papers licjjtan tiikim; dopatchcs forwarded liy express daily, and, when the news was im- iHiriaiit, hy pony, at a heavy cost. After the destruction of the Siim otlice, 111 lMi4. Hyer< A hailcy purchased the llinilil to continue business. The imhlwatioii of the llindd was resumed, in l.SdH. hy (). ,1. (ioldrick. Late in iMHIa third daily was started at Oenver, called the Mouiiliiimrr, liy Moore and (oh man. It was strongly confederate in sentiment, and was lioiightout and >ilini'i!(l liy Byers \' l>ailey in the spring of IStil. huriiig this year tlii'ic Wire two iiiheineral ]iul)lications at Central City, the most not.ilde of whiih was the Sl^iiiiij l.ij'i, hy \t. .M. .\iiiala, a native of the Sandwich I'liiid-. I'lii' little press which had done duty in Central and (nddcn was u>.il III the « inter of IS(iO-l in starting the jmoikht paper of southern Col- eni'li', iiaiiH'ly, the I'liiinn City Tini'H, owned Ky II. S. .Millett ami Itiildle- lariii r lielure mentioned, it ran liut a few iiionths, di.sa]ipearin,i{ with the |>"|Mil.ilion, and following it into South park, where already thcrt^ had heeii a |i;i]ier, called the Miwrx' /{irnn/, started hy Byers it l»ailey, in .Inly Istjj, at Tarryall, which was discontinued alter the political campaijiuof that year «a< over, in which it playeil an important jmrt. huring the suiuniera sheet eillr.l ilie I'olitrnili) Ci/y Jiiiinnil ^ii* iMi.ilislu'il in Colorado <'ity, Imt printed i:i heiiver, on the CniiiiiininriiiU/i press, and partly made U[) from that paper. It «;n also a repulilican paper, eilited hy B. K. Crowell, and was diseontin- unl H hen the campaign eiicled. in the spring' of LSii'J there was a m-wspaper liM'.h-hed at Buckskin .loe, on the Tinirx press, liroiight from Caiioii City, will' h, like its ]iredecessors, soon siiccumlied to cliaiigiM in )iopulation and I'll 1II1.SS On the 'Jtith of July, liSti'J, Alfred Thompson estaldished tlia iliwr.t' linjuiUr at Central <'ity, a tri-weekly, printed on a Washington hand- ■^' 1 B'i ^ t!rt; V'.,.<' la k m Ml v< til I'' f '"■i < I tan FLKTU Kli DKV KLOl'M KXT. prcHN, ami type lirrtUKlit from (ilfniwixHl, luwn. Daviil ('. Colliitr nnaw LiiAtnc aHHiKMati'il \«itli tlu! UnjitUf aM eililnr, ami wan nl' L-miiii'iit Msrvico to tin- i|.r. ritiiry III U|ili<>l<liii){ tiiu uiivuriiiiifiil tluniig the ruliullimi. In April iMill Ciillicr, ill lompaiiy with IIiikIi (iltiiii ami (iiMiruu A. \\ i*1Ih, iiiirihitM il tin |uipi'r. Ill May it wim tmlarKi^l to a l.'4'('<i|iimii Hliuct, ami iii An)||iii.t vat i>. HUi'il as a daily. In S«'pt. (ilunii miM mit t«> Cnlliur ti Wt^lU, ami in N,,v. the lli'iislir appcari'il in m.'W typi', ami romnn-iu'Ltl tliu rc^iiliir ptililiiatK.n (f tuluKrapliii' m^u'M. 'I'liv ti'li'^rapli wan ooinplctutl at tliis iiitfi-t'xtin^ prrii,i| ,,f tliti war, ami extras wont iK.iiieil aNultcii an any iiiipnrlant ncWM wan nci imiI. Wlicn tli<t iMrricrM appuarocl a Hlmiit wan raiM'il, ami uvvrynno liaNtcm d into tin; Ntri'i-tM tn Ic-arii ami tliMciiNH tliti iiowh. At tliiM|iiart/-niilU tlir Mflii ii ;uj cxtra-i;arrit;r wim tliu Nigiial to liluw the wliiMtlcM for loavinK work iinlii tin licspatrJM-t wt-rit ri-ail t<> llu; anxiitiix mm. \V'l>IUm<i1iI IiIh intvrt^Ht in tin luiiiir t<> Kraiik Hall in Oct. ItSti.*), tlu! linn lifiiiKiiow Cullit-r Jl Hall. In .Inly |Mif> tlui naiin! wan i'liaiiKi'il to (V ((/r<i/ r 7/ // ItujiMrr. In IST'I Ctillicr ili^pd^cil nf IiIh iiit<!i'<-.st to \\. \V. Whippli', Hull iKting I'ditor. This partiuTMhip M.ts ndt of lon^ iliiration; Hall liocanu! hoIu proprietor, ami on .liini' I, IsTT. tlie wliolr i!slaiili.-<liiii<'tit paHMi'il into tlitt liamlH of .laimtN A. Smith ami |i Mar- low, will) ci'iiiliii'tnl It for 7 inoiitliM, when they took in H. .M. iilmili^ ,14 partner ami niitor. Alioiit tliix time, Kelt. IN7H, aiiotli«-r paper, niiincii Tli' Kvi iiimi t''i'l, wai4 Ntartitil in ('nitral, itmlvr tlit> niunaui'mi'iit of <i. M. {..tinl ami l>. M irlow. In .May thin tiriii lairdiaxi'il the iti(jiKl<i\ conxoliil.'itiii^ it with the <'iiU, iimlitr the naniu of /{n/iM/i r < 'nil, ami iNHiiinK a iliiii\ and wi'i-kly edition, .liihn S. Ilorim-r editoriii-ehief, ami il. I' \\ atfriiian iiiiriin^ reporter, 'riiroii^hoiit all it)* chan^eH the ItujUlir Iuim ntiiiained repidd In iSlWta palter was Htarted at Itlaik Hawk, called the Citlnniiln Mimr, l>y \V. Train Nfiiyr, wliieli lieeanie during the year the lilm-t llmrk ./umwil, with llidliNter\- lilakenley piililislier.s, anci a/turwanl ilollister & II. ill In IHtiti tlii-i estalili.ilimeiit was niitved to Central, ami piihlinhed a.s tlir Tm.ti, liy Henry tiarliaiiati and (>. .1. (ioldriok. In polities it was deinniratio. Karly in \Siis Tlinmas .1. Campliell purchased it, and, changing the nann' to Ciilni-iiil,, Ihi-'ilil, piildished a daily ami weekly. Jii the latter part ni hTO it was .sold to Kraiik h'ossett, who mana){ed it until it Hiispemled alii>)ji ilur, in IH7S. In .Ian. {.StiO the I'dlniniit. liidlfthi was Htarted on the Haini' ihuhmt I' k'liicli had made the circuit of Central, Itoldeii, Cafton City, 'laiis.ill. uid lhic'k->kiii .liH-, am; hecii returned to its owiier.^ in lleiiver. 'I'ln' |ii('|iii- etors of the Uiilliliii were W II. .Mliii and I), (i. Scoiiteli. In April |n77 it was reiiiiived to lioiilder, and piililished as the I'nlli >/ ynm, liy \\ . ( . ( jiain- Iterlain, fi'r 1^ yars. In tint antiiiiin of iHltH it iM-eamu the lUmltlrr r. i/;./y l\ n\ .1. K. Wli.'irlon editor. .Si ifter tlin Htockholders leased it toKnl.. crt II. 'rdiiey, who changed the name to T/ir Itimlih r Coiinhf SnrM. In isJO th lassed into the hands nl 1 1. A. Uoliiiisoii and |l. <•. .Scoiiti in May In7I it was sold to Henry .M. Curt, who sold it a^aiii, in Aii^.. t<> W \ii- koop.V .Sciiiiteii:aml li<'foro the year wa.'* out, Ncoiiten and Joseph I'. .Ml jnto'-li owned it. Ill |.S7'_' W'ynkoiip aluMe o«netl it. In IS7-4 it was sold to .Ainm Hixliy and Kii^eiie Wilder, wlm enlarged it to an Hcoliiinii journal. In l.>>73 lii.\liy Miilij Ills interest to W'illiain <i. Shedd, proprietor of the Siiiisliiin C'lu- riit; and the two p.ipers were united, under the niiiiie of Anri nml I'unriir. •Shedd \ Wilder proprietors, 'I'lioniaH II. Kv a rtti editor, assisted in l^7'.• I'V I*. A. i.eiiiiard. and < 'liarles Tucker. It was still a leading newspap' r tii IS.StJ. The pioneer press, oil which the Aiim wan Htarted, was aftiiManl taken to New .Mexico, and iiMi'd in issuing the lirst pa|ier at Kii/alietlitnun. "le ,V(//,.<///',« roi/ciVr was started hy ,1. H. Itrnner and ,1. W. Cairns in .\lav iiM lino year Haukii Th |H7.'i. ( '.'iirns snld in IN77 to Hawkins; and in the sa to William li. Shedd, who in IH78 piirchaMed the whole, and removrd it tn Itoiilder, ulieri! it was consolidated with the Xiim. In iNtHj Ceorpe Wist, who had lieeii eaiitain in the 'Jd Colorado vnliintpcr infantry, retiirni<'. tn tioldeii, and estalilislied Tlir Tniiwrijif, a denioeratic journal, mIiII in 1 x^t- ciiee in iN.SCi, ami w ith one exception the olilest eKtahlished pa]ier in < oloiailn. WoHt wan a priutvr hy trade, ai>d hail uwuud, with ^tlivrit, U Bli'rciay]H: , 1 , ;1 THE PRRSS. 5'jy f.imiil' ry in Boston lieforo coming to (ioldpn in 1859 with tlio Ponton com- ii.iMV. Ah a nowi»|>aiK!r man Iw wax alwayn NUfcoHHful. The hemtr Triliunr. w^s •'tlai'litlioil in llMl7 l>y II. Ik'okiirtH, ami liucaiiiu one of tliu gruut ilailieit „ftl it), JMHiiing aImo a wtickly, ami iH'iii^ in |MiliticH rvpulilioan. On tlitt |«tiif M:iy, IfWW, the ( itsnrgvtown i'ltlnnulu Miiwr wan tirxt iMHUU<l, liy K. J. Wliurt'Mi an<l A. NV. It<trnaril. K. II. N. I'attvrMon, who wnitu over tiii! nI^- ii,'itiir> "I 'Siiiktau,' wiM for a loii>; tinio oonnectvil with thin |ui|H!r. Ilu ilii'd 111 i.iXl W. B. Vickorn, unothtT journali.st, tlicil the Hanin year. Tlio cliar- uctrr i>t tlir Miiur Wiw always wi'll HiiHttini-ii. On Juno I, \H(tH, riu'l)lii wan ipri'«cMt<''l wit'i the HrMt inHue of it» tir.tt liH'al newN|)aiH.'r, the ('iilnriiiln f'liiij'- Villi, lr\ M Ittmhiiar and Saniui'l NK-ltriile, iirnprietorH, an<l (leorgu A. Ilinn- (liilr liiil Williur F. Stone, e<litorM. Tlic iiuptT wiw well printtMl ami editetl- At oiir time |{t!slioar wax mhIo owner, ami at anntlier McKriili^ iiwmciI tliu uit.'tliliiliMK'iit. Meltriile tinally xnld to.lnlin .1. l.iuilHTt, who cnntinneil to piililisli it. ^\^'.i^rg^'. S. Ailaum and K. i\. Stmud were eniplnyeil n|Min itit ('(litKi'i.il I'liliininH after IliuHdalu and Htime. In 1872 a daily eilition wa.i is^iiirl. uith ('. J. lUted aa editor. After Heed eaniu A. I*, (ienri^e, K. M. Sti'M'MiiiM, ('. Oonovor, U. Slmlier, and <!. (i. Witlu rw. The Heconil newn- ii,%|M'r <>: I'uuhio wan puldiHiiud in IS7I hy a Ht<M-k company, with <ieiir>{e A. liiiis.l, lie editor. It waH democratic* in pnlitirM. AUiut the Haiiie time the (','iril>nii /'«.i/ waft puhliMhe<l, Collier h Mali pniprietnrit, and A. Hixhy editor. TliftiriTlfy Triliinte ys-im first iiuhliMhed in tSJ) hy N. ('. Meeker; uml the (iriM'Icy Sioi in 1S7-, I'y II. A. French. Hoth wore weekly. The l,'iilii,n H'lili. .lohn .Sewell pro|»rietor, a rennlilican i>nper, wa.s Htart<Ml IH7I, and tho IoIImwiiik y<;ar merged in the ^/oiA// frVo/ir, i>oth of <lilden I'ity. In .Inly |S7I tlic l.iiiiijmimt Snitintl, the first newspaper in this colony, was pulilished l>y Lowe .'inci Hall. It ehaiiKiMl itmprietnrs and name the follnwing year, ami I Hiiie the hmijiiioiit I'lntx, K. r. lieckwith i'<litiir and piililislutr, and K. <'. lieckwith aNMociatu e<litor. K. ('. lieckwith was horn in N. II. in hill He rcceiveda good puhlic school education, and came to ( 'oloriido at tlif* ;iu'e iif l<.) yeai'H. Ho mined ami farim'd, and was active in founding till' t.>\Mi i<f Iturliugton, situated one half mile from thn site of Longmont, wliii'li superseded it, and which he was instruniciitil in estalilishing at that |il:n'i-. Th« I>env«!r Ihiily ami WriUi/ Tiimx was estaMishcil in IS7:! I,y l!u;;er S. Woodliury; politics, repulilicaii. The Hoidder I'lfh/ Mmni- Mill E'i'ile, started in 1M73 hy William Morris, was sold to Wangi'lin X' 'I'd- 111 V, who I'liangcd it to thi^ Vnlin'iulo yyn/i/icr, a weekly. In I.SS(> Tijm 7, licr;iiiii sole ou tier. In Is7<» the lilack Hawk /'o."/, a democratic jourmi u'.'iM i.^t.'tMi.^lied liy William McLaughlin andW. W. Sullivai;. Tiit! latter Hiiiil Ins interest to dames U. Olivi-r, and .McL.iughiin sonn after died. It r'iili>e>|iieiitly was owned hy Oliver and Itrandgust. In the same year Ihc l>iiiini-i-iif was started at I'ueldo l>y A. Y. Hall. It was foundi'd with tlin material used a year or two earlier to start the /t'ljuililifun, liy .1. M. Miir|iliy, which was sold. Hall lirothers were proprietors of the Ihinn- i-nil inr a tinu% when they sold it to another Missoiirian, named I'oyul, who ilianueil tlie name t<i thu />io7v .S'urs. In IH77 the Longmoiit I'riiiting I'liiiipaiiy issued the I'lmt, edited liy W. L. <'ondit. It was changed altera uliori liiiie to the Vnlli'i/ /fiiiiir iiiiil Fnriii, and managed hy W, K. I'alior in till' intcrivst of agricidture, until it passed into the hands of a company, and w.id rrii.'uned the Longmont Lii/i/n: On the 24th of May. I'S77, the (icorgt!- tiiwii I'mmr was lirst issued,.!. S. iiainlal! Iicing proprietor and .Siiinnel Ciisliaii editor. The first newspaper at I 'el Norte, Tlif I'ru-^x I'tm; was issued ;n ls74 liy NUdiolas LandM>rt, hrother of ,1. .1. I.aniliert, who foumhid the I'ucblo Cliii/tiiin. In IH7.') M. R. Moon^ hecame proprietor. The Chi-Ihh and 1 11' Deiiiurriil appeared lat«ir at Del Norte, hut werf> discontinued. The .Sil- v'Ttuii Mimr was started in 1875 I >y .lohn K. Curry of Iowa. M. U. Mooro was.ilitiir in IH7<*' In 1875, also, the .SV/ivr WorUI was first puldishcd at I,.ik<' City liy H. .. Wooils, who Hohl it in 1877 to H. C. Olnoy. Mooro was c'litor ill IH77 78. Woods started another pajKjr in 1877 at Lakir City, tho I'n-i'-nii, which ran only yuc y«ar. Tliu Timvi was tltu lirst i)ai>cr in Ouray, Hist Nkv. .'M .ijT >>:t\ u^iii MftS IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I i^lllM 125 ill m 12.2 12.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 .* 6" — ► • s ^ ^. ^. A "'H ' ^^ ^c3 ^' # '/ -%, a Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STRICT WEBSTER, N.Y. 14:^80 (716) 872-4503 \ ^ 4^ .. :\ \ ^ V c^ '-' '%^ i/i 'M I t'l 530 FURTHER DEVELOPMENT. fonnded by Ripley Brothers in 1877. The same year the San Juan Senlinei was started and discontinued. la 1879 the Ouray Solid Muldoon waa estab- lished by David F. Day. It is the property of the Muldoon Publishing ciim> Eany. Tlie same year the Cleora Journal was started by Dr S. C. McKeauey, lit only ran 3 mouths. The Mininij Register of Lake City was started in 1880 by J. F. Downey. The Salida Mountain Mail was founded by ,M. K. Moore in 1880, and sold in 1883 to W. W. Wallace. A great nunilter of newspapers, corresponding to the growth of new towns or the resurrection of old ones, started up about this time. In 1880 theTelluride JoumulwAn lirst issued. In the same year the Buena Vista Miner started, E. D. Hunt pro- Erietor, who removed it to Maysville, and sold to J. S. Painter, the paper eiug discontinued in 1882. In 1881 the Maysville Mining Ledger commenced publication, J. H. Nomaker proprietor. The office was removed to Salida, and destroyed by fire in 1882. Mrs C. W. Romney established the first paper in Durangoin 1880, soon after which theDurango IferaldwBLa published by Marsh Brothers. Tompkins Brothers issued a paper for a short time at Natliorp iu 1880, which was suspended. About the same time the Dolores A>»K\vas published by Frank Hartman; and the Mountaineer, at St Elmo, by Howard Kussell; the True Fissure, at Alpine, which soon suspended; the C/iit[Re County Times, at Buena Vista, by P. A. Leonard; and the Buena Vista /{<r- aid, by A. R. Kennedy, who sold it in 1884 to A. R. Crawson. The Buena Vista Demorrat waa issued in 1882 by J. A. Cheeley, who transferred it to W. R. Logan. The Poncho Springs Herald, started by Tompkins Brothers in 1881, was discontinued in 1882. In 1882 the Salida Sentinel appeared, Petton & Brown owners. It was consolidated with the Mountain Mud iu 1883. In that year the Salida Neioa was published by W. B. McKiiuiey. The Silverton Democrat was issued first in 1882. On the 18th of Fel>., 18M), the Boulder County Herald was established, by Otto H. Wangelin. On tlio 17th of April it issued the first daily published in Boulder. The Denver ReptOAican, a daily and weekly, was founded in 1879 by the Republican com- pany. Later it was consolidated with the Tribune as the TrSmne-Rejuili/inni. A number of other journals belong to Denver — the Colorado Jotirwil, a weekly, founded in 1872 by W. Witteborg; the Colorado Farmer, a weekly, founded in 1873 by J. S. Stanger; the Prei^liyterian, a monthly, founded in 1871 by S. Jackson; The Financial Era, a weekly, started in 1878 by F. ('. Messenger & Co ; the Colorado Post, a weekly, issued by the News I'rinting company in 18/9; The Colortulo Antelope, a monthly journal devoted to 'woman's political equality and individuality,' ]>' ' ' d by Mrs ('. M. Churchill, started in 1882; Real Estate a^id Mining i , first published iu 1873 by "T. E. Picott; Denver Opinion, Inter-Ocean, C West, and Vihtk. A paper called the Emm Journal was started at Evans in 1871 by James Torrens, and one at Sterling at a later period. Tlie Castle Rock AVii/w Lritir was published in 1875 by C. E. Parkinson, and the Castle Rock Jouniol was issued about 1880. The Fort Collins Express was the first paper in Larimer county, and was founded by J. S. McClelland in 1873. The Fort Collins Courier was founded by Watrous and Pelton in 1878. W. E. Pabor started the Colorado Grange, an agricutural monthly journal, in 1870, at Loiigmont. The Mentor was issued at Monument in 1878 by A. T'. Blacliley. The Coln- rado Springs Gazette was established in 1873 by the Gazette Publishing Com- pany. In the same year the Mountaineer waa started by a printing com iiany at the same place; and in 1875 the Deaf and Mute Index, by H. M. Harhert. More recent publications at Colorado Springs are the State Repuhlic and the Evening Times. Pueblo and South Pueblo have added to the early Kl I'aso county journals the Banner, by A. J. Patrick; the Evening Star, a daily, hy Lacey & Westcott; Saturday Opinion, by J. A. Wayland; Commcrcitd sriiid- ard, and Colorado Metho/list. Bent county published first the Leader, in IST.t, at West Las Animas, C. W. Bowman proprietor, and the Trilmne at La .liiiita more recently. Custer county's first newspaper was the Rosita Imlex, wti rted in 1875; and succeeded by the Sierra Journal at the same place; tlie Silver Cliflf Tribune; the Miner, a daily and weekly, issued in 1878 by W. L. Stcvet' <, THE PRESS. 531 anil the Proitpector, a daily, owned by McKinney and Lacey. Fremont county lias tlie Canon City RvconI, founded in 1875 by H. T. Blake; Caflon City Mmn-ji; the Caflon City DeniocnU; the Cold Creek Knterpiiite, and Void Vri'fk llnwkeye. Las Animas county was first represented in 1^75 by the Tniiiilad Enttrprine, daily and weekly, by J. M. Rice, 1878, and by the Hi-riiiv, AdvertiKcr, iijul NewH, the latter a daily and weekly, started by Henry JStiirgis in 1878, all at Trinidad. Huerfano county liad the La Veta Quill, and 11 newspaper at Walsenburg. 8aguaclie county has the Saguache Chron- icle, founded by W. B. Felton in 1874, the Saguaclie Advance, and the Boiiiiiiza Enterprise. La Plata county is represented by the Southwest at Ani- mas City, started ))y Eugly & Reid in 1879, and by the Herald and Democrat at 1 »uraiigo. Conejos county had the the Alamosa News, started by M. Curtiss ill IS78, the Independent, started the same year by Hamm & Finley, the Gazette, and later the Democrat. fcJan Juan county added the Silverton herald, and Deiiiornit, established in 1882, to its Pioneer Miner. Hinsdale county had a secoiul paper at Lake City, tiie Mining Register. Dolores county had but one journal, the Rico Ne^os. Ouray county gained the Jied Mountain Review. Mesa county had vhe Grand Junction News, and Grand Junction Devtocrat; Montrose county the Messemjer, and one other paper. Delta county had a paper of its own. In Pitkin county were the Aspen Times and Stin. Gunni- son's first newspaper was the Gunnison Neirn, started in April 1880. It was followed in May by the Review, both weekly journals. Soon the News sns- peuded, but late in 1881 another weekly, the Press, was started. In the spring of 1882 the Review issued a daily, and soon the two papers consolidated and issued the daily /^T/Vw-f/Yw, Aug. 1st. The iV>M« was revived in the <<pring of 1882 as the News-Democrat. The Mining Journal, started in the vutnnin, suspended in 4 months. The Sun, started in the autumn of 1883, survivcil 10 months. The county still had left 7 newspapers, besides those in (liinnison City; namely, the Elk Mountain Pilot, at Irwin, established in ISSO; the Crested BuUc Gazette, established in 1880; Pitlin Independent, 1880; Pitkin Mimmj News, 1882. Tomichi, HenM, 1882; Tin Cup Miner, 1880; Tin Cup Banner, 1880, 8usi>ended in 1882; the White Pine Cone, 1883; and Gothic Uicnril. In Summit co. were the B reckenridge Leailer, Breckeni idtje Jouiiial, and Dillon Enterprise. Park county published the Fair Play Flume, the Alma Bulletin, and the Como Headlight; Grand county, the Grand Lake Eu'irprixe; Clear Creek county, in addition to its papers already named, the Silwr Flume at Georgetown, and at Idaho Springs the Advance, the Iris, and (liizcfM Houlder added to the News-Courier the Herald, a daily and weekly. Lake county, rich in journalism, had at Leadville the Eclipse, started by G. F. Wanless in 1878; the RireiUe. founded by R. S. Allen the same year, daily and \\(^ekly; the Leadville Chronicle, a daily, founded Jan. 29, 1879, by Davis, Arkins, and Burnell; the Herald, a daily, started by R. G. Dill in Oct. 1879; the Democrat, a daily, founded Jan. 1, 1880, by a stock company. In Oct. 18S;SC. C Davis purchased the Democrat, and changed its politics, but not Hs name. The Times, an ovening daily, was started in 1881 oy a stock com- I)any. Four successive weeklies under the same name — the Monday Morning A'' irx — liavo come into existence, to perish at the end of a few weeks, except tlie last. The Mining Index also had a brief existence. The Leaflet also lielonycd to the ephemeral class of publications. The journals in existence in 1S8() were the Chronicle, Herald, and Democrat, all republican in politics, altiiongli Lake county is democratic. The typographical, pictorial, and edi- torial features of these journals are worthy of notice. The Chronicle- Annual for dan. 1882 is a complete representation of Leadville and the mining indus- try, and also the scenic attractions of the county, with historical and hiographical sketches, presented in 42 quarto pages, in a handsome paper cover. The Weekly Democrot for Jan. 1, 1881, contains 20 six-column pages of matter concerning the mines of Lake county, with historical and other matter, and numerous wood-cuts illustrative of the wonderful growth of the then 4-year old city. The Rocky Mountmn News Illustrated Almanac, 1882, is a iiighly creditable publication, containing, besides much information, illus- '! 532 FURTHER DEVELOPMENT. ! tration^ of the natural history of the state, well execntcd. Tlie Denver jouraaU, and the numerous well-priated pamphlets on all sorts of subjeuts, exhibit the progress of the art preservative iu Colorado. la ooaaectioa with the newspaper history of the country, L. R. Freenmn should be mentioned. In 1850 he took the first printing press that cros.scil the Missouri river above St Louis to Fort Kearney, on the Platte. With the advance of the Pacific railroad, he pursued his way westward, publishing his paper, Tke Frontier Index, at Kearney, North Platte, Julesburg, Laramii:, Bear River, and Ogden. In 1885 he was at Yakima, in Washington, working his way to Paget sound. No other newspaper in the United States hau so varied a history as the fmiex. Among the authorities drawn upon for the above history of Colorado journalism are Pitkin's Poli'ical Vietoa, MS., and a dictation from Roger W. W.jodbury of the Denver Daily Times. Woodbury was born in N. H. in 1831, and came to Colorado in 1866. After a few months in the mines he re-iumed hia trade of compositor on the Denver Tribune, but was soon made local editor, and then managing editor and part owner. He sold his interest in 1871, and the following year established the Daily Times. He had ^'10,- 009 when he started, but retained the sole ownership, and performed all tlie editorial work until 1883, when he sold it for $42,500. He was appuinted brig. -gen. of the state militia in 1882, and served one term, and was president of the Denver chamber of commerce. Dyers' Newspaper Press of Colonulo, MS., is an invaluable authority from 1859 down. Oood Times in Oiiiiniioii, MS., by A. B. Johnson, fumi3he<i the history of flush times and early news- papars in that country. Johnson was born in Iowa in 1856, and grad«iatcd from Simp<ioa university in 1880. He was principal of a graded school iu Seward, Neb., for a year, and then came to Colorado. He was for a few months editor of the Gastk Bock Journal, when he removed to Gunnison City to take charge of the Dnily Retneut Press in the autumn of 1882. M. A*. M yore's Press and People of Coloratlo, MS., is another excellent authority on newspaper matters, the author having been connected with half a dozen jour- niU in the south and southwest portion of the state. Moore was born in Indians in 1858, and came to Colorado in 1875. He belongs to the San ,luan country. James P. Meagher, in his Observations, MS., on Colorado, also furnishes some newspaper information. He came to Colorado from New- York city, where he was born in 1841, and drove a six-yoke team of oxen np the Platte in 1864. After residing in different parts of the state he settled ill Salida. Among other manuscript authorities is Carlyle C Dams' History of Tn/o- ra'lo. Davis was born at Glenn's Falls, N. Y. , in 1846, and did not come to Colorado until 1878. since which time he has been connected with journalism in Leadville. Ml Puso Ciunty, as It has been and Is, MS., contains a selec- tion of extracts from different journals on this subject, and incidentally on newspapers. Byers' Centennial State, MS., 40, has some information on the founding of county papers. So has Eaton's Gunnison Yesterday and To-diy, MS., 6, and Horn's ScienUfie Tour, MS., 5. Different publications treating of journalism, to which reference has been made, are Farrets Colorado, the Rycky Mount'iin Oem, 66, a pamphlet published in 1868 in Chicago by Kcd. B. Farrell, containing an epitome of the territorial physical history ami resources, good for the period: Iniferaoirs Knockinrj around the Rockies, 10 II; Pahor's Ooh as an Agricultural State, 783-7; Balcii's Mines and Minern, H.'i'); FoiseU's Goloraih, 158-9; Denver Trihune, July 15, 1880; U. S. H. Ml-o: A«„ 47 th cong. 2d sess., xiii. pt 8, pp. 209, 170-194; PettemjiU's Newsptijtcr Dine- twy, 183-4; CorbeUa Legia. Manual, 39-43. CHAPTER X. AGRICULTURE AND STOCK RAISING. 1861-1886. Lanp Surveys — An'alyses of Soils — Altitudes — Irrigation — Imfortancb OK THE Subject — Convention — Laws and Reciulations — A Most I'kr- FKCT System — Ditching — Greeley and the Union Colony — Land- Investment, Canal, and Irrigating Companies — Grain-okowino Districts— Produci's — Horticultural and Agricultural Societies —({ranges — Failure of Cooperative Commerce— St.iTE Board of Agriculture — Agricultutal College — SrocK-RAisiN(j — Nativb (iRAssEs — Incorporated Cattle Companies — Sheep and Horses. Turning from metala and mines to the agricultural taiul other interests of Colorado, we will find fresh coiiirratulations to offer the occupants of this favored land. I have already briefly touched upon the fact that in tliis portion of the elevated regions of the mid-continent, as in other portions which were wont to be represented by travellers as desert countries, experiment proved that moisture only was required to mantle the bare earth with bloom. Wherever that was present, or could be introduced by artificial iiitans, farming was likely to prove remunerative. The survey of the public lands betran in 1861,' the work being carried on first in the Platte valley, whore the lands along the Cache-la-Poudre, Big Thonijison, Little Thompson, St Vrain, Boulder, Ralston, Clear ' Tlie first surveyor-general of Colorado was Francis M. Case, who was aii]i(iiiittMl soon after the establishment of the district of Colorado, April 5, l''^iil. Tlie salary at that time was $3,000 a year; under the act of June \'i, IS.SO, it was reduced to $2,500. Batch's Minen, Miners, etc., RBJ); Biieri< Vni- Himnl .State, MS., 27; U. S. Sen. Jour., 400, 37, 2; U. S. Sen. Doc'., i. no. \, (ill), 4(U-5, .S7, 2. The office of the sur-gen. was opened June 17, 18()l, the stamltird meridian passing tlirough PueMo, and about 18 miles east of Denver, ami tho base line being ou tlio 40th parallel. (..;,3) wt:m 1 •- s! *' !'.» 1 534 AGRICULTURE AND STOCK RAISING. creek, Bear creek, and Cherry creek branches was nearly all taken up in 1862, as well as that on the Fontaine-qui-Bouille' branch of the Arkansas. Tlio first three years' experience taught the farmers to depend upon artificial irrijifation alone, for wliicli reason claims were nearly all bounded on one side by a stream coming down from the highlands extenduij^' some distance upon their margins to funush the facil- ities for filling the necessary ditches with water. Tiio surveyor-general in 1866 estimated the quantity of land under cultivation to be 100,000 acres, and that one half the population of 35,000 were engaged directly or directly in agricultural pursuits. He also esti- mated the area of arable land to be equal to 4,000,- 000 acres, and remarked that the innnigration of permanent well-to-do settlers kept the farming inter- est up to the wants of the population.* Of the con- dition of the forming interest at this period I liiivo spoken previously, stating that in 1866, for the first time, the agricultural productions began to exceed the wants of the population of Colorado, and to ofl'er a surplus in the markets of Montana, and at the gov- ernment posts. In 1867 the surveyor-general, refer- ring to his predecessor's vieAVS, gives it as his opinion that there were 10,000,000 acres of cultivable land in the territory,* showing how the idea grew of tlie agricultural capabilities of the mountain region out of "The report of the sur-gen. for 1862 speaks of the Huerfano and Arkansas rivers as having the most extensive grain growing farms east of the iiiouii- taiiis. On the llio Grande also, and its tributaries, was a large population. mostl}^ Mexican, engaged in agricutural and pastoral pursuits. U. S. II- i'- Doc., ii. no. i., p. 112, 37, 3. According to Batch's Mines ami Miiie::% 570, a local land-office was established at Golden City June 2, 1862, whicli vas removed to Denver; one at Denver Sept. 12, 1864; one at Fairjjlay Got. '.".I, 1867, removed to Leadville July 1879; one at Central City Dec. 27, 1867: one a.t I'ueMo May 27, 1870; one at Del Norte June 20, 1874; and one at l.ako City May 5, 1877. According to DeCoursey's Okmnooil, MS., 2, a land-ntliio was established at Glenwooil in 1884. Durango has also a local land-tittko. These several offices are made necessary by the patenting of mining claims since the act of July 1866. ' Rept of John Pierce, in U. S. Mess, and Doc., Int. Dept, 1866-7, -, 3!'. 371. * W. H. Lessig, in Rept See. Int., 1867-8, iii. 40, 2. In the followiii); year he stated tlie ' comuion product ' of wheat to be from 40 to 60 busliels per •ore. SOIL AND CLIMATE. 535 which Colorado was created. The report of the laud department in 1870 estimated the agricultural productions of Colorado at $3,500,000, while the bullion product was put down at $4,000,000. An abstract made in 1882 shows that in the ten previous years 2,501,318.35 acres had been purchased for cash or located with warrants," besides the occupation of a larc^e unknown quantity of unpurchased public lands by herdsmen. The soil of Colorado varies with position. Its dis- tinctive characteristics are the large proportion of potash, the form in which the phosphates exist, being easily soluble in a weak acid; the low percentage of ori^anic matter and th') high proportion of nitrogen contained in the organic matter ; the large proportion of lime, and the generally readily available form of all the constituents.* Climate is governed by alti- tude, and there are infinite modifications.' In the » U. S. ir. Ex. Doc., xix. no. 72, p. 146, 47, 2. ° Upland clay loam contains: Volatile matter, 1.31; matter RoluMe in strong aeiil, 6 33; insoIuMe, 93.36. Adobe soil, volatile, 2.49; soluble in;itt(!r, 11.40; in.soiul)le, 80.11. Platte valley soil, volatile matter, 10.10; sohible, 2.58; insoluble, 87.32. Sandy clay loam, volatile matter, 4.23; sol- ulil(!, 3.98; insoluble, 92.28. Tlie volatile matter contains nitrogen; the aol- iilile lime, magnesia, potash, iron-oxide, alumnia, carbon, phosphoric, acid, .sulphuric acid, nitric acid, carbonic aciil, chlorine, soila, etc. Volonulo Soils, by T. .lamioson, Aberdeen, Scotland. ' William E. Pabor, associate editor of the Colorado Farmer, who has pub. lisliod a little book on Colorado as an AijriritUura.l State, (juotcs from a state- incut concerning the soils of Utah, that they are not likely to be very different frmn those of Colorado, and then gives them ii. the following proportions: lUaik loam, 7,200, Sandy loam 3,800, loam anil gravel 8,2.")0, loam and clay 3.."i()0, loam an.l alkali 1,200, clay and gravel 5,000, clay and plaster 3,.500, alkali, iron, and sand 2,500, sand, alkali, and volcanic ash 1,000. p. 40. But this pr()portion is applicable only to the improved lands, and not to the whole area. The altitude of towns and cities in feet is as fcdlows: Alamo.su, 7,4't2; Alma, 10,254; Animas City, 6,622; Baker Mine, 11,9.56; Bakerville, !t.7.")3; Black Hawk, 7,875; Bouliler, 5,536; Brcckenridge, 9,674; Carton, r>,'.'S7; Caribou, 9,905: Central, 8,300; Colorado Springs, 6,023; Conejos, 7,880; Dil Norte, 7,750; Denver, 5,197; El Moro, 5,886; Empire, 8,583; Evans, 4,74."); Fairi)lay, 9,964; Fall River, 7,719; Fort Collins. 4,815; Fort (Jarland. 7,'.>t5; Fort Lupton, 5,027; Fort Lyon, 3,725; Frisco, 9,500; (Seorgetown, 8,514; Gold HiU, 8,403; Golden, 5,687; Granite, 8,883; Greeley, 4,779; Gren- ada, .1,434; Gunnison, 7,743; Hannlton, 9,743; Hermosillo, 4.723; Hot Sul- phur .Springs, 7,725; Howardville, 9,527; I daho Springs, 7,512; Jamestown, <.l-'3; Jeflferson. 9,862; Kit Carson, 4,.307; Kokomo, 10,200; La Junta, 4,1.37; Lake City, 8,550; Las Animas, 3,952; liCadville, 10,247; Longmont, 4,957; Lns Pinos, 9,065; Manitou, 6,297; Marshall, 5,.578; Montezuma, 10,295; Noderland, 8,263; Nevadaville, 8.800; Oro, 10,704; Ouray. 7,640; Pa^osa Springs, 7,108; Present Uelp Mine, on Mt Lincola, 14,000; Piatteville, \< -B t? .1.. ! ii! n I in 536 AGRICULTURE AND STOCK RAISING. valley of the Platte the soil is identical with that of the river-bottoms of the Missouri, while the uplands have a rich, warm, sandy loam. The southern val- leys are more sandy, and, of course, warmer at the same elevation than the northern. The river-bot- toms yield bountiful crops without irrigation, and the uplands even more abundantly with it. In a general sense agriculture in Colorado depends upon a judi- cious use of water supplied to the thirsty earth by artificial means ; and of irrigation I will give some account in this place. As early as 1861 the leijfisla- ture passed an act providing for the free use of the water of any stream on the margin of a land claim ; or if not situated upon any stream, for the right of way of a ditch through the land lying between it and the nearest water. The ditch should not be lartior than necessary, nor should there be any waste of water;* and where the stream was not large enough to supply the continuous wants of the entire country dependent upon it, a justice of the peace should appoint commissioners to apportion the water equita- bly, to settle disputes, and assess damages where they were shown to occur. The right to use a water- wheel or other machinery for raising water to a required level was granted by law, and other privi- leges and restrictions enacted.* This law was amended from time to time as a knowledge of the wants of the agriculturalists suggested, and in 1872 irrigating: ditches were exempted from taxation. In 1876 a 5,690; North Pueblo, 4,713; South Pueblo, 4,676; Quartz Hill, 9,300; Rollins- ville, 8,323; Rosita, 8,500; Saguache, 7,723; Saint John, 10,807; SaltUdrks in South Park, 8,917; Silverton, 9,400; Steven's Mine, 11.943; Terrible Mine, 9,243; Trinidad, 6,032; Uncompahgre Agency, 6,400; White River Agency, 6,491. From this list it M-ill be seen that only two towns are under 4,000 feet in altitude; 9 are over 4,000; 7 are over 5,000; 6 are over 6,000; 12 are (ivcr 7,000; 11 are over 8,000; 8 are over 9,000; 7 are over 10,000; 2 are over 11,000, and 1, 14,000. Fossett's Colorado, 14-15. It is needless to remark that only mining towns exist at an altitude above 7,500 feet. * Mcline remarks iii 1866, in Tim Thousand MileK on Horsehiek, 88, that the ditches were dug too deep, at too great an incline, creating a current which washed out and deepened the water-way, and that there was conse- auently a waste of water. Probably experience taught the owners to avoid jese errors. *iSuinonikiu», 1861, 67-9. IRRIGATION. 637 that of uplands lern val- r at tlic iver-bot- and the k general II ajudi- earth by ve some ! leufisla- e of the d claim; right of on it and 3e larijer waste of J enough country should equita- ere they water- • to a ;r privi- unended I'ants of Irigating 187G a ); Rollins- |Salt\\'<irk3 Irible Mine, ler Agency, • 4,00() feet |12 are over are over pmark that \k, 88, that : a current iras conse- Irs to avoid law was placed on the statute book forbidding any person in the summer season to run through an irri- ijating canal any greater quantity of water than abso- lutely needful for domestic purposes, the watering ot' stock, and moistening his land." Other matters, such as priority of right and association for purposes of irrigation, came up and were discussed and settled by statutes from time to time, the importance of the equal distribution of water growing more and more apparent. And not only as relating to lands usually regarded as cultivable, but as applied to a large extent of country known as arid lands, which down to a recent period had been looked upon as worthless. This subject had engaged the attention of think- ing men in Colorado, who believed that the whole or much of the great wastes in the several states and territories west of the Missouri not sufficiently watered by rainfall might be redeemed by an inter- state system of irrigation, and for the purpose of dis- cussing and bringing the subject before the people a convention of trans-Missouri states was held at Den- ver October 15, 1873," at which was agitated the question of the interest of the general government in assisting to recover from sterility so great a portion of the public domain. Little resulted from the conven- tion, except the enlargement of men's ideas in the direction of scientific agriculture." In 1879 the department of agriculture appointed a commissioner, J. Brisbin Walker, to visit Colorado to take observations of the country preliminary to mak- ing a practical test of the value of artesian wells in furnishing water for irrigation." Government, how- ^'Colo Gen. Lam, 1877, 518; Dow'a Tour in America, 103-14. " The convention was addressed by Gov. Elbert, through whose efforts chiefly it was brought together. See Speech of Elhert h^ore the Convention o/ TfiiM- Missouri States, 4-8. '^ Ripnii, on the Protdemn of Irrigation, by William Ham Hall, state enei- -ficr ot California, dealing with the social, political, and legal questions; the l>hy«ioal, practical, and technical obstacles to be overcome, with the con- truction, operation, and maintenance of irrigation works, is a most import- it it publication exhaustive of a subject still comparatively novel in the United Slates. ^^Denver TrOmne, Nov. 13 and 22, 1879. m t .i ! 1 V 538 AOUICULTURE AND STOCK RAISINd. ■' ! » I ever, has been anticipated in the application of acquired information by enterprising companies, wliich are rapidly redeeming arid lands, and filling their coffers at the same time. The first canals wore constructed in Weld countv, one at Greeley by the Union cohmy,'* and anothtrat Evans, both taking water from the south Platte, and conducting it for six or eight miles among farms. In 1877 English capitalists organized the Colorado Mortgage and Investment company, which, anioii'^' other things, became interested in irriuation, on'an- izing a subordinate branch at Fort Collins under the name of Larimer and Weld Irrigati(m c<)inj)any, which purchased water rights, and as much land as could be obtained, and constructed a canal over fifty miles in length. This proved a profitable investment Water rights were sold for $2, and later for $1.50, an acre ; and the land, obtained at government or rail- road prices, brought from $13 to $15 per acre, with a perpetual water right. The High Line Irrigating "This canal, Hayden remarks, haa too great a fall, the current being «o strong th.it it is with ditficulty forded by teams. The Union colony waa organized in New York on the '23d of Dec. 18(59, with ^^9 memliers, to which many others were soon added. It was a direct outgrowth of tlie a<lvt!rti»ing which the N. Y. Trilnine ga"o Colorado. Horace Greeley was its prime mover and treasurer, and one of its most active agents was N. C. Mfi-ker, also of tlie Tri'iunt'. It sent out a locating committee, consisting of Muekt-r, H. T. Wu-it, and R. A. Cameron, who, after looking over the ground, iletcr- mined upon the present site of (Ireeley, in Weld county. They purciiased 12,000 acres from the Denver Pacific liailway co. and others, ami made arrangements for the purchase of 00,000 acres of government and .50,000 acres railroad land within three years, at from $3 to $4 per acre, by paying interest from the date of contract Ciiarters were obtained for irrigating-caiials cov- ering the entire area. A town was laid off at the delta formed by the Caciift- la-Poudre and Platte rivers, on the line of the Denver Pacific R. U., ami subdivided into 520 business lots, 25 x 100 feet in size; 673 residence l<its, ranging from 50 l)y 190 to 200 by 190; and 277 lots reserved for public Imilil- ings, schools, churches, etc. The adjacent lands were divided into plats of from 5 to 120 acres, according to the distance from the town centre, and each mem- ber allowed to select one, under his certificate of membership. A i)ul)lic square of 10 acres was reserved in the middle of the town, artiricial lakes constructed, trees planted, and by .Tune 1870 water was flowing tliroui,')! all the principal streets from a canal fed by the river. In 1871 the colony con- tained 3.50 buildings of all descriptions, 17 stores, 3 luml>er-yards. •'< Mack- smith and wagon shops, a newspaper office, and livery-stable. The colony was not cooperative, ueyond a general irrigating, fencing, and puMic-lmila- ings fund or funds. Byern' Centi-nnial Stnte, MS. , 39-40; Sautulera' Thivwjh the L'vjltt Continent, 51-3, London, 1879, 8vo, 409 p, lUllIGATION. 510 canjvl of tho Platto Land company, another foreign oiyaiiizatiou's work, is a still longer and larger cuiial to irii'.n»te the high plains east, south-east, and north- east of Denver, hy making a wide det»mr, in some jtlaoes constructing tunnels, and in others flumes. The rust in 1884 had reached two and a half million dol- lars. It is thirty-six feet wide on the bottom, and ptven feet deep for the first thirty miles, after which it gradually narrows and shallows. It is intended to water 300 square miles of territory'. The Northern Colorado Irrigation company, which, at an enormous outlay, constructed eighty miles of a main line of canal, and as nmch more of lateral branches, com- pli'ted its work in 1883 ; and innned lately commenced another seventy miles in length and sixty feet in width at the bottom, extending from about Pueblo to La Junta, in the neighboring county of l^ent, and taking water from the Arkansas river. Still another corporation is tho San Luis Park Irrigating company (»f New England capitalists whose canals will irrigate 500,000 acres." The Larimer and Weld conipany are also constructing a dam on the north Poudre, wliicli will supply water to land a thousand feet higher tlian the valley of the stream. Obviously so exten- sive a system of irrigation, involving such expendi- ture, and affecting so many rights and interests, nmst become the subject of even more careful legislation in the future than in the past.'* The undulations of the plains in Colorado make irrigation and cultivation easy. The water supplied at the upper side of th3 land is caused to flow gently fntni a trench or furrow, in which frequent breaks are '*It is estimated that 63,000 gallons annually are requireil to properly irrigate one acre. Dearriptive America, May 18Ji4, p. 6. It is aUo ascert^iinccl that land which has once been thoroughly ftoaketl, exce])t where very jxirous aii'l gravelly, requires less water than at tirst, and often liecomes so wet as to require drainage. ""1 find in Daw's Tour in Amerirn, Melbourne, 1884, p. 113, some ragges- tions on this subject. He remarks that, ' For want of such laws the progress "f irrigation in California is seriously impeded.' Dow's book is a sensible reoiiril of observations on the agriculture and resources of the U. S., neither fulsome nor grudging. He was a special commissiuuer of the AiutraUuku^ .'Jul, ' :;■>' ■m ! (■ 540 AGRICULTURE AND STOCK RAISINO. If made in the lower rim, slowly moistening tlic Kurfarc of a field, which in two or three days is ready for tlio plou*;h. Cereals require to be watered otdy otice or twice in a season. Much has been said alxtut the amount of irrit^able land in Colorado, which lias Itccn estimated from 1.250,000 to 3,000,000 acres, of \s lii( h in 1882 only about 100,000 acres were in use.'' In 1889 it was estimated that there were at least (J.ooo miles of main irrigating canals, with lateral braiulu s of much ^eater length. The pnncipal gram -producing counties of Colorado at the present are five, Arapahoe, Boulder, Jctfcrsoii, Larimer, and Weld, although with the progress of canals it is not safe to claim priority for any. J)oul)t- less by the time my pages are in print some of the southern counties will have become powerful rivals of the northern belt. But as I prefer to keep to tliu records of the state agriculturists for statements litn; given, what is unknown is left to conjecture. The five counties here mentioned produced in 1881, 1)80,- 000 bushels of wheat, and 66,000 bushels of com. In 1882 four of the same counties produced l,lo8,8J0 bushels of wheat, and 186,000 bushes of corn. The crops of barley, oats, potatoes, hay, alfalfa, and vege- tables were in proportion. The value of the yield of five counties in 1881 was $1,771,750; of four counties in 1882 it was $3,047,750. The in rease is without question due to the greater facilities for irri*»ation, which in 1883 had more than doubled the cultivable area of 1882." The total value of all the crops of the state in 1882 was $8,947,500. '' Pabor, in Colormlo as an Agricultural State, 58, after 12 years nf per- Bonal observation, publishes answers to the question, Is Colorado an agricul- tural state ? in the affirmative, describing the various farming localities, iiml giving facts regarding the culture of grains, fruits, and vegetables, with an account of irrigation, its expense to the individual, etc. ** I have the Agricultural Statistics of the State of Colorado, pp. 16, for 188,3, before me, a pamphlet issued by the state board of agriculture. Vvmx \U tabulated report I gather that the amount of land in the whole state under irrigation in 1883 was 416,594 acres; the number of acres in pasture, \,Wi,- 2.55; in oats, .3.3,684 acres, yielding 925,029 bushels; in barley. 6.171»acres yielding 112,761 bushels; iu rye, 1,628 acres, yielding 20,343 bushels; iu curu, FUUIT (iUOWIXO. 541 Tlio natural fruits of a country cannot be relied upon as indicatiuns of what the land will produee uiuJir cultivation. Colorado presented to the first cxplonrH only a worthless thorn-apple; a rare but pleasant flavored plum; small, acid gooseberries, of littlo value ; a cherry which was rather palatable ; ounaiits of black, yellow, and red varieties; with raspberries, strawberries, and whortleberries in «]freat ahuiidanco Apples, pears, peaches, and j^rapes were raised in the gardens of the Mexican inhabitants of San Luis park before the settlement by Am(>rieans from tlie United States These fruits first appeared ainon;^ the farmers on the Arkansas Strawljerries bciraii to be cultivated in 18(55. The followinij year tliov brought $3 per quart. About the same time apples, ])ears, and peaches were being raised from seed ill the Platte valley, and grew thriftily at first, but (lied afterwards becaa , their roots had penetrated bt'low the soil to gravel and sand. Small fruits were then set out, and flourished '* where the soil was moist at (■( rtaiii seas(ms of the year. Experience showed that where trees were irrigated in the autumn they wore able to resist winter killing, which was caused not by cold, but by the drying up of the wood by the suiishine of the winter season. Upon making this discovery, about 1873, fruit trees began again to be planted, since which time there has been a steady impvoveuient in horticulture.^* Among the first hor- tieulturaiists were Joseph Wolff of Boulder, whose Hrst orchard of three hundred trees was killed ; J W. Parker of the Cache-la-Poudre valley, J. S. Flory of St Vrain valley, Anson Rudd, and W. A. Helm of 21,7()3 iiercs, yielding 356,478 bushels; in buckwheat, 7, yielding 154 bushels; ill wheat, 67,342 acres, yielding 1,419,443 bushels. A few acres of sorghum were ^rowu in 1873 in Boulder, Bent, l)elta, Fremont, l^rimer, Montrose, l'iiel)li>, and Weld counties, aggregating 67 acres, and yielding 2,3(56 gallons •if syr\ip. Omy}>f>»nVif Colorado, 55-7; Oalctston News, Dec. 1, 1874, p. 3; Loa Awiik< Efimii'i Exprem, Aug 4, 1884. ^^ I! ,lli.4('r')t Mint's of Cohrmlo, 424-5; Denver Mountain UeraUl, J ily 2, 186!). » liyaa CeukmM State, MS., 35. ' 1 mi Ui h ^1 ' i' ii till. ' 1 I 648 AGRICULTURE AND STOCK RAISING. I (j! Caflon City, and Jesse Frazier, ten miles east of Ca£ion, in the Arkansas valley. The state organized a horticultural society, of which I). S. Grimes was made president, and the legislature of 1883 passed an act to ** encourage horticulture and forestry in Colo- rado, and to establish a state bureau of horticulture,"" appropriating $1,000 annually toward its support. The amount of land in orchards in 1882 was given in at 2,500 acres, and the value of the fruit at $1,250,000. An agricultural society was organized in 1863, and in 1864 a charter was obtained from the legislature, with an appropriation of $500 to be expended in ])rizis, the society assuming the burden of erecting the build- ings and purchasing the land for a fair ground.' Granges were established in 1874 throughout tlio agricultural portions of the terxitory, the movement being for some time a popular one, each grange liav- ing its hall for holding meetings. In Denver the granges had a commercial establishment and a flour- ing mill on the principle of cooperative societies, but they failed for want of cohesiveness. In 1877 the State Board of Agriculture was estab- lished, and at the same session an act was passed to provide for the building and maintenance of the airri- cdltural college of Colorado, the real property of which was vested in the above board, whirl i was given control of the college and farm, and of all api)ro- priations for the support of the institution ; the col- lege to be built and maintained by a direct tax of one tenth of one mill on every dollar of real and personal property in the state." The college was located at Fort Collins, in Larimer county, and was opened in 1879. Scholarship was made free with certain linii- "'Co/o Semon Lawn, 1883, 210. For statistics I have consulted Palinr's book, 7?<7>< '/ suite OeoloijUt, 1881-2, and Jttj>t of the State Bwtrtl of A'jri- culture, 1883. ColoSemon Laim, 1864, 221; Snpm' Settkment of Drnwr, MS., 13. "Tor the acts governing these hoards, see Colo Oeru Laws, 1877, I'l'- 8S- 90, 97-lOG; C)h Session Laws, 1879, 0-7. STOCK RAISING. 643 tations as to age and previous requirements. Grad- uation confers the degree of bachelor of science. Institutes are held during the winter at different points for the benefit of farmers in the vicinity, at which valuable papers are read by the faculty, who having experimented on the college farm are able to impart the result of their investigation, to those who have less time, knowledge, and facilities for experi- mental work." Reports are annually published by the state board of aojriculture, which, with the several agricultural journals of the state, place Colorado upon an equality with the older agricultural communities in point of progressive farming. Stock raising in Colorado has attained an impor- tance second only to mining, the estimated total value of its cattle, sheep, and other animals in 1884 being $25,090,000. I have given so particular an account of cattle raising as an industry in my History of Mon- tana that it is not necessary to repeat it here, the cus- toms and laws to which the keeping of large herds has given rise being substantially the same in both countries. The discovery of the nutritive quality of the grasses of the Platte valley was made as early as 1858, when A. J. Williams, who was amo:^g its pio- neers, not having any food for his eighteen oxen dur- ing the winter, turned them out upon an island in the Platte near old Fort Lupton to take their cliances of living, or of dying by starvation. To his surprise, on visiting the island in the spring of 18.59, he found them alive, sleek, and fat. But in 1847 St Vrain and Bent had driven several thousand cattle from Texas and New Mexico to the Arkansas valley, and wintered them near Bent's fort. Subsecjuently Maxwell and others established cattle ranches on the streams lead- anil jiol. faculty consisted in 1885 of C. L. Ingersoll. president, prof, logic economy; A. E. Blount, prof. aj;. and liotany; Charles F. Davis, B. S.. prnf. chem. and physios: F. H. Williams, prof, pract. mech. and draw- wg, PiiIh)); Colo as an Agricultural Stnti; IH'2. .'f- 6U AGRICULTURE AND STOCK RAISING. !,1 iiig out of the Sierra Mojada, at the foot of the Hua- jatoUas, and on the upper Las Animas. Around Canon City stock raising was begun, in a small way, about 1862-3. Beckwith brought the first large herd into Wet Mountain valley from Texas in 1872. Two herds were driven across the divide between the Arkansas and South Platte before 1866, when Wil- liams, who had not lost sight of the subject, brought 1.500 Mexican cattle into Platte valley, since which time the importation has never ceased," although for a number of years the business was conducted on a small scale, compared with latter investments." The principal grasses on which cattle fatten are the gramma and bunch species, the former having a small seed growing on one side at a right angle to the stalk. ''^ I find this statement in an extract from Out West, Sept. 1873, in 7V/« Di^r'w.rer of Pike's Peak, MS. It agrees with the statement in \Villiaii)s' biography, in /fiit. Denver, 627-9. Sopria mentions as the first inipnrttT.s of cattle from Texas John VV. Allen, and Reed, whose first name seems to liave been Allen. The former died at Denver in 1881, and the latter returnoil to L'jxington, Mo., in 1870. Thomas W., William, Andrew Wilson, and Julin Hitsou were among the first to avail themselves of the opportunity (iS'ormI to make money by raising cattle. Settlement of Denver, MS., 16. Byevs ir.cu- tions J. VV. llitf. HLit. Colo, MS., 42. Later stock-men were H. S. Holly & Co., Jonei Brotherj, Beatty Brothers, Lane & Murray, Towers & Uudgell, Downen Brotliers, H. B. Carter, R. M. Moore, and others. ■^* According to Wolfe Londoner, Texas cattle were imported for beef only, and fattened on the gra^s of the plains. Colorndo Miniwj Cainpn, MS., 10. This dictation consists of fifteen pages of type-writing, equal to 30 pagts nf this volume. Londoner was born in New York in 18.35, came to Cal. in IS.VJ, a boy in a sailing vessel, and went to washing dishes for $oO per iiKHitli. After a time the auctioneer, Jessell, gave him employment at $150 a iiKinth. Returning home in 1855, he was sent to Dubuque, la, to take charge of two stores owned by his father. When the panic of 1857 came on there was a fail- ure for the Londoners, who removed to St Louis. In the course of events Wolfe fouml employment with A. Hanauer, later of Salt Lake, and Dold, who sent him, in 1860, to Colorado to erect a business-house in Denver, and afterward in Caflon City, where they put him in charge of $50,000 worth of goods, ami the finest stone building in the territory. The Baker exploring party for Saii Juan outfitted at this store. When business declined in Caflon City, Lon- doner was sent to California gulch, then in the height of its prosperity, and when that camp was deserted, in 1866. he went to Denver. Being now pos- sessed of means of his own, Londoner engaged in merchandising with his brotlier, and made money, until in 1884 his sales amounted to .*tl,(K».(XX) annually. He was elected county commissioner and chairman of the com- mittee on finance, ^''hich devolved upon him the building of the Denver court- house, wliich cost *300,000, the land on which it stands being worth ^sT'i.lXX) more. The building and furniture are the pride of Denver, and for the man- ner in which Londoner discharijed his trust, the board, when ^^ left it, ' drew up a resolution which was good enough to put on my grave when I die, ' says the recipient of the testimonial. CATTLE. 645 When not irrigated, it is only a few inches high, but grows to two feet in height when furnished with wattr, and is better feed than any native grass known. This grows near the mountains, buffalo grass on the j)]ains, and bunch grass on the niountain sides. Besides these three there were exhibited atfhe expo- sition ill Denver, in 1884, over a hundred varieties of native grasses, all having a seed on the side, except the bunch grasses." Cattle so well fed will live a week with nothing to eat, and a snowfall seldom lasts a h)iiger time. Should the snow remain, the cattle stauipede to the Arkansas valley ; so that, with the advantages of the climate and the sagacity of the animals, the owners sustain few losses. Still, pru- dence will more and more dictate the saving of hay for winter feeding. With the growth of the business of cattle-raising there came the formation of incorporated companies, and legislative enactments. Among other laws which concern the branding, herding, protection from dis- ease, and other necessary regulations, is a statute authorizing a commissioner to attend the annual round-ups, and to seize and sell all unbranded cattle for the benefit of the common school fund." A state board of inspectors exists by law. The objectionable feature of the stock business would seem to be the absolute control of immense tracts of country, with the springs and streams, by conipanies or individuals, as for example, the possession of many thousands of acres of rich bottom land, and forty miles of water front on the Arkansas river, by one man, J. W. Prowers. The Prairie Cattle company have over $15,000,000 invested in cattle, and control many miles of water front, and hundreds of thousands of acres of fenced pasture, in Bent county. In northern Colo- rado tlie stock companies are chiefly in Weld and Arapahoe counties ; south of the divide thev are for '"S/'m,-\ General View, MS., 9-10; HnlliMers MineH of Cotorndo, 426-9. * liolkr's Colorado Skelchen, MS., 3; Farrefn Colo a» It i», 53-6, 546 AGRICULTURE AND STOCK RAISING. the most part in Bent, Las Animas, Elbert, and Pueblo. There are two stock associations, one at Doti- ver" and the other at Pueblo. Each holds an annual meeting" for the discussion of subjects connected with its interests." The Colorado Cattle company secured 81,000 acres near Pueblo, under patent from the government,'" and individual owners control other large tracts in this portion of the state, requiring a separate organization. The whole number of cattle in Colorado in the spring of 1884 was given at 1,005,- 000." The number of sheep in the state, in May of that year, was put down at 1,497,000. Shepherding has made rapid advancement since 1871, about whieh time sheep began to be imported in considerable nuni- * Joseph L. Bailey was an active org.\nizer of the Colorado Cattlc-gnmors' association, with Itu.ulquarters at Denver, and for two years its prcsidtiit. He was from Pa, and arrived at Clierry creek in June 1859. He made sdino money working for the Pike's Peak Express co., with which, and witli irtilit, he started in a meat market, clearing, with his partner, over $i.SO,()0(l in IS months. There being no hanks in the country, the money was dcpo.sitid in the earth under their shop, and was st(den by their book-keeper, Ifjiving them bankrupt. Bailey then took ofKces under the Denver city goveriiincnt as street commissioner and marshal; and was deputy i>rovo8t-niarslial uinler Wanless, and deputy U. S. marshal under A. C. Hunt. He was also in tin- secret service of the treasury department, to hunt out the countcrfiitiis which infested the territory for a time. He was deputy sheriff undiT S(.]iris. Kent, Wilson, and Cook for a number of years, and was twice dicism a member of the city council. The tire department of Denver owes nmcli to hia exertions during two years while he was chief. He organized tiie Kiic men's Officers' association, to consult ui>on matters pertaining to the dciiart- ment. In 1865 he established Bull's Head corral, the rendezvous of the leading stock men of the western states. '•'ilie pres. of the northern association in 1883 was Jacob Scherrer; vice- pres., J. F. Brown; sec, L. R. Tucker; trcas., J. A. Cooper; ex. coniniitti'i', R. G. Webster, W. H. H. Cranmer, Joseph W. Bowles, H. H. Metcalf, ,1. W. Snyder; state inspection commissioners, J. W. Prowers of Bent co., J. h. Brush of Weld, Nelson Hallock of Lake, T^. R. Tucker of Elbert, and (iturgc W. Thompson, Jr, of La Plata. Colo Sfort Lawx, 3, a compilation a(.'C(iiding to act of the legislative assembly of 1883 of all the acts relating to stuck, is a good authority on 8to<:k matters. '' Life on a Pnnrh, by R. Aldridge, contains an account of cattle-raising in Colorado, Kansas, and Texas. Hall's Annual Rej)t Chamh. Com. contains statistics, 133-6. E. P. Tenney's Colo, ami Homes in the New Wed, Hi I'*, gives a condensed acconnt of the grazing interest; also Hayden, Vrmt W'«t, 1.34-8, and Tlie. Graziwj IntereM and the Beef Sujrply, by A. T. Babbitt, MS., 11, a dictation from the manager of the Standard Cattle company of \\y- oming. »'^ Helena Independent, Aug. 14, 1879. ** These figures are taken from a list of county productions in Dfim}<liiy America, May 4, 1884, p. 26; hut a circular on Lm'-ntoek Movement, issmd in 1884, by Wood brothers of Chicago places the production of Coloraiio at 991,700 cattle, uid 1,260,000 sheep. SHEEP AND HORSES. 647 bers. There was at first active hostility between the «)\vm;rs of neat cattle and the sheep graziers, because tlic ])astures overrun by sheep were practically de- stroyed for cattle. In the autumn of 1873 the own- ers of flocks in Huerfano county complained to the governor that parties liad been attacked and killed, or their animals scattered, with the avowed purpose of drivinjj this kind of stock out of the country. But tlic legislature interposed with laws for the protection of all stock-owners equally, and sheep raising is now the third industry in the state, if it is separated from cattle raising on one side, and agriculture on the other. One-year-old lambs average four pounds, ewes five or six, and rams twelve to fifteen pounds of wool. The yearly clip exceeds 7,000,000 pounds, having a value of $1,500,000. The flocks consist iiiaiiiiv of Mexican sheep, improved by the introduc- tion of thorouglibred Merino rams. Money invested ill sheep by care and good fortune could be doubled in three years ; but as snow storms and late, cold, spring rains have more power to harm sheep than other stock, some allowance is made, in calculating profits, for these contingencies.** Alfalfa ,as it was found to be superior feed for sheep, as well as all kinds of stock, bcijan to be cultivated in the aijricultural counties with success, although it was found difficult of introduction without irrigation. Horses were longer in becoming so much objects of the stockmen's care as in Nevada and IVIontana, n^quiring, as they do, more attention tlian cattle, besides being more expensive. In th>o whole state there were in 1886 ahi>nt 100,000 hci\..<i and mules, and 25,000 other kinds of stock, comprising swine, and cashmere, anjjora, and common goats. "l'iil)or, Coh (M an AijrimltHnil Stole, 193-201; Ifarpcr'n Itftuf., 193-210, •liiii. IHSO; Denver Rork-y MonnUuti NeiM, Nov. 29, 1870; Colortulo Comlfmi<l, \1; Dnmr Tiihune, Oct. 10, 1884; PmrftiiiwiM Ixt Nut. Conv. CtUtle-men, 12- l>l; Tiiith Census, vol. 3, 144; Ounnison Sun, ilau. 5, 1S84. I ir I i i i M I ! CHAPTER XI. DENVER AND ARAPAHOE COUNTY. 1859-1886. SunvEY — Denver Lands — Municipal Oroamzation— The QrEsnos cr Capital — Post-office and Assay Office — Railways— Tei.kuuapiis - STREETRAiLWAYH—PiKLicBuiLitiNtis— Schools and CiruHciiKs—Srvi.K OF Akchitectire— Water System am> Drainacje — Manifai rtitKs Smelters — Chamber of Commerce— Exposition (Jrounus am> Bi ilo- INGS- Banking — Society and Culture — Biouraphy. Considering the resources of the state to he first miniiio:. second stock-raisinor and third aiiriculturo. a brief history of each of the counties will afford an opportunity to speak of manufactures where tiny occur, and of mineral resources not yet noted. Arapahoe, first alphabetically, as well as in point o^ time, had an irregular existence before the or''aiii- zation of the territory of Colorado, as the ri'ader will remember. In 1861 its boundaries were defined liy survey, its area being 4,8G0 scjuare miles in the fi)rui of a parallelogram. The first gold discover}' was made in the western end of the country, but tluse placers were soon exhausted and no new ones discov- ered. The county was treeless and arid exvpt immediately upon the streams, of which it had a ;jo»)d number, and its prospects in 1866, viewed from almost any standpoint, were not flattering. Two things Iiavo redeemed Arapahoe from ]iovertv, first the prosj>i'rity of Denver as the metropolis, and later the re<leiii|ttioti of its arid lands by irrigation, of which I have ahoiidy spoken The value of its live stock in 1884 was 81.- 540,000. Of its agricultural productions hi thu i)ast (548) PRCXIRESS OF THE CITY. 549 there is no record, but that there will be none in the future the increasing area of irrigated land renders improbable. Denver, the county seat, has had its beginnings narrated. It was incorporated first by the provisional looislature, and organized a city government Decem- ber I'J, 1851), by the election of John C. Moore, mayor. The government was not, however, strong ciii)Utj;h to prevent a conflict of lot owners and lot jum]>ers the following summer, which had nearly ter- miuated in bloodshed, the secretary of the town com- pany, Whitsitt, and others narrowly escaping being shot by the irate squatters. A committee of citizens maintained order until congress, in May 1804, passed an aet for their relief, by extending to Denver the operation of the act of May 23, 1844, and authorizing the probate judge of Arapahoe county to enter at the miniiimm price, in trust for the righful occupants according to their respective interests, section 33, and the west half of section 34, in township 3, south of raniife G8, west of the 6th principal meridian, reserv- ing only such blocks and lots for government purposes as the commissi(Mier of the general land office slumld (iosjonatc.' Thus was the question of titles settled. In the meantime there had been a change of govern- ment, and Denver was re-incorporated under the laws of tlie first territorial legislature, November 7, 1861. The first mayor was Charles A. Cook, the first board of alderman H. J. Brendlino;er, John A. Nve, L. Mayer, W W. Barlow, J. E. Vawtcr, and L. Buttrick, P. V. Wilcox was police magistrate, W. M. Keith city marshal, J. Bright Smith city clerk and attor- ney, E. D. Boyd city surveyor, George W. Brown tnasurer and collector.'' D. D. Palmer street com- missioner, and George E. Thornton chief of police.' ^Conif. Glohe, 1863-4, app. 168: U. S. Jfw.^. iitid Doc., 1856-66, 251-2. -Brown resigned in Dec, and Joseph B. Cans was elected. ^ Tlir Chitrtcr and OnliminreH of tlif City of Dn\wr, with amendments from 1S61 to 1875, compiled by Alfred C I'iielps, I)enver, 1878, cuntains the namua S50 DENVER AND AKAl'AHOE COUNTY. ill I The city authorities had for a few years the same trouble with the outlaw class which every border ttiwii of any magnitude has had, in which the ordinarv course of justice was sometimes accelerated by tliV viijilants of society. It suffered by flood and fire, as I have before mentioned* in its early history. Plan of Denver, 1862. It was a question with the early settlers of Colo- rado whether Denver or Canon City should be the metropolis of the country. All depended upon the route taken by the principal part of the imniigiation of the several boards of city officers during that period, for which 1 hinf imt room. The town site of Denver ahsorlied Auraria, and touched upon tlir site of Highland, later North Denver. *The tire broke out April 19, 1803, between 2 and 3 o'clock in the ninrn- ing. In spite of great exertions, the business portion of the city was alin"<t entirely destroyed in a few hours. Many who lost everything at tii:it tiiin' were later among the solid men of Denver; but many more never reiMvcrt'd from the disaster. ROADS AND RAILIiOADS. C51 anil freight. In 1859-60 the Platte and Arkansas routes divided the travel. Denver was south of the tiavilU'd route to Utah, Nevada, and California, and was su})i)08ed by its rival to be almost hopelessly iso- lated. But fortune, in collusion with the stage com- pany, settled that matter. The Pike's peak company Iia\ ill*; removed its line from tlie Smoky Hill fork of Kansas rivor, which line terminated at Denver by the route since followed by the Kansas Pacific railway to the J'liitte route, was itself no longer on the nmin lint\ but was forced to accept a branch from Jules- Itursj;, where the overland mail crossed the north side of the Platte. The distance saved in the length of the line to San Francisco by adopting tlie northern route was 600 miles. The men of Denver used their iiithu'Mce to procure a survey of a direct route from their city to Salt Lake, and in 1861 E. L. Berthoud was employed by W, H. Russell and Ben Holhiday, interested in transportation, to examine the country west of Denver for such a route. The survey demon- strated that a road could be laid down White river and other streams which would shorten the distance from the Missouri to the Pacific 250 miles. But the Phitte or old immigrant route continued to be used until the railroad era succeeded to stage lines, and Denver, although left aside, was still nearer to the trans-continental artery than any other town in Colo- rath), and with that advantage had to be content.* Denver next secured the mint, which although not a mint, but only a United States assayhig office, was 'Till! first postmaster of Aurariawas Henry Allen, appointed in the spring iif 1N.")!», at which time there was no mail route created, and none was estali- lishiil lieforo tlie autumn of 18G0. Allen soon resigned, and Park V.'. Mc- I'liiri' was appointed, tiie first who had any ottiee. When the war hegan he ji>iia'ii the confederacy, and Samuel S. Curtii^ was appointed; hut he also left till' jilaoeto take a commission in the federal army. His deputy acted aspost- ma<t(r until the spring of 18fi4, when W^illiam N. Byers was aj)pointed, who lii'M the office 2J years before resigning. Tliis covers the pioneer period. Byers was appointed again in 1879. Previous to the U. S. apiiointnients the Ct'iitr.!! Overland California and Pike's Peak Express company, which was the Leavenworth and Pike's Peak Kxpress company under a new name, had P'xtiiiaiters of its own, the first of whom was Amoa Steck. Bytrs Hist. Coh, M.S., L>7-8. 652 DENVER AND AllAFAHUE COUNTY. a power, besides being a temptation, the first ciiiIm-/. zlouient of iu)|X)rtance occurring in Denver IkIh^ perpetrated by the pay clerk, who absconded witli $37,000, most of which was recovered, tt)gether witli the thief. Defalcations hatl n«it been frequi^nt in the history of Coloratlo, and this one stirred pro- foundly the moral sense of its people. Denver also succeeded in retaining the capital, as has been before stated, against several attem[>ts to locate it elsewhere. But it has been to the energy with which the puMic- spirited men of Denver have labored for the conct ii- tration of radroads at this point that the contiiiutd ascendency of this city has been duo. Originally, and when Berthoud surveyed the mall route to Salt Lake, it was expected that the central line of Pacific railroad would come to Dei ver; but its engineers finding a more feasible route north, finally passed just within the line of the territory, injuring rather than benefitting it. This hispired the friends of Colorado, and particularly the leading men of Denver, with the purpose of building a branch road to the Union Pacific at Cheyenne. The Kansas Pacific was slowly making its way westward, and was likely enough at that time to come to Pueblo, the most formidalile rival of Denver. Whether to build a road towuid Cheyenne or Pueblo was for a time a moot question.' * Aa early as 18(51 a railroad called the Coloratlo Central was projeotcil to connect (Joldcn with Denver, and to l»e extended to the other mining towns, whidi road was charteretl in 18(55. In 18(57 a proposition was made liy tlu' Union Paeitiu to assist in completing a hraueli road into Colorado, if il:t' gnading should he done by the Coloradans. The first meeting to consiili r this proposition, and of building the Colorado Central, was called July 10, 18(57, at Denver, and was thinly attended. It was resolved, however, to re- quest the county commissioners to order an election for the piiri>ose of votiiij; on the projiosition to issue bonds for $'J00,000 in ai<l of the branch road, ami such an election was ordered for the (5th of August. In the interim it !'<'• came known that the managers of the Colorado Central were working in the interest of (lolden as the future capital, and designed taking the road on the north and west side of the Platte instea<1 of first to Denver, a movement in which they were supported by the mountain towns. On this discovery the commissioners of Arapahoe county so changed the order of election as to make the issue of bonds dependent upon the road being constructed on the east siile of the Platte. The vote on this proposition stood 1,1(50 for to 1.57 apainst. But the Colorado Central company m Se])tember declined the conditional bunds. lu November a director uf the Kansas Pacific company, James Archer, HAILIIOADS. «l ins'fi Mi;^'* "^iw iti-«'«i »•»•'» »'•• ".« .»w«w. %.«j « 'rii';;iaiili oitiiiiaiiy win (ugimizetl, with a ca li.arl of iliriH'torM. Tlio otlicurs oleott'd i)i Whil(> tlio claiins of Colormlo were reeeivinj; hut siiiiit recoy;iiitit>ii t'roiii tlio truiisoontiiiental line, (ieii- visiti.l Iii'iivur, anil inaiU) it known that only hy the contriliutii>uof ^.MNJU.UIO III I Hiuitv liiiDil.s ciiiilil the l)iiihliii(; of thv KaiiHO-s I'aoitic to that |hiiiit U- hc- t'ui'>.''l As this proposal was not to hu entorUuneil, it wa^t ik-UTiiiinol t4i nuke aiiiitliur utl'ort to Muouru i-onnuction witli tliu Union I'ai'ilii'. aii<l t<> tacih- tut' iK'K'otialion!* a lioani of tratlu wiw organixetl on thv l.tth ot NovciiiIht. On the tcilliiwinij day (ioorgu Franuiti Train a<lilru.<t.t<;<l the iNiar-l. ami Ktrp.i M,n' tikiii to organize a railroad company. On the ITtli ;ui'l l«»ih otlur niK'tiii;^-! uero held, and on the latter day the Denver I'aiiti. K.iilu.-iy and capital stoik uf «('.'.IIUII.IHM>. and a on the null Were 15. M. Ilught-i, iin-i.l.iit; Liitlier Kmuitzo, vice-president; D. H. Motlat. Jr. tiva^unr: W. T. .Iiilmson, Keenitary; F. .NI. Case, eliief engineer; John I'lert.-. ouisulting I'mjiiioiT. In tliroo days iti;MM),(HK) hail heeii Miil>.-»eril»ed, anil an attemjit wan iimIi' to iiidiiou tho Colorado Central to accept the county IhumIs and join fiiri'i's I'tit witlioiit snocess. In DeceinUer tlio comity coiiiiiii:t.<i<>iierK iitsued a dll I'T another .special election in Jan. I.SIW, to vote npnn tin- pr<>|Hi<.itiiiii to i^.ilu• s.'iiM),OI)0 ill bonds to aid tho railroatl.s, for which thr county «.xs to re- aivc tlie same aiiioiiiit in stock. Tho vote stooii l.'.'.V.I m lavor of to 47 aiiiiHt tho issno of the honds, and soon after an arr.iiiKeii»-nt wa.-« ei.tered iii:<i ulth tlio Union I'acilic liy which that conipany a^^reed to <-oiiiplete the r.ii I ulii'iiever it shoiil.l iio ready for the rails. A hill was iutr<~luivil in coii- f,r>:-ii firly in tho session of I8*>7 8 for tlio usual laml grant to the IVnver I'ai'iti ■; hut lieforo any action was taken, the Kansas racitic ri«a«l ajjreetl tti triii-l'cr its hind grant lietween Cheyeniio and henver to the l»en\«r I'acilic, ail I till- liill was ainoiided to grunt a siiltsidy in honds to the latter <-<impaiiy, aii'l m this form was passed in the senate J nly ijo, liSlW. Nothing iii<>re iiiiid- \n<i iliaii a verl)al agreement had been jKissed between the L'nion aii'l lleiiver I'loilic com[ianies, when in March l8(>8(Jov. Evans and .">urveyi>r gen. I'ierce, r.'|irc<riiting the latter, met tho directors of the Union Pacific i-«- us New \'ork au 1 reduced to writing tho terms tinally agreed nnoii, whi<-h were, on the |)irtoftlio Denver company, that the road should Ih? grailcd and the ties ill. I: that tho Dor.vor Central and (!corgetowi< Hailroail coiiii»any -hould lie <ir_'uii/i-il; and that apiilication should bo made for a grant ol land to the l»cii\cr I'acitic road. A line having been ilecide<l u|H>n, work was com- iiuiiccil May 18, I8ti8, in the presence of a concourse of |H'ople. .At the end of three months tho grailing had been completed to Kvans. half the distance, ami ill the autumn the r(Ni*l-bod was completed to Cheyenne. But .«> far till' Union I'aeitiu uompany made no movement toward completing any part of till' road, and, indeed, the subsidy bill which had passed the .senate had fiili'il ill the lower h(m.so of congress, all of which delayed progress. On the .'t.| of March, 18()!), however, another bill embodying the iiii|iortant features of tin; former one was passed, and liecame a law. The grading and ties Ih-- ini; ready, the Union I'acitic was called u))on to fiillil its contract, which it iliil not do, owing to Hnancial embarrassment. AlMUit this time, the presi- (li-nt of the Denver Pacific having died, Kvana was electeil to till that |»<>si- t.iiii, and he proposeil to tho Union Pacitic to sell the iron to tho Denver i'.iiilic, which would complete its own road. The former contract was ciikuUed, and an arrangement entered into with the Kansas Pa<-iti>- wliich took a certain amnunt of the stock of the Denver Pacitic. and pri>ceed«-<l with till' coiiipletitm of the road, which was openetl to Denver June •_"_'. \s~U, tlie (a'.irnctown minors contributing tho silver spike which wa-s nse<l at the in- auguration ceremonies, when, al.so, the corner-stone of the deftot at Dt-nver wa< laid, with imposing rites, masonic and civic. Tlins. after thrw yearn of unintcrmittod etTort, Denver established itself as the initial railroad i>oint in Colorado. In Atigust of the same year the Kansas Pai;itic reacheil Denver. ThuDeuvcr Pauiiiu waaaotfor tlm tirat ten yeantiiiiuuuaUy nsuiuuentive, ilH' iS < ,P' SM DENVKU AND AIlArAHOK COUNTY. oral William J. Paliiior, who, whilo helpinjjf to lnuld tlio KaiiisaB Pacific, hud vainly. luboied tor its cxUu- sion westward by way of the j^rand canon of tlir Ai kansas, conceived the idea of a raiUvav which, ruiininr Bouthward from Denver alont; the base of the uiduu- tains, should penetrate them by branches thioiiHli each availal)Io canon and pass, and render tribiituiv the mineral wealth which they containe«l. It was due no less to his foresight in the conception of this enterprise than to the ability and enerj^y whi<li Im brought to bear on its execution, that the Dciivir and llio (Jrande railway became the greatest factor in the develo[unent of Colorado, and in many respLits the mo!4t notable of North American railroads. Froin 1871, when constructit)n began, to 1878, X\7 miles (4' road were built, connecting Denver with Canon City and the adjacent coal-fields, with the extensive beds of coking coal at El Moro, and with the town of Ala mosa on the llio Grande del Nt)rte, to reach which point was made the then famous crossing of the Sangre de Cristo range at Veta pass. In the iattir year began the great struggle with the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe for the possession of tho grand cafion of the Arkansas, a detailed account of which is elsewhere jjfivcn. Emerging victorious ftoiii this confiict in 1880, the Denver and Rio Grande en- tered upon a career of great prosperity, building dur- ing the next three years i)80 miles of mountain road/ first because it couM not be wbile it hatl no feeders from the mininj? towns, ami secondly beciiuse in 1877 the Union Pacific comijaiiy, failing to uc* toil- trul of it, constructed a parallel roa<l running to (ioldun, and iibsorliiiii^ tlio Colorado Central, which had completed its road to Denver, and uxtfinliil td (Jeorgetown, with branches to Black Hawk and several other miniii!.' towii.f. This company also, in 1881, completed a cut ofT from J desburg to Evans on the Denver Pacific, which BrSHcquently came under its control. ' The achievements of tl > Denver and Rio Orande railway in mmintaiii climbini,' and caflon threading entitle it to its appellation of the ' scenif lino nf the world.' Five times it c- sea the main ranges of the Rockv moiint.iins, and at the following elevati \ above the sea: Veta pass, ^SOti; Ciiiiilins, jy>l]'^! Tennessee pass, 10.4 ; Marshall pass, 10.852; and FrenioTit jpass, 1 l,.i28 feet. To gam these he its a grade of over 200 feet was ncc'(!ss:irv for about 100 miles of the route. jonmey over these passes abounds in tlirlll- ing interest, while the views n y challenge comparison with *ho mont iiotcil 01 Alpine prospects. Two of 'le grandest of Rocky mountain cafloiis, the THE DKN'VKU AND UIO <iUANDK. 68S to i.uild , rumilii^ 10 iMDllll- tlll<HI;^ll tril»utuiv It was n of this vliich 111! Di'iivn* at factor ■ resj)t'C'ts i. Front. mill's of noil City sivu bi'ils i\ of Alu- ch vliii'h ^ of till' he liittrr V-tcliisoll, of thr count of Dus from ancle cn- injf tlar- in road/ |ning towns, to .m;^ coll- jtsorliiiii,' the JXtl'llilfil t(l kiiiiH tiiwiis, [o Evans on mountain fcenic lino of linoiintnins, Cniiilircfl, iioiit pass, Iccssni'V fur lis ill thrill- nost noti'il la&oiiii, the A t('1(>|jrrnpli lino wuh oHtiiMisliotl from Onmlia to Jul( sliiir*,', on its wuy across tho continent, in 18()1, uritnil canon of tho ArkiiiiiuM ami tlio liliurk unAon of tlic iruuiiiitoii, to^otlicr v'lth a si'iiro of luMHur oiM'M, are travurnol l>y tliiH woii<l«rliil roiul. An itlt^a (if Its ^ri'.'it gi'iiurnl liuiglit altove the iiea may Ihi ((aiiiuil lioiiitlui fut-t tliat aliiiiil KM) iiiilun, or (iiiu foiirtli of it«i uiitiru luiigtii, lie \%lioll> aixtvu 8,(HM) fri't I'Icvatioii. Ill IH8.'i, <>uit. Paliiier rtmixiivil tliu prfiiiileiK'y, ami wan hiiu- I'l'i'ilni liy Fruil. W. Lovujoy. Varioux truubluii, |ii'iiiui|Hilly i'oiii|ili('iitioiiH witli till' iK'iivdr ami Rio O ramie WoHtvrn railway ami tlit^ ('olonulo Coal ami Iron ('>iiii|iaiiii's, ciiliiiiiiatuil ill a receiverNlii|< in July ism, W. S. .larkMoii iH'iiii; apiioiiituil recuivur. Keory^anizatinn wan oSccteil in INH4i, witli <liii-kHoii iis |in'Milfiit. Among other railwayH dirnctly trilmtary to iH^iivrr I may nii'iiiinii tlio PonN'ur, South Park, and Piu;itio, which lia<l itM orgaiii/atioii in pi'iivi'i', withOov. John KvanHat itti hi^ail. ItHtartud up I'latto oafton, aii<l in IHT'.l Ml liatl a raco for livailvilli; with thu D. k It. <i-, in whii'li it wim licati'ii, gaiiiiii;; tracka^jo privilcguM, huwovur, ovur ita rivala lino from Uuuna Viuuk ,»*!'"%, ^r:»«i**;*ili*«t,iiii/,L.i.vV/) ^ 11^ UVpta I 6,1)711 ft. Mai' ok tiik Alignment op ti k Prnvkr and Uio Grande R. R. akound Dump Mountain. to till! 'Carbonate Camp.' It was soon afterward sold to the Union Pacific, iiiiil I'.Ntttndtid by way of Alpine pass across thu snowy ran^c to thu (iuuiiison Country, and also through tho ten-mile region to Ixiadville. It comprises iiliont 'M)0 miles of road with steep grades, and abounds in magnificent scen- ery. Tiio Uenver, Utah, and Pacific is another Denver enterprise, and runs to tlio mouth of tlie 8t. Vrain caQon, a distance of 44 miles. Thu Denver I'irdt! railway was organized November IG, I8*t((, with \V. A. H. Lovclaml prusiili'iit. The design was to surround the city, ami induce Rettlcment in tliu environs, making it conveuient for manufacturers and stockmeii to locate tlicir factories and yards njion the line. Al)out five inilos of narrow-^auge roiiil wore constructed. Of railroads outside of Colorado, yet connected with the interstate lines, the first, after the Kansas Pacific, to extend a long arm ti> Denver, was the Burlington and Colorado, the extension of the Bur- lington and Missouri river, itself a pa;'tof the great Chicago, Burlington, and Uniiicy sy.stem, by which Den\'er was first given an unbroken connection with • 'liiciiio. The Burlington reached Denver May 28, 1882. The Atchison, Topi'ka, and Santa Fe had previously been built to Pueblo, from which point it reached Denver over the rails of the D. & R. O. At La Junta its nmin California line diverged southward, and passing Trinidad climbed Raton pass on tho southern border of the state. f t,|, U ) t 556 DENVER AND ARAPAHOE COUNTY. b.'4 I i by the Pacific corapany, the contractors being Cliarlos M. Stebbins and Edward Creififhton. A proposition William A. H. Loveland, a native of Maas., has been called the foundpr of the niountaiu system of railroads. He served in the Mexican war, ami was wounded at C'hapultepec. Was in Cal. 3 years, and finally caiiu: tn Colorado and settled ia Golden. He obtained the right of way u]) Cluar Creek cuilon for a wagon road, which he built, and which became the ficrm df the railroad. He was also interested in neW8pa])ers, having purchased tlio liorhj Mnuiitain News of its original owners in 1878, and was afterward in- terested in tiio management of the Leadville Democrat. (J LARAMIE Railroads of Colorado. Isaac W. Chatfield was a contractor on the Denver and Soutli Park, buihling the principal portion between Denver and Littleton. He owikmI 720 acres in the Platte valley, near Littleton, and also engaged in scllniJ! groceries at licadville in 1879. He was one of the projectors of the Uii. TELEGRAPa LINES. 557 was made to the citizens of Denver to construct a l)raiirh to that place on certain conditions, which were rcjc'f'tod. An agency was then estabUshed for for- ward inyj messages to Julesburg, a distance of 200 juiles, by the daily coach, from which point they were forwardtid by telegraph, and answers received in the saiiK^ manner. This arrangement lasted for two years, tlio business being so important that in the spring of 18G3 Crcighton made another proposition, which was accepted, and a branch to Denver completed October 1st. A branch line to Central was soon put in oper- ation. The receipts from the Denver office, B. ¥. Woodward, manager, were not hifrequently $.5,000 a iiioiitli, and the first year's net income was more than twice the cost of tlie line. This line reached Denver from Julesburg by a cut-off to Fort Morgan and via Living springs, which was adopted by the stage-line fioiii tlie Platte. In 1865 the Pacific Telegraph com[»any was merged in the Western Union company, w]ii( Ii extended a line from Denver to Salt Lake, via Fuit Collins and Virginia Dale, abandonuig the old roiit(! via Laramie, making Denver the repeating sta- tion f(»r California despatches. In 18GG the United States and Mexico Telegraph company was organized, mainly in Denver, the directors being D. H. Moffat, II. :\l. Porter, V. Z. Salomon, W. N. Byers, S. H. Ellxrt, and B. F. Woodward. Porter was president. Tlie line was completed to Santa Fe in 1867, but the intention to continue it to Mexico was frustrated bv mile, Kdkomo, anil Breckuuridge railroaii, and contracted for the ex;,ension of tlif Ivij^le rivor )>rancli of the Kio (iraude, tlirough Teiineiisbe pass. fSeo fuitln-T, ljf(i<lrHle Democrat, Jan. 1, 1681. Kill- raili'oad matters I have consulted some chapters in llixt. Dviirer, 248- Cl; //"//'.I Aiinunl Ifejfort, Vhnmh. Coin., 1SH4, 13-1(); Desrrqitire Aiiiirirn, May ISS4, '21; Official Railrotid Uuiile of Volonulo: Com/. Ololie, 1871-2, 1400; iiivlrUlc DcinocnU, Dec. 31, 1881; Bainelry't^ Life ami LaJmr in the Far, Far HVs/, •.'-:{; Denver Trihune, Dec. 12, 1879, and Nov. 18, 1880; Ernnx" Inter- f'T, MS., 7; Colorado Gazetteer, 1871, 11!) 'J^; FailhfiiCs Three Visits 149; %jw' Hist. Clio, M.S., 22-6; LeadriUi' Chronide A, nil: Graff'it Colo, 57-02, 'ill 7, 7li 8; Stnne'n Lanil Grants, MS., 0-7; Elhert, Piihlic Men ami Measures, M''^., 7; Itrirklet) and Ifartioe.U'n Southern Colo, 01-7; Firnt Annual Jfejit Den- nr /',!(■: lie /{. H.; Jftn/den'n Great West, 101; Denver linchf Mountain Aewx, Miy -JO and Dec. 10, 1808, .Ian. 27, 1809. and Jan. 18, 21, and 25, June 22, ail I S,.[,t. 2.j, 1870; Oenrer Trilmne, Nov. 28, 187!', and April 10 and May H'J, 1881); Report State Geoloijiot, 1881-2, 1-27. : ■| i:,„, . i' i 658 DENVER AND ARAPAHOE COUNTY. the disorders in that country. A contract was made with the Denver Pacific Railway company to extend the line to Cheyenne the same year, and in 1870a controlling interest was sold to the Western Union, of which Woodward was appointed assistant superin- tendent. This company soon controlled all the lines in Colorado. The first street railway in Denver was completed in January 1872 by a company incorporated in 1807/ with a charter for thirty- five years. In 1871 a Chi- cago company, headed by L. C. Ellsworth, purchased the franchise and began the construction, the Cliauqia street line being the first section operated, exteiidiiii; from 27th and Champa to the station of the Sciutii park railroad in west Denver, a distance of two miles. In 1873 the north Denver brancii was completed, 2| miles. In 1874 the Broadway branch was completed, 1^ on 16th street and Broadway, and a mile between 213d street and Park avenue. In 1876 1^ miles addi- tional were opened on Larimer street, from lOtli toward the fair-grounds. The area of incorporated Denver is 13^ square miles, but with its several additions it is nearly twenty-one square miles. Its population is 12r).<'i'<\ or something more, and it publishes over twenty jour- nals of all kinds. It has 500 miles of irriuatinjj; ditches within city limits, and 300,000 shade tn cs. Among its public buildhigs the city-hall, built of stone, cost $190,000; the opera-house, of briek and stone, $850,000; the court-house, of stone, $300,000. the Union Railway station, $450,000; the episcopal cathedral, brick, $100,000. The public schools of Denver are second to none in the world. As a i ule, the teachers are efficient, and in the boards of man- agement there is comparatively little of the ii;no- rance, stupidity, and rascality too ofLen found in such *The incorporators were Amos Steck pres., D. A. Oheever, sec.. Muses Hallett, Wilson Stinson, David J. Martin, Lewis N. Tappan, Eihvinl •'. tStroilo, Robert M. Clark, Alfred H. Miles, Luther Koiint/.e, Fri'oiii.iii H Crocker, Cyrus IL McLaughlin, J. S. Waters, and M. M, DeLaui.. EDUCATION. 559 bodies during these latter days of progress and high enliglitonraent. Twenty-one school-houses cost ^700,- 000, not one-half of which amount went into the pockets of aldermen, school-directors, or contractors. A course in the high school fits the graduate for enter- ing a college or university.* Private and denomina- tional schools find liberal support. Of the latter '0. J. Goldrick was the pioneer of education in Colorado, opening a scliiiol ill Denver in 1859. He was afterward for sevenal years city editor of tliu Itni-kji Mountain Nt'w.% canvasser, and correspondent. From Denver lie went to Salt Lake, where he was managing editor of the VitlMi: The Mor- 111011 -i not liking his paper gave him warning to leave, and he returned to Den- ver ill 18(58, where he published a paper until 1882, and where ho died. Bi/cru' dnitniwd St(Ui;, MS., 18. In 1802 private schools were opened by Miss King ami Miss Indiana Hopris. The school board of distno. 1, of Arapahoe C)., was organized Oct. 23, 1862, Amos Steck pres.; Lewis N. Tappan seer Joseph B. Cass treas. Oove, EdiKnlion in Denver, MS., 1-6. Goldrick was cloeteil .superintendent of schools for Arapahoe co. in that year, and organ- izeil tlio tir.st public school, for which provision had Injen made by tlie legis- lature, 1)11 ground in the rear of West Lindell hotel, A. 11. Brown being the prineipal. He had two assistants and 140 pupils. Previous to 1871 the school fiunl was applied only to the support of teachers and other current expenses; l)iit ill that year a movement was made to acquire school property. Amos Sieek had, in 1868, presented the local board with three lots on Arapahoe s:ri!et. In 1870-71, 5 more lots were purchased in the same block, for which •S'},.")!)!) was paid. In 1872 bonds were issued for$75,000, payable lOjior cent ill 5 years, ami 10 per cent annually thereafter, bearing interest at one per cent montlily. In this year the Arapahoe school building was completed. It was liiiilt of brick €and stone, three stories high, containing 1 1 school-rooms and one classi'onin, with a basement fitted up for tlie residence of tlic janitor, the wliole luiatod with hot-air fiirnace-i, and well ventilated and lighteil. The entire cost was S71).205.47. In \Slii-~-l the legislature createil the city of Denver a special soliool district. Four of the wards, tiie 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th, availed tiicm- selves of the privileges of the act. From 1872 to 187 1 the Arapahoe build- ing and soma rooms in the methodist academy (discontinued) served for st'lio >1 pnrposes; but it was found necessary then to erect another buihliug, which was placed on Stout street, and cost ^24,089.19, containing 8 rooms. Previous to the opening of this school, F. C. (tarltutt had been superinteml- eiit, with a corps of 17 teachers. He was succeeded in 1874 by Aaron(Jove, a man of high attainments and remarkable educational and executive ability, who ('iiijiloycd 25 teachers, and who established the 9lh, or first higli-.school grade, to which 108 pupils were admitted. Tiirce more grailes completed tlie eoursc in the high scliool, and prepared the graduate for college. The tir^t class graduated in 1877. H. I. Hale, one of the class, passed a higlily erelitihlc examination on entering West Point as a cadet. In 1875 the sehonis had again become so crowded that relief was ol>taincd by renting, an I thi' same year 16 lots were pui'chasoil on Broadway, on which the tliinl larje building of brick and stone was erected at a cost of $28,645. But so ra|iiil was tlio increase of growth in the population of Denver about this time, that in 1S76 it became necessary to rent rooms for four new schools. Addi- tion was yearly made to these accommodations until 1879, when 10 lots were |iuri'liasod in the eastern part of the city, and an elegant stone building, cost- in,' ."<'JS,000 erected thereon. The Broadway sch(Mtl was also enlarged, and the .Vrapahoc schoid relieved by renting; the uumberof pupils in all the pub- lic schools having reached 2,700. 'i ) ) ! 'J if 1. ■ \i h }.'| 660 DENVER AND ARAPAHOE COUNTY. ! :i there are several, the principal of which belonpf to the catholics, episcopalians, and niethodists. The uni- versity of Denver, an outgrowth of the Coloradi* seminary, established by the methodists in 18(14, is conducted under the auspices of that church, tlioiijrh as a non-sectarian institution. In character and scholarahip it compares favorably with eastern col- leges. There are fifty-four religious societies" in Denver, many of them owning elegant and valuable church jiroperty. " BycM, Ci'iitfunitil State, MS., 30-1; U tiwrxitif of Denwr. "Tlio lirst recordeil religious services in Denver t.vik place in 1850, wlicii a methodist preaclicr, naine<l Hainninnd, l)e,'3;an holiling services in an tinliii- islioil building on Larimer Htrect, lietwecn l.'ith and Kitii streets. In Jun. 18G0 the veneralilo J. H. Kelder, an cpiscoitalian minister, held services in Ooldrick's scliool-house, on Mc(}aa (later HoUaday) street. Aftcrwanl a room was scciiretl in Ruter's block, and an episcopalian churcli (ii-j;aiii/cil. About the same time a southern niethodist church was organized by a prcaclier named Bradford, and a small brick church erected at the corner of .Ariicilme and 14th streets. This was the ftrst churcli edifice erected in DtMiwr, iind was sold to the episcopalian.^ in 18(51, when Bradford and many of his f<ingre- gation went to the assistance of the southern confederacy. Tliat year tlir missionary bishop, Talbot, of the episcopalians, visited Denver, and bcfdru he wouhl dedicate the church recpiired it to be free of debt; §.">(H) was rai.sed and the church dedicated. On the ISth of Dec, 18G1, A. S. Hiliingsley organized the First Presbyterian church of Denver, under instructions f.-om the board of domestic missions, old school, whicii held its services at Interna- tional hall, on Ferry street, in west Denver, then known as Auraria. Of the 18 members, 11 were women. In April 18(5'2 Billingsley left, and A. U. I)ay succeeded him in Novemlier, who seems to have iioon an active missionary, for he «<ion secured the donation of a lot from Maj. .lohn S. Fillnmrr, pay- master U. S. A., on ].")th street, l>etween Arapahoe and l-iJiwreni'c. Lilnial cimtributions were m.adc by citizens, and the mission board gave iJtHH), sotliat in 180.1 an edifice of brick was begun, 37.xC5 feet, ground area, wliiili wan completed in bSO'j, when Day resigned, and J. B. AlcClure of 111. lpt'caMu:)i:is- tor after several months, during which the pulpit was vacant. Me prracliiil two years, when a^ain the church was left without a pastor until KSliS, wljiii A. Y. Moore of Ind. succeeded, but not being sup|>orted by the mission Ixianl, resigned the same year. The church then negotiated with the new si'IkihI board to be taken in charge and connecterl with the presbytery of ('liicai;ii, a call being extended to K. P. Wells to preach to them. On the2()tli of Nnv., 1808, the church was incorporated, and on the 28th Wells was iustalliil pas- tor, who remained in charge G years. In 1871 the church became s(lf-.s\ip- porting, ami in l874adopteil the name of Central Pre-sbyterian Clinnh. By tills time the mcmbershiphad outgrown the edifice, ai.d in May 187.") iircii"!rty was purchased at the corner of Champa and 18th streets for tho site of a lU'W church. The comer-stime was laitl Jan. 6, 1876, and the building sofarcoin- |)leted as to l)e occupied in 1878. During this period, Wells having rc^ignwl in 1875, Willis Lonl was pastor for one year, when ill health conipclli'il liis resignation, and I)r Reed officiated until Dec. 1878, when his death occiirreil. The edifice for which tliey labored cost 8r)t),0()0, and had a membership of between 400 and 500. The 17th •jtrfset presbyterian church was founded liy that portion of the parent church M'hicli maintained its connection with tlie old-school boanl, and solicited the ministrations of their former pastor, I'ay, who continued with tlie-n until April 18ul), when he went to preach at Houhlur, RELIGION. 561 Tlie material for substantial building being conven- ient, the prevailing style of domestic architecture is good, not a few private residences costing from 320,000 to $100,000, and a less number from 1^45,000 lie w.n succeeded by C. M. Campbell, who preached until April 1870, in wliicli year the Colorado presbytery waa organized. In Feb. of tliat year the name was changed to WcHtuiinster church, which it did not long retain before rt'siimim< its former one. In July 1870 W. Y. Brown became pastor, and iu IST'J, alter several years of meeting in rented rooms and other churches, an oililici; (if lirick, in the (iotliic iityle of arcliitecture, with windows of stained glass, |iroscuted by eastern sunday-schools, and cai)able of seating .S<)0 per- sons, was completed and dedicated March 10th. Tlie cost of this cnurch was f!|'.','-'iM). In 1873 Krown Wiw succeeded in the paitorato by R. T. Sample, who, ill 1874, withdrew, and was followed by C. H. Hawley, who, in 1870, fiavi' way to I. \V. Monfort, and he, in 1877, to J. H. Kerr. Till! butch Reformed church began with the organization in 1871 of a society of persons of this belief, who held meetings every Sundiiy. In the autiitiui they purchased two lots on the corner of Lawrence and 23d streets for •<*>. lO. In the following April a church organization was effected by Flo- rain S|i;ilti, Casper Gugolz, Jolin U. Gabathuler, and William Nordloh. Tho Oliiii synod was called upon to extend its aid, and sent J. A. Keller to report ti|iiiii tliu prospect. On his representation tlie board of missions sent F. llat/nu'tz to preach. A church edifice was commenced, when Ilatzmetz n'turnud to Ohio, and Keller replaced him, the church being completed in 1'>74. It was constructed of brick and stone, and cost ^,300. The member- ship i>f this church was small iu proportion to English-speaking congrega- ticms. Till' first methodist preaching, as stated above, was by the 'church south.' It hail no regular organization until .Inly 10, 1871, when A. A. Morrison ln'uaiiK! its pastor. A lot was purchased on Arapahoe street, and a church cructi'il. Morrison was succeeded in 1872 by W. H. Warren; in 1873 l>y E. M. Mann; in 1874 by W. C. Hearn; in 1875 by W. G. Miller; in 1870 Iiy William Harris; and in 1877 by W. J. Phillips. In 1874 the church was iiilinittoil to the conference of Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana, anil remain- ing until 1878, wlien the Cob)rado conference was formed. In 1878-9 the chnnh was enlarged, handsomely iinislied, and refurnished. Hamiiioud, the first niissicmary of the methodist church in Denver, roUiriKMl to the Kanstis conference, was reappointed in 18(50, and died before slarlini;. J. M. Cliivington was made presiding ehler of the district of Colo- railii, and, there being no preacher, filled the Denver pulpit until 1801, when he ctasfil to war against irreligion and went out to light southerners as major of (iil|iiu's 1st Col. reg. of volunteers. Up(m Cliivington 's resignation, a Mr lienni-' iircaclied for a year, and the 3d year Oliver Willard. Meetings had lii'eii iii'iil wherever room could be obtained — iu a building on Larimer, lietween 12th and 13th streets, in the second story of the court-house, in Henry ('. 1!iiiwii'h carpenter-sliop, and in the people's theatre, on Larinior street. The lirst methodist conference of Colorado was heli. at Denver in 1 803, Bishop Ames prc'siding, who urged the meml)ers present to erect a cliurcli, offering til give .^1,000 toward it, and also to erect a seminary. Tlie conference aiipointed Willard presiding elder, and George Richardson preacher. A site fur a eliurch was selected on Lawrence street, and the corner-stone laid iu IMU, Tho seminary being first completed, was used as a meeting-houso until the clinrcli was completed in 180."), and William M. Smith made pastor He was sn ■iLoiled in 1806 by B. T. Vincent; in 1808 by John L. Peck; in 1870 liy Tl.oiiia I R. Slicer; in 1872 by himself; in 1874 by J. R. F^ds; and in 1877 liy liirl Cranston. In 1872, the memljership incre.ising with tiie spread of the city, a liranch church was built on California street. The foUuwmg year Hist. Nev. 86 i' ■P' ; I i 662 DENVER AND ARAPAHOE COUNTY, to $500,000. The Holly system of water supply was introduced and over sixty artesian wells bored, some of which have a flow of 100,000 gallons a day, and it was in contemplation to erer o a reservoir on high a German inethodist cliurch was erected at the suggestion of Conrad Frick, and Mr Reitz, nieinbers of the parent organization. It was coustnuted (if brick and stone, and cost $14,000. The tirst pastor was Philip Kiilil, also the first (Jrerman protestant preacher in Colorado. He was succeeded by .1. ( ;. Lcist and M. Klaiber. In 1874 St James methodiat church, in the Ninulieni part of Denver, was erected at a cost of §5,000. In 1877 Ex -gov. Evans erected a small but handsome chapel of Morrison stone, in the soutii-wcstorn part of the city, which was intended as a memorial edifice to liis daughter Mrs Elbert. The colored mcthodists of Denver completed a substantial brick church on Stout street in 1879, mainly by the cfi'orts of Seynuiur, an enlightened and active preacher. The begniniug made by Kchler of the episcopal church has been men- tioned. He continued to hold services in the school-house, until during war times he was crowded out by an excited public, which had made a roadinj;- rooa of it which they frequented on all days of the week. He tlieu n nuivcd to a building owned l.y Byand, a vestryman, on the site of the American house, and thence to Appollo hall, a log house in the rear of the presont ^Wow office, thence to wliero Taylor's museum now stands, and again to the district court-room at the corner of 18th and Larimer streets, the rector having his residence in the upper story of the court-house. Finally, in 18G1, tlie small brick church of the southern mcthodists was purchased and rededicat^ .» St John's Episcopal church, and the congregation found a home. In lS(i'2 Father Kehlor, being chosen chaplain of the Ist Colorado regiment, followed wliitlicr Chiving, on had gone, remaining with the regiment during its term of service; nor did he ever return to church duties, being well advanced in years. H. B. Hitchiugs was the 2d pastor of 8t Johns, and remained until LSti'.t, being succeeded by Bishop Randall, who atlvoeated establishing boys' and girls' schools. Wolfe hall, a girl's school, named after a lady patroness, was begun in 1867, and the main building completed in 1868. It was enlargcil in IS7.'!, and again in 1879, and cost about $50,000. The corner-stone of the hoys' school was laid .Sept. 2,3, 1868, at Golden. This building was named Jarvis hall, after George E. Jarvis of Brooklyn, N. Y., who gave li' jrally towards its erection. Before it was comi)leted it was blown to pieces in a tornado. but immediately rebuilt, A theological school in connection with Jarvis hall, was erected in 1871-2 by Nathan Matthews of Boston, and called Matthews hall, and which was formally opened tSejit. 19, 1872. Jarvis made a second contribution of .$10,000 to be invested until the principal reached .SiiO.OtK), when the interest should bo applied to the education of young men for tlie ministry. In April 1878 .larvis .and Matthews halls were destroyed by tire. Randall, to whom the inception of these educational movements was due, died in 1874, beloved and regretted, Raruhill, Bio;/., M.S., 1-33, and was succeeded by Bishop .John F. Spaulding, and P. Voorhees Finch became rector of St John's, who was succeeded in 1879 byH.Martyn Hart, of England. Itandall was a man of great self-sacrifice and abilities. He was a son of an aide jurist of R. I., in which state lie was born in 1809. He was a graduate of lirowii iiiiiversity and of tlie theological seminary of New York. Trinity Kefornicd Episcopal church, was organized in Denver, Nov. 16, 1879, by Tlioin|ison L Smith, J. R. Smith, and J. W. May, wardens. The congregation seeiircd a smill but elegant church erected by unitarians, at the corner of Califoniia and 17th streets. The first vestrymen were Currie T. Frith, J. Jfdiiison, W. A. Hardinbrook, James Creighton, Samuel Copping, Thomas L. ^^^lod, and Lewis. In the same year the convocation of Wyoming and Colorido was formed. lu 1875 Triaity Memorial chapel was erected. lu 1876 Emuuuol WATER SUPPLY 5G3 ground, and make the water from artesian wells sup- ply the city in the future. The drainage of the city is ij^ood, much attention bein^ given to promote the heal til fulness of the metropolis by the board of cliapil ill West Denver was built. Connected with it was All Saints' mission (if Nm-tli Denver. In 1879 Jarvis hall was rebuilt at Denver. The episco- piil tatlioilral erected since 1879 is a beautiful church, costing? 3100,000. Tiie viiliii' "f episcopal church and sciiuol property lu Deuvur in 188(i waa $-J50,()00. Tlie I)aj)ti8ts sent a missionary, Walter McD. Potter, to Denver in 1802 to 8]iy out tlie ground, and in the following year appointed him missionary, lie lielcl Ills tirat meeting Dec. 27, 18(>3, having a congregation of 14 persons. Littli; advance waa made l)efore March ISW, when a Sunday-schooljwaa formed ami lit'ld its aessionsin tlie U. S. court-room, on Ferry street. On May 2d, tliu tii'st liaptiat church of Denver was organized, the mend>ers Iniuig Miss Lucy K. Potter, Francis Gallup, Henry B.Lciicii, Meadames A. Voorliiua, L. Hunis^ill, L. Hall. A. C. Hall, and Miaa E. Tlirougliman. The flood of 1864 liiiviiig washed away, soon afterward, their place of meeting, tliey next ruscpi'tcd to the People's tlieatre, where they continued to meet during tliat ycir, rt'nioving to a school-liouse on Clierry street in 18G."). In Dec. Potter wuH I'oiiiiielled by ill health to cease liia pastoral labor, and soon after died, lu .May iSliO Ira D. Clark became pastor for one year, ]ireacliing in the U. S. (li-itrict court-room on Larimer street untd Dec. In tlie meantime a church liiid bi't'U commenced at the corner of Curtis and Kith streets, which, in an uiiliiiislii'd state, was used for a lecture-room, but wliich was never completed. In May 1808 A. M. Averill became pastor for a year, after which the church was without one until Nov. 1870, when Lewis Raymond succeeded to the cliar,!,'!' for a short time, followed by another season of silence in the pulpit, tliou^'ii tlie members kept up their organization. In 1872 Winlield Scott assumed cliarge of thecluirch, and began energetically to labor for the erection of a suitable edifice. Francis Oallup having received some lots on the corner of Curtis and ISth streets, in payment for some favors done the Baptist home mission in the matter of land preempted by Potter, and beiiiieathcd to the iiiissidii, presented these lota to the church, and on tliis site M'as erected in lf>7-' a church coating altogiither $1."),0,,0. In 1875 Scott resigneil, and was succcciled by T. W. (Ireen and A. J. Frost the sa:i»o year, and Ity F. M. Ellis ill \S'I\. In 1879 the membership was XV), and church property worth .^i."),- (I0(). Since that time a large and handsome church has been erected by this ilciioiiiiiiation. Tl>ere were in 1800 two colored baptist churclies in tlie city: Ziiiu cliureh, on Arapahoe street near 20th, and Antioch church, at tlie cor- ner of Wazee and 2.'Jd streets. Samuel Shepard was the first ])ast(ir of Antioch church. Neither were so well otf financially as the colored nietho- (list cimrch. l>ciivor had no congregational organization before 180."). In that year Mrs Richard Soprisaud dauglitera, Irene and Indiana, Mrs Davis, Mrs Zolles, 1). (;. I'cabody, E. E. Hartv.-ell, Samuel Davis, and Mr Haywood formed tlRiusclves into a church. Mr Crawford preached; Mrs Davis was organist at tiii'jr meetings, and the Misses Sopris sang in tlie clioir. At first tiie meet- ings were hold ui the U. S. district court-rooms, and among tlieir ti;niporarv proailu rs were Norman McLeod, and Mr Blanchard of Wheaton college. 111. In l.silS, lots were jiurchaaed on the corner of Curtis and loth streets, and a diurcli edifice erected in 1809-70, Tlie first pastor was Thomas E. Bliss. In \S'\\ lUiss, with a part of the congregation separated from this church and estalilislied St Paul's church, at tlie corner of Curtis and 20th, which subse- quently became presbyterian. After tiio secession of Bliss, Julien M. Sturde- vaiit, Jr, tor)k charge for 4 years, during which the church prospered. Ho was succeeded by Charles C. Salter, who preacheil two years, and by S. R. Dimmock. A congregational chapel was built at tho corner of Larimer and ft 1 1 J' i- ' i > 1 . ) < n < 1 M ^ 'i SM DENVER AND ARAPAHOE COUNTV'. Iicalth, under the superintendence of the state Ixniid,'- cstahlished in 1877. Arapahoe county, and more particularly Detivtr, is the larj^est manufacturing district in the state. The iron and brass foundries and machine-works tiinud out in 1886 products worth $085,000; the flourin;,'- niills about .$1,738,000; the breweries $938,000 ; tlio wagon and carriage shops $113,000; the caiiiitiiis $35,000; the clothing manufactories $790,000 ; tho furniture factories $195,000; sash and blind fuetoiit.s $280,000; manufactories of iron fences $14,000; i)f harness and saddles $83,000, besides a great variety of lesser manufactures. The total product of Denver's manufactures in 188G was $24,045,000, of which $12,334,143 was in bullion produced by tiie smelters, of whom there were in that year three largo and several smaller ones. Denver 31st streets in 1879, (Joorgo C. L.imb pastor. Tiio i)arent church afttTwanl erected a handsome edifice. These are all the early protectant chiirchus di DenvtT .standing in 188(5. Tho catholics were the first to erect a house of worship here, as in must new towns in the west. When fathers .Toseph 1'. Machelieuf and J. K. Uav- erily canu! to Denver in 18G0 they set themselves to work to finisli M'liat liad been l>i ;.;un, and soon they had raised subscriptions enough to proceed \( itii the wciiv. Tlieirs was tlie first bell, and tlie first pipe-organ. This I'arly church on Stout street was the root of the present cathedral. It was but liO by .")0 fcut in size at first. A small house was added for the bishop's res denoc, which in 1871 was replaced by a brick residence. The following yiar tlio church was enlarged, and in 187.3 it liad grown into a cathedral. As eai ly as 18(>4 tlie academy of St Mary was established on California street, and jilaced in charge of three sisters of the oriler of Loretto in Ky. The bnildings mito enlargccl from time to time until they presented an imposing appearance, and acconiiiKidated many pupils and teachers. Branch schools have been jilantnl in other towns under the care of this order. There was in ISSO a jiuri-li school adjoining the cathedral. A catholic hospital waaopened in 1872, umkr tlie care of tho sisters of charity. It was situated on Park avenue, and « a . a substantial brick structure, 45x75 feet, and tlireo stories high. AcconliiiL' tn their usual premeditated plans of acquiring valuable property, the catlioLcs of Denver and Coloraiio have become j)ossesscd of excellent sites in tliis ainl all the towns. Diiinr Ilixt., 268-84; Denwr Trihitiw, Jan. 4, 1880; Disn-iyH'y Aiiit'ii'-',, May 1884, p. 17; Colo GnzeUirr, 1871, p. 13.3-40; Corhu'a Din'innj of Miiir.i, 04-5; Jfiirt » Boy-EiluaUioii, pp. 37-41; C/imiiijton'ii The Pronjartur, SIS., 3; IlirwIx'H's Iwl. Trouhlea, MS., 8; C/iMwjloiis First Colo Rent, MS., I. Another manuscript of Chivington's, Tlie lii'tronpective, gives also a slight sketch of tile M. E. church in tho beginnings. '^ According to law, the county commissioners of any county where no other board exists sliall constitute a board of health, with all the ihities usually pertaining to that ofRco, Much interesting matter may be found ui the Jh-pt State Board of Health, 1877 and 1879-80, INDUSTRIES. 6tf5 is tlic leading ore market of the state, ami in 1886 its smelters and sanipleio received and handled 180,173 tons of gold and silver bearing ores. The total business of the city in the same year, exclusive of real estate sales, which aggregated $11,000,000, exceeded $56,500,000. As early as the spring of 1861 a chamber of com- merce was organized at Denver, but was soon after- ward abandoned. In 1867 another attempt in the same direction was made through the establislnneiit (if a board of trade,'' which, on account of some de- fect in its general constitution, was also less success- ful than its promoters desired. This being recognized, eaily in 1854 some of its principal members formed a pcrnuinent and effective organization, with which the okl board was consolidated. The first officers of this new chamber of commerce were R. W. Woodbury, president; M. J. McNamara and J. F. Mathews, vice-presidents; Frank Hall, secretary; and Wil- liam D. Todd, treasurer. Good and efficient work has from the first been done 1)V this orjjanization in directing the enterprise of Denver, while advancing and protecting its business interests. Its annual reports are models of statistical compilation, and to them I am much indebted for the facts concerning the business growth and development of Denver and the state at large. Under the auspices of the then- existing board of trade was established the national mining and industrial exposition, wliich made its first exhibit in 1882,** erecting a group of buildings which covered seven acres, situated in the midst of "I find in Extracts from Early Records, MS., 7, the namos of the officers of tile Denver Board of Trade. They are taken from a mniplilut uublished liy till- hoard, entitled Colontdo. John W. Smith pres., XVilliain N! Clayton iui.lJoliii Pierce vice-pros., Henrv C. Leach sec., Frank Palmer treas., Henry M. l'..rter. .T. S. Brown, V. J. Salomon, D. H, MoflFat, Jr, H. H. T. (Jrill ami .Idsiipli E. Bates directors. ''The hoaril of commissioners of the exposition, appointed by the hoard of tiMde in 1884, consisted of W. A. H. Loveland pros., R. W. Woodbury vict'-pres., A. K. Pierce treas., Irwin Mahon sec, Joseph C. Wilson supt of s:^i''->, II. G. Webster, B. P. Broshear, B. F. Womiward, and E. B. Light. ! S n nffl V 1 { Im -i m :'! U. '•mm 5G0 DKNVER AND ARAPAHOE COUNTY. a tract of forty acres." The object of the exposition was primarily to draw the eyc8 of the world ujmih Colorado and Denver, iii which effort the entiTprist' was successful, the mineral museum, containin*^ sjicci- mens from every mine in Colorado and many cainjis in the adjacent states, being of itself sufficient to entitle the exposition to particular notice. The design coii- templated an annual exhibit, but after the third lia<l been held in 1884 the project fell to the ground In' reason of an unfortunate conflict of interests amoii<^r its managers and supporters. At the first session of the forty-seventh congress a bill was passed making Denver a port of delivery f<>r dutiable merchandise;^* and another bill at the saiiit- session, admitting articles to the Denver exposition free of duty, provided that none of these articles should be sold or consumed without paying revenue. A bill was also passed making provision for the erec- tion of a y:overnment buildiny; in Denver for tlie accommodation of the United States district and eii- '•' The main building was a substantial and handsome cruciform struc- ture of brick, 500 feet long by .310 in width. The floor, with its tnwirf and angles, contained nearly 100,000 square feet of space, and thi- gnlliriiH half as nuici) more. The exhibit in the hall of arts in 1882 was estiinatr.l hi bo worth §200,000. The departments which offer premiums are, first, iniii'-nlH and metals, and their protiucts, including ores of gold, silver, copi>tT. l<;i'l, and iron; coal, anthracite, bituminous, cannel, and lignite; cabinets of imii- erals of all kinds; fire-clay, manufactured; porcelain ware; hydraulic ceiiieiit; lime, brick, etc.; marble, lithographic stone, soapstone, gypsum, pnoii'iH stones, native chemicals; bullion, gold, silver; pig-lea<l, pig-iron, stet-l-raiU; iron-rails, nails, bar-iron, sheet-lead, and lead pipu. The second di-partiiiuiit comprises 73 kinds of machinery used in mining and agriculture; tliinl ile- partinent, 18 kinds of vehicles; fourth department, 34 kinds of leather go<i<!s and leather, and 8 kinds of furriers' goods; fifth ilepartnient, miscelUiifimi manufactures, comprising t)3 articles. The sixth department includtnl li<ir.--ea of 10 classes; the seventh, cattle, in 13 classes; the eighth, sheep, in .') clisses; the ninth, swine, in 7 classes; the tenth, poultry; the eleventh, grain, vege- tables, and miscellaneous farm i)ro<lucts; the twelfth, fruits; the thirteenth, dairy products, and domestic or pantry articles; the fourteentli, niiiariii products; after which followed the art and floral departments, attaclied ta wiiich, as a sign of progress, there was also considerable interest. Exit jit in San Francisco, which lias the advantage of being a seaport town, no other city of the United States, at the age of little more than twenty years has been able to make a similar exhibit. Catnlo;jtie National Mining awl /inln*- tiial ExpoaitioH, 1884 '«fr. s. Stat., 13, 47th cong., Ist seas.; U. S. H. Jour., 217, 590, 659, 720, 730, 753, 47th cong., 1st sess. BANKING. 567 cuit courts, post-office, land-office, and other federal otticcs, the cost not to exceed $300,000. lliuiking has always been a profitaMe business in Denver. There is no usury law, borrowt-r and lender fixiiiLf such rates of interest as they af^ret? upon. In tiims of excitement three per cent a mo'ith might bo asked and given. Twelve per cent |»er annum was thi- usual bank rate in 1886, but real estate loans niuld be Jiad for eight or ten per cent. The first hank building of any pretensions was a part (»f National block, on the corner of 15th and Blake streets, and was occupied by the First Xational bank, (tfixanized by Jerome B. Chaffee, and of which he was ])resident until 1880." Various banking in.stitu- titiiis which, calling themselves savings banks, seques- tering the savings of the people to their own uses, rose and flourished for a time. In 1885 there were six banks in Denver, five of which were national, their eoinhined capital amounting to $1,708,000; deposits $8,000,000; cash and exchange $3,963,000; loans and over-drafts $4,034,000.'^ Until the erection of the Tabor opera-house in 1880 Denver had nothing at all elegant in the wav of a theatre.''' It had then one unsur|)as>st;d in any 1 I " The business was purchased from Clark &, Co., private lianker. George T. Clark was cashier in 1805, and was elected mayor the «aine year. D. H. Moffat, Jr, became cashier iu 18GC. /list. Denver, 213. ^'Descriptive Americn, May, 1884. In 1881 David H. Moffat, Jr, waa presiiluiit of the First National bank, Samuel N. Wootl cashier; of the City Xatiou.d bank William Barth was president, John B. Hanna cashier; of the I'liliinidu National bank Charles B. Kountze was president, William B. Berger taisliiur; of the German National Bank (reorge Tritch was pr*»ident, \V. J. Jfukiiis cashier; of the Merchants' National bank Henry R. Wolcott was ]iresiclont, Samuel N. Wood cashier. Compt. of Currenry I'rpt, 1881-2, 709- II. Tlie State National bank took the place of the Merchants' bank. The Uiiidii bank comiiletes the list. "Anollo theater, erected in October, 18.59, by Charles R. Thome, was situateil on Larimei street, between 14th and 15th streets. Thome had a travtllina company on the plains, which was giving entertainment* at mili- tary ]>osts— at Leavenworth, Keamy, and Laramie, and thence he came to Deliver. Platte Valley theater, at the r«oraer of 16th and Lawrence street*, wa* tlie next. It was opened in 'SGO. Both were bnmed. The next was a Imilding erected by the Governor's Guards as an armory Iniildmg. at the int^Tspction of Curtis and 15th stre-^ts. It wa? called Governor's Guard hall, and was used until Sept., 1880, when the Tabor opera-house was 4i- iM 66S DENVER AND ARAFAHOE COUNTY. of the states for tasteful decoration ami comfort, the tle.sigii.s being entirely original and Auitable. In 1M82 the academy of music was completed. It seems tautological to remark, after recountin^r what the people of Denver have accomplished in less than a third of a lifetime, that they are as a piit|(lt' above the average in intellectual force and supi'iiuiitv of culture. How much is due to the 8tinml;itiii(f influences of their high and dry climate it would lie a nice point to determine, seeing that there is a slidiip^ scale of altitudes in Colora'^'o, and that everywiuro in the state prevails great mental and physical activ- ity. That there was a good class of settlers to Inuciii with is undoubted, and upon this tree has been grafted all the choicest fruits of an age of progress.-" Yet opened. There is still a small theater opposite this called the Wallitlla. Bj/ern' Hint. Colo, MS., 73-4. Turner half, on UoUaday street, i.>j tln' (iir- man temple of art, and a commodious one. '■"' Free-masonry was active in 1358-1), when memlnsrs of the onli'i- met informally in a cabin of Auraria, that they might know and ansist cauli iiilitr. They had in 1881 10 UxlgeH, representing every degree, and for many umm had met at the corner of HoUaday and 15th streets. The Knights of j'vtliiaj had 3 lodges. The Odd Fellows had 9 Imlges, and a hiill on Liiwreiici; stnit. The Gootl Templars had two lodges, and there wore two of the Red Cioss, There were twelve benevolent societies of various names, and 18 otliur (ii;,'aiu- zations, such as medical and historical societies, and industrial ii-ul ntlier associations. CroflFutt, Grip-sark Gnule, 32; Tntnu. Med. Si»\, 188H. TIutu were 37 hotels and public boarding-houses in 1884. The iSt James, Wiiidsur, New Albany, American, and Inter-Ocean, can each shelter anil fi'cd (iOO guests; the Alvord, Lindell, and New Markham, each 200; the New York, 150; and the Brunswick and Charpiot's, 100 each. Ctifnlo>iHe NntioiKtl Mining and fnduntnal Expositwn, 15. There were, Ijcsides, 60 restaurants, 47 l)iik- eries, 6 breweries, 6 flouring-mills. The quality of the flour made in 1 'cnvor i.s excellent, and since the first shipment in 1874 to the east, has been in iIimi.uuI in Boston, New York, Buffalo, and Chicago, and also Richmond, Va. I>iyt of Agriculture, 1872, 449. The names of the principal mills are the Hiuii;ii- rian. Crescent, Davis, and White Rock. Wheat is brougiit here frniu Utali to be made into flour. The first millers had difficulty in separating the liniii, but the true process was discovered by Luiher A. Cole of Watertowii, Wis., who engaged in milling here in 1870. The seer r5 was in moistening; tlic hull before grinding the wheat, which prevented criimbling, and enabled him to part the bran from the flour. It was done ^.y a system of spraymg lifforo the wheat went to the hopper. Byem' Coil-nt inl State, MS., 21. The J)i iivcr City Steam Heating company was incorporated Dec. 15, 1879, to supply stiam by the Holly system, or any other, to factories, shops, stores, public or pri- vate buildings, for mechanical or heating purposes. Steam was turiucl (u Nov. 5, 1880, and was found to be a saving in many ways. The compiMy s capital was 9^00,000. Among the incorporators were the pioneers K. F. Hal- lack, J. W. Smith, and Creorge Tritch. There was a movement inailc \<> nr- ganize a fire department July 15, 1862, butthe difficilty of procuring iiiaihiiies stood iu the way for a time, during which several tires occurred. Hook aiiJ 8(X;iETY. Denver has not been without its vices, its vioious class, of its unpleasant episodes.'*' Gambling has been from the first a prominent evil. The city council in L8GI j)r<»liil>ited three-card monte, but no otlu^ oamos. Tlic territorial letrislature in 1804 passed an act pro- liihitiiiij; gambling-houses, and making it the duty of slierilik and constables to arrest tiie keepers and (k'stroy the furniture of such places. But the next Icijfisliiture yielded to the arguments of those who lived off the gain of games of cliance ; and after enact- iiifj^ tliat no persou known to be a professional gambler or kisepor of a gambling-house should be eligible as a juror, repealed so much of the former act as att'octed Denver, and permitted that city to control this mat- Lidilor Company No. 1, organized in March, 186fi, was for several years the only tire eomjiany in the city. Its first ottiucrs were <!tMirgo W. McCluro, fiireiiiiiii; Frank \V. Cram, asst foreman; V. C. Ifcivis, 2(1 asMt; H. L. Hock- uill, ltd asst; Hyat Hussey, treasure.-. A truck and ai>i>aratu.s was ordered fniiii (.'inciunati, and arrived in the autumu across the plains. A Urick build- ing '.4 liy ()0 was erected on a lot purchased I»y the city •-•ouncil, the same ocuupieil later by Central station, which was then called Pioneer station. No (itliur company was organized until the spring of 187*2, when the James ArcliiT Hose company was organized, named after the presiilent of the Den- ver Water company, and located on Curtis street. Soon after the Joseph E, K:iti'.s Fire and Hose company wa^ organized, named in acknowledgment of tliu aid rendered the department by Bates. In July of the same year the Woodie Fisher Hose Company No. 1 also organized, named after a member (if tliu Hook and Ladder Company No. 1, killed in attempting to stop a run- away team. In March, 1874, the Denver Hook and L;idder company was fdniied, having their station at the corner of Curtis and 2()th streets. Tabor Hiisu < 'oinpany No. 5 was organized and stationed on 15th street, north Den- ver. It was namod iu honor of Lieut-gov. Tabor. Of militarj' companies Denver had three in 1880. The Governor's Guard organized in April, 1872, tliu t'haflfee Light Artillery in January, 1878, and the Mitchell (ruards, an iiulepeii'lent Irish company, which was formed iu 1873. The National Guard «as created by the legislature of 1879, and (supported by a direct tax. Deu- vt;r had to make application to congress to be permitted to purchase land for cemtteiy purposes. Coii;f. Ololie, 1871-2, pp. 220«, 2949, 331.3, 3338, 3G82. Tiieru wtirc thi-ee burial places, the latest and only one to which mucii atton- tidu lias been given up to 188(i lieing Riverside cemetery, three miles down the Platte, which has a beautiful site. " On Sunday, the last day of October, 1880, there was a riot in l>enver, the object of which was to affect the presidential election, and prevent the Usual republican majority. The disturbmce began with the interference of a few of our drunken Irish patriots in a game of pool played between a white man and a Chinaman at a public resort on Wazee street. Having forced the Chine.sc to defend themselves, they then treated them as the offending party, assailed them without m<!rcy, driving them into hiding, hanging one of them to a lamp-post, and destroying their property. The mob increasing, a Com- mittee of Control, consisting of 500 citizens, was formed; the city council gave the chief of police authority to muster a special force of 100 to patrol ~ iVim . ): 670 DENVER AND ARAPAHOE COUNTY. ter by its own ordinances. ^^ The revised ordinances of Denver, passed in 1881, prohibit both gambliiKr games and houses of ill-fame, the law-makers apj»ur- ently forgetting that these excrescences of society have existed from time immemorial, and probably will continue till the millennial day; also, that it is the people who make the gamblers and prostitutes, and not they who make the people. The urban popula- tion of Arapahoe county is nearly all in and about Denver. Littleton, twelve miles south, is consid- ered as a suburb. Porter's sulpho-chalybeate sprint>, in the outskirts of the city, is also a popular resort.-' the streets and guard the polls on Monday, and the fire department was kept in readiness all day to Hy at the tap of the bell. Every saloon was oldstil, and the city guarded at every point. A number of the rioters, liaviiiy lietn arrested and sent to jail, were promptly bailed out by Ex-delegate Patter- son's hench-men, and allowed to vote. The district attorney liad a part of them rearrested on a charge i,f murder, and so the struggle went on all day; but the law-and-order men triumphed, and the election was finally ius ([iiiet as the faces of the guardians of the peace were stern and set with deteniiiu- ation. Denwr Trihunc, Nov. 2, 1880. '" The city attorney elected in 188.3 was Mason B. Carpenter, a native «i Vt., born in 1845. He served two years in the union army when between IG and eighteen years of age, being mustered out as acting sergeant-major. He graduated at the university of Vermont, studied law, and was admitted tii practice at St All>ans; was ofiicial reporter of the house of representative.s in 18G7, and secretary of the senate from 180!) to 187.3. In 1874 he married Fannie M. Rrainard, and removed to Colorado in 1875. Ho w.as elected from Arapahoe, to the house of representatives in 1881, and a member of the sicii- ate in 1884. The Hinlonf of Denver, from which I have frequently (jiioted, is a quarto volume of ()52 pages. Its authorship is mixed, and tiie greattr portion anonymous, but bears evi<lenco of liaving been the performance of local writers well acqU3int<?4l with their topics. It contains articles on a great variety of subjects, and many biographical sketches. It is on the same plan as Clear Creek and rioulder Valletj llUtnnj and the Hintory of Ark(inm.< Vallei/. Other autlior'.ties consulted are Firxt Annual Rejiort of Dennr Cliainlter of Commerce, by Frank Hall, containing tables, etc., showing gen- eral condition of the state; Porter n West Cenx:i>, of 1S80; Colorado }\ol(*, MS.; Oriiff's Colonuto: Pitkin's Political View/i. M.S.; Dijconn New A me rim, as seen through English eyes in 1866; McKenney'n Business Directory, I8SL' 3; Afeline's Tiro Tliomaml Milenon Horselxick; FaithfnCa Three Visitj<to Aniciini: Leadinij fnduxtriea of the We^it, August, 1883; WilUa.ms' Pacifc Tourist ami Guide; Denrer Rocl-y Mountain News, June 6, 1870; Denver Tribune- Hi fuUi- can, Oct. 10, 1884; Early Days in Denver, by .John C. Moore, he was bom in Tenn. in 1835, and came to Color.ado in 1859. He describes Denvir and also Pueblo in the early days. Sopr's' Settlement qf Denver, MS., is another excellent authority treating of first things. -^ Argo is the seat of Hdl's reduction works. Other settlements in I88ti were Bear Creek Junction, Bennett, Bird, Big Timber, Box Elder, Hri.litoii, Burnham, Byers, Cherry Creek, Deer Trail, Henderson Isle, Hughes. <iriivcl Switch, Island Station, Jersey, Junction, Kiowa, Living Spring, Matrnolia, Melvin, Petersburg, Platte Summit, Pooler's Kaacho, Poverty Flat, llattle- BIOGRAPHY. 571 snnlif', Tledaction Works, Schuyler, Vasquez, and Watkins. One of the pio- ueeiN III Arapahoe county whoxe name ia found in the public prints is Caleb B. L'lciiiouts, who came to Colorado in 1859, and was from the first identified with Denver, au a<lditiou to which bears his name. He was receiver of the laiit olHce when Chilcott was register. He died March 24, 1880. Denver IVihiim; March 25, J880. C. J. (iross, who also came in 18r)9, was born in Vt in 1821. He was en- gaged in business in Fond du Lac, Wis., for several years, and helped to lay out the town of Boulder in Colorado, after which he settled in Denver, and was elected from Arapahoe co. to the legislature in ISGli. He formed the Baltiiniire Mining company, one of the most substantial in the state, au<l owned l.")OD acres south-east of Denver. He married, in 1841, a daughter of H. T. Shepherd of N. Y., who died at Boulder in 1804. The following year lie married Harriet Beeuher of New Haven, Ct. David A. Cheever was a midshipman in the U. S. navy in 1842. At the close of the Mexican war he resigned, and also came to Cal. in 1849, but returned to Wis. in ]8r>4, and from there migrated to Colorado in 1859, en- yiiging in real estate business. He was elected to the lower bouse of the loijislatiire in 1864, county commissioner in 1873, and was postmaster in isr.vti. Cyrus H. McLaughlin, born in Pa in 1827, and by trade a printer, came from Leavenworth, Kansas, to Colorado in 1859 as a messenger for Jones ami Cartwright'a express", and to learn the truth of the reports concerning gold iliscoveries. On returning to Leavenworth he carried 440,0(H) worth of the precious ilust. In 18(50 he removed ''o Denver and worked on the Xews for a time; then tried agriculture and cattle raising, but the tlcMid of 18()4 so dainaiii^d his farm that he gave it up and took a situation in the quarter- jnajter'.s department, wliich he held for two years. In 18G7 he was elected to the k'gislatuie, which met at Golden, and used hia influence to remove the capital to Denver. In 18(58 he was reelected and chosen speaker. He was afturward receiver in the land office, clerk in the post otfice, and alderman. The rule of the Pioneer Association is that those who arrived before 18(i'0 may l)ecome members. Dyers' Vvnteimial State, MS., 38. Among these were William Z. Cozzens, deputy -sheriff of Arapahoe district in 18(50; David K. Willi, ineiuber of the provisional legislature; T. P. Boyd, associate justice iif the supreme court; N. J. Curtis, W. F. Holman; Charles C. Post, member ol constitutional convention of 1859; Nelson Sargent, who was in charge of the first express line across the plains, known as the Leavenworth and Pike's I'eak Kxpress company, as before mentioned; Philo M. Weston, built the lirst house in Granite; John Uothrock, built the 'eleven cabins,' 16 miles iielow LVuver, on the Platte, in 1858, ami Wfis one of the discoverers of (iold Run, in Boulder co.; Joseph M. Brown, miner and cattle raiser, built hrown's bridge over the Platte, elected county commissioner in 1863 for 3 term"; .Sanmel W. Brown, miner, merchant, farmer; '"'aTnuel Brantner, farm- er; his daughter was the first chilil of the settlers . f Arapali >o, born four miles from Denver; Caleb S. Burdsall, miner, sme'.*^ .•, surgeon of tiie 3d <'olo rug., discovered tlie soda lakes near Morrison, named afttu- him; Joseph \\. Bowles, miner, sheriff of Nevatla mining disi";ct in 18'3()-1, farmer near Littleton, twice elected ccmnty commissioner; li ir.vm J. Brendlinger, tobacco merchant, membar of the city council 1861-3, mayor in 18(54, member of the legislature 18(55; .Tohn W. Cline, miner, farmer; Henry Crow, miner, organ- ized tho City National bank in 1870 and was president six years, afterward II ^tock raising and mining; A. B. Danitds, vice-president of Denver and N'W Orl'iaui railroad, died April 9, 1881; Daniel .1. Fnlton, miner, farmer; 'iMrgeC. Griffin, farmer and stock raiser; G. W. Hiizzanl, miner, farmer, liiiikiT, stock grower, owned 20,000 acres of piisture lands, died Feb. 9, 1878, I'l^'ini^ a wife and four f" .' ' en; Alfred H. Miles, farmer; John McHroom, firmer, elected to the statu legislature in 1876; John Milheim, banker and • ipitalist; John H. Morrison, lumber merchunt, miller, collector of internal revenu", agriculturist, died July 21, 187(5; Jaaper P. Sea^rs, merchant with h^ l\i :::Ui 572 DENVER AND ARAPAHOE COUNTY. C. A. Cook, banker, government contractor, and real estate dealer; Tlionua Skerritt, miner, farmer; L. A. Williams, lumber mauufacturer, farmer, stock raiser. Uiram .T. Brondlinger, a native of Pa, came with a stock of cigars to L)uii. ver in 1859, opening a store ou Blake street in a log cabin in June 1850. la 13(51 he erected a two-story frame building, which w,. burned in Aj^iril 1SG3. Six months previous ho had erected a brick warehouse, iu which a Iar;.'e jmit of his stock was saved, with which he started business again, with a lirunoii at Central City. In 18(54 he established a branch at Virginia, Moiit;tiia, ii 18G6 at Cheyenne, in Wyoming, and in 1877 at Deadwoo.l, iu D:ik(>t;:i. He was a member of the city council, mayor, and member of tlio legislature. Daniel Witter, born ia lud., became a miner in Tarryall district, South park, where ho worked in 1859-(50, and was chosen a member of the house from his district the following year. In 1862 he was appointed postuiiisttT at Hamilton, and soon after asst int. rev. collector and afterwanl wa» re- ceiver in the land office, dealer in real estate and stock raiser. He orij^iii- ated the Denver Safe Deposit and Saving^ bank, of which he was treasurer until 1877. He was vice-president of the Denver Water company from its organization for many years. David H. Moffat was born in N. Y. in 18.19, and came to Colorado ia 18G9. He started a book and stationery business at Denver, iu coiiipany with C. C. Woolworth, which becauje large and proKtable, and from wliieii ho retired at the end of six years to take the position of cashier of the 1st National bank of Denver, of which he was elected president iu ISSO, and which owes much to his administrative ability. He was elected to the presi- dency of the D. & R. 0. R. in 1887, and has been prominently connected with all the leading railroad enterprises since 18G9, when he with ( Jov. Mvaui built the Denver Pacific to Cheyenne. Ho was one of the organizers of t'.ie syndicate which built the D. & S. P. R. R., and helped to build the 1). t N. O. R. R. He is also interested iu mines in nearly every county in t'olii- rado, and justly ranks as one of the mining kings of the centenniil state. He paid Tabor $1,(500,000 for his interest in the Little Pittsburg at Leadville, even then making money out of the investment. His residence in Denver cost over $80,000. .V. Y. Financier, Oct. 17, 1885; MofftU's Sketch on Bank- ing, MS. Bela M. Hughes, a native of Nicholas co., Ky, was born in 1817, and re- moved to Clay CO., Mo., in 18.14. He studied for the law, and was ailniitted to practice iu 1841, and in 1845 was appointed receiver of public moneys for his district, which position he held four years, when he removed to St .losejih, where ho remained until he came to Colorado in 18(51, aa president of tlie Overland Mail company, whicli office ho filled for two years, and for six yeart afterward that of solicitor of the same company. In 18(59 he began tlie gen eral practice of law in Denver. He was democratic candidate for governor in 187(5, though not elected. Frederick Jones Bancroft, M. D., born May 25, 18.14, at Enfield, dmn. On the paternal side he came from the Bancrofts aiul Heaths of Coiim., anl o'l the meternal side from the Bissells and Walcotts, prominent New Kni^jlaid families. He was educated at Westfiehl academy, Mass., and Charlotteville seminary, N. Y., and studied medicine in the medical department of the university of Buffalo, graduating in 18til. His first practice was in IVtin. Then he entered the army, and after the war attended lectures in I'hil., re- moving to Colorailo in 1800, and practised medicine in Denv sr, where he lie- came medical refers for several insurance companies, and surgeon of three different railroad companies, as well as member of the Denver Medieal so- ciety, of which he was president in 18(58, of the Colorado Medical nssociatimi. and American Medical association, and president of the state hoard of hciilth. He was also an early and active member of the (.'olorado Hi-torii d society, and has been an officer in many societies, particularly 'i^ncational, and is authority upon such topics. He married a daughter of lieorgc A. Jarvis, of Brooklyn, N. Y. BIOGRAPHY. 573 ier; Tlioniaa ■er, farmer, i^ars to Den- le ISiVJ. Ill April 1803. a lar;.'e i);iit ith a branoli Montana, i.i (akotii. Ho {islature. itriut, Sdiitli af till! limise I postlllilsttT ran I was re- He (irijrin- rus treasurer any from iti Colorado ia in coiiijKiiiy , from wliieli er of tliu 1st ill ISSO, ami [ to tiie presi- ,Iy coiniecteil H (lov. Evuiu iuizer.s of t'.ie liia tliu I). & iinty ill (.'iilo- il statu. He it LcadviUe, ;e ia Denver trh Oil Bank- 1817, and re- ras ailiiiitteil u moneys fur St .losepli, liiUmt of tlw for six yeari ;aii tlie gen- or goveriiur ^fiold, C'liiin. Con'i., an I few Knglail liarliittevillo hient of the in IViin. |in riiil., re- flieri' 111! Il"- ton of tlirt'O liMi'dical sii- lassociatiiiii. \e lioard "t Histiirii'il JilUlMtioIliil, ( Jeorge A. Jamos Moynahan was born in Wayne co., Mich., in 1842. He entered the army asi a private in 18(i2, remaining in it tlirough the war, being twice WDUUiloil, anil made a captain in 1803. In 1866 he married Mary Moynahan, <ii Detroit, and set out for Colorado with an ox-teani, leaving his wife, who folkiwud iiini in 1867. Ho residod in Park co. until 1884 when he removed ti) Denver to educate his children. In merchandising, mining, and stock raising, he faut accumulated property. He w» t elected to the state senate in ISili, and again in 1882. C'liariea Hallack, born in N. Y. in 1828, came to Colorado in 1867 from Kansas, and settled in Denver in the Imsiuesj of a lumber dealer. In 1884 he M-as elected president of the State National bank, of which he was one of the i)rj,'ani/ers. Jol) A. Cooper, born in 111. in 1843, removed to Denver in 1872, where he practiced law for four years, and was elected vice-president of the German tiiiik. In 1877 tlio bank was reorganized under the name of the (iennan Xational Bank, when he was elected cishier. In 1877 he purchased 300 head (ifeattli', on a range near the Neb. state line, but sold them and bought 15,000 acres of land in Weld co., onwhich ho had in 1886-7, 50^ head of cattle. Ho v.- H iiresident of the Colorado Cattle-grower's association, a wealthy organi- zaticm. D, M. Dougan, born in Niles, Mich., in 1845, removed to Ind. at the age of ].') J . uv, ind became a clerk in a bank at Richmond, studying medicine in h.iieisnr 'i<i!rs. He subsequently studied at Rush medical college, Chicago, . '1,! at bi J ' • hospital, New York, graduating in 1874, and coming to Colo- ri'^ot II, i,!ii- \mg ycixr. He residod in several parts of the state temporarily uatil 1'>7S -vl'on ho wont to Leadville, where he became mayor in 1881 and ISSi', lie \va< the first president of Carbonate bank, and remained a director while living in Denver. John (.'. 8tallcup, born in Ohio in 1841, came to Colorado for the benefit of his health in 187/, and remained. Ho was nominee of the denu)eratic party fir state .senator in 1878, and was iigain nominated for attorney-general of the statu in LSSO. He was elected city-attorney of Denver in 1881, and was retained as city counsel afterwards in cases then pending. In 1884 he sold most of his city property, and invested in land in Arapahoo co., 17 miles from Denver, which was being stocked with cattle. .Steiihen H. Standart, born in Ohio in 1833, and brought up on a farm, came to Colorado in 1879 to engage in cattle-raising. He started in business with l.'JiH) head, about 60 miles fro.n Denver. He was one of the organ- izers of tin'. Western Livo stock co. in 1880, and of the American Cattle com- lany in 1883, of 401) members, the two companies owning over 20,000 head i 1 isSo. For eongressional a'^'! 'ivri^ dative references I have found matter in P:jc. n. /,'. /,'';i/,'^i. 17-1!); ' . .'^'. Srii. Jour., 808, .38th cong., Ist sess.; U. S. //. ■lour., -11, 38th CMU^. "Jd sc . i.; Jiahrid'ie't Land Lmr/t, sup. 1877, 49; IIol- /.-/./•'s Mnirs of C--'o, '?'-:-<. Cr.Mj. Oln',,; 1S64~"), 316, 7r)3, 1404; (T. S. If. I'r. Ihr., i,,p. !^ti 4<;'. i;.' r\ ., Lst soss., vol. 16, pt 2, 184,227; 46th cong., 'M sess.. and xxv., ')t 1, 1''"; 46i.h cong., 21 sess.; U. S. 1!. Misc. J>o<:, xiii., lit 4. 11. .')(; 9, 124-&1, 46ti cone -M sess.; U. S. Er. Doc, XXV., .364, 47th eimjr..-Jd .ses,,.; (h'n. Law-, .\ „, ?86.'), 108^11, 117-18, 127, 132, 13.-), 141, 14'J; /./., 1S77, 180 94, 738; AV/i. Jour. Colo, IS8I, 62!) :«; ClmrUr and Ordi- uMCis of City qf' Denver, 287-309; Corporations, Jiev. ShittUai, 1883. CHAPTER XII. COUNTIES OF COLORADO. 1859-1886. Bknt County— Isppstries, Towns, and Peoplk — Boclukr CoiNTr— Early Seti-lep > - (^dartz Mining— Coal and Iron — Chaffkk ("(hmv — Discoveries ■ / " • ^lopment — Clear Creek County— Earliest Smeltino — Stamp -Conejos County — Costilla — CusTKit Men AND Towns— MINI^^^ ^lta, Dolores, Douolas, Eagle, Elukkv, El Paso, and Fremont Counties — The Great Railroad War— CaSon Crry and its Insttitutions. Bent county, separated from Arapahoe by Elljcrt county, lies on both sides of the Arkansas river, and occupies the country of which Bent's fort was in ante- mining days the seat of such civiUzation as was found on the east slope of the Rocky mountains. It was organized in 1870, and named after the Bent fam- ily. It occupies an extent of territory larger than the state of Massachusetts, but is comparatively unin- habited, being almost entirely appropriated to the uses of the great cattle companies and owners, a sin- gle one of whom owns forty miles fronting on the river.' Boggsville was the first county seat, which later was west Las Animas, the rendezvous of rattle owners and purchasers. East Las Animas, a few miles below, is another similar point. Both n\v on the railroad. La Junta, at the junction of the Puehlo branch, is a pros[)erous town. Besides these there * J. W. Prowers liefore mentioned. He came to Colorado in 1858 .-i j*' r young man, made his first money cutting tlie native grasses for hay, .'im<1 si II- mg it to the government at Fort Lyoa. banker, and owner of 20,000 cattle. (674) He finally became a merchant aul BENT AND BOULDER. 678 CtirsTT— FKK ("(UNTY ' — Eakliest LTSTKI! -MkN Elivrut, El '^AB— CaSos J Ell)crt ivcr, and i was ill 1 as was lins. It lent fain- ter than 3ly unin- to the rs, a sill- on the wliich i)f cattle , a few art' on l>iiehlo ISC there llS'iS a ix'^r ly, nii'l sill- Irchi.ut ami are few worthy of note." The Arkansas valley ia adapted to agriculture, but the population of about 2, QUO is devoted to the grazing interest to the exclu- sion of fanning. The county of Greenwood was cre- ated at the same time that Bent was established, and occupied a part of its present territory, with Kit Car- son for the county seat ; but it was abolished in 1874, and the present boundaries decreed, at which time the county of Elbert was set off. Boulder, one of the original seventeen counties established by the first legislative body of Colorado territory, contains 794 square miles, and combines mining with agriculture in a proportion which ren- ders it a peculiarly favored i^'^tion of the state. It was first settled by a portion ot a train whicli arrived in 1858 by the Platte route, which on coming to the contiuence of the St Vrain, determined to take a course directly leading to tlie mountains. Among thein were Thomas Aikins and son, S. J. Aikins, a nephew, A. A. Brookfield and wife, Charles Clouser, Yount, Moore, Dickens, Daniel Gordon and brother, Theod<jre Squires, Thomas Lorton, Wheelock broth- ers, and John Rothrock. They pitched their tents on tlio 17th of October at Red rock, at the mouth of Boulder canon. They were joiiied by others in the course of the autumn. On the 15th of January, 1859, the first gold was discovered at Gold Run by a jiarty consisting of Charles Clouser, John Rothrock, I. S. Bull, William Huey, W. W. Jones, James Aikins, and David Wooley. Out of tliis gulcii was taken by the hand-rocker that season 8100,000. The second discovery, on south Boulder, was the Dead- wood diggings, by B. F. Langley, about the last of 'Alkali, Apishapa Station, Arapahoe, Benton, Bent's Fort, Blaciiwcll, t'ad- dna, Curl ton, Catliu, C'lieyonne vVells, Dowlings, First View, Fort l^yon, (iiaiiailii, Hilton, HoUey, Iron Springs, King's Ferry, Kiowa Springs, Kit t'iir.siiii, Main Rancbo, Meadows, Monotony, Nine-mile Bottom, Point of Riioks, Prowers, Red Rock, Robinson, Rocky Ford, Rush Creek, Salt ^•piini,'^. Sand Creek, The Meadows, Tattle's, Well No. 1, and Wild Horae, are tlm aottleueuta in Buut co, ■1 676 COUNTIES OF COLORADO. January ; and the third at Gold Hill,* in Februarv. Soon after David Horsfal discovered his fainuus mine. In February the town of Boulder was laid otf, ton miles from the gold diggings, by H. Chiles, Alfred A. Brooktield being })rcsident of the town conipaiiy.' The first seventy houses on Pearl street were of lotrs. It soon had a population of 2,000, which so exalted the expectations of its shareholders that they turned away customers by their high prices. Efforts were made by bridging the Platte, and by other means, to draw immigration to that point, but without marked success.' 'Some of the pioneers of Gold Tfill were P. M. Honsel and wife, George W. Chambers and wife, Charles Daliney and wife, Charles F. Holly, Miles Jain, Jolni Wigginton, William FuIIowm, .lames Smith, E. H. N. I'attersun, W. G. Pell, .lamea A. Carr, W. A.Corson, Henry (treen, I.. M. McC.-islin, and family, Riuhard iJlore, John Mahoney, C'ary Culver, Hiram Buok, iinmyi! Zweck, Aliih. Cushman, Mrs Samuel Hays, William and John IJrerly ami families. The tii'i-t child Ixirn in(>old Hill was Mamie McCaslin, wlii> liv- came Mrs J. C. Cmilehan <f lionlder. * Brooktield was horn in Morristowii, N. J., in 18.10. His father was a merchant, and ho was his partner. Ho was afterward mayor of Mehraska City. He came to Coloracfo in 1X58. Henry Wilson Ciiiles was horn in Va in 1S"28, and came to Colo from Nel). in 1858. He served iu the civil war, and returned to Ccdo at its close.' 'Some of the men of Boulder were: Thomas A. Aiken, l)oni in Md, 1 808. He came to Colorado in 1838, and settled four miles from Btmlder City. He died in 1878. Samuel J. Aikins, horn in 111. in 18.15, came to Colorado iu ISoS, and settled on a farm on l>ry cr> 3k, live miles e. from Boulder City. A.J. Macky, wlio erected tlie first frame house iu Boulder, was horn in N. Y. in I.SiU. He came to Colorado iu 1859, in company with Hiram Buck. He mined, worked at his triule of carpentry, and kept a meat market iu company \t ith Buck. He erected the first hrick house m Boulder, and the tirst luiiMing with an iron front. He wjis postmaster, county treasurer, justice of tlie peace, niemlier of the schotd lioanl, clerk of the dist court, and deputy int. rev. collector. For eight years he held the office of sec. Boulder County In- dustrial association. In 1872 ho was elected town clerk and trcaf-urer, which oflice ho retained for about ten years. He at one time kept the Houl. dcr house. In 1805, in company with Daniel Pound and others, he con- structed the Black Hawk and Central City wagon road, and the following year built the Caribou and Central City road. Ho was influential in sccur- nig the state university for Boulder, and aided all worthy enterprises. Alpheus Wright, born iu N. V. and educated for the law, came to Colo- rado in 18.^9. He was a member of the legislature in 1805, and was cU^ctid county attorney. Ho niiide a comfortable fortune at mining oiterations. Samuel Arbuthnot was born in Pittslmrg in 18;i0, and cauie to Colorado in 1859. He mined at Gold Hill, at iiussell gulch, and in California ^iiicli. In 180.1 he settled on a farm on Left Han 1 creek, Boulder co., and lR'l|njilto organize the Left Hand Ditch company, of which he has been presiQcnl. Ho was also clerk of the school board. HOULDKU. 877 About this time men went wild over quartz, until they found, upon protractod trial, that they could not extract the gold I liave already spokt>n of that era, and its effect on the country. Then they were driven to other jmrsuits, especially fanning Boulder organ- ized the first county agricultural society in IS(;7. (hist-niills were t'rected, and a fanning connnunity iffcw up at the confluence of the north and south HouMer creeks, with a thriving centre called Va]- moiit." Boulder hecaine the grain-milling as well as (rraiii-orowing countrv ' of tli(? tt!rritorv. In time, also, its mines were devclojied, until its annual pro- duction of the precious mcitals reached half a million. (icorgc F. ChaHe was one of thn (^ciitral City and IJouldcr valley toll- riiiul iiuiitlcrit, county coniinissionor. town trustee, farmer, and stoek raiser, (ii'iir^je \V. Chaniltera was a miner, farmer, county connnissioner, and justice (if tlii^ jieace. An<lrew Douty erected on South IJoultler creek the lirst grist- iiiill I'onijdetod in Colorado. }{oalsohuilt a mill at lied liock, near Hoidder City, in 18GG. In 18(57 he erected tin; lirst (louring mills at St Louis, in Lai- iiniTCo.. where he died in 1874. Douty was from Pa. Tarhox & Donnelly erected the (irst saw mill in Houlder in 18«iO, using the water power at the mouth of the caAon. .F. P. Lee Imilt the second the same 8ea.sou a few miles from (iold Hill; 'I'ourtjilotte and S(|uires a third in Bimld(;r City in 180*2. Sanniel Copeland erected the (irst steam saw mill in Fiiiir-iiiile caflou in 1 8(1.'). Kdward W. Henderson was the inirchaser of the (Jregory mine, and had many vicissitudes of fortune. He was connected with the Western Smelting oiiiiiiany, in charge «)f affairs; was treasurer of < Ji^iin co. ; an<l receiver m tlic U. S. lan.l ofHce at CJentral City 187:V-5». T. .T. Graham hrcnight the .'{-stamp mill in 18.5H which was set up on Left Hand crcok, near (toUl Hill. He continued to reside at Boulder. Other men of Boulder in early times were William Arlmthnot, miner and fanner; August Burk, baker and farmer; Norman H. Howard, miner and farmer; Thomas J. Jones, miner, merchant, and farmer, huilt the largo hotel ;it(iold Dirt in 18(50; Henry B. Ludl(»w, miner and farmer; Holden R. Kl« dred, freighter and merchant; William liaker, farmer; Thomas Brainard, frcighttfr and farmer; ilohn Koeae, carptmter, miner, and farmer, elected iissosHor of Boulder co. in 1871; ilay Sternberg, miller and ]>r()i)rictor of tho iVmlder City flouring mills; William H. Howell, twice elected sheriff of Boulder CO. "The lirst clieeae factory was established at Vabnont. This town was laid off by A. P. Allen, his sons, (i. S. and W. 11. Allen, and liis son-in-law, Hdlden Kblred. Near Valmont were settled, with their famili«!s, W. B. ilowell, onco sheriff, now a largo land owner, .lohn Hothrock, Henry Buck, I'. A. Lyner, William A. Davidson, H. B. Ludlow, .1. .1. Bt^asley, projector aiul iiiiijder of the Beasley irrigating canal; Jeremiah I^^ggett, Kdgar Saw- liey. Minim Prince, E. Leeds, J. C Bailey, Stephen H. (trccn, andOoorgo I'. (Jreen, his son. ' A. and J, W. Smith of Denver, erected a grist-mill at White Rock niffs, on Boulder creek, six miles from the mountains; I'. M. Housel and John |). Baker built one near Valmont. Housel was twice elected county judgv, IIJST. Nkv. 37 ml Si "■ n :-rnr 578 COUNTIES OF COLOR A1K>. I cliiefly in silver, and tlie assessable valuation of tlip ♦•ounty is considerably over four and a half niillions.' The coal [)roduction of the comity in !8S;{ was 45,500 tons.' Iron is one of the valuable productions of this county ;'" and also stone for i)uil<ling |)ui- poses, and lime manufacture. Boulder county in 1870 received tlie addition to its early po[)ulatioii of a company of persons orij;anized in Chicago, indu the name of the Cliicago-Colorado colony, of wliicji Robert Collyer was t)resident, C N. l*ratt secretary, and William Bross treasurer. With so nnu'h ability at the head it should have nuide itself a history. Tlu' land, selected bv W. N. Bvers, consisted of fiO.OOO ' TIio {irinoipal mining districts of Boulder are Cariltou, in wliieli arc sit- uated the well-known mines of Native Silver, Seven-Tliirty, Ten-Koity, I'iMirnian, Sherman, No Name, and the Caribou, wliicli sliipped in IHSl $'227, '.W?. 88 in silver bricks. Ward district contained tlio Ni Wot, Nelson, Stongliton, Coleatial, Humboldt, and Mornina Star, free-milling gold iiiiiios. In Central district were the smuggler, John Jay, J^ast Chance, Longfi^llmv. and (iolden Age. Tiie (Johl Hill, (!rand Island, Sunshine, Sugar Loaf, ainl Magnolia districts had good nnnes, which up to ISSlJ workeil up to tlirir greatest point of productiveness. IMacer mines were neglected. Sinitli's It'jt Cm J}iirl(q)iiii lit nj' <\)lor(ulo, lSSl-2, .SO, being the annual report of the sUt- geologist. Tiiere were, in f 1880, '.) mills, running 185 .stamps, at work m Uouliler county, /''os-irff, Colonulo, '2(>0. "The coal of IJouhler county is a free-burning lignite, of jet black color aipi high lustre. Coal was tirst developed here in IStiO. Li I8t'>4 Jo.seph W. Mar- shall, one of the owners, after whom the coal-mining town of Marshall was named, William L. Lee. Mylo Lee, and A. (I. Langfonl erected a small lila.-it- furnace at this place, and made '20t) tons of pig-iron from the red hematite ok* wiiicli abound in the locality. The Marshall mine was worked for scvor.il years on ii small scale; but when the (iolden, Boulder, and Caribou railrnail was completed, in 1S78, the output immediately increased to .")0.(K)l) tons annu-illy. 7Vc('.< Onr /he Plains, 8t>-7; Jiorh/ iMoiaitniii AV»w, May (i, IStW: Oleiir ('nil: nwl lioiililir Vul. IJist., 4'2\. Louisville is another coal-niiiiinp town on the Cohu-ado Central railroad, 12 miles from Boulder. C. C. Wcli'li of ilolilen conceived tlie idea of boring for coal at this place, where itisfoiiml 200 fetit bcliiw the surlacc. '1 he town was named after Louis Niwataiiy, a Polandcr, who luid charge of the e.\])Iorati(ms. This mine was sold to .lay <}ould, of the I'nion Pacitic R. Jl., in 187'.), with all its equipments, Louisvilli' has a population of about 000. Among the i)ernianent settlers in (?oal Cnik valley are the pioneer families of David Kerr, Robert Niver, W. t\ liaki'. tirst president of the South Boulder and Coal Creek Ditch company, C. \\. Kggleston, A. .M. Wylani, ami James Minks. Niver, who is a well t.i-d.i farmer, was the projector of the .South Boulder and Coal Creek Diti'li cm- pany, of which ho was superintendent and stockhohler, the beneht of which to the valley has been great. '••Tlu' Davidson Coal and Iron Mining company was incorporat«Ml in IS?.*!, with a capital stock of $I(>0,0(.0, <irgani/.ed by William A. l)avidson, .bm.a tlian S. Smith, (loorgo W. Smiley, Charles B. Kount/.e, and \Villiaiii H Berger. The company owned 8,000 acres on the line of the Colorado Cintnil railroad, 8 miles from Boulder. BOULDRR. &79 am s in the valloyaof Boulder, St Vrain," Left Hand, and I iittle Thompson crooks, including foot-hill lands witli timber, building stono, water, iron, and coal coii- vciiiciit to railroad transportation. A location was cliostii for a town about thirty milos duo oast from jjoiij; s p«'ak, the viow of which gave it tlio namo of Ijoiiuuiont. Tho founders of the colony did not find it ;iii Arcadia, but taking it all in all, it proved agoo<l iiivcstiiiont. The town, which was incorporated in ls7o. liad in 1880 1,800 iidiabitants, excellent schools, Incil journals, several churclu^s, important agricul- tural and milling interests, and a railroad c«)nnocting it witli the Krie and CanHold 'Noal banks, and was nil tlic line i)f tlio l'(»lorado (\Mitral railroad. Hdiildcr C'ity, tlu> county scat of Roulder county, was iticorporatod in iSlovenduT 1871," and had in 1SS(! ;i population of (J, 000, railroa<l conununication witl; DonvtM- " and the other pi'incipal towns of north- rni Colorado and the main liiK^ of tho Union Pacific, s;iiin>rmg and smelting works, and flouring mills,'^ "111 St, \'rain valloy still reside some of the .settlers of IS;")'.*, iiaiiioly: Ciilliiiiiii, rt'iino'-'k, Allen, Hainliii, Atfalter, Peek, Isaae Hiniyon. B. F. Fr.iiikiiii. .loliii <'. (^irter, Lymaii Stneail, Havitl T'lylor, llarrisoii (iooilwiii, iVrn \Vl\ite, Uieliard Hlore, NN'eese i)rotiiers Tiiopias MeClain. ('. V. Tnie. r„,.rj!r \V, Wei)ster, Fred, (Jeorgc C, and Lawson Heekwitli, Alf. and Wash. t'iksliniiin, .lohii Hagar, I'owell, Kipley. Mason ManniTs, and hieksnn. ''Caiitii'ld is another eoal-niining town on tiie Henver and Boulder Valley nilriiad. I'J miles from Boulder. 'Hiere were three mines, two owned by the .■^tar Cinisolidated Coal-mining eompany, and ain>ther, oi)ened in 1879, called tlie .liuksoii. '^Its mayors have heen James Fillison, .lames 1*. Maxwell, Charles (}. Van Fleet, and .lolin A. KUet. Maxwi-ll was horn in Wis. in I8.'U>, anil eanm tnColnniilo in 18(10, settling lirst in (Jilpin co. at mining anil hnnher dealing. He niiiiwcil to Boulder in 1S7'2, and engaged in farming and stoek-raising. He wa'* clci'ted to the territorial legislature in 187'-' and 1874, to the st;ite L'ltienil as: I'mltly ill IS7(> as senator, and in 1878 was ehosen [tresidcnt of the .-liiati' pro tern. He was also eleeteil eo. trea-s. in 1880. Charles (\ Braee, ilcrti'il Ml IS8r>, eame to Coh)rado in I87(> from (Jrand Uapids, Mieli., where tie wa- liorii in 1840. Ho studied modiiine in tlie llaluieniann medieal eol- liiic (if Cliicago, ooniing <lireet to Itoulder after graduating, lie was chosen pnsiilunt of tlie Colorado State llo:!ieoi>atliie Medieal society. "While the population was only a few linndrtMl tho citizens fuKscrihed S4fi.()(Mt to seeurc a hraneh from the Denver and Bmddcr Valley R. R. Be- iiTi it was completed the Colorado Central had reached them. '•"riie sampling-works were erected by N. P. Hill, manager of the Boston ^hiK'iilorado Smelting co.. the smolting-worka l>y .1. H. Boyd, in 1874. The ii<ml(i( r City llouring-niill was erected in I87'2 by Jay and I). K. Steraberg; tlie Colorado ttUte mill in 1877 by Mrs E, B. Yount. "i V i!^ 680 COUNTIES OF COLOHAIX). I I ill l which purchased most of the wheat grown in the county. The business of the town and vicinity sup. ported several banks.'* It had a got)d system uf water-works, erected in 1874 at a cost of ^50,00(i. a fire department organized in 1875, excellent i»ulilir schools," newspapersjcliurches,'" various benev(»ltiit so- cieties, a public library," and the state university. Tins last distinction was obtained from the lejjfislature* if Isci and the corner-«tone laid September 17, 1875. Tlit|irf- paratory and noinuil departments were opened in 1 ^77. since which period it has increased and pro-sju ivd. ' Then; are few towns of importance in the county. ' "The HouMer Imiik win estaUliMlied in 1871 by < Senrge ( '. ('oniiii;; ..• Ohio; diHcoiitiiiucil in 1877. The National State i>ank was foiiiKliil in \\'j Ity Charle.i (r. antl W. .\. Vuckingliain of Oliio, Init ilitl not take tin- ;ir<«4^M name until 1877. The First National bunk of Boulder was oijened in l>77 I'V Louin Cheney. " Boulder built the first suhool-house in Colorado in I8<i<), ccwting .^tl.'.IK). It was occupied until 187*2, when a large public Hcluud edifice was i-rfiteij. costing ^ir),0()lt, and the graded system w.as adopted. Since that pi-n."l a i- ditions have been made as required. "The churclies of lioidder were founded as follows: metluMlist in \^<i'. by Jacob Adriancc; congregational in 18W, by William Crawford; proi.y- terian in 1872, by J. E. Anderson; protcstant episcopal, I87''<, by Hcnry Baum; reformed episcopal, 1874, by James C. Pratt; catiiolic, lS7t>, by A. .1. Abel; Itaptist, 1872, by J. G. Maver. After these came the christian un<i adventist churches, liberalists, and spiritualists. '• The library was founded by Charles (}. Buckingham. '^Roliert Culver and Charles F. Holly were active in influencing tlie {.na- tion. The first board appointed consisted of D. P. Walling, J. Feld. A. U. Patterson, A. A. Bradford, William Gilpin, Edwin Scuilder, C. Doniiiiguc/, Bryon M. Sanford, William Hammin(l, J. B. Chaffee, B. F. Hall. .\ni«j Steck, Jesse M. Barela, G. F. Crocker, J. S. Jones, and M. Goss. Cdo. S"v. fjatm, 1861, 144-8. The first meeting of the board was held in Jan. ISTO. when it was duly organized. The citizens had donated GI acres of land, value<i at $10,000, but there was as yet no cash found available. Application «-a.i made to the legislature, which not until 1874 appropriated ^15,000. coikIi tional npon an equal amount being subscribed in Boulder, and Shi.&Vi.O*! being raised, the contract was immediately let to MoPhee and Keiting uf Denver. A second appropriation by the legislature was sufficient to fiirnisli and start the institution. Provision was made for the permanent su|i|Hirt "f the university by the annual assessment of one fifth of one mill on tlif vain ation of the state, and also for the election of regents by vote cf the *UkU. The first board elected were L. W. Dolloff and •Junius Berkley of Buidiier, George Tritch and F. J. Ebert of Denver, W. H. Van Geisen of Del .N'irt.. and C. Valdez of Conejos. They chose Joseph A. Sewall president •>:' tb*- university. Tlie regular collegiate course began in 1878, and in 18^) tlierr were 121 pupils in attendance. The college edifice was placed on high ground overlooking the city, and surrounded by well cultivated and ornainentfl grounds. It was built of brick, three stories high, and surmounted by ani>!'- servatory. The library, furnishing, and finishing were all that could l>e ei- pected of a university school while in its infancy, and shows that I><iiiKlrr baa done well in selecting this one of the state institutions for its own. '''1 The towns and settlements of Boulder county not meutioued arc Altoiu. IHAFFKK 081 Ohaffee county was created out of the southern porfiou of Lake in Fel)ruary 1879." Its area is alx'Ut 1,189 sijuare miles, situated Ijetween the Mus- quito ran^c and Arkansas hills on tin- east, and the mi ;it <livide on the west. It is i>ei-uliarlv a nunin<jf n-^ioii. Tiie districts of as yet conijKiratively undi*- viln|i('(l Chalk creek, one of the earliest discoveries oil tlu' east side <»f the ranj^c, (Jraniti-,'* Monarch, south Arkansas, Cottonwood, and Ho|k' are the most cxtensivelv developed. The <li.s<-«»Vfrits at Lt-ad- vill' . iiiid conse uent railroati buildin;^. w«re the first caiisis of tlie re ont developments in ChaffiT <ounty, us tliov were of ts orijanization. The Monarch tlis- trict, lyini^ twenty -six miles west from the town of Salida, contains some of the most remarkaWh- mines ill Colorado. They are lead carlx»nates Krap^entifer- (lus ;,'aleiia ores, and yield from 20 to l.,")0«> ounces of silver, and fortv to sixtv piT cent of leaii to the ton." lUl.iiat, liliu! liinl, Brownsvillt), Biirliiitftun, ('amjiTelhiriuin, (^'.-tnliiial. Cove ('nik. Ciismaii, hiividson, I<Wlu |{o»ik, Krir, Fmir-inile «'rt-«.-k. liighlain). .I,inii'sti)\vii, •liiii ('ruck, l^alvcsiau, haiigforil. I^-t°t Kami, I»gan Mine, Miig- M.4i.. Miirshall. Mit.h.!ll, Modoc, N.-.l.Tlaii.l. Ncrkirk Mill. Ni W..t, Nortli |{oiilil( 1, Orodolfaii, O.sltorii, Pella, ricanant Valley, «^een t'ity Mills. Koik- villi'. Salina, Springdale, Sugar Loaf, Suiiiiiervillc, SiinW-am (Julcli, Siiiiiiy- -uif. Siiii.sliinc, 'rolleriiiiii, Ward District, White IVak, Williainshura;. Cli.'irli's Dalmuy settled in Houlder in ltS<SOat ininin;^ and Klacksniitliing. Me v,i> ijipstinaster in 1801-2, justice of the peace, and in l-XCl county coiinnis- >iMM>'r. lu 1K7H he engaged in mining and hrokcragc. and addeti real estate aihl liiinliering. Joliii <I. Kllinghani, miner, cattle-dealer, and owner of a i|iiart/.-iiiill, .settled .saino year. Also William H. I>ickens, farmer; and I'or- tiT T. liinmau, hou of Anson Hinman, Alleghany co., N. V., of which he uiis iii<lg(\ He resided in Ohio and Iowa heforc coming to (.'nlorailo, and waa :i-i^Nt:iiit in the U. S. land otKce at Des Moines. He .-wcureil a fann of '.i'M ,KTts (111 Ijcft Hand creek. - It was first allowed to retain the name of Lake, that |>nrtion of the ori- ginal iirj^anizatioii north of it, and containing Lcailville. Iieing named Carhoii- lU'. Hut the Leadville jieople protested — they wert? i>ermitt«.tl to retain their ciiiiMty name of Lake, Carbonate was ahandoncil. and the new organization was called after a favorite senator. (Wo S'ms. Loirn, \S~*f, 4. •'Stciilien B. Kellogg, a pioneer of ISoJ), and who was one of tli<? discov- iTPrs iif Chalk (,'reek .'nines in 18()0, was boni in Vt in IHIt;. He had l>c«n in Siuitli .\iiierioa and Cal. before coming to Colonnlo. He changed lii» re.si- ili-iu'p iiften afterward, but without leaving the state. He waH a meinl>er of tlic jiriivisional legislature, has been police justice, and hast held oeveral other iirticial positions. ArkanHW VaL IfiM., 5'M. ()f (iranite and its early history I liavi- alreaily spoken. -' 'I'lie large-paying mines of Monarch <listrict were Maiionna, .Silent Friend, ' i>ii, Oshkosh, Fair Play, Monarch, Eclipse, Kainlmw. Little <;em, Den- Wils vi T. Wonder, Michigan, and Silver King, hfirriplrr^ Amrrini, May 4, IS84. Ill < 'iidlk Creek district the Murphy mine yielded SOor more Utaa of ore daily i' k 'I o»|h rife •i"' '^^^11 ft! II 1 b»2 (.•OUNTIK.S OK COLORADO. The Madonna mine, discovered by the Boon brotli er8, had cut 300 feet, in May IH84, througli Holid or. of this description without Hndin«r the rnd of tin deposit. Other districts contain copper and silver. some gold and silver, and sonje free-milling gold. Tlir bullion product of the county in 1883 was uhout $300,000, nearly half of which was in gold. The Calumet iron mine, the most valuable in tin state, was a deposit of magnetic and hematite ore con taining between seventy and eighty per cent pure iron. Ten car-loads daily were taken by railroad tti Pueblo, where it was smelte<l and manufactured ])v the Colorado Coal and Iron company, who owned it. The other mineral resources of the <'ounty are nuim r- ouM. Poncho hot springs and Wellsville hot sj)riiig.s are extensively known for their medicinal qualitiis Charcoal-burning Is an important industry. I'eiii'j made from the p.nion which covi-r.s th(» foot-liilU Lime, alst) made in largi" (juantities, is used as a Hu\ at the smelting works of Leadville and I'uelilo. twenty-six car-loads daily going to those ])Ia<'es. ' Marble is also quarried near Salida, black, wliitc, ami colored, of excellent (juality, and granite as tin.' as that of New England. Coal deposits just heiiiL; opened in 1885 promised well. Agriculture, while worth $()() per ton, net value. Tlie Coluinhii.s, in the .South Arkansas ilJHtrict. was one of tlic largest silver mines in the state, and yieUle<l 100 ounce.-i to tlu' ton. These are only named a,A samples of tlie hcst mines in khe eouiity Tlio llortense mine, on Mt Princeton, though of low grade ore, was one nf thf 'wst developed and most pnnluetive. '^ Poncho Hot sprnigs are G miles southwe from .Salida. They an^ Hi in number. Alongside of them are cohl springs. '-hur and siv.ia predoiniiiatf. although it is said that GO different niintiral wat)»- are tlowing constantly t'rom the.se fountains, with wonderful curative qualities. At Cottonwood citek, north of Salida, are similar springs. Horn's Itept on Mineral Springs oi (olii. iu SUUc Board of Umltli Hfpt, for 1870, p. (i2. '"These statements are furnislied by VV. W. IWler of .Salida, wIm lias contributed hia Colonulo Sketc/ie/i, M.S., to my library. He was born at I'lina- wanda, Erie co., N. Y., in 184'2, and came to Colorado in 1877. After j^ptinl ing two years at Colorado Springs as a furniture-dealer. lie removed to ■■^aliiLi and went into tlie more remunerative business of cattle-dealing. HcH't h supplemented by K If. Welifi's Salida nmf Us Surroiindinijn, MS., whicli tl^'ft'-' more particularly with the town. Webb was Iwrn in N. Y. in 1844. H'' came to Cleora, Colorado, in 1878 to engage in mercantile pursuits, but re moved to Salida when it was founded, and oprncd business there iu HHI), -.a the pioneer merchant. CHAKFKK. 583 brotl) lolid on I of tllr I silver, Id. Tli<. 8 uhout V iit till' orr cori- iiit j)uro Iroad to unci by Avnt'ii it. \ nuiiit r- s))riiii];s' |U!ilitiis. \,-, liriiii: ,><)t-iiill>. iis a Hux I'url.lo, ])lac'os. ' lite, ami fill-- as t l)riiii;' Nvliilo Isiis (iHtncl, lllU'tiSld tilt' I unity Tlio (.1 till' '>l'St juy am Hi ni icdoiiiiiiati'. lutly from llgS III ('"111. wli" lias [•11 ilt I'llMU- Iftor i-iioiiii- |,| to Salidii H.iller IS yhirli •i'^al-' 1844. Hi' jits, bill re 111 IHKO, ;i- still unrccoofuizod ub «»f importance, exists and in- croiisos, the soil being rich aud warm in the valleys." The great San Luis valley in the adja(;ent county of Sat^uache furnished in 1886 a convenient grazing •'round for cattle. " In IMilt, when I'li.tffee was part uf Lake county, Frank Mayol took litiiil claiiii 8 niiloH north of Buena Vista, where ho raised potatotm at 50 c. [K r iMiuiul, roaliieinff l|5,U0O from 5 acres. He soon accumulated a fortuiiu. liuorgo Ijconhardy Teased tlie farm in 1871, and purchased it the foll.m'in^ your, paying 183,750. Ho also opened a 'cut-off' into South jwrk, which became tliu mail route. A post-oflico wau estahlislied at his place called Kiversidu. licoiilianly added to hi:* land from time to time, and i)eing engaged in other liusiiit!.H.s liecamu wealthy. In 1804 Andrew Bard and Frank I..<mn took up laud uoar where Buena Vista now stands, which they watered from Cotton- wood creek, and which produced large crops of hay and vegetahloM, all of which found a ready market. The next settlers were Benj. Schwandcr, William Balu, afterward slieritf, John McPherson, and J. K. (ioncll, who took chiiiii.H nil tlio creek, and in I8(>u CottonwiKNl was made an rlcction precinct, ainl Kiih, lUrd, and (ionell were appointed judges of election. The samu year (lalatia Spraguo, R. Mat. John.son, Matthew Rule, and John (iilliland settlod at Brown creek, where the agricultural and mining town of Brownsville grew up. Oiltiland, John Wcldon, and <S. M. Hunt/ickcr were a])|)ointed judges of election in that precinct, which extended from Chalk creek to the south end uf the county, in I8(>(j John Burnett, with Nat. Rich and others, settled near the present town of Poncho Springs. Soon another eh^ction precin.'t was ileclared, embracing the county south of Sand creek, and Burnett, It h, and W. (Jliristison were appointed judges of election. At the election lliia year tlio county seat was removed from Oroto Uayton, near the upper Twin lake, licoiihardy, Bale, and I'eter Caruth were county comniissioiiers. At tln'ir lirst meeting in Dayton the Trout creek road was declared a pulilie hi^;liway, ami the following year a road was opened from the xtininiit of the divide at Ponclio pass to the Arkansas river above Trout creek, via the claim of (ieorgo Hendricks and Brown creek. This gave communication between the north and south porticms of the county, and was a difficult piece of work, as the road passed through the narrow defiles of the Arkansas river, (iranite wa^ made an election precinct in 18G7. In IS08 R. B. Newitt took a claim on the (hvide, since known as Chubb 's rancho, which became the centre of a min- ing camp, and Charles Nachtrieb erected a grist-mill on Chalk creek, which was proof of the grain capabilities of this region, although when transportation from Denver and other business centres beeanie easier, wheat-raising was altandoned for other cereals. In 18fi8<Sranite was made the county seat, and ooutiaued such until after the separation of the northern portion from M'liat lieuame Chaffue. Cache creek, where jdaeer mining had been carried on since I8(i0, ItOO persons being gathered at that camp previous to the rise of Oranitc, became again in 1805 active, the claims having In-en jmrchased bya company with means to work them by hydraulic process. Tin- company obtained gov- Brnraont patents to 1,100 acres of placer grouml, from which they have taken oyer $1,000,000. Lost Caflon placer mines, owned by J. C. Iliij,'lie.s, were iliscovered ia 1860, and lie in the mountains of that name at an elevation of 'roin 11,009 to 1*2,000 feet. Red Mountain district, on the head waters of Like creek, was discovered in 1864, and created a great excitement, the mineral belt beinp very extensive, although the ore was f a low grade. It took its name from the color given to the quart/ by the decomposition of the sulphnrets of iron. Other richer districts soon drew away the mining popu- lation. La Plata district, discovered in 18(57, embraced the country on the head waters of Clear creek, and all the territory between the Arkansas river and the heights along the stream. Finding leas gold than lead and other n I .5 1 t.'f an 584 COUP.TIES OK rOLORADO. Salida, that is to say junction, twenty-eight miles south of Buena Vista, was laid out in May 1880 by Ex-govornor Hunt, who owned the land, and was at that time connected with the Denver and Rio Grandi' railroad.'" When it was three months old it had 1 ,000 inhabitants. It was for a short time the terminus of the railroad, which was being extended to Leadvillc, and was the shipping-})ohit <>f freight and passengtis for the Gunnison country, and points beyond. With the completion of the road to these points much of inotals for wliieli they were not 8oarcliitig, the tlistrict was aliaiuloiiol iiy it-i illscoverers. In 18(i() a revival of interest took place, the town of Vicksliiiin was laid off on Clear creek at the entrance to the caAon, and several farms located. Cottonwood district, on Cottonwood creek, isi a silvcr-j)ri>diu'ini; resion of more recent development, with sonic rich mines on the nortli-o;i.st 8i(Tc of Mt Princeton, and on Jonea and Fox mountains. Trout creek dis- trict was discovered after the Leadville mines, and includes Chubh's settlf- inent hefore mentioned. It contains both gold and silver mines. Buena V^ista, the county-seat, founded i>y tJiO Buena Vista I^and company, at the juiiLtiim of the Railroads, is (m Cottonwood creek, six miles cast of Mt I'rincotoii, in the midst of a plain surrounded l>y lofty peaks, and having a tinsly tciiiiicrcd climate. The company has made many inn;:ovements in the way of piirks and irrigating ditches, and has d(>:'.<tlcd land for school purposes. The tnu ji was incorporate I in 187!t. The population in 1884 was ."{,000. Tiiei;- wiic gord schools, several cliurchcM, an(f two newspapers, with a ctmsideraliif -mil growing husiness. Cleora was founded in the interest of the Atcliisoii, 'li. peka, and Santa Fe railroad, wlien it was expected that this road wnilil liavc secured the right of way tlirough the (irand cafton of the Arkan.s<i.'< livur, which was finally granted to the Denver and Rio(irande company. Ha' i'l^ refused any patronage to the hantling of its rival, the latter company laid ni t the town of Sali.la, two miles above Cleora, to which the inhabitants ami business of the abandoned town immediately removed. Smith, in his Slut' ■ mi'iit; MS., says: 'When Cl'.'ora was deserted, two brothers called K."ijiiin went to Oriental, where they distov^red a mine, near where Villa (Imvc now is . . Fletcher Taylor went to Bonanza, i:i Saguache co. Dr Brim went to the Monarch district ... Judge Hawkins built a hotel (at Cleora) whidi prosperetl until the town was abandoned ... 1 n 1879 Capt. Blake was one of the prominent merchants in Cleora. Tliere were tliree lunibiT yards in Cleora, one l)elonging to Allen & Mack, who afterward moved to Sahda.' ^^ Miss Millie Ohmertz, in her Fnmile Pionffriiii/, MS., states tliat slie went to the Arkansas valley, miles above Salida, in 1878, and for tiinc years lived on a farm; but in 1881 moved to Salida to take charge of (iov. Hunt's real estate, he having left the Rio (iraiido company to undert.iko tlio development of extensive coal mines neat Laredo in Texas, ami to assist in the Mexican National railroad enterprise. In 1884 (reorge .Sjtckett, from Ohio, came to Salida and invested in real estate in and about the town, all of which he placed in Miss Ohmertz' hands as his agent. She is also niaiiiigir of the lauded interest of several Denver owners. J. VV. O'Connor, ciunty physician of Chiffee co., was born in I'.l. in IS.')'.'. and educated at the Rush medical "ollege, Chicago, graduating in 1 87'.). H« came immediately to Denrer, where he was appointed resident physic-iari the Arapahoe co. hospital. In 1880 he removed to Chaffee co., and the fol lowing year was appointed surgeon of the railway. He suiierintemUJ tlie construction of the railroad hospital at Salida. of the 1 wa.-^ ua.s cliuril \ CHAFFEE. 686 the business of the place was removea, and its growth was thenceforth slower. The railroad company in issd liad extensive buildings and works; the town was well watered, and had a bank, an opera-house, clumhes, schools, good hotels, a public reading-room, Saliha ani> Vicinity. pleasant drives, and was generally prosperous, being in tiu' centre not only of rich nuning districts, but of a good fiirming region, which was being rapidlv set- '* in Oluncrtz' Female Pionrei'tnn, MS., 2, it is said that a Urge nat-ineal mil! ivDuld Ih! ereotetl in 1865 by M. Sackett, and that a large amolter wait talked of by other capitalists. A coal mine, miles below Halida, owned bv Davis, Ctrstarphan, and Craig Brothers, was about to bo oj^ieued. J. U. Stead, f ( 1 ft8(i ('t)lINTIRS OF COLOKAIM). Clear reek county, not largo, but important, was the scene of some of the earliest mining discovorics after the slight indications of Cherry creek, and one of the original seventeen counties organized by the first legislature. The early history of this p.*rti(>ii of Colorado has been quite fully given," Its name was taken from the creek which flows through it, the lii^r],. lands along which for thirty-seven miles are filled with veins of silver. Another silver belt extfiids from Idaho springs up Chicago creek to Argentine bom Li Albany, N. Y., in 1827, came to Colorado from Cliicago in i88(), locating at Maysville, and remaining there for 4 years, when he runidvcti to Salida. He waa engaged in mining and uieruhandising. Ina maniiMcriptliy him entitled Towu-lnMiwf are the following notes on Chafi'ee co. and Salida; ' Near Salida is the Mcdalia copper mine, producing silver and coppur, a very valuable mine. In Clialk creek district, 15 mUua from Salida, is the Mary Murphy mine, valued at $:),0UO,000, besides several others of pr()s|iective §reat value.' On Monarch hill he mentions the M'>uarch, the Madoiin.i, pro- ucing 100 tons per day, owned by the Pueblo and t'oloratlo Minini,' aiii Smelting company at Pueblo, the Magenta, the Eclipse, Paymastit, .Sileut Friend, Robert Wilscm, Fairulay, ami Lexington. He represents tlie Arkin- sas valley between Salida ami Maysville as being a tine agricultural rcgiun, with many valuable farms growing all kinds of grain, apples, and Hinall fruits, while the mesas or tablelands north of them are also productive lAiiVfi tlic streaiiis, which means that they only need irrigation to become ferti!>'. ^ee also Frank Eiirlea Hntiila, ita Miwral, AijriruUurtil, Mnnn/drturin;/, /.'v'/mia', ReaoureeA, Loration, Soriety, CUiinUe, Btixiuem, etc., a pamplilct coiit.mim,' a map and a directory: Colonuh, The Press ami Pfopl", MS., a <1; -tati"!! taken from M. R. Moore, pctstiiiaster of Salida in 18S4. Moore was luini m Indiana, in 184(3, and came to Cob) from Kansas in 187r>, locating hinix If in Sun .liiaii eii., wlience he removed to Salida in 1880. Hepubli.sliedamiiiilur of new.ipapors whii-ii will be mentioned elsewhere, and estaMislinl thu AfoHiiUuii Mail at Salida. L. W. Craig came to Salida in 1S80 an! cucaiu'Fil in merchandising for live years. In 1885 ho sold out and opened a ]>iivat« bank, known as Mie Continental Divide bank. He had previously i!,i'le» fortune in the cattle business in Montana, and was owner in soiiie I 'iHri.li) mines. There were several other aspiring new towns in Cliatlee coiiii!\, in i88(>, all owing their existence primarily to mining, but gradually <levi lop- ing other resources of the country. These were Alpine, ArborvilU', .\im'ri- ens, Arkansas, Columbus, Chafi'ee, Carnicl, Cascade, Ceutreville. Chalk Mills, Cove Rock, Creei Camp, Crazy Camp, Hiviile, Foose'a Camp, Forrr^t, C'lty, Free Gold, (larfield, Cn^on Gulch, llaiu-iK-k, Herring's Park, Ilclcrr*, Ilor tense. Junction City, Knoxville, Kraft, I^ke Fork, Mc(!ee, Maiiirivillf, Mears, Midway, Nathrop, North Yot\l, I'ine Crock, Sharano, Sihonlalc, Spaulding, St Klmo, Taylor Oulcli, Trout Creek, Wellsville, Wintiili. The pop-ilation of the county in 1884 waa 10,000. ""O. K. Lohow Wi\s discoverer of the Spanish bar divings, and soil In mine for $4,000, receiving his pay in cattle and horses with which lie li<'^» ' Htock-farming (m Cherry creek. In 1800 he locate<l with his brothi- t L. IjoIiow, a rancho att'latte cafion where he resided until 1870, seruiii); in the mean time 1,000 acres in San Luis valley, which he fenced Miid stiuikdl with cattle. Then he iMJcame a resident of Denver, with an interest iu iiiiinj at Silver Oliff, in Custer county. CLEAR CRKEK. fi87 pass. The principal gold district was immediately siirroundint? Empire, in the vicinity of which there wcro also some rich silverniinos. Clear Creek county was the scene of the first successful milling and smelting of silver ores, as well as of the manufacture of the first silver brick by (iarrett, Martine, & Co." "Among the Btainp-inillH mo freely introduced from I8(i0to \iUH was the What (.'hecr mill at (icorgetowu, arranged at fir»t for the crushing and amal- giiinating of auriferoiu ({uartz. When it was ascertained that no Mup|ily of treu-inilling ores were to be found in that district, the mill was leased to (iarrctt, Martine &. Co. for 5 years, who introduced Bruckner cylinders for rnastirig and revolving barrels for amalgamating silver ores. In spite of the ijuuiy ditHuulties to l>e overcome, this firm saved 80 to8.')i>ercentof the silver treated. Tliis was in 18G7. In 18(58 they sold to Hueiieden & Co., but the biiperititendent, embezzling the funds of the firm. I'almer Si Nichols next atine into possession of the mill, and failed. In IS7H the Pelican company {lurciiasud the pro^ierty, and having renovated and addt^l to its machinery, iiiaile several thousand bars of silver from tho ores of the Pelican mine, in ifi'tl tiie mill was leased to Ballon, Napheys & iUt., who oporatud it for 10 luiiDths at a loss, after which it was used as sampling-works by the Boston aud Colorado Smelting co. The next exT)erinient, by Prof. Frank Dibdin of the International Minmg Co., began in 18<>8, at Hunt Arfrentinc, 8 miles from I leorf;ctown, and has already been spoken of. This mill ran for 4 years on the couipany's ore, mixed with the lighter ore from tho Belmont and Harris iiiiaos, under the superintcntlence of P. McC'ann. At tliesanie time tlio linker Silver Mining Co., Jiiseph W. Watson, Buperintendeut, erectt^la mill at W^est Argentine, which was destroyetl by fire. Meanwhile, J. 0«car Ntewart, of licorgctown, was experimenting M'ilh a small reverboratory furnace, and two :inial>;:iinating pans, erected in 1S(>7, and achieved snlKcient success to induce rastcrti capitalists to furnish money to erect a ^100,000 mill, v\iiii'h wasniod- dcil alter his experimental works. But the ores that could bo nul need soon Ixraiiio scarce, and wliilc ho had thousands of tons of tailings on the dump, niiiUiiriing 40 ounces of silver each, he could not extract this without loss. N'uit tlio Arey and JStetefeldt furnaces were tried, which gave too little tinm for thorough .>asting, tlien a smelting ff.rnace for gc^tting ridof thelea<l, and many variations and ailaptations of tho rcverberatory furnace, p.n<l of the limit A. I>iiuglas lea<-hing process, but all in vain. In the meantime the mill was twice burned, aud a total failure was the result. In 1870-71 a mill was eructcil at Masonville, 4 miles below Idaho springs, which also failed after a sliHrttiiuo. A mill WM started in. 1872 at Georgetown by Judd & C'rosl)y, who Bonn a1>andoncd the attempt at making it pay. J. V. Karwcll imrcbascil It, took down the patent furna-.c, i'"' nhu-ed in their stead IJruckiKT cylin dnrs ami amalgamating pans, tvhich, amlcr the management of S. J. ]^earnf<>l, savol a high percentage of the ores treated. The Clear ( ret^k comiiany, by iiMiiga inodihcationofthoHunt, Douglas, ft Stewart leaching process, madoa mcecssful specialty of treating low-grade ores. In this cimtly school was tlm tiiowlcdge aci|uirod which was to henclit the future miner. Among the early experiments was that of smelting for lead. Tho first effort was maile by Bowman & Co., negroes from Missouri, who knew soinc- tliinfi; about lead-mining in that 8t.ttc, and thought to put their knowleilge t > practical use. They erected a nmall smelter a mile altove fJeorgetown, on Lcavonworth fork. It consisted of a rndo water-wheel, a l)clIows, and a 10- fiiotHtack. It wa.s charged a few times with antimonial galena from their mine, the .Argentine, but this class of ore soon gave out, and their smelter Iwcaino worthless. Caleb 8. Stnwel tried tho Scotch hearth with no Initter ti*i\i\u, lu 18(37 the Georgetown Smelting compauy erected a lead smelter ii 588 COUXT1E.S OF COLOEADO. Although the county had produced between 1804 and 1884 bullion to the amount of ^28,447,400, few of with a large stock, and the most approved roasters, which produced a few bars of ba.se bullion, and suspended. Tlie Brown iSilver Mining comitaiiv, which owned two pro<luctive mines, the Brown and Coin, also erecte<l, a1>c>ut the same time, a mill and snielting-M-orks at Brownsville. By tlu- aiil ui galena, iron pyrites, and Muxes secured from other districts, tlie ciiinpaiiv wera enabled to keep their mill goiii^ for a year, wlien it was closed. In tin course of their exiicriments they shipped a large amount of silvf^r to P'nl . one mass weighing 1,8(K) pounds. Suiiscquently the mill M'as leased in tlim different parties, each of w)iich realized a profit from working over the rtfiisp slag. Lead-smelting in Clear Creek co. has been abandrtned, tlic galiMia orts l)eing sent to Golden or Pueblo in Colorailo, or to Omaha, Cliiengo, St Loui^i. AVyandotte, Pittsburgh, or Newark for reduction. Kichanl I'earee. .Saiiiinl Wann, and Hiram Williams attemittcd the smelting of gold and sihcr <ir<"> with the same residta as al>ove, the refractory nature of the silver oivs jin- venting their success. But n-hat can be done in other places can certainly In; done here as well, when the facilities are provided. l1ie first concentratini; mill was intro<luced in IS70 by theWashington Mining association whivli hail Jirst tried Bmcltiiig unsucce.ssfnlly. The Kroni machines for dry concen- tration were trieil. but the mill wa.i burned before a fair test was made. Tin- Clear Creek co. had in 1886 a fifty -ton mill which u.sed Kiom's iniiudvcl dry concentrators with profit, on low-grade ores. Bude Cornisli hand-jigs and buddies had het-n in u.se from tlie discovery of silver; but (ieorge Tec! first systematized their working in 1873, when, as sup'tof theTeriible mine. he induced the company to ereet a<!5-ton mill using the Hartz jigs, Kettlinj;- tanks, and slime-table.s. Teel, Foster, and Kddy erected the Silver I'lunif null in 1875, which finally failed and was sohl to Franklin Ballou. W. \V. Knsi & Co., in 1875, builta concentrating mill to reduce the ores of the Now lii>»t<iii mine on l>cm(K.'rat mountain, which failed on account of poor ore. Joim Collom, after 10 years of experimenting, had a mill buut from <l(;.sii.'n-i of his own, at Idalio. The l>underbcrg co, erected at their mine, in ISTS-'J, a conccntrating-mill of 40 tons capacity, with 5H"rtz jigs, and iin|iiov('il machinery; and A. P. Stevens erected a 20-ton niiil at Lawson. .Seviial inventions have been intrtMluccdfrom time to time, but none that have Ixon able to save all the silver, and some of which have failed entirely. Tlic Frecland Mining co. erected at Idaho springs, in 1879, the best apixiintol concentrating-mill in the state at that time, with acapacity of 1 15 tons daily. It used 12 Hartz jigs for seiiarating the worthless rock from the ore, aini a rotary circular buddle for dividing the latter into pure ore, seeond'i, and tail- ings, and savetl by means of a second stamp-mill all that the rock containc-il; but the ore of their mine ran two thirds gidd to one third of copper, silver, iron, sulphur, and arsenic. Tlicn there were the Farwell reduction-works, and Pelican rciluction-worksat Creorgetown; the Colora<lo United Mining company, the Hnkill com]>any of Spanish liar, the Miles company of Idaho, wet concentrating-milN; the Sunshine of Idaho, the Pioneer, Knickerlmcker, and Bay State of Empire, raw gold ore amalgamators. The ore-.saiiipIiiiB. buying, and shipping firms were: at Georgetown, Uocky Mountain mill, Matthews, Moms & Co., established in IS'ii, burned, and rebuilt in 1877: Washington mill, Olmstead & Ballou, 1872; O. W. Hall & Co., 1871-':: Clear Creek com|>any, 1876; J. B. Church, 1871; P. McCann, Georgetown and Lawson, 1877-^; Silver Plume, Ballon & Co., 1875; Harry Montg'unery, Idaho Springs, 1876. The mnnlter of men directly employed in niining, milling, and handling ore in Clear Creek co. was estimated by Fossett to le 2,000. The mines have returned an average of $.1 per day for the men thun employed, and have at tlie same time l)een advancer! nearly or quite an wi" '! amount in value by each day's Ialx>r, the mining property of Clear ( 'ifik c > being estimatc<l at $20,000,000, which was wliat the county bad jTiiduri'l in gold, silver, lead, an<l copper down to 1880. MINES AND MINING. 589 tlio iniiics were down to any great depth. The Ter- riblo, situated on Brown mountain, three miles from Georgetown, had reached a depth of 1,300 feet. The ore at this depth yieUled 200 ounces of silver to the toij. Twenty-five or thirty othcT large mines in Sil- ver Plume district were the producing mines of the county, though the Dumont, Idaho springs, Fall river, Chicago crefjk, Atlantic, and Daily districts Wire promising, and some yielding well. Not more than half a dozen mines used pumps. The deeper miius were growing richer. Hence the inference that tills country has before it a long and prosperous career at mining. The population in 1880 was about 8.000. (Georgetown, the county si-at, is situated at tin; licad of a level vallev, with mountains towering above it covered with pine and veined with silver. It lias apopulation of 3,500. Higher, and at the foot of Republican, Sherman, and Leavenworth mountains, are the ininiuij towns of Silver Plume and Brown- ville, with 1,800 and 1,000 hdiabitants respectively. Xotwithstauding the altitude of Georgetown, 8,504 feet, the mountains rise so much above it that half the day's sunshine is cut off except in midsummer." ^'Thntnaa Coo{)er, born in Kent, Eng., migrated to the U. S. in 1852, and after several removes and a visit to his native laml came to Colorado in 185!), engaging ia placer mining with success, making some valuahle diHcoveries. He became one of the owners of the Chamui<m. Prank J. Woml, another of the men of 1859, was born in Ohio in 18:{9, iiiid came to Colorado from Iowa. His first location was at Cuntral, where '■M remained at mining for five years, making considerable money which he lost ill »i>oculation. He then set himself up in merchandising at Kmpiro, but in I8()7 removed to Georgetown, where he opened a drug store. After a time lio sold out an<l wen*^ into the book and stationery trade. F. .1. Marshall, nh(» urganixed the Marshall Silver Mining company, which sold its property to tne Colorado Central Consolidated fining com- luny, and iias lieen connected with some of the most celebrated minus in the eciunty and state, was bom in Va in 181fi. He foundwl Marysville, on the Big Blue river, Kansas. He was a mcml)er of the first and second logisla- tiiresof Kansas. In the struggle of 1855 he was elected by the legislature 'irigidu'r-general of militia, ami afterward promoted t<> lie major-general and I'tirnniaiider -in -chief of the Kansas militia. In IS.'ifi he was elected governor iiiiihT tlie Lecompton constitution, but retired to private life in 18.57. Two years afterward he came to Colormlo, and after a few years settled himself at (tcorgetown. Hiarles P. Baldwin, a mining man of fleorgetown, was bom in Maine in ISKf). On the breaking out of the reltellion he raised a company and enlisted in Hirvicu of hits cuuutry, being promoted until he reached the raDd of briga- ;i li i| MO f'OUNTlKS OP C!<)U)RAI)0. The only other towns of any note in the county are Idaho springs," B^reehmd, Empire City, Bakervilio, Dunjont, and Red Elephant. <lier-gencral. llo was president of the board appointed to auilit war clainu at Richmond after Lee s surrender. On lieing mustered out in \HCAi hu uiiiie to Colorado, selecting (rcorgctown for a residence on account of the silver mines. After prospecting and mining for a time ho purchased the Comt't lode, which in a few months yieldeil $IU,UOO, but could never be made to re- peat this production. In 1871) he came into ownership of the Magnet, winch tor a long time was a rich and productive property. In 1S84 he wa» aii. pointed manager of the Terrible group of miners. Ho was a man of gtxnl ability and commantled the respect of all. Russell J. Collins, who eamo to Oeorgetown in ISOtifre.ih from the annv, in ',v!sich he had served as surgeon of an 111. regiment during the war. Hi was born iu N. U. in IS'28, and graduated from Berkshire oollogo in is.'ii, afterward practising inUrand R24)ids, Mich., and in 111. Cicorge >V. Hall, born in N. \ . in IS'J,"), came to Colorailo in IfStiO, fiiiiai;- ing in luml>er dealing at Central and at Empire, but removing liu.iliy r (ieorgetown in 18(58. In 1878 he engaged actively in mining, and Ki'au:.' manager of the Colorado Central Consoliilated Mining company's mints, which i)rotluced $500, (KX) in one year. ^'Itlaho .Springs was the lir.st settled town in the county. It was willaii its limits that the first mining was begun in IS.'ti) on Chicagt> bar. AUoiit 'JOii miners were attracted thither, many of whom remained over winter, aiul u\ 18(10 the town was perceived to be a lixed entity. .\ hotel was opened mi ;i log cabin, kept by I*. W. Beebe, which was the precursor of the present bed'.' house. Amoi\g the pioneers of 1859 who still remained in 18S0 were Wilhaiii Hobbs, JohnNeedam, and A. V. Smith. A. M. N(»xon, E. F. Hollaml. R. H (Jriswold, John JSilvertooth, M. B. Graeff, John W. I]dwards, and others, .set- tled in 1S()0. In 1801 religious services began to bo held by an itinerant j)re.-vcher nicknamed the Arkansas Traveller, who.se real name was HiukIi, mtA>rmitted with sermons by another preacher named Potts. In IStiOtlio llukill quartz mine was discovered, and in 18(il the Seaton quartz mine an<i the first stamp mill erected. And in this year the county was orijaniwil, and the county seat located at Idaho Springs. It was not until ISdH tliat any attention was given to improving the hot soda 8j)rinK.s, when l!. S. Cummings erected a small bathing house. In iS66 Harrison Alonta^m; iiur chased tliem and began to jirepare for the reception of visitors and imatiils. Their medicinal qualities and nearness to Denver have made them a |iii[inl ir resort and tiie chosen residence of anumborof wealthy families. Tiie tern peraturo ranges from 70" to 110" Fahr. iu the several springs, which isteiniit'rtil to use by water from Sodacreck. The altitude of the springs is 8.000 feet, the Hcenery attractive, and the elimato agreeable. In 187S a government jiatdU was obtaineil for the town-site, and a board of trustees organised, with li. H (Iriswold presiilent. It was not until railroad facilities reached it that tlio town began to make any rapid progress. The population in 1S84 was between 8(W and SHKT. This history oi' Idaho Springs is only a projier introduction to the histury of the present county seat and metropolis, (ieorgetown. In 18,")!) (lenrge ••". (Jritlith and I). T. (Irillith, his brother, while prospecting for gold, folinwvi the windings of South Clear creek to the foot of the mountains. wIuti- (ieorgetown now stands, and discovered the (Iriffitii lode, which rum iiiti' the town-site. Like most of the silver lissure mines, it showed golil at the toj), .and was rich. (Jritfith mining district was organized June W. IS'.iO. after a number of discoveries hiid been made in the neighborliood of th'' first (leorge F. (irittith was the first recorder, and James Burrell lirst president About the same time the town was laid off, and named Klizabethtown, after a water of the UrilfiUis. A rude water mill, with 12 woodou, iriiu-«liutl CONKJOS. .-i!)l leiTi!' Conejos founty, firat named Guadaloupe by the ature of 1 80 1, and changed during tlio same sos- i>v H iiimcs, siaiii)';-. piiuiuled out the gold from the <irit{ith, Kiirrell, rorisaiinic, ami \,in,y Idiles, which siMin, howev r, UHrayetl that rofraotory eharactor which ii,ir.ily/i'tl mining for a time. I'or two weeks in 18l>3 John T. Harris was the MiloilViiizen of tno town, tiie population having run after the hetter |>aving (li.-ifKMrii's at lilaho, Spanish bar, and Kmpirc, leaving lieorgetown to deso- latidii I n I S«U"(i5 a company ft)rmed in the ca^t erected a mill, which, on tri;il. «;i.< a failure, and the discovery tliat this was really a silver district .(miiiii: a'lKUt the sanie time, started on again the car of progress. Iii Sep- tinilicr IStVi Kx-provisioiial tiovernor It. \V. Steele, James Huff, and Rohert Lavti'ii <lir<('i)vered the Itolmoiit lode, in East Argentine tlistrict, which, ou luiiiw' ■•■'''''ycd, as I have related, estalilished tiio argentiferous character of tlu' rii.'i<in ahout (teorgetown. From this time its pros|H'rity was assured, 111 iM'iT it was resurveyed and platted hy Charles Hoyt, under direction of till' oiti/fiis, and the iiatiiei'lianned totJeorgetown, by vote at a mass meeting lu'lil a the corner of Hose and Mary streets. At the general election t)f this vi'.ir It ln'camo the county seat, and was incorporated in ilan. IStiS. Under Its miiiiic'ii>al organization its tirst police judge was Frank Dilxiin. The se- liitiiii'ii of tlie 1st ward were \V. W. Ware and Charles Whitner; of the 2d wiinl. 11. K. IVarson and John Scott. The Colortiili} .Vim r newspaper was 1 -t.iMislied the same year, l>y .1. F.. Wharton ami A. W. itaniiird, the ofiico ItiiiL' in a I'ihy 14 Imilding in the lower town. About the same time the pub- lic mIiooI was organized. Miss h. II. l.«inder being t lie lirst teaciier. She was Ironiifd in Clear creek about tlio last of June, KStiT, slipping from the foot- 1 .i< ticiil as a bridge. In lS7l) tiie mining camp of Silver I'lunie, twt> njiles iliiivo (ieorgetown, was first settled, and named after the mine, which, has since liecomo famous and given its name to the district, which contains many .>f tlif most important mines in tiie couiity. The riclmess of tiie iJives. I'eli- (•an, and other mines provoked cupidity, and consetiiient litigation, which for }(;irs netted a rich prolit to tlie leiial I'raternity. '1 he Terriole was at leniith s.ilil to an Knglish company, which has )ii>eraily aided its devcloument. <Murg(t(iwn receives the beiietit of the immediate neigldiorliood of these iiiiiu's. Iicsitles being the seat of most of the reduction-works of the county. I'lilike the more modern towns of Colorado, little care was bestowed u|M>n <trii t> or liuildiiigs, although the character of the latter soon improved. It li.ui ail t Ncellent puldic school, and several ciiurches. Tlie nictluxlists ori;an- i/cil 111 ISti4, R T. Vincent, preacher at Central City, otticiating. They trtrttil a I liurch, costing §8,000, in ISO!*. The prosbyterian church organized n lMi',1. ami erect^'tl a stone edifice in 1874. The eoiscopalians tir.st organ- /I'li ill IS(i7. F. W. Winslow rector, and built a small church in IStiJI, which wa.x iltstroyed by a hurricane soon after its completion. It was rebuilt, and Ml 1S77 received a large jiipe-organ, tlie lirst in tieorgetown. The catholics, :is nMi.il, sicured a valuable block of land wiicn tlie town was tirst laid out, 'niuiii:is Foley being their lirst pastor. In 187- they built a small wooden liiunli, uiid in I87">a brick edilice, costing SI'J.OOO. tieorgetown posses.ses a toiiil system of waterworks. The company was tirganized in 1874. The l"»iili,is also a lire department, consisting of several comi)anies. At a tour- iiitiuiil, litKl under the auspices of the state association, at tieorgetown, the .MiHiu' licise company won the tirst prize, consisting of a silver tea-set and a '■rass c;imioii. In a contest with a Penver company the same year, the Dates tiosc ((iiiiiiany of (Georgetown were victorious. In 187!', with the other 'iiorgftdwn companies, they took the tirst prize of iflrtOat both the hose and tiiKikaiiil-l.idder race.*, and laterinthe year, at the state tournament in Pen- ''T. .iijain took the tirst jiri/.e in the hose race. The Star book-and-ladder '"ni|iaiiy lias aLsowon a long list of ]irizes. Among them area silk Hag, pre- •vntiil liy the women of (Jeorgetowii, and two silver trumiMits. At the state touriuuiuut at Ueorgetowu, iu 1877, they were victorious, oud at » tuurna- :l r- 592 cou^^IEs of coloraikj. sion to Conejos, was until the advent of tlie railwav inhabited ahuost exclusively by a Spanish- Auk tic an \ i-.'ir iiiuiit at t'lieyenne, iii July 1878, they won IfSO. lii August nf tlie k;iiii. they t<M>k t'lo champion l)elt at the state tournainunt lielrl at I'ut-lilo, aixj ji^T.'i in goltl. (teorgetown liaa a public hospital, and a nuiiilicr of Hei-ret and U. iievolcnt orders and societies. The man wlio sawed tlie lumlier to linl.i t),,. first frame liouses in Idaho Springs was Williiini F. l)<ilicrty. He u-k lidru in Me in 1837. He learned the traile of an iron-moulder, working tlnnai. and making occasional voyages to sea. In 18ti'J he enlisted in the Nt K. \. cavalry, was in several important engagements, and carried the rulnrs m Sheridan's fiimoua ride, in Oct. 1864. He was mustered out in Ftl). isd.'i, and came to Colorado in May following. After mining at Black 11,'iuk ciie year he settled at Idaho Springs, where, as miner andluml>ernian, he rv-iiii^il continuously. In 1884 he puroliased the Spa hotel. F. F. Ohiston, horn in England iu 1843, came to the U. S. as seint iry of the Washoe Mining company of Ileno, Nev., in 18<i4, where he reiiiiiiiHiliwo years. He was aft irward supt of different mines on the Cimstock, iind i ame to Colo iu 1879, when lie purchased, in company with J. W. Ma«k:i}, ilp Freeland mine, which proiluced, in the ti years following, .«?'J,()(H),()0(l! He also purchased, with Mai-kay, the I'lutus, auolhcr valual)le mine. T!il- two mines together produced $'J0,000 per month. The Freeland ;iiiiie. iii Is.").', had two miles of tunnelling. The ^iroperty ia over a mile in length, ami is situated on South Clear creek, 4 miles from Idaho springs, an<l twn unkn from the Colorado Central raildroad. B. D. Allen, horn in Ohio in 1845 came to Colorado in 1880. He w.i-^ auditor of the express company until 1884, when he purchased, with Mat- thews & Weill) of Denver, the sampling-works at Iilaho Springs, of wliicii he became manager, doing a bu8ine.4S of J$10(),0(X), and handling L.'iiK) tuns of ore per month, or about three fourths of all the output of the district. The only other town in Clear Creek county in 188(5, with a history, was Empire. In the spring of lH&i a few prospectors from Spanish bar, a small district contiguous to Idaho springs, namely, < ieorge Merrill, Joseph Musstr. Oeorge L. Nicholls, and l>. C. Skinner, temporarily organized Union liistru't for putcer mining, and founded a settlement, Merrill and Musser erecting thi' first cabin. Dr Bard, after whom Bard creek is named, drove the tirst wagmi into the new town. About August 1st Edgar Freeman and H. <'. Cdwlei^ came across the mountains from Central. Prospecting on Eureka inoiintain, they picked up some bits of wire gold, and, stimulated by tiiis discuviTy, continued with others to search for mines of gold and silver in the district. In Sept. D. C. Dailey & Co. discovered a l<Mle which they l)elieveil tn lie sil- ver, namiug the mountain where it was found Silver mountain, and the lode Empire. Ihe Keystone lo<le was discovered almut the same time. The min- ers at once prm^eeded to complete the organization of the district, electing, in Dec, Henry Hill prcs., H. C. Cowles miners' judge, D. J. Hall clerk ami recorder, James Ross sheriff, and George L. Nicholls surveyor, all of wIkhii remained in office until the organization of the territory. Some further ik- velopment of the mines in Union district showed them to be auriferous, an<l population flowed in from the adjoining districts. The settlement tuok the name of Empire City, and was surveyed and laid off in lots and Mocks hy (t. L. Nicholls, H. C. Cowles, 1). J. Ball, and Ed. Freeman. The euthiisiaMii of the tirst set-to at quartz-mining received a check when the owners of Imlt'.s had come down to pyrites, and the flush times of Empire were over in IMi.'i; but ever since the art of mining properly and profltably liegan tn 1'f mas- tered, the mines about Empire have steadily yielded a golden retiun. The town, albeit it is a prettily situated spot, has never returneil to the -tnima- tion of its first days, and remains but a miners' camp. Lawson, a mining camp six miles l)elow Georgetown, nameil after Alex- ander Lawson, owes its existence to the Red Elephant group of inin^js, d^ covered iu 187('. Dumout, two miles below, was formerly known as Mill COSTILLA. or .Aiexlcan population, which whlln iu bers t.. the general assemiwl , • ! ^^""^ ^^"* "^em- mnnU-ation tith the Ur fc ^^^^lo com. north of them." """^ ^^*^« Americans to the Jl'V'i™ Re cou.ur'"Tj"a ^P'' '° '"»»'»• «f John M n„„„„, Ti.Miul, ({ear Creek K ia n » °^'''''' settlementa are »Lt ^ ',""?*> ""e of "o»,.,.,ville, DryTiiS^St^'^'"^^ ^'*1«. J^uSh Tu^„''?''y!"«' Baltimore ♦reck. Silver Dale ^SoutT/M ^^''r,' ''"'^'"' ^o th^f„'' "'"•/•"r'^'liJ. «il8on'; -'An exception to fl.o 1 ^"'■^'li'ver. t""'"*»'»"e, Stevens to act a. c lorK hU'^''?r° '.'° remainecl 4 years whiJ.?^*" ''^"* *« T'enver in 'larifs of tiio county 1 av. I ' *"'' '" ^^84 to tie 8tat«?" . *?" «''<'^"'e<l 'till contains a aS ar.'. '''"^" .^^'^/ral times chanced ^^ ??**?• • ^'''« '^""n* 'n.epri„cipaH„,lSrS t'r''?' ^'"'-''' "«« X^e; ie'i!"'"'^''-'. ''"tit «-«'"«. and cattle raisi.^*''n^"*r''^'!'-«^l Period were iat'L-"" "*"^>'- "' tlic Nan Juan minnrVl*^;! '** '^^nnng production, f,., "^**-'^a'«"»g, wool- ■Mevioans that when tJ.e a^' "^'f ' ''"* «"^h S t e Z'^ " """l?^ •"^'•'"^t r^K'"". "-"'y abandoned it Th'^'"*'''^''^" Populatkn En''?^"''"^","^ *''« frc ij^lit: IS. r,, ifi-o" ,"• Those who were l..fr« ?*" *" "ivade tliis --1 and tl ese wdl Vro 11^ "^^^""'">ns settled at M.n"*'^^ *^"'P'°>'«d as favor.il,ly. Anim„;Jl .•''^'^/^''''* the aKriculturnl . *''**^' «" <''"n^J08 ^s^-^ wi.iohj l'STf^f^r^^*^*»'^'«avifns w^^^^^^^^^ "^ ^^'^ «y ".KlercnltivaldeeoStion T**''*^ '"'»'''> ^^i" bS a 1.. ""?"*; ^"'K'-^*- ^ngMialcnnty seat was a i ( •,! 7^'"'^' ^«*»'h is vS' litt^^^l ^''^ "/ '*"•! McMian town an.I 1. <'Uadaloupita, but w,7 i ^.''*'''*-''"M- The ^Hto„„ havin'i ''^^''^^"''altride Alan. ''""l^^'' *« Omejos. a ^"••"try. i s LtoT'^V,"" ^'"^ Santa f1 Kin'' '"'r^'"'-' *''e pr n! f-na of mountain viewl'lS' ^*.,*" ''^^'^t'o'^ of 7 49'> f.S ^^ "1^ *''""«* J''e situat.oa it i., a Sitin J^ I "^ *''*V P^*'" «" every , id. ^i ^'"' » I'ano- ("^^t six n.onths the sah « '<F ^'''*";- ^^ ^'as founded in Tn .I!-*" ^'■""' '*» ;^.t'.Mo..e„ta.lva„inf7con'^?''"'''''' «^^-«' -l^o tthl a r«*V' *° '-'- 'i- thl Smt'^Ssa'^^^ MeSani t" "thSl^*^ -"'^toti;;' '•''>»«alo,,uaccountnf ♦i*^^**'P""««'sagov;rnmenf J ^ ^""^"^ «f the """"' '"ro The "* ° * '^ ^'••''at hot basin of ,no.l? • '^^,««'"^ation withheld "■^- .^u. .ruan r:.;'^"^;^ -'^ted west fr^ AkntTlr*'"' .r'»'^'»t ",""'try about it is Z^;i '*^ headwaters. Its altrtmL • *'iV'"*'' ^'^e of aidant,.,.., which «n^^ "' -^f*^ "'" «l''nate LrS L " '-0** f«et. the '"■'•^e tins a noted J .^'^'*'' «enic and othfr !?. ' * combination of "''^ '■"•-■n.n.^Fatl 7* :^}l^nover the required in„t*'*'""^' ?«•""»««" to H.i"^- .^- l^"-uc, Lo. SerribS; ^^0^^^^^^^^^^ t',. HHi ir'f' Dv4 COUNTIES OF COLORADO. P Costilla county was originally larger than at [jrcg. ent.'* Its characteristics and history are similar tu those of Conejos, having a Mexican population, and embracing a portion of the San Luis valley or park. A part, also, of the county is claimed as belongintf to the Sangre de Cristo, or Beaubien grant, and is unsurveyed." Rincones, Rio Granile, Rivane, San Antonio, San Jose, San Kufacl, .St-rro Largo Servilleta, Sheldon, tShultze Rauuho, and Spring Creek. ''For earlier county boundaries, see Oeii. Laws, Colo, 18G1, 52-7; Id 1864. 68-9; Id., 1877, 186-216. '*Tlio history of this grant is given in a manuscript by Cutler, of the Den- ver JotirmU of Commerce, in my possession, as follows: A few years l>«fi.ri the Mexican war two Canadians, Charles lieaubleu and Miranda, t-fttlitl at Taos, then a state of tho republic of New Mexico, under the dictatorship < i Santa Anna. The local governor of Taos wa« Armijo, a Mexican of culture and liberal i<lcaa. He had for a secretary and conBdential adviser I'ljarlts Bent, the same who was made military governor of New Mexico l>y (ieu. Kearny when the U. 8. acquired that territory, and who woo kilUif lu the massacre of Taos not long after. The Frenchmen above named odtaineii l.y purchase a large tract of desert countrv, lying north of Red river, tlje chiu' consideration being their promise to induce an imniigratio» from Canaiiaau'l France, an obligation which they never fultilled, although the grant ua^a]'- E roved by the Mexican government, and signed and scaled by .'>iaiita .\niia. lUcien Maxwell married the dauglitcr of Beaubien, and purchaM-il i.f his father-in-law for a small sum all that part of the grant lymg north of I'.ed river, and l)etween that stream and the Baton mountains. He crecte<l a fine house on the Cim<irron, where he entertained in good old feudal style, cur- rounded by his dependents, and owning immense herds of cattle. she< p. anJ blooded horses, employing as herders aU the Cimarrons. About IMi'J Wil-.u Waddington, Jerome B. Chaffee, and George M. Chilcott purcha*e<l tlie Mai- well grant for an English syndicate, each of them making a fortune out of ii. The hlnglish company bonded the land in Holland as security for a large amount of money, and when the loan became due allowed it to be hold. Bu: the Dutch proprietors in a few years tired of their useless pos'fesMou^, and the land was sold year after year for taxes. Their agent in New Yirk wa- Frank Shen»'in, who bought in the shares of the Hmland firm as he coul.i obtain them until he iKscame proprietor, and then he laid claim to a uuieltit of land on the north-west bonier of the grant, extending over th< Katou mountains into Costilla county, Colorado. Mining in this county i:i c late beginning, but promises well. Its iron mines include et me of tl.e largest bmlies of that melal yet found in the state, the ore taken 'nUi here lieing smelted at Pueblo and Denver. Tlie first county teat wa:? >aii Miguel, changed to San Luis, the principal town in the county, lliecii) other town of any note is Placer. Antonio A. Salaza, l)om at Alii<iuiu, N- M,, in 1848, began herding sheep at 10 years of age, remaining at tliat occa- nation 6 years, when he went to work in a general store in San Luis, l*c('ffi- ing clerk, then treasurer of the county for two years, next, a stoik raiser an'i a merchant. He was elected to the general assembly in 1880, ami to tlic stau senate in 1882. He never spent a day in school, and acquired his e.lucatiin by night study. The following are the settlements in the county : lii)! BeO''- Big Hill, Charmer, Conlon's Ferry, Costilla, Elkhom, Fort Oarlaml. l-arlaui City, Grayback, La Trinchera, I^ojeta, Medano Springs, Mountain Hinif. Orean, Russell, San Accacio, Sangre de Cristo, San Pedro, SpalJiug, Undtr- hill, Upper Culebra, Valles, Wayside, Wilcox, WiUi&nu* CUSTER, DELTA. 8W Ciister, formerly a portion of Fremont, from which it was cut off in 1877, is a small county, lying on the t'iist slope of the Sangre de Cristo range. It con- tains the El Mojada or Wet mountain valley, an ele- vatL«l Imsin with an undulating surface, sentineled by lofty peaks, and offering some of the finest scenery in tlie state. The extent of the valley, which is watered l»y (irape creek, a tributar}' of the Arkansas river, \s tsvL'iity-five miles in length by ten in width. Its ele- vation, from 6,500 to 7,000 feet, d«»es not prevent it beiu*; a good farming region, although the lower and smallor Hardacrabble valley, twenty miles east, is more productive, with a shorter and les-s severe win- ter season. Wet mountain valley was for s;>nie years overlooked or neglected, owing to the difficulty, or ratluT, impossibility, of taking wagons through the (anons of Oak and Hardscrabble creeks leading into it; and although it was prospected for minerals in 180;}, it had not a single settler before 1869. It was seleeted about this time for the seat of a German col- ony numbering 367 souls, who settled there in 1870.*' "Tlie firstiirospectors in the valley were S. Smith, Melrow, and Wetmore, of I'iu'IpIo. Tlie hrst settlers, in I8G!), were Vi.ris, Hi>ni<r, and Taylor, wlio t'hik huiil claims that year. Brinrklew <t Ilartirtll, S'ltdhrm Colo, JK). The liUtory of the Colfax Agricultural ami Industrial C'oionizati'>n company i.s as fitllowK : I'rof. Carl Wulsten, impelled 1>y a desire to ameliorate tlie condition of [Kirsims of his own nationality, 'condemned l»y a cruel fate to work in greasy, ill-ventilated, and nerve-destroying factories of the j;reat city of Clii- cig.), formed a colony of about 100 families, and hr'iogiit them to Vet Mountain valley, in his eyes a paradise of l>cauty, fertility, and health-giving air. But the colonists, used to city haliits, and at a loss what to do in a naked CDuntrv, however beautiful, proved ungrateful for the favor eonferre<l, and in iiiontlis tlie organization liad collapsed, every man fwllowing his own tlevioes. It wai doubtlc.'ts best so, for every one of the colonist* was in a few years in p*n\ circii instances, and the benefit aimed at was achieve<l inde|tcndently of organi/ation. About 30 families took land claims, which sjieealily In-came limdnctivo farms; the others went to different parta of the ttrritorj'. but all reinainiiij5 ''i it- William Ackelliein, John anil William Knuth. O. Oroo^ke, earaon kuarath, William Shultz, Ruester, father and son, Dietz, Menzel, Klose, John and Frederick Piorth, Kettler, Philips, Katzenjrtein, Henjes, Filkciilierg, and others were among those who remained. Al»«tract of an ac- "■mutof the colony, by its founder, in BrinekUif and H-trturWi Coin, lOfi-T. Koads were ma<lc, farms opened, and the colonists, lieing joined by others, !oon made this portion of Fremont county blossom aa the mae. But hail it remained purely an agricultural community, its separate organization as Cmh. tcr county might not Iiave occurred. Tlie ubiquitous pr^wijectfjr. in the jMir- sou of Daniel Iktker and C, M. Grimeg, froia ffiack Hawk, lUscuverea a %, I t fi t'!! W' 'M fiOft COUNTIES OF COLOllADO. Dolta is a now county, cut off from Gunnison in February 188 3, lyin<jf on both siih's of tlie north fork of (^lunnison rivor. Wiiat has boon 8ai«l of tlif Kiul- ing foatures of the (jrunnisou country in a jtnviDus provico containing metal in IS71. fJriines was a pioneer, and liad Imi u a Ua.!- iiifC man in (iilpin oo. nn Hlieritranil tiTritorial rupreHcntativu. Me wa^ ni that gonial, lilit'i'al, nu^rry making iliaixisition wiiich Mi-cunil for liiiu tliuiiili riii>ii. ate appc'llatiiiii of 'oliKirinie.t,' accoi-illng to mountain eu.itoiii. Wiilstcii. ;u IW>!», took to t'liioago pieces of roek from tiie vicinity of later diricovcnii ;it (■old Hill, which assayed \l ounces in gold, and 'M ounces in filvcr. )u'i' tun. The Black Hawk mine, later called the Senator, hegan to pay in {."sTil; the I'licaiioiitas and Huml>oI<lt in 1>S74. These were tiie initial point in the iiiiiiiii;^ district named llardscraUlilc, in which more than C(M) locations wcic miuIi previous to 1874. Mining was ear/icd on, amlHomu small smelters iiitriiiiiin.l, liut no excitement was created for some years. Meantime, tlx; iiiiiiin^ town of Uosita had grown up, overshadowing the pioneer settlement nt' I'hi, ^!tll■ ttted on (Jrape creek, in a location thought favoralde to future ^jici'ih". Joseph A. Davis was the first settler at Ula, in Sept. 1871. Somi after li. erected the Ula hottd, antl kept a store in it. The town grew, and the |ii.. i)le having petitioned for a post-ofKce, it was cstahlished, under the iiaine ei Ula, at navis' store. The Wet Mountain Valley Library c-^ssociiitieii wi- founiled in 1874 by R. S. Swcctland and |)r Kii'hter, who was one of the en- ginal colonists. The interests of the district and valley seeming to ih'iri^iiiil it, the legislature created the county of Custer in Maruh 1877, and thi^ i "in niissioncrs, \i. S. Sweetland, H. E. Austin, and T. W. Hull, naincil I'li :i> the county seat, hut it was renkoved soon after, hy election, to liusita. Thu step in advance was greatly hastened l>y the remarkable discoveiy of the Maine gold and silver mine, by Edmimd C. Ilassick, who nanu'd it ,il"ter his native state. This wan in many respects a phenomenal mine, consist iii;.' el ii chimney of circular form, tilled witli lunililei , and from six to -"• feet iii diameter. The ores, both of gi'ld and silver, were new to miiH'r;iie),'i-ts They consisted of a true conglomerate, the kernels of which wen; tr.ieliv ti' . propliyry, and ((uartz, encased iu a cement of a telluride of goM .uiil silver. cxceeedingly ricli. For instance, a lump 12 inches long and wide and six iikhi> in tiiiekiiess weighed 43 pounds, and assayed 87, (KX) per ton. Eii'jiinrriwi '' "' Mluhi'j Jourwtl in Ynnki'e Fork J/nnl'l, Oct. 18, 1879. The pmportleii e gold and silver was 70 per cent of the former to 30 of the latttT. Seine "i these nodules had the telluride coating covered with crystallized Ijlemh' aii'i copiwr pyrites. Altogether, the liassickmine was a discover^ of imieh iiitu- est to tlie scientific worhl, as it was of prolit to its tinder, for it ;'nl<l fur ev. r 81 ,(KX),000 when it was down nearly 3<10 feet. Its yearly yield after ISSO wiis nearly .SLO.lO.lMM). The liassick mine, as it is now called, was situated eii the top of a conical hill, two miles and a half n< :tli-west from Kesita: aii'i it appeared a» if it might have been at some jKiriodof the earth 'j iiist'iry a).'i.^- ser which hai' built this nunind. The suggestion led to prospecting; in 1 1- direction of rtlicr similar eminences, and the discovery, three miles westeily fron; Rosita, of the Oolden Ea<;le, a true fissure vein in black g'-;uiite, carry- ing from two tor five ounces of free cold per ton. In 1878 a miner named Edwards, while passing by a long sloping liilj which from its abrupt termination at one end wa» called the clili', kumki'i otf a piece of rock, which he had assaye<I, and wh'ch returned meiity-seviii ounces in silver per ton, not enough to pay the expense of smelting. Hi thought no more of it for several months, when, weary of unfruitful iini*l«'ii- ing, ho returned with his partner, Powell, to the cliff, and soon fmnnl reil> ■which assayed .*1,700 jwr ton. Taking in another partner. Sp.il'anl, th'> mide further investigations, and located the mines later ccleluitiil :i8 the Racine Boy, Horn Silver and Plata Ver.lc situated ou the luouutaiu mIik'' DOLORES, I>UU(iLAS. an chapti r |x>rtaina alao t<» this division. The town of Diltii is tho county seat. EMcalunte and Dominguez an- two othei new towns. I )..!( ties county waH ostahlishid in 1H81. It con- tains ill its eastern part the great carhonate district they callcil Silver Cliff. Tliiadistrift soon bailo fair to rival I., .ulvillo, the (ires liiiii.' (iiliirick'.s, which neuilutl iin roasting. In ISTD thu (liwcuvfry iiiiiif wan M>lil III Ni'W Viirk to Senator .Toiie!4,of Nuv.idn.aiul .lanii's Ivofut!, iiiul slot '.(t-il i.ir ''^III,IHH>,<M)0. The otlior two hoIiI ei|ually well. Othur c-hloriilo minus ucruMimii aftordiHOovfrc'il, ami more reci'Utly aHccond niiiic, like the lljisNick, lalluil tliL' liiiU Poniin^o. I have not spat'e to mention tlio many important iMiiural (iisi'ovuriuM wliicli have m.nle the new ami Hmall county of Cn.strr iiiiUMu ''iiiil proMpernus among itx oliler nei^hlioM. It8 most imjiortaul tow 11.4 are Ucisita iiml .Silver Clitl, lie tide:* which there are ^<everal hiiHy iiiiniiig aiiiiis. Iiosita. that ia to Hay, little rose, wan founded early in Is7-'t, as the liiiiiitl of the mining district of IlardscraliMe, organised Nov. I*>tli of tho yea. I'l'cvious. The miners gathered in the diHtrict at this time were tlio hriiiiiif lirnthera from CentralCity .Iar\'i.< and son from < Jeorgetown, Schonl- tiild liiiithir.'* from Mill City, .la.iper Bro«ii from Fort <tarlaml. JledgcM, V. li. llovl, James Pringlo, William .1. Uohinsun, Charlex Kagnan, Nicholas M;i«t, 'riiiiinas Barrett, and John Palmer. When the town was Liiil otf Frmk S. Koif was the first Macksmith — he w.-vs afterward niayor of Silver 1 lill' Kiiiiik Kirkham and Lewis Herfort, storekeeiters, James Duncan and I'iiiirk's Nelson, cariMinters, James A. JJiHK'h, afterwanl jiostma.ster, (leorj^o > Ailam-, the first lawyer, J. M. Holison, Woodruff hrothers, Alexander and Thiiiiias 'I'liornton, Charles Fisher, heeiier of the tintt meat market, and livery -lil'lc, VAC. Smith, saloon keeper, John flahncnkratt, hoaniing honso keeper : 'F tlic ll'iy; Mining company, wlio afterwanl Imilt the Grand View hotel, X. V. Tuiu] e, wlio surveyed tho town site, Malcolm C. Duncan, and others. Inli ' -'lit inn of 1874 the town consisted of 44>U houses, with over 1,UU() mlia1)it<Uit!<. It had hy this time several stores and hotels, a newspaper, tho l!'<ilii Jhili'x, owned by Charles Baker, and edited l>y Lane Po.sey, and a ',>»iik, iiwiied l*y Boyd and Stewart. These Ixinkers claimed to have secured au Hittrcst in the Pocahontas mine, which was in posse8si<in of Merr hroth- t)^. a!iil, iiidcd l>y tho suiterinteudent, Topping, assumed tne management, T.'l'liiiig retaining most of the miners, and keeping a reserve of rougli char- icWn til li{^ht, if fighting it came tn, in the struggle for mastery. The Riiiler <if this gang was one Graham, an ex-convict. James Pringle having :iiii wiiiiiiiied hy one of Graham's men, without provocation, a committco "! .lafety was organized, the roads gnarded to prevent escape, and the mine surnmnilcil. Graham appearing, armed, wa.s ordered to surrender. Itut turn- iij; to lly was shot down. The remainder of the gang attempted to escape '.iiahocly, liui were intercepted, and l>eing much friglitencni at tlie attitu<le citizens, displaved a white Hag. and were finally j)crmitteil to leave Hiiyd, who had l>eeu seized and conlined, was also permitted t-) depart. ■f tlie tuwn Miwart liuii already fled. It was later discovered that he was a fori;er, he- "ig sought hy the police of New York, having served a 20 years' term in tho >mg Sing state prison. Thus ended an attempt at the piracy of a mine. I!ii.'!<aiiie ]iroperty was emitarrasscd I>y litigation, in w-hich Ballard of Ky ik'nail, liut ultimately emerged from its trouhles to l»e a g<K)d projterty. There Were the usual unsuccessful attempts at the rcductioa of ores, hut the IVim. wcirks situated in the town, erected to treat the Hundioldt ores, per- I'lrmeil tho same for othei mines. The richer ores were sent to Caflon City T Puohlo. The Denver and KioGrandc exteude«l a branch to Silver Cliff in '"'^l. wlii 'h facilitated their transportation. The population in 1660 was 1 W. Elevation of the town 8,200, - i \A COUNTIES OF COLORADO. of the San Juan country already described, and in its western part good grazing grounds, which, if irrigated, would be cultivable. Rico is the county seat, and the seat of the smelters erected to reduce the rich ores of the district to bullion. The population in 1883 was 2,000, of which 750 were at Rico. Bowen, Xarra- quinep Spring, and Dolores are rising towns. The assessed valuation was $552,310, and the bulli<jii pro- duction $200,000. Besides silver and gold mines, sonio of the best coal in the state is found here. Douglas county was organized by the first terri- torial legislature, since which time it has lost the larger portion of its area. It resembles Arapahoe, which it adjoins, and is principally occupied by a graz- ing and farming population, witli dealers in lumber and building stone, which find a ready market in Den- Silver Cliff took root with the erection of the first house in Sept. 1878 liy Mcllhenuey and Wilson, and grew so surprisingly that when it was a year old it had 1,200 inhalutants and liouses for their accommodation, with all tlie usual concomitants of comfortable living, and some of the luxuries nf olilcr communities. The town site was patented Dec. 8, 1879. The popuLitimi was at one time 4,000, but since the rush has passed has settled baclc to 1 , 'KM. Mills and reduction works are being intrmluoed. In 1882 the Silver t'lilf mines wore under a cloud from the difficulty of finding the exact processes for the deepsr ores, none, however, except one, being down more than 7itO feet, the Humboldt being 1,800. At this time there was a 40-stair.p mill in operation on the property of the Silver Cliff Mills company, treating 1(W torn daily of the Racine Boy ore. The sampling establiMhmeiit of tlie Milling company, with a capacity of 50 tons daily, adjoined the mill. The Plata Verde also had a 40-stamp mill near the town, which was the base of supplies for these works. The town was incorporated in IST'J. lU tir.tt mayor, elected in Feb., was J. J. Smith; recorder, (i. B. McAulay; trustees, Frank S. Roff, Walter B. Janness, Mark W. Atkins, Samuel Baeden. In April Roff was chosen mayor; Webb L. Allen, Samuel Baeden, Samuel Wat- son, and O. E. Henry, trustees. In April 1880 S. A. Squire w^ts ciio»en mayor; C D. Wright, recorder; O. E. Henry, John Pietz, William Fremli, anil Alfred Wood, trustees. In 1881 H. H. Buckwalter was electeil iiiny»r; George W. Hinkel, recorder; R. Rounds, W. T, Ulman, William F( iglc anil E. Meyers, trustees. In 1882 Oney Carstarphen was elected mayor, auiln- elected in 18vO and 1884. Carstarphen was born in Mo. in 1844. came l> Colorado in 1870, and settled at Silver Cliff. He was elected to tlie Htate legislature in 1H84, and became interested in various mining |iriijK>rtit'j. Querida is a town which has grown up aliout the Passick mine, with a population of 400. Dora is another little place built 'ip aOout Clianilur*' concentrator, 6 miles N. B. from Silver Cliff, which has a cajKicity of "JO tons daily. Blackburn is 12 miles from Silver Cliff. Westcliff ail Ris.iick villo are also mining eamr\ Other settlements are Benton, liluiiieiiau, Colfax, Comargo, OovetoWi., Hard'icrabblo Caflon, Holtan Sprint;^. Miihille, Round Mountain, Silver (,'irclo, Silver Creek, .Silver Park, South Hard- scrabble, VVutmure, Wet Mountain Valley, Wixon Piirk. EAGLE, ELBERT, EL FASO. ver. Castle Rock is the county seat. Sedalia wa» founded and fostered by the railway corporation. The settlements in Douglas county not named above are Acfjquia, Bear Canon, Divide, Douglas, Franktown, Glen Grove, Greenland, Huntsville, Keystone, Lark- spur, Mill No. 1, Mill No. 2, Parker, Perry Park, Pino Grove, Platte cafion, Plum, Rock ridge, Spring valley, Stevens Gulch, and Virginia Rancho. Eagle county, organized 'n 1883, was cut off from Suiiunit, and contains a rich mineral district, of which Red Cliff is the n^etropolis and the county seat. It is broken by high mountains and lofty peaks. The population in 1884 was 2,00C, confined to the South- east [)ortion. The assessed valuation of the county in 1883 was .$338,454; the yield of the minjs — one group — was $940,000. Besides Red Cliff, which had at this time 500 inhabitants, there were t]>c towns of Gold Park, wit) . 400 population. Holy Cross, Cleve- land, Lake, Mlochell, Rock Creek, Taylor, and Eagle. Elbert, organizod in 1874, and large enough for a kinti^dom, is one of the great stock-raising counties of Colorado. The western portion, which joins Doug- las, is well watered, and considerably cultivated." El Paso, one of the original seventeen counties, is reckoned among the agricultural divisions, and, as such, is one as yet unrivalled for resources. Its assessable property in 1885 was nearly $5,000,000, '^•1 "There is also a larse supply of pine timlier in this end of the county. But the principal capital of its buaineas men is in stock cattle. The popula- tint), at the census ot 1880, was 2,500, and the valuation of assessable prni - erty $l,l>02,052. This gives alraut double the usual amount of property (Mir capita in farming districts. The county seat is at Kiowa. Moses K. (.'hap- ma'., Iiorn i^ N. Y. city in 1844, was brought up in 111. In 1859 he came to Hu^aeU's gulch, and was afterward almut Central City. Becoming discour- aged, he borrowed money enough in 1805 to take him to Elliert co. , where he cngagHrl himself as a herder, and gradually worked himself into the stocl: Im^tiiii'SK In 1874 he married Laura A. Danks. In 1882 ho was elected t.> the (jciieral assembly, having Iwen county commissioner for 14 years. Ho 0T7iii'il. in 188G, a large farm and over 1,000 head of cattle. The towns and wttleiiieiits of Elbert county are Agate, Arroyo, Bellevue, Boyoro, Brown A h»U, Buzzards & Sharretts, Cameron, Ceilar Point, Clermont, Ccxihran's Ikiiclio, El'tert, Ell>ert Station, FHizalieth, Pork-in-Creek, Gebhard, (Sodfrey, (iiiimr'H Mills, Muj(o, Lake, Lake Station. Lonn Branch, Middle Kiowa, MuuattV Millj, Kaucli, Uivur Ikud, Kock Butte, Buoaiug Crevk. *t «00 COUNTIES OF COLORADO. divided between farm improvements, cattle, and otlier stock, and tA)\vn property. Immense coal dopusits exist in the eastern portion of the country. J 'ike's peak, by which Colorado was long known, is situaticl ni this county. In an earlier chapter I have tfivtna narrative of its first exploration and settlement, when Colorado Citv aspired to be the leading town of tlie territory, anJ of the causes of its failure. The |ti inci- pal city of El Paso is now Colorado Springs, ahoudy world-famous as a health resort.^ "When Gen. William J. Palmer in 1870 orgaiiizeil the Denver ami Uio Graiiilti railway coinpany, he likewise projected a number of auxiliary or^.m- iMitioua to develop tow.i-sitea, uoal land:*, and other resources of tliu n f^iuti thr uyh which the railway was expected to pass. Among these was the I'ul.i. rado Spring!! co., which acquired al)out 1U,0UU acres of laud ne.ir tiie l^se ni Pike's peak and on both sides of Colorado City, including a liii^e li vl tract tlirough wliich tliu railroad would mn, and wiiero it was pioinKoil t'l 1)uild the princii>al city of this region. On .'uly 31, 1871, the hrst .staki wm <lriveii, and the city named Colorado Springs because of its proximity t<> tliu fanioiissoda springs at the entrance to Uto pass, which were alto owiu.ii l.y tlie company. Tlie region developed more rapidly than was expecliil, and early in 187'2, a hotel had been erected at the springs and a little villa^u there starteil, named at Hrst La Font, but soon ehangecl to Maiiiti/u, tlii^ Indian name of one of the springs. The president of the Colorado S[ii'iiil''< CO. was William J. Palmer. Its executive director was Henry M<Allistii', Jr, who was born in Wilmington, Delaware, in 18.'t(), and woii tlut title i>f major by his servicer in the army during the reltellion. At the clote ui tl. ) war lie was elected secretary of the American Iron and Steel (ifisdciatiiiii, wliieh position he resigned after seven years' service. Ho was :it mno elected presiilent of the National Lantl Improvement co., orgaui/ed ti 'I ■ velop the lands lying along th) Denver and Uio (irande railway. Ileuai also ride executive director of tlie Colorado Springs co. At the time i'ol'- rado Springs was st'arted, the success of the Union and other colonies in ( nlc. rado had popularized this method of town building, and hence was i'>iiiic I the Fountain colony, which b'ulno legal existence, but was simply an instni- munt of the Colorado >Springs co. in the development of its property. Irn'ii the beginning this company and its associate colony nursued a hbiral awl far-sighted policy The profits accruing from the nale of two tliinis of its property wore eonatituteda fuml for general and f.alilic improvements. Kirly fxpenilitures from this fund were imI.OIK) for an irrigating canal, aii<l sl.'i.iNM for the purchase ami x>lanting of 7,<KH) trees upon the town-site. I »imii;; tin' first five years of the coT'ipany's history, about ^J7'i,(KI0 were thu.s e\|prMiinl. A lot was pre8onte<l by the company f;oeach of the Christian <lenoiiiiiiatiiiii'<, and ample reservations were also m.ide for a public schiNtl and for a collii!''. The otKcers of the colony were Uoliert A. Cameron vice nresideiit, W illiuii K. I'abor secretary, R S. Nettleton chiei onginecr, uilliani I'. .Millin troiuinrer, aii<l .Maurico Kingsley assistant treasurer. The trustees «rn; William .). Piilmar, Koliert H. Lamborn, Jusiah C. Ueitf, UoImtI .\ <'iiii- eron, W. II. (ircdiiwood, William P. Mullen. The temperance i|uestinii «.n given proininer>ce in the organization nf the colony by tlie insertion in > very Heed given by the comiMui^ of a clause forever pmliibiting the niamifa. tinin.', giving, or lelliug of iutoxicatiug liquom aa a beverage iu any place .'! puMio FRfiMONT. 601 ' Fremont county, a portion of whose early history li.is been given, has remained in a backward condition rciiirt. As might be exiiccted, this claune was sonii and rupeatedly vio- lite 1; I'Ut thu cases were docidud in favor of thu uotiipanv iu tlie state !tii|ip'iiii. crmrt iu 1870, and tliu lantls forfeited. On appt < n the U. S, dii|ii'i;iiu cuurt in I87i>, tliis judgment was atiirmcd. Tiku pu ,c sentiment lit' til' t ity has always sustained prohibition, fo.mtniii ('ohiiij of L'olnnuh, l'ivs<i>i'i''m: IJeni'er 'J'lihiiue, Juno '2i), 1871; FiuU^J'hI'h Tltiff VUiU, I4U '><); drifj"'' ('iiloriido, 41-0; Buckimina Volorinio SjiriiKjM; /{nliertx' I'nloritilo Sprinijn (iiii M inilitu; C'olonuto SpriiiriM, hy H. H.; RiifHtr il: C'o.'m Dircctori/ oj Colo- fill Vj)/7"«/'i," StUrJ.ioM J'roin tin: EiirlifcojH'iliil q/' l/ie AViw ll'rMt, 5. ('i)l.)riid(> Spr!ii;.' became tlio iileal city of the Arkansas vaMcy, if not of th ' I' itirt! llouky mountain region, l>y reason of its wonderful and beautiful Hiirr >iiiidin){i, its healthfulness and ord *rliness, its temneranue, education, nil I ntliiiomunt. Its growth from the first was healthful and uniform. At tl'i! < liMo of tlie tirst year of its history, '211 town lots had been tlisposcd of at a v.iliiatioii of ?24.70,), 15!) houses erected, and the population was esti- iiiit".l at 8i);). The value of the buildiiigi erected by private imlividuals was |ilii' : I at ^ItiD.OIK). Two church edirtcei were built, and a weekly newspaper wu I'-tt iblishod. Avi enterprise most fruitful in benefit to the new city was til ' liiillilin^ in 1871 of a good wagon road through the Uto pass to tlie min- in; n^^ioii of South pirk. The tradis of a growing section was tints securi'd. (' iiitril>:itiiig from tln! begiiininij no little to the commercial importance of Ciilii'ido Springs. Wiieii Luadvillo arose in IS7S, tiiis roail liecame one of ♦!i'; cliii^f highw.iys to thit great cam[>, and made I'olorado Spriiinx a jiriii- (■i[iil ■;;!!>p!y point. When the railroad reached Leadvillo in IHSlI, this trido ("Mul, out it ha I sutiice I to establish tlu commercial iiiteriists of Colorado S|ii'iii'.(4 on a soiial basis. At orii; time during the palmy days of Leadvillc ft'i:i;j'iliiig, l'i,Ol)() horses an<l mules Witre employed in transportation over till? mil. During 1S7<» 7, the city suffered from the depression then gi-n- cimI tl'ronghijut the country, and iilso from a visitation of gi'assbop|H;i-s, wliii'ii ciiised gre:it devastitioii to the Rocky mountain region. Prosperity WH fully restored in 1878, in which year a complete system of water works WM (11 i.structed, the su|i]ily being taken from one of the sparkling streams lliwiiig down the sides of Pike's peak, at a distance of seven miles from the iitv, .iiid at a point 1,200 feet aiiove its level, (las works costing !j."><),(HK> wor ■ liiiilt in 187'.), in which year also new buildings to the value of .^ilKMHXl w.'r-i' iTi'cted. The growth of the city his since been continuous, and with fli.llit exceptions uniformly rapid, till in 18Kti it had attaineil a ]io|iulatioii of ;ili.)iit 7,501), the assessed valuation of its property was ?'*J.'J4H,H(H), and its liiniru'ss, exclusive of real estate sales, aggregated nearly .*.'). (N(i),(K(0. Acees- aliris to the population were largely of health seekers, to nci'omniodate a pnrtiiiii of whom was begun in IH8I the Antler's hotel, a handsonie (jiieeii .\iiiii? structure costing .<|l'J0.),(K)0, and ranking a noiig the most noted of Ki''ky mountain hostleries. The iiublic! spirit .>f three citi/.eiis, Irving H'lwIiiTt, II. P. (Jrowell, and J. F. llumphrey, gav; to ('nlorado Springs a Ipuitifiil opera house, seating 7.')0, and costing 1(1(80,000, which was opened .\lirii 18, 1881. Tim public schools of Colorado Springs have always lieon adeipiate and nf iii^^li grade. In 1871, Mrs tlen. Paliii'M' established the tirst school, giving hi'i' services voluntarily and without compensation. In 1874, a haiiilsonie xi^'lixil budding was erected costing J^J.'^INN). Hy 1870, this had become iTiiW'li'd, and two frame buildings were added. In 1884, a large modern lirii'k scijiooldiouso was built at a cost of 9'<2*),000, and in 1880 two others weri! (•(iiiiiilotod. Colorado Springs is the Hoat of Colorado college, fimiidiMl '»>• til.' Cilorado association of congregational churi'bes, on the general plan lit N' w Kngland eollenos, but with modifleations. T. N. Haskell, formerly of the ttatu univorsity of Wisconsin, won selected as tinaDcial agout. The prepar* 602 COUNTIES OF COLORADO. for reasons which will appear hereafter. In natural resources it is rich, especially in an excellent (quality atory department was opened in May, 1874, with Jonathan Edwanls, grail- late of Vale, as principal. A fraiiiu biiildiu); was temporarily eri'ctt'il, in wliich the school remained until 1880. A department of mining and nu'tal- lurgy was estaltlisbetl aljout 1877, of which in 1880 William Striuby, n gratl- u ate of Cohunhia college, was in charge. This department met witli sucli snccess that for its Itetter accommodation a wing M'as erected on tliu iiortli side, cimtrihuted hy William J. Palmer, who also offered to add a south wing if the college were Hrst freed from debt. This promise inspired the frit'iid^ VuiNrrv or Colok.vik) Si-kinii.s. of the college to make the requisite effort, and the building now presents a handsome front of over 100 It'i-t. The lilirary embraces O.OOJ vuluines, in chiding 1,000 contributeti by the El Paso county library iis.soi'iatioii. A collection of natural science s)H.!cimens and an herl)ariuin of native iilaii:." has made a promising beginning. President Tunney did much by his writ- ings ami personal efforts, to make Imtii the city and college kixiM ii in tin/ cast. Friunds came t4> tlie rescue, and in ]S8(> it was in a fair way ti> I'v extricated. Ituolfieers in 1880 were: William Strieby chairman i<f t'.ieiilty, W. F. Wihier vice-prcsi«lent, <J. H. Parsons secretary, J. H. Harl'iw treas- urer, and (icorge \. Mardeii financial agent. The .Scrritorial leuislatiire "i 1874 located an institute for the education of deaf mutes at t'oloraili' S|irinj!N appropriating $r>,000 for immediate applicatiim to that uurposu, ainl pru- VKling a {terinauent fund by instituting a tax of half a mill on all tlie axst.'*- sable iiroiierty in the territory. A house was rented and the institiitinn openea with a liitzen pupils. To this, also, the Colorado Springs >'c>ni|iaiiy donated 1*2 acres of laiul, title to Im given whenever suitable buil^^ill^;•^ sIh'IiI'I be erected thereon. Thus prompted, the trustees raiseil ^'»,()00, an>l startrl the building. At its next session the legislature appropriated .*7."<i,i. imli pendent of the tax, ^»nd additions were made. SuliMMuiently tliit '""v adiled to the institution a department fur the blind, S'io.OOO more Wing COLORADO SPRINGS. 603 of coal, of which the amount is practically unlimited. IVtroleum has also been found. It has gold and sil- a|>iirii|>rintc(l for improvements. The institntion is in a prosiHirous comli- tioii aixl tloing a noble work. Tlu! tirst religious services were h**l(l in the winter of 1871, by t'ne Rev. KihV'inU, rector of the episcoiHtl church at Pueblo. From this time till 187.^ Hoivices were held at irregular intervals, coniluctvd by Bishop Randall or by J. K. Killer us lay reader. In 1873, (iraoe church parish was organized, and sddu afterward a church built at a cost of |ll2,U00. The First pre^byterian cliiirch was organized in 187*2, previous to which time services had been held ii) various places. The M. E. church, which was organized in Colorado City veiy early in the history of that place, was in 1873 transferred to Colorado SpriiiLis. In 1881, an edifice costing $12,000 wiis built in a central location. Till.' First baptist church was organized in 1872. The con^Tegationalists, (.'iiiiiliurland presbyterians, Roman catholics, christians, and African mcth- oilista u»tablished congregations at later dates. Of the various secret and lioiu'voleiit organizations, the masons and od<l fellows early establishetl lodges ill Colorado Springs, and were followed by the knights of pythias, bimmJ toinpliirs, knights of honor, united workmen, and others. In 188(), tliere won' 20 lodges and encampments of the various organizations. I'revioHs to 1878, there was no fire department worthy of the name, the only protection against fire being a ho<iK and ladder company, a liabcock engine, and the water from a few wells. When in that year the system of water works was introduced, the organization was Ix'gun of a volunteer fire ili'liartnient that for efliciency liaa no superior in the country. The first bank was establisiivd in 1873 by William S. Jackson, C. H. White, and J. S. Wiilfe, and calletl the HI J'iiso. Soon afterward J. H. Barlow became con- ni^'ctod with it. This was followed the next year by the First National, organ- i . (1 Ijy W. B. Young, B. F. Crowell, V. B. tJreenough. (i. H. Stewart, F. L. Martin, and others, and two years later James H. B. McFerran started the rciiple's bank. All are sound and prosperous institutions, and in 1884) had il'liiisits of $r)00,000. The history of journalism in Kl Paso county began in i'<(il witii the publication of T/n' Journnl at Colorado City. It was edited liy K. F. Crowell, and was issued weekly for about a year, 'when publication wasilisi'ontinued. when tlie first number ot Out » etit was issueil i>y . sann lUie, Judge Kliphalet Price began the publication i>f the /'/•'■(' /'/•('.■m. lu .lijiuary, 18*3, Out IVent liecanjc the Colorndo Sjiriiii/s diizt'ttf, and about a vi'ar later the Fire PirHn was merged into the MouiiUiinrer. In 1878, the liti-ifif lii'oame a daily, as <liil also the MounUtiwtr in 1 88 1 under the name lit' till' Hcyuhlir. The (lazrtte and Ui-pHhlic continue the leading newspapers 111 tin' county. Various weeklies aiipcared from time to time, ]irominent ainiing which was the /four, started in 1885. Monument, a town in the iiurtiu'rn part of the county, has had at times a weekly paper since 1878. William J. Palmer, to whom Colorado Springs owes its existence, and till' state in large measure its present cmtdition of development, was born in I'liiladelphia in I8:W, Receiving a fair education, he early bi^canie coiifi- ilintial Kec.'ntary to J. Edgar Tliompsoii, then president of the Pennsylvania r.i Iroad. in which position ho evinced marked ability, and at one time was >i'nt to Europe to study methixls of iron manufacture and railroad maiiago- iiirnt. On the breaking out of the rebellion, he raised the Anderson cavalry, iif wiiich he was, till the close of the war, the contmander. Meantime Thoiiip- !>|||| ami his assiHiiates had lM3Come interested in the Kansas Pacific railroad, anil on Palmer's return from the war be was made managing director of chat I'Mt. I'piiHc, andsupetiiiteiidentof eonstrnetion. While thus engaged, he made till' lainoiis survey of transcontinental routes along the '"?d and Soth paral- li'N. Failing to induce the Kansas Pacific managemt^nt i.. adopt one of them-, aii'i impressed with the resources of the Rocky inouiitain region, in 1870, as- After that the county possessed no newspaper until 1872, nber of Out Wetil was issued by ,1. E. Liller. About the 604 C'OUNTIKS OF (OIOKADO. vor mines, nofc yet mueli tUivelopcd, also copper, lead, zinc, ininei'iil paint, marble, alabaster, valual>le hiiiid- iiijj^ .stone, j)otters' elay, and one of the few jet mines ill the work!.*" snoiatctl with Willinm A. n<ll nml otlinrfi, tie orcnnizod tlie Donvcr ami Kin (iraiitlo railwiiy CKiiipiiiiy. In tlio face dl' ilitKciiUieH, {tliyiticul itiiil liti.tuci.tl, lie ixihIiuiI tliis ^i'(!at uaturprixu t<>c()in|>letiuii, alti'r tirrtt liiiililing tlu; !)i'ii\ir aiul llio (ii'iiiiilt! Wusturii, of wliivli lio wiiri iiri'aiduut luitit IM'.\. he wai at tlio liuiul of a majority of tliu coin|>uiiicH orguiiizud for tliu (ii!V('lii|iiiiriit i<t soiitlu'rii Oilorailo, tlie iiitmt proiiiinuat aiiioiig whicii wax tlio Coloi-ailn Cu.il uiiil Iron coiiipaiiy. A fuw years later liu retireil from tlie proxiileiu-y ot ili>' Mexieaii National, tiiou);li Htill remaining at tiiu liea<l of the coii.striii'tiini oompaiiy. lie ix alxo invHiileiit of the reorgani/eil heiiver ami Hio (irandi' Wexturn railway company, which is lieeoining a very iinportuiit faettir in tin' railroad HyNteiii of tliu Kooky mountains. |)octor William A. lU^ll, prominently aHsociated with (Seiieral rainier in the liuilditix of tliu l>unver and Uio (iramlu railway, was lM)rn in CIdiiiiu I, Irolaiid, ill 1S4I. Hu Mtildied at the London hospital, am! took a incdnal du^ruu at t'ainUriilgti in IS(Wi. In IMUi 7 ho visited the United .Sl.ili.s, aii<l ill the latter year joiiio<l tliu H.'ith parallel surveyinjr expedition, whuli liroiight him into eloso pursoiial and Imsiness relations with I'aimer. lU- turning in IS70 froiii a visit to Ku^land, ho joined him in the orj^ani/.atiou kI thu Denver and UioOrando railway company, and was its first vice iinsidiiit. M. L. Do t 'oiirsey, who had liiueli to do with tlui building tip ot Cnlura.l,) S[)rings, ^\as horn in I'iiiladulnhia in \H4'2, and served in tln^ eivii war in which he was ^'aiitain. In 18vl ho joined his fiirmer cavalry eominaiidi'r, (■eiieral I'aliner, in ( 'olonulo, aitd held prominent positions in the iialniMal land ami iniprovc'iient and other coin^iauios. Ho aftorwanU engaged in tlic real estittu iMwiness. 'I'iie growth and pcriimncnt prosperity of ('olora<lo Spring:^ has hem very markeil. Among the puhlieations that have mado known to tiie world its scenic wonders and famous climatti, as well as the merits of its mineral watrrs, arc Charles Deiinison's Uttrky Mountain Jlenllh h'ctoiijt, a treatise on piili iry disuasesund their cure; Colonulo Sprinijn, a descriptive ami historical piiri|.li- lot relating to the city of that name and its vicinity, l>y (tcorgi! Ucx llii. K- iiiiiii; l/iiilt/i, Wnitt/i, tniil /'It'iisim; a treatise .■ i the ht^alth resorts of (uln- ratloaiiil New Mexico; f>7r'/>i'vio</ ,S'})W/(i/i, a descriiitivc pamphlet; Mrs Sinn mi J. |)uiil>ar's llvuUh lliaiirl* of ('olornilo Sjiriii'jM unit MoiiiloK, de.scri|itivi ; fc>. Anna liordon's Cni.iyiiiij in Coloi'tiilo, descriptive and narrative, hr S Kilwiii Solly, of i'olorado iSprings, has doiiu much hy liis pamiihli ts tn > ill attention to the ciirativo value of Colorailo's climate and mineral wat( i>. Ho gridiiatcil in London in ISOy, ami in 1S74 camo to Colorado S|inii..:s, where ho has since lieeii ungaged ill the practice of his profession. Ih' m a memhorof the royal college of surgeons, Kiigland, and of various other niidi- cal and scientitio sm-ieties, Initli in Knglaiid and America. Tlio villages and settleinentts in Kl I'aso county aro Arowtiya, Hissott's Hill, Itierstadt, Big .Sandy, Bijou Itasin, Cheyenno I'eak, Chieo HiHiii, <'<'l<>- rado House, Costello's Itaiicho, Crystal I'eak I'ark, Easton, Kdgciloii, I'.l I'aso, Florissant, F'ountain, Foiir-mih' Creek, Francevillu, Francevill.' .Inn •• tion, tiranger, Owillemville, Highlam' Itancho, Hurslcy's Ilaiicho, lliistcd, .lininiy Camp, Like .SUition, Little Biiiiis. McCoiiiiellsville, Monuin< ni. *>. Z., I'etrilied .Stumps, Quarry, .Sidney, South Water, Suffolk, Summit l'"!^' Tahlo U >ck, Turkey Creek, Twin llocks, Wuisspt-rt, Wheatland, WiddiiM, Wigwam, Wintiold. '•It has ranked mainly with the agricultural nnnntios, but it is md nn iieiit in that cla.ss, although its altitude of loss than li.OOl) feet giv^ '* ' climatu butter united to cum than most other cuuuticti iii the state, in '^ ^ T with it rii^ aiiiiii. IDS n Tins 1 liatiir; uaiit til awMi Ix'ing To >.' MlniLii the .■' !i(in 1 r. Tl of ISliT caSon city. 000 The chief town and county seat is Carton City, uith a p()i)ulatit>n of about a 000 iit 1884. The Col- it raismi cnnaidiTiililo grain, ami Imd iri.CXX) head of cattle, InmiilcH .'),()00 other ^iiiiiiiiiU, produced $<)1!<>,(MM) worth of imuiI, and ^J(t,(NN) in hidlioii. It hail los iiiilcM of railroad within itM hoiinditrieH, and its iMi|iulatioii wuh 4,7>)0. Tins wa.i not a llattoring exhibit for one of tlie olde.st eoiintieM with tlieMO iiutiir.d rtrHoiirco.s. lint tlio liindrancu to d<<velo[)nieiit Imd Itecn, tirst, thu wnnl of railroad.s, and .secondly, a war lietwtren railroads for ]io!«He.HHioii of tliiliraiid i-anoii pass through the Hoeky niountjiin.s. This wnnderfnl and au Mil liclil" of tlu! Arkansas was tiie gate of the nioniitains, its eastern en<I I'l'iii^ situated in the iieighhorhood of Canon <'ity, named in reference to it- Til -iiMire the exclusive right of way through this |);iss;ige involve-d a long MtniUf^le between two tMiniimnies, first in jiersonal encounter, and lastly in till' ciiiirts, where the |)enverand it io (irande prevailed against the Atchi- »ipii. 'I'oiK^ka, and iSanta F« eoinpany. 'I'lii^ lirst organi/.ed ell'ort to secure a railroad M'as made in the autumn of |sii7. This was done l>y a eoiiiniittec consisting of It. M. Adams, It. V. Ilcickifi'lliiw, and Thomas Alacon, who appointeil .\. (!. lt>ione, alioiit to visit \V.i>liiii>;ton, a special commissioner to confer with .lnhn l>. I'erry, president 111 the Kan.sas I'acilie railroad, in reference to the Arkansas valley transiMin- tiiiriital route. I'erry pronii.scd that his enginei^'s should look into the mat- tir, and the Fremont county pi-ople wi.'re hopeful. At that time (i(>neral I'aliiii'r was managing director of the Kansas Pacific, and had cliarge of itit iiiinli'iictiou, and \V. II. <ireeiiwood was its chief engineer. I'almer organ- i/iii :iiii| coininandod an exptMlition which surveyed the projiosed rmite. Mis ripurt, which was maile in ISllS, recommended that the route from Klls- Muitli, Kansas, westw.ird should deflect to the south of its former survey, ,i:iil I'ullow the one liy the Arkan.sas river to its headwaters, and thence via tlir .S.in Luis valley to inti-rsect thu thirty-fifth parallel transcontinental iiiiitc. This road, had it heen Imilt, woidd nave given an outlet eastward to tlir richest mineral and some of the hest agricultural country in Colorado. liiil tlie eastern managers dci'ided to hiiild to hcnver, a derision which fin- .ill\ tiii'i'W them into the hands of the rnion Pacific. When the KansaH I'li'ilii' was aliout eompleted, Palmer, rememlicring what he had seen on hiit siUM'ys. iiriginatcd the plan of a narrow-gauge railw.iy, which should run sMiilliward from l>enver along the liasi! of the mountains. Disapiiointed in til' ir c\[iectations of a direi't road to the east, the people of Fremi'Ut county Mi'li'iiiiied the thought of cointiiunication with Iteiiverand eonneetion with till' I'liion' Pacific, and voted the l>eiivi'r and Uio (irande company tho iiai'iiiw ;;auge line ,'jC>l),(MIII in county honils, the first eontriliution of tho kind recciveil liy them, and wiiicli throui;h some teclinicilify was finally lost ill the eoiirts. In the mean time the I'eiiver ami l!io< iraiel- li.id construeted itx I'li.td to Pueblo, with a branch to tlu; coal mines at i/ibran, ci^ht miles fr Canon City, which was eompleted in October, IMT'J, and without going fii C.ifiDii City, as was expected, was ])ushing south with the design of reacli- iii;,' the ivxtensive fields of coking coal at Kl Moro, near Triniclad, and of iiliiiiiate extension to the city of .Mexico, via Santa Fu and Kl Pa.so, wiiich l.ittrr was, of Course, regarded as an achievenient of the somi'wii.il remoto l'i:tiirc. Thenmpon, there was a movement made inviting tie- Ateliiscm, 'i'lipika, and Santa Fi^ to eoine to <'afton City and occupy the route formerly .siiiinested to the Kansas Pacific. For this pnriMi.su a ptdilie meeting was lull it i'lnon Cify in .Ian., ]S':\. Itnt the A., T., fc S. F. co. proving slow tii.Kt, and the people being impatient, the county again votf^d its bond-i to till' !». ,V R. (J. CO., this time for ?(MH»,(MM>. after an exciting canvass, there !"iiig .1 majority of only two in favor of the gift, nnd the eonntv eommis- Miiiii IS refusing to issue the bonds. In IS74, howevi'r, on ilcmanif of the D. A I! <!. CO., Cafton City voted ^')(),0(M> in bonds, and in addition gave deeds ti) .'"^•J.'i.iMH) worth of property, ami thu road was soon ufturward completeil to n4 ;^^ M 60G COUXTIUS OP COLORADO. orado penitentiary is located liere, and was Iti c'liai<j:c of the general government until 1874, when tin- Ui- that place. The next movement in the way of increased railway focilitifM wait ill Ful*., 1877, when tliu CitAoii Citv uiitl San Juun railway en. wiu nruan- izetl, witii C. T. Ailing pruMident, B. F. HockufoUow necretary, Jaiiits (1,1. liuiil treaiiurur, and H. U. iluUmiok cliii-f engineer. Ailing Mion rcNit{tu<l, and wiXH succeeded by Frederick A. Reynoldo. Meantime the new IankIx illv mining region Legiin to attract attention, and was seen to offer a iiroiniHing field for railroad enterprise. Stimulated by this, and it may Im; also l>y tlic appearance of a rival in the Held, the I). & R. O. co. proceeded, on A|iril \v, 1878, to resume work on its line fromC'aAon City westwanl and towanln the Leatlvillo region, and on that day t(Kik possession by its agentx ot the narrow portion of the grand canon, known as the Royal gorge, with tin- avowed intention of constructing its road upon the lino of the Mirvcys iii.ulu in 1871-2, right of way over which ha«l, as it claimed, been secured to it l>y acts of congress of June 8, 187*2, and ^larcll !), 1875. But during the uiLilit of April 10, 1878, the luiard of directors of the C C. & S. J. co. witc ii. li- vened, and elected William B. Strong and A. A. Robinson rcMpcrtivcly general manager and chief engineer of the A., T., it S. F. co., to Miiiiil.ir {Mmitions in tTie C. V. & S. J. co., giving conclusive evidence thiit the great Santa Fe co. was behind the local enterprise. These olKci.il.t made preparations to take immediate possession of the grand cafloii on 'H'lialf oi their ciuiipany, which was done as early au juroclock on the lllorllill^ of April tMHh, at whicli time a small party of men, under the cliargu <il nii a-4si!<taiit engineer, swam the Arkansas river, and in tiie name of their ruiii. {>aiiy t(M>k posHcssion of the cafton. That party was fidlowed tlie kjimk' ilay >y a large force of workmen under the control of Chief Kugineer Ui.liiiisoii. Tlic war WiUi now commenced. Each side ha<l from 500 to ittO men at work. Fortiticatioiis were erected h\ i';u;h, beyond which the other was imt jxt- mitted to pass, and for a tune the spilling of blo<Ml seemeil iiievitaMi'. These movements were succeeded by a suit nistituted the same <l.iy in tlic state court in the name of the C. O. &, S. tF. co. against the D. «t K. i'<. n>., in which an injunction was olttaiiied, afterward sustained by .Iml^r Hal- lett of the U. S. district court, restraining the latter company froiu mrii- pying or attempting to occupy the caAon for railriNid purposoN, ami Inuii uiterYering with the C C & S. J. co. in the construction of its own ri>.iil therein. By virtue of this decision the C C. & S. J. co. procfeilcil witli the Work or construction through the grand cadon, and conipletcd iliinn^ the following ten months the *J0 miles from CaAon City, being a-s 'ar as it was )>erinitted under its charter to build. The work in the grand caMo!! wa- ditticult, re)|uiriiig engineering skill of the highest order. In plao > tl.c blasting could bo carried on <iiily by Bus|HMidiiig men by ropes <Iohm tlif rocky walls 2,000 feet in height; in othera the chasm was so coiitiai.'tnl that the road itself was suspended over the river by a hanging britlgi-. ^ii|>- ]Hirt<>d from above by braces ti.\ed in the rock and raised in tiic iiii<i.llr cii the principle of an arch. AlHiut the time the C. C. & 8. J. co. Iia>l tin- isheii its 20 miles of road, the I). It, R. G. co., under stress of the <l('('i>ii'ii against it and the financial trembles whicli this had served to hriiii; to a climax, executed a 30 years' lease of its entire completed line to tlu' .\ , T . k S. F. c«i., which tiH>k possession in Dec, 1878. The right of way tlin|ii>[li the grand cnAon was expressly excluded from this lease, the A., T., f< S. K. CO. tiking the ground that this was the proiierty of the C. C. * S. .1. co., and that a lease thereof from the D. & R. (t. co. would l»e of no ctfii t. In April, 1879, the U. S. supreme court, to which the case h.is Ihcii a])- pealed ny the D. & R. O. co,, reverse«l the decision of the lower coiiri, iii'l confirmed to the D. h R. O. co. its prior right to the grand cafton. Tliu possession of this prior right, however, waa not to lie understooil n^ pn- venting the C. C. & S. J. co. from afterward building a parallel nail of lU PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 007 rltory assumed its support. In 1877 it consisted of (iiio ci;!! building witli forty -two cells. The state now owns tliirty-six acres, five of which arc enclosed by a Willi of stone twenty feet in height and four in thick- ness, with good buildings, and cell-room for over 400 iimiivtt'S,*' a boot and shoe factory, lime-kilns, stone- fi o« 11 thrnugli the caflnn, where the latter was M'iile enough to admit of two, iiiir fi'Kiii UMiiig the I). & H. (!. tmukii in cdiiiiiioii with that ooinpany, in till' narrow itliiuu.i where but one tikkI unuhl Ihj built, thexe rights having lit't'u goiiurally n>uferre<l liy act of congress of Marcli .% 187o. Coniplica- tidiis thou arose in the atfairs of the A., T., h 8. K. aixl D. ft R. O. coniian- itM which kept tliuni in conHUint litigation. The latter company, now that its rights in the grand caAon had Imcn restored to it, and in view of tiie great Iniaincss revival, due to the discovery of new and ricli mining regions, natu- rally ilosirvd to regain possession of its road. It uhar){ed the lessee with noii-dli.scrvance of contract in eiirtain [Mirticulars; hut the case turned on tlio |)oiut that there was no Colorado law which wonld permit a foreign cor- iioratioa to operate a railroad within the state. Tiie prayer of the I). &, K. (i. CO. was cranted, antl a writ issued by the court, copies of which were pliu'cd in tlie lioiids of siieritfs in tlie principal places along the lino, tiie vtlVt't of which was to restore the roail to the J>. & K. (>. co. Tiicso were siTvi'il simultaneously at Denver, Colonuio Springs, Pueblo, CaAon City, El Mni'ci, and Alamosa, and possession titken in each place by the ollicers and at;uiit.s of the D. & K. (r. co. Immediately after possession had Ikjcu ;aiiii'(l, on Juno IT), 1879, Judge Bowen, on application of several of the I. I't 11. (>. bonil-holders, appointed one of the company's solicitors, Hanson A. liisley, its receiver. He took possession of the road and o^Ksrated it for (iiio month, during which time his receivership was attacked in several courts and linally terminated by Chief Justice Miller, who ordered the dio- diargo of tiie receiver, and enjoined him to restore the road to the I), it R. (>. CO., and ihat company in turn was directed to restore it to the A., T., & N. K. CO., iu accordance with a writ previ<msly issued by Judge Hallett and n<it at tiiat time obeyed. When all this had lieiin done, Judi;e Hallett fur- tliiT ordered that, till the equities of the several parties coulil be determined, Ixitli coMipaities bo restrained from further work in the grand caAon, and aiipoiiited L. C. Ellsworth as receiver, to take possession of the property of tho I), it U. (!. CO., an<l operate it under the directiim of the court. While till!* warring had l>ecn going on, the Pueblo and Arkansits valley railroad ('inii|ia'iy, a local corporation of the A., T., k S. F. system, had bc^un to l>uil<l westward from the 'J<)-mile point where the CaAon City and San Juan c'niii|iany had stojipcd, and had succeeded in complotini; about two miles, whfii the \). & R. (}. CO. arrested further progress by erecting stone en- filailiiig forts and keeping them manned, besides mining the posltiim in readiness to send the enemy skywanl at a moment's notice. Meantime Ju(Il;i> Hallett had appointed a commission to determine what parts of the graiiil caAou would admit of the construction of but <me liue of railway. In aiviirilance with the report of this commission, the court, on January 2. 1SH(I, issued a decree giving to the D. & R. <•. <!o. the exclusive right of Way through the grand caAoii from l^aAon City to Smith Arkansas— the l>ri'si'iit town of Salida — and to the Pueblo and Arkansas valley railroad tile ri;;ht of way from South Arkansas to liOadville, either company having till ri;;|it to build a separate road between the latter points. This practi< cally ended the war, and the two companies, after having spent 9<>00,000 in carrying on the fight both in and out of the courts, concluded a treaty of |«'aii'. In acconlanee with an agreement entered into, all suits were with- urawii, and the A., T., & 8. F. co. bound itself for a term of tea years i'" 1 • l\ ( {iVt li I ml .«! COUNTIES OF COLORADO. quarries, and brick-yards, in which the convicts ar.^ employed. The Colorado collegiate and military institute is located here. It was established hy a st(M'k company of citizeas in 1881, under the ku|m i- vision of K. H. Sawyer.*" There is also a lan'c nW- ver smelter, and a copi»er smelter. The Arkanisai; river oilers abundant water jxiwer; the town is sup- j)lied with water works; there arc cold and hot miii- crul sprin«jfs, and other scenic attractions, all «»f wlii.h promist; a not unimportant future for this place w hen the surroundinj' country shall be made to yield it.< c»>rn and wine, its coal, gold, silver, and cop|K'r, iKit to l)uil«l either t<» Lcadville or Denver, wliilo the D. k R. O. c««. fi.r a likt! jicriiNl waa to bo rcNtraiiietl from hiiihiiiig within a BiM-eitie«l tliHt inir from Siiiita Ft*. The D. ft R. <•. co. {lurehaaud the 20 tnilt^ of riMil loti- Htructol through tho grontl caAon hy tlie C. C. k S. J. Co., |>a) m^' tlitrt- for, nironliiig to tho Dniver Trihiiie, of April 2, 1880, the Bum of J!<l,4Ui.«» lit the Miiio month Receiver KIlMWorth w-m tliiichargetl liy the <<>iirt. aii<l tho |iroiH.'rty turned over to tlio D. k R. (i, co. Coniitniction Iml inian' V liiU) Iteeii ])U!ilioil witli all Hiieeil, ami in July, 1880, Lvmlville wax rtiul.t-i, and the golden Htrcani of wealth utarted which luui ever Hineo coiitiniiKi t<> tliiw. ThiiH ended Colorado's moat suriona railnuul war, and one wa(:t-«l ti>r the |>o<lNel«^«ioll of a prizo well worth the Htruuglo. William H. (Jreenwootl, ho coiiatiicnoua in railroad aflTaim in ('(ili>r«<lo. M'a>< horn at Marll»oro, N, H. Holiad |)ureha8cd projierty in Caiinii City when ho made hia anrvey of tho graiitl caAon. After the railr<>;id war woj- ended, 111! Mettled there with his family. In tho uninmcr of 188U h< u'i> tui- liloye<i hy tho l>. & R. G. to go to \>oxi('o, and while near Rio Hemli va« asxasMinated hy an unknown jieraon. Tho Mexican government c'\l;il>it*il niueh feeling, and inotlo every endeavor for the appreheuaion of tin mur' derer, hut in viiiii. *' New liiiilding!< were added for the seoond time in 1883. Fnwlir re- marks that there are over 400 convicta contiiicd hero, 'and more liiVj.ri»on- era among them, in ])ro|iortion, than elaewhcre in tho wtirld.' Tlii>i may 1* aeeounted for hy tlio further statement that there arc throughout the A3\e drinking.aahioiiM in tho proportion of ono to every 67 inhabiUints— oiily a little behind Nevada, which has ono to every 5U— and tho prevaliuct^ oi gambling. "Tho Itoiird of truatceii conaiated of F. A. Reynolds prea.; TV 0. Pea- body viee-pro«. ; W. R. Fowler aec. ; .1. F. Campliell freaa. ; E. II. Siwyt-r. .?. L. I'reiitiee, A. Ru<ld, Samuel Bra<lbury. and .7 .1 Phelps It had '«• Hides a 'eollegiato committi'o,' and a 'military committee E. H. Sawj<r w.m preaiileiit, commandant, and professor of moral, mental, and nrliiary 81'ienen and ''Mgiui-priiig. Tlie otiier iiistructora wore U. S. Weatgate, Fnnt IVeutiaa, J. .M. Willard, auJ C. Utterinochlom. CHAPTER XIII. COUNTIKS Ol' rOLOUADO » ON'»LUI>ED. I.AKKIKI.D CoiTNTY — Ith KKEAT ritSSiniLITIE.*- ItltPIH I'oiJiTY AM> I'KN- iKAi, City — Kxritr.^s. Tk.i.khkai'h, XrwHp^pKkH. B%\kk. S iiiMti.s, ank CiiruciiKs, Ijiikakv, Fiiik Mki-aktmkM'*. Militakv ,»m» Bknkvoi.knt IsslTI'l'TIONS — Hl(Milt\l'IIV CllAMi TiHVrT — IJlWI^iv ANK IllKlt- lAMi i'oi'NriKs -Vaimkiy ok |'Koi>i-i-r<t i<s.5riTr.itM>\ I'i.intv <!oi.|iK.n, l,AKK. AM) La Pi.aia IVm'ntiks ItioiiitAriiv LtiiiMfi:. Las Ammas, Mksa, MoNTIUtSK, OlRAY, pAKK, I'lTKIN. rtr.liU". Klo < Jl: tMiK. Ut>l- IT, SAfiiAciiK, San .Iitan, San Miurr.!., Siimir, .»m» WeluCoimiiw — SiH IKIY RKTKOSrRrr. (lAiJKiKLi) c«»uuty ,.as orijaiiiz*'«l in Fel»niary 18853 lilt of Suiuinit, one of the original divisions of 18(51. At tlmt time tlie county seat was teniiH»rarily located at Parkville, hut removed soon after to lire«kenridge. (Ill the or<;anization of Garfield and F^»«;le counties littlo (if Summit remained, and tin* county seat of the ftiriiur was locateil at CarlnMiate. near the eastern Ixjiiiulary. It lies wholly on the western sh)|K! »»i' the llocky mountains, and is chiefly an a<;ricultural and .'laziiiLj region, but has mines of silver and enormous It'posits of coal. It was vacate<l hy tlie Utes as late iis IHS2, and has little history. CarlxMiate was one f the earliest settlements, and (ik-nwo^xl springs, Uateil at the junction of lioaring fork and (Iran<l liver, with its mineral waters and rich tributary re- :\m, is becoming the commercial centre of north- wistcin Colorado. ■A m ' M. L. |>t! I'uuraey, who fiinuHhuii nio a iiiantiacnpt on tUfmuvoil, iii 1884, <>iil wlioso liiography in l>n«t1y rolaUiil on |t. tMM of tnis vol., u niaiumiT for '*>t' Uwii iMimpony, in connectiou witli < ilenwtMMl aitringa. Thout:h i^<mtainin^' ■»w\\ that in of iiitereat, it is impucsiljiu tu d«vut« to it in tiirae page* the illHT. NKV. 3S <(W li*--^;-^--^ (UO COUNTIES OF COU)RAD<). The population is between .100 aiul 400. Tlieoth.r towns are Axial, (ireshani, Barlow, and Ferji^uHoM. Tlie valuation of the eoiintv in its first ytar was Gilpin, named after the first j^ovornor has an aha of twelve hy fifteen miles. It is purely a iniiiiii' rej^ion, and not exceeded in mineral prodictions except hy the county of Lake. Within its lltnits muiui>; has been carried on for twentv-four vcurs. dm ing which time it has produced !!^4;{,'208,0HH in Itulliun, of which $;{S. 500,000 was in ijold, being about oin fourth of the production of tlie state in j)reci()us imt als. In a previous chapter I have sketciicil th. beginnint^ of (rilpin's history, when.Fohn H. (ir('<;orv tii(!re dis<'overed gold, and was foll<>wed by a rush ..t miners, who soon exhausted the surface tlejiosit, uiid after impoverishing themselves in milling i!\|»ciiiiu:iit.s abandoned mining or sought new fields oi' cxploita- tion. The gold-bearing lodes occupy an ana one iiiili wide and four miles long, in the midst «)f wliirli an the closely allied t')wns of Black Hawk, Centrai, and Nevailaville. The silver belt extends across north (^lear creek and other hills frofn Y<irk jjulch to J)(»r\' hill. It was not discovered until 1878. The first improvement of the gold district was l)y the construction t)f the Consolidated ditcli in IS(i(). More than 100 small mills were taken to Gilpin coiintv in its early vears. In 18G8 there were over tliirtv spjiCL- that the miliject might seem fairly to tU'maiid. Surtioo it to say thai l»y many fxoclleiit authoriticti thi-re are elaimuil for tho w.itoi-:< of tln'^' Hi>riu^s proportius as valual>le as any in tlio state. (Ireat stress is l.iiii by all tho local writers, anil by many transient r.u'n, on tho merits of tlic vari- ous mineral waters of C'oloraclo, their variety ami exeellence, especially as t.' their curative properties. To tliscuss the statements of each one, or iniii'i'i to make other thau passing mention of tho various pamphlets an<l treatise-, would Ite altogether apart from the nurposesof this work. Amoim fitlirr.«, m addition to those already mentioned, arc T. O. Horn's Scicittitic Tijin; MS., descriptive ami liistorieal, concerning the varirms springs of tin' cmnitry; Miiieml Spritiijn of Colorado i< a pamphlet hy tho same authority. Hum came to Colorado in 1874, being a gracfuate of medi<;ino in St Louis, anii :> native of Va, born iu 1S32. lie is a member of the state board of lic.ilth, t. which he made a report at considerable length on the \niueral spriu^s of tlu' state iu 1SS2. (iARKIELU, OILl'lN. Oil mills ut work oiicratiiiir 700 Htaiiip.s. In 1874 mining was (lull. Soon after Tar^c o|MjratorH bejjjan purchan- iihj: small niinoH and coiiHolidating, hy which means a II. w impulse w»is j^iven to this industry. The j;old ons (tf (lilpin are »)f a low jjjrade, and do not pay ior aiiv other treatmi'iit than oy 8tamp-:uill or smeltin;^. Tilt re are fewer mills of lander capacity than f«)rmerly, ami aIthoujj;h the increasing depth of the mines makes ih» rxtraction of the ore more exptuisive, the returns art satisfactory. The entin' bullion «mtput of 1883, t'ni instance, was S'J,"J().S,9H3. The asscsMi>d valuation if tiio county for that year was $1,871,244, and its ji(>|iiiliiti(»n 7,000.' Central City,* which, next to Deliver, has been the seat of money, political inHuoiu-e, ami brain power, ''Some acoouiit of tliv (tarlifraiiil later ii|H?ratioiiM in thiti county huuuihim). {icrauvf, ulthcugli it hIkuiIiI Imt r<!|M;at the vxporieiicvH of others. In lyiiU -< viTii araMtras vteru t oiiHtructetl t4> |>ulvcrixe (|uarty.. A miner named Ueil M<i .1 trip liaiiiiiifr, pivotetl on a xtiimp, tliu liaiuiiier noumling ({uartz. in a iimigli. Mis invention wa^ ealleil the \Vo<Hl|H.'(:ker Mill. i'iiarleH (liluM, of tialliji, Oliio, niaile a (>-staiiiii wotnUin mill, nm 1)}' water power, in Chase pilcli. uliic'h; lumleil out $(i,<M)Oin a Neason. T. T. I'rosaer imported the first null not home made. U wa.s a H-Htamp affair, ind wat< net to work in ProHxer ;:iiK'h in Sept. 1>S,*><). ('oleman k Le Kt-vrc hroaght in a<>-Htanip mill theHame •(■a.sdu, which was inn with the I'nM.ser ni'li on <innnell iptart/, saving front ^ to.*l(H) per ton. Uiilgeway next .set np a ti-Htanip mill on Clear ereek, itlnw HIaek Hawk, and .sixin after Clark, Vandewator, t^ Co. im))orted a viTiiiilile foundry made, i^-stamp mill at tho junction of Kureka and Spring i;iililir>, where now is the centre of T'entral City. This was all acconiplishetl II I").')'.). The (iregory lode has maintained its preeniinenee. The Holttail u.k< rcc koued secontl; the (lunnell third. There arc several mines on each of ■.iiisc. They all have a history, but for which I have not 8])ace. Few of the :iiiiK's :;re ilnwn more than l,.')00 feet; hut this tiepth recpiires tunnelling, of which a ^ood deal ha.s Iteen done. The Itritish- American tunnel, beginning I'liMiiitli ( 'h^ar creek below F.ill river, i-xtcnds 4 miles northerly, through 1,'iiiirt/ hill to tho silver district, and is not yet Hnished. The Union tunnel '■•■i:< tliioiigli Maryland nu>nntain. The Kurfipean-American tunnel begins a iii'.le Im'Iow Black Hawk and runs wt-sterly, lading incomplete. There are imiiuToiis other shorter tnunels. The lir.-*t iron-works setup in Coloratlo wan ■ v buiuford A, Co. of Denver, in May iNil, who inannfactured iron from tho '"j: oil' found 10 miles north-west of iK-nver. After making the trial they r'liiiivtMl their works to Itlack Hawk, where they continued to make iron and iii;iniif.icturc mining machinery. ■■.Mthough early settleil. Central City was not surveyed into lota until l*»*)t'i. wlien George H. Hill laid it otF. The town-site act of congress author- /iii tho location of 1,280 acres where there were over 1.000 inhabitants, and I tDtrnl lieing entitled by population to half that amount, obtained it, less a nttlf oviT 50 acres already patented tn mines. The question of superior riglits necessarily arose for settlement, the town being upon mining ground. TlieiMlcirc H. Booker contested the claim of the city to a strip of surface ground 50 feet wide lyiug through th« centre of town, on the mppoutioa Ki''i;» 61-2 COUNTIKS OK a)LOKAlKJ. K wliioh was ut oim tiiiu; tlu; rapital ot* the territory, ai;<l iH the county Hvat, m the princiiuil of tli(3 tliree t(»wiis that th« prior rocunlof IiIh mine woulil Heciiro him in his cUini. The Hcoiv- Ury of the interior ilecidoti advorHcly to Itttsker, hut niferred the vunv t<> tli< ooiirtH. The city olitained itM {Miti-nt witlioiit rosiorvution of the ^'iuiiiki t'liiiniiHl by ik-ckur, hut with a itroviMo a^uni refernnij the quention to t-M.) nig lawn. Tlio i-xiKtiii^ lawH griiiitol milling patentH in tt>WiiM, i-xctntin^' ^,|| riulitM t<i the Hurfui'c, or anything ujmmi it, which diicitiion wai- tiiuills ikUiI hidied ami order ri'storcd. lUiuk Hawk wa.s iiicorjioraUMl in 1S04. tl.t. (in.t iimt-otlicc in the iim-ky moiiiitJtiiii wax located licrc, in ItSlM), and il('>i)^iiati<i Nlouiiti'iin t'ity, to (hHtiii^^iiixh it from anotlicr Central City in K;iii~a.s. ..: H'hidi Coliirado was then a uart. Tlic iiaiiie was dro^tpcd when the triiitoi\ wati <ii'(;aiii/.<'d. The hcci>ii(i land olliro in Colorado wan opciu'd atlVntr.il City in |.S(»S, for the diNtrict ciniiiM'scd of Cli'ar creek, (iiliiin, and |..irt.v m .leticrHon ami Hiiuldcr enmities, Irviii)? Staiit.iii re^ii-iler, and (miv M Kiili'lt receiver. 'I'lu: liisl a|i|ilii'atioii for a patent w:is fdp Iho Com[ia.Ms and .S(|uan lode, in (iritlilh niiniii)^ district. Clear Creek c>>, 'i'lie first ox|iress C'<iii|riii\ wliieh extended its line ti> Ceiitr.il City Mas the Central Overland ainl I'lki ~ I'eak express, in the spring of hSIiO. Itcatiic iiit>> tiie posm^ssion of l!Mllailu\ in IStil, and in l^do was transferrecl to Wells, Far^o, tt Co., after whuli r paHNcd into the hands of thi? Kiiiisas I'aei'ic Hailroad company in InTI. whiii that road was « phted to Ucnver. 1; was tlien known as '.lie Kaii>.ii I'l citie Jijiilroad Kxpress company, hut later liccaim! tlie I'aoilic iv<pre-> ci'ii paiiv. The tt lenraph lint was eompleted to Central City Nov. 7- isii:;, I j il;, I'acilic 'rcle^{iiipli com|>any, whieli two years later wan nier^'cd in lli.- \\ c.-t ern liiiioii company. 'I'lie lirst newspaper starteil in the county was the Hm'kii Jlininliin, liw. /{i]K>rfi r iiiit/ Mdiiiiliiiit f'ilii llntdil, pnhlisiied in iSoH, liy I'liomar. (.iI.mui at 0-c}{ory point. It suspended the Kaiiie year. Tiie Miiiiii'/friii^t,,^"^ liHlied hy Alfred 'rhoiniison, wa.s the N(>coiid, in l.Sti'J, which went throin;! several cliaii){(!M, ami Hiispcnded in 1S73. In iHTOtlu- /'<W, democrats M».t lirst isHued at Klark Hawk, hy Wiiliam McLaughlin and \\ . W. i>'iill:v.iii It yoon came into the haiuls of James K. Oliver. The lirist liaiikiii^ in Central City was ihiiie hy the privHie tirm el' Kciint. Ilrothers. In IH<!<! the Kocky Mountain National hank was or;.:aiii/t''i JoHhua .S. Iteyiiolds iiresident. In IS74 Uie First National liank ot Ci'iitr.'il City Mas oiyani/ed, which Hiic.'eeilcd the ]irivate lianking hoiHe of 'i'li.ilrh i Staiiill"V, & Co., Hiieeessor-i of Warren, lliissey, iV Co. Ilanin^toii A MiIIm or).Miii/ed a hanking house in Central City ill lS7r). There is also at lllaii Hawk a prjvatc hanking tX'Ufij, owned hy Sam Smith k Co., estalihsliccl v l.SN(>. riihiic Mciiools Were or^aiii/cd in Ct^ntral City in ISd'J, l)anicl C. ( mIIm' Mupcrint<iident; first teachers, 'llioinoM J. Caiiilil>eil and Klieii F. Kniihill Schools Were •rjfaiiized tiie saiiui year in Itlack flawk and Nevadavillr Ti first puhlit: scliool house ereclod l»y Mie county was completed in I**"", a' ■ cost of ^Itf.lHNI, at that tiiin^ the h.^st scheol hiiddinu; in '. 'olorado. Kdigioiis scrvii'cs were held iiitlio open air in IH.V.I, i.tCregory I 'i.;i:iii^:- liy Lewis Hamilton. rcsiiltin){ in the formation of a uni m ciinrch, c<iiri|K><(-<i of all deiiomjnatioiir'. The iiall over the jiost-oflice at Central ( 'ity >*ii» ihoi .»s ,1 meeting hoiiR(>. In IHtVi Hamilton went as chaplain to li. Coh>i"iilii rt')!i nu'iit, and the n-cords of the church were lost. Ki. W. Fisher, im iIiihIi»i. also field open-air ineetiiiKH in IS.W, and organi/eil a church in IHtiO, afur**''' holding meetings in a |inhlie hall. A lot wax piirchiiHed in IHti'J, liiit noi'liiinl edifice was coniplet^id hefoie IH('0. when the first methtslist chiin /' it (V'li tral wiis dedicated hy Misliop Calvin Kingsley. The society i' iIim' tmi' had a church, costing t'J(),(NN>, and ii iiiemherNhip of over W i. It« tir<' Huttlutl pMtor wav Mr Adriuuov. A muthudnit uhuruh wuu ..inu uiu'auti!r<l JlKLUJUms ANI> BKNKVOI.KNT OKCAM/ATIONS. <ii:{ iHt'itn' m«MitiofHMl as <Mi(}Upyinjj; tli." luart <»f t\\v jjjoKI (iisrrict It was naiiu'ti in n'fiircnct' t<» itH contnil ai iil.i'k Hawk ill li%'J, luitl a Niiiiill cliiirch utliliuu ttroctoiL Tho lirnt ttot- tli'.i |i,k<tiir wiiit \K II. I'utliHii. It wiH not until aftvr 1H72 tliat a cliuirli u;i4 limit fur tlio MiitliiMliitt Hociuty at Nuvti iaviUe, Tliu tirxt wimiuii ti» .irrivi' III Willi. nil the golil <li)ttri(-t of 4<iliiiii cDuiKy \»iiK Mary York, aftcrwanl /,. ('0//.0118, ill |S,')1>. iSfiu wiM A i':ktliolic. 'llicro weru iiloiitv < Ml ]il<iiity of Ik faitli III tlio iiiiiii'M, ami MervicoM l>L';L;aii to i.-.< licld in tliu following yoitr in a milil;.' h.illliyJ. 1'. Miicli«lH!iif, aftiTwanU 'lirtliop of Coloratlo. In IMiU n miil'iiii>( wait {iiircliii.si-il uml vonvcrlcil into a cliuroli, wliioli coiitiiinvil to lh> u<im| until tlu) jiri'Ki'nt lar)i»oe<lilii't' win orrrted, tiio eornt'r-Htonuof H'liit-h wa.i liiil Iiy itinliop Marlii'licuf in 1S7'2. It wan liint ii»i'<lfor n'lij^ii 1 ; sfurviciwin •iM'iKMi on 1^71, iliiiiicli Htill iiii-iiiiipletu. |)iiring this year an ucinli^iiiy w.i^ <i| iliii:'!' II liill l>y tlio ca liolic.i, uinli-r tliooliar>;iM>f tliOHistorMof cii.irity. Tin- iiri'^l's tiTiai li were 01 {.-ini/t'il into u clnircli in ISlil! hy ].«-wiK liainiltoii, Intiii'i: iii*'iitioiu'>l, iiikI r tliu naiiiu of Firrtt I'l-cshytfriaii cliiircli of <'<!iitral t'lly. licorm' \V. Wanii r, iiMisiiniary, iiciii(j it(» first jta^tor, unrrcciinl liy William Crawforil, Tli»'iMloroj>. Marsh, Shi'l ilii .lacks .!.«;. i^i II. H i.i;;,, .1. 1*. KhImtI, \V. L. i^iUilli, K. M. IWown, .1. \V. .lolin.tti.iie, .1. II. Itiiiini., ami Otto Sriinlt/, covining a jhtIoiI of al>ont 'Jrt years. Tlu! <'liiir'ti iiiiMiM>; wa.sj'ruotnl in IsTH. Tim Kiist rnsliyterian cliiiri'li of Hlru'k Hawk wilt mn.iiii/fil ill l.Sl'i.'l liy t !corj{0 W. Wariu-r. A c'lurrli wasfrri'tnl the hhum yi".r .iistinj^ !|<7,."><H>, ami ileilicati'il Anj;. 'J^lh, Wiiriirr]>astnr. Hu n-si^neti 111 V.iv., ami 'V.i.ssufi-ci'ilfil hy'l". I». Marsh, l>r Krinl.il, A. .M. Kri/.i-r, Alln-rt F. ;.>li', <i.S. .\ilaiiis, ami W. K. Haiiiilliin. 'I huchiii <'li wast'losnl in IST'J, aii<l ~iil>v <|iii'iitly rclitcil to tho iiirtlioilists. Tliu cotijji'c^MtionalistM oiyaiii/t'd in lMi:t. liii.lur William I 'i.twlui'il'M iiiiiiiHtrutinns, rnt tho First < '<>iiui'i'i;atioii,il • iiui'li of Colorado, lii'ing whatitH iiaiiu) imlicati'd in n>ality, and ui.shiiii' to ..<• jfi'inral ill its fll'orls to do ^(iiid. It was iiicoriiciratitd in I.S4iti, liowuvcr, 14 till' Fir.--t l'on){rt'gatioiial cluu\-li of ('ciitral City, in that year a chnri'li . iiiii.' i'ci.stin>{ .'<II,7<K> Mas cfiftid. < 'raw lord rriiialin'd with tho Hocirty until lM>7, wln'ii Im losifjind, and wa.sHiU'i'i'cdiMlliy K. I'. 'I'l'iint-y, aftiT m1i <';>iii'' S. F. Hickiiison, 11. ('. Ilickiii.soii, 'riioiMlorel'. Jfroini', andSammd •I K. jtii k. riu! cliuri'li vas closed in |n7(>. A haptist ehiireh mms or^ani/ed III lM>t hy ..Inioiid Itarielle, a iiiissioiiaiy from the Ainenean Baptist Homo \|l^^ oil soeii'ty, and a lioiiseef Mi>r.^lii]i enilnl, wliieli in I.S7I was repaired, 111 I III |S7'.I elosed, lieiii^ riiliee o<-eU|iied as a slmo ami dueiiint;. The epi>- ■"|i.il I'liiirehes also liavo closi'd their si. 's. Why •'intiMl <'ily no often • ■|ll»l•^ its ehiiiehei seems to reipiiro t ipiai,. I imi. I'roli.ilily tho attempt to ~ii!i|>iirt t<Hi many in till) three eoiitlKtioMs iiiiiiiieipalilies ri'>idereil ahortixti 'lir<-i!iirt to support any. In tliir! ni<i'ter tho protostaiit clinrcliL*ii would do >>i'l. ti> imitalo their e.illiolio hr. 1 iren. 1.' ISIiti w.as or^aiii/ed the Miiu is and Miihaiiies' Institute of tidpiii >1. Il a ssoeiatliili V.is ell.ll'ti'ied III I'^li', lillt did Hot llll permanent, ilie lihraiy of l.tHKI vol* Mlilell it eullerted was siild III till' r iv of ( 'eiitral at a ■>' miiial pr !-iee, lt>r II \ tlio plllilie Ml I100I1 llll' >i III, i| lio.'ird Hooil Oilili'd aniiMnr l.llitt volumes to llio piililie ki'IiouI lilir.iiA. ''he ealtinet of minerals and etU- r v. iliiaMu matter wis loirind in i'lii' lin department of Tentral City was or>{anized in ISti'.t, when the" eii- " re e nipany No. I was formed, with 7Hnieml>ers, M. H. Koot loreman. tril F ity < as • lit then Nnp)ilied with water for e\tint{nishiiii{ tir d tIr till' l«rtiiu'i I, w.'ks otherwise wanting. After the )in> of May l>»7J, w hull luinied LTi-at r part of the husiness portion of the town, it wiis reorn;iiii/ed Thn V No. I was tirsf formed. N. H. Met all fore. i.i'Hcllr K d 111 i|uin "itn. Ill IH7.') the Koii^'h and Heady Hook and Ladder eom|Niny No I was ■•'•i; I 111 /I'd. M. H. Koot foreman In IH7S the Alert Fire and Host in-aiiy Thuiuiiii liauihly furuiuau. lu lti7'J Ihu iiUck Hawk Firu auU 111 • S.l I 014 COUNTIKS OK COLOR AliO. poBition between Black Hawk and Ncvadavillo. Tiic other towns are but its suburbs, and toj^otlier mckc a coiii]>iuiy N«i. 1 wuHorgaiii/ed, W. O. I^ogitu foiviiiaii. 'I'Iktu was hdhh in eili- «-iuiit firo (leiHw'tmuiit, wiili liyilraittM at coiiveiiiont iliHtiiiu'eH, uiul rt-KcrvoiM at a Hulliuiciit cluvation ti> throw water dvlt any Iniililiiig in thi; town. 'I'licrt' watt niUMtcrud into HiTvicu a.s Ciiloradii militia a military c-ompaiiy, known an tlie Knimut (juards of Oilpin county, in Nov. IS7'>, JamcM Noonan ca|it.iiii, .latnos Dulalianty Ist lieut, T. V. VVolcli *.M liiiit. Of Hccrot anil hnicvolcnt onlora there are a inimhttr in (iiliun cnutitv. Nevada l^odgo No. I. of Vroe and Aecitptt.'il Masons, was granted a (hsiii'iisa. tion liy tlio grand lodge of Kansas Dee. 'J*J, I MM), and fortiiully o|irii>'.i i.ir IiiiHinesM Jan. I-, IS<il. Its lodge-room li.'iiig hurned in tin; uiitiniiii, str|i.i wore t;ik<'n to reliiiild, an<l 80 fe(>t of grouml fronting on Main street pur- ehased. Nevaiia lodgo wan the tirst organi/i^l in Culorado, Imt latiT in tin' samo year Joh^t M. (hivington, aiipoinled l>y tlie grind master of Ni^ln.iskt, iiiHtitnted lodges as follows: (iolden No. I, at <<oldeii City; lUw'ky Moun- tain No. '2, at (odd liill; and Park No. :<, at J'arkville, in the eouiili-'.s <!' Jefferson, Itoulder, and Snmmit n^speetively. lie then called a ci'nvi'ntiiii at Ooldcn, ti: institutu a grand lodge, Aug. 'A, l.SOI. This iietion ni tlir Nebraska grand Itidgo was ri'','arili'd hy the Nevada lodge as an infnnL;"ini m of the j>rivilegt!» t>f the Kansas grand lodge, iinder who.so jurisdictmn ('.!.,. ra4lo, it waselaimed, jiropi'i'ly came. The Kan^.is grand lodge, jiowever, ri . - ogiii/ing tliu Colorado grand lodge, reiioved the dilllonlty, and N('\'ada lud^i- Hiirreudering its fir^t ehartiT, was recliarti red hy the ( 'olorad.) grand Imiiii! as Nevatia lodge N,i. 4. Its Imilding \v is of tstotie, lirick, and irun. and cimI ST.OOO. Chivihgton lodge was diarterid I>ee. II, ISiil. Central ( 'ity CI, ,|. ler No. 1, IJoyal Arih Masons, received its charter from the gi'and rii\il anil chapter of the United iStales, Si'pt. 5", IS(».">. Central Ciiy Coiinell Nd. 51, Uoyal and Select Masters, was ehartcreil liy the grand enuiu il of III . Oct. '-!.'{, IST'J. Central City Cominandcry No. "J, Knights Temi>lar, ua-. in.-t' tutcd Nov. S, |.S<U», ami receivcil its cliarter from the grand eiic ain|iniiiit of the United States Oct. '24, ISCN. lilack Hawk hnlgo No. II, A. K. A A M., was iustituteii Feh. 17, IStJd. Tin' llocky Monntaiu h>di,'e No. '2, Imii- icndent Ordi r of Odd Fellows, was chai-tired Juno 14, IMm. Cnliiriii.i lticani|Mnciit No. 1, ]. O. O. 1''., was instituted May tl-, iSi'',. Coloiid.i Inii.x' No. ;<, of Hlack Hawk, institnteil Miiy l(>, IWki. Nevada loilgc .No. ti w.i.h « liartcred Sept. '2'.\, iStkS, liahl Mountain Kncampnient No. I( was inNlitiitril ut Ni;vaila Man h IS, IH~\. The tir.^t lodge of Cood Teinolars in Ciljiiii county wasinstitutecl at Nevada in .August I.SIM), l>y A. <!. <iili, coMnnis.iiinn •! l>y tiie grand lodgt! of Kansas. Tlie lire of I.Stil havingdi'stroyed thcjr loiit"' ■ room, th(( order w.is reorganized at Central umler tlu; name of Ci ntra! ( itv lodge No. '2'.\. of Kansas, and prospered until Iho (ir»' of IS74 again destmyi'l its property. The loiigu did not ilishand, hut continued to meet in liin <l rooms. Tho lirst grand lodge of this order was instituted in \Va>liiii^;tMii hall. Central City, Manh 17, l^tiH, w itli 7SH iiiciiiImis and II l.Nl^'.■s. Ni vada loil^^e No. ."I'J vas instituted liy tlie uraml lodge of K.'in.>as m .\|iril IHtMi; hnt in March iHtW it apiiliid tli the Colorailo ^raiid lod^'o lor a mw charter, and n ciivcd the nanmof Nevada lodge No. :!. It owiisn l.iiiMiiif;. and is in good circu'iislances. The Knights of lloimr. Knighls of l'ytliiii.«. Knijjlils of the New World, Koresters, and l!eil Men Imvc their ori; itii/atiim« III (lilpiii county, as well as the Scamlinavian and other lieiievolent serii'ii>- Not to he iMhiiidthe re-t of the world in amu-emi.nts. Central i-^ pmvi.lcl with an ojiera house of s{-one. ri.'i hy ll."> fe ■(. which will seat r»(M) )H'r>"in« in the dress-circle ami |iarquette, and 'J.">() in the gallery. It is wariind hv lint air furmu-es. is tincly frescoed, lighted with gas. and i-ost altogctlu i .*J.'i. (UN), It was hegun in 1877. and completed in 1878, and furnisliiw i irmiL contrast to Hiidliy Hall, the large log Imilding, still stiuiding. in the ei'l"'^ Htory of wliicli. in earlier tinics, theatrical reprcHentationM were went t.i !• given. 1' (JKANU. im |)()|)ulatiun of 5,500. It has excellent Hchools, and a .^c IK Tally projtjfn'ssive aiul refiiuHl soeiety. The other lnwiKS aiuleainps in the country an- Kollinsville, Hus- st'il's gulch, Black's eain[», Cottonwooil, and Smith hill/ * Aiiioug the pioiioerrt ol' (filpin county are tliu fullowitig: Corliit Idtcnn, will) citiiit! til i'oltiraili) from Pontiitf, Micli., in IS't.S with a Hniall ]iiirtv niu- <isliii>! of Jaineu A. Wuuks, Willmr !•'. I'iirkir, ainl Alversoii uml mm. Arriving latuin thu yearhu enfaniix'tl llOniiii's al>ovo llciivcr, ami tliu toliow- ing spring 1ic)j;iin mining on (^uart/ hill, lit' has coiitiitiiuil in thti lnixinvHS 111 «'iil|iin county evur sincf. .1. M. lU-vcrly, liorn in \'a, in IH-IH, canii- to (\il.ir:iih> from 111. iu I.S.VJ ni conii>any with ,1. U. Ik-vcrly, his I.iiIut. They went lit «im.'o to (in-gory gulch, uml tlieucu to NdVinlavillc, where they irrcleil till! first cahiii. .1. M. IJoverly wa.i electetl reconler, 8heriU, uml jus- ti(i! of thu |ieacu ill the autiinni of iK.V.I. During tho \\ inter ho ihNcovereil a iiii.ic, naiiieil after him, on the llurrough.s lode, which he sohl in iMti-t. lie liiiill tlic Keverly mill in Nevaila guli'h in iNfrJ, wlii<'h he Mold alter running it,') years, and liiiilt another. Having accumulated a fortune, he returned to ('liic.ij^d, hut suH'ei-ed a Iosh of hi.s property in the great lire of 1^7I. and l'r;^.iii ilic stmly and pructieu r>f thu law iu thiit city. Late; he uuested lu iiciic:' in l.aku and (lilpin counties. Chase Withrou, horn in 111., in \KW. ,:iinc to Ciilori'lo in I. St M), and nettled at Central City, wlict.- he followed iiiiiiitiL; for two years, after \thich he engaged in lumher-tlcaliiig for <! years, lie then returned to thu study of the law, coiiniienceil liefove leaving 111., wi.-i ailmittcd to the har, and pr.ietised until I.S7.'>, when he was elected clerk 111 llic district court, which {losition he held for G years, vshen he returned to [In; jiiacti.^e of his profession. .S. ion after he wasilcctcd city uttornc;, . W il- ii.ir; ii i.'verly, his hrother, eame to Culnrado in iMiO, and settled at Neva- il;tv; ! ^';igh A. CamphcU, horn in Pa, in IS'Jii, \\:^n hroiight up in Ohio. Ill IS.^;; ... joined u party of udvcnturerii going to ( ilil'ornia, iiiid iiiiued ii Nrvaila «'o. 8 year.'«. Ilu hail no simner returned to t)liio than the rush to I'lkcV |ieak liegan, which he immediately joined, an iving in Central City in .hiiie IS.V.t, win rt- hi; opened a store with .Jesse 'I'rotti r, in u liru.-.h tent, I'miiij; llie snmiiuT they erected a log ciilnn, on what is now l.au rein e stieel, itiiil n moved their L'oods to it. Tin y [Uit a sign over their dom « itli ( 'iiitral I'lly nil it, and HO li\ed the name, imt rceogni/ed hy tlie I'. (). lU |iaitnient. (iin|ihell discovered tho Cilicinii:it i lode (Jii ('a..to hill; owned lit acn s of {'Licit gl'oUIld oil tho south siile of (,lii.iit/. hill; ^10 airc-i ii|| I'llii iliek; tlir (ilohe, I'rof^rcssive, niiil Ccntciini.'il lodes on Ciiiinell lull; Cn luluiik inile nil Casto hill; Inter-ocuan and (Icttysliurg on i^uart/. hill, and other uiiiiiiig properly. 1>. I>. Slclivoy. horn iu Ky, in ISiM, was tho sun of a farmer. Me 'riiH.sed the jdaiiis to C.il. in IK.'iO. lle)oiiiid a militia i ompaiiy dilnii;^ the I'lili l.'te oiilhreak, and was eommis.siohi il a liciilinant liy(io\. Milioiigal. ill hV'd he returned liomi! hy >ea, meeting .It llali;iiia with the tilihiisii ring army if Lope/, reeruited at Ni « Orleans, witnessing the shooting of Ciipt Critti'iidcii and ftt) men hy Loiie/, for iiisul'ordiiiatiou and desertion. In IS.IK Ml llvoy came to Colorado w itii his f.imily, and settled on Missouri llats lu'ar Ciiitral City. .Soon after In- di-ioveri d Lake gulch, and eiigagi d in iiiiiiiiiU and larmillg, having lti(( acres of land mi the tiats. M.ivid |). .Stroclt, horn in»)liio, in ls:t'J. rnsid a f.irmer, and ediuatcd at Ihraiii, eaino to <\ilorado in IN.'»it, mining a' (ircgory gulch that -iiiiinier. hIiiii he retnrned to Kaiisati. huf linally settled at HIack Hawk, in fhisstati . Ill ISCi'l, as I millwright ami c.ir|K'iiter. lie owi d M feet on the tJuhinll Imli . which lie leased to the tliinnell eonipauy. Anthony \V Tucker, horn in I'a. in ISHT. reared in Ohio, a machinist hy tnule, eumt. tuCulunulu lu lt>.'>U, uud iniueil at (iregoiyaml IIiihhlII diggiugb, t:!:" 6ie tOUNTIKS OF fOUJKAIK). Grand county, organiztjd in 1874, included the North i>ark, and most of the Middle park, and all of He act up and n|ierate4l the tint ciigiiia in CViltirado, in Ktmtluy & liayaril t MW-inill at Central City. In 186'J liu worked on J. L. Pritulmrd h (|uartit-iiiill at Nevailaville. Afterwards lie HUiierintended ditferent iiiillH— I). I*. ( .iniv ^ in Chaxc gulch, Opiiir mill, Clayton mill, Truman \Vhiteoiii1> null, an i Whuek-r k Sullivan mill. In 1877 he leaned the Tucker mill in KuMmll giili L, which wa-s burned in 1870, after which he purchaned an iiitcrcNt in tin; New York ijuartz-mill at Black HaM'k. Me wan elected county couinuHNiiiiur in 1877. Henry Paul, Uirn in Ky in 1841, and brought up to fitriulifc in Ky ami Mo., came to Colorado in 18.'>0, but rtitunicd to Mo. the haiiic yiMr, un'l Htudietl medicine until ISThi, when he Kcttled in (iilpin co., wliun; lu; ciigiigtM in mining and farming, varying thcHO purHuita M'itii ini'dtciil Htinlii'M. TIh mining diHooverien are the Hazclton, Hclmer, PowerH, and Scarlo linlcs m Williii gulch in < iilpin county, an«l .Security lode, on Mt Mnw.s, in j'ark C'.,, and many f>therii in neveral counties. Ho was clectt.'d to the legiHlatim^ :ii ]87<t, and wax chairman of the conimitteo which <lraftcd the mining law .i' Cobtrado. He waa a delegate to the National 1)enio('ratic convnitinn .tt Cincinnati in 1H.S0. He engaged in mining and nmrcliiindiHing. Joseph S. Beanuin, iMirn in ])fi<len, (icrniany, in ]S.'t4, M-ii8 apiirmtici-il lit a brewer. He came to the U. S. in 18.'i!, and learned carpentry at l.uuisvilli'. Ky, after which he attended school two years. In IS.V.> he came to ( 'olnra'l locating at Central <'ity, where, after mining a few years, lie wmlicd at li - tra<le, and linally extabliHbed hiinxelf as a bottler of soda water iirnl lic|Uui- I^M-is W. B»'rry, Iiorii in Brooklyn, N. V., in IS'Jv', was the sioi of a ^lll|i■ cari>entt'r, and barned the trade of painter. Ho was in New Orleanjt iu hit;, where ho riiiscd a coiii|>iiny for the Mexican war, ami fought iiinlcrii.i' Scott, a4 'captain. Returning to Brooklyn, he remained tliere iiiitil IS,V<, when he came to Colorado, mining at Central City for 4 years, wlieii li>' ■'|uii! two years in Montana, living later at Idaho S[)rings. •Samuel ('o|M.-land, iMtrii in Me in IHI!), after a youth s|)ciit on a t'arni in ' tft acadeuiies in St Allian.s and Charleston, embarked in mercantile |iiii'Miit< at several iNiint« in Me, K. B., and Mich., and travelled for ln'illli .u>^ pleasure. In ISfiO he caiiu; toCnlorado, having invested his menus in a ti'iii of II wagons, 'JS yokes of oxen, and 4 liorses, the wagons lieiiii.' trei^'htt' i with ma<'hinery for a i|iiart/-iiiill, saw-mill, aiul shingie-inill. 'Die ipiart/- mill proved a lo!«), Imt the others were set ui» ami piolitJibly (iii.iati'il in Michigan gulch until bS4>.'t, when he riMiioved them to Bouliler, Inini,' ilv principal lumber merchant there until 1870, and engaged also in iiiiiiiii^ ina merchandising. His energetic course ivsult<>d in a fortune. James B. •Jonid, iMirn in N. V. in ISIMi, was reared in Pa and Iowa as :» farmer. He caino to Black Hawk in \S(V\ engaging in freiu;htiiig aluuit tl mines for two years, and afterwards for 7 years between tlu^ .Mi-<-.iiii rivM 1 years anil Henver. He tlien sold his teams, and iinrehased a far'u in Hniiiiin- c.i, where ho secun-d 444) acn's tif iniiiroved land near \\'liit»f Uock. 1 li ive .ilp- Htractcd these biographical Hketeties fmm Cli'n- Ci-irkiiint /imili/i r I'ni. IU''- The names of <J. A. Uols-rts and <'harle:i Peek occur in eonnectidii^itli min- ing regulations in 18.V.I, Imt Ihavu no further information of tlieiii. Ilnlu'in-^ Minex of Coin, 78. Some f:icts concerning Central I'ity and < Iilpin in. li.ivi' been ilrawn from N T. Bond's Eiirlfi Hiittoi-ij of < 'nlonvln, Mniihiiin, nini AAi/i . M.S., cont<tini>:f( narratives of discovery ami early government. I'lara Brown, a colored woman, born near Froderickslmrg, Va, in l."*W. after an eventful life as a slave, was liU^ratcil in Ky. In her ''Tlli yar slif reinovetl to St l»uis, an. again to lAMvenworth, joining in the .sjn uitcof K'i' a party Imnnd for Pike's i>e..k, and paying for her traiLsportation by icinkMu for a mess of 2r> men. She had the first laundry in (iilpin eo., iin<l in a li"' vears accumulkt<-il I^IO.OIIU. After the eloxi- of the war .^lie wei\t i.i Ky i' : n«r relatives, and «stablisht:d thcui iu Uulurado, huraulf auttliug iu Denver ui <ji:nm.sox. hinshalk. fir wliiit is now Routt countv. It now (MiibracoM tlic Mi<l(ll«' |>ark ami inoKtof tho sottleinents t>f itn former tonitorv.'' (!uiinis<»n county, whone oarly liiHtory ha.s boon iriviii, was »»r«;anized in ISHO. Its (lovt'lo)unent lias Ik'i II rapid. Over 100,000 tons of coal wire taken out of this county in 188.'}. It is hcgiiuiing to bccul- tivati (I for its agricultural wcjiltli ; its grazing inter- est i^ largi" anil increasing ; but its gold, silver, cop- per, lead, coal, and iron mines are still the chief iiict iitivo to settlement. The bullion output in 1883 was .5f».')0,000, and the assessed valuation of the county .Ji:{/j;U.41)0.* ,1 nrii I'littiige of hur own, ami l>viiig a iiu-mlHir in ^chA Htaiuling of tho prcit- 'lytcriiiii oliurcli. ('Irtir Cn-ik oml Jioiili/i r I'al. /^■/<^, 44.'i. 'It I'oiitiiiim aralilu ami grazing laixls, licaiititiil n: uiiitain Iaku«i, aixl im n. >|iiiriiJKiirs i)araiUKC. Tliu larkof facililion fur traiiMporiatioii havu iiiturfereil wjtii its (k'VL'liipiueiit. The i)<>inilati«>u in ISiSOvas hut littl'j (ivor 400, Init li;i.l iui iia.seil ill l.S.s;i to 'J,00<). Oiio of the attraotionn of the park are tliti hot .Mil|i!iur Niirings on (iraml rivor ami at (iraml lako. I'htcur Fainiuu li'i» '" III carrieil on in this county for twenty years, and c<mi1 of good (|uality H iiiie of its ltent known rtfiources. Tho later mineral dis('ov<;riet, liave revoalu<i U"M and ."ilver lodes of jjreat value. I'etroleum is anotliei ■•atural j>rodui'- liiiii .ixMiiting railroads to Ite made availalile. Tlie asst-sstneiit valuation in |v>|{ u.is ;C);{,it08. Ciraiid l*ike, w ith a ]Mi]>ulati<>n of .'flX), '.viis the county •111. iint Nulnliur Springs had .'lOO inhaliitjtnts, TelhT ."><',(), while Frartcr, (i.t.>i<ill, l.idu, TrotilileHome, C'nlorow, Hand, Hennitage, and Canadian had liN)..r 1, ,.s. '') .iiunisoii City, tho county Heat, had in Ifi^^ii (>,IMM> inhahiUuitH, and tho oimiitv !iot lutiH than 14, (MM), distriituted among otiier towns as follows: I'lt- km l.'.VKI, Created B'ltte 1,(MM), Cotiiio 5HM>, IrwiiitiOO, Tin Cup r)0(), West i>iiiiiu<i'ii 4(M). and the remainder among mining ''amps and Hettlemeiits. Tlioro WiTit numerous settlements helnngini; to( luiinison at that tini'-, namely, MU:i[, Alinont, Anthraeile, Auren, liiiniiin, Itelleviie, Kuwmnii, Camp Kiiiuniirrry, Ciiipeta, Cidoride, Clouil City, ( 'oppn- Creek, Crook.sville, Cur- lui, l»>lta, iKiylevilli', l»rak«', Klko, Klktoii, Kmiiia. l iaieii.i, llavi'rly. Hiller- :<Mi. li'iw'eville, Incliaii Creek, .lacks Caliiii. Maroni, .Mmitrose. Ohio, Paradox Villi \, I'arliiiH, IVtersliurji, I'ittslniigii, l'ciwilerlioiii,l^iiart/\ ille, Red Moun- 'nil. Kii'liard.son, Roaring' Rock. Rixk Creek. Riili; ('My, Rustler Ciileh, Sii;i', S.ipiiiuro, .Seolield, Silver Nigiit, .Spring, Stevens, Toll ( i.ile, Toliiii'lii, riiiiiii, Uiicompahgre, Virginia, \\'aller s Camp, Washingtuii Ciil.'h, White Kirtli, While I'liie, White Sulphur Springs, aiiil Wooilstcuk. Some lew ot ;k'.«' hive iHsen ellt oil' hy the divisliiu ii> tlie eoiinty in |S.s;t. riic l>enveraiid RioCrandu railroad now p;u«He.H.ii'rciss theeoiinty from east '■'West, with a hraiieh toCn'steil Riitti', where eoiisideraMi' progresM is lieiiljk; 'iiaili' III the development oi extensive and valii.iliie deposits >il antlirai'ite, I'ltiiiiiiiioiiN, and coking coal, lint there is less popiilatinn iii the towns, imta- 111) li'^s 111 (iiiniuHon City, than for the lirst twoor tlin-i' years of growth, and wln'iitliiswiirt tho terminus of the railway. The seeoiidary e| oeh of all mining iMii r.ohoad towns is upon it, Inuii wlinh the healthy growth of the eoiintry, •»liiili umies latttr, alone will redeem it. There arc some interesting and 6lf) l-OUNTIUS OK COLOUADO. llinwlalt^ ctmiity. named aft(!r (ieorgo A. Ilinsdali . WUH ()rgaiiizi;(l in 1874, on the tliscnvoiy of tho niiiics of tlic 8an Juun <rountry. Owinj^ to its niountiin- oUH olianu'tor: uiui luck of tranH|N)rtatioM, it iiuult I iuHtruj'tivt fiu'lH n'^'"" •'» ''^'''""' "'""'"'"" YrHliTtlnii anil Toilmi, MS. •\S|, liuvu JilMiiyH,' lif NiiyN, * liv(!i| on ciiHlrrii r:i|iitiil,' and itroct-cilH tn rcluti- that 11 St liOUiH ciiiii{Hiiiy Uiiil gaM nml wiitcr iijih-h, vxpciitliiig l|$l(M),UUO; cri'ctt'il the l<a VuUi liotci, on ftiiiiidatinhM (iltiiiiiloiitMl liy itx itrojcctur, at a ciiit nt ttlM'i.JHN); fiii'iiit'd ii))liiii tor an tiymrn lioiutt unti iv liltick i)f Mton*!*; (ir^atii/i'il tilt! (iuiHiiHon .Slv(!l atul Iron i-<ini|)aity, Iniying o<mi1 anil iron iiintlM ui| hvim' tin) rountry, tliu city raining !?*J(),0(K) to put in i-.u-row, to Iks itiiiil ovrt mIui, it kIkiuI)! Miilil certain ciimlitionH. KurnaicM wvru partially iTcctcil wlirii it v^aH iliHcovrri'il tliat tliouo.tl owncil Ity tin- coniiiany wax not coking t'oul, iiml that tliu coking cmtl lia<l \n-\:i\ l)ougiit np liy tlu^ Coloratlo Coal ami irnii > mn pany. Tlrin xuMpcndud tlio !iUHinuHM of tlit; St J.<onii4 company. A jiati.ii Hnicltcr, owned liy Motl'at of tlopliu, Mo., \\:\n erected in IMM' :<, ami l.ult'ii. lint was afterward made to work micccuMfiilly. Sliaw ami I'atrick. yniiiit men, uIko erected a Miiclter, which when Htill incomplete wa.-* aliaiuiniicil. prtHuniably for want of eapiud. An attempt van licing made m lH>i4ti> raiii! Uiotiiy to Htart thu workn. 'I'Iicmu iteveral failurex of compaMii'i .iinl indi\ idnalx aH'ccted tliu lMl^incMH of thu town, and ilecreaHed itn popuhitinn in the autumn of 1^^4 u hrewery was Htarted, whicli, with the Moliat Mmelter, t\< o planiug-miil-', accmeiit, and ammeral-paint factory coiiMtitntiil the maiiiifacfiiring industry ot (iuniiison. The lirst l-ankn of Oiiiiuiscii wen- thu Miners' Kxchangc, ami tlie ILink m CiinniHon, Imth o\»:.cd hy priv:itc individiiaU. Imt afterward m.oli' tii.' I''i^^t Nalion.il and thu Iron National liaiikM, tli<! laltor printitig drattn \Mtli ,ui in graving of tho projeeted utecl Winks in a cornir. ■\. K. llui k, prnpnetor of the St irs-lhiiiix-nit, formerly of the Syhit til' 'J'im<n in New N'ork, laid out an addition to <innniHon town xiii •ni. Iir.-<t ainiiMciiieiit hali wa.t the ( Unix; theatre, of a low I'hariieter. It w.i* piir < lianed liy till) cili/eiiN ami eonverti d into an acaileniy of miL^ic. In IhN.' tlic <!nnni'ioii opera lionNO Mits ereeleii, aud a piivate theatrical ciiinpiiny ni the citi/en.i gave <'iilertuiiimeiitM occaKniiially, varied hy the perioriiiaiiii.< ei tr.iveiling artiMts. In I^N'.'l iunniHon had twoNinall lirick hcliool heiiHcx. 'Itie iim III will! foil. two new hcilonU r their own ei !, ^ ■ai .»('.'S Ml loo 11 III < i.se to ii hli (KM) V. as appropriated hy lliii citi/eiiH for the erect hi ingH to Ik d in I i>niii'ction w I th th le olliei «, -.y 'I! I the llli gh order. Six chiiri lies were orgaiii/ed !•> iNSti, (i,ivi A chanilMT of comnteri-e was ^lilrl.•d in l>*M, ici will •h llicic* apjiears to lia\ c hei n no indent demand. ]t had he^iiii m.ikiir)! i itih lection ot minerals. llartlyC. Malon, from wlio«^ M.s, 1 liavn l.tkcn immt of tlit- .ihevr sii^'- ¥' estive ili'ni; ar. hoiii II. rortlioiil, Me, in ISVI. He came to i>iiiiiu><>n in Th^'.', with . I. A, .^iiiall aiiil A. \N . .^ wall, to • iikj^go in the Imok ainl sta- tionery trade trade .lohii II. Oiiicalt, horn ill Ne IK.Mt, wli< to lie is; I, am I tol. a eai p int. iiiiniiton III KT4. with Uidiinl xonaiiil William U . Ontealt, d who secured. With hm lirollier. I. lt<M i.ri'. of meadow land and t wn pri>p< liy emmgli to n««kti tlitim M'eid'* il< fiirniHhed mn the result o! Iiih ohhervatioiiH on tiiinuiMin cunnt s hu tiliizilll/ ill lilll' ,1.11111, MS. See h'lii, Oct i:i, IHN.'t: <■ •Ian. I, \>yS'A. 'I'lie prim ipal reliance of *<iinnison i'< in coal iui<i inU' . ^r.iili' <i> ^11 ifiamir. .iii'l alcri»lH l"T to promote maiinfacliires. wiiicii are hIiII III tliracitc ' ing loiinii within tv.enly live i marhh: are ahundant iii thu neighhorhiMid; alxi 1 their iiU^ni V, a tni miicn. Sam iMtitm ..l„., 1 i„^ ..1, .,. -_.i m t. liut liic place lay long under the liMt of the r»ilrii«ii, to wlnw cemen tyrannicH men ami miimui ipalltlei ilHl ever NIllHnit. Archie M Hte 'ii-<iii. Uiru iu Scotliuid in Ibol. hut hrouglit up lit V\ :s. ,iuU uiluwitcd lur ilic \>u<- HUKRFANO. .IKKI-'KIWON. 619 littln pro<(re88. Liikt; City, the county sc^at, liad in |HHf>, HOO inhabitants. It Hob in a Hluping valley, at an clt'vation <»f 8,350 feet, surroundeii by mountains riblx'd with mineral voinK. The princi|)al niinint; «iis- tricts arc Knj^imujr niount^iin, Lakr, Park, Shcrinaii, iiMcl (Jiniarron. The first developnicnt attained tn was dutJ chiefly to the firm of Oooke- A C<»., eaHtern (iipitahstH, who purchased a numi)er of mim;s, an<l 1 1('( ted concentratin<jf and smeltinj^ works near Lake City, which wen; <'omplet»Ml in IH7H. The pnulucl of tlii'ir Munes the first yt'ar was j?Hr),49H in silver, .•iij:i.(;i>s.-J7 in lead, and $*J,!)'J:) in iruUl.' ijiierfano county was orjraniztMJ in IHUI witii the I'lUiitv Stat temporarily at Autobt-s. It was removed til havlito subse(|uently, and is at present at Walscii- liin-|Lr, a railroad and eoal-minin<<; towti. Iluerfanu is |iiiii<ipally a <:;ra/iing ami ai^rieultural distrii't. IMierc wdv in the country in IHHJJ, i>(),()()() cattle, and l()0,- 0(10 sheep. No minin}.; exc<'l)t for coal was i»ein*r done tlitrc, altlnuii^h it is kn(twntohave mims of L'f)ld and U'iileiiii. The coal product of IKKM was lOO.OOO tons, from the mines of tjie ('(dorado Iron aixl ('oal <'i)in- |»fuiy. The population at that date was ovrr .).<)»)(), ami the assessed valuation .ii<l,.'J2l,HLMI. VValseid)Urj4; liiul in IKHf. UH) iidiabitants.' Jctfer.son »-ountv, brsides bfin*' i»n< of the tarlii.st tiMMif Ihc law, ruiiK' to Cnliir.'iilo Jn ISM). liiratili|C tiiHt at I'llKiu, tint ix'Imhv . n^' to liiiniiiHiiii altir Ik!Iiij{ cIccIimI ti> the «tatc smatr Iit 4 yuiirH. iii ISM'.'. Ill liiriiicil ii lau |iKi'ln(!rsiii|i witli '>t<'M'iiHoii ami I'Vaiik' ^ Twci .siiifltci'N wcri! iilsdiTtM-tiil alt 'a|iit.iil ' 'ity, in t-«."Mi iiiii|crtli<! iiiaiiii|{<' riiciil III tii'iryi' S. Li'i'. Tht' iiiirii'.i nf tii<' «. unity Inii kimw it an- tlii' j.iti.li' \miii', (iiililmi Ijhii'fii, I'll-. I'll', lli'llr of tlw West, t)iT.iii W.ivi , Kiiiin'riir, K.iirvicw, Sciitia, .loliii .1 4'niiki-, I'll I'asn. Inez, I'aliiu'lto. ami llolrlikiNn, *liii'li ail' I'lit fi'W nf the many ({immI iniin-. <'aiiitul «'ity, .\ulrlii|n' Snriiij^s, ^hi riii.iii, Hiirro^VM Park, aiiil Ar^fi'iituin. Iia\ i- frniii I'J.'i In *_MK) itilialntaiiU ii-li. Tlirrc iirtj a ffwnlli'i' si-tlli'iiunt-.. -tiiil iiiiiiiii^< umis: AiiIi'Iiiih' Park, ii.»rr<'lls Stiitiim. Ilflfnril, <'Kmi' (rciU. ('iitnki t'iiv Ui|>l- m s hiiiclin. liiint 'IVail, Sail ,lii,iii, Sparling '» l{*«iliii, Ti Hurimii, ami TinilMi' Hill. 'U'H^cr icttloiiifiitH arr .\|Mii'lir. Kulti' ^'alley, ('lialxv I'ia/.i. I'lU'li.ira-., i'lckiiiii, nixiilt, Kaltiaii IM.a/Ji, <iarilii«T. tiar.'.ia Pla/;v, Hajj''''^ Mill. Hin il'iit, llui'rfaiiii, Milcrfaiin Canon, \m Vela, Miilarlii'''. Mca/ IMa^a. Miiiiiik ' itiip. Mull' iSliiic, Ojo, I'arkV Mill*. I'milra:- Aiiii. i«. 1,IuiIht, «,>tiihiaiiil, llitn iloi iallina, Saiiun* ilc <'riNt4i Sutlion, Siiila I 'l.tra, Santa M«ria, .Span- ■li IVaks, ■rinicroc l'la/.a, Turkey rr«'«k, Vut* I'imm, Wttiiatoyu, Wi*i»«ir>« '<|irutK^. Wititicn btAtiuu. I I 1^ lilll ( I i ill I I &J0 COUNTIES OF COLORADO. Hcttled and first urt^aiiizod, oiijoys the advantagt- of ^ nearness tc» the inetru|)ohs and a variety of pr<Klu(t> to take to that market. While not strictly a niiuinr county, it contains in its western iK)rtion gold. silv. i, copper, lead, zinc, iron, mica, coal, miiural |ijiitit. pt'trol.'um, alabaster, fireclay, potters' clay, liiiicstoii,, marble, building stone, timber, and other produ(tioii> which enter into nuiimfactures. Its c(»ai mines an extensively worked. It is one of the foremost iii^Mi cultural and horticultural counties, and has a gni.ur variety of industrit^s than almost any other. Tin population in I88:{ was 8,000, and tlu' assesse*! vahi- ation $2, 740,498. (iolden is the county .seat, witli '2J)iH) inhabitants. There are a number of .snultt r^ located here for re«lucing the on-s from otlnr coiiii ties, besides Houring mills and factories of vuriuu^ kinds.* *Tlic' toM'iix of Ar!ti)Alio<>, Mount Vifrnoii, ami <ini<luii (iatf w«t '<' IMIIIIII.' I'liiiipn in tlio »|iriii(j; nt IS.V.I, tlic hitoiiiI at the inoutli of TaMi' Miiuiit;iii •aftc antl tliu laUi'f at Hit' iiioiitli i>l' another caAoii callcil tli<,'<i.iti >i 111. Mountain)', (iolilri: < 'ity on ( 'loar rri'i^k, was scttird at tlii! nauiu tiim- l>y W A H. I.ovcland, .lolin .M. Kcriill, Kox Ihifcndorf, V. \\. ^hv.ui•y.iil■,<|■^•,•^.l■^. •on, Hanl.v. Cliarlc.t M. Ktiiridl, .lolin K. Kirliy, T. IV Moyd, Williaui I'nlhini .lanK'H Mc|)onal<l, (i«M)r^i! VVi'Mt. Mark L. fthint, Charlen lii'nMii;{tnii, K It Sniitli, .1 C. IJowlf.H, Kavi.l McClftT.v, [. li. iMt/patrnk, ami W. .1, Mthi\ A |i.irtot' lliii nunilicr Ixlon^od to tli<' Itostoii t-onipany of H iinnilnri \tl ' I Toincil tli<' filains to).'i'lli)'r, arrivniu in June, ainnn^ whom witc II< iiry Xaliiri ami A. h. RK'hanlson amrriiotih :^v Knox, thi' ccifhratcil c-orri'-|i"ii.li'iit~ tlip A', y. Triliiiiir. (Ji'orKr West, a [lontonian, wai* itrtisiiifnt of till-* i"in|),iii\ 'i'licy (Ici'iiliMl tli;it tlu' temporary .scttlrnH'iit at tno croH^inK of ( 'Irar iT"k was till; |iro|iir sitr for a lity, ami ai'i'orilinnly they, with LomI iinl. Kiil\ .1. M. IVrnU, .Smith, H..I. 'fartir, Mri WillianiM," s'tanton * (lark. K U {{(^rlir. .1 (', Mow lex, K. I., licrthouil, anil >;arri.son Melui-ti-il I .-Jstl a<T>'s ..n lioth nhIi-s of Cli'ar crrrk ami laid out a t own. F. \V. B.. Ill' siir\ vri I :i'.ii uri-rt that Nt!a.son, lint tin- survey uiim ('oin|ilt-trd in ISlMlhy IliTtlifiiil. Il\ i\w ('lost! of the year, with tlm lii'lji of a ^aw and Mhin^h: mill, (ioMcii li,'i I j:rown to a town of TtMl inlialutant.s. Itolii'rt L. I.ainl>rrl iTfi-ti'd a lui^ «t'ir.' Ill till' winter of |S.">!(, U-twocn tlio .srasoUM of mining;, lie lircaiiK- a wi-altiiv rattlu.'iinl .-iIk!I'|i raiwrr in Las Animas m. Many farms Wfir taki'ii ii|i. I- '' Ikrui'ii Httthil ill Mcrgcn park, wlii-ri! he kcjit a liotel. In tlif aiitiiinii .M' liityni and Mc< 'leery organi/ed a eompaiiy to eoiistriieta wa;<"n roail fioiiinl i Tort St Vrain to South Park, \ ia Oohll'ii. HeiKeii Park, Ciili < 'r..k. <t> winch was ioiiated in the following spring. On the Tlli of liee.. IvV.t, tii' WfMtirii AfniiiiMimir iamied its first numlier, (ieorge \\ ^^Ht )iuMi-.liir 1 first eonnty election under the proviHional goviTumont was helil.laii '.', T' Mhen the votes for eoiintv soat jiavo fJoldeii a majority over .Krajiiili"' "f to '.".'S. Maden, later Al-«k. received 2*2 votes. .loHejili ( '. Remiiintnn «.» (irnt sheriff eieeted There wasa puhlie sale of town lots in VlAitv, .i\. P' r.'tliiritiii rnnii .'kftft ii\ ttl'Ht A ....I,.,..! u'n.. nl,... ..i>i>ii...l in flin «->riii • i'V M Sliil. fWI Stll ranifinti from .<{0 to g\'*0. \ si-hool was also opened in the spr Ml Dougherty, with ISiiuiiiU. .\tthc tiratinuuiciiialcluctiou. held A(.ril ID. 1*'*' LAKK. 821 liftko county was first oi^anizc*! in 1861, when Cal- ifornia i(ulch waa in its first flush pcrirxl, with the (•(tuiity seat at Oro. On the discovery of silver at a later (late the let^islaturo cut ott'the northern end and ,1, \V. Stanton WHH choHon inayur; S. M. Rroatli, rcconler; W. ('. SijnpHon, iiiarHli.tl; W. A. H. liovelanil troaa. ; K. Barton, J. M. Joluirion, K. T. DaviH, 1). •;. DarKiHH, O. B. Harvey, A. B. Smith, \V. .f. Smith, J. Kirhy counuil- iiioii. ill AugUHt a weekly mail wan oitaUiitheil. A pttriotl of hIow |irogrt)HM. ,tiiil III IHHK (lolden wiM mailu iho cniiital of Cohirailo, hiit the legitilature tlid II. a iiix't there until l<Sti(>-7. In |K4i7 the uoiinty voted ^lUU.WIU in ItoiidH in mil III the ('iilora<lo<'entral and I'aeitio railroad to Cheyenne and to henvrr. iii>l(h'ii iiad now two tliiuring-milU, a brewery, and a paiier-niill, and wa.i iii.'ikiM^ liru-liriok. In IMiM grountl wax broken for tiiu tirxt I'ulorado rail riail, uikI the following year thu road-bed whh made ready for the rails 10 miles, Iroin tiolden to the eastern bonndary of the county. On the 'Jtitli <i' Sr|ii., IH7(), the tirnt loeomotivo rvauhod (iolilen. In April a narrow j^uajji' niili'oail, llie lii'.st West of thu Mi8iiiHMi])ni, had been be^iin, which Mas liii- i>1miI t" Black Hawk late in 1H7«. In Slarcli IN7."{ a narrow cnajju to Floyd Hill va.'i ill running order, and in April the (iohlcii and Jiili'siiurg branch ot till' Ciiliirado Central was coinplcteif to Longiiiont. Still later in the year ihi' <<Hl(lcn and South I'latte railway was grailed 18 iiiileH to IMiini erttck. Tlii'ii cMiiie thu panic of IN74-4i, wIigii railroail building was interrupted. In IS77 tlio narrow gua^e to (ieorgetown was eomiileteii, and the line from BliU'U Hawk to Central in tlu; spring of IH78. The Colons lo Central also, ulii'U I oiiiphded, belonged to the sy stem of railroads M'hii'h contributed to till' I'l'cispcrity of (tolden, 'M trains leaving and arriving daily. They car- ni'il avMiy uoal, Htoiii!, hay, grain, and tlour, and brought ore, coal, coke. IiiiiilH'r. grain, and groceries, (tohlen built three ilouriiig-niills, tivoHmelt- iiig ;ind reduction works, tw<» biH'WoricK, a ]iapcr-niill, six coal Hhafts, three lire hrirk, jircssed brick, and ilrain-piiHi factories, three perpetual lime-kiliis, mill tMo (piarics, with a variety of niinor industries. I'lie Mnu'lt<!rs turned niit Iniiii .^l,'.*(H),()l)U to $1,r)(MMK)U annually. It has seven ciiurclirs, gtHid •t'liiiols, and an iiitelligoiit press. Thu titate hcIimoI of mines was pliwed at iiiililrii. It was established liy act of legislature in |H7(), making an appro iiriatliin for that purpose. It was recstaldished by another act in Ih74; and III Ih77 still further placed on a permanent looting. It now oceuiiies a line lirick odilice, and is an tiriiament to the town. It is suiiported, like all the ntlirr KtaUmiHtitutions, by a dircitt tJi.x of HO many mills tin the dollar. A M^nalollice has been maintained in connection with it. Here are taught :tiial\ti> .il hikI applied chemistry, mineralogy, iiiutalliirgy, assaying, civil and tiiiiiiiig engineering, geology, and ma'^iiematics. The state industrial Hchiml 14 iilsii located at(ioldcu by an act of the Icgishitnre of bSKI, the ol<l schonlni iniiii'.M liiiililing being used for a beginning; liiit by an act of liSK.'t a'< appm- |iri.iliiiii of ;$I.*),(MM> was made for new buildings. The \\hole appiopi latii'ii ■»r iiwlust rial school pur|Mises in that ycur amounted to StiO.CKtO, to be ap- jiliril to its maintenance, machinrry, and material for industries, ami .i ii'iniry. Tiie lesser towns and settlements of Jetlerson are AldstromN. Aiii'liiir Station, Archer's, Arvada, Bartlctt's Lake, Hc;ir Crcik, itcavi r Itniok, Beeson Mill, Bellville, Big Hill, Brownville, Hutlalo, liutlalo Creek. I'liiilalo Tank, Chimney (lulch, Church's, ( 'learCr«K'k, ( 'oppi'rdale, ( 'iittonwiMMJ VdU, Creswell, Crossons, Crosson .i Camp, Heansbury, Ilccr Crt'ck, I'ei'i- 'it'k Minis, I Kimo Rock, Eagle Brook Park, KIk Creek, Km|Mnir Uaiulm. Kiiipcror St)rings, Knter{)riHe, Ford Lake, Forks I'reek, Forks of Cleai ' rnk, (laliagher Cami), Cilman, (ilen Plyin Kancho, (Jrotto, (Juy Creek, llililiilirande. Minus Kancho. Huntsman, Hutchinann, .leffiTsou, .iettersmi I'lrk, .lohnsmi'ii CroHHin^, Jonesi Siding, List UuHort, Ijcahow Island, Lee >iiluig, Little Station, Littleton, Memphis Camp, Morriuon, Muuut Carbon, iii ■I j.'.; 11 1. W I , ' I i I Ml I'M' ' i. III. m -4- ■rM> i M m At» COUNTIKM OV rUL(MlAIN) callod it CarlxHiatu (M>uiity, witli the county .S4>at ut [jcadvillo, while the Huutherii |)<>rtioii retaintMi iufor iiier name. At the Muine setwion, ii«)Wever, th** tiatii. of Lake woH rcHt^tn^d to the Hiiver n'*;ioii, uiid tliat of Chaflei! iriveii to tlie remainder." rxitviiitt, I'lirK niiiiiiu, iiiin wrovf, i laiui « anoii, I'utte Kivpr, iUa alwtoiir'rMik, Sliiiiglo Mill, Siiiitli Hill, South I'UtUi, .Spruri, I'^rk. t'li (luldli, StuwartM Itaiiclict, TIioiiiinhiu'n Mill, Tritiit4lali-, T.irkiy Tiirtlit l*oii<i, Utu Triiil, Voriiiilliiui, WolilMir'n Saw-'iiill, Wclur* Olio, Oxitvilltt, Park Si.liiijij, INiiB iJrovi', rUtUi ('«Aoii, I'lattc Kivpr, lULi Uui, Rain HUfvtMi'i * 'rwk, WimmI ( .'amp, Willowvillo, WilMon'it Haw-milU, Amlrvw II. M|ii(!k«riimn, iNirii ia Nuw York in \W0, came t<> t'uUr^l, m I H.V.I, mill Mottlud on 'riirkiiy ( 'niuk in lXti'2, wliuro liu Ii.ih continual t<> r<- i>i> lUtiiltou ('. WttlU, Itiirn in 111. in IH.'l.'), vnuin tn t'olorailoui IH.71I frmu Molm. of whiuli liiN fatliur wat ono of tlio foiintliTH. Ilo rctiirnol tin- muk- yi^r t.i III., but linallv Mottlxil at <iol<lon in IN«(U, wliora lui ix ('itttaKi'l m linking; |)a|Kir. Daviil O. |)nrt(in, horn in Mo in \H'M, vmue toColorailo in Kt'.t, Mt tlina at Oolilun City, ami opi'iiing tho tufcontl Htort), l,ov«lajii| having ii|M'nr i thi- nr!«t. Ho afturwarlniiunt hohiu tiino in other |tartH <if thouni>>ii, Imi r< tiirnuil in IH7U to <iolihMi, whore ho iinproviul hin town |>rn|i«rty, hihj oiM'tuM til*' Monitor luilo ill Ch^ur Crcuk t-o., whnro lio iwfuroil iM-vi-rrtl imtii't. " Tli'iiMi uhaiiKoH wur« iiiatlo in Frh. INTil. It iit a niii.iII county, an! iiotoil only for it<t iiiiiioM, of whii'li 1 liavu almaily given an a4 roiint. lu h\- tory in Miiiiiiiioil up in tho hriof HtaU^iiiont tliitt it iir<Mliici'i| m goM, mlvi-r, kn.i IfiKi lM)tw<!on IMUl ati'l ISH4, $7*.l.<.Kti,(M7.rt(). Of thiHaiiioiint .lU.iit |i:'.,m) (NK) wax in ifolil, ami iji').'i,IMMt,(NN) in nilvor. I.aku county ixtlv Ur^r^t !• ti |iriHluoin^ iliittrict in tliv U. S. A variety of tho Iosh roinuioii (iiitKriU mi uiotaU in foiiiiil in thcnc niinoN, among whii-h are /.iiic, nntiinony. Iixuiutti tin, copiHT, anil arMoiiiu. Tho nllicial rviHtrtrt for four year* ui\< ■•'l.'i.tJi'i, I.VI for IKHU. 9l'.>,7:iM,UO'J for IH8|, |i:(l,.'i:n,aV< for IHH'J, aiiil^l.Vil'.M.-.iMM.T IHfCI witli livttor proitpcotii for IHH4. Tlioro are l.'i Hinoltor>« at l,ca<U illi-, iml '^51 Htoam-iMiKiiii'i oiii|iliiyi!i| in tho iiiiium, with an a)()iri>g;tti' Imrii) ;HiMrr of n,4.'>4. Oilier hiiNinvNH in proportiniiutoly aotivo. Tlii! popiiLtioii of liTiMi villa ia 'JM.tNNI, Ailelaiilo anil .Malta havo togothor l,(NMhiih.il>itaiit>, U <i<lr< whu'h therti aru Iho villa){ei4 of Tnin l,akoH, Kiloi-H, Alexainler. Aii<-aiit< SiMla .Spniigx, mill a luinilier of Hinall NettliMiiuntH. Tliey .-ire Minl'ii Ky. HuckMkiii, ('lark ilaiu'lio, Craiui I'ark, < VvmuI Lake, I'.in.ivill''. Miytmi. Kvainvillii, Fift«ieniiiilu 11(11 ■•, llayileii, lleiiry, HohI;iii>I. Ki-'Mir. Or., lU'an'H, Union StJitinn. Soia .^priiiKH, livo mileit from LeiulMllr, KaixiiwUr health report: ami Twin litkeH, mi Mhieli a xtoaiiiltoat \«iii plaei-*! in iv**". i fanioiiH plea^iurii n-Hiirt. AiiKiii^ tlio piiiiieiTH of I,nke eiiiiiity iiro tlio following: (ii-<>r({i- I.. Ilrii<i-r Moii, Ihirii III northern Ohio in \H'M, eitiin* to < 'olnrailo in IfCif), .iikI r>'.<r'|i 'I •' Ceiitrul I'lty imil ( 'alifuniialiuli'li. Mo wa^ the lirNt |Hiiitniaj*ter ••! I.< uivilli, ami t^laiiiii t ' have Hiiggi^Mtcil iln iiaiiio. Hin IniHinuNM in geiii-nl iinr-lan- rllHlllg. Kill t Niii'kollH, hiirii ill Va in IS-liI, luinniteil to Nehranka «'ity whih i lioy, itii'l tlieiiee to t'oliir.'iilo in iH.V.t, eiigaL^iiig in eattle tr.tiliiij^ ili n-iii'Tf-i to liiMiJville nil llio iliKiMivery iif HJlver, uliern he I'ligageil III M-llm„' uto"! M'auoni, li.'iy, ami Kr.'kiii. He w>i<< ii ineiiilM-r of the lH>ar<l nf ahli-rini-ii KllfilH Sllllte, linril III N. y . ill IH;t7, removeil to WiM. at .ill early aK*". '"'I tlioiice to I 'iiliiraiio in lS'i',1. He iiiineil fora yeiir, ami retiinieili ft. »a<l<li'i not again \ nit thix Mtatu until IH77, when he loeaUMlat Leai'.vtile in t)><> lum Intr traile. In IS7U ho hoIiI out anil wont into Ntook-raiMing. Ho tH-nrnl »• .'iliieriiiaii one yitar. N. ('. Hickman, horn in Mo. in IH44, wan tho moii of a pliy*i<'i-tn. Mel !•''' I >avinj)ort, Iowa, with hii fathor in IH.V.» for I'olorailo In tie- f..lli>wini{ NUW 111* fatkur Uiud itt Coutr&l City, auU yuuug llicluuau rvturuc 1 '^ lu** LA ri.AT.\. iw;» La Plata county m the rtoutli-wt^nt divirtion of the >tat<>, organized in 1H74, Imt itn (Jcvelu|)iuent liat) not I'ollruc to compiute \m education, »f ter which he r*tor. oner ninn- to tliia tttnU) ami liH-attiii at Coiitral aa nii>ri-h;»iit .tnil mtnrr. In I Mi? Ix' nod I out and FjH'iit N« vurni yoarit in Kan. ami N. M., I>ut retumol in iHTU to Mtttli* at |.i',\<lvil|f, wliuro liu Ihicaiiio a iiieriliAtit and miner a^ain on a lar^or Hcala tliitii lu'fore. Hu waH elovtud itldttrni^n in |HW>. m-rrian for two yuarii. Irvint; J. I'lilltH'k, iMirii in StcrhnK. >«o(Und. in iM'.tt, n-iiinvod to Aiiiirir:» at tho njjo of thruu yf«rn. Mr rer*i»«-«l a uMiv«Tmty <M|iifatioii, and tr.\vi'lli d uxti'iiHivuly. In IHiMlit! ■■ime t<><'<>li>r»<lii, mined in liiuKoll K'di'li, and aiti'i'Wiiril in California Kidrli. He w«« elrvtoi vu-r |iri-<id<'iit of tlio iirrit'i'Ml tiKtdicul Hiicii'ty in 1^7'i, onil wa« cboatra a dtrlcgatu to tlio V. S. Mii'iliiali'oiivKiilion at St l^iiiiit in IH74. NrUoii llalliK-k, iNirii ntstr AllHiny, N. Y.,in I'vWI, camt- to Culorado in |s,V.l. l|(Miii){ag(td ill niiiiiii^ Initli lure and in M<*fitaiia, In I'StWi he left iiiiiiiii^ for Iuiiil>tirin({, lunl ran a naw-imll f>>r I'J year* in JctffrMni and Vtxrk >-MiiiitU'M, and iinally cTcctrd a null in l^ke oi. ••n tlie ■it*: of l^-iidvillc. Wlii'ii iliat town uaiiio into uxi.st<-n<-« b<! wmt iDt<i tlu- liv<-ry lnMiiiirHii iii.U '.i.imiiij,' III IS77 ln' Hfiit out Ronif |>ri'«|».'«-t<»r», whodi»<ovfri-d tliu(\trl*oii ill' iiiiiii', wliioli liuaold iu IN7I)lor tl7'',ll)IU. He ll«en |turfliaiied an iiii<-r- r>t 111 tliii Colurado coal and iron work*, of whirh he lux-ainr |irfHidi'iit. ilo .« a iliri'clor and vioc'iintnidcnt of tliv Kir<tt Natwmal l>ank of lA-advillu. Ii'liii Kiliii({, liorn in Canton, Olno, in Ih'K, niiip-at«N| to I'lk^H (Mtak in {<)'•>, iiiiiiiii>{ lit M'Vitnil jiointM. |{« iIithv. r> d an^f loi.at4'<l tlio iiiaccrH of I.M.it laf^iiii, and followitd tlio riixli to California gul'h. He returiicil taxt in \i*'A, I'finniiiiii^al l.<!avt!nwortli until Ih7H, wh<^ he \H'M<-<i to tin- doHin- to (< vioii thu Mi'i'iii'H of IiIm milling advtnturt'ii and r<-n>o\'«-<i to Lt^dvillr, wlu-ro ' iiiiiki^M wauoiii and dooHa gi'iioral l>l.irkitniithin|$ liu»int-«ii. iinii^i' W. lluHton, horn in I'a in IH.t9, ItariM-'l l«H>k'k<-<-|iiiig, and wa« Iu I'Ciil |i>-i'.iiii<- tol 'oloraij", tumiDit to lx-av< nworth to wiiilfr. tiii;>I'>.v<'d in Iowa and KaUHAM at liin iirofiuioo ih!iiiri)( ill 4lil|iin co, diiriiiu HUiuiiH'r, Viit rrturr III |s(i<l liii cuniit uxuiii, ainl tliiit tiiiio went to Calif<>rfiLa gnlcli, whom he waM < li ('It'll Nht'riir, Afterward lie Mtrvi'd III thf i-tnl war. ainI wait n-f^iittt-r of 'iiniN ill licavi'iiwortli, hut r«tiiriii'd to l^-adville in l*«7f«, wlifrt- lie i-ngagi-d II rcil I'Hiate traiixaotioUM. i:"l>rrt llcrry wni horn in I Miio in IH^IU. In KM b> ramf t4i < olorado and Til ti il iImi MiToiid itaw-iiiill in tlui territory on I'lurn i-m-k f'>r I*. C OakfK & I", till' naiiio yonr. Kroni thin liu went tnniiniitii; ai<»>ld l>irt diggin^M, Kuit- •"II u'lili'li, Cahliiriiia ){ulrli, and Frying I'^n <>t i'-A-mUt gulch, in the lat- 'rlMi ihiy |t<>rry and hin |iartiirr, \Valtir«, i.htaiool a jiatent for 140 acre* ! |il,ii rr groiihd, which they worked f"' m.m> yi;»r«- Ifc-rry was C S, mar- 'il '.ml int. I'rv. ciillcctor in thu early tirritorMl Iium.-*: UH-nilxr of the leg- iitnti riiiiiicil in IMU mid IStiri, U'liit; ehi-tt'd m-i-. in tSo lattc'r year; wan itN' clerk mill recorder in l<S4i'J; aiiT w it a|i|M>itit<.-<l county judge to till a I M'iliry. ('Iiirhw K. WiImoii Witi liorn in Ky in lOJ, and wa* entragt'd in a grocury ^iitiiu w >\hi'ii allracted to l'ik(!'ii|M>ak in IvVJ. Alter working hy the day iu Kiiymjl i!ulch for a lime, he wet out |irim|i«:ctini;. and wa« oiie of tiie iIihcov- ■Tiif ('ihfornia gulch. He HOttlrd evt.-ntu.illy in the ••itlh-raimng huni- :.'»ii, VHliiiilcH frmii Clifton Citv. ('li.irli's L. Mall, hiiriiin N. \. in lH.'ilt, and liroughtup in Iowa, h^fl Iowa III -.'I' III IS.V.t, and after A xhurt exiiericnce of niilliui( gram, lamo to Culn- 'vlii .tinI Htarled ii Htnck-fanii, hut gave it u|t aiwl ix-^an proBiivcting for iiiri HI California gulch. Ilti wax oiu; of lUker* |«arty, wliicli ex|iliircd I ' Sail .liiaii coiiiitry in thu winter of iMiil-l, and in attt-m|itiiig to return ' .1 slmrlcr riiulo ait loHt I -I day n without fi**! Il« wa« linilly rescued ^liiii iiiialih) to walk. In INIl'i hn wax o|M-rating nait-work* '.1) milua frmn liir I'lay, oud raiaiug Mtook in South park, la I3(i6 ao«l lutHiUa waa a uiuni- it'A^- iil IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4 ^ {./ <-■ C^x A y'%.^ '^ (/. %0 V ^ &■ 1.0 I.I 1.25 ^- IIIM 11^ " 2.0 11 1.8 U III 1.6 ^^ <^ //, ^. oy 7: %^y <p c^ A y /A Photographic Sdences Corporation 93 WEST MAIN STREET WiaSTER,N.Y. MS80 (716) S7?-*503 ^ \ ^Q^" \\ o^ ^J^ <' :v M?. .<? % %> 7. ^ 624 COUNTIES OF COLORADO been rapid. In the south-west comer of the county are found many of the cliflF dwellings, whose history ber of the lower hoaae of the legislature. For three years lie was crmntv commissioner of Park co. He removed to Leadville in 1878, where he organ- ized a gas compauy and engaged in mining operations. He also owne<l con- siderable railroad stock. Men of the later j?eriotl, or the renaissance, of California gulch wlmm I may mention are: F. A. Wheeler, born in Weld co., Colorado, August lil. 1863, educateil at the common schools of liis native state, and appointed diii- uty clerk of tlie oth judicial district court at the age of i9 years, which po^^i. tion he long occupied. William K. Kennedy, bom in Pa in 1844, migrated to Colorado in ISti,'. He located at Central City, where he practised his profession of law, and was elected probate judge in 1JS4>8, serving two terms. Subsequently he sjicnt some time at lleorgctown and in the San Juan country. He was twice clccttd prosecuting attorney of Hinsdale co., and chosen a delegate to the constitu- tional convention in IST.i. He came to Leadville in 1878, being elected ci:v attorney within a month of his arrival. He secured an interest iu the Home Stake and other valuable mines. Peter Becker, bom in Germany in 1848, immigrated to America in l.s,"i3 with his parents, who settled in Iowa. Remaining tliere until 1870, lio tlun came to Colorado, and when the town of Colorado Springs wa.s startt li. began business there as a harness-maker. He was elected sheriff of Kl Vn>„ county in 187r», and reelected in 1S77. When Leadville was at the l;eii,'ht cf mining excitement he removed t<> this place, and again was elected siieritf in 1881, and rei-lected in 1SS3. He interested himselfin mining, and secured a large raucho in Lake co. R. H. Stanley, bom in Mo. in 1843, entered the union army as a private, serving through the war. a part of the time as lieut-col of the 19th 111. infan- try. Ho migrated to Colorado in 1870, remaining (i years in Denver. l;i 1870 he visitetl the San Juan mines, coming to Leadville in 1877. In l>79iie was elected county treasurer, and was the republican candidate foriuayor in 18S4, '-ut was lieaten. He was interested in mines, and secured a secticiiinf land near Leadville for a home. John Harvey, born in ."v-otland in 1841 toColoratlo in 1870, rcsidini: in Denver until 1879. when he removed t ;ville. A. T. Gunnell, Iwm in Mo. iu 1848, a, lucated at Bethany college. Va, admitted to practise law in iS72; being apparently far gone in a decline. came to t'olorado in 1873, where in a few months lie recovered his liealth, and where he detemiinetl to remain. He was elected to the legislature fn.in Hinsdale co. in 1878. In the following year he removed to Leadville. ami waa elected county judge in 18S0, and again in 1883. John Iaw, liom in K>wa in 1844, studied medicine at the Chicago medical college, graduating in IStiS. He came to Colorado and settled in Park en. in 1873, and was elected judge of the county court in 187(5. In IST^i lie n moved to Leadville, where he was elected coroner the following year. Me held the office two years, during which time there were over 300 irijui ^ts upon persons who had die«l fr<»m other than natural causes. He was eleotei! city physician in 1879. and county physician in 1881. He never luud of a case of consumption originating in the altitude of Leadville, but knew ( f many wonderful cures. David May, bom in Germany in 1848, iinniigrated to the U. S. in IMVI, and graduated from the commercial college of Cincinnati in 1805. He after- ward resiiled in Ind., where he was iu business, removing to Colorado on ac count of health, and settling at Leadville, where he resumed busiiicvi ai a clothing merchant. He was appouited county treasurer in 1884. Joseph H. Playter, born in Caua<la in 1854, removed to Knnsa.s iu ISTIt, and to Oolorswlo iu 1878, living at Leadville, where he engaged in iainii\g. LARIMER. 625 county history ■was county re he organ - I owned coii- Ich whimi I Augiuit "Jl. pointeil diji- , which pci^i- rado in 1 Sti.'). law, and was tly he si)tnt twice cU'ctt-ii the coustitu- g elected city t ill the Home- erica in IS.'iS 1670, lie tlun I was stiirtcil, ■iff of Kl l';iM. ; the heiuht cf icteil slieritf ill and secured n yas ai>rivate, I9th 111. mfan- i Denver. \n In l^TlMie e for may or in d a sectidUi'f 1 1870, residinc Ly coUefie. Vii. 1 in a decluie, i,l his lii'^dth. jrislature trMiti uadvill.-. ami jicapo medical ftl in I'^irk o<. In 1S7S lie R- fng year. He le was eleoteil \er he.ird of a 1 but knew of S. in l^^fA j:». He after- Morad.i onac- liU8inc<.f as » |n8a.>< in h^"''i in uiiuiug. inii.stbe relegated to the indeterminate and unrecorded [)ast. Larimer county was organized in 1861, with the county seat temporarily at Laporte, and belongs to In 1S83 he was appointed clerk of the diBtrict court, and also elected a mem- ber of the city council. In 1885 he was tlie democratic uomiuec for mayor, but was defeated by the republican candiilate, Irwin. Jeremiah Irwin, born in Pa in 1834, and brought up in Ohio, was edu- cated in Cincinnati. He came to Leadville ia 1S79, and commencei^ making brick, being contractor for most of the brick buildings in the city, tiudiiig it aprotitable business. He was elected mayor in 1885. J. H. Monheimer, born in Germany in IS44, came to the U. S. in infancy, and resided in New York city, where he was in the ilry-goods business. He removed to Leadville in 1880, purchased a prominent corner lot, erected a iiandsoine brick store, and commenced basines:< as a retail merchant. lu 1882 he erected Union block, the finest in the city. B. S. G-alloway, born in Ontario, C W., in IS54, entered the medical col- lege at Ann Arbor, Mich., and on graduating, in 1880, came at once to Lead- ville to practise his profession. Charles F. Lee, born in Iowa in 1S55, removed from Des Moines to Cliieago in 1875, and travelled for a mercantile house until 1880, when he came to Colorado, stopping first at Kokomn, where he was postmaster, but soon settling in Leadville, where he engaged in mining operations and fire insurance. Charles H. Wenzell, bom in Louisville, Ky, in 1855, came to Colorado in 1S77, and commenced the practice of the law at tieorgetown, having been ailiuittod to the bar a few months previous at Pittsburgh, Pa. On the dis- covery of silver carbonates, he removed to Leadville, where he formed a part- nersliip with R. S. Morrison, and was employed by the Leadville Improve- ment company in their contest with 84iuatter3 from 1878 to ISS'J. In 1884 he was elected city attorney. ''See Tenny, Colorudo mid Homes in the Xetr n>jrf, 49-61; Ifmfden, Great West, 0, 8. 129-34; Deiavr Tnhiine, Dec. 16, 1879; Ti-v, Orer the Plu'iiw, '2ll-]'2; l'r.]t'iM, Grip-sack Guide, 165-9; Slone'it GenerU I'irfr. MS., 24-7; Memj/ier'a V'l.'ii'i-viitions, MS., 3. Although rich in agricultural and mineral resources, the county had in 1880 not more than 1,110 inhabitants. In 1883 the population hid increased to 6,00v); 234,000 acres of land were under improvement; there Were i)i),000 cattle and 20,000 sheep on its pastures; its ct>al mines produced I'.'.O.ii) tons of semi-anthracite, and the bullion output was l?128,688. The as-ic<siil valuation of the county, not including mining property or crops, was S.'.J4:i.48l. The county seat was at I'arrott, a small town situated on the Rio de la Plata, where it leaves the mountains. It is a mining-town, named aiter a iianker of San Francisco, and with a promising future, the ores by which it is surrounded carrying tellurium and free gold. But about 1880 Durani;i) was laid off and became the county seat. It ia situated in the midst of a region of natural wealth in miue.s, timlwr, coal, agriculture, and stock-farming. The San Juan and New York .*»melting compauy erected the tirst smelter at Duraago in 1880, and a company with A. (". Hunt at its iieail erected a hotel costing $100,000, on the most apjiroved plan. No pio- Mer cabins for corporations. The population in IS.^3 was less than while the terminus of tlie railroad was here, amounting only to .1,500; but it is still a thriving business centre. Tlie towns and scttlemeats of I^ Plata county are .Viiimas City, Animas Park. Arboles, Bocea, Carl»oneria. Colina, Didores. Klheit, Florida, Fort Lewis, Hermosa, Ignaein, La Boca, Mancos, Merritts, N'ic Cira, Pegasus Spring, Pine River, P. P. Di\-ide, Rockwood, Serapo, i^olidiid, Southern Ute, Vallejo. Hist. Nkv. 40 hi "'i r^ti i;i int. s'T i 626 COUNTIES OF COLORADO. the agricultural divisions, although it has mines of copper, silver, and gold in its mountainous parts. Its facilities for irrigation from the Cache-la- Poud re and Big Thompson rivers are gradually extending the cultivable area/^ '* The principal productiong are hay, wheat, oats, barley, rye, com, roots, melons, and vegetables, which grow to great perfection, and with cattle ami sheep form the wealth of the county, which in 1878 was assessed at $1,502,- 330, but which increased after the irrigation canals were completed to §3.01 'i 040, in 1883. The population in 1880 was 5,000; in 1883, 7,500. Fort Collins,' the county seat, is situated on Cache-la-Poudre river, thirty miles ahnvu its junction. It tiaa some small manufactures, several churches, gooil schools, two local newspapers, and about 1,300 inhabitants. The buildingj of the State Agricultural society and college are located here. There are no important towns besides, the population being widely scattered on farms. Abner Loomis, bom in N. Y. in 1829, and brought up in Iowa, crosseil the Elains in 1850, and remained in the mines of Cal. until 1859, wlien, after a rief visit to Iowa, he came to Colorado, and mined for a season, Imt soon engaged in freighting. In 1864 he began stock-raising with 100 head of cat- tle, but sold out every autunm for several seasons, fearing to trust hist lieril to the winter climate. Having ventured to do so for one -winter, and finding that the loss was insignificant, the rapid increase of his herd followed upcm keeping them on the range throughout the year, until, with two partners, he became owner of 6,000 head. James B. Arthur, bom in Ireland, in 1833, migrated to the U. S. in 1848, and to Colorado in 1860, settling near Fort Collins, and making hay fur freighters, the money from which he put into cattle. He believed in the fertility of the lands alK>ut him, which was obtained from the goveriinient for 81.25 an acre, and in a short time became worth from $40 to $^00 jjcr acre. William B. Osbora, bom in Yates co., N. Y., in 1824, at the age of 21 years removed to Ohio, where he taught school, removing in 1852 to Iiul and teaching at South Bend until 18(>0, when he came to Colorado. He waa recorder of Gold Dirt mining district for the first year, after wliioli he settled on a farm in Larimer co. near Loveland. He was elected county judge in 1864, -onnty treasurer in 1866, and again in 1868, after which he declined office. He, with H. M. Teller, signed a call for the first rejiuMicaii nieeting ever held in Gilpin co., and organized the first ever held in Lari- mer. His wife was the second white woman resident in the co. ; the first died in 1885. John J. Ryan, bom in Ireland in 1837, migrated with his parents to the U. S. in 1841, and residing in St Louis. He came to Colorado in KSGO, ami after mining a short time, took a land claim near Loveland, engaging in farm- ing and stock-raising, borrowing money to make the first purchase. In bS'J with Mr Herzinger, he built the wheat elevator at Loveland. He also estaii- lished the Bank of Loveland the same year. He has owned 5,000 cattle at one time, and now raises choice breeds. John L. Herzinger, bom in (Sermany in 1834, migrated with hi.s parents in 1838, and was brought up in Mo. Coming toColorado in 1871, hemgageil in merchandising at Boulder, where he remamed 7 years, when he removeil to Loveland, where he erected the first house in 1878. Arthur H. Patterson, Ijom in Pa in 1884, came to Colorado from Kansas in 1868 in company with William F. Cody, or Buffalo Bill, driving an dx- team. He had no regular occupation for several years, but in IStltl started a saw-mill at Fort Collins for government contractors, remaining in their .sir- vice until 1869, when he purchased tlieir supply-store and began bw-^iness fur hiuiijelf, tie sold out oa being elected county clerk iu 1870, iu which ullice LAS ANIMAS, MESA, MONTROSE. m Ijas Animas county was organized in 1866, and comprises a large extent of country in the south and south-eastern part of the territory. It is an agricul- tural and coal-producing district, and excellent in both." he remained three years, resigning on account of ill health, and returning to the (lut-door life of freighting until 187C. He then opened an agricultural- iinjiloineut and feed store. Ho has been for several terms a member of the city oniiucil. Jay H. Boughton, a prominent man, was educated for the bar, began practice in 1870 at Cortland, but removed to Coloralo and settled at tort Cillinain 1872. He was elected county attorney in 1874, and county judge in 1S70, 1878, and 1880; president of the school board in 1879, 1882, and ISS5; and for several ye.ars was membei- of the city council. Andrew Armstrong, born in Ireland in 1825, immigrated to the U. iS. in 18.39, residing in New York city until 187.*^, when he came to Colorado on account of failing health. He settled at Fort Collins, -which at that time hiiJ 200 inhabitants, bought reivl estate, and realized satisfactory returns. Cliarles P. Miller, born in Mich, in 185."), graduated from the medical de- liartineut of the state university as a homeoi)athic pliysician in 1877, and re- iiuivud to Colorado the following j'ear, there to practise his profession. The tiiwin and settlements are as follows: Ada Spring, Borthoud, Bf)X Elder, JJruiich Cafion, Buckhorn, Burns Station, Chambers, Colorado Junction, Cow (Veck, Crescent, Elkhorn, Elkliorn Kancho, E.stes Park, Fall River, Farrar llim>e, Ferguson Rancho, Fossil Creek, Home, Horse-shoe Lake, Hupps ilaiicho. Lamb's House, Laporte, Lily Lake, Little Thompson, Livermore, Lone Pine, Loveland, McGregor Hotel, McLaughlin Rancho, Michigan, Moraine, Mugen Gulch, Namaqua, North Fork, Otis, Pinkhamton, Pinewood, i'olhick's. Raw House, Round Butte, Rustic, Sprague's House, Spring Cafion, Spring Gulch, St Louis, Taylor, Timber Creek, Tyner, Virginia Dale, Wal- deii, \\'lieatland, Wliyte Rancho, Willow Park, and Winonac. " Tlie wheat yield exceeds 150,000 bushels annually, corn 110,000, and oats 200,000 bushels. It has 60,000 head of cattle, 142,702 sheep, 0,210 liorses and mules, the value of which exceeds one million dollars. The county was assessed in 1883 on $.3,()54,987, without its mines, mining land, and crops. Its Cf>al-field is 50 miles square, anil the coal of the best quality for lieatiiig or cooking purposes. As much of the coal found in other parts of the state does not coke, this is in demand, and the coke-ovens of El More ami Trinidad furnish large quantities to tlic smelters of Pueblo, Denver, and Leailville. The production of the mines in 188.3 was .370,080 tons, worth aliout .'<8.'13,000. There were produced 136,000 tons of coke, and 20,000 tons ('f iron ore, which is worked by the Colorado Coal and Iron company at Puclilo. Limestone, hydraulic lime, building stone, cement, grind-stones, and silica are among the mineral deposits of the county. Tlie population is 10,(100. Trinidad, with 3,500 inhabitants, is the county seat. Its altitude is ti.iX).") feet. It is an ol<l Mexican town, but nnich modernized. The business lioiiscs are of stone and brick; it has schools, churches, secret orders, hotels, lianks, and newspapers like any American city. El Moro, live miles from Trinidad, has a few hundred inhabitants. Barela and Starkville have each m, and Apishapa 200. Casimero Barela, a member of the mercantile house of Barela and Wilcox at Kl Moro, and of the house of C. Barela & Co. at Trinidad, is a man of note ill Las Animas county. Born ivt El Embuda, Rio Arrilia co., N. M., in 1^47, he received his education from Bishop Salpointe of Mora, and at the ajre of 20 years camo to Colorado in search of something to do, having already inarricil .losefa Ortiz. He began life as a freighter. In 1870 he was elected u:i9e6:iur of Las Animas county; iu 1872 and 1874 he represented the county 1 Ml COUNTIES OP COLORADO. Mesa county was ort^anized in 1883, from the west- ern portion of Gunnison, bordering on Utah. It is for the most part an agricultural and grazing country, with largo bods of coal. As a fruit-growing region it is likely to surpass the counties east of the Kockv mountains, and has already extensive nurseries. Granil valley, supplied with water from the Grand river, in irrigating ditches, is an extraordinarily rich region. 70,000 acres of which were made cultivable by irri- gation in 1882-83. The climate is delightful, tlie aUi- tude being 4,500 feet. Large herds of cattle and sheep are pastured in the county, which had a popu- lation of about 3,000 when organized." j\tontrose county, organized at the same time, out of the south-west corner of Gunnison, is drained by the Rio Dolores, San Miguel, and other afHuents of the Grand and Gunnison rivers. Its eastern portion contains extensive beds of coal, and probably other minerals and metals. The Uncompahgre valley is a fine agricultural district, bordered by the lofty uiesas which are a distinctive feature of western Ct)](>ra(l(;. The valuation of property in this county in IBS.) was estimated at :$575,448, and its population at altout 2,800. ^lontrose, the county seat, had tiien 300 inhabitants, Cimarron 100, Brown 100; and there ill the territorial legislature, being also elected slierifTin the latter yi'ar. In 1875 he was chosen a member of the constitutional convention, ami in tliu following year was elected to the first state senate, drawing the 1 mg terin. Being a democrat in politics, ho was chosen delegate at largo to tlio diiun- cratic national convention at Cincinnati in 1880, and again electod to t.;t' state senate. In 1881 he was elected treasurer of 'Las Animas county. He became a member of one of the largest stock companies in the .state, with the largest iicrds and the best breeds. The minor settlements are .Miali'a. Apishpa Station, Barnes, Bent Caflon, Carriso, Chilelila. Cordova, l>avi<, Dodsonvillo, Karle, Kagle, (lonzales, Grinnell, Hoehnc's, Hog B.n'k, lloloiu Prairie, Hole in Rook, Las Tijeras. Linwood, Luoero, Morley, North SiiliiiL,', Pedros Cohu-adus, Placita, Purgatoire, Pulaski, Raton, Red Rock, San Trail- cisco, San Isidro, .San .lose, San Pedro, Spring Vialley, Stockvillc, Stoniwall, Straiiije, Tojara, Torrichero, Thatcher, Toll Gate, Tyrone, ami Vil''!. '* riie county seat is at Grand Junction, which has had a rapid L'rowtli, and is destined to be an important railroad centre. In 1S8S it had '.'.(HKI in- habitants, two weekly newspajiers, five churches, three schools, aini mILit features of advanced .><ocioty. The use of brick in building gives an air nl permaiioncv to tlie improvements. The assessable property of the ■■..iiiitv in 188;? was ??%."), 144. Kruita had between :VW and 4()()inhabitaiit-i, M, -a '\M. Arlington lOU. Whitewater, Kahuah, and Bridgeport were railroad ijtatiuusi. OURAY, PARK. PITKIN, were a few other incipient towns, but the population is rhietly bucolic. Diiray county, organized in 1877, at which time it 0()iiii>riscd a large extent of territory, has been cut down, and had its boundaries changed, until it now (H't'Ui)ies a small portion of the eastern part of its foiiiier domain. In 1881 Dolores was set off. In 1882 Uncomjmhgre was taken, partly from the east- em side of Ouray, and inirtlv from Gunnison." Park county, organized in 18GI, covers nearly 1,000 sijuure miles in the geogra[)hical and metal-producing centre of the state. South i>ark, whicli it includes, has an elevation of 8,842 feet, and the average alti- tude of the whole count v, which embraces a number of liigh peaks, is 10,000 feet. It contains ten or more iniiiiiig districts, each differing from the other, some coutaiuing fissure veins, sonie contact lodes, otliers blanket or bedded deposits. The mineral belt is twenty-five miles long by five in width. Placer min- iiujf has not failed in this count'', where the hydraulic pnsci'ss has yet to be apjdied to jdaccr ground. Besides ifold and silver, copper, lead, iron, coal, and salt are produced." '■■^In 188."? Uncompahgro county wascliangeil to Ouray, and Ouray to San Migiu'l. Ouray is altogetlior ca mining county. The ]>o|inlution in 1S8.S was '.',800, iind assessable valuation $4Si?,lKt.1; l)ut in 1SS4 the local newsiiapcra ijretlictiMl a Inillion outimt of ^,000,000. Rod Mountain district produced ?1,0(K).000 in 188S, ahout one third of which was gold, and the greater juir- tiiin of which was from one i.iine, the Yankee girl. The districts of Pougli- keeiisic (iidch. Mount Sneffles, Uncomiialiu're. an<l Inicincm. R'lsin were also Lusjily productive. Ctuil mining had only l>egun ahout tliis time. Ouray w;is tlio County seat, with 500 inhaliitiints. It is named after the Ute ciiicf, fur whiise friendship the white people were grateful, at a time when his wnnl iiiiijlit liave precipitated war. Its situation, at the western eiul of the L'iiO(miii:ihgrc caflou, is on the Pacific slope of the continent, at an elevation of 7,l>4(> feet, in a round park, with rocky liei^hts ;ill al'out it of exceeding grandeur ancl istartling wddness. Three miles btdow ( (uray the valley is cul- tivalijo. In all res[)ects this mountain-walled town is like the cities of the I'liins, witli stores, churches, school.s, newspapers, ipiartz-mills, smelters, s:uiHiliiig-\vork.% and concentrators. It is reached liy a hranch from the iVnver and Rio Grande from Montrose. There are hot sulphur springs a few miles troui Ouray. Ahout one mile soutli is the fanumsm-neral farm, which has already been mentioned, discovered in 1875. Red Mountain City had aliimt the same population in l.SS.T that Ouray had: Ophir "JtK), Ironton l.M), I'lrtlaiiil 1(H), Mount Sneffles 100; Aurora, HotTman, Windham, and half a iliMi'u liainlets, less. '"Salt waa made from saline sprin;.;s in Park county, which cont.ain from 630 COUNTIES OF COLORADO. ; !' Pitkin county, named after Governor Pitkin, wag organized in 1881, being set oft' from Gunnison, with a fair division of the indebtedness of the elder countv. It embraces the mining region about the headwaters of Roaring fork of Grand river, which produreil between 1879 and 1884, $550,000 in gold and silver." Pueblo county was organized in 18G1, and nmch of its history appeared in ])revious chapters. Its first commissioners were O. H. P. Baxter, K. L. Wooteii, and William Chapman. At the first county election Chapman was chosen probate judge, and John B. Rice sheriff!" The first term of court in the couiitv 6to 14 percent sjvlt. Tliey were first located and improved by Cliarles L. Hall, who manufactured salt in 18G1-.3. A company was formeil in 18(14, J. Q. A. Rollins at the head, and Hall superintendent. Woriis custiiif,' $25,000 were erected, and the manufacture carried on until the coinplctifniui railroads, which transported salt more cheaply thau it could he nuulo iiiCul- orado, caused the works to bo closed. 1 his information is taken froiii X. T. Bond's Edrly Hkt. Colorwlo, Moutnun, andlila/io, MS., 21-2. As a liistdi-y (it Park CO. it is very complete. The Hartsel mineral springs, named afttTtlicir discoverer and locator, are noted for their healing qualities. From 4(),0(l(> to 50,000 cattle, 5,000 horses, and 10,000 sheep are grazed in Sontli park. The bullion output of 1883 was §400,000, many of the mines btiiijr idlu. The county was assessed, not including mining property, at $1,91 1, l(i(i. Tiio population was 5,000. Fair Play, tlie county seat, has 800 inhabitants, Ahno, aOO, Como 5oO. Abraham Bergh, bom in Milwaukee, Wis., in 1835, came to Colorado in 1859, locating himself in South park. He erected the fir it house in Fair riay, wliere he has been a hotel-keeiKir and merchant, as well as miiuT ainl owner in valual)le mining property. He was elected to the general assi'inliiy in 1882, and again in 1884. The towns and settlements of Park comity iint named above are Alma, Arthur, Astroville, Bailey, Bentley's, Bordi'iivillc, Buffalo Springs, Como, Dudley, East Leadvillc, E-.t.ibrook, Pairvillc, (iam, Grant, (Juirds, Ouyrand's Park, Hamilton, Hall Valley, Hartscl, Hollauil, Horse Shoe, Hubliard, Jefferson, Jones .Saw-mill, Kenosha, I.one Kmk Rancho, Mountaindale, Mullenville, Park, Park Place, Platte Cnissiiii.', Platte River, Platte Station, Rocky, Sacramento, SaltWorks.Spring Kandio, Slaght, Sulphur Springs, Summit, Tie Sidiug, Webster, Webber's Saw-iiiill, and Weston. "The valley of Roaring fork is also a good grazing country. Absence uf the means of transportation has retarded the development of thoniiiiL's, one of which, the Smuggler, is widely known. The population in It'.SH was esti- mated at 2,500, and the assessed valuation of the county $319,107. Aspon, the county seat, is situated at the conHuence of Castle, Hunter, and Marenn creeks with Roaring fork. It had a population of 750 in 1883, aii<l was a t'ariving business centre for the county. Ashcroft, above it on the ri\cr, i.''l about 600 inhabitants, and Indeixsndence 250, Sparkhill 100; besides w licii there were Highland, Massive City, and Sidney. >*Stow, in his Gciwral Vkii) of Colorado, MS., says that one of the origiial town companj', J. F. Snuth, was the first police magistrate, ami that N( I Cozzens, a cousin of Fred S. Cozzens, author of the Sp<trrmi''irii<^ J'"]"!', was another. William H. Young and William H. Greeu were a No of Uw company. Duell and Boyd were the surveyors. PUEBLO. 631 m, was n, with county, chvuti'is roduci'd silver." nmch of [ts first Vooten, election John B. t comity ■ ("liark's L. 10(1 ill IStil, iirks co.stin^ oiniilctidii nf niiuloiuC'il- I fnnii N. T. ! a liistury oi ill after their From 4().0(l() Simtli park. ]>v\u)l itUe. Ill, ICC). Til.' itant.s, Alma Colorado in ou.su ill Fair s jiiim-r ami ral asst'iiilily county iii't Jonk'UvilU', villi', Uani, |el, HoUau'l. jOlie Kmk ;e Oos.siiiL', |iiig llauflin, a Saw-:iiiil. 1 Al)s«iice iif 3iiiiiiL's, one Is;? was t'sti- 1)7. Aspi'ii, Lnil MariMiu , aii<l w;w * Ic river, .."1 |si Jus w lieh jtho origii al |l that X> I lal-ioof t!i>' was held by A. A. Bradford, in a house belonging to A. (t. Boone, on the lower end of Santa Fe avenue, Pueblo. An adobe building was subsequently erected on the same avenue near Third street for a court- house. No jail was erected until 18C8, when a stone huilding was rented to the county by R. N. Daniels for that purpose, which served until tlie commission- ers soon after erected a brick jail on Court-house wjuare, which was in use until 1880, when the pres- ent prison was completed.** r, 'I Sllrer North Dounduy of New Mexioo Las Anima-s GKAxr. " Punbln county has no mines except of coal, and ia therefore classed with the ai^ricultural counties. Ita inhabitants in ita earlier ycara lived by grow- ing provisions, which they sold to the miners outfitting for the mountaina. .\t present stock-raising ia followed equally with farming. The beautiful HermiMillo rancho of the Colorado Cattle company, covering 91,000 acres, lies in this county, twenty niilea south of Pueblo City. It belongs to an or- gani/ation of eastern capitalists, and grazea an immense number of cattle. Tlii.s rancho is a part of the Laa Animaagra^t. It was obtained by Ceran St Vraiii and Comelio Vigil, of the governor of New Mexico in 1844, and com- liriseil all the country north of the fieaubien grant in N. M. as far as the .Irkansas river, and netween the Laa Animaa and the St Charles tributariea. The U. S. government reduced the grant subsequently to 11 leagues. Apart 'if it was called the Nolan grant, and wag sold to the company which laid <ii!t .south Pueblo. There is still some question as to the rights of heira of the original grantee 1. The amount of wheat rai.jed in Pueblo county in 1883 Was l(),(j!)G bushels, which placed it in the fifth rank of wheat-producing ^'\m]t ■ iTiij I ! . ' .■. ■ I ' ;Kii:! ;!?e! 632 COUNTIES OF COLOUADO. Kio Grande county was establislied in 1874. Tt is situated on tlio west side of San Luis park, and is counties, Bouldur, 8an Miguel, Larimnr, and Jeffcrxon, in tho onlur licrt- given, I)eing the leading wncat-grDwing districts. In coni-growing I'iuIjIi, ranked tliird. Weld and Boulder taking the lead. I'ueMo liad 'Ji:{,7^tl ac'i'(.'.4 of ;)a8ture-land, huing only a little leas than Kl I'aso, Weld, and Kll>ei't; luit it had i)2,422 acres under irrigation, which M-a8 more than otiier county, auA irrigation in likely at any time to change jKisture into farming lands. Tim county contained 50,000 cattle, 75,000 sheep, and 5,(>00 other domestic aui- nmls. Tho population has increased from 7,017 in JSSO to 20,000 in Iss;}, and tho total aaacssablo valuation was i6'7,2iJti,4±2. Like almost every cdiiiity in tlic state, it has hot mineral springii. Tlio town of Puoblo, tiie county seat since 1861, had a population in ISSO of 3,.SI7, and south Pueldo, on tho opposite side of the Arkansas river, 1,443, or 4,700 altogether. Together they had, three years later, four times tliat amount of population, and were practically one city, althougli still keeping up separate municipal governments. OldPueldois handsomely laid out. with on abundance of water and shade-trees, churches, scIkkiIs, nowsrapers, luniks, a board of trade, places of public amusement, founderies, mdls, smultiiig- works, water-works, gas-works, and street railroails. The county buildings are among the best in tho state. The state a.sylum for the insane is Incatuil here. I navo a dictation from P. R. Thombs, who is suiKsrintcndent of the insane asylum. He was in Colorado liefore the settlement, and acijuainted with the famous traders and guides, Bridger, Carson, and others. Me is a man of fino physique, medium size, fearless and genial. Hegavemc some l>its of early history in his Mexican Coh-iiulo, M.S., which I have incorporattil in my work. The legislature of 1879-80 authorized the establishntent of tliu asylum, making the necessary appropriation for their supjHirt by a tax of one fifth of a mill upon all taxable property. Previous to this dateeaeli comity had taken charge of its own lunatics, for which they ^ere reimbursed liy tiio state. Pueblo obtained the location by donating the land required — lOacns. The board of commissioners appointed, James Macdonald, Theotlore F. Urowii, and J. B. Romero, purchased the residence of C^orge M. Cliileott, luar Pueblo, which sorveclfor a beginning, but the next legislature appropriated §60,000 for the erection of a new building, which not being sufficient, >SO,l)00 was appropriated in 1883 to enlarge and furnish the asylum. A part of M Pueblo was entered under the act of congress of March 2, 1867, by Mark U, Bradford, probate judge of Pueblo co., in trust for the occujwints. On Jan. 19, 1809, the present title to that portion wa.s derive<l from the United States through him. Another portion was entered by the county at the same time. The town was incorporated March 22, 1870. Tlie trustees appointeil were: George A. Hinsdale, M. G, Bradford, James Rice, H. C. Thatcher, ami H. H. Cooper. The first town election was held in April. It was nierixcil in a city organization in March 1873. The first city election was held April 7th of that year, when James Rice was elected mayor, and U. P. Haysliji, (). H. P. Baxter, H. M. Morse, and Weldon Keeling aldermen. In 1^71 tlio county voted $100,000 in bonds to aid the D. & R. (i. R. R., ratluv than have it go south via Caflon City, which was threatened. In tliis same year the U. S. land-office was opened at Pueblo, with Wheeler as register, ami .M. G. Bradford receiver. The Pueblo People was also first issued this year in Sept., with Hinsdals editor, the offi«:e being the n. e. comer of Fourth and Summit streets. Its material was sold m 1874 to the proprietors ni the Chie*lain, its successor. Tho county court-honse was completed in 187-, and was paid for from the sale of lots in a quarter-section of land preemjited by the county authorities, and filed as an addition to the city, costing the tax- payers nothing. The successors to Mayor Rice were John R. Lowtlier, M. I). Thatcher, W. H. Hyde, and George Q. Richmond. In 1874 t\w pri sent UoUy system of water-worka was completed, at a cost to tho city of "^130,- RIO GRANDE. wiitcrotl by the Rio Grande river. The western por- tion of the county Hes in the San Juan iiiountain», in SiMiii iiftur a tire departineiit Mas orsaiiiztid, coitMiatiiig (if two Iiohc coiii- [iiiiiiM ami a lioi)k aiiii laiUlur, W. 11. Ala and .\i-kaiiHa.s valley railroa(l,c<miiucting with the Atchison, Topt'ka.und Siiiita iXN), tlio contract Insing let to the National Building company of St Louis. consisting of two hose com- laconiii cliiuf. In ltS7'> tliu I'uclilo I'oiifk Fi', was completed to Pueblo, giving it a road to the east. The county suli- xi'I'iIilmI .'<>3.~)U,(M)U to this road, ami its opening was the occasion of a monster excursion from all parts of Colorado, and from Kansas, the rejoicings last iiig t'lir two da^s. The tirst handsome public school Imilding was erected in IS^il, tliu district voting 5jl4,000 in bonds. The trustee, after realizing the iiiDiuy, left tlio country, aud the county was ^14,000 poorer. Matlier it (itiist iTccteil large smclting-works in 1878, which treat ores from all parts of the state, and employ about oOO men. The methodist church bouth began ill |SS4 to organize a college at I'ueblo, which ia meeting fairencourngcinent. .Sdutli Puelilo is a manufacturing town, the seat of the Colorado Coal and Imii company's works, one of the most extensive of the kind in the Uniteil .■^tiviL-i, where iron and steel mauutactures are carried on. The works cover 40 iicrus of area, and the other buildings of the company 400 acres more. Tlio town was founded by the Central Colorado Improvement company, whuso officers were the officers of the I). & R. G. Co., and which was subse- i|iit'ntly merged in the Colorado Coal and Iron company. According to M. Sliolilou of south Pueblo the D. & R. G. Co. agreeit to build a station on the imrtli side of the river should the county vote the required amount in bonds ti) lu'lp construct the road. Having an opportunity, in 187'2, to purclia^e 4S,()()0 acres of the Nolan grant, they took the name of Central Colorado Improvement company, founded a town on the south side, and removes the terminus of the railroad to that site. Mlieldon was born in Trund)ull ~:o., 0!ii(i, in 1844. He came io Colorado in 1872 for his health. <So?'M Piiehlo, M.">. Tliere are 1,000 acres laid out in town lots, with wide streets, bor- (lorcil with trees, which are irrigated by tiny canals. The town has a mayor, lioiu'il of aldermen, new.spaper.s, and post-office of its own. The only thing .slmruil in common between tlie towns is gas, the new town illumiiiating from tlic gasworks of north Pueblo. Taking them together as one, Pueblo is the natural centre of commerce and railroads for south-eastern Colorado, the (leimt of merchandise, and convenient seat of manufactures for an immcn.se region. These advantages, with the resources already named, are sufficient to maintain a large city. There are no other considerable towns in the county. Sloiii:\i Liiiul Oritiitu in Coh, 4-6; GrtHf\ Colo, 47-51; Jidcr-OriiDi, Jan. 10, lySli; HiH-k-j/ Mtn Xc.ws, May 7, 1870; The Piichlos, anil I'mhln Co., Colo, being a history of the twin cities; south Pueblo Ptu-lih ('ollei/iiili' IndiUUv, I'rnnjm-tux. \S. \V. Strait, born in Pa in 1839, came from Min. to Colorado in 1870, and kept the Grand Central hotel iu south Pueblo for a year and a half. From him I obtained a manuscript. The Pueldnx. James Rice, born in Vt iu 1S;J0, came to Colorado in 1808, locating himself at Pueblo, engaging in the hook aud stationery business. From him, also, I gathered some interesting details. PolUira in .Puc.hh, MS. The towns and settlements not named are .Agate, Anderson s Rancho, Andersonville, Barry Rancho, Baxter, Beulaii, BiKiiR'villo, Cactus, Chico, Cody Rjincho, Cook Rancho, D.'g's Rancho, I'liylo'i Mill, Dry Rancho, Fosdick's Rancho, Four-mile Rancho, Goodnight, '•ranero.s, Greenhorn, Holliday Rancho, Horn Rancho, Huerfano, Jackson, Jiiiie-i' Kaucho, Juniata, Langley Rancho, McClellan's Rancho, McHhaney's Kaiieho, Meadows, Mace's Hole, Merrie's Rancho, Mexican Plaza, Muddy I' reek, Nada, Nepesta, Old Fort Reynolds, Osage Avenue, Parnassus Springs, I'eck's Rancho, Pifion, Pond, Robinett Rancho, San Carlos, Skeeter Ranclio. i^pring Lake Rancho, St Charles, Sulphur Springs, Swallows, Table Moun- tain, Taylorville, Uudercliffe, Walker Rancho, Wilson's Rancho, Wood Va!!ty. i' .''\m ;im,:, COUNTIES OF ( OLORADO. a ricli mineral rocrion. Its nisourcts are alioutecjuallv divided between mining and agriculture. Tlie Suni Peter K. Dotsnn, Iwrn in Va in 1823, croHsoil tlie plains from IiKleiicnd. ence, Mo., in 1S.">1, inten<ling to go to Cal., l)ut HtomHid at Salt Lake, where lie was employed a few months in running a distillery for Hrigli;iiii Wmwii. The followiiig year he was engaged hy aa express and mail conipiiny as .weiiti which position ho held for 9 years. In IS'w ho wiis eommissioiiud U. s! inarthal for Utah, hut l>ein(j <irtU!red away from the territory hy HelHr Kim- ball in IS.'iT, he went to Washington, and came with tiie army of Joliusi.ii to Utah. He came to Colorado in ItkiO, ami settled at Fountain City, (ikiw Puehlo) and commenced the Imsincss of cattle-raising. I took a hricf ditta- tion from him called DotMon'n Dohii/ti, MS. One of the pioneers of I'licl,!,, county is here briefly menti<med: J. W. Lester, bom in Pa in IH'.'.S; owns 240 acres of land on the Arkansas river l>el(iw Florence. .lacob A. Betts, born in Md in 18,T(), was a tailor bytra<le. He wentfirst to Central City on coming to Colorado, but after roving from gulch tn l'uIcIi for some time, stopped for three years at Greenhorn in Puehlo co., and was sheriff of the co. in 18<>4 and 18<)5. iSubsequently he removed to I'liuMn, where he was in the grocery trade. He settled in tl>e adjoining county of Fremont, and became the owner of 740 acres of land, and herds of litirms and cattle. Alva Adams, born in Wis. in 1S50, came to Colorado in 1871, and worked at first on the railroad at common laWir. At Colorado Springs he helpttl to erect the first hotise, remaining at that place three years, when he reinnviil to south Puehlo and engaged in hardware business for two years, HcUing uiit there and establishing a hardware store at Del Norte, Rio (irande en. In 187() he started a branch business at Alamosa, returning in 1878 to I'uchld, leaving the branch stores in charge of others, and commencing a wlidlesalu business in hardware at this point. He was elected a mem1>er of tliu Hr.st state legislature from Rio Grande co., was chosen a member of the first city council of south Pueblo, and later elected governor. Alfred W. Geist, l)orn in Boston in 1W8, graduated from the scientific department of Yale college, and went from there to Mexico, travelling' throughout the west, studying ores, smelting them, and looking for a plaoe to locate a smelting establishment. i June 1878 he broke ground at I'uelili', starting with one furnace. The folU A'ing year two more were erected. Tiio business increased faster than his capital, conipellingthe formation of a. stock company. The works are the largest in the world, retpiiring 1,000 tuns jur day to keep all the furnaces at work. They employ 400 men, and tliu com- pany paid the railway for freight in 1884, ^750,000. Ores from every part of the country are purchase)!, and the pro<luct goes to all points from San Francisco to New York. Henry M. Fosdick, bom in Boston in 1822, was educated a civil engineer. He came to Colorado in the spring of 1859, and assisted to lay out tlie street,s of Denver. He was chairman of the vigilance committee in the antunui of that year. In 1861 he purchased a section of land in £1 Paso county, and laid off the town of Colorado City, but afterward sold the land ti> A. Z. Sheldon. He was with Chivington in the Sand creek Hght, and ju.stilies liis course. In'18G4 he went to Pueblo, and assisted in laying off that town. In 1806 he purchased 1,000 acres in Pueblo co., and became afarmer and stock- raiser. James N. Carlile crossed the plains with an ox-team in 1859. After a few days at Denver, he went to South park, where he mined for a few years. He then engaged in freighting between Denver and St Joseph, Denver and Mon- tana, and Denver and Utah. Then in 1808, in partnership witli William Moore, he liecame a railway contractor, and subsequently went to farming and stock-raising, which resulted in the ownership of large ranches in Pueblo CO., stocked with horses and cattle, with a residence in south Pueblo. ROUTT, SAOUACJHK, SAN JUAN. G3S f'(iu;illy lo Suiii- Tii(lcj)fcn(U akf. wUvre am Voiiiig, ly ID4 ligciit, mud U. S. rlelHT Kim- of .lolmsiiii City, (now brief (liita- i (.f I'u.'lil.. 18'JS; owns [e wentfirst Ich to L'lildi ;o., aii(T was I to Vuulild, ■lis ( County (if f liiirxt's and worked he huliiL'il til lie rfiuovuil 9, HL'Uiiig mit Mide Co. In '8 to I'uclilo, ' a wiiolesak' p of tlie tirst ;lic tirst city he Hcientitic r>, travelling g for a jiliiio idatl'ueMo, ■rc'-'tcd. Tlie on of a stock 000 tons \M lid the cum- every part is from J^an Ivil engineer. \t the streets I autumn ot jcounty, anil fill ti> A. Z. IjHstiliesliis [at town. Ill Ir and stock- I After a few years. He er ami Mun- Ith William Ito farming OS in PueWo bUo. mit district is one of tho moat important in soutliorn Colorado for ^old mining. Tluiro are several stamp- niills in the district, wiiich have produceh for several years from $200,000 to $400,000 per annum. Tho mines furnish an excellent market for the farm pro- ductions of tho fertile San Luis valley. '* lioutt county in tho north-west corner of the state was cut off from (xrand in 1877, but made small prog- ress until the removal of the Utes in 1882. The population the following year was 500. It isaLi.iz- iiiLj and agricultural district, with some placer njinos and unworked quartz lodes. The assessed valuation ill 1883 was $241,504, principally in stock < ittle. Steamboat springs, and half a dozen hamlets, wen I. W. Stanton '-''^ ■ ''orn in Pa in 18.'}5. At tho aj^o of 'JO years he niip' .teil to I'awnee City, Kan., and was there wlien the tirst Kansas legislature nmt, in 1^55. Tho following year he removed to Iowa, r'".naining there until 18()0, wh' I ho came to Colorado, driving a team. From Denver ho went to Unsscll giileh, and later to California gulch, returning to Denver in tho nutunin, where lie entered a store a.s clerk. In the spring of ISGl he walked to Canon City, hut finding nothing to do tiiere returned to Denver, and M'as employed as clerk in the itost-oHiec. Ho enlisted in tho 2(1 Colora«lo infantry in iSG'i, and wa^s ordered to Leavenworth, serving until 18(i5. When nms- tered out lio went to Washington, where he remained until ho obtained the aiipointuient of register in the land-otlice at Central City in 18G8. In 1871 lie was transferreil to tho land-office at Pueldo. In 1881 ho was appointed postmaster at Pueblo. -■"There Mere in 188.3, 30,000 cattle, 40,000 sheep, and 20,000 horses and mules in the county. Tho population was 3,000, anil the as.sessed valuation ■*!,0K{,417. Del Norte, the county seat, was tirst settled in the winter of lS7l-7'2. Tlie populatioYi in 18S3 was 800. It is situated at a point where the niounta.ins from the north and south approach so closely to the river as to leave only an elevated l)ench, a quarter of a mile in width between their rocky cliffs, on the southern margin. The view of the San Luis valley, the tree-fringed river winding below, and the snow-crowned peaks of the Sangro (le Cristo range, make the situation delightfully picturesque. Del Norte has a good trade, several fine, large blocks ot stores, built of stone, where whole- sale and retail merchandising is carried on, good county buildings, schools, a local newspaper, and wide streets, shaded by rows of trees, irrigated after the prevailing custom of the mountain towns. In the su'urbs and surround- ing country there is a considerable Mexican population, which is domiciled in Inmses built of adol>e. Timlnsr is abundant in the mountains, and there are a numljer of saw-mills in the county run by water-power, of which there is an abundance. Twenty-nine miles west of Del Norte is the romantic summer resort of Wagon-wheel gap, where there are hot sulphur springs; w'titude 8,439 feet; climate healthful. The name comes from a narrow pass of several miles thr(i\igh a range of mountains, with vertical cliffs from 500 to 1,500 i'eet in height, of reddish-gray sand stone, with only room l)etween them, as it was supposed, for the river and a wagon -road. Summitville in Summit mining district liad in 1886 a (Hipulatioii of 400. Jasper, Adams* Springs, La Loma M \urte, Lariat Piedra, and South Fork are small villages. r Mil! 686 COUNTIES OF COLORADO. all the settic merits at this time. Hahn's peak is the county seat. Saguache county was organized in 1866. Its bound- aries have been several times altered, its present area comprising 3,200 square miles, the principal |)art of which is agricultural and grazing land. Notwith- standing its favorable situation in the centre <»f the state, and embracing the northern portion of the San Luis valley, it is very little developed." San Juan county, organized in 1876, has been quite fully spoken of in a previous chapter. The discovcrit s in Lake county, which followed immediately after the San Juan country had taken its first grand start, with- drew a large portion of its population, and diverted capital to Leadville. Its original area has also been curtailed, until it is now one of the smallest counties in the state, and strictly devoted to mining, altliou^h lumbering, and every kind of milling might be profit- ably carried on here, timber and water jxiwer being abundant. The bullion output of 1883 was $418,1)54, a small yield for a county with so many good mines. The assessment valuation, which excludes mining; property, was $1,045,597. The population of the county was 5,000. The town of Silverton had 1,750 inhabitants, and Animas Forks 450. Eureka, 'Mm- '■''Thia neglect was owing to its being partly coveretl by a .Spanish grant, which was sold to Europeans who had not attempted to make it protitalile. According to Wallihan s Volorwlo Ottzctteer, 58, Ex -governor Gilpin suhl a portion of Saguache county for 1^2,500,000. It is, however, settling iiiiwitli farmers, who sold in 1883 §.300,000 worth of agricultural prtnlucts. TIr- out- tie and sheep in the county were valued at about ^485.000, and otlicr \^u\<- erty at 1^911,931. From the mines in the Kerber creek district ^KKI.IKHI in bullion was produced. The population of the county was estimatetl at (UH>(l. Saguache is the county seat. It has a fine location on the San Lui^ rwvr. There were 900 inhanitants in 1883. Bonanza, situated in Kerbor (li^tril•t, had a population of 500. Carnero, Claytonia, Crestone, Iron Mine, AIiUt, Marshalltown, Sedgwick, and Shirley were villages of 100 or 150 iulial'i- tiiuLs. The list of settlements coniprises fiismarck, Blakeville, Btmaiiza. Bonito, Burnt Gulch, Camp Sanderson, Cebolia Uiver, Ce<iar Creek Minis Christione, Cochetopa, Cotton Creek, Cottonwood, Elkhom Kanclid. Ex- chequer, Franklin, Frisco, Garibaldi, Gamer Creek, Gray Siding, Haiiman. Jackson, Kerber Creek, Kimbrell, Kerlier\ille, LosPinos Agency, Mar-liall Pass, Milton, Oriental, Plaza, Poll Creek Mines, Rito Alto, River Mtailc, Rock Cliff, Sangre de Cristo. Sanlsal)el, Sargent, Sheep Mount, Silvtr Hill, Silvery City, Star Branch, Uncomphagre, Veuerables, White Earth, ^Vlll^lW Dale. SAN MIGUEL, SUMMIT, WELD. 637 eral Point, Ho wards ville, Poughkeepsie Gulch, Con- gress, Cunningham Gulch, Del Mine, and half a dozen other small villages were all the settlements worth mention. San Miguel county, set off from Ouray in 1883, C()in[»rises all of the former county of Ouray, except that part drained b^' the Uncompahgre river and its tril)utaries, which is still known as Ouray. The boundaries are so loosely described in the act estab- lishing these counties that it would be impossible to say how much of the mineral discoveries being already developed went with the county of San Miguel. But it is safe to say that its new name cannot have deprived it of its established character as a mineral region. The name of the county seat, Telluride, is indicative of the resources upon which it depends. The population, at the period of its establishment, was 2,000, and its valuation $449,856. Telluride had 400 inhabitants, and Placerville 125. Sunnnit county, established in 1861, extended in its earlier form to the boundary of Utah. Its former ter- ritory was divided up into Garfield, Routt, and Eagle, leaving only its eastern end, resting on the western slope of the Park range, to sustain its ancient name. In 1882 it ranked fourth among the bullion producing counties, whereas, after the excision of Eagle county, it ranked only as the eleventh." " It contained 73 silver mines, which produced, in 18S2, ?450,5.50, and plaroi'>i which yiehled J?51,00(); hut the folhiwing year the wliolc yiehl of tiie iiiiiie.i was no more than ^.3o(),0(X). Tlie assessalile property of tlie county was v:ihie(l at 81,026,352, divided <amrmg a population of 5, 000. Tlie county seat was temporarily located at Parkville, but removed to Breckenridge. Tlie town, altiiough among those founded in 1800, waa not incorporated until ISSi), at which time it had 1,628 iuha))itants. Breckenridge i.s situated on Rliiu river. Like all the Coloradi towns, it has churches, scliools, an opera- house, theatre, banks, and newspapers. Like all mining towns it has stamp* mills and smclting-works. Robinson has a population of 500, Racine 350, Frisco 2.">0, Montezuma S-W, Kokomo, Taylor, and Chihuahua each 200, LiiU'dhi City 125, Swan, Wheeler, and Argentine each 100. Remaining set- tlemiiit-i in Summit co.: Adelia, Argentine, Astor, Belden, Blue River, Blue River Valley, BuflFalo Flats, Carboi.ateville, Chihuahua, Cliflf Sprinp, Clinton 'Uilcli, Conger, I'ooper. Crocker, Decatur, Defiance City, Delaware City, Del- awari' Flats, Pillon, Eagle City, Farnham. Fisk's Hotel, Fort McHenry, Oeuura, Goldeu City, Gulden Gulch, Gold Iluii, Haywood, Hill's Camp, COUNTIES OF COLORADO. Weld county, occupying the north-east corner of the state, was organized in 1861, and named in hmiur of Secretary Weld. It is exclusively an agricultural and grazing county, although it has for a foundatutn extensive beds of coal. An account of its great irri- gation companies has been given, and of the Greoley colony's acequias. Of a somewhat later date, about 1871, was the South-western, sometimes called tiio Tennessee colony, although its members were from several western and middle states. This association purchased a large tract of land in the Platte valKv, and selected a town site near Fremont's orchanl, twenty-five miles below Evans, on the Denver Pacific railway, which they named Green City, after D. 8. Green of Denver. A considerable portion of the colony's lands needed no irrigation, being on the Platte bottom; but 8,000 or 10,000 acres had to be brought under cultivation, which was done by means of ditch- ing, as in the former instance. All these improve- ments have made the western portion of Weld a jjjn at grain field, while the sheep and cattle ranges in the eastern half are sufficiently watered for that purpos(.> by the numerous branches of the Platte." Hugh Flat, Inferno, Intermediate, Junction City, Lake, Lovclaun, Lower Swan River Valley, Mill Rancho, Mouumcnt Toll-gate, Park City, lifxinnl, St John. Sulphur .Spring, Summit City, Surles, Swaxi, Tariff Mine, Tiiniitliy. Warren Camp. Webster Rauoho, Wheeler, White River, WilliaiiiH Kurk. This list eutliraces most of the settlements existing in Eagle, aud soniu in Gartielil, or in Summit, previous to the late change of houmlary. A late-comer to this region was H. H. Eilily, who was horn in Milwaukee, Oregtm, in IJvio. He removed to Watertown, N. Y., in 1806, and was iilii- cated for the law, lieing admitted to the bar in Rochester in 1877. Ho tluii migrated to Tojieka, Kan., aud tlience to Colorado in 1878. Afttr a few mouths at Leadville, he removed to Summit d , locating at Cliihualiui. He was eleotetl to tl>e state 8<>nate iu 1880, aiiu again in 1884. lie secunl mines and lands iu the o<>., where lio nia4le his residence. •*Tlie wheat crop of 1SS2 was .S70,liOO bushels, worth about as many il"!- lars, and all the other crops, including hay and potatoes, were valiicil at IpJOO.OOO. The |>opulation of the county was 8,000, and the as.sessed valua- tion $7,907.1-15. The county seat was first temporarily located at St N'rain, but w%s finally established at (Ireelcy, which had, in 1883, 1,.')00 inlialitants. E%*ans. Erie, and Sterling had each 400. There are the following iniiinr towns and settlementii in Weld co. : Akron, American Rancho, Athol. Biker <"oiU Bank. Barrie Rancho, Beaver Creek, Beaver S«^ .cion. Big Bend, W.iir. Wake- ville. Boulder Valley Coal Bank, Brush, Buflalo, Cap Rock, Carr. Corona, i 'orona .Station. Cottonwood Spring, Oystal Spring. Divide, Eoklov, Flemini? Kaucho, Fort Morgan, Fort Sedgwick, iioid llaudiii, Guary, Godfreys Blufi INDUSTRIAL SUMMARY. 630 rncr of II honor cultural ndatiou uat irri- Groek'V B, about lied the :ro from sociatioii valh'V, orchard, ir Pacific 3r US. 1 of the 10 Platte I brought of ditdi- iiupn)ve- da ;j:;rtat es in the purpose ?lanM. Lower kty, Uoxtmil, [le, 'I'iiMotliy. [liaiiiH Fiirk. laud some in I Milwaukee, linil was idii- lie till II Afttr a few Buialuii. Ill' lie secureil U many ili'l- Je vahicil at Icsscil valua- it St Vniu, |inlia''itaut'<- liiiiKir towns iHaU-r ('»»! lUair. Blili^'- \rr. Coroiii'- lev, Kloiiiiiii; Such is the extent and variety of aspect and re- sources of Colorado that each division has required a separate history, which, at the best my space allows, remains too brief To sum up the condition of the state in 1883-6, when it liad only fairly entered upon a career of settled industries, we have the follow- ing' : Wheat produced from 114,000 acres, 2,394,000 bushels; corn produced from 21,287 acres, 532,100 bushels; oats produced from 41,250 acres, 1,209,000 bushels; potatoes, 1,000,000 bushels, and lar^re crops of hay, which with minor productions were not re- ported, the approximate value of which was about $4,000,000. The value of cattle on the ranges was 337,500,000 ; of sheep, $10,000,000. The output of coal was nearly $6,000,000. The iron and steel prod- Hailfiold Island, Hall, Hillslmrongh, Hopkins Co,-il Bank, Howard Spring, Hiulsim, Hyde, Iliff, Johnson, Joleslinrg, Junction House, La Sallo, Latham, Leiuons, Lone Tree, Manchcntcr, Meadow l>land, Mitcliell'H Coal Bank, Mor- gan, New Liberty, Old Fort St Vrain, OM Juleslmrg, Pawnee Creek, I'ieree, riatto Valley, I'lattevillc, riea-sant Flaiu^i, Pleasant Valley, Riverside, Sarinila, .School-house, South Platte, Spring Hill, Sterling, Stewart, Siuuuiit, Valley Station, Weld, W«ldon Valley, Wild I'at Creek, and Wray. One of those who freighted aoroita the ]ilaiiia liefore the railroad era was Jareil L. Bacon. He was born in Ohio in IfvJT, removing to Iowa in 1857, and to Colorado in 1859. After mining two yeant in Russell'H gulch he engaged in the transportation of gooils from the Missouri river to Denver until the completion of the Union Pacific. Then he turned to titftek raising in Weld CO., and had, in comi)any with J. L. Routt, 3,000 acres of l-vnd, with an exten- sive range, and 3'J,0lH) head of cattle. He was elected sherilf of Weld co. in I87-, and to the gener.il assembly in 1H77, and again in ]S7'.>. He was also aiipoiiited brig. -gen. of the state militia for 4 years, and M-as chairman of the board of county comuiissioners for ti years. Samuel Southard, born in Ohio in IM^J. enli:>ted in the army at the age of l"i years, serving through the war. He came to Cobira4lo in 18tM>, reni.iining unsettled for several years, but going into mercantile business at Kra, in Weill CO., in 187*2. In 1877 he was elect"-"! county treasurer and removed todreeley, being reelected in 1879, and chuseu county clerk in 1881. Later he beeame a merchant at Greeley. Jesse Hawes, born in Me in 1843, niigrate<l to 111. at the age of 1(5 years, and enlisted in the army in 1801, serving through the war. He then eom- meiieed the study of medicine and graduateil from Michigan university in l8t)S, after which he spent two years in the I»ng Island hospital, and two years in European hospitals. On returning to the U. S. lie came to Colo., settliim !it once at Greeley. He wa.t surgeon of a railway co., and president of the State Medical Society, as well a:i of the State Board uf Medical E.xaniiiiers. Ibiiry B. Jackson, born in N. Y. in 1848, came to Colorado in 1872, locating himself atfireeley, and l>eginniug his money -getting by hewing ties for a railroad company. In 1877 he startetl a small store, but was burned out in 1883. The same season he built the Jack^iou 0|)cra huuae block at a cost uf 810,000, :*j SMS:; iA..L x> A- — l! fl 640 COUNTIES OF COLORADO. uct was about $3,000,000, The gold, silver, \esu\, and copper amounted to $26,306,000, as nearly as it could be estimated, an increase of $3,000,000 since 1885, but a slight falling off from 1882. According to cen- sus returns in 1880, the capital employed in 591) dif- ferent manufactories, not including smelting, reducing, and refining works, was $4,311,714. The census re- turns prepared for publication at each decade are really prepared the previous year, and therefore this estimate gives the amount of capital employed in manufactures in 1879, when they were in their in- fancy. Without any exact figures to demonstrate the fact, it is evident that in 1883 the amount of money in use in manufactures, of the nature of iron and steel works, brass founderies, machine and car shops, flour and lumber mills, wagon and carriage fac- tories, furniture, clothing, saddle and harness, and boot and shoe factories, breweries, meat packing. brick making, cigar making, printing, and other estah- lishments to the number of over 600, great and small, )ac*.st have quadrupled the census figures of 1880; be- sides which there were 175 smelting, stamping and reduction works in operation. The whole jiroduct of the entire manufacturing industries of Colorado exceeded $35,000,000. At the close of 1883 there were eighty-three hank- ing houses in Colorado, of which two were national banks, with a capital of $1,640,000, deposits of .$ll,- 171,734, and business to the amount of $ IT), 704, 165.90 ; fourteen state banks and trust companies, with capital of $615,754 and $2,433,417 deposited; and f )rty-seven private banks, with $774,735 capital and $2,423. 305 deposited. The fire insurance companies had policies out on $32,817,015; the life insurance compa- nies on $29,374,019 ; and accident companies for $1,036,981. The state debt consisted only of state warrants, which there was money in the treasury to meet and a surplus of $372,961. The constitution prohibits the bonded indebtedness of the state, GENERAL SUMMARY. 641 The biennial expenditures and receipts very nearly balance each other, and average $558,000. The amount raised by taxation in 1883 was $295,104.44, the assessed valuation being $110,729,756. A poll- tax of fifty cents was levied on 27,700 polls. The state tax was four mills on the dollar. The amount of internal revenue raised in 1880, with less than 200,000 inhabitants, was $168,259. There were 370 school-houses, valued at $1,235,- 491, and a school-fund for distribution amounting to $45,000, but which the improvement and leasing of the school lands was rapidly improving. The state supports by a special tax the state university soliool of mines, agricultural college, mute and blind institute, state industrial school, insane asylum, and penitentiary. The industrial school had 129 inmates, and the state prison 341 (convicts. There are a state board of health, a state historical society, a state library, and a historical and natural history society maintained by legislative appropriation. Other state societies, depending on their members for support, are maintained by the medical or other pro- fessions to which they belong. These intelligent organizations to which the legislature and the people in their homes give their attention, illustrate the pre- vailing character of society in Colorado. Not with- out blemishes or errors, the young commonwealth stands out a shining example of mental, moral, and physical progression rare to find in the first twenty- five years of a nation's political existence. The laws are libera,, public gambling is not prohibited, and drinking saloons are numerous. According to the census of 1880, the whole number of inhabitants vas 194,327, with an excess of 65,196 males; 154,- 537 were native born, 39,790 foreign born, 2,435 were ouWod, 612 Chinese, 154 Indians. The population is largely drawn from New England, but is thor- f'uo^hly cosmopolitan. Since the 10th census was taken Mormons have commenced colonizing hi this HiHT. Nkv. 41 mi y I < I ill 642 COUNTIES OP COLORADO. state, their number amounting to 1,578. The Chinese, though in the main well treated, have been driven out of some of the mining towns. The most remarkal)le feature of Colorado is the number and size of its cor- porations ; and the question to be solved in the future IS how far they are beneficial or detrimental to a state, particularly in the form of money preponderance and monopoly. Possibly they will be crippling to individ- ual enterprise, and enslaving to independent will and thought; in which case the most republican of our young states will have taken a backward step in republican principles, and directors of wealthy ori^an- izations be able to dictate to the producing claascs as to their bondsman.** "♦For jricld of metah, see Descriptive Amerira, May 4, 1884; Hall, Ami. Rejit to C/iamher of Commerce, 1883, 147; Farmer Besottrces of the Jindi/ Ml', 17-tO; FarreU'a Colorado (U it w, 1868, 1^-46; Stone's Hist, MS.; Tliv'lt,.,bj MtnGem, Corhett's Legis. Maniuil, 1877, 316; Haydena Great W<:ot, 11G-'J7; Eocky Mtn Herald, Dec. 18, 1875; Ounimon Sun, Jan. 6, 1884; iV. M. Pointers on tJie Southioest, p. 46; S. F. Call, Jan. 12, 1885; Rept of Stute (ml o;/ist, 1881-2, 126-49; Cohrado Condensed, 1881-82, 39-40; Jd., ISS.'}, 25-34; BurclianVa Productions of Colormlo, 1881, 132; Rept Director of thf Mint, 1882, 14; Ji. M>x. Revisita, 1883, 279, EllioU «£• Co.'a H'lst. Arhmn; Tucson Fr(mterizo,Ja.n. 27, 1882,2; N. Mex. Mining World, Feb. 1, 1SS4, 93; The Mines ami Miners, 507, 509-10. On other subjects, see Jf. Mi-': Doc., 47th cong. 2d aeas., 98, 100; Galveston News, Dec. 1, 1884; //. Kj: /)oc., 47th cong. Ist sess., vol. 15, 708-13; Coh. Sess. Laws, 1881,31; II., 1883, 23-4; Denver TrOmne, Jan. 13, 1880; Coh. Gen. Laws, 1877, 557-11; Colo. Sess. Laws, 1883, 23-4; Denver Hist., 240-1; Transactions rfSlal'' Mvl- icalSoc., 1884; Hatoe^' Charlatanism in Colorado; Reprint from TrausactifiiH of -State Medical Soc. for 1883; Shinn's Mining Camps, 280; Mining hijIiU m Coh, by R. S. Morrison; Mining Code, by M. B. Carpenter; Gen. Lmc-^ CU', 18G5, 71-2; Fowler's Around Colorado, AIS., 8; Lewlville Democrat, Jan. 1, 1884; 10th Cemus, vol. 1, 378-447; Porter's The West Census, 1S80, Sit; Hall's Ann. Rrpt CJiamber of Commerce, 1880-3, 128; iJorlietl's Dinelrinj of Mines, 1879; Rept Sec Int., li. 319, 43d cong. 1st sess. In regard to society, see Harper's Mag., vol. Ix. 542-57; Bird's Lady's Life, etc., being tlie ojistr- vations of an early traveller in Chicago, 40-296; Bancroft, Colo XoO', MS.; Sac. Recwd-lTnion,Avril 7, 1884; S. F. Post, Nov. 15, 1SS4; Dennr Tribune, Oct. 17, 1880. The Chinese were driven from Como in 187!», li'inyr Trilmne, Nov. 13, 1879, and from other places at different times, and always by the other foreign populations, led by political demagogues, who, vlutber right or wrong, were never governed by a regard for the public velfarc, l)ut sought rather to make capital for themselves by pandering to the hufn instincts of our low and ignorant foreign voters, or their sympathizera or dependents. CHAPTER XIV. LATER EVENTS. 1886-1888. Elemf.sts of GuEATyEss — MiMxr. Versus AoRiccLTrKE — Land and Water Monopoly — Material PKO<iKE.s.s — Railroads — Development of Dkx- VER— Election Campaiox — Leoislation — Excellence of Statutorv, IssriTurioNAL, and Social Reoclations — CHARAcrER of Publiu Men — BlOG R APHICAL. The elements of a great commonwealth were in Colo- rado from the beginning. Like all the mid-continent states, it was misunderstood. From being a desert, ac- cording to early explorers whose experience was of heavily timbered countries, it was at length discovered to be a land rich in minerals, but it was not regarded as a farming, or even a grazing, region until accident revealed its capabilities in these directions. After thirty years of settlement, farming was hardly sec- ondary, though the mining and grazing interests over- shadowed it. The era of neglect of this industry was attributed to the scarcity of water on the surface, and the dryness of the atmosphere. Then came the water-grabbers, and fenced off the rivers from the coinnion use of the people ; or water companies con- structed miles of canals, carrying water through im- mense tracts, which were thereby greatly augmented in price. They condescendingly sold the water which belonged to the people to the farmers along their route, and charged them with a "royalty" upon their land — that ia, thev exacted a bonus for benefiting the land irrigated in addition to the water rent.' Another 'Tl\e (juestion was mooted in the legislature of 1887 whether the companies ihoulil uut be denied the right to own water, and be treated simply as com- t;;l| ;•"!!.! M m :!i.!'-: ' ! 1 1 ■ 'Hi mm u3glB|! 6U LATER EVENTS. abuse was the practice of aliens in taklnt; up lai-ojo tracts of lanil in tlie state for grazing or for speculativo puri)oses. Tlie legislature of Colorado, following the example of congress, passed an anti-alien law, to |iiv. vent English capital from fastening upon state huids. Mining property was not guarded in the same man- ner, but was owned to a consideral)le extent by uliciis. Fori'ign capitalists, however, had not the same surces.s in securing returns that American owners en joyed, owing, perhaps, to the fact that tlusy paid larg(.' jJiiecs for the undevelo[)ed mines, and reserved too little capital with which to work them. The state '>f Colorado was never more truly pros- perous than after a period of dullness from 1SS;5 to 1885. In 188G there was considerable innnigratioii, particularly to Weld county, it having been found that crops could be grown there without irrigation. The citizens of that region petitioned the legislature of 1887 to create two new counties out of the eastern portion of Weld.'' A large number of new towns were founded about this time, and had a suri>risino; growth. Lamar, in Bent county, founded in ^hx 1880, had on its first anniversary twelve hundred in- habitants, Yuma, another town of about the same age, l.'}8 miles east of ]Jenver, on the Burlington & Missouri river railroad, gained fivehundred inliahitants its first vear. Hvde, another railroad town in Wasli- ington county, took its start in 188G, along witli many moil carriers — a principle uiuloubtetllj' correct, for the water in the strc^ii^ ■whioli tiiey robbed Imlongod to tlie people, and they could do no mere tliiii convey it to the points where it is reipiired. The legislature passed .in aiiti- royalty bill for tlic relief of the farmers. At the same time a cuniiinMy fr.;!; the neighborhood of Boston was planning an acequia to be 17"> '"ilcs 1 iiu, an<l to irrigate a large area east and south-east of Denver. The ditch w^u- 1 bo 10 feet wide and;< or 4 feet deep. '^Tiie conntj' of Archuleta was also created in ISS'i out of the wcAf'i portion of Conejos, with the county seat at Pagosa Sprinps. In 1^'^" ''' authority of county commissioners (republicans) was deficil by t!io sluri'; (democrat), and the house of commissioner Scase burned. Tlio troitl'le ar' - from the fact that these otliccrs were not oidy ro])ublicans, but Mcxicah- ^Tesa county was created by the Icu'islature of 18H5 out of a ]Hirtioii nftiuu- liison CO, Logau, Wusiiiiigtou, auj Chilcott counties were created. MATKRIAL PKOCUKSS. ('•45 Others.* Real estate advanced rapidly throughout tlie state,* the sales in Denver in 1880 amounting to nearly $11,000,000; tlie rise in property in otlior towns being also marked. This advance implies suh- sUintial improvements.* Among these wore a new oapitol building,' and a federal court-house and post- otfioc, the first costing $1,000,000, and the latter half that sum. The trade of Denver amounted in 1886 to more than $72,000,000, of which the smelters pro- duced $10,000,000. This also indicated a good con- dition of the mining industry. The total output of isPC) was $27,837,890.' This progressive movement 'TIio following is a partial liat of new towns of a1>out the eaine ago: Arnicnir ill I'ueblo CO. ; Battle Mountain and Clinton in Eagle co. ; Rogers a;iil Kingston in Arapahoe co. ; La Salle in Weld Co.; Orson in Mcaa, a new .'imty in west Colorado; Otis and Red Lion in Weld co. ; I'arkville in ^;il;\lacho eo. ; Parma in Rio Ctrande co. ; Rangeley in ( larfield co. ; Roniley ml'luitlee co. ; San Antonio in Los Animas co.; Sunnyside in Hinsdale co. ; Wwiily and Emma in Pitkin co. ; McMillan and Butter City in Bentco. ; I'rnsiiL'ct in Gunnison co. ; Al)l)ott, a farming settlement, in Arapahoe co. Ullcnwood Springs was sold in March 1887 to Louis R. Eh rich of New Yiirk for a syndicate belonging to the Midland railway. The price paid for aliiuit i) acres was §125,000 cash. Tlie springs were purchased to make pi'l'ular resort. 'AUoautiful club-house, a §40,000 methodist church, a §25,000 unity diurcli. and a larger number of substantial brick buildings than ever before • ri'cteil, mark the local improvement in Denver for 1S8C. The l)enver pub- .olilirary waa opened this year. This year also the beautiful academy of ii.'jsit" w.is destroyed by fire. Id., ,Ian. 1, 1887. The Highland park was irujcctt'il in 1887, and several additions were made to the city. Early iu bS" Cu'ueral Sheridan visitetl Colorado to select a site for a permanent mili- tary post. It was selected at p. point between seven and eiu'ht miles from Denver, on Bear creek, and conununicating with Denver. The government apl'idiiriation of §100,000 sutKced only to commence the improvements of till' 1)40 acres chosen, for which the citizens (pf Denver paid §31,000. This nve tliciii an interest in the post; and their admiration fur Sheridan led thiiii to name a magnificent avenue opened between Denver and GoUlen, the %riilaii lioulovard. In addition the cable road to the military post wa;< set u font ill August of this year. A real estate exchange mms organized in •'uuo ISS7. The art glass works were oi)ened for manufacture at Denver in b'^7. Several miles of street railway were projected and partly constructed, md the electric motor road carried over the Platte. 'Tlie style is classic, of the Corinthian order. The main pediment w ill tiivc an allegorical group representing the wealth, progress, and promise of tlie state. A magnificent rotunda will light the halls and corridors. Its ''iniciisimis north and south are 294 feet, or with its projections 383 feet, and it will contain 160 rooms. The building stone used for the front will be aniUtoii.' from the Gunnison quarry; for the foundations, Georgetown granite, and other stone for the remainder of the building. "Of this amount ^,440,417 was in gold, 818,209,406 in silver, and §5,182,- "'S in lead and copper. Iron and coal are not estimated, although large. N'W ]iro<iM'ct8 were opened in the La Plata and Needle mountains, also in tl>t: niuuiitains of the San Miguel, and iu those west of Fort Collins. The 1 ' Hi ■Wll r. ,. "^ iw m 'A\m , , M m ■j 't 1 HI nm i' ' ' >if i\m 1 Gl*> LATER EVENTS. continued through 1887 and 1888. The assoHscd valuation of the state in 1886 was ^124,261),7l0; in 1887 it was $141,269,706. Railroad progrejw was quite as marked duriiv' 1886-7-8 as other improvements, if, indeed, it did in)t lead them. At the close of the latter year tlifn; wirt" not less than four thousand miles of railways in tin- state — roads that reached out to the gulf of Mexico and to the Missouri river on one hand, and to tho Pacific ocean on the other — and local roads that, clambering amon^ the mountains, sought to brini,' tho remotest mining region into communication with com- mercial centres.* Colorado railroads during ono year produced a revenue from freight shipped from the oast of $7,600,000, and from competitive passenger traffic $3,000,000, while the traffic of the strictly local roads amounted to $3,000,000 more. The importance of the state, and its geographical position, invited, and must ever invite, the transcontinental roads U> make connection with its local roads, if not to sc iid liius direct to its business capitals. Denver is the railroad centre — Denver, " Queen City^ of the Plains," as her people have been pleased to name her, because she sits at the foot of the mountains, whence she looks Gunnison country hail produced a bonanza in 1887, in the Sylvanito mim^ at Gothic, yielding 2,00() ounces per ton of metallic and wire silver. Tliere «•<■» an increase in the coal output of 1887 over 1886 of .^00,000 tons. "The most important mineral district reached in 1887 was that of Aspen in Pitkin co. Both the Rio Grande and Midland railways wcic extt'iidi'il to this important town, next to Leadville in wealth. The valley f)f tliu Hoar- ing Fork thus 1)ccame openeil to settlement. Glenwood springs was amitln'r point reached by these roatls, and l>eyond Glenwood the Newcastle coal helds, while tho Midland was carrie<l to the coal region of Jcriiine park. Tiie Missouri Pacific extension into Colorado opened a largt; (jra/iiig aiiil agricultural area from the state line to Pueblo. The Atcliisnii line frniii Pueblo improved the whole country east of the Sierra Maih-e range. 'Hie Rock Island and the Northwestern also caused lajud settlciinMit in tlie eastern portion of the state. During the year of 1887 nearly S(K) miles w railroad was constructed within the state, as follows: Missouri raeilieli.' miles, Colorado Midland 239 miles, Denver and Rio Grande l.")7 miles, Santa Fe 147 miles, Denver, Texas, and Fort Worth 65 miles of new track ami '."I miles of third rail construction. The cost of these roads and the wealth added to the state by railroad building in one year, was §Ui.O(H),0(H), it .*2,000,C00 more than they receivetl for carrying freight iiiul nissengerj. The increased value given to property along the lines could not bu ustimattKi. POLITICAL. 647 out east over a vast expanse of gently sloping savan- nas. Behind her rise the majestic heights of the (/rt'iit continental range. All about her are bright iaiulscapes, over her are skies of summer azure. In lier lap is wealth, on her brow peace and honor. Let no one dispute her royal right to preside over and re- ceive the homage of her sister municipalities. Young, beautiful, strong, worthy of all praise, let her be called Queen. Tlie election campaign of 1886 was a hardly con- tested one, the democratic party throughout tlie United States having a revival, and the republicans being divided by the " nmgwump " faction and the prohibitionists. Three tickets were in the field in Colorado, the prohibitionists drawing their strength mainly from the republicans.* However, all the re- publican candidates for state officers wore elected, ex<'e[)t the governor, Alva Adams, who from being a liardware merchant of Pueblo came to be elected chief of his noble young state by a plurality of 2,418, his competitors in the race being William H. Myers, formerly lieutenant-governor, and W. H. Fishback, proliibitionist. His predecessor was Benjamin H. Eaton. N. H. Meldrum, formerly secretary of state, was elected lieutenant-governor, succeeding P. W. Breene, elected state treasurer; and James Rice became secretary in place of Mel v in Edwards, or, 'James A. Dawson died Jan. 16, 1887, at his residence in Denver. He was l)()rn in April 1834 near Munifordville, in Hartco., Ky. He married Mary t'ommlly, daughter of Dr Connelly of that place. In 1860 lie was elected clurk of the county court of Hart co. On the breaking out of the civil war he entered the Union army as a member of the .'Wil Kentucky vols, an<l attained the office of a<ljutant, fighting in the battle of Mumfordville, lietwuon the advance guards of Bragg's and Buell's armies. He hehl several civil otlices in Ky, and founded the Louisville Daily Ledger in 1870, and came to t'dlorado iu 1880, where he practised law at Denver, and edited the Col. L(ui< Juurnul, I>eing part of the time city attorney, and subsequently sujierior juilge. In 1884 he pnblished Dawson s Code, and in 1885 was appointed sur- veyor-general of Colorado by President Cleveland. Oney Castrophan, of Custor CO., came to Colorado from Palmyra, Mo. He had iilled the office of prosecuting attorney at Hannibal, and, after his removal to Colo, rvas mayor of Silver CliflF, after which he was chief clerk in the office of the surveyor- general until he was promoted to fill that place. ■■■(Si ii'F. 648 LATER EVENTS. :) f\ nioro correctly, after Edward R. Haiilev, appointdl in place of Edwards, resigned. D. P. Kingsli y was elected state auditor, and L. S. Cornell state hiIkm)! superintendent. Attorney-general Charles Tliomas was succeeded by Alvin Marsh, and George G. S\ \mn was elected congressman, running against Mvion Reed democrat, and Murray prohibitionist, Ix litiiii,' them by a plurality of 866. On the organ izatictii of the legislature, in January 1887, George M. Ciiilcott was chosen president of the senate, and T. B. Stuart speaker of the lower house. The republican majority in the senate was ten, in the assembly one." The legislation of Colorado has never been disgraocd by violence, by wanton waste of the people's nioncy, or by disrespect of the constituted authorities. 1 f its statutes are not perfect, neither were they for wlioin they were made, nor the makers themselves." It is enough that an eflort at excellence in statutory rr^u- lations, as in institutional and social affairs,*'' is a feat- *• Mention was made l>y the president of the senate of the dfatli nf two state senators since the last session — Tilford and Elkins; and (iov. Katdii iu )iis farewell message regrets the demise of ex-U. S. Representative Jeruine B. Cliatfee, an<l ex-Gov. Frederick W. Pitkin. I* There was, in 1887, when the legislature met, some embarrassment from the financial condition of the state. The total amount iu the trtn.sury at the close of Gov. Eaton's term of office was, in cash and Hccuritif^, $834,579.05, out of which to make the various appropriations for the Kiipiiort of state institutions, and to pay salaries to state otficers. This di'tii'iiiiey was not the result of bad management, or extravagant outlay, 1>ut came from the too common practice of assessing property below its value. Fur instance, the property of the state was actually worth ?400, 000,000, yet was assessed at $120,000,000, whereas the ra'''roads alone M'ere selling in tlie market at a valu xtion greater than that, although they were asscsKed at unly $23,096,060. Ti > constitution required that the property of the state s^IkhiM an at its true value, and it was manifest that a low tax on ould be more satisfactory than a high tax on a low esti- ture took up this subject in 188/, and provided fur the property, the opinion of the courts having first liecn .Qstitutionality of the bills oflFered. All mines producing annum in mineral were made assessable, and in ease nf t patented being sold for taxes, the title, under tlie laws le good and valid. A list of all the producing mines was to be furnished by Me county clerk to the county assessor. An attenijit was made to correct railroad abuses and encroachments by statute, ami a law was enacted creating a supr. me court commission. The persons aiipointeil under the act were Atty-gen. l^Iarsh, Ex-senator Rising of Custer co., and Thomas Macon of Fremont co. '^The new county of Archuleta, which had not more than 150 voteri, rebelled against the authority of the county commiasionera (republican) ii be rated for taxa a full valuation mate. The le^ taxation of mini obtained as to the more than $1,000 1 a mine which was . of Colorado, shoulc. BIOiiUAl'HR'AL. 040 uro «tf the centennial state. Notable, not notorious, till' clmrat'ter of her public men is an example to the VI Hinder states/^ and blends harmoniously with her luiiiiy charms, material, natural, antl inspired by art. Colorado is the flower of a peculiarly western civili- zjition, in which is minjjfled the best blood of the north and the south, the virile sap of New England and the Ciiiolinas— a truly American state. July 1887, \mng led by one E. T. Walk*" .ml the sheriff, Height (doinocratH). Till! I'iiituM luirncd the ]iri>l>erty, and threatened the life oi one of tlio ooni- iiiis^i<iMur>4, Charles D. SeaMe. The otiiers were intimidated, and foreitd to rtsi>;ii, and anarchy for a time huhl sway. The iiopulation of thiti region was Mexican, and two, at leastt, of the comniisaionerM were Mexican, l)Ut woru men of wealth and standing. That they should heHUch ai)i)ears to have lu'iMi too much for the democracy to hear, and their ukase was isHued as fiiUiiws: ' If you don't resign, we will kill you and destroy your i>roi>erty.' Tliu legislature sent a committee to in({uire into the cause of the terrorism, as it was bound to do, when it appeared that one of tiie mob w Inch had linikiMi up a meeting of the commissioners had enunciated the doctrine that 'tills is a democratic administration, and it sliall bo run on democratic prin- fiiilfs.' Accordingly the ballot-box was stolen, and other democratic prac- tices resorted to, and when the commissioners met to cpcu court th'jy were prevented. The legislature then attached Archuleta co. to La Plata co. for ju.lii'ial purposes, and the matter was brought before tlie grand jury; but in tiie meantime Walker had disapjieared. A race war of anotiier sort was the outlireak of tlio reservation Utes, August 1887, by which some blood was spilled on both sidi 8, ending by the Indians returning to their homes. The trmilile arose from the ruling of a new agent that the oand must come to the agiMioy to «lraw their annuities, be counted, and placed on the list. The Utes refiistMl, and went one year without their annuities. The agent then recjuired tiiu slieritf to return them to the reservation; hence the contliet. "beadville elected a democratic mayor in the spring of 1888, who sur- prisuil his constituents by ordering the gambling saloons closed, and closed tiiey were within a n)onth. Colorado had two, if not more, towns where the puhlio sale of intoxicating drinks was proliibited. But to prohibit by agree- ment from the start is quite ditTerent from saying to a whole community of gamlilers, ' depart,' and enforcing the command. Mayor Rocho of Leadvillo might have been a martyr in the days of the imjuisition, and yet have died prolitlessly, like many another martyr. Ctoorge Zweck discovered the famous Prussian mine in April 1861, while prospecting alone in the (rold Hill district. He recognized the value of the ore at once, and taking with him A. D. (rifford and David Besler, went to work upon it as equal partners. They carried their provisions a distance of 35 miles strapped on their backs, but the mine paid for the etl'ort, avt.'raging dnwu to the present time §2(50 per ton. The vein has a general width of 3 feet. Out of it has been taken $.375,000, and it would bring %i2r)0,000 to sell. It is tunnelled 1,700 feet into the mountain. Zweck has other mining inter- ests, in which Gifford and Besler are partners, and has made nuire clear moDcy out of cattle than out of his mines. Zweck was born in (iermany in l$°2i), migrated to Iowa in 1854, and to Colorado iu 18G0. He began with nothing, and has made and saved ^300,000. Oeiirge W. McCoy born in Pa in 1834, and educated in the common soh'wls of Ohio and 111. He began life by marrying Rebecca May in 111. aud going to farmiug in 1853. In 18ti3 he came to Colorado, where he first fi^l ■"Mm ■Mil! :i •ill 4 650 LATER EVENTS. tried tnininp, Init soon rctwmeil to an occupation of which ho know some- thing, routing a farm of Uk) acre-s in Jeti'errion co. lie niaile $'_',u(M) the tir-t year, anil the next year removed to Boulder co., renting a farm mar lliii- lington, and keeping the Burlington hotel, rie soon purchased :<°J() iui-^s paying .ijio per acre. On this he clearcl ^1,000 \M:r year fur ."> yt'.irs, ainl after 1880 made money much more rapidly. He owns 4(K) acres well .stnikcd and other valuahle property, and his taniily of seven children are aLio \)voi- perous. W. J. Kitcly came to Greeley, Coloratlo, in 1871, but after a short stay removed to Louumont, earning a living hy pick and shovel. He eiiti'nil first 80 acres of laud, and has now 480 acres in 3 different farin.s. ;ill will improved, and worth ^oO per acre. He deals in graded cattle, and imHj Boulder oo. the best farming country in the world. John II. Wells, born in 111. in 1842, received a common school eilucatinu supplemented by an academic course, a term or two at Knox coUrni', ainl some law studies in (ialaburg. In IS8t> he came to Denver and conimi'iKiil practise. He held the ottice of postmaster for a short time, mus viic- jiresidont of the Colorado C'entrid railway in 1S*J7, and was elected iminlicr of tlin territorial legislature on the indeiHsndent ticket in 1871. In InTS SI he built the 1). L. M. and N. \V. K. K. to Mitchell junction and in ISS.'i was appointed county judge of Boulder co. Hii home is at Longniout, witli who 'uterests he is thoroughly identified. W. H. Dickens came to Colorado in the spring of 1859, and coinnioni'i'd farming in lioulder CO., selling his priHluce to miners. In lSti4 ho I'lilistnl in the '.id Colo cavalry, and was in the battle of .Sand creek. He ii;i.i «ui'- ceeded as a farmer and stock-raiser, l)eing worth ^">0,000 or $tiO,(KKl. (ieorge L. Beckwith came to Colorado in IStiO, settling within a iiiiK' i>f Longmont. At that time there was one house onlj' in the vicinity, that of Dickens and Allen; but several at the mouth of the caiion. Beokwitli ooin- menced farming in I8(il, and has not failed of a crop any year .sifioo. Wliilo some suffered by grasshoppers, ho tra]>])cd them all at the rate of a luisliol a day for 20 days. He served with the 3d Colo rcgt. L. H. Dickson arrived May 22, ISoO, at Denver, and a few days later camo to Boulder co. for the purpose of tinding mines, going at onoo into tlio mountains, and into Middle i>ark, Wing the pioneer in that ro^ion. I'ro- ceeding to California gulch he mined there 1 year, when he came tlio siroii'l time to Boulder and took up some fiirming land 4 miles eastfrum Luniiiiiont, where ho was living through the Indian troubles of lS(Kl-4. He onli-tiil iii 3d Colo. regt. and w.as with Chivington through the UK) day.< oainiiaiL'ii. Ho was a successful farmer until J 81)9, when he went with his family Id Oregon City, Or., where he remained until 1873, and returned to stttlf al Longmont. Ho was elocted to the legislature in I880and again in KSSl, ami was mayor of Longmont from 1881 to 188.S. He owns 700 aoros <it lan.l worth iS'tr) per acre, a ij interest in a flouring mill, some live stock, and min- ing interests, all the result of his own industry. Kienzi Streetor, born in I'a in 1 838, receiveil an aoa<lcmic eiluoation. In 18(50 ho was admitted to the practise of law. in 1802 he niiiiratiil to Neb. to take the position of U. S. dist clerk, under his brother. .IhmI'Ii K. Streetor, who had l)een api>ointcd U. S. justice. He remained in tin olliii' until 18(>7 and in 1808 went to Cheyenne. Afterwanls he became pivsidint of the Chicago colony in Colorado, held the jKisition several years. In IS,'.' he was elected to the lower house of legislature and chuscn sjn-akor; in 1S>1 he was elected to the senate, the second term being chosen pn^sidout. W In'" he first arrived in Colorado lie purchased an interest in the land on whiili Manitou, El Taso co., is located, out of which he made considoralilo innni'.v. He is now asst cashier of the bank of Longniout, and c-ashier of the Itranch bank at Bcrthond. E. J. Coffman, born in Ohio in 18.^7, and brought up in 111., was era.ln- ated at Rock River seminary in 1853. He M-ent to Iowa, U-achinir :i !-<li""l near "odar Rapids. In 18G2 he came to Colorado, and engaged in iariuiiig BIOGRAPHICAL. 651 'W snm(- I tlic lir-t ii'iir \\\iv- iviis, ami II stotki'il iLsii jiriw- il\tirt stay f I'lltfl'ril , all well auil t'ulb cdiicatiiiu ilU^Ho, anil iimiK'iKiil was vi co- il llUUlluT 11 ISTS ,SI ) 1 S.S."> was u)iit, with omiiu'iu'fi' 10 fiilistiil t" lias sui'- m. I a milt' <'' ty, that of kwith I'liiii- ce. Whil.' )f a liuslicl ,lays later icf iutii till' l^ioii. I'll'- the see.iinl |Lotii.'m""^ ,eiil;-teil 111 L-aiiili:iigii. family til ) settii' at |i ISSl. aiiil s of laiiil I, ami mill- loiliu-atii'ii. |ii;vatnl til lio-eiih K. tin otlii'i' jiivs'.ilelit In IST'.t Ir; in l**^*"! lit. NVheii liin whiili lie Iili'lU'V. lie IWaiK'li las crailii- a M'lio"! fariiiiiiK on land in Bonlder co., a part of which ho gave to the Longmont colony in 1871, which i* known na C'oti'inan'n A*l(litiuii to Longmont. He lia!4 lieen ail othuer of the Colony oonii»any from the connncneenient, and a dealer in real cittate; owns mining proiierty in tiold Hill diatrict; named the Tellurium minus and owna stock in them; also in the Lord Byron and lianctini.iit'd Luek. Carlton C. Calkins came to Longmont as one of the original coloniHts in IS70, and wai^ not favorahly impressed with the iigrieultural oajmeities of till! county. He entered a small tjuantity of land, but now ownes 4(M) acres, worth 4*40 per aero, and a dairy, and raises thoroughhred cnttU-, mixed hns- liaiidry hcing his business. He prefers Boulder co. to any i)art of the U. S. B. Clark Wheeler, born in Pa in i84!), studied at Wellsborough academy aiiil the university of Pa, and afterward read the law with Sherwood it Mitchell of Phila. He joineil the army cis a drummer boy, but was taken home by his father. In 1S*)4 he went to Iowa, and in 18(58 came to Colorado, iiiit again went home, tinished his studies, and returned here in 187(>, being admitted to the bar in Denver. Soon he went to the Black hills, practising there for two years. His active dis}H»sition caused him to make a prospcct- iiij; tour through Colo, N. M., and Ariz., aft<'r which be once more returned til Cdloiado, and settled permanently at Aspen in Pitkin co., where he fol- lowed law, mining, and newsjiaper pidilishing. I'ithh> Miiilii'j AVtr.y, d. & w. From 187SI to 188'J he lectured frcipiently in ditferent i>arts of the state upon the mineral wealth of tiie country, itnd M-ent as ;i comm'r to the cotton ex- position at Atlanta, to reitresent the resources of I'olo, lecturing before the ItiiUion club of New York on the same subject during this tour. He labored imliistriimsly to attract attention to the region about Aspen, and tinally suc- ceeilcd in getting capitiil intereste<J in the jK'r.son of David M. Hyman of ('ineinnati. In 1885 tiiere was ship^ied from Asjien about .*4,()00,0(M) worth of ore and bullion. The pliu-e has only 1 smelter with a capacity of (iO tons per day. Wheeler surveyed and located the town of Aspen, and named the streets. The present i>op. i:i ."),000. P. .T. Pauly, a native of St Louis, was born in 18.H, and received the ailvantages of the [mplic scIumiIs, remaining in his native city until 'JO years of age. He was apprenticed 3 years to an architectural draughtsman, and oil coming to Denver engaged in this calling, but soon returned to St Louis til work for the firm of Pauly & Bro., pail manufacturers. At the end of ,H years ho was admitted to a partnership, which interest he still retail's, the linn liaving invested ^J0»),000. Li 1882 he cunie to Colorado for his health, am! having married the year previous Sarah Crissy of Mich., deteriiiiiied to .•<ettlc here. He purclia.sed 3 cattle rivnchos in or near Kstes park, anil en- tered H|)on the lucrative busiriess of raising grailed stock, being regarded as one of the foremost men i.i northern Colorailo. .lacob Downing, born at AlKiny, N. Y., 18.W, came to Denver in April IS,V,). He raised compa'iy P of the )st < 'olorado regt in 18()l, and was nins- tereil out in 1805 as major on t\d Ciiiviiigton's staff. He was electeil pro- hato judge of ArapaluH) ci». in )8(>7, serving '2 years. In ISlMi he purchased a tract of land containing 'i,(t(K) acres in .Uflersoii co., ,') miles from Denver; ainl subse(|uently 3(X) acn's :< mi, is from Denver court-house, worth in 188(5 over.*>()0,()(IO. The value of lu.s lands has steadily advanced year by year, aiiil is still going up, for which reason he thinks real csUite in ArapahiHt a goiiil investment. .lames A. Dawson, born in Hart co., Ky, 18154, and educated there. At the age of '2\ years he "was elected county clerk, i\nd remained in that office until the commencement of the war of the rebellion, when he enlisted in the uiiiiiu army. After 8er\Mngout the term of his enlistment he was appointed ri'ilister of the land-ortice, holding that position 8 years. In 1871 lie was appointed adjutant-general of Ky lor 4 years. He camo to Colorailo in 1**^0, and opened •I law-otlice. In 18H'ilie was appointed by the governor juiine of the superior court, and served one term, after which he was ap. ]>oiiited surveyor-general of Colorado. He is a eulogist of his adopted state. 652 LATER EVENTS. Henry H. Metralf, bom in Providence, R. I., in 1842, came to Colorado in 1872. He purcliajsed a section of laud in Elbert ou., <"jid ^>2 huad ot cat- tle, and had ^1,200 in cash. He was worth in I88G, $450,000, the result of judicious niauagemeut of the cattle-raisiug business iu this state, tio re- sides at Denver. \V'eslbro.»k .S. Decker was bom iu Senec?, N. Y., in 1839, his fatlitr, Alltert Decker, being a farmer and a merchant, of Dutch sfock, as was also his mother, (.iertrude Shoemaker. He worked on his father's farm, ami for a short periiMl was clerk in the store. In 185ti he entered Brockixirt collegi- ate institute for one year, and this, with whathe had learned at winter sussioii.s of the public school^ constituted his educational training. In 1857 he went to 111., working in a sorghum mill and teaching school until 18GI, when he returned home an'l enlisted iu the 12th N. Y. infantry, being captured at Harper's Ferry, paroletl and exchange<l. He was afterward twice seriously wounded. After Gettysburg he was promoted to the rank of 2d lieut, and later to 1st lieut in the 19th U. S. colored troops, and was assigned to the staff of Gen. Ferrero. as ordnance officer. He was ordnance oftieer on tiie staff of Hartsnffat Bermuda Huudretls, Va, and in the district ot Nottoway, after the evacu.ilion of Petersburg. 8ul)3e(piently iie was transferred totlie command of Gen. Giles A. Smith, and went to Tex., where he served as provost marshal until Aug. 18(15, when he returned home. In Oct. of tliat year he entered the law school of Mich, university, graduating in lSt)7, and locating at Kankakee. 111. He was elected city attorney in 1808 and lS(i".t, andelecteil county judge the same year, which position he held until isT.t. The following year he came to Colorado for his health, and remaineil to practise his profession. He was apjjointed by President Grant U. S. ilis- trict attorney in 1877. in which <ifficehe was retained several years. Gilljert De La Martyr, Inirn in 1825 in New York, and educated tliere, was ordained a minister of the m. e. church in 1848, and preaciied until 18ti2. when he was apjtointed chaplain of the 12*.)th N. Y. infantry, serving until .January 18»i5, when lie resigned. He had charge of the Sand street church in Brooklyn from ISiJoto 1870, at which time he was tran.sferred t.i Omaha, remaining there until 1873, when he was sent to Kansas City, Mo., and remained 3 years, after which he went to Indianapolis to take charge of a large church. He was elected to congress from Indianapolis in 1S7S, serv- ing one term. After that he lectured extensively on labor organizations and political economy, and lieing in Itenver in 1882 was solicited to take cliaru'c of tlie methiHlist church, which invitation he accepted, with the deterniiua- tion to remain permanently in the healthful climate of Ccdorado. Po.sey .S. \Vils«>n was l>orn at Wappato Indian agency in 1845, his father being an army officer, and was educated at St Louis. He came to (.'oloratio in I8.>.'t. remaining but a short time when he went to Montana. In IMiT he removed to Cheyenne and engaged in banking until 1879, when he returiieil til Colorado and purchasetl a cattle farm in Larimer co. near Fort Cdlin-*. While in Wviiuung he was a menibei of tiie legislature of 187t>. He remain'jd on his Larimer co. farm until 1885, when he was appointed by tlie preiiilent, a*sayer of the Iteuver mint. He retained his stock interests and is settled permanently in Color.a«lo. V.'ilham A. Hover, l»om in Wis., in 1850, was educated at the university of that state, graduating in 1877, and remaining one year afterwards e:i'^aged iu tne study of chemistry. In 1878 he came to Colorado, oii.nmg an assiiy office in Lake City, removing the same year to Denver, wiiere he ]>urchaseil part of a retail drug business, completing the purcluise of the otablishnient in ISSO. He is settled here ])crmanently. R. A. Ltmg. ln»m in Ohio in 1851, and brought up on a farm, conitneiu'eil educating hinL^elf at the age of 19, earning the money to pay his tuiiioii. Hegraduatetl from tlie law school of the Mich, university in 1879, eomin.' at once to Denver. In six j-ears he had paid some debts, married, anil aiiii- nnilated JfiJO.OOO. which may be coii.-.idered great success iu profession il lite. L. B. France, bom in Washington city in 1833, and educated at (i< .'rire- BIOGRAPHICAL. 653 town, studied law in Chicago, where he was admittf:d to the liar in 1858, jinicci.sing in 111. anil li>w.a uutil iJxJl, when he can.e to Denver. In the autuinn of the same year he was electe<l prosecutin'^ attorney of Arapahoe cip. — the rirst pros, atty elected in CVilo — for one j'car. From that time he lias steadily lahored at hid pri>fe**ion. not engaging in politics. Jolin W. Jenkins, horn in Va in 1S37, and educated in Ind. In 1874 he was appoiptod territorial secretary, an<l Gov. Mc(.'ook's appointment heing fiiiitested, became acting gov., serving the greater part of McCook's term. After the expiration of hi.s term of oifice he commenced the practise of the law, and acquired some important mining inteiests. He was prosecuting attorney in Lake co. in IS'SI-i, and heM othce in tlie Masonic order, and tlie Improved Onler of Red Men. He is deeply attached to the country and chmate of the centennial .state. Frank Clnirch, horn in ."^t Lawrence co. T'f. Y. in 1844, and educated there, came to Denver in 186!>, to take change of a seminary, and in 1871 iiiiirried in this city. While teaching, he studied law, and in 1872 was admitted to the har. He was elected county supt. of schools in 1871, holding the office four years. In 1S79 he was elected state senator for four years. In 1883 he was electeil treasurer of Arapahoe co., and retdected in 1SS5. His experience of mining investments leadu him to prefer Denver real estate. Byron A. Wheeler, horn in Wis. in 1842, ami was educated at Fon-du- lac. In 1803 he enlisted in the 1st Wis. regt, serving until the close of tlie war, when he entered the Hahnemann Molioal college of Chicago, and grad- uated in 1807. After practising in Wis. and lon-a until 1870, he came to Colorado for health, locating permanently in Denver. He married, in Wis., Fiances A. Noyes, and has seven children. He owns consideralile real I'Atate in Denver. William B. Craig, bom in Mo. in ISS.'i, and edueateil at l>e Kalb and St .Tosepli High school, studied metlicine sul»se<|uentl\', grailuatiiig from the St Liiuis Medical college in 1876, anil sul»se<|uently from Bellevue hospital, N. Y. Returning to St Joseph he practised there until 18S2, when ho removed to Denver on account of his mother's failing health, and tindiiig her restora- tion comjdete, owing entirely to the climate, determined to remain in Denver. W. \V. Anderson, born at t'ergus, Canada, in IS.^O, and educated there. His diplomas and degrees from the In-st medical colh'^es of Montreal and (.Hulieo ma<le him an A. M., M. D.. V. H., and M. K." C. S. In 1870 he iMiiio to the U. S. as demonstrator of anatomy, and asst surgeon of Mich. university, and in 1878 to Denver, where he has since practised his profes- siim. Ho was appointed city physician in !S83, ano i-e-aiipointed in 1885. lie became largely interested in mining and real estate, and is located per- manuiitly in Denver. Kli .M. Ashley, bom ni Ohio in 1S3.3, and educated there, engaged in a retail drug business, soo;:j after attaining his majority, at Tidedo. In 1801 he came to Colorado as chi-jf clerk to the .siin'eyor general of the territory, wliieh position he retained through the administrations of 5 siirv.-genls, a ]ieiiiiil of 17 years. He began buying real estate in Denver at an early date, owning what is known as Asldey's additii<n to the city of Denver, which was laid out in 18()8. His lousiness since leaving the snrv.-f.'('iris otliee has been tliat of buying and selling real estate. In 1SS5 he organized the Western • 'liemical Works co., of which he is pres't. He is permanently located in Denver. C C. frird, born in Ohio in 183«}, receiving a common school education, came to Colorado in IStiO. For f year he worked at his trade of coopering, iind then commenced freighting l>etween iVnver and Omaha, Mhich business he followed until the Indians forced him to abandon it in 1803, when ho nettled on a land claim 15 miles fn>m I)enver, where he residetl, farming and stock-raising, until 1880, when he rcniove<l to I>enver. He was elected to the teiT. council in 18(59 for 1 term, and l«» the state legislature in 1879. Ho was elected connn'r of .\rapahoe co. in IHS4. and twice clmsen chairman of tilt; board. His property is in live stock and lauds. ..f: 6M LATER EVENTS Hartaville F. Jones, bom in Tenn. in 18^6, was brought up and educated in Ky. In 184(5 he enlisted for tlie Mexican war. la IS48 lie returned home, and engaged in mercantile pursuits at Lexington untd 1874, wlieii |ju removed to L»euver, and bought and sold city property. He was eletttd ;■ member of the city council in 1685, but has not entered into politics. ||e will remain ijernuuiently in Denver. Thomas S. Clayton, born in I'liila in 18;<8, and educated there, was clerk in his brother's f<tore in that city until lie came to Colorado in 1863, to take the same position with his brother, who had opened a general niercliandise store in Denver in ISoO. In 180G he went into merchandising for liiiiisclf, but ultimately ran the business into hats and caps exclusively, and was tlie pioneer hatter of Denver. In 1877 he was appointed chief of tlie fire dejit. and held the office until 1882. He was supt of tlie Sunday -.school of tiie episcopal church, and of each of the other churches of Denver. He was married in Phila in 1878, and !ias erected a residence on Capitol hill in tlie city of his adoption. Einile Reithmann, bom in Switzerland in 1844, came to the U. S. witli hisfather in 1848, and resided at times in N. Y., Oliio, Indiana, and biwa before coming to Colorado in 1850. He settled on a ranelio within 5 miles of Denver the same year, and started the lirwt dairy in tlie terr., at vliiih business and stock-raising he has continued ever since. He was married iii Denver in 1879, and considers his present home his home for life. David C. Taylor, born in Madison co., Ohio, in 183'J, removed to Mo. iii 1858, and to Colorado in 18(iO, going to tlie Gold Hill mining district. After a brief experience at mining, he took up some land in St Vraiii valley, where he settkvl permanently. He became posses.sed of a large amount of land, stock cattle, and was half owner in tlie Clover Basin Irrigating diteii. Jacob Sherrer, born in France in 18.S8, came to the U. S. witli lii.s jiarentu in 184(5, and to Colorado in 1859. He was engaged in freighting aeross tlie plains until the completion of the U. P. R. R. to Cheyenne, when he turned his oxen out to fatten, and also purchased a small herd for breeding piir|Mi>es. He now owns a large rancho on tlie s. branch of Repulilican river, and (UKXt head of stock. He resides in Denver. Harmon Merchant, born in Courtland co., N. Y., in 1832, ciinio to Colo- rado in ]85i), an<l engaged in freighting and trading. Bucomincr alarniul at the attitude of the Indians towards the white settlers, he removed with his familj' to Or. in 1803, where he remained 2 years, when he removed to I'eta- luma, Cal., and commenced dealing in cattle. In ISd!) lie sold out, and fur several years thereafter was in the cattle business between Tex. andXeli., finally locathig permanently at Denver in 187t). David J. Lykins, born in Ind. in 1839, and brought up there, began early to roam, visiting Ohio, and from there cros.siiig the continent in 1850. wurk- ing in tlie mines of Cal. until 1850, when he returned iiome by steamer, lie spent most of the next two years in travelling over the middle and wr.<tem states, and drifted in 1859 with the great migration to Ccdorado. He sikui learned the protit there was in cattle, and witii tlio,se he had driven fnni] the Missouri ccmimenced a bu.-iiness at wiiich he made a handsome fiprtune. own- ing 1,0()0 acres in Arapahoe co., a large farm in Mo., and valuable lierds ef cattle, and an elegant residence in Denver. W. |{. Rogers was born in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1844, where he received an academic eilucation,.anil studied medicine and dentistry. In 18(i7 lie eaine to (_'olorado to recover lo.st health, practising his dental art, and inveslii:); in mining and city property. He became sound, and made a conifortiihle fortune. Edmund Anthony, bom in N. Y. in 1828, and educated for the callinj,' of an architect, came to Ccdorado in 1870, being the first to open an oliiee for architectural drawing in the state, and designing some of the most iirnnii- ncnt buildings in Denver and Cheyenne. He came to the mountains fer health, which he obtained. John D. Atkin also came to Colorado in 1873 for relief from asthnia, of BIOGRAPHICAL. 655 I ('did- ,1 ;.t li lii.i IVta- A for Nell., early wiirk- . llf ■stem V, .sunn 1! tlic own- nla of :vt\ an came ir,(.' in rlalile Img of Lv for lironii- liis for iia, of >vliich he was completely cured. Returning to 111. the disease returned, uheii he sold out, and invested his means in Denver real estate, with the intention of ending his days iiere. He brought ;$35,000 to this city, wliiuh lias increased to $300,000 without the aid of other investments. He proph- ecius that Denver will be the largest city west of the Mississippi river. Henry Sness, born in Germany in 1837, migrated to the U. S. in 1854, residing in Mo. until 1870, w^hen he came to Denver as an agent for the Aniieuser-Busch Brewing co. of St Loui^j, and established a branch business liere, which was placed under his management. He organized the (rerman Loan and Building association, of which he is president. Ho was elected to the legislature in 1884. John W. Collins, M. I)., born in Green co., Ala, in 1835, was educated there, st.xiuying medicine in New Orleans, and graduating in IStJO. In the fallowing year he entered the confederate army as a surgeon, serving through t!ie 4 years of war, and afterwards practised liis profession in ^li.ss. and Tt'un. until 1879 when he came to Colorado to perform a surgical operation on a friend, and decided to remain. Colorado, he predicts, will be the most famous liealth resort of the world when it is better known. He is located at Denver in the practice of gynecology. William Smedley, D. D. S., I)orn in Pa in 1836 of Quaker parentage, stndied dental surgery at West Chester, Pa, until 1870, when, being thrc<-it- encd with consumption, he came to Colorado for relief, and his health being restored he has practised his profession ever since. He owns real estate in North Denver, and ia much interested in educational matters, beiug on the school board. Edward Rollandet, born in Leyden, Holland, in 1852, received a collegiate education, but enlisted in the army at the age of 15 years. After serving 4 years he left the army with the rank of sergeant, anu travelled for 2 years, learning smelting, after which, in 1873, came to the U. S., locating in Va, where he was employed in iron works for about a year, going from there to Canada. In 1874 he came to Colorado and engaged with the Maxwell Land CO. for 2 years, after which he located in Denver as engineer with a map company, and dealt in real estate. In 1878 he purchased an interest in the Vulture mine of Leadvillc, and became also chief draughtsman in the sur- veyor-general's office at Denver. In 1884 he was elected surveyor in a neighboring county. The following year he returned to Denver and opened an engineer's olfice, but finally united with Worrall & Chisolm in the Den- ver Lithographing co., in which business he remains. Ledru R. Rhodes, born in Ohio in 1849, was educated in the public schools and taught when he was 16 years old. In 1865 he went to Iowa where he studied law and was admitted to the bar. He commenceil practise in the district court of Fremont co., Neb. In 1872 he came to Colorado, settling in Larimer co. on a farm, but in 1874 opened a law ofhce in Fort Collins wliere he remained 4 years, and was elected to the state senate from Lari- mer CO. on the republican ticket, and interested himself in the passage of the irrigation law. In 1885 he was elected district attorney of the 2d judi- cial district, consisting of Arapahoe, Larimer, and Weld counties. He was employed by the Cattle Growers' association on a salary of ^2,500, and by the Hnglish Irrigation co. He was one of the original members of the Den- ver Cliamber of Commerce. Freilerick Cramer, born in New York in 1833 of D^itch ancestry, waa tauiiilt the trade of a millwright. At the age of 23 he went to lied river, where lie remained until 18()4, when he came to Colorado and began business &9 a builder. He has been identified with mining in Boulder co. for many years. He was elected sheriff of Arapahoe co. in 1865, a member of the Board of education in 1868, and a cnuncilman in 1869. He has accpiired & comfortable fortune, owning $70,000 worth of real estate in Denver. He married in Brooklyn in 1863, and has 5 children. J. J. Dunagan, bom in Mo. in 1833 and brought up there, went to Iowa at the age of 19, learning the carpenter trade at Glenwoud. In 1860 he ■<(»■ i; .,U; 656 LATER EVENTS. ^K>1 came to Boulder co. Colorado, engaging in mining and luml)cring n.itil ISC". when lie went to Cheyenne t'' take Ijuilding coutractsi, remaining tliere 3 years, and going from there to Greeley, wiiere he kept a liotel, and fr-n- there to Louguiout, returning to Denver in 1879, gouig into the grocery trade, and selling out to go into a drug store. Meanwhile he traded lu rual estate, and enjoyed the proHta of a considerable increase. He was ilrzt married in Iowa, and afterwards in Evans, Colorado, and has two ilaugliters. Amasa C. Buuknum, M. D., horn in Oswego co., N. Y., in 1S1.'4, auj educated at Albany, removed to Mich., where he began the study of int'di- cine in 1845, graduating at Castleton, Vt, in 1849. Heturniug to Jacksdii he commenced practice there, remaining until 1880, though a part of the time professor of physiology at Ann Arbor university, and president of tlie Jackson co. medical society. His health failing he came to Colorailo ia 1880, where in two months he was able to resume practice. He btiaiue a member of the state medical societies, and of the American Medical as^iu- ciatiou. He was twice married, and has 5 children. William S. Grimes, born in Wheeling, Va, in 1835, was educated in Ciuciuuati at Woodworth college, aud studied medicine in that institution. He entered into a successful practice in 1857, but on the comnicucenn'iit of the civil war eidistcd in the '2lid Iowa infantry as asst surgeon. After tlic battle of I'ea liidge, he was appointed surgeon of the 29th Iowa infantry. lu 18G4 he resigned on account of auaccideuttoiiis eyes, and removed to [hi Moins, wliere he resumed general practise until 1879, when he ciinu t.) Colorado on account of asthma aud the trouble with hi'- ""yes. His ln'altli being entirely restored, he adds his to the universal praise of the climate of Denver. C. C. Worrall, born near Boston in 1855, was educated in England, lie came to Colorado with his parents in 18G2, and in 18G5 went to New York, St Louis, New Orleans and to Europe. Returning to Colorado iu a few years he engaged iu selling drugs, in which business he remained until INM), when he abandoned it for lithographing. In 188G he organized tlie DtiiviT Lithographing company, in conjunction with £. Rollandet and F. F. Chisolm, the enterprise proving more successful than was anticipated. He luarrieil in 1883 Alias Haisington and ia permanently settled in Denver. A. W. Hogle, born in Canada in 1844, removed with hia parents to 111. in 1849, and received a common school education. Jn the breaking out of tlie civil war he enlisted in Co. A, 70 III. regt, and was mustered out in ISO") as lieutenant of Co. C. Returning home, he attended at the Commercial col- lege of Chicago. In I8(i9 he was elected treasurer of Iroquois co. tliousjli but 25 years of age, giving a bond of ;f500,000 In 1871 he came to Colorailo for the health of his wife, who was entirely restored. He kept book.s for a large commission house and invested in cattle. In 1880 he sold lii.4 cattli! and went into commission business, also buying some mining property. In 1885 he was appointed chief of police of Denver, by Mayor J. E. Hates, ninl was instrumental in quelling the railroad riots of that year. He establislicil the patrol system, the best for conducting tire and police alarms, lie mar- ried Miss Paul of 111. in 1805. Ambrose iS. Everett, physician, was bom in New York in 1841, studied medicine in 111. and graduated from the St Louis homeoitatliiu iiit'dical college, in which he afterwards held a professorship, with a general city practise. His health failing, he sought restoration ia Colorado, and would now ' not try to live anywhere else,' his health and his practise being entirely satisfactory. Samuel S. Smythe, born at (ialena. III. in 1838, graduated frnni the Hoino'i)atliic Aledical college of Chicago in 18C7. i'e came to Denver iu 1880 for the health of his wife who was dying of consumption. The cli- mate completely rest(»red her ami he decided to remain. He engaged iu the practise of his profe.ssicm, and also in stock raising. C. M. Parker, was born in Miss, in 1838, and was eilucated by » private tutor, with a term iu college at N. Y. afterwards. At the commence- BW;KAi'HlCAL Dient of the civil war i.„ i- ^'^ tlH^ cii.J of the V.L onl'stcl i„ the 18th \r -Nuriiian Ti R..».i . "" "i '''*te iioarrl r.f -.i i e-ny- an.l at thote^'iT' '""• *" ^hio i„ js^j, ^,^ , ' "' "^"^ . -\'""1<I .Sedman Mil l^°''*"K''te»-s. "''*'"*''l "» Aim Arbor J'^nvcr ass. L r- ^''"♦^^'•■'""n m 187 u '"""■•**""• "f Denver h''""' I ) 688 LATER EVENTS. whig, and made one of the first, if not the first republican speech in fal., where he was sent as special govt agent in 1852, and where hn rcinaiia-ii until 1856. He was instrumental in placing Zach. Chandler in thu L'. s. senate. He was appointed U. S. dist attorney for Utah by Prest (Irant. At the time of his death he was engaged in writing a history of the Ikucli ami Bar of the Northwest. Ho was the youngest member of the Pliila ciphvlh- tion, which endeavored to nominate Henry Clay for the presidency, ami a personal friend of Daniel Webster. Thomas H. Hawkins, M. D., bom in Ky in 1849, removed witli hi.4 parents to Ind. when a child. He received a collegiate education at AHliury university, Ind., and after graduating from tliere, studied metlicii.e in the med. dept of Louisville university, and the BoUevue hospital, N. V., grad- uating from the latter in 1873. He practised in New York until 187!) when he came to Colorado to restore failing health, and find in the climate what he sought, remained. He waa identified with the founding of tlic I )i>iiver Medical college, and the Colorado State Woman's hospital, founded the; Dni- ver Medical Times, was prest of the County Med. asso., surgeon of St Luke'n hospital, and assisted in establishing the Ladies' Relief hospital, of wliich lie had charge during the first year of its existence. Leonard Atkia, bom in 111. in 1830, resided at Shipping Grove until 187'), when he came to Colorado, purchasing an interest in a rancho and living' on it two years, when he settled in Denver, engaging in real estate transactinns and having spice mills. In 1880 he sold out, and in 1883 erected one of the handsomest residences in the city at that time, but died soon after, leaving his family a fortune of $200,000. George J. Hartung, was bom in New York in 1854, and educated at the German public schools, and N. Y. college. He graduated frf>ni the N. Y. college of dentistry in 1876, practising for three years with his father , the oldest German dentist in New York. In 1883 he came tn Colo for hia health, travelling among the mining camps until he recovered, when he settled in Denver, being the only German dentist in the state JIISTORY OF WYOMING. m-rM CHAPTER I. PHYSICAL FEATURES. r>orNi>AUiF.a ANn Sdrface — The Hills ani> Plains ofLaramik — ftEoi,ooic HisioKY — The River Platik— Black Hills — Deserts which are not Dkserts — Mountainous Formations anu Upheaval.s — Mineral.'\ and Metals — Fontana, the Land of Rivers — Rolling Plain of the Northwest — Forests and Lake.s — Falls of the Yellowstone — Scenes of Beauty and Grandeur — Atlantic and Pacific Creeks, and Two-Ocean and Other Passes— Specimens of WoRi.D FoRtuNcs and WkLDINOS— liEYSER BaSIN.S — MUD AND WaTER VOLCANOES — PaINT Tots— Sulphur Mountain — Sumterranean Rumblinus — Climate — Animated Nature. Imagine an undulating plain extending from the mouth of the Platte river westward over five hundred milts, gaining gradually hi altitude until the elevation has reached six tliousand feet. Then extend a line, still west, on the fortv-first parallel to tlie thirty-fourth nitridian, thence north on that longitude to the forty- fifth parallel, and east to the twenty-seventh meridian, and from there south to the place of heginning. The area enclosed is nearly 100,000 square miles, being 350 miles in length from east to west, and 230 miles in breadth from north to south. Ilia general sense this territory, which I have thus enclosed in arbitrary boundaries, is a plateau with a nitan elevation of 6,400 feet ; its lowest level is 3,534, and its highest altitude 13,858 feet, the first boing the channel of a river, and the last the summit of a mountain, Through its western portion runs the (669) iU.iJ' ''1. \i*m 600 PHYSUAL FEATLKES. continental divide, but ljn»kcn into several sepai.itp ranges, and having a wide opening toward tlu' Pacific of little more than 1,400 feet above the mean elevation of the territory. On this roughened plane stand many ridges and groups of various heights. Beginning at the south- east corner, we encounter not far from the houiKhuy a stanicircular range, alM>ut two thousand feet ahovii the general level, known as the Laramie hills, and west of these the Laramie plains, containing an ana of seven thousand sijuare miles, and having an alti- tude of seven thousand feet. They are bounded on the west and north by the north branch of the J Matte, which, coming from the south, sweeps in a long cuivo around the northern base of the Laramie hills ln-inir flowing eastward, and on the south by the Medicine Bow mountains, another low range projecting over the boundary' of Colorado, and joining byalhu' of broken elevatitms the Sweetwater range, the whole having a northwest trend, and spreading out ahout twenty-five miles. Crossing this line of hills, we ])r(i- ceed westward over a broken country, nmch of itwitli a red and nearly naked soil, to the valley of Gn m river, a favorite feedini;-«rround of the buffalo, and which is bounded on the west bv the Wasatch raiiLK . one of the most beautiful in America, with its sliai[i outlines, its glistening pinnacles, and diaphanous at- mosphere, colored with the tints of the violet and rose. As I havo said, the belt of country passed over is broken, not into rolling hills, as on the great plains to the east, but more abruptly, and dotted here and there with rockv buttes. like barren islands risiuLj out of a sea of mud which had lieen stiffened by drouijht. or with here and there sand dunes in lonj; rid*iros whicli move with the wind. As to the geologic history or this desert, it mav be variouslv conjectured. Let us sav that it is the bottom of a .sea, once drained to the east by the Platte river. These sands still iluw m WYOMINa. «6I till' direction of its ancient waters. Soutli of our route fifty miles we may trace it, movinjjf, moving, ov'Lr moving, never two days in the same place, for two hundred miles, or until it reaches the North Platte, whose rapid current bears it down to win-re it obstructs navigation, and makes this great stream oiilv an irrigating ditch. The width of this river of sand is a mile and a half, its depth two feet over a hard bottom. On the northern shore of the stieam stands a mass of black lava five hundred fei't high, of a s|)lieroidal form. In its centre is a basin of living water, and at its foot a large spring, fed fn)m the same source, about which is a mound, serving as a curl), rising ten feet above the plain. The depth of the spring is very great, and the water, though cold and pure, has a taste of sulphur. These are some of the indications of the volcanic era in this region. The absence of any very rugged mountains on the route I have indicated suggests this as a highway laid out by the Great Intelligence in the latitude most favorable at all seasons for that migration to the shore of the Pacific which modern times have witnessed. The absence of water and grass over a great portion of it, and the presence of sand, pushed this migration northward along the bases of the mountains that fence in the Sweetwater pass of the gn^at divide, and it was left to that only less cuiming artificer, the man of science and steam, to carry out the design of the creative mind. Entering the territory from the northeast, we en- counter the Black hills, lying across the boundary lino, chiefly in Dakota, a group of low, timbered mountains, embraced between the north and south branch of the Cheyenne river. Other ranges, pro- jeoting from the headwaters of the Little Missouri and other streams, rouirhen this northeast reirion, which is also not without its remarkable features, the most noticeable of which is an immense porphyry up- heaval, resembling in shape the tepees of the aboriginal ^•*C Mv I'; m ■:!:;i:V 602 rilYslLAL FKATUUES. inlmhitnnts of the plains. ^ The mass, wliirh fitaiids upDii a pedestal of inilk-wliite clay, fifteen huiidnd feet in diameter and five hundred feet his^li, on the bank of the North fork, is itnclf nine hundred Ret in diameter where it j<»ina the base, and three huiuhvd feet at the summit, which is 1,120 feet above the level of the river. It consists of seventy-six eolunms, cuiti- pactly pla<'ed, of a gray, porphyrytic rock resenihliii^r granite with the mica left out, the columns beiii<f tlio result of crystallization. Standing ahme in a plain, several miies from any other elevation, the etVcct is that of one of the pyramids of Egypt dropped down in this not un-Egy|>tian landscape. West of the short ranges, just referred to, lio tho valleys of the Powderriver and its branches, occupying from 50 to 100 miles in breadth. Still west of those plains rises the magnificent Big Horn range, covering an area 50 by 150 miles in extent, and shooting up a dozen peaks from 9,000 tonearly 14,000 feet. Tlii(»unli an extensive basin of broken country, beyond these mountains, flows the Bighorn river on its way to tlie Yellowstone, receiving numerous tributaries both iVoni the Bly:horn range on the east and the Shoshone range on the west. The southern boundary of tlu- Big- horn basin is Owl Creek range, connecting with the Wind River mountains, a line of needle peaks, which trend northwest from thts divide north i»t" the Sweetwater, and joiii the Shoshone range. Still further west, on tho bolder of Idaho, is the Teton range, with some high uid inaccessible peaks, bounded on the south by the upper canon of Snake river, and between this and the Shoshone range are the lakes which form the sources of the Snake and Yellowstone rivers. South of the Teton range and Snake liivor canon is a chaos of mountains, of no great elevation above the surrounding country, in divides or groups, and coverinij a considerable extent of countrv. On the tops of some are plateaux from which innunior- able streams flow east, west, and south to larger rivers. >VYOMINO. 6A3 One of those princii>al streams is Green river, which lit ads ill Wind River mountains, and runs south with a slij^ht beiul toward the west. In this semicircular valley lies 16,500 square miles of territory, irregularly 8lia}H'd, bounded on the south by the Uinta range in I 'tall, and having a general elevation of 7,000 feet. This plateau reaches south-cast to that long cast- aiid-west plateau before mentioned as the Pacific iiijjhway, and both have been named Ked desert, or Colorado desert, from the brick-red color of the soil, and the scarcity of vegetation. I reject this lumien- clature as that of ignorance; for the detritus of the mountains about it, which forms its soil, and the sub- stances deposited by the seas and fresh water lakes which once covered all the country between the Mis- souri and Kocky range and the range itself, is not a l)arren sand, but contains all the elements of unusual fertility, and lacks only moisture sufficient to quicken it. Geologically, the mountain masses are of different periods of upheaval. The lower elevations are com- posed of sedimentary rocks, from the carboniferous limestone to the most recent tertiary beds, jumbled with the oldest formations, which have been thrust up through them. In general, the crests of the higher ranges are of feldspathic granite, syenite and gneiss, while lower down their slopes occur Silu- rian, devonian, carboniferous, triassic, Jurassic, and cretaceous rocks, appearing according to the extent of uplieaval or the amount of erosive action. The ele- vated plateaux are mostly cretaceous, overlaid by ter- tiary sandstone, and with gravel and drift showing the action of water. The story of the creative and destructive forces of the globe is laid open where the narrative is most interesting, showing us at one point on the great highway all the rock formations, from the granite foundations of our world to the latest creta- ceous deposits. In the lower valleys dark loams pre- vail, on the plateaux sandy loams. Beneath the sur- t* 664 PHYSICAL FEATURES. t\\] face lie extensive coal measures, chiefly in the soutlurii portion of the territory, but also in the valleys of tlie Powder, Bighorn, and Wind rivers, and in tlie Liir- amie mountains and plains. Shales, l)earini»' petroleum, are abundant. Iron, limestone, building-stone, l^ds of soda several feet in thickness, mountains of sul- phur, mica, copper, lead, silver, and gold crop-up fidiii plains or project from mountain sides. For the most part the country appears treeless, the timber l)oiii<4 confined to the mountains, the prhicipal ranges of which are clothed in pine, spruce, fir, hemlock and cedar. It is not to be supposed that this high and some- what bare region is deficient in watercourses. On the contrary few countries have so nmny. It might bo appropriately named Fontana, as its neighbor was Montana, from the great number of rivers and river sources. The Platte has not less than forty small tributaries. The Sweetwater, Green, and Biglioiii rivers all rise in the Wind River mountains, e\t iv neighboring range sending down feeders. Cheyenne, Powder, and Tongue rivers rise in a divide in the north-east corner of the territ<»rv; the Yellowstone and the Snake hi the north-west corner. This north-west portion is a rolling plain, of a mean elevation of 8,000 feet, w'ith short ridges and (xca- sional peaks reaching a height of 10,000 foet. A dense forest covers the greater portion of tlie hind. A little south of the centre is a lake twenty by fifn (ii miles hi area, irregular in form, giving a lengtlnnetl shore-line, dotted with wooded i.slands, bordenel l>y beaches radiant with sparkling pebl)les. retlectinu in its clear depths pictures of the gray clifts and gimi woods which surround it. Out of the north end of the lake flows, very gently for a few miles, the Yellow- stone river, which tjraduallv beconus more huiii'd. forming impetuous rapids, and firally shooting m a slieet of snowy foam over a precipice 140 fr<t in height, the whole body of water in its haste ckaiiii'4" WYOMINO. GG5 till' brink and falling fifteen feet beyond tlic base of the elitts. The river here enters a canon from 200 to 400 feet in depth, and for half a mile foams and sparkles, leaps and plunt^es among the rocks to a snond fall of 31)7 feet perpendicular, where it enters tlie grand canon from 1,000 to 2,000 feet in depth, where hi darkness, and with sighs and groans unheard at the surface, it rushes through twenty miles of rocky fissure before it attain emer<ires into li«rht and freedom. Lrsser canons and falls occur on tributary streams, hut none to rival the Yellowstone cataracts and canons. ]^i auty as well as grandeur enters into the effect. The walls of the basin into which the river first jiluiiges are composed of rock and c(»nglomerate, held titjether with clavs dved in vivid tints of yellow, red, <>iven, and purple, by the percolation of uiineralizcd waters. Fantastic shapes, resulting from the wearing away of friable material, some grand, some mirth- urovokini;, al)ound on every hand. Towers, si»ires, iiuttresses, and other architectural effects suggest nxwx^ of man's creations, rather than the decay of an oldir world builded by God himself Fostered by spray from the cataracts, dainty ])laMts and mosses H(»urish greenly in their vicinity, decoratiuij as for an L'tcriial festival every loftv archway, mimic hall, and simulated chapel, and floating their emerald streamers froii; every gaily -painted ohclisk and to\ver. Yellowstone lake, as I have said, has a lengthened shore line. It is, in fact, a collection of narrow inlets with a common centre, sljaped much like an enormous tui)er, with projecting knob:' on eyery side. Into the southeast one of thchc bays flows the upper ^'ellow- stoiie, which rises in the Shoshone range. It is the only feeder of the lake of any size, and has a small fork to th»* southwest called Atlantic creek. Heading in the te..:.ie mountains is a feeder of Snake river known as Pacific creek, and these two creeks, .'^'tartiiig from neighboring sources, but taking op[)osit<' airei - tious, furnish a pass which is known as Tv. o-ocean «a III m il if "I ■it!' !■ i H ■ :Mi ( i iIy i1* i ' j f' ■ I •k;| ! ■ ■.in .i M bV ! 1 - ; . . m it 1 666 PHYSICAL FEATURES. j>ass, leadin*^ from Snake river below Jackson lako to the Yellowstone lake, via the upper Yellowstone river. Pacific ci-eek is ni>t, howeve., the source of the sinuous Ser|K'nt river whose rocky channel through Idaho has been de.scribed, Shoshone lake, or as it should be named, De Lacy lake, being the fountain head. Joiiitd to this lake bv a wide neck is a seccmd, called Lewis lake, and not far east, at the foot of Mount Sheritlan, a third, named Heart lake, which also sends a strt am to Snake river. Twenty miles below these litad- waters, on the western slope of the continental divide, the Snake f<»rms Jackson lake, which is larger than the former, and has an island of some size in the southern end. A little wav south of Jackson art Leiirh and Jennv lakes, connected bv a creek and tributary to the river. A j)ark-like basin extends along the Snake from the first lake to the ujiper can»»n, nanied by early traj)])ers Jackson hole. T\u: canon, a narrow defile twenty miles in length, throuj^h which the river foams and tosses franticallv, is still j^assable by ftdlowing a trail clinging to the precijii- tous side about a hundred feet above the stnani. Fr«»m these topographical features it will be seen that travel from t>ther parts of the before described terri- tory to this northwest corner should be difficult. Walled away from the remainder by the high Sim- shone range, and stopped by canons from apj)r()aeli hy river, it is nearly Inaccessible. As to mountain passes, there is the Toowotee, at the head of Wind ri\«r, which leads to the head of Black Rock creek, a trih- utarv t»f the Snake, throuiih Buffalo fork; and siaitli of this, in the Wind river range. Union pass, at tlic head of (4ros Ventre, an( ther branch of Snake river: east of Yellowstone lake is Stinking river pass, at the lit-ad of the north fork of that river, itself a trih- utarv i»f the Biirhorn, none of which breaking in the chain of environing mountains is available for ordiiiary travel. To come to Yellowstone lake we musi ap- protich from the north, and by the Madison ft k of . lak»^ to le river. sinuous laliu lias ould be Joined d Lewis heridan, % stream e liead- il divide, j;er tlian e in the kson ar:. ■eek aiu! extends 10 ujijier le. The throu<j,h :, is still ( preei|ii- stnani. ecn that ed terii- ditticult. lo'li Sl.n- joaf'li l>y |i |ias>es, Id riNtr. a trih- Id south 1, at the ic river: t>a>s. at a trih- in the irdiiiaiy lu>' a)'- Ifoik of WYOMING. 667 the Missouri. Here are revealed some of the least eoinnioii processes of nature in giving the finishing touehes to the work of world-making, not quite coni- pK'tod in this region. I^et us approach, then, by the ^[adison river, passing through an eight-niile labyrinth, not gloomy, or even ditiicult, but opening out in some parts to the width of half a mile, forming parks adorned with miniature forests, and having grassy glades furnished with frequent springs of ice-cold water, in other ])arts contracting to a few yards of space, but always beautiful and cheerful, as if gaily conducting us to a glorious spectacle beyond. As we emerge from this seductive |>ath we come into a valley of no great extent, clothed in vegetation, at the upper end of which unite the streams which constitute the headwaters of the Madison river. The name given to this verdant vale by th«>se men of simple and strong speech who, in our time, at least, first invaded its soli- tude, was Fire hole, and to the principal stream enter- ing it Fire-hole river. Their reason for this appellation was the unmistakable evidences, visible in the soil and iMcks, of the agency «>f fire in giving character to it. Pnvbably at tliat time, too, these a])pearances were even more striking than at present, being less con- cialed by vegetation. Following up Fireholo river, whiel) comes leaping joyfully down from the heights in a .sii'ji'!3ssion of noi.sy ca.scades, we find the banks liu(<! will) moisture-loving trees, aspens, cottonwoods, ai I .viilows, coining finally to a pine forest, out of which /e '/nerge ratlier suddenly into a region so suggestive of a lake of tire and brimstone that the discoverers above referred to did not hesitate to call it hell. Haviuii beijun to liken things hereabout to the infernal regions, they named one of the most im- petuous and noisy of the affluents of the Yellowstone H ■llroaring river, which ap|K*llation, with all its oblo- <! ■ still clings to this stream. >v'>r a tract of country many miles in extent vol- eai.; forces are still at work. Instead of frightful ^11 if .1 i^f Its '^ COS PHYSICAL FEATU UKS. eruptions of molten lava, v/hii'h in the remote a^^cs poured down the sharp ridi^es of tlie Slioshone raiinc; instead of mountains heiiij^ tlirust up in one place and sunken in another when, their fiery contents liad ixtu belehed fortii, wc have now on the site of foniitr s[)ecta('les of indescribable i^randeur the milder sujj;g('s- tion of this past oflered by ten thousand hot s[)riiii;s and i^eysers, divided between two })rin('i[)al ijjcyser basins. Intermittent in action, and ditl'erinij^ in cliar- aeter and power, the disphiy is infinite in variety, and wonderful as varied. Hot steam, which roars and hisses ">.' it escapes, loutl runddinsjfs, discliar^es like parks < ;' llery from tlie explosion of leases, and nauseous > s from tlie minerals held in solution in the vast cauldron whose outlets are tliese sprin:j;s, imi>lv a region below wliich even the souls of Dauto and Vir5j:il would have shrunk from cxplorinij. Yet this rej^ion is most attractive. It contains the lar<^est spouting ge\'sers in the world, each with dis- tinctive features. Tlie ^lud volcano plays regularly once in six h<)urs: Grand ijevser, in Firehole hasin, throws a colunui of clear hot water twenty-five fei t in thickness at the base two hundred and fifty fnt into the air for twenty minutes at a time ; its neigh- bor, the Fan geyser, discharges in fiv'c radiating jets to a heiijcht of sixtv feet for an hour. In another place the (iriant plays, with a diameter of seven and u height of 140 feet, lasting three hours; the (iiantess, witii a diameter of eighteen and a height of 2ijt) t'e( t. lasthig twenty mhmtes; the Beehive, with a diameter of twenty and a height of 219 feet, lasting twt nty minutes; Old Faithful, with a diameter of six and a height of 200 feet, lasting twenty minutes; (Jintte, with a diameter of four and a height of sixty t"' et. lastinuf thirtv minutes; Castle, with a diann ter et five and a height of 100 feet, lasting from ten to lliu'ty minutes Their names have been suorerested 1>\ the forms of the concretions aliout th(>in. The geysers, and many of the hot springs, deposit a sediment ac- WYOMING. 609 cordliiii to tic minerals liold in solution, which builds up fantastic or beautifully formed and often brilliantly (olored basins. Some of the dead ^evsors have left Inliind hu«^e paint-pots, the residuum of lon«^ periods of activity. Ilere and there stand quaint forms carved l)y wind and weather out of decayinjj; volcanic matter. Such are Devil's Hoof and Liberty Cap, White Dome, The Castle, Circe's Boudoir, The Pyrami<l, and the Punch-bowl are the curious shapes taken by tilt' same material about the still active Hfysers. In one ])lace is a soda, and in another a sulphur fountain still hot at a depth of two feet from the surface; in another an alum smi-nj:, or a chalk vat; and in still annther a [>itch-stone [)lateau. At intervals are groves of pines. Sj)rlngs of pure cold water are fre<juent, and contain trout, which the angler may dro[> into a boiling fountaiii without changing his position, and catch and cook his dinner at once. The air is full <tf singular sounds, rund)lings, roarings, hissings, explo- sions. Millions of diamonds are thrown ott' spar-khng from the lofty shafts of water constantly shivering into drops; curling clouds of steam float in and out ainoiuif them, and countless broken rainbows hang on nothing. It is not easy to depict a scene like this; it is too grand, too shifting, too altogether unusual. Aolcaoic action is maiidy confined to two basins oast of the summit f»f the ]iocky mountains, and a little northwest of Yellowstoiu' lake, among the high- est f<'fders of the ^Madison river. Fnr east of these, liowovcr, on the Stinkingwatcr fork of ]^ighorn river, is Colter hell, where similar phenomenon is ex- lnliit(>d on a lesscjr scale, Innnediatelv about the )i(VS(T basins, and to the east, especially east of Yel- lowstone lake, the forest is nearly continuous, and is the lioine of a variety of <jjame. The lakes and streams annund in several kinds offish, while their shores arc the iiesting-|)laces of immerous water-fowls. The altitude of this region is but little mon; than that of the remainder of the territory, whose mean elevation •t/l i 11^^^ :i! 670 PHYSICAL FEATURES. is 6,400. But two peaks in all this vast rcujidii of mountainous country equal the heiglit of huiidntls south of that elevated, broken plain which we tiaversod a few pai^es back. This greater uniformity of Icvul has its effect on the climate, which is also })ro[K)rti()ii- ately uniform. The mean temperature of the (iicvscr basins in the extreme northwest differs from tiiat of a point in the extreme southeast but a few degreis. tlic altitude being 1,325 feet greater in the former, the influences of which elevation and the vicinitv of the snow-peaks being overcome by the moderatiiii^ effect of the geysers. Other local causes ])ro(lure slight variations from the changes resultiiii; from dif- ferences in altitude ; but aside from these, the ordiiiarv summer heat is about seventy degrees, and the mean winter temperature above twenty degrees. On the higher ranges the snowfall is heavy, on the ])huiis light. About once each winter there are a few (hi\ s when a wave of cold sweeps over t])c whole east slupe of the Rocky mountains, and a blinding storm of sikiw as dry as sand obscures the country for hundreds ef miles. Spring comes late and winter early, hut the dry atmosi)here exhilarates like wine. There is. indeed, on a clear niorning, following a still, cold niuiit. a brilliant dawn followed by a mirage, wliich has the effect to elevate and bring into view larije traets (tf country not ordinarily visible, being cut off' by inter- vening objects. As the sun rises the refraction ceases, and the distant objects which had been pictured upon the air sink out of sight. The creator does not seem to have desigjncd thi:* region particularly for the use of those worthy men who cause two blades of grass to grow wliere lie planted but one; yet it has not been left steriiitnaiiy disproportionate degree. Wherever the altitudi' d<HS not exceed seven thousand feet the grains which sup- port life may be grown. Those who handle the I'loUijh not being here, the plains, valleys, and evm the mountain sides, were set with the richest of grasses nil J. a. -•la bef ro( » thi Wo elini theii ever in tJ form ranea Jnuni rapid stood <»f nu hirds and bi Even 1 vulunt in the escape sonietii i'lii: froi this rea wan, to * ]>«.-. ng across the luinwl ,.,""?'">' '^•^'»«t wHbr gazelle added theirUooof ,!'""''' '"^"-^^ «f «'« litlie l«Miorai„a. Door shilll" ""™""^^nt b.the im.nenJ! gl-'dos. fed Un,etCr^l'"S"' «'« -"-^'osed va "ami ■■""ts for f„„d. fiiai, of n *" ''"''"'''• «"<' found .'■ough tl,e f.>rest:fe ^ilSXT' h"^ "'«•■>• '^ ^ .olves howled like do<,s to h7f l'" ^'j"'*' f'"" '''"o.l. ''""bed the sec,ui,„dv°LL n ?^"'"'t'>m sh,.e, t'"T sentinels on tilju^t^l "''r' »'"' k^'|i I"'''- the edges of cliff, ',,^011,' ''''■•''• *^""«^' l'«Tod 1" the high vallovs T f, ^'il r'^^l thenLelvos f >nn sdarted from w, J L, !?""'''" "^ " ''">'<l'v<l ""can ho„,es. with ZLlTn^'T- •"" "f ""I'tcT '•'I'll mountain torrents «?,i 1 """"" ""Vxk- the « "'"I the freshets o "ftur Is f?', l'""' '"■•'<' «' - ."! >'U.n<^ous watorcoirse, ;•!'■"'',".'« " "'is lan.l '■'"'•^ had here their fi"Se /•"'' ''"■*'^ "'"I «">" •^"1 butterflies .na,le Zi'^; '"» /''''""''''■ «""^ Even the serpent. enwS ,7 ^''''' '""' "'e air v.. untary evil, wa^ n, ttZm "t'T "^ '"*""'' hfc and '" the undenjround habit, ' ^'"r "'' his residence '^'l''? the Elistorin. t^to? H ""= '"•«i'-'«-<l"S^ to «'uc^nnes met that stm,::* i,L± r*',"''-« he '■ '^ "'^ "-w VI. 'iedrnr't ti"-"^' ' CHAPTER II. EARLY EXPLORATIONS. mm-ism. Unfoi'Sded Rumors of Spanish Occupation — PuE-iiisTonic AiidnicisAi. iNHAitriANrs — Wkstwakd Exploration— V'kkesukye, Le\vi-< am. Ci.AHKE, Lisa, AM) Williams — Missouri Fiu Company— Hem;v Foin — LoN(i's Expedition- -AsiiLEV on Ui'aii Lake— Other Ti!appku.s am. TkAOEKS— F'oKT KUIPOEK— MiSSIONAKIES OF OrEOON — TlIE KaII-AM Pathkinder— Hattai.ion of MoiiNTEO VoLUNTEErw — Fours Lkavex- WOIIIII, IvEAKNV, AND LaKAMIE — ScOTT ANU HIS BlUFFS — TuE pA 1 11\\ AV OF THE Nations. It has been claimed by certain Spanish autlu»riti( .s that iu'eviousto IGoO their countrymen luul penetrated into the territory south of, but not quite to, the Mis- souri river, where they found gokl, and made t^ettlc- nients, openini^ canals for mining purposes, constructini,' arastras, and building houses of stone, and when- t'ei twenty-five years they carried on minintr and fur- hunting, sending richly-laden trains to New JMi xioo. About 1 050 the natives, they say, arose and killod them all. There is nothing true in this s^ateinciit.' Some eolorinor has been ijiven to the story hv tin' discovery, in 18G5, of what appeared to bo the stone The Spiminnls liad all tliey could do to hold their own in Xcw Mt?ci\o durini^ thu ITtii century, without venturing 80() niilt's into the \Ml'iiiii''>'< ninong the Indians. Tiierc wen." no sucii expeditions as representtil, :il!liiiui;h in order to seeun,' grants of land or jiatents of nohility Spanisii aih ciitiirt'i'* related siU'li stories to tile king. In the IStii century there were not iiit'iv quent exi)e(litioiis after Indians who made forays into New Mcxk n ^mli Mere those of Yalverde, in 171!*, with 10") Spaniards, .30 pueMo Indruis, .iinl a company of A])aclies, under Carlana, ea])ta'n, wLioh wont fiirtli< r iinrtli tlian any jirevious one; and tlie expedition of ("'apt. Villazur the s.oiif yi'.ir. on a similar errand, it is douhtful if tliey went farther nortli tliiii tlie Arkansas river. Vab'inlo ij CWtn, Diario y Dvnvk'ro, 1711>, by his secrttary. Alowzo Kuel do Aguilar, foundations of Imna^c i ^"'^ '•7r -4 !::r ^ti::^V"f ^^'^ ^-n ••^'"/^'>out Sn.ct Jake. ''^^'' ^^ ^<^^'''« ^^ Powder rivc-r i>Ut if Wo exiiJoro fh . ' "^l"« al.ongi„al races i, «,„'' ':'*''"-^- "''«''-• o.,- "^ l"llo known as teO^Z "'"'' "' ■■^■<' '»«. were *..u, an,l in the bIJ,oTZ W''' 1'^"'^ ^''■"o"' J'"'y consist of 8to-i*it„ "'"*' ''iver vallcv, -'Iv finished, sto*: :.S'\, ^"«'-''»l-' «■ I ■ '"' '""kers for fishin^-linol" f, '"'T'^ *'"■ *'™Pers ' '.I'^so articles is difterenrf. ^''° '"•'"■'"™»sl,ip ■^-■'hc- or Atlantic coastt a, uZ "">' f""'"' "" the '." I";escnt native tribe," ,h'v ■'"'■>''" "»"«>"..».' \! V'";;'S- Other ron a MS pi ,.;'"' ^^'""•■""' ""'I ;■'"' "'" P^^t in that ,,art f tl " "'"'"^y "^ ^^"^'- <""I«T ,s now plentiful the 'ir "".'"»t-'i».s where ;:-">';tc.,l "f stone Instead of :™^'-^ ''"■ •''"^""■- I-"..- "■";■'■ "f small, c,r,-ular eS ""l"'' '""I «'e occur ""'"■»t« that, if no the fl' ,T? "'^'""« ^oen,in^, t ; ,'■'■" used for covers fr™w^'T" "' ''"">*<■■«. the ■ M''»i« of bones tooll "''"''' *" sl'oot ,a„,: ' 'I'll! <lrawine,s of fi Hut. Nfiv. 43 '"""•' '*'"»"g the oth©; U C74 EAKLY E.VFLOUATION.S. which the past refuses to disclose. The debris of ages covers tlie siU'iit witnesses of their existLiuv, which patient researrli is oidy now bringing to li^^lit/ and to tiieni I should refer the stone ruins credited to Spanisli occupation. Exploration by white men was begun in Wyoiniiit; in 1743-4, when Sieur de la Verendryo and his sons, of Canada, visited the Rix-ky mountains by tlio wuy of the great lakes and the Assiniboine, Missouri, Yd. lowstone, and Bighorn rivers. Passing up Pry or fork to the Stinkint'water, thev travelled thence soutli as far aa Wind river, being al>out a year on this })art of their journey, and learning much about the gcograjiliy of the country and the customs of the Indian tribi s. They would have gone still further south liad not tlio Shoshones told them thev would be killed if tluv did so by parties of the Sans Arcs band of Sioux, tlic hereditary enemies of their nation, who were always watching about the South pass.* This is the first we hear about the celoliratcd opening, and asiiiras it goes it is authentic, as is also that which is said aliout the Indians. Other oxi)C(li- tions would have followed but for the change in the ownership of trading-posts, which after tlio seven years' war between France and England fell into tlie hands of the English, who left exploration altogfitlicr to the fur companies. The war of the revolt of tlic colonies followed, at the termination of whicli many posts which had first been French, and had passed to the English, became a part of the possessions of the United States, which government, as soon as it was 'Norris says, in his Rf^ X'tti-n-'l P'trk. ISSI. p. .10, that the most alum- (lant rcniaiiia exist nutsiile of the National jKirk to the north, wliu'li wmU hring thorn into Montana. He tr'^ocl tlieni from tiie borders of tlio park, hoh)W the mouth of (iartliner river, tlirougli Bottler park, and the (i.itenf the Mountains, to the oih;u plains, a •listance of (M) miles. But .Jones, in lih liecoHtKUHKnnre, found a stone circle on the right hank of l.ittlu Wind river, south of Butte springs. IkjIow Camp Brown, throe hy six feet in dinicnsioiH. Several others in the Wind river reirion are deserihed, and tlip antlmr favcr^ the infcrenee of religious ceremonial* coiniected with them, hut I am uf the opinion they were connecteil with hunting. ■* See llht. Xorthwfst Crtivtf, thi.* Ht-ries; also Grauville Stuart, in CoiiCii^'ii- thus to the Hi^lorii-iil Socirty <^f MonVmn, 316. WYOMING. ii,.> )ris of iU'ixc, iUd to 'oiuing s sons, 10 \v;iv or fork ►uth Jis part of c-raiiliv L tribes, not the lu'V dill (UK, tlic jilwavs Ichratrd Is is also oX|iC'(li- in the \ ScVt'U nto the OiJjotllt'V of the I many ussfd to s of the it was Lost aliun- |ii> Oiitc "I l;uinif the ahlo, after the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, sont an expedition to explore a path to the Pacific, in 1804 G, which did not reach the country south of tlie three hranclies of the Mis.souri in Montana. The action of the government in sending out Lewis and Clarke still further stimulated private adventure, which had already hegun to look toward the Rocky mountains, as I have shown in my Ilidory of (\>lor(t(l<>. Among thf lirst of whom there is anv record were two nun from Illinois, Hancock and Dick.son, who hunted heaver on the Yellowstone in 1804.* They remained in the country in 180G, and were joined hy John Colter, one of the members of Lewis and Clarke's company, who was discharged on the Missouri, below tho mouth of the Yellowstone, and returned up the rlvi r, wintering on the headwaters of Pryor's fork. In the spring of 1807 he went through Pryor's gap of the Bighorn mountains to Clarke fork, crossing thence by the Stinkingwater pass ' to the Yellowstone, which he forded between the lake and the falls, neither of which he saw, as the information furnishod to the government, and illustrated in the map pub- lished in 1814, ufocs to show. He came to Shoshone lake, which he called Lake Erastus, and believed it the s<)urce of the Yellowstone, no greater error than lias been committed at a much more recent i>eriod bv mueh more scientific explorers. Then he crossed the » Lf>r!s ami Chrlf's Travel; 0.38. Lonrlon ed, 1314. ' riiumap acciinniatiying Lewis and Clarke's narrative of their expedition, amniii]; its other faults, makes Colter yo through the mountains almost ilirixtly west of the contluence of the forks of Clarke river, whicli is iimiroVt- aMi', owing to the nature of the country. The Stinking water oilers a ]iass, iltiio\i:fli by no means a good one. It would bring hiui to the Yellowstone. wiifi-L' he crossed it, while the more southern passes Mould t.ike him far from th.j gi'vser region, whieh he deseril)ed sutiieieutly to mnke it eertaiii that he wn Hot only at Colter hell on the .Stinking Mater, but in the upper geyser lasiu as Well. 'Ilaydeu lielieved it drained into the Madison. Why should not men '« ju-it? This lake, when seen by iJe Lacy, M'as named after himself, he laviii'j; discovered that it was the source of Snake river, which properly en- titli'il him to the honor. Hayden changed the name, M-ithout any good roa-oii. It might properly be called Colter lake, as he was, without ques- ti'in. tlie first white man to map this reyiou, and probably hi;* party was liie tirst in !' ■■! 076 KAHLY l.Xri-OltATIONS. Kocky moujitiiins to tlio luv-id i)f ( Jri'CMi river, ana back a^jjain to the luuul of Wind river, wliieh he nils. took tor tlu' main J}i<j^lioni, and l)y«'i nortiu^ist. cdurso over ni(»untain an<l valley canu^ attain to the Stitikincr. water," and l)a('k to ids canip of tlio previous winter, in tliu country of tlic Crows. VVlio accoinpiinieil Colter in tids journey is not known. It may lia\< been Ins two comrades of the yi-ar ))revious, or soiiio other or otlu-rs, but then; is no reason to believe he was ah»ne. ]le remained manv veais in the niouii- tains; liis death is unrecorded, and he passes out ot si«j;ht in this history." Manuel J^isa in 1807 established a tradin«jf-|)()st .'iiid fort at the mouth of the l^i«jjhorn river, and was ]ii(il). ably the first to erect a fort in this part of the llorky mountains. Althouijjh in Montana, the district trnm which lie drew ids peltries was equally in Wyomiii-- It is said that even earlier Antoido ^lateo, a 1* itu i^ues(\ had a fort on the head of l*owder river. T' '•<■ is a tradition anutii*^ mountain men that this for once invested for sixty davs bv the Sioux, an.. a[»pearance of the ruins jjjives probability to the .stoiv. The first autlientic I'xpedition to the region w In sc history we are followiiiL? was by a])arty under ]']/i ki I •* It is a stiU'IcT to Use tliis ni)M-ili.'scri|>tivo iiiiiiic forfiii iimU'ciisiv • sti ;iin. Tlio early tn»ii|)iT.s tnnk it from tin; Iiniiaiis, wlm, in tlii'lr jirculi.ii- fa^liidii, (Villrd it 'tlio riviT that rail l>y tlio Htiukiug watur,' roferriiig to li.iil-siiiclliiii.' hot sprint; -i on its Kaiiks. •'lit'wi-i ainl Clarke say in their narrative, |)]>. r4;>-4, that < 'iiltir\vas duo near hniie, luit iiu'eting vifh a liiiiitiii<{ jtart}' going ti> the nioiiiitaliis juin il it, and retiirneil without seeing his friends. There is ciirreiit the story n) h'< running the gauntlet among the Hlaekfoot, and eseajiing w ith Hi' tlnmi;!! lilt without severe Wnund.s and iiiiieh sullering. I'otts. anoth 'i 'I L ^>'la a-i 1 Clirke's eoinpany, who had returned to tlie mountains, wa.--. with lum. T.e; men were surprised whilt; tr'pping. Hi'ing woundod, I'otts sli t "lU liidiiu. wlien lie was instantly riddled with arrows. Colter was sei/cil, .tri|i|ii'd naked, and given a ehaiiee to run for his life. Iln vas piiisiu'il iy sever il hundred Indians, tlie ground that he hail to pass over liein.; i(ivov>l -.vith prickly pear, whieli lacerateil his naked feet. Such e\erti"ii ili^i Im' 'iKike that the hloo I gushed froin his mouth and nostrils. Kludiiu,' lii< '<>''■ •uies hy the utmost ell'ort, lie darted into the river, and eoueeah d liiinsill l>.'n(!atl» a raft of driftwood, lodged against an island. Although tin- lii.ii:iii< were upon the island and the raft during tiie day, lie was not (li>.uv(n'l. I'ld escaped in the niuht. Seven days afterwards he arrived, fiini-lii'i. ''listcrod with the .snn'.s heat, with his feet and legs terrihly swollen, at the )'•'■. of Manuel Lisa on the Bighorn, near the Yellowstone, wlaix lie waa uospitahly reeoivod, and recovered. WYOMING. 677 Williams, in 1807. This hardy frontiorsman had lucn ctiipluyt'd by the gfovi'i-iiiiH'iit to It-ad an t'scort (»t twenty men to restore to his own jic'0|)le a clni't' ot the ^landans, who, witli Ins taniily, had hcen induced to at'conipany Lewis and Clarke to \Vasliin<;ton, in IS<)(). This duty pertornied, Williams and l>iiity eon- tiiiue<l on to the Hlackt'oot country, where tluy hci^an ti.ii'pinLj, dividiuijf their comjiany into two detach- uunts. While on the Yellowstcme, near its mouth, one detachment was attacked hy one hundred J^lack- foot, and tiv(> of their nundxr killed, the other Hve os(;ii»in;4 to camp. The company innnediately moved sdUthward into the country ot" the Crows, where one of their nuniher, named L'ose, a worthless character wilt) had attached liimselt' to the expeilition in St Louis, di'termined to remain. Williams with his 'j,iv;itly reiluceil party, proceeded I'arthei' south, tle- si'^iiin;^ to ifo to Califoi'nia via the South pass, of wlitise existence lie seems to have had some informa- tinii. While U}«»n the iieadwaters of the Noith l'l;ittt>, he was at;ain attacked, this time hy Ci'«tws, ;iii(l l(»st again five men, killinijc, however, twenty of tin- eiuiny. Their horses liavinu^ bei'U takin before tlir battle, the reniaininjjf ten men were set on foot, ami ronipelled to cache their furs an«l other property t'Mi Jieavy to bt) carried. W^illiams then moved south- ward again, wanilering among the mountains ui;til s|i!iiig, when he had reaelu'd the South IMatte, and liiscomiection with this portion of my history cease.^ Till" names of those of Williams' party who survivtd, Im >i(le.s himself and the renegade liose, were Work- man and Spencer. Ill .1 'i h\ 1808 the ^Missouri Fur company was formed in i*^t Louis, of which ]jisa was a mendjer; as well as William Clark, Pierre Choteau, Sr, Sylvester Laba- ' > ■(• iioh- I'J, ell. ii., of my ///"lor;/ n/'( 'i>loriii/o iinil //istori/ nj'thi' Xovlli- "••-' <'..>.«/, Vol. xxviii., this suril's, pp. iL'T-S; also TItt Lo-ft Trnjipi'i-n, by I'.ivi.l 11. Coyuur. 678 EARLY EXPLORATION'S. die, Pierre Menard, and Auguste P. Choteau. Thcv sent Alexander Henry up the Missouri to estaMisli posts, and endeavor to o[»en commerce witli tlie lud- ians west of the Rocky mountains. Henry was un- able to obtain a footing among the Blackfoot. liut crossed the divide, and erected a jwjst on the head of that branch of Snake river which bears his iiaiue, a day 'sjourney above its confluence with the main stream. The Missouri Fur company followed its design with varying fortunes, and Fort Henry was abandoned in 1810, the company being dissolved two years later, to be revived a few years afterward" by Joshua Pilchrr, M. Lisa, Thomas Hempstead, and Mr Perkins. Th'j >: J.O.R •AUG. 29, 1819? J. O. R. STTIIP. operations ot this company were carried on cliiofly in southern Montana, and along the branches ot" tin' Yellowstone which rise in and flow throuvjliWvoniiiij; No record was kept of the wanderings of the men w Im served in this or any of the fur companies, but that Powder and Bighorn rivers were thoroughly exph)^ il by them there can be no doubt. In that extreme nortln/est comer of the territor\' where the Yeihw- stono heads still stands a memento of one of tlioso rovers — a pine tree bearing the inscription hen- repre- sented. "In 1814 Henry was in charae of a post in the Willamette vallrv. He wa« afterwanl a partner in the Northwest coni]ian3' of Canada anil Orcg"ii- Hut, NoritiWtMt {Joaat, this aeries, vol. xjiviii. p. !'£), aote 3. WYOMING. 679 The first recorded expedition which entered Wyo- iiiiug from the east was that of Wilson Price Hunt, ill 1811, who conducted to Oregon the overland part of the Pacific Fur company, which founded Astoria. Accompanying him were Robert McLellan, Kamsey Crooks, Donald McKenzie, John Day, and fifty-five others, all of whom toiled and suffered much on t'teir ru^^^ed march. They left the Missouri at the mouth of the Big Cheyenne, and following the general course of that stream to and alonij the base of the Black hills, travelled westward acnjss Powder river valley and Bighorn mountains to Wind river, where they turned south to find grass and game, coming to the u|ipcr waters of the Colorado, known to trapp(!rs as Spanish river, whence they found their way to Snake river. The following year McLellan, Crooks, Robert Stewart, and two Frenclunen, returning to the east, HI t Joseph Miller, who had been robbed by the na- tives in the Arapahoe country, presumably in south- ern Wyoming. They fared no better than Miller, having all their horses stolen, and being compelled to finish their journey to the Mips(mri on foot.'^ Avoid- ing their former route over m<mntains, they followed 1 10 Platte from its headwaters to its mouth,'^ being the first to travel that natural highway to the Pacific afrorward so generally [>ursuod. In 1820 Major Sti'phen H. Long, under orders from the government, ('xph)red the Platte valley as far west as the junction "if the North and South forks, when he took a south- oil v course, and was therefore not in Wyoming; but the result of his expedition was to attract attention to the central overland route to the mountains, which filially made the Platte, North Piatte, and Sweetwater valleys the great thoroughfare of Pacific travel. In 1822, William H Ashley, a Virginian by birth, who had migrated to Missouri while it was still called iii 1,1 i' I' '■' fjow/n Erpeifilmi, •Wy>-6. " Id. , 46(i. Long says the narrative of this journey was publiahcd in the 0<mUe, but does not give the year. EARLY EXPLORATIONS. upper Louisiana, where he was the first lieutoiiant- govfinor. ami I nigitdicr-general of inihtia," with the assistiiiK'e of Henry, ercetod a fort on tiio Ychowsloiic. Tlio following year, having formed with Astor tliu North American Fur company, he tJtarted uj* the Miss«»uri for this post with twentv-ei<j:ht men, imt was attiicketl by tlie Rickasas, and driven hack, with a loss of fourteen killed and ten wounded.'^ Undauiit* d. he enlisted three hundred men, and in 18'J4 auiiiii Si^»ught the mountains, following the Platte to tin.' IStmth pass, exploring and naming the Sweetwatrr, and a|»iK»inting a rendezvous with the IniUans un Sixmish river, which he named, after a memher nf Lis eompiiny, (ireen river. He pushed his ex|»lorations t.» Utah lake, discovered first by Escalante iu 177 i), l)ut st^n l»v no American bifore Ashlev, who i-ave it his own name. Here he erected a p«>st, and in two or three years collected $180,000 worth of furs, Selling out his establishment hi 1826 to tlie Kuckv Mountain Fur company, formed that year in St Louis. with Jedei^liah S. Smith, William L. Suiilette. and David E. Jackson at the head. Thev had l>i.n leadei-s under the Xorth American company, and wiie Well e<|uip|»ed to succeed to the business, in winch they wi-re also successful To them belongs the dis- tinction of having tiiken the first wagons from tlio Missouri to the mountains, ten of which, each (hawii by five mules, and two carts, rolled the whole tlistance from St Lituis to W ind river ren<lezvous, the wai^oiis carrying eighteen hundred pounds each, an<ltrav« llinj; fr«»m fifteen to twenty-five miles a <lay. Jfa\i' 1 net Siiid that this was the «>reat natural hiuhwav ;i« imsh tlie continent ? Some persons have tried to ma ki it ••Col A. G. BrackeU, in Tnoi^. U'lrm. Ar,t,l. S'lnnvx, i-tc, isv.'. t T'.l. '*One of th<>!>« who em-ajRvl w;is Limlsoy Aiii»logiiti', a pioneer ol Ori:;i>ii, who niSiilo his home at Ashlanil in tlie Kouiif rivor v:illey. '*In Ashley'* (■tTvitf was .l;uiu's P. Hi'i'kwoiirtlu whose olirtrai-trr ainl career have 1«een inon» than onoo rftVrroil to in this liistory. iiv cLiiiin "l ti> have lieeii in the nimintain'* as oarly as ISI7. rinil to liav.?, in coiiipaiiv «;:li Va.|ii.v. .liM-oviTf.l aiiil «\j.l.>ii'.| ihc south i'latte, but what w.ir ; 'lot sut«l. Ji,Ht.iHiiP^, Feb. :;;{, imiT. appod from! pany govi- the \\1 had biitugl WYOMING. 661 appoar extremely difficult, and to steal the glory tVniu the creator and the Kocky Mountain Fur com- pany; but here are the facts. They reported to the oiiNcnnnent that there was no obstacle to crossiiiLj to the west side of the Kockv mountains with wauons, liail they desired to d«> so. The next year they bmuirht out ftiurteen wa«'ons, and the use of wheeled viliii'ies became conunon t»n this route. In the mean- tiiue the j\[isst»uri Fur eomjwiny had been revived, as 1 have sai«l, uiidtr tin- leadership of Pilcher, Lisa, llriii[>stead, and IVrkius. and had its trappers in the country about the South juiss, although its })rincipal tciiitorv was anions the Sioux. Kicaras, ami other Missouri river tril>es. Alniut ISSOthe K«»ckv Moun- tain company was reorganized, with Milton Sublette, James Bridger, and Fitzpatrick at the head, with si'voral other partnei-s. Tliey had, togetlier with the oilier fur companies, men enough in the mountains aliout the hea<hvatei-s of the Phitte, Green, and Snake rivers, and on the Yellowstone branches, to constitute a ngiment." Ill IS32 Captain E. L. Bonneville, an army officer on leave, led a comjumy of 1 10 trappers to the mount- ains in search of profit and adventure. lie was assisted by I. B. Walker and ^v[. Serre, leaders. Ilu V travelletl the l^latte routi', with a cara\an of twenty wagons — some drawn by oxen, which were the first "bull teams" t»n this line — hnlen with Indian goods, provisi<»ns. and anununition, which were •' It woulil 1)0 jfnitifviiiji ti> lie al-le to E've a li.<t of .ill iUc Iniiitcrs ami tnqi|ui'.s in Wyor.iiig pifvioiis to tlitr i>t.Ti<Hl <if ciiiigriitioii; lint tiu'^«' men lial 111! imliviilii; I iiiipurtaru-e iu the eyt-s < i' tluir IcuiiTs, ■wlm ri'i-niittil tin ir t-ipitUy tliiniiiii>! muIvh ye;»rly. with littit- attention to tlio jxTfioiiality I'l ihi' victims of li:trilslii|i. acciilen:, vir*-. or Imlwin hostility, Mlioho Imnt'S Hit. II received no l>uri:il, Imt l>k>achf<l luuItT sini anil Miow until tiny I'liim- Mril to ihist. N;inu"< tliiit have \<vvn jir.-*< rv«-<l of tin- nioiv ]ir'otnint'nt, il.'ir- ini;. or fortnnatu exjiloriTs of thi.-» tt-rntory tluring tlu' ^'reat fiii' liuiitm^ iiiiioil are eomiiaratively f«'W. Anion^ them are Hiafkwill, Konteiiclili', ■"r:!!'!!. La .leniifsKo, HoU>rt ('aMi['U-lI. Kit Car.son. (iodin, Newell, Meek, Klilirits, (iantt. (iervais. Brown. Craiii. Siii< l.iir. Vamlerlinruh. MripiiH. (iale, H i«i<iiis. I.i^iiitt. Amlersnn. Wanl. V a'l« . I'armalee. Heail. Hohinson. IJider I.iri-'M. Uu-s'll. (iutlirif. Walker. iK.tv. < byniore. Lejianle, Huese. Nelson, Mil Ill's. I'lilluk. tlarr:-. iUxk, MatUilL-u, Kipliu, Biiuduau, liissiultette, Adaum, iSubiile, KuUugg, Ualjuu. '}.:A ^n 1 i I i. ' ' ''I 682 EARLY EXPLORATIONS. all takon through the South pass into Grcon rivor, being the first wagons to roll down the western slope of the Kooky mountains. Here lie erected a fortititd camp, and remained in the mountains hunting furs. fighting Indians, and exploring for three years. He wintered in 1832 in Sahnon river, but spent the sum- mer of 1S33 east of the Rocky range, on the Bighorn and Powder rivers, on the latter visithig a " bujninc mountain," where the earth was hot and cracked in many j>laces, emitting smoke and sulphurous va|)(irs, and "aboundiniT with anthracite coal." He also vis- ited Colter hell, which he found a region similar to tliat on Powder river." Another adventurer in these parts was Nathaniel J. Wyeth, who, in 1832 brought out a party (tf twenty-two men, which by desertion and loss was reduced to half that number while he was at l*i< nv hole on the head of Henry branch of Snake river." In 1834 he returned with fifty men, but had no l»it- ti'r fortune than before, competiticm with the Hud- son's Bay company on one hand, and the American company on the other; desertion and the Indians leaving him little or nothing of his investments." It does not seem that it was the custom of the fur companies to erect forts, except in case of necessity. where the Indians were of a predatory and liostile disposition, which was not the character of tho.se on ^^ In-ifi'js Boiiner'dle Ailfvn., 109. It is remarkuble that we hear nntliiiiu alxnit the liey.sLT liasiiis fnnu the various fur-liuutiiij; ailvonturerH. Tin- mily iiieiitiou of thin region, except that which I have given, is in Victur's lti''f of the Wftt. Meek heard tile whi.stling anil saw tlie steam from tlif jii y>tr< one cold morning in Nov. 1829, antl likened it aptly to the tity of Tittslturg on a winter morning. " The names of some of Wyeth 's party were John B. Wyetli, Snliiiiiiin H. Sinitli, .lolm Ball, Calvin TihlietLs, Abbott, Breck, Burditt. St Cliir. Trnnilinll, and Whittier. On his second visit, besides his hired nii'ii, lie it- corted Xiittall and Townsend, naturalists; Jason and Daniel Lnc, mi^sinn- aries to Oregon; Cyrus Shepanl, and V. M. Walker. Two Kiiuli-lmiwi. Stewart and Ashwortli, also vi.sited the mountains this year witli tlic fur companies, travelling a part of the time with Wyeth. Stewart .-iii iiis tn have lieen in the mountains even earlier, and to have come r.'id v'"'"' .^'''''"" after year. He resideil in New Orleans. Ha^llixt. ()rt;iontiiul l/U/. -^'•itliii^'^ i'<xi*t. tlii.s seriei. "^ Hint. Sorlliuxst Voaat, thin series, i, 491, 517, 520; ii. 570-8, Obo-7. WYOMING. tlic west side of the mountains to any serious degree. Oil account of the Blackfoot and Crow nations, whose ]i;il)its were more warHke, a number of forts were ♦ stabHshed on the Missouri and the main Yellowstone, as I have mentioned in my History of iMontfuia, but within the territory which now constitutes Wyomin<^ Hoiineville erected the first fortification, at the junction tit' Lead creek with Green river, in 1832 the remains of w liicli may still be seen. The Indians becoming more troublesome as they became better acquainted with wliite men and the temptations offered l)y their \V( alth, the necessity for forts increased. Rivalry in trade was another incentive to building posts. The first jXTmanent post erected in Wyoming was liy William SuUette and Robert Campbell hi 1834, and was established with the design of monopolizing till' trade of tliose tribes who roamed over the coun- try, from the Missouri on the northeast to the Sweet- water on the west of the Black hills, namely, Arapa- lidcs, Cheveimes, and Sioux. Beintif strong and warlike nations, it was necessary, while inviting their commerce to guard against their attacks. The fort was situated on Laramie fork, an affluent ■if the Platte, a clear and beautiful stream, winding through meadows whore grew the wild currant and Litiuseberry, and which was dotted here and there with groui)s of larger trees. It consisted of a palisade ei'^'hteen feet high, with bastions in two diagonally n|i|»osite corners, and a few small adobe houses Inside. It was called Fort William, after Sublette. In 1835 tiic establishment was sold to Milton Sublette, James Bridger, and three other fur hunters, who had united witli the American Fur comjniny, after an active rivalry of several years, during which these two pow- • rful associations, had driven all the other American fur traders out of Wvoming." The fort was rebuilt ■' These several leailers tJieii jiut ont with detach mcntn of trajijiers to hunt ill (V. IV ilireution — Sulilette, Fit/iiatriek, Fdiitenelle, Hasil La Jeiieusse. W. M Anderson, Jack Kobiuso aud James Bridger. Carlin, Hut. Fort Biuljrr. M.S., 1. H : I 1/: rl \. \ 084 KARI.Y EXPLORATION. in 1836 by the now owners, at an outlay of Sld.ooO, and was called by a part of the company Fort .loliii. but the name never could be made acceptable to ll .■ majority. The clerks in the eastern office settled tiic ditt'erence unintentionally by making out tlicir 1 tills for Fort Laramie, the name of the river on wiiich it was situated,"' and much more likely to be undiistixd than William or John, which might be aiiy\vli( lo. It continued to be a fort of the American Fur (oiu- l)any until 184'.), when it was sold to the govcniiiK nt. It had many commanders in its time, the last of whom was Bruce Husband. No other permanent establishment was made Ix fdro 1842, when Fort Bridger was erected on a delta formed by several branches of Black fc;rk of (Jkhi river. It was a log fort, or block house, and was occupied by Bridger during the interesting jieridd et the earliest migration of settlers to the Pacitic (cast. He abandoned it in ISb'.i, being warned bv the ]\!< r- mons, who did not desire a hostile fort in the n* ijli- borhood of their settlements.'* About the same time •'■- Larainii! was a French trapper, wlio in the earliest fiirlmi'tiiij; tiincs wns killed by the Arapahncs on this >streain. H. S. .Sehell, llii^tfui ij I "il /j'lriiiiii, MS., '2. This eouiplete aeonunt of a famous fort was t>irni>luil irn' hy the war department, and contains extracts from military corresiMiiiii. i.u-. and such documents as hear ujion the subject. I have another ///.-r (/ m/ Fort Lariiiiir liy Charles H. Cochran, 1.-st lieut 7th infantry at that l"l^t. It is taken from the tiles of the post, and eidarged with references to 1 k- I't travel. Concurrent accounts are found in Trmnt. Wi/nin. Ai'in/. .Vr/i //.vs. i^-.. SI, 84. Carlin (William 1*., col. 4th inf.) Ki-jx rii nfn in Wyniiiiiiij, .MS., ,") II, lieingan account of certain military operations, which 1 .shall nfcr to iii their proper place, written hy his own hantl. Carlin was at Laramie a.'s (arly as 1K,w. •'I am aware that in Chivniher's IllM. Fmi, Briili/rr, MS., and aUo in tlic TrnnM. \y I/O III. A fill I. Sl^il'll<•l'■^, HI '_', it is said that Hriilger sold a Sikiiii-Ii grant to the Mormons, Lewis Koliinson K'ing named fisthe ])urili,iM r. iiml S!,H,(XM) as the price. In the Uln/i ll<iwllio«k- of llifireiin; 'iW. it i.s ni.,iiit(l that President Young juirehased of James Bridger a Me.v'<'an j.'i;iiit i'V tiiirty s(|uare miles oil land and some cabins, afterwards known as Ki'it Uriilger. This is a ndstake, a.s there were no Spanish grants in that n {.'inii. K. B. Marcy, in his Tlih-fy Ynir* of Army l.iji, 4<)l, relates that lie till m with Bridger at Fort Laramie in IS.")", as he was returning from Wa-liini;- ton, where he had been to lay his case before the authorities. Many till-' ua that IJridger was an illiterate man. 'tall, thin, wiry, with a comi'li M'" well bron/.ed by toil and exposure, with an independent, genorous. ii|hii la-t of countenance, inilieutive of bnivi- and noble impulses.' I have a litt' t from P. W. Mc.\dow of liillin^s Montana. mIio knew Briducr «■ 11. I'f aays that Bndgcr waa boru iu Waohiugtou iu LS07, and joined A>iil j ■> fw WYOMING. GS5 tliat FortBrklgcr was founded, Sabille Adams and oom- puiiy oivcted i*(»it I'latte on tin; point ot" land toiinod b\ tlic junction ot" Laramie fork with the Platte. It was never completed, having one side o[)en toward the river. Let us leave fur-lmnting and hunters and turn to other enterprises. We cannot quite get away from tiiem after all, f()r it is in their company tliat all come who venture tu invade this grand and virgin heart of th.' continent. In 1834, 1835, 1830, 1838 and 1839 1» irties of missionaries, men and women, crossed the Ol.I> FoHT KltltHSEH. plains and mountains, desrcnding to tjio shores of the Pacirio. Two days' travel fr<»m the rendezvous on tlic Sweetwater, tlie two jMoneer white women of the Pacific coast rec<'ived such a welcome as the men 'f the n)ountains knew h<»w to give, and were escorted to tlif gnat camp of that year on Green river. For a Week, civilization in their persons, rested in this c '•lip iDv f'lr tlie iiiount.-iins in IS'2fi. In lii-> li>n>; cxiiiTifni't' in tlu; inmin- tiM~ In- lici-ani<' aifinaintoil with every part i>f tlieni, and was tho most skill- fiil ;i;i,l rcl'alile guiiie known. Wliilo in tlic oait in |S,">() 7 lie jmrclia-'i'il .1 f'rtii iif.ir We-Jtport. Mo.; hut the fhanirc in lii^ haliits was iini'iiihirehle, rri 1 'i.' rptnrn;'"! to the niount.iin-*. an<l resnmeil tlie nccujiation of frniilo, ^v|li' i| he foUoweil until ace cotnjx'Ueil liiin to .'ihai.ihm it, when he went to livo upuu hia farm, lie diuJ at lii^i home near WvMtport in 1881. m M 686 EARLY EXPLOKATIOXS. meadowy vale, and then passed on with the groat English fur company to the Columbia." Another devotee comes, in 1840, to christiani/A- tin- same savages which other Christian men are doin.. their best to heathenize. His enthusiastic faith docs not fail him however, and he finds one nati(»n atlca.'it which is approachable by spiritual teaching. Tlicv receive him joyfully, pleased with the notion u\' receiving knowledge, for even the savage hud jicr- ceived tliat knowledge is power. This is P. J. ])o- Smet, Jesuit, and man of brains, which even lils iKir- rowing religion could not deaden, if it could jk rvi it. Promising to come again prepared to teach, he returned to St Louis with the fur company, redeem- ing his promise in 1841, when he established a mis- sion west of the Rocky mountains, among the Flat- heads, after which, in 1842, he once more returned to St Louis for recruits. On Smet's homeward journey he was escorted hy his Indians through the Hellgate pass of the liocky mountains, along their eastern slope to the forks et" the Missouri, whence he journeyed with a siip^^lc companion, John de Voider, by way of the Velhtw- stone to Fort Van Buren at the mouth of the l)!;,'- horn, and thence to Fort Union at tha m<mt]i of the Yellowstone, where he took ixissa^e down the Mi^- souri on one of the American company's boats. On a subsequent ex])edition — for Smet was an almost ((in- stant traveller — he discovered and named Suut lakr in the liighorn country, and detected the presciico of gold in the soil and rocks of Wyoming." -^Tlie missionary travellers alifive refiTrea to, were the Lee liiotliers Jason ami n.uiiel, in IS.'U, Sanniel I'.irker ami Marcus Wliitiii;i!i in b'''>; Mr ami Mrs Wiiitnian, Mr and Mrs SjiaMinj;, and W. H. <!rav. i'l l'^"': •^''' and Mrs Walker, Mr and Mrs Kells, Mr and Mrs Smith, ISIWl Mr:iiid Mi-* Oritfin, Mr and Mrs Mnnger, l.S:{!>. '•' Aeeording to Thomas Sun, of Hawlins, Wyoming, De Smet gave Hniiie captivating accounts of the preeious metals in that Bighorn reiiimi. Sun, horn in Quohee, was for several years in the service of the Anitrkaii Fur company, during which time he liecame ac({uainted with the revennil tra' - elle •, wiio said he had no douht tliat thi i region was the richest gi>l'l liiM "i the world, and would be found to he such when the Indian hostilitii s \icie WYOMING. 687 In 1841 passed the forts the first deliberate emigra- tion to Oregon and California of men, women, and children, fifteen in number.'* The same year passed Bidwell's California company. In 1842 Elijah White's Oregon company of 112 men, women, and children, and a train of eighteen great Pennsylvania wagons, cattle, pack-nmles, and horses. Bouideau was in cliarge of Fort Laramie at that time, and gave the emigrants timely advice and assistance, although they uruinbled much at the price of provisions in the mountains. The trappers had done the same before them, and were often half-starved, wliile their em[)loy- cis rolled in wealth which their toil had accumulated. In 1843 passed the fur company's posts an army of occupation destined for the Columbia river, consisting of 1,000 men, women and children, with draft cattle, herds of cows and horses, farming implements, and household goods. After this, things were never more to be as they were aforetime in the hunting grounds of the Rocky mountains. The beaver were all hut exterminated; few trappers remained; the Indians were, if not more hostile, at least better armed aikl more dangerous ; innnigration westward imroased ; the state of Deseret was planted on our border ; and ill a few years gold was discovered in California, afher whicli the great highway became like a vast humm river dividing the continent in twain, and bearing on its l.><>som what argosies of human hopes, alas I how often wrecked. If the reader will turn to my History of Oreqon, he will fiud tliere related the long series of political Mitl'uii-ntlj' quelled to allow of thorough prospeetiug. He had soon whito iMcii who live<l with tlio luiliaus, ]>iinuiiig rich dirt, iuid h;id soon largo nug- )^vu ill tlie hands (»f the Indians. iSti<i/ii>ni, Wi/niiiimj, etc., I.V.V-'.Kt. Dc .Sniet's ^*ntiiig-i also Hp(>ak of the niiucral wealth of the country he travelled over, liiit li ss definitely as to locality. -' 'i'lieso were Joel P. Walker, M-ife, sister, three son.<» and two daughters; Unrinws, wife and child; Wartiehl, wife and cliild, and one Nichoi Mrs KcIm y was tlio only woman in the Bidwell party, ard arr'vcl inCal. a little litri tlian Mrs Walker, though the Walker company went by the way of Oivl;.ih. ■T '^!t ■ « . i.;^ •l;^ ill Klj m 'I ii EAKLY EXPLORATIONS. cvonta wliicli Kd to soiidinjjj a half military oxplt>iiii(r ('Xj»oclitit)H to tlic S«»uth pass in IS4'J, in cliaii^v i,{ Fruinont, the ostfnsil»K; ch'si^n of which was to look out positions for a line i>f posts to the mouth of the Columbia river for the protection of the American fur companies from the encr-wii'liments <>f the Hud- son's Bay Company, ami to cncouraij^e American iiiiini- jjjration by pnitectin'^ it from the savages. He was to connect his ex[)loratioiis with those of Wilkes on the Pacific coast, hut tVul nothin«j; further this ymv than to make a summer jaunt' to the South pass, which, beini^ a military tiliiccr and not a private citi- zen, trader, trapjH'r, missionary, immigrant, or what not, he "discovered," namin<4 its altitmlt;, and asceiid- in<jj the hii^hest jK-ak in the Wind Kiver rani;<% l;5,.)7u feet, ]»lanted thereon the United States Hai^. This mountain he named Frem«»nt's peak ; and consider- ing that the i^overnment paid all the ct»sts, and that he had an ex|x;rienccd mountain man. Kit Carsnn, for a .guide, it must be admitted that the eteiii;d mountains might be put to n«ibler use than to jHipct- uate such achievements.*' He did, however, in hi> subse(juent expeditions actually ex})k)re some ni w territory. The first United States soldiers in Wyoming were the detachment with Fremont, making with his guide twenty-one men. Events scmmi led to more. .\t'tci' long and often weari8«»me discussions in congress, and fri'ijuent appeals from tiie settlers in the north-west, an act was pas.sed, May 11>, 1840, for the estal)hsli- ment of military .stations on the route to Oregon, * nj)propriating the nmniticent sum of $3,000 to di tVay the expense of each such station, and $2,000 each to ^Sirnrs in the Ritrhf M.tnnlnim. 151. SrhfU, Ifutt. Fort Lnmmic, M>^ . •'!<'>. ■■"'I liiul ill the rt^iMtrt "f Sila-s Ket-"!. tin- tirst survey or-geiioral ol Wynm- iiia;, the statement tliat I'resiiU-nt 'IvKt wiit Freinoiit on tliiw cxiirilitinn, 'over the heads of .ill iiis sn|teniir f>rtit-en» in the enj;ineer eorjis,' lir li.ivliij; jiut niarrieil JesHie Kenton, to ai*|M.-a^ the hostility of the great Missnuri Heiiiitor against his mhniniittration. The ex|)hination is plausible, an>( nu ilmiht true. (I. S. Mi'ii: Ihjr.. Mi, j». '24. 4 1st cong., 'M\ se.ss. ^''Acta o/Uonj., ^i), lat aeas., cbai<. '22, 'J stat. at lurgo, 13. \VY()MIN«i. (18U •13 •(•re ,jj title 'tcr iiid 'Sl. ISIl- 1 '• I'liy to ! 11. iiiii- 111'!-' Imri no jiurchase the conaent of tin; IiuliaiiH to the t»rcupa- ticii of the «;rouiKl. Ill ortler to carry into ett'ect this act, the presiilont iiiiide a requisition upon the state of Miss«>uri for a liattallon of fivt; companies of niountccl volunteers," The ()re<jfon battalion, as it was calli<l, ln'iii«; raised ratlier late in the suninicr of 1 847, lialtt'd ahout the middle of September at a point on the \rissouri kin»wii as Table creek, near tlu' present site oi' Xebraska City, j^<>in«jj into caiin», and naniini:; the <'aiitonment after General Stephen W. Kearny. A ditachineiit was howi'Ver sent for\var<l to select ami lay out a site for a post t«) be occu|)ii'd in the spiiiijjj. Tin- point s(leett-d was on tlie south bank of JMatte, just below tlir lieatl of CiraiHl island aiul thriM'-fouiths of a mile from the river. This stati<ui, which was .'{()() miles northwest of Fort Leavenworth, and 1*00 froir Camp Kearny, was named Fort Childs, in honor of (Jeiieral Tliomas Childs, of Cerro (iordo faiin% which name was changed to Kearny, by the ilepartmeiit on the ahaiidonment of the former camp.^' The volunteer liattjilion encanipe<l at the place desi«j;natetl, without t recting quarter, and when relieved about the first of November by two companies, I and (t of the it'LMnieiit of mounted riHemeii first raised fortius ser- viic, and afterwards diverted to Mexico, returned t.> Ftirt Leavenworth. Upon Captain C. T. llutf', now ia command tif the suppositious ])ost, devolved the (lifticult task of building; ((uarters for the garristui, without brick «»r lumber, ip the cold and snow.s of winter. Sod huts were iiiaile to answer the purpose '"'This waa bat. com A, K, C, I), and K, 4.'>4 iiiuii. It was c(>iiiiuan<le<l 1>y Lieut-col Lutlwell E. Powell. The other coin, ottioers were captains \). Mc- t'liiiHlunil, Janie.4 (-'raij{, Andrew W. Suliletti-, U. M. Stewart, and W. H. lliKlger«. First lieutH, A. I^efairro, 'I'lion L. Nlara, F. M. Iniprey, an<I H. Smitli. Secoud lieiitti, J. S. .ToneM, II. Tliomas, it. .1. Watson, and S. Lin- gflfclter. Brevet second licuts, S. Mackett, Thos L. Young, W. Mara, and ■I. M. Searcy. The adjt of the command was First Lieut T. .T. Todd; nied. iitiiicr, Asst Snrg. .1. Walker; quar, Capt .Stewart Van Vliet, of the regular army; engineer, Daniel P. Wt>o<lbury, of the U. S. engineer corps. Sr/ifll, IlLst. Fort fxiramie, MS., 8-9. ^'i'teefc, RiJU RtijimeiU, MS., 2-3. IIIBT. Nkv. 44 ■'M f 'P ' si i,«? irm KAKLY KXI'LOItATIONS (tf houses; the m-an'st post-ottioe whore any news or (■(tiiiiiiunieations from th«Hlc]uirtiiioiit<'ouI<l honreivt'd, heinj^ at LiiKleii. Attliison county, JMinsouri, an » xpc. i'umutU |M»st-rkU'r was neeessaiy to t-arry tlie mail t.) and from tliat punt, over 20U miles distant; most of the liorses of the 8<{ua(h'on weri' sent to Leavenwovtli to be wintere«l. forage an<l shelter Ix'in;^ la«'kin;j;; ^iini altotrtither the foiindin!^' of the first fort heyond tin Missouri fr«»ntier was a rude and distasteful cxiicii enee. One of tlu^ Hrst reeomniendition.^ of ('aptiiin Uutf to the adjutai;t-;4i'neral was that he be l>erniittnl FoKT i.AiiAMiK IS ism to issue provisions to emii^rant parties in ilistnss. Instruetionswireae«'oi(lin;4ly t^iven to si'll todistit ss.il travelh'rs supplies out of the surplus stores, and In ik • forwanl the j^ovfrnment rescued many a pcrishiiij^ family whoni nusfortune ha«l robbed of its (tut lit in the midst of the wilderness. Fort Kearny tlm- became a household word in all the Pacific north west. It was dis(>ontinued as a military post in May \^7\- and the i^arrison removed to Omaha barracks. Tn thespriuij; of 1 840 measures were taken to » stah iish the second aud third of the line of forts contcin- WVOMINti. 601 4i jd.itotl for the protection ot' travel across the conti- iKiit, aiui Ijieuteiiaut W<MMll)ury of the eii<j;ineer corps was authorized to purchase, should lie tiiiiik hest, th«! t'.tit of the Aniericaii Fur < «»iiipaiiy at Laramie fork ti>r the secofid. This was done, W«)o<|l>ury paying .>? 1.000"' for the property as it stuxl, and other huiid- iti^s heini^ athlod for men and horses, the first om-, attt rwards known as " bedhim," iM-injjf constructed of liiiuhcr hrouy;ht from Fort Leavenworth. It took rj{ (hivs for oHicial papers to i;-o to the adjutant-j^eii- ind's ottitH? in New York and hack to Laramie, whieii uiaile it neee.s.siirv tliat inu<'li dis«'retion should he loil'^.'d with post commanders. When the i-euinient of mounted riHemen, heinjj; fully ! iiiiti'd and «>.p(ipped, after its return IVom Mexico, was starte<l on its march to ( )rej^»n in the spr'in;^ of Ist'.i. untler ColoiK'l IjorluLC, it NVJ«f< joined at Fort Kraniy hy Hurt's .S(|uadron, which was re|>laeed hy <iiu' company of l.st draujoon.s, and two companies o! 'ith infantry. On comini; t«» Jjaramii', Major Win- >low F. Sanderson, four otiicers, and fifty-eiiijht men Atir detached to «;airison this post.'^ In July and V'l'^uat they were reiinforced by one company of ■" Coeliraii, in lii.s /litl. h'url. I^nrninii, '2X, wayt that WinHllmry hail no lutliority, there Ih^jii^ no a|i|>r<i|iriatioii, t^tc. ; Ixit tlial is a mistake, as cnii- .Ti'4< liail appropriiitcil aC>,(HM) in IS4)>, tor eacli t'urt, ami as Ihf siig^e.Htinii of uir -line iraiiii! from the iidjutaiit ^ciu'ral, which was all tlii^ authority ho i'''i''i|. See letter of A<ljt-j{fii. K. .loiies to Maj.-ijfii. I». K. Twiggs, in ^ ■■'.'%• IliH. hiiiviiii; MS., •_'.■» 7, :{7 S. '('•iiliii, /'jrfx-rli'wii in W'l/iuiihi;/, MS , ,"), Major S. 1*. Moore surgeon, ''i|'t Thiiinas l>uncaii eoniilg eo. K, 1st Lieut l>aniel I*. Woodliury engiiici i- ''r|M. 1st Lieut 'riioiuas <i. Ilhutt. post iidjt i|uartiTinastt'r. On liie '-'tith ot ■'■ily ('ipt Itenjainin S. Roberts, eo. (', niounteil rilles. •_' ollirer-i, ami (M) men "MM. 1 the post. Wash. I,. Klliott was Istlieiit. t»ii the l-_'tli ot .\ugiist 'Jn.l lii'Mit lx;vi C Bootes, co. (J, titli infantry, '_' ollieers, an<i .">:! men wen' Mii.leil ^| tile garrison. They li.id for transportation an ox tr.iiii ami were three- iiioiitlis on the roa<L The 1st sergeant, LeoduMr Silmyder, is still at the Tt, where he is ordnanee sergeant. Steele, in his AV//- /.'ri/iiiiiiif, MS., '2 .'{, ■<ys that lloU-rts was in «-oniinand, whieh is an error. Steele w;is a surgeon "th.' regiment. In the .summer of lH.">()the mounted ritles, eo. left the post, »iii ii was garrisoned for a year 1>, .i single eo., (i, (ith infantry, liev. ''" 'i u-d Vaux was sehoolmaster .it Kort Laramie from I8.'»0 to I8(>l. Dunean '■"' ■ I with distiiietion in the livil war. ln-eoming lircvet hrig. gen., and was ■! r .1 in 187;i llhett, a South Caroliuiatl, joined the eon federate anuy, .is ■■'"<> .'id Major M<M»re, whore he liueiiuie surguuu-geaeral. CiM-limii, H'ml. I'urt '■•: '/<■. MS., 27. m .;il % (Mh; KAKLY KXPLORATIONS. nu)untt;d rifloH, aiul one of tith infantry, conipiisinjr. tojjjetlicr, 115 niiMi. Major Sandei"son was rili(V((l ill October 1850 Ky Captain William S. Ketclium ot the (Itli iiifantrv, who coninianiletl until Julv Isaj ' Keti'liuni w:is not lia)»j»y in his position, jind oiitaiiMMl leave of ahseiin-, when Lieutenant (Junutt nt the siMiie regiment to<»k eoniniand. retainiiij: it until May IHr)4, when he was oi-deretl elsewhere, ami iln "^^(M-lrurlfm r. : >u». r.~ Ir^u. -(l..>. U~.l I IHir l>licll fru-c s c^ tK» NO«MTA«. f^' TUMI t >- ft *-^es»Si» . / 1 1 ir*«Pi»iTenv • en. •»o«f« « t_J«L»>«»u I- LU V Ki.f^ — — ^^'^^^^— — ~^A^^'.*/-=, tC«4.1 F<>i:i l.\i:.tMli: l\ l^74. •garrison was reilured from 170 men to m |M>rtioii ..tCm eompany and a sin«:le otheer, '1*\ Lieutenant IIii.;li H. Fleinin«(, no reeidon^einents l»ein«; sent until N.tvi m- her, when B and ]) eom|tai.ies t»f the (Jtli iiitaiitiv. iiuinherin*; Ml, men arrived under Lieutenant ('< 'I' in 1 William Hoffman, wlio assumcNl eummand oT the post. Ciradual ehan«;o8 had tiilceii place in the appearaiut of Fort liiirpmie ; oM huildiutfs had lioeii reiiio\.tt ami '• Acronliiitf t<i riirliraii, Kfi'i-lniin wa« alway* in a miarrcl witli In- -i.l'- onliiiatci. SaiiijiTMiiti ilii-il in IhVI. \VVOMIN<;. ti<t:t II. w ones oriH'ted, until 1HG2, when the present niaija- ziiu' was constructed in part out of tl»e adohes usi'd in tic old fort. It has heen iK'cupied continuously from 1>4!> to the present, as a niihtary post, and lias heen tin' scene of many n«;table, and some excitinu;, events. Knr many years it was the actual ca)>ital of a lar>»e txtent of territory." The history of the further iiianh of the niouijti'd riHe re<;inient which founded it i> fully giyen in my ///.s7or// nfOrrt/im. It is not to he supposed that the American Fur Kiiiipany riired fn»m the territory upon the advent (it troops They simply removed to Scott ]^lutts, sixty miles distant from iheir former foj^. where tliey miitinued to trade with the hutfaht li'intinuf Indians tut a number of years, and where the'r presi-nce was iiilhuntial in the su|>pression of tlifliculties between llie military and Indians, and in the making; of treat- it s.'' Dripps was in charge in I?j1. A tr?- linj; establishment was also maintained in the iiiiiiuiliate vicinity ot' Fort Ijaramie by Waid ai.d ( iiifirier. In fact the trading; comj)anies remained upt'ii the }j;round so lonor as a skin or a robe cituld be |»uirhaseil, or until treaties and aimuities had rendered liUMtitisj; less neiessiiry, and the wars between the aliori'Ljinal and invadiri<j; ran s had caused the removal nt tlie Indians to reservati<»ns. ''Ill a coniiniinication from <ii-ii. Ciirliii, rol 4th infantry, who waM mU- tiiii'.i'il iit Fort I^traniU' when a licut in thi- (tth inf. rcj;., in ItiTh'), I liud the M'lii's of HiitHoiiottf, ItiiiukMii, .loliii Ilicliitrii, Sr, <i. I*. l<oauva<H, St-th K. \V. It'll. postt-Htitk^r. anil I'ihUI Itamliill, M'ho IivlmI at or near the fort at tliat |Krii"l. EriM-rii'HffM in ir»/"'"»«;/. .MS., in (iuii. I'urhii'H coiitrihr.tion to my work, lie left the l..;iraniic country in IK.'iS, ami came to < 'al., vherc he wa.i t'lr some time at IV-iiicia. In IHH'J he wa^ again for a nhort time in Wyom- ing! at Kurt A. I>. KuhmcII. "Scott llhitFti are a )M'r|H!tnal nioniimciit to the trageily of the ih-ath from »tai'vation of a man of that name ile!«erteil hy hiw comi>aiiioiiH on l^aramie fxrk. iN'inK ^<x> ''( ^" travel, ami the wlioh' party witiioiit tiMMJ. lie lived to rr.iw 1 tM) niilen, ami leave hiw Ihi.ics in this |>lace. Theic 1iliit1')< are among till' many curioUM ami intt.>resting geoloifical |ilienomeiia of the ?i[orth Plattu nvixii. Wins fantAHtic .iliaiH^;) in imlurateil day anil Hamlxione, having grand iir. lutectural cffeetn. riiimey nnk and IndejH'ndence rmk, much farther wiwt. have long l^'en famous features in the to|M>graphy of the country. hiili'|ieiiilenee rrH'k in tiie .Swe<»twat<'r valley was thus named from the cir- iiiiiist4ince oi itx iteing ascendrd l>y a party who there ceUthrated thv uuni- vi>rs.iry of Auicricau iudv[K:uileucv, uu thu 4th ol July. ;:i CHAPTER III. SETTLEMENT AND <JOLU-HUNTINO. 1847-1863. l**rHw*r TO THE Pacifu' — CoMiNu OF riiK Lattkr-day Saints -Mil !r\i:v Me\ — I'BtWPECTINd KI)K «ioI.I» — An An«!RY Kn<:LISIIMAN — BRIIMiCK AMI Ills FoKT — MoKMON War— The Lvitkr-dav Saints Abamxjs \\'\n. Misi ; — Movements of Army Forcks -IIovf-knmknt Exi-kkhiiin KOAPS ORnKKKD Ol'KNEI" — I'LArEH (lOLI) DlS»H(VEItF.I>— TlIK Mt»UKIslTK-i — lM>iAN H<>siii.nii-;s Military Men and Fijontiersmkn Lk<;ksih or the Wim>Ri\er Mjhntains— SwiKr Fetrifaitions. It is reinarkablo that a section «»t' countrv uuno travelUnl ovor than any othor between tlie ;j;i('at plains aiul the Pacific ocean, should have reniaiii' il unsettleii for nearly half a century, the only whitr men there heiiiif traders and military men. Tlu- titst who rame to spy out the land for settlement wriv men |»rofc.ssin<r a lU'W relitj;ion, which their nti^liltnis did n«»t like, who .souy;ht to found an empire in tln' mountains which, in time, should reach to the shoirs of th«- l*a<'ifie. Their pioneers. headt>d hv Hii.jl];nii Voun«4 and Hti>er C. Kimball. nund>ered 1 4:5 im n. with a train of seventy-three wa<^ons. which aiiixt i| at Fort I^iramie June i, 1847, while it was Ml a tmdinj; jNist. PassiiJij; on to (irs^at Salt lake, thtv .si'lei'U*d a sj)t»t on its border where a «'ity was tu 1" founder'., and on the '2M\ of .luly plowed tlie tiist «rn»uiul ever broken for seed in all the rej^ions wi st .>t the PlatU' and t'ast of the Sierra Nevada.' In 1848 ptissed Briirham Youni; airain with i>vti •It i» aaa<) in tJu lU.iJi Ifniut-Utnk of R>J'> rrm-r, G."). that Briilgti . .iim<I •■rfl It iinpr»vltl«' t«i lirin({ :i large )ll^)luiati(lll iiit<> the unsit Imisih inail ii i-<Hil<l ln» a.«c«'r1aine<l th<tt );raiii ooiild Ik- raii<e<l there. So ((iui.i{uiii>' " 'i" 1"' ttiat it oMiUl EH't 1«c <ioiie that he ttitul he woultl i^ive |1,U00 lor .1 l>iH'itl "f d-m pfwiiio "I tiiere." .ON) WYOMING. 695 1.200 men, women, and cliildren, and 397 wagons; H. C. Kimball with G6-J jjersons and 22G wagons, and \V. Richards with 52G |>ersons and I GO wagons. There was a lanje mi<;rati(J!i to Orej^on also that year, and out of these thousands not 'i o cared to tarry on the North Platte. In 1849 l,40o emigrants for Salt Lake passed Forts Laramie and Bridgcr, and an unknown jjreat number bound to the ijold mines in • • • California. 'n this year, also, came Captain H. Stansbury and Lieutenant J. VV. Gunnison, who surveyed the valley of Salt lake, bv onler of the ijcovernment. And every yrar thereafter emigration passed beyond, pausing only to purchase supplies. There are indications tiiat at some time, probably aft«'r the <iiscovery of gold n» Ciilifornia, some persons ha«l turned aside to prospect in the mountain streams, but of their fate nothing tktinite is known/ It is rfm»'inbered that frecjumt ertorts to discover gold were made by persons [»assiMg al<»!ig the Sweetwater. 'Die private »x|H'iliti<ni, in Ih54-(». of Sir (n'oi^t' (iore, of Slig«>, Ireland, from tlic ^[issouri river at St Louis to the heatiwaters of J\)wder river has \hv\\ uit'ntioned in my Uisfurfi nf Monlttnu. The liaroiu-t had forty ret;iinei"s. fourtn-n dogs, imu* hundre<l and Siiuh ;i jiarty w;n one i>C .'Ml iikii tnnii ('<iiiiu-il Klutl's, It-il 1>y ('ii|if. I>im),'lii!< of St .li>,fpli valli-y. Miili., \»li<i in ivVJ M>t out for ( 'ul. At Kori Laruiiif .'Ul riii'ii left tlit' main •-•.iii|>aiiy t<> |>ros|H'<'t in tlic iiiouiitninM to tli<> iiurtli, it^reeiitg to overtake aiul r»'|Mirt t<> iIil- captiiiii at lluiiilioMt river. I'.ii^lit of tlioiii <liil ovcrtakt* tliv i-oiii|iaiiy ik iirmiii.scil, ruportiiig that tlicy iii'l loiiiiii uolil upon two Mtrx-aiiit, uliii'li iroiii tlic iIc.hi riptioii art* Ix'lii'Vctl t'> liL' lia]ii<l ami .Spring' rn-«'ks in tin lil.irk lull-, and <li-Hiriiig tlu- CMiiipaiiy t<' I'oturn to this plai-i-. Kiit it w.-i4 aln-atly Lite in the Ki'asoii, ami tln' iinl- iiiis alon^ tilt! roiitf wi-n- tn>iil>lfj>>>iiu , mIiu'Ii ilci'iilcil the rctinitt'tl cKinpaiix t'l push forwanl to t'al. Tlit* 'Ji mt-n i«-tt ««■«• m-vir heard from, ainl were -ilppoNed to have JM'rished. S'nli$<>rH. Wifmiiifi. Hlnrl: llill.t, itr.. 'i'2^\. In I'^Tti some pros]N-('tors on Kittle i-nt-k. Kl.iek hille re^'ioii. hi an old shaft rtluiOi they opened, at 'M Itft fn»iii the ^urlaee. under 10 feet of earth, foiiiul I 'luivel and piek. the haiidlt-'* »i wlu<'li were ileiaved. and tlii> iron niiieh ni-t -eaten. On the same stream were foiiml .1 skull, umler !! fet>t of earth, iri'l iiKar hy a juir of sdver-'">we«l ii|>«-etaeles. There were several pru-pi'ct 'i"l'-i in the vieinity, in some of wliii-h tr^-en six iin'lies in diameter were '.'rnwiuK. On WhitewiNMl erf«'k a hammer and small iioll-piek were found, I' feet from the surfaii>. an>l a hat« te i in aiKitlier piaee, all imWdded in ' iith and ruMtinK to deeay. Whetlwr the««- were ndiuit of the Council Bluffs larty, ur 4uiuc utkvr, will prulMhly uwcr Ih: kuuwu. i *:! (>!K'> SETILKMKNT AND (;OLD HL'NTlNll. twelve horses, six wagons, twenty-one carts, and twelve yoke of cattle. He spent the first winter at Fort Lfiranjie, huntin<4 in the vicinity. The following year, procurinj; James Bridger for a guide, he trav- elled north, making his headquarters on Powder rivii foi- a seastMj. after which lie built a fort near tlu' iiiuutli of Tongue river, which lie occupied until tin autunni of 1850, when he left it to return to St Louis. His only oiyect in .seeking the mighty solitudes of the heart of the American continent was the gratifi- cation <»f that savage instinct preservcti with so nuuli can- hy the landed aristocracy of (treat Britain, the love of the <'hase, to si'cure themselves in the enjoy- ment of which the land is kei)t from the homelos po<»r. Whether he grew more savage under this in- <lulgence I do not know, but h(> was furious enough at wiiat he considered the extortion of the Noitli American Fur company, with which he had contrac t.d for boats, to iiurn all his Indian gootls. wagons, ainl sup|)lits in front of Fort Union, guarding the flanits from plunder while they were consumed, and evt n throwing the irons of tlie wagons into the Missouri river, ratlu-r than pay tlu' price asked for boats. Hi> horses and cattle were sold for little to vagalMUHl white men, or given to the Indians, and having thus cut himself ott* from any possible return to civili/atimi that year, he wuitered in the lodge of a Crow clii* I at Fort Biitbold, imrchasin*; fiftv beeves at tliirtv dollars a heac^l, rather than pay fifty tlollais a luad for six. which was all he needed. That transartidii was purely in accortlance with the reasoning of liis race. He returned to St Louis bv steamboat in IM;')?. Bridger, before engaging as guide with Gctv. had disposed of his post on (Jreen river to the ]\[oniu>ii>. who were the first actual settlers, to the nmiilMf of fifty-five,' in what is now a portion of Wyoniiiiu. hut ^ Ac'jonling to tlif i'lnli llnml-ln^^k o/ It'i'/i-nnfr, 'H, .loliii Nt'l'ik>i, I-"''*! Rnllouk, and Xi ntlitTH wore Inouted at Fort Supply, iu (Jreen KiM i .'initv, WVOMINIJ. «»: was then considered to l)e in Utali. Fort Supply, as they had named the tornjcr trading-|)08t, was intended as ;i station whore passini>- onngrations couKl W- t'ur- iiished witli [mivisiuns. It was abandoned on the atlvent of a coiniiiand of United States troops in the vitinitv, the oeeupants retiring to SaU lake. The jirmy taking j)ossession eonsiste<l of the tiftli and tentli n".;iincnts of infantry, and Plielps'aiid Heno's hatteri«'s iif artilK^y, under the inunediate <onnnand of Colonel Iv H. Alexandir. It niarolied hy the Platt<' route, and passing J^aramie arrived at Henry fork of (ireen rivei", thirtv niih's east of Fort Supply, early in Oeto- l)ti'. wlure it went into eainp.* Whihj awaiting orders fioiii Washington, tlie JVlornion militia <lestroyed five supply trains of twenty-five wagons each, leaving men uimI animals short «)f provisions and foragi-. Soon ut'ti-rward ( Jeneral A. S. Johnston arrived, and nioveij ra;np to Black fork, estahlishing (^imj* Seott. two lailts ;:»uth of the present Fort Hridger. In the fol- lowing spring the Mormon settlers of (ireen river valli-y were called in. '• exeei)t a few nu'n in every s ttlement to hurn everything in case the tr(»ops, u|K»n till ir ariival in the valley, should prove hostile." The .i'lM inment retained possession «»f the valley. Fort Supply having been as much as possible destroyed, ami when Major William HoH'man arrived, in the spring of IH.")H, with reenforcen\ents and ample suj)- Itlit s. the present militsirv post was t'li'cted, the former name restored, and Hort'man placed in connnand, r ; III \.\. I.S.'iH. Tlufsi', then, wore the tirst Hettlors iiftcr Britlger. though it i« ■<t.i\> i\ liy Hiiiiio that I.iuiis Kuliiiii^oii was tlie lir.it setth-r. Mr is ralh-il a Miiniioii, tiioit^h h<< is said to have coiiif to the ciiuntry in if'M froM North • 'ir.iliiiji, via Taos, N. M., an I hail prolialily lu-vor hcanl of the Ijatwr-day Mints lirfore they appearnl at Kort Uriiljier in I.S47. ' Uiu-U'.lai'k Uohinsini,' t wiinii |iersonal frl*'nil of Itriil^cr, ami an olil resident, has U'en eonfoun<li-<l wiMi Li>uis Uoiiiiison, who may have hem one of the .V> setth-rs went l>y Hriu'liiiii Vounj;. He kejtt a ferry on (ireen river in IWM). Con. Hitl. Sik: "■'"'. •-••JO. 'I'^l. 'The (^f.ii/i Ifmiil'lnyik- of /*'j'iir)ir<-, |». 7'), informs lis that cm the 8th Sept . ''il'tain Viiu Vliet, of «iei\ Harney's statt.' vihited Salt Lake City, ami had III interview M'itli IVo-sident Young, and nf' r a fewdiys H|»ent in that i>Uee |ir(ir< I'ded to WoHhingtoii, 'wliure he UKen liia iiiHuonce in favor of the 60S .SE'lTLEM NT AND (;OLU HUNTlNiJ. wliile Johnsti)!! marched the greater poi-tion of th'> army from Green river to Salt lake, and estublii^lud Camp Floyd in that vicinity. This was the end ut Mormon occupation in Wyon»ing/ From about this jjeriod frequent government rxju - ditions touched at Laramie, and deflected to wliatcwi- ''Lieut JoHeph H. Taylor, Ist cavalry, wax the finit po8t-a<ljutaiit at Kurt Bridger; lAeut U. F. Niiiitli, Utii inf., tlie tirtit «le|Mit (|uarteriiiaHt<>r. On tlic I'tli of Aug., 18^)8, Lieut-c-ol K. K. S. Canity, iiiaj. lOtli infantry, rLlirvoi Major Hotlinan, who rvjoined the tith inf., which «oon after niarclit-il t. Cal. Canhy was relievetl March 7, IMSO, liy Maj. li. C (ratlin, 7th inf., ami wmt to N. M. In June (iatlin also wa8 ordered to N. M., and ('apt. .Mtidl (.'uniniing, 10th inf., took command, wlio was in tuni rclievid, Aiij^. Dtli, liy C'apt. Frank (iardner, aamo regiment. Wlien the civil war broke <<ut. ( 'um- niing joinetl tlie confederate army. In May I84il ('apt. .le.tHe A. <ii>r', llltli inf., waH placed in command. Wlien the triNtps were required at tlu- cast during the rel>ellion, C'ol Cooke, 2d cav., in command at Camp Fli>yil. aliiin- donedtliat potit, and re{)aired to Fort Bridger, where the I ml k of tljc miI. HiNtence and quartcrmaHtera' MtorcH were Rold at auction, and purcliasi'il l.y the MornionH. It was eatimated that |4,0UO,UOO worth of goods ui'ic .viM tor $100,000. /'<',•/( JliimllH^tl- of Itefvrrw; 78. After tlii« hoth >j.uiis, ri> were marched to Fort Leavenworth, leaving only a few men, wIumc tiTin-t v\ service were nearly expired, at Fort Bridger, under Capt. .1. C. <'larki. 4ili art., who in Hcc. IS«5I was ordered east, leaving orderly sergt IJogic at tlir post, witli a handful of privates. For alMiut a year, at a critio.tl |mtii«I. >'iiiisiderin^ the civil war, anil the Mormon and Indian hostilities. Ilo^ii- rciiiaiueil in charge. The Mormons setting up a claim to the lan<l, oti tin- gi'ouiul of a conveyance from Briilger, l*o8t-tra«ler W. A. Carter <ira;iiii/(Ml a volunteer company of mountain men for the protection of properts at the fiirt. In IK'C. I8(12, Capt. M. <J. I.iewis, 'M Cal. inf. vols, arrived at tli-- pnst and a.ssumed conimand; and during the war, ami until .luly LStKi. it was ^'arrisoned liy Cal. and Nev. vols, who |)erformed the liard scrvire ui giiani- iiig the mails, escorting travellers, and lighting Indians. Hvtiii.ii. .\. S. Hurt, capt. ISlii inf., took command, when tiie vols were mustt^rcd mit. tin- garrison consisting of F and ii companies 1st liattalion, IHtli inf. hiinn^' the construction of the Union I'acitic H. U. a garristm of 5 companiiM nf the :«!th inf., under Bvt-col Henry A. Morrow, was stationed at tort l'>r'i<ii:rr, and much of the tinu^ employed in guarding the engineers, and tin nv ilariil stage route for 'JOO miles east of Creen river. Niaj. .1. II. Ik'lclier, |Hwt- i|uartermaster, had many improvements matle during that perioil. I'lnin May 1878 to .lunt! 1880 the jKwt was aUandoned. When reiistal.li-li. I tli.- garrison consisted of F an<l H companies, 4th inf. In 1881, jii>-.t tr ultr Carter caused a road to he constructed over the mountains from hmt TlMini- IiUTj^ in Utah to a i.iail station ;!.'• miles south of Fort Bridger, to i;i.ilit.itc comniuni<;ation. In I88:t, adtlitional Itarracks and quarters were coiiiniriiriii. anil the. garrison increased, i.-ousisting then of B. C, and C ciinipaiiii'< <>: tlir Otii inf., under command of Lieut-col T. M. Aiiderson, same regiimiit. In dune of the same year a liatt.iIion, consisting of two comi>anies I'min K>'rt Bridger, two from Fort Fred Steele, under Maj. I. U. I>e Hussy. 4tli nilin try, repaired and improvud the r«Knl to Fort Thornhurg. In Aug. I"^>«l. tin' garrison at Fort Briilger was increased hy comiianies P and 11, '21st int . aii<l ( "ol Anderson was relieved hy Lieut-col Alexander Chamiters of that i euini''"*. to whiwe Hixt. Fori Briil<j<r, MS., I am indehted for mimt of the ahove 1. 1 iiimt of its services in the history of Wyoming. Sun/.-i/rti. (Vrr., 8, ,11(1 "J I: / >■ MiMC. Do,'., 40, pp. -i!) :10, list c.mg., M sess.; 'ul S. II. Com. Hip. r-V, 'n , 4'.M cong., 1st sess. ; Ilni/tlin, N'-jit, 1870. p. iiO. WYOMINO. course they had been destined for. Captain E. (i. Heckwith, third artillery, who took charge of the survey of a railroad route near the forty-first parallel, after the nlas^«lcre of C'a[)tain (TUiniisoii and party in !>;)!{, expl«)red the valley of (»reen river alid the streams issuinj; from the Uinta mountiiins. In 1857, Jt>liiison's anny eneamjK'd in (Jreen river valley, and ^H-ir supplies U?ing cut off by the Mormons, Captain K. B. Many, with forty nien, in the month of No- viiiil)er, proceetled from Fort Bridger to the foot of tln' mountains between Cireen and Grand rivers, up a cinon to the top of the range, to Grand river, near the mouth of the l^ncompahgre, up Eagle-tail river til CoschetojH'S |»ass, and to Fort Massaehussetts. where he obtained what was re«|uiri'd, and returned thr ft-llowing June by way of tlie route east lA' the mountains, and through the South ])ass. (^aptnin Marey's sueet'ss is a proof both of the courage of the man, and the excellence of the climate which spared his life on so terrible a journey." In 1857 came V^illiam M. Magraw, who had se- iiirod a contnict from tlur g«»vennment to open a road through the South pass, as if that road had uot bt en ill constant use bv emiiirants for fourti-en vtars. But licing a govennne'nt ixpitlitioii, it was ac<'onipa!ii(<l liy naturalists,' whose reports were of valuo to sciiiice. ami through science to more material objtcts. In 18;)8 Captain J. H. Simpson, of the topogra]»bical «iigim?ers, explored and opmcd a road from Fort Bri(l<j:er to Camp Flovd, and thence tln' followinu: vcar to Carson, Nevada," eking out the survey of Colonel Stepttie of 18,")."). In July 1H5D Captain W. F. Reynolds, of the tojH)- 'Mornf, riuiifi Yriim of Arti,i( /.»/;. 2*.»4 4«.). '.I. (!. CiMi|HT, xuryeiiii iif til*- wiigoii-roail ex|M>(liti<iii, uan luitiirutist to iio prt'viouH cxiMtlition i>f I. I. SU-vciim, vi;i tlic Mi«H<>uri rivnr tii I'lijift "iinil, 185,1. C. I)rexl<.-r waM taxi)l<-rniist ill IS.'»7. <'(MijH,'r n-tiirtUHl ti> Wasli- >>i.'ti>ii the Manic M>aKi>n. Imt Magraw ami llnxlcr wiiitcrcil mi Wind rivt-r. !i"viiit; to <'ainp Scott in Mart-li. wlu-n- the latter niadf a large collfftinii "f rils Smit/i^mion flrfit. |.S.V<, p. Mt. ' ^■|(»Jw»<« Kqtlor. (.Imit Jkuin, 7, i!4-«i. \\- i 700 SETTLKMKNT AND (iOlDHUXTINU. jjfrapliical cnjujiiu-crs, under orders from govrniinrnt. led ail expedition from Fort Pierre, on the Mis.s(iuii river, to the Blark hills, and having explored tlu' northeastern and northern portion of this raniije, mi(i\ nl on to Pt)wder river and the Bii>;horn, explorin'^ tin. country to the lieadwaters of the Yellowstone ami ]\[issouri,' with Bridu;er for a guide. Reynolds was tieconjpanied hy a scientifie corps under Haydeii, who hud previously explored the Platte valley fci sonic ; — ' — f^ — ^. ,_/ -i\S -rlv *"li"'^!yr' ■ ,r^ H I •.'f.stbele |-tJI«lle.k , ji^S^-^^ '"•'■''y.'.V Tl vPT.ornocKS l;"-.'.- ir i, i^n.":^""" Trails in Wvomish. distance. They were escorted by a single company of soldiers, under Maynadier and Lee, and nukli' a favorable rej>ort on the country. Men were hy this time earnestly looking fur -j^old, and the report went forth that gold had been discov- ered in the Bighorn mountains by this expedition. But Reynolds, afraid of loshig his escort by desertion. forbade the discoverer to reveal the truth to any l>ut himself and Havden. which reticence caused th • local- ' U, S. Jour., 300; 37 coug.. 3 seas. Miillan, Military RmU Iii}>l. '.'7. VVYOMINii. 701 ity to be lost ; and althou«{h there had been before, and have been since, several reputed discoveries in this range, there has never been any niininj^, for until w itliin recent years the Indians ninde it such des|)«'r- iitr hazard that few would venture, and those who ventured seldom returned to reveal any tliscovcries tlity had made, and tlie country remained |ira(tically un(X|)l«>red."' Colorado was swarming with gold-seekers, and Mon- txuii was known to bo ri<'li ni auriftM-ous dc|»osits; why not this region lying .sandwichod Ix'twccn them ' This was the (|U<'stion asked by thousands who trav- ersed it, few of whom failed to strike a pick hen- and there as they passed, or to curiously examine tlie sands tif evtsry stream crossed in their wanderings. A |)arty of twelve men who left Missouri fttr Mon- tana in 18(53 travelled the route up the Cluyenne river to the Black hills, where they prosjX'cted. and tntik out in three days $180 in plactr g«>ld ; after wlileh, the season being late, they proceeded to tlieir destination, and finding plenty of tlie precious stuff in .Montana, did not return. In later years the same persons failed to rediscover tlu' spot where they washed out their first gold." I have referred in my Niatori/ of Mo)ikimt to an exjtedition in 1863 which left Bannack City for the purpose of exph)ring the country drained by the Yel- lowsttine for gold mines and town-sites. The party travelled up tlie Bighorn river, finding no gold, but losing several of their i>arty by Indian attacks, and traversing the Wind river country, came to the Sweet- water at " Pacific City," a tratling-house at the foot '" A small party of Canadian Frondiincn in ISl)'2 left the sinf;*- Htation at thi> crossing of thu Sweetwater to go to tlif Kiglioru mountanis, having in vam cndcavon!)! to inihicc others to join then). They were never heard <>f iiiiirc. They were J. Dubois, J. Patneese, and three hrothem. Tliere was II" (iM trapfier or guide in the country who did not have a tale of gcdd «lis- ciivcry to rolate, hut they could not l>e induoeil to reveal them cither UtcauHc tlicv were untrue or that they feared the Indians. "«;. T. Iac of i'entral City, black hills, was one of the party. Stra/ioni, Wy,w,i„j, niark JlilU, 86, 222. 1% I TO--' SKTTLKMKNT ASU <;OLD.HUNTIN<i. of R«M*ky rid»;e, wIktc tiiey overtook a train j^uarded by a tew soldiers, who \v»'re stationed at 8outli Mass. Along tlie road at ujtervals o\' abuut fij^hty r lilcs were found small squads of troops for this seiiicf. They met here a Mormon who had heeii to JXvils i^ate for a rar«;o of gtida. which he was taking t(» Suit Lake, this U-ing the Hrst recorded exjn»rt of any miii. v\ti\ from Wyoming. At KiK'k creek " they foiiiid a lieutenant and twenty s«»ldiers, a telegraph stjitidn, and a few residents. Walter Cook, the t('l«Mrniiili operator; Ij«juis Sli* ers, who had located at this jdiKf with the intention of farming, hut had lost all liis stock and i'o«k|8 hv the Indians^, and every iirowiii" thing hy the grassliop|>ers; a hiaeksmith, and a liadu constituted the s«*ttlement : hut the place was |i(i|»u- lous durint; the seas«»n of travel, and business was at its height when the ex|H'<lition passed. It visitttl Fort J^ridger, finding on Jiam's fork of Green rivt i several wood and stone houses, a good stone corral and barn, with plenty of hay: signs of the advance < »f(iv- ilization whi4'h had but little chanctt to live cxci |it under the walls «»f a fort. At tlii^ post the C()iii|iaiiy Wire i;ntcrtain«d by the California minstrels, a snMj.r troupe, which ga\«- a conci-rt, charging fifty »•< nts admission. Th«y also met there General ('<tiiiiti. who, on hearing of the .xutt'erings which had bct'allrii the exploring pjirty by the Indians, did not show tliciii nmch .symjwithy. Cornier had at that time many lodges of the natives in the vicinity of the fort, liav ing (*onipi>lled them t^t bring in and deliver up stolen ht>rsi'.s. As a con.s«'<|U«'nco many whit* im n weri' there hoping to rec-ovi-r their property, nidy a iiioietv of which wa.s rest<Hvd."' From Fort J^ridjftr '^. lames Stuart, in Inn JKumal of the <-x]H;(liti(iii, says tliat h« li.nl t'mm.l g(il<l oil thiit cre«.-k tlir<->- niiie» altovc the i-mssiii^in ISCH). Con. IH-I ^"'^ Mniitiiim, -J IS. 1 ' 111 It- iidVlk l^iiiPilliMMI. .«ltm»It:ur Iwvi^tTll. iri^-n l l<llllllt<Ml. amiii .ii..i|". iiiiil \V. A. C'lrttT. attcrwanl yr>At»Xe judge of Uinta couuty, be:«i<l'^^ inauy others imt kiiuwu to hiiii. WYOMlNii. 7W tli<^ com|»any returned to Bannack by tlie iiiinii<j;raiit road via Soda springs," lied Kock valley, and llorso Itrairie, havin*; made a cireiiit of I GOO nulcs without Hiidinj^ any dig«;in;4.s, yet not convinced that tlu y did not exist. In tin two t'ollowin*; years rttorts wito iiiiule to ert'ect a more satisl'actory exploration of the Biijhorn rcirioii by Montana coni|)anies, none of whi<>h \vt tv able to hold their own ai^ainst the Indians. The Hi*rhorn countrv havinj' yielded nothi,' to the hasty search which alarmed and distressed [>rospe«'t- ors had made, rumors were sUirted of rich dij^i^in^s •11 Wind river, a feedt^r of the Bighorn, cominL( down t'roiii Wind river mountttins, and four several com- [taiiies from Idaho took the fiild in IHOfi, determined to remain ifi the countrv lonijf enouiJth to niak«' a th<»rough survey of its mineral resources, while iuinther from Mitntana joineil its fcuces with theirs." ''A half iiiilu .iIhivu 8(Mla 8i>rin)(H Stuart foiiiul a town luiil out l>y tlio \l"rri.site», sccetlcrs friiiii tin; Monnonrluirrli. Tlioy hail ahnut 'JO Ihiii.si-h i'liilt. and were erecting otherH in iixpectation of a train of tlit'ir lin th:- n to irrivi- in threi! (layK. Alost of thtiin wert' Wt-lsh arnl |)arn's. Tl y wne |i«ir .-ind Miiseralilc, even to the point of l)cjj;4{ary. The year hefore, in .luin', I ]i..-isv from Salt Lake hail liesieged for three dayn a eauip of Morriiites on W.'litr river, and after killing Morris Hanks and four others, andhaviiiL; two "I the attacking pmse kdlcd, earried Dw. remainder of the eanip as prison - iT< to the city, f'li/i llnwI-BouL of ffr/nrurr, ~'.t. The presenee of a eoni- [wiiy of Cal. Volunteers xtationed near tiie new settlement to proteet tin- iintin^ration prevented violence toward this eanip in IS<i:<, and the ork;ani/a- ri'iu of Idaho in that year was another Hafeguard. ■ The Idaho eoni[>anicd W("re led as follows: ('apt. Bledsoe, 4.'>nien; ("apt. '•tl >^tandifer, 4J> men; ('apt. I). (.'. Patterson, '.(."» men; C'apt. Ifculey, Xi Mi'ii. In Patterson "s eompiiuy were Henry Muelies, ,lerry Fitzgerald, ('. F. N'i<'hi>ls. John Arliiig, Charle/ Merrill, Charles Tl. ^'ounj;, (Jeorge I'<Mlj;ett, R. r. ( '<i(Mn!«s, (ieorgc Stonerocwl, Itenjumin White, MeCraw, llawthorne, rhuiiipkins, and others. Iilitho Wniil, Aug. IS. IStitJ. The Montaniaus 'IIP d Stamlifer, who had at one time II.") men in his company, and wlm k'l't on in the ilirectioii of Wind river, while the forim-r desirnig to ^o •'1 th'' Kigborn, wiiere two forts had Ween ereetud that year. 7.") of tin- eonipaiiy t'Hik that direction. This party had the usual t'xperii'nee of iu'nnlers in '.hit region. On the VM\\ of Sept. ("ol .1. N. Kiee of Idaho and .1. W. Smith f lli'lena, M(mt., were killed while altseiit from camp hunting. Tiieir hodiiM wiTi' not diHcovercil for two days. They were at this time IS miles from I'lrt Philip Kearny, and one of the jiart.v heing ill. the exjilorers turned iM'ii' t.i leave him at this post. Twenty-six of the men engaged at the fort :i iii-lp guard liay-eutter.s, who could not work for lighting Indian.s, who ■'i"t aniiing them and Inirned their hay-stacks. Thi-s with other desertions r-'lMied the Righorn pr<>s|tecting company to l(>, a party too Hmall to .safely .'•■t iiiit of the ••ountry. But a detachnient of iiCi Holdiers heing sent to Fort ' F. Smith with the mail, they joined thiH escort, which wiu glad of rc- ruiti. Wkca witbiu 45 miles of Fort C. F. Smith they wure attacked iu V.MA -.ill 704 SHrrrLKMKNT AND (J0LU-HUNT1N<; Tliey truvollecl, as Stuart's company had done, al-uut IfiOO iiiilcH, |>n»«pcrtiiig Biglunn, Wind river, Mt.li- cine lotlj^e, and the HtreuniH at tlie head of the Vvlldw- 8t<»ne and Snake rivern, Hndin<^ nothing worthy *<\' attention hy miners '" except at the head of tlie Stiuk- inj^Nvater, where some of Stantlifer's party ri'p«>it,(l HndiniT j^ood prospects, and the folljwini' sinina returned to that reyjion." Wind river mountiiins and valhy were from rarli- est times nmcli tjUi<«d of by wliite and red nun. Many h'«ifends were current <'oncernint^ the niouiituins, amon;^ whi<]i was one that ilk some places timhci. ani- mals, and even men were petriHe<l in the very >< m- hlance of life, and these places were shunned l»y th. natives, who feared l>einj^ turned to stone. This letjend prolmbly ^ave rise to the; absurd story told i.v a Rocky mountiiin trapper that he had seen a tio petrified with all its branches and leaves perfect, with the birds on it turned to stone in the act of sini^ini,'. The story was considered tough, even by mountain men ; but lioes not the account of Lot's wife equal it? The valley, ainrnt eight miles wide, and betwtt n 150 and 200 miles in length, was regarded as one of the choicest spots on the eastern slope i>f the h'lxky mountains. The river was rapid and clear, its i>anks adorned with stately cottonwo«)d trees, while the mountain sides were covered with forests of jtiiii'. The soil was dark and rich, the climate mild, and •j:anir abundant. Vast herds of buflaloes, antelopes, dtt i. and elk roamed through :c. At the upper end was a camp l>y » large miiiiltor of Indians, and compoUeil to intrench tlu-mselvcs. Tlie liattlc la.<tt<:d for two or three houra, when the Indians wi-m' liiiullv driven off. During the tight a soldier wan wounded, and a innnhor i>i ImrM"- ca|>tiire<l. The following day fhev were again aurroundcd, attackci. aii'i forced to tight their way out, whicii they did with no serious i:i>ii,iltit"'. though conipelle<l to altanilon their iniuiiig t^Hils and iirovisions in onltT t<> mount all the men. Tliey arrived at Fo.'t 1'. F. Smith, where tiny ^fr> aide to procure from private individuals r. .supply of fiwd, and wlifiiro tliey rctumetl to Virginia City in com|>any with .\nother8uiaU party of frtik^liter!' VitifiHkt MoiiUiiui Pout, Oct. 27, l8(Mt. **(hi<yhei- Anthnehi', Oct. 27. I8fi<l. " Vir-rinia Mont. Post, March IC, 1867. WYOMING. mi ]i«)t sulphur spring." It was these attractions which liad uiade it a favorite wintering ground uf thu natives anil the fur companies, and which now made it desir- ni)I(' that a reason should be found for making settle- 111. uta in it The Bighorn valley also was found to Ik- an excellent grazing country, which in 1866 was covered with immense herds of buffalo, pointing to usfs to which it could be devoted by home- building men. In short, Green river, Sweetwater, Wind river, anil Bighorn valleys were beginning to be regarded as desirable for inining and grazing, if not for agricul- ture, when the usual check was placed upon settle- luent by the bloody protests of the native population. ^SwtetwUtr Miner, Feb. 22, 1868^ Hin. MiT. 46 ^; f 1 ii I I :\ I 1^ CHAPTER IV. INDIAN WARS. IMI 1868. KmIORANT PaBTIIM— rilKYKINKM ANI» SKlfX — FnlW'E AT FoilT I.AItWIlK Ki.kmino'h ArfArK— ^Ikattan'h l>Eni.tr A KMNtov Wak I.ih; .w JfoHt LaKAMIK — MoVBMKMT?* Or THR i'>IKVKNNK.S AND Alt \l' MIiiKh Hvvn'v or I'omikaini Immii;katI(»!< am> I'lvii. Wak— Comim ki> ItKI'ltXHATKINlt -I'KACK i*KS>I^MALJ*— 4fl>l.l»-lir>TI.Mti ON TIIK IthillMltv - t'AiiKiNdi-oN'H KxrK'.nrio-i KrrrrKMANH I»kkkat Akkaiiis m ihk. Fours -OUNTINIKI) liuHTILrilM — TkKATV I'UMMIMXION. Thk immigration of 1842 wouM Imvo fared >II luit fi»r tho piosoiico of Fitzjuitrick <»f tli«' Anu'riijii' l"ur <'om[)atiy, who Ufunl liin |K»worful influonri" and ( >ii- Hiimiimto nkill to pn^vcnt a Blau^htor. Not tlwit tlic 112 had doiio aiiythiii<r t4i ottond tlie Intiiaiis, hut that thi' Clujyomus and Sioux wi-re iMTomiiii;. with thoir Httlo and unfortunate* kn«»\vK'd;^c of thf wliitf raco, tlu'ir whiMkoy. thfir ini|»rove«l rvfapons, and thiir wronj^s, real or fancied, u fiM» to al whom th»v nut, rod mull or wlsito, v,ho won- not in alHamr with them. More than that, in Au«^ust 1841, thi v had fouj^ht a party of Hixty uivn, h-d hy Frapp, nii thi- lit'ad wat»'rs of Snake river, lo«in«; ten warriors, thiin.;h kinin;4 Krapp and four trapinrs. Durinj^ tlir fiillnw- iiii; rtprinLf the Sioux had rut off two smnll jt.titics. one in tlio Hhiek Hills and another on the 1{i'.rli"ni. Still they were not satisfied, and a j)arty of MfjO hiivis followed the iminl^nints, overtakinij them near imi"- pondiMicc rock, hut the couratjo aiid taet nf thi ir ^uido averted a eataMtntphe which mitrht havf (h hivoil tho settlement of Oregon for anotlier <le<iulo, ami WYOMING. 707 nltcrctl tho [mlitiral liistory «>f the northwest territory.' This eoinpaiiy was ptiriuitted to |mi88, with the assur- ;;;i('e, however, that ill future tlie path would be found clortod whicli led tlirouj'li tlieir country. On this attount, also, Freniont a little later was comiKjlled to sK'uro the services of a w» 11 known j^uide and inter- |»rtter. ]}ut the next year what had tho doughty Sioux warriors to say ? fur here came 1,000 white iiitii, woniiMi, and chiidreii, with hundreds of wagons, and great herds of cattle and horses, such as they had never dreamed of seeing, whom the\ rould neither turn ha<'k nt»r kill. De.stiny was too strong for them, and thi!y retreate«l to their villages to consider what could now he done. A trihe of red men had sonuv tinu'S beiMi exterminated by |H)rsistent and watchful hostility ; they would try what could ho aecomjilislM'd toward ext«!rniinating these audacious white people. Their ertorts in this cause led to the occupation of Fort Laramie as a militjiry post, in order to wive the annual immigrations from plunder and massaere. While three companies of trooi)s were at the fort, comparative onler was maintained. In 1851, Kirkpatriek having been appointed Indian n«'('nt, a tnatv wtis entered into betw(>en the United States government and the Sioux, Arapahoes, an<l Chevennes, «»f the X»»rth Platte, bv which the ten!- tory t»f these bands should be that contained between the 100th and 107th ::> vidians of longitude, and tho 3litii and 44th parallelsof latitude, embnu-ing rJ'J,.'>00 s»|uare miles. Tliey were to receive ammities of tlie vahio of $;)0,000, an«l to preserve friendly nlations with citiz»ns of the gov«rnment.' The nundtrr of warriors belonging to the Ogalalah and lirule Sioux, it'iil the Arapahoes and ^hevi-nnes within this agency, \; (s estimated to 1k) 2,000. while the whole nunduT V as contputed t«i Ik* 5,500, To hold in cluck this 'nsfile ftm'e — for despite treaties these wivages were ' tWmoHi Kiyrd. fS43 .1 «. 17.1 4: Whitr, Trn Ymrit in Ornjon, 165-57 ifc :'. j' • 4 ■ r rfiii ^' ' ?i I . *» ' ■ m •li TW INDIAN WAIIS. never frieiully — after tlu' first two years tlicrr uas but a iiaiultul of soldiers, under youii^. and of courx iiuxiR-rieiieed ottieers. As 80.111 as the Indians Imciuiic aware of the retluotion of tlu' garrison, tin y ixi iiinc extp niely insolent, refusing to »)l»ey tlic re;j;iilati.iii \vlii<li exiH'lled them from tlu' limits of tin; |^u^t at'ttr " retri'at, ' a liand to hand conHiet Ueing necessary tn eject thain. For this insult t«> wivage diLjnity IImv made a d«'inonstration on the fort, which <tnly tlic |tri>mptitndi> of the little jj;arrison, and the good oHi- eers of Fitzjiatrick [>revented becoming a hloodv artair.* The single comimny left at Fort Laramie was in 185*2 reduced to twenty-five able men. An atteiii|it was made by Lieutenant Fleming with twenty -flnvt nun to arrest an Indian who had fired on a seigt nut in eharije of the ferrv over Laramie river.* He wt nt to the \iilage of the liand, halted his commaii<l and 8«iit an interpreter to inform tin* chief of the natinv :i of his errand, who In'ing absent, the; young hrav dfcland f»»r war, soomT than submit to amsl. Flaming advan<'ed with fiv«! men, leaving the nst in r«s«'rve. Shots were oxchange<l, four Indians killrd. and two <a|»tured. This ended the encounter \\>i tl lis iK-casioii. Tin- following vearbrouy:iit matters to a crisis. A ^lormon emigrant complained at tin* fort that one <>t the Kind of Wahsidishe Si»»ux, who sustainejl hut a Uui chanieter, hiul killed, and caused to be eati n, nuo <»f his cows. Fletninjx sent Ijieutenant (Jraftan. a voun«' Vermontir, late froni West Point, to tak( tin- otlrnder in charge, an (!rraii«l of ,so drli(*nte a iiiitnrr that iinly a mature and discn-et oflij'rr should Imvt btH-n entrusted with it. There had been Mo attrni|it *r.0i,ritit. IliM. F>^rt />mi;HtV, MS.. M ft. •Tin- lir«t liriilnf ovjT tlio I.nraiiiif «ii» Imilt in 1*40 1>y privnti' jh rsmis wl««. riJIr. u-<l t.ill It wiiH iimmI tnily iliiriiiK tin- tuaMtm vi lii^li u.iii i. wluli hii-^l tlin-( •i:'.)iv III IH.*i() iii.in' tliitii 4«I.(MMI Iiih<I of rattl< III IW.T It »a« i>w<'|>t itwity, niiil « HatlMuit ferry Kiilwtitiitcl for I "i "> N'^of A IK « lin<Ui- uiK iriM-t'il ill IH.'iT. ikii<l ruiii<>\«^ m \ii'M lulf i i>uU' u| •IrcMu. rUu WAS aflvrwiirii •M'vpl aw»y, WYOMINO. TH on the part of the Indians to ronc(«al the act, which lj<tir, the hea«l chief, ha<i hiin.self re|K)rted at tite l»u,st, but a|)«»li><;iz«-4i for the rascal, siiyin^ ho had uliot tilt! cow in a \\t of an«;er at his lack of success in hunt- in>;, and after it was killed it nii<^ht aa well he eaten. It would not «lo. however, toestahlish such a pn'ce- (li!ut, and (initt^m wa« ordered to tnVo twenty-tiij^ht men and two h«>wius<'rH, the Indians hein<^ nuniemufl and well arnird, and hrin«r this Indian to the fort. H»! proceetled U* the camp of Hrar, nine miles away, and Hndintr strenuous ol)j<-ctions offered to tluj arrest, and that the Indians were attemptini^ with sullen and aiiirrv demeanor to surround him, ordered a volley to bo tired. The ehief fell morUdly woun<led, and one o^ his hraves was killed. Inniuu!iatelv the In<liaiia returned the Hn* (iratUin ordered the cannon »lis- cliarijetl, hut iM'iui' Um> elevated t!>ev inHicted no injury on the enemy. In another nwi'uent the com- mand was closi-Iy hennned in hy en raided sava«{es, and soon all lay deail and mutilated, e\<'ept one man, who esi'ape<l in ailyin*^ condition to the fort, unable to i^ivu an intclliiji'nt a«-count of tlu* battle.* Thus |Hrishe«l the «;reater part of the j^arrison of Kort Laramie in the sunnner of IH.^i4, which wai^ the I'lnnmenceinent of a Kmvr anil costly war with tlie Sii»ux. Kavins' achiev«'d this vi«'torv over the soldiers the luilians pr«»ceedeti to the trading-houses of .lames Bordeaux and 1*. Chati-au. Jr. and Co.. both of whi«h tiny robbed, th» inmates with dilHeuIty escapin;^ tVoni their furv. < >n the follo\viii>' <lav, however, the In<lians moved ofl* toward the Itlaek hills, and ;.(oiii(^ tiist put themselves in eonimunieation with the Ynne- tonnais and other Itands of Siou\ in that direction, whieh they stirred up to make war on the white peo- ple, it being their o|Nnly avowed intention to let no whitt! man «'Sca|K'. ''tttin, A,'j7>ri».K-r4 in H'y.mt-j. MS., '2-3; Iml. Aff. /{f)>t, IS54, «Hj 'WAiurt'j. //id/, t'oit /.(ini'itr, M.S., 36. J 710 INDIAN WAR& Measures were taken at the war department to puniHh the participators in the Grattau defeat, l)ut owing to the lateness of the season nothing more was done that year than to strengthen the garrison at Laramie with three companies of the Gth infantry under Major Wilhara Hoffman, who assunicil thV command. In tlie spring of 1856, it was furtlicr reenforced, but there being no cavalry at the [xist httle could be done except to defend certain lixcd points. During the spring the Sioux captured all the mules belonging to the quartermaster's dejwirtnitMit, which the infantry did not and could not rccovrr. At the same time the Sioux were carrying out tinir threats, murdering mail carriers,* and continuin<4 lin.s- tilities, and General Harney with 1,500 troojKs nianlh d up the Platte, striking a village of Brule Sioux umlir Little Thunder at Ash Hollow, 100 miles soiitlicust of Laramie, September Hd, killing many women ami children and a few warriors.' Harney marclicd to Fort Laramie, and then to Fort Pierre, whore in tht- spring of 1856 he held a peace council with all tli.- Si«»ux bands, in which various promises were nuuie on both sides, which were afterward forgotten or iv|tu- diated. They served oidy to secure a temporary triKv durinj; which the belliijjerents became somewhat I" t- ttT acquainted with each other. Fort Randall was also established this year by order of (General ilarii« v in the Yankton country to watch the movements of the Sioux. ^C'-^hmn* Hut. Fnrt Lammk, MS., 41. It Imcamfl necennarv to *»n>\ eMCitrtt with ttieiii, who iiiut midway liutwecii Kearny ami Liiriiiiiic. In IS.'i«t thix ((uani ooiiHiittutl of an otHuur ami 'H) int>n, wlio wun* fnim l*< tn 'JO ilayt III routti. Thu mail c<)iitractf>r8 aomctinics failed in tht! wiiittr to ti" thriiii){li fmni ludvpendunco to Salt Lake, and if there wan nown of .uiy mi {Mirt.inoe a military i'Xiiren« carried it. Prices for tranni>ortatii>ii "'H' «ii vitU tliat army pay could hardly Ihj made to nw^t cx|>en«eH. ('iiiimii-"*.iry wliisky wan aiiiont{ the indiH|)cnHaMo.4. The ^ovi'r.imont limited tin iiir, "11111 is^Ufd to an ottii'cr monthly to 2 gallonH. SoidierM itntfered witli »■ ui\y An attempt at Hardening was made in IS.M, which failed thnmuli luk"f water. A hoxpital w.ih erected in IH.'rtJ, which wan enlarged in |Mi^. iiU'l nerveil until )H'-2. when tlie fort wan relmilt. 'I here was a sawmill il l-ir* mie |Miik liflnnKinK to tlie (Mut i|tiarter-ma<tor iu 1860. ' Curlitii JuytnciuXd in Wyjinim/, M!5., 4. "WYOMING. 9U Meantime the Cheycnnes were giving employment to the garrisons of the only two posts between the Missouri and the Rtx^ky mountains. They were had tiiough, no doubt, bofore they wore furnished with nil incentive to worse things by an indis(*rect military power. At the upper Platte bridge, 126 miles north of Laramie, was stationed a eompaity of infantry to prevent the natives from burning it. The officer in roiiiniand, now a brevet major-general, ordered the arrest of three Cheyennes who'u ho suspeeted of wrtMigfully rettiining one of four Ameriean horses wliieh they had in their possession, tiiree ef whirh liutl been given up. The Indians attempted to esca|>e, and being shot at by the guard, one was killed, one mil away, and the third remained a prist »ner in irons for many months. The second night after, a white iiiait was killed near Fort Laramie, and soon the Cheycnnes of the North Platte left that agency and joined the southern Cheyennes, who were committing depredations «>n the travelled routes across the plains. A residence at Fort Laramie in IH.'ifi-? was the opposite of agreeable. To tramp along the roads in summer, and be cut off from all conmmnication with tilt! world througli the winter months in poor <|uarters was the sum «>f it. A reward was ott\;red for sharp- shooting which gave the men something to <lo, and ihiproved the efficiency of the riHemen. The offi- (trs discussed the }>residential campaign, the renult of which was not known to tiuin until April f(»llow- i:i;^ the election. They rcatl, played cards, and con- sumed their allowance of liquor. Think <»f the ixcitement of receivin*; the first mail after nearly six months of imprisoitin«'nt in niidcontinent, and thank (io<i and nature fiu* steam and electricity. In the summer of 18.")7 an expedition against the riu'vennes was organized partly from Lea\«'nworth and partly from Larainit', under Colonel K. V. Sum- ner, of tlu» 1st drai^oons, who had his camp near oM Kort St Vrain on the south Platte. In July he .il I u I i'i 712 INDIAN WARS. marchod to the Smoky Hill hranrh of Kansas ri\i i. whoro he mot the Cheyenncs near a small lake whicli they deemed enchanted, 8<> that if they di|)i)ed th. ir hands in the water they became invulnerable. I'nd. r this belief they met tlie troops with the finnncss of faith, atlvancing steadily and in order, chantinj^ tin ir war 8<>n|^, and lookini^ for divine inter|K>8ition as much as ever did the heroes of Homer. But when theonlrr was j^iven to the dra{jfo<jn8 to charge with sabres, tluir confidence deserted them, and they fled in the utiiiust terror. They lost nine of their principal warriors on the field, and a number died of their wounds in Hi^ht. Sumner then marched to Bent's fort onthe Arkansas, to the relief of Indian-agent Miller, who was at that place with the annuity goods and no protection, lb- ordered the ammunition destroyed, the arms and gomls packed in wagons to be carried out of the Cheviiuir ooantry, and the subsistence stores turned over to thi- commissary, that nothing might be left which cnultl bo of use to the enemy. This was accomplished only in time to prevent the killing of the few persons at Fort Bent, and the spoliation of its contents, as tin' Arapah»)ei4 informed the agent would havo linn effbctod the night following, but f(»r Sumner's arrival. The effect of Sunmer's ex|M»diti(>u was to intimidate the Choyennes, who did not at ••lu-o recover from the stroke. I^ate in Soptembet Major l.ynde arrivrd at Fort Laramie with two eoni|)anies of the seventh in- fantry en route to lltaJi, but wbirh, owing to the bidief that the troop? could not tj;ot through tlie moun- tain i)aHs< 8 before thev werr ch.jwtl b\ nnows, \vi nt into winter (juarters at this j-mt, Holfman leu\ iiiu; t(ir Iieave,iw(»rth with thn!e hundred nuMi of the sixth, and Ly IK le taking the command. In tiie Humnn i" "* IH[)H lie WHS joine<I hv four <'«Mnpanies of bin regimtiit, with htiuhjuarters, start", atid l)aii<l, all faving Liiianiii' in August for Utah." DitFeretit companies were piv- ' Major .T'>«iti Si'ilnwif.k \vni> in -^ittimami. Tli<- T4<ini»«>n <littifii''\ "•"' Iwun Huttluil iMtitru III' ntaelivii I'a. :rii- N|iriiii:^, wlu-rt iif wax tiiriifi . k lo WYOMIXO. 71S viously encainpt'd, some at Muddy springs, and scuno oil the S<»uth Platti', this display of force heiii«r not without its influence in keeping the Indians quiet. 'I'he garrison at Laramie was now c(»m|M)8ed of a por- tion of the tenth infantry, and two com|>anies of tlie siconil dragoons, whose principal duty was to furuisli tsct>rts. The immigration to Colorado which began in 1858 was a new element in the problem of peaceful relations with the Indians. The uneasiness occasion<>d by this unex|)e<-ted migration to territory claimed by the ArajMihoes and Cheyennes led to the resumpti(»n of hostilities on the plains. In 18(50 Sedgwick was in the field pursuing these savages, and Bent's fi»rt on the Arkaitsas was <»ccupicd by a garrison of Unitetl States tnnjps. as I have already related in my account of the Indian wars of Coloratlo. When the n'>'ular troops were called awav to fiirht in the struj'ijlo of tlie government against disunion, vijlunteers wow sent to garrison forts and protect travel. The first volun- tcera at Ijjiramio were two troops of the 4th Iowa <'avalrv, one «»f the 0th Ohio cavalry, and one of the H\\ Kan.sas infantry. Changis were freijuent in gar- risons. The 1st Ohi<) ca\alrv, imlcpendcnt battalion, nmnnanded by Thomas L. M tckcv, the lltli Ohio cavalry, under Colonel Collins, ilu^ 7th I«>wa. and the <>th Michigan cavalry were at ditfennt times stationed at Kort l^aranut'. Tlu' Imlians were not sl«»w to perceive that the irevernnient \va> endwrrassed bv the civil war. nor Inath to take advaiitiige <>( it>« temiH»rary disablement; hence the onslaught t»f ISHi! in Minnesotu, ami the ji;i iieral uprising which follow «'d, ixtendiii.,' to tiie H<Mky iiii>untiiin.s, an<i even to the slu»res of tlnj (^•- lumliia. Wyoming l«eing still unsettUil sutfered «)nly F.-rt Riley. Thi* p<«t, locateJ «t the j«inotion of th«> two forku of th«> K.iii!.;, I river, isi IH.V.J, w»a tirxt chIIimI < »ni|i tViitn-, from iu gi'ogra{)liici4l IX'Mtiub, .jul af UTwani luuucit in tiomir iM«. B. C. UUuy. i I ' <i 714 INDIAN WARS. through its itinerant population, attacks upon travel- lers, the robbery of supply trains, and occasional mur- ders, tlie war being chiefly carried on east of the forks of the IMatte, where the booty was richest, IhIim' government trains, and merchant supplies for Colo- rado and New Mexico. In 18G3 Fort Halleck was established a little west of the Medicine Bow moun- tains, on the route of the overland mail. The yvar 1 804 was one of the bloodiest of that i»eriod. Gentral Alfred Sully had made an ex|H3dition into the Sioux country via the Missouri with three thousand troops, havhig to fight the entire Sioux nation of 15,000 at Deer Stand, where their loss was 585 in one day. Sully's loss being slight. In the Bad lands he liad another battle, killing twelve of the Indians at tLe crossing of the l^ittlo Missouri. For three days tlierenfter he had a marching fight, the Indians en- gaging him so hotly to prevent liis coming on tlieir principal camj), which was in his route. At the end of the three days they (lisa])peared, and went .fouth toward the Black hills, and when Sully come ujieii tlieir village he found it deserted. He burned it. and pushed on to Fort Union, returning to Sioux City t(» winter. ^feantimo the Arapahoos were doing deadh' work in the territory west of Fort Laramie. Survivor- general Burr of Utah, Peter Dodson, Boswi II, and ten others set out in 1864 to explore the Biglinni country, but were driven back, being attacked by the Arapahoes at Medicine Bow. In the battle sev( n Indians were killed. Their band retreated, but rem- ing upon an immigrant train killed two men by burn- ing them alive, bound to their wagon wheels. On the Platte, above Fort Laramie, they attacked a large train, killing five men, and of every ctiiiipony tiiat passed over the route they took toll in cattle and horses, amounting during a season to nuiny tiiiMsa congre.>ssional a|ipro|iriution,* besides the glory ot it. »/«'/. .1/. ll<}>t, 1804, :.'5-'. Lmimer'a Caiiture and Etcupe, 3U-J7. i^ »» WYOMING. 716 In August of this year Fort Sedgwick was established, at the junction of Lodge Pole creek with the south fork of the Platte. The Sioux having moved in largo numbers into the roijfion of the Black hills and Powder river, were the ready allies of the Cheyennes in their depredations. Ill January 1865 they advanced ui>on the new ]x>st, which was commanded by Nicholas J. O'Brien, a young officer in the 7th Iowa cavalry, with a company of thirty -seven men. The Sioux were led by Man- afraid-of-his-horses, Spotted Tail, and Two-face, and the Cheyennes by White Antelope. O'Brien charged a division of the savages with a part of his command, while his subordinate officers engaged those on his right and left. The Indians returned the charge four or five hundred strong, and again the troop dashed at tlxMu and into their midst, h)sing in killed and wounded ahnost half their number. The artillery being finally l»rought to bear on the besiegers, and a third charge l)cing made, the natives retreated." ( )n the 2d of February the Indians renewed the attack, and succeeded in burning Julesburg, the junc- tion of the overland mail Ihie with the Denver branch, and the headquarters of the telegraph manngenient for the plahis, established in 1801. They destroyed at tlie same time fifty-five miles of the telegraph line. On tlio UHh they attacked a detachment of 140 men under Lieutenant-colonel Collins at Hush creek, accnunt of the battlo at Little Box RMcr in 18(U, with the story as above iiiilioateil, of one man 'a cxjtorieni'c. "'O'Brien was liorn in Wexford, Irelaml, in IS.IO, an<l came to the U. S. in IS4S. In 1803 lie organized a uonqiany of the 7th Iowa cavalry, and wan nMiiiiiissioned capt., and repotted to (len. McKanc at 0<nalia, who sent him 1 1 Cotton W(M)d springs to hnild a post (Fort MclMierMon). and in the foUow- iuu; year to Laramie and to Jiileshitrg to imild Fort Sedgwick. He was with t'lMiiier in his Powder river exi)edition, as chief of artillery, and estalillMJieil F.ii't P. E. Conner, afterward Port Heno. He returned to Iowa and was iiuiriod in th(( autumn, reporting at Fort Reno in Dec, lieing commissioned miiiir, and hiMng musterea out the following year on expiration of service. Hi took a land claim near Fort Sedgwick. When the railroad reached that \< I "It he sot-tloil in Julodiuru, hoing one of the first officers of the town, and "ill i'i|uentlv mayor; hut soon remove<l to Cheyenne, where he remained. Hi' lias helil the offices of dept. U. S. marshal, sherifT, citv councilman and nicmljur of the 8th legislature, '•• •\''- ';l;'i 716 IN'DIAN WARS. ei^hty-tivo miles north of Julcsburg, witli a force »if 2J)0(). Collins had one twenty-four-pounti hiuss <.'uii, with whieh, and with eonstaiit fii^htinj^, he held tin m «»fl' for twenty-two hours, losing but three nun killid and eight wounded." In April they again attaeked 125 troops, uiultr Collins, Htationetl at Mud springs, to the nuinlxr dt 1,500 Sioux and Cheyennes. The tr(M)p8 d« frinkil themselves for twenty-four hours, when, rienfoivc- ments arriving with artillery, the Indians retnai* d. They lost a considerable number, and the truupii eleven wounde«l and two killed. The hostilities of 18(14 were repeated in IRfi;'). In four weeks of July and August the Sioux and (Muv- ennes killed and captured forty-five white prisons between Sage creek and Virginia Dale." An t\|»t di- I'Tlu^re waa Mtme very l>ravc tiglitiiifj in thii* ull^aKv)■lellt. Aotiiib; lnut UtilicTt K. I'fttton, with 7 ni<-ii fmni Imh c<i, H., Iltli Ohio cav., ami .s vul from thu otlii-r c<>iii|>anii>« ni»il« a cliarf^u t<> tlrivti a tlutacliiiuuit of W iiidiaiii wliiuli hail Mtolcn up ti. withiii XM yaniit of caiiip. Tiiu Mi|iia(l was aniit'il only with revolver*, aiiil rhargcnl tlirough all right, hut wore cut oil' liy •'UNI IiiiliaiiK. 'I he iiw-n in cbaqfu of tin gun weru afraid of iiHiiig it mi tliu t'lii^iiiy le.-tt they shouhl bit utvir oiiiiraileH; hut liy tiring to tliu ri^'lit an'i left, iiiailu a <liver»i»n which eiiahle<l I'atton to chargu haek. The ia^t slict, liy Oeorge W. ll<H>vrr. iiav<-.| ratt4>n'H life. With ciii|ity revolvern tlic littlo coiniiiaiKl returned, niinus two of their nuiiiher, who were killetl. Tlu' imi- tientii of thi-i Itattic anil Mrtiie othern are rclateil ilia dictation of lliriij.uiii liaaM, who ]kirtici|iate<l. llaA« wat Ihifii in IVuHnia in IH4(t, emigrating' t<< Ainerie.-i in iHtil. He iM-rv«-d in the union army nearly 4 yearn an a iiunil'ir of thu iMt Ohio, CO. II. lie arriveil ftt I^Araniie in INti'J, and wax ihsiliarpil at Omaha in ISIU. The mt«-uv waa guarding the road and telegrapli line from South |ias« t« Juie«lHirg, carrying tlio weekly mail for the govcriiinriit. and Hooutitig in the I'owder river country. Ho took the ItrnNii gun .iihI 4il men from l.aramic to Mml SpringK ntatioii to reeiiforoo Colliiiii previnUH t.> the attack aUive n-femil In. In .Inly IS<>'i, while going with a I'liininatiil tn l>evilgate to remove tlie •t»fftn to a more southern route, via Hridgcr p.i^s at Soinimde gap, two wddu-r* w-ere found to lie drunk, whereupon tlif olliicr in command onlcretl all the whukey {Miureil out on thu ground, from uliiili incident the )KUii of tbeae mountainit tiMik itn name of Whiwkey gap. Mur iKMiig niUHtered iiut of service Haax located himself at Fort Lnianiir in charge of the government wag<>naiid lilacktimith HhopH, removing afteruinU to ('hcyenne and eiigaifing in the name IniHineiiH for hiniHulf. lie lias tak< n an active |iart in the hUiorr of that city; wan elected to thu firit ti'rritHnii leuidlature, and reelected in ItH-i, 1875, and 1877. Woh delegate at lan.'< i» 1S75. "John 11. Finfrock. I*»m in Ohio in 1830, waa educated in Riclilami i" . afterwariU Mtudied medicine at the univeraity of Mich., Ohio Meiiical i'"!- lego, ami Long IsUmi h<wpital. He entered the union army ax li>>H|iitAl ateward, and wa« aftenranl ra|>t«in of Ohio vnluntocrs; alno Horvin^ at n^^t tturgeon from IMM ti« l**.i He was went to Fort Halleck in the lattt r lapii • ity iu 1903, Iwutg uoc vt ihuM wliu rMcuud uuu of tbu CuUott fauiii>. Hv WYOMING. 717 (l« ft tion was orj^anizcd uiuKir (iencral P. E. Conner, to jro iiu'iiinHt tla-tjo Indians in tlioir own country on Pow- r river. It was hoped that Conner, who had a reat reputation amongst tlie Indians as a fi^htin^ leral, would he ahle to clear the road to Montana, via Powder and Bighorn rivers. He had with him parts of tlie fith and 7th Mielii«ran cavalry, and 200 J'iiwnce and ( hnaha scouts, the ordinance he in «:; under Colonel Colo of the '2d Missouri artillery. l*nM«eed- iii»; to the head «)f Ton»;uo river with lWtl«;er anil otiier mountain men for >;uides, the of)i(>ers s«'emed to have forgotten their errand, and to have inia«>;ined tlitinselves upon a summer hunt on the plains. Con- i;res8 had appropriated ^20,000 for the pur|>ose of holding {H!ac<; negotiations with the Sioux and their allies, and Ccneral Sully was inarching across the northern part of Dakota, anxious to gain the consent tit* Indians to a treaty looking to the relinquishment of the valley of the Platte, and of all that country where contact with the white people seemed inevita- hl«'. Hut l\t[Hi was averse to peace, advocating slaughter. Ill Octoher General Wheaton decided to send mes- sengers to the Sioux, to inform them that other trilK'S Were making ))eace, and should they desire to do so tlu! opj)ortunity would he offered them. Having made this decision he l(;ft I^iramie for Omaha,'* leav- ing Colonel Henry E. Mayna<lier to carry out his designs. No white man could he found who would undertake to deliver the nii'ssage, the proiiosition hcing finally conveyed to them hv friendly Indians, who afU?r three months returned, l)ringing with them Swift liar's band. This chief profi'ssed pleasure In l» ing alile to make peace and to come to the fort for ha.) a ROD, William Rilwin Fiiifrock, Imm at Fort llalleck, Oct. 10, IS(Vi, «ii Ji Ii<> tliinki in tliu tlpHt whiU' |)urMiiii born in Wyoming. Ho Huttled at I. ir unit' < 'ity in 1W>8. Ho watt coronur, i)rol>at«i jutlgo, anil oonnty jiliyMici.nn. II' w.iH iiioinlior of the city conncil in lS/2 ,1, county nujit of |iul>lici<i-h<Mi|Min 1^>|>. ami was niijHiintoil in IN.SOont) of tliii lioanl of |M.-nitontiary comuiu- (i'<rii'r'. of wliich ImmipiI Ih> \va^ iirttitiilunt for two yoara. '■'//«/. r.,lt,nUu, 4'JO, thJd Hcrifs. si] fr4 |i:,. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) t ^ // ^/ v. f/j 1.0 I.I i?.2 IIIIIM m 1.8 1.25 1.4 i6_ M 6" - > # <^ /^ ^;. '^ JV V <?%. ^"^ '/ 1' Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREE1 WEBSTER, NY. 14S8C (716) 873-4503 ,<" c. /$> t/i ^%^ ^^v. 718 INDIAN WARS. provisions and clothing for their families, and reported that Red Cloud, chief of the Ogalallas, was also oij his way to Laramie. On the 1st of June the com- missioners appointed assembled at Fort Laramie, namely E. B. Taylor superintendent, Henry E. Ma\ - nadier commandant at Fort Laramie, R. N. McLaren of Minnesota, Thomas Wistar of Philadelphia, ami two secretaries, Charles E. Bowles and Frank Leh- mer. After the hesitancy and delay always affected by Indians on similar occasions, the Brule and Ogalalla Sioux collected a majority of their people, althouj:h Red Cloud declined to be present, and agreed to the terms of a treaty. One of the most important of the conditions im- posed upon the Sioux was that the route commonly known as the Bozeman road, leading from Piatt- bridge to Bozeman in Montana, should be secure from hostilities. Into this arrangement the northern Chey- enne and the Arapahoes expressed their willingners to enter. But a loop-hole of escape from responsibil- ity was left open by the defection of Red Ch»ud. who had a numerous following, and who was still at liberty to commit depredations, while the greater number were clothed and fed as wards of ^^ tjov- ernment. While the council was in progress the migration to Montana was at its height. Red Cloud had made this a cause of disaffection. Why had they, the com- missioners, asked for what they had already taken i Before the commission closed came a military exjit-di- tion of magnitude— 700 troops with over 200 nmk- teams, besides ambulances for officers and their fami- lies, a band, and everything necessary to a coni]>lete establishment in a new country, under Colonel H. B. Carrington, 18th infantry, commander of a new dis- trict. This is said to have been the drop too nmch to Red Cloud, who with 300 warriors sallied forth on the heols of the expedition to prevent the treaty having effect. WYOMING. 719 Efforts had been made in the early part of the sea- son by the military authorities to keep prospecting parties out of the Bighorn country, and with toler- able success. " But immigrant and freight trains could not be turned back, and must be guarded. As Car- rington advanced into the Powder River country he bej^an to learn what he had to encounter. At Fort Reno, which was garrisoned by two companies of the 5th United States volunteers only, were found three immigrant trains waiting instructions as to their fur- ther advance under the escort of the military expe- dition. Notwithstanding this large number of people, civil and military, all the horses and mules belonging to the fort settlers were run off in open daylight, and although the troops pursued as quickly as possible for thirty-five miles, not a hoof was recovered. The only reward of their exertion was the capture of an Ind- ian pony so heavily laden with presents received at the late treaty council that it could not keep up with the herd. Relieving the companies at Fort Reno, where Cap- tain Proctor remained with one company to guard the stores until they could be removed, Carrington pro- ceeded north to select the site of a post in the Big- horn country, which was to be district headquarters, finding on the second day's march, at Rock creek, notices left by trains which had been attacked at this place, within the previous week, losing considerable stock. Arriving at Piney fork the position was taken on that stream and the dimensions of Fort Philip Kearny staked ofl:* July 15th. While on the road Red Cloud's adherents had sent •* A company of 116 men was raised in Colorado and Wyoming to pros- pect the Bighorn mountains for gold, but they were met near (>ray Bull creek by troops from Reno who forbade then further progress, wlien the majority of the company turned back. W. L. Kuykcndall, however, who vas the leader of the expedition, evaded the troops and with about '20 men imshed on find reached Bozeman. He M'as the means of rescuing a party which had been rolibed of its stock and had two men killed. Uniting their f'lrces they finished their journey without any further serious losses. Her- man O. Nickerson, since probate judge of l-'remont county, was one of the rescued travellers. I shall liavo more to tiay of him by and by. > u '• 720 INDIi^ WARS. Carrington a command to leave the country, sayinor that Fort Reno in that case should not be disturbed, but that no other post should be established in the country. Carrington responded by inviting them to meet him, which the Cheyennes did on the 16th, but no Sioux were present, Red Cloud having already turned back to intercept travel. The Cheyennes accepted some presents of food and clothing and promised to remain at peace, which for a time they appeared to do. However, on the next morning the herds belonging to Major Hammond's command, which was destined for the upper Yellowstone, in the vicinity of Boze- man, were stampeded, and in the effort to rescue them two soldiers were killed and three wounded. On the return of the detachment they came upon six muti- lated bodies of a trading party killed within a few miles of the post, though the wife of a principal trader was a Sioux." The abandonment of Fort Reno had been contem- plated in the establishment of Fort Philip Kearny, as Fort Casper had been erected on the Sweetwater, and a fort was to be built both on the Biijhorn and Yellow- stone rivers. But the condition of the country was such that Reno must not only not be abandoned, but must be strengthened, and the Yellowstone post was given up, while a company was sent to reenforce Cap- tain Proct(>r instead. Early in August Lieutenant- colonel N. C. Kinney and Captain Burrows left Fort Philip Kearny with two companies to establish the Bighorn post. Fort C. F. Smith, which reduced the force at Carrington's post to five companies, two-thirds of which was composed of raw recruits. The labor of erecting a strong fort, with sufficient quarters for eight companies, which was expected would be fur- nished, tlie material all to be obtained in the forest; " These trader.i, long known at Fort Laramie, were Louis Gazzons and Henry Arriion. The other tour were probably herders. The Sioux wite and half-ljrecd family were allowdd to eaca^)e. WYOMING. 721 and of cutting wood and hay in preparation for a long severe winter, was added to the duty of guarding trains, carrying mail, and escorting detachments of soldiers, or parties of citizens, while engaged in unmili- tary labor. Carrington had represented to the commander of the department. General P. St George Cooke, that the status of the Indians in his district was that of war, and had made his situation known to the adjutant- general of the army ; but it was December before he was reenforced, and then only by a handful of pooi'ly armed raw recruits. Ammunition was at length wanting for the practice of the recruits, or even for defence, in case of an attack, while at Laramie, where no trouble was apprehended, twelve companies were stationed. In the midst of several thousand hoit'tile Indians was a small garrison of untried men, without the means of making war if forced to it.'* The con- dition of the three posts on the Bozeman road was really that of a state of seige from July to January recjuiring the greatest caution to prevent capture. The history of Fort Philip Kearny during the autumn and winter was one of a careful defence. The attacks on the timber trains, hay-cutters, woodmen, and escorts were unintermitting. Serious as was the loss in cattle and horses to a community so isolated, the frequent loss of life was yet more painful. By the 1 0th of October there were not forty horses left with which to mount mail carriers, escorts, and pickets. On the last of the month the garrison flag floated for the first time from the flag-staff of Fort Philip Kearny. The skirmishing on the wood road, of so frequent occurrence that it was no longer in the nature of a surprise, had resulted in no loss of life for some time, when, on December 6th, in defending a "'Cochran, in his Hint. Fort Laramie, MS., says: As many as 12 com- panies of cavalry and infantry were stationed at Fort Laramie. The cavalry came late in autumn. One troop, under Lieut Bingham, was ordered on escdrt duty with a train to Fort C. F. Smith. Bingham was killed while at Furt Philip Kearny. Ui^ regt was the 2d cavalry, under Palmer UIBT. Nbv. 46 722 INDIAN WARS. wood train Lieutenant Bingham, of the cavalry, and Sergeant Bowers were killed, and the road had become so dangerous toward Fort C. F. Smith that it had been determined not to attempt sending mails in that direction. Thus the toils tightened around a devoted garrison. On the forenoon of the 21st of December an alarm was signalled by the pickets on the wood road, and that the train had corralled for safetv, waitinj; for relief. A detail was quickly organized consisting of seventy-eight officers and men, the command being given by his own request to Lieutenant-colonel Fet- terman. There was a general disposition to volun- teer, both among officers and citizens employed at the post, and a general feeling of exasperation in all minds, which led to the catastrophe which followed. Before the command started a few Indian pickets appeared on Lodge Trail rids^e, and a few at the crossinjj of the Bozeman road below the fort, who were scattered by case shot dropped among them. But the main force was entirely concealed, and a few shot, more or less, would not interfere with the execution of a well- considered plan. A surgeon sent to join the com- mand hastily returned with the report that the train had been relieved and gone on to the woods, but that Fetterman was on the ridge to the north out of view, and surrounded by a large force of Indians. Soon the sound of rapid firing came from the valley of Peno creek beyond the ridge, and then it became evi- dent that Fetterman had been drawn into an unex- pected engagement by Indian cunning, aided by the desire to avenge the death of Lieutenant Bingliam, or had been in some inconceivable manner entrapped into disobeying orders. A relief party was dispatelied with additional officers, surgeons, ambulances, and even the prisoners in the guardhouse were placed on duty to give all the available force for action should further aid be required to repulse the Indians. The wood train was ordered in, and when all was done WYOMING. 723 there were but 119 men besides those with Fetternian. Meantime the relief party reached a point of obser- vation just as an ominous silence followed the crack- ling noise, increasing in intensity for half an hour, of rifle discharges. They beheld the valleys below them filled with 2,000 Indians, yelling and inviting tliem to descend, but not a soldier was to be seen. Not an officer or man of Fetterman's command remained alive." Tired of their bloody work, with their own dead and wounded, the Indians withdrew at nightfall, and about half the dead soldiers were brouijht hito the fort after dark. On the followinij day the remainder were found, and a pit fifty feet in l(>ngth received all of the eighty-one victims, but a few whose families claimed them for burial elsewhere.'* On the night of the 21st a miner named Philips car- ried dispatches to Fort Reno," whence the news was dispatched to Fort Laramie, where it arrived in the midst of the festivities of Christmas eve." Early in January Carrington received orders to remove district headquarters to Fort Casper," and at " TrartJi. Wyom. Arnd. Sciences, etc., 1882, 87; Wyom. Territorial Affairs, MS., 15-16; Wyom. Indians and Settlers, MS., 49-50; Montana Post, Fel>. 9, lSt)7; U. S. Sen. Jour., 575-6, 586; 39th coug.,2il sess.; .!>'. /'. AUa Cal., Feb. 15, and 28, 1867. '"The officers killed in this battle were Col Fetterman, Cant. Brown of Ohio, and Lieut Grummond, making with Bingham and Daniels, five com- missioned officers killed while Fort Philip Kearny was buihling, and over DO men. William Daly, now a resident of Rawlins, was employed with the i|uarterma8ter in erecting Fort Philip Kearney, and was the first carpenter in that section. He was employed l)y the government at Fort McPlier.son, Nell., in 1867-8. From there he came to Cheyenne, where he took contracts for putting up railroad buildings in 1869, and was afterward supt of con- struction of the N. P. R. R., between Cheyenne and Ogden until 187.3, whea he wont into lumlier and contracting at Rawlins. It is the opinion of Daly that the Indians might have taken the fort on the Slst of Dec. That they rlid not pursue their victory further was in consonance with their customary intcnuittent violence. " Phillips was one of the Standifer party wliich I have before mentioned as wintering at Fort Phil. Kearny. Two others, Wheatley and Fislier, were with Fetterman's command, and were killed. It required a stout heart to carry dispatches through the Indian country at that time. '" Cochran, Hiit. Fort Laramie, MS. '^'The 18th infantry regiment built Fort Casper soon after the close of the Mar. It had been a detached service station to protect the muil. They built, rdmilt, or repaired forts Halleck, Laramie, Sedgwick, Reno, Philip Kearny, Fetterman, and Bridger, several of them mail stations previously, all within the limits of what ia now Wyoming, besides Fort C F. Smith iu Montana, m\ mm ml m I m INDIAN WARS. the same time Brigadier-general H. W. Wessuls, arrived with two companies of cavalry, and took com. uiaiid at Fort Philip Kearny. The cold was so severe that in the three days' journey to Reno all were in danger of perishing, women, children, officers and men, some of the teamsters suffering amputation of the hands and feet on reaching the fort. After gcttin*r to Fort Casper, the orders were to go to Fort Mc- Pherson, and again headquarters journeyed through winter weather to within ninety-seven miles of Fort Kearny. The spring of 1867 opened with a renewal of hos- tilities. The military authorities near the eastern end of the infested line of road, endeavored to prevent the killing of small parties by ordering all such detained at Fort McPherson, which was near the junction of the North and South Platte, until they were organ- ized into companies of not less than thirty men, and by furnishing escorts if danger seemed to threaten. A large number of troops had been sent into the department, with the design at first of sending an expedition against the Sioux who were in force between Fort Philip Kearny and Fort C. F. Smith," but being chiefly infantry they were unable to pursue and .MuPherson in Nebraska. There was also a sub-post of Fort Laramie at Scott Bluffs, called Fort Mitchell. Aharaka, 70, 270; Stunjlx, Cyinnn'it Stum: Vicnnf the Sio)tx War, 22-:t. -Tlie commander of the department of the Platte in 1807 was (ten. ('. C. Au'j;rii. Early in the year (lov. I. N. Palmer commanded at Fort Laramie, b\it liter Maj. G. W. Howland. After a number of changes the distributimi of troops was as follows: POSTS. COMMANDERS COMD OFFICERS SUBAL- TERNS. KNMSTKn MKN. Ft Laramie Ft 1) H. Russell Ft Sariilers Major G.W. Hr.wland. .. IJrig.-gen. J. D. Stevenson Maj. -gen. John Gibbons. . 19 17 10 7 12 10 4 15 4 7 9 4 3 4 7 2 T ;isfi ;)io Ft Itnio Ft IM.i;. Kearny .... FdC. K. Smith (Mont) Ft Hridner Ft Sclgwick Ft Mnrt'an. (Coin)... . NLij. James Van Voast. . . Maj. -gen. J. E. Smith Brie;. -gen. L. P. Bradley . ColH. R. Mizner Brig. -gen. J. H. Potter . . Maj. W. H. Powell 'j:.i •JO!) :u7 lOli '.'■iii '.IS Tliutruopd employed in the department were the 2d cavalry, the 4tli, 10th, WYOMING. 725 well mounted Indian forces, which appeared iu the most unexpected places, and were off as soon as their mischief was perpetrated. The damage done to prop- erty this year was greater than since 1863-4 when Colorado suffered so severely, and the country was again cut off from communication with the east by telegraph, while overland wagon trains, and even railroad trains were interrupted. In May the stage lines refused to carry passengers, their horses which were not stolen being withdrawn from the road, sev- eral of their stations burned, and some of their drivers killed and v/ounded. The public survey was interrupted, and the whole region in a state of arrested growth." The Montana route, over which the Sioux pretended to be so much excited, was untravelled, no citizen trains venturing upon it. General Augur, commanding the department of the Platte, reported that it was a daily struggle still to keep open the route from forts Laramie to C. F. Smith, for the passage of government trains, without having to guard citizen trains. Thirty wagons owned by J. R. Porter of Plattsmouth, Nebraska, carrying government supplies to Fort Philip Kearny, escorted by Major Powell, Lieutenant Guiness, and forty men, was attacked near that post bj' a large force of Indians, with whom the}'- fought for three hours, until relief reached them from the fort, in the shape of two full companies and a howitzer. The train was saved, but all the mules and horses captured, and Lieutenant Guiness killed. Thirty thousand dollars' worth of government prop- erty was destroyed en route for Fort C. F. Smith; three months having been spent in attempts to get it 13th, 18th,'22d, 27th, 30th, 3l8t, and 36th infantry. Fort Fetterman was erected this year by the 4th and 18th infantry untler Major and brevet Col W. MeE. Dye, at the mouth of Sage creek, M'here the road to Montana left the Platte. It had a garrison of 472 men, and 19 com. officers. Two com- panies also were encamped near Laramie, under Maj. C. H. Carleton, during suiniiT, inhich went into garrison late in the autumn. Rfvt Sec. War, i. 438, 440; 40th cong., 2d8es8.; Cochran's Hist. Fort Laramie, MS., 65; Mont. Post, July JO, 1869. '^^Communication of Gen. Shermaa to the asat adjt-gen. of the army, in SepL ifec. War, l. 86-8. ^f:i 726 INDIAN WAIiS. to its destination from Julesburg." No attempts wt re ft)r some time afterward made to reach this \)ost witli supplies, ai.d its abandonment was suggested as a means of restoring peace. Early in 1867 congress resorted to the customary commission to settle the Indian question, and Gen« ral John B. Sanborn, General W. T. Sherman, General W. S. Harney, General C. C. Augur, N. J. Taylor, John B. Henderson and S. F. Tappan were app)iiitt d. To subsist friendly Indians $300,000 were apprnpri- ated, and half that amonnt for other expenses. A t'tr r a month spent in endeavors to have a general couiuil, a treaty promising much, and requiring some submis- sion to government, was drawn up, signed by a few (jf the so-called friendly Indians, April 29th, and given in charge of the military authorities at Laramie, who were to i:se every means to induce the chiefs of the Sioux, Arapahoes, and Cheyennes to sign it. Tliat they were in no haste the above narrative ])ro\es. General Augur reported against abandoning the line of posts erected to guard travel on the Bozeman road, urging the importance to the people, and the loss to the government of the money expended in erecting and maintaining them, to say nothing of the nunal effect on the Indians. No understandinij was arriv. J at, while the summer passed in war, and the winter was spent in holding one of the northern posts on tlie Missouri in a state of siege and annoying others. In the spring of 1868, two years having been spent in a warfare exhausting to the means of the Indians, their courage began to fail them. Now was the tinu- for the peace commissioners to score a triumph. Tiie treaty lefb at Fort Laramie with instructions to the interpreter to make the meaning clear to ever}' Indian of any consequence who came about the fort, b( gan to get his signatures. In the first place, iu "Mtxy, a band of Ogalallas arrived with two chiefs, who signed " U. S. Meaa. and Doc Abridy't, 390, 40th cong., 2d seag. WYOMINa m the treaty. The commanding officer then issued to tlieui an ample supply of provisions, and the Indian agant blankets, cloth, cooking utensils, knives, guns, and ammunition. In a few days they departed, and others came of the Sioux l>ands, then many Ara))a- hoes. All signed the treaty, and received arms and at.imunition in addition to food and clothing. But lied Cloud and Spotted Tail held al(K)f, waiting to have their will, saying that when the posts on the Bozeman road were abandoned they would sign tiie treaty. In August the posts were abandoned,'* the troops from C. F. Smith, Philip Kearny, and Reno Ixiing assigned to other stations. Though they may have been glad to leave the wilderness behind them, there were few if any who were not reluctant to quit the country with the Fetterman defeat unavenged. Still Red Cloud did not sign until November, and Spotted Tail not at all. After being fed, clothed, and supplied with arms, the Sioux and their allies cast about for a provocation to further hostilities, and this they found in the condi- tions of the treaty. The country set apart for their exclusive use by its terms extended from the east bank of the Missouri river where the 46th parallel crosses it dc ami to the Nebraska line ; thence west across the Missouri and along the Nebraska line to the 1 04th meridian ; thence north to the 46th parallel and east to the place of beginning, "together with all existing reservations." Upon this territory none but officers and agents of the government should intrude. It was also stipulated that the country north of the Platte and east of the Biijjhorn mountains should be held as unceded Indian territory, which no white per- son should be permitted to occupy without the con- sent of the Indians. On their part they promised to remain at peace, to relinquish all claim to the lands north of the Platte which was outside of their reser- 'fj.! I m 1 ;i m I'm ^MohL Pout, May 2d, and July 31, 1868; compiled Law* of Wyom., 1876, IxxiL ;i 7» INDIAN WAKS. ration, except to hunt; not to oppose railroad con- struction, except on the reserved lands, not to atUick any pertjons travelling or at home, not to steal cult It- or horses, not to capture white women or chilcht n. and not to kill or scalp white men. Should the <;ov- ernment build a road, it would pay for the land takin ; and benefits were to be bestowed such as the govern- ment bestows upon all treaty tribes." The offence given was in an order of the president of the peace commission, General Sanboni, that atur the signatures of all the chiefs had been obtained, the Sioux and their allies should no longer be permitted to come to Fort Laramie, as it was not within the boundaries of their reservation. But the distance to Fort Randall, where they were directed to go for sup- plies, was considerable, and the dissatisfaction great in proportion. They were unwilling to submit to tlie inconvenience so rigorously imposed upon the people of Montana. Depredations continued to be com- mitted upon travellers, and upon the few settlers near the forts, and along the line of the Union Pacific railroad, which was now approaching completion, and for the safety of which Fort Frederick Steele was erected this year, near the present site of Rawlins. Meanwhile Red Cloud and Man-afraid-of-his-horses retired to Powder river from which they could follow the chase, invade the Crow country r<i they should feel inclined, while the Cheyennes were \ arring against their own race " on the plains. And there, for a space, I will leave them, to turn to the progress of affairs connected with the existence of Wyoming. ^Deer Lodge, Nortkwest, Sept. 5, 1874; Helena, Moid. Post, May 29, 186X. "In the autumn of 1868, 35 Kaw Indiana, being on a buffalo hunt (JO miles southwest from Fort Lamed on the Arkansas, they were attacked l)y 60 Cheyennes, the battle continuing for two honrs. The Cheyennes Io»t heavily, the Kaws being warlike and brave. Returning to the Kaw ageiuy with 45 captured horses, they were again attacked by the Cheyennes, wli<> had been reinforced to 100, who beseiged the agency for 48 hours, killing 9 of the Kaws and captnring all the horses and stock. I have this account from George W. Munkers, of Buffalo, Wyoming, who was present in botli battles. Munkers was bom in Mo., in 1852, and brought up in Kansas. At the early age of 10 yean he was employed as interpreter on the Kaw reser- WYOMING. m ration, ami was Rent to Fort FSill, and other pout*, to negotiate for the rentor- ittioii of white captivcM, in which he was HUccvmiful. llu aiUTmanl trvvt-llftl xith a party of ludianM to exliiliit their war-tUneeM, uuilcr tin- iitaiiagi-intiit iif i*. J. iiiirnuiii. In ISl'A he went to C<il., engaging lu niiuiug au<l treight- iiig in the Sun Juan country. ISubMetjueutly he coustructed Jl luiles of tite I 'cnver anil New Orleans railroad, and 7 niilen of the (.'hicago, Turlington, and Quincy raiIroa<l. His next enterprise was in town-lind<ling. havinir ,'ii'tei< aH manager in the affairs of Robert Poote, in starting tlie growtii fit HutTa'lo in the Powder river country. Hiit wife in a il.iughter of .J. P. Mather, a pioneer, who vi-ected the first grist-mill in .JohnMm en. He was t lotted town trustee iu iStiti, and wa» always an inHiimtial lucmlief ui Ute cuuiiuuu wealth. :ii';^ CHAPTER V. POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND MATERIAL AFFAIRS. 1867-1888. Gold Discovert — South Pass Citt Organized— Oroanizatiov ok Counties— Founding of Cheyenne — Advance in Town Lirrs- lUi) Element — Viuilance CoMMiTTEts — Newspapers Estaiilishkd — A Maoic City — The Name Wyomino — Territorial Organization-. Female Suffrage — Judicial Distkktts — County Seats and Coi'my Offki us— Elect'Ions— Law Making— Military Posts— Admin is ik.a- tion of Governor Campbell— Thayer, Hoyt, and Hale— Massackk OF Chinese — Legislation. Hitherto the territory which was the scene of so many adventures, and so much activity of an itinerant character, had no permanent population, no poHtical organization, and no name. It was spoken of as the North Platte, with the sub-titles of the Sweet- water, the Wind River Valley, the Bighorn Country, or the Black Hills. Really it was a part of Da- kota,' but had never been districted, and possessed no local machinery of government. Originally it was a part of the Louisiana purchase," confirmed by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 184G. I have referred in a previous chapter to the "fruitless attempts to discover the precious metals, which from time to time were put forth in this region, while Col- orado and Montana, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada were pouring their millions of treasure into the lap of a luxurious civilization. Notwithstanding the repeated failures, it was no surprise when in tlie summer of 1867, upon the sources of the Sweetwater, gold was found in paying quantities by prospectors, anioiijj; 6. ^ Ziiht-uliie, Land Laws, 848, 777; Slnmjhtcr, ii\fe m Colo and Wyom., MS., ''US. H. ^fisc. Doc., 45, pt 4, vol. 2. 105, 47th coug., 2d boss. (730) WYOMING. 731 whom were Heniy Riclell, Frank Marshall, Harry Hubbell, Richard Grace, and Noyes Baldwin, who dis- covered the Cariso lode and made the first locations at South pass. When the news reached Salt Lake, a company of about thirty men repaired to South pass l^repared to winter there while they prospected. Their camp was surprised by a band of hostile Arapahoes, looking for plunder. In the first onset they killed Lawrence, the captain of the party, and drove the prospectors to the Sweetwater, where, after killing another man, they abandoned the pursuit, it was sup- posed because they feared to meet the Shoshones in whose country they were. The miners being on foot, could not overtake them if they would; nevertheless there were soon 700 persons on Willow Creek, con- stituting the municipality of South Pass City, which was laid out in October. From the Cariso $15,000 was taken out by crushing in hand mortars before winter set in. The Atlantic ledge, six miles north- east of Cariso, was considered a very important mine. Miners' Delight, two miles mirtheast of the Atlantic, was even more promising, while the Summit, King Solomon, Northern Light, Scott and Eddy, Lone Star State, Hoosier Boy, Copperoixilis, Mahomet, Cali- fornia, Elmira, Colonel Mann, and Jim Crow were regarded as valuable discoveries. Late in the autumn placer mines were also found, which yielded flatter- ingly. They were in gulches running into Willow Creek, which was a branch of the Sweetwater head- ing in Wind River mountains, and flowing south. The Dakota was the first gulch discovered, after which followed half a dozen otliers. A ditch five miles in length was partly constructed, before cold weather set in, which was to carry water to J^akota gulch. A sawmill was also in operation before the winter. Be- sides the population at South Pass City, there were several mining districts each with its hundred or more inhabitants. Such is the magic progress which gold inspires. L • -i -nil I. ■I [ 4 POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND MATERIAL AFFAIR& In January the county of Carter was organized,* with Hubbell as recorder, and John Murphy as sheriff. By the middle of February, although the snow was deep and drifted, parties from Salt Lake strugt'led through in order to be on the ground with the opening of spring.* In April i. lother town of 300 miners had sprung up four miles northeast of South Pass City, in the midst of a quartz district situated on Rock Creek; and soon a third town called Hamilton was started four miles north of that. Game of many kinds was plenty, and water power convenient, but the first set- tlers pronounced against the prospect of raising farm products in that section. Business was good if the merchants could get their goods upon the ground, which was difficult." The Indians continued to infest the roads, makintr travel dangerous; and notwithstanding detachments of troops were stationed at intervals, who patrolled the highway or pursued depredating parties, a number ot persons were killed in the summer of 1868, and again in 1 869. A newspaper called the Sweetwater Miner was started at Fort Briger in Feburary 1868, by Warrtn andHastings, which was active in promoting immigra- tion to this region. The existence of a mother lode was * Named after W, A. Carter of Fort Bridger. *J. F. Staples, John Able, John M. Neil, William F. Berry, John Hol- brook, James Leffingwell, Frank McGovern, John Ekives, Peter Brade. Louis Brade, Alexander and bro., H. A. Thompson, Jefif. Standifer, Kit Cai-tle. George Hirst, W. Matheney, Chris. Weaver, and Moses Sturman iiasM^d Fort Bridger in February, and Col Morrow, in command, was forced to jnib- lish a special order, warning citizens not to expect to obtain supplier from that post. Wyominij Scraps, 1 3. ' Worden Noble was the first merchant in these parts. He was born at Sackett s Harbor in 1847, and came to Fort Laramie in 1866, taking a situa- tion as book-keeper for E. CoflFee & Caney. He went to South pass in tl.e spring of 1868, when he was attacked by Indians. He remained iiere nier- cnandizing one year, when he commenced contracting for Camp Stamliaujrh, afterward a permanent post, and continued in this business for 7 years. att« r which he engaged in stock-raising near Lander, being a pioneer in this ImA- neas. In 1880, he removed to the Shoshone agency. In 1880, he erei tui a quartz-mill at Atlantic City, doing custom work as well as reducing hi** *"" ores. He organized the Nevada Clover Valley Land and Cattle co. at <iol- conda, Nev., with a capital oi (1500,000, and 60,000 acres of land, of v liith he became president, and also engaged in sheep raising in 1882. In *8T7 )(- was elected to the upper house of the Wyoming legislature from Sweet* .^er CO., and was county commissioaer from 1871 to 1877i WYOMING. 788 questioned, and various opinions exist among the best informed miners regarding the value of the quartz in the Sweetwater country. The country rock is slate, and the gold where found is free milling; but the rock is wliat miners designate as spotted, or pockety, and consequently not altogether profitable' to work, although considerable metal has been taken out of this region. Contemporaneously with the first mining on the summit of the Rocky mountains in Dakota, the pro- gress of railroad construction had brought to the North Platte country a working and a vagabond pop- Railroad Builders' Fout. ulation, one to prey upon the other, and together they formed several communities on the line of the road, the most important of which was Cheyenne, situated at the base of the Laramie range, in the vicinity of several military posts, at the point nearest Denver and its bankintj facilities, and where the railroad com- pany placed its shops, which alone gave it a valuable business from the start.' At this point in July 1867 the land agent of the Union Pacific railroad erected a rude structure, which had for company several canvas houses. Lots sold *The Bullion mine, discovered at Lewiston, on the Sweetwater, by H. G. Nickerson, in 1868, was considered a good mine. The Buckeye, iliscovered ill 186!), on the north Sweetwater, yielded in 1871, $25,000 i;i a lO-stamp mill. Louis P. Vidal located the Buckeye Extension. John D. Woodruff located a claim in 1870, which he abandoned, out of whirh another locator took .*-'V,000. ' RiT^t Sec. flit., in U. S. Mm. di Doc. Abridy't, 655, 1867-8; Byers Cenlen- >iuU6late, MS., 3^1, 'iVl 784 POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND MATERIAL AFFAIRS. at a good figure at this early period,* and the popiikv tioii rapidly increased. A city government was t'oriiud in the autumn of 1867, with a good police system ami a determination on the part of the permanent iuhiil»i- tants to prevent, if possible, the disorders which ]iacl attended the early development of cities in the sur- rounding mining territories. That it was found im- possible without resorting to the vigilant system was not the fault of the founders. Cheyenne received many settlers from Colorado.* The first actual settler at Cheyenne was J. "R. Whitehead, followed the same day by Thomas E. McLeland, Robert M. Beers, and three others, witli their families. The railroad company sold lots tor $150, one third cash, and the same lots sold one niontli later for $ 1,000, increasing in price at the rate of $ 1 . 000 per month during the summer. In August the city government was formed, H. M. Hook being chosen *One of the first permanent settlers in Cheyenne was Morton E. I'ost, who located himself in the Platte valley, 75 miles below Denver, rt'imiviiii; to Cheyenne in 1807. Purchasing two lots of the land agent, he was ruturii- ing to Denver to make arrangements for Imilding, when he fell in with a man at Willow springs, who had made a coal discovery, and was afraid td n'tuiii to it on account of Indi: s in the vicinity, but being very anxious almutit, persuaded Post to return with him. He found the coal mine IG milfs frum Cheyenne, and staked otf claims. In August he erected a store at the ounuT of 17th and Ferguson streets, selling the fractional parts of his two hits, which cost him loOO, for $5,600. In 1877, he purchased a gold mine in Deadwood, and erected the first quartz-mill in that section, making the lirst shipment of gold bullion from the Black hills. In 1878, ho opened a li:iiik<iig- house, under the stylo of Stebbins, Post & Co., in the Deadwood country. He was elected a commissioner for Laramie county in 1872, together witli T. Dyer and J. H. Nichols. The county was at this time $40,000 in delit, its warrants worth 40 cents on the dollar, and it owned no property except a wortldess old safe. At the expiration of their second term tlie old enunty debt was paid, and a jail and court-house costing §40,000 erected; tlie enmity warrants were at i)ar, with a bonded indebtedness of $30,000. Substautiul school buildings had also been built, and a suri>lus remained in the treasury. In 1878 Post was elected to the territorial council, doing good service, ami securing, against strong opposition, the repeal of the law licensing lotteries. In 1880 he was electe<l delegate to congress, reelected in 1882, and nominated again in 1884, when lie declined. Poore'a C'owj. Direct'y, 48th coug., 1st .sess., p. 79; ]Iome Jmn:, 1884-5, 923. •Nathaniel Robertson, bom in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1841, migrated with ins parents to the U. S. in 1846, and to Colo in 1865, locating luniself at Denver, and opening the first carriage-making establishment in that jilaee. Wlion Cheyenne was laid oflF he removed his Imsiness to that point, anil merged it into a company called the Clieyenne Carriage company, witli F. K. Warren i)rest, Thomas Swan vice-prest, Morton £. Post treoa., J. K. Jetirey sec y, and Robertdou general manager aud supt. ^VYOXIING. 736 mayor; R. E. Tapley, W. H. Harlow, S, M. Pres- haw, J. G. Willis, and G. B. Thompson, councilmen ; J. R. Whitehead, city attorney; H. N. Meldrum, treasurer ; Thomas E. McLeland, clerk ; and E. Melanger, marshal/* On the lOtli of September N. A. Baker commenced the publication of the Cheyenne Evenimj Leader news- paper, which later became a morning daily. On the 25th of October the Daily Argus began publication under the management of L. L. Bedell. Telegraphic communication with the east and Denver was com- pleted the same day. On the 1 3th of November the railroad reached the town limits, the first passenger trains through from Omaha arriving with a special party on board, which was enthusiastically welcomed. A month later the track was laid to Fort Russell, and on the 8th of December a third newspaper, the Rocky Mountain Star, issued its first number, edited by 0. T. B. Williams. Wonderful development of a '•The first house erected on the south side of Crow creek on the site of Cheyenne was built hy a mountain man named Larimer. It was followed in July by a two-story frame house, erected by Whitehead, which is still stand- ing on the west side of Eddy street. Lumber was brought from Colorado, and the first houses were roofed with boards lapped; but in Aug. Thomas Murrin had a shingle roof on his liouso on 17th street. Hciulquarters saloon built about this time was 36 by 100 feet, and stood on 16th street, where Hellman'a brick block now stands. Atljoining it was a two-story hotel, owned by Ford and Durkee, the same Ford who built the fine hotel on the corner of Hill and liJth streets. Opposite the Ford and Durkee hotel was the Rollins house, owned by J. Q. A. R,-illius, now a wealthy mine owner, and the founder of Ilollinsville, Colo. The post-office was a 10 by 15 frame building on 16tli street, but soon proving inadequate to its purpose, the postmaster, Thomas E. McLeland, erected a building on the s. e. corner of Ferguson and 17th streets, where later was placed the banking hou.se of Stebbina, Post &Co., of about diuible that size. It is stated that E. P. Snow and \V. N. Monroo arrived in Cheyenne Aug. liith as rianagers of the busi- ness of M. S. Hall, and in 4S hourii bad erected a building o't by 25 feet. It stood on a part of the groui' r occupied by the furniture establishment of F. E. Warren & Co. A i-.rgo wareliouse was opened in Sei)t. by Corn- forth & Bro. on the corner of Eddy and liHh streets. On the 'Joth tlio first bank was opened in Cornforth & Bro. s stort by J. H. Rogers, who soon after erected a building on Eddy and 16th streets. Two other banks were estab- lished soon after uy Kauntze Bros & Co. and J. A. Ware & Co. In Oct. (ien. Stevenson caused to be erected the stone warehouse on the corner of Eddy and 15th streets, costing S20,000. The same month the mammoth corral, known as the Great Western, was completed by Hook & Moore on the cor- ner of O'Neil and ?Oth streets. Charles McDonald began the erection of a lilock of houses 88 by 90 feet, in Oct., which ho used as a general merchan- dising establiahmeut. li^n 789 POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND MATERIAL AFFAIRS, six- months-old town in the midst of uninhabited plains 1 No wonder it was named the Magic City. " Such progress did not fail to invite that pest of new towns, the squatter. Town lots were seized, and tiie city police being too few to eject them, a call was made upon the commandant at Fort Russell, who sent a battalion to escort the invaders outside the city limits. " On the 27th of September a mass meeting was held " for the purpose of organizing a county. Three commissioners were appointed to district the county into three election precincts ; the county to be called Laramie, and its boundaries to be "the same as those established by the act of the legislative assembly of Dakota. " '* The commissioners chosen by the meeting were W. L. Kuykendall, L. L. Bedell, and Thomas J. Street. It was resolved that the county-seat should be located by vote at an election to be held October 8th, when a delegate to congress and county officers should be chosen ; and that all United States ^^ Slaufkter's Life in Colo and Wynrn., MS., 2-3; Wyom. Trihme, Oct. 8, 1870; Wj/oin. Misc., MS., 53-5; Hayden's Great West, 89; Bendk'a Undmlyiwd West, 134; Strnhorn's Wynmina, Black Hills, etc., 142; Ooddard's Wheiv h Eimjrate and Why, 176; Williams' Pacific Tourist, 64. " This question of squatters's rights and title to public lands claimed for town-sites was not understood by every one. Cheyenne, like every other such town, had its clouds on title to overcome. Lots were purchased from the U. P. railroad CO. When the government surveys were in progress it was discovered in 1869 that no plot of the town had ever been nled in the office of the land commissioner, or in any office, or any official notice given of such a town-site on the public lands. It appeared to be the intention of the company to allow the government surveys to cut it up into sections, anil then to claim the odd numbered sections. Other parties could preempfr— no tiling having been made — the other sections, and thus the town-site be dis- membered, and titles be brought into dispute. *' This meeting was held at the city hall, which was on 16th street between Eddy and Thoinas, north side. H. M, Hook was chairman, and J. R. White- liead sec. Johnson and TtUhill, Cheyenne Dir., 1883, 11; Mont. Post, Got. '-'6, 1867. "This refers to an act of the legislature of Dakota of Jan. 9, IW". hy which the county of Laramie was organized, and bounded east by the KMth meridian, comprehending all the territ(.ry west of it, or all of what booaine Wyoming. It was reorganized Jan. 3, 1808, and the western bonmiary placed at the 107th meridian. All the first counties of Wyoming extended xroin the northern to the southern boundariea. if. I' WYOMING. citizens who had been in ^i, . . ''^ previous to the election shoJdrt^^^u/^^ ''- %s The election resulted i chn "^''^l^^^ ^'«<^^^«-'^ fomerlv of Painesv lo Ohio X^' '/" ^^ ^^'^^^^^nt, J- R. Whitehead renrei,ltn ' ! «?^^ *^ congress • ^Ji'^\V C. L. How^ellT'iJ^^^^^- I^akotalogil' liopkins county co.nn ;. • ^issman and W T. Fobate Judge;^T^;;rr4"it'^,^ h f "^'^^^^^i D. J. Sweeney sheriff; J ;g*"^f .^ f^rict attorney; <^«eds ; L. L. Bedell treasurer ?'"^«^^t*^" register of Whitehead returned fro,,, y,„ . • 'av„,g succeeded i„ l,is , ,,iX„^'"r,*™, .J," J«"""y> ald.andBeals; sheriff t r t • ?""'«'=>■, P. McDon- L. M„,.ri,; eo'r„„e"j„h,.i:„^''l1' T""^-^' ■'^'"i"'" J- H GiJ.lersleevo; just ice ' f Vl ""' ^«P«rintendent, l^eiidall was retained a, nlt]t' ■ T'"'''''^""- Ku,- wa. appointed coZ^'^^^^'^i^- H. Wi„s,^r ^J'-^tnct court for this" part oTboI- ^^"' ^T-^"'^^"^' a ^''corporation ,>f the Citv of Pi ^*^' ^"'^ ^" ^^^^^ of P^'^'J«ecI Laran^ie cc>unty\a: ?.WT '^^^'^^ ^^'^o judicial district, to which the ol.tf-'^ J'' *^^^' «^^«ncl Asa Bartlett, was assigned .t^^"^^^ ;'I>Pointed district attorney ' T It f' f''^'''''''' ^^^« vas ordered for the first If ^f'^t t^rni of court ^•tt held two ternis of : u?f ^; r "^ ^^-•^^^- Bart- ?^ut the first courts in tl i^ n r'""' ''' «^'«"tl judoe ^" the first towns nldahrM'^"''^'^"'''^' ^'^^'^ tlu^S ^^•^^^<^ the people's courts ^' "*""^' ^^^^ Colorado t 788 POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND MATERIAL AFFAIRS. Shootings were frequent, and every manner of vice abounded. Finding that Cheyenne was to be tlie ter- minus of the railroad for that winter, all the scum of Gociety which had drifted along with the pay car of the railroad company as far as Julcsburg took up a temporary residence here. Six thousand people win- tered in Cheyenne, the accommodations for the slioltor of a large part of them being tents and sod houses, or " dug-outs." A canvas saloon would answer as well as another for gambling, drinking, and the practices of the dives. Various men and women made the place intolerable. Tne city authorities were powerless. Robberies and assaults with deadly weapons were of daily and nightly occurrence. Then the patience of the people failed, and the vigilance committee came to the front. Its first act was on the 11th of January, when it seized three men who had been arresteil for robbery and placed under bonds to appear before the court on the 1 4th. These men were bound togctlur abreast, and a large canvas attached to them beariiiif this legend: "$900 stole; $500 returned; thieves. F. St Clair, W. Grier, E. D. Brownville. City author- ities please not interfere until 10 o'clock A. m. Next case goes up a tree. Beware of vigilance committee." During the next six months a dozen men were handed and shot by the vigilants, after which law became operative in Cheyenne, and the plague passed on west- ward to Laramie City and other towns which defeucletl themselves in a similar manner." ■■:i the city attorney during a part of Whitehead's term. Tliis was iKsfnro the irruption of the criminal chiss, which came with the railroad, and witli vlmm the provisional government could not deal. There was no prison, and tiiic^ were readily paid when imposed. BotUcher, Fltuth Times in Colorado, MS., 1. "The first hanging in Cheyenne occurred on the night of the -dtli of March, when Charles Martin andCliarles Morgan were executed by the vig- ilance committee. Martin had killed Andrew Harris in a quarrel. He "»•< from Lexington, Mo., and respectably connected. For some time lie vas wagon-master for Russell, Majors, and Waddell, but finally became reel; less, and consorted with gamblers and vile associates, becoming a despeniilo in his habits. He had, without provocation, shot at Capt. O'Brien at . I iili'-'- burg, and was regarded as a dangerous person. Morgan was hangt d f"r horse-stealing. The gallows on which Martin died 8to(3 where I. C. W liip- ple'a house was built, the other behind the Elephant corral. Clieyennc A rju-s, WYOMING. 7S0 Laramie City was laid off by the railroad company ill April, 18G8, when the early history of Cheyenne was repeated. During the first week 400 lots were sold. In a fortnight 500 dwellings and business houses of all kinds had been erected, mostly of a very transient character. The road was completed to that point in May, where the town was quickly over-run with des- l)eradoes and lewd women, as its predecessor had been; and as forbearance ceased to be a virtue they were visited by those unrecognized ministers of justice the vigilants, and Laramie became a well ordered as it was a thriving town. This year also the counties of Albany and Carbon were organized by the Dakota legislature. Laramie county having elected Charles D. Bradley, brotlier of Judge Bradley of the supreme court of the United States, representatives who pro- cured the passage of bills for their establishment. As early as 1865 a bill had been introduced in con- gress, by Ashley of Ohio, to provide a temporary government " for the territory of Wyoming." " Who it was first suggested this beautiful but misplaced name does not appear. The bill was referred to the committee on territories, where it rested. When the delegate chosen '* on the 8th of October 1867, pre- March 22, 1868; S. F. Aim, An. 10, 1868; CorUU. FoHmllnri of Cheycnm, MS., 7. Not long after a party or desperate men went carousing down Eil<ly street, and couiiug opposite a saloon kept by Tim Dyer, later the proprietor of Dyer's hotel, and a member of the city council, fired several shots into it, fortunately killing no one. They left town immediately, fearing the vig- ilants, but were followed and overtaken at Dale City and hanged, three of tiiuni, Koefe, Hays, and a very tall man nicknamed Shorty. Two men wore killed and a woman woundeil in a house of ill-fame, but no clue could be obtained to the murderer, although the shots were distinctly heard Ijy many ])erson3. The mystery engendered fear. After the committee Iiad per- fjrined the service of ridding the community of its worst element, it was condemned and superseded by legali/eil justice, but only to !»e revived in later times, when a new set of desperate men as highwaymen made even fiv'lroad travel dangerous. See Popuhir Trilmnab, this series. ^^Gomj. Gln/ie, 18C4-5, 116; U. S. Home Jour., 78, 256, 38 cong. 2 8688. "The regularly elected delegate for Dakota in 1868 was S. L. Spink, who had his friends and funds in this section. He ran on the republican ticket acjainst Burley and ToiM, in the eastern part, and Dennis J. Toohey, after- wards editor of the Suit Luke Tri'mnv, in the western part of the territory. CirlcU, Foundinj (/ Cticycnnc, M.'S., 18; Foster d Outlines of Uintory, 3b, iii 740 POLITICAL. SOCIAL, AND MATERIAL AFFAIRS, sentcd himself at the dr)or of congress, lie was not permitted a seat, but he nevertiielcss was al)lc' to refresh the memories of the territorial committee. A memorial introduced in tlie Dakota le;^islaturo l)y W. W. Brookmg, asking congress to organize a nt w territory in tlie southwest to be called Lineohi was also })resented;" and in the spring a petition fur a territorial organization was adihvssed to the house of re[)resontatives, signed by " H. Latham, agent for the pef)ple of Wyoming." When the bill before congrt ss had reached tlie senate considerable discussit)n t<ink place u[»on the subject of the proper nomenclature to be adopted, and Wyoming was preferred by a major- ity, although Cheyenne came very near being the name chosen." Without opposition or prolonged discussion the organization took place, the act being approved July 25, 1868,'^ the boundaries of the new territory lieiu' the 27th and 34th meridians of longitude, and the 41st and 45th parallels of north latitude, embracin:^ 100,284 square miles, or 04,181,700 acres." The western boundary took in the Green lliver valky, which had previously formed the northeast conu r of Utah, but which since the occupation of Fort Bridger bv the u'ovcrnment, had been abandoned bv the ^Ii>r- nions, and also a portion of Idaho north of this secllmi. ■'"Mont. T. W. Post, Jan. 2.S, 1SC8. -'A (juestion arising as to the orthography of Clieyennc, the lihrari.in of congress was appealed to, who ipiotetl SehimliTuft .'i-> the liiuliest aiithi'riiy, who says the meaning of the wonl is not known, and the ortiiiigrajihy ihtjir-. The Moiit4iiia Post, July 3, ISGS, gives the true pronuiieiati:in Shai-tn-n i, 'with a prolonged breatliing aeeent on the second byllal)le. " This, in fait. is the manner of pronouncing all Indian names of tliree .■<yllal>les among tlie western Indians, wliieli being condensed into two syllal>le-> or rapidly >p"V,i n lose tlieir beauty, as no doul)t their nicauin>j. C'lieyenne divided into ti ixe Earts, and ending in a is as beautiful a word as AVyomiug, and should have een the name adopted. '■''Coi-lHt, FoiiiK/in:/ of Clici/rmie, M.'^., 8, 18-20; ir»/o,.,. JfUrellnn;/. yiS., 4; Znliri-<kic, Laii'l L<iir.<, S4S-S57; //. E.r. D «:, xxv. no. 47, pt 4, p. 4."i7. 4(5 coijij. Ssess. ; ]Yijoiii. Gen. Laws, 1st sess., IS 24: /''/r^c, TV/c l('«>y C'- /(-"■'" 18Si>, p. 41t); U. S. If. Jour., 240, 40 cong. 2 sess.; H.-pt Ser. J„t,r., i. iji, 41 cong. 3 sess. -•' .lAws. n,w. Hale, 1884, 137. Zabriskie makes it <»T,883 square niil.'^ i" extent. That portion of the boundary common to Nebra>k.-i was •surveyed in bS70-71; tlio southern an 1 we-tern l)oiindarii'-' in 1 -^74 by Alonzo V. l':ch- ards; the northern boundary in 1882-83 by Rolliu J. Reeves. WYOMING. 741 Tlio territorial officers were not ftp[.ointed uiitil April ISG'J, wlien Jolm A. Cainplx'll, of CltvclaiKl. ( )hio, was coimnissioiied goveri:<)r. Arcordinj^ to his conteini)ories, lie was possessed of sufficient abiiit}-, not brilliant t)ut industrious and conscientious, and respected njost by those who knew him best." Ed- ward ^I. Lee, was api)ointed secretary, who was aii active [jolitician if no more ; Church Howe. United States marshal, anotiier politician ; J. M. Carey,""* United States attorney ; John M. Howe, of Illinois, chief justice;"" W. S. Jones,'' and J. W. King- -• (."aiiiplK'U had lieen an editor on the Cb-relnnil L-.-ader. In IM5I he entered the Union army as 'Jil liout 1>eing from time to time j>r'ini<ittd uiitd lie 1>eeanie adj.->ieii. on Schofii'ld's statr. He Mas in many I attie.", among wliieh were Rich Mountain, I'ittsliurg I^inding, I'errjville, an<l all of ti.e Atlantic campaign. He was hrevetted I>rig. -gen. in I.s(»4; and during the rtconstruotion of tlie south was with Scotield in Virginia, ami called uji>n to apiiortion the state into senatorial and representative districts, prttcrdi- i:i^ the time and manner in wiiich elections should Ik? held. He jierfornnd tlie duties of asst sec. of war from May 1SG8 to March 1809. He vas sid>- seciucntly, uniler Hayes' administration, M asst ^ecretary of state. Hia li. ilth sotin gave way, and lie died of softening of the hrain in 1879 at Wasliingtoo. C'"ifift'.i FunmUnj of Ch ynim, MS., 23; Wyom. Ttr. Ajfoir", MS., 1--J. ■-•Carey was ln.rn in Sussex co., Delaware, in 184,'i, and eilncated at Fort EUvard.i collegiate institute and Union college, K. Y. He studied law in i'iiiladelphia, grailuating from the law dept of *'ie university of Pa. emigrat- ing to Wyoming on his apjiointment in 18(>9. In 1S72 l:e was couimis.-iioned a-sociate U. S. justice, serving 4 yeiir.H, after which he went into thchnsiness of cattle raising, and became jiresideiit of the Stock ( I rowers" aj'.'-ociatirin, whose property came to represent >< 100, 000, 000. He was three tinies oiayor of Uheyeiine, and enjoj'ed other honors which will appear in the prr-gres.- of ti:e history. A dictation from him, I'olitirit onil J'"jil', MS., is amtng my valued original authorities. He hi^ ever been cue of Wytiming's most prominent and pul)lic spirited men. * Howe, like Campbell, had served in the civil war. and risen to be a general. He was an aide lawyer, and after the war w a^ chosen circuit judge. «■'./<• (;/o Lfjiil Si'ws, in ir(/</H. Mixr., M.S., 28. He wa.s l«)m at Kiga. in Monroe en., X. Y., removing when a youth to Kiiig.-ville. Ohi«i, where he received a lil>eral educ.ition, and studied law, practising in the courts of that state for .-everal year.s, after which he reinovol to Kewaiiee. 111., in 1^."4. He was elected judge of the 6th judicial district ff 111., holding the oflite some years. Formerly a whig, he became a lei'uMioan, and was efficient in politics. Corlett call.s him 'peevish and fretful, although a man of jiretty C'hmI ability. He was undoubtedly ont of health. dysjK-ptic in his st<'mach, and in his nature, too.' Frmmliivj nf Cht ii)-tiin>, M.S., 19-20. After ser\ing two years he resigned, and accepted a positif>n as secretary to a commi.^sif.n a]i]K>inted to settle some affairs between the U. S. and Mexico, and died while holding that office, of consumption, aged abont 50 years. He was a }Hilitician, and a poli.shed speaker. C<irlett accu.ses him of taking advantage <■:' the inexijerience of the members of the bar. DiH. of Pfjt^j S. WiLs-m, M.S., .1. -■ Corlett says of Jones, who was a young nun, not more than 28 years of 748 POLITICAL, SOCIAI., AND MATKUIAL AFFAIIiS. inan,'" associate justicoa ; Silas Roccl, of St Louis, sur- veyor gcueral ; '* and Frank Walcutt, of Kentucky, receiver of public means. ih\ the lUth of May the judj^es havin<^ qualititd, and tlie or*;anization of the territory being coinpletvil, Governor Campbell issued a proclamation assigning them to their districts ; the county of Laramie con- stituting the 1st, to which the rhief justice was assigned, the counties of Albany and Carlxm the Jd to which Judge Jones was assigned; and the 3d th.> county of Carter, to which Jud^e Kingman was assigned; designating the times antf places of holding courts therein, and subsequently attaching the (tivl'Ii River region to Carter county and the Hd judicial district. The first term of court was held at Cluv- enne, September 7th, 18G9. The census returns, owing to the sparseness of the population, and the difficulty of finding deputies willing to travel over tla- country, nmch of which was unsafe on account of Indian raids, were not all in before the last of July. On the 2d of August a proclamation was issued c;ill- agc, tliat he was entirely cool ami impartial on tlio hcncli, and for that riM"..!! was approved by the har ami people. He was of intenii>eratc )ia1>its. Init Bticli was his popularity that lie was elected delegate to congress from tlie tf-rritory before his term was ended. He was born in Ind. in lS4'i, anil v>\n- eated at Miami university, Ohio, afterwards studying law at Coryilon. In i. When the civil war broke out he volunteered in the 17tli Indiana ngt. He distin<{uished himself in all the campaigns in which he served, rising to tin- rank of major for gallant and meritorious conduct. ^^ ' Kingman,' says C'orlett, ' was regarded as a very interesting man. but I cannot say ho was succcasfnl as a judge. He was a man of very stroti^; prejudices, and was in tlie hibit of allovving himself to l>e informed alx.ut the case, and was apt to espouse one side or the other.' ^"According to yo/iH.so« ,0 Tiit/iill'x Direc n/ C/ieifiiniP, 18S3, C. D. Kuytr was nominated, but if so, ho must iiave declined immediately, as Ri'i-.l w is nomiiiateil in April 1869. Congiess, however, had passed i.o law estalili^li- ing the olfice of surveyor-genera and although an appropriation was niaile, the surveying and local land offices, tli«.y 'ut of congress. This neglect caused tlie in Wyoming until the summer -if l^TO, ->i the railway. They commenceil at the illel with tlie guide meridian at tlie tcr- The delay in stirveyinu was injuri"iis lands and town-site comiKinies. Ki>]«t nf p. 2, 41st cong.. 3d sess. ; Wi/oiii. <',:iiii-',l d in the imion army, and reached tlie rank of major. Ho was U. S. marshal of Wyoming in 1871-2, and bei.aine a wealthy cattle-dealer. and bills introduced cstablishin did not pass before the adjourn, postponement of a surveying of when surveys licgan ahmg the lii intersection of the 3d standard p mination of the Colorado survej and irritating to settlers on publi 8ur-gen., in U. S. If. Misr. Dor., 4' Jour., 18()«», 18-1<). Wolcott ser WYOMING. 713 iivjf for an election on the 2tl«>f SeptcinlH-T, f<»r clioos- ii»*I a ilcloy:ato to conurcss, and nieniljcrs <»f the first territorial legislature, which by the organi** aet waa liiiiitod to nine councilnien and thirteen representa- tives, which might he afterward increased t4> thirteen and twenty-sevun respectively." The candidates for the congressional delegateshlp were S. F. Nuckolls and W. W. Corlett, Nuckolls, doniocrat, being elected by a majority of 1,:{G8 in a total vote of 5,2G(>. He was of the family some members of which are settled in Colorado, where he also came in an early period, being known as a busi- ness man rather than a politician, \ ..„ his syni{)athies were with the slave-holding south during the war. He was not renominated, and died a few years after- ward. The legislature in a sixty days* session perfect* 'd find adopted a code of laws which, with the example of the several new territories adjacent to guide them, was an admirable foundation in which to construct a perfect state in the future. Had no omissions been made, there need have been no more legislatures *' "The council consisted of T. D. Murrin, J. R. Whitehead, and T. \V, Poulu of Laramie co. ; W. H. i^right, W. S. Rockwell, and Gc<irge Wartlmen of Carter CO. ; Frederick Laycock and Jamea W. Brady of All<anycii. ; and Oeiirgc WiUon of Carbon co. Briglit was chosen president, T. .S. I'<M>le cliaiilain, Edward Ori)eu sec, Mark Parish asst sec, Charles H. Moxley sorgt-at-ariii», I'eter Lcninion messenger, Henry Amesfeld tirenian. Tlie house of representatives consisted of Posey S. Wdson, J. C. Abney, Herman Haas, Howartl iSebree, Louis Miller, J. N. Douglas. William Herrick, Ben- j.kuiin Shucks, James Mcnafee, J. C. Strong, John HoUiruok. J. M. FrL-enian, ;itid S. M. Curran, speaker. L. L. Be<1ull was chooen chief clerk, W. C. ."Stanley asst clerk, A\ illiam Baker sergt-at-arins. ^' The Wyomiwj Tri'miie commented upon the neglect to pass a militiA law, which the governor had recommended; to provide for a commission of sta- tiUics, and a bureau of immigration; and to exempt certain kiixls of pi^rsonal jiroperty from seizure and sale on execution. Wyom. JIur., M.S., 9. In8tea<l of the militia law, the legislature memorialized congress to order paid to the jifivernor of Wyoming all the internal r«; venue collections not already appro- jiriated fo* otlier territorial objects, for the purpose of paying volunteer tr>H)p3 who might 1>c ciilled into the field to serve against hnctde Indians. H'vom, Imiph, 18G9, 721-2. The legislature ot 1871 paase<l an act authorizing tlie formation of volunteer militia companies, but it waa not put in exeeation. An act was passed for the same pnqjoae in 1882. Sext. Lam, 18''2. 155. The presence of a number of U. S. postn has a tendency to cause neglect of mili- tia organizations. Congress was .still further memorialize*! on the Indian troubles, and asked to reiJatablish the forta on the Powder river route to ■:-■ .tI it' H'l 744 POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND MATERIAL AFFAIRS. The laws of Dakota were repealed December lOtli, the act to take effect on the 1st of January, and not to impair any rights acquired under Dakota laws, nor to interfere with the course of actions at law already commenced. A county was established in the Green River coun- try called Uinta, with the county seat temporarily ai Merrill, near Fort Bridger. The name of Carter county was changed to Sweetwater, and the c(Hiiitv seat located at South Pass City." The judicial dis- tricts were altered, making Laramie and Albany counties compose the 1st, Carbon and Uhitathe 2d, and Sweetwater the 3d, Judge Kingman was assigned to the 2d, and Jones to the 3d. The official year w£i.s made to terminate on the last day of October. The seal Montana. Increased sal ' ea were asked for the judges and legisliitors. An appropriation was made by the legislature of jf 1, 500 additional to be pui<l ti tlie cliief justice, and $1,000 to the associate judges. Better mail fucilititi were petitioned for. ^^The officers appointed for Sweetwater co. were W. C. Erwin, James A. Brennan, and John Dugdale, commissioners; T. Cjuinu, probate judge; John McGlinchy, sheriff; Tim. MeC'arty, co. clerk; 1*. L. AV illianis, prosecuting atty; Henry Smith, assessor; Frank Oilman, supt of schools; William Sinitli, CO. sur. ; John Morris, coroner; James \V. Stillman and Presley J. Talhcrt, justices of the peace in South Pass precinct; James Smith, constable; F.d- ward Lawn, justice of the peace in Atlantic City precinct, aud W. Hogan, constable; William (Trinnell, justice of the peace in Bryan precinct. No appointmeuta were made for Point of Rocks, although such a precinct ^\us named. The officers appointed for Carbon co. were A. B. Donnelly, E. V. Upton, and Robert Foot, commissioners; George Doyle, sheriff; Robert Foot, justice of the peace of Fort Halleck precinct; Hin ton, justice of the peace of Carbmi precinct; probate judge and ex-officio justice of the peace, William R. Hun- ter, of Rawlins Springs; Thomas J. Williams, clerk and registrar of deeds. H. C. Hall, supt of public instruction. The county seat of Carbon co. was located at Rawlins Springs. The county seat of Albany co. was located at Laramie City; officers, 11. Wagner, Joseph Mackle, an<l S, C. Leach, commissioners; J. W. Connnr, sheriff; L. D. Pease, probate judge; Charles Hilliker, assessor; George Van Dyke, justice of the peace; R. S. Kinney, clerk; John Barton, D. Slinnks, William Carr, and George Young, constables; Foose, coroner; James Vine, surveyor; S. W. Downey, prosecuting attorney. The county seat of Laram ie co. was located at Cheyenne. Officers : L. M urrin, H. J. Rogers, and George D, Foglesong, commissioners; T. Jeff. Carr, siieritl; William L. Kuykendall, probate judge; John T. Chartin, clerk and registiar of deeds; C. C. Turley, coroner; S. H. Winsor, surveyor; H. Garbanati. county atty; Rev. H. P. Peek, supt of public schools; D. C. Tracy, justicv of the peace at Pine Bluffs; William Baker, justice of the peace at Cheyeniu ; Frank Gates, justice of the peaco at Fort Laramie; William Rowland, con- stAl^ie at Pino Bluffs; A. J. Mead, constable at Cheyenne; and Gibson Clark, constable at Fort Laramie. WYOMINa. ;'45 designed for the territory had on its face a Norman shield, on the upper half of which was enibhizoned mountains, with a railroad train, the appearing alx)v-e the horizon, and the figures " 1868 " below the middle point of the shield. On the first quarter below, on a white ground, a plough, pick, and shovel, and a shep- herd's crook. On the second quarter on a red grouncl was an arm upholding a drawn sword. The motto " Cedant arma toga" surmounted the shield and the whole was encircled by the words " Territory of Wyo- ming, great seal." The code adopted allowed gambling," and taxe«l every kind of property, except United States and public property, which included scientific and all school or benevolent institutions, with the monev and credits belonging exclusively to them, and the kitchen, furniture, bedding, and clothing of every per- son, and provisions for a family amounting to the value of $100. The school tax was fixed at two mills on a dollar of the assessed value of all taxai)Ie prop- erty. Jails were required to be erected and kept in every county, the sherifi^ to be responsible for the manner in which they were maintained. The terri- torial penitentiary was located at the town of Lara- mie, Albany county, and congress was memorialized that the territory had been deprived of the use of that part of the internal revenue sot aside by law for penitentiaries in the territories, f(t»r a large portion of the year 1807, the whole of 18(!8, and tlie greater part of 1809, during which time the internal revenue of W^'^oming had gone to the credit ol Dakota, for which loss the legislature asked to be reimbursed. A second memorial declared tliat in and about the Sweetwater mining region, and on the border of the Shoshone reservation set apart by Sherman and his co-commissioners in 1868, were congregated many of •'Says one of my authorities: 'J. M. Pattee houpht up the legislatnre, iind ran the Wyouiing lottery. In 1870 it collapsod, but Pattee had drawn prizes euough to become rich.' \i ' _sias 746 POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND MATERIAL AFFAIBSb the criminal class, who constantly committed thet\ robbery, and murder, there being sometimes twenty persons held for trial at the same time in that county, which had no prison. The military posts of Fort Bridger, and the camp on the Popo Agie had kt pt in the guard-houses a number of criminals, in aid the officers of the law. but refused longer to make these places serve as jails for this class of offenders. The expenses of holding prisoners, under the circumstances was a heavy tax on the county, and it was asked the secretary of war should aid the people by providing a prison at one of the military posts in which prison- ers lield for trial could be confined and subsisted until the people were able to meet the difficulty. Convicts were taken, at great cost, to Detroit, where they w ere imprisoned in the house of correction." The seat of government of the territory was estiib- lished at Cheyenne, and an appropriation asked fur the erection of a capital.'* All this was legislation ^ Wyoin. Gin. Lnwn, Ist sess., pp. 32. Tlie penitentiary was complettd in 1872, ami in less than a year was destroyed by fire. Laramie Scnltn'l, Aug. 27, 1873. It was partially rebuilt, soon after which the government, by act of congress, transterred the prisoners from the charge of the U. «S. marshal to the control of the territory. A coinnjission was appointed, consisting cif Herman Haas, James France, W. H. Halliday, and (Jov. Thayer, to invisti- gate tlie cost of keeping prisoners at Laramie, and at other prisons in the neighboring stjitcs, the result of which wa.s that the penitentiary of Xtbra>ka was declared, by act of legislature of 1879, to be the territorial prison "i Wyoming. Wi/om. Seni^. Litwi*, 1879, 142. As late aa 1884, a penitentiary commission for selecting prisons existed. •^6'. .S'. //. MUcvL, iii., No. 60, 41st cong., 2d sess. Cheyenne was niii- corporated at this session. W. W, Slaughter was mayor in 1809; E4hv:inl 0q>en, city clerk; John Burrows, city marshal; Oeorge Raymond, fire war- den; .T. R. Whitehead, N. J. O'Brien, Henry E. Eisfelder, Dayton, and T. W. Poole, aldermen. Wi/nw. Mhr., IMS.. 2. Cheyenne stistained the los-; oi 8250.000 by tire on .Tan. 11, 1809. Wifom. W. frilmne. Jan. 1.'), 1S«>9. Hie commerce of Cheyenne was immense for a frontier town during ISfeS 0, it being the entreprtt of the vast region lying north, west, and sonth. nntil the railroad was completed, when of course the trade was divided Wtween the many points along the lino. But in this brief period fortunes were made and lost. Prices were fabulous, and business partook of the recklessties* of gambling. It was never <lisputed that this town exceeded in vice and Kn- wholesnme ovcitement any of the many new cities in the west. Yet that it was not wholly composed of the transient classes, some facts go to show. In ISrtO it had a population of over 4.000, sometimes nearer 6,000. In th-* autumn of 1S70 it had l.fiOO. It had at this period a public school, wit'i 2 denartments. arcommodating abont 100 pupils, and two select schools. • «'h with .-xbout 30 in attendance. Tliese were under the management oi t'"> catholic and episcopal aouieties, It had 5 well built and well fiimi:^he\l act %!!• the -ka i ..f :vry nin- ,w;iril war- ,.1T. :of Hie -•», it il the the inaile ..of t:n- lat it Tn tv.. It'. -2 ci''h she.1 WYOMING. 747 to the point. But what attracted most attention, at home and abroad, was an act passed and approved December 10th, giving women the right to vote and hold office, and was cordially approved by the gov- ernment. The law was innnediately put in practice by the summoning of women on juries, and the appoint- ment of women justices of the peace, the first being by the commissioners of Sweetwater county who cliose to that position Esther Morris, the wife of John Morris. The j udges of Wyoming were no more happy than had been those of the other territories. Aside from the firm support given the rights of women under the suffrage act, there was the usual opposition to imported officers, and demand for home appointments. Howe, who was probably annoyed by this clamor, resigned at the end of two years. Jones being nominated tielegate to congress to succeed Nuckolls, there were two vacancies on the bench, which was filled by the appointment of J. W. Fisher chief-justice, and J. M. Casey, the United States district attorney, associate justice, who held the office four years. Fisher remained chief justice until about 1879, when he was succeeded by J. B. Sener, who held the office for six years, and was succeeded by John C. Perry. The associates of Fisher, after Kingman and Carey, were churches, occupied hy the episcopal, methoilist, congregational, prealiyterian, and catholic congregations. The masons, knights templar, othl fellows, and good templars liad lodges in a flourishing condition. Some business liouses would compare favorably with tiio.ie of cities of ten times the age and popu- iition. The furniture and crockery house of A. R. Converse carried from ••«:!0,<X)0 to 9.")0,0()0. Joslyn & Park, manufacturers of native jewelry, had a liusiness of ?7r>,000 per year. Tlie dry goods houses of C. D. Foglesong. S. F. Nuckolls, Marks, Myers & Co., carried each from 8iir>,000 to ^0,0(K) in stock, besides which there was another dry goods store. There were '2 banks, .3 wholesale and retail toliaeccnists, .1 hardware houses, 2 hoot and shoe establishments, 3 clothing houses, 2 l)ook and stationery stores, .3 drug stores. 1 confectionery, 2 bakeries, 1 livery stable, 2 first-class hotels and ^« veral inferior ones, 1 daily and 2 weekly newspapers, a well organized fire department, with 1 steam fire-engine and a hook-anddadder company. A t'oinpany had nearly completed an acequia for bringing water a distance of 7 ni'lcs to run through the principal ftreets. And better than all, it was at tliis time a well governed and orderly town. 'ypi Mj|lll i Is J j I 1 li'iMi ■,;j 3 li 1 748 POLITICAL, SOCLVL, AND MATERIAL AFFAIRS. E. A. Thomas, followed by Jacob B. Blair, and Wil- liam Ware Beck. The latter failed to give satisfac- tion to the people of his district, who caused the leg- islature in 1877 to memorialize the president for his removal. The petition was not heeded. In 187'J tlii' president was memorialized thatW. W. Corlett would be acceptable as a successor to Chief-justice Fisher, which prayer was also disregarded, efforts to shake otf non-resident officials being nearlv always futile." Peck was succeeded by Sanmel C. Parks. The suc- cessor of district attorney Carey was Edward P. Johnson," who remained in office over seven years, and was succeeded by C. H. Laynian, followed l)y M. C. Brown, and J. A. Riner, W. T. Sweesy, and Gustav Schnitirer succeeded to the marshal's office. The legislature of 1869 fixed the time of elections on the first Tuesday of September in each year. At the election of 1870 there was to be chosen a delegate to congress, and on every succeeding* alternate year a delegate. Members of the legislature and county officers were to be elected in 1871, and every two years thereafter, and the legislature was to meet on the first Tuesday in November after election. By tlie ori;anic act the length of the sessions was fixed at forty days, except the first, which was permitted t>< be sixty. There was none of that turbulence or etfort to evade obliijations which disgraced some of the territorial legislatures during their infancv; no needless increase in the number of legislators, no whole- sale thieving or reckless plunging of the territory in debt, and congress found little to disapprove." » H>im. Session Laws, 1877, 142; I<L, 1879, 156. "Jolinson was born ia GreenUush, Ohio, Aug. 21, 1842. He entered tlic union army, and served 3 years in the 9.3d Ohio regt. bi 1867 he gradiiatnl from tlie university of Mich., removing soon after to Denver, wiifiu lit- stopped a short time Ijefore easting in his fortunes with Cheyenne. Ho win prosecuting attorney for I^aramie eo. in 1869-70. His appointment as V. s. dist. attorney was one of the few instances of domestic niateriall>eii)K olin-'ii to rill government offices. He resigned after 7 years to accept again tl.o otfice of prosecuting attorney for the county. He was chosen to the ccmmil of the territorial legislature in 1879, hut died Oct. 3, Iwfore it was convoiii.l. «• U. S. S<'n. Jour., 1170, 1546; 41 cong. 2 seas.; Id., 548, 3 sess.; U. S. H. Jour., 1359; 42cuug., 2 seas. WYOMING. 749 The subsequent act of congress providing that rep- resentatives and delegates to congress should be elected on tlie Tuesday next after the first Monday in Novem- ber IS7C), and every second year thereafter, caused a ohange in tlie law of Wyoming, which was made to conform to this act, and the biennial election of the legislative and county and territorial officers to <^ccur upon the same day. The council and house of repre- sentatives were increased to the full immber allowed bv the organic act in 1875. No session was held from November 1870 to January 1882, from which period the biennial sessions subsequently dated. The republicans in convention, in August 1870, nom- inated Jones, and the democrats John Wanless. Jones' majority was 227 in a total vote of 3,202. In 1872 Jones was again nominated, but was beaten by William R. Steele, democrat, by a majority of 271 in 3,213. In 1874 the republicans nominated J. M. Carey, who was beaten by Steele, nominated to suc- ceed liimself. In 1876 the republicans again nomi- nated W. W. Corlett, their choice in 1809, whose majoi'ity over Steele was 1,104, in a total vote of G,62G.^* Again in 1878 the republicans elected their " Corlett was l)om in ConcoFfl, Ohio, in 1842. His parents were from the Isle iif Man, but migrating to the U. S. their son was eihieated in Amer- ican institutions, spending three years in Willouglil))' collegiate institute, ne:ir C'lcvt'laiiil, where he was employeil as tutor for (mo year. In 18(52 he inliste<l in tho 87tii Oiiio regt as 'id lieut. He was captuied at Harper's Ferry, paroled, ami sent home. After teaeliing another year he exchanged a-i a i>risoner, and again entered the army, joining tlio 'jr)tli Ohio Iiattery in tlio Hotith-west, where he remained until the closi! of tlu^ war, after which ho returned lioine, and hogan the study of the law, graduating in IStJG. His liealth failing, he went to Denver, and thence to Cheyenne. wIuto he was one "f iialf a ddzen repuhlicans who effected an organization of the i>arty in Wyoming called the Orant club. He was defoateil, as already known, on the congressional ticket in 1869, but was ap])ointed ])ostmaster of Cheyenne llii- following; year, which office he held for three years. He held the otfiee of iirosccntiiig attorney for Laramie county from 1870 to 18T('(, when he was elceted dele!rat(! to congress, declining a renomination in 1878. DnHi/ Sun, Sept. 21, 1S7f); fif., Oct. 1.'), 187(). For 8 or 10 years he was a member of the school lioird, and never relincpiislied the practice of the law excejit when a'lsent in Washington. In 1885 he was chairman of the commission to com- I'li'te and revise the laws of Wyoming. His life helps to make history a stiidv worthy to be pursue<l. Mr Corlett has furnished to my collection of iir'.uuscripts The Fotnuliivj ofCluycHne, which ia a complete syuopiis of the I 780 POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AXD MATERIAL AFFAIRS. candidate, Stephen W. Downey, by about tha same majority over E. L. Pese, democrat. In 1880 the choice lay between A. H. Swan, republican," ami Morton E. Post, democrat, who received a majoritv of 147 in 7,667 votes. But in 1882 Post had a majority of 1,111 over the republican candidate J. M. Meldrum. In 1884 his party again nominated Josepli M. Carey, who was elected in opposition to William H. HoUiday. The administration of Governor Campbell, wliioh lasted until 1875, was attended by no disorders, iior was it embittered by political feuds. The utmost harmony existed between him and the legislaturo. which three times left to him the apportionment of the territory into legislative districts. He found it without funds to carry on the government ; he left it out of debt, and with nearly $20,000 in the treasury. He found the territory with a small tixed population, its improvements of the most transitory character; he left it with permanent towns, comfortable homes, ami substantial business establishments. The unsettled val- leys had become settled with thrifty stock-raisers and agriculturalists. The vigil ants of Wyoming per- formed no more the functions of courts and execution- ers after his first proclamation, and where the wildest orgies had once been witnessed order and decorum prevailed. He was not superseded, but called to Washington to fill a higher if not a more useful office.*' To Campbell succeeded John M. Thayer of estal>lishment, not of Cheyenne, but of the provisional and territorial gnv. ernnients. *^ A. H. Swan was born in Greene co., Pa, in 1831, of Scotch and A\\i-h progenitors, long settled in that state. He was one of 8 boys, and rcceixtil an academic education. He removed to Iowa in early manhood, uiigajraiK in stock-raising, which he followed for 14 years before coming to WyiMiiiii).', where he very much extendevl his operations, and became an associate in tlif great cattle companies that represent millions. His name in Wyoiiiint,' 'i* synonymous witli ability, enterprise, and honor. Wyom. Rtyt Gov., 1SS3, u7; i'")V!i. Politics <nul People, MS., 2. '^VheymmifiWh Fub. 15, 1875; Bristol, yewspaper i^resa, MS., 2. WYOMING. 751 Nebraska," who held the office four years. During his administration occurred the Bighorn expeditiv)n, and the failure of a commission appointed by the president to treat with the Indians for the extinguish- ment of their title to the Black hills reofion where gold was believed to exist. A scheme was proposed about this time of annexing a portion of Wyoming to Colorado, by settlers on both sides of the boundary line, which had no foundation in reason, and came to nothing." Another proposition was more seriously entertained in 1877, of forming a new territory out of the Black hills, a portion of northern Wyoming, and parts of Montana and Dakota." Thayer was opi)osed to the scheme of another territory, but favored the project of severing the Black hills from Dakota and attaching them to Wyoming, which as they lay half in the latter territory, and had intimate relations with Cheyenne, seemed a proper connection. The legisla- ture was advised to and did memorialize congress against a division of the territory." The successor of Thayer in the executive office was John W. Hoyt, a popular man and able officer.** He *' Wj/om, Territorial Affairs, MS., 4. The territorial officers during Thay- er's adiinnistration were: Sec, George W. Froncli; marshal, W. F. Sweesy; dist atty, E. P. Johnson; surv.-gen., E. C. David; treas., A. R. Converse; auditor, S. W. Downey; collector, E. P. Snow; supt of schools, John Slaugh- ter; justices supreme court, J. W. Fisher, W. W. Peck, J. B. Blair; U. S. commiss'r, J. W. Bruner; register U. S. land-office, G. R. Thomas; receiver public moneya, I. C. Whipple; librarian, John Slaugliter. Wyom. Si'us. Lmm, 1877, iv. John Slaughter, who tilled several offices in the early days of the terrritory, and who in 1884 was still librarian, was born in Va in 1809, re- moving to Oliio in infancy. He came to Cheyenne in 18G7 from Denver, with the founders of the Wyoming capital, and for Wivnt of something else t©do, kept a restaurant, and then went into lumber dealing, buying his stock in Denver. He was citj* marshal and magistrate under the provisional government, Corlett's Founilimj qfC/n'i/i'inie, MS., 4, and was appointed jus- tice of the peace by Gov. CamplwU until there was an election, and held the office until 1880, less one or two years. His Lifi'. in Coin ami Wijomimj, MS., refers briefly to early society, business, i)rices, etc. in Cheyenne. *-^ Bi/eri' Ceiitditml Stiitr, MS., 34. « Wyoin. Home Jour., 1877, 19; Mesa. Gov. Hayeji, 1877, 13. « Wyom. Sess. Laws, 1877, 138-9. "The other territorial officers were: A. Worth Spates, secretary; J. B. Lewer, chief justice; J. B. Blair and William Ware Peck, associate justices; C. H. Layman, U. S. dist atty; Gustave Schnitger, U. S. marshal; E. C. David, surv.-gen.; E. P. Snow, U. S. collector; I. C. Whipple, receiver of public money; H. W, Mauu, register of land-office; S. W. Downey, delegate II ■^ ill .■'l,:!| 7S2 POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND MATERIAL AFFAIRS. travelled over the territory to inform himself of its resources, and wrote a report for the interior depart- ment, which was printed by congress for circulation. He also advocated the construction of a wagon road to the Yellowstone park. The survey of the boundary of Wyoming was begun during the first half of his term, having been authorized by the 45th congress in com- pliance with a joint appeal from delegate Corlett and the delegate from Montana." The reappointment of Hoyt was desired, and asked for by a joint resolution of the legislature of 1882." He was succeeded how- ever at the end of four years by William Hale, who appointed him to the congenial work of commissioner to bring the resources of W^yoming before the Denver expositions of 1882 and 1883, which was so executed as to surprise all beholders." Hale proved a popular to congress; J. S. Nason, auditor; F. E. Warren, trcas. ; J. Slaughter, lihrariau and supt public instruc'n; E. Nagle, J. H. Finbrook, Thos. Lank- tree, penitentiary commissioners; H. B. Ilumsey, fish commissioner. Sesnioii Luw^ Wyomiwj, 1879. *' U. S. IT. Ex. Dor., no. 1, pt 5, p. 52, vol. iii., 42 cong., 2 sesa.; Porter's The West Ceiwia of 1880, 419. *8 Wi/oiii. Sc.ss. Laivs, 1882, 221. The territorial officers during Hoyt's term were: Sec, E. S. N. Morgan; auditor, Jesse Knight; trcas., F. K. Warren; surv.-gen., E. C David; U. S. collector, E. P. Snow; receivers of public moneys, William M. ftarvyardE. S. Crocker; registers of laud-oUiccs, E. W. Mann and Charles H. Priest; justices of supreme court, James B. Sener, J. B. Blair, and S. C. Parks; U. S. <list atty, M. C. Brown. **From Albany were 3,000 pounds of black magnetic iron ore from Iron mountain; graphite from Sybdle creek; sulphate of magnesia from Rock creek; kaolin from near Laramie City; blocks of soda from Laramie plains, which formed a monument 12 feet high; copper, gold, and silver ores from Cummins City, Douglas Creek, Centennial, Spring Caflon, Laramie Peak. Blue Grass, Tie Siding, and Diamond Peak; Luilding stones from seven!' localities; timber from the Laramie range and the forests beyond Cumiidns; and specimen iron rail and mercliant iron from the rolling-milk of the rail- way company at Laramie. Carbon co. sent coal, iron, asbestos, copper, gold, and silver ores from Seminoe and Ferris mountains, soda, petroleum, and a bushel of moss agates from the Sweetwater section; iron and iron paint from Rawlins; buiKling stones from the hills near Rawlins; coal from Carbon mines; copper and sil- ver ores from (Jrand Encampment and other creeks heading in the inoiui- tains west of the Platte; naitive quicklime from Platte valley; mineral watirs from the Warm springs and Sulphur springs near Rawlins; and bundles uf grain and grasses from the valley of the upper Platte. Crook CO. sent coal, petroleum, and salt from the section about Jenny Stockade and Inyan Kora. Laramie co. sent a four-horse load of copper ores from Running Water mines. Rawhide Buttcs, Muskrat Caflon, Hartville, and Copperopolis; copiiur and golil f)res from the Laramie range back of Cheyenne, mica, micaci-inis irou paint, aud plumbago from near Whaleu caQou; building stoue frc u Crow WYOMING. 768 executive, being devoted *^o the promotion of the material interests of the territory,** of which he wrote an excellent report to the secretary of the interior." His death occurred in January 1885, and he was suc- ceeded in 1885 by F. E. Warren, a pioneer legislator and successful business man of Wyoming, and conse- quently an executive acceptable to the people who were assured of a sympathizing administration.*" creek and the Laramie range; coal from the Shawnee; and numerous l>irdB and fnr-bearing animals from Cheyenne collections. Sweetwater and Uinta counties were partially represented only by some small lots of line ores, a huge hlock of coal from Rock Springs, curious fos- sils from the same place, bundles of grain and grasses from the ranchos in Lander valley being sent by the former; and sulphur ore, manufactured .sulphur, petroleum, coal, charcoal, rare fossils from Fossil forest, scientific collections from Fort Bridger, samples of Angora wool and skins, bundles of alfalfa, and other agricultural products being furnished by the latter. From Yellowstone park were sent sulphur, obsidian, amethysts, agates, and other precious stones. Owing to want of railroad trsnsportation, and to the lim- ited time and means at command, the exhibit, tine as it was for so young a territory, fell far short of what it would have been with more time, and county appropriations for the purpose, MeM. Oov. hale, 1884, 158-CO. One of the most interesting exhibits was of the native grasses, over 100 varieties being classified and shown in parcels. In Stonf^s General View of Colorado, MS., 9, he refers to this exhibit, and gives some interesting facts. The buffalo grass grows on the plains; next to the mountains the gramma grass, which has a small seed on it, with the head growing at right angles to the stalk. It grows no more than 6 inches high where it is not irrigated, but when water is furnished it, will grow to a height of two feet. It fattens iinimals like grain, and is superior to blue grass on account of the seed. On the mountains grows the bunch grass, of which I have made frequent men- tion. Between these three principal species are many varieties, as stated by Mr Stow, all except the bunch grass bearing a seed on the side, and all very nutritious. Thus is Wyoming made the great catt 3 pasture of the United States, if not the world. *• Wyom. Sess. Latos, 1884, 187. The territo al officers during Hale's administration were: Sec, E. S. N. Morgan; auuitor, P. L. Smith; dept; aaditor, C. W. Stewart; treas., F. E. Warren; sur.-gen., E. C. David; receiver of public moneys, W. S. Hurlburt and E. S. Crocker; registers of land oiKce, E. W. Mann, and Charles H. Priest; U. S, collector, James S. Wolfe; ilcpt. collectors, H. S. Oliver, and J. W. Dykins; judges of supreme court, ■John C. Perry, J. B. Blair, and Samuel C. Parks; U. S. district attorney, .1. A. Riner; U. S. marshal, Gustavo Schnitger; superintendent of public iiutruction, and territorial librarian, John Slaughter; penitentiary coninirs, Luke Marrin, Frank M. Foote and James M. Tisdel; fish conimr, Otto (rramm; stenographer, Robert C. Morris; commrs to revise and arrange the statutes of Wyoming territory, W. W. Corlett, Isaac P. Caldwell, and Clarence D. Clark. ^^BeptOov. Wyom., 1883. Contains geographical, mineral, topographi- cal, meteorological, live stock, agricultural, questions of public polity, and miscellaneous information. ^^ The prompt action of Gov. Warren on the occasion of the Rock Springs riot is worthy of all praise, though at the time his measures were freely crit- icised by political demagogues. The following is a brief account of the uffair. In August 1885, the officers of the Union Pacific railroad im^rted a large number of Chinese laborers, to be employed in the company s coal HiR. Nkv. 48 Ml.! IPs ' ' 1*1 1i 7M rOLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND MATERIAL AFFAIR.S The successor of Governor Warren was Thomas Moonhght/' an appointee of President Cleveland, wh o iiiiiiea at Evanston, Rock Sprinss, Carbon, and other points on the roatl, tli> object being to have at hand laborers enough, in case of a strike among th>' miners. 8oou the European miners evinced a jealous hatred of the Asiatics, accusing them of usurping places in the mines which gave them an advan tagu in the matter of wages; but there seems to have been no real groun-l for the charge, race prejudice and jealousy being the cause of the animosity. Tliu former demanded that the Chinese should be sent away, to which lii- maud the railroad company returned a refusal. They then organized t<> drive out the Chinese. On the 2d of Sept., 200 men at Rock Springs at- tacked them with firearms, driving them into the hills, killing and wound- ing about 50, and destroying all their property. Of 400 Chinamen not nni- was permitted to remain. The sick and the wounded who fell amidst tli< shanties were consumed in a conflagration, which was started by the infuri- ated mob, the wives of the minors assisting in the Hendish massacre. Fifty houses belonging to the railroa«l company were destroyed along with tl.i- Chinese dwellings. On being notified of what had taken place, (iov. War- ren at once telegraphed to Gen. Howard, in comuiand of the department <>t the Platte, asking for military protection, and riding over to Fort Ku-stM-li Mecured the promise of a sufficient force pending the genera.' » answer. A-i more serious reports reached him he proceeded by special train to Rock Springs, and telegraphed to the secretary of war, and finally to the president. .\fter much delay the troops arrived, barely in time to prevent a repetition of the massacre, and thus by his urgent appeals and at his own personal ri.ik the governor prevented further destruction of life and property. Francis Emroy Warren is a native of Hinsdale, ^lass, where he was Imni on the 20th of June, 1844, his ancestry being traced in direct line to the War- rens who landed in tliat state soon after the a4lvent of the pilgrim fatherr<. After serving dunng the civil war in the 49th Mass volunteers, lacing pres- ent at Plains Store, Donaldsouville, and Port Hudson, in 1868 Mr. Warren settled at Cheyenne, where he took charge of the house-furnishing sture of A. R. Converse. An excellent salesman, hard-working, economical, ami thoroughly reliable, he was soon afterward admitted into {tartnership, aii<l in 1877 purchased the entire concern, which a few years later was incor|><)- rated in the F. £. Warren Mercantile company. In 1873 he first engi«gt.'<l in stock-raising, and is now the principal owner in the W^arreii Live-stoek company, by far the larg st corporation of the kiml in W^yoming. Its prop- erty includes from 70,0C > to 80,000 sheep, and aliout 3,000 hea<l of cattlf, with nearly as many hor.cs, and more than 250,000 acres of land, exteniliug; in one unbroken range on either side of the Union Pacific. Elsewhere, not only in Wyoming, but in all the adjoining states and territories, he is largt-ly interested in lands and live-stock. By him were erected some of the most substantial buildings in Cheyenne, and at a time when the future of tii>< city was by no means assured. He is also the guiding spirit in several oi her leading enterprises, and in a word there ia no man who has contributtil more to the prosperity of Wyoming, and especially of Wyoming's nietroiHih<. ^ The secretary of the territory under Moonlight's administration was Samuel D. Sliannon; chief justice, William L. Maginnis; associate justices, Jacob B. Blair and Samuel F. Com; U. S. atty, Anthony C. Campbell; U. S. marshal, Thomas J. Carr; sur.-gen., John C. Thompson, U. S. revenii>> col., James F. Benedict; dept do., Mr Stitzer; regr of Cheyenne l.ui<l office, Edgar S. Wilson; do, of Evanston office, Eklwiii D. Steele; receiver of public moneys at Cheyenne. W'illiain M. Garrard; do, at Evanston, William T. Shaffer; special agent of land office, Henry B. Fry and E. N. Boiitil^ The officers elected l>y the people and appointed by the governor won- Delegate to congress, Joseph M. Carey; atty -gen., Hugo Donzelmann; au>!i- tor, Mortimer N. Grant; dept do, Charles W. Stewart; treasr, Williajn 1' Gannett; dept do, Jacob D. Freeborn; insurance commr, Joseph B. Adam-: librarian and supt public instruction, John Slaughter; fish commr, Ott' WYOMINU. 788 was sworn into office January 24, 1887, and who made several suggestions to tlie legislature which met in January 1888 touching the election law,** the grand jury system,''^ salaries and taxation. That taxes should increase with the erection of the public build- ings required by the territory was unavoidable, and the bonded debt of Wyoming in 1888 amounted to $230,000, of which $200,000 had twenty-five years to run, and $.'10,000 thirty-five years, all at six per fent. There was a balance in the treasurv in Decem- ber 1887 of over $51,000/* Whatever tendency t<» extravagance the ambition «>f the young conunon- wealth might lead to was likely to be checked by the (•ongrcssio:ial act of 1886 prohibiting the jjassage of (iraiiiiii; coal mine iiiuiicctor, P. J. Qucaly; gcoI(igi.tt ami mining cnKineer, l»iiiit I>. KickettH; veterinarian, James I). Ho|ikni!i; NU-n<igra|ilicr, Koliert 1'. .Mt>rrii«, iirivate sec. to the g*>v., Nellie E. Moonlight; i>cnitt.-ntiary com- iiiissioner.t, Luke Murrin, Frank M. Foote, John ('. Dyer; pharmacy conimrs, K. |). WooilrufF, A. Kichanl Troxell, Freil 1'. Shannon; reviue-l Ktatutes couiinr^, Isaac P. Caldwell, J. W. Black, Willijj Van Devanter: university lantl eoninir, F. 0. Sawin. -''The legifllatiire ut its (itii biennial sesnion in 1879, changed the time of hoUling the general election to Tuesday next after the first Momlay in Nov 188t». and every two years thereafter. All county ofticers entere<l upon the duties of their office on the lirst Monday in January next following their flection; hut the time of convening the legislature was on the «ecoml Tuef- day in .Ian. 1882, and every second year thereafter. Tliis arrangement '•rought the election of mcnd)er8 of the legi.'ilature 14 months Itefore the meeting of that hody. was inconvenient, an<l was altered l>y recommendation nftlov. M<K>nlight. ^The ditference lietween federal and territorial salaries was slight, but v-ounty officers had opportunities by reason of atlditional fees to greatly aug- ment their salaries above what the federal and territorial officers received. This state of affairs furnished the temptation, and also the means, to the incundn-'ut of an im)iortant place to keep himself in office by corrupti«in. M'-'tM. ^.'i>r. Moonliijhl, 1888. ■'* Among the funds in the treasury was the ' stock indemnity fund," of ?ll, 1*24.24. This might puzzle the reader not conversant with the interests of a cattle growing region. A veterinarian is reckone<l as a public officer in Wyoming, and so are pharmacy commissioners. Tlie 8i>read of pleuro- jmeumonia and other diseases auKtng the cattle on the ranges rwjuires the utmost care at times to prevent, and when other remeilies fail the infected .'attle are killed to prevent the further spread of the contagion. In this con- tingency the territory pays a certain amount of indemnity to the owners of the slaughtered cattle. The law providing compensation for cattle and 'norses destroyed, was enacted in I'o&l. In six years from 1882 tn 1887 inclusive, the horses and mules condemned numlietvd 248, valued at $22,021.- i*2, for which the territory paid $15,200.13, or two-thirils their value. All the cattle driven into the territory had to be inspected. The salary paid the veterinarian was $2,500, to which the Stock tirowers' associatUHi added as much more. Oov. Meae,, ISSb, 15. 7fi6 POLITICAL. 80CIAL, AND MATERIAL AFFAIR8. special laws in the territories, and limiting their indebtedness. The political history of Wyoming, fortunately for its happiness, is unmarked by any striking events. It has cost the general government little except for military service, the appropriations for the govern- ment not exceeding $34,000 annually, including the legislative expenses. Its county aflairs, in somo instances in its earlier period, were not well managtnJ by the commissioners, but the vil was removed by the election of competent men who soon brouglit about a prosperous condition, aided by wise legisla- tion." Indeed, of all the younger connnonwealths. ''The legislature of 1871 was cotnpoaed of councilineii .lohii Foslier, F. H. Harrison, W. R. Steele, S. F. Nuckolls, W. W. f'orlett, NoniiaJi Potter, .1. E. Gates, S. VV. Downey, and E. W. Bennett, 9; Nuckolls president; reiirv- sentatives, C. K. Castle, H. Ir. Nickcrson, (iibson Clark, Ben Slieeks, K. L. Pease, T. J. Dayton, Ora Haley, Duncan itlair, William L. Kuykendall, Ni. C. Brown, C. C. Wilson, John C. Friend, and John Talbot, I'i; Sheeks. speaker. The lesislature of 1873 was composed of councilmen S. W. Downey, .1. H. Ellis, A. Eurgens, J. C. Friend, P. McKay, E. L. Pease, T. W. yuiuii. F. E. Warren, 1. C. Whipple, 9; Warren, president; rcpresentativea, N. I., Andrews, H. Conley, A. E. Farley, J. E. Ferris, H. Haas, W. H. Holli.laj , J. Joslin, v. R. Kina, C. A. Phipps, G. W. Hitter, V. L. Tisdalc, F. S Whitney, and S. H. Wilkerson, 13; Wilkerson speaker. Ilie legislature of 1875 was composed of councilmen L. U. Bresnalion, W. L. Kuykendall, (i. A. Learight, H. B. Kelly, Herman Haas, W. H. 11.1- liday, S. L. Mills, C. W. Bramel, James Frances, James Calhoun, W. A. .Fohnaon, 0. North, and E. L. Pease, 13; Pease i)resident; repre^'entative.'t, Charles M. Scrihner, F. M. Footo, Jolin E. Davis, John Nealon, A. H. R»-il. N. Weeks, C. M. White, William Evans, J. K. Watson, Herman Kinum-. N. L. Andrews, Thomas Green, Leonard Coates, L. Ahrams, Michael Mur- phy, C. E. Castle, William McDonald, Thomas E, McLelland, Rol)ert Sinitli. M. H. Murphy, A. E. Bradbury, Peter Hamma, George W. Hitter, A. > Williams, C. A. Pieronnett, and W. M. Ward, '26; Andrews speaker. The legislature of 1877 was composed of councilmen Herman Haas, Tim Dyer, J. N. Keller, A. H. Swan, G. A. Vr^i'ir, W. H. Holliday, 1. I». Pease, S. W. Downey, Jjawrence Hays, Honur M;;rriH, F. F. Chiuey, K I- Pease, and Frederick Mertsheimer; E. L. Pcti-n! president. The following were the representatives: R. H. Homer, .Jotui C.nigdon, I. P. Caldwell, N L. Andrews, N. F. Spicer, Charles Klingcr'naa. George Ferris, Jame.-* lo'-'. D. v. Whitney, John E. Davis, Peter Haiuuia, A. Kyan, D. C. Traoy, 1' McKay, R. F. (ilover, J. F. Coad, H. H. Helphenstine, <J. D. Foglesong, H J. Gurney, B. F. Lowe, T. Kinney, J. McGlinchey, Cliarles Stone, R H. Carter, M. Ferrell, J. H. Hoy, and J. M. Tisdal, '2G; Andrews speaker. The legislature of 1879 was composed of councilmen R. Homer. W. !l. Holliday, P. L. Smith, R. M. Galbraith, Thomas Swan, H. Glafecke, A. H. Reel, M. E. Post, W. P. Noble, H. Garbonetti, L. G. Christie, 12; repres. n- tatives, H. G. Balch, Edwin Brazier, M. C. Johnson, H. L. Myrick, W S. Phillips, N. G. Spicer, J. F. Crawford, George Giunis, L. Johason, .1. Y. Skiles, Cbarlea Couray, J. £. Davis, B. F. Deitrick, W, J. Harding, W, H. wyomim;. m none have conducted their pubUc affairs more care- fully or with better results. The levy for 1H87, for territorial purposes, including tlif several buildiri«r and bond-tax funds, was only 3,J, mills.** A law taxiiit; railroad lands'** was enacted in 1886, and the first lew made in 1887. The valuation for assess- Hilbanl. W. V. Irvine. E. W. Mann, S. K. Sh*rple»«, J. S. Taylor. P. I'. DickinHon, A. C. Liithrit]). Charlen Kice. Charles Mc<;hee, VV. .1. Haya, W. A. Harker, John McManuH, Mark .Murphy. '17. The legiHlature <if 1882 was* eomp(M«ii ni cnuncilmen, Kniiert <iall>raith, Ora Haley, I. V. Lalilwell, IVrry L. Smith. A. F. Harer. T. \V. Qumn. \V. \V. Corlett, Thomai Sturgis, W. ('. Irvine, A. 11. Keel. W. A. H»i»-ktT, an<t H. A. .'Man, I'J; (.'aldwell prcxitlent; representative*. J. I>. FraMer, W. C. Lane, ('. W. Uinor, H. OelrichH, 1. S. Rartlett, H. M Beuchuer, A. CilchriHt, \V. .1. Hardin, M(»rri« Davix, .lames AilaniK. W. \V. Alexander, <!eorge l>. Deane. H. Tliayer. .1. S. Jones, K. \V. Kennett. J. H. Kelly, H N. Snyder, T. A. McCoy, F. H. Jonen. 1*. J. Hine«, A. H Heald. A. ti. Kex, I'. A. Dawes, and L. C. Briggs, 24; Lane H]M-aker. The legialatnre of 1884 was <:o!ni>osed of cnnncilmen \V. H. Holladay, llohert Homer, .Fohn W. (!ray, K. \\ . Bennett, William Daley, A. T. Habitt, IMiilip Dater, F. K. Warren, W. C. Irvine, 1'. J. Mines. A. V. Quinn. K. S. Whittier, 12; Holliday president; representatives, O. D. Downey. I>. D. Kennedy, C. H. liussard, H. V. S. (;rf>H.Hl>eck. Lerr»y Crant. L. Qu<^lv, Hiram Alien, D. F. Dudley, \V. H. Weaver. X. X. Craig, John F. C.«d. Tlioinaa CaliiU. D. Miller, F. W. Schwartze, H. E. Teschcmacher, J. H. Ford, .-X. Jackson, H. (5. Nickerscm, F. H. -lones, O. C. Smith, K. B. Seaton, and Charles I'elaney. 22; Jones ajH-'aker. The legislature of 1880 was comi>osed of conncilmen H. E. Teschemaeher. .lo«ei>h (Jainger, J. H. Ford, Leroy Crant, C. W. Wright, J. W. BUke, A. .S. I'ciihody, William Daley, Joseph E. Cashin, Charles Delaney, A. T. Chalice, John McCormi<'k, 12; Blake president; representativea, Addison Turrill, 1). B. Dole, N. M. Knight, S. W. Downey. J<>hn A. Matthews. Frank Williams. E. W. (Jenter, J. S. Kerr, James Rime. A. I*. Kellev, C. A. (iuernsey, N. J. O'Brien, W. A. Rol.hins, Frank A. Miller, J. M. Tomp- kins, M. P. Keefe, Isaiah \Nniitehonse, K. B. Seaton, .l*ihn L. Kusaell, Wil- liam Summers, M. M. .lerome. f!eorge Mitchell, C. H. Vflnuey, .1. M. Loh- haii, 24; Kerr speaker. The Icgi.slature of 1888 was composed ef cunncilmen C 1*. Organ, John A. Riner, James VV. Hammond, Charles A. •Iuernsey, W. If. Holliday. .lohn H. Symons, P. L. Smith, Frank A. Hadsell. J." D. Loueks, RolieVt Smith, L. C. Bliss, O-. W. Carletou, 12; Riner preaiilent; rejire.^entatives, Willis V^an Devanter, .Tohn Roherts, W. S. Weaver, Thomas B. Adams, Edward T. Dufly, F. W. Lafrertz, .F. .\. .Johnston, Thomas Hrx^per, Leroy < Irani, Howard Chigston, A. L. Sutherland. W. C. .Samp«»r>n, L. D. IVai*'. Charles E. Blydenlmrgh. .fohn M. Kuykendall. W. D. Carrier, Xat Hunt- ington, J. C. Rummel, E. S. Murray, James I. Patton, J. B. Cumniock, William Summers, O. E. Snyder, 24; Huntington speaker. *The assessed valuation of the several counties in 1887 was: AlUanv, «{,9n,l.^-..40; Carl»on, $.'»,250,3.'M.60; Crook, «l,81l,i57..50; Fremont. *1. 99.3, 000. 00; Johnson. $3, .348, 42 1.29; Laramie. «».O«O.008.38: Sweet- water, $l,.'ill,6<i6.03; UinU, $1,386,294.70, eqnal to $26.232,238. 70. Replof Onv. MoonUijht to See. Int. ■'* A law was enacted in 1879 taxing the road-lied, unperstnietare. right of way, rolling stock, telegrap'u lines, etc., but not the land. •9«f*. Ixnm, 179, p. 13. 788 POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND MATERIAL AFFAIRS. ment placed upon 668 miles of road was $5,741,715.46, or less than $9,000 per mile; and upon 1,226 miles of telegrap lines a valuation of $95,660.76, or $7h per mile. The total assessed value of territorial property, including railroad property, was $32,089,613. The legislature of 1888, acting upon the advice »>f the governor, reduced the salaries of county officers and changed the time of the election of members of the council and house of representatives. It also defined the powers of foreign railroads doing bushiess in the territory. It provided for the erection of a normal school building at Sun Dance, and an agricul- tural college at Sheridan. That a municipality con- sisting of less than 100,000 inhabitants should take upon itself the support of all needful institutions, discharsin*' its obligations with ease, is evidence of great resources. Three new counties were authorized by legislative act in 1888; Converse, taken off the north of Lara- mie and Albany; Sheridan off the north of Johnson; and Natrona off the north of Carbon. The first was named by the legislature of Wyoming in memory •>! the late A. R. Converse,*" formerly territorial trras- urer, and one of the leading citizens of Cheyenne. The penitentiary not yet being completed in 18HH, the 98 convicts belonging to the territory were still confined in Joliet and other eastern prisons. Amon^,^ the trials, for all new countries nmst have some form of hardship, was the irruption into the territory about 1877 of organized bands of road agents, who for a number of years infested the highways, and attempted '•A. R. Converse, born in Mass in 1842, arrived in Cheyenne Nov. 14. 18G7, and established the first house-furnishing business here, taking F. V.. Warren for a partner in 1873, and selling out to him in 1878. In 1875 li' engaged in stock-raising on the Ciiugwater, and later organized the Natioiuil Cattle CO. , but sold his interest in 1 884. He also organized the Converse ( at tie CO., with a range on Lance creek, 180 miles n. of Cheyenne; capital stocL $1,000,000. Ho was one of the first county commissioners elected after tin- organization of the territory, and from 1876 to 1880 was territorial trea.< urer. He was one of the most public-spirited citizens of Wyoming, an assisted materially in building up Cheyenne. WYOMING. 759 the wrecking of railway trains for plunder. They were after a struggle brought under control by the courage and skill of the shcritfs." •* What the Btrueglc: was will appear from the following: Ervin F. Cheney, while deputy aheriffof Atlantic C'lty, succeded in arretiting three who had escaped trom prison. He was assisted by McCabo, a well known scout, and another person. All three of the criminals were resentence*! to prison for long terms. Bill Bivens was one of these robbers. Scott Davis was thanke<l by a joint resolution of the legislature of 1877 for the capture of Blackburn and Wall, two notorious desperadoes. Wyom. Seas. Lairs, 1877, 144-5. Coaches in those days were iron-clad to ward off bullets. In 1878 the coach from Cheyenne to Dea<1wooil was attacked by G masked men, and roblied. Meeting the coach from Deadwood at Lightning creek, the driver gave a description of the spot, and warned the south-bound driver to look out for it, as the robbers were no doubt waiting for his coach to repeat the asimult. There were three passengers inside, one a woman, the express messenger, Capt. Eugene Smith, on horseback, and the driver, John Flaherty, on the box to defend the coach. Smith rode about 400 yards ahead of the stage. At the scene of the robbery he picked up some certiticates of registered let- ters left on the ground, but saw nothing of the robbers until I k miles l>eIow Cheyenne river station, where a dry creek offered a favorable ambush. In this ravine Smith was seen by the driver beckoning to liim to come on. He had a revolver in his left hand and a riUe in his right. ' I have gr>t them here, and I must get them out,' he shouted; ' you drive on.' He ro<ie alone up and down the creek for some distance, and dually tired a shot, whicli caused one of the concealed road agents to tire, and reveal their hiding plac«. which, seeing tliat they were sought, and judging by Smith's coolness that he had assistance at han<l, they were anxious to conceal. Tliey soon <lis- covered that he alone wa.s opposed to them, and shots were freely exchangeil. Smich's horse was mortally wounded. In the skirmish he tired 4 shots with his pistol and 17 with his riffe, and had 50 shots tired at him, none of which touched him. The robliers, who had concealed their horses, mounted and rode off, thinking, no doubt, that Smith was endeavoring to drive them into a net prepared Tor them. He then mounted the coach, which proceeded safely to its destination. The Rocky Mountain Detective association, at the head of which was Gen. D. J. Cook of Colorado, had its memlj«r« among the sheriff<i and their deputies in Wyoming, who did some courageous work. Nathaniel K, Boswell of Laramie City was one of the most ethcient. In the ivintcr of 1878 he took 13 deputies and follov^. il up until he arrested this gang of 6 stage robbers, whose names were Irwiii Marr-r.tT, Harring- ton, Congdon, and two others, all desperate men. T; y wee siii-roundetl 7 miles east of Rock creek station, and taken without resistance. He arrested Jesse James in Nebraska for one of the gang, without knowing that he wa.« the notorious man of that name. James was lodged in Jiiilat Laramie City; but the prisoner escaped through want of evidence. Afterward when he saw a photograph of Jesse James, he knew he had liadthe famous rnblier in his power. Jack Watkins, a much drciided desperailn, was arrested by Bos- well when no one else would attempt it. He followed Miller ami Oai». horse thieves, 400 miles, alone, and getting ahead on their trail, made them throw up their hands and dismount, as they had compelled many an honest man to do, and making the"* nut the handcuffs on each other, brought them back to Wyoming. He ■■ .•■ ppointod chief of the detective bureau of the stock-growers' association in 188.% and had from 'Mi to 50 t-ubordinatei.. In the autumn of 1878, in the vicinity of Laramie, an extra locomotive preceded railway trains, which were nm slowly for fear of wrecking, and which carried a gtianl of soldiers. Such a state of affairs suggested, if t did not justify, the revival of the vigilance committe. In Nov. a coach from the north for Laramie, having ou board two captured robbers, Manstield and POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND MATERIAL AFFAIRS. The advancement of Wyoming from 1884 to 1888, if not as rapid as in some portions of the inter-mon- tane territories was steady and permanent. The I^- islature of 1886 had authorized the issue of $230,000 in bonds to be divided between the capital building fund, the university building fund, and a hospital for the insane. These bonds were payable in 15 and 3.') years, and found a ready sale at five cents premium. An act has also been passed to create an institute for the education of deaf mutes; and $100,000 was appropriated in 1888 for the construction of a peni- tentiary." McLaughlin, was stoppod at Platte river ford by masked men, their guard <lisarined, and the priaoncrs taken out and hanged. ^. F. BuUetin, Nor. 4, 1878. Donovan was hanged for murder in Fremont county. Several valu- aiile lives were lost in the effort to thwart the operations of organized lNui<i^ of outlaws. By the combined action of the local authorities, the depart- inents at Washington, and the railroad and stage companies, a check wa> put upon their operations. Mtsx. Gov. Hoyt, 1879,28-9. They were not ex- terminated, and in a year or two began their depradations once more. Bit; nose (reorge, Dutch Charley, and others attempted to wreck a railroad tram. .Several were captured. Bignose (leorge contrived to get off his shacklf.'-. and attacked his jailer, Robert Rankin, whom he injured seriously. He w.ts taken from continemont the aight following and hanged by i-igilants, wh< • also executed some of his associates, Jim Lacey and Opium Bob. In ISM ten sdhd men of Cheyenne took from jail cue Mozier and hanged him. H:.- crime was that of killing one of two men who had kindly offereil to carry him in their wagon from near Laramie to Fort A. D. Russell. Some soldiers coming in sight, the otiier intended victim escaped, and the murtlerer was captured. Two conditions seem to accompany robber-gangs — the prosperity of the producing class whom they prey upon, and an unsettled country at hand in whicli to make their rendezvous. These conditions have esistetl in the Rocky mountain territories. \\\ Hands Up!! or Tictnty Y^xn oj DrU'- tij*? Life on the PUiins, by D. J. Cook, a book of nearly 300 pages, is c«'n- tained the narrative of many of the most celebrated crimes and arrests u<'- oiirring in liis department. Cook was born in Ind. in 1840; reared on t farm, and received a common school education. He went to Colo in I8.'i'.'. and mined in (iilpin CO. Two years afterward lie returned to Kansas an<i {>iirchased a fari.i, but soon engaged in freighting for the government. H-' fanned a gooil deal of the villainy practised in his calling, when employt •< fif the quartermaster's department stole the horses and stock Itelongiug to i train, and sometiines the whole train, taking advantage of the baO repnta- tioii of the Indians, whom tlioy t-niulated, Cochran's Ifist. Fort Laramie, M."» . 6t>-7; and his natural qnickiies.s of <il).><crvatioii l>ecainc shar{>ened. He w,i< tran<ferre<l to the ordnance dupartiiient of the army of the frontier in IM^i. and on returning to (,^olu established the association of which he was i-T more than 20 .. ars chief. He is inentioneil in n.y HiM. Col\ 467, as majiir- general of the militia of that state. '-'The capital, located at Cheyenne, waa designed by D. W. Oibjs. .■' Toleilo, Ohio. Its outline is classic, and it is built of Rawlins sandstone . which has a pleasing greenish gray tint. The size is 216x112 feet, and th' height to the liual poiut uf the dome 153 f«gt. Tbu iiuposiug structur., WYOMING. 761 Wyoming experienced the same hardships which has always embarrassed the efforts of the territories to establish a school system. During the period of sparse settlement, when aid is most required, no rev- enue is derived from the school lands, which are either unoccupied, or ranged over by the herds of cattle companies who are at liberty to graze their ani- mals upon them year after year, while the schools must wait for state government to give them any right to benefit by them. Congress should have authorized the territories to lease the 16th and 36th sections, in order that a revenue, however small, might be gath- ered vhich would lighten the burden." Wyoming vas f^,' p -ted in 1881 the customary 72 sections for uiii.crs/i.j purposes, and set about selecting them in I88t*. iL cask not without difficulty, owing to the rail- road grants, Indian and militia reservation lands, and Yellowstone park reserve. The same necessity for which coiit ?l 50,000, ntands on a gentle elevation facing Capitol avenue. Bmnl of Trail,' JiejX, 1888, p. 13. Tlie university, located at Laramie, cost $50,000. Tlie corner stone was laid Sept. 27, 188(5, and the building was completed in the following Sept. It occupies the city park, the grounds comprising 4 blocks donated by the city council and tlie U. P. R. R., and 10 acres besides added by the commis- sioners, making about 20 acres in the heart of the city. The plan of the edifice is elegant ui style, tl'.e material being Laramie sandstone, with orna- ments of Kawlins stone. It is 157x71 feet. The university is non-sectarian, and open to all. The first board of regents consi.sted of M. C. Brown, J. H. Finfrock, W. 'i. Hollid; y, iWward Ivmson. J. H. Hayford, John W. Hoyt, and Samuel Aughey. I!"'t •.vas made prest of the university. He was .\.ssisted by Charles I '. (^yisley, W. Smith, and A. Nelson. Hoyt had long been connected wit'i <'<iu -i' .onal matters, domestic and international, ana was three timis jv >st. .■ i" 'u^^rriational juries on learning, for which services he was knii;litpi' ■ / i-.: r;' r, .•• Fr^'.-cis ,loseph at Vienna. Conley had filled ditiFerent oliairs av Viaik' Ta univt'rsity. ''". Sniitli was a graduate of Uart- nionth college, and a •'on .f <"" ii-f-justice .Smith of N. H. Nelson was a graduate of tlie state norniai s'thool of Mo. Larunik IK. Boomerawj, Aug. 18, 1887. The insane asylum was located at Evanston, and completed in 1887. The commissioners were A. C. Beckwith, C. D. Clark, and William Hinton. Rfjtl of Gov. Monuliijlit to thi> See. of ltit>'rior, 1 887, p. 40. •^ NotMithstanding that no aid was expected or received, the territorial legi.slature provided for a school system of a high order. The librarian of the territory is supt of public instruction. Tlie law provides for a teachers' institute, which holds annual sessions of from 6 to 10 days. The public school-houses in ."i " counties cost !|17.'i,47I, of which the amount raised by tax was J,19,82(>. -■ remainder by voluntary subscription. In three other counties .'?lG,5.'iO .v ■ .-%i?ietl in 1886 for this purpose. The average cost of tuition i>er |>npil p>': . .-ith varied from $2 to 89, according to the number of students. Id., 3D-4i. m POUTICAL, SOCIAL, AND MATERIAL AFFAIRS. leave to utilize the university land existed chat was urged on account of the public school lands. The college so courageously founded by the public spirit of the inhabitants should have enjoyed the rental of the lands appropriated by congress, and not a railroad or a cattle company, and the more so that tuition was free to all those nominated by the commissioners i^f the several counties, and nearly free to all students from any quarter. The land laws of the United States, although the most liberal in the v:orld, and made to suit the neces- sities and encourag 7^ nterprise of the people, have always been subject '«. 'iicism, and have been many times amended to adjusi ^nem to the different condi- tions of new communities. The irruption into the mid-continental portion of the United States of Eng- lish and other foreign capitalists, who purchased mines of which they knew little and spent money lavishly in an attempt to make money out of them — an attem[)t which often proved abortive — was welcomed by the pioneer, because it at least brought into the country means which could be used in other forms of develop- ment ; but when foreign capital was applied to the purchase, at the minimum price, of millions of acres of the best land, including the banks of rivers, prevent- ing small farming and nullifying the purpose of tlie land law, which was to benefit the poor man, congress was appealed to with a request to enact a law against alien land holding. Accordingly on March 3, 1887, such an act was passed. No sooner was this done than a cry was raised that the act worked injury to the territories, preventing mining men from securing loans on mining property and other classes of real estate, a complaint which proceeded rather from east- ern operators in western mines, than from the actual settlers and residents of the territories. Wyoming encouraged, ^and derived much benefit from tlie investment of English capital in manufacturing and WYOMING. 763 other enterprises ; but the sentiment of the majority was that instead of one man with 1 00,000 cattle occu- pying 1,000,000 acres of the pubhc land and making $500,000 per annum, it was better to have 1,000 men with 100 head and 640 acres making a profit of $500 yearly. In 1889, after the election of President Harrison had again brought the republicans into power, F. E. Warren was reappointed to the governership, a choice all the more welcome to the people on account of his liberal land policy, and his efforts in securing from the general land department a large number of [)at- onts for years wrongfully withheld from the smaller settlers."* ** Especially during his forruer administration, his resignation being largely due to diflfereuces with U. S. commr Sparks. In hia NepoH for 1889 the gov- yrnor states that the U. S. laud laws were originally framed with a view to the prairie sections, and when applied to the mountain regions worked great hanfshin and injustice. In the Mississippi valley, for mstance, ItiO acres selected almost anywhere would be sufficient for a farm, but in Wyoming, except for a few choice locations, such an area would not support half a dozen full-grown domestic animals. Still the people of that territory have been held to the same rulings, and compelled to pay the same prices, as in the western states. In other respects this report is a most able document, furnishing the most complete account of the reso«irccs of Wyoming, its in- dustrial, social, commercial, iinaneial, and political position, that lias ever come to my notice. CHAPTER YI. MILITARY AND INDIAN AFFAIRS. 1849-188G. .STANsnrRv's Observations — Belief in tick Presence of Gold— Indian Treaties— ArriTUPE of the Savaces— .Smith's Exi'loits — Mii.italv Massacre of Inuian.s — Indian Chiefs at Washin(;ton City— Divkks Military Expeditions — (Iold Ai'PEARiNo-lNEvn aisle Destiny oi THE Red Race — Broken Pleikjes — The Army of the United Siaiks Broi-oht Out — Lonc, CoNTiNrors, and Bloody Fkjhtincj— Final Triumph of Civilization — Slavery and .Sava(jism Exterminated. The earlier explorations of Wyoming by the gov- ernment were for the i)urp(»se of ascertaining the best wagon and railroad routes. Caj^tain Howard Stans- bury, who was ordered to explore the Great Salt lake and its valley in 1849, after performing this duty, made a reconnaissance of a railroad route from Salt Jjake City to Fort Bridger, and from Fort Bridger to the Platte valley east of Fort Tjaramie. An almost straight line, he found, could be extended from Bridger to Laramie, forming a chord to the arc of the North Platte route in u.se, a line which was subse- quently adopted by the Union Pacific railroad, except that he advocated going through the Cheyenne pass,' 'This term is deceptive. It ia applied to a valley about 4 miles wide and 4ii miles long, lying between the Laramie hills on the west and the elevated plains on tlie cast, and between Crow creek on the south and Chugwater on the north. It appears, says .Stansbury, ' to have l)€en cut out by the violent action of an immen.se body of water Mowing in a nortliern direction.' Stanx- liun/''< K.qH'i/Uinn to Utnh, i!6(). Cliugwater on the north is said to have hisen so called by the Indians, who meant by it 'the place where the butfalos throw themselves away,' the hunters chasing the animals until they pbinf^cd over the clifl's formed by the tabh'dand into the river. Water not being an Indian word, it seems more probable that white hunters named it. from tlie circumstance referred to, or that they put the ineauing of some Indian words iuto this one. (764) WYOMING. 76ff whereas the road passes over the southern end of the Laramie range. Stansbury's report did not mention any mineral discoveries except coal. In September 1857, Lieutenant G. K. Warren of the topographical engineers, who had been exploring on the upper Mis- souri for a year or two, made an exploration from Fort Laramie north to Inyan Kara mountain, on the west slope of the Black hills, from which point he was turned back by the Sioux. Among other interesting observations, he found the composition of those hills to be, 1st, metamorphosed azoic rock, including granite; 2d, lower silurian (pots- dam sandstone) ; 3d, devonian ; 4th, carboniferous ; 5th, permian; 6th, Jurassic; 7tli, cretaceous. The highest peaks were granite. He found between the elevations small, rich valleys, covered with fine grass for hay, and susceptible of cultivation by means of irrigation ; fine timber for fuel and lumber, limestone and good building stone, many coniiuon and useful minerals ; but that which was of greater interest at that period was his assertion that gold has been found in places in "valuable quantities."" In July 1859 Captain W. F. Raynolds of the same corps, under orders from the war department, pene- trated from Fort Pierre on the Missouri river to the Black hills, which he explored on the northeast and north, after which he proceeded to Powder river. Bighorn, and Yellowstone valleys, wintering near the Platte bridge. In his report he alleged that very decided evidences of gold were discovered in the Big- horn mountain.s, and also in tlie Black hills. He dared not make known to the men in his command, which was largely composed of irresponsible adven- turers, what he believed to be true, lest th<;y should disband and leave him in the wilderness.* F. V. ■* Cheyenne Leader, Oct. 24, 1874. * HaynoMx' Jtept, in U. S. Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 77, p. 14, vol. ii., 40th coug., 2(1 aaaa. Raynolds was accompanied by Lieutenant H. E. Maynadier, .1. I). Mutton topographer and artist, J. H. Snowden topographer, H. C. Fillc- Urown meteorologist and astronomer, Antoine Schonuarn nieteoroloniat and 766 MILITARY AND INDIAN AFFAIRS. Hayden, geologist, who accompanied Raynolds, as he had Warren, was placed under a pledge of secrecy until the expedition was out of the mountains. Their reports to the government were supplemented by tlie statements of many persons that the Indians had ex- hibited gold nuggets at Fort Pierre and Fort Lara- mie, and by the assurance of De Smet that he had discovered rich gold mines in these regions, althoutrh with Jesuitical slyness he refused to reveal the locality, out of consideration for his "dear Indians," whom in his writings he describes in colors not very different from those on frontiersmen's palette. I have already related how strong was the impros- sion in the public mind that gold existed in the Bijjj- horn and Black hills countries when the treaty was made with the Sioux and Arapahoes in 1868, exclud- ing white men from all that region extending from the Missouri river to the 104th meridian west, and between the 43d and 46th parallels; and also from the country north of the North Platte river and east of the summits of the Bighorn mountains, permittint^ no settlements of white men, no forts, and no roads in all that territory. Of this impression the (commis- sioners were well aware, and equally cognizant of tlio fact that where gold is known or believed to exist men will go, at any risk to themselves, and in oppo- sition to any laws. In the face of this knowledge, the commissioners pledged the government to keej* white men out of this entire region, and to close uj) the road to Montana.* artiit, F. E. Hayden naturalist and surgeon, M. C. Hinea asst, George Wal- Ion time-keeper, and several unprofessional gentlemen. The escort w;i< commanded by John Mullan. •The wording of the treaty seems to imply a reservation of the country lying north of Nebraska, but simply to regard as ' unoeded Indian territory ' that portion afterward included in Wyoming. Wi/om. Compiled Laws, ISTii. Ixx. It gave, while excluding white men from Indian territory, the right tn the Indians to hunt outside their reserved lands on the Republican fork nf the Smoky Hill rivei-, and 'on any lands north of North Platte.' On tlicir part, the Indians agreed to preserve i)eace, to make no opposition to railroail Construction, to attack no travellers, kill no white men, and take no captivC'^. The treaty was confirmed Feb. 16, 1869. WYOMING. 767 On the 3d of July following the treaty with the Sioux, the same commissioners concluded a treaty with the Shoshones and Baimacks, at Fort Bridger, and set apart as a reservation for the former tribe all that country lying south of the Owl creek mountains, and north of the divide between the Sweetwater and Popo Agie rivers, and between the Wind river moun- tains on the west and Bighorn river on the cast,* leaving north of the Sweetwater mountains only a single narrow strip of country between the east shore of the Bighorn river and the west flank of the Big- horn mountains which white men might traverse, and on which the Indians were permitted to hunt so long as unoccupied, or game could be found upon them. At the moment these treaties were being negotiated, the Union Pacific railroad company was already be- yond Laramie City with its track, and towns and population were drifting with it rapidly westward. Congress had established the territory of Wyoming between six and seven months before the senate con- firmed the treaties with the Sioux and Arapahoes, Shoshones and Bannacks, excluuing from occupation and exploration fully half its area. Before the treat- ies, or the organization of the territory, gold mining was already being carried on in the Sweetwater coun- trv, and settlements beins: made. Such was the con- dition of Wyoming relatively to the Indians and the government, such the keeping of the compact made by the govertiment with the savages, when it became a territory, and for which a reckless peace commission and a careless senate were responsible. The Sioux and the Shoshones preserved for some time a peaceful attitude toward the white people, ex- cept where renegades of these tribes joined vvicli tin; Arapahoes, who paid no more attention to the treaty than the United States had done, merely presenting '" This ia not the exact description of boundary, but comes near enough to it for my purpose. 768 MILITARY AND INDIAN AFFAIRS. themselves at the agencies to draw their rations. These Arabs of the plains roamed as far west as the Sweetwater, and were so swift and so cunnhi^ that their raids were at first imputed to the Shoshonts. Their depredations, which included many inurdors. and the destruction or robbery of a large amount of property, H. G. Nickerson, in the spring of 1870. after a number of murders had been perpetrated, vis- ited the Arapalioe camp as a spy, and being suspecttd. very nearly lost his life.* Upon the evidence gathen-d by him, a company of 175 well-armed men was i-aist'<l to avenge the death of these citizens. But through the leadership having been assumed by one Williuin Smith, a bravado, who was subsequently killed in a brawl, the hitended effect of the lesson was In.st. Dividing his command, Smith marched in broad day- light with sixty men toward the Arapahoe camp. ( )ii the way he met a party of Indians, with their chi. f. Black Bear, going to the settlements to trade, with their families, sixteen in all; and slew them without mercy. This piece of infamy gave the Indians furtlui grievance, of which they quickly availed themselves. These disturbances led to the establishment of a j)ci- inanent military post in the vicinity of the Sweetwat«r settlements, which was named after Lieutenant Stiuii- baugh, a promising young officer killed in a skirmisli May 4, 1870. Men slept with their cartridge belt:^ and gun at hand, and when surrounded, crawled into a thicket to defend themselves as best they could. *HermanG. Nickerson, horn in Ohio in 1841, received a collegiaU- c<li;- cation in tlie same state, and entered tlie union army in 1801 a.s a private in the 'J3d Ohio rcgt, and was mustered out in l>Sti5 at Nashville, witli th<. cus- tomary honors, lie returned to Ohio to study law, hut his health failiii • he went first to Nebraska City, tlien to Bozeman, Mont., in I8W), drivinu . team, and fightins Indians nearh* all the way from Fort l.aramie, having '. of liis company killed. On one occasion 180 head of stock were capture^i. Selling his goods, and engaging in mining, for 15 years Nickerson continiU'l to reside in this district, undergoing all the difficulties attending pioneeriiu' and Indian disturhances. He went into sheep-fanning in 1882 on a lart*- scale. In 1868 he was appointed supt of schools, and was chosen justice <•! the peace several times, appointed U. S. commissioner in 1870, elected U> the lower house of the legislature in 1871 and 1884, and was elected prol«t(t judge and county treasurer of Fremont co., of which he secured the organi- zation. WYOMING. im In the winter of 1868-70 a scheme was set on foot at Cheyenne for raising an expedition of two thousand men to explore the " unceded Indian territory," which by the treaty of 1868 was promised to the Sioux for a special preserve. Meanwhile the Indian commissioner invited Red Cloud and Man-afraid-of-his-horses to Washinijton, in order that they might observe the power and magniti- cence of the government. Red Cloud became so well convinced of the superiority of the United States in a long war that he gave his influence for peace, and for some months restrained his band fn)m hostilities. It was duriiiij the sunnner of 1870 that a jreoloj;ical sur- vey of Wyoming was made from Cheyenne to Fort Fetterman, to the South pass, to Fort Bridger and the Uinta mountains, to Henry fork of Green river, t:> Brown's hole, to Green river station, on the Union Pacific railroad, and thence via Bridger s pass back to Cheyenne. In May 1873 General Ord, commanding the mili- tary department of the Platte, ordered a nnlitary expedition to the headwaters of the Snake, Bighorn, and Yellowstone rivers, which was placed in charge of Captain Jones. The route of the expedition lay from Bryan, on the Union Pacific railroad, north through the Wind river vallev, across Wind river mountains, and that interesting northwest comer of the territory dedicated to the nation for a public park. This was the first attempt of a government ex}fedition to approach this region from this direction,' and was 'In 1870 Lieut ffustavus C Doane, liy onler of Major Baker, coinniaii<l- ing at P'ort Klli.s, Mont., made a reconnai-isance from the fort to Yelliiwstone lake, via the general course of the east (lallatin river Tliis wa^ the rir.'st military expedition to thi.i lake, ami was aecoinpanieil \>y a party <>f civilians from Helena, namely, tl.s surveyor-general of >lontaiia, H. U. Washljum, X. R Lani;forl, T. ('. Everts, C. He.lges, Samnel T. Hauler, Warren C. Gd- lette, Benjamin C. Stickney, jr, Walter Trumlmll, and Jacoh .Smith. They proceeded to the geyser basina and Yellowstone lake, making an extended report of their explorations. Tlie liighest mountain in that region was named aitPT the surveyor-general, Waxhlnirne. U. S. Sfn. Er. Dor., 51, 41st cong., .11 -.ess.: Ovrlivnl MoiiMy, vi. 431-7, 489-96; Mi.**oul>i Pionter, March 9-30, lS7tJ. It was upon the report of this exj>editi'>n to the ^ec. of war, and thruugh the labors uf the MouUua djlcgale, C'ligge.t, tLit the Y^elluwdtoue WP MILITARY AND INDIAN AFFAIRS. successful, the expedititm proccetiing through the Yelh)W8t()ne national park to Fort Ellis.* national park watt roHorvcil for a jtloaHure ground for the l)enefit and enjoy- ment of the iMJOiile. U. S. II. tr. Dor., 3'Jtt, p. 102, 4l8t Cong., M se*; : Cnnif. (/l(M 1871 2, app. CIH; Aiwunl lirjit Sitfit \iit. Park, IJ>8I, 74 .'.; Jlinjileii, UiviU HV.i<, 30-8. Anotlier governinunt i»arty in 1872 dexigiit-d visiting thu YulloWHtouo park, namely, the pnace uomniissiunera to the &<utux. Yellowstone National Pakk. headed by Gen. Cowan. They were prevented by these Indians. No, go tlu- U. S. geol. surveying exped., under Hayden, which approachetl from the wi>t by the Snake river cafion through the Teton range, tinding immense snow- drifts and glaciers in July, and a lake at an altitude uf 1U,2IK) feet, whi. h was frozen 15 feet deep. N. Y. Herald, in Helena Rocly Mountain G-iy/i.. Sept, 29, 1872. Hayden penetrated to the geyser basin, which was descriUil in his report. Numerous visiting and exploring parties have traverst-d tlif park since 1872, notably one which fell in with the Nez Perces, under Joseiih in 1877, by whom they suffered severely. A reconnaissance for a wapon-n>^^il from Fort Washakie was made in 1881 by Gov. Hoyt and Col Julius \V. Mason, 3d cav., and a small escort. Tmns Wyom. Acad. Srinttrs, 43-69. ^Mess. Gov. Camphell, 1873, 10. IVyom. H. Jour., 1873, 27. IUii<ier.<'\ Knocking Bound the Rockies, 181. 'It is the intention of the military auth.ri- WYOMIXr,. rri Tho inovitablo crisis was approarhin*; wlion tlie adoptiuu ut' u dfoidcd |Kilicy witli the Indians would he forced upon the j^oveminent for the mutual ^o(xl of white and red men. Some depredations iK'ing again committed by the Cheyennes and Araimhoes in Wind river valley in 1874, Captain Bates attacked V. rampltcll, * to mIc of congrnm an appropriation sufficient to lilitary road from itome point in Wyoming on the \. I*. K. K., tiea,' MiyH Gov. c instruct a mil to Fort Kllid.' .loneM, cm p. 55 of his fejiort, aayn one in)|Mirtaiit o1>je4-t of his expedition waa to diitcover a practicaltle route to YelIowiit4ini- lake from the Houtli or Houtheast, ami that he ha« foan<l it practicaMe to Luild a wason roail via Yellowiitouu lake to Montana, which would »ave a coiiiiidcralile dlHtaiice. It was discovered that there were three \mt)e» througli the Sierra Shoshones, affording approached to YellowKtone liasin. First, from the head of Clarke fork to the east fork of the YellowsU>ne; Mecond, from the head of tho north f<>i'k of Stinkingwater, entering the laasin oppoeite the fo<it of Yellowstone lake, (Colter's route, INOT) which route was folluw<»l l>y the exiiedition; third, from the head of Ishawo<« nrer, entering the l)asin opi*o- sitti tho head of the lake. MiMoHlitH, Aug. 22. itfJX All these passes were, ho ackiiowlogcd, ditiicult. But one at the hea<I of Wind river, a little south- cast of the lake was practicable from Wind rit'er valley, lliis pass he named Tngwater, an Indian wonl. Its altitude was li,t>*_M feet, and the slopes of approach long and gradual, so that a railrnaal coc . lie built over it. U. S. 11. Ejc. Dof., 28.'), p. 55, 4%1 cong., 1st seas. Jone^ reixirt contains contributions on the geology, meteorology, iMitany, and entomology of Wyoming, liexides its geographical and descriptive matter. The Wyoming legislature of 1873 petitioned congress to appropriate money to establixh a military road over the route repi>rte«l upon by C'apt. Jones. Il'yoin. Suit. Lawn, 1873, p. 2G1-2. Again in 1879 congress was niemorialize<l on the sub- ject of a road to Montana over the June; survey of 1878, but nothing resulted from these petitions, and the A\>\\t«ax:\t via the route from Bozeman, has alone been rendered itracticable to onlinary tourists. N. G. Langford, of Montana, was made supenntemlent of the Yellow- atone park in 1872, and maile some improvements by way of laying out roads to points of special interest in the reser\'ation. Little, however, has l)een done, tlie object l>cing to keep it in a state of nature as much as iMtssi- blc, and to preserve the game. For a long time it had not even one resident, amino accommodations for vi.sitor9 nntU |S80. In that year i'. W. Mar- shall erected a cabin at Mammoth hot springs in Firehole l>asin, and kept a hotel. Marshall was born in 111. in 1846. In the Firehole he was in tnith a tresspasser; but Secretary Schurz, of the interior de^iartment, l*eiug in the park during a rainstorm, and having no shelter, snggeste<l that he should enlarge his domicile and prepare to fumi-^h accommolation to t«mri>ts, for which purpose he secured Marshall a permit from the go%-emment, to reside in the park and keep a hotel. In 1884 he obtained! a V-aae for ten years. He had a daughter born there Jan. 30, 1881, the first child Wm on the reserva- tion, and 50 miles from any neighlmrs. Gov. Hoyt name<l her Hose Park, in memory thereof. Marshall married .Sarah Rnmrell in 1875. The government superintendent of the park had his headquarters at Mammoth springs, but as no work could lie carried on in the winter, did not reside there permanently. His duty is to construct roads and bridle paths, to discover mountain passes, geysers, hot springs, falls, fo8«>! iorests, and relics of prehistoric people, in which latter search considerable success was attained, as shown in a previous chapter. He also enforce«l the observance of rules against the spoliation of timber; against hnnting, trapping, and fish- ing, except to supply food to miton or residents; against the removal of ^:f 772 MILITARY AND INDIAN AFFAIRS. their camp at Point of Rocks, on tlie head of Powder river, with thirty-five soldiers and seventy -five Slio- shones, killinij about fortv of them, with a loss of three soldiers killed and several wounded, including himself. The Indians were in force, numlxiring be- tween two and three thousand, and the battle was a victory which relieved the western division of the territory of the Arapahoes for the remainder of the summer, only one murder occurring during the re- mainder of the year.* In the meantime the Sioux, as before, were preserving an armed neutrality, drawing their rations, and keeping the agents who furnished them in a state of alarm by their overbearing man- ners. Red Cloud had consented, reluctantly, to bo removed to an agency of his own on White river, late in 1873. Like Spotted Tail's agency, it proved, on the survey of the boundary, to be in Nebraska, with- mineral deposits, or any uuriositieii; against liquor selling; anil ag-iin.st net- tling oil the reiiervation, except under a lease from tiiu department of tlio interior. Report of P. NorrU, swpt, 1881, p. 75; Jlekiia, MonUimi JJeraUl, Nov. 18, 187!). In order to maintain these laws and regulations against infringement, the le^iihitiire of Wyoming in March 1884, pas.scd an act making that portion ef the park which was altogether in Wyoming, (a narrow strip on the norlh and wett, projecting heyond the houndary,) a precinct of Uinta county, tlie governor ;vp|)ointiiig oominissioner.s, ju^tice^ of the poaco, and conntaMes, to serve until otticer-) were elecccd, and the territorial laws are made oi)erative in the park; and to carry out this act, an njipropriation was made from tiie territorial treasury for the payment of tlie<e otiiccia, and the construction of a jail in Firehole basin. Wi/mi. Scsn. Ijitwn, 1884, ITT-cIl?, U)4-r), l'.lii-7. Lnm iippcrtiiiiUiiif tt tin' Yclloiontone Katioiial Park, passed l>y 4<tli cong., '2d sell., ch. I4H, (Srw. Lhwk; 48th cong., 1st seas., ch. [VA'l, Skkh. Lau\i; Mont. Jour. Coiiii-il, 188,$, 2:{9-40. Wyouiiiii^ tiuH became actually po.ijsessed of the largest and nuwt remark- a1il(^ pleauiro ground in tlie world. Among the many descriptions of its scenery, are f/ni. (lili'Mm/i' Lecture on Uie Wonders «/ YeUniMtniw Parkm llelnia OiziUe, .Sept. '£), 187'2. Leftern <>fG. C. CLiWiion in Deer Lodije New Ni>rtlnr<H, May 18th an 1 June 1, 1872. Nitrtons Womleriunl, 1 •5!, u complcti; accouht of ths ditfereiit geysers and Other curiosities, with a good map; liielmnlitim'.: Won tern of Yell tioxt-uM Park, 1-256, a more lalioreil description than the former; Ruf nnn'l, Camp ami C'lhin, 154-207, narrative of a visit to the park; OiinnixoH, Rainhles Ov'rliin'i, 20— 14, including a ramble in the park; a scries of descriptive article, in The CmC'Umtor for 188.3, a monthly magazine puh- Itsliod ill .Salt Lake t'itv; a series of articles in f>eer Lrxlie New NortliniKf, fro,., O 't. 5th to Nov. 23. 1872. Repi nfSiipt, for ISSO. with map; Dioirareis Oie-it Dlm'le, 194-293, a readable narrative of a tour by a party of Kngli-ih- m"ii. a'n(»nij whom wa< the author, the earl of l)unravcn, in 1874, and St'in- /■'i/'i Wnyt'lerhmly still another descriptive and narrative account of a tour. »T'i' battle was foui/ht .Inly 4^1l, and tlie 17th of Sept. following a murd«r wat comniittud. lity. Sec, /»(., vol. 1, 578, 43d cong., 2d soai. WYOMINO. 773 out the limits of the reservation, but since it was tlie best hx'atioii for opening farms, the land being good and water plenty, it was retained for the Indians. Owing to an extraordinary nugget of gold being exhibitcti at Bisinark by a Sioux woman, who pn»- fessed to have obtained it in the Black hills, Gent-ral Custer determined upon a military reconnaissance to that region, accompanied by scientists who should settle the question of its value as a mining country-.'* It was a well organized and well furnished expiMJition, and when it returned there was wild ajjitation over the question of to go or not to go where Custer had led. No secret was niade of the existence of gold in abundance ; on the contrary, the military officers, the scientific explorers, and the press corresjx)n<lents con- nected with it, combined to paint the Black hills region with the most brilliant touches of fascinating descriptiim. Water, soil, timber, minerals, all came in for a share of this enthusiastic praise. If a j^cheme had been purposely devised for vi*>lating the treaty of 1868, it could not have aroused the j)eople more quickly. As if to remove the last impediment, an- other military expedition was fitted out at liawlins late in the summer, the object of which was t«> rid the country of wandering Indians. A camp was to be established on the Sweetwater, where the infantr\' should guard the niiUtary stores, while the cavalry scouted as far north as Fort Reno, and scoured the whole country east of the Bighorn mountains and west of the Black hills, drained by the Cheyenne, '•The expedition consistcil of 5 companies of cavalry nniler Custer, ami 5 nmlor (!eu. ForMytii, and (jun. Tilxon; '1 coinpianicH t>f infantry un<l<>r Major L. II. Sanger: a liattcry of gatlinii; guns uniU-r Lieut Josiali Ciiam-t-: a (letachnient of engnieeri4, unilor I ol Ludlow, \\. H. \Vo<h\ aitst: <iO M-<>ut« under Lieut Wallace; Lieut Callioun, A. A. A. (ien; Cant. .\. K Sniitit, quartermaster; J. W. Williams, chief medical oHicer; AlK-n an;! 'V-rgi-n. a^st nnrgennH; Cot Fred Orant, acting aid-de-c<«mp; I^nin Argani. ga\>\? and interpreter; ProfeMoni Winchcll and (irinncU, and other-s. liinmnrk TrVmn*, June 17, 1874; Drer Lmlje Xao Knrthm-Kt. July II, 1874. T)ie route of the ex])edition was Fort Laramie, thence north, sti iking the Black hilU alM»ut French creek, passing northward to ISear Lodjje iuouu«aiii, the Little Mi«- ■ouri, Mui Hftrk river, and theuce eaiit. m MILITARY AND INDIAN AFFAIRS. Powder, and Tongue rivers, thus enabling the settlers to further break the treaty at will. To prevent this. General Sheridan hastened to warn the public against invading the Sioux Indian reservatioi, unless author- ized by the secretary of the interior or act of congress to do so. In spite of this interdiction, several com- panies proceeded to organize, at different points in Dakota, Montana, and Iowa. Orders were issued to generals Terry and Ord, should these companies tres- pass on the Sioux reservation, to burn their trains, destroy their entire outfit, and arrest their leaders, confining them at the nearest military post. The commander of Fort Ellis, in Montana, succeeded in preventing a Bozeman company from starting. The3'^ were more readily quieted, the promise havin<; gone out that Sheridan would soon open the country from the western slope of the Black hills to the Gallatin valley. The only party that really reached the Black hills during the season of 1874, was one which left Sioux City October 6th, consisting of twenty -seven men, a woman and boy. The men were well mounted and armed ; they had six wagons and were provided with provisions and mining tools. They proceeded to the Niobrara above its mouth, where they met 200 mounted Indians, and held a parley with them. No opposition was made to their progress, and they kept on to their destination, finding a pass through the hills to a point two miles from Harney peak, where they erected a stockade eighty feet long, and built a log house. They found the weather cold, but sunk twenty-five prospect holes, finding gold in each, and discovered several quartz lodes. They were not dis- turbed either by Indians or military companies for a considerable time," but were finally arrested and taken to Fort Laramie. In March 1875, the presi- dent directed another order to be issued, excluding all white persons from the Sioux reservation " Dffr L<yl'ff Sein XoHlnveMt, March 19, 1875. Among the jtartv wtrt- Enh. Witclier. of Yankton, and GorJou. Witchcr rotuructl to Yaukt.m before the arreat. WYOMING. 775 The government was now forced into a position in which it must pay or fight. It preferred to pay, and steps were taken to secure the consent of the Sioux to the sale of the Black hills, a C(tmuiission being appointed to negotiate for the purchase. While this matter was pending, preparations went on uninter- ruptedly for mining. The books of the Black Hills Transportation company at Sioux City showed that from April 7th to May 7, 1875, over 300 men, forty wagons, and a pack-train had left that point for the mines, and about 200 had gone from York town and other points, including a few women. In the east a company of 1,800 men was formed, O. H. Pierson, president, which was only waiting the result of the negotiations of the commissioners. It was the inten- tion of this company to open mines and lay out towns by corporate means. So confident was the secretary of the Interior of the purchase of the Black hills that he authorized an exploring expedition under the charge of Walt*?r P. Jenney of the school of mines of New York," which organized at Cheyenne in May. It was attended by a military escort under Colonel R. I. Dodge. In tV ) meantime meetings had been held in Chiy- enne early in January, looking to tlie organization of a citizens' company for the purpose of exploring in the Bighorn mountains, and developing the Black hills mining region," Cheyenne being once more filled with a surging ma'is of humanity panting to ac(iuire wealth by luck rather than labor. The merchants of the town quickly perceived the advantage to be reai)ed from a nuning excitement, with Cheyenne for an outfitting point, and entered into the project of an exploring company with enthusiasm. '' Hia assiHtants were Henry A. Newton of Oliio, geologist; H. P. Little, formerly of the U. S. navy, astronomer; Dr V. I'. MiHfillicuddy, topog- rapher; D. Newl)orry, and a corps of surveyors. A/. Ri^>t Src. Int., vol. T, OaS; 4V eoug.. 1 sens.: Dfrr Lviit Nrw Nortlxof'M,, May 14, 1875. ^'Vhfyfnnf Nf•^r^, Jan. 11, \'2, and 13, 187.>. The committe appointed to d«vi'<e plan.s for carrying out-, the purposes of the organization were F. R. WarroM. A R rouvorse. i. K. Whitehead. Luke .Murrin, P. S. WiUon, J. Josliu, E. P. fSuow, D. McLoughllu, M. £. Poot, and A. E. Swan. f'i:i 776 MILITARY AND INDIAN AFFAIRS. Early in May there appeared upon the scene a leader such as the occasion demanded. This was C. C. Carpenter, a man with considerable experienre both as a frontiersman and a military officer. Makiii^- Cheyenne his headquarters, he issued his i^encrai orders like the commander of an authorized ariiiv, vindicating the character and purposes of his men, which Governor Pennington of Dakota had attacked, and promising them that they should not be prevented from entering the Black hills or Bighorn mountains. And, in truth, it would be an awkward thing for th(? government to train its guns on the citizens of an organized territory for traversing any part of it for what it might contain. In July the commissioners reached the Black hills, finding mining camps and military camps at peace with each other, and the Indians more or less sullen on this account. They had exhibited some temper by destroying a few hundred dollars' worth of goods belonging to a trader, but further than that there had been no trouble in the Black hills. It wi;s in vain, however, that terms were proposed for the ceding of the mining territory, or anj'^ part of the unceded Indian lands heretefore reserved by treaty from the occupation of the white race. At a general council held in September," the demands of Red Cloud a».id Spotted Tail were exorbitant, being no less than $r>00,000,000. In this matter the ability of a savage to comprehend such a sum being on its face impossi- ble, it was plain that they were not without malicious white advisers. The council ended by ]>lacing the government under greater enibarassment than before. " However unwilling we may be to confess it," said the secretary of the interior, " the experience of the past summer proves either the inefficiency of the large military force under the command of such officers as generals Sheridan, Terry, and Crook, or the utter '^In Maya large Sioux delegation had lieen taken to Wasliington for nii interview with the president, which was intended to smooth the way tu an arrangement. Reft Sec. Int., voL 1, 509; 44 cong., 1 sesa WYOMING. 777 impractioability of keeping Americans out of a coun- try where gold is known to exist, by any force of orders, or of United States cavalry, or by any consid- eration of the rights of others." " *^ If tlic government was in a hole, as the Indians would have said, it was put there by the seerctary, and not by the people of tlio west, who v/ouKl never have l)ound themselves by such a treaty as that of 18(58. The nation was bound by a promise, the inevitable breaiiing of whieii could produce but one result, Hince the very explorers authorized by the secretary of the interior to make an examination of the Black hills had reported finding a gold field fifty miles in extent. Up to this time miners, except ivbout 500, had yielded to authority, and kept out of the forbidden territory. But seeing that delay did not lessen the ditHculty, tliey began early in this year to prepare for a general move- ment in tliat direction. In Fob. 187(5 Custer City had been laid ojf, and was the central point for trade. The improvements mentioned were Bevy and Boughton's saw-mill from Cheyenne; two portable saw-mills eu route from Colorado; the steam saw-mill from Spotted Tail agency being the first to blow a whistle in the Black hills, Feb. 6, 187(5. A herd of cows had ar- rived for a dairy. A couple had been married at Custer, namely William .Hardesty and Ida Simm.s. Chnji une Lvmhr, Feb. li), 1870. Parties from Illinois, Nebraska, and Colorado were on the road in Febru- ary, antl newspapers gave full information about routes and outtitting places, each one in its own interest, Omaha and Cheyenne taking the lead. By the 4th of March there were 4,000 people in the Black hills, and the military had orders from the president not to interfere with them. The JSioux nation at this time numbered about .^SiCKX) persons, divided among ten agencies, situated chiefly in north-eastern and eastern Dakota. Of these, 9,087 were Ogallalas, of wiiom Red Cloud was ])rincipal chief, and 7,000 Brules, over whom Spotted Tail was head chief. Add to these '2,'2y4 northern Arapahoes and Cheyennes, who were associated with the Ogallulas and Brules in the treaty of 1868, and there '■• re over 19,000 abcmginals, who had the privilege of roaming over a large part of Wyoming. Generals Reynolds and Crook, hoping to gain a victory over some of the hostiles which should render future concessions obtainable without a general war, left Fort Fetterman early in March to attack Crazy H<irse. After passing Fort Reno, from which point only the cavalry was allowed to pro- ceed, he took a northerly direction seventy miles to Tongue river, the march lying over high, well-grasse«l plains, watered by numerous streams flowing toward Tongue river, which was found to course through a narrow vullcy furnished with an aburdance of timber, After scouting toward the Yellow- stone, and explorirg iht lower Tongue and Rosebud valleys M'itliout finding the enemy, the expedition marched toward Powder river through a moun- tainous region, the weather being very cold, and the troops enduring much hardship. The scouts discovered the enemy's camp on that stream, which was attacked at daylight on the 17th by the main force under Reynolds, Crook having gone toward Sitting Bull's camp on the Rosebud, with only two companies of cavalry. The attack on Crazy Horse failed througli the disobedience of Captain Webb of the 3d cavalry, who remained inactive, although ordered to charge from one side of tlie village, while Captain Eagan met him from the other. Eagan was left to fight his way out, after having plunged into i;he midst of the Sioux, with a loss of ten men killed and wounded. The savages fled, leaving their lodges and camp property, which were destroyed, and many of their horses captured. Knowing that this blow would only exasperate the Sioux, and finding circumstances against him, while his command was insufficient to carry out his designs, Reynolds returned to Fort Fetterman, and Crook went to Omaha, determiued not to 778 MILITARY AND INDIAN AFFAIRS. make any further domonstratinus agiiinst the enemy until new troo^K) were sent to the frontier. Scarcely had lie reached lieadquarters when (ioveniDr Thayer of Wyoming applied to him for military protection tor the road lead- ing from Cliejenne to the Black hills. About the 1st of June Crook prepared to take the fiehl again with 1, 000 men, and a largo num1>er of scouts from different trilnts. Ahout the midiUi! of the month the command started from camp on (Joose creek, nortliwest (if Fort Philip Kearny, and on the 17th attacked the 8ioux on the head of Uo.su- hud river, fighting them all day without achieving any signal victory. The Crow scouts who had been sent forward had not behaved with the caution necessary, or were ignorant of the country, an«l were themselves surpriscil by coming on Sitting Bull's camp in a cafion of tlie Rosebud, alarming tiiu Sioux, and Ixiing fired on. They retreated to C'rfM>k's command, wliiclx was lialtcd, And which now pushed f<irward, met by the Sioux, also eager for tlie combat. The face of the councry hereabout w.is a succession of ridges, which made it difKcult to operate? with cavalry, but the most brilliant exidoit of the day was a charge made by the first battalion of the 3d cavalry, underColoncl Mills, who took his three comitanies up over a ridge onto the plateau between him and the next ridge, crowded with savages, stopiting to deliver one vol- k-y, and then mounting the second ridge at a gaUop, driving the enenty to coTer behind a third ridge. Ihe battalion then dismounted, and deployed as skirmishers, holding the p'>sitiou they had carried. The second battalion, under Colonel Henry, were to attack Sitting Bull's right, and driving it back; and the third battalion, under Colonel Van Vliet, that of holding the bluff in tha rear of the troops to check any advance from that quarter. The battle raged obstinately all day, and had it not been that the Sioux aimeii, generally, too high, the loss on the side of the army would have been great. i\3 it was, eight were killed and twenty-one wt.unded, including the gallant i'olonel Henry. The loss on the part of the Indians was 50 warriors and 100 horsed killed, and many of both wounded. They abandimed their vil- l.ige on the approach of Mills iu the aftcrnmrn, and moved rapidly nortliwest , whereupfMi Crook turned back to camp at (Joo-se creek, forty miles distant, not being prepared to pursue a numerous enemy who could not be surpriscil. Thus ended the seconcl battle with the Sioux. About the middle of May a force of 1,000 men, under Cleneral Terry, left Fort Lincoln Tor the Bighorn country, to enter it by way of the Mi.ssouri and Yellowstone rivers in Montana. The exi>edition was composed of twelve companies of the 7th cavalry under Custer, and about 4oO other troops. At the mouth of I'owder river the cavalry was disembarked, and a supply depot established. Major Reno of the 7th was sent up Powder river to look for the enemy, while Terry consulted with (Jibbon, whom he found awaiting him with 450 men from Fort Ellis, ronceming the summer's cam- paign. Reno returned from his scout without having encountered any Ind- ians, and on the 21st of June, several days after Crook's tight, which had again doubly exasperated the Sioux, but which was entirely unknown to tlie two generals, whose plans included Crook's co-operation, now withdrawn until he could be reinforced, they settled upon their course. Gibbon, who was on the north side of the Yellowstone, was to cross at the mouth of the Bighorn, an<l proceed up it to the junction of the Littii' Bighorn, to \>e there on the 26th. Custer was to proceed up the Ro.scbiid to ascertain the direction of an Indian trail seen by Reno. If it led toward tin' Little Bighorn, he was to avoiil following it, but to keep south for some dis tance bef()re approaching the stream in ortler to W where ho could interin-pt the savages should they move that way, and to give (iibbon time to conic up. Custer left the mouth of the Rosebud on the 22d, striking the Indian trail. On the 24th his scouts discovered fnvsh trails twenty miles above tin' mouth of the I jttle Bighorn, and on the following morning a deserted villai.'<'. A little further down the stream they reported a large village, and the Ind- ians deeiug. Sending Lis adjutant to Reuo, who was on the opposite or >^cst WYOMING. 779 »u\e of tlie stream, tn liring him over ^nr a conference, he determined to at- tack witliout waiting f(ir (.iihhou, believing that tu wait would he to permit the escape of the enemy, lieno was ordi^red to recross to the wei«t Kiile, and attack from the upi^er end of the village, which was in a valley, while he shouM strike the lower end, and meet him. Leaving a reserve of four companies, under Benton, Reno entered the valley at the time and in the manner a])pt)inted, but instead of tinding a frightened and yielding people, which by their apparent alarm they might have been, lie fimnd himself surrounded by a terrible and infuriated horde, bent upon his anuiliiiation. Dismounting, tlie men fougiit their M'ay on foot tlirougli tlie woods to a high blutf, which he attempted to hold while sending Captain Weir with his troops to open conimunication with Custer. Weir was HUrrounded, and forced to retreat to Reno's position, now placed on the defensive, being furiously assaultetl. The battle lasted until t) o'clock in tlio evening, when the Indians retired to liold their customary war-dances and death rites. During all thi.<i time no wonl h.'id reached him from Custer, whom ho imagined to be fighting like himself, cut off from communication by the great body of Indians. The battle was renewed with fury between two and three o'clock on the morning of the 2(ith, the troops lighting from ritle-pita constructed during the niglit, and barricaded with dead liorses and nmles, and boxes of hard bread, lu the afternoon the Indians, having tired the grass in the valley, retreated under cover of tlie smoke, taking their way toward the Bighorn mountains, in good order, with all their profierty and families, tiieir scouts having discovered (ribbon's command approaching, a few miles distant. The relief which this moveuient furnished to Reno, whose fortiflcaticma contained eighteen dead and forty-six wounded, was great, the men having been fighting for twenty-four hours without rest, and their sutlerings being extreme for want of water. Eight men had lieen killed and wounded in tlie endeavor to procure a few canteens full for their dying comrades, and not until midnight of the second day did they again make the attempt. Althougii wondering at the continued silence and absence of Custer, the truth did not suggest itself to any one until nightfall, when a lieutenant of (tibbon's scout') dashed into their midst with the astounding intelligence that of the five companies of the gallant 7th cavalry which had entered the valley a few miles below simultaneously with themselves, every man and every otlicer lay dead on that fatal ground. As there were no reliable witnesses, so there could bo no incontestable history of tlie engagement. The account which was pieced together from the narrative of a Kcout who was hid<len in the woods which covered the bluff alntve the valley, and the reluctant admissions drawn afterward from the Sioux, were all the foundation on which to build a theory of the tight. All that could Im5 learned was that soon after reaching the valley, which could be entered only by a narrow detile, the command was checked in its march by a terrific tiring from ambush, which compelled the troops tt» dis- mount. They were soon snrrouinlcd, and while fighting their way toward tlie hills were all cut off. Thus perislied 259 officers and men, in the third battle with the Sioux. The remainder of the 7th cavalry umler Reno and Gibbon's command, retreated to Bighorn river, whence the woundcil were transported by steamer to Fort Lincoln. Terry's division remaineil all summer on the Yellowstone, having occasional skirmishes with the Indians, but making no movement toward the interior. It was not until August that, being joined by (Jen. Miles, with six companies of infantry, 2l8t regiment, under Col Otis, that he moved up Rosebud river to form a junction with Crook, who had Iteen ret'nforced by cavalry, makint; the numlwr of men in the field against the Sioux, in Wyominif ami Montana, over 3.000. ARainot such a force as this, the Indians could not Ik? brouffht to battle, but, eluding the troo^is. moved their v illages up and down the country, froir. the Missouri to the head of "I ; 780 MIUTAUY AND INDIAN AFFAIRS. Powder river. Only onco during many months were tuey ijurprisod, when a quantity of winter Htore.s, and many of their horses were captured on the road to tiie lilack liills l>y a detachment of Mile^' command. The point in which the white soldier is superior to the Indian warrior, jm in stultlxtni endurance. The Indian must have, after his outburst of fury, a THirioil of repose; after gorging himself like an anaconda, he must lie torpid tor awhile. Keeping on the march for months exhausted hia ardor andliis resources. In Septendwr the least valiant of the SSioux began to visit the agencies to beg, and being turned away, oti'ered to surrender. In Octohur the troops of Miles' comniaml in Montana captured a large part of (Sitting Bull's supplies, in return for that ciiief's attempt to take a train on its way to Fort Kcogh. Starvation is a greater general than the greatest. It brought '2,000 of the Sioux people to Miles' feet, but did not bring Sitting' Bull and his immediate followers, who continued hostilities as before until January, when he went over the border into the British possessions, wlicrc the authorities compelled him to promise peace or be ejected from tin- country. Crazy Horse, with whom Crook was left to deal, proved equally obdurate if less successful. When Terry's force moved hi» Rosebud river to juin Crook, CrJizy Horse eluded both, dividing his followers into small parties, and sending them by different routes to Tongue river, and across the country to Powder river, following the latter to its mouth, pursued all the May by the troops. At this point the twf) forces separated, Terry going north of the Yellowstone to prevent escape in that direction, and Crook returning soutli- east on the trail of the Sioux until it iiecame undistinguishable. Un the Utii of Sept. his advance surprised a village of thirty lo<lgcs near Slim Buttf>i, ISO miles from the Cheyenne river agency, inflicting considerable injury. In retaliation Crazy Horse attacked his main column, the battle again being a drawn one, after which the Indians went into winter camp on Tonf^nio river, at the eastern base of Wolf mountains. About the middle of November Crook's force left Fort Fetterman to linil Crazy Horse, Gen. McKenzie striking on the l!5th a detached village cf Ciieyennes, on the west fork of Powder river, destroying it and butclifring men wontcn, and chihlren like the blomliest savage of them all, and depriv- ing those who were left of subsistence at a season when to obtain it was most ditticult. By this cruel punishment another portion of the natives were brought to surrender. Again, in .lanuary. Miles came upon the village of Crazy Horse iii Tongue river, skirmishing with the Indians from the 1st to the 7th, an<l having a five hours' engagement with them on the 8th, which compel'e I them to abandon their position; but owing to the worn-out condition of )in army trains he found it impracticable to follow. This ended the canipuign of 1870. In the spring of 1877 Lame Deer, another hostile chief, 'wih attacked at his village of fifty lodges on Rosebud river, by Miles. The linl- ians tied, but their horses, provisiono, and camp equipage were captureil. Raids by this band on settlers, surveyors, and wagon trains followed, contin- uing until July. In July 1876 Sheridan requested the interior de]>artment to turn over to the military the management of the Lower Brule, Cheyenne river, and Stand- ing Rock agencies, on the Missouri river, and also the Red Cloud an<l Spotted Tail agencies, which were placed in charge of army otiicers. From time to time during the summer and autumn, numerous small parties snr- rendered, l>eing. as they acknowleilged, 'tired of war.' Those whom MiUs captured on the Yellowstone were ordered to go to the Cheyenne riv( i agency in November, hostages 1>eing retained for their oltedience. I>> <'"' spring other parties came in, raprenenting that the main lK>dy were willing to do the same, upon which rejiort Spotted Tail was induced to visit the hostile camps with a deputation of head men, and per8u<vde the Initians ti. return to their allegiance. He returned in May with 1,100. In June, Cru.y Horse formally surrendered with his Cheyenne allies at Red Cloud agency. WYOMING. 781 But hia Bubmiasson was ratlicr tn gain timo than to 1)e at peace, and \mng fiiuutl inviting the Inilian;) to runvwed hontilitiuH, he wiia arrested, and hid foUowuri duarnied. He huou escaped, and heing re-arrested Sept. 4th, at tlie agency, to which he had returned, was taken to Camp Roliinson on the fiih, and while being disarmed, resisted, and was wounded by the guaid, from wiiich wound he died tlie ioUowing day. In this niontli Lame Dour voluntarily surrenderee], making an end of the >Sioux war. A commiS'tioii visited the agencies in Oetobi-r, to negotiate witli the Sioux for a surrender of the Black hills, and tlie privilege of liunt- iug lUUsidutho rewrvation, which had been guaranteed to them by tiie treaty of 1808. They were asked to relinquish all claim to any country west of tuo 10;id meridian; to grant a right of way for three roads a('ro.-.8 tlieir reserve; to consent to tlio removal <tf the Red Cloud and Spotted Tail agencies to the Missouri river; to receive their supplies at such points as the ^resident miglit designate, and to enter into arrangements looking to their becoming HeU-:;upporting at an early day. Tlie.se u(mcessioiis were made, though partly under protest, as to removal. 0:i the side of the United States it wa.s agreeil that their subsisteiieo should bo provided for until they should become self-supporting, and they be fiir- nishoil with schooU, aiul instruction in agriculture and the iiiechanieal arts. This treaty congress ratified February 'M, 1870. Their removal to the Mis- souri river took place late in 1877, when 14,000 of these people were taken in winter to new and unprepared situations, where the usual unhappiness and rebelliousness prevailed. In the following spring an effort was made to find land suitable for farming on the western side of tlieir reserve, where at i'liie ridge and lloseltud agencies the two principal chiefs of the Ogalallas and Brules were finally settled Mith their peoitle. Tliey roamed, by per- mission, in small l)an<U through the Black hills in search of game. Tlie northern Cheyennes to the number of 300 were removed to t!ie Ind- ian territory, to which they M-ent willingly in May 1877, but wliere they, with characteristic restlessness, soon became trouiilesome, and in .Sei>teniber 1878 left the territory to return north. Troops from Camp Koliiiisdn pur- sued to bring them back. Fighting occurred, in which both sides sustained losses, ;<.iid tlio Cheyennes sub-sequeiitly eoiniiiitted atrocities in Nebraska, as of obi. Tliey finally surrendered, were taken back south, and again in January Dull Knife's band attempted to escaj»e, when forty of them were killed by guards, and the troops being called out, the fugitives were pur- sued for two weeks and nearly all cut I'ff. The remainder of tlie band in 1881 was permitted to lio incorporated with the Sioux at Tino ridge agency, wliere a vigilant police system, in which service the most trusty natives Mx>re employed, preserved order, and pro- veiitt'il thieving and mischievous roving. In 1881 the Indians at Fine ridge agency earned S4I,.382 freight money, using their ponies and wagons to transport the agency goods from tlic nearest point on the Missouri river. This woulil seem an improvement on the chase, whether the game were bulla- loes or white men. The northern .Vrapahoes, who surrenilered themselves with the Chey- ennes in 1876, asked to be allowed to go upon the Slioshoiie reservation, and the consent of that trii)u being gained, were placed there, where tlii'v have reiniim-d at peace. The Slioslioiie chief, Wasliatin, was a rare Indian, for he would work, and also weep over the idleness and drunkenness of his young men. According to some authorities, the good behavior of the Sho- shone s and Bannacks was ilue to the severe treatment of tliein by (ieneral Conner at Bear river in I8(i7, when they lo-t nearly 500 warriors. Hut pre- vious to that engagement, Washakie withdrew his band; therefore he has the benefit of the doubt, and has certainly been a cimsistent friend of the white people ever since the treaty. In cotnpliment to his fidelity, his musi- cal name has been l)estowed upon a military ]>o-t on Wind river, and upon a group of mountain peaks, the Washakie Needles, in t!io iShosheiio ::>ouu< tains. m MILITARY AND INDIAN AFFAIRS. When Ute Jack wa^ planning the onthreak of 1879 in Colortdo he vis- ited the Shoshones to incite them to irjiurrection, which cauiteil an onler t^i be itisued for his arrest. He seized a gun, an<l guiiig into a ItMlge where vk^* the sergeant of the guard, shot him deatl, and wounded another man, «'Ii<mi he was killed. This incident checked any teadeucy to iaaubordinatiou which the Utes may b«ve wmUmL CHAPTER VII. RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. !8(i8-1888. Division or Tkrritory into Cor nties— Birth of Towns, asp Orowth or PoPCLATioN— Pioneers and Pri>minent Men— Commerce ask Imhs- tuiks — Grasses andISrazino— Ranchos and Ran«seh— St<jck-Raimno — Some ok riiefrREAT Cattle Men— L.*nd Scr\evs and Sales — Im- frovement or Breeds — Cattle Drivino from Texas and Ore<;«is— Cteneral Condition or the Cocntrt — Agrici'lture and Mine* — BlOORAPBICAL. The growth in population of Wyoming was slow during the Indian wars, first, from the natural evi- dence of danger, and second, from the exclusion of white people from the best lands in the territory. The government surveys were also impeded except along the line of the railroad, where the {xipulation was gathered into towns. The legislature ot 1875 established two counties in the northern portion of the territory, which had not enough white inhabitants for the four years following to organize.' The amount of land which had been entered for settlement in 1876, before the northern portion of the territoiy was thrown open, amounted altogether to 38.734 acres. It increased steadily thereafter, and in 1883, over 79,- 000 acres were entered at the land office. The whole amount filed upon from 1873 to 1883 was 201,264 acres.' The population at this time did nckt exceed 30,000. In 1886, with a population of 65,000, the »Jf**«. Gov. Hoyt, 187», p. 33; ComfiUd Layr» Wjfom., 1876, 198-201; Wyoiu. Sesa. Laws, 1877, 34. ' Rfft ofOov. Hale, 1883, p. 61; U. S. H. &. Doc, 72, p. 156, roL 19; 47 eaog., 2 sou. (7W) 784 UESOURCKS AND DFA'ELOr.MKNT. amount of land entered under tlie liomestead and otlier aets of congress was *J{),1>IH/.)(I7 acres. Tlie first division into counties, of the territory, way l»y runniiiij; imaginary lines from the northern to the southern houndary. Carter county, first oi-ganized i»y miners and established by the Dakota K'gislatuie December '27, 18G7, was bounded by the 3Md merid- ian on the west, and extended east two and one-halt' degrees.' The eountioa above referred to as having been erected in 1875, were named Crooks and Pease; the former being taken from that portion of the counties of Laramie and Albany lying north of 43° 30', and iacludiiiLt as nmch of the Black hills country as lies in Wyoming : and the latter from Carb»>n countv, north of the same line/ Uinta county, containing 15,000 square miles, was the most western division. Historicallv, it is the most interesting portion of the territory, having been »>(•( upied by adventurers ever since 1823.* 'The first legisliiture of Wyoming clianged its nninc to Sweetwater, M lia» liffori! li'jeii iiu'iitioiied. Oii tlie oth of .Maroii. 1884, the li-gt>luture i-rc- atfil the Louiity of Fremont out of tliat portion of Sweetwater lying lK.'tweeii nil east ami west line as drawn hy the survey lietween townships twenty -six ami twenty-seven north, ami the line of 43^ 'M' north latitude, including the .Sweetwater and the Little \\'intl river valleys, leaving to .Sweetwater county tiie Ued desert and tlie 1>roken country Kouth of the Union Pacitie railnad. ^TliiK rectangular mode of division is extremely »iniple. and in this niountainiins region as convenient as any. Tlie c.uinty oi ri.*se had its name diaujied in 1870 to .Johnson, in honor of Edward P. Johnson, territorial auditor, and litloved pioneer of Wyoniing. These three addition:* to the original live cnunties constitiitetl in 1884 the whole of Wyoming not reser%-e<l to tlie use of the Indians. ^It was taken off from Utali and Idaho on the organization of th<» terri- tory of Wyoiniiig, to straighten the west houndary, and was hy the first I.'gislatnre attached to Carter county for judicial purposes. Evanston, a town which the Union Pacitie railroad company fountled ami nourished, was t'len in its infancy, having heen located in June, 18«;9; but in August it was declared a voting precinct for the purpose t>f electing a meniher of the leijis- l.iture. Oil the 1st of Dcoeinher the county was iTgunized, and Merrill, a place which no longer exists as a town, named a i t!ie temporary count}' seat. Tiio ofhcers appointetl hy the governor Mere J. Van A. Carter county clerk, R. H. Haiiiikiiii sheriff, W. A. Carter treasurer and prohate judge, and K. .S. Jacobs .superintendent of puhliu schooh. The first election to (HTmanently 1 >cate the eoniity seat was held Septeinher (5, 1870, Evanst<m having a small majority over Merrill. The eoinmissio'iers elected «-ere J. Van A. Carter. I'ui-iell Tliorp, a:nl..T. L. Atk'n^on. Joue L. Atkin ;"n was Imtu in Xov.i .Sjotia in IS^j, a.id Let'.le.l i:i Uluta co. in 1870, engaging in lumhering, get- WYUMDfG. 78ft L-rn- Itir-'t In, a 1 was Uvas 111. a pat. lerk, llK. litlv Lail Her. lova Iget- Uinta was the fourth county in population, having about 4,000 inhabitants. Its rest^un-i'S arc timber, cua!, iron, sulphur, uf which there is a mountain on the west fork of Bear river, aj^eulture, and grazing. Coal oil is also believed to exist in the county.* ting timber fr<>m tho Uinta ni<mntain«. T! .n he went to cattle-raiitiug with Benj. Majoni of (.'olo, anri accumulateti a fortune. ."Sheriff of Carter county was* Harvey K<M>th, county clerk Levia 1*. ticutt, prolate ju<lge and treasurer >V. A. Carter. Evannton, the county •eat, i« the chief ottice of the MeHtem diviMion of the Union I'acitic nulnad, altitude 7,U0U feet It was iueoriioratcd in Ueceniher lt>73, ilii»iucor|Mirate<I in li>7.'>, and incoriMtrated again in I8.S>J. Its iM>|>ulation in IMMi alM>ut '2.000. Frank M. F<Mitc imi- cured itti diMiucoriM>ration. Hewan lK>m in ■'Nwth Ben<I. Ind., in lt>4ti, came to Bryan, Wyoming, in 1871, where he wan employtil l.y tlie U. V. K. 1{, a8 clerk, and snlwequently an agent. Iiv 1^7- he reinoveil to F^-anxton, where ho sulmcciuently resided. He was elect*-"! to the K-giKlature in 187.'». M'ati elected prdltate judge and treaMurer the following year, ami reele«ted in 1878. In I8ViMiO ho scrvol abio a^ deputy nheriff, ancl in 1S81 '2 as un<ler sheriff of the county, 'fe engagol in cattle-raising in IHS3, hin range lieing near Medicine Butte, 15 miles from Kranstno. K%-anston was Rurveyed and lots offered for sale .Inne £>, 1870, H. S. Whittier Wing the first purchaser. A i>oHt-offico was estahlisheil in April, with Charles T. l>evel jMwtmaster. In.Tuly Whittier took the ofKce, which he held 8 years. A iiuldic iK-ii.Mil was uiteued July 8, with 8 pu|>ils. Tliere were, in 18*3, 12 »cho«d district* in the county, with 6'i2 children in attemlance. Tlie first marriage c«-lehrate<l in the county was on June 1, 1871, between Oeorge Kast an<l Annie I'orter. The first church, presbyterian, was incoriM>rate<l .lulv 17th, the 'laptist church .S.>pt. 7th. and Hoon after the methmlist church, "the railroa*! machine shojis were located lere in Nov. 1871. On the Hhh of <X-t. I87i the first newsjiaiier, the ViiintttoH Aijf, was started. Thr Tin'*'. Th* f'hirfuuH, andthe^VH/Vif '<>. Ariju* were all published at Evanston. On the 6th of .luue. 187'<. the Evanston library and literary as-sociation was ino>qK»rate«l, which receive«I much as- nistance from W. W. Peek. Tlie Evanston Water IHtch co. was incorporatetl to bring water to the town from Bear river, 8 miles distant. F. L. Arnold, in TnniM, Wyom. Arm/. S'-i'-nff, I.S82. 9»>-7. A court-house and jail M-ere authorized at Evanston in 1874. Wfim. S'**. hiir; 1874. 226. \ land dis- trict was created, with an office -it Evanston. in 1x76. l'. .">. Sf'ittiU*, 126-7, 44th cong., Ist sess. Abny, ne.-^r Evanston, is a coal-mining town. There are a numl>er of small towns in the county, naniely, Asiien, Hilliartl, Old Bear City, Piedmont, Leroy, Bridirer. <'art*-r. Hampton, ilillersville, Coke- ville, B«>ckwith, Nugget, Fossil, Twin Creek. Ham's Fork. Waterfall, Wriuht, Oj>al, Nutria Sloxa, and (Jranger. the latter Wing on the Ixiundary line between Uinta an<l Sweetwater counties, and the initial p<^>int of the Oregon short line railroa<1. *ln the summer of 1868 coal was found three miles from Evan.ston. In 1809 the first mine was ojH.'ne<l. In IS70 the lUicky Mountain Coal and Iron company was organized. Newell lieemiin, bom in iliitario co., N. Y., in 1844. came to Alniy in 1871, engaging as book-keej>er of the R. M. C k I. comjiany, and in \S~'.\ became supt an«l business manager. He was electetl county commissioner in 1874, and twice reolectetl; was also schotd trustee, and several times on the republican central committee for the territory. The coal, accortling to lieeman, is semi-bituminous brown coal, of good frinality. which is u.se<l by the company and the towns along the railroad. Its quantity is practically unlimited. Justin Pomeroy was the first agricultural settler and cattle-r:;iser north of th3 railroad in Uinta co., where a large number of farms were later Hist. Nev. 50 786 RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. Since the completion of the Oregon Short Line rail- road, this county has progressed rapidly in improve- ments, and is destined to be one of the most impor- tant in the future state. Its assessed valuation in 1883, was $2,096,377. Sweetwater county by the erection of a new coun- ty, Fremont, out of the Sweetwater region, has lost tlie significance of its name, as well as the most val- uable portion of the territory. Tlie county seat, which m early times was at South Pass City, was removed in 1874 to Green river.' Fremont county established in 1884, contained nn opened, chieily, however, for raising liay, oats, potatoes, and vegetables. In ]8(i8 M08CS Byrn amlC (ruild located themselves on Muddy creek, 12 miles east of Fort Bridgcr. ,Tolin W. Myers took a land claim at the crossing of Rear river on tlie dill stage road. In 1877 a Mormon colony located in 8ait river valley, 140 miles north of Evanstou. The valley is 'J() miles long, and 7 to 9 milciiwide, with beautiful scenery. In 1 81)8 Iteckwitli, Quinn, and comiiany took up a tract about !iO miles north of Evanston, containing ].'>,000 acres, 4,000 of which is under cultivation, 400 acres l)eing in lucem, wliicli yielded from '2 to H tons to tlic acre, and cut twice a year. From H,000 acres of irrigatcil meadow land they cut in 1881, .'{,500 tons of hay, and thrashed 1,800 bushels of barley. They wintered *2,!)00 head of cattle, of which 97 were thorouuh- t)reti i>uriiam bulls and 40 thoroughbred cows. They owned a large number of thoroughbred horses, and fattened a herd of Rerkshiro hogs on lucorii, turni|is, and barley raised on the rancho. Rly the, i'ixley, Christie, Lank - tree, and many others ha«l extensive ranchos on Rear river previous to !8M(t, since which time there has been a marked increase in settlement. Tituix. Wjpm. Aeiul. SrinwfM, Hi-., 1882, 98 9.^ Kol)ert L. Hereford was born in Va, in 1827, and crossing the plains in ISul, Wcindcrod about the Rocky mountain region and west coast, always occupying high and responsible positions, when he went to Rig Thompsmi river, Colo., m 18<>0. .Tcsse Knight, born <n 1850, and educated at an academy, went to Omalwi in ISOO, to Wyoming in 1871, remaining at South Pass city until 1873, beini; one year in merchandi'^ing business, and two, clerk of the court for the ;<tl judicial district. Uinta county being a<bled to the district in 1873, and he has been in tho same othcc f>ver since. 'Irrocn river was an interesting point to travellers on aecimnt of the fos- sils found in the(ireeu river sholes. These are arranged ni thin layers of ditl'erent colors, some of which contain thousands of improssior.s of tisli, insects, and water plants. At Rurning Rock cut, I etwecn layers of a light oolore<l, chalky limest<me, were strata of a dark color, saturated witli petroleum, which, l)eing ignited, burned for several days hence the nai iiv The Siirttiriitfr (J<ierllf is published at(ireeu river. (Jreen river, ><amcd after a member of Ashley's expedition of 18*23, and not on account of its color as is commonly asserted, furnishes some of the finest views of the passage of the continent. All the other town- in the county with the oxcepti<ui of Downicville, on <iroon river, are simply railroad stations. Tliey are Marx ton, Rryan, Wilkins, Salt Wells, I'oint of Rocks, Hnllville, Rlack Rutte. Ritter Creek, Table Rock, Tipton, Red Desert, Wathakic, Latham, Crostoii. and FiUmorj. Wolf*; MereuHtile </twir, 178-84. WYOMING. 787 area of about 20,000 square miles, inclusive of the whole Sweetwater mining country, the Shoshone res- ervation, and the elevated valley of the Bighorn on the west side of that river, with the Shoshone moun- tains on the western border.* ''The Wind river valley ia a fertildond beaatifal region, popnlariy known as the ffardeii of W'yoiiiiug. The tir st coniniiwiioners appointed to ot^ganizi-. were, H. (i. Niukerson, B. F. Low, and Horace E. Bunn. Tfte first oom- inissioners elected weri R. H. H>j.' dem., A. J. MeI>Miali% and H. K. Blinn rep., J. J. Atkira was elected bheriff on the republican vicket. Er\-in P. Cheney appointed deputy district clerk. South Pass cit} is the oldest town in the county. A newspapitr was started there in Itk^ by \. A. Baker called The AiV«w. It was sohl to E. A. Slack, who nM»vei' «t to Lara- niie. This paper was succeeded by the SiofetmittT Mimer, which wa.4 removed to Bryan. Horace K. Bliiin was born in Snelbum, Vt, in 1847, and r mcat«^l there. In 1870 he niigritod to Wyoniins, looatintf himself at Canp Brown, now Fort Washakie, as post trailer with J. K. M(M>re, and remai ling there three years. He then went to Boulder co., ('olo, where he ere« ted a saw mill. In 1881 he rutunicd to North Fork city, I'opo Agie vr 'ley, settling thnee years later in Laiulrr. L4)uiH r. Vidal, 'oni in France, came to Wyoming, locateii himself dnally in Atlantic City, uid took up the extension of the Bnckeyc mine. He erected several liouses tliere, nnd t(H>k contracts for supplying Camp Brown with certiiin n<;cussary articles. In 1871 he went to this jMHtt, which liad lieen rcuioved to the Shoshone niscrvation, and nametl Foit Washakie, but in 1872 engaged in stock raiding witli )iis residence at Lander, the must impor- tant town in Fremont county. Amtmg the early settlers of what is now Fremont county, was John I>. WoiMlrutf, born in Broome co., N. Y., in 184V, and in I80ticame to Wyoming. Keing well acquainted M'ith the country, hi.' a>.-te«l as guide to generals Slieritlan and Crook when selecting the site Fort Custer. The piimcer cattle raiser of Fremont county was John Lnman. Imnv in 1838, in .lackson oo., Va. In 1854 lie settled in Kansas, migrating to Colo in l8o9, ami sikhi going to Fort Bridger, where he was eniphiyetl by the- piait sutter two years. He then returnt!d to Colo, remaining there seven year*, mining and prosiiecting. He later becanio a successful st<ick raiser. Anotlier ]iioiiucr was James A. .McAvoy, born in Ohio in 1842, and in 1868 came to Cheyenne. Tlieiice ho went to South Pass city in IHtiO. renuin- ing tliere, engaged in mining. In IS7:t lit, locattMl hinii'elf on Willow cr-ek in the Wind river valley, within the lines of the Indian reservation. He next engaged with Samuel Fairliehl in constructing a niad from the timltered lan'is at th*; head of Big I'opo Agie to l^iiacr. When Fremont oo. was organized he was elected county clerk. Still another sort of frontiersman was Major Noyes BaUlwic, lw>m in Woodbridge, Conn., in I8'2(i, served in tlie civil war ami aftttrward came to Wind river valley and established a trading post, dealing with the Indujis for three years. He was one of the HrMt discoven*rs of gold at Soath p'ia«. with him lieing Henry Kidell, Frank Marshall, Harry HablieL. Ricliarxl (trace, and others. He is now a resilient of Lander. Roliert H. Hall, Urn at ^cketts llarl>or, N. Y., in 1852. cams to Camp Stamboush in 1873, remaining there for over four years, when he rcroored to liander, having Itecomc intoreiited in cattle. Jame* J. Atkins, Imm in Wis. in 180.3, came to Dakota in 1S72, and afterward to I^ander, where he secured a farm and raiaed atock. He elected ■heriff on the orgMiinticm of Fremont co. 788 llESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. Carbon county contains 13,500 squai'e miles. As its name indicates, it overlies extensive coal deposits, particularly in the southern portion. It has several mineral districts, in which are found the precious metals, besides copper, iron, iron-paint, fire-clay, gv-^psum, salt, and coal oil. The latter promises to be on^i of the foremost resources of the territory, and particularly of Prdmont and Carbon counties. The petroleum of Wyoming lies near the surface, and resembles the best Russian and Rangiwn'oils. For lubricating purposes it is not excelled by any known.* 'This county embraces .i larse extent of the Laramie plains, derotetl to Czing. Tfond agricultural lanus are found chieHy along the north Platte, wlins, founded in 1870, and named in honor of John A. Rawlins, is the county seat, and haet about 1,800 inhabitonts, railroad machine shops, Itauks, an assay oiBce, established by the legislatum in 1877, good public buildings erected in 1882, two newsj>apers, the Tribune and JoHnniL, and a general condition of prosperity. It is situated in the midst of a mineral duitrict, centrally in relation to other districts, and the east and we^it portions of the territory, and is the natural outlet of north'em Colorado. The mineral paint mine at Rawlins was discovered by John C. Dyer ami others. It was workeii, but not profitably, owing to railroad rates. Tlie Rawlins district contains copper mines which assay 40 per cent of copper to tlie ton. with an ounce of silver and traces of gold. The Ferris mineral district near Rawlins was discovered by ( Jcorge Ferris, John C. Dyer, and others. The Me<lium B«'W Range contains several mining districts. Dexter district, 40 miles snutli of Rawlinh, Summit, Douglas, Centennial, and Bramel districts, are in this range, and contain l>oth quartz and placer mines. Hanspeck gold plaoer inines, 80 miles south of Rawlins, yiehi well to the hyiiranlic process. Tlie Seminole district, 3o miles north of Rawlins, contains quartz, free mir.ii^;. yielding from $12 to ^30 per ton. CarboK is a coal mining town, where about 500 miners are employed. Warm Springs is a settlement of 250 i)eople in the Platte valley, and the only agricultural town in the county. Large herds of cattle have lieon kept on the ranges for stock-raising purposes, but there is a tendency to *lairying and farming, which will ultimately drive out the stock cattle, and result in more compact settlement. The population of (7arl)on co. in IS83 was aliout 5,000, clistributed upon farms, in railroad towns, and in the mines: and the assessed valuation ^3,062,368. Tlio railway rtations are Separation, fireen- ville. Fort Steele, Kdson, Station House, Percy, Medicine Bow, and Aurora. Taking into consideration tlie age of the territory, the wealth of thi.s. the thinl county in value, is w rthy of remark. Its property had incTea»f<l in 188t; to between ^,000,000 and $5,000,000. The hisbiry of the men who foundc<l tlu! prosperity of thu county is prope« in this place. Jairics France, bom in Pa in 1838, came to Wyoming in 1868, and opene<l store un-ler the tirm name of H. C. Hall & Co. A branch store was estab- lished at Rawlins in 1809, of which Franco took charge. He continued in merchandising until 1884, when ho engaged in Iianking, erecting a building; for that puri'osc. He was elected to the legislative «Y>ancil in 1874. an<l was appointed territorial auditor by Gov. Hoyt, vice Downey, electe«l to con- gress. He wasappointcd postmaster in 1871, retaining the offic* until IS8.1; and was several times county comm'ssioner, lieing chairman of the Kwnl for three terms. DevittC. Kelley, bom in Pa in 1850, came to Rawlins in the spring of WYOMING 789 Johnson county was organized out of the northern 1870, engaging aa book-keeper for France, wl'ich situation he retained until 1882, when he was transferred to the James France ' <uik, of which he was made cashier. In Dec. 1882 he went into merchar i.-< ig for himself. The same year he was elected probate judge and county tieasurer, and reelected in 1884. John C. Davis, bom in Ireland and educated in England, came to VVyom- iug in 1869, and was engaged in dififerent situations for 7 years, when he went into mercantile business, managing the establishment of J. W. Hughes for four years, and being made i>artner in 1880. Bart u T. Ryan, bom in Ind. in 1838, and accompanied Gen. Sully on his marcii across Dakota to the Yellowstone, to intimidate the Sioux, and being in the battle of Deerstai-d, where 15,000 Indians were opposed to 3,000 troops. In the tisht 585 Indians were killed against a loss of a few men killctl and wounded on the side of the army. In 1870 he purchased an interest in i lot of cattle shipped from Iowa to Carbon co., and engaged in the business). Isaac C Miller, )>oro in Denmark in 1844, came to Omaha in 1860, and the following year to North Platte, merchandising at Bitter creek until 1870, when he locat-id himself at Rawlins. In 1871 he went to mining at Halm's peak, and in 1373 retumed to Rawlins and engaged in cattle raising. He was elected sheriff in 1880, holding the office two terms. Perry L. Smith, Iwrn in 111. in 1836, came to Rawlins in 1868, dealing in icattle and keeping a meat market. He wasappoi^ ted county commissioner !!> I SGI*, and subsequently elected two terms, ueing chairman of the board each term. In 1874 he was elected county clerk for two years, and in 1879 was elected to the council of the legislature, being reelected in 1881. He was appointed territorial auilitor in 1884. Sanmel Fairfield, born in New Hampshire in 1836, came to lender in 1873, and erected three saw-mills, one of which he sold to the government, remain- ing in that region until 1880. He then moved to Rawlins, where he remained three years, when he went to Gartield co., Colo, and with others located the town of Meeker on land purchased of the government, and partly improved for a militiiry post. .lolin C. Dyer, born in \Vashington, D. C, in 1846, came to Fort Bridger, Sweetwater mines, and Cheyenne in 1867, where he engaged in merchandis- ing, following the railroad west to RaM'lins. He 1)ecame interested in min- ing, and M'as one of the discoverers of the Ferris district, (ieorgc Ferris, another of the company, discovering the first mine, which entitled him to have the district named for liim. Robert M. Galbraith was born in Kngland in 1844. He had charge of the shops at Omaha, iKiraniic, or Benti»<, beginning when ho was but 22 years of age, and having then 700 men uiidc him. In 1870 he Injcaine inter- ested in mines in the Seminole district. In 1S82 he engaged in merchandis- ing at Rawlins, selling out in 1884, and goii<g into the stock business with Blake, his cattle range being .30 miles south of Rawlins. He was elected to tlie territorial council in 1882. JapRs V. Cantlin, born in III. in 1848, went to western Neb. in 1868, and thence to Rawlins in 1871. He was appointed pi>stniaster at Ferris in 1877, and deputy sheriff of Carb<m co. in 1878, holding until 1884, under James Rankin. Homer Merrill, bom in Rochester, N. V., in 1846, came to Wyoming in 1872, and was admitte<l to the practice of the law at LarainioiCity, removing to Rawlins in 1874. He was elected proscri.^^ing attorney for Carbon co. soon after, which othcc he held almost continuously for 10 years, and was supervisor of census in 1880. A. L. Mauk, born in Pa in 1846, of German and French parentage, came to Rock Spring, Wyoming, in 1878. William McCarty was bom in Irelaud in 1837, &nd after tome mining > ■'■li 790 RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. portion of Carbon county in March 1881." It pos- sessed at this period assessable property valued at $1,259,981, which had increased in 1883 to $2,481,- 404. It contains a large amount of good land which is being brought into a condition for farming by irri- gating canals cut on the bench lands lying back of the mat dows along the numerous streams in the county. Coal is abundant and of good quality. The county seat is Buffalo, founded in 1879-80 by W. L. Andrews, A. J. McCray," William H, Phillips, and Charles Williams, on the south side of Clear creek. It is now chiefly on the north side of the stream, and within a short distance of Fort McKinney.'* The town was incorporated in 1884, having at the age of three years 500 inhabitants and a municipal experiences in Colorailo, became t.) Eureka, Ncv., C'al., iind Mont., returning to Utah anil Colo, and finally tiettling in Uawlins in 1873. He acconipaniL-d (ten. Crook in his cxiiedition to the Powder river in 1876. Frank A. Hinman, born in Iowa in 1857, and educated in Colo common HchooU, engagoil in placer mining in 1877 at Malm ijoak. Benjamin F. Northington, horn in Ky in ISXS, of English parentage, was educated in Cal. His father erected the first grist-mill in Ky. In 1849 lie went to Texas in the cattle business, ami to Cal. through Mex. and Ariz, ill 1849, in a company commanded by Uavid .S. Terry, the first to take that route and cro.ss the Colorado m.'ar Yuma. In 1873 he settled in Raw- lins, giving up mining, though he went to the lihu'k hills in 187ti. He was electiid sorgt-at-arms of the h< i «e of represfiitativos in 187.5. Charles K. Blydenburgh, A. B. , A. M.. aiiil Km. was born in Brooklyn, N. v., in '8.'>4. and came to Wyoming in 1878, locating himself at Kawlin.s, with .1. (r. Mariihy, in the business of mining engineering. When the terri- torial assay othce was com]deted, according to an act of the legislature <it 1877, the firm took charge of it. '"iff*'). Gon. Jli'ifff, lS8'i, p. 19. This county was first established ijndcr the name of Poaso in Uoc. XH'ii, but was not to be orgaiiL-TMl until it .slmuM have .'iOJ elect-irs residing within it. Cmnp. Lmrs Wi/oiii., 18715, 198 '201. Owing to the obstinacy willi whi?h the Sioux resisted white occupatinn, ii was not settled until after the Indians were placed on reservations uiidi'i- renewed treaties. Its advance Miiir(! 1877 lia> Ikx-u rapid. It was finally naii>ed .Johnson, in honor of E. P. J<'linsoii of Cliuyenne. Johmoii Mfinoriitl, ?A. "AlvinJ. MeCray, of Bntfalo, Wyoming, was one of the first settle ivs. He was l)orn in Buffalo, X. Y., in 18.VJ. In the spring of 187(5 he joined the migration to the Black hilU, locating himself ai Deadwmxl, where lie es- talilisheil the first hotel. '■'The first actual permanent settler in the county was Klias X. Snider, post-tr.ador at Fort jIcKinney. Snider was born in Mansfield, Ohio, in 1842, and in 1877 was made po&t-trader of Fort McKinney, which appoint mont he resigned in 1879 to engage in stock rai.dng and farming. Major Ii J. Hart was the first to locate land west of Snyder, and Hart's claim became a part of Buffalo. When the county was organi'/ed he wai elected probitc judge, and served one term. In 1882 ho was elected to the lower house of the legislature and reelected in 1884. WYOMING. 791 JlldiT 'JOl. fru, it Imli'i' Imlly 1), 111 |>int- Ir h liino pate of 3 o Li 792 RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. government." The citizens are intelligent and liberal, supporting law, order, and educa*'on generously. It has one newspaper, the Echo, founded by a company, and first edited by T. V. McCandlish." In the mean- time, stock-raising is the principal source of wealth, there being a number of stock companies in the coun- try, as well as individual owners.'" The military post "The first mayor of Buffalo was H. A. Bennett, born in Tenn. in 1854, and removed in 1877 to Cheyenne, and tlienco to Rock creek, where he engaged as clerk with G. D. Thayer, anil remained until 1881, when ho removed to Powder river and went into business with Conrad, to whom hu sold out in 1882. Another early settler was Richard Kennedy, who waa '>orn in N. Y., and brought up in Iowa. In 1872 he drifted to Montana, mining near Helena, prospectiuK on Clark fork in 1873, trapping in the Bighorn mountains, trad- ing with the Crows, organizing a town site co. in 1877 and calling it after Gen. Miles. Before it had obtained a goo<l start a rival Miles city was started two miles nearer the fort, which overshadowed his town. Stephen T. Farwell assisted in forming tlie county organization, and wa.-i a justice of the peace previously. He was elected probate judge and county treasurer in 1884. Farwell M-as born in Cambriiigc, Mass., in 18ik3. Noel T. Webl)er, another early settler, was born in N. Y. in 1822. In 1864 he joined the 3d Colo regt., Cai>t. Talbot's co., and served four months, being at the battle of Sand creek. He has hail a varied exi>erience. James M. LobI)an, who M-as Iwrn in Miss., came to tort McKinney in 1879, engaging as clerk to the post tr<uler, J. H. Conrad, and remaining until 1882. Lobimn was elected prol>ate judge and county treasurer in Ih8'J, and member of the lower hou.se of tho k'gislature in 1884. Frank M. Canton, a native of Va, boni in 1854, removed to Colo in 18(i8, with hia father, vho settled himself southwest of Denver. He soon went tn Montana, and engaged M'ith William .Jamison, who was in the stock busi- ness, remaining untd 1877, when he came to Cheyenne and went into tlio service of the Wyoming Stock growers association, as a detective. He made many arrests of horse and cattle thieves, and some worse criminals, estab- lishing his reputation for nerve and ability. In 1882 he was elected sheriff of Johnson co., to which ho had removed M'ith his family in 1881. '•CuUen Watt was Imni in Scotland in 1864, and educated in Canada. In 1867 he came to Laramie river in Wyoming. When Fort McKinuey was building in IS78, he located a large tract of land 2^ miles cast for a farm and stuck range. Eugene B. Mather and George W. Mnnkcrs brought in the first consign- ment of goods for Robert Foote of Buffalo in 1882, consisting of 80,00() pounds. I have already mentioned Munkers. Mather was Ixirn in Pa in 184!), and in 1868 went to Butler co., Kan., and established the first saw- mill in that region, 20 miles c. of Wichita, remaining there until 1873. In 1870 he went to Colo with his brother-in-law, Munkers, and thence to Buf- falo, where l)oth took up their residence. Mrs Mather is a daughter of Justice Pomeroy of Uinta co., the lir.st white settler of Foutcvillo. '* William J. Clarke, a native of Yorkshire, England, \wm in 185!), and educated at York, came to Wyoming in 1878. Heremained there until 1881. Clarke made his residence at Buffalo. Fred. G. S. Hesse, born in England in 1852. came to Wyoming in 187C from Tex., where he had arrived 3 years previous. Delos Ifabcock, born in Iowa in 1857, went to Colo in 1873. In 1878 lie came to Wyoming. Charles H. Burritt, born in Vt iu 1854, ami educated iu Middlebury ol- WYOMING. 7N has assisted materially in opening up the frontier. The legislature of 1879 passed an act to locate and establish a territorial wagon road from Kawlins to Fort McKinney, which being used by the military is improved by the soldiers. The presence of a garrison gives a feeling of security which settlers would lack, surrounded as the territory is on the west, north, and east by Indian reservations. The second town in the county wan Sheridan, sit- uated where the Bozeman road crosses the middle fork of Tongue river." Bighorn city, a few miles south of Sheridan, on the same stream, is the third. There are post-offices at Depot McKinney, Trabing, and at Colo, all on the road to Montana Albany county, with less area, has more population than any county except Laramie. It comprises the eastern portion of the Laramie river, the remainder of its surface being broken and mountainous." lege ami at Brown univcrmty, U. I., studied law in Detroit with Wni A. Moore. He came to Cheyenne in 1879. In 188.'?, he settled at Buffalo iu the practice of the law. Chauncy Sto<Ulard, Iwrn in Peru, N. Y., in 1829, came to Wyoming, Johnson co., in 1879, an important cattle man. John R. Smitli was born in Ohio in 1844. In 1879 settled near Trading P. O. He was one of the commissioners appointed to organize tlie county, and was treasurer of his school uistriet. '"Sheridan was incorijorated in 1884. Wuom. Scm. /,<»»/«, 1884, 129, Its first mayor was John D. Loucks, who was born in N. Y. iu 1845. With J. M. Works, he settled in I8S0 on Big (loose crock. He was appointed post- master in 1882, wivs elected justice of the peace, and chosen on the scliooi board, which he was active in establishing. The first 40 acres of the town were laid off in lots, and about four buildings erected; the 2d year there were 50 buildings, an<l every lot sold. HtMiry Held, born iu Bavaria in 1849, tame to Cheyenne in 18(>8 and to Sheridan in 1882. Marion C. Harris, born in Ind. in ISuli, came to Wynmiiig in 1S8.1. James B. Culver, born in N. Y. in 1857. In 1884 ho came to .Sheridan, and engaged witii J. W. C<inrail & Co. '• Its resources are principally grazing and mining. It is cspcci-iUy rioli in iron, its Iron mountain yielding 85 per cent pure metal. Laramie City, tiie county seat, has 4,000 inliabitants. Tlie military post and reservation of Fort Sanders adjoins it on the south. The Union Pacific railroad oper- ates large rolling mills at this place, and iu 1883 erected soda manufacturing works. There are 2,000 inhabitants divided among a <lozen railroad sta- tions, and a number of ranchos devoted cliiefiy to cattle-raising. The as- sessed valuation of the county in 1883 was §2,8.'W,5I5. Nathaniel K. Bos- well discovered the 80<la lakes in 1869, and subsecjuently sold them to the railway. He was then shipiiing 20 tons iM)r week, at a profit of ?7.50 jHsr ton. I'be railway taeu would only pay what the mine bad cost; and when 794 RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. Laramie county was divided in 1877, and the north- ern portion given the name of Crook. It remaiiiod tor some time unorganized, being very sparsely popu- lated. On the western flanks of the Black hills, in HoHwell refused tn 8ull, niado the bhipping ratoa so high aa to take away lii^ Iirotit, and 0(>iii[hj11 him to sell at thuir price, i$l*i,(Njiu, the proiterty Ikmh^ worth |i*i,OU(),OUU. The Hoda iit from '2 to 21 feet tliiuk, over about "200 aen^ and forniii as faxt as it ix removed. lioMWoll was liorn in N. H. in 1840, and in 1807 removed, to t'lieyenne and went into the dnig husinosa, having a hrumli at Laramie, where lie settled him.selfin l8tiH. He wan sheriff i) ycurx, duriiiL; which time ho made several arrests of noted desiHirudoes. See t'ook'n llmtili Uj>, 14.t. He has lieun also U. S. dopt. marshal ever since 1809. Fort San- ders took charge of the prisoners before a jail was erected, and had at on<- period 'M convicts, 14 of whom were in for munlcr, ami all arrested hy Ho* well. He was appointetl chief of the Wy(mi. stock-growers' asso. in ISN.I, ami had from 'M to 50 8ulM)rdinates, recovering stolen stock, and seeing tliut liranding Mas properly done. He stopped that kind of stealing when tin' thieves turned their attention to horses, ;«M) of which were stolen ir. IH.S^. The thieves were well organized, and had their stations extending fnun Oregon to North park, where were their headnuarters. In 1881 he enj^iigti! in cattle-raising on the Laramie river, JIO miles s. w. of the town «if Wyom- ing, where he had 8 miles of river front. The station of Sherman is the highest {toint on the U. I'. 11. K., and has 2(10 population. Tie Siding, Red Kutte, Wyoming, Cooper Lake, Look- out, Miser, Rock Creek, and Wilcox are on tl" roatf. Ciinnnins City is on tlie Laramie, North I'ark, and Pacific R. R., and has ahont ^{00 voters. It is a mining town in the Braniol district, wliich is partly in this and ]iai'tly in <'arl>onco. Laramie City wiis incorporated in 1873, and reincorporatrd in 1884. Wi/oiii. SfMA. t.,iwM, IS7.'«, 201. /-/., 1884, 84. Among tho fonsmost of the Albany co. men are the following: .laiiu'M It. Hayford, horn in I'ottsduni, N. V . in 1820, removed to Cheyenne in ISliT, and edited the liocki/ Motititniii Stitr for two years, wlien ho came to I^araniie and purcliaseil tlie Litnnnie Si'iitiiid. He was appointed terr. auditor in IS70. Mr llayford has Iteen active in forwarding every good undertaking in his city and territory since their foundations were laid. In regard to newspa^iers, Laramie has had several which did not Ioml; survive. That peripatetic journ.-il, the Frontii-r Jii<li:r, lielongin^j; to tiir erratic Freeman, was the first newspaper published in Laramie, tlie next lieing the DiiiUi Siiiliiifl, which, after running 2 years, was changcil to a weekly. In 1879 the 7V;/(f'.'i newspaper was first issued here. It came from Salt lake originally, where it had lieeii a llanish journal. It was moved to Kvanston, and thence to Laramie by C. W. Rrainel anil L. I). Pease. I'easi' ran it about 2 years. In March 1880 was organi/.ed the Bitomiititnj Piililisli- iiii/ Co., wiiich issued the il. and w. Bi>oiiii'nniij, E. W. Nye editor and man- ager. The stock was held by H. Wagner, .1. J. Strode, Jacob Blair, A. S. Peabody, and others. The Tinnn was revived for a short time as the Miss. iwj Link, and again as the TriliHiii: The Jiixiiiifmnijaiul thoiS''H</«(7 also sur- vived. Robert Marsh, an Knglishinan, camo to Wyoming in 1808. He was M-ith thu railway eo, for II years, in various capacities. Me waselected mayor of Lara- mie in 1880, through the city council, of which he was a member. He was ou the school board 7 years; vice-president of the board of trade several years; and appointed hy the county commissioners com'r on livesttx^k brands many years in succcssitm, associated with S. F. Phillips. He thorougly ideiitiliL'd himself with the interests of Laramie and the county, and became one < >f the largest owners iu the Wyoming Central Laud and Improvement con» WYOMING, 795 the valleys of Sun Dance and Sand creeks there was an agricultural district and settlements. The small grains were found to do well, and experiment proved that it was not necessary to irrigate in this region, the l)aiiy, from which lie hiniitulf piirchasud TiO.OlN) auroa. He* inarrivil a daugh- ter uf (ieorgu Harper, uuu of thu oarliust ttuttlera ia the county, and hun sev- eral children. Mortimer N. Grant wiis Ixtrn at I^xington, Mo., in 1851, and came to Wyoming in 18(S9 in tlio bcrvico of the gov't as surveyor, and surveyed in every part <»f the territory. 'rhonias Alsop, from iStaffordshiro, Knglanil, discovered the coal hanks at Carbon on the railroad, taking out in the winter of I8U8, $I'J8,0(M) wortli of coal, locating himself 8 miles ahovt; Laramie City on Laramie river. He was elected county commiiisioner in 1875. Uoliert K. Pitch, Ixirn in X. Y. in 184:), came to Laraniiu in 1872, and took charge of the puMic schools until 188'J, Ora Hiilcy, born in cast Corinth, Me, in 1844, settled himself in Laramie City in 18(>8, engaging in butchering with Charles Hunton. Haley was elected to the lower house of the tcr. legislature in 1871, and in 188! to the upper house; and wa.s cho.scu a member of the city council in 1878-i) and 1880. He was highly esteemed in the community, and felt a just pride in his success. Ciiarles K. Clay, born in Va in I8.'18, came to Fort Liiramio in 18(55. In 1875 he removed to Cheyenne; in lS8i! to Rock Creek. His brother, William Clay, came to Wyoming in 1875, and established himself in cattle-raising on the Ciiiigwatcr. Joiin H. Houglas-Willan was born in 1)ublin in \H')'2, of Scotch parent- age, and went to L:>rimerco., Colo, in 1875 to engage in cattle-raising, but removed in 1877 to Wyomini^, locating iiimself on LaUonte creek in All»aiiy CO. In 188S he formed the Douglas-\Villaii Sartoris co., of which he was prest and manager. .1. K. Yates, born in (^inadiv in 18;{4, came to Colo, and enlisted in the .'id Colorach* regt in 18(J4, and was with Chivington at Nand crei-k. \\'hen Cheyenne Wiis founiUd he removed to this place, and assisted in establishing y/**" ijf.ulcr newspaper. In 1870 ho again removed to Laramie, taking a position on the Sintiml, managed by ,1. 11. Hayfonl. In May 1871 he en- tered into iiartnershiii witii llayfonl, and pnrcliased the SniHiiff. .Michael 11. Murjitiy, luirn in I'a in ]84."i, caiiif to Liiraniie City in 18(i!). and in 1875 was elected on tiie democratic ticket to a seat in tin? legislatiiri'. .Tohii W. lilake, born in IJriilgeton, Me, came to Laramie in 1874, stud- ied law, and was aibiiitted to jiractice in 1877. In 1884 he wa.s elected to the up]>er iionso of tlie legislature. Cliarles W. Spalding. i)orn in Mary.sville, Ky, in 1835, came to Laramie ill 187<>, as one of her be. t citi/ens. William Lawrence, born in Scotland, came to Laramie in 187(5, cngageil in divers business ventures witli success. Otto (iramin, born in Ohio in 1S45, came to Laramie City in 1870. Tiic tire department of Laramie was organizcil by (tramtii, aidcil by Wanless. He was on tlie school boaMl which made the first purcha.se of lots for .school Kirposes. In 1878 he was appointed dejit. fish commissioner under H. B. umsey; was sec. of the board a]>])ointed by the legislature in 188'2, and ap- pointed ter. tish comini.ssioner in 1884; one of the solid men of Laramie, and a man of culture; was elected proliate judge and ctiiinty treasurer in 1884 for two years. In 1885 he was elected city treasurer. William Crout, born in N. Y. in 182(5, served in both the Mexican and civil war, after which he was sent to the frontier, via Tjcavenworth and Fort CoUius, escorting the mail from Denver to iSalt Lake, where he was dis- .11 £ ill 796 RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. precipitation being sufficient for perfecting crops. The farinin«5 lands were surrounded by uplands suita- ble for grazing, and the mountains were covered with pino and oak timber. The asseflsed valuation of unproved land, town lots, cattle, and horses, in 1S77, was $1,607,882, and of ijersonnl proi)crty $81,1»87. Laramie county proper'* contained 6,800 square miles, and a populati<m of 9,000. Its assessed valua- tion in 1883 was $7,345,055, more than two-thirds of which was in personal i»ro[>erty. The anuiunt of property represented by those figures, compared with the population, makes Laramie one of the wealthiest counties in this or any other territory." Cheyenne, the county seat and capital of the terri- tory, had a jiopulation in 1^86 of alx)ut 7,000. It was the centre of the stock interests of Wyoming, and portions of Nebraska, Dakota, and Montana, and had a large trade with miners, stockmen, freight contract- ors, and with the military establishments of Camp charged in the spring of I SCO, an<l in 1883 engaged in stock-raising in Car- bon CO. , 60 miles due w. of Laramie. (iustave Schnitger, Itorn in Prussia in I8'23, was in 1878 aiti>ointc<l U. S. marshal of Wyoming, with headtjuarters at Cheyenne. In 188:{ he n-muvLil to Laramie. William R. Schnitger of Cheyenne, son of Gustave, was dep- uty m<ar.shal under his father, and also city marshal of Cheyenne, by ap- pointment and election. '"By reference to U. S. Sen. Doe., 02. j.. 99, vol. ii; 41 cong., 2 sew., itwill be seen that an attempt was made to hai e the name of Ogallala adopted in place of Laramie. **The average wealth of Colorado, a notably rich state, is over $500 i>er capita, while the average wealth of Wyoming is nearly 9800. Th<> usual av- erage in agricultural counties u 8200 to .^MO ]>er capita. Carl>on couiity averages over 8700 jMjr capita; Alltany county 8472; Sweetwater 8".>*4; and Laramie over $800. It is noteworthy that the only one of these distru-tJ which has no railroad projicrty to assess sustains the highest rate of value to the individval. Copjier mining districts have l»ecn formed in l.araiiii<> county at Platte Caflon, Rawhide Ruttes, Black Buttes. Sand Creek, and Hurricane. At Silver Cr<»wn. an abandonctl district, new and rich discuv- cries of copper were made in 11>-S2- The first smelting-works ei*eote<l wer-^ at Platte Carton, twelve miles west of Fort Laramie, in l»ec. 1882 by the VVyomin^ Copper company. There is a coal oil Itasin in Crook county. :n the vicinity of .Jenny's stockade. Coal and salt are found in close proxim- ity to the oil. Mica exists in the Laramie range, and a ileposit twenty mile^ north of Fort I.Aramie was sold to a New York com|viny in 1882, whioli began shipping it east This bo<ly of coal was discovered by Cyrus IIki in 1880. Associated with Iba in the ownership were .Tohnstm and K<lward J. Baker. Iba was liorn in Pa in 18:i0, and after busy ami adventurous Ufc, came to Cheyenne in 187o, and tii>;nre proceeded to the Black hiUs, where he made his cool discovery and his fortune. WYOMlSi;. 797 Carlin ftnd Fort Russell. It covered an area of 1,500 acres, was gfiierally well built, autl uriiauieiitod with shade trees. It had uiie street, Ferguson, with more liandsunie residences than any avenue in any town uf equal jxjpulation in the United States." ^ The liritt really tine Htructuix-K were erec-totl by atockniea. Thia gara cnntiileiive to tlie nicrt-haiit!*. SUtuyhu-r, Li/': iuioiniml H'yo/N., MS., 6. 'J'lia Chrifi-mf Sun uuhliflhed an especial e^Iition in S«pt. ISK.*t. illiutraU-<l witli views of the cfiurcbeit, sch<M>l 'niuoi, puMio aniun^ment halLt, ainlliaiulKoino reitidenees, which goes far to Hulwtantiate SLaughter's •tatenicnt. Thi-ru wore 32 private rcHiilcnce^ <lelineate«l, from cottage* to mansioiiii coMting $40,000; all in excellent taatc, an<l Hliowingthe preM.-uc-« of al>unilaiit iii<.-uii.i. The presence of shailo trees Lt largely due to I>wight Fi.->k who was mayor in 18/7. Ho brought trees from Colorado, and was careful to att«n<l to their growth. Ho was bom in IHCtO near Syracuse, N. Y.; settled hix If at Cheyenne, carrying on a business as fr)-ight contractor for the g" (, and supplying ties to the railroad. In ItMiO he erecteil a houw on L<Mlge I'tdo L'attle-raising. He was a meuilier of the city council creek, and engaged in catt of Cheyennu m 1874-5-0. The BcluH)l-hou8Ss of ('heyenn<;, particularly the Central school, were of the be<tt order, tlie latter seating 5.'iO pui>il.-i. Tlie library contains 80U vol- umes of well chosen reference iMioks. The graditl course rojuires 8 years for its completiim, when the pupil is pre|iare<l to enter the high school for a 3 years' course. TIio catholic academy is a handsome and c^tly e«liiic-e. It is 4 stories high, in tho French stylo of architecture. The whole number of pupils enrolled in 1883 was 604. The courtdtouse and jail completc«l in 187*2 cn«t ^7,000. It was u^'^-d for a capitol building in 1873. The city hall, erected in 1874, cost $1 1.UUO. Tho Cheyenne clubdiouse is a mislern improvemcni, l>eing erected in 1881 for the comfort of me" of wealth, who objected to hotel living. It was built of brick, and cofit $40,000. Thn club prohibits gambling, auUrctiuires a high standard of character in ita niemlicrs. The boarti of trade has its hcadouar- ters there, and tliere are receivetl the prices current of the eastern niarki * *. Tho oitcra-house wm built of brick, with stone trinunings. Tlie tirst of seven church organizations was of the m<>tbodists, by D. \\ . Scott, in .Sept. 1867. The church etlitice was built of wood, in 1871, and dedicated Kept. 23d. A brick (tarsonage was added; total cost. $6,000. St Mark'u episcopal church was organized Sept. 27, 1868. A wooden edifice was complt^teil on the 23<l of Aug., 1869, which was the tirst building consecrated to worship in the city. The convocation of Colora«l<i and Wy- oming was fonned in 1879. St Marys, cath<dic. was orgauizc<l in the spring of I8(i8, and the same year a building costing ^,000 was complete«l, which was used for two years, when a new and hanilsoiiie church, costing $!t,OUO, wa« erected. Tlie 1st congregational was organi/c<l June 13, iJ^W, l>y J. \i. Davi.s. A church building was crictol on Hill and 19th streets in 1879, ami dedicated Dec. 'i9tli; cost, $5,000. Tlie l.-*t presbyterian was org:inized, with 9 iiicmlwrs, Feb. 1, 1870. .\ church olificc, costing $6..'i«lO. wa.-« built, and dedicated July 17, 1870. In 1883 a new church w;n en«te<l. costing $l.'>,5fi0. .\ church was erected in 1881 by the U-ptists, at a cost of $8,000. Tlie colored methotlisti had their house of worship. Tlie county hospital, of brick and woo«l. cost $21,000. Ita arrangement for the comfort of the inmates is very complete. Tliere were, in 1886, three oil.l fellow I<n]i:< -■<. Chevenne \o. J. instituted April 15, 1868, Hope No. 2, instituteil .\ug. .10. 1871, .\llemania No. 5 ((Jerman), institute<l Jan. I. 1883. tt'ifom. Or. Lr»l.r,\.0.0. F . 1879 Th.re were four masonic lodges, Cheyenne Xo. I. organize<l Feb. 29. \fi»tS, Wyo- ming No. I, March 15, 1873, ^^eatem Star (coL), March 13, 1879, member- :l't' .. ill I 'M RKSOUUCKS AND DKVKLOPMENT. The stations uumcf the railroail have scanty rcsourcoa and suiall populations, a condition which •hip 24, Aug. 18, ISMO. jV'. MfJ-. Prncf^diwj* Or. Lolj,, 18T9. j>. 93. The KiiightH of I'ythiaH, dioycnno i<Hlge No. '2, orsanixol Jan. 9, \<i'o. Cliuyeniie tiro (lepartnicnt organi/i>(l an folioWH: Pionoi-r If. ami I... co. in IMS?. ItM Imildinu ami apparatuit cont 94,>V)0. Tlio .\l<>rt Hohc co., organ- ized ill Out. 1877; nuiiding ami apparatuH, #3,00C>. The Durant »tcani tin.' engine no. organized in 18lt8; apiwratua ctmt $10,000. The J. T. CLirk Imst- CO, orunni7«d in 1870. Water came from Lake Mahi>ahlutah, 1.^ niilcM n<irth. The city is lighteil 1>y electricity, \mixg the tirxt towu in the worM t<> une electric lightn liefore gaH. The Wyoming Aoaileniy of Science, Arts, and Lrttem, founded in ISS'J, and located at Cfhcyenno, is an exponent i>f tlie t rogrowive ten'^Mu-icii of the tH-oplo. The territorial library, at Cheyenne, in iHSki contained over 11,(100 voU. The manufiicturnH of Cheyenne are ehietly thotio connectcil with the rail road car and machine Hhopg, the manufactHro a{ wagons an<l harncHu, hnin,. Hmall hoot and shoe factoricm, '2 lirowcric.4, a ]>laning mill, and foundry and machiiiu workH, Thu numt intcroflting industry pur>ucd here is tllut of making jewelry out of native mctalx and gems. The lir«t of four hank.s oxtaldiKhcd was the First Nat' mal, l>y A. 11. Con vrrKc, ill ISTI, witii a paid tip capital uf $7'>,OilO, whic* has lieci incn-astil to S'JOO.OdO, with a Burplus of j!.")<t,000. Mr ConverHe died in the suiiinicr uf |H8;i, wht'ii T. B. Hicks sucrccded to the i>re8idency. The Iwtnk of Murtoii K. I'ost & Co. was cHtaMiHhed in 1S76 l>y Stehhins, Post A Co. Stehhin-i n'tircd in ISS.'i. The Stockgrowcrs' National hank Wgan husiness in IhX'J. its organizers being J. M. Carey, Thomas ."^turgis (president), II. (J. May, and \V. C. Lane. Its paid up capital in 188.M wa.<> ^447.000. The l>ankin){ house of A. T. Kent is also a savings deposit Uink. In IStW Mnwry A. Arnold opi^ned the first savings bank in Wyoming, which continued only until 1S7.'<. Clicymiio had in IS.SCi tiirco newspapers: Thi" CIuyrnM I.nidrr^K* started in •Inly l<%7 by Nathan A. Haker and .1. K. dates. Baker sold in April IST'J to 11. Uhifckc, wlio owned it until Oct. 1881, when it was sohl to the liCiiilcr I'rinting co. , conijiosed of Morton E. Post, A. II. Swan, fJ. I... Hall. .1. W. Collins, .1. C. Baird, K. A. Uccd, Frank H. Clark, and H. B. Kdly. Before the year was out, the conipaiiy sold to W. C. Ir\'ine, and he again to Morrow & Sullivan. Soon after it was owned by Morrow alone, and in 18>'H it passed into the hands of the l>cmocratic Leader co., composed of W. C. Irvine, .1. C. Raird, N. N. Craig, .John F. Coatl, Fre<l. .Schwartze, Luke Murrin, David Miller, Thomas Mm(|ueen, Charles F. Miller, Luke Vrmrhie*. C. P. Organ, and others. The democrats iieeiled a newsitajwr for caiu{>aigii puriioses, and the republicans allowetl them to cet it. Till' Cfiri/enm SiiH was originally the IMlt/ Xfir*, started by Benton and Fisher in 1875, and had run about half a year when it was purfha.«o<l by A. Fi. Slack, and its name changed to '/%• .Sun. Slack started the linhyrit'li nt at I.Araiiiic, a daily, changing its name to 77/c Sun, and conferring the name «>n the Xvirn, as above. Slack was born in N. Y. He 8erve<l in the civil war, and came to Wyoming in 1868, mining for a time at South jiass. an<l running a saw-mill, which furni.shed lumlier to the militar>- posts, until 1S71. when ho went to Ljiramic, and eogageil in new^(>aper business. He became Boleproprietor of the Sun. The Xorthn'Mt' Liiy-Mork Jonrnnl, devoted entirely to stock interests, was owned and controlled by A. S. Mercer, Mho, with .S. A. Mamey, started it in 188.*?. I have had occasion to mention Mercer in my ffiitory of WivJiimjtmt. 216, this series, in connection with the tcrriiosial univcrsitj'. He wa* l>orn in 111. in 1839, and went to Washington tcr. as a s^'rveyor for the govt in 1861. Tlie following year he took charge of the infant university. In 18»i3 he was appointed com'r of imnnigratiou, and proceeded ?ast on this business. WOMIXli. 7W must exist BO long aa (grazing without aorrioulturo con- tinues to bo the bias of the people. A uiovonient was Ho liruiight l>ack with Siim in 1864 » namlier of women who wcro competent tiinchcr!*, Itut who iu»tn ntarnttl. In IH65 he ietunic<l to Nvw Kiiglaml, ami liroiight out a shiuloail of !M) women, who aUo noun «fttle<i in homcii of their own. He erocteii the lint grain wharf at Astona m IMj4S. an«l originatei! tlie project of shipping ilirvct to the eaat l>y aaihng vesjieU. He sent the tirxt caruo of wheat from Oregon to LirerytutU aaMiite<l l<y a |mmi1 of farnier.s. In IS74T10 Hiartetl the Orttfm timmjrr at Al)>any, hut mhiu went to Texan, and Ktartoil the Shmiutn t '•mrirr, ami no |e«a than 5 other uewi4|ia|H!ni at dif- ferent i>ointii in Tex. Iiefore coming to C*beyeniie, in IHtCi. The Wyomiwt TriiMH' waa starteil Nov. '2», lMi9. I*y t^lwanl M. Ixh>. Samuel A. Briiitol editor. It mnpended in Sept. 187'J. Kriiitol wait iMirn in Conn, in 1841, migrateil to4'<Join l*M>7, and to C'lieveane in IMtl. The tirnt exvluaivoly joJi printing olhi-e and Ixiok hindery in Wyiuning wait Htarted in May IHM'J liy ItriMtol aiiil .li>hn J. Knopf, the Utter wmiu aelling out to Wil- liam .M. Knalnj. BruUnCA AVinprprr- I'ftu, M.S., i« a liintory of theno jouriialM. Of other puhlicaticm.H which ha<l hut a hrief esiHtence at Llicycnno w.iM the ■*f^(/^ Htarti'cl liy O. T. H Williams in IMiT, which ran for alwiut I ye.tr. Tlie AfijH*, a democratic newn]ia|ier. utartetl in It:ti7 liy L. L. Keilell, and tmMpeiidud in ISOO. It wa« re«u«citate«l by Stanton anil Ki<-hanUo!-, prac- tical printers, hut only ran a few week*. The Chryfimf Oitz/llr, cHtiiMiHlied Ity WulMt<;r, Johii-son, aiiil (iarrett in 1^76, only ran a few monthit, and wan removed to the Black hilli*. It came originally from riattKiiiouth, Neh., to liaraniie City, where it was callol the Vhr>mtrU, tlie name it l»ore at I'latt;*- iiiouth. Uirectoriex of Cheyenne and Laramie were puMiKhe<l alMiut IM7.t hy J. H. Triggs. A. R. •lohn.-«on and T. N. luthiU pulilinhetl a ^%if'niif lUnr- tory in IH8!t, from which I have made saiint; <|iiotatious. F'or other iiote.i about Cheyenne, I have coii.<tulte<l U'tfoinitfj T-rrU'-rhil Aff'ur*. M.S., con.nint- ing of Helected cxtract.<« from the 1 'hri/t nitf Sin, lJ»7o; SLin-jhlT, L{i'c in I'olit (itul Wyoni., MS.; Wffomiitti Iwil'iiit* nml S'lilrr», il.S., coiiMi.'ttiug of selected extracts on the .Hiiliject indicate)!, taken from the Vlirtfriinr Suit, IK7li, and coii*'viiiing a pretty full hi.ttory of the Bighorn an<l Black hilLi ex|H>ditioni«: WifOiiiiiui AfiMivlliinif, M.S., com*i.<iting of celecteal extract* from the CA>7/>'m;i>- IVirLli/ Trilmiii', I8IJ9-70; Bo-Urhrr, Flm*h Tui^* 0/ Votnnuto, MS., 1; Jii>irl,M, T/ii' Snufyrl'iii'l 0/ Aiiifri'-'i, 16-17; Gnijr,'Gni^^iril,' i'olonuln,'J!^: Simhoru, /fnmfliool- of Wifom., Mi .'.; /ArW'M, C/wtf HVv. ISH-H; furUtt. t\m„<lhi>i nf Chrifetiiw, MS.; Ii-jii:*>ll, Kutftiu-i Anrnmrl tk^ RcLir^. 31; llryl(!ur. Wyom., 1881. and ISSH, and many private dictatiomt. Tiicre were few towns in l^rainie county. Hartville, Fairliank, and M illerslmrg, on the North I'lattc river, are <.am|M lieltmging Ui the copi>er minus. Chugwater is a roa<l station at the south end of the timWr rcgi<in. Hat Creek is a pnst-otfice iiiervly. Tliere are a great number of raiichos, and the land is largely occupioi and owuc-<I liy cattle rai'^^rs. F. B. Haight lives at Chugwater, and .Fnhn Storrie at Hat Creek. The amount of land surveyed, in 1882, in Wyoming mas 41i,270.tf| acres: 8<ild. .V<.:K»7.2r» acres. In 1883 there were l,'2Mi.iil l.iJCt acres «ir»-eye«l, and IS7.4>vS.(>r> acri-s sold. In Laramie and .Johnson connties there were incorparate<l in 1882-3 seven- teen irrigating canals, tunn>-ls, and ditches. Horace A. Hoy, born in la in lSJi7. in ISSI came toCheyenne .as surveyor. He ran the Ilth auxiliar)' meridian 17*2 miles, from Latham north to Beaver creek, and the 7th, 8th, !>th, anil 10th standanl parallels, suUlividing and sectionizing this area, under the contract of C. W. Brown. In ISK4 he was elected Burveyor of L.Tramie en., in which he ran nearly 2,000 miles of lines, including the irrigating ditches of the lone Land cr*mpany and the Union Cattle company. Among the leading residents of Cheyenne, most of them at some time stock-raisers, are: J. M. Carey, who first engaged in the business in 1871 aoo RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. made in the direction of agiiculture by the Wyoming Development company of Cheyenne, which, in 1883, with luH brother. Ho drove Texas cattle into the country, and improved them. One of the first to engage in atock-raiaing waa K. W. Whitcomb, Itorn in Oxford, Maas, who came to Wyoming in 1857, freighting for Johnaon'a army en route to Halt lake. In the apring of 18<>8 ho went to the north Platte. He made a buaineaa of atock-raiaiiiK, including aheep. Another early atock-raiaer waa H. U. Kel^, bom in Mo. in 18.34. Hm \\-as elected to the ter. council in 1875. Tlie following year ho burnt a kiln of brick, and erected a house on the ('hugwater, where he remained until 1880, when he aohla herd on that range to the Swan Land and Cattle co. for $105,000, and put another herd on the north Crazy Woman creek of Powder river, whicli he aoM aoon after for 9100,000, anil turned hia attentiim to rain- ing high grade bulla. He waa elected county commiaaioner in 1881, and rc<>lccted 1884. John >lunton, bom in Va in 1839, came to Wyoming in 1867. In 1884 he incorporated hia atock aa the John Huiiton Cattle comuany. John W. Snyder, iMira in Wia. in 1837, after a life of viciaaitudea, with hia brother drove fn>m Texaa 3,300 atook oattle to Nebraaka, and aold them to Edward Creighton at Omaha. In 1870 they came to Cheyenne. A. C. Snyder, a native of Pa, came to Cheycnno in 180U. Ho engaged in atock buaineaa on the Chugwater. Mowry A. Anmld ia of the Rh(Mle iHland family which aettlcd in that Htate in 1035; migrated to Colo in 1805, au>l mined and taught achool at Cen- tral. In 1807 he came to Cheyenne and taught. Hia wife waa elected aupt of public achmda of Liiramio co, in 1871, holding the office two yeara. Charlea P. Coffee born in Mo. in 1847; in M7I ho moved to Cleyenno from Texaa, and raiacd hisli grudti cattle and horaca. A. H. Swan came to Wyoming in 1872, and in 1874 was joinmlby liia brother, Thomas Swan, and they wore in time among the largcat ownora north of Texas. Among their tirat inveatments wtis the purchaae oi John Sparka' herd on the Cnugwater. They invested heavily with a Scotch syndicate under tlie name of Swan Hrothera' l.aud and Cattle Co., and con- trollfi! 200,000 head. They puruhaaed a large herd of A. R. '."onverjte in 1884, and ma<le other purchases in the territory without moving the cattle, and had liotween 40 and 50 ranchoa. (Je(ir|{o T. Morgan, an Knglinhmen, came to Wynming in IS70 to look alKiu^' with tlie view of intrtHlucing choice Kngliali atock. in 1878 lie caiiit> again in rharge of a coiiMignment of Hereford bulla to A. II. Swan, tiie tir.'-t introiluocd into Wyoming, and coat ♦ 10,000 to import. In 1883 md IISHI they iiiipitrtcd .*((NI lii'ud of thoroiighlircd i-nttlo. The Swan brotl.erx, witli Morgan for iiiiiiiager, eatabliHlii'tl the Wytunit.g Hereford aHaocir4tioii, the lar>;ei«t and liiieMt itlnniled breedi'ig farui in ti; > worhl, conaiating (<f 4(),0<K) aeri'M iitnler leiice, with f/ood buiMiiiga, windmilla for lifting water, iiii'l other iiii|iriiveiiientH. Iliriiiit S. Manville, Ixirn in Mas'. iiil820, caiiki to Wyoming in 1870. Alnitit 1881 A. K. CiiiiviTxe eonibiued witli hiiiS; forming the Cmiveriio Cattle cciiii- ji«liy, with a oitplt'il nl' )>.')00,(HKI Tht- ollu'ei-M o? the ee'iipHliy were; A. ii CcinverMe, prent; VV. C, Irviiie, vieepreKt; Jiiiiiea S. IVek, ni'e. and tren.«- iirer: H. S. Manville. gen. inanager; and Judge A. C. -May, all of wIkuh Were tr\inteea. Samuel lliiaa. a native of Pi», is a v«ry prominent cattle man of Lara- mie CO, A. T. Ilabbitt, member «if the executive committee of the atock grower.i a«Ho<i»t)oti, came to Cheyenne in 1878. .'n 1881 he organicoil the Standanl Cattle CD., eon->iiitinu ot A. T. Btkblutt of Ohio, (ieovje U. Hlanelmrd <>r New Yo'k, and R. M. Alley of Hoatoii, of which Itiibbitc waa inunngii Babbitt ia the author of the coinpr .'henaivu /^;«or< on the Unmn\i IiittrrH tm-/ WYOMlNij. 80] ■-•»? ;.. the territory for Zt*'^ »? •"""'« the «„. ""'I >8 deep, «o,„e cff it bei^ '.f 1""?' PJI*** The the greater portio,, eo.SS. f '"'''^ '^"'■atio,,, but well «lapted^t.. irri^a oT L" f IT"" '«""'>• '■«"' been demonstrated tyth"\»iltLT >' "" "'"^'i' «on of valuable crops « "« ">"«»" "''u sui-ces. ». -a Which Jift-i^^^i^. ►rning Vtmfm- eo., .ho* ^«/ A«;y^, 1884 works are focated VMte,! #200.000, Duiiion. r-— -»«u ju jstKi, itionno . :"""-"in H«rry Olerich.. born i . H.U *■•"*• ^'^ "'W*'^' Sr""^~^.^v^rl "'■■"■^'- »«' -"^ i. Wyoming. Havititf «./„ , i, * **' """ pfri-I l,e^. .■ ■ *•"' reap- 802 RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT. Btue Grass creek, thenos into Sahille, and from the jatter stream into a canal, the whole distance beins 80 miles, more than half of which was dug out. Two hundred miles of lateral ditches were re<|uire«l to irrigate the tract. Nearly half a million dollars was expended in completing the work, which was finished in 1886. It is estimated that the tract thus reclainiod will support a farming population of 3,750, and cause the buiKling of a town of 2,0(M) inhabitancs. The elevation of this tract is fn.m 4,000 Ut 5,000 feet, and consequently its climate will n»t interfere with the raising of any farm products that can lie matured anywhere in the neishlioring states and terri- tories. The founders of this enterprise were J. m. Carey, If. ('. Plunkctt, Thomas Sturgis, M. R Post, A. Gdchrist, W. C. Irvine, and W. P. Max- well. Another land company was organized in 1K84 under the name of Wyoming Central Land and Improvement c<>m|>any, tbeol*jcct of which was to acquire agricultural, mineral, grazing, ami timliered Luids an<l railroad landn. an<l to sell, lease, or develop them at pleasure: to engage in stiR'k- growing or mining, or to cultivate uy irrigating and fanning any jiortion of them suited to agrieulturo. Andrew Gilchrist, general manager of the W. T>. en., was Itorn in Ayr- shire, Scotland, in 1841; came to Wyoming and engaged in the cattle busi- ness, having several ranchos, and meeting with much success. The advancement making in the farming interest is further illustratotl by the enterprise of Thomas vV. Kutledge and Benjamin Hellman, who in 188:{ dug ditches l>y which 10,000 acres, 42 miles north-west of Cheyenne, were reclaimed. In 1883 the whole tract was fence<l withwir«, and half of it well irrigated and cultivated. Tlieir princi|»al ditch was t!7 miles in length, 20 foot wide at the mouth, and U feet at the lower end. On the irri- gated land they raised two and a half tons of hay per acrv. oats weighing 5'J pounds to the bushel, and wheat which averagetl 47 Inuhels per acre. One potato having 22 eyes produced 22 hills of i>otatoes. Rutlodgu was born in Canada in 1828. He migrated to Denver in 1805, ami toChuyonne in 18<i7. The future of the country, whether devotdl to fanning or grazing, de- IKindn largely ujton irrigation, although it is almost univerHally conceded that ftince settlemi at 1>egan, there ha.i Iteeii a ehange in the climate and a >{reatur rainfall. In 1880 over 5,000 miles of canal had lieen eonxtructe*], wliureby some 2,000,000 acres had l)een reclaimed, and it was estiniateil that t,Ol)l),0(X) additional acres could be placed under cultivation. The le^islatoro of I87.t asked for the aid of congress in irrigating arid lamU, and congrt-tis, as I have licforc mentione<l, has legislated fin the Hubject of artesian wells in the territories. Tlie territorial laws also deal with the sabject of irrigation, each county lieing authorizo<l to appropriate $^{,.500 for the purpose of sinking arte- sian wells at the county seats, or at any town where there is a voting popula- tion of 400 or more. The legislature of 1 870 protcste«l by memorial to congress a^aiuitt the groat cattle coiupauios fencing streani.4 of water away from tlic public, where they bad no title to the lands enclnee«i, or only a {tortion. So dittii'ult is it to combat a reputation CHtabliHhe<l, however falsely, that no etfort was made in tiiu Krst ten years of the history nf the t«rrit'>ry to in- troduce farming anywiicre except in a few small and com|taratively low v:il- lovK. The census of I880oontamod a most di.soouragins re|Ntrt. the numVcr of acn-s given as iui]>roved being less thau 2,0(10. ami the numlter of busiicls of wlieat raised in 1870 less tlian 5,000. This was im-rva«eil t" 2."»,000 in I8!S'J. which was good evidence of wliut the country cotdd pro<luoe Hhoiild farming Ikj undertaken in earnest. Tiie f>at crop for IV*2 urns 47,0110 buwh- els. Till! vai\ie of these crops was $53. .'tOO. Tlie potato crop amounted to 85,000 IiuhIicIs, worth 104,050. The farmers of WiK<l river valley alone raiHed 48, ;VJO bushels of grain. It must lie remembered tliat the agricul- tural or land im|irovement coi«^panies had not then got their laa<l under cul- tivation, and that the increase in production would \te rapid after they were colonized or settled. The amount of cultivable laml in the territory was estimated in 1884 to be not loss than 8,000,000 acres, and the productions WYOMING. to protect tho«ettler ra h '\T ^'"r "*'"''""1 f '^SSii*%ISS-^='Sra - l;J^i«X>. ana the capita. incnLers fr„,„ NehlT"^ *''«"<-■'**'<>«. a., .ru'/. I. /'"":'-' '" *!'« ohjei-t f t'.o «tate« eHj;\,V ri;,'^^^;„^^ ^^-'^X^'^^^' ''-a,/,,',*,:; :^ police force*! «*t ti.o fe nKt'''';''' «"^'-'"' "' « tock S'^''?' '•«'"''«'« ; power fro,,, which it Ki^'u')" *«'«''t '» the c'm . r ' *"*• , Jt«'»l'loy« /'"' UL^peution of vattV- •^'*>"lfc for ..(r,.,„ierH ill ? ^^ ?'"' ^•""«tit„tes ''*8.-i there Were 89 "[s ,1 "" ""'""•tH-.t part . t'i e T * . '''^'' toeHca,' ranges. Ovur I (im . '""I'wte.l at |„,j, ts of mI .'*'''"-'atio„s I,il,.„. ',, • Tj,e 8.av*?ri.'"y''.^>' tl.e railroa,! V!.. .:''r. '•^'.^"nie.I to their RKSOURCBS AND DEVELOPMENT. east slope of the Wind river moantaina, in Uinta county, ami near the Coio> riulo line in Carbon county. This pretty general dissentination of copper (•res seeins to promise that it will become in the future a leading industry. The uil-basins before referred to are two of tbein in Fremont county, two ill Carbon county, one in Crook county, one on the border between Carbon and .Johnson counties, and one in Uinta counlnry near Aspen and Hilliard. This product is regarded as of great value to toe territory, but as yet has not been more than simply tested for its (quality, although several com|>aiiieH have lieeii fonned to wiuk wells. 8o<la and mica are tliu only other mineral prfNlucts lieiiig wnrkcil. A mine of pure grapliite was discovered near Lara- mie in 18H7. The railway company erected furnaces at the soda lakes in Albany county in ItUCt. This de|M»iit is a sulphate, and is several feet in thickneits, over an area of tifty-six au-es. There arc several lakes of the bi- carlMinate of soiia near Inileiieiideiioe rock, in Carbon county, aggregating 4tHi acres. It has lieen testea for gliiHS-makiiig, and found to l)c suiicrior for that purpose, (ilass works li.ivo l>een erected in Laramie and Cneyennt-. One mica mine ban liecn o|iened in I^ramie county. Iron, tire-clay, natural Hoan, gypsum, and buihling st«me are abundant but neglected resourceH. Wyoming has not yet established a reputation as u gold and silver mining territory, notwithstanding the incorporation of varioun companies whose puriHise was to work c-ertain mines in certain districts. A small amount of folil has been annually extracted from the Sweetwater mines ever sinct; 808, but the amount has liecn diminishing rather than increasing, if we may lielievo the reports, official and otherwise. In 1870 the prtHluct was over 923,000, and but 9«>,000 in 1882. Tliis report, however, takes no account of the recently discovered mining districts, applying only to Sweetwater. Manufactures have almost no existence Ijeyonti those operated by the railroad, and half a dozen breweries. Tha raw material still awaits the application of capital to its development. The animal fotNl supply of the territory has been increased by the bmhI offices of the iNiaril of U. >S. fish commissioners, for which the laws of Wyn- tiling provided in aildition to the national commission. The distribution for IMM was 60,000 whitetish in each of the following streams and lakes: Bear river, (irven river, the lakes north of Kawlins, Lake Creighton, and in Lake Mapalutah in I^ramie county. In Lake Minnelialia, the same county, Lake liattie in Albany county, the lakes north of Kawlins, in Green river and Hear river 40,000 Uke trout each. In the streams about Evanston, 25,000 briM>k trout; in the streams almut Kawlins, 90,000 brook trout, and in the l.aramie county streams 2.5,000 of the same. The legislature in 1880 aitpro- priated 2,000 for a luiU'hery, which was not erected because congress failed to give a title to the land on which th<f improvements were to lie made, since Mhich 40 acres have Iteen secure4l for the purpose. At the U. S. hatchery, Ti'iU, 000 trout and whiteiish were pro«luccd in IN80. The wild game of tfu' territory is protected bylaw, and aUo by an association of citizens, who have voluntarily assumed the <liities of guanlians of the few herds of buffalo left on the plains, and the elk and deer of the hills, to prevent their lieiiig slaughtered merely for the iicltries. The want of Wyoming, after the settlement of the Indian troubles, wax railroads. These it did not get for some time, except tiic Union I'acitic, whicii merely crossed tlio territory at its least prtshurtive latitude, and tlx' branch to Denver, which was of little value t4> the business of Wyoming. Cattle, wiMil, and coal were all that was to lie exported over either, wliilr everything useil in the industries of the territory, or that was consumed by the )M)ople, with the exception of meat and a small proiiortion of their brcail and vegetables, was iiiiiMirted at a high rate of traiis|iortation. The con- r'triiction of the Oreuon •'^hort Line railway was a partial relief to the moNt western division. The Central I'acitic of Wyomiiiu, owned by the Chicnun Hiul Northwestern, was a lieiielit to the central and eastern divisions. Hut there was still the whole country lietwceii that road and the Yellowstone WYOMING. f03 BchhI Wyo- ion for Bear Lake Lake r aii<l •26,000 in thi- iwtro- failctl sinue Icbery, lof tilt- lo liavc llo left Ih, whh lucitii'. 1.1 tlir [niinu 1 wliilf ieil \<y llii'cail (■(in- most |iicnf;<> Itiit river in Montana do|tenilent entirely upon wagon transportation. The Oheyeuue ami Nurtliura waa cuinplutod 1*J0 niilcM to DoughiM in i8MS, thertiliy Hocuring $400,000 from Laramie county to tlio Union Pacific, itx owner. The Chicasu and NorthweatArn in 1887 extended its line from l>ouglas -old Fort tetternian — west to Fort (.'aspar, (JO miles, witii the evi- dent intention of continuing wostwunl to meet the Oregon I'licitic. Rival roadx Hoon cntereil the tiuld, the Uurlington and MixHouri runniitg its main line from Broken Bow in Nchraska to Fort Uiramie; a hnuieh from southern Nohraskii to Chuyenne; ami another branch from tlic main line in norther:! Nohraxka to the Klack hills and northeaxteni Wyominu. The projectt-d I^traniio and Denver Short line was .strongly urged ahout thix time. Indued, it cannot he long before railroads will penetrate all the vulIuyH of Wyoming, climbing the intervening nugcs as <lo the Colorado lines, and extending northward and westward to British I'oliimbiaand the Pacific ocean. Where they lead, immigration will follow. The formation of a new land district in 1887 was indicati\o of tlse drift of {lopulation, embracing as it did Johnson and Crook counties. In the eastern portion of the ntiw county of Converse .'WX) t-cttlers began fanning in 1887 8. For the first time Houring-mills were erected. .\ flouring niiH was erected at Butfalo, in Johnson co., one west of ButFalo, a third at Mheridan, in the new county of Hiieridan, and a fourth at I^iaraniic, which went into operation in 1888. The first woollen mill was erected at I^aniniie 1887. In the upper Platte valley there were ii.OOO oersons living upon farms, and SuO.IXJO acres were sown to grain in 1888. 'Ihis change w.iuld have come in time, but it was hasteneil l>y the check which was fMvcn to stock-raisuig by a sui • cession of severe winters, making it neccH.sarv to cimline hcnls within limits where they could be Mbeltered and fed. 'Ihis could not 'w conveniently ilonu whore the numlter* were very great, the natural food supply becoming KtMin exhausted. .Men naturally retlceted that w'lilo a few became w,*althy i|uickly under the former system, by resortir^g t(t iarminj; a greater number would become comfortably widl off, the cattle wouid bj divided am^ng tliem, population would increase, taxes diminish, and that men were uf greater v,(lue to t'.ie country than herds of wild cattle. Cheyenne and Laramie each maintaineil a board of trade, which pul.<lished information calcidated to attract the capitalist ur the home-seeker. I am, myself, imlobteil to them for various interesting facts of importance in liistory. Among those who have assisted to build up the state am the following; Allen Thiuni>soii, born in Oswego, N. V., in 184*.t, entered the union army in ISIil, ami served tlirougli the war. llo came to Fort j^ramie in IS4i7, and III I8I('J to Cheyenne. i'harles W. Iliner, born in Ohio in IH.M, went to Colo for his health in I8B1», and settled biiiiself in Chcyeiino in 1870. He was le-ted to the hiwer liouse of the legi-dalure in bsso, and to tiio city eouncil in b'(84. W. P. Carroll came to Clieyemie in l.S'S.aiul w)iaa.ssi>i'iate<l witli W. W. Corlett in the prai-tice of law. Me wa-t I'lected county attorney in \H'i 7, and afterwai'ili I'ity attorney, lie was appointed supreme court rejiorter in IHSO. whieh olliee ho retaineil fur .several years. K. F. .Stable, born in Saii l''raiieiseo in 1.S:'0, in bSHl was appointed dept U. S. surveyor for the disi ..f Wyoming, and for I year, was engaged in t 'heyenno. Charles F. Miller eaine toChoyeiine in l.S(17. In .Ian. |S77 he was elected probate juilge. ami reeji'i'ted in ;87!>. Ileli.is an interest in the Union .Mer- cantile CO. of Ciieyeiiiii\ and was the projeetor of the ^'as co. Walter S. Hurlbnf, born in Mo in ISJO. niigratiil to Coin in 18«)2, and to Idaho in I8(W. In IS84 lie w.is ,i|i|i,.i,iled reeeivcr in tlu( U. S. laud oflicc. Will R. Swan, a native "f Ohio, eaine to Wvoiiiing, ami engaged in plumhiiiK and gas-littiiik;. having branch i stablisbnients in diirereiit parts of the territory and in luwa. Being a uututal UMuhauio, he beuamc interested 800 RESOURCES AND DKVKLOPMENT. in this trade, perMmally iiu|*<}rintendiiig the setting up uf engines and steam boilers. James E. Tuttle, Ixtm iu New Jersey in 1832, came in 1850 to Colo. He was eleotetl treasurer nf Park co. in 1802, and \gain in 1804. In 1806 he went to [>envcr, aixl in 1871 to (.'heyonnv. E. Naglo, iMtrn in Ohio in 183^1, came iu 1808 to Cheyenne. He was ap- pointed penitentiary oonnn'r in 1881, being chairman of the l)oard. Ho waH elected oninty conim'r in 1870, and waH tenderetl the nomination as delegate on the repuMican ticket in 1881. Samuel Aughoy, naturalist, l>om in Pa in 18^<2, found in ttia botanical researches in Wyoming 72 different species of grass, whicli ho lieheved might Ite doubled. The govt published for him Notfjton t/w Xuture of the. Food of If'ui Bi.'ilii (>/' AVArvMRi, and other works of the same class. He was appointed territorial gooiosist of Wyoming by liov. Hale in 1883. A. J. (iray, iMim in Mass. in Im7, was with (Sen. Miles in his campaign against the plaius Indians in 1871; was in military service 10^ years. Ho was a memlier of the Mass. Me<Ii«»l society, an<l vice-prest of the Wyoming Academy of Science, ctt;., of which he has lieeu general secretary. W. W. Crook, liorn in Ky in 18.'<0, came from Kansas to VVyoming in 1875, remaining 2 vcars at I^ramic City, then removing to Cheyenne. Orin C. Waul, born in Ohio in 1845, went to N. Mex. in 1804, and thenro to Wyoming iu 1867. He states that in 1880 there wore but three men in thd tor. who were ahme in the cattle business, namely, Charles Hecht, Charles CoHtn, and himself, the otherti Iniing in couii>anioB. A. H. Rod, iwrn iu Jacksonville, 111., in 18:t7, came to Colo in 1860. In I860 ha was eiucted a meml>er of the city council on tliu dninocratic ticket, which ofHce lie tilled until 1871, l.«inK again elected in 1878 fur three years. He was elected to the lower house oi the legislature in I87'i, to the upper hoUHe in 1H77, ami reelected in 1882. He was one of tlie originators of the Stockgi'owers' associatiiMi, of the city water \ior'cs, and one of the incor- iHrtratiirs of t!io gas comimn^. In l8S,*>hcwas chosen mayor of Cheyenne, le was marrieil in Denver in 1870. INDEX. Note. — For names, as of pioneora, offioialfi, etc., in addition to alphabetioal list, lee alao under heading of ' Names.' AdaniH, Gov. Alva, liiog. of, 634; election of, 1886. »47. Adams, Lt-gov. J. VV., election of, 192, biog. of, :m. Adams, Samuel, biog. of, fi08. Agriculture, great basin, 21-3; Ne> vacla, 1852, 73. 244-6, 202 3, 260-7, 270, 275; White Pino c<.., 279-80; Kurekaco., 284; Colorado, soil, etc., 330; first farming, 355; IHU4-8, 492; public land surveys. 53:{; area in cultivation, etc., 18(U> 70, 634-5; ■oil, 53JM}; irrigation, S>'M\ et seq. ; canals, etc., 5:i8-40; grain counties, 540; fmit-growing. Ml; horticul- tural society luiil statu bcuird of agric, 542-3; stouk-raitiing, 543 th sell.; Fremont Co., (i04; Wehl co., 638; summary of, 639; Wyoming, 802 et seq. Aiken, T. A., biog., 570. Aikins, H. J. biog. of, 576. Alamosa, town, dcHcriiit. of, 593. Albany county, Wvo., organi/ud, 730; hist, of, 793-4. Albertsoii, N., fouudM (Vntnil, 382. Albrecht, (' H., niontion ol', 74. Albrecht, Miss K. K., inarriim(<! con- tract of, 74. Alexander, Col K. B., niontion of, 697. Alexander, J. F., att'y-gen., .'122. 1, Caiit. Allen, B. I >. . biog. of, :Af2. Allen, Caiit.. mouti tt yg.! oil of, KM. Allen, (S. B , biog. of, :<H«). Allen, Mrs, school of, 18,>l, 75. Allen, W. r., mention of, 76. Alma, town, 384. Alsnp, Thos, bioj^. of. 79."t. Ambrosia, N., mention ol', 7i>. American desert, deHcript. of, 17. Anderson, W. W., biog. ot, *i.H. Antelope island, deacript. of, 12. Anthony, Edmund, biog. of, 654. Antit|uitic8, Colo, 499; Wyo., prehis- toric race, 073. Ansa, Col, expe<l., 1775, 27. A{)acho cation, battle at, 422. Applegato, Jesse, explor. of, 62. Applegato, Lindsey, explor. of, 62. Arapahou county, Colo, nttempted or- gikuization, etc., of, 1858, 401-2; hist, of, 648 et iie4{. ; general de- script., 548^-9. Arbutnnot, S., bio^. of, 570. Archuleta, A. I)., biog. of, 693. Archuleta county, Colo, creation of, 644; democratic riot«trs in, 048-9. Arkansas valley, settlement of, 387 et 8e<i. Armor, .T., founds Central, 382. Armstrong, A., biog. of, 027. Arnold, M. A., biog. of, 800. Arthur, .1. B.. biog. of, 02»J. Ashlev, Congrussman D. K., elections of, is8. Ashley, K. M.. l.iog. «if, 0,53. Ashley, W. H., mention of, 38; ex> iJor. of, f.Tit-HO. Atchison, •). H., mining share of, 107- 8. Atchi8ol^ Topeka, & Santa Fti K. H., (iratiit riiAon contest, <(05- 7. Atkin, ,1. I>., biog. of, 054. At.kin, Leoiiiirti, biog. of, 058. Atkins, .J. ■!., biog. of, 787. Atlantic and Pacilio Telegraph «o., 231. Aughoy, Sani'l, biog. of, 80tl. Au|[nr. Ueii'l, iviuiition of, 725-0. Auraiiii. Colo, foiimliii^, etc., of, 367 ct H<<\.: election at, I8(U), 40.3. .'\ii8tii., N. v., hiat. of, 2t»7 H. Auth< iti.s, Colo, Nev., and Wyo., list. vui. xxvii. I Aux, ( ieiurge, biog. of, 382. (W) 808 INDEX. Avery, I). E., mention of, 142. Ayre, Lieut, Indian battles of, 400. Babbitt, A. T., biog. of, 801. _ Babcock, DeloB, niuiition of, 792. Bacon, ('., biou. of, I'tl.'i. Bacon, •!. L., biog. of, U!iO. Bailuy, .1. L., biog. of, MH. Bakur, cxplorationM of Tolo, 407-8. Bailor, JauR^M, bios, of, '.ViX Balch, W. U., ' MincH ami MinorM,' 140. Baldwin, A. W'., HucuduH front union party. 178 0. Baldwin, C. I'., biog. of, 580-90. Baldwin, .Major N., biog. of, 787. Ballon, W. T., town founded by, 27«. Bancroft, Dr. K. J., biog. of, 072. Rank of California, White Pine min- ing control, effort for, 270. BankiuK, <'olo, 567. BannackH, Indiana, attack IU'omo'h party, <57-8. Barcla, ('., biog. of, «}27 8. IWkcr, A. H., Iiiog. of, .•«i7. Burnunl, K. L., mention of, (Mf-70; alMconding of, 71. Barnard, Friink, dcatli of, 70 1. Barnard, .1. i'., niuntioii of, 70 1 . liariiard, T. <!., mention of, 71. Barney, Libonx, bio^. of, .'W.'i. Burrv, David, mention of, 73. Bartlc-Hon, John, co., etc., of, 47 ct 80(1. Bartlflt, Judge A., appointment of, 7:i7. BaHMJiik mine, liiitt. of, 5i)G. Batcman, A. L., mention of, '20:). Bates, ('apt., defeat8 Indi;inM, 1874, 772. BiitcH, <i. i',, biog. of, (t">7 8. Bfiti's, Mary BarKcr, biog. of, 057. liattlir mountain, name, 200; Nev., town, dcBcrijjt. of, 207. Beall, .S. \V., delegate to WaMliington, I84il,407. Beaiiian, .1. S., biog. of, 010. lV.'M\, Koliert, mention of, 42. Ik'atic, H. H., first lionou in (iiiuoa, flO 7. Bcntty, Judge \V. H., biog. of, 203. Beanbien grant, liiHt. of, MI4. Beek, Judge W. K., election of, 452. Becker, (i. V., 'Monograph,' etc., 140. Beckur, Peter, biog. of, 6*24. Bockwith, Capt. K. O., explor. of, mention of, 090. Beckwith, C. L., biog. of, 660. Beckwourth, J. P., mention of, 46; biog. of, IVt'I; in Ashley 'm exped., 080. Bee, F. A., biog. mention, 228; tele- graph line budt by, 230. Bcenian, Nowcll, biog. of, 785. Belden, Josiah, mention of, 47: 'Statement,' 48; further account, 54. Bolford, ( 'ongrenaman, election of, 449. Bclfonl, J. B., biog. of, 445. Kolford, J. B., judge, 1870, 1874,440. Belknap, C. H., election of, 203; assoc. just, 322. Bell, Dr \V. A., biog. of, 604. Belty (VVilliani), mention of, S2. Benevolent societies, Nev., 301. Bennett, H. A., bios, of, 702. Bennett, Delegate H. P., election of, 415-I(>;biog., 416; election of, 1862, 420. lionnott, Hev. .T. L., pioneer clergy- man, 203. Bennett, .fohn, biog. of, 487. Bent county, Colo, hist, of, 674-6. Btint fannly, biog. mention, 363. Bent, VV. \V., rept, etc., of, 458. Bergh, Abraham, biog. of, 030. Berry. L. W., biog. of, 616. Birry, Rol.t. biog. of, 623. Bertlioud, K. L., survey of, .'551. HettH, .1. A., biog. of, 634. Beverly, .1. .M., biog. of, :WI, 615. Beverly. W. H., biog. of, 615. Bibliogranliy. Nov., 24;V4, .•»08-9; < 'oloraito, 5'J5 ot seq. Bidwoll, John, journey to Cal., 1841, 47; troubles of, 40 et seq. Big Meadows, battle of, 214. Bingham, Lieut, death of, 421-2. Bishop, Frederic, mention of, 73. BiHliop, .lohn, mention of, 100. Black Hawk camp, 382. Bhu^k hills, W'yo. (see also mining), descript., 601; explor. of, 773 et Re(|. Blackburn, Abner, gobl discov. of, 93. Blackburn, J. L., assasmnation of, 107. Blackfeet, Indians, attack NidovorH party, 40. Blake, J. J., mimtion of, 90. Blake, .?. W.. biog. of, 795. Blake and Williams, mention oi, 371. Hlakeslce, Senator, mention of, 200. INDKX. 809 Blastlel. Gov. H. G., election of. 1864. 184; meaaage of, 185; re-elect ion of , 1860. 188. Blinn, H. £., biog. of, 787. BloMotn, J. A., l>iog. of, 268. Blunt, Gen., victory of, 424. Blydenburgh, C. £., biog. of, 790. Bonanza tirm, hist, of, 134et8eq.; tax troubles of, 196-8. Bonneville, Capt. K. L., adventures of, 41, 43; explor. of, 681. Boone, A. G., mention of, 430; Ind. treaties of, 1861, 4f'>8. Boswell, N. K., mention of, 759 Boughton, J. H. biog. of, 627. Boulder county, hist of, 575-80. Boulder creek, Colo, gold found at, 1859, 575. Boulder, town, founding of, 376; hist. of, 576, 579-80. Boundary, Cal. and Nov., commis. appointed 1854, 76; Colo and New Mex., 1869-9. 498-900; Wye, de- script., JiSO; 1868, 740; survey of, 752. Bowen, Senator T. M., election and biog. of, 451-2. Bowers, .7. W., mention of, 574. Bowers, L. S., biog. of, 171. Bowles, J. W., biog. of, 385-6. Boyd, Judge T. P., biog. 410. Brace, C. ('., biog. of, .'>79. Bradford, Delegate A. A., election and biog. of, 434; ret-lection of, 1868, 4r> 6. Bradley, .Fudge Guorgu, appointment of, 72. Kradley, (jov. L. R., election of, 1870, 189-90; biog. of, 194. Brazee, A. \V. judge, 1885, 440. Brantncr, Sanutel, biog. of, 386. Breenc, I..ieut-gov. P. W., election of, 1884, 449; biog. of, 508. Brondlinger, H. J., biog. of, 672. Brovoort, Henry, mining invent, of, 119. Uridger, .lames, aneetlntca of, .1-4; cxplorutioUH of, 37; biog., etc., of, 684-5. Brislmnc, W. H.. biog. of. .'(08. Bromwell, H. P. H., defeat of, elec- tion 1874, etc., 4.19. Brookfiold, A. A., biog. of, r>~G. Brown, Clara, biog. of, 616-17. Brown, (Jeorge, mention of, 74. Brown, J., mention of, 71. Brown, .1. M., biog., .184. Brown. S. VV.. biog. of, .184. Buckland, S. 8., mention of, 200. Bucknuni, Ur A. C, biog. of, 656. Buffalo, town, hist, of, 790-2; plan of, 701. Bunker, B. B., app't'd U. 8. att'y. 187. Burdsal, C. 8., bioa. of, .185. Burlington and Colorado R. R. 555. Burnham, Dr N. G.. biog. of, 357. Burning Moscow comi>any, hist, of, 122 et sen. Burritt, C. H., biog. of, 792 3. Busby, Michael, death of, 214. Bute, explor. of, .188. Byers, W. N., biog. of, 374; attack on, 409. Byrnes, William, mention of, 69-70; attempted assassination of, 71. C California legislature, boundary reso- lutiou of, 1858, 152; gov's mess., 1861, 153; volunteers from against Inds, 212. California gulch, descript. of, 396. California Mining co., organization, etc., of, 136 etseq.; output, etc., 1.17. California State Telegraph co., 231. Calkins, C. C, biog. of, 651. Call, Judge Anson, ap't'ment of. 72. Campbell, C. A., mention of. 801. (..'ampbell, E. L., «lefeat of. gulKirna- torial election, 449. Campbell, H. A., biog. of, 615. Camp1>ell, Gov. J. A., apjiointment and biog. of, 741; adminiat. of, 750. Campbell, R., mention of, 683. Canby, (Jen., milit. movementi* of, 1861, 421 et seq. Caflon City, founding of, 391-4: hist. of, GOitS. Caflnii City and San Juaii R. R., hist. of, (MHi 8. Ciiftoiis, Colo, descript. of, .126-7. <'antlin, .1. V., biog. of, 789. ('ant.)ii, F. M., biog. of, 792. _ { (.'apital, Colo, rivalry for, 417. [Capital, Wyo., (k'soript. of, 7»50. Carbon county, Wyo., organized, 739; hist, of, 788. Cardenaa, Cai)t. G. L. de, route ot, 26; map, 2( . Carey, J. M., biog. <.f, 741, J90 .SOt); defeat and election of, 1874, I8M4, 749 .-)0. Carlin, Nev.. settlement of, 276. Carlisle,.!. N., biog. of. 634, CarjKinter, C.< '., Black bill oxped. , 7Ti>. 810 INDEX. of, 570. cuD|MUgn of, Carpenter, M. R., Itiog. < 'iirringt4iti, U. B., Ino. 7I» 19. t'arrull, W. l\, liiog. of. 805. C'araon, Kit, mention of, 24, 353;liiag., uto., 45, 408; with Fremont, 57. CatMin City, founding of, 1858, 86; capital located at, 163; duacript, 160, 265. Carson eo., creation of, 73; exodua of Morinona from, 80-I; elimina- tion of, 105. Carson lake, mention of, 13; deacript. of, 14. Carson river, bridge over, 1852, 72-3. (^arson valley, settlement of, 66 tt se<i.; annexation |N;tition8 nf, 1H53- 6, 74-5, 78: map, 04. Carson and Colonwlo K. R., 230. i Carstarphen, <)., biog. of, 508. Carter co., Wyo., organization of, 732; named changed, 744; orgaiiiza- ' tion of, 784. Cary, J. I^, mention of, 73, 75. Case, F. M., mention of, 5:f3, 553. Cassidy, Congrcmman (S. W., election and biog. of, 203. ; Castle island, doscript. of, 12. i Catlin, W. C, mention of, 303. { Caves, Nevada, descript., 4. I Central City, Colo, tounding, etc., of, :»0-3; hist, of, «II I.V Central Pacific rnilrtMul, Nevatla, af- fairs of, 232 ct HtN|. ; corruption of, etc., 234-0; lands of, 238. > Chaffee county, Colo, hist, of, 581-5. Chaffee, Senator J. U., election of, 432; reelection of, 437; biog. of, 438; election of, 1870, 445. Chapman, M. K., biog. of, 500. Charcoal l>uriit!rs' riot, 284-5. Chase, John, biog. of, 801. Chatfielil, I. W., biog. mention, 55(i. Cheney, E. F., mention of, 750. i Cherokeos, in Colo, 1858, 363 A. Cherry creek, descript. of, 281. Cheever, I>. A., biog. of, 571. Chever, C. C, biog. of, 384. Chcycnnes (see also Indians), threat- ened attack of, Aug. 1804, 44>:{; hostilities of, 711. Cheyenne, t4>wn, rise of, 733; caiiital located at, etc., 746; hist, of, «Oii. Chilcott, Senator (i. M., election and biog. of, 435; app'tmentof, 451. (.'hilds. Judge J. S., mention of, 74; app'tment of, 84. Chiles, J. B., visit to Cal.. 1841, 47; CO. of, 1843, 55. Chineiie, Nev., 202. Chivingtoo. Col, biog. of, 421; .Sand creek ImtUe. 466 et aeq. Cliolera, Nev., 1860, 68. Chollar mining oo., litigation of, 196- 7, 173. Chorpenning, <>., lawsuit of, 76; mail contracts of, 22IV-7. Church, Frank, biou. of, 653. (Iiurchill county, Nev., hist. of. 262. Civil War, Colo, 420 et se«i. ; liattb Apache cafton, 422; Pigeon nuicho, 4t« 3; Perall victory, 424. 4S» 3; Peralta. 423; Cabin creek 2; Pigeoi 123; f'al Clapii, Alias H. K., biog. mention, Clark, mention of, 72. dark, H. F., mention, lOCt. Clark, J. K., mention of, 103. Clark, Judge I., appointment of, 72. <'lark, \V.7;., biog. of, 444. Clarke, K. M., aUte att'ygenl, 1865, 188 CUrke, W. J., biog. of. 702. Clay, C. E., biog. of. 705. Clayton, P. H., mention of, 80. Clayton, T. 8„ biog. of, 654. Clear Creek county, Colo, hist, of, 58({ et SCO. Clemens, Gov. O., acts, etc., for boundary, 154-4; app't'd terr. set-., 157. Cleveland, Pres., silver viewH«if. 201. Clevclatiil, C. C, quells Imi. tronlde, 221. Climate, great iMwiii, descript. of, 4- 0; Nevaila, 245; Colo, tero|>erature, etc.. :{20; storm and Hood at iNin- ver, 184M, 400; Wyoming, 670. tline, J. W., biog. of, 380. Cloudbursts, Nev., 245. Cobb, F. -M., biog. of. 366. Cobb, K. W., biog. of, 386. Coffee, C. F., mention of, 800. Coffnian, K. .T., biog. nf, O.'«0. Cole, William, biog. of, .108. Colfax Agricultural aiid In<luiitrial Colonization coMi|iaiiy, hi^it. oi. .TO.".. Collier, I». C., bio>.'. nf, .170; mention ..f, 407. Collins, l)r J. \V., biog. of, 65.5. ColliiiM, Lt-col, ln<l..victory of, 71.*'. Collins, K. J., biog. of, ."iOO. Collins & Co., mention of, HU. Colonies, Nev., Mormons, Cat'^'ii valley, 18.^5, 78; list of coI<>iii-<t -. 1855, 70; Mormons al>aii<l<iii. SO. Colorado, history f>f, 323 et m-.| : physical features, 323 etseq.; <\< covery and occujiation, XVi ct » INUKX. 811 French occupation, M.1; Pike'a exped., 344 et wtq.; Loiitf'a, 346; ur<igr««a of «ettlenieiit, ittM-W, !l87 et »e<\. ; organijwtion of govt, IHM Ul, 4UI ft aMi.; terhUiry or uaniuxl, IMil, 413; aaal of. 4IM; Iiiilian warn. IMU W, 4.V3 ct aM]. ; mining, IS-M) 7<\ 4W!et m«|.; floiHb and In<l. trouMiii, 4M)eta»|. ; lM>un- lUry with New Mcx., mtiM 9. 4ilH 00; agriculture ami ■t4M:k-raiiiin{;. 533 ut MNi. ; railrovU of, .Vt'J ct i««<|. ; education, SoH (iO; rt-liKion, .'UiU: counties, 574 ut M!«|. ; evcuta, 188(V- 8, 043 et M.-<|. l'olora<lo in lMi3, niap, 409. Colorado Central K. K., 5.Vi 4. .Vi<>. Ciiloniilo City, founding of, 3X9 90. Colorailo river, deacript. of, 16. I 'olonulo MpriuKa, hiat. of, :{HH, flOO. Co]ora4lo aprinKa and vicinity, hiat. of, 000 4; map, GOJL Colter, John, explor. of, 67.V6. Commerce, Ncv., nricca, I WO, 68; tranM|Mirtation, 'I'M vt ae<|.; Colo- rado, 5<i6, I Como, Nev. , di-clinc f)f. '.JSS. ComatiK-k, II. T. I'., career, etc., of, 98 et Ne<|.; diiiiMMal of mining title, etc., 105 «. Coinatock, Henry, the fiolil II HI niincM, 109 10. ComHt<H.-k Imle, f>co Mining. Ciincjoa county, Colo, hiat. of, .'i01-3. nunty, i U. S., on^reaa, U. N., Ncv. iMtundary com- niia. app't'il, IMiO, KVJ; a<lditional t4!r. granted to Ncv., IN66, l.'Ki; act for H. U. aurvoy, 1853, 360; ailmii aion of Colit territory, IS6I, 413: appropr. for Colo, 1861! 3, 4'J9; ap propr., \m:\ 6, 4:U: 18N0 et m><|., 450; appropr. f4>r Wyo., IJMrt, 6SH. Connor, (Icncral, o|M-rationN, etc., of, 'il8 19, 717. Connor, Col, reciment of, 181. Cimrad, Cupt. B., Indian vicliiry of, '*M. Conaolidatcd Virginia, a«-o Virginia Conaolitlated Muiing co. Conatitutitin, Ncv. State, vr»t,. on, 1863, 184; umendmentit to. 'Mi 4. Conatitutional convention, Colo, IN60, 404; 1864, 4.10-1. Cunvcntiona, Nev., for tcrl gov't, Si, 87; aUte, 186.'!, 177 et a^Hj.; 1864. 180. Convemi), A. K., biog. of, 758. Con vera' -ounty, Wyo., 'H. Cook, mention of. 51. Cook, Uen. L>. J., hiog. of, 76it. Cmk. (i. W.. hiog. of, 510-11. CViuk, Kichaiti, mentioo of, 62U. Cooper, lt«a., def«at of, 424. Cooper. J. A., kiog. of, 573. (,'ooper, Thoa, biog. of, 580. CopeUnd. .S.. biog. of, 616. Corlett, \V. W.. biog. of, 749. Cominir, ti. C., biog. <if, 444. Corona4bi'>i cx|ietlition, failum in reaching Colo, 338. Coaaer, Mra, the Colo ilivorcu caae, 73 4. (.'oaaer, Walter, mention of, 73. Coaaer, W. I'., mention of, 75. Coatilla co., hint, of, 5iM et ne4|. Coantifw, Nev., organization, etc., of. I.V.t, '.J-Vt; Colo, organization of, |H.'i9, 40>_>; hiat. of, .'>74 et ae<|.; Wyoming. 7*4 et a«|. County commiaaionera, Nev., 1861-t!. liat. I6'.>. Cowan, A., mention of, 78. i'owan, Mra A., biog. of, 171. Coyner, l>. H., 'The Li«it Trappera,' :uo I. Cradleliaugh. Judge J., atip'tment, etc., of. N9; election of, l'*<il, 158. Craig, I^ W., biog. of, Mti. Craig. W. li.. biog. of, ftS3. Cramer. K.. l»iog. of, GM. CraiiiUU, J. R., atwte line oi, 'Ml. Crane, J. M.. t.r1 delegate, l(C>H,83; death of, 89. Crawfonl, l>. C., biai^. of, 444. Cr-azy llopM-, IikU chitf, liattlea of, 777, 7««»: death of, 7Hl. Cnitted Kutt*', town, foiiiidiiig of, ."rtEI. Crime, Ncv., 291 '2: Cob., I860 1, 44IH: IHiMi, 412: U-s<lvilb-, TtV' 13; Wyo., Cheyt-nnc vig, coiiitiiitt«<-, IM»7, T.'Vi; road aKciiU. 7.Vi 9. Crfiok, <M'n.. Sioii\ i-auiiiaign, 1876, 777 et ac«i. Crt»ok, W. \V., mention of, 806. Crooka co., Wyo., lio«in<lary of, 784. CriMiaman, (^i. H., valley nanieil for, 24. Croot, William, bioy. of, 71*5 6. Crow, Henry, biog. of, »*4. Crowinahield, W., nx-iition of, 22H-i». Culver, .1. B., mention of, T'.W. Cumminga, l5ov. A., rfori{niiix«Mi Caraon i°»., -M; «p|K>intmcnt of, I86.'>, 4:c.. Curry, A., menti<Hi, l««, l.'iO. Currj', A. V. Z., foun<U Carutm city, 8ti. Curr>-, C. W., nM-ntian of, 103. Curtia, Allen A., gift of, 297. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ ^/^.^' 1.0 I.I f m c m M 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 -* 6" ► p / <? /: ^a #1 ^>/ ^? Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WSST .<AAIN STREET WEBSTIR.N.Y. 14580 (716) 8V':.M5C1 '°-' V♦Vi^ ^.^' ^ L<? %> C/j r 81i INDEX. Curtis, Gen. S. R., Ind. war ordera of, 446. Custer, Gen., milit. exped. to Black Hills, 1874, 773; defeat and death of, 778-9. Custer city, Wyo., foumliug of, 777. Custer county, Colo, hist, of, 595, Baggett, C. A., mention of, 73. Daggett, C D., elected pros, att'y, 1854, 70. IJaggett, Congressman R. M., l)iog. of, 203; speech of, Fel». 25, 1881, 235. Daley, D. (J., silver discov. of, 493. Dargin, D. G., mention, 622. Davis, H. C, 322. Davis, J. A., mention of, 59G. Da is, J. C, biog. of, 789. Daivson, J. A., biog. of, 047. Dayton, town, founding of, 1856, 79; name, 95; descript. of, 258. Dead Men's gulch, name, 383. Death valley, dcseript. of, 3. I>ecker, W. S., biog. of, 652. De Coursey, M. L. , biog. of, 604. Deep creek, importance of, 16. Defiance mine, yield of, 278. Deideshciiner, Philip, timbering sys- tem of, 113; plan of cribbing, 114; biog., etc., of, 115; arrest of ' Ophir ' men, 123. De la Martyr, see Martyr. Delta CO., Coio, hist, of, 590. Democrats, see Politics. De Mont, Capt., co. of, etc., 66. Denver, Lieut-gov. F., election of, 1870, 190; state prison war, 314. Denver, Gen. J. W., nientic^n of, 372. Denver, founding of, 3<!9; capital cs- tabl. at, 417-18, 551-2; riots in 1879-80, 448; storm and Hood, 1864, 490; hist, of, 1859-86, 548; incorp. of, land titles, etc., 549; plan of, 550; immigrant route by, 551 ; mint at, 551-2; R. R. lines to, 552 ct seq. ; street railways, 558; ctlucation in, 558-(50; religion, 600-4; water supply, 502; drainage, 503; manu- factures, 504; chaml^er of commerce, 565; banking, 567; society, 567-70. Denver Circle R. R., 555. Denver expositions, Wyoming exhibit in, 752. Denver Pacific R. R., Colo, C'>3-i. Denver, South Park, and Pacific U, R., 555. Denver, Utah, and Pacific R. R. , 555. Denver and Rio Grande R. R., strike, 1885, 453; extension of, 1881, 524; map of the alignment around Dump mountain, organization, etc., of, 554 ct seq. ; Grand ca&on contest, 605-8. Deseret, state of, organized, etc., 66. Deseret co. , creation of, 72. De Smet, P. J. de, missionary labors of, 686. Dickens, W. H., ))iog. of, 650. Dickson, see Hancock and IMckson. Dickson, L. H., biog. of, 650. Ditteurieder, Mrs L. M., journal of, 73. Doanc, Lieut G. C, milit. exped. of, 1870, 769. Doherty, W. F., biog. of, 592. Dolores county, Colo, hist, of, 597. Dominguez, F. F. A., explorations of, 36. Donelson, T., biog., .384. Dotson, P. K., biog. of, 034. Dougan, D. H., biog. of, 573. Douglas, John H., biog. of, 795. Douglas CO., organization and hist, of, 253-5, 598. Dover, .lames, marriage contract, etc;., of, 74. Dovey, W. C, superintendent pub. instruct., .322. Downey, Delegate S. W., election of, 750. Downing, .lacob, biog. of, 651. Doyle, J. B., mention of, 371. Drake, G. W., biog. of, 386. Draper, J. A mention of, 393. Drumniir dge W. W., boundary comin lou of, 151-2; reagita- tion nl 1 1, audary question, 156. Du Bois, J. J., biog. of, 507. Dudley, J. H., biog. of, 368. Duggau, Martin, biog. of, 512-13. Dunugan, J. J., biog. of, 055. Duncan, Lieut, victory of, 220. Duncan, Ju<lge C, mention of, 72, Dyer, J. C, biog, of, 789. D Eagle CO., Colo, hist, of, 599. Earthquakes, Nov., 245. Eaton, (Jov. B. H., election aiul bio^. of, 449. Eaton, H. C, biog. mention, 018. Eberhardt mine, 278. Eckley, J. E,> mention of, 188. Eddy, H. H., biog, of, 638. INDEX. 813 liul biog. |IU8. Education, Nev., 292-3; Colorado, 393, 558-60; Wyoming, 761. Eilers, A., biog. of, 519-20. Elbert, Gov. S. H., appointment, etc., of, 436-7; election of, 445. Elbert co., Colo, hist, of, 599. El Dorado, Colo, founding of, 387-9. Elections, see Politics. Elkins, J. T., biog. of, 508. Elko county, Nev., hist, of, 274. Elko, town, settlement of, 276. Elliott, V. A., judge, 440. Ellis, J. B., mention of, 73-4. El Paso claim club, 389. El Paso CO., Colo, hist, of, 599-604. Emigration, see Immigration. Empire, town, hist, of, 592. Escalante, Fr. S. V. de, map, etc., of, 35-6; exped. of, 3.39 et seq.; map of route, 342. Esmeralda co., Nev., hist, of, 259; ju- risdiction difficulties of, 162 et seq. Espinosa's bandits, murders and death of, 424-5. Eureka county, Nev., hist, of, 281. Eureka, town, hist, of, 283. Eureka and Palisade R. R., 239. Evans, Col, defeat of, 218. Evans, Senator J., app't'd gov., 427; election of, 432; call for vol't'rs, 461. Everett, Dr A. S., biog. of, 656. Everts, Philetus, biog. of, 322. Expeditions, Nev., earliest, 26 et seq.; Fremont's, 1843-4, 55 et seq.; Colo, 338 et seq. ; local expeds from New Mex., 338; Escalante's exped., 339 et seq. ; Pike's, 344 et seq. ; Lonc's exped., 348 et seq.; Fremont s, 1842-4, 357; Gunnison's, 1853, 360; miscellaneous govt, 361-2; Wheel- er's and King's, 362; to Gunnison country, 517 et seq.; Wyoming, Spanish claims, 672; Verendyre's, 1743-4, 674; Colter's, 675-6; Lisa's, 676; Williams', 676-7; Hunt's, 679; Long's, 679; Ashley's, 679-80; Bonneville's, 681; Wyeth's 682; Fremont's, 1842, 688; to open roads, 699-700; Stansbury's, 764; War- ren's, 765; Raynold's, 765-6; geol survey, 769; milit. expeds, 1873, 169-70. Eyser, Charles, biog. of, 386. Eyater, C. S., judge, 1866, 440. Fain, Sheriff J. C, mention of, 70-1; election of, 1854, 76. Fair, Senator J. G., mention of, 118; Con. Virginia purchase, 134 et seq.; biog. 135; senator, 203. Fairfield, Samuel, biog. of, 789. Farrell, M. J., biog. of, 239. Farwell, S. T., biog. of, 792. Fennimore, James, mention of, 72; career of, 99 et seq. Ferguson, Charles, mention of, 73. Fetterman, Lt-col, defeat and death of, 722-3. Finances, Nev., taxes, J861, 161; 1871-88, 310; rejection national currency, 1863-4, 183; mining tax troubles, 195 et eeq; monetary standards, 198 et seq.; Colorado, Gilpin's treasury demands, 426; banking, 566; summary of, 640; in 1887, 648; Wyoming, 755; territory bonds. 760. Finfrock, J. H., biog. of, 716. Finley, A., map, 1S26, 34-5. \ Fish culture, Nev., 241; Wyoming, I 804. j Fisher, A. N., supt pub. instruction, i 1865, 188. i Fitch, R. E., mention of, 795. j Fitch, Congressman Thos, election I and biog., 189. ; Flaniken, Judge R. R., app'tment of, ' 89. Fleeson, Capt., Ind. battle of, 214. ! Flood, J. C, Con. Virginia purchase, 134 et seq.; biog., 135. Flovd peak, height of, 9; name, 24. 1 Flumes, Nev., 287-90. I Folf.y, M. D., biog. of, 225. ' FoUensbee, George, mention of, 71. Fontaine City, fight with Missourians, 390-1. : Foote, F. M., biog. of, 785. I Ford, Gen. J. H., mention of, 467. I Forest Queen, mine, discov., etc., of, 523. Fort Leavenworth, 351-2. Forts, Colo, 352-5; Wyoming, 682 et seq.; Fort William, 683; liaramie, fort, hist, of, 683^; cut of, 690; govt purchase of, (591 ; Fort Lara- mie in 1874, plan, 692; Fort Briil- ger, 684; cut of, 685; Fort Platte, 685; Fort Kearny, established, 1847, 489 IK); Fort Supply, 697; Fort Randal, 710; Fort Halleck, 714; Fort Sedgwick, 714-15; Fort Philip Kearny, Fetterman, Ind. disaster at, 720 et seq; Fort Fet- terman, 725. Fosdick. H. M., biog. of, 634. Font, Father P., map, etc., of, 27-8. 8U INDEX. Fountain colony, hist of, 600-1. France, occupation of Colo, 343. France, James, biog. of, 788. France, L. B., biog. of, 652-3. Franktown, founded, etc., 79. Fremont, J. C, route, etc., of, 1843, 55 et seq. ; notoriety of, exploration, 65; explor. of Colo, 1842-4, 356; explor. VVyo., 1842, 688. Fremont county, Colo, settlement of, 392; hist, of, 601-8. Fremont county, Wyo., hist, of, 78C-8. Frost, John, biog. of, 267. Fuller, C. W., mention of, 256. Fulton, D. J., biog. of, 385. Fur-traders, Colo, 350-1, 354-6; Wy- oming, 677 et seq. G Gage. S. T., biog. of, 187. Galbraith, R. M., biog. of, 789. Oale, Judge W. H., mention of, 440. Galloway, B. S., biog. of, 625. Gamble, James, mention of, 231. Garber, Judge, mention of, 191. Garces, Father F., explor. of, 27-31. Garfield county, Colo, hist, of, 609. Garrison, A. F., pres't of comm., 404. Garrison, W. H., sale of mining title, 123-4. Geist, A. W., biog. of, 634. Genoa, town, name, 79; avalanche at, 1882, 254. Geology, see Mining. Georgetown, Colo, hist, of, 590-2. (Jerry brothers, biog. of, 353. Gerry, Elbridge, mention of, 463. Gest, J. H., mention of, 382. Geysers, Wyo., 668. Gibbs, Elijah, land troubles, etc., of, 430. Gibson, T., mention of, 382. Gilclirist, Anilrew, biog. of, 802. Gilpin, Gov., app'tment, etc., ofj 413; biog. of, 414; instructions, etc., of, 415; message of, 419; organization of troops, 420; removal of, etc., 426-7; election of, 1865, 432. Gilpin county, Colo, mines of, map, 380; hist, of, 610. Gird, C. C, biog. of, 653. Goben, E., mention of, 280. Goddard, L. M., biog. of, 508. Goddard, O. J., biog. of, 559. Godey, mention of, 57. Godin, exploit of, 40. Gold Hill mines, first owners, etc., of, 109. Gold cafion, mining camps, etc., in, 1857-9, 94-6. Golden, founding of, 380-1. Golden Gate, founding, etc., of, 380-2. (ioodwin, C. C, defeat of, 1872, 191. Gore, Sir George, travels in Wyo., ! 695-6. Gorsline, W. B., judge, 1866, 440. Gosh Utes, hostilities of, 219. Gould, J. B., biog. of, 616. Government, see Politics. Graham, Benj., prospecting exped. of, 518. Graham, H. J., delegate to congress, 403. Graham gang, expulsion of, 597. Gramm, Otto, biog. of, 795. Grand county, Colo, hist, of, 616. Grant, Gov. J. B., election and biog. of, 449. Grant, M. N., biog. of, 795. Grattan, Indian massacre of, 709. Gray, A. J., biog. of, 806. Great American desert, see American desert. Great Basin, descript. of, 1 ; Fremont, '« knowledge of, 2; wonders of, 3; climate of, 4-6; geology of, 6; riv- ers of, 14-16; springs of, 16, 17; deserts of, 17, 18; vegetation of, 18, 19; animal life in, 19, 20; min- erals of, 20, 21; agriculture of, 21-3; soils of, 21-3. Great Salt Lake, see Salt Lake. Greeley, Horace, praise of Colo, 398; Green river, descript. of, etc, , 8, 780. Greene, James, mention of. 73. Greenwood, John, mention of, 60. Greenwood, W. H., biog. of, 608. Gregory, J. H., biog. of, 377. (Jridley, charitable work of, 182. (irigsby-Ide company, mention of, 60, Grimes, C. M., mention of, 595-6. Grimes, W. S., biog. of, 656. Grosch Bros., silver discov. of, etc., 96 et seq, ; death and books of, 98. Gross, C. J., biog. of, 571. Guerillas, Colo, 1863, 424-5. (luiness, Lieut, death of, 725. Gunuell, A. T., biog, of, 624. Gunnison, Capt. J. W., R. R. survey, etc., of, 360-1, 695; party of mas- sacred, 360-1. Gunnison county, organization, etc, of, 522; hist, of, 617. Gunnison county, prospectors in, etc, 516 et seq.; rush to, 1880, 524. Gunnison, mining region, map, 621. Gunnison, town, settlement of, 521 et seq.; hist, of, 617-18. INDEX. 816 m. 3f, (50. -6. etc., of, 98. ^rvcy, ma.s- ctc, I etc., t {■ %: H }iaas, Hermann, biog. of, 716. Haas, Sam'l, mention of, 801. Hague, J. D., mention of, 362. Haguis, J. N., mention of, 393. Haines, James W., biog. of, 288-9. Hale, Gov. W., appointment, death, etc., of, 752-3. Haley, Ora, biog. of, 795. Hall, C. L., biog. of, 623-4. Hall, Frank, mention of, 71; biog. of, 440. Hall, Geo. VV., biog. of, 590. Hall, It. H., biog. 787. Hall, Spaflford, mention of, 7:^-4. Hall, W. L., mention of, 71-3. Hallack, Chas, biog. of, 573. Hallett, Judge M., biog. of, 411-12; app'tment, etc., of, 186C, 439-40, Hallock, J. F., comptroller, 322. Hallock, Nelson, biog. of, 623. Hamilton, W. H., mention of, 280. Hamilton, Nev., hist, of, 280. Hancliette, mining invention of, 318. Hancock and Dickson, explor. of, 1804-7, 675. Harding, silver discov. of, 103-4. Harding, Justice S. 8., succeeds Hall, 439. Hardenville, founding of, 103-4. Harney, Gen'l, defeats Sioux, 1856, etc., 710. Harris, John, map of, 32. Harris, M. C, mention of, 793. Hart, Major B. J., mention of, 790. Hart, Wm, the Oomstock discov., 101. Harting, S. J., biog. of, 658. Harvey, John, mention, 624. Harvey, T. J., app't'd Ind. conuniss., 208. Haskill, N. R., mention of, 69; at- tempted murder by, 71. Hastings, L. VV., ' Emigrant Guide,' etc., 55; mention of, 60. Hawes, Jesse, biog. of, 639. Hawkins, R. T., mention of, 73. Hawkins, DrT. H., biog. of, 658. Hawley, T. P., mention of, 191, 322. Hayden, Prof. F. V., explor. of, 361-2, 518-19. Haynes, J. H., mention of, 73. Hays, Col J. C, Indian victory of, 213 ct seq. Hazzard, G. W., biog. of, 385. Head, L^fayette, biog. of, 444. Healy, Mrs, mention of, 60. Hecht, Charles, biog. of, 801. Held, Henry, mention of, 793. Hell man, Benj., mention of, 802. Hellroaring river, 667. Helm, Judge J. C., election of, 452. Helm, W. A., biog. of, 394. Henderson, E. W., biog. of, 377. Henderson, G. L., biog. of, 386; men- tion of, 622. Henry, Alexander, expod. of, 678. Henry, J. W., Judge, 446. Henshaw, George, mention of, 47. Hereford, R. L., biog. of, 786. Herzinger, J. L., biog. of, 626. Hesse, Fred. G. S., mention, 792. Hickman, Bill, Indian murders of, 205. Hickman, N. C, biog. of, 022-3. Hicks, George, Sr, prospecting party of, 364-5. Hidden Treasure mine, discov. of, 277-8. Hinman, F. A., biog. of, 790. Hinsdale, G. A., county named for, 618. Hinsdale co., Colo, hist, of, 618. Hunton, John A., mention of, 800. Hill, Senator N. P., election and biog. of, 450; mining developments of, 486. Hobart, Seaator W. W., public ex- pense bill, 1881, 312. Hodges, H. M., mention of, 76. Hoffman, Maj. VVm, mention, 697. Hogle, A. W., biog. of, 850. HoUaday, Ben, mention of, 73. Holly, Justice C. F., mention of, 440. Holman, \V. J., gold discov., 383. Hopper, Charles, guide of Ti^artleson CO., 53. Hoppin, J. H., biog. of, 203. Hord, T. B., mention of, 801. Horn, T. G., mention, 610. Hover, W. A., biog. of, 652. Howe, Clmrch, biog. of, 741. Howell, Eugene, biog. of, 274. How land, J. D., biog. of, 369. Hoyt, Gov. J. W., app'tment of, 751. Hudrfano co., Colo, hist., 619. Huffaker, G. W., biog. of, 86. Hughes, B. M. , biog. of, 572. Hughes, Harvey, mention of, 74. Humboldt co., Nev., hist, of, 262-4. Humbchlt lake, deseript. of, 1 4. Humboldt river, deseript. of, 15; dis- cov. of, 36-7. Hunt, Gov. A. C, app'tment of, 436; founds Salida, 584. Hunt, A. S., app't'd U. S. marshal, 427. Hunt, W. P., explor. of, 679. Hurd, E. P., mention of, 801. 816 INDEX. Hurlbut, W. S., mention of, 805. Huston, G. W., biog. of, 623. Untton, Levi, Indians attack, 1856, 206. Hyde, Judge O., appointment of, 76. Hyde, Orson, curse, etc., of, 80. Hylton, T. A., mention of, 69-70. Iba, C, biog. of, 796. Idaho, Nevada annexation scheme, 317. Idaho Springs, town, hist, of, 598. Iliff, J. W.,l)iog. of, 385. Illustrations, see Maps. Immigration, to Oregon and Cal., 1839-46, 46; route of, in Colo, 1841, 356; Colo prospecting parties, 3'i4 et seq. ; return of, 375-6; overland, 1860-1, 398-400; Wyoming, 1841-3, 687. Indiana, Nev., victory of Pyramid lake, 209 et seq.; Hays defeats, 213otse<x.; troubles with, 1861-2, 217; victory of, 218; treaty with, 1862, 218; 1863^, 219; battles with, 1864-6, 219-21; affairs of, 1874-80, 221-3; reservations, 221- 3; hostilities, etc., 1849-82, 205 et seq.; attack on Huttou and Pier- son's party, 1856-7, 206; hostilities, 1858-60, 207 et seq.; war council, 208; attack at Williams' station, 209; Colonido triLus, treaties, etc., 455-7; appropr. foi, 1860, 457; bri- gandage, etc., of, 457; the Colo regiments, 459; ''ostile combina- tion, etc., 1864, 460; outrages, etc., of, 1864, 461; council of, etc., July, 1864, 462; threatened devastation, 463-4; peace proposals of, 465-6; the Sand creek battle, 466 et seq. ; renewal of hostilities, 1865, 467; treaty, 1865, 408; hostilities renew- ed, 1866-8, 469-70; Utes, tribes, ter- ritory, etc., of, 470; raids, etc., 1863, 471; treaties with, 1865-8, 471-2; head chief, 472-3; war with, 1878, 474-9; treaty, 1878,479-81; Wyoming, hostilities of, 1862-3, 701; Sioux massacre, CSrattan, 709; defeat of, 710; Cheycnnes, 711; hostilities, 1867, 724; treaty, 1867, 726; Arapahoe and Cheyenne hos- tilities, 714-15; Sioux hostilities, 1864, 714-16; Connor and Sully's exped. ag'st, 1865, 717; treaty with, 717-18; Fetternian massacre, 720 et seq.; territory of, treaty of, 1868, etc., 766-7; Arapahoe depre- dations, etc., 767-8; Bates defeats Arapahoes, 771-2; Red Cloutl, agency, 1873, 772-3; Sioux hostili- ties, 1876, 777 etseq. ; treaties aud reserves of, 1877-81, 781-2. Industries, Colo, summary of, 639. Insane asylum, Nev., 317. Iron CO., creation of, 72, Irrigation, Nev., 290-1, 317-18; Colo- rado, 536-40; Wyoming, 801-2. Irwin, J., biog. of, 625. Ives, explorations of Colo, 517. Ives, Butler, boundary co^imissioner, 1853, 155. I J. 0. R. stump, cut, 678. I Jackson, 6., gold discov. of, 376. j Jackson, H. B., biog. of, 639, j Jackson, W. S., R. R. president, 555. ! Jameson, H. H., mention of, 69. j Jamison, A. £., mining discov. of, I 1865, 103-4 [ Janin, Louis, mention of, 142. Jefiferson, Pres., encourages explora- tion, 344. Jefferson county, Colo, hist, of, 619- 21. Jefferson, territory of, attempt for, 1859, 403. Jenkins, J. W., correspondence with Elbert, 436-7; biog. of, 653. Jenney, W. P., explor. Black hills, 775. Jennings, Wm, mention, 98. Job, Moses, mention of, 74. Johnson, Pres., veto of Colo state bill, 432. Johnson, Gov., indorses Nev. j>etition, 1858, 83. Johnson, E. P., biog. of, 748. I Johnson, W. T., mention of, 553, I Johnson county, Wyo., hist, of, 789- I 93. I Johntown, mention, 95. Jones, delegate, election aud defeat of, 1870-2, 749. Jones, H. F., biog. of, 654. Jones, Judge, app'tment of, 1861, 166. Jones, Judge W. S., biog. of, 741-2. Jones, Senator J. P., biog. of, 149; senator, 1873, 190-1; reelection and monetary report of, 198 et seq.; the silver question, 320. Jones, S. L., mention of, 225. Journals, see Newspapers. Juab CO., creation of, 72. INDEX. 817 1 553. of, 789- defeat If, 1861, I74I-2. lof, 149; lion anil ^q. ; the Justice, Nev. anil Utah, and judges, 1852, 72; 3d dist created, 18io4, 75- 6; first suit and trial, 1853, 18.j5, 76-7; popular adiuinist. of, 80-7; U. 8. court established, 89; judicial districts, 1861, ItiG; administ. of, 166 et seq., 172; Colorado, admin- ist. of, 1860-1, 407-8; judiciarv, 43<M0, 445-6, 452; Wyoming, 747. Julesburg, town, India, destroy, 715. Kansas, territorial affairs of, 401. Kansas Pacific K. R., Colo, 552 et seq. Kellog, S. B., gold discov. of, 397; biog. of, 581. Kelly, I). C, biog. of, 788-9. Kelly. H. B., biog. of, 800. Kelly, Henry, mention of, 280. Kelsey, Benj ., mention of, 53. Kendall, Congressman C, election of, 1870, 190; 1872, 191; bill of, 291. Kennedy, Richard, biog. of, 792. Kennedy, W. R., biog. of, 624. Kenyon, Asa, nicntion of, 74. Kern, E. M., mention o'. <i2. Ketchum, Capt. W. S., mention of, 692. Kimball, H. C, in Wyoming, 1847-8, 694. King, B. L., settler, 1852, 72; men- tion of, 81. King, Clarence, explor. of, 3(52. Kingman, Judge J. W., app'tmcnt, etc., of, 741-2. Kinkea<l, Gov. J. H., election and biog. of, 1878, 193. Kiiina and Nye, mention of, 371. Kiasey, S. A., mention of, 69, 71. Kirby, Joseph, the Comstock discov., 100 et seq. Kitely, W. J., biog. of, 650. Klein, Jacob, biog. of, 172. Kline, Perry A., biog. of, 484. Knott, E. U., mention of, 73. Knott, Thomas, mention of, 7.3, 75. Knox, T. W., mention of, 382. Kniglit, Jesse, biog. of, 786. Kouiitze, L., mention of, 553. Kuykeudall, W. L., mention of, 719. Lake county, Nev., jurisdiction diffi- culties (if, 164. Lake county, Colo, hist, of, 621-2. UisT. Nev. 52 Lake Tahoe, see Tahoe. Lakes, Nev., descript. of, lOctseq. ; Colorado, 336-7. Lancaster, A. B., biog. of, 277. Land grants, Mexican, in Colo, 356. Lmder county, Nev., hist of, 264-5. Lands, Nev., settlement of, etc., 71, 75, 250-3; Colorado, laws for, 4.30; grants to Colo, etc., 1876, 447; sur- vey of, 533; Wyoming, school, 761; govt laws, etc., 762, 783. Laugford, N. G., eupt Yellowstone nat. park, 771. La Plata county, Colo, hist, of, 623. Larimer county, Colo, liist. of, 625. ; Laramie, see also Fort Laramie. I Laramie city, Wyo., founding of, 739. ' Laramie county, Wyo., creation, etc., ' of, 736; hist, of, 794-801. Laramie hills and plains, 660. Las Animas county, Colo, hist, of, 627. Laa Animas grant, map, etc., 631. Las Animas mining dist, formation of, 1871, 500. La 8alle, exploration*) of, 343. Lassen, Peter, presides at meeting, 1857, 83; death of, 207. Latter-day saints, see Mormons. Law, John, biog. of, 624. Lawrence, W'illiain, mention of, 795. Lawrence company, prospecting ex- ped. of, 365-6. Laws, Wye, code, 1868, 745. Leadville, Colo, founding of, .396; riot, 1879-80, 448, 514-15; discov. of silver, organization, etc., 504 ct seq.; name, 509; population and growth, 510; business of and map, 511-12; crime, etc., 512-13; riot in, 514-15. Leavenworth, Col J. JL, com. of, 424. Leavenworth company, founding of Denver, 369. Lee, Judge Alfred, appointment of, 72. Lee, C. F., biog. of, 625. Lee, EL M., app't'd sue. of state, 741. Legislature, Nev., 18(51, laws, etc., l.)8 et seq.; 1862-.3, 176; loyalty of, 182-3; mining taxes, 194-5; C«)lo- rado, 427-8; territory of .Tutferson, 406; Wyoming, 743, 7.">(>-8. Lehow, O. E., biog. of, 586. Leonard, (). R., chief-just., .322. Lincoln county, Nev., hist, of, 271. Linfrook, W. E., mention of, 717. Lisa, Manuel, explor. of, (57(5. Lobbau, J. M., biog. of; 792. 818 INDEX. Locke, Juil({u P. B., decisions, etc., of, 17:{; reitignatton of, 174. Luiitloiier, Wolfe, biog., etc., 412. Long, U. A., hioft. of, Go'i. Long, Maj. S. U., explorations of, .•MS ct seq., 679. TiOngniont, town, hist, of, flVS-O. T^ooniis, AUner, biog. of, 02(5. Looinis, Washington, niuntiou of, 70; execution of, 7L Lovejoy, F. W., K. R. pres., 555. Lovcland, Chester, mention of, SL Loveland, William A. H., biog. of, 556. Luman, John, biog. of, 787. Lumber, Nev., 254, 287-90. Lykius, D. J., biog. of, 654. Lyon, J. E., mention of, 487. Lyon CO., Nev., bisk of, 258-9. Mackny, ,T. W., Con. Virginia pur- chaao, 134 ct seq.; biog., 135. Mackay, Mrs. J. \V., charitable gift of, 301. Mitgin, Antoine, 'Uistoire Univer- selle,' 3:1. Magnus, I'eter, biog. of, 385. Magraw, W. M. explor. of Colo, 1857, 361 ; mention of, 699. Mails, Nev., Salt Lake city and S. Bernardino routes, 73; 1851-."?, 226- 7; daily overland, 1861, 229-30; Colo, Indian disturbances of, 1864, 462. Maiueville, F. De, biog. mention, 508. Maldonado, Oabriel, mention of, 107. Mammoth cave, Nev., descript. of, 4. Maukin, John, Mormon property purchased, 81. Manufactures, Nev., 1884, 286 et seq. Manville, H. S., biog. of, 800. Maps (also plans and illustrations), probable route of Cardenas, 27; Padre Font's map, 1777, 28; map by John Harris, 1605, 30; (iranata Nova, 31; Utah and Nevada, 1795, 32; Rector's map, 1818, .33; Finley's map, 1826, .34; Escalante's route, .35; Fremont's route, 1843-4, 56; , 1845, map, 61 ; route of the Oregon CO., 63; Carson valley, 94; Esca- lante's route, 342; mines of Oilpin CO., .^80; Colorado in 1863, 409; Thornburg battle-ground, 475; Un- coinpahgre agency, 478; Uintah reservation, 480; Saa Juan mining district, 495; Lcadvilleand vicinity, 511; plan of Uenvt-r, 55U; niap«. alignment of the Denver and Hio (rrande K. K., around Dump moun- tain, 555; railroads of Colo, 556; >Salida and vicinity, 585; Coloraiio springs and vicinity, 602; Las Ani- mas grant, 631; J. O. K., stump, cut, 678; Old Fort Bridger, cut. 685; Fort Laramie in 1874, plan, 692; P. R. builders' fort, cut, 7:«; Yellowstone national park, 770; plan of Buttalo, 1884, 791. Marcy, Capt. R. B., exped. of, Wyo., 1857, 699. Marsh, Rob., biog. of, 794-5. Marshall, F. J., biog. of, 589. Marshall, G. W., biog. mention, 771. Marshall, J. Y., biog. of, 507. Marshall, Lieut W. L., explor. of, 362. Martial law, Colo, proclamation of, 448, 514. Martin, Thomas S. , ' Narrative ' of, 62. Martyr, (i. Do L., biog. c.f, 652. Marysville mines, discov. of, 566. Mather, Eugene B., biog. of, 792. Mauk, A. L., mention of, 789. Maxwell grant, see Beaul)ien grant. Maxwell, J. P., biog. of, 579. May, David, biog. of, 624. Mayfield, Wm, murder of Blackbam, 167. McAllister, H., biog. of, 600. MoAvoy, J. A., biog. of, 787. McBrown, I. E., biog. of, 385. McCarty, Wm, biog. of, 789-90. McCaslin, M. L , biog. of, .3«)9. MuCook, Gov. E. M., app'tment of, etc., 4.36-7. McCoy, (J. W., biog. of, 649. McCray, A. J., biog. of, 790. McDougal, G., exped. of 1885, 64-5. McDougal, J. H., mention of, 90. McDougall, George, mention of, 60. McFerran, Judge W. B., biog., 601-2. McGaa, Wm, biog. of, .372. Mcllvoy, D. D., biog. of, 615, iMcKay, Thomas, mention of. 4.5. McLaughlin, C. H., biog. of, 571. McLaughlin, P., the Comstock dis- cov., 100 et seq. McMarlin, James, mention of, 74, 76. McWilliains, J. W., biog. of, 268. Meek, Joseph, mention of, 43-4. Meeker, N. C, app'tment and murrle of, 473-5. Meek, Stephen, mention of, 43-4. MeMrum, J. M., defeat, election, 1882, 750. INDEX, 819 MoMrnm, N. H., electctl i-ec. of Htate, 418. Muri'or, A. S., Itiog. of, 798. Miirchatit, Hiiriiioii, hiog. of, Ci'A. Muroilitli, Huiiry, doutli of, '2\'2. Murrill, Homer, liiog. of, 78!). Murritt, Colo, reliuf of, Ute war, 475. M '*;i CO., (Jolo, lii.st. of, (>'J8. ' Moic'cNui ' mini!, support sy.stem of, 112 cavu in of, 1 IH. McxiJi), Ciilo Ijoiiii'.lary, (juttleinent of, 1819, :U8. Muyers, W. It., licut-gov., 449. Mijjtiels, Henry, l»iog. of, 170. Migliels, It. 11., defeat of, election 1878, 193. Mile.i, Col, Itiittlo with Sioux, June 1870, 778; capture.s Inil. supplies, etc., 780. Mile*, A. H., biog. of, 385. Milliuiin, .lolin, l)it>g. of, 385. Military, Nov., 18(il-3, 1 8 1 ; Colorado posts and stations, 1847-57, 3.")9- GO; 18()5-t), 4(i9; troops organized 18,J1, 4l»0; hist, of t'.ie 1st reg't, 4'21~3; '21 regiment, 4'J3-4; Sd regi- nieut, 424; militia ill Ind. service, 18;i4, 41)1; Wyoming, stations es- tal>. 18K), 088; post 2onimandcrs, 18(57, list. 724. Millard CO., creation c,f, 72. Mdlor, C. F., hiog. of, 805. Miller, C. P., biog. of, «27. Miller, Isaac C, biog. of, 789. Miller, Joseph, mention of, 679. Minors' League of Storey co., organ- ization of, etc., 131-2. Miners' Protective association, organ- iz'ition of, 130. Mining, Nev., geology of great basin, 1)4-7; great basin, minerals of, 20-1; g(dd discovery, 1859, 80; geol. and coulig. of Conistock lode, 92-3; early gold mining, Nev., 93; the Gro.sch silver discov., 1853, 90; Corn- stock's diseov., 98 et seq. ; claims located, 103 et seq ; Hardin's dis- cov., 1819, 103-4; Rues s Itiver dist, 103-4; Potosi dist, 104; Washoe, name, etc., 104; claims, etc., 105 et seq ; (piartz law, 18.")9, 107-8; Cold hill mines, 109; mills and pro- cesses, 110 et seq.; processes and mauiiinery. 111 et seq.; timbering system, etc., 112 et seq.; tailings, processes, etc., UOet seq. ; desoript. of mining terms, 121-2; litigation, etc., 122, 173; laws, 127, 177; stock board organized, 1802, 129; stocks, 129 et seq.; temperature of mine<i, tibb', 130; miners" waives, i:iO et 8c-<j.; yield, etc., 1.32 ft simj., 8t4H:ks, ri.sc and dt'iliiie of, 137 et seq. ; yield of Conistock, 1881, 140; Sutro tunnel, 141 et Kcq. ; diqillis of mines, 174 8; g 'ol. of Conistock, 149; litigation over, 173; taxation, 194; mineral prodiictioii.s, etc., 201; questionable value of mines, 224; Oomstock ethics, 225; coal, 241 2; nii.scellaneous minerals, 242 3; Kee.se river mines, 205; mineral land, 253; White Pino mines, 277 9; Eureka CO., 2.SI 2; yiidd, 283; Es- meralda county, 2.59; Elko county, 27.5 0; Lincoln co., 271; miners' union, 304; legislation, 18S7, 318, 320; Colorado geology, 330 2; iiiiiieral.s, 332-3; gold discoveries, ]8."»2, 31>3 et seq.; prospecting cxiHids, 'Mi et set].; di.sappointed golil-.seekers, 1859, 374-5; gold dis- coveries, 18.'>9, 370; <lregory's dis- covery, 377-9; laws adopted, 18.59, 378; yield an.l Hnd.s. 1859, 379; mines of Cilpin county, map, 380; other Hnils, 18.>9, 381 et secj.; .itC.'al. gulch, etc., 1S(»0-1, 390-7; mining ditch, 18.59. 397; mills, etc., l.S(iO, 398; pro<luction, 18.59-tiO, 419; placers, production and decline of, 4-82; quartz-mills, 483; processes, 484; yield, 4H4 5; silver discov., 48.5-6, 492; Colorado Smelting co., 4<8<»; le.id, 480-7; management of mines, 488 9; mines and mills, 494; San Juaa mining dist, map, etc., 49.5; diamonds, 497; surrender of Ute reseo'e, 50i ; mining in, .501-3; Cal. gulch, new discov. in, 504 et seq. ; snieltiug, 50S; miners' strike, 513; smelters, Leadville, 1879, 510; pros|»ectmg, Ciunni.son country, 510 et seq ; coal di.scov., 1877, 522 3; silver and gold discov 's, 1879, .523; g;<dogy of <tunnison mines, 524; ii.itioiial mining exposition, 51)5; Chadee county, 581 DO; Silver ClilF dist, .51H» 7: Cilpiu co.. 010; sum- mary of. 639 40; yieM. 188(1 7. 045; Wyomin;» geology. (>03; Do Sinet's gold <liscov.. 6S0 7; early prosiioct- ing, 695; gold discov. by RcviioMs. etc., 700: gold discov..' 1807, 730; onartz. 7.33:CMstvr'sniiner.il report, 773; Black hilU, attenqits to mir- cha.se. etc., 774 et seq.; coal, 785. Mint. Xev., founding, etc., of, 314; < 'olorado, 428. Mirage, Nev., mention of, 5. 823 INDEX. I ', Missionaries, Wyo., 18.14-9, G85-6. Missouri Fur co., 077-8. Mitchell, H. K., iiiuiitioii of, 142; do- fc'iitof, oluctioii, 18(i«, 188. Mott'iitt, 1). H., l>iog. of 572. Mojavus, Iiuliaiis, (Purees' visit to, 28-1). Mdiiiihan, I)(^ano, Iiiog. of, 801. Monetary ciiiiiinissioii, Nuvailu's share ill. I'.)8ets(>(i. Monhcimur, J. H., h'u^^^, of, 623. Moiitroso county, Colo, liist. of, G28. Moonlight, (jrov. T., aiip'tinent, etc., of, 7">4. Moore, M. K., l>iog. of, 58(5. Morgan, ('. S., hiog. of, 801. Morgan. <r. T., hiog. of, 800. Morgan. T. (}., hiog. of, 2(50. Morgivn exiiioring expcd., (57. Monniin hattalion, Colo, S57-9, Mormon cave, Ncv., doscript. of, 4. Mormons, N<iv., settlements of, 0."»-6, (58; ill Carson valley, 78; exodus of, 80; discov. of I'otosi mines, 104; legislation against, 317; in Wyo- ming, ()04, C'J(5. Morrisites, Wyo., 703. Morrison, Hun. H., biog., etc., of, 31(5. Morrison, J. H., biog. of, 384. Morrison, S. B., biog. of, 384. Morrissey, J. 1>., biog. of, 508. Mott, JuilgefJ. N., aijp'tinent of, 157, l(5(i; elected delegate to cong., 18C2, 17(>; resignation of, 173. Mottsvillc, mention of, 72. Mount Vernon, founding of, 380-1. Mountain City, foumling of, 382. Moynahau, James, biog. of, 573. Munkers, (1. W., biog. of, 728-9. Murat, H., biog. of, 371. Murdock, N. E., mention of, 254. Murphy company in Nevada, 1844, 50 CO, Murphy, M. H., mention of, 795. Mus.'scr, Delegate J. .1., election of, 9;). Myers, J. W., biog. of, 78(5. N Nagle, E., biog. of, 80C. N.i'iu's of persons(earlypioncers, etc.), Nev., nieiidier of terl gov't meet- i-vr 1S."7, 82: committors for govt, IS.vS. 83; oflRoials .and candidates, fl'ction 1858. 85; early settlers, 80: minim; locators ui> to Sept., 18.")9, 105-6; locators OoUl Hill mines, 109; councilmcn, rr])reson- tiitives, etc., 1801, l.')H 0; 18(523. 177; county coiiiinissioners, 1 8(5 1 2, 1(52; Lake co. otficiTs, 1(54; ('arly Bchool-tcaciiers, etc., 1(58; nieiiil>ers, state conven, etc., ISOIJ, 179; I8(!4; 180; volunteer otticers, ISO;;, IH| 2; state otJicers, 18(54, 184; I8(i8 70, 189 90; 1874-.">, 191-2; 1878 9. 193 4; members legisl., 18(>,"), 185; Uriiisby's linlian rangers, 209 et scq.; roadand railroad owners, etc., 232-3; railroad incorporator.-*, 238 et 8e(j. ; stock-raisers, 247-8; clergy- men, 293-301; Colorado members E.scalante's explor. party, 339 40; rosidoiita of I'ueblo, 184(5-7, 3.">8; early prospecting parties, 3(54 et 8C(|.; Cherokeo prospj-cting party, 18.")8, 3(54-5; founilers of l)env(!r, 3(59; mine discoverers, 18.59, ;579; town founders, 1S.">9, .381 ; Arkansas valley settlers, 387 et sec|. ; Colorado city, town, co., 389 90; Canon city founders, ."iOI^; Fremont co. set- tlers, 394; Pueblo pioneers, 394 5; rosideuu Cil. gulch, 18(i0, 39(5; pioneers at (rranito, .397; county commissioners, etc., 18.59, 402; con- stit. convention (lelegates, 18(iO, 405; ter. officials of Jefiersoii, 18(50, 4015; ter. officers, 18(»1, 413; grand jury, 1801, 414; members jegi.sl. 18(51, 41(5; councilmcn 2il session, 420; members constit. conven., 18.54, 431; 187(5, 433; judiciary, 18(55-75, 4.39-40; 187(5, 415(5; other state olficiaU, etc., 440-3; state officers, 187(5, 444 5; 188(5, (547;prc.s. electors, 1884, 4.'J2; the Sand creek participants, 407; immigrants to Montana, 483; mines and mill owners, 483-4; silver discoverers, 49li-4; bankers, and officials of Leadville, 511-12; explorers of (lunni.son co., 51(5 etse(|. ; journal- ists, 527-32; Denver officials, 18GI, 549; Pioneer association, 571; i>ii>- neers Boulder co., 575 80; Chatfee CO. pioneers, 583 et 8Pf|.; Silver Cliff ofiicials, 1879-81. ,598; Gilpin CO. pioneers, 615; settlers Oolden city, (520-1; pioneers of Pueblo en., 633 at seq.; Wyoming. Missouri fur companv. 077-8; early trappr-rs, 681; milit. offifori. etc.. 1847. (589, 698; miners, 18(58, 7.32: Chevenne fouudi^rs, etc.. 734 -.5; Larainin co. officials. 1867. 7.37; ter. oflii-iils, 1869, 741; mcinl>cr8 legis. 1870, INDEX. 821 , :«)4 r,; I), :«»(•); emiuty K)'_'; eon- i, ISCiO, 11, KSttO, ; Hfiintl legisl. session, loiivcn., ilii'iary, ■>; other |<: Htiito 7 ; I'l-cs. I creek lUtS to il mill ivercrs, ials of ers of lurniil- 18G1, ll; pi'i- :iiatree Silver Gilpin lioluen lo CO., ssnuri osn, Ivenno |i<> CO. lli'i-ils, 1870, 743; county officiuh, "41; riieyeiinc otiieiiil.'i, ISliy, 74t»; judiciary, 747- 8; otlicials tloyt and Tliaycr'H a<l- iiiiiiist., 7">l-'2, tcr. ofHcials, 1884, 75<i; oHicials MoonliKlit'n uUiuiiiiat. ; 7.">4; university r.^geuts, "til; ]|leiiil)urs Doaiiu s uxped. 1873, 7<><.l; Uinta CO. pioiiuers, etc., 784-15; Wind river valley, 787; Carbou Co., 788; Ciicyeniio editors, 7!i8-l). Natrona county, Wyo., liiS. Nevada, fjeneral diseript. of, 1 etsei]. ; origin of iiatne, l!.'l, l.">t); earliest ex- plorations of, '26 et 8e<{. ; Krst Euro- pean in, '21; maps of, '27, 28, :iO-(5; iinnii^ration through, 54; tirst Het- tleinents, 184!), (i.'i (i; or){anizittion of Deserot, (i(J; organization of ter., etc., 82 et sec). ; C'onistock mines, 02 et 8eq. ; area ami Imundaries, 151 et He([. ; organiziition of ter., 18(il, 157; election 18(il, 1.58; ter. seal, lUl; the silver question, 198 et Be(j. ; transportation, etc., 221) et 8e(|.; general condition, 1883-0, 285; finances of, 1871-88, 310 et 8e(].; polities, 1862 et secj., 170; admission as state, 17!); state seal, 180; loyalty to union, etc., 1801-5; 181 et se(|. Nevada Central R. R., 238-9. Ncvaila, Colo, founding of, 380-1. Nevada silver association, organiza- tion of, 200. Nevada and Oregon Narrow Gauge U. R., 240, Nevers, S. A., biog. of, 81. New Mexico, Colo boundary line, 1868-9, 498-900. New river, see Reese river. Newspapers, Nev., hist, of, 169; list and founders of, .305-8; Colorailo, 527; Leadville, 515; Wyoming, ■Sweetwater mine,' 732; Cheyenne Argus, Leader, and Rocky Moun- tain Stiir, 7.35; Laramie city, 794; Cheyenne, 798-9. Nickerson, H. G., biog. of, 768. Nidever, George, explor., etc., of, 39 - 41 ; battle with Blackfect, 40; with iShoshones, 42-3. Niles, Surveyor H. W., election of, 18.54, 76. Noble, Lieut, defeat of, 218. Noble, Worden. biog. of, 732. Nomenclature, Neviwia, 23. North, Judee J.W.,app't d snrv.-gen., 1861, 157-8; app'tment and decis- ions of, 173; resignation of, 174. North American fur co., 679-80. pur- Northern mystery, mention of, 32. Northiiigtoii, B. V., biog. ot, 790. Nuckolls, E., biog. of, ti'.'2. Nuckolls, l>elegatu S. F., election of, 743. Nuestra, >Sefto*a las Nieves, Colo, Escalante at, ;140. Nye, (Jov. James W., boundary ad- dress of, l.'>3; ap|i'tment of, 1.57; elected senator, 180 7; defeat of, 1873, IIM) I. Nye, M. C., mention of, 47. Nye CO., Nev, hist, of, 2o;>. O Oakcs, D. C, biog., etc., of, 367, .373 et seq. Obiston, F. F., biog. of, .592. O'Brien, Maj. N. .J., biog. of. 71.'>. O'Brien, W. S., ('on. V irginia p chase, Uii et seq.; biog., 135. O'Connor, Dr J. W., biog. of, .584. Ogden, P. S., biog. and ex|iloratious of, :«>-37. Ohmurtz, Miss Millie, biog., 584. Oil-basins, Wyo., 804. Old.s, John, mention of, 7.3. Olds, L., mention of, 73. Oleriehs, Harry, biog of, 801. 'Ophir,' mine discov., etc., of, 98 et seq.; timbering system of, 113 et seq.; lawsuits, etc., of, 122 etseq,; yield, 1.32. Oregon battalion, 689. Oregon immigration, route of, 60; Scott- Applegate co., 62; map of route, 63. O'Riley, Peter, the Comstock di.scov. , 100 et seq.; biog. and death, 107. Ormsby, Maj., Indian battle of, 210; death of, 211. Ormsby, W. M., memorial of, 83. Ormsby co., Nev., railroad troubles of, 236 7; hist, of, 255. Oro city, Colo., see Leadville. Osborn, W. B., biog. of, 62(5. O.sburn, .T. A., member Ophir co., 105. Otis, H. f!., frmiids Central, 382. Ouray, Ind. chief, biog. of, 473. Ouray co., hist, of, 629. Outcalt, J. B., mention of, 618. Overland Telecraph co., 231. Overland Traffic, Colo, 398-400. Pacific Coast Pioneer society, 305. S22 INDEX. Pacific Telegraph co., Br)')-?. PauiticWdotl, Luiulior, aud Fluino co., 288 !». Pudilltifnnl, G. F., acttloincnt of Elko, '270. Pail Utus, IiuIh, hostilities of, 1857, 200 ot 8cq. ; re8crviitioii of, 221. Palmer, J. A., settlomont of Carlin, 270. PattJO, J. M., Wyo. lottery, 745. Pdliner, (roii.W. J., R. U. eatei'iirises, etc., of, rw.'i-"), (HH); bin^., 003-4. Paris expofiitioii, Nev. mineral spcci- mciia at, :{05. Park CO., Colo, hist, of, 629. Parker, C M., bioj{. of, (>r)0-7. Parkinson, Controller R. W., election of, 188. Parlis, gold discovd by. Colo, .304. Parson.H, prospecting exped. of, ol9- 20. Patio mining process, descript., 117. Patterson, A. H., biog. of, 020. Patterson, E. H. F., silver discov. of, 4<J3. Patterson, Delegate T. M., election of, 1874, 437; defeat of, election 1878, 44!>. Pattie, biog. of, .S.')2. Patton, R. F., bravery of, 710. Paul, A. B., sec. sanitary commia., 182. Paul, Henry, biog. of, 016. Pauly, P. J., biog. of, 051. Payne, Capt., battle with Ute8,474-7. Pease CO., Wyo., boundary of, 784. Peck, (leo., biog. of, 300. Penitentiary, Nev., hist, of, 314-15; Wyo., 745. Peiirod, Emanuel, the Comstock f a- cov., 101 etseq. ; mention of, 107. Peurod, Comstock, & Co., mine of, etc., 10.3. Peralta, battle at, 423. Pesse, E. L., defeat, election 1878, 750 Peters, T. W , biog. of, 801. Petrified forest, Nev., 4. Physical features, Nev., descript. of, et seq. ; Colo, 323-4, 333-0; Wyo., Or.!»-71. Pierce, J., mention of, 553. Pierson, Capt., battle with Pali Utes, 200. Pierson, O. H., mention of, 86, 90, 108. Pigeon rancho, battle at, 422-3. Pike, Z. M., e.xplorations of, 344 et seq. Pike 8 Peak, discDV. of, 345. j Pile, fiov., prospecting party of, 500. I Pioche, F. L. A., mention of, 272. I Pioche, Nev., settlement, etc., of, 272. Pioche and Bullion ville U. R., 239. Pioneer .Stage line, organization of, 227. Pitkin, CJov. F. W., election and biog. of, 448; defeat of, senatorial election 188:i, 451 2. Pitkin CO., Colo, hist, of, 030. Pitt, Thomas, mention of, 74. Placerville and Humboldt Telegraph CO., 230. Plans, see maps. Piayter, J. H., biog. of, 024-5. Plumas CO., Cal., jurisdiction troubles of, 1(J4. Politics, Nev., elections, Carson co., 1854, 70; LI, Ksr.O, 78; 18.">9, 89- 90; 1801, 158; 1802, 170; for state conven 1803, 177-8; 18(U, 180- 4; 1800, 188; 1808 and 1870, 189; 1874, 1912; 1870, 192; 187S, 193; 1880. 203-4; Mormons and anti- Mormons, 84-5; state convention, 177 et seq.; party Bi)lit, 178 9; st.kto admission, 1804, 190; 1801-5, 181 et seq. ; republicans, Nev. , victory of, 1808, 189; defeat of, 1870, 189- 91; election, 1870, 192; 1878, 193; legislative majorities of, 198; de- feat of, 20.3-4; senatorial elections, 1805, 180-7, 1873, 190-1; demo- crats, defeat of, 1808, 189; victory of, 1870, 189-91; election, 1870, 192; 1878, 193; victory of, 20.3-4; 1880-7, 320-1; Colorado elections, at Auraria, 1800, 403; 1802, 429; 1874, 430-7; 1870, 442-5; 1878, 449; 1884, 452; 1880. 047; coaatit. con- vention, etc., 1800, 404 et seq : re- publicans, victory of, election, 1801, 410; convention 1861, 415-10; politics, 18bl-80, 420-54; demo- crats, organization of, 1862, 429; victory of, 1874, 430-7; Wyoming, women's rights in, 740; elections, time fixed fur, 748; Laramie countv, election, 1807, 737; 1870, 742-3; elections for delegate, 1870-84, 749-50. Pollock, I. J., biog. of, 623. Pomeroy, Justin, biog. of, 785-6. Pony express, 213, 228, 399. Population, Nev., 1800-1. 107 et seq.; Lincoln county, 273; Colo, census, 1800. 414; 1870. 440; Wyoming, 783. Post, Delegate M. E . biog. of, 734; election, etc., of, 750. INDEX. 823 Potosi Mining co., litijtatioii of, 173. I'liwuU, in tliu (Jolu divuruu caHO, 74. I'owuU, Maj. J. \V., cxiilor. of (Uui- iiJHon country, 517; Ind. Wattle of, 725. Pray, A. W., mention of, 2'A. I'refilo, C. S., important advice of, 2.")2. Pulilic liuililings, Nov., 314 ot swi; Colo, ()(M»-^8. Pueblo, <.'olo, ruHitlunta of, 1840-7, ;{.")8; founding of, SSW-O; hist, of, (;.•«) 3. Puulilo county, Colo, hist, of, 030. Piirslcy, .laiiiuM, gold discov. of, 347. Putnam, C. A. V'., ducted state printer, litl. Pyramid lake, doscript. of, 12; dis- covery of, 1844j 58; battlo of, 20'J et 8c(|, Q seq. ; fnsus, ,783. 734; Quivira, mention, of, 32-3. R Railroad builders' fort, cut, 733. Railroads, Nev., 232 et seq.; fares and freights, 2;M-."); interstiite com- merce bill, 318-19; business and progress of, 319-20; Colo, act for survey, 1S53, 300; beginning, etc., of, 552 et seq. ; map, 550; progress, 1880-8, 640; Wyo., construction, etc., of, 733, 804. RaynoMs, Capt. W. F., explor. of, 705-0. Rector, William, map of, 1818, 33-4. Red Cloud. Ind. chief, 718, 769. Rudding, John, mention of, 72. Reel, A. H., biog. of, 800. Reese, John, mention of, 07, 73; trad- ing-post, etc., 08-70; bridge fran- chise of, 72; explor. of route, 75. lawsuit of, 70. Raese river, origin of name, 24. Rcithmaun, Eiiiile, biog. of, 054. Roithmann, J. J., biog. of, 372. Reithmann, L. D., biog. of, 372. Reitz, Henry, biog. of, 372-3. Religion. Nev., 29.3-301; Colo, 560-4. Reno, Major, Sioux campaicn, 778-9. Reno, Nev. hist., etc., of, 255-6, 293, 31.5. Republicans, see Politics. RevnohU, Col, explor. of, .361. Re/nolds, Oen'l. battle with Crazy Horse, 1876, 777. Reynolds, James, robberies of, 1864, 425. Reynolds, Capt. W. K., (^\pll)r. of, 185':», 699, 700. Rhodes, L. R., biog. of, 055. Rico, J., biog., etc., of, (ill!{. Rieiiards, J. W'., biog. of, ,Sh5. Riuhanlson, A. 1>., mention of, 382. Richardson, IS., (iunni.son exped. of, etc., 619 et seci. Rickman, Robert, mention of, 47. Riley, Capt., milit. exptMl. of, 351. Riling, .loiiii, biog. of, 023. Riner, C. W., biog. of, 805. Rio IJuenaventura mystery, mention of, 3t. Rio Grande cou;'', Colo, hist, of, 032. Risciie, biog. of, 507. Rivers (see also Pliysical Keatmr"), Nev., d< > lipt. < '', 14-1(>-. Colo, 227-8. Roads, Nov., 1854, -'27; 18.56-9, 232; Colo, 1859, .397: ^^■.vo., 699. Robinson, Lymiu, biog. of, 507-8. Robertson, N., biog. oY, 734. .".obison, Cr. B., assassination of, 448. Robinson, Judge R., app'd boumlary comm'rs, 154. Roche, Mayor, closes gambling dens, 649. Rock Springs, Wyo., riot against Ciiineso, 1885, 753-4. Rocky Mountain Fur Co., 680-1. Rogers, W. B., biog. of, 654. Rollanilet, Eilward, biog. of, 655. Roller, W. W., biog. of, 582. Rollins, A. J., mention of, 71. Hooker, Mrs, at Denver, 1858, 371. Rooney, 8. R., mention of, 293. Roop, Gov. S., election, etc., of, 90; mention, 164. Roop CO., Nev., descript. of, 262. Rose, J. H., mention of, 72, 78, 80-1. Rothwell, Dr E. J., biog. of, 657. Routes, post, in Colo, 4,38. Routt, Gov. ,J. L., appointment and biog. of, 4.37; election of, 1870, 444; disposal of school lands, 447-8. Routt CO., Colo, hist, of, 635. Rowell, C. J., biog. of, 507. Roy. H. A., biog. of, 799. Rudd, Anson, biog. of, 393-4. Ruff, Capt. C. T., establishes Fort 1 . amv. 689-90. Russell. W. Cr., exped., etc., of, 364-5; journal. ,373; ? iog., .379. Rns'.ell. W H . mention of. 228. Rutledge, T. W., mentioa of, 802, 824 INDEX. Kyan, 11. T., 1)iog. of, .'o9. Kyaii, J. J., Ijiog. of, G2G. Sabine Iwuiulary, arrangeni't for, 343. Sa;;uiiche co., Colo, liist. of, G30. S.ila/a, A. A., biog. of, 594. Salida, town, liist. of, 584; map of and vicinity, 585. Salomon, F. Z., mention of, 371. Salt Lake, descript. of, 11. Salt Lake City, founders, mention of, ()5. Sampson, A. J., biog. of, 444. San Fi'ancisco Stock and Exchange Koanl, organization of, 18G'2, I'Jt). San Francisco and Washoe R. R., '233. San Juan co., Colo, hist, of, 636. San Juan mining district, map, 105. San Miguel co., Colo, hist, of, 637. Sanborn, Oen., Ind. treaty of, 1865, 468. Sand creek affair, Colo, 468 et seq. Sangree do Cristo grant, see Beau- bien grant. Sanitary fund, contributions to, Nev., 18-2 Santa F.^ trail, 350-2. Sarpey, 1*. A., biog. of, 353. Sawyer, E. H., mention of, 608. Schleier, (!. C, biog. of, 369. Schnitger, (Justave, biog. of, 796. School land. Colo, legisl. on, 447. Schussler, H., survey of, 257. Scott, J. D., gold discov. of, 376. Scott J. H., mention of, 71, 73. Scott, Levi, explor. of, 62. Scott Bluffs, descript. of, 693. Seal, territorial, Nevada, 161; Colo, state, 418. Soars, H. I)., mention of, 76. Sears, J. P., biog. of, 384. Sea, inland, Nov., supposition of, 10-11. Seavy, M. M., biog. of, 385. Seaton mine, mention of, 485. Serre, M., in Btmneville's party, 681. Sessions, D. R., mention of, 316. Sharon, Senator Wm, withdraws sen- atorial contest, 1873, 190-1; elec- tion of, 1875, 191-2; biog. of, 204; R. R. built by, 236-7. Shattuck, J. C. biog. of, 445. Sheldon, M., biog., etc., of, 6.'13. Sheridan co., Wyo., 758. Sheridan, (len., lud. reserve orders, 1874, 774. Sheridan, town, hist, of, 793. Sliermautown, descript. of, 280-1. Slierrer, Jacob, biog. of, 654. Shosliones, Indians, Nidever's battle with, 42 3. Shute, Rufus, biog. of, 622. Sibley, lien., milit. movements of, 181)1, 421 ct seq. Sides, R. 1)., CO. treasurer, 18.54, 76. Sierra de la Grnlla, Escalante names, 340. Silver congress, Denver, 1885, 451. Simpson, Capt. J. H., mention of, 24, 699. Sinclair, William, mention of, 40-1. Sioux, hostilities of, 18.54, IW; Har- ney defeats, 1856, 710; 1867, 724; war with, 1876, 777 et seq.; removal of, 781. Sitting Bull, Ind, chief, battle with Crook, June, 1876, 778; Cu.ster, 778-9; in British iiossessions, 780. Six-mile cailon, mining camps in, 95. Skerritt, Thoma.s, bio},'. of, ;i84 5. Skull valley, origin of name, 23-4. Slack, A. K., biog. of, 798. Slinjicrlauvl, Lt-gov. J. S., election of, 188. Slough, Col, resignation of, 423. Smedley, Wm, biog. of, 6r)5. Smith, A. J. mention of, 4U2. Smith, Capt. E., mention of, 750. Smith, E. B., biog. of, 484. Smith, H. 1'. A., resolution of, 404. Smith. J. R., biog. of, 793. Smith, J. S., explorations of, .38 0. Smith, Martin, memorial of, 1858, 8.3. Smith, P. L., biog. of, 789. Smith, Maj. S. P., Ind. vict. of, 220-1. Smith, Wm, Ind. massacre of, 768. Smoke, Mrs, mention of, 371. Smythe, S. S., biojj. of, 6.56. Sness, Henry, biog. of, 6.55. Snyder, A. C, mention of, 800. Snider, E. N., biog. of, 7IH). Snyder, J. R., mention of, 60. Snyder, J. W., mention of, 800. Society, Nov., first marriage, ball, and divorce, 73; Mormon plan of, 18r)6, 79; gandding penalties, etc., 18(il, 162; crime, 167, 171-2, 291-2: Chi- nose, 292; education, 21>2-3; religion and churches, 29.3-;Wl; l>enevolent societies, 301; fraternal societies, 302; libraries, 303; sciences, 3C5; newspapers, 30.5-8; Colo, crime, 1860_3, 408-10, 112, 512-13; general, 567 70; summary of, ti41-2; Wyo., crime and vig. committee, Chej'- i enne, 738. INDEX. 825 and 18«il, I Clii- Igiou jtlelit Itius, l3C5; iiiie, |ral, [>'»'•• liey- Rolomo.i. Dr J., biog. of, 6.')7. Soi)ri.s, Kteluu'il, bug., t'tc, of, 368, 382. 8uuth IVss city, foiuKling of, 731. Southartl, S.iiiiuol, biog. of, 035*. Spiuliling, C. \V., nicntioii of, 79.i. Spencer, 8aniiiel, wan -rings of, 350. iSpickenian, A. H., mention, &2'2. Spink, Delegate S. L., eicction of, I81>H, 739. SpringnioyiT, Senator, mention of, 200. Sipiires, Al., tnention of, 73. iSt V'rain, (_'ol C, biog., 3r)3. Sta,'e lines, Nev., 1857-9, 227 etseq. ; Colo, 399-400. Stable, E. F., biog. of, 805. Stallciip, J. C, biog of, 573. Standart, S. H., biog. of, 573. Stanford, Lelaud, railroad affairs of, 232. Stanley, II. If., biog. of, 624. Stainbury, t'apt. H., mention of, 695; ex [dor. of. 704. Stanton, I. N., V)iog. of, 635. Statehoo.l, Colo, etfort.s for, 1862-4, 430-1; adnii.-tsion, 4.32-3. Staril, J. H., Itiog. of, 585-6. Stobbius, Mart., mention of, 81. Stedinan, Dr .\., biog. of, 657. Steele, (iov. R. W., biog. of, 410. Steele, Delegate W. K., election!) and defeat of, 1872 6. 749. Sti!iMl)erg(!r, A., delegate to congres.-s, 1858, 40.3. Steptoe, Col, mention of, 24, e.xplor. of, 1854, :«;i. Steptoe valley, origin of name, 24. Stevens, Elislia, trip tbnmgh Nevada, 59 -60. Stevens, W, H., mineral discov. of, .i04-5. Stevenson, C. C, gov. 1886, 320-1; biog. of, 321. Stewart, Capt., Indian victory of, 213 et seq. Stewart, Frank, mention of, 100. Stewart, Senator \Vm M., pre.s. Sntro Tunnel CO., 142; ntt'y foes of, 127: biog., etc., of, 174; .secedes from Union party, 178-9; election of, 186.5, J 86; 1887, 320; Idaho annexation, 317. Stiles, Judge G. P., ap]iointinent of, 76. Stock -raising, Nov., 247; Colo, ."MS et s(M|.; first attempts, etc., cattle, 543^; grasses, 544; laws, 545; cat- tle companies, 545-6; Bbeep and wool, 54<)-7; horses and mulea, 547; Wyoming, 802-3. .Stotldard, mention of, 793. .stone, A. W., judge, 1886, 440. Stone, Judge \V. F., biog. oi, 411; election of, 446. Storey, Capt., «leatli and biog. of, 215. .Storey county, Nev., ib-»cri]it. of, 25«>-7; R. R. trnublis of. 236-8. Stowel, C. S., (piart/niill of. 494. Stmit, W. W., biog., et.-., of, 633. Streeter, Judge Kii'iizi, biog. of, ().">0. Strike, Denver & R. C. R. : , IS8.">, 453. Strock, D. I)., biog. ..f, 615. Sublette, \V., ni.iitii.n of, 40, 68.3. Sully, Gen. A., Indian victories, 18;»4, 714. Summit county, Colo, hist, of, 637. Sumner, E. C bi<'g. of, 3.S5. .Sumner, Col E. V., defeats the Chey- ennes, 71 1-12. Sunderland. T., mention of, 236. Sutro, Adiilph. organiuitiiiii, etc., of .Sutro tunnel, 141 et see).; defeat, senatorial contest, lvS75. 191-2. .Sutro tunnel co., organi/.ati(:n, hist., etc., of, 141 et seij, Swan, Delegate A. H., election and biog. of, 7.50, 800. Swan, W. R., biog. of. 8a". 6. .Swa.sey, W. F., mentmn of, 60. .Sweetwater co., Wvo.. name, 744; hist, of, 786. .Svmes, G. li., congressman, 1S84, 449 Tabor, Senator H. A. W,, at Cal. gulch, !84i0. :«Hi: wialth of, .')07: '>iog. of, 508-9; eleetetl lieut-gov., 448. Tahoe, lake, descript. of, 13; origin «.f name, 24-5. TallM)t, TiieiMlore, mention of, 62. Taleott, M., mint ral dis.-ov. of, 264. Taylor. D. C. biog. of. (i.'a. Telegraph, Xev., 18<;i, 2:{0; 1863-6, 231; Colorad... .*>.V»-8. Teller, .Senator H. M.. election and biog. of. 445; app't'd See. of Inte- rior, 451; Ind. .x'Tvice of, 4«»3. ' Ttrritori.al organization (.see also gov- ! ernmcnt and polities), Culo. IH(')1. 413; Wye, efforts for, 739; admis- I sion, 740. Terry, Gen., Sonx campaign, 778. Tcschmacher, H. E., biog. of, 801. Thatcher, Justice H. C, election and biog. of, 445. I Thayer, Gov. J. M., app'tm't of, 750. INDEX. Thomas, John, mention of, 09. Tlioiiias, Kufus, nieiitiou of, 09. TIk.iiiI.s, 1'. U.. l),og. of, ii:V2. TlioHipsoii, AUt'ii, biog. of, 805. Tlioinpsoii, H. 8., mention of, 90. Thompson, .T. A., stage line of, 227. Tlioiiipsoii, ^Tnics, mention of, 100. Tluirnburg, C.ipt., deatli, etc., of, 474-7. Tiioriiburg battle-gronntl, map, 475. Tliornton, H. I., mention of, 191. Tlsorriiigton, W. B., mention of, 73; exeeutiiin, etc., of, 84. Tilton, Virginia, Virginia City named for, 108. Tiinpanogos river, descript. of, 15. Tooele CO., creation of, 7'J. Topograpliy, great basin, descript. of, 1 et se(j. Towns, \ev.. founded by Mormons, 1850, 79; hist., etc., 2.53 et seq. ; Colo, birth of, ;i80-2; founded, 1880-7, 044. Tiiwnsund, U. S. marshal, mention of, 427. Trading posts, Nev., 00 ct seq. ; Colo, 354-0. Treasure City, descript. of, 2S0. Trefen, Rev. .1. L., Methodist Mining CO., 295. T.itle, F. A., defeat of, 1870, ISK). Truckee river, mention of, 10. Tucker, A. \V., biog. of, 015-10. Tucker, L. K., Leadville riot, 514. Tucker, expUir. of, 3SS. Tutly, (t., treasurer, 322. Tullofli, James, mining convention of. 118. Turner, .TuilgeG., app't'd chief just., ISOl, 157, lOt!; resign'.ition of, 174. Tutt, Lieut J. W., mention of, 207-8. Tuttle, J. E., biog. of, 800. u Uinta CO., Wyo., creation of, 744; hist, of, 784-0. Uintah mount;iins, descript. of, 8. I'ncompahgre agency, map, 478. UucompaliL're co., see Ouray co. Union Paoitic R. R., Colo, 552. Unionville, Ncv., founding, etc., of, 203-4. United Str'^esanl Mexico Telegraph CO., 557-8. T/tah lake, descript of, 12. I'rah territory, division of, 72. Utah, western, see Nevada and Car- sou CO. Utc reservation, treaty releasing por- tion, 1873, 301. Ute Inds, removal of, etc., 450; ter- ritory tribes, etc., of, 470; raids of, etc., 1803, 471; councils with, 1805-0, 471 2; treaty and head chief, 1808-75, 472; devastations, etc., of, 1870, 473; war with, 474- 8; Thoridturg battle-jiround, map, 475; treaty, 1878, 479-81. Van Deron, A. J., biog. of, 484. Van Sickle, Henry, mention of, 73, 70. Valleys, Colo, 329. Verendrcy, 8. De la, exped. of, 1743- 4, 074. \'ickers, W. B., mention of. 347. Vidal, Louis P., biog. of, 787. Vigilance committees, see Crime. Virginia City, foundinir, etc., of, 108; population, etc., 107-8; hist, and descript. of, 257. Virginia Consolidated Mining co. , mill of, 118; hist, of, 133 et st^q.; output of, etc., 137; taxation of, 190. Virginia and Truckee R. R. co,, sub- sidy to, etc., 195, 230-8. W Wasatch mountains, descript. of, 9. Waid, O. C., biog. of, 800. Waldheinier, M. J., biog. of, 573. Walker, E. T., democratic rioter, t)49. Walker, Capt. R., trapping exped., 41, 44; in lionneville party, 081. Walker, Joseph, party of, mention, 02. Walker lake, descript. of, 12-13. Walker river, descript. of, 15. Walrod, A.., biog. of, 307. Walsh, James, purchase of Comstock, mining share, etc., 105-0. ^Valton, R., mention of, 254. Wanless, John, defeat, election 1870, 719. Ward, .Tudge J. .S., mention of, 164. Warren, Gov. F. E., app'tment, etc., fif, 75,3-4; bios;., 754. Warren, Lieut *>. K., explor. of, 361, 765. Wiirren, (i. W., mention of, 254. Waahburne, H. D., explor. of, 301. INDEX. Sl'T Wnshington co., crecition of, 72. Wiislioe CO., Nev., hist, ot, 255-6. Wasli'w lake, water.s of, 14. Washoe niiiie.s, name, 104. Washoes, Iml, troubles, etc., with, 200-7. Wa.-i.-ion, Warren, Intl. agent, 210. Water rights, Xev., mining ami other purposes, IS.jo, 77. W.itkins, R. V.., Iml. l)attlo of, 211. Watt, CuUen, l.iog. of, 71*2. Wuatherlow, Wm, app't'd Iml. com- niis., 201). Wo 1)1), K. H., biog. of, 582. Webb, .loseph, mention of, 72. Webber, N. T., biog. of, 71)2. Weber, Charles, mention of, 47. Weber CO., creation of, 72. Weber river, descript. of, 15. Well, secretary, removal and death of, 427. WeM CO., Colo, hist, of, 038. Wells, K. T., judge, 440, 445. Wills, tJeo., 'Book of Deetls,' MS., 101. W.lls, .1. H., biog. of, 650. Wells, K. C, mention, 022. \Vi.'ni)an, .'Simeon, biog. of, 282. AVen/.'ll, C. H., biog. of, 625. Wessels, <ren. H. W., mention of, 724. Western Utali, see Nevada and Car- son CO. Westonn, Eugene, l)iog. of, 394. Wiieaton, Gen., Ind. peace proposals, ( 1 (. Wheeler, B. A., biog. of, 653. AViieeler. B. C, biog. of, 651. Wheeler, F. A., biog., 02.S. Wheeler, Geo. M., e.xplor. of Colo, .•<62, 519. Whitakcr, Bishop, ciforts to promote education, 293. Whitcomb, E W., biog. of, 800. Wiiite, I). D., mention of, 483. White, James, the Comstock discov., 101. White Pine eo., Nov., liist. of, 277. AVhits.itt, R. E., biog. of, 369. Wig'^in, O. P., biog. of, .353. Wilkinson, Cen., Pike's expcd., .344. I William", A. J., biog. of, 308; men- tion of, 543. Williams, B r>,, resolution of, 404; election, 1861, 416. WMIiams. Bill, mention of, 62. \ M'illiams, E., wanderings of, .3.tO. j Williams, Evan, biog., etc., of, 223, i •JIM). Williams, Ezekiol, explor, of, 1807, 670-7. 1 ] Williams, .1. A., mention of, 76. J Wdliams, T. H., defeat, senatoriid contest, 1874, 191-2. I Williamson, (1. R., biog. of, 369. Wilson, A. D., explorations of Colo, i 499^ I Wilson, B. F., biog. of, 269. Wdson, C. F., biog. of, 623. I Wilson, P. .S., biog. of, ().")2. ; Wilson, W. 8., biog. of, 266. Winnemucca, Inil. chief, 208; trou- bles with, 219-20. Wiiuiemucca lake, descript. of, 13. Winuemuccas, Inds, hostilities of, L09 ot serj. Winteruotham's History, mention of, 33. Winters, J. D., the Comstock discov., 101. Withrow, Chase, biog. of, 615. Witter, Daniel, biog. of, 572. Wolfskdl party, mention of, .39. Womack, S. P., discov. of Seatoi) mine, 493. Wood, F. J., biog. of, 589. Woodburn, W., congressman, 1886, 320. Woodruff, J. D., biog. of, 787. Woodward, mail contract of, 226. Woodward, A., mention of. (19. Wooten, R., mention of, 371. Workman, .1., wanderings of, 350-1. Worrall, C. C., biog. ot, 656. Worthington, Congressman H. (.'<., election of, 184. Wren, Thos, defeat, senatorial elec- tion, ISSO, 204. Wright, A., biog. of, 576. Wright, AVm, writings of, 95. Wyeth, N. J., trapping exped. of, 682. Wynkoop, Major, recovers Ind. pris- oners, etc., 464-5. Wyoming, hist, of, 659 ct scq.; boun- daries and fiurfaco, 6.")9-71; early explor. of, ()72 et se([. ; settlement and prospecting for gold, 694; po- lit., sociid, and material a*l'airs, 73f) et sc'((.; railroads, 7.33; name and admission of, IStiH, 740; finances of, 755; education. 7()1; re- sources and development, 186S-.S8, 783 ct so(|. Wyoming Development cc, 776, 799- 8C2. Y Yamajabs. sec Majaves. Yates, J. E., biog. of, 795. 828 INDEX. Yellow hills, .Jescript. of 8 J e ow«t.,ne lake, ,Uer pt . G65 Vellow«to«e national pa/k.;nrp%tc.. Vellowstone river, deseript 6(34 iW, in Uyonung, 1848, G94. YounffL. M.. mention of. 73 \ou«ker,J.T.,biog. of. 366-7. Zweck, George, biog. of, 649. , 73. im-7. 49.