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PROVINCIAL. L.M3RARY
VlCTOrtlA, Q. O.

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.^I^SSSPE^T^fPC*" ■

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I?/E I» O K/T

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THOS. A. BULKLEY

CHIEF KNQINEER TO GOVERNMENT.

ADDRESSED TO

Clje goir, C^c Cljitf Cnmmissioner ai l^antrs it Wiaxh,

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

Dated, October 2Sih, 1872.

PRINTED AT TIIE "VICTORIA DAILY STANDARD" OFFICE.

/ ^ 1872.

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Paisley
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■j?Ty-T5i5»!^g^f^j?^j^^Wo'>ww.')'!tTJS''7T^ -:f^

OFFICE OF CHIEF EXGIN^EER TO GOVERXME^fT,
Victoria, British Columria.

Unef Co

The Hon. Geo. m WalkeM,

Chief Commissiona' of Lands and Works,

Oho of tlie first questions requiring my attention, on entering upon my duties
wnder tlie terms of your 1 Jtter of the 24th of April, wiis that of the Sujiply of Water
to the City of Victoria.

I have now the lionor to submit my report on the subject, together with tho
ri'i'uU of my examinations, and Surveys, Phins and E.stimatos of the project, whicli
I beg to recommend for your adoption.

'*' '''buh'i'i.v"'" '^"'^ "'"^ ""'""^ In the absence of any specially expressed instructions, the
reijuirements which I proposed to myself were as foUosva:—

"A supply of water pure and soft, ample for existing requirements and
capable of extonsion to meet the wants of such a coiisidcrnbly increased
population as Victoria may reasonably expect.

A supply which shall be constant and on the Ttigh Service System and
obtained, if possible, by gravitation in preference to pumpinff.

A supply to be obtained at tiie smallest cost compatible with efficiency ;
if possible at such an estimate as will enable the project to be tinancially
self'supportlng.

\r.„,r^^m.ut 1,. ,.„„. M,.i rpji^ necessity for a supply of pure water is now, \ imagine,
Tnore or less generally recognized; the advantage of "soft"' water, however, in pre*
ference to "hard," on both hcalthi'ul and economical grounds, is noi as a rule so
Well understood.

The Report by tho General Hoard of Itcallh upon the supply of water to Loudon'
abounds with evidence bearing upon this point.

iuy.M„i,oit wut.r. -I'l. Sutherland in Ins evKienco states that ho liad exammod

the works for the supply of Gorbals, Paisley and Sterling, in all of which the water
is olitained from gathering groumls and thence distributed: all these waters aro
deseriood as "rLMuarkably soft," Sterling water being only 1 degree of hanlness-,
Paisley 2 dogrees, and Gorbals about flj degrees, "and to a pers(m accustomed to
the hard water supply of r.ondou tho sensation in washing is, that it can bo dono
as well without 8onp in toeao waters aa with soap in the London watijrs,"'

VICTORIA, B. 0.

fiiiiiWitirAliliiri' II- ■ iV-.

^ )\ . \tAi^^'tdt»ltiL

27439

^UHM

^wrr

[2]

Again he remarks : —

"In those towns were « ^oft wnler supply has Ifttely been introduced, 1 fo'ind a deciied coTviciiou
preriiiling among llie mediccl prnfi-ssion as to the sanitrtry Hdvanlages ot such waters, inefly on ine
f^mund of their lulliieas. The c-viiicnce goes to prove (hat dysrepiic coinplaints diinioisb, that epidemici
are leiis severe and less t'ntal, uiid that stuue and other cilculous dUeased are prevented. "

Dr. Leech, of Glasgow, in the district supplicti by the Gorbuls (iravitation
"Water-works, said : —

"My nllention has bppn called to the hearing of the queslioii of pure soft Witter supp'y on the pnblin
health. The Gorbals water is very soft and pure. The new giupply has been introdneecj aliDut two yei.rj;
but in consequence of the b:id w;Uir supply which existed ht-foie (he new water wns introduced, my <<t-
tonlion ns well as that of my mcdi al brethren was directed to the q'lestion for a lonsr lime previnusly.
The couipurnlive value of the new soft supply over the hard supply has been a matter of discu-ision at ihi-
tila-gow Southern .Medical ^'ocieI^, of wliicli I was president two years It was the unanimous opinion of
t le medical protession, that greit benefits of ft sanitary kind had followed in the substitution of the ft
water on the principle of constant supply. It has been observed, that since this change, urinitry ilisci e>
have become less frequent, especially thine attended by the deposition of gravel. .So far as exp-rlence
has gone, my own opinion is, tliut dyspeptic complaints have become diininKhed in number. With liie
liame rcserfalion as to time, it is tlio opitiiou of the medicil profe-ision that lever has numerically dimio-
i-ihcd, and that the cafes that occur ara more amenable to Irjatmeut by the use of the soft wuier supp.y
than they were wi'.h the furnier supply."

And again,

■'I cannot therefore but e.xpresa my conviction that in all towns where it may be found necessary to
to obtain ft new source of supply, this ev-'H-ncc as to the peculiar advantages of .»»// water in regaid to
health should apjirt from the well kuuwu ecouomiu value of isuch water, exercise ((reat intlueuce in d^-ter-
luiniug the selei tiou.

'"• f.I!ur oi'^^t "'1;:"'" '" I)'-. IloUand, after describing a process in which he cmphiycl
lime to effect the softening »f hard water, was (]uc8lionod as to whether it was
worth wliilt) to go to so much trouble and expense lor the sake of obtaining sofc
water; hi;j repl> was: —

"Certainly, it is very well worth while; in fael, without liming, I consider the water quite unfit for
drinking; lliough it varies in quality, it has genernlly a very perceptible taste and smell which tiie lime
removes. Then as to soltiiess; I am charged .i'ts. a year for water (which is far too much), but, however.
Avaler costs me say 8(/. a-week, but the so.ip for my family, in addition to that for dir washing sent no
costs about li. Ctil. B week, or twice as much as the water. It is evident that by dIminiahiuK the haril>
neiS ol llie water, and thereby the waste ot soap, I may easily save the ftm( unt of my waler-ratu in tli ii
iirlicle aloi.'t. liisldcs that, 1 can wash comfortably with Noltcned water, but I cannot do so Willi uiiy
ipuulity of soap with the water before it is limed, unless 1 have it boile'l to precipitate the chalk, which
process is more expensive and troublesome. I should, however, much prefer being supplied with a water
lit for ordinary domestic |iurposes, and, if necessary, paying more tor it.

"Have you tried the diflVreiue of hard and soft water lor cookingV~I have not made «ny acciirftle ex-
periments except as to tea making; I liiid iliat the water softened by means of oxalate ot ammonia extracts
the strength of tea ulmosl twice as well ng when Imrd. I had tea made with equal quaniities of the lea',
and equal <|uantitics of boiling water, with and without oxalate of ammonia. The Intusiun mude Willi
water softened by tin; oxalate, was stronger and belter tiavoured, ftud had to be ililuted with the A<ldiliuu
tjU l/er cent, of hut water to bring it down to llie strength of the other. It follows, therefore, thai wiib
the oxftialc 10 parts of ten go as far ns 18 wiilioul it,

"Does that gaviiig pny for the expense ?— Over »nd oyer ftgftin; my tea costs me »bout li, % week, if
I c»Q lave eight parti uut of IH, I caa have ai itruug and better Qaroured tea for leii tbaa Id, a week t

[ 3]

ei coTvidioii
rneri'ly on ihe

iravitatioii

on tlie public
lit two ye«rs;
lin-eil, my nt-
le pri'viDiisly.
;msii)n >tl iIih
lis opini.ir' of
in 01' the ft
iinry disi i ev
na exp' riecue
r. Willi the
c.illy liiiuiii-
vuier supp.jr

necessary to

in reniiid to

iuce iu ili.-i«r-

em])loyo(!
Iior it waa
lining sot'c

lite unfit for
licli tijc lime
ui, bowover,
int; 8('iit on
ug tlie liitril-
'into iii til 1 1
80 Willi uny
bitlk, wli ell
with u water

Hccurntc ex*
mill exinieta
9 of the leH',
I iiMile Willi
the Kililiiiuu
-0, that wiib

. » week. If
Id. a w«ek ,

le'ng; » saring nearly equal to the water rate. It is not easy, however, to gtl tlies* savings effecleJ rep-
iilnrly; it U apt to he forgotten, iiml cunnot well be left to the servaats. It would be far belter tu have •
Witter originally soft, if it were prociirnble."

Dr, Lyon Playfair. in the course ofliis evidonco, when asked
etlier ho had
do iiestic vo'.ae of soft ivahr, replied:

Dr. Lytm Plajrliiir's pvjilenco

US to till' iii>im'slii- viihio ,,, itic i , Tfi- •• ..i

..i.,.ft«-.it.r. wiictiier ho had round reason to rnodity his opinion as to the

"I 'peak with the force of increased experience when I say ibal I formerly greatly nnderra'ed the
»rl\ iDiHges of soft water. I need not alhida to the importance of soft water for wasliing further than to
say 30 oz.s. of soap are consumed by every 100 pallona of Thames waiter befure it forms a hither filled for
d>-terj;int purposes. The importance of soft water in cookinjt is 1>-8S obvious, but no less ascertained to
exercise an important iiiHiicuce on the culinary art. Wiih repard to bealih, accurate i»hjerv '.ions have
no', yi-i been made, especially with refereme to human suliji'cts, but, on aniina's, ilie effect of hard water
ij very apparent. Horses have an instinctive love for soft water, and relu-ehard wner if they can possibly
P'-t Hie foiiiier. Hard water produces a rough and staring coat on horses and renders them liable to gripes.
l'.>!eons also refuse hard wa'er if they can obtain access to soft. ('Ie;5hjrii states, that hani water iu
Minorca c;ui.-es diseases in the system of certain animals, e pecially sheep. ~o much are race horse:; in-
fiuenced by the quality of the water that it is not unfr('(|iient to carry a supply of soft water to Ihe locality
11 which the race is to take place, lest their being only hard w.ter the horses should lose c ndiiion.
Mr. YouHtt, ill his book called "The Horse," in remarking uprn the desirableness of soft waitT tor
the hor-e, says, 'Instinct or experience has laade the horse iiimsflf conscious of thi.>, for he will never
linuk hard water if he has .iccrss to soft; he will leave the most transparent water of the well for a river,
I. though Ihe water may be lurbid, and even for the muddiest pool.' And again, in another place, he Bny,
'Hard water drawn freeh from the well will assuredly make the coat of a bcse unaccustomed to it f>ture,
n;id will not unfrfquenlly griiie or further injure it.' "

.Mr s...vor-. Kvi.ionr,. m to ^^[y. Alcxis Sovcr, the Well known cook, gave the result of

fh.' vjilili- of soft WHiil . . . .

.uiiiiaiypurpoficn. hls cxperience as being entirely in favor of soft water over hard

f M- all culinary purposes. From experiments made by him it appeared that it
roipiired one-fourth more time and fnel to cook vegetables or meat with hard than
witli soft water; that hard water was ill adapted for making souds aud broths, tkat
it was also very inferior in making bread and in brewing operations.

TiUstly, in connection with the question of soft water, James Temple, Esq., ©t
Paisley was examined, as follows: —

Mr. Ti-mi.loii' ■■viili-iicp In " What experience has lliere been at Pais'ev of Ihe public use of waters
f.ivir o( •■>rt (viiliT IVuni , J - "

kttili>'iiiigni"iml» of difiiTent qiiililiesV— I'revioml;- to the introdujtiau of the new water

^upply, the waler u^ed was spring water ami river water. The spring water taken from the wells was very

hard; the river water was comparatively soft, and was used for washing. A supply was afterwards obtained

of yet softer water from (rathering grounds, the water at present io use being of only two de,{rees of hard-

i.esj. An Act of Parliament was obtained to supply the town with river water, as being ninch softer than

we I water, but on aiccrlaining that a alill soller waler might be procured, Ihe townspeople allowed the

Art to expire without availing themselves of the powers conferred by it. This softer water, ubvaiucd from

g.ithering g.viuuds, in now iu use, and is of two degrees of hardness.

"What can you state us evidence of popular appreciation ot the softer water now supplied '.'—The popu-
lar complaint is that it is sold ut too high a price, and they think it no crime to steal it, and they do Steal
It whenever they can.

".May they hnvo well water or river water without stealing? — Yes ; they may.
"This soft water ii, then, prefbrred to the well or river water? — Yes ; for every purpose.
"Kor drinking? — Yes, for drinking parliculal} ; for myself, when I come to liondoD I tbiuk I ihall no
get a good drink ot waler until 1 again return to Paisley.

"Is the supply of water oonttant at Palalejr ?— Yei ; by gravitation.

■■I

"Is the Si ft wntpr considerod superior for tea nnd wfltliing?— For te«, there is not a Udy !ti Piiifley *tio
Would not dive testimony as to its superiority. We find also in wrtshiiig that we liHve h great suviiig not
only of soap, but also of tlie wear and tear of clothei, from the greater rubbing occagione J b^ bard wiiter.' '

These opinions all tend to prove that were a plentiful snpply of soft water pro-
curable at a mudcrate cost, the population of tliis city would not be backward in
availing themselves of it in preforenco to the hard and frequently impure water
from the generality of yard and garden wells.

foaic ofhaniiRnn. The degrccs of hardness referred to, are in accordance with

a scale devised by Professor Clarke and since generally adopted. Thus, by water
described as of 1, 2, (J or 10 degrees of hardness is intended the hardening etfiot
that would bo produced by dissolving respectively 1, 2, G or 10 grains of chalk in a
gallon of water.

frt^rrrJm vaJZlr,;.."' Tlio rcsult of an examination of various waters, was found
by the "Board of Health" to be as follows:—

No. of Specimens. |

Well and Spring water 204

Iliver waters Ill

Water from Surface Collection i 49

Average Hardness.

25° .80

13° .05

4° .94

Oanj

fire

prop]

^a ^vato

i|^E mail

>' ;in«

•■; ahiu

null.

';i and '

Qtiiintilv nf water miiihoil i« "XT'Itl 1 x aT_ i.* l t> i. _ ^ • 1 i._

i3K;iri.m,iiH.i..»cii..i Miuj-. \\ 1th regard, now, to the quantity of water requirtHl to

render the supply "ample tor existing demands." In efitimating this 1 shall pro-
bably be sutlkiontly accurate in assuming the existing population at five thousand,
for which I propose to allow 25 gallons per head per ilay.

The following taltlo gives sDine particulars rogarding the populations provided
for and the water actually supplied by several existing v/ater companies ;

Table of particulars regarding the delivery of several existing Water Cos.

Name of Company.

I'opiilatidii 8iip-l Viilentie of l'i(.ii':<l Diatueler
plic'il, ralitiialeMlijiLluiling lioiisil of

at 7 ^ per.l i--e.| serNicu. | Pipes.

?lew Hiver (Aimpmiy ...
Kusl Loiilon Wiitrr 1,'ti
t^outliwark k Vnuxliull
West Middlcsej Co

C,-)0,000
4-1 'J Olio

a7i.u;ii»

r,iO,944
lbi,488

lii;i,7ti8

(iiand Junction Co

io!),(jr)2
7ri,i'2i>

y.'),0^'2

I'aisiev t.'o

'J',1,000

lilasgow .North Co .

do South or C

bnls (irnvitaluin t

St r ing Co

or-

0..

32f),000

"0,000
10,303

Noltinglinin (Jo

;ir>,ooo

I'regton Co

78,000
'240,000

I'liiladelp'iift Cm

Qii.inlity of water di"-,ijiiiin. of \vrtl<r
luered iiiiiiuMJIy di.'livereil pt-r
for all purposes, j ii'ad per dny.

0,1)70.000,000

lalg.

a« gals

228

3 to 43 in.

3, 22J, 753 876

20 00

3H0 1

•i to 27 in.

2,l)t!),llO0,0('0

22 do

ir.o

l,21G.<lJil,81'i

17 do

1,45

2 to 23 in

1,123,200,000

l(i do

l:i4

3 to 18 in.

1,438,4,".8 (100

24 do

3: to 32 in.

l,2HO,lS4y30

33 do

li to 24 ill.

3;l3,!Ma,7r)0

14 du

a to 12 in.

150,020,000

\i do

4-7,0,->H.250

45 do

3,832,500,000

32 do

917,000,000

32 do

48 HOT, 2115

13 do

248,2110,1100

10 do

277,4lin,uiM)

lio

< do

115

12 t. 22 i'l.

1,825,000,000

20 do

111-

KBls.
II U

do
<lo
.lo
do

•lo
do
do

do
do
•lo
do
do

[5]

From this it will be seen that the fjuaiitity of water delivered, varied between
9 iind 45 gallons, averaging abont 24 gallons per head per day.

This is, however, for all purposes, including street watering, sewer flushing,
fire extinguishing, and special supplies to luanuiactories, and including a very large
proportion of waste.

From the evidence before the Board of Health it appeared that the quantity of
water actually entering into consumption, was far below that pumped into the
mains or drawn from the reservoir.
i<u.u,ti,y„f«u„.r-..ppii..dto i,^ Stirling the consumption in the better chiss of liouses

1 vinous loivna in England '^ ' • i i

uii.i ;<o«ti,in,i. including washing, baths and water-closets, was iouud to be

almost o| gallors per head per day.

A direct experiment made in a tirst-clas-! house in Liverpool showed the actual
consumption to be 7 gallons per head per day for all purposes.

A similar measurement at one of the Liverpool hospitals gave a result of 10
gallons per head per day.

Mr. Gale in a paper descriptive of the new Glasgow "Water Works, on which
lie was Kesident Engineer, states that "the quantity of water used in the manufac-
turing towns of Lancashire is about 20 gallons per head per day for all purposes.

"In Manchester with a population nearly the same as Glasgow it is 22 gallons,
and the quantity sold for trac'e purpo3os is from 5 to 8 gallons per head per day.

" In Sunderland with a population of 130,000 it is 15 gallons, of which 3 go to
munufacturcs,

" In Nottingham it is 17 to 18 gallons per head, of which o or G are sold for
trade purposes."

The quantity, therefore, which I have mentioned above, viz. : 25 galh ns per
head per day, appears to be a sufficiently liberal supply for Victoria.

our i,r..:.'ni ,.„,miaiion. >> c rcquirctlien tor our assumed population of hvc thou-

sand, a daily supply of 125,000 gallons, which is equivalent to 45J millions of gal-
uMifl per annum.

T will return to the question of a future extension of the supply after explain
ing the details of my project.
A.iv,,„i„a:.,. "f "idKi, pro,- T],p ftdvaiitngos of "High Service" and a constant supplv are

mri'" uiiJ 'VoiiKlant »up- ii i ' , i i • ii i i

,,iv •• now 80 well known that they are adopted in all new works, and

introduced where practical in old works in favour of the intermittent system.
( i.torii. avoiaci. The advantages of a constant supply are manifold. The

expense of cisterns and their attendant annoyance and impurities are avoided.
"With cisterns of lead, exposed to the action of both air and water, poisoning is the
result. While according to Dr. Angus Smith '"if wooden cisterns are used pure
water can never be obtained. "

ivuKonhig of th, w»t«r a«i. Again, with a constant supply, the leaden service pipes are
always kept full and consequently free from air ; by this means the oxidisation of
the lead and poisoning of the water is avoided.

y-M m-^f 1 !' ^

iff- -Tif -w. mmm^r^^^

[6]

^•a

8«:tirijy againne Ore. Among tlic advantages of •'High Service" 18 that of greater

security against fire. Fire puigs can be provided at certain known intorvalrf
along the principal streets, and by means of a_hydrant, hose and nozzle, a high pres-
sure jet of Avater can be obtained without the intervention of a fire engine.

It is stated that, wfth proper arrangements, a jet may tlius be thrown on a
house within two minutes of its being found to be on fire, while according to Mr.
Braidwood it took on an aycrage in London "more than 20 minutes before an
eno-ine can be brought to the spot and set to work at a fire, and more than 80
minutes in other towns."
Surplus water at high prcB- A high pvcssure jct affords the easiest means of cleansing

Hurc can Ijo utilized o« 11 ' ., -jii i r . • i^

mochanicai power. house Ironts, wuidows, sidc-wulks, a!id of watering tlio
streets ; and with a high pressure, any surplus supply of water provides, at a small
cost, a convenient mechanical power which can be utilized for turning lathes, chati"
cutters, prii:ting and other small machines.

Saving in .ervanta labor. Finally in this couutfy of high wftgcs and scarce servants it U

ol no small importance to be able to command a constant supply of water in the
upper part of the house without the labor of carrying it.

'^''^'.".^"m.'" *''° •"""'''"* The great disadvantage of a supply of water by pumping as
compared with a supply on the gravitation system, is that of expense ; and not so
much the prime cost of engines and machinery as the continual expense of pump-
ing and maintenance.

Then the engines are liable to get out of order, and the result, unless they are
in duplicate, is an interruption in the water supply.

Again, pumping as a rule, necessitates either an intermittent supply or consi-
derable expenditure in the construction ot distributing reservoire.
oraTitating «y»tmn is the Tlicrc 18 no doubt thcu that {, high pressure supply of water
rimpiMt, cheapeat an ^^^ ^^^^ gravitatiug systcm, provides the maximum of convenience
at the minimum of cost for maintenance.
In adopting iiic gruTit«iing j,i ordcr, howevci', to adopt this system, the following requin-

BVBtcm certain thing! are i • i- ji 1

nicoiwar}-. mcuts must DC Satisfied : —

1. The reservoir or other source from which thcsupply is drawn, must be sufii-
cicntly high to command the highest point of delivery within the town.

2. The supply pipe must be suOiciently strong to resist the pressnre of the
required head, and ot sullicient size to deliver, under the pressure of such head, the
maximum quantity of water required at any time during the day,

virioua Boiircoa of Hii|ii>iy ju scckiiig for a supply uudcr thcsc conditions there may De

grnrrally open tu un . , ii i. u xi

Knginoor. 8^^!^ generally to bo tiiree sources open to one :—

1. From springs or wells, either ordinary or artesian.

2. From water of streams or rivers.

3. From the collection and storage of surface water, or rainfall.

Well water, hard and im
pure

Under t"he Ist head may be classed the present insudicient
supply to the town. A large proportion of houses have their own wells. In tho

[7]

of gi'eatcr
intervals
high prctj-
e,

rown on a

ng to Mr.

before an

e than 30

cleansing
tering tho
at a small
thes, chatf

rvantsit i*
.ter in the

imping as
md not so

2 of punip-

3 they are

or consi'

y of water
nvenionce

<g requiro-

3t be sutii-

ire of tho
head, the

re may bo

generality of these the water is very hard — in several the water is unfit for use, as
must always be the case in a city in which cesfipools are the rule — and with all there
exists the disadvantage that the water has to be raised and carried by hand in all
weather.

yiirliig Riilgp Water Com-
I'UiTyi PrcH<>iit Mii|>ply in

lltlrllititU tu till' wiiiite of

the tuwii.

isufliciont
). In th<;

Lying to the north-east of Victoria is a rising ground of
gravelly water bearing formation ; on this the present "Spring
Ridge Water Company" have established a small pumping engine, by which lyater
id raised from a shaft and tunnel, and conveyed to town in wooden pipes.

This Company does not appear to have received the entire support and con-
fidence of the public. Possibly on account of the high charges levied. Possibly
from the deficient quantity and inferior quality ot the water supplied. Possibly
from the small amount of convenience attending its use. Probably from a com-
bination of all three.

*"'1lfrtg/';^T.,««m"u.,u!"''"'' There is no doubt that a small supply of good water might
be obtained from this "Spring Ridge," but that it would be quite inadequate to our
wants is evident from the fact that iu the summer months, wlien a pure supply of
water is most required, the spring fails and the Company are obliged to draw upon
what is known as Harris' Pond ; and any person who has noticed the appearance
presented by the remains of this muddy peol in the monthsof August and September,
will not wish me to look for an increased supply in that direction. From either
source the Company has to contend against the great disadvantage of pumping
ever gallon of water they deliver.

Arttaian weiiB coniiderod. With rogard to artcsian wells, I have seen them urged more

than once, by the loca^ press, as the means by which a cheap and abundant supply
of water could probably best be obtained.

One writer, I noticed, went so far as to urge the fact of an artesian bore in
Chicago having struck water at a depth of one thousand two hundred feet, as a
good reason for cur embarking in a similar undertaking hero.

The fact is, that the success or failure of an artesian well is a quest'' •.. < -jpend-
iiig upon tho geological formation of the district. Success depends upoa .uc exist-
ence of a permeable, water bearing, stratum having an outcrop at some higher
level, with a considerable surface exposed for tne absorption of the rainfall. This
stratum being underlaid and overlaid by others of a clayey or impermeable nature.
A well or bore is then sunk to tap tho water bearing stratum, and, when this
is reached, the water is forcec! up hy the hydrostatic pressure due to the higher level
at which the rainfall was collected.

These conditions can only be fulfilled in a district composed of regularly stra-
tified rocks of the Secondary or Tortiary formations. Whereas, here in Victoria,
such strata as exist are broken through iu every direction by outcrops of volcanic
or primary rocks.

With reference, also, to time and cost, artesian wells, even in districts thorougly
known, have frequently failed to answer expectations,^

[ 8 ]

That at Grcnellc was in progress for 10 years before water was struck; and that
at Pas83', estimated at one year at a cost of £12,000, was only completed iu four
vears at a cost of =£40,000.

''"trr"r:,"il;e'::ir "''"'■' I am of opinion, then, that we have no reasonable grounds
for expecting success in siuking an artesian well for the purpose of obtaining a
fiupply of water for this city.
WM..r from uivrr.or uumng -\y^, (.q^q ng^t to tlio socoud sourco, viz I th J watcr of strcams

streams is not avitiUl/le ,11 1

in our nnshbourhood. Or Hvcrs, and tiiis must bo m Its turn abandoned, as we caniioi
be said to have any Rivers iiiour neighbouriiood, and such streams as exist, present
little more than a dry bed tliroughout the su'.niuer months.

Lastly, we have a source ol supply in the surface collection and storage of
rainfall.

ValT from (tntliwtng
Kroundi or stirliico col

From this source is derived the supply to the three towns
ruref K^f/bi?" ^ mentioned on page one as specially remarkable for purity:
and indeed all the recent supplies in Scotland and elsewhere are derived from lakes
or gathering grounds.

Dr. Paton's observations lead him to the conclusion that a supply of pure, so''t
■water for towns "can only be accomplished by collecting the water from high
grounds formed of trap or primitive rock."

*'"f™m Esther."' 6rou*d^ ^^'- ^^J'O" Playfair said:— "Thc practlcc is extending of taking
water from 8;;rface drainage."

"I have ftund surface waters decidedly softer than river waters,"
"I would f.ooner take the surface waters if you could take them from a large
extent of hill ground away from habitations and consisting of non-calcareous for-
mations."

riaa adopts in oximining ];„ examining info this sourco my plan has been to ascertain
Jhe various valleys, or natural lines of drainage debouching upon, or in the neigli-
1 ourhood of the city; and to trace these upwards with a viev; to finding some
natural basin, at a suflicient elevation, in vdiich the maximum quantity of water
could be collected and stored with the nnnimum amount of embanking.

Varioufi lines of siirfitco

•irainageinourncigiibor- Thosc various vallcys may be enumerated as follows ; —

liuod,

"Goldstream."

"Colwood Stream — heading in Langford Lake."

3. "Millstream."

4. "Prospect Lake Valley"

5. "Deadman's River."

6. "Colquitz River."

In Qoldstream there is n large supply of water of excellent quality. The dis-
charge, however, is away from us into the Saanich Arm, and the valley offers no
special facilities for the formatioa of a Btorajj;e reservoir.

and that
I ill four

grounds
Liiiiiug a

f streams
e cannot
;, present

torage of

•cc towns
• purity :
om lakes

pure, sol't
rom liiicli

of taking

m a larire
reouii fur-
ascertain

he neigli-
ing Bome
of water

Millstrearu examined but
docK not suit our require-

The dis-
offcre uo

(3«id« jam and Langford J,, conncction witli thc sGcoiid Tallev, Goldatream might be

Ijiko couiidcred and , i -i, . • i

rejected. macle E valuublc Bource of supply. I3y intercepting the water

at a distance of two or three miles up, the stream might be diverted into Langford
Luke, and from that, as a storage reservoir, the water might be brought into town.

This scheme, however, would involve at the outset a heavy expense, on
account of some 9J miles ot iron conduit piiic, in addition to the two or three miiea
of flume between (ioldstreani and the Lake. And I have not thought it necessary
to go into details with regard to it.

''Millstream'' which empties into the head of Esquiraalt Harbor, has its source
among the hills in the neighborhood of the Saanich Arm.

A flume has been construced at its mouth, extending out
to sufliciently deep water for a water schooner to lie alongside;
by this means a eupply is obtained for the shii)Sof II, M Xavy.

-By tracing up Millstream Valley about three miles n i «!levation of some 200
feet is obtained, but nt tiiis point the area of the watershed is somewhat limited, and
considerable embanking would be required for the formation of a storage reservoir.

Prospect Lake will not an- m Tr ii c Tt x t i t tT 11 1 ~,.

bwer our puriwso. 1 lic Nallcy 01 1 Vospcct Lakc commences at llignlanu or

Maltby's Lake; this discharges into Prospect Lake at a height of 150 leet above
high water at Victoria. The waters of both overflow northwards into the Saanich
Arm, and offer uo special facilities for the onject we have in view.

Ijiadinan's River o(rer« a fine nn . !• i • xi ta i i Ti- m • 11 „

-uiipiy of water. llieucxton our list IS the Deadman s Kiver. Ihis valley

heads on either side of the Green Mountain, and discharges into the north-west
head of the Victoria Arm.

Here is, undoubtedly, an extensive gatliering ground, which would furnish a
very large supply ot excellent water. I was so pleased with what 1 saw of this
valley that I devoted considerable time to its examination ; and, on tracing it
upwards, found a convenient site for the construction of a dam a little below the
junction of the waters of Tlietis Lake and Pikes Lake. See plan attached.

By this means a large storage reservoir might be iHom, uniting the waters of
Pikes Lakc and Thelis Lake, and the length of supply pipe required would be»
roughly, about seven miles.

However, upon making more detailed measurements I found that the dam
would require to be some 490 feet long, by 49 feet high, involving rather heavy
work. A very considerable track ol' land would be inundated by the reservoir, and
the maximum elevation of uater obtained would not be more than about 159 feet
above Victoria high water mark.
DeHdu.an'« River abaudone,! Havliig at that tlmc asccrtaincd that more favourable condi-

in favour of klk Lake , i.i- . -ii iii^

Valley. tions were t» be found in connection with lue next ami last

mentioned source, I determined to abandon Deadniaii's Valley in favour of the
Colquitz.

This river, which empties into the north-east head of thc Victoria Arm, dorivet
its water from several distinct giithering grounds.

i«m jnujimi

^tV—-

mmiim

1
I

[10]

^"'(v^iii'liiTo.f.i.i'i!^""*' Firstly, from a line of surface drainage, heading in 'Lost
Lake," at a height of 85 teet above IL W. 3.I., flowing on through "Swan Lake" at
ft heiglit of 50 ioet, and joining the Colqnitz near Rowland's.

Secondly, from a large tract of swamp land near Fiterre's farm.
vniipy of Elk u.k.> i« tho Coiitinuii!!: to trace ^.ip the valley, the stream, after crossing
l:;'!^.'"^.!"^^^^^ the West Sannich road, l»egins to rise rapidly, until, in the coun-
try round IJeaver Lake and Klk Lake, we reaeluhe highest and most extensive por-
tion of the gathering ground.

This as you are are aware, is the source Avhich I have selected for our water
supply.

Burvey Tiirty. Ill Carrying out tbcprcliniinary examinations which I have roughly

fiketchod above, it was necessary to engage the services of a small survey party.
This party, with Mr Uobert lloinlray, surveyor in charge, was now placed in camp
in the vicinity of Elk Lake, in order to complete the more detailed surveys which
wore required.

''■" m lI'o."' "'"""" '" The height of the natural water level of Elk Lake, above
appio.Nimate high water mark iu Victoria, was found to be 183 feet.

*"uk"!L. ''"' ""■' """"' The area of tlie open watei-s of Elk Lake and Beaver Lake
which are really one, although separated by a long stretch of willow swamp, is ati
follows :

Elk Lake 304 acres.

Beaver Lake 18 "

Total 412 "

The mean depth is about 30 toet.
Prweni o.ptii "f M- 'low Tjje dcptli, howcvcr, is a point which does not aft'ect the

not iiiiicU JilTi'cl llieiiuoii- .• i- i ^ c .\ . .1 11..

ti..i.«f.»i.i.iy. question of supply, except so fur that, the greater the depth, the

less is tho growth ol atquatic plants, and tho greater the probable purity of water

However great the depth below the natural outlet or overflow, the water is not
available unlens at considerable expense for pumping or tunnelling.

Tho depth of water which can be obtained aboce tho natural outlet, is tho que>-
tion which concerns us.

*'"'ln.n. Tr c'nn".';",;:' loi'i Some distance below the open water of Beaver Lnko— at tho
»I,a'wJKr.''"* '*''"' point shown en plan- -great natural facilities are presented for
the construction of a masonry dam and waste weir. The overflow channel is very
confined and runs over bed rock.

wori.gi' rBurroir of MO MfM llcro at a vcry trifling cost for embanking, tho open waters
of Klk Lake and Reaver Lake can be united and a magnificent storage reservoir
formed with a surface urea of 589 acres, and a depth of 10 foet above the natural out-
lot level.

*"''"?.:bur,:'' '"'""•'*' Assuming that only six feet, out of those ton, arc avallablo for
■upply, this reservoir will have a capacity of over UG2 millio&s of galloni, or one

v4.:^ ^.i-.; - •

.■<i.lHMI^Ji>fet.

m "Lost
Lake" at

r croBSUJg

the couii-

jnsivepor-

our water

ve roughly
vey party,
id in camp
reys which

ake, above

mver Lake
v^aiup, is UH

t aftect the
e deptli, the
y of water,

water is not
is the quet'

ake— at the
^('80 n tod for
unci IB very

open water;!
j^o reservoir

natural out-
available tor

loiid, or ODO

wii'iiii imm

N^VI

WASTE wcm

Hvom.

•RMll

#1 (iiipuiiBWiiwwi luwiiwaironBiMWiB

VICTORIA WATER SUPPLY

Compttrativp Spctiftiis of /Jams.

Re/errert fo m.Mr. Itulkliy's lU-port.

SICTIOM ON LINE OF DAM

iiiLUiMAss nivim.

lUiUim l,mr ll'i f'tl

Hnri'.onhtf Sriitf liKH'i'tt in mu'liii-ti

A i a»i>etto" A fi lir' 'if

N^VI

SECTION OM UNC OF DAM AND WASTE WEIR

ELK t.iKi: sTOitAoi: iiBsmoiit.

CAST SIDlOflAHl

I Itnliimlin-nM-'rl

(SlI/DVil )

(2, Tdc^/f^L^^

year s b\
(100,00(

It I
quality
direct f

W.itcr cam
be IaKu
aiiwt.

fiatisiac
tuiiueli:

having
bulk, a
bottle,
outlet,
peaty r
putrify

So ()li|m>t
rtiniiii
<nur II
ver Im

ostimn
format
th'^ wn

Coin|.anitl
itiiiii |i

roiiuot*
(led to

:j.

factor

vastly

tMittii

How <-«i
r«i"

crvoi

IheL

rn ]

year's supply, at the rtite of 25 gallons per head per day to a population of over
(100,000) one hundred thousand.

It may he ohjectcd to this that tlie water of IJoavor Lake is not of so pure a
quality as that of Elk Lake, and that it would be more desirable to take the water
direct from the latter.

w.tor cannot •ati.fuctoriiy j;,^ auswcr to tliis I wouM Say, that, irrespective of the addi-
ui,„.t. tional two miles ot pipo, wiiicli would be ro([Uire(l, there are no

satisfactory means fur att'eoting this, unieas at great expense for pumping, cutting or '
tunneling.

Again, the waters of both are, practically, the same; hut that of Beaver Lake,
having stagnated through a long stretch of willow sv/amp, lias, when viewed in'
bulk, a slightly peaty tinge. This is not p(M'coptable when tin water is placed in a
bottle, and entirely disappears in the overflow stream a short distance below the
outlet. Indeed the self-purifying [tower of water in motion is wall known ; and
peaty matter, although it might bo classed as organic, possesses ''lite the reverse of
putrifying [troperties.

**" nmni'ilr onuMKh "'am'i '^'^^^^ ohjection, howovcr, wiU entirely disappear under the
'v'^.riJ.ki.."'"^"'" "' ""'" proposal which I submit to you, which, as will be seen from the
estimates, provides for the removal of the whole of the willow swamp before the
formation of the reservoir, as well as for the construction of head works by which
th~ water will be filtered before it is admitted into the conduit pipe.

Com| iinitive aniily««« of var-

Mr. Claudet has been good enough to undertake, at my
reipiost, a comparative analysis of the following samples of water which I forwar-
ded to him.

Sl'ttCIMKNS OF WATER.

I. Klk Lake water, unfiltered,

'J. lUnivor do do

{}. Well water in town, unfiltered

4. Water from Spring Ilidgo Company's
Borvico pipo, filtered

OrnHiiie M«tler | Mi icrnl inifrpil- I
in icrnins i ifnt« in itruind
per KHilon. ! per UHllnn.

Cuinp irAiive
llnr(liie.48.

I nm not yet in possession of the result, hut am quite confident it will be satis-
factory as regards the quality of Klk and Heaver Lake waters.

The men of the survey party af^or using those waters for some weeks, fouml it
vastly superior to any water they were able to obtain afterwards, while engaged in
cutting the line into town.

"""rM«r*'r'" """""•*• With Togard to the moans at our disposal for filling the res-
ervoir: I OBtimato the area of the watershed, or gathering ground, at 2,()lli acres.

The rogiatcrod annual rainfall at the Kisgnrd Lighthouse is nearly 21 inches.
Rainhii at i«u( 14 iiiriiM. Accordiug to all nictoorological exporiciice thc rainfall, in

the billy district around Klk Lake, should be considerable more than this; but to bo

[12]

1 i>

on tlie safe side, I will estimate It nt only 24 inches ; of which, having regard to
«7HU»Ml'ro".t"r'H'I.M".'' '' the rocky character of tlie gatliering ground, I asBurae 75 per
cent, to 1)0 available, or, in other words, that of the two feet of rainfall, one pud a
lialf feet iinds its way into our storage reservoir; exeptiiig the fall over the reservoir
itsplf, of which, the whole is available for storage.

AVith regard to the amount of water annually lost by evaporation; no data have
'.*s yet been generally accepted from which this can be accurately ascertained. In
tropical climates evaporation lias been recorded as high as tive feet in the year.
Que authority has stated tliat, in temperate climates, the loss by evaporation may
be assumed to be counterbalanced by the deposit of dew. Mr. llawksley states
that the loss by evaporation varies between and 16 inches.

* 'Tr Mv!*^,^!!7i^,'r."il''*■'r-' '^'^ bc agalu on the safe side, I estimate the loss in each year,
i'.".kt.'ii..""""'' """" ' fi'^^'i' the proposed rcborvoir, by evaporation and leakage, at 24
inches, or equivalent to the rainfall over the same area. So that to allow for
eva[)oration it will be fuflicient to omit the reservoir from the area of the gathering
ground.

.ni.HjVnr^lMlwiirHUtrnl! Pcductiiig, tliorcfore, 589 acres from 2,610 acres, we have a
gatlieriiig ground of 2,027 acres, with an available rainfall of 18 inches, yielding a
supply in each year of over 827 millions of gallons, w'th a mean elevation ot

'*M.''iir"'i''uM".'("!iK'l,"t: 100 feet above high water mark in Victoria— ^uQicient, at the
rate of 25 gallons per tead per day, for a population of over 90,000.
linn of I'll... Having completed the general surver work in the neighbour*

liood of the lake«!, the next step was to fix upon a line along which the water could'
best be conveyed fron\ the dam to its destination: and for this purpose cast iron
piping is the material which I recommend.

^"i»/r.r:.".r """ '"■ I had at first expected It might bo necessary to follow the
valley line ol the Colqiiitz in bringing the pipes into town: however, after spend*
ing a good deal of time and labour, i considend myself fortunate in finding such a
convi'iiicnt line as that which I have adopted, and shown on the plan.

" i'.?.,iiroi'i"u."h',,aiu«"jM','"i. This gives a length of oidy f» miles, 522 yards, from the Dam
to the Hiidge Tavern, at the commencement of Douglas Street, and is in every
way moTL' lavouiable than I had ventured to hope for. Indeed, I should imagine
it might, at some future time, be Kcli'ited for the construction of a road, as the
levelh are good and the saving in distance, as compared with the existing Saanich
road, is half a mile between Douglas Street and the Koyal Oak.

The lini. of jiipcs, shown blue on plasi, joins the Saanich road opposite Dr.
Tolmie's farm, t-o as to avoi<l the interference with any of the more valuable private
hiiidh in the vicinity of the cit}'.

'•""■..''.r...I:r '"^"'""""'> The whole of Ibis line has been permanently laid down and
cut out through the bubh, and is so much work done against the laying down ot
the pipes.

*^"\ftvmn,i\<Ll (uTX''*^ ^ '"'vo mentioned above that cast iron piping is the material
which I recommend for conveying the water into town. 1 have, however, beeu iu

,^mm

"IF"*

C 13]

commuiiinatioD with Mr. S. Howe, Secretary of the "Washington Water Pipe
Munufacturiiig Company," at Olympia, with reference to the cost and strength of
the wooJeti pipes which they ofter to supply.

The following is an extract from a letter I have received from Mr. Howe, dated
October 16th, 1872 :—

"We maaafacture 6, 4 and 3 inch pipe, and bavo no* jft mnniifHCtnred any of larfter bore than th)-Fe
cimrnaioot. We have ao eight inch auger, bat have not need it thus far. We are laying pipj of tt'e
b>)re* mentioned, some witb tbe baric on not requirinK niucli prer'sure, saj not eiceeding, tor six ioib,
Wore than thirty feet preasure, aod for the other sizes no* ex> evdii'g sixty (»rl. We ciin f>irn sb at ihig
pitce ail inch, witb the bark on, at twetny-seven cents per riinDini; font; four inrh. eighteen ccn's, and
two incb at twelve and one-half ceoti, by the quantiiy. The coupline is turned on the pipp and coats ro
ft idiiional expenae. The banded pipe we make from i wo to six incbr."; it co^ts eunsiderably more. Wa
band it to suit the prearure required, and coat the pipe with aaphiiltuin and coal 'ar, so hs l» rover the
oo'er aarface and protect the benda from rust, and preserve the wood from decay. We can rurnish the
(ii ii.cb to aland one hundred and fifty feet pres!>are, or less, for i<eventy-five centa per foot; four incb
for fifty centa, and two incb for twenty five centa per running foot. The diirahlliiy of this pipe we onl>
know from teats elaewliere. It baa been laid down in the State* for liftet-n yenr.-i paat, and K>ven good
■iilisfactioo. We are prepared witb the necessary machinery to muke it, aod we feel satisfied can gii*
good aatiafaction "

""' "'JnT-'Jinr*^!' "^"^ No quotation is given of the cost of 9 inch pipes, but judg-
ing by the prices for pipe of smaller diameter?, I do not suppose that they could be
supplied of sufficient strength to resist the required head for loss than |1 2i5 per
foot, at which price* there would be no saving on the cost of cast iron,
omdvit iipe t«i»» inchM in J Jiave, therefore, estimated for a Conduit Main, of cast iron

diaai«icr, >»•) will dslinr '. n • i • i «• • i rj ■, . i <>

1 Mppij f..r io,«« perwiw. socket pipcs, 9 luclies uitemal uiaiuctor, witu T-lbths oi an
inch thickness of metal.

Assuming the pressure of water in town to be only 100 feet above the average
level of discharge, and the central point of supply to be 6 miles from tbe Reservoir,
tluB pipe will give a theoretical delivery of ■22,31)3 gallons* per hour, equivalent
to a supply for 10,000 Inhabitants, per day of 12 hours.

* tiawkaley'a formula for the diicbarge of water pipetuader preaaure i« lU follows : —

-^7

A 5

(IBrf)

where « ^ quantity discharged in galloaa per hour
/ B length of pipe in yards ...=s 105G0.

A ex bead of water in feet =z 100.

i/is: diameter of pipe io inubea=3 B.

tfloo 5

then f-i \ ni>x9;». J0606 galloni per hour.

' I0&60
Baardmora'a formulft for fticertftioing tbt lama is :-

wb«r« g t= quantity In cubic feat per mlnute=si ? ,

Csm tabular numbersi for 9 in. pipe 1147, til.

I m length of pipe in feet« 31d80.

A ai head of water in feet» 100.

tk«ft f«» 64.47«t e. ft. per mia.>B 24180 gallooD per hour.

I have luaamed the mean of these two reaulta aa the quantity which will be delivered through our
t inch mala.

It will be andaratood that the draft of the entire day'a anppty will be made upon the pipea during
ftbont only 13 houra, and that In order to ftvoid diitrlbuting lUiervoira in or near Town, tbe ai»e of tba
yipe MMt k* reg ulftird ftMvrdlng I/.

t 14 1

''*l"m!rJw!° '"'■''""''' By reducing the pipe to an internal diameter of 7 inches
unci Jths thickne-a of metal, we shonld have a theoretical delivery barely sufiicictit
for existing wants, and a saving wonld he eti'i'cted on my estimate of about ten
thousand dollars ($10,000). ihit t\m would, in my opinion, he a very false
eoouoiny, and I strongly urge the adoption of the 9 inch main provided in my
estimate.

'''^Vnm',h'">i.i''D:!." .''■'''''™''' In addition to the pipe at first proposed to he laid into town the
estimates provide for two additional pipes being htid through the Dam, so that the
supply may be extended, from time to time, without interference with the head
works, as the increased population may require.

"''']^;:!^'^:Z:Zl^u''"''" The supply n»ight, of course, be increased to some extent
by constructing a distributing Reservoir in or near Town, so as to utilise the flow
of the Pipe during the night when there is little draft upon the Mains for general
supply. But by this means a portion of the "head"' would be lost, and I should
be in favor of an increase direct from the main Reservoir.

''"Tiv'ei^hi;;;^ '™" '" "'"' unfortunately for the cost of the proposed works, the price
of all iron work in England is, at the present time, remarkably high. Pipes which
twenty years ago could be delivered for jC5 per tcm, would now cost from jG1> to
XIO per ton, and from all I can learn, there is not much chance of any improve-
ment in the price. In addition to the main Conduit Pipe, we require pipes of
various sizes for distributing the water throughout the Town. Here agaiti the
conditions are rather unfavorable; the streets are broad and long, while the hooaes,
for the most part, are few and scattered.

^"\",vT:;[/nrr';i,u.io';:'.''''"'' it appears to me, however, that in commencing a new
system (»f supply, the plan should be, to bring the water as much as possible
within the reach of all, and, in order to do this, I cannot estimate tho length t)f
distributing Mnins required at less than 17,.')43 yards, or say, 10 miles of pipe, of
si/.CJ varying between !t inches and 2 inches in diameter.

'''r.;,:.,''; ':,':.";;'**''' '"*^ it i« customary now to coat water-pipes, wlulo hot, with a
preservative compound, with a view to retard the corrosion of the iron. The
•!xtra charge for tbis is only six shillings per ),on, and is provided for in n»y
estinuite.

The arrangement of distributing Mains, and the proportion of Town Lots occu-
pied by buihlings, is shewn on I'lai No. V.

A.HU«,^uf E,.hua.»i ,:,«, of ^,^ Estimate, in detail, of the cost of the propoBtd works is
appended to this Beport. The following is an abstract: —

Head Works |14,126

Main Conduit J'ipe, &c 4r),83l)

Town Distribution, kc 23,181

Contingencies, iSundries, and Superintendence,

20 per cent 16,620

Total Cost $99,766

(^ICTORIA

., — cr>-

TOWN

rROM DRAWING N« V.

Sar sitas ami lenyths of pipes see mpendix C.

(Sufned)

4 L fl-iff*"" A Co LiT" 5 f

Ciar0rJ^

A L O^HCfor' IrCc Lit" S f

Ctovrfit

r 15]

stiewiit!^ the total cost to be loss than $100,000, or le^s than $10, say £2, per head

ot Population provided for.

c^i pir h™i of popuiiti.m 'l<\^Q avcrapjc cost of the works of the London Water Coni-

nuiipliwl, couiiiuiul with _ jo-l ilr'

L.Mi.t.m wiiter-worki.. punies, wus £2 Hh. mI. pcr liead. It v, e iiad u <leinand at
present for tlie whole uniount of water which the Head Works are adeqinite to snpply,
tlie comparalivo cost pcr liead would aiipcar much more favorable; as it is, con-
sidering the very unsatisfactory state of tLc Iron market, I think the estimated cost
of works is very moderate.

Lniuf i'u.uands«t(.n8. Tlic Phiiis, Scctious, itc, accompanviiii^ tliis Report are as

follows : —

Xo. I. — General Plan of the District, shewing position of various Lukes, and
lines of Surface Drainage;

No. 11. — Large Plan of General Survey from KIk Lake Valley to Victoria,
si) inving gathering ground, proposed licscrvoir, and line of Conduit Pipe;

No. III. — Section on line of Pipes;

No. iV\— Section on line of Uoad;

No. V. — Plan of Victoria, shewing lines of distributing pipe and proportion ot
Town ' jts 'Occupied with Bllilding^s;

No. VL <'^'^ parativc Sections on lines of Dams; . *

No. VII. — Detail designs for Dam and NVaste Weir;

No. VIII. — Detai' design for Filtering Tower;

No. IX. — Designs for crossings on nuiin line of Pipe.

N. B. — iievcral of these arc loo larj^e to iittuoh to tiiU lU-porl in itn printed form.

'''' wV/Lrk'^;"jamc»' n.'iy*! THc poiut to wliieh thc datuni lines on the Sections, ard

the levels generally, are referred, is a bench nnirk at approximate high water mark

under the North-west corner of .lames' Jhiy IJridge.

'■'•'" ;;gTorK'.'"" '''"'"'"'■''"" Tliese I'lans, in conjunction with the .piantilios and esii-

mates, will fully ex{)lain thc proposed works. It may be well, lioweverj for me

to describe the plan of opin'ation more especially with a view to the time of com*

pletion.

So soon as the work has l)ecn finally dcciih-d upon, the first step will be to order
thc whole ot the ni'in eondnit and distributing pijtes from Liverpool or Glasgow.
The price of the pipes would be somewhat less in the latter place, but probably
freight would be more favorable from the former.

"^'^'r^yl'^'rluLT"'^^^^^^ I suppose tlic plpcs could bo landed in Victoria in nine

montln from date of order; in which ease 1 think the water should be distributed
in thc Town within one year and three montln. Supposing the pipes to be ordered
in Februarj', thc nc.\t step will bo to accpiire the necessary Land, and so soon art
the spring rains are over, to commence the clearing of the willow swamp and land
to be submerged by the Reservoir, previously lowering the water in the Lakes
al)out a foot below its natural level, by removing a temporary wooden dam, and
sundry beaver dams, and blasting away a small amount of rock at the outlet.

The pipes and Iron work re(piired in thc Dam and Filtering Tower would bo
obtained at the local Iron Foundry, so as to allow tlie Dam, Waste Weir, &c., to be
completed by the full of the year, and ready to store thc wiutcr raiufuU.

i«p

[ !«]

"We gTiould then have, by the commenoprncnt of the Snmmer of 1874, if my
caleolations are corrct-t, a Reservoir stored with an unlimited supply of
p»i water, and mruns for distnlmtiiiiif it tiiroujihout the City.

■^^IZtJi".;.'" '^""" '" "• One very important point which will have to be decided,
is, "to whom is the work to be entrusted?" There may be said to be throe
•gencies available: —

l^t. — By direct Government control;

2nd. — By the Mnnioipal Corporution of the City;

3rd. — By a Coni[»aiiy of private Ciijiifalisti^.

'*"'■""""""• The f?reat objection to the two first appears to be, that

•j>e«ial taxation or cnaruntee would be necessary, and that looking upon water as
«mp!y a marketable commodity, it is the resnlt of exporionce that tradinj; opcr-
atrrons are better manaijed by private enterprise, than when under the control of
G<wernment.s or Corporations,

tyciwpnrrti.m. On the other btuid it may be nrsred, with some show of

rwMon, that in view of the many co-«tIy works of an unrcmunerative character which
t'le City Corporation has before it, sndi as Drainaire, Road making. Street liirht-
i"^, kr., it wonid be oidy right that they shonld hive, as a set-off against these,
ll»# benefit to be derived from any reproductive work such as Water Supply.

This, however, is a point upon wliiili it is not ficcess.iry for me to make any
fBconimendation, further than to state that an undoubted want is felt for a plenti-
ful! supply of good water, and if this wa-it cannot bo mot in the ordinary course of
demand and 8up|)Iy, then I wonltl urge tint the works be undertaken by Govoru-
Keot or the Corporation, even at the cost of special taxaiicm.

In the latter case an addition should, I think, Im? made to my estimate to cover
the ermt of laying the water within the property of every person taxed, say Six
Handred house services at SIT), or about 87,000.

•riM riri«at» (Vini»ni'«. lu tlic cvcnt of tlic Work bciug entrusted to a Private

Conapany, with a monopoly of sale for a certain number of years, then it will, of
emra*, be necessary to fix the maxintum charge to be levied for the water, and a
limit of time both for the commencement and completion of the works. It
woald Also, I think, bo highly dosirablo to nni! i sonie provision whereby the Ccn-
]MRjDbouid be bouml to extend their mains to the properties of persons, outside the
ttTniem of pipes at present proposed, who may desire to avail themselves of the
water; say in every case in which the water rent to be paid by such person would
yield a return of eight per cent, upon the cost of the pro|>o«od extension.
■ wiBtt »»y •• By whatever agency the w«»rk is undertaken, one question of

Ittterest will bo '* will it pay V In e»*timatittg the amount of water at present re-
i|atr««i, I assumed the population to bo I ive Thousand. For the purpose of oulou*
kising the returns or probable incom" to he derived from the water, I will supposa
«>«« population to be Four Thouitand, which is certainly <' ithiu the mark.
CMvwrf »tth iM rnadMn. First to examine the case of our iiei{^- hours in Ban Franoisco;
I ftttd trom the published Share Lists that the 'Spring »« .ey Water Com|)any '*
hm a paid up capital of $8,000,000, and that it «>ayi a di<'iJeud at the rate of 6 per

that

Drkin

C n ]

cent, per annum: or, in other words, that it divi.les a nett profit of $480,000.
Assuming the coat of superintendence and maintenance to be 20 p«r cent, of gross
receipts, and the population supplied to be loO.OOO, it would appear that the annual
average charge for water in San Francisco is $4 00 per head of population.

Kotnrn would Iw at rata of 11 mi- ,i » \ • i ^^ • ^ \ ^ • \ r

im cent. 1 aking this as a basis tor the income to be derived from onr

own water, and allowing 25 per cent of gross receipts for superintendence, muin-
tenance, and minor extensions, we have a nett prolit of $12,000, or a retu'i. upuu
the estimated cost of *vorks of 12 per cent, per annum.

"KiniMiny" "" °* "'''** Ncxt to examine tiio chargcs of tlic "Spring Ridge Water
Co.," to which Victoria at present owes its supply. And here I would express my
thanks to the Directors and Secretary for the very courteous manner in which thfy
have furnished me with information regarding the working of the Company.

Firstly. If we take the Company's charge upon f/naiUili/, viz, 75 cents per lOG
gallons, and calculate the income to be derived Irom the quantity which 1 have
proposed to supply, the returns would apiiear so tavorable that perhaps I had belter
not put them in figures.

Secondly. Taking the present Company's charges as at so nun_'h per house : — It
appears that GO establishmeiita are supplied by service pipes from which a monthly
revenue is derived ot about $400, and that some 300 houses are supplied by cart
service, at an aver»ge charge throughout tl:e year of about $2 per month. Bo that
the overage monthly charge per house supplied is $2 75 or $3;} 00 per annum.

"'Tr ^™'.'' ■" " '^ ""* Taking this rate of charge and assuming that we have 600
houses requiring a supply, and allowing as before 25 per cent, for nuuutcnaiK-e,
etc., there would bo a return upon the estimated cost of nearly 15 per cent.

hiaily. Basing our calculations upon the actmil income dcrweU hy the existing
Company at the present time — and I need not dwell upon the fact of the infciior
nature of the supply, nor upon the fact ot the system being the most expensive
that could be devised ; the water having to be handled at least 5 times before it
enters into cousumptiou —

Of M ihtTtrjriowMtiiiMrMDt. The amouut paid to the j>re»'.'nt Company for water supplied
will be seen from the figures given above to be $12,000 00 per annum. Allowing,
as before, 25 per cent, per nuiintonance, etc., which is ample under the '^gravitiit-
ing " system, we should have at the lowest and most unfavourable estimate a return
of i) per cent, per annum.

Drtiiwc*Bw«noib«BHi«t«i- Whilo, bowovor. Urging upon Government the construc-
tion of works for an improved water supply, I should not bo doing my duty if I
omitted to point out that it will be of great unportauce at the same time to under*
take works for the drainage of the city. If this is neglected, — if a plentiful supply
of water is introduced, and no attention given to provide moans for disposing ot it
afler use, — the result, according to all experience, wilt be an increased death rate.

The valley extending from the head of James Bay, toward Ross Bay appears to otter
a good line for an Outfall Sewer; but surveys would be required before a definite
opiaiou could be given. It ii certain, however, that if Victoria isexpectud to become a

(

'B^^'

[ 18]

popalous city, the outfall shouM not be into the harbour. Even already-, I believe,
the deposit caused by the washings of the streets, etc., has sensibly lessened
the depth of water along the principal wharf frontage.

I trust that I have put the water question before you in a satisfactory light, and
T regret that the repairs to the Alexandra Bridge, which necessitated my absence
for a month from Victoria, should have prevented my submitting this report quite
so early or in so complete a form as I could have wished.
Ar^ ti« r«iMireni..ui* fnifli«i Glaucini? back to tlic "requircnients" which I proposed, I

b) the K!k Uko HMervoIr , . , .,,,.,, « ,,., , . , . , . , ,

proj«t ? think you will hiid they are fulhled \n the project which I

recommend.

As regards " quality," I am satisfied of the excellence of the proposed supply,
The analysis alone is wanting to place it beyond doubt.

As regards "quantity," the supply at first is for 10,000 and capable ot
oxtennion, by simply the addition of extra pipes, to meet the wants of U0,000
inhabitants.
The supply is on the most economical system of "gravitation," and is derived
0» from a reservoir with a head of 192 feet above high water mark in Victoria.
The cost of the Works is within the moderate sum of $100,000, upon which the
income, calculated at the loiiu-st fii/iire, would yield a nett return off) percent.;
a return v/hich would increase very rapidly in proportion \o the growth of
the city.
I think Victoria may be congratulated upon having such an abundant supply of
water, so easily obtainable, and I hope I may see the day when it is all required.
I have the honor to i?e, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

TllOa. A. BULKLEY,
Chief Eiigiucer to O'occrnmentf lirttisk Columbia,
Odobi:r ZSth, 1872.

ESTI

No.

iiito

[ 19 J
APPENDIX A.

VICTOUIA WATKR WOllKS.

ESTIMATE or Total Cost of Works for Suiti-y from Elk Lake Storaof. Rksfhvoir.

No.

DitHCRii'Tios OK Work.

I TITY.

UKAD WOI{K«.

Impounding Diim, of host rnooiir^pil Uiil)l)lc M«:!oiirv, .oct in ap-
proved Hydraulic Mnrtiir and Kacod witli picl<f(l stoiu-s All
extcrnni joint« vurofiilly piiitite<i wiili I'oniand Criut'nt.
llcailcrH or bond stone? not li-ss tliati 2} iVot iti lcii);lli liwiTled
through the Work at difitniurs ofnotmnre than .'t lect vertical,
nnd fppt hori/.diitnl : inoliidiii(; iirc|>anti|r riiundHti»n and
blnsting hcd-roi-k where directed, tu obtain a clean surface for
Masonry (/'nbir Vnrd^

Paving and (AipiuK to surface of Ham, of cut stcnc from .Vnviai^tle
Inland, or other approved (jn:irry, including selling in I'ort-
Innd Cement Cubic Keet

Waste Weir. — Uncourscd Hubble Mabonry, same as for Dam

Cubic Yard.<

Cut itono in Coping and Lip for Waste Weir, same a^^ in Copinit
for Dam Cubic Tect

CleKring overflow Channel from Wante Weir to old bed of Stream.

"ay,

Filtering Tower. — Courncd Rubble Masonnry set in Portland
Cement, mixed in the proportion of one of .Sand to one of
Cement Cnl)ic Yards

OiiBt Iron lining to Tower, including fixing Tons

Cement Concrete for Tower (lubic Yanl-i

Kllt-iring .Malerialst, waalied and placed Cubic Yard?

Itoof and (Jangwuy to ditto say

Laying Main I'ipc in Iriplirate through l>ani, including fixing,
24 feet incn pipe; 'U feet 12 Inch pipe; nnd 24 feet 1.') inch
pipe, to be cast in Victoria Tons

.Scr«# Viilve» for ditto, four in nninticr, with (!uu Metal facex,
»crew», and nuta, 2 of incli«4 ; 1 of 12 inche^i; 1 of ISiuches

«ay

Iniipsctori Cottage, Tool House, and Tools

Diversion of Rnst Saanich Itoad Milpf

Clenring Land of Willow linamp, burning wood, Ar .\cres

Dry Laud to b« submerged !iy Keservuir; compeniation and cost
of partial vlcnring Acret

Coi<T or ilCAD WoRKii $U,12t)

MAIS CONDl'IT PIPR.

Five mil«i, 513 yards of Cast Iron Socket Pipes ; !> inchei inte roal
diameter; T-Ptthi of an Inch thickness of metal.
9,a'i'i yards, at 134 lbs. per yard, -i Tods, bbl^,

Kstimaltd Cost of Une Ton :—

Prim* Cost P. (). I). In F.ngland, per Ton $47 00

R.ITK.

550 $ 5 00

Peii.

c, yd.

42.') 2 00 c. foot
100

21'.

5 00 c. yd.
2 00 c, foot,

Ritra for Preservative Coating
Freight to Vlvturia, per Ton,
Iniuranc* ,,

Import Duty „

Wharfa|« „

1 .^o

15 01)

1 50

T 25

ToUl Cost per Ton dtllvereti $72 7ft

Tom

Coit of laving Main, Including carting pipes, opening trench, not

Itil tnau 21 f^«t aeep, lead, labor, Ac, and reRlling trench.

Lineal Yards

Ctrritii fitrtHtrd,.

n
1

12 00 c, yd

on]]

10 00 c. yd,
2 Sc.jc. yd.

lion on mile.
:iO 00 lac re.

40 00 acre

7] 76
fiO

ton.

e, yd.

Amoi's r.

$ 2,(50

850
500
4124
lOV

ri'io
111
no

700

.'.00
l.OOO

.too

2,5Ka

n,i;40

40,55(1

4,0'5l
60,345

J.*

'..

[20]
APPENDIX A.—CotUinucd.

^iH

No.

Dkscriptiok or Wobc.

Brought forward
MAIN CONDUIT PIPK.— Co«/Mi««rf.

Special crosKiugs on line of Pipe; 3 nt $100, and 4 at t.10

lliglit of wnv for I'ipe tliroiigh prIvaJe propiTtv 12 fuet in width
on IcDgiii of 6,543 yards Acres

Cost ok SIaix ConnuiT Pip« $46,839

TOWN DISTUIBUTION.

Ten miles (nearly) of cast iron socket pipes, of rarious aises and
weights, a$ follows :

Size of
Pipe.

!> inches.

t. "

7 "

« "

4 "

:« "

a "

Thickness
of Metal.

T-I6ihs in.

7-I6ihs "

7-l(iths "

ths '•

fr-l6tha "

llh ••

]th "

Toui length, ynrda.

Length of
i'ipe.

BOO yards.

150 "

217 "

200 "

1,833 "

2,513 "

6,1*93 "

5,437 "

Weight per
Yiird.

134 ll>s.
121 "
106 "
78 "
63 "
35 "
211 "
17} '

Total
Weight.

80, .00 lt).i,

18,150 "

23,002 "

15,«00 "

97,140 "

77,455 "

148,109 "

95,147 "

17,643 jrardt.lToUl Weight 665,103 Iba

Total weight, 655,102 lbs., or tajr Tona

Cost of li<ying Pipes tiironghout the Town, including curling pipe,
opening and refilling trench, labour, lend, etc.; top of pipe
to be not less thitn eighteen inches hvlow the surfaca of
{{round ,_ Yarda

Pipe bends and joints at braacbcs Number

CoftT or Town oiaTRiBi'TioN $13,181

Continfrnnciei and Suprrintendence, at 20 per cant

Uraio Total

QUA.S-
TITV.

$40 00 acre

347}-

17541
60

Rati.

Pen.

80 00

ton.

16 yard.
16 00 each.

Amoukt.

50,345

$400
220

19,800

3,631
750

16,«U>
08,766

AUSTRACT.

Head Works $14,136 00

Main Conduit Pipe, etc , 4f/,83B 00

Town Distribution, etc 23,181 00

Cootingcncie.' and i)i>pcriutendi'uce 16,620 00

$W,T«6 00

Say $100,000.

TU08. A. nULKLKY,

Vhiff Htujinwr to Oo m r n m t nt,

Jhitith Cotmrnbia.

mamammg

[21 ]
APPENDIX B.

VICTORIA WATER SUPPLY.

Table sliowing tho Iioight of various points in Vicloria above approximate Uigh Water
Mark unilcr Jumcs Bay Bridge.

NAME OF STREET.

GOVIBKMKNT St

(KIT, opposite II iiiiiboldt Street,
" Courtenny "
" ilroiiglitoa "
" Fort " .

" Bastion "

" YiUos "

" Johnson "
" I'liiKlora " .
" FisK'i'rd " .
" Ik-riiM " .

" rhatli;im "
" DiscoviTy "

nr)<l|;« nt (iim Works

Fort Stiikkt, oppoititc llroiul Street

'• " " Diiiinlns "

Ktitiirhnrd Street

Qiiiiiiru "

Viini'ouvor "

("ook "

('iipt. KIIii'r lioiine

Mu8.i Strcft

Y*Tia Stkkbt, opposite llrond Street

it
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II

ti .

II
II
II
II

<t
II

pDU^flllS

Itlrnir!i:vrd '
Q II it lint '
Viim-ouvcr'
Cimk '

PAiinnRA Stbkit, opposite llmfld Street.,
" " " l»(iii«ln» "

• ' " " Illiitu tiiird "

" " " guiidrri "

" " " Viini'oiiver "

" ,' " Cook "

The Jul* Femnle Inllrninrj'

(.•hiirch Hill

Upper Bnlcony ofDriarJ't Hotel

Ptlitbof (iovrrnment Iloufv

T. A

Elevation above

High Water Mark

James' Bay

Feet.

126

134

115

...1 150

.. B.

V if

Is,

• [22J
APPENDLX C.

VICTORIA WAffER SUPPLY.

Table abowing leng'tbs -and diameters of distributing mains tbrougbout the Town.—*
Vide Plan N6. V.

Nftue oX Strtet.

Internal Diameter of Pipes in Inchei.

ToUI length

of Pipea in

feet.

»i«.

3i in.

3 in.

4 in.

6iB.

7 in.

8 in.

9 In.

DouaLAfl Stskxt.— Bridge Tavern to

000

>••■■•■••

600

650

450

1800

4,400

1,330
350

1,330
300

1 330

Branehu <m Wat ltd* Dxmglai Strttt.

1,220
i,320

do. Drancb in Store itreet

250

do. Branch in Store itrcet

200

1,220

**•«•. M>

'•••'•"•

do. Drancb in Oovernment st.
do. do. Store street

VanHorA RlreAt... •..*..■

320
200
600
250

320
200

500

do. Branch in Uroadwajr

jAhnjtinnA itrcfit ■ ••

1,180

■••*••••>

2&a

1 180

do. Branch in Broadway

rill do Qovernment It.

300
300

800

30o

1,300

...

1 300

do. Branch in OoTrrnment (U,
do. do. Langlcy street.,
do do. Wharf itrtet...

530
550

320

450

• . ••••••

530

K^a

850
630

•*•.■■.•*

■ ■•...M*

• • • • t • **

■•«••••.
**■••■••

850

3 JO

HrnnrhpM Broftdwav

.■••**M

450
630

Bmncb Govvrnment street

450
550
560
580

4.50
650

550
680

Too

760

■••••••••

• *■*•■•••

.•■••*M

• •■■■•M

Brwuh on Eaat tide DougUu 8tr$tt,
Prlnm'a liraet •*>.....

•••■••••

VC««»ard jitrA#t» >

460

640

**•.*•••«

1 100

Rr&nch Blanchard street.*.

300
700

300

do. North Park itreet

riArffnAr&nt iilroet •■■...■•

1,350
1,280
1,320
1,350

*«•*••••

1,950
1,280
3,620
3,650
3,300
1,950
4,350
1 460

Pandora itreet

JAhnitAne dtrfiftt......

1,300
1,300
1.300
1,300
1,060
1,460

■ •• *(•••■

*•■•* tM

Ya.tii« itrAAt.

3,000

650

• •.«**M

1,350

3,050

BrAneh Vancouver itreet

Kane street... »

1,300
1,300
1,100

...(.•Ml

1,300
1 300

7M
1,800

• •••••*•

1,85»

S,600

1,300
1,460

jAiiaa' Rat............ •■■«

1,800
1,300

*•■•«••«•

a.tee.M

Blrd-catfe Walk....

1,450

• ■•eeaea*

6,640

5,500

e****.*e

600

eoo

Hranch Quebec itreet

800
1,100

■■•»■. M

460

HOO

1 too

16,310

30,680

1800

53,603

T. A. B.

-4r Aift'EB i

— ^^iafefe4_-.

"^Wtw^imtpi"*"* 'M — "

fc^.

IIH'^

Oj^

v.-^-.

Virersionof road 'tJfile.

' •■••■'/Hi;

Jlnhun LinmSO frnl hulnw H.W'M ^omf.% lti\\

A.LBANCHOfT 8i Co. Infi Sr.

GENERAL PLAN OF PROPOSED WORKS

Farm

*<e'

ii«^^

// .'-

1^ '.-l/frfianj •

I'ouU V'aH«y

.V''

Sift;

SECTION ON LINE OF PIPES

VICTG

Th/mus /arm.

ScaJf for I'tnn 4 Inches equal one mile.

atAit roH sterWM.
Horizontal, l320Fept to tin Inch.
Vrrtwnl t.to Feet tn an Inch.

th^

, «

VICTORIA WATER SUPPLY

^L»>^^^ f*^oucma rttoM o/tAwinos MfgtkS. ^^^^^^^S'"

fual one mile.

VUCTlDllllA.

SeeDrwruuf .\\,. .5

MM.dtmmraUf^

f.Sifnmil)

t'Miff Knqinerr to Gorernment
Hriliah Columhta

tAA