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Those too large to be entirely included in one expoeure ara filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames aa required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Un dee aymboiea suivants apparaltra sur la darnlAre Imege de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: la symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole ▼ signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planchea, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmia A dea taux de rMuction diff Arenta. Lorsque le document eat trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un aeul ciichA, 11 eat filmi A partir de i'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en baa, en prenant le nombre d'imagea nAcessaira. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 6 ■ ^^^^^^^^Hk ^ * K > V, ^^^^^^^^^' 'S^ ■ .m ^ 4i 1 ■4 t> *A j ia'ai ' i T '. '- .,.; 1. ■T ■|MOw«»WNW#W« * \ I 4 COMPENBIOM ///^//^ OP MODERN GEOGRAPHY: REMARKS nV THE PHYSTCAt PKCtrMAKITlBI*, rn" „««„« . OOVKRNM.NT or TH- VAKIOU8 COUNT»l« . QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION AT THE END OF EACH DIVIMOK ; ^ AND DESCRIPTIVE TABLES, nxvKV THE PBOM«NClATION. AND A CONCISE ACCOUNT "TKvrv:r.o--TAN« ,HD AN KN0EAV,NO BH0W,NO TH. HEXOHTS O, TH. P^.CX.A. AHDANBN j^^„^^^,^« oN THE OIX>BE. BY THE REV. ALEX. STEWART, Author of "Storiw from the HUtory of Scotland," fcc. SIXTH EDITION, CARKFULLV RKVWKP AND ENLAROED. EDINBURGH : PUBLISHED BY ^^ttoT. OLIVER k BOYD. TWEEDDALE COURT, ^■^ AND 8IMPKIN,MAMHA1I-.* CO., LONDON. ir»oA C?rico Three SWUings MMi Sixpence boMl ♦ *fl ^ •» K:!})5Jysl5r|i^illiL DiL jr7;ji; ■iije. :b'U ^^s3 ^ '^^^^^^ !i£i«i^ /•in I'll n •'^rtaiaw* JJV. MM 4 [ENTFaED IN STATIONERS* HAUL.] Printed by Otiv«n & Boyo, TwecdtUlc Court, High Street, EUlnburgh. PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION. IH preparing the present EJition of thi. Compkkdwk for the press, neither labour nor expense ha. b^ spared to render it still more deserving of the prefer- ence «hich has been given to it both by Teachers and bythePublic. Everypartofithasbeenminute^and carefully revised, and the utmost attention has hee^ bestowed on the facts and descriptions, with the view of maintaining its character for accuracy of detaU. . Besides various improvements throughout, this im- pression will be found to embrace a great deal of valu- Lie geographical knowledge, derived from the m^t recent and authentic sources ; the extent of which ..n only be fully appreciated by an examinaUon of the Work itself. .h-iMlw An accurate set of Maps has been prepared, stricUy , ^ adapted to the text, and including all the latest discov- "upon the whole, this Edition is sent forth in the coni fident expectation, that it will be found stiU more en- titled than any of its predecessors to the high degree of popular favour with which the Work has been every where received. f ' PRKFACB. In lubmitting a luggestion concerning the manner cf teaching by this Compendium, the Author re- commends that the Pupil should read over the De- aoRiPTivE Tables, in such portions as the Teacher may find convenient, before committing to memory the geographical detail of the countries to which they re- spectively refer. Young persons will thus acquire the correct pronunciation of the names of the places in the text ; and the ideas associated with these names will fiicilitate the task of learning them. Jpnl 1839. le manner Luthor re- r the Dk. e Teacher lemory the h they re- icquire the aces in the lames will CONTEJITS.-7 P«ge Principal Mountains on the Globe, • Principal Rivers in the World, Of the Figure and Revolutions of the Earth, Of the Soiar System, :*" [Geographical Terms, ' I Divisions of the Earth's Surface, EUROPE— Page 21-181. IBritish Empire— England and Wales, ^ Scotland, *^ . Ireland, ^ Norway, ' ^^ Sweden, -g Denmark, ; ^ Holland, g, Belgium, "*' ^^ France, .., Spain, ^jjj Portugal, J22 Switzerland, _ XI •*' Italy, jgg Turkey in Europe, . Greece, g f Russia in Europe, loll Prussia, ^g^ 1; Germany, ^^ I The Austrian Empire, • i ASIA^18U238. Turkey in Asia,. ^"'^}^^ : r::z».i87 ^"'"^•: • """;:;;";;;;... m Afghanistan,* » ,i.*..m...*m,... ...»»♦. ..»»mm.... ^ ^ t ' t i i 6 CONTENTS. Page Hindostan, 190 The Eastern Peninsula, 195 China, 197 Thibet,. 200 a Eastern or Chinese Tartary, 202 Western or Independent Tartary, 203 Asiatic Russia, , 205 Japan, 207 The East Indian Islands, 209 Australia, , 210 South Sea Islands, 212 Descriptive Table op Asia, 213 AFRICA— Page 238-260. Barbary, 240 Western Africa, 242 Southern Africa, 244 Eastern Africa, 245 Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia, 24fi Central Africa, 249 JDesceiptive Table of Afhica, 251 AMERICA—260-30(i. North America, 262 The Russian Territory, 263 British America, 264 United States, 267 Alexico and Ouatimala, 273 I The West India Islands, 276 Greenland 280 Descriptive Table of North America,. 281 South America, 296 Descriptive Table of South America, 300 Terrestrial Globe,.... 306 Problems on the Terrestiifi! (s'obe 30H Celestial Globe, 810 Problems on the Celestial Globe, 319 Table of I^ongitude, ^ i m... 324 PRINCIPAL MOUNTAINS ON THE GLOBE. EASTERN HEMI8PHBRB.— BUROPB. The Mountains marked • are Volcan^^^^ Fett above the Sea- 1.^^- 1= :::::::S^a:::::::}?:^| 2. : MulhacJ,, SU„a Nevada Spa.„...^ M?nt Perdu Pyrenees |'j;!:;.:;:: rZ/.lO 870 9. •Etna....... •.• Switzeriand lO.tiOS 10. St Gothard Alps..... h*„""„ <) 912 11. Ruska Carpathians. HunW ;:: l'}^ 19 Monte Corno Apennines Italy "> ' ll llomni.. cUdiians Hungry. 8 Ui li c«^oh«»tPn Dofrines ixorway ..'..a^ 7. «. 14. Sneehatten Dofrines 7,.~-u- B,604 Ik ?i;^?sa„cy::::::AuvcVgnp:::^ 6,f^j 17. Mezenc.. Cevennes ?,"™e .•••.•.•.•....:.: 8 750 22. Cairngorm Grampians Scotland ••■ j'gjj 23. •Vesuvius WaW.'..'... 3,571 24. fenowdon Wales 3,550 2*- '^'«>" ""■'=-^Reeks.::::;;;::::::::Mand., 3,412 262 England 3,022 26. Magillicuddy's Reeks -^^^^iZZZ ^i ^ ?»oid.:::::Grampian;\\....^s^^^^^^^^^^ ^ 29. Skiddaw ASIA. , ,,, . , K^mmalehs N.ofHindostan. 29,000 ^- 1^1^"" Caucasus ^^^,„i^ 17,359 J5. Ararat.. ."'....Sandwich Isl- 7. Mowna Roa ^^^^ 15^988 Sumatra 13,840 Palestine 11,060 Siberia 10,734 Kamtschatka..... 9,o00 a Minor »,100 n. 9. 10. Ophir -...- Hiubcst Peak of lieuaiion »•••»' 11. "Avatsha 12. Olympus. ,,,, ..,...•.••••••••••••" 8 FMt above Mountain. Situation. Country. the Sea. 13. Highest Peak of Nilgherries Hindostan 8,836 14. Sinai Arabia 7,887 16. Adam's Peak Ceylon 6,«60 16. Ida Asia Minor 6,292 17. Carmel Palestine 2,260 AFRICA. 1. Mount Hentet Atlas Range... Morocco 16,000 2. Highest Peak of the Cameroons....W. AtWca 13,000 3. •PeakofTeneriffe Canaries 12,176 4. Compass Snowy Mountains.. S. Africa ^2oS2 6. Pico Ruivo : Madeira M»^ 6. Table Mountain C. of Good Hope 3,682 7. Diana's Peak St Helena 2,710 Ascent of Gay Lussac, at Parit, In 1804, the greatest height ever attaineti bv a tmlloon ^^'XJiX Greatest height attained on the Himmalchs by Dr Gerard *^»5Sx Height of Snow-line on the N. side of the Himmalehs. *'*'9aa Mansarowara Lalce, in Ihibet. *i'5n? Height of Snow. line on the Alps - 'Toa Convent of the Great St Bernard, Alps ,?'!S« Pass of the Little St Bernard, Alps. "»*9» WESTERN HEMISPHERE. — AMERICA, 1. Sorata Andes Upper Peru 26,250 ^ 2. Illimani Andes Upper Peru 24,200 5. Chimborazo Andes Colombia. 21,436 4. •Cayambe Andes Colombia. 19,626 6. •Aniisjina Andes Colombia. 19,136 6. "Cotopaxi Andes Colombia. 18,868 7. Mount StElias N. America 17,863 8. "Popocatepetl Mexico 17,780 9. "Oriraba Mexico 17,390 . 10. ■Pichincha Andes Colombia 16,924 11. Mount Fairwcather. N. America. 14,736 12. Coffrcde Peroie Mexico 13,275 13. James' Peak Rocky Mts United States.... ll,/>00 14. Highest Pe«»k of Blue Mountains.. Jamaica 7-278 16. Mt. Washington.. ..Alieghanies... United States.... 6,634 Gteatett altitude attained by Humboldt and Bonpland on Chim. . bonuc, in 1802.. 19,W« Height attained on Illimani by Pentland » 19,000 Hi^ht of Snow.line on Chimborazo 16,800 Heights of Askuay, the ancient Peruvian Koad, Colombia. 15,640 L«kc THicaca^ Umier Peru....-....,,,.,,,,,., M.OOO Farm of Anttsana, the highest inhabited spot on the Andes 13,437 City of Potoii, Bt»li»la,or Upper Peru 13,350 aty of Quito, Colombia.. ».642 City of Mexico 7»<7t» I PRINCIPAL RIVERS IN THE WORLD. XUBOPB. Ungthhi biUm. 2040 1800 1160 1030 v*M*. Country. TtrmlMtton. tS^ Russia. gasman bea. IS-::::::::::::::r^^^ ^'^^ :Z: Ru«».u............Se» of Azof. ,j-p Switzerland,Ger- ^ ""* many,&HollandNorth Sea m wina R«»«5u -White Sea. W l^ Germany -^Nortji Sea 71ft '*r *: Russia... .Black Sea. 7w &V:::::::::::::::::pS^^^^^ Baiacsea m K . . France Bav of Biscay ^ Tf Prussia Baluc Sea MO .Spain and Por- , ^ •^- tugal Atlanuc Ocean.... 550 ,u«l««* 8p.m....„........0»UofC^u 466 ■ .Spain and Por- , . _ .,- Xaat^ Atlantic Ocean....- 4dO .France English Channel.. 450 * Italy Adriatic Sea. 410 ISpain Mediterranean Sea 400 .France MAS**?^ ^ Soain Gulf of Cadiz 300 ^land North Sea 210 ,-«« ^England Bristcd Channel... 310 ^ Italy Mediterranean Sea 210 i^"" r.IrSLd Adantic Ocean «ftft fc"X; EnebSd North Sea. »r^.::::::;;: North sea oJth Scotland North S^--- S|^;;;.... ScoUand Erith ot Clyde. ASIA. tse-kiang. China. Pacific Ocean .^ , * . Northern Ocean...3900 loaro. erne. )ro «••< laronne • [uadalquiver. les 900 100 120 115 100 l^ang- (b^MdiSs::::::::::?!^"^".""""""!?"*^^ ■"■""•"»• suberia Northern By ana iruBu China . Pacific Ocean 2400 '«»»«-**« Sil^r;.. .Northern Ocean...2©00 rmu^•c;;*8;iaVe^;::::M^^^ - • ' --^€ambodia....Thibe^ i, €teine»e Sea 1»00 Sea of Ochotsk ...1900 iiqpoocnu. .Thibet, &«• Bay of Biiig«L....l*lO 12 Leoith in Name. Country. Termination. miles. Oxus, or Jihon Bokhara Sea of Aral 1300 Sihon, or Jaxanes.....We8teriiTarur7Sea of Aral 1200 Imiwady Thibet and Pegu Bay of Bengal 1100 Choo-kiang China Chinese Sea 1060 Ural Russia Caspian Sea. 1020 Tigris Turkey in Asia Euphrates 920 Afemam Siam GulfofSiam 850 Godavery Hindostan Bay of Bengal 800 AFRICA. Nile , Nubia & Egypt MediteTraneanSea27fiO Niger, or Quorra. Nigritia Gulf of Guinea.... 2300 Congo, or Zaire Congo Atlantic Ocean.. ..1400 Orange, or Gareep.....Naniaqualand ...Atlantic Ocean.. ..1050 Zambezi Mozambic|ue... .Indian Ocean 950 Senegal Seneganibia Atlantic Ocean.... 950 Gambia Senegambia Atlantic Ocean.... 700 AMERICA, Amazon, or Maranon Brazil Atlantic Ocean.. ..3300 Mississippi United States.... Gulf of Mexico... 3160 From the source of the Missouri 4265 La Plata Brazil and La Plau Atlantic Ocean....2130 St Lawrence (includ- ing the likes) Canada G.of St Lawrence 2000 Arkansas. United States.... Mississippi 2000 Madeira. Peru and BrazilAmazon 1800 Mackenzie. British AmericaNorthem Ocean. ..1600 Para, or Tocantin Brazil Atlantic Ocean.. ..1500 Rio Roxo, or Red River United States.... Mississippi 1500 Orinoco Colombia Atlantic Ocean.. ..1480 Rio del Norte Mexico Gulf of Mexico... 1 400 San Francisco Brazil Atlantic Ocean.... 127 5 Paraguay Brazil and La Plata... Parana, 1200 Ohio United States.... Mississippi 1200 Rio Ne^o Brazil Amazon 1150 Columbia, or Oregon United States.... Pacific Ocean 1090 Mendoza, or ColoradoLa Plata Atlantic Ocean... .1080 Nelson British AmericaHudson*s Bay 900 Magdalena Colombia Caribbean Sea..... 820 Rio Colorado Mexico Gulf of California 700 Suiquehannah United States.... Chesapcak Bay.... 460 Ottawa Canada St Lawrence.,...,., 420 Eisequibo Guiana. Atlantic Ocean.... 400 Delaware.... United States.... Atlantic Ocean.... 355 Hudaon ..United Sutes,... Atlantic Ocean.... 32() Leofth in nn. miles. U 1300 d 1200 Dgal 1100 ea 1060 ea. 1020 » 920 am 850 ngal 800 neanSea2750 uinea....2300 )cean....l400 )cean....l050 :ean 950 >cean.... 950 )cean.... 700 )cean....3300 Icxico...3160 4265 )cean....2130 awrence2000 n 2000 1800 Ocean... 1600 )cean....l500 n 1600 >cean....l480 [exico...]40U )cean....l27.» ina. 1200 i)i \2m 1150 can 1090 )cean....l0«0 Bay 900 Sea..... 820 alifomia 700 LBay.... 460 ce.,,,.,,, 420 )cean.... 400 >cean.... 355 H;e«n«... 32Q INTRODUCTION* CHAPTER I. HE earth which we inhabit is not, as was long sup- osed, a vast extended plain ; it is a ball or globe, icarly round, but a little flatter at two points, called le Poles, than in any other part of its circumference, 'he inequalities arising from the loftiest mountams, or [le deepest caverns, no more affect the globular form " the earth, than the roughness of the skin of an ange takes from its entire roundness. If you imagine a straight line to pass through the ntre of the earth, and to terminate at two opposite )ints of its circumference, such a line is called a lAMETER of the earth ; and that Diameter which rminates at the Poles is called the Axis. The one ole is called the Arctic or North ; and the other e Antarctic or South Pole. The mean diameter of the earth is about 7912 Eng- sh miles ; and its circumference 24,856 miles. Our /orld, although it appears to stand still, is in constant ud rapid motion. It is only one of a number of ^lobes or planets, which revolve round the sun, at "ifferent distances, and in different periods. The liearly circular path, which a planet describes round 5ie sun, is called its Orbit ; and the time in which it tompletes this revolution varies according to its dis- tance. The earth, which is 95 millions of miles from the sun, performs its revolution round it in 365 days, 6 hours, 48 minutes, and 48 seconds ; and its progress in this revolution, and its various positions in relation to the sun, occasion the variety of the seasons, and the difference in the respective lengths of the day and night. Besides this motion, it is perpetually whirling «0.mi^ n|> revolvini? on its axis^ and nerforms a complete ievolution of this kind in twenty-four hours. During this roUtiott of the earth from west to east, part of it U 14 INTRODUCTION. towards the sun, and part of it turned from it, — and tbia is what causes day and night. The Sui* and the planets which revolve round it constitute the Solar System. The Sun is an immense globe, nearly one million four hundred thousand times larger than the earth, placed near the centre of this system, and dispensinj; light and heat to the planets thai revolve around him. The planets are either prinitury or secondary. The primary planets revolve lound the sun only : the secondary planets revolve i:oiuid other planets, as the moon round the earth ; and, by the motion of their primary planets, are ear- ned round the sun also. There are eleven primary Slanets, Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Vesta, UNO, Ceres, Pali. as, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uba- Mus or the Georoium Sidus. There are eighteen secondary planets, called also moons or satellites ; of which the earth has one; Jupiter, four; Saturn, seven ; and Uranus, six. Saturn is also surrounded with two luminous rings. Comets are luminous bodies, which move round the sun in a very eccentric manner — the length of their orbit in general greatly exceeding the breadth. The number of comets belonging to the Solar System has not been ascertained, but the orbits of 130 have been determined with tolerable precision, while the periodical return of three has been found to agree ex- actly with the calculation. But the solar system forms only a very small part of the universe. All the fixed stars, with which the heavens are adorned, are supposed to be suns, around which planets revolve. Of these, upwards of a thou- sand are visible to the unaided eye. But, with the aid of telescopes, they are found to be innumerable ; extend- ing through the immensity of space, and, as the agents of the Infinite Creator, imparting light and life to the inhabitants of au inconceivable number of worlds. W* «« mrm «4 ^« * ^« V« ^-m Of what 6gure is the earth ? What is called a diameter of the earth? VVhat is tlie axis .» Whatarc the poles ? By what names are the poles distingui^jhcd ? Of what extent ie the irth* I lOTRODrCTIOM. IS e round it n immense sand times tre of this :he planets are either ?ts revolve ;t8 revolve the earth ; s, are car- n primary fts, Vesta, and Uba- ; eighteen tellites ; of ; Saturn, urrounded ove round length of e breadth. lar System f 130 have while the ) agree ex« small part which the ns, around of a thou- ith the aid e ; extend- 1 the agents life to the worlds. ..nh'. men diameter ? Wh«. i. *e «le« f ■., circu,.^^^^^ Ihis motion produce J* What U the sun? How CHAPTER 11. OEOOKAPHICAIi TEHMS. BEoonAPHT is a term Jerived ft;om two Greek words, riproach the ible are the the Tropic the north s from the p:rees north 23 J degrees [>lar Circles ; those be- e Temper- *U _ rtt.. --■■ ' I liiC A iji t til ' a globe or inthoduction. ^7 inhere, which corresponds very nearly to iU real figure ; ,r by maps, which exhibit the whole, or some part of ts surface, delineated on a plane. , On maps, latitude is expressed by figures a the feide ; and longitude, by figures at the top and bottom. hn.e top of a map is north ; the bottom south ; on the ^ ight hand is the east; and on the left hand, the west. EXERCISES. What is Geography? For what f»^P««^^^»« f^c^^^ suppose a number of circles or lines traced on the «"'t»c« «l thiirlobe? Of what kinds are those circles? Into how many tarts are those circles divided ? What occasions a diftcrencu r ^e cS: riwibe ti'lqytor. l>-ribeU.eed^^^^ Vvhkt is a meridian ? What » the mcrulian ot EdinburRli, l!ondon, Mri, or Madrid ? What is the horizon ? What « iTrational horizon ? _ What i» the »'="«''•« '\»"f"\,i.„.,, p What is meant by the first meridian ? ^.''f.V i- S** WW What is latitude ? ' What are P"'""' » »', '"".'"i L a« Ac are the most remarkable of those parallels ? How ««««"'= Arctic and Antarctic circles distant from the nor h and soutli ^^Ip,/ How far are the tropics distant from the equator? \vh.l spaces aJecaUed the frigid zones ? What the tein,«ralc "X;h.Trel:^1sT,:fcaX^eser^^^ d™''''wtictrr?^fffi »srnGt:tr'' " CHAPTER III. The surface of the earth presents the two grand divi- sions of Land and Water. These divisions are com- prehended under the following names :— Land. I Watkr. Continent. Country. Island. Peninsula. Promontory. Cape. Isthmus. Coast or Oceaiu Sea. lliver. Lake. (iulf. Bay. Creek. Strait. Channel. A Continent is a very extensive portion of the globe. A Countrtf is a smaller portion of land distinguished 18 IliTROPVOTIOKt 6K£TCII^ ILLUSTRATING THB OEOORAFHICAL FEATUIiCS OP TUB GLOBE. M H h r m INTBODUOTION. ^*^ T.tu^uo ia a n^irrow neck or land joining *ww i" e^^Sn VUrsea,. A Coast or SAor, « that PrWtbe land «hich borders upon the sea ^ ^, An n^ann is a vcrv large extent ot sail waier. j% mw k a "mZ PorU 'n of salt water. A «i«er » a .tr^« lifreTh water flowing ihrougU the land «n'^ '' *«; Wharees it*' 'f into ibe sea or into a lake. A X,ofc« W • W«lv f,r water almost surrounded by land. A ■"»»*•" i^,L„ of sea running into but not nearly surrounded 1^ «ort.onot sea running portion of water running W feo ,hflan7i sS an^row passage of water iimU Jnto llio lanu. * •" ™ , . i„ j^ind of 8trait.t ^'"^TlrsSe ^f Oi^e'^a" th is cZSsed of Mountai^ r/»i"«S and K-i".; .the reaidence. of men « lUed Cities, Towns, and Vtllafrcit, The principal Points of the Compass are four,- West. East. m South. ^ . .j» frheseternismean^hefouro^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ V^^Kiuabir&nt f l^y- ^S^Thl, fr&^ rpTeTr.lrsetarprts ;nay_he^und. of the sea. , ciiRtlnffuUhod by the terms road, + Small iiortlons of the sea »'«*'*?.. InrhVaara little way oif the polu harbour, haven, A mirf attorcl. ^-^^^o age a mu^^ ^,^^^^ ^^ CiU; With partial .u^ter rou^w.mU. A p^rf a ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^i™eofthe.eaen«m^^^^^ /n,« and cflikr. and some others^are oiwn it must bo conie8»eu, »'«•'";, J"'' ^,TKie' aumcui iiicBu "».""■ . '"' «»ntPthem as accurately as poitiiwe. though we have endeavoured *« »^,f ^^.Vi'^";,,^ some other*, are often •i"H=' e-'-^r."!'.^^;^?^ %„,;«,-" iVnm their "not ixjsseMiu* any ^r'---;^ liile 'terms U...U ~- convert! magnitude or ttgurc. as nearly synonymous with cqpCf ^' if 20 INTRODUCTION. N The great continents of the globe are Europe, Asia, AfHcft, North America, and South America.* Its oceans are the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Northern Ocean, the Southern Ocean. The surface of the globe contains about 196 millions of square miles ; and nearly three-fourths of it are occu- pied with water. The habitable parts of the earth are calculated at 50 millions of square miles ; of which Europe contains nearly 4 millions ; Asia, about 20 mil- lions; Africa, 11 millions; and America, 15 millions. The population of Europe is about230 millions ; of Asia probably 460 millions ; that of Africa is very ur.certain, but may perhaps be reckoned at 70 millions; North [ America may contain 27 millions ; South America, 13 ^ mfllions. This will make the number of inhabitants in the whole world amount to 800 millions. EXERCISES. What grand divisions does the surface of the earth present ? How is the land divided ? How is the vfater divided ? M^hat is a continent? What is a country? What is ah island ? What is a peninsula ? What is a promontory ? What is a cape ? What is an isthmus ? \Vhat is a coast or shore ? Point out on the map a continent, a country, an island, a peninsula, &c. ,,^, What is an ocean ? What is a sea ? ^Vhat is a river ? What is a lake ? M'hat is a gulf ? What is a bay ? What is a creek? What is a strait ? What is a channel ? Point out on the map an ocean, a sea, a river, a lake, kc. Of what is the surface of the earth con.posed ? n hat are the residences of men called ? What are the principal points of the compass ? Describe them. Why are they called points of the compass ? • Tin lately, In Systems of Geogra|>hy, the earth was consJdered a* divided into four quart en— Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. Other claisifications are >■ >w common— as Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Oceanica ; which last comprehends t heKast 1 ndJai\ I slands, the very large island of New Holland or Australia, with the numerous smaller islands lying in the great ocean between America, A&ia, and Atrica. Another division i«aa follows :—vix. Kurope. Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Australasia or South Asia, which .'^"t^"*.*'!'.!";*^')*'!.'^!?..^/;^. Holland and ihe isiamU adjuiniiig, Uouaily cuiisiucriHi a5 jit nH:-f;t5i-; •.•> Asia. To this last arrangement B<.uie Keographers have aan»e of th« Pacific Ocean, rope, Asia, rica.* Its Ocean, the Southern )6 millions it are occu- e earth are of which out 20 mil- 5 millions, ns; of Asia r uncertain, ns; North .merica, 13 inhabitants irth present ? dcd? What i ah island ? ' What is a St or shore ? an island, a ; is a river ? ly ? What is ? Point out > What are J ? Describe iss? s considered a^ inerica. Other I, America, and i, the very larKO Hiualler islands frica. Another \Hierica, South iipicht'iids Nl'W ... I. I .1.... •.. (Idcd a seventh, vuttty islands. uver the great .#^ M , |NTRODUCT| WUfXt^S^t^ y% «• lA I BCROPB. 91 N.me the Rrcat e»nU-,X'a»^-'^*- ^^.S httt number it sq""^ "''' 'ff.'t occ> . ^f North Anlerica ? Of South Ame- hia Of the whole world ? EUROPE ^^"v; CkTv; Gheeck; Huss.a; Pbuss.a; G.u- fd lNr"G«"..rs.-Meaiterra„ean Sea, Gulfi of vo'sGroa, and Taranto Adriatic S^« J ^^ulf of Knire- Archipelago, Sea of Marmora, Black Sta.bea rArophT Bay of Biscay, English Channel, German f Azopn , ujj St Georce's Channel, Irish &ea, SchSSB^UicL^GSlfsofB^^^^^ ^^r^l 'The LiUle Belt the Strait, of Dover, the pt Belt, the Little Beu, ^ jf^^j gt^jts of P;a!'.h?S^rStraitsoft.eD^^^^^^^^^ .SnUzbCTsen, Iceland, Zealand, Funen, Laaland ; i;dtte C "i^des, the Ionian Isles, Sicily, Malta, i^»ir>n S'lrdinia, Maiorca, Minorca, lvi(,'a. Knsulas -Spiin and Portugal, Norway and fS!i Zlnn,l in Denmark, Moreain^thc south of ■%"" C'rimeaor Taurida in the south ol «"."«• Ur;,.lNo.th Cape in Lapland; Naze, in *e S. l^mi^ A W friMU t'.ii-nt" O l.oHj^.K >r«iu A HV OJ^IVI.K KIIOVI>,Kl>l\'lirHUH. 22 ''• BUROPE, Capes oreelal and F'^lto.WoYkf- ^T." = St Vmcent, S.W. of TW^mJi Vt '^^^^ ^pam; Cape Itdy ; Cape Mlt^pln/il'&^ir 'P""^^""'' «• "^ SwitzXd;"',Tte?7""s;'''ly from Germany, wus or Balkan? in Turke^i^ r""'\'" ^'^l^' "^' in the north of Hungary •Pvr»^?,"'" fountains, Constance. ° ^ "^°^' ^'^'^"^^^ Wetter, Geneva, nSMARKS. Europe extends from 36° 20' to 7 1 o 7n/ xt , 9"^ 30' W. to 64'' 20' E. iooff T. ' I ^^u\^^'' » «"^ ^^^^ tapan in Greece to the Nonh P ^^'^' ^'""'^ ^^P^^ Ma- niiles; and its breadth, frl the ^Jst '" ^^1'''-^"^' ^^ 2400 l^on m Russia, is nearly ^J^OO^IT °^ ^'""^'^ ^« ^'''^ ^'V^'r Although the smallest of uie cr.nd d.V • . It IS the second in population n^Tu "^y^'o^s of the world ?nt, from the ingSy ""d '" ''^^''.*''^ "lost import! inhabitants, and ^ther^^oc^reTs 7„' f"^ !"^-"'>nce of its arts. Situate within the tern pe^^^^^ ^*^'^»^^' «n^i part of Norway, Sweden and IWl T"' ^^*"^P' ^ «™a>l agreeable, and better adapted Jo L\"?.'^"""*" '« "°^« the human frame than th?f n? ? ^^^'^'' «"d vigour of of equal extent. ' '^^^ °^^">^ other portion of the globe ^^^ou^'T^^^ -cler the three Greek Churd,es, VrelT !. everfprt^f ^i'*' «"^ *^- Turkey; and even there, a coSJli ^"'^^P^' "^^P* habitants are Christians ^^^^''^^^^^^e number of the in, ]Vr u EXERCISES. - ™ — "• .* "iiJi inem out. Ni Name ua capes, and p,iS out Heads N. id s End, France ; n; Cape ito, S. of Jermany, )un tains, 1 France between c north- Ia,Oder, rhames. Geneva, nd from «pe Ma- is 2400 lie river ? world, import- 9 of its e, and I small s more four of e globe ( tliree nd the except the in. Jrficial *^ rtfiCl Point Name Uout % tli.iiAimf eti. t 1 XSIiu'h fartth- / 9nm XNOtAND AND WALES. 3^ their situation. Describe the situation of its principal mouqp tains. Name its principal rivers, and trace them on the map. Name and point out its principal lakes. Between wiiat dej;rees of latitude .md longitude is it situate ? What are its length and breadth? What proportion does Europe bear, in extent and poi)ulation, to the other grand divisions of the globe? In what respects is it the most important? What advantage does it possess in point of climate r What arc the three leading divisions of the Christian religion in Europe ? What is the only country of Europe whore the Christian religion is not established ? THE BRITISH EMPIRE. ENGLAND AND WALES. Bound ARiES.—N. by Scotland ; W. by the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel; S. by the English Channel ; E. by the German Ocean or North Sea. Extent and Population. — The superficial area is 57,812 square miles. The population in 1831 was 13,897,187, exclusive of the army and navy, ¥rhioh amounted to 277,017. England. Counties. Chief TowrwT Northumberland... Newcastle, Alnwick, Berwick, Morpeth, Tynemouth, North Shields. Cumberland Carlisle, Whitehaven, Penrith, Working- ton, Keswick, Wigton. Durham Durham, Sunderland, Stockton, South Shields, Darlington. ' ' Westmoreland Appleby, Kendal. Lancashire Lancaster, Liverpool, Manchester, Pre**. ton, Blackburn, Bolton, Wigan, Old- ham, Warrington, Kochdale, Ashton- under-Liae, Bury. York York, Leeds, Sheffield, Hull, Halifax, Scarborough, Bradford, Huddersfield, Wakefield, Doncaster, Wnitbyi Lincoln Lincoln , Boston, Stamford, Gainsborougb. Nottingham or Notts Nottingham, Newark, Mansfield. Derby Derby, Matlock, Buxton, Chesterfield. Cuatiure Cliester, Macclcsilclu, Sluckpui'l, Coiigle* ton. Shropshire or Sa« Shrewsbury, Bridgenorth, Ludlo^tjp Wel« . lop lington. MiiHioiv IMS' ... /rAiR-nn/n.rf-..'™'>aw5Viii Iter ?*f^'ni//j,T> l».£l,J*S _5-t'^ ,^lhlll•''' aHuHioivuuI, I'/'uHfTut" u,itl.:<.-fi„u,^ *I A5' n'M'.i'r X'*n',il.ilm !/mi Ki;n,f ^Vv ■S OS X <» u fi'irnJium Punt "t >»m« ' ;a'«a«-?',*>'"h^^^^ .*./*})r«^ 'I'-"-'- """;^ liimJjtdiH: Uiiftr .!' . ■« /Mirj/tr/-. '^.il^HuVHt •'.yM„ M.ll-I'-" ' (7iW. aV*^ l.OMDHk'* .iV^' ■ iAV ^'^-'^ S.»<-"i ■?"« sl.'l't / Mford Inii^ . ltriii..-leiJ >l' Kumwirj- ! »,^rrtVWVi. .. ^urnluuti itV"" ,(«if .y^lfnr/iM'^x. - '.^unliuutl wr; M p^v «;«?; Tbtui' V^ i# 'fi,. '%..%• ""-'iv "'"/, '♦v ff n ^■"'",. n AH ll*— "^'"*" "*'«'»■«•«'■»> I Ijltl Mll«l» HV OUVKll II- JlOVIt. KIIJNIIi:a»U. 24 • . ENGLAND AND WA»Blf. < •AmHnA. ' ChJcfTownn. StidTord ...Stafford, Litchfield, Wolverhampton, New- Hihton, Waball. . l^icegter. Leicester, Loughborough, Harborough, Bosworth. Rutland...*: Oakham, Uppingham. ri,„^„.-„ SSrthamptoiu Northampton, l^^crbm-ough. Daventry, Bedford.n^. ...Bedford. Dunstable, Woburn. ,» HunUncdii^ Huntingdon, St Neots, St Ive«. SS ...CambriSgc, Ely, Newmarket, Wisbcach. ' iiSk Korwichr Yaymouth, Lynn Regis. sLffSk :;.^■::;.^* • ::^ip«wi^^^ «^ Edmunds,, sudbury, Woodbridge. Egsek Chelmsford, Colchester, Harwich. , Hertford or Hert8..Hertford, S^^lbans, Ware. Middlesex London, Weatmmster, Brentford. Kinghim w Buckinghkm, Aylesbury, Great Marlow, Bucks High Wycombe, Eton, Olney. . Oxford OxfoTd, Binbury, Woodstock. Henley, ♦ Witney. . „ j . c. ♦ Warwick .......Warwick, Birmingham, Covdntry, btrat- ■ ■ . ford-on-Avon, Leamington. ^ Worcester. Worcester, Kidderramster, Dudley, Droit- wich, Stourbridge. ilereford. ......Hereford, Leominster, Ledbury. ■ Monmouth.- ..Monmouth, Chepstow, Newport, Ponty- Glouccster ;..... oCce'ster, Bristol, Tewkesbury, Stroud, Cirencester, Cheltenham. jk^^g ^mg .Salisbury, Devizes, Bradford, Chippen- • ' ' • ham, Marlborough, Wilton. Berks f Reading, Windsor, Abingdon. . Surrey Guildford, Croydon, Kmgston, South- wark, Lambeth, Farnhaifi. Kfint Maidstone, Canterbury, Rochester, Green- wich,. Woolwich, Deptford, Chatham, Margate, ^amsgate, Deal, Dover, fun- bridge. . Sussex Chichester, Lewes, Brighton, Hastings. Hampshire, Hants, Winchester, Southampton, Portsmouth, or Southampton Lymington, Gosport, Newport. •Dorset Dorchester, Weymouth, Boole, Lyme Regis. Sqmerset.......*. Bath, V^ells, Taunton, Bridgewater, • Frorae. , ,« , . Devon.. )••. ii«A6ier, *. iyuiuuiJi, i3ur»sr.ijs[/iv, *sv7auh."— i-j Tiverton, Dartmouth. • Cornwall L^unceston, Bodmin, Truro, Falmouth,, S>t Jyes, Penaance, Redruth. . * "• . * • f BSOLAND AND WAWe. , '«'*''^'- Chl.fT.-w,...'''' K..n.^rr. ^^^^i^SXt^^^- J><;'>l'ii.h c' narvTO, B^nKor, Conway. c»X"; ::;:::BrmariK: h»i,v«i. Ami«ch. «• »2A ffl:'S-av.rfo.d«e.t. Ten. ' the tlrincipal of which 'f ^'^^ary V Is e « „,^ Al- S^St^HeUertdSt Pierre; Sheppey; Thanetr^ Coquet; Holy Island. „„„wr Mouth, the Wash, BAys.-Bri(llington Bay, """"TjTortny.isiodnU Yarmouth ^o^f^''^f^:^:^rm%Zlh.r. Bay, Bay Bristol Channel, Swansea n^Vj g camar- jniford Haven, St Brides Bay. La g g^,; ^,5^. von Balf, Menai F"'"' ^f°"'^^^^ the German Ocein, SANi>-BANKS.-l)ogger Bank, n ■ Goodwin between the Yorkshire coast and JuuauH, Sands, on the east of Kc'it. cn,,rn Head. NortU CAPES-Flamtorough Head, Spurn Ilea , F„,eland south Fo^eu^^^^^^^^^^ Needles, St Albans «^a"' ^ Hartland Point, Worms Lizard Point, Lan^ « i^»^; J^^^^^ Head, Gowcns Point, St Dav ms jneau, ai Great Ormes Head. between Northumber- W'rekin, in Shropshire ; SWon, .» J^-^J-';,^^!-; 4rran fowddy, and Cadet Wf»*» "* ™*"" if* 26 ENGLAND AND WALES. Plinlimmon, in the S. W. of Montgomery ; Vann or Brecknock Beacon. Lakes. — Derwentwater or Keswick Lake, UUswater, Windermere, Wittleseamere. Rivers. — Tyne, Wf^ar, Tees, Eden, Yorkshire Ouse, Humber, Mersey, Dee, Wye, Severn, Trent, Withara, Great Ouse, Thames, Medway, Avon, Exe, Lower Avon. Foreign Possessions. — In the North Sea, Heli- goland ; in the Mediterranean, Gibraltar, Malta, and Gozo ; in North America, Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, New- foundland, Honduras ; in the West Indies, Jamaica, Burbadoes, Trinidad, &c. ; in South America, Guiana, comprehending Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice ; In the Atlantic, Pt Helena; in Africa, Sierra Leone, Gambia, Cape of Good Hope ; in the Indian Seas and Asia, Mauritius, Ceylon, Aracan, Malacca, Pcnang, Singapore, the greater part of Hindostan ; in the Paci- fic, Van Diemen's Land, Australia, &c. The United States of the Ionian Islands are under the protection of Great Britain. REMARKS. England, including Wales, extends from 49 46' N. lat., and from 5^ 40' W. to l" 45' E. ° 58' to 55" long. Its length, from Berwick to the Isle of Wight, is 360 miles, and its breadth, from the North Foreland in Kent to tlie Land's fid in Cornwall, is 300 miles. Although England cannot be considered a mountainous country, its aspect is sufficiently varied to exhibit every feature requisite to beauty in landscape. The tendency to moisture in the climate clothes the plains in almost perpetual verdure; luxuriant plantations and rich corn-fields give to the cultivated districts an air of comfort and opulence ; while mountains and rugged rocks, narrow dells and roaring torrents, exhibit in other districts a resemblance to the rude grandeur of the scenery of tffe Scottish Highlands. In Wales, indeed, which may be regarded as the Highlands of South Britain, mountain-sccncry of tiie most picturesque deSCriDtion t^VCrV wHpFi* 'y^^ilVS. •■ wltHn ^H^i Is^'sc '^^* /~'::rriK^r_ land and Westmoreland vie in beauty, if not in magnificence, with the enchantmg lakes which give so romantic a character to some districts in Scotland. ENGLAND AND WALES. 27 ntainous joy a dner """^f'"^'^;"'.^" j^Tonsequence of this dif- -?;t^.';S:^n-n,,a„a .He effect ^ ,Uilful culture .s ^"-"^^.''^^Vus iowed to lie waste «l,ere so ^'r' .\P°'V°7e„eral S^e soil is either naturally and unproductive. '" 8^"f' ? ' hV„ fi.rtilo bv culture; aU nufacturos and con,me ce By rte n^^^^ ^^ ^„ ^^_ every species "f •"»""7"'f'',„ ' ' ,„ every quarter of the tent which enables England to S"1W ^^^X I globe with articles of commerce ='"^ '"^'^^J/.,;, " in ret.m,. §„ce of every f-'j^-.^-^.^^J.f ^t^rn'rcrE" '- rtrn:rd:yrormiritimegre.n^^^^^^ rides triumphant m «'?!>;. -^;,f.tK«Xes' has enabled bulwark of the nation. r'''%™" "^^ Y„„e possessions in her to esublish col""';'- »"^X' and iuhough. in the ex- the remotest regions ot the e""" • """ " ^{ her popula- tent of her home-territory, and «''« ^"°"„^' °;„'' JJ, her tion, England ranks but as a "'.•^' ';^^;Xh her power foreign dominions -'1 the po—^^^^^ .^ ^ J^^,, euends,e.timatedat ISOm^bon^ P ^^^^ ^^sources, the of nations! while in »»'; ""^f "^;" f her inhabitants, she intelligence, activity, and valour oi ue ''°!?:.te":omm':;&„try..suchasE^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ facH^e^y internal c<''-r'^?^:Z:^rl^>'ol^^^^ ance, and, P«'l•»P'^"°'''';8 J !' 1 "twrhave been con. perity than the canals »"?'"''?»?' ^^^ * than half a cen. FT'^fhTCkeofS «"-^^^^^^^^^ *»'y-. . II"! °ll."f,.r .nl first roused the nation fully to appreciate the advantages of ^a"»*:"*'*8f **"uich, by unit- m ENGLAND AND WAL«8. Hull, and the Eastern with the Wefttern Seas. By nrcatls of this canal, and its numerous branches and railways, a ready communication was formed with the great mineral and manufacturing districts. The Grand Junction Canal, at an expense of £2,000,000, completed the inland navi- gation by the Thames, the Severn, the Trent, and the Mer- sey, thereby facilitating the commercial intercourse of tne capital, not only with the principal seaports, but also witli all the great cities and manufacturing towns in the west and north— Railroads are of too recent introduction to war- rant any very decided opinion as to their comparative advan- tages ; but that they may be of great national benefit, parti- cularly where there is a very extensive intercourse, with a dense population, is proved by the success that has hitherto attended the Manchester and Liverpool railroad. This mag- nificent work, extending 31 miles, was completed irt 1830, since which several other important lines of railway have been executed, or are now in progress. Many of these attainments result from her unrivalled con- stitution, which is a mixed or limited monarchy,— combining all the advantages of the regal, aristocratical, and republican forms of government, without any of their defects. The queen is the head of the state, the fountain of dignity and power. All laws and deeds are published in her name; but her authority is restrained by parliament, consisting of the House of Lords, which represents the nobility or aristocracy, and the House of Commons, which represents the people. The established religion of England is the Lutheran, or Protestant Episcopacy, — but the greatest freedom is allowed to all other forms of religious worship. There are two arch- bishops, those of Canterbury and York, and twenty-five bishops. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the Primate of all England. In their manners, the English are frank and sincere, more disposed to gravity than gayety. Their favourite amuse- ments are horse.racing, the chase, and the theatre. In their dealings they are fair and honourable, and the character of an English merchant is held in universal respect for inte- grity, liberality, and intelligence. All the arts that are conducive to the comfort and elegance of life are culti- Tated with the greatest success. In every department of science and literature, England can boast of the most iilus- trious names. To her Newton, her Bacon, her Milton, her Shakspcare, few eq ^als and no superiors can be found in ancient or in modern timest ENGLAND AND WALES* 29 EXERCISES. England and Wales. What are the bounda^ie-t; En«^^^^^^^^^ Wlja^ the count^^^^^y^J5.•cumS^^^^ Of Du'rham, &c. ? Northumberlaml ? O t^^J^^^^^"^^ Yarmouth, Chepstow, Where is North fehielt s, ^ "''^V'S^^^ Stockport, Liverpool, Shrewsbury, . »J«"^*°\*^^ ,\ti!i,^^^^ Chichester, Stockton, Brighton, «"dgenorth, ^mtenav^ ^ jManches- CUelmsibrd Eton, »"«'«1\^"^^;^^^ iCsnouth, Leominster, ter, Harwich, Launceston, ^/""^P.^.^h^^^^^^^ .j^^uro, St iNeots, Lynn Kegis, Kidaermmster AU^^ ^ Wellington, London, -^/^^^^/r^^y' ^{ ^^ Juth, Dover, &c.?. What are the P""SV? WheVe ir^^^ Where is St Man ? Where is ?*t Pierre ? W ^ere .^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ Helier? ^^erejs Newport jo^^^ Point them out on „>ap. Name the ba^ys ami to^^^^^ j^^^, the map. ^ame tl^.^ro'^^^^^^^ «^^ ^he principal moun- the capes. I'omt tnem uui. What are the principal tains, and where are they ^'H^'f^.^p"* where is Milford lakes » What are the principal rivers J " ""= ^ llaven ? Where '» ri?,'?ib<>«"fh Head ' J^^f(^i',e? Of the of the Tyne ? Of the Thames J Oi the ^^f ' ^l„^ ;, Pli„. Medwa/? ^Jf,,*t,SirPont Spurn H^ld, Gowens Poin^ nt&ceielon«, to Oreat B.^^^^^ Name the possessions of ^«f ' f T"'" j^^^ . i„ ihe West In- Namc.her possessions in Nord^ Am«K:.. ,^ .^^^^ tn^aiin^ttd^s^^%,^^f ''''' "^ "' ""■ situate? What are. ts length and to^^^ ^^ ^Bi,.„ Kc.nil .. ... „ - ..... .., . ;-rSn iKet^S'^cinJS^^^^^^^ XNOLAND AND WALB8. ference of climate ? In what state is agriculture in England ? What is the general quality of the soil 2 In what part of the country do extensive moors occur? I" what state are the manufactures and commeite of England ? What is the con- sequence of her extensive commerce ? What has her maritime greatness enabled her to do ? Would England be considered a meat European state from the extent of her home-territory and the amount of her population ? Bvr what circumstances is she raised to almost the first place in the scale of nations i What has materially tended to the prosperity of England ? What great canals have been constructed since the middle ot the last century ? At what expense was the Grand Junction Canal completed ? What intercourse has it tacilitated ? What railroad was completed in 1830 ? . . « u • .v. What is the form of her political constitution ? How is the authority of the queen restrained ? What is the estabUshed religion of England ? What is the number of archbishops and bishops ? Which of these is primate of all England r* What is peculiar in the manner J of the English ? What lire their favourite amusements ? By what qualities are they characterized in their mercantile dealings ? Is much attention paid to the arts in England ? Can this country boast of many illustrious names in science and literature ? DESCRIPITVE TABLES. . [In the following Tables we have endeavoured to give tlie most approved pronunciation of the names of places. By the plan which has been adopted, wherever a simple accentuation was thought sufficient, the accented syllable is correctly marked. In words where the pronunciation diflers mate- rially from the orthography, we have pointed out the pro- per mode of pronouncing by adapting the spelling (within parentheses) as near as possible to the sound. In other cases., particularly where any difficulty was anticipated, the silent letters, with the exception of final e, are printed in halici ; e marked with a grave accent is always sounded.] ABEUGAVEN'NY (pr. Aber- ain'v^. an anriont town in Mon. gain'y), an ancient town in Mon_ mouthshire, at the confluence of the Gavenny with the Usk. Po- pulation 4230 p.»— 5lo 49' N. lat. 3° V W. long. Abeiysi'".v'»h(Aberu8t'jth),asea- port in Cardiganshire, at the mouth of the Ystwith. Pop. 4128.— A coal and iron works. Fop. 59^2 p. Ab'ingdon, a town In Berkshire, on the Thames. Pop. 5'2j9. Al'bans St, a town in Herts, near the site of the ancient Verulam. Pop. 4772. Al'bans Head, St, a cape on the coast of Dorset.— .50, 35 N. 2,3 W. Al'derney, an island in the Eng- lish Channel, famous for a breetl /\f arnoii cx\vi!% Viv.i. i()45^'^^49«^ 43 4t The letter r. annexed to the' number indicates that the iiopuUtkm given n that of the parish in which the town Ut situate, BNOLAKD AKD WALB8. 81 Ata'wlck (An'nlk), a town of Northumberland, near which is /Vlnwick Castle, the maEniflccnt feat of the Duke of NortTiumbcr- land. Pop. 6788 p. Ain'bleidcatown of Wcstmore- land, on Uke Windermere, lopu- lation 1095. . _,,.,. „„ Anift-'bury.* a town in W.lts on the Avon, the birthnlace of Addl- 6on. Population U44 p. Ain'lwch ( Am'luck), a seaport in Anglcsea, with a harbour excavat- ed from the solid rock, capable of containing 50 vessels of 2JH) tons. Population C285 p.-53, 25 N. 4. 22 W An'dovcT. a town in Hampshire, on the Ande. Pop. 4845 p. An'Klesea, an islantl and county of Wales, joined to the mamland by the Menai llridge. It possesses rich mines of copper and lead, and is noted as an ancient seat ot tne Druids. Pop. 48,325.— 5o, 18 N. **Ap'pleby. the county town of Westmoreland, on the i:-dcn. Po- pulation iT2'3 p. . . V „ ^ Ar'ran.Pow'ddy (Vou'thce), a mountain in Merioneth, Wales,i9j5 feet high. . _ ... Ai'undel, a town m Sussex, on theArun. I 'op. 2803 p. As'aph, St, an ancient city and bishop's see, in Flint. P. ;Jl44p. Ash'burtcn, a town in Devon- shire. PopUl^li""*'*^'^)' ,K> « Ash'bv-dela-Zouch (Zooch), a town in 'l^eicester near the conhnes of Derbyshire. Pop. 47-27 p. Ash'icn-under-Line, a manufac- turing town In Lancashire, fo- pulation 53,597 p. o^.«or Ath'cliicy, an island m Somer- setshire, formed by tlie Tone and the Parrel. .... *k„ A'von, a river which rises on the borders of Gloucestershire, flows through Wiltshire, and, passing Bath and Bristol, falls into the be- vcrn 8 miles below the latter city; -another from Warwick, which joins the Severn at Tewkesbury ;-- a river in Hants, which flows into the English Channel ;-a river in N. Wa&, which falls info Cardigan Bav:-anotlierin S^Wales. which flows into Swansea iiay AylM'bury, a town in Bucking- hamshire. Population 4907 p. BVLA, a town in Menonetn- Khire, situate at the extremity of a lake called Bala-Pool. through which flows the river Dee. Popu- lation of Bila township and part ot parish of Llanykill 2359. Bai/bury, a town in Oxfordshire. Population 5906 p. ,,.. ^ v « Ban'gor, a village in Ihntshire, on the Dee. Population 648.--A town and bishop's see in Carnar- von, near the N. e»ya"ce of the Menai Strait. Population 4751 p. Barns'ley, a manufacturing town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, with ex- tensive iron-founderies. P. 10,33U. Barn'stai)le, a town m Devon- shire, on tfio 'raw. Pop. 6840 p.. Bath, a large and beautiful city, the capiUl of Somersetshire, cele- hratt'd for its medicinal water?. Pop 58,063.-51, 23 N. 2. 22 W. Bcach'y Head, a promontory on the coast of Sussex.-the bwhcst land on the S. coast of Britain.— 50 44 N. 0, 15 E. Beauma'ris (Boma'rls), a seaport, the county town of AnglesM, si- uate on the Menai Strait. Fopu- lation 2497 p.-53. 17 N- 4, 5 W. Bed'fordshire.t an inla.id coun- ty larae numbers of the female population of which we employed In the strawplait and thr.-ad-lace manufactures. Pop. 9b,d»J. Bed'tord, the county town of BLHlfordshire, on the Ouse, distin- miished for its charitable institu- tions. Population 69o9. IjA'per, a town in Derbyshire, on the Derwent, noted for its cot-, ton-mills. Population 7890. B^ks. or Berk'shire, a county separated by the Thaines from those of Oxford and Buckingham. Population 145,^89. Ber'ii;ick, a fortified town near th"mouth of the Tweed. Though ■issiened to Northumberland, it enjoys the privileges of a county by itself. In the wars between bng. and and Scotland, its importance, as a key to both kingdoms, render- ed this town and its neighbour- hood the scene of perpetual contert and bloodshed. Pop. 89i0 p.— AC V o n W. r.c. ;^^j^^its:i:^s;>'s^«^'^'^'''>'-'''^''^r- 't:. ^ "it. a2 BeVeriey. a town In the E. R. of Yorkshire, near the Hull. P-^"^. Bewd'ley. a town »" Worcwter- •hire on the Severn. Pop. oWp' "^BuCn. a town in Stattordshire in the vicinity of great cpa» and iron mines. P0P«\a*'0" ^.^A^Sour Bii'mingham, a large and flour- ishing town in W«^'fW»«'^«'":[t'Aware brat^ for its in^mense hardware manufactures. Pop. 146,yso.— 52. 28 N. 1, 53 W. ^ » • „ isiack'burn, a man^H*"""8 town in Lancashire. Pop. ^7,0«1. Bod'min,a town in CornwaU.with a manufacture of serges. /';^'^' Bol'ton, a large man"^'^^,^"""^ town in Lancashire. Pop. 41 . IJO. Bos'ton, a seaport i" Lnicoin- shire, situate on both sides of the Witham, is a place of considerable trade. Ite Gothic church is one of the finest in the kingdom. I'op. 11,240 p.-52, 59 N. 0, 2 W. Bos'worth, Market, a town in Leicestershire, near which was fought a memorable battle be- tween Richard III. and the Earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry VI I., in which Richard fell. Pop. 2530 p. Brad'ford,a nianufacturingtown in the W. R. of Yorkshire, on the Aire. Pop. 23,233 ; of the parish 76,996.— A town in Wilts, on the Avon, noted for its manutactures of fine cloths. Pop. 10, 102 p. Breck'nockshire, a mountainous county of Wales. Pop. 47,763. Breck'nock or Bre'con, the coun- ty town of Brecknockshire, at the influence of the Usk and Hond- dy. Population 509.6. Breck'nock Beacon, a mountain in Bjecknockshire, 2862 feet high. Brwit'ford, atown in Middlesex, on thi Thames. Pop. 4359 . Brides Bay, St, in St George's Channel, on the W. of Pembroke. Bridge'north, a town in Shrop- shire, intersected by the Severn. Population 5065. , Bridge'water,a town in Somerset- BNOLAND AND WALKS. ..Snable r»ort for ««->«t'''V8- ■Pnr. 40 634 p. — 50, 49 N. 0» T '» • ^Xi^tol. a «aiK,rt in Gloucester- shire formerly second only to London, thougfi now surpa«e3 r Carmar' ty in Wal Carmar j>ort, and marthen, Carmai Channel, Carnar North \> Carnal Carnarvc Strait ; i by Edwa Carna Channel glesea ai Cas'fl on the S Pop. 20 Chan Populat Chat the Me naval s lation Chel Essex, Chel near L tional ulUl. i digg. Vint inOlc 83 EKOLAND AKD WALES. rhcT/stoiff. a town In Monmoutn- .hlre on the Wye, with the mag- til. Peculation 352* P- , , „^ '^^Chffire, a county borderj^gon Wales, celebrated for i^chee^ and large mines ot rocK-san. *^"- - "*^ Al a?un\y^ of Gla- I P^'^^^^^\T Deva of the Ro- I l,tu.». «,.«ttitv tow '<■ rmnr'then, a flounsnlng «ea- *:;""",' .h.r'.u.nlv town ol t"- •hire, on the »<"•>"; J; 'Jl'S W.l,Op'S 8M, the «}' f' °'„?^f,'^^: s/iieV-iLTatroir;;', rhii^npii/jam, a town m \\ iHs. on'^i.TA^n, iuh ^-.facturo. °^\"o'.!?^^:'^.."inBfe ,«rt.p^hecounty^w»j;»^5j"^ .'^''^rrr.'Siche.Si'in'lSOl len uay» »" •••"' , • '»js.»rhraitri& •fh -, cons deraWe trade in knit ?.lL\^ockmrand watch.:ha»ns. ca'o;.c?r^MtheC^^^^^ by Edward 1. ,f "l" '"L; 'oeorae's Gloucesiersnire, u.. "'- '^"--^.^(j ^ glesea and Carnarvon. Lancashire, on the RibUJe. r ^^^t^tllfxl^o^i- PU-- f^,,, ..n U|^ op. iJ0G2. . __ ,^ c„«,.r«.tahire. berland, at the confluence 1 I the !?. coa»«. u» *» CocK'ernwuvw, - -" :um- _ the ?Ske?and Derwent. Pop. 4536. ^^ScSer. a town in ^x. on the Colne. Population lb.l67. Population 5111 p. Chal'Aam. a town n Kent' «n the Medway, one ot the principal naval stations in K-igland. Popu lation 17.9;>6 P.-^lj^23N.O oi ^^, Chelms'ford, tne county Essex, on the Chelmer. P,.54o&p near ,Londo"» 7*„^ chelsca Hos- V^n'wXa rtverVf Wa^^^^^ iorf ing?he boundary between ^e K^aVfiiS'Srhelrfs^^^^^ hi8b^ana,t*i^*"|i^vale through wwXSr/rivetflowMscd^^^^ BKdt^ND AND WAlEfl. Depi'ford, a town in Kent, on the Thiinics, has a royal dockyard, tine wet docks. Population Con'#ay,or Al«rcon'way, a town In cTrnar^^n, where are the ruin, of a magnlflcent castle. F. i-'»;^ P- Coq'«et. an Islet off the coast of Northumberland, at the mouth ot the rlTer of the same name. Corn'wall.acountyoocupylngthe south-western extremity of «ri- tain. and famous fbr its mines ot tin. Population 302.440. Coventry, an «"<:!«"' ^'^L" Warwick, celebrated for its inanu- factures of watches and ribnnds. Pop. 27,070.-5i?, 24 N. 1. 30 W. tow'brldge, a town in Glamor- ganshlre. Population >«97 p. Cowes, a seaport on the N. coast of the Isle of Wight, beautituly rituate on the MedinH. Pop. 4491 P.-50. 47 N. 1, 20 W. * Crick'lade. a town in Wilts, on the Thames, up to which that ri- ver l» navigable. Pop. 1^64i. Cro\'dor), a town In Surrey, on a canal which joins the Grand bur- rev Canal. Population 12,447 p. lum'berland, one of the north- ern counties, famed for its lakes and picturesque mountain-scenery. Population 169,681. DAR'LINGTON.atownln Dur- ham, carries on considerable trade and manufactures. Pop. 8574. Darl'lord, atown in Kent, where the first paper-mill In England was erected by Sir John .Spelman,ln the reign of Eliiabeth. Pop. AVa p. Dart'moiith, a seaport in Devon* ihire, near the mouth of the Dart. Pop. 4597.-50, 23 N. 3, 36 W. Dav'entry, a town in Northamp- tonshire, near the source of the Avon and Nen. Pop. 3616 n. Da'vlds, St, a town In Pembroke, and a bishop's see. Pop. 2.?S8 p. Da^ds Head, »t, a caiie on the W.of PembTcke.-51 ,53 N.5,18 W. Deal, a town on the E. coast of Kent, where Caesar first landed ; now much frequented by shipping. Pop. 7268 P.-51, 13 N. 1, 23 E. Dee, a river which flows through Bala Pool, in Merioneth, forming the boundary between Denbigh and Cheshire, and falling into the Irish Sea, 15 miles below Chester. Eten'bi^Ashire, aeountyjn North Wales. Fopuiaiioii o5,ioi'. Den'bif A, the county town of Denbighshire, finely situate on an eminenOe, overlooking the fertile valeofClwyd, Pop. 3780 p. SjaV.-^i/so N. 0, 3 w: Der'bysliire, a hilly and rockv county In the centre of Kngland, noted'for its picturesque scenery, its lead mines and mineral waterf. Population 237,170. ,^ Der'by, the county town of Der- byshire, on the Dcrwent. Here the first EnKllsb Rllk-mill was erect- ed In 1718, and the silk manufac- ture is still consldcrnble. Pop. 23,607.-52,1.55 N. I, 5^8 W. Der'wentwater, or Lake of Kes- wick, a very picturesque lake in Cumberland. Dcvi'zcs, a town In Wilts, on the Kennct and Avon Canal. Popula- tion 456iJ. Dev'onport, a seaport in Devon- shire adj«)ining Plymouth, of which it Is considered a suburb. Pep. 44,451 p.— 50, i.'4 N. 4, 1 1 W. Dev'onshire, a picturesque and fertile county in the W. of Eng- land, noted for its mild and salu- brious climate. Pop. 494,168. Duw&'bury, a manufacturing town, in the VV. R. of Yorkshire, pleasantly situate on the Caldcr. Population 8272. Dolgel'ly, the county town of Merionethshire, situate on the Avon, at tlie base of Cader-Idris. Population 4087 p. DonVaster, a t«)wn in the W. H. of Yorkshire, celebrated for its horse-races. Pop. 10,801. Dor'chestcr, the > ounty town of Dorsetshire, pleasantly situate oa the Fromc. Pop. 3U33. Dor'king, a town in Surrey, fa- mous for its fowls. Pop. 4711 p. Dor'sctshire a county In the S. \V. of England. Pop. 159,252. Doug'las, a seaport on tlie S. E. coast of the Isle of Man, with an excellent harlour. Pop. 6786.— 54, 10 N. 4, 29 W. Do'ver a seaport in Kent, about 23 miles from Calais in France, be- tween which packets and steam- vessels regularly sail. Pop. 11,921. — 51.7N. 1,19 E. Downs, a famous roadstead be • Deal in Kent, the usual rendez- vous for outward-bound fleets. DroU'wlch, atown in Worcester, fomoui $91 Its brine springs, from iieraS, and the iron t'a'»e is tarn^ ' ij^^te. P«'l "*™-' -„«-iHpraVie extent, rop. *< ^../mj^ij Dunb too>e, « ^_nufacture o n nl'tttble a town \n neuu.."- »,B« nSed i-or U8 manufacture of '^Dur'^AaTn.acountyin heN.E. of England. . Pop. 2/.3.9/0; ^kSaJSnr^wnin^^rev.m. theWey%>aforU.eh^^^ tian« near it. Pop. .IH-- Fi8h'g«aril, a 6ea|>ort in rem "Dar''Mm, a county 1" n« "• - j.i,h'p..ard, a .«» ttifully 'Hu^'^rN-MJ^., hcj..-M, 7 N». /.,{'• county In •^Tn'DYSTON K, a reef of rocks „j; R'^^'i P"P- «».<"^; ,.,,„, , *;?■ KnBlUh Channel, H mllM "»"", „,e county to»n of I- int- -.'•?; in . manhy <»»'"« °':."'° &orS U, Norll. am\ South, two Sl"rc^M™el''"'a "tf," pT.™ontoru-. o» the ca« co..t«r E'ton,atown '■' """i • i-hool extcnwvc trade in tnc r called EV'»,„S4ll Pop. 5S32 p. 'l. v.nine notwl for its ma""- %"J?.hL,M> ancient" town in ?rct'„\» ^lotl"- and kmey-n.rjj. '^x*."^ rivir «hlch ri.« in E'- foSg asuburh to Newcastle. ■P^ 'SrP-- -• r I ""^^.'^i^-r. rertU, conn: "i;"_ff-K Phniinei at Ex- SSS^tJ lis*- r* mouth. --nitftl of Devon- _ opulation 15,n / P- ,. „„„, 36 SNGLAND AND WALES Glouowterthire ((iloi'ter), a county in the W. of England, fa- mous for its cheese. Top. :J8fi,5X)4. Gluucester, an ancient city, and a bishop's see, the capital of the county, situate on the Severn. It has a noble cathedral, and carries on considerable manufactures. Pop. Il,!)33.-51,.'i2 N.2, 14 W. God'alming, a town in Surrey, ontheWey. Pop. 45'29p. Good'win Sands, a large and dan- gerous sand-bank off the east coast of Kent. . Goole, a town in the W. It. pt Yorkshire, on the Ouse, winch, in the last few y^ars, has risen to Kreat importance, and been admit- ted to the privilege, of « bonding t. P. 1G71.— 5:1, 42 N. 0, .52 W . port. *'• io« »■• — ■"'♦ ''" ;;• "' ""L- Gos'port, a seaport in Hampshire, on the west side of Portsmouth harbour, carries on an extensive trade. Population 12,037 p. Gow'ens Point, a cape on the S.ot Pembrokeshire.— 51,37 N.5, OW. Grani'//am, a town in Lincoln- shire, on the Witham. Poj). 7427 p. Graves'end, a seaport in Kent, near the mouth of theThatnes, 22 miles from London. Pop. 3097 p.— 51, 27 N. 0, 22 E. Green u?ith, a town in Kent, on the Thames, about 5 miles below London, famous for its Hoyal (M)- Bervatory, and noble hospital for ■uperanuuated seamen. Popuia- tlon 24,553 ft-51, 28 N. 0.0. Grims'by, Great, a seaport in Lincolnshire, at the mouth of the Uumber. Pop. 4225 p. Guem'sey, an island In the Eng- lish Channel, near the coasts ot Bretagne and Normandy, 9 milw lonK by 6 la breadth. On the i». and part of the E. coast, it is a con- tinued clifT, rismg 270 feet high. Pop. 21,349.-49, 26 N. 2, 40 W. Gwild'ford, the county town of Surrey, on the Wey— once a resi- dence of the English kings. P.3813. HAl/IFAX, a thriving town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, noted for its woollen manufactures, popu- lation 15,382.-53, 45 N. 1, 54 W. Hrtinp'shire, Hants, or Ssouth- amt/ton, a county in the b. of Eng- land. Population 314,313. HarOsorbugh, or Matset Haroo- Harlelgh (Hatay), a town on the W.coastofMerioneth.onccapUc« of consetiuence, now only remark- able for its ancient castle. Har'rowgate. a village In the W . R. of Yorkshire, 21 miles W. from York, famous for its medicinal waters. Pon. 2812. „.„,^,n Hart'land Point, a promontory in Devon, on the Bristol Channel.— 51, I N.4,30W. . ^ ^. Har'u'ich, a seai^ort in Essex, the seat of a royal dock-yard, and a fa- vouriie watering-place. Pop. 4297. — 51,57 N. 1,17 fi. . ^ ^ . Ha'stinfJTS, an ancient tpw" »« SusHcx, where Harold wasdefcatetl by William the Conqueror in lObb. Pop. 10.097.-50, 53 .\. q, 3fi E. Havcr'fordwcst ( Har'lordwest), a town in Pembroke.on the Cleddy, near its entrance into Miltord Ha- ven. P. 3915.-51, 47 N. 4, 50 W. Hay, a town in Hrecknockshlre, pleasantly i^ituate on the Wye. 1 o- pulation 19.')9 p. He'lier, St, a handsome town, the capital of the island of Jersey, situate on the E. side of St Aubms Bay.Pop.16,027 p.-49, 12N.2,7 VV. Hel'stonc, a town in Cornwall, on the Cober, with a good harbour. Population 5293. , Helvel'lyn, a mountain on the borders of (Uimberland and West- moreland, 3055 feet hifih. Hen'ley, a town in Oxfordshire, on the Thames. Pop. 3018 p. Her't-fordshire.afertile and well- cultivated county in theW. of Eng- land, famous for its cider. Popu- lation 110.976. , ^„ Hereford, the capital of Here- fordshire, and a bishop's see, on the banks of the Wye. Population 10,280.-52, 3 N. 2, 43 W. Hert'fordshire or Herts, a mid- land county, which carries on a great trade in malt. Pop. 143,341. Hert'ford, the county town of Hertfordshire, situate on the Lea. pop. 5247—51, 48 N.O, 4 W. Hex'Aam, an ancient town in Northumberland, on the Tyne, where are many Roman and other antiquities. Pop. 6ii42 p. Holt, a small town jn Denbigh- shire. Population 1009 p. a small island off Anglesea, from «.i.:..u »Un T>lak nutkata anil. Pnn. imuah a town in Leicestershire, on a siuau t»«ouw mm «..b.*.»w-, ..— .- ENa{.AMD AND WALES. 87 Ho^y I'«l«nd, on the con»t of 1 Northumberland, about 9 mile* in J^iumf.rn.ire, beUmg.ng to tl^ 1 county of Durham. Pop. 836— '•^S'J'Jn a t'J'U in Flintshire ^Ith considerable manufacttjro.ot cotton, copier, and brass. In the Neighbourhood Is a rich lead mine. ^To!;Uo"fa'-S;nlni>evon.hlre, °"HrsS-aro3:n^nl^.x.on the Adur. I'op. 5105 |>. Hud'dersflcld, a town in the W. R of Yorkshire, where the woollen !^.nufHcturelscarrjedonto«con. siderablc extent. Pop. »9.'';f; Hull, or KJnK'stonanK,n.H^^^^^^^^^ seaport In the E. R. ot Yorkshire, on the number .at the mcuth ot the Hull. It cnrri.s on a very extensive "adJ. P. n«.?-^8; including Scul- Hum'ber, a river or rather es- tuarv, formed by the junctum of the Ouse, Aire, and Trent and se- naratlng York from Lincoln. * Hunt'ingdonHhire, an inland county possesshig numerous dal- r?c8. in Thch Is produced the fa- mous Stilton cheese. Pop. 5.J.14S». Hunt'mgdon, the county town ot Huntingdonshire, on the Ouse. Population 3"^fi7. ,...»„ Hythe, a seaport m Kent Po- pulation 22K7 p. ' II 'CHESTER, a town in So- mersetshire, the birthplace of Ro- ger Bacon. Pop. 1095 p. In'glclwroush, a mountain in Yorkshire, il3G8 feet high. los'wich, the county town of S»i.t- folTk.on the Orwell, the birthp ace of Cardinal Wolsey. Population 20,4,54,— 314,5 N. 1, HE. Islington, in Middlesex, former- ly a pleasant country town, now united to London. P. .77,31b p.. It'chen, a river in Hants, which runs Into Southampton Water a little below the town. Ives. St, a 8cai)ort of Cornwall, on the bay of St Ives. Here the pUcharil.fishery U carried on to a great extent. Pop. 4-770 p.-A town in Huntingdon, on the Ouse. Po- pulation :i3 1 4 p. i;„4l,„ JER'SEY, a fertile island in the English channel, nt»« 5"'C coas-- ui Normandv. It is 12 miles long by 7 in breadth, and potsewes all the advantajre^ of a dellghtAil cjlmaje. a rich soil, and acpnslderaWectnn. inorce. PopuUtion 3fl,58ii.— 49, 17 N. 2. 10 W. KEIO'HLEY.athrlvlngmanu. ftcturing town In the W. R. oT Vorkshire.on the Aire. P.ll,176iu Ken'dal. a flourishing town In Westmoreland, long celebrated for its woollen manufactures, rop. I0,Oir>.-54. «0 N. 2, 4.-^ W. Ken'ilworth. a to*"'" J^^^rJ"- shire, about ft mile. N. from War- wick, celebrated lor lU magnin- ccnt castle, now In ruins, where Dudley, earl of Ixjlcester, enter- tained Queen Elizabeth for 17 d*y». Population 3097 p. av ^r Kent, a county In the h.E. oi England, famous for the culture of hops. Pop. 479.165- ^ K«,.i-«H kes'wick.atown In Cumberland, beautifully situate on Derwent- water. Population 2159. Kid'dermlnster, a town 1" Wor- cester, on the Stour, noted for lt« manuti cture of carpets. P.20,8b5p. Kidwcl'y, a town in Carmarthen- shire, bituate on Carmarthen Bay. Population 1681 p. Klng'iton, an ancient town 111 Surrey, on the Thames. P. 7»57p. ^ Klrk'by-Lons'dale, a neat town in Westmoreland. Pop. 16S6. Knaref.'borough. a town li» tli« W. R. of Yorkshire, on the Nid. Population S'-WtJ. , _ ,• . , KniA-/tt'on,a town in Radnorshire, on the Teinc, which «cparate« WalexfVoin Shropshire. P. I'i&tfp. LAM'liETH, a large town in Surrey, forming the western extre- mity of that part of the metropoli* which lies on the S. bank of the Thames. Population 87,856 p. I^n'cashlre or Lancaster, an ex- tensive county in the N. W. of England, containing the pnnclpal 9c.it of the cotton manufacture and of the trade to America. Popu- lation 1,3.W,854. , . „ ^ L:in'caster, the county town of Lancashire, on the Lune, tamoua tor its noble castle. Population l-2Jil3.-~54. 3 N. 2, 47 W. LandaH', a city and bishops see In CJlamorgan, with the venerable ruins of an ancient cathedral. Po- puliUit»n I'^W P- ^ . ., . . ' I «%d»«-End- a loft V headland in Coniwafl, the S. W. extremity of England..-50, ♦ IJ. 5, *>* W. 38 LauncMton fLaiu'ton), the coSnty town of CornwaU. .Ituate on the Tamar. top. 2231 p. Ix'am'liiRton, a town in war- wlJK.hTri?Jlea;ant.y^itu^^^^^^^^^ "TcVbXa tof in I^ercfonU shire, wJth manufactures ot ropes Slacking. Pop.3}K)9p. Leeds, a town In the W. H. of Yolk%hV. greatest seatofthewocj- len manufacture in the kngdom. Pop. 183.395.-5.3, *« N. . 32 W. Leek, a town \n htattordih>rt , vrlth ektenslve manufocture, ot Milks twists, &c. Pop. 10,780 p. " JUlcestmlnre (Les'ter) an in- land county, famed fc.r its breed of sheen. Population iy7,0()3. "Te^esfer (Les'ter), the county town of Leicestershire, noted lor itg manufacture of worsted stock- ines P. 59.306.— 52, .19 N. 1 , 7 VV . * Wmlns'tcr (Lcm'ster),.a town in Herefordshire, "ituate ma ler- Ule vale on the Lufig. It has an excellent market lor woo .cider. hop«, and wheat. Pop. 5249 p. Tew'es, a town in Sussex, on the Ouse, which is navigable for some UiUes above it. Pop. 8592. Lin'co/nshirc. a county on the E. coast of England, noted tor its marshes. Pop. 317,244. Lln'co/n, the Undutn of the Romans, the county town of Lin- colnshire, oo the Witham. It has a fine Gothic cathedral, m which is avery large bell, cajle'ilomo Lm- coln. P. 11,873.-53, 14 N. 0.3^W. Lis'k«ard, a town in Cornwall. Population 2853. Litch'fleld, an ancient and ele- Kant city in Stattbrdshire, the Birthplace of Dt Johnson and of Carrick. Population (>499. Liverpool, a seaport in Lanca. Bhlie, situate at the mouth ot the Mersey, has made a most rapid pro- KTCssin commercial prosperity, car- Tvina on a great trade with Ireland, Sncrica. Ind the West Indies. It has some tine public buildings, and wetdocks of surprising magiu- tude, covering 90 acres. P^'P^T tiou 165,175 ; »ndudiiur Jo^^cHi Park, 18t),'2l2.-5;i, 24 N. -',59 W. l^lZ'ard Puiiil, ill CoriUvay, mt: mo«t southerly prouKmtory of l^ng- land.-49, 57N.5, 11 Vy. Llan'beder, or Lain'petcr, a town BNOLANU AND WALES. in Cardiganshire, near valuable Rilver-lead mines. Pop. 1317 Lianel'iy, a seaport i» * ""\^'- thenshire, near the rnouth of th« Hurry, with ah'rgc trade in coals '"la^nhJlSwiiniviintgome. '^ttii^ioSii^n'n Denbigh, shtre, situate in a beaut.tul vale o the banks of the Dec. and sur- rounded by scenery o» imposing gnmdcur. I'opulation U9H p. Llanid'loes, a town in Montgo- merysli're. with a brisk trade in flannels. Population *»«'•> H'^^^ Llantrls'sent. a to*" '" V. . ganshire. Population 2789 p. LoN'uoN, the metropolis of the British empire, situate on the 'I'hames, the largest,thc wealthiest, and perhaps themo^tpopu ous city i„ tlie WilrltL It Is divided into three parts . the City, in wh idi the immense commerce is chietly carried on.-Westminster, thereat of the Court and Parliament,— and Southwark, on the southern bank of the Thames. These parts are con- nected by six magnificent bridges. Pop. 1.471.941.-51, 30 N. 0. 5 VV. Louuh'borough, a town In Ijci- cestershire. has an extensive ho- siery and lace trade. Pop. 10,800. I/mth, a town in Lincolnshire, situate on a canal which joins the number, carries on considerable trade and manufactures. P. GUilp. Lowc'stoli; a seaport town in Sutfblk. and the most ejistcrly iHiiiit of Kngland. Pop. 4238 p.-a2, 29 N 1 4'» K. Lud'lotw, a fine ancient town of Shropshire, with the ruins ot a most magniflccn''. castle. 1 . ft2.».5. Lyme Kc'gis, a seaport in Dor- setshire withagood harbour,aiula noted watering-place. Pop. 2621 p. —50, 4? N. 2, 55 W. . „ , Lym'ington, a seaiiort in Hnnis, much resorted to for sea-bathing. Population 3;lGl. I.ymi Ile'gis. a flourishing sea- port in Norfolk, at the mouth of theOuse, with a great trade i|> com. Pop. 13,370.-52, 46 N. 0, 25 h. MACCLESFIELD, a inanul jc tnring town in Cheshire. Popu»^- t\nu yh.l^J*).— N3-, Ki N. 2, 7 W. Machyn'iieth, an ancient town in Montgomery, with manufactures of flannels and cottons. P. 2381 p. ENGLAND AND WALES. 39 Mrtld'stono, the county town of Kent, situate on the Medway. U is tUv great iinporium ot the hop trade. Fop. 15,387 p. Mal'don.aBtaiwrt In Ewex, on the Blatkwntir. carries on a wn- siderable im|H)tt trade. rop.JHJl. Ma/uie»'hury, a very ancient town in Wilts. I'^P- ^';-»3 «'. Mal'ton, a town in the N. R. oi York»hire,onthe Derwent. Pop- Mal'vern, n watcringpJaco in VVoroestershiri-. Pop. 2140 p.— Ihe Malvern llilU are a range in the S W olWt>rce«ter>*hire,un«l in the county of I lerelord,U44 feet high. Man, anciently JtfoJW, an island in the Irish Sea, 30 miles in length bv 12 ill breadth ; 20 miles from the coast of .Scotland, and nearly equi- tlistant fVom Enu'land and Ireland. I'on. 40,985.-5 », 17 N. 4, o5 W. Man'chcBter, a town in Lanca- shire, the seat of thegreatestmanu- futures in the world. Us staple consists in the ditlercnt branches of the cotton manufacture, which are tarrieil on to a vast extent. \ magnificent railway now con- nocts it with Liverpool. Popula- tion 142,0'Jfi ; including7 p. Ma'ryport, a seaoort in Cumber- land, at iho mouth of the Kllen, has a large exjiort trade, purticu- larly of coals. Pop. 3877. Mai'loik.a town iiiDcrby.beauti- fully situate t)n tlieUerwcnt,amidst romantic scenery, and notetl for its medicinal springs. Pop. Si&Z p. Metl'way, a river which rises in Sussex, and, flowingthroughKent, falls intothe mouth of the Ihamcs at .Sheer ness. %{^.v»; i.vith a strait between thcisle of Angi^caandCaniarvon, which arc connected by a niagnifi- ent suspension bridge of 560 feet pan thrown over the frith. Men'dlp HilU, a noted mineral range in the N. E. of Somerset, 10U4 feet high. Mer'ionethshire, a mountamoui and romantic county of N. Wa e«, between Montgomeryshire ami bl GeoKgc's Channel. Pop. .*».'>,fi*>'J' Mer'soy, a river which Hows bc- tweenCheshire and Lanca»hirc,ancl falls into the Irish Sea at LiyeriKK) . Merthvr Tydvil (Mur'thlr 1 ud'- vil) a town in Olaniorgaii, situate in the valley of the Taafe. * rom an obscure village it has been raid- ed by its extensive iron- works to be the largest town in Wales. Pop, i.'2,UKJ p.— .')1. 44 N. 3, «() W. Mid'dlesex, one of the 8mant*8l counties in the kingdom, but Ijy far the most imijortant in wealth. Population 1,3.')8,541. Mitl'dleton, a town in Lanca- shire, between Manchester and Uochdalc, with flourishing manu- factures. Pop. (i9()3. Mld'hurst, a well-built town in Sussex. Population U78 p. Mil'lord, a modern town on Mii- ford Haven, from which the pack- cts sail for Waterford and the south of Ireland. I'op. 2984 p.— 51, 43 N. ' Mil'ford Haven, n deep inlet of the sea in the S. of Pembrokeshire, the safest and most capacious Har- bour n Britain . . M<.Hi, a town in IHintshire, with a hand8(mie church and the ruum of a strong castle. Pop- y33.> p. Mon'numthshire, asmall county on f he lM)rders of Wales. 1 opula- tion 90,130. ^ ^ . Mon'mouth, the county town of Monmouthshire, on the Wye, the birthplaceof Henry V. Near it are the picturesque remains of i intern Abbey. Population 491(5 p. Mohtgom'ery.shire, a county in Wales. Population (Jfi, 105. Montgom'cry, tlie county town of Montgomeryshire, pleasantly situate on a hill near the Se- vern. Its castle, built in the time of William the Conqueror, is now a picturesque ruin, ovtihang- ing the town. Pop. 1188 p. Morc'camlc Hay, a bay of the Irish Sea, inucntiiig the coast of Li»nenshire. Moi'i>cth, a town in Nortluun- berland, having one of the greatest cattle-markets in England. Popu- ktioH 3by0.-55, U N. 1, 42 W. 40 ENGLAND AND WAtRB Mounts Bav, an extensive bay 1 In the S.W. of Cornwall. ^ NANTWICH, a town in Che- shire, on the Wcever } ha« a great trade iu salt and chce«c. f. 4«no. Nar'bcrth, a town in Pembroke- shire. Population 25H0 p. Naze, a noted promontory on the F.. coast of Essex.—Sl, 52 N. 1 17 E 'Neath, a town in Glamorgan- shire, possessing a coiisideraDie trade. Population 4043 p. NeeMleP, a cluster of pointed rocks, at the western extremity oi the Isle of Wlght,-^0, 40 N. 1, ^ Neks, St. a town in H"i?«"8- don, on the Ouse. Pop. Ibl t p. New River, a large aqueduct •from Hertfordshire to Islington, by v'hich a great part ot London is supplied with water. Vatu'ark II tnwn I nililt'll Willi wait.. New'ark, a town in Nottingham on a branch of the Trent, has an CKtensive trade. Pop. i'^-*'. P- . ^ New'bury, a town in iserKsnire, situate in a fertile P>a»" o" ^^'^ banks of the Kennet. P. 5977 p. Ncwcas'/le, the princiiwil town of Northumberland, about 10 miles from the mouth of the lyne. It is a place of great trade, par- ticularly in coals and the manu ac ture of glass. Population U,> oo ; including Gateshead in Durbam, 57.9:n.-^4. 69 N. 1, 37 W. Newcas'/ie-under-Lin;'. a town in Staffordshire, on the E. bank ot the Line, noted for the extcnsiye manufactures of stoneware in Us vicinity. Pop. 815)2 p. Newmar'ktt, a town In the coun- ties of Cambridge and Suflolk, ce- lebrated for it« horse-races. Popu- lation 'i84S p. • . „ , , ^e New'port, a town m the Isle of Wight, on the Medina, near the centre of the idand. Pop. 4081 p. — \ thriving seaportinMonmoutb, on the Usk, wifh a vi ry extensive trade in coal and iron. PopT^dii p. New'lown, a town in Montgo- mery, on the Severn, the chiff seat of the Jine flannel trade. P. 4 j50 p. Nore, a celebrated naval sta- tion and aiichoring-ground in the Thames, ott stieeiut:s>s. Nor'fo/k, a county on the east- ern coast. Pop. 390,054. Northal'lerton, a town m the N. R. of Yorkshire. Top. 3004. Norlhami/tonshlro, n Inland county, noted for its woodlmdi WMl pasturage. Pop. 179,276. Northamp'ion, the county town of Northamptonshire, on the wen. Pop. 15,351.-52, 15 N. 0, 54 W. Northum'berland, a county >" the N. of England. P«P^?2,ttl2. North'wlch, a town in Cheshire, with very extensive salt mines. Population 1481. , ,^^ , ,, Nor'iyich, the capital of Norfolk, a city and bishop's see, with a very line cathedral, long noted for Its trade and manufactures. Pop. 6l,ll0.-6i,38N.l, 18E. Not'tinghamshire, or NotU, an inland county. Pop. 225,320. Not'tingham, the county town of Nottinghamshire, on the Trenij the chief seat of the stocking and lace manufactures. Pop. oO.fahO.— .'i2,57N. 1. 8W. .^«„„f O AK'/f A M, the county town of Rutland. Population 2440 p. Ohl'Aam, a manufacturing town in Lancashire, on the Medlock. Population 32,381. , , . Ol'uey, a town in Buckingham- shire, near which the poet Cow- tycr long residetl. Pop.J344 p. Or'ford, a town in Suffolk, atthe confluence of the Aide and theOre. Population 1302. Ormes Head, Great, a promon- tory on the coast of Denbighshire. -53. 2 ) N. 3, 5;> W. Os'westry, a town in Shropshire, near the Severn and Mersey Canal, carries on a considerable trade in woollen and cotton goods, P.4478. Ot'torbum, a village in Nor- thumberlaud, famous as the scene of a battle between Hotspur Percy and Douglas in 1388. Pop. 385. Ouse lOoi), the name ot four ri- vers. The Yorkshire Ouse, formed by the junction of the Swale and Aire, unites with the Trent to form the Humber. The Great Ouse, which rises in Northamptonshire, flows through the counties of Bucfc. ingham, liedford, Huntingdon, Cambridge, Norfolk, and falls into the sea at Lynn Reels. I'he Little Ouse divides Norfolk from Sufliolk, and falls into the Great Ouse. 1 he „.i : ...i'.US- nomoiBin Sil«U>K. uiiicr i;vcjtri ittt= n — ~ — — - Ox'fordshire, a county in thes. of England, Population 15 1,?*^ Ox'ford, the capiUl of Oxford- •hire, • bishop's m«, wmI tbc wat BNOtAND AND WAt-KBi 41 ■ in AiKSPX. ftf a vert celebrated unlvewHy, ?onLining twenty college, and five halls, pop. S0,434i-51, 45 N. PEAK. ■ lofty mountain in Der- byshlre, celebrated for the exten. I?vc cavern, by which t I. perfo- rated, and giving name toadhtrict noted for lead mine*. Peel, a waport in the W. of the Isle of Man, with an ancient castle. '^^^mSkcshlre, a county of South Wale.. Population 81.424. pem'broke, the county town of Pembrokeshire, on a bay of Mil- ford Haven; near »t are the re- mains of a V\aB«l?c«" m""! t\ w" pulatlon 6511.-^1. 40 N. 4 .W W. *^ Pen'nygant, a hill m the N.W. of Yorkshire. 2270 feet high. Pen'rlth, a town in Cumberland, pleasantly situate i" the vale of inglewood Forest Pop. 0059 p. Pen'ryiJ. a town In Cornwall, on the creek that run. Into Fajmo^th Harbour, with a considerable rade in the pilchard and Newfoundland fisheries. Population 3521. Pen'wnce.a seaport In Cornea"' remarkable for the Ml»^^''y,.f"J mildness of the air. U Is situate j;; the N.W. side of Mounts Bay. and has a considerable trade. Pop. 8621 p.-^0, 7 N. 5, 31 W. , Pe'terborough, a city and bishop s see m .Northamptonshire, on the river Nen. Pop. 5553. Pe'tersfleld, a town In Hants. Population 180.T p. ,n.,^^ herre', St, the eapltil of Gucm- iey, m the E. of the island. It has a good h.irbour with a noble pier. pL. 13.89.'l P.-49, 25 N. 2. 35 W. pjinlim'mon, a n.ountain on the borders of Montgomery and Car- diganshires, 2463 feet h»gh- „««« Vlym'outh, a seaport of Devon- shire, the second naval station in the kingdom, situate at the liead of Plymouth Sound, a capacious haven, formed by the Plym and Tamar. Populatlon.llncluding De- Yonport, 75:554.-50,!if2 N..4, 7 W . Pon'tefract or Pom'fret, a own m the W. R. of Yorkshire, with an ancient castle, now In rums. Po- pulatlon 4832. , ».«„,«„„»», Pon'tvDOOl. a town In Monmoutn_, on a steep cliff overriMnging i»c Avon, long famous for lujapanned ware. Population 10«VoOi Poole, a floUtlshibg seaport m Dorsetshire, much ^^ncaged m flshery. P.6459.-50. 42N.1, 59 W. Portland Isle, a penliisula in Dorsetshire, famous for its flree- stoneauarries. Near the extreme S?K, Sllccl Portland Bill, two lighthouses are erected.— 50, ai «• 2, 26 W. ^ , «.„»- Ports'mouth, a seaport in Hants, the most imporUnt n-ival station in the kingdom. PoPVl^l^o"' T3 Portsea, .'•,0,389.-50,48 N. 1, R W. Pres'cot, a town m Lancashire, noted for its manufacture of watch tools and movements. Pop. oooo. Fres'te'^n, a handsome town ot Radnorshire, situate in a ferti e valley on the Lug«. Pop. 3282 . Pres'ton, a handsome manufac- turing town in Lancashire, on tne Ribble. Pop. .3.3,112. "pwimelHPulheli), a seaport in Carnarvonshire. Pop. 2091 p. RAD'NORSHlRE.a mountain- ous county in Wales. Pop. 24,651. Rad'nor, New, the county town of Radnorshire, on the Somergill. Population 472 p. „»,«„j„„ Ham'sey, a town in Huntingdon, formerly noted for Its rich and ex- tensive abbey. Pop. »00^^-T-^": other town in the Isle of Man, on a spacious bay. P^p. 1754. kanis'jrate. a seaport of Kent, in the Isle of Thanet, noted for Its excellent artificial harbour. Po- pulation 79.S5.-51, 19 N. »» ^5 b. ^ Reading (Red'ding . the county town of Berkshire, "tuate at the junction of the Kennet with the Thames, Population 15.595. Red'ruth, a flourishing town in Cornwall, in the vicinity ot exten- sive copper and tin mines. Popu- lation 8191 p. ^ . T^ . Ret'foul, liast, a town In Not- tinghamshire. Pop. 2491 p. fihydd'lan, a village m Flint- shire, once the l.Hrge.t town In North Wales. Pop. 1506 p. Rlb'blc, a river rising in the W. of Yorkshire, and entering the sen below Preston. »u„ m n Rich'mond, a town in the w. u. of Yorkshire. Pop. 3900 p. Rip'on, a town In the W. R.ot Yorkshire, once celebrated for its manufacture of «P""- , J,*^S'/town Drtch'dals- ani«iiufaetur\ngiown In UncMhire, on the Uoche. Po- ^ pulatlon 74,427 p. 42 BNOLAMD AND WALES. Ro'chester, a very ancient city nnd seaport of Kent, on the Mcd- way. P. 9891.— 51, 23 N. 0, 30 E. Koth'orham, a town in the W. n. of Yorkshire, near the junction of the Rothor with the Don, long noted for its extensive iron works. Population 4083. Ru'thin, a flourishing town in Denbighshire. Pop. 3316 p. Rut'landshire, the smallest county in England, being only 1,) miles long and 11 broad. The soil is in general fertile, — j)articularly the rich vale of Catmose. Popu- lation 10,383. Rye, a seaport in Sussex, at the mouth of the Rother. Popu- lation :i715 p.— 50, 57 N. 0, 43 E. Ryc'gate, an ancient town in Surrey. Population 3397 p. SAU'DLEBACK, a mountain in Cumberland, 2787 feet high. Sal'ford, a township in Lanca- shire, and a suburb of Manchester. Population 40,7S6. Silis'bury, or NewSarum, an an- cient city and bishop's see, the ca- pital of Wilts. Its cathedral, tha spire of which is 4lU feet high, is one of the finest in Europe. Pop. y87Rp.~61, 4N. 1,47 W. Sa'lop, see Shropshire. Rand'wich, a seaport in Kent, on the Stour. Pojiulation 3136. Sark, a small island ofT the French coast, between Jersev and Guernsey. Pop. 513. — 19, ^5 N. 2, 2(J W. Scafeii', a mountain in Cumber- land with two peaks, 509ii and 316(5 feet high. Scai'Horongh, a seaport in the N. R. of V'orkshire, and a favourite watering-place, with considerable trade, is much admired for the beauty of its situation. Population 87<)0 p.— 54, 18 N. 0, 2,1 W. Scil'lylsles, Uie Vassilcridei of the undents, a niifcerous group, stretching wcstwanl from the l,and'.s-P:nd, ofw!>» Gonlyarein. habited. Theprind«lis St Mary's. Total pop. 21(5').-- 4fl|p N. (5, 15 VV. Scl'by, a thriving town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, on the Ouse, with a considerable trade. Pop. 4(i()i) p. Sov'ern, a large river, second only to the '1 'lames in iniijortance- It rises in P inlimuion niountam ; and passing, by a circuitous course, through the countie»*<)f Montgo- mory, Salop, Worcester, and Gk>u- cester,falls into the Bristol Channel. Shaftes'bury, a town in Dorset- shire. Part of the wall which sur- rounded its abliey, founded by Al- fred, is still standing. Pop. 3061. Shcorness', a seaport in Kent, at the mouth of the Medway, with a strong and commanding furtresa. Pop. 7983 p.— 51, 27 N. 0, 44 E. Shef'iield, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, famous for its manu- factures of cutlery and plated goods. Pop. 59,()ll.--53, 24 N. 1, SOW. Shep'pey, an island at the mouth of the Thames and Medway, sepa- rated from the mainland of Kent by an arm of the sea called the Swale. Sher'borne, an ancient town in Dorsetshire, pleasantly situate on the Ivel. Pop. 4075 p. Shields, North Shields in North- umberland, and South Shields in Durham, two towns on the oppo- site banks of the Tync, both places of considerable trade. Population of North Shields 6744 ; including Chirton, 11,717; of South Shields, 9074 ; including Westoe and Jar- row, 22,3.54.-55, N. 1, 26 W. Shove'Aam, New, a town in Sus- sex, on the English Channel. Po- pulation 1503 p. Shrewsbury (Shroz'berry) the county town of Siilop, beautifully situate on the Severn, with a con- siderable trade. Pop. 21,227.-52, 42 N. 2, 45 W. Shrop'shire or Sa'lop, an inland county, the scat of most extensive iron-^orks. Pop. a2iJ,503. HkidMaw, a mountain in Cum- berland, 3022 feet high. 8nea'fell, a mountain near the centre of the Isle af Man, 2004 feet high. Hnow'don, in Carnarvon, the lof- tiest mountain in South Britain, 3571 Teet high. S >l'way. S.e Descriptive Table of Scotlanil. S )m'orset, a count v on the Bris- tol Channel. Pop 403,908. B )Uthamp'ton,a considerablosea- p.irt on the Southampton Water, in Hants. It ranks as a countv of it>ielf. P. 19,324."-,i0, 54 N. 1,24 W. South'twark, commonly called the HoyjiLsii. s. tfis?n nf S^urrsY. imitffc! by several bridges with London, of which it is considered a suburb. Population 91,501. ENGLAND AND WALES* Spll'heaa. a well-known road- stead between Portsmouth and the Isle of WigJjt, capable of contain- ing 1000 vesseb in security.— 30, 45N. 1, low. ^ . ^. Simrn'head, a promontory in the S. E. of Yorkshire, on which i» a lighthouse.-^5, 35N. 0, 7 E. Stai'fordshire, an inland county, noted for its potteries and iron founderies. Pop. 410,485. Stafford, the county town of Staffordshire. Population 0098. ^ Stam'ford, an ancient town in Lincolnshire, on the Welland. P. 5837. Start Point, a cape on the S. coast of Devonshire.— 50, 13 N. 5, 58 W. Stock'port,a manufacturing town in Cheshire, on the Mersey. Pop. 23,469.-53, 25 N. 2, 10 W. Stock'ton, a handsome town in Durham, on the Tees, about 6 miles from its mouth, wiUi consi- derable trade. Population 7763.— 54,35N. 1,20 W. Stoke-upon-1'rentt a town in Staffordsi^ire. Pop. 37,220 p. Stone'honge, on Salisbury Plain, inWiltri.arangeofimmensestones, some upright, and others resting upon them, supposed to be the re- mains of a Druidical temple. Stour'bridge, a town in Worces- tershire, on the Stour, noted for the manufacture of glass. Pop. 6148. Strat'ford-on-A'von, a town of Warwickshire, the birthi)lace ot Shakspeare in 1564. Pop. 3488. Stroud, a town in Gloucester- shire, with an extensive cloth trade, the waters of the Stroud and Blade being celebrated for theirpro- perties in dyeing cloth. P. 8607 p. Strura'ble Head, a cape ui the N. Vv^ of Pembrokeshire.— 3iJ, 2 N. 5 3 W. 'Sud'bury, a town in Suffolk, on the Siour, once a place of great im- portance for its woollen manufac- ture. Population 4077, Suffolk, a county on the E. coast, 8et)arated from Iviorfolk by the Little Ouse and the Wavcney. Pop. 2i)6,301. . _ yun'derland, a seaport in Dur- ham, on the Wear, over which is -.. ;►.«». lirtdsGof 237 feet span, ana loo ft. above the river. P. 17,060 ; including Hishop and Monk Wear- mouth, 3y,434.-54, 55 N. 1, 21 W. 43 of Sur'rey, a county in the S. England. Population 486,326. Sus'sex, a county on the Englian Channel. Population 272,328. Swan'sea, a seaport in Glamor- gan, situate on a fine bay of the Bristol Channel. It is a great resort for sea-bathing, and possesses an immense trade in copper, iron, and coal?. P. 13,694.-51, 37 N.3,55W. T AM' WORTH, a town in Staf- fordshire, on the Tame. P. 7182 p. Taun'ton, a town in Somerset- shire, on the Tone. Pop. 11,139. Ta'vistock, a town in Devon- shire, on the Tavy, the birthplaoe of Sir Francis Drake. Pop. 5602. Tees, a river whioh rises in Crossfell, Cumberland, and flow- ing eastward, divides the counties of Durham and York, and falls into the German Ocean below Stockton. Ten'by, a town in Pembroke- shire, much resorted to for sea- bathing. Population 2128. Test, a river in Hampshire, fell- ing into Southampton Bay. Tewkes'bury, a fine old town of Gloucestershire, the theatre of a famous battle in 1471, which ter- minated the wars of York and Lan- caster. JPopulation 5780. Thames, the most important ri- ver in Britain, rises in Gloucester- shire, separates Berks from Oxford and Buckingham, Surrey from Middlesex, and Kent from Essex, and ftills into the German Ocean 4(5 miles b-low London bridge. Than'et, Isle of, a district of Kent, at the mouth of the Thames, forming the N. E. angle of the county, and separated firom the mainland by the Stour on the 8. The air is peculiarly mild and sa- 1 ubrious— the soil fertile and highly cultivated. Thet'ford, an ancient town In Norfolk, on the Little Ouse. Pop. 3462. rhirsk, a town in the N. Riding of Yorkshire. Population 2835. Tiv'erton, a town in Devonshire, at the confluence of the Exe and Loman. Population 9766 p. Torbay', a commodious bay on the coast of Devon, the principal rendezvous of the British navy.— 50, 26 N. 3, 30 W. 'loiness'', a town in Devonshire, on the Dart, with aranidly-inqr^aa- ing woollen trade, Pop, 344f p. 44 £NO|;«AKD AND WALfid« Trent, a Urge tlver which rises in the N. of StaffbrdBhiro, flows through the counties of I)erby, Nottingham, and Lincoln, and unites with the Yorkshire Ouse in forming the Humber. Trow'brldge, a town in Wilts, on the Were, with manufactures of cloth and kerseymere. P. 10,863 p. Tru'ro. a flourishing town of Cornwall, situate In a deep dell at the confluence of the Kenwyn and St Allen. Pop. 8468 p 50, 17 N. 6, 2 W. Tunl)ridge, a town in Kent, near which are Tunbridge Welis, a se- ries of villages, so called from their celebrated medicinal springs. Pop. lOjSSOp. Tyne.the principal river of Nor- thumberland, is formed by the junc- tion of the North and South Tync, and falls into the German Ocean at Tynemouth. Tyne'mouth, an ancient town in Northumberland,. at the mouth of theTyn^. Population 10,182. ULK' WATER, a picturesque lake between Cumberland and Westmoreland. WAKE'FIELD, a flourishing manufacturing town in the W. H. of Yorkshire. Population 12,232. -^, 41 N. 1, 29 W. WaKlingford, a borough in Berks, •n the Thames. Pop. 2467. Wal'sall.a thriving town in Staf- fordshire. Population 8665. Ware, a town of Hertfordshire, on the Lea. Population 4214 p. Warc'Aaro, a town in Dorset- shire, near the mouth of the froine. Population 2325i. War'rington. a thriving manu- ftcturing town in Lancashire, on the Mersey. Population 16,018.— 53, 23 N. 2, 35 W. War'wickshire, a midland county, in which is the principal scat of the riband manufacture. Pop. 336,988. War'tvick, the county town of Warwickshire, on the Avon. Us Sstle ii one ot the noblest in the ngdom. Populittion U109. Wash, a large bay of the German Oc^m, luving the counties of Lin- coln, Cambridge, and Norfolk. Wear, a river which rises in the I?* v4 '■'Urnaiii, anu, nowing uy ft circuitous course through that county, fklls into the German Ocean at Sundexland. Welch'pool, a town In Montgo^ mcr) shire, ple.'.snntly situate in tiie vale of the Severn, and a great market for flannels. Pop. 453fe. Wellington, a town in Shrop- shire, near Shrewsbury Canal. Pop. 9671 p.— A town in Somersetshire, with manufactures of serges, drug- gets. &c. Population 4762 p. Wells, a city in Somersetshire, situate at the base of the Mendip Hills. Its cathedral is one of the flnest in England. Pop. 6649. Wen'lock, a town in Salop, with an ancient abbey. Pop. 2424 p. West'bury, a town in Wilts. P. 2495. Westminster, a city in Middle- sex, adjoining London, of which it may be considered as forming a part, although it itossesses distinct rights and privileges. P. 102,080. Westmoreland, a county in the N. of England, celebrated for its lakes and romantic scenery. Pop, 55,041. Wey'mouth, a seaport in Dorset- shire, united to Melcombe Regis by a bridge over the Wey, much frequented as a bathing-place. Po- pulation 7655 — 50,38 N. 2, 29 W. Whern'side, a mountain in the N. W. of Yorkshire, 2384 feet high. Whit'by, a seaport in the N. R. of Yorkshire, tlie birthplace of Captain Cook. Pop. 7765 64, 28 N. 0, 35 W. Whiteha'vcn, a thriving seaport in Cumberland, with extensive coal mines. Pop. 15,716.-54. 33 N. 3, 35 W. Wig'an,a manufacturing town in Lancashire. Population 2'),774. Wight, Isle of (the Pfc/l*ofthe Romans), a beautiful island ofl'the S. co.T.t of England, between which and Portsmouth is the great naval road of Spithead. In the centre of the island is Carisbrcoke Castle, where Charles I. was conflned. Pop. 35,431.-50, 42 N. 1, 20 W. Wig'ton.atownin Cumberland, in which are some cotton manu- factures. Population 4885. Wil'ton, a town of Wilts, long noted for its manufacture of car- pets. Population 1997 p. Wilts^ or Wilf shire, an inland couniy cj. or ihc liiofues. Popu- lation 239,181. Win'chester, the capital of Hants, an ancient city and bi»hop'a §ee. ENGLAND AND W^y.iafl. _4S. i I r'^ Ah^&i i I V J ^ n T.«igba4e Vest S ttom Ore«BWMtt. linmiikKHp-wwi (.>■ AlXVi^i E.lUilrtirgfc. jU9 KNOI.AMD AMD WALES. 4S I with a Rpncious cathedral, famous for its public school. Pop. 9212. WJn'dermorc, the largest lake in England, between Westmoreland and Lancashire. Wlnd'sor, a town in Berkshire, on the Thames, 22 miles Ifoui Lon- don, celebrated for its castle, a fa- vourite residence of the British sovereigns. Population 7103. Wis'beach.a town in Cambridge- shire, on the Non, carries on a con- siderable trade in corn. Pop. 8777 p. With'am.arivcr in Lincolnshire, which flows past Lincoln, and, pur- suing a south-easterly course, falls into the Wash. Wit'ney.a tAwn in Oxfordshire, long noted for^its manufacture of woollens, particularly blankets. Population 5336 p. Wit'tlesearoere, a lake in the N.E. of Huntingdonshire. Wo'burn, a town in Bedfordshire. Within a mile of it Is Woburn Ab- bey, the splendid seat of the Duke ot Bedford. Population 1827 p. Wolverhamp'ton, a town in Staf- fordshire, notetl for its manufac- tures of locks and keys. Popula- tion 24,732.-52, 36 N. 2, 7 W. Wood'bridpe, a town in SulTolk, on the Dcben, carries on a consi- derable trade. Pop. 47(>y p. Wood'stock, a town in Oxford- shire, with extensive manufac tures of gloves. Near it is Hlen- hcim, the magnificent seat of the Duke of Marlborough. Pop. 1380. Wool'wich, a town in Kent, on the Thames, 8 miles below Lon- don. It is famous for its arsenal, ilock-yard, and military academy. Pop. 17,661 p.— 51, 30 N. 0, 5 K Worcestershire( Woob'ter),a rich and beautiful midland county of England. Population 21 1 ,35(). Worcester (Woos'ttr), the coun- ty town'pf Worcestershire, near the centre of the kingdom, noted for its porcelain manufacture. Here Cromwell defeated the army of Charles IL in 16.jL Population 18,610.-52, 12 N. 2, 13 W. Work'ington, a seaport in Cum- berlaud, having extensive collier ieg in the neighbourhood. Population 64i:).--.54, 38N.3, 33 W. Work'sop, a town in Nottlng- huinshire, pleasantly situate in a valley ; its ancient church is a fine structure. Population 5566 p. Wrek'in, a hill in Shropshire* 1320 feet high. Wrex'Aam, a town in Denbigh- Rl»ire, carrying on a large inland trade, particularly in flannel. It has a very elegant church. Popu- lation 5484. Wy'combe, High, a handsome town in the county of Bucking- ham ; in the vicinity arc numerous corn and paper mills. Pop. 3101. Wye, a picturesque river of Wales, whicn rises in the S. of Montgomeryshire, crosses Radnor and Herefordshires, divides Mon- ' mouth from Gloucester, and falls into the Severn below Chepstow. YAU'MOUTH,asoaport of Nor- folk, at the mouth of the Yare, with a considerable trade. Pop. 21,115 p.— 52, 36 N. 1, 43 E. Vork'shirc, the largestcounty in England, divided into the East, West, and North Ridings. The East is very fertile, while the West is the principal scat of the woollen manufacture. Pop. 1,371,21*6. York, the Ebordcum c( the Ro- mans, the capital of Yorkshire, and the see of an archbishop. Its ce- lebrated cathedral or minster is the most magnificent specimen of Gothic architecture in Europe, Pop. 25,359.-53, 57 N. 1, 4 W. SCOTLAND Is bounded N. by the North Sea ; W. by the Atlantic Ocean ; S. by England, and the Irish Sea ; and E. by the German Ocean. It contains 32.167 square miles. The population in J831 amounted to 2,365,114. It is divided into thirty-three counties : — b2 ■■I'lii.iHiiKii iiY <»i.ivKn vnovii. KoiNBi'aitn. 40 SCOTLAND. Counttei. Chief Towns. Orkney d(8heilani1. Kirkwall. Siromneib, Lefwick. Calthnm Wick, Thurso. Sutherland Dornodi. K088 Tain, Uingwall, Fortrose. Cromarty Croiiiarty. Invernetis Inverness, Fort George, Fort Augustus, Fort M'illiam. Nairn Nairn. £Igin or Moray Klgin, Forres, Fochabers. Banff Banff, Cullen, Keith. Aberdeen Aberdeen, Pcterhead,Fras6rburgh,Huntly* Kincardine or Mearns Stonehaven, Bcrvie, Laurencekirk. Forfar or Angus.... Forfar, Dundee, Montrose, Arbroath, Bre- chin, Cupar-Angus. Fife Cupar, St Andrews, Dunfermline. Kirk- caldy. Kinghorn, Burntisland, t)ysart, Inverkeithing, Falkland. Kinrosf Kinross. Clackmannan Clackmannan, Alloa, Dollar. Perth Perth, Culross, Kincardine, Dunkeld, Crieff, Dunblane, Callander. ArgylL Inverary, Campbelton, Oban. Bute. Rothesay, Brodick (in Arran). Dunbarton or Len- nox Dunbarton, Helensburgh. Stirling Stirling, Falkirk, Grangemouth. Linlithgow or Linlithgow. Qucensferry, Borrowstoun- West Lothian ness, Bathgate. Edinburgh or Kdinbuugh, Leiih, Portobello,I^Iusscl- Mid-Lothian burgh, Dalkeith. Haddington or Kast Lothian Haddington, Dunbar, North Berwick. Berwick or Merse...Greenlaw, Lauder, Dunse, Coldstream. Roxburgh or Te- viotdaic Jedburgh, Kelso, Hawick, Melrose. Selkirk Selkirk, Galashiels. Peebles or Tweed- dale Peebles, Inverleithen. Lanark or Clydes- Lanark, Glasgow, Hamilton, Airdrie, dale llutherglcn. Benfrew Renfrew, Paisley, Greenock, Port Glasgow. Ayr Ayr, Irvine, Kihiiarnock, (lirvan. Dumfries Dumfries, Annan, Sanquhar^Lochmaben, Moffat, Langholm. Kirkcudbright oif East Galloway... Kirkcudbright, New Galloway Wigtown or West Wigtown,Stranraer,Whithor%PortPatrick Gallo way Newton-Stewart, SCOTLAND. 4| ISLANDa.— Shetland Islei, the principal of which arcs Mainland and Yell ; Orkney Inles, the principal of which are, Pomona or Mainland, and Hoy ; , tho Hebridei», or Western Isles, the principal of which are, Lewis, Skye, Mull, Jura, and Isla ; Bute, Arran. Friths, Bays, and Lochs.*— Pen tland, Dornoch, Cromarty, and Moray Friths; Friths of Tay and Forth, Solway Frith, Frith of Clyde; Wigtown and Glenluce Bays ; Sounds of Isla, Jura, and Mull ; The Minch; Lochs Byan, Long, Fyne, Etive, Linnhe, Broom. Capes.— St Abb's Head, Fifeness, Buchanness, Kin- naird's Head, Burgh Head, Tarbetness, Duncansbay Head, Dunnet Head, Cape Wrath, Butt of Lewis, Point of Ardnamurchan, Mull of Cantyre, Corsill Point, Mull of Galloway, Burrow Head, Saturnness. Lakes.— Loch Lomond ; Awe; Tay, Rannoch, Er- icht, Ketterin, Erne ; Shin; Laggan ; Ness, Lochy; Maree; Leven. Mountains.— Ben Nevis, the loftiest mountain in Great Britain ; Ben Wyvis, Ben Macdnui, Cairn*, toul, Cairngorm ; the Grampians, of which the most remarkable are Mount Battock, Schiehallion, Ben Lawcrs, Ben More, Ben Ledi, and Ben Lomond ; Ben Cruachan ; the Ochils ; Pentland Hills ; Lammermoor Hills; Tintock; Moffat Hills; Lowthers; Cheviot Hills, on the English Border. RivEiis. — Spey, Findhorn, Deveron, Don, Dee, Tay, Erne, Forth,Clyde, Tweed, Teviot,Nith, Annan, Ken. REMARKS. Scodand, exclusive of the Shetland and Orkney Islands, extends from 54° 40' to 58* 40' N. lat., and from 1* 48' to 5*52' W. long., not including the Western Isles. Its extreme length is about 280 miles, and its greatest breadth 150 miles. Scotland is in general a mountainous country, although it has some extensive level districts of great fertility. It is divided into the Highlands and Lowlands; the fomier chiefly occupied with lofty and rugged mountains, and in- UsKUc;! Kv A rsfp nf Celt*! whf). in msinv Darts- still Fnesk the Celtic or Gaelic language ; the latter more diversified * By Lochs are here meant armt qfthu tea. 4$ SCOTLAND. with hilly nnd level districts, and inhabited by people of Saxon origin hke the English, and who speak dialects of the same language- liut the natural geography of the country suggests a more distinct division of it into three portions. Northern, Middle, and South krn. The Northern Division extends from the Pentland Frith to that great chain of lakes which crosses the country from the coast of Argyll to the Moray Frith, in the line of the Caledonian Canal. It is in general mountainous and bleak, with some fertile spots on the eastern coast. The Middle Division extends southward from the above line to the Friths of Fortli and Clyde, and the Great Canal by which they are united. Of this division, likewise, the aspect is chicHy mountainous, although on the eastern coast there are extensive tracts of great fertility and in high cultivation. The Southern Division., stretching to the English border, bears in soil and appearance a greater resemblance to Eng- land. Though it contains several extensive ranges of hills, and wide tracts of moor, its more general aspect is that of verdant plains, watered by beautiful streams,and enlivened by herds of cattle ; ample valleys or gently-swelling eminences of great fertility, waving with corn, or clothed with wood. Scotland abounds in minerals, the most valuable of which are lead, iron, and coal. Its fisheries form f.n important branch of industry, and are prosecuted to a considerable extent, particularly along its northern shores. Its climate, though variable, is, on the whole, mild and salubrious. The western counties are exposed to frequent and heavy rains from the Atlantic Ocean ; the eastern, though less frequently deluged with rain, suffer more from piercing east winds, accompanied with chilling fogs from the German Ocean. There is no country in the world where agriculture is better understood than in Scotland ; and the consequent improvement in its soil and produc tions, which have taken place within the last forty years, arc astonishing. Many of its districts are best adapted for the rearing of cattle, which are exported in large numbers to England. Manufactures of various kinds are likewise carried on to a great extent. Glasgow and Paisley are the principal seats of the cotton manufactures ; Dundee, and the other towns in Forfarshire, are noted tor tlie manufacture of coarse linens; and Dunfermline for damasks and fine linens. At Carro9, near Falkirk, are the largest iron.works in SCOTLAND. li the kingdom. Of iho commercial prosperity of Britain, Scotlaiifi cnjuys her due Hhare. The rapid iro^ress which the country has made of lato years has been greatly accelerated by the introduction of Hteam.navigation on its coasts and friths, while the facilities of internal communication will, in the progress of time, be much increased by railroads. Since the accession of James VI. to the throne of Eng- land, in 1603, the whole of Britain has been under the dominion of one sovereign ; and since the union of England and Scotland in the reign of Queen Anne, A.D. 1707, the government cf the two kingdoms has been nearly the same. The Presbyterian form of church-government is coeval with the Reformation in Scotland. After many struggles with James VI. and his successors, who patronised episcopacy, the Scots succeeded in procuring the establishment of Pres- bytcrianism as the national religion, at the Kevolution of 1688. The Scots may be characterized as industrious, frugal, prudent, hardy, and brave. Owing to ihe excellent insti- tution of parish-schools, the advantages of education are enjoyed even by the lowest classes of the people. They are fond of learning ; and can boast of some of the brightest names in literature and science. EXERCISES. Wha^ are the boundaries of Scotland ? What is its extent in square miles ? Into how many counties is it divided ? Name them. What are the principal towns of Orkney and Shetland? Of Caithness? Of Sutherland ? Of Ross, &c. ? What are its principal islands ? Point them out on the map. Name its principal friths, bays, and lochs. Point them out on the map. Name its capes. Point them out on the map. What are its principal lakes ? Point them out. Name its principal mountains. Name its rivers. Where is Falkland, Kirkwall, Kelso, Whithorn, Camp- belton, Dornoch, Stranraer, Irvine, New Galloway, Dalkeith, Kilmarnock, Dunkeld, Falkirk, Dingwall, Stonehaven, Mon- trose, FortTose, Fort Oeorge, Port Patrick, Dunbar, Dun- b.irton, Dunsc, Edinbujioh, Glasgow, Greenock, North Berwick, Annan, Dunfermline, Alloa, Lerwick, Brodick, lu- verary, Inverness, Hamilton, Leith, Musselburgh, Borrows- tounness, Forres, Bervie, Peterhead, &c. ? Where is Pomona, \' ell. Mainland, Mull, Skye, Lewis, 14nv Diifa krr. 9 Whova ic tha Mnlurnu Frith, frlenluce BaV. Pentland Frith, Frith of Tay, Wigtown Bay, Frith of l^orth, Cromarty Frith, Moray Frith, Loch Fyne, Loch Broom, Loch Long, Frith of Clyde, lioch Etive, Loch Linnhe,&c. ? Where is Cape Wra.th, Tarbetness, St Abb*g Head, Sa- 50 SCOTLAND. turnnesn, Kinnaird's Head, Corsill Point, Duncansbay Head, Foitit of Ardnamurchan, &c. ? Where is Loch Nes.s, Loch Awe, Loch Lomond, Loch Maree, Loch Ketterin, Loch Ericht, &c. ? Where are the Lammermoor Hills, the Pcntland Hills, the Grampians, Ben Ledi, Ben Lawers, Ben Nevis, Tintock, the Lowthers, &c. ? Which is the hij'hest mountain in Great Britain ? Describe tlic course of the Tweed, of the Nith, the Clyde, the Tay, the Forth, the Don, the Spey, the Dee, the Teviot, the Annan. Between what degrees of latitude arid lonpritude is it situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is the general appear- ance of Scotland ? How is it divided ? What is the aspect of the Highlands ? By what race of people is it inhabited ? What is the appearance of the Lowlands ? Of what origin are its inhabitants ? M'hat other division does the natural geography of the country suggest ? What is the extent ami situation of the Northern Division ? What is the aspect of the country ? How far docs the Middle Division extend south- ward ? VVhat is its general aspect ? flow far does the Southern Division extend ? What is the general aspect of this division ? What are the most valuable minerals of Scotland ? What is the nature of its climate ? What varieties of wea- ther prevail in the western and eastern counties ? What is the state of agriculture in Scotland ? For what are many of its districts best adapted ? Are its manufactures extensive ? What towns are the principal seats of the cotton manufac- tures ? For what manufacture is Dundee noted ? What are the chief manufactures of Dunfermline ? For what is Canron celebrated ? Is Scotland a commercial country ? By what has the progress of Scotland in commercial prosperity been of late years greatly facilitated ? At what time was Scotland united with England in govern- ment ? What form of church. government is established ? How long has this been the national relitrion ? To what in- stitution do the Scots owe the general diffusion of education ? Have they made a figure in literature and science ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. ABB'S HEAD, ST, a promon- tory on the N.E. of Berwickshire. —55* 5G' N. lat. 2° V W. lon^'. Aberdeen'bhire, an extensive county in the N.E. of Scotland, comprising the districts of Mar, Garioch, Pormartin, and Buchan. Population 1'<7,G.'»7. Aberdeen', a large seaport, and the eau^tal of the county. This elegant city comprehends 'Old and New Aberdeen,— the former situ- ate on the Don, and the latter on the Dee. k) ea«b of th«m there u a untverbity. Population, Includ- ing the parish of Old Machar, 38,019.-57. I* N. 2, 6 W. Aberneth'y, a town in Perth- shire, near the mouth of the El ne, said to have been the capital of the l*ictifh kingdom. I'on. 1776 P. Ail'sa, a rocky islet \n the trith of Clyde, betwixt Ayrshire and i^aV\¥*.y m^t * aai^k «rw« • t^a • •« ^I M^aikvt 4Vl- rence, iind 1098 feet high.— 55, 15 N. 5, ti W. Ait'drie, a thriving town in I,a- nariubirc. Population 88C7 p. SCOTLAND. 51 Al'loa, a considerable seaport in Clackmannanshire, on the Forth. Population 6377 P- An'drews, St, an ancient city on the E. coast of Fife, once the eccle- siastical capital of tht> kingdom. The first rise of tlio Keformalion, and tlie assassination of Cardinal lieaton, also of Archbishop Sharpe, which took place in its vicinity, have mode it famous in history. Its university still remains; but its castle and noble cathedral are in ruins. Population 5ti2l p.— 56, 5>l N. 2, 48 W. An'nan. a town in Dumfries, shire, at the mouth of the Annan. Pop. rt033 p.— 51, 59 N. 5, 11 W. An'nan, a river which rises on the borders of Peebles-shire, and tlows through Dumfries»shire, into the Solway Frith. Anstruther (commonly An'ster), Kasterand Wester, twosmall towns on the E. coast of Fife. P. 1457 p. Arbroath', or Aberbrothoek, a considerable seaport in Forfarshire, with the ruins of an ancient abbey. Pop. 11,217 p.— 36, 54 N. 2, 3i W. Ard'namur'chan, Point of, a cape in Argyll, the most westerly point of the mainland of Scotland. — 56, 41N. 0,5\V. Ar(lro8'san,aseaport in Ayrshire, with an excellent harbour; it is much resorted to for sea-bathing. Population 3191 p. Argyll'shire, an extensive High- land county on the. W. coast, in- dented by numerous arms ot the sea. Population 100,975. Ar'ran, an island in the Frith of Clyde, distinguished by its moun- tainous aspect and the remarkable formation of its rock*!. Goat-Fell, the most elevated peak, is 2sr),j feet high. P. (51i7 — 3 J, .If) N. 5, 18 VV. A'von, the name of a romantic lake nnd river iti Banffshire. Awe, Loch, a beautiful lake in Argyll, about 'JS miles long and from 1 to SJ broad. Ayr'shire, ii large county on the Wfstorn coast, comprising the dis- tricts of Carrick, Kyle, and Cun- ningham, noted for its cattle and dairies. Population I45,0.i5. Avr. the county town of Ayr- shire, situate at the month of the Ayr. P. 11,620 p.— 55,27 N.4,36W. BANFF'SHinE,acoimtyonthe , Moray Frith. Popidation 48,604. iianff', a seaport, and the countv town of Banfhhire, near the mouth of the Deverrm. Population 2935. —57, 39 N. 2, t'9 W. Ban'nockburn, a thriving village in Stirlingshire, with large manu- factures of tartans and carpets. The field of Dannockburn is memorable in Scottish history for the victory obtained here by Robert Bruce over Edward 11. 24th June 1314. Bass, an almost inaccessible islet at the mouth of the Frith of Forth, formerly employed as a state-pri- son 56, 5 N. 2', 38 W. Bathgate, a town in the county of Linlithgow. Population 3593 p. Bat'tock, a mountain on the con- fines of Aberdeen, Kincardine, and For fars hires, 3465 feet high. lieau'ley, a pretty little town in Inverness-shire, on the frith of the same name. Bell Rock, a reef of rocks in the German Ocean, about 12 miles S.E from Arbroath, completely covered at high water. A stupendous light- house with reflectors, 1 15 feet high, was erected upon it in 1811.— 56, 27 N, 2, 23 W. Benbe'cula, an island of the He- brides, lying betwixt North and South Uist. Ben* tlru'iichan, a mountain in Argyllshire at the head of Loch Awe ; it is upwards of 20 miles in circumference, and 3393 feet high. Ben Law'era, a mountain in Perthshire, rising from the banks of Loch Pay to the height of 4015 feet above the sea. Ben Le'di, a mountain north- west of Callander in Perthshire, witli a small lake on its top, 3009 feet high. Ben Lo'mond, a mountain in Stirlingshire, rising majestically irom the side of Loch Lomond to the height of 5210 feet above the level ot t!ie lake, and 5262 above that of the sea. Beii Macdhui', a mountain in the S. W. extremity of Aberdeen- shire, 4362 feet high. Ben More, a conical mountain, towering from the side of Loch DjMjhart, Perthshire, CO the iieight of 3903 feet above the sea. • £(H is a Gaelic word, signifying a mountain. 5^ SCOTLAND. Ben NCvis, a mountain in Inver- ncss-shire, thelofticstin Great Bri- tain, being 4570 foct above the sea. Ben Venue', a picturesque mnun. tain on the south side of Loch Ket- terin, 2800 foot high. Ben Voir'lich, a mountain in Perthshire, rising from the S. bank of Loch Erne to the hcigiit of SoOO feet. Ben Wy'vis, a mountain in Ross- shire, 57SiO feet above the sea. Ber'vieor Invcrhci-'vie, a seaiwrt in Kincardineshire. Pop. 757. Ber'toickshire, or the Mer?e, an agricultural county on the S. E. of tlie kingdom. Population 51,048. Ber'u;ick. See England, p. :n. Ber'M'ick, North, a small soa(»ort in the county of Haddington. Pop. ]821p.— 5fi,'3N. 2, 41 \V. Blackness', an ancient castle on the Forth, in Linlithgowshire. Blairgow'ric, a town in Perth- shire, finely situate on the Ericht. Pof)ulation 2(J44 p. liorrowstoiuiness', or Bo'ness', a considerable seaport in Linlithgow- shire, on the Forth, pop. S»09 p. Braeri'ach, a precipitous moini- tain in the S. W. extremity of i^ ber- tleenshire 42().> foct high. Brecii'in, a town in the county of Forfar, once an episcopal see. Population C508 p. Brod'ick, a village on the east coast of Arran, situate on Brodick Bay. Here the Duke of Hamilton lias a castle— 5,), 40 N. 5, 7 W. JJrooni, Li)ch, an extensive arm of the sea in Koss-shire, haviuK some excellent harbours. liiich;iiines.s', a promontory in Aberdeenshire, the easternmost pouit in Scotland, near which are the reniarkiible rocks called the hullers of liuchan.— u, 29 N 1 47 VV. , -J ^^. I, Burgh Head, a cape in Moray- shire.— &7, 45 N. 5, 20 W. Buriiti'iland, a seaport in Fife, opposite to Loith. P„p. 25(:(; p. ' Bur'row Head, a rai)e on the S. coast ot Wigtowiishire il^il N. 4, 20 W. Bute'shire, a county comprising the islands of Bute, Arran, Inch- marnoch, and the ( umbravs. in tlie Frith of Clyde. Pop. ILlk. Jiurc',tlieprincip;ilisiaiid, though not the largest, in Buteshire. It is I uibtujguished for i)ictuici4uc beau- I ty and mild climate. Population 6\S50.— 55, 51 N. 5, 2 VV. CAIIINGORM', a mountain on theconfinesofthecountiesofBanO; Aberdeen, and Inverness, famous for its rock crystals, 4080 feet high. Cairntoul', a mountain on the confines of Aberdeen and Invcr- ness.shircd, 4223 feet high. Caith'ness, a county in the north- ern extremity of Scotland. A great herring-fishery is carried on from its coast. Population 54,51:!). Cal'lander, a village in Perth- shire, 16 miles north-west of Stir- ling, beautifully situate on the 'I'eiih, and surrounded by romantic scenery. Population 1901) p. Cam;/belton, a flourishing sea- port of tantyre, in Argyllshire. Pop. 48G9.-55, 25 N. 5, 35 AV. C'antyre', a peninsula forming the southernmost district of Argyll. Cantyre*, Mull of, a promontory at the S. extremity of Cantyre ; it is 10 miles distant from Fair-Ilead, on the coast of Antrim in Ireland. —55, 17N. 5, 43 W. Car'ron, a village in Stirlingshire, on the Carron, Jamous for its iron, works, the largest in the kingdom. Population about 2500. Castle Doug'las, a town in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright. Pop. 2877 p. Ca'trinc, a thriving village iu Ayrshire, on the Ayr, with exten- sive cotton- works, p. alnrnt 5(X)0. Clackmannan, a county on the N. side of the Forth. Pop. 14,729. C'lackman'nan, the county town of the above shire. Pop. 4'^tiG p. Clyde, a large river which rises in Clydeslaw, a hill in the |>arish of Crawford, I/uiarkshire, and tails into the Frith of Clyde. Coir/'atream, a town in Berwick- shire, on the N. bank of the Tweed. Po|Hil;ttion 2897 P. Coll, one of the Hebrides, be- longmg to Argyllshire, about 14 miles long, and from half a mile to a^ broad. Population 131 (?. Coi-'sill Point, a promontory on the VV. coast of Wigtownshire.— 1 N. 5, y VV. Crail, a seajMHt in Fife, at the mouth of the Frith of Forth. Po- '.'ululiu'i 1H2-1 •!. <'rn li; ;i town in Perthshire, de- liphttiilly situate near th.- north bank of the true. I'op. 4760 i). 55, SCO*tANj). 53 Croro'artv, a county in the N. of Scotland, formed of «(»vfral de- tached portions within the county of Ross, dtr. Population, with that of RoHs-shiro, 74,820. Crom'arty, the county town, on the peninsula between the friths of Cromarty and Moray. Population 2215,-57, 42 N. 4. W. Crom'drty Frith, a beautiful bav of the German Ocean, stretching nearly 20 miles inland. Cul'len, a town in Banffshire, with considerable linen manufac- tures. Population irm p. Cul'ross (commonly Coo'rojs), a seaport in a detached portion of Perthshire, on the Frith of Forth. Population 1488 p. Cum'brays, two Islands in the Frith of Clyde, near the Ayrshire coast. A lighthouae is erected on the west side of Little Cumbtay. Pop. 894.-52, 43 N. 4, 57 W. Cum'nock, Old, a village in Ayr- shire, noted for its manufacture of beautiful snuff-boxes. P. 27G3 |). CVpar, a handsome town, the capital of Fife, on the Eden. Fop. G473 p. * Cu'par-An'gus, a town partly in Forfarshire, and partly in Perth- shire, situate on the Ishi. P. 2615 n. DAL'KEITH, a considerable town in Mid- Lothian, between the North and South Esk, al)Oui 6 miles S. from Edinburgh. Popu- lation 5586 I). Dee, a river in Aberdeenshire, which rises on the west of Cairn- gorm, and flowing through a pic- turesque valley, falls into the Ger- man Ocean at New Aberdeen, after a course of !)0 miles.— A river, is- suing from Loth Dee on the borders of Ayrshire, and flowing through Kirkcudbri{fht8hire, falls Into the Solwav Frith. nev'cron, a beautiful river which forms, for a conifiderable distance, the boundary between the counties of Aberdeen and BanlT, and flows into the German Ocean. IVvon, a river in Perthshire, rising in the Ochil hills, and flow- ing to the Frith of Forth by ii very circuitous course. It is remarkable for romantic scenery. Dmg'wali, a town' in Iloss-shire, at the head of the Cromarty Frith. Near it is Strathpeflcr, a beautiful vale, with a celebrated mineral well, which has become a place of great resort. Populati(m 2124 p. Dol'lar, a town in Clackmannan- shire, beautifully situate on the Devon, at the base of the Ochil hills. An excellent academy wan endowed here in 1H19 for the edu- cation of youth. Pop. 1447 p. Don, a river rising in the W. of Aberdeeiishire,and falling into the German Ocean near Old Aberdeen. Doon, a river in Ayrshire, fall- ing into the sea near Ayr; ren- dered classical by the strains of Burn>'. Dor'noc/j, the county town of Sutherland, on the N. of the Dor- noch Frith. Population .504. Dor'nocA Frith, a bay of the Ger- man Ocean, between the counties of Sutherland and Ross. Doiig'las, a village of great anti- quity, in the Upper Ward of Lan- arkshire. Population 1346. Doune, u village in Perthshire, on the Teith, wllli large cattle mar- kets, and an extensive cotton manufactory ; near it are the mas- sive ruins of its castle, in former times a strong fortress, and fre- quently a royal residence. Pop. 3752 p. ^ Dumfrles'-shire, a larpe county in the S. of Scotland, comprising the districts of Eskdule, Annan- dale, and Nlthsdalc. Pop. 73,770. Dumfriob', a handsome town, the capital of Dumfries-shire, situate on the Nith, seven miks from the Solway Frith. Pop. Il.CiOO p., in- eluding Maxwelltown in Kirkcud- bright, lf;,271.— 55, 1 N. 3.3(5 W. Dunliai', a seaport in East Lo- thian, at the mouth of the Frith of Forth. Itscastlc.nowin ruins, was in ancient times a place of great strength. Pop. 4735 p.— 50, N. 2, 30 W. Dunliar'tonshire, or Lennox, a small county in the W. ol Scotland. I'opulation 33,211. Dunbar'ton, the county town of Dunbartonshire, near the conflu- ence of the Leven with the Clyde. Its ancient castle, on a precipitous rock, la of groat strenpth. Pop. 36i'3 p.- 55, 57 N. 4, 33 W. Dunblane's, a town iii Pcrtiishirs- on the Allan, a place of consider- able resort on account of the mine- ral waters in its vicinity. P.32^8p. DuQ'cansOuy Head, a promontory 54 SCOTLAND. in Caithness, the north-eastern ex. tremitv of Great Britain.— 58, 40 N. 5, 3 W. Dundee', a large seaport in For- farshirc, on the Frith of Tay. It carries on a great trade, chi'-'fly with the Baltic, and has extensive manufactures of Osnalmrgs and other coarse linens. The town, and narticularly the harbour,have of late been much extended and improved. Pon. 45,355 p.— 5(5, 28 N. 2, 58 W. Uunferm'line, a flourishingtown in the W. of Fife. Table-linen is manufactured here in greater ex- tent and perfection than in any other part of the kingdom. The abbey, now in ruins, was one of the burial-places of the kings of Scot- land. Here, in 1818, the tomb and skeleton of Robert Bruce were discovered. Pop. 17,068 p. Dunkeld', a town in Perthshire, on the north bank of the Tay, si- tuate amidst the most beautiful and romantic scenery. Pop. 1471 p. Dun'net Head, a promontory in Caithness, the most northerly point of Gi-eat Britain- 58,40 N. 3>i2W. Dunsc, a considerable town in Berwickshire.between theBlackad- der and the Whitadder. P. 3469 p. Dy'sart, a seaport in Fife, with a considerable trade in coals. Poj)u- lation 1801 ; of the parish 7104. ED'INBURGHSHI KE, or Mid. Lothian, the metropolitan county of Scotlasjd, on the S. of the Frith *^f Forth. Population 2n),.345. Ed'imduroh, the metroj)olis of St^otland, the seat of the law courts, and of a celebrated university, situ- ate in the county of Mid-Lothian. Its New Town is considered the most elegant and regularly built of any city in Britain. Population, with that of Leith, 162,403.— 55, 57 N. 3, 10| W. Ed'i\am, a village in Roxburgh- shire, N. E. of Kelso, on the Eden, the birthplace of Thomson the pOfcC. Fop. 637 p. El'gin, the county town of Elgin or Morayshire, on the Los.sie,al)out 6 miles fro'r' its mouth. Here are theruinsof d'.nagnilicentcathedral. Pop. 4495.-57, 38 N. 3, i'l W. Erne or Earn, a river in Perth- crtatrs, i::=ussjy iit;:ii a. ucauiiZUi i:t>\e of the same name, and falling into ihe Tay below Perth. Efroc/i, or P.r'icht, a bke partly in Perth and partly In Inverness shires, 14 miles long and a mile broad. Esk, the name of several rivers. One rises in the N. of Dumfries- shire, and flows to the Sol way Frith . In Mid-Lothian, the North Esk joins the South Esk below Dal- keith, and falls into the Frith of Forth at Musselburgh. In P'or- farshire, the North Ksk flows from the Grampian aiountains,and falls into the sea 3 miles N. of Mon- trose. The .South Esk also rises •among the Grampians, and falls into the sea at Montrose. E'tive, Loch, an inlet of the sea in Argyllshire, L'O miles long. F.MR ISLE, an island belonging to Shetland, situate about half-way between that group and the Ork. nevs. Fal'kirk, a town in Stirlingshire, noted for its large cattle-markets, called Trysts. Here Sir William Wallace was defeated by Edward I. in l*/»98; and here the Pretender's army defeated the Royalists in 1 74G. Pop. 12,743 p. Fa/k'laud,a small town in Fife; its palace was formerly a residence of the kings of Scotland. P. 26.'»8 p. Fife, a large maritime county on the N. of the Frith of Forth. Po- pulation 128,839. Fifeness', a cape at the eastern extremity of Fife, from which a dangerous ridge, called the Carr Rock, projects into the sea.—SG, 17 N. 2, 35 W. Findhorn', a small seaport in Morayshire, at the mouth of the Findhorn. Foch'abers, a thriving little town in Morayshire, near the mouth of the Spey ; in the vicinity is Gor- don Castle, now the magnificent seat of the Duke of Richmond. P. 1040. For'far or An'gus, a county N. of the Tay, notetl tor its breed of cat- tle. Population 139,606. For'far, the county town of An- gus, or Forfarshire, situate in tlu,- valley of Strathmore. P. 7941) p. For'res, a tov;n in Morayshirc\ near which is a remarkable obelisk. Population 3424. Fort George, Fort Augustus, I'UIL yy iiiianif a uttgv '•• i.-5».-— — - in Inverness-shire, erected to <;ver- awc the Highlands. The tw j last have been recently dismantled. SCOTLAND. 55 Forth, anciently Bodotriat one of the principal rivers of Strotland, rises N. of iJen Lomond, and ex- pands into a large flrith before uniting with the German Ocean, Fortrosc', a seaport in Uoss-shiro, on the N. coast of the Moray Fritii, opposite to Fort George. Popula- tion '2916 p. Fra'serburqh, a seaport in Aber- deenfihirc. Population 1^954 p. Fy'ers, or Foy'ers, a river in Inverncss-shire, which falls into Loch Ness, remarkable for its stu- pendous Jails, the upper of which is 70 and the lower i'07 feet in height. Fyne, Loch, an arm of the sea m Argyllshire, about 40 miles long, and from 2 to 4 in breadth. GALASHIELS', a town in Sel- kirks!»irc, on Gala Water, noted for its manufacture of woollens. Population 2600. GaKloway, a large district in the south-west of Scotland, including the counties of Wigtown and Kirl<- cudbriRht. It is famed for its breed of cattle. Gal'loway, Mull of, a bold head- land, on the S. extremity of Wig- townshire.the most southerly point in Scotland.--54, 39 N. 4, 48 W. Gir'van, a seaport in Ayrshire, carries on a considerable trade. Population 6430 p. Glas'goiw, the principal manufacw turing and commercial city m Scot- land, situate on the Clyde in La- narkshire. All the branches of tiie cotton manufacture are carried on upon the most extensive scale. It has also a great trade with America and the We.^t Indies, a flourishing university, and is adorned with many handsoine edifices. Popula- tion 202,4-2().— 55, 51 N. 4, IfJ W. Glenluce' Bay, a large bay in the S. of Wigtownshire, deriving its name from the Luce, a river which falls into it. (Jram'pian Mountains, the Mons Grampiits of the Romans, cele- brated for the battle between Gal- gacus and Agricola, a chain ex- tending from the Atlantic in Ar- gyllshire to the German Ocean in Aberdeenshire. llnKshire, at the junction of the Gieat Canal with the Frith of Forth. PopiUatiou about 1800. Green'law, the county town of Berwickshire. Population 1442 p. Green'ock, a seaport in Renfrew- shire, at the mouth of the Clyde,— the emporium of the American and West Indian trade. Pop. 27,571 p.— 55, 57 N. 4, 44 W. Gret'na-Green' a village in Dum- fries-shire,neartheEnglish border, noted for irregular marriages. Pop, 1909 p. HAD'DINGTONSHIRE, or East Lothian, a county in the S. E. of Scotland, the inhabitants of which are distinguished for their intelligence and enterprise in agri- cultural pursuits. Pop. 3(),145. Had'dington.the county town of East Lothian. Its weekly market for grain is the largest in Scot- land. Population 5883 p. Ham'ilton, a town in Lanark- shire, 10 miles S.E. from Glasgow, near the confluence of the Avon and Clyde. Population 9513 p, Haw'ick, a thriving manufactur- ing town iu Roxburglishire, at the junction of the Teviot and Slitrig, Population 4970 p. Heb'f ides, or Western Isles {an- ciently Ebudes), a range of isl- ands, 200 in number, of wh'ich about 80 are inhabited, scattered along the western coast of Scot- land. They extend, exclusive of St Kilda, from 55, 40 to 58, 31 N. lat, and from 5, 35 to 7, 45 W. long. Population 104,021. He'lensburgh, a modem town in Dunbartonshire, ontheVrith of Clyde, op{K)site to (Jreenock, much frequented for sea-bathing. Pop. 203'J p. Hoy, one of the Orkney Islands, about If) miles long and C^ broad. The Dwarjie Stone on this island is a remarkable relic of antiquity. Pop. 321. Huni'ly,atown in Aberdeenshire, pleasantly situate on the Deveron. Near it are the ruins of the ancient castle of Strathbogie. V. 3545 p. INCIICOLM', s. small island, with the ruins of a monastery, in the Frith of Forth, opposite Abcr- dour in Fife. Inchkeith', a s.nall island in the Frith of Forth, opposite to Leith, on which \^ an elegant lighthouse with a revolving light. Invera'ry, the county town of Argyllshire, ocautifuUy situate M SCOYLAKD. near the head of Loch Fyne. Vo^ lIlTp— ^6, T> N' -S 4 VV. Invcrkeith'inKt « seajiort In Fife, on a flne bay In the Frith of Forth. Pop. 3I9U ft. Inverleith-'en, a thriving village in Peebleg-shire, pleasantly situate on the N. bank ot the Tweed, and much reported to for its mineral waters. Poo. 810 p. Invernesh'shire, an extensive county in the N. W: of Scotland, including the districts of Badonoch and Lochaber, besides others of less Importance. Pop. 94',797. Inverness', the county town of Inveiness.9hire, and the capital of the Highlands, is dellghttblly situ- ate near tl)e confluence of the Ness with the Moray Frith. Population 14,324 p.— 57, 2U N. 4, 1 1 W. Inveru'ry, a town in Aberdeen- shire, at the confluence of the Dwn And Dry. Pop. 994. lo'na, or I'eo/mkill, a small isl- land of the Hebrides, W- of Mull, famed as the retreat of itarning and religion during the dark ages. It still tontains several venerable ruins. Pop. about 450.— 56, 2 1 N. 6, 25 W. Ir'vlne, a town in Ayrshire, on the Irvine, which here falls into the F» ith of Clyde. Pop. 5200 p. r«1a, one of the Western Isles, S. W. of Jura, is about 24 miles long and 18 broad. (Bowmore', a thriving town, is its principal ftort). Pop. l*,5, 50 N. 6, 11 W. JED'BURGH, the county town of Roxburghshire, pleasantly situ- ate on the Jed. Here are the ruins of an ancient abbey. Pop. 3617. Ju'ra, one of the Western Isles, separated from Isla by the Sound of Isla, and fri.m Scarba by the GulfofCorryvreckin. It is remark- able for three conical mountains, called the Paps of Jura, the high- est of which is 2470 feet. Pop. 1312 —.56, N. 5, 54 W. KEITH, a town in Banffshire, on the Isla. Pop. 4464 p. Kel'so, a handsome town in Rox- burghshire, beautifully situate on the north bank of the Tweed, op- posite its junction with the T. viot. Population 49.19 p. _ iveli, a river iii Kiikcuu'ui^ght- shire, which expands into JLoch Ken. Ket'terin, Loch, a Iak« in Feith* shire, about lO miles long and 1 broad, remarkable for subhmeand picturesque scenery. Kil'da, Sf, the most remote of the Hebrides, - about (iO miles dis- tant from Harris, the nearest land to it. Pop. 93.-57, 4J) N. 8, 36 W. Kllmar'nock, a large manuf.ic. turing town in Ayrshire, on the Kilmarnock Water, a tributary of the Irvine. Pop. lH,'i93 p. Kincar'dincRhire, or the Mearns, a county in the E. of Scotland. Population, 31,131. KincarMine, a seaport in Perth- shire, on the Forth. Pop. 3550 p. Kinghorn'l Kin(?-gorn'), a town in Fife, opposite to Leith. i^ 2579 p. KinnairdH Head, a promontory on the coast of Aberdeenshire, with a lighthouse.— 57, 42 N. 1, 59 W. Kinrosb'-shire, a small inland county to the W. of Fife. P. 9072. Kinross', the county town of Kinrosi-ihiro, finely situate at the W. end of Loch Leven. P. 2917 |). Kirkca/'dy, a seaport in Fife.with considerable trade. Pop. 5034 p. Kirkcud'brifjht, a marilime county on the Solway Frith. Po- pulation 40,590. Kirkcud'bright, the chief town of the stewaitry of Kirkcudbright, at the mouth of the Deo. Pop. 2690.— 54, 49 N. 4, 2 W. Kirkintul'loch, a town in Dun- bartonshire, pleasantly situate on tiie banks of the Kelvin. P. .>3H8p. Kirk'wall.thechief town of Ork- ney, in the island of Pomona. It contains the ancient cathedral of St Magnus, and has a great annual fair, i»opulation 3066.— 58, 56 N. 3, 2 W. Kirriemuir', a thriving manu- in Forfarshire. facturing town Population 4014. LAG'GAN, LOCH, a lake in In- verness.8htrc, 8 miles long and 1 broad. Lamlash', a small town at the head of I^nilash Kay, on the cast of the Isle of A i ran. Lajn'inermoor, a range <'f hills between East Lotliian &v>d iHcr- wickshire. Lan'arkshire, or nyde^'ialc, one of the most extensive and Import- ant couiitifa in Scot",'*.*.', it is di- vided into three diat'cts the Upper, Middle, i Wards. Pop. 316,819. , called Lower SCOTLAND. Lan'ark, Ihe county town of La- I narkihire, near which arc the re nVantic falls of the Clyde. At New Lanark are extensive cottoii-muls. Population 42()6. Lang'ho/m, a town m Dumfries- shire, on the Esk, u few miles from the English border. Pop. 2G76 p. Largs, a town in Ayrshire, l)eau- tifully siluateon the Frith ol Clyde, and a favourite resort for sea-l)ath- hiK. The battle of Largs, in which the Danes under Haeo were de- feated by Alexander lU. of Scot- land in 1203, was fought in the ad- joininK plain. Pop. '2.>84. Lau'der, a town ni Uerwickshirc, situate on the Lauder, or Leader. Population 10*5. Laurencekirk', 57 Population i^ciu.v...v , a considerable village in Kincardintshire, noted for its manufacture of simll-boxes. Population 188f» p. . Leadhills', a villape m Lanark- shire, occupied by lead-miners, the hiRhest inhabited placein thcsouth of Scotland, bciiiK l»i)0 tect above the seM, It is the birthplace of Allan Ramsay. Pop. 1188. Leith, a seaj)ort on the l-rith of Foith, about a mile and a halt from Edinburgh, of which it may 1)0 considered the port. Pop. 25,855p.-:).5,58N.3,llU. Lcr'wick, tiie chief town ot Shet- land, in the K. of Mainland. Pop. 27.'>0.-(>(), 10 N. l.IOW. Le'ven, Loch, a lake m Kmrosf- ehire, containing four islands : on one of these are the ruins of Loch Leven Castle, in which Queen Mary was imprisoned. ^ „ , . Lew'is, the largist o< the Hebri- des, G2 miles long, and from 10 to 30 broad. Us southern penin- sula is named Harris. Pop. 18.441. Lew'is, Butt of, the most norih- erly point of the island of Lewis.— 58, 31 N. 6, 14 W. . Linlith'gotoohiro.orWestLothian, a county lying along the ^S. side ot the Frith of I'orth. P. 23,iJyi. Linlith'goM', the county town of West Lothian, with the rums of a royal palace, In which yueen Mary was born in 164"^. Top. 3187. Linnhe, Loch (Lecn). a large arm of the sea in Argyllshire.^ It extends from Hit- isour.d oi :»iusi tu Coran-ferry, when it assumes the name of LU islands, and its scenery is highly picturesque. Long, Loch, an arm of the sea, separating Argyll from Dunbar- tonshire. Lo'lhians, a fertile district on the S. of the Forth, divided into three counties, Linlithgow or West Ix)- thian, Edinburgh or Mid Lothian, and Haddington or Eist Lothian. Low'thers, a lofty ridge of hills between Lanarkshire and Dum- fries-ihire, 2450 feet high. MA REE', alike in Uoss-shire, 12 miles long and 2 broad, beauti- fully studded with isLnds. Mary's (St) Ix>ch, a beautiful lake in Selkirkshire, 4 miles long, from which issues the river Yarrow. Mauch'line, a town in Ayrshire, near the Ayr, celebrated by the muse of Burns, who long resided in Its neighbourhood. Pop. 2232 p. May, Isle of, a small island at the entrance of the Frith of Forih.with a lighthouse.— .')t». 11 N. 2, 32 W. Mel'ioi^e, a town in Roxbuigh- shiie, on the Tweed. It* abbey, founded by David I. in 1136, was peculiarly niagiiificenl ; the ruins are among the most entire and ucautilul in Scotland. P. 4339 p. Minch, the sound or channel se- parating the Island of Lewis from the mainland and the Isle of Skye. Moi'fdt, a town in Dumfries- shire, noted for its mineral watere. Pnpulation 2221 p. Montrose', a considerable seaport in Forfarshire, at the mouth of the South Esk, over which there is a beautiful suspension bridge. Pop. 12,055p.— J(J, 43N.2, 27 W. Moi'avshire, or Elgin.a lounty on the south of the Moray Frith, lu w:!j^t« (tjj.-^^— ~"~""r"r' Mor'ay Frith, a large inlet ot the German Ocean, stretching between the counties of Ross and Cromarty 88 SCOTLAND. on the N. and thote of Moray, Nairn, and InvcrnesB on theS. Mull, Isle of, one of the He- brides, 2.5 miles in length, sem- rated from the mainland by the Sound of Mull. I'op. 10,538. Mus'sclburgh, a town in the county of Edinburgh, about Q miles S.E. of the capital, united to lM8h- crrow by bridges over the Esk. Population 8961 p. NAIllN'SHIRli:,a small county on the Moray FriMj. Top. 9354. Nairn, a seaport, the county town of Nairnshire. Pop. 3260 p. Ness, Ix)ch, a beautiful lake in Inverness-sliire, 22 miles long, through which the Caledonian Canal passes. New'burgh, a seaport in Fife, on the Frith of Tay . Pop. 2642 p. New Gal'loway, a town in Kirk- cudbrightshire, on the Ken Pop. 1128 p. Newton-Stewart, a modern town inWigtownshire.on the Cree,with a thriving trade. Pop. 3461 p. Nin'ians, St, a town in Stirlinc;- fihirc, with considerable manufac- tures. Pop. 95,52 p. Nith, a river which rises in Ayr- shire, and entering Dumfries-shire runs S. E. and falls into the Sol- way Frith below Dumfries. O'BAN, a flourishing seaport in Argyllshire, and a central point for steam-t)oats passing to or from the ' Caledonian Canal and the Western Isles. P. 4830 p. -56. 25 N. 5, i'9 W. O'chil Hills, a range of hills stretching from the vicinity of Dunbbne in Perthshire, in an easterly direction, into Fife. Ben- cleugh, tlie loftiest of the range, is 2351) feet high. Ork'ney and Shel'iand, a couniy in the K, of Scotluiui, formed by the islands bearing thebo names. Pop. 58,239. Ork'neys, anciently OrcSdcx, a group of islantls, 67 in number, of whicn 29 are inhabited, separated from the mainland bv the Poiitland Frith. They extend .1I,443. Ren'irew, the county town of Renfrewshire, situate on the Cart. Population t'DO'i. !(or.8, an extensive county in the N. of Scotland. Pop. including that of Cromarty, 74,820. Rothe'say, the principal town in Bute, a place of considerable trade, and a Rreat resort for sea-bathing. Pop. 4817.-55, 60 N. 5, W. Rox'hurgh, or Teviotdale, a county in the S. E. of Scotland, on tlic borders ofEngland. Pop. i3,(>(i3. Ruth'erglen (commonly RuR'lon), a town in l^narkshire, about "2^ miles from Glasgow. Pop. 4711. Ry'an, LocIj, an inlet of the sea in Wigtownshire, about 10 miles long, and from iJ to 4 broad. S A I>T'CO ATS, a 8ea|)ort in .\yr- shirc, carries on considerable trade. Population L'HOO. S.m'da, one of the Orkneys, about IL' miL's long, and from 1 to abroad. Pop. 1831). Sanq'?//» »r, a town in Dumfries- shire, situate on the Nith. It car. rics on considerable xnanufactures of stockings and carpets. P. l.)'J7. Sat\irnnes8', a cape on the coist of Kirkcudbright.— 54, 52 N. 3, 3,> W. Schiehnl'lion, a conical moun- tain in Perthshire, rising' to the heijiht of .Mjtvl fi>ct. Here l)r Maskt'Iync m;«de experiments for asci-rtaininK the power of moun- tains in attracting the pendulum, and in detcrniining the mean den- sity of the earth. Sfoon, or .Scone, a villaRC in Perthshire, noted for its palace, where thy kings of S<;otland used to be crowned. Pop. ^'268 \t. Sel'kirkshire, or tneFore8t,apa.s- toral county in the S. of Scotland. Population »i8;{3. kirkshire, pleatsanlly siluatcon the llttrick, below its conlluencc with theVanow< Pop. IbSi). Shetland Itlca. suppotcd to be the ancient Thuli, a group of is- lands, above 100 in number, 48 miles N. E. of the Orkneys. Only 32 of them are inhabited. They are the seatof an extensive fishery, and lie between 59" 5(V and 60o SiK N. lat. and betwcon 0" SC and !*» .V)' W. long. Pop. 29,3<)2. Shm, Loch, a lake in Sutherland, about 14 miles in length and from 1 to 2 in breadth. Skye, one of the largest of the Western Isles, about 45 miles in length, and 15 in breadth, remark, able for its lofty clifls and spar cavt>. (Portree', its chief town, stands on the Sound of Ilaza.) Pot). 22,796.-57, 20 N. (>, 5 W. Sol'way, a fritli forming the boundary between England and Scotland for upwards of 50 miles. Spey, a large and rapid river, which, after a course of 120 miles, through the counties of Inverness, Ranff, and Elgin, tails into the Mo- ray Frith at Garmouth. Stat'fa, a small isle of the He- brides, west from Mull, celebrated for itn caverns and basaltic pillars. The Cave of Fingal istiGfeethigh, 42 wide, and 227 feet long, present- ing a scene of almost unrivalled beauty and magnificence. — 5(i, 28 N. fi, ijO VV. Stinehar /Stin'shar), a river in Ayrshire, which falls into the sea at Rallantrae. Stir'lingshire, a county partly in the H in hUnuLs partly in the I^)w- lands, between the Friths of Forth and Clyde. Pop. 72,(;2l. Stir'iii;g,the county town of Stir- lingshire, with a celebrated ancient castle, commanding a noble i>ro8- pect of t he Forth. It was a favour- ite rciiidenf e of the Scottish kings. Pop. 8.').'>6 p.— 5(5, 8 N. 3, 55 VV. Stonelia'ven, a seaport, and the county town of Kincardineshire. Population 'i%a. Storn'oway, the chief town of the islanci ot Lewis, is situate on its eastern coast, and carries on a con. siileiable trade in the white and herrin^r fisheries. Pop. 54i'2 p.— 58, 11 N.r>, 17 VV. Stranraei' (rawr'), a seaport of w:,.t. ....... I.:-.. ..f fl>.. iK-tn.! <>»' r .^oh Ryan. It possesses considerable trade, and has nn excellent har- bour. P. 5329 p. » SCOTLAND. Stromncss', a seaport In the isl- and of Pomona, Orkney. Pop. 218?.— 58, AG N. 3,18 W. Suth'eiland, a county \n the N. ofSrotland. Pop. 25,518. TAIN, a scant.rt, and the county town of Koss-Hhirc, on the S. shorn of the Frith of Dornoch. Po. tlon 3078 p 57, 51 N. 4, .1 '' Tar'betness', a cai>e in ino K. o: Ko8».shlre, formed by the Lriths of Cromarty and Dornoi lu — 57, 64 N. 3, 44 W. Tay, one of the largest rivers in the kingdom, rises in Breadalbane, passes through Loch Tay, and, swelled hy several fine streams, flows by Dunkeldaud Perth, after which it is joined by the Erne, ex- pands into a frith, and at lastrahi- gles Willi the tierman Ocean. Tay, Loch, « beautiful lake m Perthshire, re, eiving at its S. W. extremity the united streams of Ihe Dochart and Lochy, and dis- Sliarging its waters by the Tay. It Js about 15 miles long, from I to 2 broad, and its deptli varies from 15 to 100 fathoms. Teith, a tributary of the Forth, composed of two branches, which unite at Callander, and fall into that river at the bridge of Drip, al)Ove Stirling. Te'vlot. a beautiful 8tream,which rise* on the borders of Dumfries- shire and joins the Tweed at Kelso. Tbut'so, a seaport in Caitliness, on the estuary of the river Thurso. Pop. 4()7i) p.— r)8, 37 N. 3, 35 W. Tin'to, or Tin'tock, an isolated hill in Lanarkshire, rises 23.'j0 feet above the level of the sea, and 1740 feet above the Clyde. 'J'iree', a small island, one of the Hebrides, noted for its beautiful marble. Pop. 4453.-56, 32 N. 6, 52 W. 'JPoberrao'ry , a modern seaport m the island of Mull, situate near the north'We«t extremity of Uxe Sound. — 5fi, 38 N. 6, 1 W. 'llraneni', a trswn In Bast Lo. thian, on the grt' it east road (torn Edinburgh. Pop. 3620 p. Troon, a thriving seaport in '.'.•, hire. Pop. 2516. 'J weed, one of the principal ri- ,(S of Scotland, rlHcs in Twctvls- muir, on the confines of Peebles, Dumfries, and Lanark shires, near the sources of the Clyde and .\n- nan. It pursues a N. E. course to Peebles— then, flitwing nearly F., it is nii«n>prt'*'' '»v the Kttrick, the Gi' I, tOc lAttiicr, and the Te- viot. Four miles below Kelso, it becomes the boundary of the kmg- dom, and falls into the German Ocean at Berwick. UlST ( Wist), North and South, two islands of the Hebrides be. longing to Inverness-shire. Pop. includmg Benbecula, 11,493. Unst, the most northern of the Shetland Ish's. Population i'lKK). WHIT'HORN, a seaport in Wigtownshire, on the liay of Wig- town. Pop. 2415 p. Wick, a seaport, and thocoun- ty town of Caithness, at the mouth of a small river of the same name, the seat of a most extensive her- ring fishery. Pop. UHJO p.— 58, 27 N. 3. 6 W. Wig'town, a maritime county in the S, W. of Scotland. P. 3(5,-'58. Wig'town, a seaport, the county town of Wigtownshire. T»opulation 2337 p.— 54, 52 N. 4, 2^ W. Wig'town l-'ay, a fine bay of the Solway Frith, running northward between the counties of Wigtown and Kirkcudbright. Wrath, Cape, a dangerous pro- montory in Sutherland, the N.W. point of the mainland of Scotland. —58, 36 N. 4, 5G W. IRELAND Is bounded N. W. and S. by the Atlantic Ocean ; E. by the Irish Sea and St George*8 Channel. It contains 3 1 ,974 square miles. The population in 1831 amount- ed to 7,767,401. Ireland is divided into four provinces, — ^UiiSiiSB, IiEiNSTEB> Conn AUGHT, Munbtbb; — which are sub- divided into 33 counties^ y||i^ ,-*fJ Cof«f»tfy¥Jnr! WuicrfoTd . Fermoy, Cove, Charleville. Waterford, Dungar van, Lismore, Tallow. O ■••n -iiif- IJLWLAVtB. i^ ., .i]i'' ti iT'i • J r^y^-fi'itiiiiiivrr-'.liiiiliniii', Kci (Jor VVa .V/V/'./iv./// .15 ■■"'\_ ^ ^. /.i.<,,im'i n ■p^.iiiiiMin.'ii Ml .••■ ^^H /'///»/;i7i'/l. \l"' I'll i;!.!.!!^'" ! iiiuii'ii'iiiiiiM ■T~ '.r ,',,//,i, ' /»• i .> •■''^ ^\ ji • ... „ » .'.I V. yUehehlOKII ^r^Mimaiu /•,/ \i"' .'II i:!..!!!^)" J lUtllt'U'iiiih liV 'W^ \Uiirf ,w/..i * y''"> •M ollli.-SUmin ^ *»- •llnllili.-Hl.' ~ - - '"""o S;' / <* % liemilf^^ 'l.m_ =\ ■ ***rt, „ •" '• •» • ( ., , TiiiiM-rniA' ,-> ,. , ■•jjdifcjiriilr iM ^"'••'Mifirww*'' j','i„i-.iil. . v \ [1 8ti iiai"i -'I ^ ,/ /;/ ,,„^""fj'"''LS.-u*^=" III .ilmihiiii UiUniiii-v ''"'•"'!'!j>:^.,„i UIUflTl*lJllf^ \' " ""^^p^gp^-^ "^^ ,/ T A ./ a i.iia«;'.\Viiil ol"
  • - Otifiiiivir S K '^ImhiIhiii I. a fl.iiltiilol'ar 3 ^...iiW/rtd r.l.j,'ih"ll»''" \ / y/mitrrl ■ ^ ,, I N (V ^ ( ' ^ fl Jr- Al «^/^'«lfc II. I It I S H .1 •J 4; K // ^; "•■■^i"'/; C'/ /i ,/ 7' A ./ .V •/• ] r iri a i.mi"-.\vivii 4»r CtriM'jiw it'll 7 imn... •.■i..i. Cork Cork, Bandon, Kinsale, Youghal,Malloir, Fermoy, Cove, Gharleville. Waterford Waierford, DungarvRn, Lismcre, Tallow. 62 IRELAND. Islands. — Rathlin Isle, North Isles of Arran, Achil, Clare Island, South Isles of Arran, Valentia. Bays, &c.— Carrickfergus Bay or Belfast Lough, Strangforcl Bay, Carlingford, Dundalk, Dublin ; Wex- ford Harbour, Wattrford, Cork; Dunmanus Bay, Bantry, Kenmare, Dingle, Tralee, Galway, Clew, Sligo, Donegal ; Lough S willy, Lough Foyle. Capes. — Malin Head, Fair Head, Howth Head, Wicklow Head, Carnsore Point, Cape Clear, Mizzen Head, Loop Head, Slyne Hciid, Achil Head, Urris or Erris Head. Lakes. — Neagh, Erne, Allen, Conn, Mask, Corrib, Ree, Derg, Lakes of Killarney. Rivers. — Shannon, Barrow, Nore, Boyne, Liffcy, Slaney, Suir, Blackwater, Lee, Bandon, Banii, Lagan, i^Iourne, Foyle. Mountains. — Mourne, Sliebh Bloom, Wicklow Mountains, Magillicuddy's Reeks, Mangerton, INIount Xephin, Croagh Patrick. REMARKS. Ireland extends from 51" 25' to 55° 23' N. lat. and from c^" 2S' ?/r iO° SO' W. long. Its greatest length is 280 miles, and its greatest breadth 180 miles. E'luafA. 'j-etween Britain and the Atlantic Ocean, Ireland has a still more humid atmosphere, but at the same time en- joys a milder temperature, than the sister island. Its ver- dure, accordingly, is fresher and deeper; and entitles it tc» tl'-o distinction of the Green or Emerald Isle. It has com- paratively few mountains; though several of them vie in height with the loftiest eminences in England. Although great part of the country appears to have been, at some re- mote period, covered with trees^ scarcely tlie vestige t»f a forest now remains. The quantities of wood that are occa- sionally dug out of the bogs, prove tliat these occupy the place of the ancient forests ; and they con -titute a striking peculiarity in the aspect of the country. In general the'soil of Ireland is amai.ingly fertile, but the mode of farming is bad. Th:i land is., in the first instance, rented from the proprietors by persons called middlemen, who let it to farmers, and these again parcel it out in small .portic«s to an inferior set of tenant^.. Each of Uic higher classes oppresses and grinds its inferior; and the ground is occupied by men without capital to improve it, 1 11 EL AND. 63 whose necessities compel ihem to force from it whatever it will yield for a miserable siib&istence and the payment of their rack-rents ; yet it yields a large surplus for exporta- tion, both in grain and cattle. In 1832, the vahie of agri- cultural products imported into Liverpool from Ireland ex- ceeded £4,000,000 sterling. Since the year 1800, Ireland has been united with Great Britain, and made subject to the same laws. But the people, long oppressed, and restricted in their commerce and manu- factures by severe and injudicious enactments, are still in- clined to turbulence and discontent. Religious distinctions form another principal cause of this unquiet disposition. Tiie established form of religion is that of the church of England ; but the great majority of the people are Roman Catholics ; and although they enjoy complete toleration in the exercise of their own religion, and are now admissible to ail offices, they contribute with extreme reluctance to.the sup- port of a church to which they are hostile. In Ireland there were four archbishops and eighteen bishops ; but by an act l)assed in 1833, two archbishops and eight bishoprics are to be abolished; at present (1839) tiie numbers are three arch- bishops and thirteen bishops. The archbishop of Armagh is primate. Linen is the staple manufacture of Ireland, and is carried on to a considerable extent, particularly in the province of Ulster. Of late years the manufacture of cotton has been introduced, and is flourishing. The Irish are a sprightly, warm-hearted, and ingenuous people. In the vivacity of their disposition, and the gaytty of their manner, they re- semble the French nation more than the English or Scotch. Hardy, daring, and heedless of danger, they may be ranked among the finest soldiers in the world. In science and literature many of them have attained great eminence. They excel particularly in eloquent declamation. EXERCItsES. How is Ireland bounded? What is its extent in square miles? Into how many provinces is it divided ? IJow many ( ountits do they contain ? What are the cpunties in ulster ? Jn Leinster? In f.'onnaught ? In Munsfer? Name the pn^. cij)al towns in Donegal, in Londonderry, in Antrim, &.<:. Nan.c the principal islands of Ireland. Name its bays. Name its capes. Name the principul lakes. Name the prin- cinai rivers. iName the prjntiimi mwumains. Wiicfe is •ownpatricK, Migo, Navan, S words, ighal, Tuuni, Tralet, Maryborough, Qo )|u||iji|iii, Athy, liuadtdk, &c, f I- J 04 IRELAND. Where is Slvnc Head, Killnrney Lakes, Lough S willy, Lnis Head, Malin'Head, Lough Allen, Lough Derg *cc. ? Between ivhat degrees of latitude and «"ff't«d%is Ireland sJui'ite? What are its createst length and breadth ? n hat is Jhe nature of the climafe of Ireland ? What effect has this on its appearance ? Is Ireland a mountainous country ? Does it appear to have ever been covered with wood? By wha is the place of its ancient forests now occupied? Ot what description is the soil of Ireland ? What .s faulty ^ he mc^e of farming? What was the value ot its agricultural pro- ducts imported into Liverpool in 1})32 ? ^ . , ^ ^ « . Mlien was Ireland united in government with Great Bri.. tain ? Why are the people in general discontented ? \\ hat is another cause of their unquiet disposition ? W hat is the esta- blished reli0 W. Ath>', the county town of Kll- dare, intersected by the Barrow. Pop, 4 ;;) J.— ,).'l, N. 6, 58 W. Aujih'rim, a village in Galway, memorable for the t,ignal victory gained by General Ginckle over the forces of James XL in 1691, which decided the fate of Ireland. Popi lation 5h7. liALUHIU'UAX.athrivingsca- port in tiie county of Dublin, noted t...r the manufagture of imitation silk stockings of very fine texture. Population 5016. llalli'na, a town in Mayo, plea- Jiiutly situate on the river Moy, IRELAND. 65 over which Ua bridge of 10 arches, which unite* it to the town of Ard- uaree. Population 5610. BalUnasloe', a thriving town in Galwiiv, with a part in Roscom- mon, famou«;i'or a large cattle-tair. Population 4615. Ballinrobe', a town in Mayo. Population *i675. Ballycas'tle, a seaport in Antrim, in the vicinity of romantic scenery and extensive coal mints. Mr Boyd, the proprietor, obtained L.23,()00 from Govennnent for the erection of a pier, but it was over- thrown by tlio dn adtiil swell which the north-west winds bring in, and now lies in ruins. Pop. 1 t.ti3. — AS, 12 N. 6, H W. Ballyme'na, a town in Antrim, on the Maine, with a good linen trade. Pon. 4063. Ballymo'ney, a town in Antrim, with pood markets. Pop. 2222. Ballyshan''non, a sca^>ort in Do- negal, beautifully situate at the mouth of the river flowing out of IjOugh Erne. Pop. 3775.-54, 30 N. 8 S W. Baltimore', a seaport in Cork, seated upon an excellent harbour. Bal'tinglass, a town in Wicklow, in a beautiful vale on the Shmey, with extensive woollen and linen raanufactui-es. Pop. lt)G9. Ban'agfter, a town in King's County, (in the Shannon. P. i'611. Ban'bridge, a town in Down, on the Bann, with a considerable hnen trade. Pop. 24()9. Ban'don, or Wan'donbridge, a town in the county of Cork, situate on the beautiful river Banuon, which falls into the sea at Kinsale. Pop. 12,617,-51, 43 N. ^\ 44 VV. Har/gor, a town in Down, on Carrickfcrgus Bay. Pop. 2741. Banu, a river which rises in Down, iiasses through Lough Neagh, and falls into the sea four miles t>elow Coleraine. Ban'try Bay, a tine bay in the county of Cork, 'iO miles Ion- and from 4 to 6 broad ; here, in iV5«.., '; body of Frenc'.r troops etUxjicd a landing, but were taken piisievM s-s. Ban'try, a sea|>ort in the v nunty of Cork, at the head of Bantry Bay. Pon. 4^27fi.— 51. 37 N. 9. 25 W. Bas'row, a river in Lemster, which rises in Queen's County, se- parates that county and Kilkenny on the W., from Kildarc, Carlow, and Wexfoid, orj the E. ; and, alter receiving the Nore and Suir, falls Into Waterford Harbour. Belf.tsv', a flourishing sea])ort in Antrim.on C.irrickfergus IJay.with extensive manufactures of linen and cotto; ) ,and aj^reatexport-trade. Pop. 53,2S7.— 54, 35 N. 5, 55 W. Beltur'lnt, a town in Cavan, on the Krne, in the vicinity of exten- sive linen m.uuifactures, P. 202f). Birr or Par'son.stown', a town in King's County, on a tributary of the Shannon. Pop. ("ui)4. Black'rock'.atown in the county of Dublin, a relebrated sea-bathing place, with many fine villas. Pop. i:050.-53, 18 N.G, 10 \V. Black'watei, a river which rises on the borders of Kerry, and flow- ing through the counties of Cork and Waterford, enters the sea at Younhal Hay. Boylts a town in Roseomrnon, pleasantly situate on a stream of the same name. Pop. 343;j. Boyne, a river which rises in Kildare, and, flowing through Meath, falls into the sea below Drogiietla. This river is famous for the decisive battle in which William HI. defeated the troops of James II. in KJDO. Bray.asea^wrtin Wicklow. Pop. 3656.-53, 12 N. G, o W. CA'HIR, a thriving town in TipjK^rary, on the Huir, with the ruins of an ancient castle and abbev. Pop. 3408. CaVlan, a town in Kilkenny, on the King's River, once a place of importance. Pop. 6111 p. Cap'iJOcjuin, an ancient town in the county of Waterford, on the Blackwator, with the ruins of a strong castle. Pop. 2289. Car'lingford, a town in Louth, on Carhngford Bay. Pop. 1319. Car'hngford Hay, a fine haven ut Louth ■ -^viiig 20 fathoms of water, but u« i^erous from rocks. Car'low, a county 'n Leinsler, separated from Wexford by a fron- tier of mountains. Pop. 81 ,988. Car'low, the county town of Car- low, beautifuliv situate on the Barrow. Pop* "JU4.— 52, 50 N. 'J* 53 W. _„ _ , Caru'sore Poiul, lu wexiord, the S. E. point of Ireland.— 52, U N. 6, 17 VV. 66 IRELAND* Carrickfer'gua, a seaport, and the county town of Antrim, onCarrick- lergus Bay. It is a place of great antiquity, and has a strong castle, situate on a rock projecting into the 8ca. P. 8Gy8.— 54, 42 N. 5, 45 W. Carrickfer'gus Bay, or Belfast Lough, an estuary at the mouth of the Lagan, on the E. coast of An- trim, affbrding safe anchorage for shipping. . Carrickmacross', a town m Mo- naghan. Pop. 2919. Car'rick-on-Shan'iion,thecounty town of Leitrim. Pop. 1870. Car'rick-on-Suir, a town in Tip- perary, which carrieion extensive woollen manufactures. P, 9G26. Casli'ei, a city in Tipperary, and an episcopal see. Population 6971. Castlebar', the county town of Mayo, with considerable trade, particularly in linens. Pop. 6373. Castle- Com'er, a handsome low n in Kilkenny, has a great trade in coals and butter. Pop. 2436. Castle-Pol'lard, a town in West Meafh. Pop. 1(518. Cav'an, an inland county in Ul- ster. Pop. i'27.933.- Cav'an, the county town of Ca- van, situate on a small stream of the same name. Pop. 2951. Charle'ville.a handsomelown in Cork, with a good trade. P. 476<5. Clare, an island at the mouth of Clew Bay, off' the coast of Majo. Clare, a countv jn the N. of Munster. Pop. 258,322. Clare, a town in Clare, giving name to the county, situate on the Fergus. Pop. lOL'l. Clear, Cape, apromontory in the S. of Cape Clear Island, olt'tliecoast of Cork, about six milcis from the mainland, and surmounted by a lighthouse.— 51, 25 N. 9, '29 W. Clew Bay, a bay in Mayo, 12 miles long and 7 broad. Clo'gAer, an ancient eity in Ty- rone, see of a bishop, suffragan of Armagh,— now reduced to a strag- gling village. Pop, b2% Cionakil'ty, a thriving town in the county of Cork, has a great trade in linen. Pop. 5807. Clones, a town in Monaghan, vrith rrimn intAfrsctmo' antiniiif ioa. Pop. 238L— siVpi nT7, 6 "W. Clonniel', the county town of Tipperary, pleasantly situate on the Sulr. Pop. 15,134.-62, 21 N. 7, 39 W. ' Clovne, a town In Cork, and a bishop's see.xmited to that ol Cork. Pop. 2227. . - , Coleraine', a town m London- derry, on the Bann, noted for tjie manufacture of linen. Pop. 37'«. —5), 8 N. G, Z6 W. Conn, a lake of considerable ex- tent in the county of Mayo. Con'naught, a province m theV> . of Ireland. It continued a distmct kingdom till the reign of Henry IV. of England. Pop. 1,343,914. , Cooks'iown, a town in Tyrone, with good markets. Pop. 2883. Coote'hill, atown in Cavan, with excellent linen markets. P. 2178. Cork, a county in Munster, the most important of Ireland '" c^^' tent and population. P, 810,7.'52. Cork, the capital of the county of Cork, and the second city in the island, situate at the mouth of the Lee, on one of the safest and finest harbours in Europe. It possesses great trade, particularly in the ex- port of grain, and all kinds of pro. visions. P. 107,016.-51, 55 N. 8, Cor'rib, a beautiful lake in Gal- way, 24 miles long and about 4 broad, studded with islands. Cove, a town in Great Island, m Cork Harbour, with magnificent quavs and other conveniences for shipping. Pop. 696G — 51, 51 N. 8, 18 W. ^ . . Crortgh Pat'rick, a mountain in Mayo.on the S.E.of ClewBay,2GG0 feet above the level of the sea. DERG, Lough, a lake formed by the expanse of the Shannon, sepa- rating Galway and Clare from Tip- perary, 18 miles long and 4 broad. —Another lake in Donegal.a famed resort of the Roman Catholics for performing certain religious rites. Der'ry. See Londonderry. Dingle, a seaport in Kerry, on Dingle Bay, the most westerly town in Ireland. P. 4327.-.'»2, 16 N. 10, 9 W. Donaphadot',.i seaport in Down, on the Irish t hannel, from which packets sxjil regularly to Porti)at- rick in Kcotluid. Pop. 'itim.—5i, 38 N b, 29 W- Doiugal' a maritime county in the N .W. of Ulster. P. 289,149. Donegal', a town in the county IRELAND. 67 of Donegal, on a bay of the same name, with a fine oM castle. Pop. «3().-54, 38 N. 7, 08 W. Doneraile', a town in the county of Cork, seated on the Aubeg ; the scenery in the vichiityismuch ad- mired. Pop. 265i?. Down, a maritime county in the S. E. of Ulster. Pop. 352,0 1 2. Downpat'rick, the county town of Down, the see of the bishop of Down and Connorj— celebrated as the place of St Patrick's interment. Pop. 4784.-54, 20 N. 5, 34 W. Dro'^hetla, a seaport, and the county town of I-^mth, intersected by the Boyne. Population 17,365. --53, 44 N. C, 15 W. Dromore', a town in the county of Down, the seat of a bishopric. Population 1942. Dub'hn,the metropolitan county, in the province of Leiijster. Pop. 380,167. DuB'LiN, the capital of Ireland, and the see of an archbisiiop, beau- tifully situate on the Liffey, is in extent the second city in the Bri- tish empire, while its general ele- gance, and the magnificence of its public buildings, rank it among the finest cities of S:urope. Pop. 265,3 IH.— 53, 23 N. 6, 20 W. Dub'lin Bay, a s|)aciou8 bay at the mouth of the LitFey, about a mile below Dublin. Dunda/k', a seaport in Louth, on Dundalk Bay. Here is a consider, able manufacture of cambric. P. 10,078.— 54, N. 6,20W. Dunda/k' Bay, in Louth, on the Irish (Channel. At high water it is a considerable harbour, but at low water it is almost dry. Dungan'nou, a town in Tyrone, the ancient residence of the kings 01 Ulster. Pop. 3.)lo. Dungar'van, a town in Water- fortl, situate on Dungarvan Bay, much resorted to for sea-bathaig. Pop. 6510 ,5-% 5 N. 7, 57 W- Dunman'us Bay, a spacious and safe haven in Cork, S. of Bantry Bav. bunman'wav, a thriving town in the county of Cork, pleasantly situate in a valley, on the Bandon. Pop. 273H.~)l, 42 N. 0, 5 W. EDC;K'WOR'rHSTOWN', a pleasant town in Lofigiorti, disim. L'uished as the birthplace of Miss lidgewonh. P^^. lool. El'phin, a neat episcopal city in Roscommon, the birthplace of Oliver Goldsmith. Pop. 1507. En'nis, the county town of Clare, on the Fergus, which here be- comes navigable by large boats. Its Gothic abbey is the finest in the island. Pop. 7711.-52, 53 N. 8, 35 W. Enniscor'thv, a town in Wex- ford, on the s'laney. Pop. 5955. Enniskil'len, the county town of Fermanagh, delightfully situate on an island between the two Loughs Erne. P. 6116.— 54,20 N. 7,32 W. Ennisti'mon, a town in Clare, on the Oyna, with a good export trade in corn. Pop. 14.'iG. Erne, Lough, a beautiful lake in Fermanagh, studded with nume- rous islands. It consists of two basins, the larger of which extends upwards of 20 miles by 12. Erne, Uivec, rises in Longford, crosses the county of Cavan, passes through Lough Erne, and flows into Donegal Bay. Eyre'court, a town in Galway, with the ruins of a castle. Popu- lation 1789. FAIR' HEAD, a promontory in Antrim, 636 feet above the sea. It is com^wsed of basaltic pillars, some of them 280 feet in height, the largest yet discovered in any part of the world.— 55, 14 N. 6, 3 W. Ferman'ar;A, an inland county in Ulster. Pop. 149,763. Fermoy', a town in Cork, on the Blackwater, which is crossed by a bridge of 13 arches. Pop. G976. Feth'ard, a town in Tipjierary ; it was in former times fortified and surrounded by walls. Pop. 3400. Foyle, a river m Ulster, which, after passing Londonderry, expands into a fine bay, called Lough Foyle, sixteen miles long and nine broad. Fresh'ford, a town in Kilkenny. Population i'175. GAL' WAY, an extensive mari- time countv in Connaught. Popu- lation 414,684. Galway, the county town of Galway, on the broad stream by which the waters of Lough Corrib are discharged into Galway Bay, Pop. 33,120.-53, 16 N. J>, W. *. . • -^ . I .-- ,-* 4.1 . — 63,18 N. 6, 9W. Kinsalc', a seaport in Cork, on a fine bay at the mouth of the Uan- don. Population 7312.— 31, 41 N. 8, 30 W. LAG'AN, a river In Down, which fulls mtoCaiTickferpus Uay. Lrmcs'boroujih, a village in Ix)nu- ford, pleasantly situate on the .•shannon. Pop. 390, Larnt', a seaport in Antrim on Larne Lough. Pop. 2f)15. ' Lee. a river which issues from a lake in the county of Cork, flows eastward, and passing the city of Cork, falls info the harbour. Leigh'lin Dridge, a flourishing town in Carlow, on the Barrow, with the romantic ruins of an an- cient ca; tie. Pop; 2035. Lcin'ster, an extensive province in the S.l>:. It was the earliest settled by the English, contains Dublin, the capital, ,mul is in gene- ral well cultivated. T, 1,909,713. Lei'trim, a country in the N.L. of Connaught. Pop. 1 4 1 .fjiJI. Le/trim, a small town in the alxive county, on the Shannon. Population 274. Lettcrken'ny, a town in Done, gal, on tlieSwillv,witha good trade in linen. Pop."21($0. Llf'fey, ariver which rises among the Wicklow Mountains, and flows through Kildare and Dublin into Dublin harbour. Sd numerous are its windings, thatalthough the dis- tance Irom its source to its mouth is only 10 miles, its course is 71. Lif'ford, the county town of Do- negal, on the I'oyle, opposite Slra- banc. Pop. lO'.lO. Lini'crick, u count y of Mun^ter, separated from Clare by the Shan mm. Pop. 316.356. Lim'erick, the capital of the non, a flourishing city, enjoying an extensive trade, unjl having con- iiderablc manufactures of Unen, IRELAND. 69 woollen, anti paper. Pop.6G,554.— 5i', 4a N. 8, 32 W. LiB'burn, a fine town in Antrim, on the Lagan, with considerable manufactures. Pop. 5218. Lisinore', a town in Watcrford, on the Ulackwater, with a castle, ill which the celebrated Robert Uoylc was born. Pop. "2^91. Listtowell, a town in Kerry, on the Feaiej its ancient castle is now in ruins. Pop. iiiiS9. Lon'donder'ry, or Der'ry, a ma- ritime county in the N. of Ulster. I'dpulation 2>2,()12. Lou'iiDndei'ry.or Der'ry.the ca- pit il of the above county, a city of great antiquity, pleasantly situate oiitheFoylc. Itsuscaincdamcmor- ablesicise against tlie whole Irish forces under James II., from De- cember 1G88 to August l()3l). Pop. 19,620.-54, 51) N. 7,1 'J W. l.ong'ford, a county in the N.W. of Leinster. Pop. 112,550. Long'ford, the county town of Longford, on the Camlin . P. 4.354. Loop'-Head, apromontory in tht; S. W. of Clare.-52, 54 N. 9, 48 W. Loughrea', a well-built town in Galway. Pop. 0285. Louth, a maritunc county in the N. E. of Leinster. Pop. 121,840. Louth, an ancient town, giving name to the county, now reduced to a village. Pop. 613. Lur'gan, a- pleasant town in Armagh, with extensive linen manufactures. Pop. i.'S42. MaCROOM', a town in the county of Oork, surrounded by ro- mantic ruins and picturesque scc- nt-ry. Pop. i!05H. Magil'licuddy's Reeks, a moun- tain in Kerry, the highest iu Ire- land, rises from the W. shore of the Lake of Killarney to the height of .5101 feet above the sea, Mal'ln Head, a cape in Donegal, the most northerly point of land in Irel.vnd.— 55, 25 N. 7, 'ib W. Mal'low.atown in thecountvof ( ork, on the Black water. P. 5l"iW. Man'gerton.a hill in Kerry, near Killarney Lakes, 2/51 fctt high. Mai/or-Han'ilton, a pleasant town id Leitrim, with the ruins of an ancient castle. Pop. 1318. Ma'f i;K/5)f£)iiwh_ the caulta.1 of Queen's County. Pop. 3220. Mask, a considi rable lake in Mayo, on the borders of Galway. Maynooth', a town in Kildare, where a college for the education of the lliiman Catholic clergy wa« established by the Irish parliament in 1795. Pop. 205.3. May'o, a maritime county in Connnught. Pop. 366,3*28. Meath, or East Meatb, a mari- timeeountyin Leinster. P.176,826. Mit'chelstown', a handsome town in the county of Cork, situate on the river Puncheon. Pop. 3545. Miz'zen-Head, a cape in Cork, tlie extreme point in the S. W. of Ireland.— 51, i'5 N. i), 4'2 W. Mon'ag^an, a county in the S. of Ulster. Pop. 1U3,536. Mon'ag//an, the county town of Monaghaii. Pop. 384H. MountmePlick, a neat town in Queen's County, chiefly inhabited by Quakers. Pop. 4577. Mountrath', a town in Queen's County, on the river Nore. Po- pulation 2593. Mourne, a river in Tyrone, which joins the Foyle at Lillbrd. Mourne, Mountains, a range of hills in Down, of which Sliebh Dcnard is 27'.t6 feet above the sea. Mullingar', the county town of West M eath , a great mart for wool. Pop. 4295. Mun sler, a province occupying the S.VV. of Ireland, and contain- ing the great cities of Cork and Limerick. Pop. '2,227,1 5t\ N AAS, a town of great antiquity in Kildare, on a branch of the Grand Canal. Pop. 3808.— 53, 14 N. 6, 38 W. Nav'an, a town in Meath, on the Bovne. Pop. 441G. lvie'a.(/h. Lough, remarkable for its petr'itying quality, is a large lake in Ulster, surrounded by the coun- ties of Antrim, Down, Armagh, Tyrone, and Londonderry. It is about 21) miles long, 12 broad^ and covers 100,000 acres. Ne'na///*, a town in Ti[)perary, on a stream of the same name ; has a considerable traile. Pop. 8l4(C Neph'in, a mountain in Mayo, 2f).iO feeta!)Ove the bca. Newcas'tle, a town in the county of lamerick. Pop. 2908. New Ross, a town in Wexford, on a navigable stream formed by the Nore and harrow. Pop. 5011. New'ry, a flourishing seaport and 1 manufiicturing town in Down, qu cii 70 lEELAKD Pop. i5,or)r».-.>i, 10 the Newry. M.fi, 14W. , „ Newtonards', a town 5n Down, at the head of Stmn^fortl Hiy, m »th a (iiiiiicr inaintlactiire. Pop. 4 142. New'tofiliinavad'y, a hiiiulsoine t)wn ill thccounty of Londonderry, on the Hop. Pop. iJl'.'8. Ncw'toristeWrttt, abinalltown m Tyrone, on the Moylo. Pop. 1737. Nore, a river which rises in Slicbh Bloom Mountains, pnsses Kilkenuy.and fall.-iinto theUarrow. OMAG/i', the county town oi Tvronc. Population 'i'ill. I'AII'SONSTOWN'. Sec Birr. Pas'sage, a town in the county of Cork, Ix'tween Covo and the city of Cork. Pop. i'1.31. Phil'ipstown, tlie<:ounty town of KinR'8 County. Pop. M'.4. Poitadown', a thrivincf httle town in Armagh. Pop. I.Wl. Porrafer'rv, a town in Down, on Strangford Bay. Pop. 'i'-'O.-^. Portav'lington, mown in yueen s CoJiiuv,on the Barrow. P. 3091. Portrush', a seaport in Antrim, to tlic N. of Coleraine, with a good harbour. Portuinna', atownin Oalway, on the Shannon, with a noble castle. QUEKN'SCOUNTY, an inland co'untv in Leins^ter, named in ho- nour of Mary, qiioen of England. Population 14j,S">I. UAlHl'RPLAND, a town in Down, situate on an eminence, with l;irc;e linen markets. P. 2001. Uathkeale', a town in Limericit, on the Dee), once fortified and de- fended by a castle. Pop. 40?:^. Ratiriiii,.in island on the N. of Antrim, G miles long and .scarcely 1 broad. P. 1 10.— 55, 1 8 N. 6, 7 W . lice, a lake formed by the Shan- non below Lanesborough, in which are .some beautiful islands. Roscom'mon, a county in the E. of Connau(^ht. Pop. i'49,(.I3. Poscom'inon, the county town of Roscommon. Pop. .'WOO. Uosrrcrt', a tlourishiiig town in Tipperarv. Population 5.512. .stlAN"'NON,"the principal river of Ireland, issues from Lougii Al- len in Leitrim, passes tlirough JLouglis BafTen, Ree, and Derg; seoarates Hoscoinuion fiom Lei- tri'm, Longford, West Meath, and King's County; Galway and Clare Iroia Tipperary, Limerick, and Kerry, and fulls into the Atlantic alter n course of :illi mile*. Sker'rieH, a sinsill seaport In the county of Didilin, opp«wite the rocks called the Skerry Islands. Pop. 2.^V;.— r>3, 'M N. rt, ."5 W. gklbberocn', a town In the county of Cork, on the Hen, with consider- able linen manufact urcs. P. 4430. Sla'ney, or Slane, a river which rises in the Wickiow Mountains and falls into Wexford hiubour. Sliebh Bloom (Sleeve.blcM)m'), a ridge of mountains in Klnn's and Oiieen's Counties 'Jt'tif) feet high. Sli'go, a county in Connaught. Population 171,705. Sli'go, a flourishing seaport, and capital of the above county, situate on SligoBay. Population I.'^ISS. — .')4,20N. 8,2'i W. Slync'-Hcaii, a c.M>e on the W. of Galway.— .5.3, 'J7 N. 10, 11 W. Strabane', a town in Tyrone, near the confluence of the Puin and the Mouriie. Pop. 5 1 67. Strang'ft)rd, an ancient town in Down, near the entrance of the bay to which it gives name. P. 582. Strang'ford, a beautiful bay in Down, 17 miles long and 5 broad. Suir, a river which rises in Tip- oerary, and falls into Waterford harbour. Swil'ly, Lough, a bay in Doncgoi, aftl)rding «)ne of the noblest har- bours in Europe, nearly 25 miles long and "2 broad. Swords, a town in the county of Dublin. Population 25.37. TA I/LOW, a town in Waterford, on the Bride. Pop. 2!inH. Tanderagco', a town in Armagh, situate in a beautiful vicinity, and i\i the centre of the linen manu- facture. P. 1.=).^;).— 51, 20 N.C, 18 W. Templcmote', a town in 'I'ippe- rary, beautifully situate near the Suir, in a highly fertile district. Pop. 2!).3r..— 52, 48 N. 7, 4.5 W. Tho'mastown, a town in Kil- kenny, on the Nore. Pop. 287 •• ThurU'.s, a t«)wn in TipT'erary, divided by the Suir. Pop. 708 1. 'liplK-'ra'ry, a county in the N. K. of Munster. Population '102,.')()5. Tippera'ry, a town in the county of Tipperary. Population t?97i:. Tiaiet- % tiie couiity town of Ker- ry, near the head of Tkalee Bay. pop. 9562.— .5'J, 18 N. 9, 47 W. Tritmoie',a handsome little town IRfiLAKD. in the county of Wnterford, on a line bay. Voy TlttA. Trim, the < uuntv town of Ivsst Meath, on the Hoyr.c. Top. .I'iij^. Tu'am, a town in Gal way, the »eo of an archbi-hop, i-arrien on cf)n»ldcral)le trade and muimfac- tures. Pop. M.liVJ p. Tullauiore', a handsdinc town in King'* County, intersected by the Grand Canal. Poi». GSi"'. TmI'Iow, a town in Cariow, on thi! Slaney. Population VJ29. Tuscar Hock, a dangerous rock on the I oast of Wcxiord, with a lightiinu*e.— 5-i, 12 N. G, T) VV. Tyrone', an inland counfv ni the province of Ulster. Pop. 304,4158. UL'STKll, aa extensive pru- vince In the N. of Ireland, and the chief »eatof the linen manufacture. It has been in a Kieat measure poo- pled by emigrants trom Scotland, wl«o profess the Presbyterian reli- gion. Pop. 2.286,fi22. Ur'iis or Ei'ris Head, a cape on the N . W. coast of Mayo.— 54, 27 N. 9 r)2 VV. 'VALKN'TIA, an island off the coast of Kerry, 5 miles long and 2 broad.-.W, 3 N. 10, 13 W. , W A'TERFOllL), a county m the S. K. of Munstcr. Pojx. n7,0o4. Waterford, the capital ot the coimtv, a flourishing seaport, and 71 an episcopal see. Us trade Is con- siderable, tbe public buililings ele- gant, and its 'Oiay one of the most: iM^atitiiul in Europe. Population l'8,H2l."-r,i}, I4N.7,7W. West Meath, an inl r)7, Wick'low, a so.iport, and the county town of Wicklow, at the moutU of the Leitrim. On Wick- low Head, about 2 milesdjstant.aru 3 lighthouses and some curious 1 limestone caves. Population i.'47iJ. — 52,59 N. 6,2 VV. Wiek'low Mountains, a ran-re of mountains in the county of Wick- low 3000 foot high ; gold has been found In the bed of a torrent de- scendinu- from Croghan Kinshela. YOUGHAL (Yau'hal), a sea- port in Cork, at the mouth of the Blick water. Pop. 9(iU8.— Jl, 57 N, 7, 51 W. NORWAY Is bounacd N. and W. by the Northern Ocem ; S. by the Skager Rack ; and E. by Sweden. It contains 122,460 square miles. Population 1,200,000. Provinces. <-'hw^ 'i'o^^»'»- Finmark or iNorwc- c . wr lu .„ gian Lapland Altcngaard, lian.merfcst, Wardhuus. Nordland. 1 )rontheiiii Drontheim, Itoraas. BerL'cn IJcrgen. , . i . i r» -i« AlwsIuuis, or CiiiiisTiANiA, I'rcdcnckstad, I'reder- Cmistiania. ickshall, Kongsbcrg, Drammeu. Christiansand Christiansand, fetavanger. Islands.— Hitteren, Vigten Isles, Loffoden Isles, Mageroe. ^. _ Ba Ys,— Christiania, Drontheim, West Fiord. Capes.— North Cape, Lindesnas or the Naze. Moi/NTAiNS.— Dovrefield, Langelield, Kolen. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^ .*^i^ :/, 1.0 1.1 La 12.8 12.5 US ■U Uii 12.2 2.0 lit Ki J£ 1 1.25 III 1.4 16 < 6" ► /^ / M ^J?>' '^ > /A ^>\^ ^-^ ^. Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. <4S80 (716) 872-4503 m. •i>^ '1 iv :\ \ ^*'^ ^ V [V o^ 72 NORWAY AND SWEDEN* Lakes. — Miosen, Rands, Tyri, Foeraund. RiVEus. — Glommen, Dranimen, Lauven, Tana. SWEDEN Is bounded N. and W. by Norway ; S. by the Catte- gat and the Baltic; E. by the Baltic, theGulf of Both- nia, and Russia. It contains 170,240 square miles. Population 3,025,000. Divisions. Chief Tovns. iNorrland, which includes West Bothnia and Swed- ish Lapland Tornea, Umea, Hernosand. fewedenProper STocKifOLM.UpsaJ, Geflc,Fah- ^ , , . lun, Nykoping, Norrkopiuff. ' Gothland Gottenburg, Carlscrona, Cahnar, Malmo. IsLANDs.—Gothland, Oeland. LAKEs.~Wtnner, Wetter, Maelar, Hielmar. Rivi^as. — Gotha, Motala, Dahl, Tornea, Lulea, Clara. ^ Foreign Possession. — Island of St Bartholomew m the West Indies. REMARKS. Norway and Sweden, comprising the whole peninsula of ancient Scandinavia, extend from 55° 20' to 71« 10' N. lat. and from 5° 20' to 31° E. long., being about 1150 miles in length ; the breadth varying from 200 to 500 miles. Aorwap — The aspect of Norway is wild but picturesque, and m many places sublime. Mountains separated by deep valleys orextensive lakes, immense pine-forests, rocks, and cataracts, are the striking features in the landscape. The great range of mountains (the ATons Sero of ancient geogra. phy) stretchmg northward from the. Naze to the North Cape/ and dividing this country from Sweden, is of various eleva- lion. IheJJovrefield, or central mountains, the loftiest of the range, rise in some places to the height of 8000 feet above the level of the sea. The rivers of Norway are numerous, but J^J! '^^^ ^^'^ impetuous, and when swollen by the ^udden melting ot the snow, they overflow their banks with fnmn,!!!!^' -' ^^^eping corn, cattle, and cottages in one J^T A 7-"u ^^'^ ^^"^" ^"--^^t '^ <^eepJy penetrated by gulfs and friths or fimds, and rnvpr^d iA/« ....„.„„;.» /.- hl^f'j^''^^ ""^ ^^'"^ ^«^' ^»««»^^ed masses oF rock," inl habitedby mnumerable birds vi.ich furnish the eiderdown f NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 73 of commerce. Among the Loffoden Isles is the dangerous whirlpool called the MaUtrom. So rude and barren is the soil of Norway in general, and so imperfectly is agriculture understood, that not more than the hundredth part of the country is under tillage. In some districts, however, particularly in the province of Bergen, there are tracts of considerable fertility. The crops are barley and oats, flax and hemp. Our common fruits are cultivated with success ; but gardening is very imperfectly understood. In the interior of Norway, although the cold of winter is intense, the air is pure and serene, and extremely condu- cive to health and longevity. On the coast the tempera, ture is milder, being softened by the breezes from the At- lantic ; but the atmosphere is often loaded with clouds and fogs. The shortness of the warm season in summer is com- pensated by the length of the day ; for the sun is scarcely five hours below the horizon, even in the southern provin- ces; while, in the higher latitudes of Nordland and Fin- mark, there are several weeks during which he does not set. Vegetation is accordingly extremely rapid ; and, within three months, the corn is sown, ripened, and reaped. In winter, again, the day is proportionally short, — and in the northern regions there is an uninterrupted night of several weeksV duration, relieved only by moonlight brightly re- flected from the snow, and by the aurora borealis, which, in those high latitudes, is peculiarly brilliant. Most of the animals common to the other countries of Europe are to be found in Norway. The horses and horned cattle are small ; but the former are hardy, and the latter easily fattened. Goats are even more numerous than sheep. The rein-deer forms the chief wealth of the Laplander, and .its care is almost his sole occupation ; the milk and flesh serve him for food, and the skins for clothing. The Coun- try abounds with game of various kinds, and its coasts with shell-fish, especially the lobster. Among its wild animals are the bear, lynx, wolf, and lemming, the last a species of rat, which, proceeding in immense swarms from the Koleu Mountains towards the coast, devours, in its progress, every production of the soil. The silver-mines of Kongsberg, the copper.mines of Ro- raas, and the iron-mines of Arendal and other places, are rich and productive. These mines supply, with the pine-forests and the fisheries, the principal articles of the export-trade. The Norwegians are simple, hospitable, frank, and brave. '* NORWAY AND SWEDEN. They are not deficient in ingenuity; but education is in a very backward state, though a university has lately been founded at Christiania. Norway was governed by its na- tive monarchs till the year 1397, when it was annexed to IJenmark by the famous Umon of Calmar. It was ceded to Sweden in 1814, and is now governed by a viceroy «f t. L«^^^' ! .T"''I''V ^' ^"J°>'^' ^^*^'*^^*^^' « ^^e« consti- tution, of which It had been deprived under the Danish rule. Awerfew.— Much of the description that has been given of the aspect of Norway is equally applicable to Sweden, i. i f ".' V^^^P^'o" «*' the ridges on the west and north, it hVioi? ' , * "»°"n'«»no"s country ; but it is diversified of w !' ' cataracts, and green valleys. The forests lakes form the most striking feature in its landscape. The latter are, m general, vast sheets of pure transparent water and cover on the whole about 9200 square miles ' than mf ITr^ ^^''"'^'1 ^^'y ^^'^'^ ^" ^»n'«^ » Je» severe the kS f • ""P"''"? *" '° ^"'S'' ^ ^'^^''^d^' » portion of the k ngdom ly.ng within the arctic circle ; and the steady ftim Intl '' *"/ P"'^ "•••' ^'^^^^-^ ^'olent winds or sum^Jl .1 r* '^"'^*' ^^'^^ ^•"'^'" « P»««^nt season. In and olan « of'f 'Y''^'' ""^ '*«^*^''«" '^P'^' '^^e trees Britat widf fr"'' ^'- "'"""'y ^'™*«' *« ^»'«^^ of Great wa nuurl ' i?l ^'^^^^Pt'O" of the furze, broom, and the oiXJoP^ '^^ ^^""?' withstand the long and severe cold provitesolT^r ^*^^*' ^*" ^^ ^"'^^^ in the southern Oats rve "^h'i^ .''^ °"' *^°'"™^" fruit-trees likewise grow, of dlfflJTm i- ^'■^'^' ^'^ "•^•■^ ^^""*»y ra''«^<^- Berries AS.h '""^^g'-o^' spontaneously and luxuriantly. de,Ctood" Z"f '"^""^^^^"'•es are very imperfectly u„. wlSfnthll !/°'"'"''' ''°"^^^^''' ^'«'' »"«Je gre«t progress for i s" *ti!: '"''"'y y^^''^ Sweden has long been noted persons Td em^^^^^ . ^t present not less than 35,000 of n.?! 1- ^^P^oyment m the mines. The copper-mines l?a ca± r P«''^'<^"'-»y '•^'"ous, and the ironTf dZI Tre Lh ^^ surpassed. The chief exports of Sweden -ddrieri:""' ^^"'' ^°pp^^' p'^^*^ -^ ^-> alum, p:s: power^fZrn?! "- ^"'^'" '^ « ^""'^^^ ™0"-rchy, the prh^Lesof th5 K-,"^ considerably circumscribed bi the NORWAY AND SWEDEN. ^5 cannot boast of many great names in literature, in botanical science that of Linnaeus is yet without a rival. EXERCISES. How is Norway bounded ? What is its extent in square miles ? What population does it contain ? What are the divisions of Norway? Name the principal towns of Ag- fjershuus or Christiania. Name the towns of Finmark. What are the principal islands of Norway ? Name its principal bays. Name its capes. Whatare its mountains? What are its chief lakes ? What are its principal rivers ? How is Sweden bounded ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of its population ? Name its divisions. Name the towns of West Bothnia and Swedish Lap- teren, Oeland, &c.? What foreign colony does Sweden possess? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude are Nor- way and Sweden situate ? What are their length and breadth ? Describe the general aspect of Norway. What are the loftiest mountains of Norway ? To what height do they rise ? What is the character of the rivers ? What i.v aie appearance of t^e coast ? Where is the whirlpool Alalstrom ? In what state are the soil and agriculture of Norway ? Are there any tracts of great fertility ? What are the principal crops ? Describe the climate of Norv ay. How is the shortness of the warm season compensated ? Within what space of time is the corn sown, matured, and reaped ? Describe the winter of the northern regions. What is remarkable about the horses and horned cattle of Norway ? What animal consti- tutes the principal wealth of the Norwegian Laplanders? What wild animals are found in Norway ? Which of them is peculiarly destructive ? What mines in Norway arc parti- cularly productive ? What are its principal exports ? What is the national character of the Norwegians ? Till what period did Norway continue under the government of its native monarchs ? To what country was it then annexed ? When was it ceded to Sweden ? How is it now governed ? Is Sweden a mountainous country ? How is it diversified ? What is the principal feature in the landscape ? What ex- tent do the lakes occupy ? Describe the climate of Sweden. What renders even the winters pleasant there ? What coun- try does Sweden resemble in its trees and plants ? With what exceptions ? Jn what provinces is wheat raised ? What other crops are more general ? What fruits grow spontaneously ? in what state are agricuiiuic and nmiiuraciures ? Fur what has Sweden long been noted ? Which of its mines are parti- cularly famous ? What are its chief exports ? .' 7^ NORWAY AND SWEDEN. What is the nature of i*s frovernnient ? What is the esfa- blished relifjion both in Sweden and Norway ? What people d > the Swedes resemble in manners ? Of what great name in botanical science can Sweden boast? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. AG'GERSHUUS, a province in Norway, the largest and most im- portant in tlie kingdom. P. 90,000. Altengaard', a town in Finmark, at the head of a deepbav. V. 2000. — eo'' 55' N. lat. 23'' 4' K. long. ArenMal, a small seaport on the S. coast of Norway.with great iron- mines. P.2()00.— 58, 25 N. 9, 10 K. BER'GKN. the capital of the province in Norway of the same name, one of the most flout ishing rommercial towns in the kinodom. Pop. 22,000.-60, 24 N. 5, 18 E. Both'nia, an extensive province on both sides of the Gulf of Both- nia. East Bothnia now belnngs to Russia, West Bothnia is st.ll an- nexed to Swtticn, Botii'nia, Gulf of, a branch of the Baltic, which separates Sweden from Finland. CAl/M AR, a town in Gothland, situate on the sound to which it gives name. It derives celebrity from the treaty of 1397, by which Queen Margaret united the king, doms of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, under one sovereign. Pop. .5300.-56, 40 N. 16, 20 E. Ciirlscro'na, a strong seaport in Gothland, the principal station of the Swedish navy. Pop. 12,200. -56, 9 N. 15, 33 E. Carlstad', a town in Sweden, on the N. coast of Lake Wentier, near the mouth of the Clara, with ex- tensive saw.mills. Pop. 5000.— 59, 54 N. 13, E. Cal'tegat See Descriptive Table of Denmark. Christia'nia, the capital of Nor- way.in theprovinceof Aggershuus. It IS situate at the head of Christi- ania Bay, which penetrates above 00 miles into the interior, and is studded with is'ands. A university was founded here hi 1811. Pod 21,000.-59. 54 N. 10,45 E. * Chris'tiansand', the capital of a province in Norway of the same name, situate on the S. coast Pqd. HOQOi— -58. 8 N 'J •» V Christtansund, a town in the province of Bergen. Pop. 2300. Chris'tianstad', a strong fortress in Gothland, on the Baltic. Popu- lation 4200.— 56, N. 14, 8 E. Clara, a river which traverses Lake Eoemund in Norway, and enters the VVenner at Carlstad. DA //L, a river in Sweden,which rises among the Norwegian mouti- tains, and discharges itself into the Gulf of Bothnia near Gefle. Dalrcar'lia, or Dalarnc', a pro. vincc oj Sweden, traversed by the river Dahl, and famed for its rich copper-mines. J)ann<;mo'ra, a town, or rather a collection of villages, in Sweden Proper, celebrated for its iron, mines. Population 400. Dov'refield, or Dofrines, the lof- tiest part ol the Norwegian ridge of mountains. Skagstlas-Find, the highest summit, is H396 feet, and famous Sneehatten 8121 feet.* c ^f:l"»'"P" (Dram), a river in the a.of Norway,downwhich immense quantities ot timber are floated ; it tails into the W. side of Christlania Bay. Drammm, a seaport, at the mouth of the Drammen, has a great export-trade in timber. Pen. 7500.-59, 39 N. 10, 28 E. Dron'theim, or Troii'dheim,tho capital of the province of the same name, anciently the residence of thcNorwogian kings, is beautifully situate on a fine buy. In its neigh- bourhood arc rich copper-mines. Pop. 12,700.-63, 26 N. 10, 23 E. ELFVE'DAL, a town of DalJ- carha, on the Dahl, where are verv valuable quarries of porphyry.— 61, 15 N. 14, E. »'•'•' FAHLUN (F;/loon),or Kopper- beig, a town of Sweden Proper, in the neighbourhood of which are rich copper-mines Pop. 4500 60, 55 N. 15, 46 E. Fin'mark, an extensive province in Norway, called likewise Nor- wegian Lapland. Pop. 33,394. tuj'mund, a lake in A.!;at. Pop. 1800.— 57, ON. 12,40 E. Ham'merfest, a small town on an island near the northern extre- mity of Norwegian Lapland. Po- pulation 373.— 70, 35 N. 23, 45 E. Hel'singborg, a sea{)ort 011 the Sound, opposite EMnore in Den- mark. P. 1'800.— 56, 9 N. 12, 44 E. Her'nosand, a seaport of Sweden, on a small^sland in the Gulf of Bothnia, with a bishop's see and a university. Pop. 2100.— G2, 40 N. 17.45E. Hiel'mar, a lake in Sweden, be- tween the lakes Wenner andMajIar. Hit'teren, a considerable island on the coast of Drontheim. Po- pulation 3700. Hueen', a small Islet at the en- trance to the Sound, remarkable as the rosWencc of the asttonomcr Tycho Brahe. lONKOP'ING, a town in Goth- land, on the S. bank of the lake Wetter. P. 4300.— 57, 15 N. 14, OE. KCVLEN, the northern part of the great chain of mountains that separatesNorway from Sweden, the highest of which, Sulitelma, is 0081 feet above the sea. Kongs'berg, a considerable town in Aggershuus, celebrated fur its silver-mines; it is situate on both sides of tl)e river Lauven. Pop. 4000.-59, 37 N. 9, 44 E. LANDSCKO'NA, a seaport in Gothland, on a small island in the Sound. P. 4000 55, 50 N. 12,50E. Lan'gefield, the southern part of the great Norwegian chain of mountains, from the Naze to the N. of the province of Bergen. Lap'land, the most northern country ofFJurope,extending Hbove 600 miles from the North Cape to the White Sea in Russia. It is divided into Norwegian, Swedish, and Russian I^pland; and al. though it contains 150,000 square miles, the entire population does not exceed 60,000. Laur'vig, a seaport of Aggers- huus, on the W. side of Chris- tiania Bay, at the mouth of the Lauven, remarkable for its found- cries. Pop. 3400.— 58, 56 N. 10, 10 E. Lau'ven, or Lou'ven, a river of Norway, which rises in theLangd- field Mountains, passes Kongsberg, and falls into the Skager Rack at Laurvig. LindesnjE?. See Naze. Linkop^ing.a town ofS. Sweden, in a fertile plain ; its cathedral is, after that of Upsal, the finest in the kingdom. Population 3700.— 58, 27 N. 15, 42 E. LofFo'den Isles, a group of islands on the W. coast of Nordland, the seat of a most extensive cod and herring fishery, which employs more than 20,000 men. They consist of five large and several small islands, and contain about 11,000 inhabitants. Lu'lea, a town on the Gulf of Bothnia, near the mouth of the Lulea. a river in which is a groat waterfal said to be half a mi'e broad. Pop.l 100.— 65,40N.22,1 9E. Lundj a town in S. Sweden, on 78 NORWAY AND SWEDEN. the Sound, the seat of a univer«lty. Pop. 4200.-55, 42 N. 13, 15 E. MiE'LAR, a large lake of Swe- den, extending from Stockholm CO miles into the interior, and containing about 1300 islands. Ma'fieroe.abareand rocky island on the N. coast of Norwegian I>ap- landfinha'uited by four or five fami- lies. The North Cai)e forms its northern extremity. Mal'mo, a seaport of E.Goihlnnd, on the Sound, ca»^rie8 on consider- able trade and Manufactures. Pti. pulation 8600 55, 35 N. 13, E. Mal'strom, a famous whirlpool near the S. extremity of tl»e Lof- foden Isles.— 67. 45 N. 12, E. Mios'en, a lake in Aggcrshuus, 60 miles long ;ind 15 broad. Mo'dum, a town in Aggershuus, near Lake Tyri, celebrated for its rich mine of cobalt. Mota'Ia, a river in Sweden, is. suing from Lake Wetter.and falling into the Baltic below Norrkoping. Naze, a promontory forming the southern extremity of Nor way. —57, 58 N. 7,, 3 E. Nord'land, a province of Norway, between Drontheim and Finmark, Pop. 57,000. Nord'kyn, a promontory in Fin- mark, the most northern point of continental Europe. Norrkop'ing, one of the princiiwl commercial towns in Gothland, si- tuate on the Mofala. Population 10,100.— 58, 35 N. 16, 11 E. North Cape, the most northern point of the island Mageroe, in Norwegian Lapland, and of all Eu- rope, excepting the northern ex. tremity of Nova Zembla 71, lo N. 25, 50 E. Nykop'ing, a maritime town in Sweden Proper; near it are mines of cobalt. P.2900.— 58,45N.17, 1 E. OE'L AND, an island on the S.E. coast of Sweden, 83 miles long and from 8 to 14 broad, separated from the mainland by the Sound of Calmar. Pop. 6000. Orebro', a town in Sweden, near the W. shore of the lake tlielmar Pop. 4300.— 59, 17 N. 15, 13 E. Hands, a lake in the province of Aggershuus. Ko'raas, a town in Norway ,at the base of the Dovr^field Mountains ; ucar iv are larunUa Cupuer-inines Pop. 3000.-6SJ, 32 N. 11, g-2 E. Sa'la, a town in Sweden Proper, remarkable for its silver mines. Pop. 30O0. S!>derkop'inp, a town in S. Swoa den, at the entrance of the Goth- Canal into the Baltic. Pop, lOOO. —58, 1'8 N. 16, 18 E. Stav'anger, a seajiort in Norway, on the W. coast of Christiansand. Pop. 4100.— .58, 58 N. 5, 45 E. Stock'hoi.m, the capital of Swe. den, beautifully situate at the junc- tion of Lake Mjclar with the Bal- tic. It is built upon several islands. Pop. 81,000.-59, aa N. 18, 5 E. T A'N A,a river of Lapland, which forms for I'iO miles the boundary between Russia and Sweden, and falls into the Northern Ocean, Tons'herg, a seaport in Norway, on the W. side of Christiania Bay. Pop. 2000.— 59, 20 N. 10, 20 E. Tor'nea, a river of Sweden, has its source in the mountains of Nor- way, traverses Lake Tornea, and falls into the Gulf of Bothnia. Tor'nea, a town formerly belong- ing to Sweden, but ceded to Russia in 1809, on a small island in the river Tornea.— (,5, .50 N. 24, 12 E. Tor'ris, or Od'dern, a river in S. Norway, flowing into the Skager Rack at Christiansand. Trolhat'ta, a small town of Swe- den, near which is a celebrated ca. nal, cut through the solid rock. Tyri (Te'ree), a lake in Christi- ania, 15 miles long. U'MEA, a seaport of Sweden on the Gulf of Bothnia, at the mouth of the river Umea. Pop. 1400.— 63. 49 N. UO, 20 E. Uddeval'la, a town in Gothland, on a bay of the Cattegat. P. 4000. UP'SAL, or Up'sala, an ancient city in Sweden, the see of an arch- bishop, and the seat ol a celel)rated university. It was long the resi- dence of the Swedish nionarchs. Pop. 5000.— 59, 51 N. 17, 39 E. VIG'TEN ISLES, a group of islands on the coast of Drontheim. WARDHUUS (Var'do), asmall island, with a fort, on theN.E.coast of Finmark — 70, 22 N. 31, 7 E. Wen'ner, a large lake in Swe- den, forming, by the Gotha Canal, one of the great channels of com. munication between Goitenburg and the Baltic^ It !• about Um miles long and 40 broad. West Fiord, a great iound sepa^ DENMARK. rating the Lofibden Iiles from the mainland of Norway, through which the tides of the Northern Ocean ruth with trcmendoua force and rapidity. WP8'tera«, a commercial town in Sweden, on Lalce Maclar, and a bisiiop's Bee. Population 3300.— 5V, 35 N. 16, 32 E. Wcs'terwiclc, a seaport of Swe- 79 den, in the Baltic, with a good liarbour.— 57, 16 N. 16, 38 E. Wet'ter, a lake in Sweden, above 80 miles long jmd 16 broad, com- municatinL' with the Baltic by the river Motaia. Wis'by, a seaport, the capital of the island of Gothland. Popula- tion 4200— ti7, 40 N. 18, 20 E. DENMARK Is bounded on the N. by the Skager Rack ; W. by the German Ocean ; S. by the Elbe, which separates it from Germany ; E. by the Cattegat, the Sound, and the Baltic. It contains 22,680 square miles. The population is 2,096,000. Divisions. Chief Towns. Jutland Proper, or N. Juaand..Aalbor^, Aarhuus, Viborc. feleswick or S. Jutland Sleswick, Flensborg, Ton- ningen. "olstein Kiel, Altona, Gluckstadt, Rendsburg. liauenburg Lauenburg, Ratzeburg. ( Zealand, Fu-1 ,, t^, . The Islands \ nen, Laaland, I ^^J'^^?/*'^?' ELjinore, I Falster, &c. ) ^oskilde, Odensee. Straits and Gulps.— The Sound, the Great Belt, the Little Belt, Liim Fiord. River.— The Eyder. Cape.— The Skaw. Islands subject to Denmark. — Iceland, the Faroe or Faeroe Isles. Foreign Possessions.— In the West Indies, St Thomas, St Croix, and St John ; in the East Indies, Tranquebar and Serampore ; in the Northern Ocean, Greenland; in Africa several forts and factories on the coast of Guinea. REMARKS. Denniark consists of an extensive peninsula (the Cimbrica Chersonesus of the ancients), and a number of islands to the east of the mainland. Exclusive of the Isle of Bornholm, it lies between 53° 26' and 57" 44' N. lat. and between 8° 10' and J 2" 40' E. long. Its length from the Elbe to the Skaw, is 300 miles, "an dits breadth from Copenhagen to the German Ocean, is 175 miles. DENMARK. The Danish Peninsula ig a vast plain, prfsentini;? h'ltle variety, and scarcely interrupted even by gentle swells. It has no river of magnitude; yet it is watered by many rivulets or brooks. Its lakes are small, but exceedingly nu- merous ; and several of them are admire'^ for their beautiful scenery. Vl'he coast, which extends more than 4000 mile*, is indented by innumerable creeks and bays. Of the islands, Zealand, Funen, Laaland, nnd Falster, are fertile and plea- sant. The climate of Denmark is humid, but temperate ; its winters are rarely so severe that the seas.are covered withice. / In the south of continental Denmark, the soil is fertile and well cultivated; in the north, agriculture is less skiU fully conducted, and the country presents the dreary aspect of moors and brushwood, with wastes of red sand totally destitute of vegetation. On the coasts the aspect is more cheering. The eastern coast is varied by a number of fer- tile elevations ; and on the west are to be seen rich pastures of the most beautiful verdure. The productions of the soil are chiefly oats, barley, beans, pease, and potatoes— wheat;i8 but partially cultivated— madi der, and even tobacco, are raised in considerable quantity and of good quality. The horses, particularly in HoUtein! arc remarkable for their strength and agility ; and the horned cattle are likewise of a superior description. Gardens are very rare, except in the island of Amak, from which Copen- hagen is almost entirely supplied with vegetables. The fisheries in the bays and creeks furnish the chief occu- pation of the Danes. Their manufactures are neither nume- rous norimportant; but their commerceis rather considerable. Previous to the year 1660 the Danish monarchy was elec- tive ; after the memorable revolution of that year, it became hereditary and absolute. The present king has lately granted a representative constitution. The established reli- gion IS the Lutheran ; but all others are now tolerated al- though the penal statutes against dissenters were formerlv very severe. ^ ,.i" *^f ',*■ raannew and customs the higher orders of Danes differ httle from persons of the same rank in other Euro- S^" ^'"T"^*-.^ In general, they are fond of show and pomp, and considerably inclined to convivial entertainments. Ihey are courteous and humane, yet possessed of great couragc-their seamen in particular being distinguished for 5.?»r^;_^" hterature. Denmark boasts of several indivi.. Tycho Brah^, Torfs^us, &c. Thorvaldaen, a native of Ice. DENMARK. 81 land, one of the most eminent sculptors of the present day, received his early vducation at Copenhagen. EXERCISES. How is Denmark hounded ? What is its extent in square miles ? M^hat is its population ? What are the divisions of Denmark? Name tnc towns in each of tliose divisions. Where is Gluckstadt, Odensee, Copenhagen, Flensburg, Klsinore, Altona, Viborg, Kiel, Aaiborg, &c. ? Name its islands. Where are the Little Belt, the Sound, the Great Belt, Liim Fiord? Name and dcKcribe the river of Denmark. What is its cape ? What islands are subject to Denmark ? What are its colonies in the West Indies, in the East Indies, in the Northern Ocean, and in Africa ? Of what does Denmark consist ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is it situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is the general apjiearance of Denmark ? Has it any rivers or lakes of importance ? What is re- markable about the coast ? W'hat kind of islands are Zea- land and Funen ? Describe the climate of Denmark. What is t!ie state of the soil in the south of continental Denmark ? In what does the north differ from it ? What is the aspect of the coast ? What arc the productions of the soil ? For what are the horses and horned cattle of Denmark remark- able ? From what island is Copenhagen supplied with vege- tables? What constitutes the principal occupation of the Danes? Are their manufactures numerous or important? Is cheir commerce considerable ? What is the nature of the Danish government ? What is the established religion ? Are other rehgions tolerated ? Is there any thing peculiar in the manners and customs of the Danes ? What is their national character? Of what distinguished names in literature, science, and art, can they boast ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. AAL'BORG, the capital of Jut- land, on the S. shore of the Liim- lionl, with a good harbour. Pop. yyOO 57" a' N. lat. 9«.5«)' E.long. Aat'huus, a seaport on the E. coast of Jutland, near the N. extremity of the Great Belt, with a good trade. Top. 8000.-56, 10 N. 10, 14 E. Al'sen, a pleasant island in the Little Belt, 18 miles long and 8 broad. Pop. 16,000. Al'tona, a flourishing seai>ort in HoUtein, on the Elbe, two miles considerable commerce. Popula- tion 27.000.— 53, 33 N. 9, 56 E. A'nuik, a fmall island in the Daltic, opposite Copenhagen, with which it is connected byiwo bridges; it is laid out in gardens iind [lasturcH. An'hott,an island iniheCattegat, with a lighthouse. BELT, Great, a strait between the islands of Zealand and Funen, about W miles Ht its greatest breadth, and of dangerous naviga- tion. Belt, Little, a strait between Fu- nen and Jutland, varying from 1 to 10 miles in width, and hazard- Born'holm, an island in the BaU tic, about 30 miles in length and ^20 in breadth, containing about 100 82 DENMARK. village*. It U rich in com and cat- tle, and has n valuable nalmon-IUh- cry. P. 24,()()i)..-55, IH N. 14.4HE. CAT'TKOAT, a large channel or sound, separating the Danish peninsula from Sweden. Col'ding, a town in Jutland, nl. tuate at the head of a bay in the Little Bolt.— .').'), :*() N. I), 28 E. CopENiiA'GiiN, the capital of the kingdom, and one of the moit ele- gant cifics in the N. of Europe, stands on the E. coast of the island of Zealand. It possesses an ex- cellent harbour and docks, and is surrounded bv a chain of bastions and a broad ditch,— the walls en- closing a circuit of (ive miles. The royal library ami museum are i>ar- ticularly rich in northern literttuie and antiquities. Top. 115,000.— 55. 11 N. 15>, .35E ELSINOUE', or Elsinour', a sea- port in Zealan«l, 2-i miles N. i.f Copenhagen. Here all vessels pass- Jijg through the Sound pay a toll to the Knjg of Denmark. I he castle ot Cronberg commands the passage ot the Sound, which is about .I nules broad. Population 7000.— 50, '2 N. IJ, 3(> E. Eyder (rder), the only river of importance in Denmark, separates HoUtein from Sleswick, and falls into the German Ocean. By means ot tile eanal of Kiel, the Eyder forms a nuvigablu communication between the Uennan Ocean and the Baltic. FAL'S lER, a fertile and pleas- ant island in the Baltic, so pro- ductiye, especially of fruit, as to be fityled the orchard of Denmark. Pop. 16,.500.-.')1, .',0 N. 12, E. I'an'oe, an island on the S. W. coast of Jutland. IVroe or IVroe Islands, a trroun between Shetland and Iceland, ricattered from til<» iiti' to (>ii« 2)' N. lat., and iuom 6 to 8 W.'long. 1 hey are 22 in number, of which 17 are inhabited. Thorshavn in Stro- moe is the chief town. In general they are naked rocks, and the chief wealth of the inhabitants arises frotn fishing, rearing of sheep, and the feathers of birds. Pop. (iOoo . Fem'ern, a small island in the Baltic, otf the coast of Holstein. Flcns'lmrff a HmirUhin.. .. in Sleswick, with an excellent har. bour. P. 1C,000.-54,47N.9, 26 E. Fohr, an island on the W. coast of Sleswick, much frequented for sea-bathing. Fu'nen or Fio'nia, a largo and fer- tile island, separated from the pe- ninsula by the Little Belt,and from Zealand by the (ireat Belt. It is 4 J) miles long and 3.T broad. Pop. lG7,H0().-.'i5, 20 N. 10, 20 E. ' O LUCK'S lADF, a seaport in Holstein, near the mouth of the Ellv, at its Junction with the Rhu Pop (J )()0.-.-,3, -17 N. }), 26 E. HELIGOLAND', a smallisland about 10 miles from the mouths of the Eyder and Elbe, now lielone- ing to Britain.-.^!, 11 N. 7. 5:j K Ilol'stein, .in extensive duchy in the northern extremity u{ (jer- many, forming an integral part of the kin^'dom of DenmarJt. Its su- perficlal extent is .'JSOO square miles, and its population 4.T5,.-)yf; Horn, the, a cape on the W. co.'wt of Jutland— .5,5, 27 N. H, la E. Hor'sens, a seaport in northern Jutland, on the E. coast Popula- tion 240().-,5.5, 52 N. 9. 50 E. Hu'suin, a seaport on the W. coast of Sleswick 54, 29 N. 9, 4 E ICE'LAND, a large island in the Atlantic Ocean, between (W and TUo 2; 'f •• *'"l •'etween 13" an.l i5<> W. long. Its length is .loo miles, and its breadth 200. Its sui tace is rugged and mountainous. It.* soil barren, and its climate se- vere. Volcanic eruptions are fre- ?y/"u'".'"*"y l'^"" "*■ the island. Of Heda, Its principal burning mountain, twenty-three eruptions are recorded, the last of which took place in April lynfj. Springs of hot water are numerous in Iceland ot all degrees of temperature, wJ, to a state of violent ebullitioi^ inc most remarkable of these springs, called the Great Geyser throws up into the air columns of boiling water, to thc,height of 9o. 100, and sometimeii even to above l.->0 feet, aicoinpanied with a noise like the explosion of cannon. It is very thinly peopled, having a 8u- perhclal area estimated at 38.250 square miles. Pop. ."iO.OOO. JUTLAND, a large province of Denmark, which formerly com- priseti the whole peninsula: but tnc- name is now confined to the 'ilo ..f" tllvisiooi extending from 55S25' to 570,43' N. lat., in length DKNMARK. !()() mile*, with an averaRe breadth of 70. Population 5i'(j,UU0. KIEL (Keel), a seaport in Mol- steln, and the seat of a unlvcriity, with an excellent harbour. It is Kituatc at the E. extremity of the tariiil which connects the Baltic with the German 0< cm, and is the Kfcat point of communication with Copenhagen and Hamburg. Po- pulation HOOO.— 51, U> N. 10, 8 E. LAA'LAND, an island at the entrance of the Baltic, (iO miles long and U broad. It is the most fertile tract in the Danish domi- nions. P.13,5(I0.— Si, 48 N. II , 25 E. Lan'gdiand, an island between Zealand, Laaland, and Funen, 35 miles loii!? and from 5 to 5 broad, pup. 11, '^00 — 51, 56 N. 10, 46 E. Lau'enburg, a duchy of Ger- many, on the right bank of the Elbe. It was a separate duchy till 1(J89, when it passed to the Mouse of Hanover. In 1815 it was ceded to Prussia, but soon after made over to Denmark, in exchange for Kugen and Pomerania. P. 35,000. Lau'enburg, the capital of the duchy of the same name, draws a considerable revenue from a toll on the Kibe. Population 3000.— 55, 22 N. 10 38 E. Liim Fiord, a long narrow gulf in Jutland, which runs westward from the Cattegat across the pe- ninsula, stretching from sea to sea. NY'HORG, a seaport on the E. coast of Funen, where vessels piiss- iiig through the Great Belt pay a toll— 55, 10 N. 10, 46 E. ODENSEE', the capital of Fu- nen, situate on a river, about a mile from the sea. It carries on considerable manufactures of wool. Icn cloths, leather, and soap. It is ti»e residence of a bishop, and of the chief magistrate of Funen. Pop. 7000.-55, 25 N. 10, '22 E. KanMers,a town in Jutland, with aconsiderable tradeincorn. P.46()0. IlATZE'BURG, a fortified town in the duchy of Laucnburg, on an '"land in a lake of the same name. Pop. 2000.— 53, 41 N. 10, 52 E. j 83 Ucnds'burg, a strong town in Holstcin, on the Eyder, with a good trade. P. 8000.— 54, 18 N. 9, 40 E. Ri'pcn, or Uib6, a town on the W. coast of Jutland, situate on the Gram. P. 3000—55, 19 N. 8, 47 E. Ros'kllde. in Zealand, the an. dent capital of Denmark, now re- markable only for its Gothic ca- thedral, in which the kings of Den. mark are buried. Pop. 1200.— 55, 3tiN. 12,0 E. SKA'GERRACK.nlargesound ni the North Sea, separating Jut- land from Norway. Skaw, or Ska'^er Cape, a pro- montory on the northern extremi- ty of Jutland, with a lighthouse.— 67. 43 N. 10, 37 E. Sles'wick, a duchy forming the southern division of the peninsu. la, formerly comprised under the name of Jutland. Its length is 72 miles ; its breadth varies from 30 to 56 miles. Pop. 338, 19-:;. Sles'wick, the capital of the above duchy, pleasantly situate on the sma!' river Sley. Pop. 8000.— 51, 31 N. 9, .]• v., Sound, 3 strait between Sweden and the island of Zealand, being about 3 miles across from Elsu nore to Helsingborg in Sweden. See Elsinore, p. 82. Syll'oe, an island on the W. coast of Sleswick, famous for oysters. TON'NINGEiV, a seaport in Sleswick, situate near the mouth of the Eyder, with considerable trade. P. 4000.-54,19 N. 8, 58 K, Vl'BOKG, or Wi'borg, an an. cient town, on a small lake, nearly in the centre of Jutland. Popula- tion 3000.— .5«, 27 N. 9, 25 E. ZKA'LaND, an island between the Cattegat and the Baltic It is abfiut 170 miles in circumference, with an area of 2600 square miles, and 440,000 inhabitants. Its aspect is finely varied with gentle emi- nences and cultivated fields; its soil isfertiic.andits numerous bays and creeks al)ound with fi.sh. Here arc concentrated most of the manufac- tures and trade of Denmark. HOLLAND Is bounded N. and W, by the German Ocean ; S. by Belgium ; E. by Germany. It contains U,000 stjuare miles. Population 2,820,000. . . 04 HOLLAND. Divisions. Chief Towns. Groningen, with Drenthe...Groningen. Friesland Ixmwarden. Overyssel Zwoll, Deventer. Guelderland Arnheim, Nimccucn, Zutphen. Utrecht Utrecht, Amersfort. Holland Proper Amsterdam, Haarlem, Alk- maar, Hoorn, Levden, the Hague, Kotterdam, Briel, Hel- voetsluys, Dort. Zealand IMiddleburg, Flushing, Campverc. North Brabant Bois-le-Duc, Breda, Bergen-op. Zoom. p - (Limburg Maestricht. 1 an ot ^ Luxemburg Luxemburg. Islands Walcheren, North Beveland, South Bcve- nd, Tholen, Schowen, in the province of Zealand ; Over Flakkee, Voorn, Ysselmonde ; Texel, Vlieland, Schelling, Ameland. Seas and Bays — Zuyder Zee, Haarlem Mcer, Lau- wcr Zee, Dollart Bay. llivEiis.— The Rhine, with its branches the Waal, Yssel, and Leek ; the Meuse or Maese. Foreign Possessions. — In the East Indies, Java, and the Moluccas or Spice Islands ; in the West In- dies, Curac^'oa, Buen Ayre, St Eustatius, end part of St Martin; in S. America, Surinam; m Africa, El Mina, and several small forts on the coast of Guinea. REMARKS. Hollnnd, exclusive of Luxemburg, wli'ch is disjoined from it by the intervention of Belgium, is situate between 51° 12' and 53° 30' N. lat. and between 3*^ 20', and 7" lii' E. long. Its length, from the north of Friesland to the south of North Brabant, is 160 miles, and its breadth 110 miles. To the lover of the picturesque, the aspect of Holland is tame and uninteresting. The country is one vast plain, di- versified neither by mountain, hill, nor knoll. Viewed from the top of a tower or spire, it. appears like an extensive marsh, intersected by numberless ditches and canals. Yet ovnn thp doast of attainments in letters and science, and even in the fine arts. In ihe former, they possess the names of Eras- mus, Grotius, Boerhaave, and Leeuwenhoeck ; in the lat- ter those of Rembrandt and a number of distinguished land- Scape and marine painters. The Dutch are a laborious, plodding, selfish, but upright people. In religion they are Protestant Calvinists ; but they hare long set the example of the most complete toleration, EXERGIAKS. How is Holland bounded ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of the population ? What are the ditisions of Holland ? M'hat arc tnc principal towns in Zea* HOLLAND. 87 land, Holland Proper, Utrecht, &c. ? Where, is Rotterdam, Arnheim, Briel. Amsterdam, Breda, Nimeguen, Bergen-op;. Zoom, Deventer, Zutphen, &c. ? What are the pnncrpal ri- vers ? Name the seas and bays. Name the islands. Where is Haarlem Meer ? What are the branches of the Rhine m Holland ? Where 'is Schelling, DoUart Bay Walcheren, Amcland, South Beveland, Lauwer Zee,Vlieland,&c. ? What are its colonies in the East Indies, in the West Indies, m South America, and in Africa? . , . « n «j Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Hollana situate ? What are its length and breadth ? W hat is its gene- ral aspect ? By what is the dull uniformity of the prospect re- lieved ? From what cause have many parts of this country been exposed to dreadful inundations ? What tractis now occupied bv the Zuyder Zee ? Of what are the islands on the northern shores the evident remains ? In what century did the mouths of the Scheldt expand into broad estuanc J ? How and when was the salt lake near Dort formed ? V/hat devastation did that inundation commit ? By what means did the Dutch protect themselves from the recurrence of such dreadtul cala- mities » What security do the embankments attord against tne invasion of a foreign enemy ? Why is a great part of Hol- land kept in grass ? What are the crops chielly cultivated ? In what does the principal rural wealth of Holland consist ? For what manufactures is Holland famous? When did Holland become distinguished by its ettbrts and success m trade » What were the chief branches of its commerce i* J^y what was it brought to the verge of ruin ? How was it placed in a fair way of recovering its commercial prosperity ? What was the nature of the Dutch government after they had thrown off the Spanish yoke ? What changes were caused bv the French Revolution in 1795? When was Holland united to Belgium ? How and when were they separated ? In what state is education in this country ? Are schools common? What universities have long been celebrated ? Of what literary and scientific names can Holland boast? What celebrated artist has it produced ? What is the Dutch character ? What is their religion ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. kingdom, a great commercial city, situate at the confluence of the Amstcl with tlie Y, an arm of the ALKMAAR', a fortified town m Holland Proper, situate on the ca- irnl which unites Amsterdam with the North Pea. It has a great trade in Inittct and cheese. P.9000. — 52«» 34' N. lat. 4" 45^ K. long. Am*/land, an island to the N. of Friosland. Population 3000. A'mersfort, a j)lea8ant town in the province of Ulrecht, wun con- siderable mimufactures. Popula- tion 9000.-&;?, g N. 5, 22 E. Amstebdam', the cBi»ital of the Zuyder Zee. It is built in a marsh, upon piles, and lias a harbour ca- pable of containing 1000 vessels. The principal streets are magni- ficent, and the city is intersected by numerous canals, communicat- t 1 c\ai% t^m^t m1 M^tnm filial rttPllrlYnOt^ffifl iiig isy -a\; jjim^x-t^y- — - with fine trees. Pop. 201,000.— 32, 92 N. 4, 65 E. i: 'teim', the chief town ofGueU 88 HOLLAND. dcTland, on i,34E. Guel'derland, or Guel'dres, a prnvincetotheS.K. of the Zuvder Zee, and separated from N. Bra- bant by the Maese, contains '2020 8f|iiare miles, and a population of i!!)3,39G. It is watered by the Rhine, the Waal, the Yssel, and the Leek ; but the soil, in some places heavy, in others light and sandy, is not generally fertile. H AAR'LEM.a flourishing town i!i Holland Proper, on the river Spaaren and the Haarlem Meer, communicating by a canal with Leyden and Amsterdam. In its principal church is an organ, sup- iioscd to be the finest in the world, consisting of 8000 pipes, the largest 35J feet long and 16 inches in dia- meter, and combining the sound of many instruments. Pop. 22,000.— b-2, 22 N. 4, 38 E. Haar'lem Meer, a lake between Amsterdam, Leyden, and Haar- lem, communicating with the Zuy- der Zee. by the Gulf of Y or Wye. It is 14 miles lonji by S broad, and is navigable throughout. Hague (Fr. La Haye), an elegant city inHoUandProper, and the seat of the court, 30 miles S. W. Irom Amsterdam. About a mile to the N. is the rural palace of the royal family, embosomed amidst an ex- tensive and noble wood. There are, besides, the old and new pa- laces. Fine villas and beautiful promenades adorn the vicinity. Pop. 55,000.— 62, 4 N. 4, 18 E. Har'lingen, a seai>ort of Fries- land, on the Zuyder Zee. Popula- tion 7000.— 53, lO N. 5, 26 K Hel'der, a town in HoUand.Pro- per, with a strong fortress, which commands the entrance of theZuy- tier £mCc, rup. -ouv. — uc, •'» •'- 1. 45 E. „ ^ ^ Hel'voetsluys, a fortified town on the S. side of the island Voorn, inHoUandProper, having an excel- lent harbour, and extensive dock- yards. P. 1500.— 51, 49 N. 4, 7 E. Hol'land Proper, a province N. of Zealand, remarkable for the density of its population, the num- ber of its towns and villages, and the triumphs of persevering indus- try over the most appalling diffi- culties. Its superficial extent does not much exceed 2000 squaremiles, yet its population, by a census taken in 1817, amounted, notwith- standing ail the evils of the French war and the discouraging restric- tions on its commerce, to 748,000. In 1838 the population was 926,000. Hoorn, a considerable seaport on the Zuyder Zee, having the best harbour on the coast of that sea. Pop. 10,000.-52, 38 N. 5, 3 E. LAU'WER ZEE, an arm of the sea in the N . of Gioningen. Leek, a river which branches ofr from the Rhine in Utrecht, and joins the Maese above Rotterdam. Leuwar'den, the chief town of Friesland, on the river Ee. It is intersected with canals, whose banks are shaded with trees, so as to form delightful promenades. Pop. 17,000.-53, 12 N. 5, 47 E. Ley'den, one of the principal ci- ties of the kingdom, on a branch of the Rhine, in Holland Proper. It is intersected by a number of canals, forming upwards of 50 small islands, which are connected by more than 100 bridges. The principal street, in which is situate the Stadthouse, is one of the finest in Europe. Leyden is the seat of a celebrated university, and has produced many eminent men : the library contains a rich collection of oiiental manuscripts. Population 55,000.-52, 9 N. 4, 29 E. . Lux'emburg, a large province to the S. of Liege, having an extent of 2592 square miles, and contain- ing 311,115 inhabitants. It is a grand duchy, and forms properly part of the German states ; by the lato partition the greater part ot it n: *• ir- attached to Holland. emburg, capital of the pro vinco of the same name, is, both by nature and art, now one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. Here are many interesting re ^ ains of Roman antiquity. Population 11,000.-49, 37 N. 6,9 E. 90 HOLLAND. MAESE, or Mouse, a large river which rises in the S. olChampagne, in France, and flows through Na- mur, Liege, Limburg, andN. Bra- bant : after fanning the N. bound- ary of North Brabant, and being joined by the Waal, it falls into the German Ocean below KotterdaTn. Mae'strieAt, a flourishing town in the province of Liml urg,situate on the Maese, near its confluence with the Jaer. It is strongly for- titled, and by the late treaty re- mained with the King of Holland. Its ramjiarts form agreeable prome- nades. r.l8,00a--50, 51 N. 5, 41 E. Mid'dleburg, the principal town of the province of Zealand, situate near tne centre of the island of Walcheren. It is a place of great antiquity.andof considerable trade. Fop. 13,200.— .51, 30 N. S, 57 E. NIM'EGUEN, a strong town in Guelderland, on the left bank of the Waal. Population 16,000.— 51,50N. 5, 52 E. OVERFLAK'KEE,an island at the entrance of the Maese into the German Ucean. Overys'sel, a province in the E. of Holland, containing liJUS square miles, and 165,956 inhabiunts. RHINE. -See Geumany. Rotterdam', the second city of Hoilandin commercial importance, situate on the Maese. Although 20 miles from the German Ocean, it possesses great facilities for trade, the streets being intersected by canals deep enough to receive the largest vessels. Tliis was tliebirth- place of Erasmus, to whose me- mory his fellow-citizenshave erect- ed H bronze statue. Fop. 78,000. —51, 53 N. 4, 29 E. Rure'monde, a town in the pro- vince of Limburg.at the confluence of the Roer and the Maese, with cloth manufactures. Pop. 4500. SCHEL'LING, an island about 9 miles from the coast of Friesland. It is 15 miles long and 3 broad. Population 5000. Schiedam', a town of Holland Projier, famous for the excellence of its gin. Population 10,000.— 51, 6&N. 4,20E. Srht/we.n. an island at the mouth of the Scheldt, la miles long anU 6 broad. TEX'BL, an island at the en- trance of the 25uyder Zee, separat- ed from the continent by the nar- row channel of Maru-dlep. It i« about 12 miles long and 6 broad. Near this island Admiral Blake de- feated the Dutch fleet under Van Tromp In 1653. Population 6000. — 53,.^N. 4,30E. ,, ,, 'i ho'len, a fertile and well-cultl- vatetl island at the mouth of the Scheldt, alM)ut 12 miles long and 6 broad.— 51, 30 N. 4, 8 E. Tilburg', a town in N. Brabant, with coiisiderable manufactures. Population 10,000. U'TRECl/T, a province to the E. of Holland Proper, and 8. of the Zuyder Zee. Its superficial ex- tent is S4:2 square miles, and it« population l!;!'i^,513. U'trec*t,therra>Jc 107. Ant'werp (Fr. An vers), the capi- tal of the province of Antwerp, and the chief maritime and commer- cial city of Belgium, is situate on t heScheldt.andhas nobledocks and an arsenal, with a citadel of great strength. The pulntings of Ru- bens adorn the cathedral, one ot the flnestGothic edifices in Europe, beUig 500 feet in length by 250 In breadth ; lt« beautiful spire is .1(50 feet high. Population 73,000.— 51, 13^. 4,24 E. . „ , . Ar'Ion, a town in the Belgian part of the grand duchy of Luxemburg. Population 3300. Ath, a fortifietl town of Hai- nault, on the Dcndcr. Pop. 76jO. BOOM, a town in the province of Antwerp. Pop. 50C0. Brabant', South, an important central province, formerly distm- guished from N. Brabant by the name of Austrian Brabant. It con- Uins 14C4 sqtiare miles, and its po- pulation is 50.'),533. Bru'ges, the capital of W. Flan- ders, 14 miles E. from Ostend ; it carries on considerable trade, and is intersected by a number of ca- nals of which it is the central pomt. Pop. 41.00U.-5l, 12 N. 3, 14 E. Bruh'sbls (Fr. BruxelU-s), the mn^roivtl!!! nf lleliiium. and the ca- pital o'f 8. Brabanf, is situate partly in a plain, and partly on the slope Of a hilU at the foot of which flows It Is a very ele- gant city ; its public walks, particu- larly the Green A Hey and the Park, are among the linust in Europe, Pop. 100,000.-50,51 N. 4,22 E. CIIARLEKO'I, a fortified town ofHainault, ontheSambre. Po- pulation 4000. Courtray (Coor'tray), a town in W. Flanders, on the Lys, celebrat- ed for its manufactures of lace and fine cloths. Population I9,00i).— 50, 49 N. 3, 16 E. DEN'DEtl, a small river which rises in Halnault, and joins the Scheldt near Dendcrmonde. nendermonde', or Termonde', a fortified town,with a strong castle, in E. Flanders, at the confluence of the Dcnder and the Scheldt. Pop. 6000.— 51, 2 N. 4, 6 E. Diest, a town in S. Brai)ant, on the Demer, with manufactures of cloth. Pop. GOOO. Din'ant, a town in the province of Namur, on the Maese, with a strong citadel ; near it aremarblc- quarriesand iron-mines. Popula- tion 4000. ,, , ^ Dyic (i)eel), a small but naviga- ble river in S. Brabant ; after pass- ing by Louvain and Mechlin, it falls into the Sclieldt above Antwerp. ENG'HIEN, a town in Hal- nault. Pop. 4000. FL\N'DEUS, a very interest- ing and fertile portion of Belgium, forming its western quarter, di- vided into the provinces of E. and W. Flanders. The extent of E. Flanders is 1252 square miles ; its population 731,000. The extent of VV. Flanders is 1512 ^square miles; its population {"02,000. Fleu'rus, a small town in Hai- nauU, nea*- the Sainbre, a celelMraU D 2 94 BELGIUBt. ed battle-field in the Spanish and late wars. Pop. 2158. Fontenoy', a village In Hainauit, near Toumay, where the allies were defeated by Marshal Saxe, m 174.^. Poi). 078. GHENT, or Gand, a large ma- nufacturing city, the capital ot b. Flanders, beautifully situate on the Scheldt, at its junction with the Lys. By these rivers and a num- ber of navigable canals, the town is divided into "26 islands, which com- municate by 360 wooden bridges. It is about 16 miles In circuit, great part of it being occupied with gar- dens, orchards, and fields. Ghent is the seat of a university. Po- pulation 84,000.-51, 3 N. 3, 43 L. Gram'mont, a town in E. Flan- ders, on the Dyle, with a good trade. Pop. 7000. HAINAULT (HinoUO, an ex- tensive province to the N. of tne French frontier. Its superficial extent is 1439 square miles ; its po- pulation 604.957. This province has, at difierent periods, been the scene of the most celebrated wars recorded in the history of Europe. Haine, a small river which falls into the Scheldt at Condd. Hamme, a trading town in t. Flanders. Pop. 9000. Has'selt, a town in the province of Limburg, on the Demer. Po- pulation 7000. Huy, a town in the province of Liege, on the Maese, with exten- sive iron-works and paper-mills. Population 7000. LIE'GE, a large province in the S. E. of the kingdom, hav- ing a superficial extent of 2173 (square miles, and a population of 377,909. Liege, the capital of the province of Liege, situate in a pleasant val- ley on the Maese, surrounded with cultivated hills. It is a flourishing town, strongly fortified, and has extensive manufactures, particu- larly in the different branches of iron-work and clock-work. Popu- lation 58,000.-50, 40 N. 5, 31 E. Liei', or Lierre', a town in the province of Antwerp, at the junc tion of the two Nethes, has a con- siderable trade. i'Op. ii;,000.— 61, 8 N. 4, 35 E. Lim'burg, a province to the N. Of Liege, having an area of 1785 square mWea, and 341,880 Inhabl. tants. Part of this province. In- eluding Maeitrlcht, its chief town, remains attached to Holland. Llm'burg, a town in the province of Liege, formerly the capital of the province of Limburg. P. 2200. Lok'eren, a flourishing town in E. Flanders, between Ghent and Antwerp, carries on a good corn trade and large manufactures. V. 16,000.— 61,6 N. 3,59 E. Louvain', a large town In S. Bra. bant, on the Dyle. Its walls are nearly 7 miles in circuit ; but the space which they enclose is chiefly occupied by gardens and vineyards. Its university, once celebrated, has been lately revived. Population 26,000.— fiO, 63 N. 4, 41 E. Lys, a river which rises in the N. of France, passes Men in and Court- ray, and joins the Scheldt at Ghent. MAESE. See Holland, p. 90. Mec'^lin (Fr. Malln'w), a town in the province of Antwerp, on the Dyle, with a beautiful ancient ca- thedral ; it is noted for manuf'ac- tures of fine la.je and linens. Pop. 24,000.-51, 1 N. 4, 28 E. Men'in, a fortified town of W. Flanders, on the Lys, with consi- derable manufactures. Pop. 5000. Mons, the capital of the province of Hainauit, on the small river Trouille ; in the neighbourhood arc extensive coal-mines. It is strongly fortified, and is one of the princi- pal barrier-towns against France. Pop. 23,000.-50, 26 N. 3, 58 E. N AMUR (Namoor'), a province S. of Brabant, having a superficial extent of 1236 square miles, and n population of 217,935. Namur', the capital of the pro- vince of Namur, situate at the con - fluence of the Maese and the Sani- bre, in a beautiful valley between high hills. The mines and iron, works employ a great number of the inhabitants. Pop. 19,000 — 50, 28 N. 4, 51 E. NicA'olas, St, a handsome town in £. Flanders, with considerable manufactures. Pop. 16,000. — 51, 9, N. 4, 8 E. Nieu'[>ort, a fishing and trading town in W. Flanders. Population 3000. — 51, S N. 2, 45 £. Nlvell'M, a town in S. Brabant, with manufactures of lace and cambric. Population 70CK). I BELGIUM. 95 OSTENiy, a seaport in W. FlandcrH, from which packeU re- cularly sail to Dover. Ramsgate, and LoniJon. Oitend is famous in history for its obstinate defence nK.iinst the Spaniards for upwards «f3ycars,A.D!l«Ol-im)4. P.ll.OUO. -51. 13 N. 'J, 55 E. Oudcnarde', a town in E. l lan- ders, on the Scheldt. Here the Duke of MarlborouKh and I'rince Eugene gained a memorable battle over the French, in 17()H. Popu- lation 5000.— SO, 52 N. 3. 3(1 h. I Ourthe, a river of llelgium, 1 which joins the Macscat Liege, POP'EHINCJ HE, a manufaciur- ing town in W. Flanders. P. 10,000. IIAM'ILLIES, a village in S. Brabant, where, in 1706, the Duke of Marlborough gained a Signal victory over the French. Rcnaix', a town in E. Flanders, near Oudenardc. Pop. 10,000.— 50, 46 N. 3, 36 E. Rousselaer', or Uoulers, a town in W. Flanders, with considerable commerce. Pop. 9000. . SAM'BUE, a river which rises in the north of France, and falls into the Maeseat Namur. Sc//.eld<, or Scheldt a river which rises in France near Cambray, winds through E. Flanders, passing Ghent and Antwerp, and falls into the German Ocean by two mouths called the E. and W. Scheldt. Spa, a town in the province of Liege, situate amid romantic scen- ery, and one of the most celebrated watering-places in Europe. Popu- lation :*artmenU. Chief Towm. C Rhone i V/**"l' • «♦ ^^y«»""*" \Loire I i.:ticnne. Au-g»e ){;:j,^!.^^-;::;;;:::^Si!' i-Marche .^^j;:::::::;:::::::;;^sSn.vcndde. Poitott •! Two Sevreji NiOT> *^^"*™ IViennc Poiticri. _ , ^V^* ILowcrChaicnte....^ ^ . Saintcs. ^~"i-:::;::: 1 ch«on,., 1a.«o 1*.. ... C Upper Yicnne f//"'""'*-** Limoubin.... < Correze Tulle. fDonlocne ..P^rigueux. Oirondc Bordeaux. Lot Cahors. ' Aveyron Rhodcz. Tarn and Garonne... Monlauban. Lot and Garonne Agcn. Landcs Mont-dc-Marsan. (jQXg Audi. Upper Pyrenees Tarbes. Bagncres. fArdeche P'ivas. Upper Loire Le ruy. Lozere Mende. (iard Isimes. ^Herault ^.\f ^I^^^^''-„ ^ Xarn ^^^y> Casires. Upper* Garonne Toulouse. *^* f Carcassonne, ^ar- Aude I bonne. n,ere. Grenoble, Vicnnc. 4Dr6me Valence. I Upper Alp« yap- f Lower Alps l>»8ne. ^ ( Draguignan, Tou- ^ Var \ Ian. [Mouths of theRhone.Marseilles, Au. "^rt^rK:^ """'"" RoSron;;'.;/.'.'.;'.Eastern Pyrenees Perpignan. ComtatdeFoix...Ariege... i^lf'iUvonne Beurn LK)wer Pyrenees. Pau, ^J^^^' ^""^ Corsica.... Ajaccio, Bastia. Islands.— Ushant, Belleisle, Noirraoutier, Rhe, Oleron, Hiercs, Corsica. Languedoc. Dauphiny. Irovence. 98 FHANCB. Capes.— La IIoq;ue, Barfleur. Mountains.— Pyrenees, part of the Alps, Cevemies, Cantal, Puy de Dome, Mount Jura, Vosges. Rivers.— Seine. Loire, Garonne, Rhone, Rhine, Moselle, Meuse, Scheldt, or Escaut, Somme, Marne, Saone, Orne, Vilaine, Sevre, Charente, Adour. Foreign Possessions.— In the West Indies, Mar- tinique, Guadaloupe,cS:c.; in South America, Cayenne; in Africa, Algiers, Senegal, and the Isle of Goree ; m the Indian Ocean, Bourbon ; in the Last Indies, 1 on- dicherry and Chandernagore. REMARKS. France lies between 42° 20', and 51° 5' N. lat. ; and be- tween r 49^ W. and 8" 16' E. long. Its lengtl^ from North to South, is 600 miles, and its breadth, from East to West, is 580 miles. • ^ e Although in a country of such extent much variety ot as- pect may be expected, the general appearance of France is level. In the hilly districts, and in the valleys through which its rivers glide, particularly the Seine and Loire, the scenery is often highly picturesque and beautiful; but the country may be regarded as in general tame and uninterest- ing. The English traveller has to proceed 400 mdes south from Calais, before he reaches the mountains of Auvergne, which are connected with those of Dauphiny, Languedoc, and Provence. This enormous assemblage of rocks, chietty basaltic, covers an extent of 120 miles. The other ridges are the Vosges Mountains on the eastern frontier ; a cham of the Alps, which penetrates into Provence and Dauphiny, and, stretching northward, separates France from Italy and Switzerland; and the Pyrenees, the mountain-barrier be. tween France and Spain. Placed in the middle of the temperate zone, France enjoys a peculiarly fine climate. It varies, indeed, considerably in the different regions. In the north it resembles the clu mate of the south- west of England ; although in summer it is rather hotter, as well as more humid ; and m winter the cold is sometimes more severe. In the central region, particularly in the provinces of Touraine and Limousin, the temperature is delightful, and the air pure, light, and elastic. But in this region violent storms of ram ana hail occasionally destroy the vintage and corn ; and frosts occur later in spring, and earlier in autumn, than ni the FRANCE. south of England. The heat in the southern region is ex- cessive during the months of .Tune, July, August, and part of September. October and November are here the plea- santest months of the year. In the mountainous tracts of this region storms often rage with (i.eadful violence ; and the swarms of flies and other insects are equally annoying and destructive. p -^ • u- uu. The soil is various,-.but the greater part of it is h'ghly fertile, and produces admirable crops. Grain of all kinds is raised In the northern districts, which are not very favour- able to the growth of the vine. In the middle districts, vines, and every species of grain grow luxuriantly,— wiiwe, in the southern districts, oiives, maize, and even the orange, are cultivated with advantage. The wines of t ranee, par. ticularly those of Burgundy, Champagne, and the claret ot Bordeaux, are the most esteemed of any in I'.urope. Al- though coal is found in various parts of Ff^nce and is wrought for the use of manufactories, yet, as it is little em. ployed for domestic fuel, great plantations are raised in al- most every part of the country, both for hrewood, and for covert to the beasts of the chase. Among th^ vvild an - mals of France mav be mentioned the wolf ; and the bear is still found in the Pyrenees. Provence, Languedoc, and Dauphiny, maintain large flocks of sheep, which annually migrate from the mountainous to the plain country and hack again. They travel in flocks of from 10 000 to 40 000 under the care of shepherds, and are from 20 to 30 days on the journey. The most extensive and fertile pasture, lor cattle are in Normandy. „.♦„„«« The minerals of France are of considerable importance. Iron and lead abound in Bretagne. Antimony »« fo»nd m various places in such quantities as would supply the whole of Europe. Silver, copper, cobalt, manganese, zinc vitriol, and alum, may be enumerated among the other productions of its mines. Jet is found in great quantuies in the de- partment of the Aube; and turquoises, little inferior to those of the East, arc procured among the mountains of Avey- ron. Quarries of excellent freestone occur »n/n«"y ^f '^ of the kingdom, especially in the neighbourhood of laris- of jasper in Franche Comte, and of beautiful n>a ble m the Pyrenees. At Salins in Franche Comt^, are salt springs. Tlie principal mineral waters are at Aix, Bagneres, and _ * £,. . . • _ff TJ^.x^nc «irf> wpil known. liareges. Tliu not springti us i^a.vov^-.-- .--^ Among the natural curiosities of France, the most re. markable is the plain of La Crau, on the east side of the 100 PRANCK. llhone. It covers an area of alwut 20 square leagues, filled witli eravel of quartz,— some of which are as large as a man s head,l-and the whole plain is as destitute of vegetation a. the shingle of the seashore. France abounds in antiquities. At Nimes there are more numerous and interesting monuments of Roman art than m any other city perhaps in Europe, with the exception of Rome itself. Of these the most remarkable are the Maison Quarrte, an edifice of beautiful architecture, and almost as entire as when built in the rci^rn of Augustus ;— a beautiful fountain, with the remains ot baths, statues, and other deco- rations ;-.a building supposed to have been a pantheon ;-- and the walls of an amphitheatre, nearly as spacious as the Coliseum of Rome, and in a better state of preservation. Druidic circles and other monuments are found in Picardy ; and on the coast of Vannes, in Bretagne, there is a Druidic monument far surpassing that of Stonehenge. In the ca- thedral church of Bayeux, in Normandy, is P|-eserved a suit of tapestry, said to be the work of Matilda, wife ot William the Conqueror, representing the progress and termination of the grand contest bctwern her husband and Harold. . i. . /. . In political importance, France is one of the hrst coun- tries in the world. The compactness of her territory gives her the ready command of a dense population ; her re- sources are ample ; and her subjects, active, brave, and fond of military glorv, rush eagerly at the slightest call to com- pose or reinforce her armies. Her history under Napo- leon proves what she is able to achieve in war. In 1812, her army amounted to 600,000 men. After the pcac^e of 3815, it was very greatly reduced ; at present (1839) it does not exceed 310,000. Were the navy of France equal to her army, she would be the most formidable power in Europe. In that important species of force she is far inferior to Great Britain. At present she possesses » 09 ships of the line and frigates, besides 37 armed steam-vessels. Her revenue is about £43,000,000, and the debt £'200,750,000 sterling. Ample as her resources are, France yields the palm, both in manufactures and commerce, to Britain. Her silks and woollen cloths are, indeed, remarkable for the du- rability of their texture and their tine colours ; her laces and linens, liar »>lato-glass and porcelain, are in extensive de- mand ; and her wnies and brandies, and printed books, are exported every where ; but several circumstances, among which may be remarked deficient meAus of internal comrau- FKANCE. 1^1 nication, the prevalent system of banking, and the regula- Uon of her currency, combine to circumscribe her trade. The anti.commercial spirit, and attachment to Prohibitory laws and duties, evinced by the successive races of trench statesmen, have also very much fettered the development ot her productive industry. The manners of the French are extremely agreeable. They are lively, good-humoured, polite, and attentive to strangers; and their morals, except in lar^e cities, are at least as pure as those of their neighbours. In hterature and science the French have long held a distinguished place ; but they are more to be admired lor wit and elegance, than for sublimity of imagination or profound reach of thought. After the agitation of the Revolution had subsided, 1 ranee cradually returned from the anarchy of republicanism to the more settled state of monarchy. Under Bonaparte the go- vernment was military and absolute. On the restoration ot the Bourbon family, it was modified into a resemblanca ot that of Britain. Since the last Revolution of 1 830. which again expelled the ancient regal branch of the Bourbons, and elevated Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans, to the throne, the popular influence has been greatly increased. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of France? What is its extent m square miles ? What population does it contain ? What are it provinces ? Into what departments have those Provinces been divided? What are the principa f^"^ «* ^>;"^yi Of Normandy, &c. ? Name the chiet islands ot l-rante— ks capes-' t mountains-its rivers-it. foreip possessions Whe?c is Pa«, Paris, Caen, Marseilles, f^rs^^i^^^^J; bonne, Dunkirk, Calais, La Kochelle, Agen 6cC. ? Where are the Cevcnncs Mountains, La Hogue ^^e ^X.V VoTrs tier, the Somme, Orne, Loire, Belleislc, Barfleur, Vosges, '^e?:^^:;;^ agrees of l^tude and ^"^tud. i^FraiKC situate? What are its length and breadth ? \V hat i»^^^^^ ncral appearance ? In what parts ot the country does pic- ruJJsqieSrbcautiful scenery occur? At what distance from Calaii does the traveller meet with «"0""^^^"J ; ," J^fi^hat tent is occupied by this enormous assemblage ot rock, . VV hat are the other principal ridges of mountains in France . What descJipiion of climate does France ^njoy ? What country does the northern reg on ^.^^^mble in climate, ^^^^^^ what difference ? Describe the climate of the central^region. During what months does excessive ncui |ucva.. "^ "=- J';;"^ ern"e«ion ? What are the pleasantest months of the year there f To what evils is this part of the country exposed? 102 PRANCE. " What is the genaral description of the soil? What are the prevailing productions in the several districts? i-or what pur- poses are great plantations raised in every part ot the country i By what species of wild animals is France inlested*' What i/remarkable about the sheep in the soutliern provinces? In what provinces are the most extensive pastures tor cattle ? ^ Are the minerals of France important? Enumerate its principal metals. Where does jet abound ? Where are tur- quoises procured ? Where do quarries ot freestone, of jasper, and of beautiful marble occur? Where are salt-snnnj^'s found ' Where are the principal mineral springs ? W hat is the most remarkable natural curiosity in France? Docs France abound in antiquities ? At what place are the most remarkable monuments of Roman art ? IMention the princi- pal of them. In what provinces arc Druidic monumems to be seen ? What relic of antiquity is preserved in the cathedral church of Bayeux ? ,. . , . o xiru . What rank does France hold m political importance .•' What circumstances contribute to her military strength ? How has she recently proved what she is able to achieve in war? W hat was the amount of her army in 1812 ? What la its present amount ? What is the amount of her navy ? What is her revenue and debt ? Is France equal to Great Britain in commerce and manu- factures ? JMention some of her principal manufactures. By ■what circumstances is her trade fettered and circumscribed ? What are the characteristic manners of the French ? Are their morals particularly corrupt ? What place do they hold in literature and science ? For what literary quality are tliey chiefly to be admired ? Through what changes has the go- vernment of France passed since the Kevolution ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. Soissons. joins the Oisc near Com- piegnc. Aix (Aiz), an ancient rity of Provence, foundetl by tlie Uomiuis 123 n. C. who named it A(iit(e iicx- fi^, from its cclcbralfd hot-baths; it has considerable trade and ma- nufactures. Population 2'2,57j.— 43, 32 N. 5, 27 E. Ajac'cio, A 8ea|)ort,the capital of Corsica, and the birthplace of Na- poleon Bonaparte in 17Ht>. P. D.'iSl. Al'aJ5, a town In Langue.nMii ca{>ital of the department of Lot ; its vicinity produces cxrul- lent wine. Pop. 12,056. Cal'ais (or Calay'). a se^ort nearly opposite to Dover in Eng- land, between which [jackets sail re- jTularly . After a memorable siego, it surrendered to Edward UI. n» 1347, and remained in the posses- sion of the English till 1568, when it was takA by the Dukeot Guise. Pop. 10,437.— ,)0, 57 N. 1, 51 E. Cam'oray, an ancient city ol French Flanders, with a strong citadel. It was the archiepiscopal sec of Fcnelon, and has been long famed for the manufacture of com- bric, a name derived from this city. Pop. 17,646.— 50, 10 N. 3, 13 E. Cantal', a chain of mountains la Auvergne; of which the Plomb de Cantal is 6200, and the Puy de Saiicy, G30i> feet high. Carcassonne', a handsome town in Languedoc, capital of the de- partment of Aude, with manufac- tures of cloth. Pop. 17,394. Cas'trtjf, a town in Languedoc, on the Agout, the seat of consider- able manufactures. Pop. 16,000. Cevenn«', a chain of mountains in Languedoc, remarkable as the retreat of the Protestants in the 17th century. Chalons-sur-Marne (Sha'long), an ancient town in Champagne, capital of thedepartment of Marnc, situate, as its name expresses, on the Marnc. Pop. 12,113.; Cha'lons-sur-Saone, a town in Burgundy, situate at the entrance of the central canal which unites theSaoneandthe Loire. P. 12,220. Champagne (Shampan'), a pro- vince in the N. E., celebrated for the wine to wliich it gives name. Charente (Sharangf), a river which rises in Poitou, and, flowing by a very circuitous course, passes Cognac and Saintes, and falls into the Bay of Biscay below Uochefort. Charlf'ville a town in Cham- pagne, on the Meuso, withamanu- factory of arm.s. Pop. 8430. Char'tn-A', a city of Orld-anais, capital of the department of Eure and Loir, situate on the Eure, with a splendid cathedral. Pop- 14,43'J. Chateauroux (Shato'roo),atowii in Berri, capital of i\n- liepartmcnt of Indre, with large woollen manu- factures. Population 1 1,587. Cli lumont (Sjho'mong), a town in FRANCE. 105 rhatnpagne, capital of the depart- St oftJpper Iviarne. Pop, 6318. Cher a nver which rises m the mountains of Auvergne, washes bt Amnd, and flows itUo the Loire "^^Ch'Sg (Sher'boorg) an in.- ,,ortant seaport on the coast ot Cman'ly. between cfPe« La HogueandBarfleur Pop. 18,443. "if* .-8.N. 1,37 W. .^ - Clermont (Claii'mong), a city of AuvcrKne, capital of the depart- ,^nt of Puy de nftme. It is So birthplace of Pascal, the seat \ couJge, and l>ossesses cm.s - derabie trade. Pop. 28,257.— 1«^. '^C^gnkc (Coniak'). a town on the ClSte,S^u«ed Ibr its brandy. ^^Soimar'. a town i,. Alsace cap.- tal of the department of Upper Rlne. situateVar the Ille, .n a fertile plain. Pop. ^^M\. ^. „ Compic^riii^^'i a town on the Oise, nea?^tV junction with the Ais.»e, J5 miles N. E. of Pans, with a 'TorS^^strJ^^S^^rf^tress in French Flanders.on the Scheldt. ^°&S, a large island in the Mediterranean, to the N. ot Sardi- J^a from which it is separated by lie straits of Bonifacio. It abounds mountains and forests diverg- ed with fertile plains. 1 he great- ftclvation Monte Rotomlo. is DOeO feet high. Pop. 195,;1()7. Crcs'sy or Cre'cy, a village of Picardy, to the north of Abbeville, n emo?able for the K^at victory gained by Edward }"• o^^r the Trench. August 26, 1340. ^'DAUa>HlNY, a. large and mountainous province in the b. U.. bounded by the Alps. Den'is, St, a town near the banks of the Seine, T) miles N. ot Pans, with a celebrated abbey and mag- nificent church, the buna |dace ot the French kings. »'«P- ^^^6; Dieppe', a seaport of Normandy, with a good harb(mr. Pop. 16,010. —40 55 N. 1, 5 B. bi'/rne, a town in Provence, ca- pH^l^ofXh^edepmnent^o^tl^^^ 5,?i,:;;;nSrui;^ated'ior its hot-baths. Pop. 3932. Dijon (Ueezhong'), a c«y m Burgundy, capital of the depart- ment of C6te d'Or, pleasantly situ- ate in a fertile plain between two rivers. It has many fine struc- tures, and is the seat of a distni- Kuished university. Bossuet, Cre- billon, and Buffon, were nati^%« "* Dijon. P. 20,000.-47, 19jN.5,2K. Dole, an ancient town in tranche- Comtc. on the Doubs and the ca- nal uniting the Rhone with the Rhine. Population 9927. Dordoifne', a large rivet which rises in the mountains ot Au- vergne, and joins the Garonne be- low Bordeaux. rc.,«r.«h Dou'a v, a fortified town of French Flanders, on the Scarpe, w'th a large arsenal and foundery for can- non. It has a college for the edu- cation of English Catholics. Pop. 18,793.-.'><), 2^2 N. 3, 5 L. Dragui^n'an, a town in Pro- vence, capital of the department ofVar. Population 9801. Dun'kirk, a strong seaport ot French Flanders, with an excel- lent roadstead. Pop. 24,93 i.—oi, 2 N 2 22 E Durance', "a "pid 'Jy« "'1"S in Mont Gendvre, and discharging ' itself into the Rhone near Avignon. It is the Druentia of the Romans, which Hannibal c'fosf ^J, J" '"'' march to the passage of the Alps. ELBEUP, a town m N ormandy on the Seine, with extensive cloth manufactures. Pop. 9600. Epinal', a town in Lorraine, ca- pit.it of the department of\i^^^, situate on the Moselle. Pop. 9070. Etienne'. St, a flounshmg town in Lyonnais, department ot Lone with verv extensive manufactures of arms: hardware, and ribands. Pon.52.6(K).-45,26N.4,23E. ' Evreui-', an ancient town in Nor. mandy, capital of the department Sbuic, situate on the Iton. in a fertile valley, with considerable trade. Population 9963. FALAISE', a manufacturing town in Normandy, the birthp ace of William the Conqueror, with a fttrong cattle. Pop. 9581. Fecamp' a seaport in Normandy. Pop. 9000. . , . Fl^che, La, a town in Anjou, on the Loir, noted for its military school founded by iionapaive. r o- pulalion 6421. ^ FoU (Foaw), a town on the ifW i 10^ FRANCE. Aridge, capital of the department ol' Aridge. Population 4857. Fontainebleau (bio'), a town 42 miles S. E. of Paris, surrounded by a forest of nearly 30,(100 acres j its royal palace was a favourite resi- dence of Napoleon. Pop. 8122. Prance, Isle of, a province in which the capital is situate, now forming the departments of Oisc, Seine, Seine and Oisc, and Seine and Marnc. Franche-Comtc (ConR'tay ), a pro- vince on the borders ot Switzerland. GAP, a town in Dauphiny, capi- tal of the department of Upjx^r Alps, in a deep valley among mountains. Pop. 7!iJl5. Gard or Gai'don, a river which rises in the Ceveiines, and flows into the Rhone near Bcaucaire. Garonne', a large and important river which rises in the Pyrenees, and traverses the S. W. region of the kingdom ; below Bordeaux it receives the Dordogne, when it as- sumes the name of the Gironde. Gas'cony, a province in the S. W. Ger'main, St, a town situate on the Seine, 12 miles N. W. of Paris, in the vicinity of a fine forest. Its ancient castle', and magnilicent ter- race, 2 miles in len^jth, command a delightful view. Pop. 10,r>7l. iicrs, a river which rises in the Pyrenees, and flowing northward, falU into the Garonne above Agen. Gironde', a river, or rather an estuary, formed by the junction of the Garonne and Dordogne, dis. charging its waters into the Atlan. tic after a course of 4.3 miles. Gran'vllle, a seaport in Norman- dy, with a good trade. Pt)p. 7000. Grasse, a town in Provence, si- tuate on the side of a hill, and surrounded by rich litlds and gar- dens. Pop. 12,7lfi. GraveUnes', a strong Bcajwrt in French Flanders. Pop. 4000. Greno'ble, a strong town in Dau- phiny, capital of the department of Isdre, wiiose plains are covered with vineyards and mulberry-trees. It is noted for its manufacture of gloves. P.24,888.— 45, 12 N. 5,44 E. Gitvret', a town in La Marche, canital of the dertartment of Creuse. Population 3921. Gwienne', a province In the S. W. separated from Gascony by the GaroRoe. HAVRE, LE, or Havre ile Grace (Grtiwss), a flourishing sea- port in Normandy, at the mouth of the Seine. Pop. 23,816.-40, 20 N. 0, 6 E. IIier'f5, :i cluster of islets in the Mediterranean, 8. of Provence. — 43, N. G, 20 E. Uogue, La, a cape In the N. \V. of Normandy.— 49, 44 N. I, 56 W. Hon'tleur, a seaport In Norman- dy, at the mouth of the Ueine. Population 8600. ISEllE', a rapid river which rlscj in the Alps, passes through Gre- noble, and runs into the Rhone above Valence. Issou'dun, a handsome manufac- turing town in Berri, departmcnc of Indre. Population ll,«i<>4. Ju'ra, Mount, a great chain of mountains between France and Switzerland, the highest peak of which is 56.36 feet above the sea. LAN'GRES, an ancient town in Champagne, near the source* of the Marne, the highest situate town in France, notetl for its excel- lent cutlery. Population 7'1()0. Languedoc', an extensive pro- vince in the south, celebrated for its tine climate and the luxuriant fer- tility of its plains. Languedoc', ("anal of, extends from the Mediterranean to Tou- louse, where it enters the Garonne, forming an inland navigation from sea to se;u This urand canal is L50 miles long, and cost upwards of .€1,300,000. L^i'on, a town in the Isle of France, capital of the department of Aisne. I'opulation 8400. Lav'al, a town in Maine, capital of the department of Mayenne, with linen maiuifaetures. P.in,401. Lille or liisle, a flourishing city in French Flanders, capital of the department of ihcNorth, situate on the Deul, and one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. It has ex- tensive trade and manufactures. Pon. 6l),073.— 50, 38 N. 3, 4 E. Limoge*', a town in Limousin, capital of the deptirtment of Upper Vicnne, with considerable woollen and |)orcelain manufactures. Pop. 27,070.-45, 50 N. 1. 15 E. Limou'siu (seng), an interior province VV. ot Auvcrgnc. L6, St, a manufacturing town in Normnudy, cai>itul uf thu depart« FRANCE. 107 mcnt of Manche, on the Vere. Pop. H4'21. ^ . ... Loirei Uawr'),a great n ver whicli Ivis its source in the Cevennes, ami traverses the central region ot the kinLnlom. Its course, for above 500 unicH, i« N. W. till it reaches the city of Orleans, thence, flowing weUward, it discharRCs itselt into the Atlantic below Nantes Lon8.1e.Saul'nier(Long),atown in Franche-Comte, capital ot tlie tlci»artnient of Jura, situate oi» two small rivers, and in the vicmity ot 8iilt.s[)ringtt. Pop. 7i)l«. . L'O'rient (nng), a strong and handsome seaport in Hretagne. de- partiuent of Morbihan ; a depot lor naval stores. Pop- 18,322.- I interior I.— 47, 44 N. 3, 21 W. " . . ,. ^ r, Lorraine', a province in the N. !>. bounded on the nortli by the grand duchy of Luxemburg. Louvier*', a flourishing town of Normandy, on the Eure, a great seat for the itianufac.ture of tine cloths. Populationl)8S5. Lu'neville, a town in Lorranie, near the Meurthe, with a military school. Here a treaty of peace was concluded between h ranee and Austria in 1801. Pop. ll','14l. Lyon'nais a province in the&.K. separated from Dauphiny by the Ly'ons (Fr. T>yon), capital of the dei)artment of Uhone, beautifully situate at the confluence ot the Uhone and the Saone, is, in wealth and population, the second city in France, and particularly distin- guished for its extensive manufac- tures of silks and other rich fabrics. Lyons, the Lvfidunum ot the an- cients, was early an important city, and it still contains several remains of Roman magniflcence. P. with suburbs, 1(J5,459.— 45, 45 N. 4, 49 L. MACON (Makong'). a ^^wn in Burgundy, capital of the depart- ment of Saone and Loire, noted lor its excellent wine. Pop. 10,998. -46, 18 N. 4, 50 E. Maine, a province m the >v., bounded on the N. by Normandy. Ma'lo, or Ma'locs, St, a strong seaport in Bretagne, with a good trade. Population 9981. Mang L-»* /Mawng). a manufac- turing town in Maine, capital of tlie department of Sarthe. Voiu 19,792.-48, I N. U, n K, Marche, La(Marsh),apTOVinco between Poitou and Auvergne. Marne, a large river which rises in the heights of Langres in Cham- pagne, and enters the Seine at Cha- reiiton, near Paris. Marseille' (Fr. Marseille), a flourishing commercial city and seaport on the Mediterranean, ca- pilalof the department of Mouths of tile Hhone, and the great cmpo- lium of the trade to the levant. It was founded by the Phoceansof Ionia rj.iy years u. c, and »amelont-de.Marsan',a town in Gas- ccny, capital of the department of Landes, on the Bidouze. P. 37* 4. Monlpeiiier*, ;ui arseient town ".n Langucdoir, capital of the dei)art- uitnt of HeruuU, famca tor U» 108 FRANCE. purp air and mild climate. Its public walk, the Peyrou, com- mands a maffniflcent view of the Mediterranpan and distant Pyre- nees. It l» the seat of a celelirated medical school, and has consider- able trade and manufactures. P. 35.825.--43. 3G N. .", 52 E. Morlaiar', a town on the coast of Bretagne, with considerable trade. Pop. !);-)l)fi.— '18, 34 N. 3, 50 W. Moselle', a river rising in the Vospes Mountains, and, flowing northward, passes Toul and Metz ; beyond Thionville, it enters the grand duchy of Luxemburg, and falls into the Khine at Coblentz. Moulins (Moolens'), a town in Bourbonnnis, capital of the depart- ment of AUier; it was the birth- jdace of Miusiial Villars and the Duke of Berwick. Pop. 14,G72.— 46, 31 N. 3, 17 E. Mulhau'sen, a town in Alsace, on an island formed by the llleand the Canal of Monsieur, with flou. rishing woollen and printed cotton manufactures. Pop. 13,027. NAN'CY, an elegant city of I^iorraine, capital of the de|)art- ment of Meurthe. The gates ap- pear like triumphal arches, and the Royal Square, built by Stanis- laus, king of Poland, is adorned with beautiful fountains. Pop. 20,783.— 48. U N. G, 11 11 Nantes (Nangt), a large com- mercial city and seajiort in Brit- tany, capital of the department of Lower Loire, al)out .34 miles from the mouth of the Loire. It has an extensive foreign trade, particu- larly with tlie West Indies. Pop. 87.101.— 47, 13 N.1,.-.1W. Narbonne', a very ancient city of l^an^iuedoc, with a line Gothic cathetiral. Pop. 10,240. Nevers', a town in Nivernais, capital of the department of NiO- vre, at the junction of the Nievre and Loire,celebrated for its enamel and porcelain works. Pop. 15,085. Nlme.?, or Ni*mc«,an ancientcity in Langnedoc, capital of thedepart- ment of Gard, in a fertile vale, en- compassed by hills. It contains se- veral interesting monuments of Roman antiquity. The silk manu- iscttire uGuririiefi to a great extcru. P. 41,266.-4.3,50 N. 4. 21 E. Ni'or/, a town in Poitou, capital of the deiiartinent of the Two Sevres, litunteon the picturenque baviks of the Sevre. Pop. I(i,l75. Nivcr'naU, a province in the in- terior on the west of Burgundy. Noirmou'tier, an Island on the coast of Brittany, near the mouth of the Loire. Pop. 5.500. Nor'mandy, a maritimcprovince on the English Channel. OlSE, a river which rises in the ArdcnneR,and, receiving the Aisne near Coinpiegne, falls into the Seine below St Germain. Ol'eron, an island on the S.W. coast, opposite the mouth of the Charente. Pop. 19,000.— 45,55 N. 1, 20 W. O'nrier, St, a strongly-fortified town of Artois, on the Aar, the seat of a college, and a seminary for English Catholics. Population 19,.-44.— 50, 44 N. 2, 15 E. Or'lc^anai.s", a province in the in- terior, S. of the Isle of France. Orleans ^OrMeang), an ancient city of Urld'anais, capital of tlie department of Ix>iret, beautifully sltuiite on the Loire, over wliicli is a noble bridge. Its cathedral is a fine Gothic editlce; and it is the seat of a university. Ork'ans is famous for the memorable siege which its inhabitants, animated by Joan of Arc, sustained against the English, in 1428. Pop. 40,101. —47,54 N. 1,54 E. Orne, a river in Normandy, which falls into the English Chan- nel below Caen. PAR'IS, the capital of the king, dom, is divided by the Seine, and connected by 19 elegant bridges. It is distinguished for its superb public edifices and palaces, tin(> gardens, promenades, and foun. tains, its celebrated galleries and museums, scientilic institutions, and public schools, with its noble libraries, excite universal admira- tion. Paris is about 270 miles dis- tant from London. Pop. 909,000. — 4H, 50 N. 2, 20 E. Pau (Po), a town in Bdam, ca- pital of the department of Lower Pyrenees, beautifully situate on the Gave, the birthplace of Henrv I V. of France. Pop. 1 1 ,985. Per'igi/euT, an ancient town in Guicnnc, capital of the dcparimciit of Dordogne. Pop. 8956. Perpi/?n'an (yang), a strong fron- tieMown in RoussUIoDj capital of PnANCE. 109 ~r I the dci)artinont of Eastern ryre- lu'OH, oil the Thet. Pop. 17,1 1 ♦. ric'aniy, a province in the north. l»()itii'ra',an nnciciit ' ily of I'oi- tnii, capital of the l}. P. 2:i,l-i8.-'l«, 55 N. 0, 'JO I''- Poitou', a maritime province in the w est of Fiance. Privas', a town in LanRueiloc, cijiital of the diMartinent of Ar- ilct;hc. Pop. 4()()(». I Prove -cu (I'rovawnRs'), a pro-' vince in t!io S.E., bouiulccl on tlic oast by Nice. Piiv, lAMPwfc),a town in Lm- KuC(iot\ capital of the (lepavtnieut of Up!»L'r Loire, situate in apictur- es(|ue vi\lley ; its cathedral is a ma. je.'.tn; editic>'. Poi). il,i)30. Puv de i)oino (Pvee), a moun- tain in Auvergne, .J'.'UO feet higli. Pvrcneci', an cxt^^nsive ran^e ot lofty nioui) tains, the boundary be- two.'n Frriice and Spain. Mont Peniu \i^ ll.KiH leer high. gUKNTIN, St, a flourishing' town in Picardy, on the Somme. Its manufaituies consistnu; of lawns, cambrics, and cottons, are greatly benefit jd by the Canal of St ^uen- tin.iniitinjjthe Scheldt at Cnuibray with the Oise, in which is a remark- able tunnel, i milei in lengtli, cut through solid rocks'. Pop. IT.HMfJ. QLiim'per, a town in Brittany, capital of the clepartment ot Pinis- tere, on tlie Odet. Pop. \)^^\\ RKNN'AS, a city of Brittany, capital of the department of I lie and Vilalne. Its public library con- 'mIIHS several rare books and MS^-. Pop. 'i'!),(;8().— 48, 7 iN. 1, 40 W. llAe, or PiC, an island on the W. coast, opposite I.a Uochelle. Pop. 17,000.— iu, n N. I, r,.3 w. . UAeims, or Kcim>, an ancient city of Champagne, on the Vesle, the ecclesiastical capital ot France. The cathedral is one t>f th.- most gplenilid specimens of Gothic arciii- tecture existing. Pop. .3r),97-.— 49, 15 N. 4, 2 K. R/joMez, or llo'dez, a town in Guiennc, cai)ital of thedcijartment of Avevron, with a noble Gothic catbcilfal. P(jp. 8'-''l9. , . MAone, a lar«e ami rapid river which vises in SwitacrUuul, dinilc-* from the source of the Rhine, and expands Into the Lake of Geneva ; issuiiiK Irom which, it forms the boundary between Savoy and France. At Lyons, it receives the Saone, where it turns southward, and passniK Vienne, &c. discharges itself into the Mediterraneau by several mouths. -' • i Uoannt', a town hi Lyonnais, on the Loire. Poi). 92G0 UocheU)rt (Uosli'fort), a strong seaport on the Charcnte, a priiwi- pal navul station, with extensive arsenal and dockyards. Popula- tion 14,0 U).— 15, 5r) N. (I, 57 ^V. llociielle, La (lloshel'), a strong seaiHjrt in Auiiis, capital of the department of Lower Charente, ou a hinall gulf; its trade is consider- able. P. l4,(i5-\— Iti, 'J N. 1, y VV. lloubaix', a town in French Flanders, with thriving manufac- tures. Pop. 18,000. Ilouen (lloo'awng), a commer- cial andmanulacturing city in Nor- miindy, capital of the department of Lower Seine; its tine cathedral was binlt by William the Conque- ror. Pop. SS,0 >(J.— W.'-iG N. l,() K. llousili'on (yong), a small pro- vim;e in tho S. now forming the department of Eastern Pyrenees. S \ 1 N i'ES (Sengt),a town ot Satii- tonge, on the Charente, containing several ancient remains. P. 10,437. Saintonue (Sengtonzh'). a pro- vince in the W. now lonning the department of Lower Charcnie. SaliuA-', a town in FrancheComte, noted for its salt works. Po|>. 7000. .Sam'bre, a river which rises iu Picardv, and joins the Meuse at Numuf, in Belgium. Saone, a 1 irgc river which rises in tiie Vosges Mountains, and, running southward, falls into the Uhoiie at Lyons. Sauinur (Somure'), a town m Anjou, on the Loire, surrounded by beautiful scenery, tamous as a stronghold ot the Protestants iu the IGth century. Pop. I0,(i52. Sc/iekU,or Eseaul', a large river whidi rises in Picardy, passes Cam- bray, Valenciennes, and Cunde, and, entering Belgium, falls into the North Sea below Antwerp. Seilan', a strong jrontier-town in Ciiarapagne, Oii thy Mcu-c, t.iu birthplace of Marshal Turenne. U ii vvkOiatgatgr its w»0"f'»«turc4 no PHANCE. of fine woollen cloth, and of firo- armi. P. 13,661.-49, 42 N. 4, &7 E. Seine (Seen), a larffi- river whicli rises in the mountains of Burgundy, receiving in its course numerous tributaries; It flows through the cai)ital, passes Rouen, and falls into the Kngllsh Channel at Havrc-dc-Orace. Sens (Sang), a town in Cham- pagne, on the Yonne, with an ele- gant eathetlral. Pon. miO. S>vre, two rivers m Poltou ; the one flows into the Loire opposite Nantes ; the other, after receiving the Vend«^, falls into the sea oj)- posite the Isle of He. SOvrc*, a small town, 4 miles S.W. of Paris, celebrated for its manufacture of |K)rcelain, long considered as the most beautiful in Europe. Pop. 3973. Soissons (Swasong'). «" ancient city in the Isle of France, delight- fully situate on the Aisne, in a charming valley ; it was the capi- tal of Clovis, the tirst king of France. Pop. 8M9. .Somme, a river of Picardy, which pusses St (Juentin and Amiens, and falls into the English Channel be- low Abbeville. Stras'burg (Fr. Stras'bourg), a 8trongly-fortified city of Alsace, capital "of the department of Lower Ithine, situate on the III, near its junction with the Rhine. The ca- thedral is a most splendid Gothic cdiflce, its tower rising to the stu- pendous height of 474 feet. It is a flourishing commercial city, con- tains several valuable institutions, .nnd also a Protestant university. Pop. 49,712 — 48, 55 N.7, 45 E. TARB^S, a town in Gascony, capital of the denartment of Upper Pyrenees, delightfully situate on the Adour. Pop. 970fi. Tarn, a river which rises in the Cevennes, runs through Montau- ban, and after receiving the Avey- ron, falls into the Garonne. 'VhVers, a town in Auvergne. long famed for its manufactures of hardware and cutlery, and also of paper. Pop. 9836. T/tionville', a fortified town in Lorraine, on the Moselle. P. bCA5. on the Moselle. Pop. 7000. Tovi'on', a strong seaport in Pro- vence, the cliief naval station on the Mediterranean, with exten* give docks and arsenal ; its harbour is one of the best in Europe. Pup. 30.000.— 43. 7 N. ft, 55 E. Toulouse', a city in I^anguetlor, capital (tf thedcpartJiientof Upper (raronne, situate on the (iaronne, at thcjunctl(H) of the Canal of Lan- guedoc. It has considerable trade, and i< thi* seat of a university. Pop. .')9,<:3().— 43, 35 N. 1, ^(5 E. Touraine', a rich inland pro- vince, on the Loire. Touret)ing', a flourishing manu- facturing town in Frendi Flanders. Pop. 18,000, Tour.*, a city in Touraine, capi- tal of the denartment of Iiidre and l^ire, deligntfully situate on tlu- Loire, over which is an elegant bridge of 14 arches. It has consi- derable manu facturcs. Pop. 23,233. —47, 5^.3 N. 0. 41 E. Troyes (Tro'aw), an ancient city of Champagne, capital of the de- partment of Aube, situate on the Seine, in a fruitful plain. Popula- tion 39,113.— 18, 18 N. 4, 5 E. Tulle (Icul), a town in Limou- sin, capital of the department of Corrfcze. Pop. 8(589. USHANT' [Fr. Oucssant), a small island ott the W. coast of Brittanv. P. 1700. 48, 'JS N. 5, 3 \V. VALTENCE (Val'awngs), an an- cient town in Dauphiny, capital ol the department of Drome, situate on the Rhone. Pop. 10, 10(5. Valeneieim^'s', a very strong town in French Flanders, with line manufactures of lace, gauze, and cambric. It is the birthplace of p'roissart, the historian. Pop. 18,9,)3.— 50, 21 N. 3, 31 E. Vannf5, a seaport in lirittany, capital of the department of Mor- binan, on a bay. Pop. 10,3J5. Veiidde (Vawnf;'dee), a small ri- ver in l»oitou, falling into the S6vre. Vendee, a department in the province of Poitou, celebrated lor its heroic stand in favour of tiie royalist (mikso in 179"-^-y5. vend6me', a town in Orleanais, on the Loir. Pop. 7771. Verdun', a fortified town in Lor- raine, on the Meuse, where the English residents were detained prisoner? of war in 1803. P. 997H. ^ VertaillfA', a town 12 miles S.W. of Paris, capital of the dcpartint at of Seine and Uisej with a inagui* SPAIN. Ill flccnt royal p«lace, »x^"tlful aar- (tent and fountalni. Pop. «8,477. •Ve«<»ul'. a *"*" '" Franche- C'.mte. capital of the dcpnrtincnt of IJpiHJr Sa6nc. Pop. 558.3. Vlfune', an ancient city of Dau- phlny, on the Rhone. contatiijnK «•- verannterctting remains ot Roman ^'^&. .T^lici'ifKch rl,e. m the mouniains of Auvergne, passes iTmopes. and falU into the I^lre above Baumur. „„ , . Vilaine', a river of Brittany, runs through Renne»,ana flows into the jjay of Biucay. _^ Vi'tr*. a town in Brittany, on the Vilaine, with manufacturtH ol woollens and linens. Pop. H«.v;. Vongen (Vnzh), a chain of moun- tains In the K. of France, extend- ing in a line nearly parallel to the Rhine. The highest iKsak.is 4580 feet. WKISS'EMHURO, a strong frontier-town in Al>acc. P. G097. YONNB', a river which rises on the borders of Rurgundy, and, flowing N.W., iiasses Joigny and Sens, and falls into the Seine. Yv'eto/, a manufacturing town In Normandy. Pop. UOSil. SPAIN Is bounded N. by tbe Bay of Biscay, and the Pyrenees Iblh separate it from France; W. by Portugal and rhc Atlantic Ocean; S. and E. by the Mediterranean. It contains 182,000 square miles. P^H^^J^"';"^^"^" inive dwmand abro;id, SPAIN. 113 Agriculture is in a great measure neglected in many parts of Spain, for the rearing of vast flocks of Merino sheep, the wool of which is particularly valuable. These sheep are privileged to travel from one province to another, as the sea- son and pasture require. The horses, especially of Anda- lusia, have long been famous; and the mules are likewise superior to those of other countries. The bulls are remark- able for their fierceness ; and bull-fights, or combats between bulls and men, are the favourite spectacles of the Spaniards. Wolves are the principal beasts of prey. The minerals of Spain are of great value ; but since the discovery of the richer mines of America they have been almost entirely neglected. A silver mine is still wrought at Guadalcanal, in the province of Estremadura; iron abounds in many parts of the country— the ironworks of Aragon, Asturias, and particularly Biscay, have long been famous Copper, tin, lead, and quicksilver, may be men- tioned among the other products of its mines. The manufactures and commerce of Spain are in a very languishing state, which must continue while the country is so oppressed. Although it abounds with the finest wool, audits mines of iron are as inexhaustible as the quality is superior, part of its broad-cloth and other woollen stutfs, and most of its hardware, are imported from Britain. The silks and cottons of Catalonia, leather and mats, baskets and shoes, are its principal manufactures. The commerce of Spam is now nearly annihilated by the loss of her American dominions. The Roman Catholic religion is established in Spain. There are eight archbishops and forty bishops. The nu- merous priesthood exercise an almost unlimited sway over the minds of the people. , , , r ♦»,„ The government is monarchical— but the power of the sovereign is in some degree controlled by that of the church ; so that the people groan under civil and ecclesiastical des- potism. The present Queen Regent, however, having as- sembled the Cortes, a more liberal system was adopted. The Inquisition, which long reigned here in all its terrors, was abolished in 1820. , . The Spaniards are grave, stately, and formal in their manners ; indolence may be considered as their national vice ; but it is happily unaccompanied by intemperance. Spain once reckoned 24 universities. They are now re- duced to 11 ; and of these few are weii «"^'f ^"V.,/:^";" very respectable names adorn its literary annals. Ihat or Cervantes, the author of Don Quixote, stands pre-cminen. 114 SPAIN. •EXERCISES. What arc the boundaries of Spain ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of its population ? Name its provinces. What are the principal town; m Galicia, in Asturias, in Biscay, in Navarre, &c. ? Where is Car- thaf?ena, Vigo, Seville, Barcelona, Badajosyalladolid, As- toria, Talavera, St Sebastian, Saragossa, Cadiz, Bilboa, &c. Name its islands, and their situation. Name its capes and their situation. Name its mountains, and trace their direc- tion. Name its rivers, and trace their course. Where is Ivica, Europa Point, Montserrat, Mmorca, the lagus, Sierra Morena, the Ebro, Cape de Gata, the Guadalquivcr, Majorca, Formentera, the Douro,&c.? Where does the Douro rise, and in what direction does it flow :• What is the name of the cape in the north of (^alicia ? What cape forms the southern extremity of the Rock ot Gibraltar ? Name the promontory in the east of M urcia. What mountains separate New Castile from Andalusia ? What are the colonies of Spain ? What countries did she formerly possess, &c. ? Between what degrees of latitude and lonnjitude is Spain situ- ate ^ What are its length and breadth ? What is its general aspect ? Describe the branch of the Pyrenees called the Can- tabrian chain. Describe the Iberian chain. What mountain - ran<'es stretch westward from this chain till they reach the At- lantic ? What is remarkable about the valleys which those mountains enclose ? What is remarkable about the central part of Spain? ^^ ^ What varieties of climate occur in Spam ? Of what nature is its soil ? What are its productions ? For what are the vales on the eastern coast remarkable ? From what cause is agricul- ture much neglected in many parts of Spain ? What privi- lege is given to these sheep ? For what other domestic ani- mals is Spain famous ? What are the favourite spectacles ot the Spaniards ? - c. • i. Since what time have the mineral treasures of Spain been almost entirely neglected ? Where is a silver mine still wrought ? What are its most famous ironworks ? What are the other products of its mines ? In what state are its conmierce and manufactures ? Does Spain reap the full advantage of its abundance in wool and iron ? What are its principal manufactures ? By what cir- cumstance has its commerce been nearly annihilated ? What is the estabUsheil religion of Spain ? What is the form of its government ? By whom is the power of the sovereign in some degree controlled ? When was the Innuisition abolished ? What Qualities characterize the natiooal manners ? What is the national vice of the Spaniards ? What is the present number of the Spanish universities ? Can Spain boast of any eminent literary charjuJt^rs ? 8PAIK. 115 DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. AL'CALA DE HEN'ARES, a town In New Castile, with a uni- versity ; it is the birthplace of Cer- vantes. Population 5000. Algezi'ras, a town in Andalusia, on the west side of the Bay of Gib- raltar. Pop. 13.000.-.36« 8' N. lat. 50 29' W. long. . ,, , . Al'icant, a seaport in Valencia, with a great export-trade in barilla, wine, Iruits, and wool. Population 25,000.-38, 21 N. 0. 26 W. Alma'den, a town in New Cas- tile, famed for its rich mines ot mercury. Population 10,000. Alman'za, a town in Murcia, with a strong castle, near which a great battle was fought between the French and English in 1707- Alme'ria, a flourishing town and seaport in Granada, at the mouth of the Almeria. Pop. 19,000.— 36, 51 N. 2, 30 W. Andalu'sia, a large and important province in the south, watered by the Guadalquiver. ,, Andor'ra, the capital of a small republic of the same name, in Ca- talonia. Pop. 2000. Andu'iar, a town in Andalusia, on the Guadalquiver, with consi- (lerable jwrcciain-works. Popula- tion 10,000. . _, ._ Anteque'ra, a town m Granada, containing several aticlent remains. Population 20,000. Ar'agon, a mountainous pro- vince m the north, intersected by the Ebro. ^. .. Astor'ga, a city of great antiquity in Leon. Population 4000. Astu'rias, a province in the N., extending along the Bay of Bis- ^'bxD'AJOZ (or Bad'ahoz), a strong town, the capital of l^tre- madura, beautifully situate on the (ruadiaua. Population 13,000.— 38, 40 N. 6, 40 W. Halea'ric Islands, a group in the Mediterranean, otf the coast ol Valencia, viz. Majorca, Minorca, and IviQa. Pop. i.'29.000. Barcelo'na, a strong seaport, the capital of Catalonia, and the Hrst commercial city of Spam, on the Meditcrraiiirari. Pc 41,22N. 2, lOE. Bidasso'a, a river of Navarre, the boundary between France and 1 wo 000^— Spain ; it rises in the Pyrenee* and falls into the Day of Biscay. Bil'boa, the capital of Biscay, on a navigable river, about six miles from tlie sea ; its commerce is ex- tensive, particularly in wool. Pop, 15,000.-43, 12 N. 3, W. Bis'cay, a mountainous province in the north. Bur'gos,the capital of Old Castile, formerly the residence of the kings of Castile ; its cathedral is one of I the finest Gothic structures in Eu- i rope. Population 12,000. CAiyiZ, a principal seaport an* commercial city, situate on the Isle of Leon in Andalusia ; it is strongly fortified, and its harbour is one of the finest in Europe. Pop. 58,500.-36, 32 N. 6, 17 W. Carthage'na, the NovaCartha'go of the Romans, a strong seaport in Murcia, with a noble harbour. Pop. 57,000.-37, 36 N. 1, 2 W. Castel'lon de la Pla'na, a flourish- ing town in Valencia. P. 15,000. I Castile', Old and New, two pro- vinces in the centre of the king- dom, consisting of extensive plains intersected by mountains. CaUlo'nia,a province in theN.E., bordering on the Mediterranean. Chinchil'la, a considerable town in Murcia. Population 11,000. Ciu'dad Re'al, the capital of La Mancha,near theGuadiana. Popu- lation 8000. Cordo'va, a city in Andalusia, formerly the capital of a Moorish kingdom : it contains a mosque of extraordinary splendour. Popu- lation 57,000.-37, 55> N. 4, 50 W. Corun'na, a seaport in Galicia, with considerable trade. Here Sir John Moore fell, atXer repulsing the French, under Marshal Soult, Kith Jaiiuary 1S09. Population 25,000.-43, 21 N. 8, 27 W. Creu*, Cape de, the extreme north-east point of Catalonia.— 42, 19 N. 3, 19 E. Cuen'(;a, a town in New Castile. Population 9000. DOURO (Doo'ro), a large river which has its source on the borders of Aragon, traverses Old Castile and Leon. and. after iMissing through the N. of Portugal, fails into the Atlantic at Oporto. E'BttO, a large river which rises 116 SPAIN. on the borders of Leon, and, flow- ing with a south-easterly course through Old Castile, Aragon, and Catalonia, falls into the Mediter- ranean below Tortosa. Eci'ia. an ancient town in Anda- lusia, on the Genii. Pop. .'35,(100. Elche, a thriving town in Va- lencia, ne.Hr Alicant. Pop. 19.000. Estrcmadu'ra, a pastoral pro- vince on the frontier ot V'ortugaU Euro'pa Point, in Andalusia, the extremity of the Rock of Gibraltar. -.36, 7 N. 5, 17 W. . FELIPE', ST, a town in Villon. cia, with silk and cotton raanufac tures. Population l.'J,(M)». Ferror, a seaport in Galioia, a ^reat naval stition, with an ex- cellent harbour strongly to^tihed. Pop. 1.3.000.-43, 29 N. 8. 13 W. Figu'cras, the strongest ot the Spanish fortresses in the north-cabt of Catalonia. Population 7000. Finisterre', Cape, the north, western extremity o(^\yain ^mihc 4;oast of Galicia.-4-i,54 N.9, 10 W. Fontara'bia, a strong Iron ler- town in Biscay, at the mouth ot the Bidassoa. Population 'iOOO. Formente'ra, a small island in the Mediterranean, south of Ivipa. GAlil'CI A, a mountainous pro- vince in the N.W.. interspersed with fertile and picturesque valleys. Ga'ta. Capede. the S. E. point of Granada.— 5H. 4.3 N. i-'. 8 ^V. Oero'na, a strong town in ( ata- lonia, on the Ter. Pop. 6000. Gibral'tar, a famous lortress. deemed impregnable, in the S. ot Andalusia, seated oi a rock, the Mons Calpe of the ancients, on tlie E. side of a spacious bay. Since 1704, it has remained in posses.>ion of the British,aUhoui;li it sustained a memorable sietre against the coir- bined forces of Spain and France, from 1779 to 1782. Population 15,00H.— 3fi, 6 N. 5, 21 W. Gij'on, a seaport in Asturias. Pop. COOO.— 43, ."5 N. iJ, 47 W. Gran'ada, a maritime province in the S., intersected by the Sierra Nevada, or SP.'^wy Mountains. Gran'ada, the capital ot the pro- vince of Granada, and the resi- dence of the ancient Moorish kings, vvh()»e [laiaci;, taiiex-i the Aihambia, is the most splendid monument of Arabic architecture existing. Pop. ^0,000.-37, 17 N.J, 50 \V, CJuadaluViar, a river which rises in Aragon. and flows jntothe Medi- terranean below Valencia. Giiadalaxa'ra, a town in New Castile, N.E. of Madiid, with a royal manufactory of cloth. Po- pulation 7000. Guadalquiv'er,alargo river which rises between the Sierra Morena and Nevada, waters the plains of Andalusia, flowing by Seville, and falls into the bay of Cadiz. Guadia'na, a river which risesin La Manclia, flows through New Castile, Estremaduva, and Alen- tejo, separates Andalusia from Al- garve, and falls into the Atlantic. ILDEFON'SO, S AN, a town in Old Castile, with a celebrated royal palace. Population 4000. Iv'i<;a, an island in tlie Mediter- ranean, about 7, 19 N. (i, 9 W. j Lu'go, an ancient town in(>alicia, i with hot springs. Pop. 12,000.— i 4.3, N. 7, 31 W. I 31 AU11U7, the capital of Spain, i in New Castile, and nearly in the I centre of thekingdom,8tand8on an elevated plain iiiOO feet above the level of the sea. The Manzauarcs, n niijnii 3ti'^t»t*', »...«« 1.-S — .-, -r.i.i tails into the Tagus. It is a hand- {■ome city ; the royal palaces ami some of the jmblic buildings afc SPAIN. 117 superb. Population 201,000.-40, as N. 3, 42 W. Mahon', Port, a strong seaport in the island of Minorca, with a fine harbour. Population 20,000. -59, oO N. 4. 20 E. Major'ca, the largest of the Ba- learic Islands in the Mediterra- nean ; its valleys are very fertile, producing corn, grapes, oranges, and citrons. The highest moun- tain is 5070 feet above the sea. Pop. 136,000.-39, 55 N. 3, 5 E. Maladet'ta, the highest peak of the Pyrenees in Spain, attains 11,436 feet above the sea. Mal'aga, a commercial city and seaport in Granada, with an excel- lent harbour; it is noted for its fruits and sweet wines. Population 52,000.-36,43 N. 4,25 W. Manc'Aa, La, a pastoral district in New Castile, the scene of Don Quixote's adventures. Mar'tin, Cape St, the S.E. point of Valencia, opposite the island of Ivi^a.— 38, 44 N. 0, 12 E. . Mat'aro, a seaport of Catalonia, with thriving manufactures.— Pop. 13,000. . ^ Mer'ida, an ancient city in J-.s- tremadura, on the Guadiana, con- taining stnkingremaini of Roman grandeur. Pop. 6000. Min'ho, a river which rises near Mondoneda, in the N. of Galicia, and separating that province trom Portugal, falls into the Atlantic. Minor'ca, the second of the Ba- learic Islantls, in the Metliterra. nean, iJ4mile8E.of Majorca. Mourit Toro, near tb.e centre of the island, is 4760 feet high. Pop. 31,000.— 40, N. 4, E. , ^ , Mont'serrat, a lofty insulated mountain in Catalonia, remarkable for its hermitages and convent ot Benedictines. ^u o i? Mui'cia, a province m the s. tj. between Andalusia and Valencia. Mur'cia, the capital of the above province, beautifully situate on the Segura. P(»pulation 56,000.— jB, ON. 1,13 W. Murvie'dro, a fortified town m Valpnc'.a, on the 8ite of the ancient Samntum. Population 60i)0. NAVARRE', a small province 1 „-i«-i ^n tha V hv thp Pvrenees. OLIVEN'CA, a strong town ot Estrcmadura, near the GuaUiana. Population 10,000. Orense', a town in Gallcia, on the Minlio, celebrated for its not springs. Population 5000. Orihue'la, a flourishing town m Valencia, on the Segura, inafertiie plain. Population 26,000. Or'tegal.Cape, the most northern point of Galicia, and also of Spam. I-45,4ttN.7, 33W. . Ossu'na, a manulacturing town in Andalusia, in a tine valley, ro- pulation 15,000. »....:, « Ovie'do, the capital of Astunas. and seat of a university. P. lu.uuu. PALEN'CIA,anancient town in Leon, on the Carrion. P. H.^"* , Pal'ma, a seaport, the capital of Majorca, situate on a Jarge bay. Pop. 54,000.-59,34 N. 2,-58ii. Pa'los, Cape, a pr^J"«"^"7"' "^^ E. of Murcia.-37, 37 N. 0. 41 W.- A seaport, from which Columbus Bailed for thediscovery of America. Pampelu'na,orPamplo'na,a strong fortress, the capital ot Navarre, on the Arga. Us castle, garrisoned by the French, was reduced by the British. October 1S13. Population 15,000.- 12, 49 N. 1,41 W. Pyrenees. See France, p. 109. RE'US, a flourishing manutac turingtowninCataloma. Popula- tion 30.000.-41. 11 N. 1,10 L. Ron'da, a town in Granada si- tuate on the summit of a precipitous rock, near the Guadiaro, w »»<;•» "; crossed by a stupendous bridge 2M feet high. Population IJ.OUU. . Ro'sas, a strong seaport «" t^jta- lonia, situate on * beau itul bay ot the same name. Population 3000. — ii. 16 N. 3, 10 E. . SALAMAN'CA, a city i" Leon, on the Tormes, the seat of a ce- lebrated university. Population 14.000.-41, 5 N. 5, 42 \y. Santan'der, » commercial town and seaport in 0\iiO-ff-J^V^' lation 19,000.-43, 28 !s . 3, 42 W . Santia'go, or St Ja'go de Com- postel'la,t^ecapitalofGalicm.witl a celebrated ancient cathedra .It is the seat of a university, and also of the Knights of St James. Po- pulation 28,000. , ' Saragos'sa (Sp. Za«;agoza). tlu. capital of Aragon, on the E^ro re- markable for its heroic resistance a" a\nst the French in 1808-9. when Pklafox, its g.tiiruit «'-''^""'''' f^"'/;" eil an immortal name. I'opulation 43,000.-41, 4a N. 0, 49 W. IIB SPAIK. Sebas'tian, St, a seaport in Bis- ravVtrongly fortified. Itwaswrest- e/from?he French by Lord Lyne- floch. 3l9t August 18 3 Popula- tion 9000.-43. 19 N. 20 W. Segorbe', an ancient town n Va- lencU, on the Halanci.^ Pop. W it contahis a maRnificent RiMnan aqueduct, and <)lher "«»^le r^'I" ments of antiquity. Pop. .1.5.000, "" begu'ra, a river of Mu.c.a wh.ch traverses the province and fallb into the Metliterranean. Sev'ille. the ancient Jlisptdis, an imporUnt commercial city, the c^i- pTtS^of Andaiusia. situate on ^he bu^^dalquiver, in a de ight u and fertile thslrict. Its cathedral is a Sn.ficent Gothic pile. th. tower S which is 35() feet high P'.pula- ot wnicii IS o-'^i^^-^^ •■•£■■■ ^ lion tn ,000.-37, liirj N. .3, 48 w. s"o 'VrMore'na.or Brown Moun- tatns, separate New Castile troni ''SSa Neva'd., orSnowy Moun- ta^sIinGranada MiUhac^.h^^^ ^"Si^^irriowlimlildSKl the Dnuro, near the site ot the an- cient Numantia. Pop. olOO. TA'GUS (Sp. Tajo), the largest river of Spam ; issuing Irom the mountains between Aragon and New Castile, it traverses the la ter province and Estrem.dura, inter- sects Portugal, and empties itself into the Atlantic below Lisbon. Talave'ra, a town in New Castile, on the Tagus. Here the trench were defeated by the British ma series of sanguinary contlicts. JfiW and 28th July 1 801< r opulat.on 800C.-39, 5G N. 4, 47 W. Tar'ita, a seaport in Andalusia, on the Straits of Gibraltar,the most southern point of Spam, and also of the continent of hurope. 1 op. 15.000.-3G, 3 N. 5, 38 VV Tarrago'na, the Trt rra'co of the Romans, a maritime city ot Cata- Ionia, containing many vestiges ot its ancient greatness. Population 11,000.— 41,8 N. 1,1.^ E. . ^ Ter'uel, a thriving town m Ara- con on the C.uadalaviar. Popu- lation 8000—40, 25 N. 1, 5 W. Tole'do, a celel)rated ancient city in New casnir, snuaic Oi. .. .- rock near tlie Tagus Its Alcazar or palace, and its cathedral, once a luogque, arc splendid structures. Toledo was long fatnous foir the manufacture of sword-blades. Its arcJibishop is Pr*,"!**^ °^,^*"'- Pop. 15,000.-39, 50 N. 4, W. To'ro, a town in Leon, on the Douro. Pop. 9000. Torto'sa, a strong town in Cata- lonia, near the mouth of the Ebro. Pop. '16,000.-40. 48 N.O, 33 L. Truxil'lo,atown in Estremadura. the birthplace of Pizarro. P. 400U. Trafalgar', Cape, on the coast ot Andalusia, between Cadiz andUib- raltar, memorable for the victory obtained by the British fleet under Lord Nelson over the combmui fleets of France and Spain, 21st October 180 J.-3(i, 9 N. fi, 1 W. Tu'dela. a pleasant town <" Na- varre, on the Ebro. Pop. 800U. Tuy, a strong town in Oalicia, on the Minho. Pop. fiOOO. UB'EDA, a town in ^^^^anatta, near the Guadalquiver. P. 15,0UU. Ur'gel, a manufacturing town in Catalonia, on tlie Segre. P. 3000. V \LEN'CI A, a maritime pro- vince in the E. ; its valley,consider- ed the garden of Spain, is covered with vines and olive-trees. Valen'cia, a maritime city, the cai)ital of the above province, at the mouth of the Guadalaviar, and the seat of a nniversity ; its cathe- dral is adorned with fine paintings. Pop. 6(5,000.-39, 28 N. 0, 24 W. Valladohd', a city in Leon, on the Pisuerga, a tributary ot the Douro, the seat of a unirerslty. Pop. i;i,00J.-41, 39 N. 4, 42 W. Vich, a town in Catalonia, witn considerable manufactures, in the vicinity of copper and coal mines. Population 13,000. , Vi'go, a small seaport in Galicia, with an excellent harbour. Po- pulation 6000.— 12, 14 N. 8, 43 W. Vitto'ria, a town in Biscay, the scene of the victorv obtained by Wellington over the Fnnch army, 'Jlst June 1H13. Population 12,000. ! -42, 47 N. 2, 40 W. ! XERES (Sha'reb), a flourishing i town in Andalusia, on the Guada- ! lctte,N.E. of Cadiz; its vineyards produce the wine called Sherry. Pop. 34.000.-36, 38 N. 6, 5 W . I Xu'car, a river which rises in ■N..W Castile.and.crossingValencia, falls into the Mediterranean. ZAMOMIA, a town in Leon, on , the Douro, roi)wlatiQU IU|W0. PORTUGAL. 119 . PORTUGAL Is bounded N. and E. by Spain; S. and W. by the Atlantic. It contains 36,500 square miles, lopuia- tion 3,530,000. Provinces. ^'i^f Towns. Entre Douroe Minho Oporto, 15ra«a. Tras-os-M ontes Braganza, Miranda. jjeira.. Coimbra, Castello-Branco. Estremadura Lts«on, Seiubal, Saniarum. Aientejo Evora, Elvas. Algarve Faro, Lagos, Tavira.^ CAPES.--lioca, or Rock of Lisbon, Espichel, St Vincent, St Maria. Mountains.— Sierra d^Estrella. Rivers.— Minho, Douro, Mondego, Tagus, Gua- diana, Sado. Foreign Possessions.— Brazil being now a separate kinc-dom, Portugal has only— in Africa, the Azores, the Cap'e Verde Islands, Madeira, Angola and Bcnguela, Mozambique; in Asia, Goa in the East Indies, and Macao near Canton. REMARKS. Portugal lies betxveen 36° 5S' and 42° 10' N. lat., and between 6' 20' and 9° 30' W. long. Its extreme length is S50 miles, and its greatest breadth 150 miles. Traversed by several mountain ranges from Spain, and by some peculiar to itself, Portugal bears a considerable re- semblance to that country in its general aspect. Its soil is in general light, and ill-adapted for tillage ; but it is pecu- liarly favourable to the growth of the grape and other tine fruits. In the high grounds are raised the usual corn-crops of more northern latitudes; vines and maize in those ot warmer temperature; and rice iu the low grounds. Ihe cork.tree, the orange, lemon, and olive trees are frequent in this country, as well as the finest fruits ot the south of Europe. Its climate is delightful, especially on the coast and in the high grounds. In the valleys, the heat during summer is excessive. ,., i x* c .„:„ The mineral treasures of this country, hke those of bpain, have been neglected since the discovery of the richer mines of America. Its manufactures and agriculture are in a state of backwardness almost incredible. \V me i^, tne stapit ii.a- {Uifacture of the country, and is exported iu great quantiticii. 120 POUTUOAL. chiefly to Britain. The other exports arc P'^/"^"'*!' *f *• and cork. In return for these, Great Britain, to which the Commerce of Portugal is almost wholly confined «^^^^ ..oollens linen, cotton, hardware, ^^/^/'^^^^f ^ "J^t^^ The Portuguese are no less attached than the bpaniarcis to the Roman Catholic religion, '^^heir eccles.ast.es form a large proportion of the population, and possess much of the land and opulence of the country. The government, till lately, was an absolute .nionarchy ; and although a more limited form of royalty was in roduced and supported by the influence of Britain, the people seemed fnVene?ri attached to their ancient form of government, Ihirwlfre eLblished ; at length, in September 1836 the young queen. Donna Maria, declared her acceptance of the ^^TtiTnt^oTt^^^^^^^ in the northern and south em provinces are almost as different as .f they were dist.nct nations. Tn the north they are industrious and blunt ; in The sou h, polite, but indolent. A want of regard to clean- liness is general. The ladies still ply the d.staff in spin, ning, and in many places retain the oriental fashion of siU tine upon cushions on the floor. , wu i Education is much neglected in Portugal; although some efforts have lately been made for its i)niP>;o^ement. It has two universities f that of Coimbra, founded ,n 1308, and that of Evora, on a smaller scale, founded in 1533. Camoens, author of a celebrated epic poem called Uic Lusiad, is the brightest star oi Portuguese hterature. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Portugal ? What is its extent in square miles ? What population does it contain ? Into whafprov^ces is it divided ? What are its principal towns i Same its capes; mountains; rivers ; foreign possessions. Where is^vora. Oporto, Miranda Bragan/a, Lisbon, &c ? Where is Cape fcspichel, Cape bt Vincent, the ba- '^Be'iw^.That degrees of latitude and l-gitudeU Portugal situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What country does it resemble in its general aspect ? What is he nature o its soil ^ What crops are raised in its different regions ? \\ hat ftuit-tr^es are common in this country ? VVhat kind of climate does it enjoy ? Is much attention paid to the mineral treasures nf this country ? In what state are its agriculture and manu- factures ? What is Uie staple manufacture oi ine country r What are its other e:f ports ? What articles does Great Britain fsend in return > POUTUOAL. 121 What i« the established religion of the Portuguese? What was, till lately, the form of government ? How dul the peo- ple receive a nlprese ,tative constitution ? Are the manners of In the Portuguese alike ? What are their respective peculi- ar ties ? What defect is general ainong them r- What is the occupation of the ladies? What fashion is still retained in '" InVhHlte is education in Portugal ? What universities has it ? What author is the brightest ornament ot Portuguese literature ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. ABRAN'TES, a town in Estre- madura.on theTagus, the passage of which it commands. P. .5000. Alente'jo, a large province S. of theTagus. , . Algafve, a provmce in tne south of the kingdom. Almei'da, a strong fortress in Beira, on the N.E. frontier. Pop. BEPRA, a province N. of Estre- madura and Alentejo. BCja, a town in Alentejo, with some ancient remains. Pop.^000. Bra'ga, an ancient city of Entre Douro e Minho, and the see of an archbishop, who is primate ot the icinKdom. Poi>. 14.000.-*1'' 33' N. lat. 8*> 22' W. long. Bragan'za, an ancient town in Tras-os-Montes. From John, duke of Braganza, who wa.s raised to the throne in 16U), the present royal family is descended. Pop. 4000. CASTEL'LO-BRAN'CO.astrong town in Beira. Pop. 5700. Cin'tra, a town in Estremadu- ra, beautifully situate, and noted for the convention between the British and French generals m 1808. Pop. 4000. Coim'bra, the capital of Beira, finely situate on the Mondego, and tlie seat of the chief university in Portugal. Pop. 15,000.-10, lii N. 8 25 W. DOURO. See Spain, p. 115. EL'VAS, a frontier-town in AU entejo, one of the most important strongholds in the kingdom. Pop. 10,000.-38, 32 N. (i, 57 W. Entre Dou'roe Min'ho, a province in the N., situate, as the name imports, between the rivers Douro and Minho. Es'pichel, Cape, a promontory on the coast of Estremadura, with a lighthouse 660 feet high.— 38, 25 N. 9, 13W. ,, - Estrel'Ia, Sierra d', a range of mountains m Beira above 7000 teet high. , ^ ^ Estremadu'ra, an important ma- ritime province in the W. Ev'ora, the capital of Alentejo, with several ancient remains. It is the see of an archbishop, and the seat of a university. Pop. 9000. FA' BO, a seaport, the capital of Algarve. Pop. 8000.— 38, 8 N. 8, 4W. .„ , .L • Figuei'ra, a fortifletl town m Beira, at the mouth of the Mon- dego. Pop. 6000. GAVIAB'A, the highest moun- tain in Portugal, in the N. of En- tre Douro e Minlio ; 7B81 feet above the sea, Guadia'na. See Spain, p. lib. LA'GOS, a seaport In Algarve, with an excellent harbour. Pop. 6800.-37, 7 N. 8, 39 W. . Lam'ego, a town In Beira, near the Douro. Pop. 9000. ^ ^ , . Lis'BON, the capital of the king- dom, in Estremadura, beautifully situate near the mouth of the Tagus on several hills, presenting trom the bay a noble appearance. A great uart of it was destroyed by an earthquake in 1755. Pop. 260,000. —38, 42 N. 9. 8 W. MA'FIIA, a town in Estrema- dura, with a magnificent royal pa- lace. Pop. 3000. Mari'a, Cape St, the southern point of Algarve.— 56,53.N .7,48 W. Min'ho. See Spain, p. 117. Miian'da, a town in Tras-os-Mon- tes, on the Douro. Pop. 1200. MondCgo, a river which^nses in the Sierra d'Estrclia, sTii Sow' through Boirato the Atlantic. OPOR'TO, or Por'to, a seaport. 122 8\VITZEIlIiAND. the second city In the kingdom, in Entrc Douro c Minlio, finely situ- ate on the Douro, about 2 miles from its mouth, is noted for its wine, which has received from it the name of Port. Pop. 70,000.— 41, 8 N. 8, 32 W. OVar, a thriving town in Beira. Pop. 10.000. . ,, PORTALE'GIIE, a town in Al- entejo, with inanulactures of cloth. Pop. fiOCO. , „ , r RO'CA, Cape, or the Rock of Lisbon, the most western point ot Estremadura, and also of the con- tinent of Europe.— 38, 4(» N. 9, ^^8 W. . . u . • SA'DO, a river which rises in the S. of Alentejo, and falls into the harbour of Setubal. San'tarem, an ancient town in Estremadura, on the 'J'agus. Pop. 8000. _^ . Setubal', or St Ubes, a seaport in J':8trcmadura, at the mouth of the Sado, has a preat trade in salt. Pop. 15, '00.— 38, 31 N. 8, 57 VV. TAT.US. See Spain, p. 118. Tavi'ia, a fortified seaport in Algarve. Pop. 9000. Tho'mar, a town inKstremadura, with considerable cottoi manufac- tures. Pop. 4000. Tor'res Ve'dras, a tov n in Estre- madura, the centre of the cele- brated military lines fo mcd by the British in 1810. Pop. J300. Tras-os-Mon'tCK, a province in the N. E., separated fr jm Spain by the Douro. VIA'NA, a geapoit in Entre Douro e Minho, at the mouth of the Lima. Poj). 8000.— 41, 42 N. 8 43 VV. 'Vil'laRe'al, a town in Tras-os- Montes. Pop. 4000. Vimiei'ro, a town of Estremadu- ra, celebrated for the victory gam. cd by Wellington over Junot, 2l8t August 1808. Vin'cent, Cape St, a promontory on the S. W. coast of Algarve, fa- mous for the victory gained over the Spanish fleet, Hth Feb. 1797, by Sir John Jervia, afterwards created Earl St Vincent — 37, 2 N. 8 .W W. * Vise'u , a town in Beira ; it has a great annual fair. Pop. 9000. SWITZERLAND IsbouiidedN.by Germany; E. by Austria ; S. by Italy ; and W. by France. It contains 15,250 square miles. Population 2,184,000. Divisions.— This country formerly comprised thir- teen cantons; but since the year 1815, it has been di- vided into twenty-two, viz. : — Cantons. Chief Towns. Schaft'hausen. Schaft'hausen ThuTijau Frautnifeld Zurich Zurich Aargau Aarau Basle Basle Soleure Soleure Berne BEiiNE,Thun Lu cerne Lucerne r# ri .. .^ /^""g '''"S . Schweitz Schweitz St Gall St Gall Cantons. Chief Towni. Appenzell A|)])enzell Gljirus (/larus IJri Altorf Uinerwalden..Stanz Friburg Friburg Neufchatel. ...Neufchatel Vaud Lausanne, Vevay Geneva Geneva tr..i..:.. T aims. Tessin Bellinzona Grisoub Coirc SWITZERLAND. 123 Mountains.— Rhffitian Alps; Pennine anil Hel- vetian Alps, includinjr Mont Rosa, Schrekliorn, Sim- plon, Mont St Gothard, and Great St Bernard ; Mount Jura ; Mont Blanc is on the immedia^" ^^^■"f J;. Lakes.— Geneva, Brienz, Thun,Neufchatd,Bienne, Lucerne, Zug, Zurich, Wallenstadt, Constance, Mag- giore, Lugano. . llivEiis.— Rhine, Rhone, Aar, Reuss, Lnnmat, Ti- cino, Inn. REMARKS. Switzerland is situate l)etween 45° 50' and 47° 50/ N. lat., and between 6° 5' and 10° 30' E. long. Its length, rem Mount Jura to the Tyrol, is 205 miles ; its breadth, trom bomo to the Rhine at Schaffhausen, ISO miles. Switzerland, the ancient Helvetia, is the most mountain- ous country in Kurope. The Alps form not only its south- ern and eastern frontiers, but penetrate the ch.ct part ot its interior. These mountains, towering in some instances to the stupendous height of 15,000 feet, present innumerable scenes ofunrivalledsublimity,aswellas of the greatestbeauty. In many respects Switzerland is one of the most interesting countries which the traveller can visit,or the philosopher con- template. Here nature wears every variety of aspect, trom the most awful grandeur to the most enchanting sweetness. The perpetual snow, the glaciers or ice-fields ot the higher Alps, the avalanches, or masses of snow, falling like moun- tains loosened from their foundations, the bold craggy pre- cipice, the dashing cataract, and the roaring torrent, torma rude, but striking contrast to the more peaceful scenes be- low—the varied woodland, the vineyard and the corn-heid, the verdant plain, with its smiling cottages ana crystal streams. The lakes of Switzerland form a grand and in- teresting feature in the landscape; and some ot the noblest rivers in Europe issue from its mouutams, and wind along its vales. ^ . ., ._ , «„. The soil is as various as tlie surface is diversified, liut industry triumphs over every diflSculty ; and the traveller sees, with wonder, rocks clothed with vineyards, where the slightest herbage could not be expected to grow,and gro^nt^S' which appear inaccessible except to the ibex or goat, subdued by the plough. Besides the common kinds ot grain, bwit- zerland produces abundance of fine fruits, But it is on their cattle that the Swiss chiefly depend. • o % Almost every vaiicty of temperature ia known m bmu ]24 SWITZEHtAND. ,erl.»d. from the cold of Laplund or Iceland to th. ««ot- ""Al::n;U.ct=:imai?u:;fr«,«cnt.he Alp. m.y b. men tioncTlh^ ibex, or rock-goat ; the- ch-o.s . J.c.« of a„. Ulope ; and the marmot, wlHcli is often found in a torpiu TlouuSrahnndant than misht bo expected in so mounlainou, a cou.Ury. The chie nunc, are ol .ron j but silver coDoer. and lead, arc also to be tound. ■rre'prinSl .nanufac^ture is linen ; that of cotton has been l«te Iv in roduced to a great extent in the northern canton, ; and woo lens and silks are likewise fabricated. WatcbmakmR ", ca7r"ed on extensively in the districts of Neufch.tel and Geneva Switzerland has no seacoast but trade ., carr.ed on to some extent with Ciermany and the Netherlands by mel o7the Aar.the Ueuss. and the Rhine; and w.th Vrnnce bv means of the Khone. Since the Swiss, instigated by the brave and patnouc Tel threw oft' the Austrian yoke in 1315, tl.e form of their government has been a federal republic. Each canton was frJu ,ued by its own laws and magistrates, but all were mu- tually bound to assist and protect each other in ca« o need: For a time this government was set aside when the country fell under the dominion of the French ; but it has si°,ce been restored. In case of foreign aggression each canton is bound to send a certain number of men to the mT An army of 34,000 men can thus be raised almost rnstantaneously i although the whole revenue of the repub- lie hardly exceeds £400,CXX). ^ , i. r • In eight of the cantons the Roman CaUiolic rehgion is established; in seven, the Protestant. I" !»;« J.";""""^^, seven both these forms of religion exist together; but. ot the whole population of Switzerland, at least threc-fifihs are Protestants. . Simplicity, frugality, honesty, bravery, and a strong a- t^chment to home, are the characteristic qualities of this interesting people. In the Protestant cantons the advan- tages of education are as generally diflfused as in Scotland. Switzerland has produced many characters of distinguished eminence in literature and i,cience, as Zmnglms the re- former, Gessner, Haller, Rousseau, Neckar, Lavatcr, &c. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries ol swiizenanu r rr ns-. « ^^ ;- -- tent in square miles? What population does it conUin? Into how many cantons is it Uivided ? JSame them. Mhat 8W1TZK11LANII. 125 Where IS liiKU jjiicii/. r »» m-iv •>.» *— — - ~ / , i» St Bernanl, Mount .Jura, Lake Constance, Lake Wallenstadt. Mount Schrekhorn, &c. ? .» ,i„ : . «,„w Between what ilc^recs of latitude and longitude is Sw t- .Juml situate ? What is its extent in length and breadth . What is .H general appcaranee ? What part ot it is occupied bv he Alps? What character do these mountains give to tlic landscape ? .^lention some of the most interesting teatures in the scenery of Switzerland. ^. . , What ii 'he nature of the soil ? With what effects of cul- tivS is he traveller astonished there? What .re the pn.- acts of Switzerland ? On what part of their rural wea th do he Swiss chiefly depend ? What varieties of climate are ex- perienced hi Switzerland ? Mention some of the remarkable animals that frequent the Alps. Does Swiizerlind abound in metals ? What are « P""ci- pal manufactures ? With wliat countries and by what rivers does Switzerland carry on trade ? . ^, . , , ^ -wruon \Miat is the form of government m Switzerland ? wncn was it for some time set asid.- ? How is an army raised m case of foreign aggression ? What force can thus be brought atn OS i^^Stan^ously into the held ? What is the religion of Switzerland ? What are the characteristic M^f "es of he Swiss ? In what state is education among them .'' ^\^F^^'^'' some of the scientific and literary characters which Switzer- land has produced. DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. B ASI.K, U&lo, or Bn'scl, a fron- ticr.canton in tlie N. VV. Biuvle, the capital ot the canton. A'AR, a river which rises in the S iC of Heme, flows tliroui^li the lakes ol Bricnz and Tbun, and joins the Uhiiie. | Aarau', the capital of Aargau, on the Aar. Pop. 'K'OO. A:!rgau',(ir Argo'via.acanton in the N. which derives its name from , the Aar. Pop. IH'AOOO. ; Alps, a stupendous range ot i mountains, three principal chains i of which are the llhaitian Alps in \ the Orisons, the Helvetian and the Ponnine Alps in ihc Valais. Al'lorf, the capital of Uri, situ- ate on the Reuss, famous tor the heroic resistance of Wilham Tel to the tyrant deisler, which laid the foundation of the independence of Switzerland. Pop. 1500. Appen'zcll, a canton in IheN. h. Appen'zeil, the capital of tiii; canton, situate on the Sitter, a tri- butary of the Rhine. Pop. -WOO. ', the seaioi a uoivfisn), «■■« jirthplace of several eniintnt , P. 'Jt.OOO.— I"" 53' N. lat. on the Rhine ; it is a place of great trade, the seat of a university, and the bi men. 7° 3(/ E. long. IK'llinzo'iia, the capital of the Ciuiton of Tessiu. Pop. 1300. Bernard, Gnat St, one of the Alps, in theS. of the Valais, tower- ing to the height of 11,11(5 feet. Berne, a large canton in the in- terior. Pop. 400,000. BEUNt:, the capital of the above canton, and chief town of Sv.uzir- lan(^on tiie Aar, the seat ot a co'- lege, and the birthplai e of Hallcr. Pop. i'1,000.— 4G, 57 N.7, 2(5 E. Bienne', liake of, between bo- 1 »^ ».-..l XTmifoliatol _ , Lake of, in Berne, sur- roumled by lofty mountains. Bricnz' 126 SWITZBBLAND. COIRE, or Chur, the capitd of the Grlsons, near the Rhine. Po- pulation 5000. Con'stance, Lake of, or Boden- see', i ! the N. E., between Swit- zerland and Germany. The Rhine flows through it. FR AU'ENFELD, the capital of Thurgau, situate on a branch of the Thur. Pop. 1800. Friourg, a canton W. of Berne. Fri'burg, the capital of the can- ton, most romantically situate on the Saane. Here is the largest sus- ijcnsion-bridge on the Continent, being 905 feet in length. P. 7000. GALL, ST, a canton S. of the Lake of (instance. Pop. 1.58,000. Gall, St, the capital of the can- ton, a place of considerable trade. Pop. 10,000. Geneva, a small cantoii m the S. W. Pop. 58,000. ^ , , ^ Gene'va, or Lem'an, Lake of, tne largest 'in Switzerland, traventcd by the Rhone. lis scenery is sin- gularly beautiful and magnificent. Gene'va, the capital of the can- ton, beautifully situate at the out. let of the Rhone from the lake. In its moral character it is one of the most important cities in £uroi>e. It was here that Calvin resided while he laboured in establishing the Reformation. It is the birth- place of many eminent literary characters, and the seat of a Pro- testant university. Pop. 26,000. — 4fi, 12N. 6, 9E. Gla'rus, a small canton in the interior. Pop, 'i9,000. Gla'rus, the capital of the above canton, a thriving town, on the Linth. Pop. 4000. Got/i'ard, Mont St, between Uri and Tcbsin, of which the Fiirca l)eak is 14,040 feet high. The height of the pass is 6890 feet. Grisons'.alargecanton intheS.E. HERISaU', a manufacturing town in AppenatcU. Pop. 7000. INN, a tributary of the Danube, which risesin the Grlsons, and flows bya N.E.coursethrough theTyrol. JUIIA, Mount. See France, p. 106. LAUSANNE', the capital of the canton of Vaud, about a mile_^N. iroin iut; LaK£ oi ucncva. inc |)eculiar beauty of its situation has made it the resort of numerous strangers. Pop. 12,000. Lau'terbrunn, a most remaik. able valley in the canton of Berne, where the glaciers appear in their greatest magnificence. Lim'mat, a river which rises in the S. of Glarus, passes through the Lake of Zurich, and fa|'» »nto the Aar near its junction with the D p||ac Lucerne', a canton In the interior. Lucerne', the capital of the can. ton, beautifully situate on an arm of the Lake, where the Reuss is. sues from it. Pop. 6000. Lucerne', Lake of, a beautiful and romantic lake, surrounded by the four Forest Cantons, Schweitz, Uri, Unterwalden, and Lucerne, Luga'no, a beautiful lake in the canton of Tessin. Luga'no, a town In the canton of Tessin, in a delichtful situation on Lake Lugano. Pop. 4000. MAGGIORE. See Italy, p. 133. NEUFCHATEL', a canton in the W. bordering on the Lake of that name, which separates it from the canton of Frlburg ; it is under the sovereignty of the King of Prussia, who exercises the execu- tive government^ but is oblif^ed to swear to uphold the constitution of t h is little country. P. 58 ,000. Neu/chatel', the capital of the canton, beautifully situate on tho lake, and commanding grand and extensive views. Pop. 5000. OL'TEN, a town in the canton ofSoleure. Population 1260. REUSS, a large river which issues from a lake in Mont St Gothard, flows through Uri, the lake of Lu- cerne.and Aargau.and joins the Aar. Rhine. SeeGEHMANV. Rhone. See Fuance, p. 109. Ro'.- ,, . , Stanz, the capital of Unterwal- den. Fop.SJOOO. ^ . TES'SIN, or Tici'no, a canton in the S. deriving its name from the river Ticino, which flows through it into Lake Maggiore. Thun (Toon), a lake in the c;inton of Berne, united with the Lake of Brienz by the Aar. Thun (Toon), a town in Berne, on the Lake of Thun, where the Aar issues from it. Pop. 2000. T/iurgau', or T/mrgCvia, a can- ton in the N. E., on the Lake ot Constance. Pop, 84,000. Tro'gen, a town in the canton oi Appenzell. Pop. 2400. UNTEKW AL/DEN and U'lU, two of the Forest Cantons, on the S. of the Lake of Lucerne. VALAIS ( Valay'), a canton con- Bistine of the picturesque valley through which the Rhone flows between verv high mountams. Vaud (Vo). a tine canton on the N. border of the Lake of Ge- neva. Pop. 183,000. . Vevay', a beautiful town m the canton of Vaud, on the Lake of Geneva. Pop. 4200. W AL'LE&STADT, alakelMJ- tween St Gall and Glanis, con- nected with the Lake of Zurich by the Linth canal. , YV'ERDUN, a town m the can . ton of Vaud, at the S- extremi'.y of the Lake of Neufchatel. P. 3O0O. ZUG, a small cimton in the in- terior. Pop. 15,000. Zug, the capital of the canton, on the Lake of Zug. Pop. 3000. Zu'ridi, a canton ou the N. on a lake of the same name. P. 23l,LU0. Zo'ric/t, the capital of the above canton, on the Limraat, where it issues from the lake; the seat ot a college. PopulaUoa 11,000.— 47, 22 N. 8, 32 E. ITALY . Is bounded N. by the Alps, which separate it from Austria and Switzerland ; W. by France and the Mediterranean; S. by the Mediterranean ; and £.. by the Adriatic. It contains 118,700 square miles. To- pulation 22,000,000. In this extensive country t^^^^j^^J/!j.^^^f " states— \. Kingdom of Sardinia. Savoy Chambery. . ricdmont TuiuN, Alessandria, Nice. Genoa Genoa, Savona. Island of Sardinia.... Cagliari, Sassari. 2. Austrian Italy. ,, , ,. «._•_ p-- Milan Milan, Mantua, Lodi, Pavia, Lre- mona, Brescia, Bergamo Venice ' E.i»ivr.} ^ .t-..— --, 3. Parma Parma, Piacenza. 4. Modena and Mas8»..Mod,ena, Massa, Carrara. D»'''"' MHn. backward nealected,— and learning may be considered m a backward .'?' „_'__.„j ...;.i. .i,„,dvances which it has made in other counlrie".'''"Yet few natlo"„"s have produced so great a num. frer of men distiPijuUhQd in literature and science. Ths 130 italV. principal universities of Italy are those of Rome, Bologna, Padua, Parma, Pisa, Pavia, Naples, and Palermo. The government of the States of Italy is generally abso- lute, though some unsuccessful attempts have been made to obtain freedom. Naples and Sardinia are governed by their kings; the States of the Church by the Pope; Tuscany by its Grand Duke ; Parma by the Ex.empress of France, Maria Louisa ; Modena and Lucca by their Dukes. Imagination, taste, and enthusiasm in the fine arts, viva, city, sobriety, and courtesy to strangers, are the agreeable qualities by which the Italians are in general characterized. Indolence is their prevailing vice : robbery and assassination are crimes by which they are too generally disgraced. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Italy ? What is its extent in square miles ? What population does it contain ? Into what states is this country divided ? What are the chief towns of the kingdom of Sardinia ? Of Austrian Italy ? Of Parma ? Of Modena ? Of Lucca ? Of Tuscany ? Of the States of the Church ? Of the Two Sicilies ? Where is Rome, Padua, Turin, liCghorn, Palermo, Sienna, Savona, Nice, Catania, Pisa, Piacenza, Pavia, Cremona, Cagliari, Girgeati, Genoa, &c. ? What are the principal islands ? Name the straits of Italy. Name its gulfs. Name its capes. What are its principal mountains ? What are iis lakes? Name its rivers, and trace their courses. W^here is Mount Cenis, Cape Colonne, Gulf of Gaeta> Lake Como, Straits of Messina, Gulf of Salerno, liake Perugia, the Fiu- micino, the Apennines, Mont Blanc, Mount Vesuvius, Cape Leuca, &c. ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Italy si- tuate ? What are its extreme length and breadth ? What is its average breadth ? What is its general appearance ? What is the character of its valleys and plains ? What is tlie appearance of its coast ? What is the effect of its line sky upon the landscape ? What is the nature of its climate ? Are all its districts equ.ally healthy ? In what tract is the air par- ticularly insalubrious ? By what circumstance is the heat occasionally rendered peculiarly opp^es^ive in the Neapolitau territory ? What diversities ol' soil prevail in Italy ? Enu- merate some of the productions of this country. In what part of Italy is agriculture well conducted ? In what state is It elsewhere ? Which of the domestic animals of Italy arc worthy of notice ? Is Italy remarkable for its mineral wealtli ? Where are beautiful marbles found ? What precious mine- rals are tbund in the Apennines ? Does Italy flourish in manufactures ? Wliat are its prin- cipal ftrticlus of manufacture? Wiiat Italian cities once ITALY. 131 possessed great commercial importance ? By what countries have tliey been long outstripped ? What town in Italy now excels them ? What branch of their trade is still consider- able ? What are the chief exports from Italy ? For what has Italy long been distinguished ." Where has architecture been cultivated with particular success? W hat does the student of the fine arts, and the learned traveller, fand particularly interesting in this country ? What religion prevails throughout Italy ? Are other reli- cions tolerated? In what state is education? Has Italy produced many learned men? What are its prmcipal uni- versities ? What are the governments of Italy ? What are the agreeable qualities by which the Italians are character- ized ? What is their prevailing vice ? By what crimes are they too generally disgraced? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. ABRUZ'ZO, a province in the N. of Naples, divided into Citra and Ultra. Ad'lge, a river which rises in the Tyrol, and falls into the Gulf of Ve- nice, N. from the mouth of the Po. Alessan'dria, or Alexan'dria, a strong city of Piedmont, on the Tanaro ; near it is the celebrated field of Marengo. Pop. 3.5,000.— 44° 5B' N. lat. 8° Ti' E. long. Amal'fl, a town of Naples, on the Cult of Salerno. Pop. 5000. Anco'na, a seaport, on the Adri- atic, in the States of the Church, with a good harbour. P. 30,000. -43, 37 N. 13, 30 E. Ap'ennlncs, a chain of moun- i tains extenfling from the Alps near Nice, through the whole length of Italy, and terminating at the Straits of Messina. Monte Corno, in Naples, their lotYiest peak, is 9523 feet high. Ai'no, River, rises among the Apennines in Tuscany, and falls into the Mediterranean below Pisa. As'ti, a city of Piedmont, on the Tanaro. Pop. 22,0"0. Au&'trtan It'aly, or the Lombardo- "Venetian kingdom, lies between the Alps and the Po, and is sepa- rated from Piedmont by the Ti- cino. It contains 18,000 square miles. Population 4,575,000. BAU'I, a city of Naples, on the Adriatic, caplbi! of a province of the same name. Pop. 19,000. Beneven'to, a city hi Naples, but belonging to the States of the tlmrch. Pop. 11,000. Bcr'gamo, a commercial city, the capital of a province of the same name in Austrian Italy. P. 32,000. Ber'nard, Great St. See Swn- ZERLANU, p. 135. Blanc, Mont (Mong Blawng), on the border of Savoy, the highest mountain in Europe, being 15,6CS feet above the sea. BoPca, a mountain in the terri- tory of Verona, rich in the most curious fossil remains. It is evi- dently an exhausted volcano, and, although fifty miles from the sea, abounds in the petrifactions or fishes remarkably entire, many species of which are unknown lo European seas. I Bolo'gna, the ancient Bonoma, situate in a fertile plain at the base of the Apennines, is the second city in the States of the Church, and the seat of a famous university. Pop. 71,000.-44, 30 N. U, 21 E- Bonifa'cio, Straits of, between Corsica and Sardinia. Bren'ta, a river in Austrian Italy, which rises in the Tyrol near Trent, and falls into the Gulf of Venice. Bre'8cia,acityin Austrian luly, with flourishing manufactures, it contains many remains of ancient grandeur. Pop. 54,000.-45,52 N. Brind/ai, the ancient Brundxisl« um, a 8eai)ort of Naples, on the Adriatic. Pop. 6000. CAGLIA'UI, the capital of the island of Saniinia, on the H. cua^t. P. 27.000.— 39, 15 N. 9, 6 E. [ Cala'bria, a myuntainouu am 13i2 ITALV. fertile province of Naples, forining the southern part of Italy. It has fiuffercci severely from earthquakes. Ca'pri, a picturesque little island at the mouth of the Gulf of Na- ples. It was anciently called Ca- preie, and was the favourite retreat of the emperors Augustus and Ti- berius. Pop. 9000. Carra'ra, a town in Massa- Car- rara, famed for its marble quarrtcs. Population 4500. Casa'le, a town in Piedmont, on the Po. Population Hi.OOO. Castellama'rc, a maritime city of Naples, on the site of the .incicnt Stabia;. Pop. 15,000.-40, 41 N. 14, ai)K. . . „. Cata'nia, an elegant nty m hi- cily, at the foot of Mount Etn;i, by the l.iva of wliicli it has been three times destroy^*]. Pop. 40,000.— 37, 28 N. 15, 5 E. Cen'is, a mountain of the Alps, 11,1(50 feet high, across which is the principal jiassage from France into Italv. Chan)l>'ory, the capital of S.ivoy, in a fertile valley. Pop. 11,000. Chamou'ni, a celebrated valley in Savoy, at tiie foot of Mont Blanc. Chiaven'na,* a town of .\u>trian Italy, in the Valtcline, a principal route from Milan leading into German v. I 'on. .•3000. ChioH'jiia, a strong town of .\us- triaii italv, on an island in the Gulf ot Venice. It is built on piles. Pop. 24,000. CircePlo, Cape, the S. E. \mnt \u the States of the Church ; the an- cieiit Circceum, tne fabled resi- dence of the enchantress Circe.— 41, 12 N. 13, .'5 1'. CiviUi Vecchia (Che'vita Vek'- kia),* a seaport on the Mediterra- nean, in the States of the Church. Pop. WOO.— 42, 5 N. 11, 44 E. Colon'ne, Cape, on the V. coast of Calabria.— .")9. 7 N. 17, 15 E Co'mo, a beautiful lake in Aus- trian Italy, between Milan and Chiavcnna. Co'mo, a city in Austrian Italy, at the S. W. extremity < f the lake of that name, surrounded by cn- char.ling scenery. Pop. HJ.COO. Co'ni, or Cu'neo, a strong city in Piedmont, on the Stura. Popul.i. tion la.ooo. Corsica. See France, p. lOj. Crcmo'na, a city in Austrian Italy, on the Po, famous for its manufacture of violins. Popula- tion iiT.OOO.— 45, 8 N. 10, 2 E. EL'tJ A, an island near the coast of Tuscany, the residence of B(mu- parte on his abdication in 1814, noted for its mines of iron. Popu- lation 14.000.— 42, 47 N. 10, li) II. Et'na, a mountain in Sicily, one of the most celebrated volcaroes in the world. Its height is 10,S TO feet above the sea, and its circuit at the base exceeds 80 miles. PKllRA'll A, a city in t'.ic States of the Ciuirch, on a branch of the Po. Population 21,000. Fimnici'no, > small river in tho States n'i the Church, the ancient Rubicon. Klo'uencr (Itnl. Firenze), the capital of Tuscany, one of the (incst cities in Europe, beautifully situate on the Arno. Tho coUcc tion of paintings and statues in the Mediecan or Florentine (lallciy, is one of the noblest in existence. Florence is the native city oi Dante, Galileo, Michael Angolo, and of many other eminent men. Pop. 1)1,000.-45, 4G N. 11, 15 K. GAE'TA, a strong seaport of Naples, on the gulf of the Kinie name. Population 10,000.-41,12 N. 13, .14 E. Gar'da, Lake of, in Austrian Italy, from which thcTiver Mhicio issues. Gen'oa, a province of the Sardi- nian States, once the territory of a celebrated republic. Gen'oa [Ital. Genova), a strong city and seaport, capital of tho above province, is beautifully si- tuate on the Bay of Genoa. In commercial greatness, Genoa was long the rival of Venice. It wan the native city of Cluii'topher Cc- lumbus. Population «0,000.— 44, 25 N. 8. 54 E. Girgen'ti, the ancient Agrigen- turn, a city on the S. W. coast <)f Sicily. Population 15,000.-37, 15 N. 13, 32 E. Go'zo, a small island In the m- • ITie lulians sound ch as k, r.r.d ce^ci, cd, like ch in chiUli-'i pronunciation which hiis now Uccouie common lu this country. ITALY. ]33 ind In the RIe. diterranean, about 4 mllci N. W. of Malta. It belongs to Great Bri- tain. Pop. 16,547. ISCHI A (U'kia), a fertile island off' the coast of Naplw ; with hot springs. Pop. 24,0J0.— 40, 43 N. 1'3, 53 B. Is'eo, a lake In Lomlwrdy, tra- versed by the Oglio. i.EC/HOHN,orLivor'no,aflour- ishinf,' seaport in Tuscany, and the ureatest commercial city of Italy. Pop. Tfi.OOO.— 43, 32 N. 10, 17 E. Leu'ca, Cape, the S.E. extremity ofItaly.-39,47N. 18, 23 E. Lip'ari Islands, a volcanic group on the N. of Sicily, the most re- markable of which are Llpari and Stromboli ; the latter volcano is in a state of perpetual activity. Lo'di, a town in Milan, on the Adda, where Na|)oleon gained one of his most splendid victories. I'op. 15,{)00. Loret'to, a town in the States of the Church, on the Adriatic. Its siirine was long enriched by offer- ings from every quarter of Europe, and annually visited by thousands ofnilgrms. Pop. 8C0U. Luc'ca, a small duchy on the N. W. of Tuscany, containing 420 square miles. Pop. 155,000. Luc'ca, the capital of the alwve diichv, situate In a rich and fertile vicinity. Pop. 22,000. Luga'no, Lake. See SvnTZER- LAND, p. lyfi. MAGGIOUE (Madjo're),abeau. tiful lake at the foot of the Alps, traversed by the Ticino. Its Bor- romean islands are remarkable for tlieir picturesque scenery. Mal'ta, an island in theMediter- ranean, 54 miles S. from Sicily. It bt'loncs to Great liritain. Popu- lation 106,578.-35, 63 N. 14,31 E. Manfredo'nia.Gulf of, on the t. coast of Napleu. Man'tua, a province of Austrian Italy. . . ^.t. , Man'tua, the capital of the above province, j>ituate on the Mincio, is one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. It is celebrated as the birthplace of Virgil. Pop. 28,000. -45, 9 N. 10, 48 E. Marsa'la, the ancient Ulybtevm, a seaport of Sicily, at the W. ex- Its wines. Pop. 21,000—37, 48 N. 12, 25 E. Mas'sa, a town in the small duchjr of Masea-Carrara, now united to that of Modena. Pop. 7000. Messi'na, a strong and flourish- ing seaiwrt in the N. E. of Sicily, situate on the strait of the same name, with a fine harbour. Pop. 47,000.-38, 11 N. 15, 3 IE. Mil'an, a considerable duchy in Austrian Italy. Mil'an, a noble city, the capital of Austrian Italy, situate in a beau- tiful plain between the Adda and Ticino. Its cathedral of white marble is the most splendid speci- men of Gothic architecture in the world. Pop. 155,000.-45, 28 N. ' Mod'ena, a duchy lying between the Po and the Apennines. It contains 2080 square miles. Pop. 403,000. , .., MoMena, the ancient Mwtina, a handsome city, capital of the above duchv, in a delightful plain, between the rivers Panaro and Sec- chia. P. 27,000.-44, 38 N. 10, 55 E. NA'PLES, Kingdom of, com- prehends the S. of Italjr and the island of Sicily ; hence it is also denominated the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Extent 42,000 square miles. Pop. 7,^5,000. Na'ples {It. Nap'oli), the capital of the kingdom of Naples, and the largest city in Italy. Its situation is delightful : rising like an amphi- theatre, it ♦orms, with its verdant shores and magnificent bay, a scene of almost unrivalled beauty. Pop. 304.000.-10,51 N. 14, 15 E. Nice (Neess), a city and seaport m Piedmont, on the Mediterra- nean, finely situate at the mouth of thePaglion, celebrated for its sa- lubrity. Population 26,0U0 — 43, 42N. 7,lnF. OTRAN'TO, Strait of, separates Italy fV-om Greece. PAD'U A.acity in Austrian Italy, the seat of an ancient university, and the birthplace of Livy. Pop. 51,000.— 45,24 N. 11,52 E. Paler'mo, thecapital ot Sicily,on the N. coa St. It is a beautiful city, and its sitViation is enchanting. Population 168,000.-38, 6 N. 13, 21 E. . „ Par'mu, a duchy S. of the Po, <./mta>nins 2:2000. Pro'cida, a small island, between Iscljia and the coast of N.iples. Pop. 11,000. RAVEN'N A, a city in the States of the Church, on the Adriatic ; it was the seat of the Western Em- pire in the .Oth century. Popula- tion IG.OliO.— ll. 2.1 N. 12, 12 E. Regtio (lUd'jii >). a city in Mo- dena, the birthplace of the poet Ariosto. Pop. 18.01)0. Rej-'/gio, a seaport of Naples, on the Stfiiits of Messiim. Popula- tion 17,000.— 3S, () N. 1.5, 41 K. Rim'uii, the anciont Arim'innm, » seaport in the Staus of ihe Church, on the Adrintif. Popu- lation 15,000.— 44, 3 N. 12, 31 K. RoMK, the capital of the States of the Church, and once the mis- tress of the world, situate on the Tiber. It abounds in noble njo- numents of antiquity ; among its modern structures niay be men- tioned St Peter's, the most magni- ficent church in the wuild, the p.ilacc of the Vatican, and the castle (»f St Angelo. Population 15^,000.-41, .54 N. 12, 27 E. SA LE R'N O, a city of Naples, on a gulf of the same name, the seat of a university. Pop. 1 1 ,000. San Mari'no, a small republic, Avith a capital of the same name, V 11 hin the Papal territories. P.TOOO. Sardin'ia a large island in the Mediterranean, S. of Corsica. Its soil is in general fertile, and its climate salubripui*. Pop. 492,000. The kingdom of Sardinia contains 28.8.'3i)8quaremiles. I op.4,50(>,000. Sassa'ri, a town in the I. cf Sardi*. nia. P. 19,000.-40, 43 N. 8, 2(5 E. Savo'na, a seaport on the Gulf of Genoa. P.12 000.— 44,18 N.8,27K. Sav'oy, a duchy in the King of Sardinia's dominions, divided from Piedmont by the Aliw. P. .501, Iti,). Si'cily, the largest island in the Mediterranean, separated from Italy by the Straits of Messina. Its extreme length is }80 miles, and its greatest breadth 115. The soil is rich, and the climate delightful. Pop. 1,927,000. See also N A PL lis. Sien'na, a city in Tuscany, the seat of a university. Here the Italian language is spoken in its greatest purity. Pop. 18,000. Sorren'to, a town most delight, fully .situate on the Bay of Naples, the birthplace of Tasso. P. .)0UU. Spartiven'lo, Cape, the most southern point of Italy.— 37> 55 N. 16, .) E. Squilla'cd (chfc), a gulf in IheS. of Naples. Stales of the Church, or the Pa- pal States, occupying central Italy, and containing 17,21)0 siiuaremik's. Pop. 2,r)y<),0()o. Syi'acuse, a city of Sicily, with extensive remains of the cclebr;it. ed ancient capit;il of that iianie. Pop. 14,000.-37,3 N. 15, 17 K. TAGLlAMhlN'l'o, a river of Austrian Italy, which rises in the Tyrol, and falls into the Adriatic. Tanar'o, a river of Pietliuoiii, which passes Alessandria, and joins the Pn. Tar'anto, Gulfof, aspaciousbav, formed by the S. VV. and S. E. ex. treniitics of Italy. Tar'anto, the ancient Tarcntum, a seaport on a small island in Uw gulfof the same name. P. 14,(K)(t. iVbcr, tr Xcvcic, the classical ITALY. 135 river on which Rome standi, ri«v: in the Apennines, flows throuKh the States ot the Church, and falls into the Mediterranean. Tici'no, a river which riset in Mount St Gothard, flows through Lake Magglore, and, below Pavia, falls into the Po. Tiv'oli, the ancient Tibur^ a town in the States of the Church, delightfully situate on the Teve- rone. Pop. 0000. Trapa'ni, the ancient Drepanum, a seaport on the W. coast of Sicily. Pop. 24.000.— 38, 3 N. lli, 36 E. Turin', a noble city in Pied- mont, the capital of the Sardinian monarchy, delightfully situate on the Pa Pop. 1 14,000.— 45, 4 N. 7, 42 E. Tus'cany, a grand duchy m the central part of the Italian penin- sula. It contains S375 square miles. Pop. 1,456.000. U'DlNE,acity of Austrian Italy, in the govi'rnmcnt of Venice. Po- pulation 20000. VALET'TA, the capital of Mal- ta, with a very tine harbour, and fortifications of great strength. Pop. 30,000.-35, 50 N. 14, 28 K. Val'tellne, a district of Austrian Italy, consisting of a long valley, traversed by the Adda. Ven'ice, States of, a gnvernment and territory now Included along with Lombardy in Austrian Italy : from the 12th tothe 15th century, Venice was the richest commercial state in Europe. Ven'ici-., the eastern capital of Austrian Italy, situate on the gulf which bears its name, is built on a large number of isles, separated by canal*. This magniflcent city firesents at a distance the slngu- ar appearance of domes and spires, churches and palaces, floating on the waves. Pop. 103,000.-45, 25 N. 12, 20E. Vero'na,acity in Austrian Italy, beautifully situate on the Adige. Here is a fine amphitheatre, the most perfect remain of Roman ar- chitecture that now exists.— Pop. 47,000.— 45, 26 N. 11, 1 E. Vesu'vius, a volcanic mountain, about 8 miles S.E. from the city of Naples. In the first great eruption on record (a. d. 79), which was ac- companied by an earthquake, the cities of Herculaneum and Pom- peii were burietl beneath lava and ashes. Excavations during the last century, by displaying these ancient cities, have furnished the world with many curious and in- teresting relics of former times. The last eruption is so recent as Aug. 1834, when a new crater burst open, and inundated the plain with torrents of lava, spreading destruc- tion for many miles around, and destroying 1500 houses. Vicen'za.acity in Austrian Italy, N.W. of Padua. It exhibits many fine specimens of the architectural skill of Palladio. who was a native of the place. Population .31,000. —45,32 N. 11, 33E. Vi'so, Mont, one of the Cottian Alps in Pietlmont, 12,600 feet high. The Vaudois, the descendants of the ancient Waldenses, inhabit the neighbouring valleys. Voltur'no, a river of Naples, which rises in the Apennines, and falls into the Gulf of Gaeta. TURKEY IN EUROPE Is bounded N. by Austria and Russia ; W. by Dalma- tia and the Adriatic ; S. by Greece, the Archipelago, and the Sea of Marmora; E. by the Black Sea. It contains 183,000 square miles. Population 9,000,000. Provinces. Chief Towns. Part of Moldavia Tassy, Galatz. Wallachia Bucharest, Terg^ovist. „,.^^._ Bulcaria Sophia, bcnumia, varna, wiuuin, Nicopoli, Rutschuk, Sihstna. ServJa Bclpjrade, t^emendria, Nissa. 136 TURKEY IN EUROPE. Province*. thief Towni. Bosnia, including a part of Dalmatia and Croatia Bosna-Seraio, Trawnik, Mostar,Bihacz. Albania Janina, Durazzo, Scutari. Koumelia, including) CoNSTANTiNOi»LE,Adrianoplc,Phi. Thrace, Macedo- >■ lippopoli, Oallipoli, Seres, Salonica, nia, and Thessaly. j Larissa, Pharsalia. Gulfs.— Arta, Volo, Salonica, Cassandra, Monte Santo^ Contessa, Saros. Straits The Dardanelles, Straits of Constanti- nople. Capes. — Cassandra, Drepano, Monte Santo. Islands. — Lemnos, Lesbos or My tilene, Scio, Samos, Stanco, Rhodes, Scarpanto, Candia ; the Seven Ionian Islands, forming a Republic under the protection of Britain, viz. Corfu, Paxo, Santa Maura, Ithaca, Cepha- lonia, Zante, Cerigo. Mountains. — Hajmus or Balkan, Rhodope, Olym- pus, Ossa, Pelion, Pindus, Athos. Rivers Danube, Save, Pruth, Maritza, Vardar, Salanibria. REMARKS. Turkey in Europe extends from 39" to 48® N. lat, and from 16° to 29° 36' E. long. From the northern frontier of Greece to the Danube, it is 420 miles; and from Constan. tinople to the Adriatic, 450 miles. Turkey may be considered a mountainous country, al- though its hills cannot vie with the stupendous Alps or Car- pathians. A great chain pervades the country from cast to west, the eastern part of which is the ancient Htemus, now called Balkan. This extensive range communicates with the Carpathians by a ridge which separates Servia from Bul- garia. The Thracian mountains of Rhodope are a branch from the Haemus. Two inferior chains diverge from the principal ; one of which traverse! Albania, while the other extends through the whole of Greece, even to the extremity of (he Morea. In the latter of these are the classic Ossa, Pelion, Olympus, and Pindus. Scenery of unrivalled beauty occurs in these mountainous regions, which the lively ima- ginations of the ancient Greeks fancied to be the favourite haunts of the gods. In Moldavia, and in the large tract of country watered by the Maritza and its tributaries, are ex<^ tensive and beautiful plains. TURKEY IN EUROPE. 137 Turkey it peculiarly favoured in soil and climate. The former is generally a rich mould. The latter is alike de- lightful in temperature and genial to vegetation. The want of industry, which is the usual effect of a stern des. potism, prevents the inhabitants from availing themselves, to any considerable extent, of those advantages. Agri- culture, manufactures, and commerce, arc in a very ne. glected state. In the northern provinces, wheat, barley, chestnuts, apples, pears, and other fruits, are produced. Maize, rice, tobacco, and even the sugar-cane, oranges, olives, almonds, and 6gs, are among the productions of the southern parts. The horses of Turkey, particularly those of Thessaly, have long been celebrated ; and the sheep of Wallachia are remarkable for their elegant spiral horns. The government is a despotic monarchy of the worst kind. The sovereign, called the Sultan or Grand Seig. nior, has an unlimited power over the lives and property of his subjects, which is too often exercised in the most tyrannical manner. His authority is delegated to the Grand Vizier or Prime Minister, and to the Pashas or governors of provinces, who employ it for the purposes of extortion, that they may be able to gratify the Sultan's cu- pidity. The power of the Grand Seignior is now much de- clined, and has been brought repeatedly to the brink of de- struction. Many fine provinces have been wrested from him by the Czar of Russia, on whom he is now in some measure dependent. The new kingdom of Greece has also been sepa- rated from his dominions, and he has been obliged to cede Syria and Palestine to Mohammed Ali, the sovereign of Egypt. ^ The established worship is the Mohammedan ; and bigoted superstition characterizes their religious feelings. A large proportion of the population belong to the Greek church, and there are besides many Armenians and Jews. The personal appearance of the Turks is prepossessing ; and their dress, forming a medium between the flowing drapery of Asia and the tight clothing of Europe, is pecu- liarly becoming. They are hospitable and brave ; and not- withstanding the cruel despotism that oppresses them, they are prone to insurrection. The lower ranks are almost wholly uneducated ; law and theology constitute the learn- ing of the higher classes. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Turkey in Europe ? What is its extent in square miles? What population does it con- J38 TURKKY IN KUnOPK* tnin ? Name the provir^ces of Turkey. What is the chief town of iMj^ldavia ? M'liat are iho pnnripal towns of Wal- luchia ? Of Ilulgaria ? Of 8ervia ? Of Bosnia ? Ol' Rounie- lia ? Of Albania? What district* are inclmlcd in Hounielia? Where is \'arna, Torgovist, Schumla, (Jontessa, Kutsciiuk, .Tassv, Nissa, Bihacz, Larissa, SenH-ndria, I^lostar, Durazzo, &1-. ? Where is the (Jnlf of Arta, the Dardanelles, Mount H»- mus, Stiaits of Constantinople, Olyntpus, (iulf of Monte Santo, Sanios, fljemus, the \'ardar, the Salanibria, Scarpan- to, Gulf of Cassandra, the Maritza, Mount Ossa, he. Between what dc<,'ries of latitude and longitude is Turkey Rituatc? \\hrtt are its length and breadth? What is its general a])pcarunce? In what direction does a great chain of mountains pervade the country ? What name is ^iven to the eastern part of this chain ? How does this range connmuni- rate with the Carpathians ? Of what chain is Rhodope a branch? \\'hat otlur chains diverge from the great range? What classic mountains occur in the latter of those chains? \rhat kind of scenery occurs among those mountains ? In vhat part of the country do extenvive and beautiful plains occur ? What is the nature of the soil in Turkey ? What kind of climate does it enjoy ? By what cause are the inhabitants Frcvenied from reaping tlie full benefit of those advantages? n wliat state are agriculture, manufactures, anti commerce? What are the respective productions of the northern and southern provinces ? What domestic animals of Turkey arc fairous? What is the natur** of the Turkish government ? What power does the Sul:an possess ? To whom does he delegate this dangerous power? For what purposes do they employ it ? Has the Turki>h power lately declined ? On what power is Turkey now in sosne measure dependent ? A\'hat parts of her don.inions have been separated ? M'hat is the religion of the Turks ? By what religious s>pirit are they characterized ? Is any other faith professca ? What is remarkable about the personal appearance and dress of the Turks ? What is their national character ? Are they in general well educated ? A'DRI AMO'PLi;acUyin Rou- mptia, siturtte on the MantJU, in a beautiful plain. It was the prin- ci{Ml residence of the suUans, pre- viou« to the taking of Constant i- uopie by Moiianimeti II. in 1453* and u siiii raiiks next to the cipital ill impckTtance. Pcjv 100,000. — IP 45' \. lat, £»P 3t.^ k\ l^vs. Adriatic, or Gulf of Venice, a DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. branch of the Mediterranean, »e- pirating It-^ly from I!lyria, Dal- matia,and Albania. It i$ upw, ni< of -iGO mWes long, with an average brciiitb of l.'O mil'.'s. Alba^na.a provirKreharingDal- matia on the" \. \V., Mac^uuia on the £ . and the Adriatic on thcW. Its in^3bitant«, called bjT the Turk« A'^na^t*^ are tJie de- TURKEY IN RUnOPE. 139 ncpniliiiiH of the ancient lUyrian», ail. I are a brave and hardy race. Anhiperagf) {WU), taUed by t!ic ancMcnts the yK-jraii Sea, that lart ol" the Mediterranean which »o laratou Turkey and Greece from Asia Minor. Ar'tn, a town in Albanin, on a river of the same name. P. l»UOi). Ar'U, Gulf of, in Albania, ex- tends a considerable way into the lind: from its rocks and sand- l).inks it is very danijerous to na- vigators. v'thos, Mount, a mountain In Macedonia, «77S feet hiRh, rrccu- pying a penm^ula torm^-d by the GulfsofCmtessaand Monte San- to. It has received the name of Monte Santo, or the Holy Mount, from its numerous monasteries, in which are alwve 40()0 monks. lUL'KAN', or Ma;'mu», Moun- tains. See Remarks, p. 13 I. DanialdU'ka, a strong town ^n Bosnia, on the Verb.is. I'. I5,00i). Belgrade', a strongl>-f»)rt»fleti city, the capital of Servia, at the cantiuence of the Danube and the Save. Pop. oa.OOO.— II, 50 N. :.'i), 3i) E. Bi'rai', a town in Albania, on theBeratino. Pop. DOOO. Bihacz', a strong town in Croa- tia, on the Unna. Pop. 3000. B()8'na-Serai'v>, the capiUl of Ilosiiia. on a small stream. Ma- nufactures of lances, daggers, and other arms, are here earned on to a considerable extent. P. 70,000. —45,53 N. 18, t.'5 K. Bos'nia, a province having the Save on the N. which sei>arates it from Sclavonla ; and the Drino on the E., which separates it from Servia. Bucharest, the capital of Walla- chia, onlhc Dumbjvitza, a tribu- tary ot the Danube. Pop. 80,000. — U, •>7 N'. -(), » 1'. Bulga'ria, a province between the DanulM? and the mountam- range ot Haemus. It was called by the Komana Mtesiii Inferior. CAN'Dl.A,, a large island m the S. of the Archn-lago, 160 miiw h.ngand from 15 to 30 broad, now belonging to thePasha ofEgypt. 1 o the c^a8^^eal scholar. Crete, tlie ancient name of the island, is fa- miliar ; as are its Mount Ma, Tfi'* leet high, and its celebrated laby- rinth. Ms s( It U fertile, and pro- duces oil, wine, satl'run. and a va- riety of fine fruits. Pop. about 300,000. Can'dia, the capital of the above Island, situate in an elevated plain on the N, co.ist. It sustalneil a siege of 24 years against the Turks, from 1(545 to IGfi'J. Pop. 12,000.— 35, 21 N. S.'5, 3 K. Ca'nea, the ancient Cydonia, a strong seaiHjrt in the N. of the isl- and ot Candia. Pop. l2.00a-35, •28 N. 23, 58 E. . ,. vt «, Cassan'dra, Gulf of, in the N.W. of the Archipelago. Cephalo'nia, the largest of the Ionian Islands. It is remarkably fertile ; and the climate is so fine, that the fruit-trees produce two crops in the year. Pop. (50,000.— 38, 15 N. 20, 30 E. Ccii'go, the ancient Cythefrat one of the Ionian Islands, to the S. of the Morea. It is mountain- ous and rocky. Pop. 10,000.-36, 10 N. 23, fc:. . . , CoNbTANTiNo'PLB, the Capital of the Ottoman empire, tinely situate at the junction of the Bosporus with thi' Sea of Marmora. lU an™ cient name was Byzantium, aud it is now called by me Turks Stam- boul. Constantine the Great re- built the city A.n. .V>0, and g-we it the name of CoMtantinopolis, or thecitjfo/Conttantine. Kromthat per»ou it continued the seat of the Eastern or Greek empire till 1453, when it was taken by the Turka under Mohammed II.. who made it the metrojwlis of the Ottoman dominions. Pop. GOO.OOO.— 41, N. '*8 59 E. ' Conbtantino'ple, Straits of. called likewise the Bos'porus, the narrow channel which connects the Sea of Marmora with the Black Sea. Contess'a, Gulf of, in the N.W. of the Archi|>elago, between the peninsula of Mount Athosandthe coast of Macedonia. Corfu', the ancient Corcy'ra.one of the Ionian Islands otf the coast of Albania. It is of considerable Ijolitical importance, as the key of the Adriatic ; and is the first in rank,thoughonlythe8econdin8ize, of the Ionian Islands. Pop. 60,000. Coriu% Ibe Cipitai of the 5"GVe island and of the I nian republic P. 17,000.-^9, 36 N. ly, 54 E. 140 TURKEY IN EUROPE. DAN'UBE, River. See Ger- MANY. Dardanelles', Straits of, the an- cient Hel'lespont, between thp Sea of Marmora and the ArchijHjlago. Two ancient castles, one on tne European side and the other on the Asiatic side, are properly called the Dardanelless, and from them tlie Straits receive their name. Durazzo (Doorad'zo), a seanort in Albania, anciently called Dyr- rachium, the usurl landing-place from Italy. Pop. 5000. GAL'ATZ, a commercial town in Moldavia, on the Danube, near it* junction with the Pruth. Po- pulation 7000. Gallip'oli, a commercial city and seaport in Thrace, on the Darda- nelles. Pop. 20,000.-40, 25 N. 26, 57 E. Gradis'ca, a strong town inBosnia, on the Save. ICKNIAN ISLANDS, a group off the coasts of Albania and Greece, consisting of Corfu, Zante, Cephalonia, Ithaca, Santa Maura, Paxo, and Cerigo, which form a republic under the protection of Britain. Pop. 208,100. Ith'aca, or T^e'aki, one of the •Seven Ionian Islands, to the N.E. of Cephalonia. Homer has given it celebrity as the kingdom of Ulysses. Pop. 10,000.-38,24 N. 20, 40 E. JANI'NA, or Joanni'na, the ca- {Mtal of Albania, beautifully situate on the side of a lake, in a plain covered with groves and gardens. Pop. 40,000.-..^9, 48 N. 20, 59 E. Jab'sy, the capital of Moldavia, and the see of the Greek archbii>hop of th« province. It was almost completely destroyed by fire in 1827. P. 25,000.— 17, 8 N. 27, 30 E. LARIS'SA, the capital of Thes- saly, beautifully situate on the Sa- lambria. Pop. 30,000.-39, 38 N. 22, 28 E. Lem'nos, or Stalime'nd, an isl- and in the Archipelago, botween Monte Santo and the Dardatielles. Pop. 80OO.~39, 55 N. i>5, 5 E. Les'bos, or Mytile'nd. a large isl- and near the eastern shore of the Archipelago, celebrated in antl- ^Utzy So tiic Dirtnpiace oi bappho, Alceus, and Theophrastus ; and in modern times, ot Barbarossa, so (UstiDguished iu tlie early maritime history of Europe. Pop. 40,000.— 3J, If) N. 2(), 20 E. MACEDO'NIA, a district or province in Uoumclia, bounded by Mount Hsmus on the M., Thrace on the E, Thessaly on the S., and Albania on the W. The soil is in general fertile. Marit'za, the ancient Hebrus, \ river of Thrace, issue* from Mount Haemus, and falls into the Archipelago W. of the Gulf of Saros. Molda'via, a province in the N.E, of Turkey. Since the cession of its eastern part to Russia, in 181'2, its e.ttent does not exceed I7,00() square miles. Situate between Austria and Russia, Moldavia, in the event of a war with either of these iKJwers and Turkey, neces- sarily becomes the scene of hostile operations. Monas'tir, or Bito'lia, a town in Macedonia. Pop. 15,000. Mon'te San'to, Gulf of, in the Archipelago. See Mount Athos. Mns'tar, a town in Bosnia, on the Narenta. Here is a celebratal manufactory of arms. Population 9000, Nicop'oli, a city of Bulgaria, on the Danube. It is the see of a Greek Archbishop, the residence of a Turkish sandjak, and a place of considerable trade. Population 10,000. Niss'a a strongly-fortified town in Servia, on the Nissawa, noted lor its warm batlis. Pop. 4000. No'vi-Bazar', or leni-Bazar, a town in Servia, near the Ortsco. Pop. 8000. OLYM'PUS,acelebrated moun- tain in the N. of Thessaly, 0500 feet hipji. During a great part of the year its summit is covered with snow. The ancient Greeks fancied it to 8up(>ort the heavens, and to be the residence of the gods. Oss'a, a mountain in Thessaly, to the S. E. of Olympus, from which it is separated by the Vale of Tcmiie. PAX'O, a small island. It is one of the seven islands of the Io- nian republic. P. 5000.— 39, 12 N. i'O^IoE. I'ellon, a celebrated mountaia in Thetisaly, S. of Ossa, Pharsa'lia, a town in Thessaly, foxnovu lor th(; iMttle l'ouj{bt iu its TUKKEV IN EOHOPB. 141 I mouniaiii npiphbourhootl lietwocn Cwsar and I'oinpey, n. c. IS. Pop. 5000. Philip'pi, a town in Macedonia. The adjacent plains are famous in ancient history as the scene of a battle between Cassius and Brutus on the one sidCt and Augustus and Antony on the other, ii.c. 42. Philippop'oli, a large town \n Thrace, founded by Philip, the lather of Alexander the Great. P. 30,(100.— 42, 3 N. 21, -W E. Pin'dus, a chain of mountains separating Thcssaly from Albania, and rising, in some pluces, to the height of «500 feet. Ptcvfc'sa, a seaport in Albania, at the entrance of the Gulf of Arta. Pop. 8000.— 38, 58 N. 27, 41 E. Pruth, a river which rises m Hungary, and, forming the bound, ary between Moldavia and Russia, falls into the Danube below Galatz. RHODES, a large island near the Asiatic coast, at the entrance of the Archipelago. In ancient times, it was celebrated as a power- ful naval and commercial state ; and m modern history is famous for its obstinate though unsucccss- tid resistance to the Sultan Soly- 5nan the Great. A. o. l.V.^2. Pop. 50,000.— ."(), 12 N. iiH, E. Kodos'to, a flourishing commer- cial town, on the Sea of Marmora. I'Oi). 40,000. Houme'lia, an extensive portion of European Turkey, comprising Thrace, Macedonia, and Thessaly. Ruts'chuk, a flourishing town in Bulgaria, on the Danube. It is a place of considerable trade and cotnmerce. Pop. 30,000. SALAM'BRIA, the ancient Pe. lit'iix, a river in Tlies»aly, issuing iron) Mount Pindu?, and flowing through the beautiful Vale ot Temne to the (Julf of Siilonu-i. Salon'ica, the ancient Tficssalo- nica, an important commercial city of Macedonia, at the N.E. ex- tremity of the gulf that bears its name. It is strongly fortitied, and beautifully situate on the acclivity of a hill. Pup. 70,000.-40, 3S^. 2-2, 57 E. Salon'ica, Gulf of, a spacious bay in the S. of Macedonia. ^ Sa'inos, au island in the ArCui- pelago, separated from the coast of Mi'A by a narrow stjrait. It still retains its ancient celebrity for beautv, firtility, and the excel- lence of its fruits. Pop. 50,000.— 57, 40 N. 26, 48 E. San'ta Mau'ra, the Leucadia of the ancients, one of the Ionian Isl- ands, on the VV. coast of Greece, from which it is separated by a narrow channel. Its surface is mountainous and rugged; but its climate is mild, and it produces fine fruits in abundance. Popula- tion 20,000.-38, 38 N. 20, 40 E. Sa'ros, Gulf of, in the N.E. of the Archipelago. Save, a river which rises in Aus- trian lllyria, separates Sclavonia from Turkey, and joins the Dan- ube near Belgrade. Scarpan'to, the ancient Car'pa- thus, an island in the Meuiterra- nean, between Candiaand Rhode?. Sfhum'la, a very strong town in Bulgaria, on the great road leading from Constantinople to '"' lUachia. The Russians have repeatedly be- sieged it without success. It car- ries on a considerable trade in silk and hardware. Pop. 50,000.-43, 12 N. 20, 55 E. Sci'o, the ancient Chios, an isl- and in the Archipelago, near the Asiatic coast. Though rugged and mountainous, the industry of the inhabitants, who were all Greeks, had rendered it very flou- rishing ; imt iiaving embraced the independent cause in 1822, it was overpowered by the Turks, who committed such dreadful ravages as rendered it almost a desert.— 38, "11 N. i'ti, c E. Scuta'ri, a fortified town, the capital of Upper Albania, in a rich plain, at the S. extremity of the Lake of Scutari. Pop. 20,000. —42, 3 N. 19, 33 E. Semen'dria, a fortified town in vServia, elago, the Dardanelles, and the Sea of Marmora, and E. by the Straits of Constantinople and the Black Sea. Traw'nik, a fortified town in Bosnia. Pop. 8000. Trica'la, a town in Thessaly, near the Salambria. Pop. 12,000. VAU'DAR, the Jxius of anti- quity, rises near the northern fron- tier of Macedonia, and flows into the Gulf of Salonica. Var'na, the ancient Odesnu, a strong seaport of Bulgaria, on a bay of the Black Sea, with consU derable trade. Pop. 16,000.-43. 14 N. 27, .W E. Vo'lo, Gulf of, with a small town, on the coast of Thessaiy. WALLA'CHIA, an extensive province, separated by the Carpa- thian mountains from Transylva- nia and Moldavia, and by the Da- nube from Bulgaria. Wid'din, or Vid'in, a fortified city in Bulgaria, situate on the Danube, the residence of a Turk- ish pasha and of a Greek archbi- shop. P. 20,000.-43, 57 N. 22,5-)E. ZAN'TE, the ancient Zacffti- thus, one ot the Ionian Islands, on tl>e S. of Cephalonia, famed for its beauty and fertility. Its currants have long been well known in the markets of England and Holland. Pop. 50,000. Zan'te, the capital of the above island, beautifully situate on its eastern shore. Pop. 35,000.-37, 47 N. 20, 46 E. Zwor'nik, a town in Bosnia, on the Drlno. Pop. 14,000. GREECE Is bounded N. by Turkey ; W. and S. by the Mediterra- nean ; and £. by the Archipelago. It contains 15^000 square miles. Population 810,000. Divisions. Chief Towns. Livadia or Continental Greece ATIIE^^s, Thebes, Livadia, Salona, .Lepanto, Missolonj^hi. The Morea Tripolitza, Navarino, Corinth, Ar^os, INiaupIiajNapolidi Malvasia.Modon, Coron, i'atras. The Islands Each island has a town of its own name. Islands. — Negropont, Skyro, Ipsara, Egina, Salamis, ORBEC£. 143 Poros, Hydra, Spezzia ; the Cyclades, the principal of which are Andro, Tino, Myconi, Zea, Syra, Naxia, Paros, Milo, Santorini, Nio. Gulfs. — Lepanto, Egina, Nauplia or Najioli, Colo- kythia, Coron. Capes. — Clarenza, Gallo, Matapan, , Malea or St Angelo, Skylo, Colonna. MouNTAins. — Parnassus, Helicon, Taygetus or the Mountains of Maina. REMARKS. Greece lies between 36" 2S' and 39** N. lat., and between 21° 10' and 24*' E. long. Its length from Cape Matapan to the northern boundary is 170 miles; its breadth from Cape Clarenza to the coast near Marathon 150 miles. The territory of Greece, though of comparatively small extent, is replete with int3rest, and capable of high im- provement. It consists chiefly of a succession of valleys, bounded by mountains of moderate elevation, presenting the most picturesque aspects, and generally well adapted either for agriculture or pasturage. The traveller is particularly struck with the magnificent monuments, in the purest style of architecture, which adorn the principal cities, erected when Greece was in her greatest glory. An extensive range of coast, indented by numerous bays, and the variety of the islands, while they diversify the scenery, eminently fit the country for commerce, which had begun to be carried on with much activity previous to the late contest. The Greeks, professing a form of Christianity, had, ever since the establishment of the Ottoman ascendency, been held under the most grievous oppression. Degenerated from the lofty and gallant spirit of former times, they en- dured for centuries this tyranny with tame submission. At length they caught a portion of that intelligence and spirit of liberty which had been spreading through Western Eu- rope, and were fired with an emulation of the heroic deeds and free condition of their ancestors. They took arms to rescue themselves from Turkish domination ; but the con- test was arduous and long doubtful. Notwithstanding very gallant achievements, they were reduced to a state of ex- treme exhaustion, when the armed interposition of Russia, Britain, and France, in pursuance of a treaty concluded at London, extorted from the Porte an agreement by which the independence of Greece was secured. It was stipulated that the country should be governed by a constitutional mo« ]44 OR RECK. narchy; but the Greeks, agitated by violent dissensions, did not for some time fix on the sovereign who was to rule them. The crown was offered to Prince Leopold, now King of Belgium, but was refused by him, and has now been settled on Prince Otho of Bavaria. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Greece ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the number of its inhabitants ? Name the divisions. What are thechicf towns of Continental Greece? Of the Morea ? What are the principal islands ? Where is the Gulf of Lepanto? Of Egina ? Cape Ma- tapan, Mounts Parnassus and Taygetus, Athens, Thebes, Tripolitza, Hydra, Navarino, Salamis, Nauplia, Paros, &c. ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is it situate ? What are its length and breadth ? Of what does the territory of Greece consist ? For what is it adapted ? What strikes the traveller with admiration ? What peculiarly fits Greece, for commerce ? , , .. 7, 14 N. 21, 41 E. Archipel'ago. See Tluklv in Europe, p. 1.39. Ar'gos, a town in the Morea, si- tuate on the Gulf of Nauplia. Po- ; prlation COOO. As'propol'amo, the ancient Acfit- intis, a rivt-r rising in Mount Pindus, on the borders of Thes- 8aly, and fulling into the Gulf of Lepanto. i Ath'ens, anciently the capital of I Attica, and now ot the modern | kingdom of Greece, distinguished \ by the interesting remains of its ' ancient grandeur. It was the most renowned city in antiquity, for the genius of its inhabitants, and their eminence in literature, philosophy, oratory, poetry, and the tine arts. Pop. l'2,0tK).— .37, .08 N. 2X 44 E. CAS'TllI, the ancient Delphi, a sjtiall town in Livadia, situate on the S. side of Mount Parnassus. Claren'za, Cape, a promontory on the N. W. of the Morea.— 37, 58 N. I'l, 10 E. Coloky'thia, Gulf of, anciently called the Gulf of Laconia, in the S. of the Morea. Colon'iia, Cape, the ancient Siniium, a promontory on the S. E. of Livadia.— .")7, ''/J N. 'J4, o E. C'or'inth, once one of the most distinguished cities of ancient Greece, now little more thim a village, situate near the Isthmus of Corinth. Population 2000. C'.)'ron, Gulf of, anciently called the Gulf of Mcsscnia, in the S. W. of the Morea. Co'ron. a fortified senport in the Morea, on the W, side of tiie above gulf. P. 5000.-3(). 47 N. L'l, HH E. Cy'clades, a circular group ot celebrated islands in the Arcliipe- GREECE. 141 bf^rt, nl»ont ftn in numbpr, i)roseni- iitg rich and varied socnerv. EGI'NA, Gulf of, thesarnnic Gulf of the ancients, in the N. E. of the Morea. Egi'na, an island in the gulf to which it gives name. Pop. 5500. Kuro'tas, or Ii'i, a river of the Morea, which flows into the Gulf orcolokvthia. GALI/0, Cape, the S. W. extre- mity of the Morea.--3G, 40 N. 21, 48 E. Gastou'ni, a town in the Moroa, near the site of the ancient Elis. PoDulation oi^OO. HEL'ICON, called also Zago'ra, a mountain in Livadia, N. from flie Gulf of Lepanto, celebrated in ancient mythology as a favour, itehauntof the Muses. Hy'dra, a small rocky island otf tlje eastern coast of the Morea, which has become the centre of the marine and commerce of mo- dorr. Greece. Its inhabitants took a distinguished part in the deli- verance of Greece, and perlbrmed many great actions. Top. i.'0,000. —.-7, 20 N. "JS, 30 E. IPSA'RA, a small island in the Archipelago, interesting for the noble struggle of the Ipsariots in the cause of independence. Pop. 2400.— 38, rH N. 25, 37 E. LEPAN'TO, the ancient JVate- pactus, a small sea|Mjrt in iJvadia, at the entrance of the Gulf of Le- p;into. p. 2000.— 58, 'ioN. 21,50 E. Lcpan'to, Gulf of, anciently the Gulf of Corinth, an arm of the Ii.nian Seis, above 70 miles in length. It separates lavadia from tlie Morea. Liva'dia, .tr Continental Greece, an extensive province, containing tlie most interesting districtsof an- cient Greece : it comprehends the ancient Acamania, JEtolia,Doris, Locrix, Phocis, Bcnotia, Mcgaris, and Attica. It extends about 180 miles in length and 40 in breadtl), and alxjunds in interesting re- mains of antiquity. Pop. 20fi,000. Liva'dia, tiie ancient Lcbadea, a city of continental Greece, which carries on a considerable trade. Population 10,000. .TJ Al ;■! .-k, a iij^iii'" '— "• — trict in the S. part of the Morea. The Mainiotes are a brave and hardy people. ' Ma'len, or St An'gelo, Ca|)e, the S.E. extremity of the Morea.— 3(;, 26 N. 23, 15 E. Matapan', Cape, the most south- ern point of the Morea, and, ex- cept Tarifa in Spain, of the conti- nent of Europe. This was the Tanarium Promontorium of the ancients.— 3(j, 23 N. vy.yi) E- Mi'lo, the ancient Melos, a small island in the Archipelago. Its soil is volcanic and extremely fertile. Population 7000. Missolon'ghi, a fortified town in I/ivadia, on the W. of Lepanto. Here Lord Hyron died, lUth April 1824, while promoting, with generous enthusiasm, the cause of (Grecian liberty.— 38, 22 N. 21, 2fi E. Mii'tra, a town in the Morea, near the site of ancient Sparta, beautifully situate at the toot of Mount Taygetus. Pop. 1. 500. Mo'don, the ancient Metho'ne, a seaport in tiie S. W. of the Morea, situate at the foot of a mountain, on a small point of land projecting into the sea.— 36, 48 N. 21 . 42 E. More'a, the ancient Pelopon- nesus, a peninsula connected with continental Greece by the Isth- mus of Corinth. In ancient times. It was divided into six districts, Achaia, EUs^ Messenia, Laconia, Ar(jolis, and Arcadia. Its length is al)Out 140 miles, and its breadth 120 ; its extent 8000 square miles. It is not surpassed in beauty of scenery and in classical interest; i.or does it yield in climate and fertility to the most favoured re- gions of Europe. Pop. 429,000. Myco'ni, an island in the .Ar- chipelago, one of the Cyclades. Po- pulation 4000. NAP'OLI DI MALV.VSIA, a seaport in the S. E. of the Morea, near the site of ancient Epidau- rus. Pop. (iOOO.— 3fi, 47 N. 23, 3 E. Nau'plia, or Nap'oli, Gulf of, the Argolic (Julf of the ancients, on the E. of the Morea. Nau'plia, or Nap'oli di Roman'ia, a fortified seaport near the head of theCiulfofNauplia. Pop. 12,000. —37- lib N. 22, 47 E. Navari'no, a seaport in the S. W= of the Morea, N. of Modon, with a fine harbour. Here, on the 20th of October 1827, the Turk- ish ami Egyptian fleets were de- 146 GREECE. 5$troyei1 by tlie united squadrons of Great Britain, France, and Russia. — 36,54 N. 21,41 E. Nax'ia, an istand in the Archi- pelago, E. of Pares, the largest and most fertile of theCyclades. Popu- lation 10,800. Ne'gronont, or Eg'ripo, the an- cient JSi^a, an island stretching along the E. coast of Livadia, from which it is separated by the nar- row channel called Euri'pia, re- markable for the irregularity of its tides. It is about 100 miles long and 10 broad, and is connect- ed with Livadia by a bridge across the channel. Pop. .'iO.OOO. Nc'grojKjnt, or Ey'ripo, a forti. fied seaport, the capital of the isl- and, on the Euripus. P. 1G,000. —38, 30 N. '23, 44 E. Ni'o, Island of, the ancient lot, one of the Cycladrs .in which it is said Homer died. I'op. 2100. PARNAS'SUS, a celebrated mountain of Livadia, and the high- est in Greece, being 575) feet. Ac- cording to the ancients, it was the seat of Apollo and the Muse::. Near C&stri, on its S. acclivity, still Hows the Castaliau spring. Pa'ros, an island in the Archipe- lago, nearly in the centre of the Cyclades, famed for its quarries of beautiful white marble. Popula- tion 3000. Pa'trasi, a seaport in the N. W. of the Morea, beautifully situate on an eminence near the entrance to theGulfof Lepanto. P. 8000. —38, 14 N. 21, 44 E. Pf/MS, the ancient CalaurUi, an island in the Gulf of Eginu, sepa- rated from the Morea by a narrow channel. Pop. 4400. ROU'FIA, the ancient Alpheut, a river of the Morea, whicU falls into the Mediterranean Sea. SAI/AMIS, or Coulouri, an isl. and in the Gulf of Egina, where the ancient Greeks gained a me. morable naval victory over the Persians, c. c. 480. Pop. 1100.— 37, 57 N. 23, 28 E. Salo'na, the ancient Amphitia, a town in Livadia, near jMount Parnassus. It is a place of consi- derable trade. Pop. 5000. Santori'ni, theancient Thera, an island in the Archij)elago, of vol. canic origin. Pop. 10,000. Sky'lo, Cape, a promontory in the E. of the Morea.-^7, 28 N. 23, 32 E. bky^ro, a rugged and barren isl- and in the Archipelago, £. of Nc- gropont. Pop. 1600. Spez'zia, an island in the Archi- pelago, at the entrance of the Gulf of Nauplia, which highly distin- guished itself in the war of inde- pendence. Pop. 18,000. Sy'ra, an island in the Archipe- lago, one of the Cyclades, is now a place of commercial importance, Pop. 30,000.-37, 30 N. 24, 55 E. TALAN'TA, a town in Liva- dia, near the channel of the same name, which separates the island of Negropont from the continent. Population 5000. Tay'getus, a mountain in the Morea, with several summitSy W. from the Eurotas. Thebes, a town in Livadia, on the site of the famous ancient city of that name. Pop. 3000. Ti'no, an island m the Archipe- lago,one of thffCyclades. P. 22,000. 'i'ripolit'za, a town in the centre of the Morea, in a narrow vale at the foot of Mount Msnalus. Pop. 2000.— 37, 30 N. 22, 22 E. ZE'A, the ancient Ceot, one of the Cyclades, near Cape Colonna. Population 3000. RUSSIA IN EUROPE Is bounded N. by the Northern Ocean ; W. by Swe- den, the Baltic, Prussia, and Austria ; S. by Turkey, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azoph ; and E. by Asi- atic Russia, from which it is separated by t^ e Ural Mountains and the rivers Volga and Don. It contains • The Russian Empire is the most extensive in the works, ocicupying a large portion of i^urope aud all theuoithexu iH^ct of Asia. A^.itret(;hes RUSSIA IN EUROPE, 147 Divisions. — Russia in Europe consists of forty- seven governments, or provinceb, of which the five marked* are partly in Asia. Provinces Cliicf Towns. In the north,.... Finland HelRirgfo;s, Abo, Vi- borg. Olonetz Petrozavodsk, Olonctz. Archangel Archangel. Vologda Vologda. In the N.W.... Novgorod Novgorod. Petersburg orlngria. St Petersburg, Cron- stadt. Revel or Esthonia. . . Revel. Riga or Livonia Riga. Pskov Pskov. Vitebsk Vitebsk. Courland Mittau. Wilna Wilna. In the we8t,....Moghilev Moghilev. Minsk Minsk. Grodno Grodno. Volhynia Zytomir. Kingdom of Poland. Warsaw. In the centre,. ..Kostroma Kostroma. Jaroslav Jaroslav. Tver Tver. Smolensk Smolensk. Moscow IM oscow, Borodino. Vladimir. Vladimir. " Niznci-Novgorod....Niznei-Novgorod. Tambov Tambov. Riazan Riazan. Tula Tula. Kaluga Kaluga. Orel Orel. 'Tchernigo V Tchernigov. Kursk Kursk. Voronetz Voronetz. from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, from 18- to 190* E. l""git"d«?. -a space of more than .WOO miles.-and comprehends 7,800,000 square miler It embraces nearly one-half of Europe and ""^-third of Asia, and forms more than one-seventh of the habitable globe. Its European territory is peopled by 52 millions of inhabitants ; six or eight millions more are found in its Asiatic dominions ; and even America contains several thousand Russian subjects. The total number ot its population i^ aimvo «n mUiiniK. Of this five-sixths are Sclavonians. It is caicu- iited that the Russian soil is capable of supplying food for 150 millions of inhabitants, and that its general population increases annually about half a million. " Magnificent as this picture is," remarks Count Segur, •' it represents no more than the exact truth." 148 RUSSIA IN KUllOPE. Provinces. Chief Towns, In the cast, • Perm Perm. Viatka Viatka. • Kazan Kazan. • Simbirsk Simbirsk. Penza Penza. •Saratov Saratov. In the south,...Charkov or the Ukraine Charkov. Pohava Poliava. Kiev Kiev. Podoiia Kaminiec. liessarabia and part f Kichenev, Bender, Is- of 31oldavia. t mail, Akerman. Cherson Cherson, Odessa, Ekaterinoslav Ekaterinoslav, Taganrog. Taurida, including the Crimea Sympheropol. •Country of the Don Cossacks Tscherkask. Islands Aland, Dago, Oesel, in the Baltic. In the Arctic Ocean, Kalguev, Waigatz, Nova Zembla, Spitzbergen. Gulps and Bays. — Gulfs of Finland, Riga, Kun- dalux, Waranger, Archangel Bay, Onega Bay. Mountains. — Ural Mountains, Valdai Hills. Lakes. — Ladoga, Onega, Peipus, limen, Enara. KivERS. — Dniester, Bog, Dnieper, Don, Volga, Oka, Kama, Dwina, Neva, Northern Dwina, Petchora. REMARKS. European Russia extends from 44° to 70° N. Int., and from 18° to 60° E. long. Its length from tlie southern ex- trcmily of the Crimea to the Arctic Ocean is 1700 miles; and its breadth, on the parallel of 56° ^ is 1500 miles. Of this extensive empire, Finland was acquired from Sweden in 1809 ; Bessarabia and part of Moldavia from Turkey in 1812. The country to the west of the rivers Dwina and Dnieper, including Courland, Wilna, Grodno, Minsk, Mo^- hik'v, Volhynia, Kiev, and Podoiia, formerly belonged to Poland. The Duchy of Warfaw was acquired by the tre;ity of Vienna in 1814, and erected into a new kingdom of Po- land, with some important privileges ; but it has been do- prived of most of these in consequence of the recent attempt to assert its independence. European Russia is almost throughout its vast extent a llLfSSIA IN EUROPE. 140 St extent a level country. On is eastern frontier, indeed, the vast chain of 'he Ural Mountains stretches nearly from the Nortlu em Ocean to the Caspian; rising in some places to the height of 8000 feet. In Lapland and in the Crimea there arc mountains of considerable magnitude ; and the Valdai Hills form an extensive tableland to the east and south of Peters- burg. From them the principal rivers of Russia take their rise ; and so flat is the country through which they flow, that their course is extremely tranquil. The distinguishing fea- ture in the natural aspect of Uussia is its steppes^ which are vast plains formed chiefly of sand and destitute of wood, ex- cept here and there a stunted birch. The climate of Russia is much colder than that of other European countries in the same parallel of latitude ; and the farther we proceed eastward, we find it still the colder. For ihis peculiarity in the Russian climate, various causes have been assigned,— its distance from the ocean, — the vast tract of land traversed by the north and easterly winds,— and the dreary uncultivated surface of the country, a great proportion of which is occupied with forests, lakes, and marshes. The summer-heat in Russia, however, is in ge. neral greater than in other countries under the same parallels of latitude. Barley, oats, and rye are the principal grains of the northern provinces ; in the middle and southern departments wheat is raised in great abundance. The meadows on the Volga, the Don, and some of the other rivers, are luxuri- ant in natural grasses. Hemp and flax are cultivated on the strong soils ; tobacco and maize in the south, chiefly in the Crimea. The fruits vary with the difference of latitude and climate. Apples, plums, and cherries are common in the central provinces ; peaches and melons in the southern ; and in Taurida and the Crimea, vines, figs, almonds, and pomegranates. In the centre of Russia are extensive fo- rests ; pine, fir, and birch, abound in the northern regions. The domestic animals common in other parts of Europe are found in Russia ; and such is the extent of its territory, that the camel and the rein-deer, animals of opposite cli- mates, are both domesticated within its limits. Among the wild animals may be enumerated the bear, the wolf, the lynx, the chamois, the antelope, the elk, the beaver, the ermine, the marten, the musk-deer, and the musk-rat. Tl«o mru>«- {jvtonV^hat is the state of the resources of this ernoire ? What is the amount of its revenue and debt ? What is the numerical amount of its army ? What are the charac- teristic qualities of Russian soldiers ? In what state is education in Russia ? What was the plan prescribed for its improvement by the imperial ukase of ia02 ? What are the prevalent defects in the national character ^ In what style do the nobility live ? For what social virtue arc the Russians remarkable ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE, A'BO.a feaport in Finland, si- AB'oph.or Az'of, Sea of. the Pn- tuateon the promontory formed by lus Ma:otis oi the ancit'nts, which the OuUs ot Buthnia and Finland, communicates with the Black '^oi It carries on a considerable trade, and is the seat of a univeiKity. Population II.UOO.— (30° •iV N. lat. 22"> \r E. long. Ak'ennan,'a strongly fortified «eaF«)rt of Bes^^a^abia, on the Black Sea, near the nioutl) of the Dnies- ter. P. 13,000.-4(5, J2 N. 50, 24 E. A'land, the chief of a group of islands at the entrance of tlie Gulf of Bothnia, 40 miles long an0, it was stormed by tiie Russians under Suwarrow. population 1M,()0(). JAROSLAV (Varoslav'), a ^'0- vernmcnt on the Volga, surround. ed by Vologda, Kostiouia, Vladi- mir, Tver, ana Novgorod, It contains 1 1,300 square miles a»id 1, 038,000 inhabitant}*. Jaroslav', the capital of the above government, situate on the Volt^a, is the see of an archbishop, the seat of an academy and theolo^'ical col- lege. It has extensive manuf.ic- tures of silk, Inien, and Russian leather. Poj), i' i ,ooo. KALCjUEv, a dreary island in the Northern Ocean, inhabited by only a few scattered families. Kal'isch, a town in Poland, on the Prosna, with considerable im. nufactures. Pop. 15,000. .- 'SfJ"'''^'*' ^ government bounded by Moscow, Smolensk, Orel, and Tula. It is a fertile district, con. taining iron mines and import- ant manufactures. Extent 12,500 square m i les. Pop. 1 , 1 75,000. Kalu'ga, the capital of the above government, situate on the Oka, has large manufactures, po- pulation 2(5,000. Ka'uia, a large river which rises ni Viatka, traverses Perm from N. to S. and joins the Volga 24 miles belr)w Kazan. Kamii/itc, :he capital of tho government of Podolia, to the N of the Dniester. Pop. 13,000. Katj'dalax, Gulf of, a part of the AVhite Sea, stretching into Rus- sian Lapland. Kaz'an, a government to the S of Viatka, the inhabitants of which are chiefly of Tartar origin. Ex- tent 5^5,500 square miles. Popula- tion 1,0<>8,()00. * Kaz'an, the capital of the above government, situate on the Kazim- ka, near its junction with the Volga. It is tUe see of an arch- bishop, and the s^eat of a universi. ty. Kazan has an extensive trade. Pop. 50,000. Klchinev, the chief town in the proyuice of Bessarabia. P. 20,000. Kiev (Kioo'),a government on the Dnieper. Its soil is fertile- but great part of it is in piisturc! Extent l!t,8j0 square miles. Poo 1,47^,000. '■ Kiev (Kioo'), the principal town of the above province, the seat of a university, and once the capital of l{u>sia, situate on the right bank ol the Dnieper. In a monastery here, are subterraneous vaults, iii which are kept a number uf dead bodies in an uiulecayed state, be- lieved by the Russians to be the relicts of saints and martyrs. Pop .38.000.-50, 27 N. .^0, 27 E. * Kostro'ma, a government sur- rounded by Vologda, Viatka, Ki>;. nei-Movgorod, Vladimir, and Ja. rfjsluv. Extent ,52,000 squiire miles. Population l,ibC),(m. Kostro'ina. the rauital of tho above province, situate on the Vol- ga, near its junction with the Kos- troma. I'op. 12,000. RUSSIA IN EUHOPa. 155 Kursk, a government bounded by those of Orel, Voronetz, the Ukraine, and Tchernigov. It contains I6,6.i0 square miles and J,649,000 inhabitants. Kursk, the capital of the above povernnient, situate near the Seiin, is one of thy most ancient towns in the empire, ropulation L'j.UOO. I.VDOGA, LAKE, surrounded by tlio governments of Petersburg and Olonetz, is the largest lake in Europe, being 151) miles long and 75 broad. It is connected by canals with Lake Ilmen and the Volga; and thus forms a line of communi- cation between the Baltic and the Caspian. Libau', a seaport in Courlimd, on the Baltic. Population 700U. — )G, 31 N. 20, 51 E. Livo'nia, or Ki'gii, a maritime government, having Esthonia on tlie N. }ind Courland on the S. It exports a considerable quantity of corn. Extent 17,450 square miles. Poi)ulation 751,000. Lub'lin, a town in Poland. Po- pulation 12,000. iillNSK, a government extend- ing from the Dwina on the \. to Volhynia on the S. It is a level and fertile district, containing •10,000 square miles and a popula- tion of l.KiO.OOO. Minsk, the capital of the above governraent, on the Berezina. Po- imlatum 15,000. Alitt'au, the capitil of the go- vernment of Courland, near the Gulf of Riga. Po;). li.OOO. Mo'fiAilev, a government to the E. of Minsk. It abounds in fo- rests and marshes, hut the rest ot the soil is fertile. Extent lU.OUO square mik-s. Pop. ilk"), 000. M(/f;/tilev, the capital of the above Kovernment, situ;ite on the Dnieper, has an extensive trade. Here are both a Greek and a La- tin .uchbisho]). Pop. 21,000 — .W. .') I N. 30, 24/E. Mokla'via, an extensive pro- vince in the N. K. of Turkey; the put N. of the Pruth was ceded to ilussia ill 1812. The population of tlii< part is 300,000. \!os'co«^ a centra! governjnt'nt, which is among the least extensive and the most populous proviivies jn the empire. Its trade and ma- nufactures are very considerable. It contains 12,200 square miles and 1,3.38,000 inhabitants. Mos'cou;, the capital of the above government, and long the seat of the court, on the banks of the Moskva. Almost the wholeof this splendid city was reduced to ashes by a voluntary act of its inhabi- tants, when it was occupied by Bo- naparte and his invading army in Scpteinberl812. It has been since re- built, and in some parts with addi- tional splendour. Themost remark- able part of the city is the Kremlin, which contains the ancient palace of the Czars. Pop. 400,000.-55, 45 N. 37, 33 E. NE'VA, a river which issues from Lake Ladoga, and after a course of 35 miles, empties itself by three mouths into the Gulf of Finland, below St Petersburg. Nicolaicv', a seaport of Cherson, on the Ilocc, the .seat of a naval ar- senal for the Black Sea. P. 6000. Niz'nei-Nov'gorod, a large cen- tral government, E. of Vladimir, containing 18,100 square miles, with l,5so,000 inhabitants. Niz'nei-Nov'gorod, the capit.il of the above province, at the con- fluence of the Oka and the Volga. From its favourable situation, it is a pliice of great internal trade, and is noted for its fair, one of the greatest in Europe. Pop. 14,000. No'va Zem'bla, a large island in the Arctic Ocean, .separated from the mainland by VVaigatz Straits. Its lengtn is computed at 540 miles and its brcuith at 240; — extend- ing from 08" to 74'=' N. lat. It is almo-^t unmhabitiihle from cold; but the S. and W. coasts are visited by fishermen and hunters. N()v'f,'oroU, a government to the E. of Petersburg. Fixtent 48,35') square miles. Pop. yi(),(lOO. Nov'g( rod, the capital of the above province, situate in a beau- tiful jilain at the N. extremity of Lake Ihneii, oncc^ the most flour- ishing city in t!ie N. of Europe. Population bOOO. ODivVS \, a flourishing seaport in the government of Cherson, on the Black Sea, between the ri- vers Dniester a!w.i Boiji It was founded by Catherine II. and ts a free nort. A vast quantity of gram, be? ides utljcr articles, i9 exported J 56 nUSSIA IN EUROPE. £?"li**r. ^^1'- 5.5,000.-46,29 N. ♦K^^'"*^'? ®" *«'«"d at the mouth of the GuU of Riga. Pop. 34,256. U Ka, a river which rises in the JTOvernraent of Orel, and, after rc- eeiynig the Moskva, falls into the Volga at Niziiei- Novgorod. Oronetz, a government south «f Archangel, containing HO.SOO **'!^?,/*^ miles. Poinilation ofiO.WK). Ol onetz, a town in the above government, near Lake Ladoga, Remarkable as tlie place where ieter the Great erecteti his first tlock-yard. Pop. 1000. One'ga, a lake in Olonetz 1.10 wiles long and from 70 to 80 broad. It is connected by the river Swir with Lake Ladoga'. One'ga, a river which rises in the ». L of Olonetz, and flows north- ward into the Bay of Onega. O'rel, a government in the inte- rior, S. of Tula and Kaluga. It is one of tlie best corn-countries in Kussia. Extent n.-'iUO square niles. Pop. 1,3(M),000. O'rel, the capital of the above go- vcrnment, an the Oka, with consi- wiorabl..> trade. Pop. 50,000. PEPPUS.LAKE, is surrounded by the -ovrnments of Petersburg, Livor.sw, Esthonia, and Pskov. It is 50 sviles lung and ,3.'> broad, and rommuij'.i;!, -s with the Gulf of Einlitid by ilie river Narva. fen *a, a government in the E., having Niznci-Novgorod on the N. and Saratov on the S. It contains l.),(m square jnilos. P. 1 ,0.>5,000. Pen'za, the capital of the above government, situate at the conflu- ence of the Penz t and the Sura. Population 18,000. Per'ccop, a strong town in tho Jaiirida, on the isthmus connect- in;? the Crimea with thecontinent. Perm, a government containing 1 24,000 square miles and 1,270,001) inhabitants. i'erni, the capital of the above government, on the Kama; with a trade in the mineral produce of the Urals. J'opulation 10,0(K*, Pernau', a seaport on the liulf of niffa. P. 4(K)0.~aa, 2i' N. 21, 32 l!, i'etcho'ra. a large river which rises in the Ural Mountains, flows inents ot Vologda and Archangel and falls into the Northern Ocean. I e'torsburg, or In'grin, a govern, ment at the eastern extremity of the Gulf of Finland, containing 18,640 square miles. P. 845,000. Pe'teusburo, or St Petersburg, the capital of the above govern, ment and the metropolis of the Russian empire, is situate at the confluence of the Neva with the Gulf of Finland. It was founded by Peter the Great in 1703; and Cathe- rinc 1 1, made it the i)ermanent resi. dence of the court. It is now one of the finest cities in Europe ; with a most extensive foreign trade. It is divided into two parts by the Neva. Pop. 468,625— 59, 56 N. .30, 18 E. Petrozavodsk', the capital of the government of Olonetz, on the W. coast of Lake Onega ; with great ironworks. Population 5000. Podo'lia, a government in Russian Poland, containinu' 16,650 square miles and 1,462,000 inhabitants. Pol'and, a large country of Eu- rope, between Russia and Ger- many, long an inde{>ende!it king, dom ; but in 1772 the three powers Russia, Austria, and Prussia, par- titioned part of her territory, and in 1793 they complcte00 square rnileg and 1,878,000 inhabitants. Polta'va.or Pultow'a, the capital of the above government, was the scene of n gre it l)attle in 1700. in wnich t harics Al I. of Sweden was totally defeatetl. Population 8(«)0. Pskov, or Ples'kov, a government IIUSSIA IN EUROPE. 157 in tlie N.W., lietween Livonia and Smolensko. Extent 1G,85U square miles. Pop. 865,0U0. Pskov, or Ples'kov, the capital of the above government, situate at the confluejice of the Velikaja and Pskov. Pop. 9000. IIEV'EL, government of. Sec Esthonia, p. 154. Rev'el, the capital of the above government, on a bay of the Gulf of Finland. It isa placeof consider- abletradc.hasan excellent harbour, and is very strongly fortified. Pop. 12,000.-59, 2fi N. 24, 46 E. Riaz'an, a central government east of Moscow, containing 15,000 square miles. Pop. 1,309,000. Riaz'an, the capital ot the above government, situate on the Oka, the see of a Greek archbishop, and remarkable lor the great number of its churches. Pop. 19,000. Ri'ga, goverimient of. See Li. vonia, p, 155. Ri'ga, the capital of the above government, situate on the Dwina, !) miles from the sea. It has a ca- pacious and well-detended harbour, and, in commercial importance, is next to Petersburg and Odessa. Pop. 50,000.— 5(i, 57 N. i'4', 6 E. Ri'ga, (Julf of, an arm of the Baltic, between the provinces of Courland and Fliga. SAH'.\T()V, a government in the S.E. Great part of it is so im- pregnated with salt as to be unlit for vegetation, and it contains a numberof salt lakes. Extent7y,500 square miles. Pop. 1 ..TM ,000. JSar'atov, the capital of the above government, situate on the Volga, has an active trade, chieflv with M oscow a n d A St racan . P. 35 , 000. Sim'birsk, u government on the borders of Asia, traversed by the Volga. It contains 29,.')()0 square miles a • a pojjulation of 1 . 1 19,000. Sim'L .k.theeapital of the above government, beautifully situate on the Volga. Poj). l."5,00o. Slobo.lsk'-U'kraine. bee Char- kov, J), 15'i. Smolensk', or Smolcn'isko, a cen- tral government VV. of Moscow, containing 2'i,.)00 square miles and 1,32^;,000 inh(d)itant8. I C!.„,.l„....i./ ^l._ ■._! .. .. I !--;rr.':^::rr. , ;;;;j :;.ipii::i ;,f ffj.- above government, situate on (in Dnieper. It i« an imritnf city, sur riiunded by itiaBSi'w walh. jkre the Russians, in 1812, made their first important stand against the French, by whom the town was then set on fire, and again on their disastrous retreat. Its trade and manufactures are considerable. P 11,000.— 54, 48 N. 31,52 E. Spit2ber'gen,or East Greenland, a group of desolate islands in the Arctic Ocean, extending from 77° to 81° N. lat. The surrounding sea abounds in whales. Swcaborg', a seaport and strong fortress in Finland, considered al- most impregnable. Pop. 3000. .Sym'pheropol, the capital of Taurida, and the chief town of the Crimea, situate on the Salgir. P 2000.-44, 58 N. 34, 3 E. TaG'ANROG, a seaport on th6 northern coast of theSeaof Azoph, a place of considerable commercial importance. Pop. (iOOO.— 47. 12 N. o8, .-9E. ' Tam'bov, a government W. of Pei)za and Saratov, containing '-'5,700 square miles, and a popula- tion of I,l2i',000. Tam'l)ov, the capital of the above government, the see of a Greek bishop; it has some manufactures and con.'^iderable trade. P. 16,000. Tau'rida, a government in the S comprehending the Crimea, the island of Taman, and a considerable tract N. and E. of the Crimea. Ex. t.'ut 52,050 square miles. Popula- tion 316,01)0. Tcher'kask, the capital of the Don Cosi~,00(). Volog'da, the capital of the above government, on the Vologda, is of considerable imix)rtance,having an active trade, and a number of ma- nufactures. Pop. 15,000. Volsk, a town in the government of Saratov, on the Volga, with large manufactures of arms. P. 11,000. Vo'ronetz, a government W. of the Don Cossacks, containinfr i'D.^OO square miles. P. 1,446,001). Vo'ronetz, the capital of the above government, at the conflu- ence of the Voronetzand the Don ; it carries on a flourishing trade with the Black Sea. Pop. 19,000. WAR'ANGER, Gulf of, a Bay of the Arctic Ocean, between Swe- dish and Russian Lapland. War saw, the capital of Poland, finely situate on the Vistula. It suffered dreadfully during the war of partition in 1782, as well as in the sieves of 1794 and 1831. There are some handsome public buiM- ingsandawell-endoweduniversitv. Pop. 130,000, of whom 30,000 are Jews._52, 15 N. 21 , 2 E. Wa'sa, a seaport of Finland, on the Gulf of IJuthnia. Pop. 3000. V/il'na, a government in the N. of Lithuania, containing !<{5,15u square miles. Po^). 1 ,3r>7,00(). \Vil''na, the capital of the abovo government, is fituate near the Wilna. It is the see of a Greek anil a Hcman Catholic bisliop, and the sea', of a university. Population 57.')00.— 54, 41 N. i;5, 17 E. Z YTO'M 1 R, or Jt'tomir, the ca- pital of the province of Volhynia, on the Teterev. U is the see of a Greek and a Roman Catholic t)i- shop, and a place of some traffic. P. 1 1,000.-^0, 10 N. 'JH, 45 E. PRUSSIA. 159 PRUSSIA Is bounded N. by Germany and the Baltic; E.by Russia and Poland ; S. by Austria and Saxony ; and W. by Germany, Holland, and Belgium. It contains 106,500 square miles. Population 14,156)000. Provinces. Chief Towna. East Prussia Konigsberjr, Pillau, Tilsit. Memel. West Prussia Dantzic, Elbing, Thorn, Culm. JPomerania Stettin, Stralsund, Colberg. Posen Posen. Silesia Breslau, Glogau, Gorlitz. Brandenburg ..Berlin, Fotsdam, Brandenburg, Franicfort on the Oder, Custrin. Prussian Saxony Magdeburg, Halberstadt, Halle, Erfurt. Westphalia Munstir, JMinUen, Padcrborn. Rhenish Prussia Cologne, Dusseldorl", Cleves, Bonn, Co- blentz, AixJa-Chapelle, Treves. Rivers.— Rhine, Ems, Elbe, Vistula, Oder, War- tha, Niemen or Memel, Pregel. Gulfs, &c.— Grass-haff, Frische-hafF, Curische-haff, Spirding-see. REMARKS. Prussia extends from 49° 8' to 55° 50' N. lat. and from 6** to 22° 50' E. long. Its greatest length is nbout 750 miles ; its breadth varies from 80 to 340 miles. It occupies the north of Poland and great part of the north of Ger- many; Westphalia and Rlienish Prussia are separated from the rest of the kingdom by Hanover and Hesse CasseL To its widely-scattered provinces no general description will apply ; but the greater part of the country presents a level surface. The rivers by which it is traversed are "low in their current, flowing from south to north, with a shght declination to the sea. ' The mountain-tracts are the Ries- engebirge in Silesia and the Hartz in Saxony, abonndmg m wood, probably the remains of the llercyninn Forest ; but these are on tile frontiers rather than in ll; Interior of the kingdom. , j • i In general, the soil is poor, 'm\x\g sandy and covered with heath. Silesia and Rhcr.ish Prussia .ire the most fertile and populous districts, in the western provinces the climate is warmer than that of England in similar latitudes,— in the . :^ :„ 1,1 The agricultural products are nearly the same as in Bri- tain } but cultivation is in a much more backward state. UiO PRUSSIA. Silesia ami Westphalia have long been noted for their linens, — the weaving of which is the chief employment of the lower orders in these provinces, and to a considerable extent likewise in Pomerania. Woollen stuffs are also ma. nufactured in every town and village; but cotton cloths and hardware are the only manufactures carried on in es- tablishments, — the woollens and linens being wrought by individuals in their cottages. Prussia is not rich in minerals: but in the mountainous district of the Hartz are found iron, copper, lead, vitriol ' alum, saltpetre, and small quantities of silver. Salt-springs abound in Prussian Saxony. Amber is found in considera. ble quantities in several parts of Prussia Proper,— particu- larly near I'illau, on a neck of land formed by the Frische. bafi*. In its rivers and canals Prussia enjoys great advantan-es for internal trade ; and in its seaports on the Baltic foreHrn commerce is carried on with considerable activity. The chief exports are corn, wool, timber, pitch, potash, linseed, flax, and linen,— the principal imports are the colonial pro', duce and the manufactures of Great Britain. Although injurious restrictions have hitherto fettered its conunerce, it may be regarded as a flourishing and improving country.' The form of government is that of an hereditary mo- narchy, and nearly absolute. Provincial states have roccntlv becn erected ; but their power is limited. The established religion is Calvinistic and Lutheran Protestantism ; but the professors of other creeds not only enjoy free toleration, but are admissible to all offices in the state. Since the time of Frederic the Great, much attention has been paid to military tactics and discipline; and the troops ot Prussia rank among the bravest and most efficient in Eu- rope. At present its regular army amounts to 165,000; and the landwehr, or militia, to 359,000. The annual re-' venue is £8,000,000 sterling, and the debt £29,000,000. The manners of the Prussians are essentially German ; but several marked shades distinguish them from their Saxoii neighbours. In no country of Europe is education more attended to than in Prussia. Be:-.ides the universities of Berlin, Halle, Breslau, Bonn, and Konigsberg, there are in most of the great towns academies of sciences and respectable semina- ssv/Tj i;ic iiiciaij- aunais oi tills Cviuutry are adorned with the nrm:es of Leibnitz, Cluverius, Copernicus, Frederic the Or^t, llamler, Nicolai, Busching, Spalding, &c. PRUSSIA. 161 man ; but EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Prussia ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of its population ? What are the divisions of Prussia ? What are the principal towns in Rhenish Prussia ? In Westphalia ? In Prussian Saxony ? In Brandenburj; ? In Pomerania ? In Silesia ? In Posen ? In West Prussia ? In East Prussia ? Where is El- bin{;, Berlin, Potsdam, Dantzic, Stettin, Colberg, Halberstadt, Dusseldorf, Pillau, Coblentz, &c. Name the rivers of Prussia. Name its gulfs. Trace the course of the Elbe, the Oder, the Pregel, the Vistula, &c. Where is the Grass-haflF, Spiiding-see, Curische-haft', Frische- haff? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Prussia situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What divi- sions of it are separated from the rest by Hanover and Hesse Cassel ? What appearance does the greater part of Prussia present ? What is remarkable about its rivers? What are its mountain-tracts ? In what do those mountain-tracts abound ? What is the general quality of the soil ? What are the most fertile districts in Prussia ? What kind of climate does Prus- sia enjoy ? In what state is agriculture there ? For what ma- nufactures have Silesia and Westphalia long been famous ? VVhat are the only manufactures carried on in establish- ments? . What metals are found among the Hartz Mountains? What kind of springs occur in Prussian Saxony ? Where does amber particularly abound? What advantages does Prussia enjoy for internal trade ? Has it much foreign com- merce ? What are its principal exports and imports ? What is the form of government in Prussia ? What is the established religion ? What indulii:ence is extended to the professors of other rdigions ? What is the character ot the Prussian soldiery ? What is the present amount ot the army ? What people do the Prussians resemble in manners ? Is education much attended to in Prussia? What literary institutions does it possess ? Mention some ot the distin- guished names that adorn its literary annals. DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. Population AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (Aiz-la- Shapel'),( Ger. Aachen), an ancient city in ilhtMhsh Prussia, celebrated lor its baths, and for the treaties of })eace which havebctMi signc«Uhere. It wa8 the favourite residence of CharlemagMe and of his successors, as well as tl)e place of their corona- tion. Pop. 37,000 50° ny N. iat. ft» 4 E. long. BAR'MEN, Athrving manufac- turing town ift Rhenish Prussia, N. E. of Dusseldorf. 20.«X)0. Ber'gen, the chief town m the island of Rugen. Berlin', thecapital of Branden- burg and of the Prussian domi- nions, situate on the Spree, and nearly in the centre of the king- dom, is one of the most iK-autiful citie» in Europe, i'op. rVjOjwUU.^ 52. 31 N. 13. 23 E. Bielc'feld, a town of Westphalia, 162 PRUSSIA. the centre of the linen and damask manufactures. Pop. 5200. Bonn, a town in Rhenish Prus* sia, pleasantly situate on the \cft bank of the Rhine, the seat of a university. Pop. 12,0 )0. Hran'denbur^, theraost important of the Prussian states, and the foun- dation of the monarchy, containing l.-i.^i'S square miles. P. 1,741,411. BranMonbiirp, a tf)\vii formerly the capital of the province, on the Havel. Population 14,000. Bres'lau, the capital of Silesia, situate on the Oder. It carries on an extensive trade, and is the seat of a flourishing university. Pop. 90,0.)0.— 51, 6 N. 17, 2 E. Brieg, a strong town in Silesia, on the Oder. Pop. 11,000. Burg, a thriviOfi manufacturing town in Prussian Siixony. P.l'i.OOO. CLKVE'^. a manufacturing town in Rhenish Prussia,nearthe Khine, formerly the capital of a duchy of the same name. Pop. 7 iOO. Coblent//, a town in Rhenish Prussia, delightfully situate at the confluence of the Rhine and the Mostlle, opposite the dismantled fortress ot" Khrenhreitstcin. It is the chief depot for the Rhenish and Moselle wines. Pop. i'.'.OOO. Col'berg, a fortified seaport in Pomerania, situate on the Per- sante. P. fSOOO.— .5i, •) N. 1 i, rA E. Colo^'iio', tht! Colonia Airrippina of the itumans, the capital ot Rhe- nish Prussia, situate on the left bank of the Rhine. From its fa- vourable situation it commands a great trade, and forms the chief medium of intercourse l)etween HotlanJ and Germany. Population 63,0a{».— ,-)0, .3(5 N. 6, r>l E. Cre'fc'ld a town in Rhenish Prussia, with considerable trade and manutactures. Pop. IS.OiiO. Culm, a stronj^ly-fortified town in West Prussia, near the Vistula. Pop. 5.100. Curische-haff (Koo'rish-haflT), a lake or arm of the »ea in East Pros- sia, about 70 miles in length, hut of very unequal breadth. Cus'irln, a ftronglj -fortified town in Brande: burg, at the contiuenec of the Wartha «ml the Cder. Po- pulatiun 60(>lk DANT'ZIC, an imrortant com- mercial city, the capital of Wt'St PruMia, situate on the Vistula, about four miles from its mouth. Its annual exports, of which corn is the principal article, amounts to £830.000 sterling. Pop. 62,000. —54, 20 N. 18, 38 E. Dus'seldorf, a town in Rheniili Prussia, situate on the Rhine, at it» junction with the Dussel. It is a well-built town, and has a consi- derable traffic. Pop. 21,000. EIS'LEBKN. a town in Prussian Saxony, remarkable as the birth, place of Martin Luther in 1484. Pop. 7000. Elbe, a large river which rises in the Riesengebirge between Silesia and Bohemia. In itscourse through Saxony and Prussia, it receives many important tributaries, and falls into the German Ocean about 70 miles below Hamburg. Elb'erfeld, a flourishing manu. facturing town in Rhenish I^ussia on the Wipper. Pop. 50,000.~ 51, 15 N. 7, E. Kll/ing, a trading town in West Prussia, on a river of the same name, which falls into the Frische. ha ft: Population 20,000. Fans, a river of Westphalia, which discharges itself into the North Se.i near Emden. Er'furt, a fortified town in Prus- sian Saxony, on the (lera ; oncethe entrepot of the internal commerce of Cermany. Pop. 25,000. Eu-'pen.a town in Rhenish Prus. sia, on the W. frontier ; with con- siderable manufactures. P. 10,000. Eylau (How'), a town in East Prussia, where a great battle was fought between the French and Russians, 8th Feb. 1807. P. 210(>. FRANK'FORT, on the Oder, a town in Brandenburg. Its trade is considerable, and is greatly bene- fited by the canals which connect the Oder with the Elbe, and aUo with the Vistula. Pop. 22,000.- 52, 22 N. u, ;j:i E. Frische- haff (Freesh'-hnf), a hay or lake in tkst Prussia, 63 miles long, communicating with th« ten near Pillau. GL.\TZ, a fortified town in Silesia, on the Neisse, with two •trong castles. Pop. (i 100. (flogau^ a strongly foitifled town in Bileaia. on the Oder= P^ '1 1 .OQO- Gor'lilJ!, a town in Silesia, withe Neisse, noted for iti woollen and liuen manufacturet, Pop. 1 i ,000. PRUSSIA. 163 mrith the ka Gra«8'-haff, a bay In Pomcrania, at the mouth of the Oder, in length about 36 miles. HALDERSTADT, a town of Prussian Saxony. It is very an- cient, ami built chiefly in the Go- thic style. Population 17,000. Hal'Iti, a town in Prussian Saxony, on the Saale. Herein a celebrated univeisity, with a number of scien- tific institutions. Pop. 26,000. JU'LIERS, a small but strongly fortified town in Khenish Prussia, on the Roer. Pop. 2800. KON'IGSBERG, the capital of East I'russia, on the Pregel, near its junction with the Frische-haff. It stands partly on an icsland, but chiefly on the N. bank of the river, is the seat of a university, and car- ries on an extensive tr;ide. Pop. 68,000.-51, 42 N. 20, 30 E. LlKG'NlTZ.a fortified town In Silesia, on the Katzbach, the scene ,if a memorable victory gained by Frederic II. over the Austrians in 1760. Population 11,000. MAG'DEBURQ, the capital of Prussian Saxony, situate on both sides of the Elbe, by which it car- ries on an active trade. It is one of the strongest fortresses in Eu- rope. Population 51,000.-52, 8N. ll.MflE. Ma'ricnburp, a strong town in West Prussia, on the Nogat, a branch of the Vistula. P. 5t.0O. Ma'rienwerMtr, a town in West Prussia near the Vistul.i. P. 5500. Meni'el, a seaport in E. Prussia^ on the N. of the Cun.sche-hafF, which here communicates with the JJaltic by a strait. It is a place of great trade, particularly in timber, vvhich is flo.iteddown the Niemen. Pop. 10,000.-55, 42 N, 21, H K. Merse'burg, a town in Prussian Saxony, on the Saalo. Pop. 8000. Min'den, a town in Westphalia, pleasantly situate on the Weser, Here the French were defeated l)y the British and their allies on the Ist (if August 1759. Pop. 7000. Mm 'ster, the capital of West- phalia, on a tributary of the Ems. The treaty of peace in 1648, which forminated the thirty years' war, has given it historical celebrity. Pod. 21.000.-51, 58 N. 7, 57 E. NA 'JIVI'UUkG, a town iti rius- sian Saxony, on the Saaic , with a considerable trade. Pop. U,000, Neisse, a fortified town in Silesia, on a river of the same name. Po- pulation 10,000. Neu'wied, a thriving little town in Rhenish Prussia, on the right bank of the Rhine. Pop. 5^00. Nie'men, or Mem'e^ a vlver which rises near Minsk, in Russia, re- ceives the Wilna at Kowno, flows through East Prussia, and falls in- to the Curische-haff" below Tilsit. O'DER, a large river which rises in Moravia, flows through Silesia, Brandenburg, and Pomerania, ex- pands into the Grass-half, and en- ters the Baltic by 3 branches, which form the islands Usedom and Wol- lin. It communicates by canals with the Elbe and the Vistula. P A D'ERBORN.an ancient town in Westphalia. Population 6000. Pillau (PilloO, a seaport in East Prussia, at the extremity of a pe- ninsula between the Baltic and the Frische-haft". Pop. 4000.— 54, 38 N. 19, 51 E. Pomera'nia, a province extend- ing along the S. coast of the Baltic. It contains 12,000 square miles. Population 990.285. Po'acn, Grand Duchy of, a pro- vince comprising that part of Po- land which was restored to Prussia by the treaty of Vienna, 1815. It contains 11,394 square miles. Po- pulation 1,U)9,706. Po'sen, the capital of the grand duchy, situate on the Wartha; it is of great antiquity. Pop. 28,000. Pots'dara, an elegant town in Brandenburg, on the Havel, about 15 miles from Berlin. It is an oc- casional residence of the Prussian qourt. Population 32,000. Pre'gel, a river in East Prussia, falling into the Frische-haff below Konigsberg. Prus'sia, East or Ducal, a pro- vince in the N. E. of the kinKdom, stretching along the Baltic. It con- tains 15,000 square miles. Popu- lation 1,304,654. Prus'sia, West, a province to the W. of E^ast Prussia, containing 10,000 square miles. Pop. 8 18,219. RA'nBt)R,atownin Silesia, ou the Oder, which here becomes na- vigable. Population 6000. Rheu'ish Prus'sia, a province ly- ii'js lo the S. of WcstphaUa and ex- tending on both sides of the Rhine, composed of the former duchies of 164 PRUSSIA. rievcs and Berg, and tho grand duchy of the Lower Rhine. It contains 10,410 square miles. Po- pulation 2,473,723. Rhine, River. Sec Germany, p. 173. Itu'gcn, an island in the Baltic, separated Irom Pomerania by a channel one nule broad. Popiiia- tion 2H, 150.-51, 21 N. 13, 30 E. SAX'ONY, Pru-ssian.a province W. of Brandenburg, and N. of the kingdom of Saxony. It contains 9782 square miles. P. l,3(;i,187. Sile'sia, a jirovince between Bo- hemia and Poland, the most fer- tile part of the Prussian dominions, and the seat of the principal ma- nufactures. It contain* 15,752 square miles. Pop. 2,079,473. Sol'ingen, a thriving manufac- turing town in Rhenish Prussia, on the Wipper. Population yoOO. Spandau', a fortified town in Brandenburg, at tho junction of the Spree and the Havel. P. 7000. Spu 'ding-see', a lake in E. Prus- sia, abontOOmiles in circumference. Star'gard, a town in Pomerania, on the Ihna; with considerable trade. Population DOOO. Stet'tin, the capital of Pomera- nia, sit'tate on the Oder. It is a flourishmg commercial city, and strongly fortified. Pop. 3'2,000.— 63, 24 N. 14, 33 E. Stral'sund, a seaport in Pomera- nia, with a capacious and sate har- bour. Its trade is considerable, chiefly in corn. Pop. 17,000.— 51, 19, N. 13, 7 E. THORN, a strong town in West Prussia, situate on the right bank of the Vistula ; it is the birthplace of Copernicus, the famous ustronu- mer. Population 11,000. Til'sit, a town in K. Prussia, oii the Niemen; chiefly remarkahlo for the peaice concluded in 1ho7. between Napoleon and the Enip(v ror Alexander of Russia. P.l2,l)Ui . Tor'gau.astrongtown in Prussian Saxony, on the Elbe. P(ip. 530U. Treves, or Trior, a very ancient city In Rhenish Prussia, beautifullv situate on the Moselle. It was thi; Augusta Trevirorum of the Ro- mans, and is rich in antiquities. Pop. 16,()00. Vl.VTULA, a river which rises in Austrian Silesia, at the foot ol the Carpathian Mountains, flows through Poland and West Prussia, anddivides into three branches.twi) of these, the Nogat and Old Vistula, run into the Frische-haft',— whilo the main stream, turningweslward, falls into the Baltic below Dantzic. This noble river is navigable many hundred miles, and is the great channel for the conveyance of corn and other articles from the interioi of Poland. VVAR'T//.\, a river which rises on the l)order8 of Poland, passes Posen, and joins the Oder at Cus. trin. We'sel, a strongly fortified town in Rhenish Prussia, at the contin- ence of the Lippe and the Ithin . Pon. 13,000.-51, 39 N. G, 57 E. Westpha'lia, a province detach, ed from Prussian Saxony by llano- ver and Hcsse-Casscl. It contains 7814 square miles. Pop. I,3i.'f),4(i7. Wit'tenberg, a strongly-fortiticd town of Prussian Saxony, on the Elbe. It is interesting as the on- die of the Reformation, two great champions of which, Luther and Melancthon, are buried in the uni- versity cnur(;h here. Pop. GOUO. GERMANY Is bounded N. by the German Ocean, Denmark, and the Baltic ; W. by Holland, Bel.i8«^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I laaiM 82.5 m Urfi 12.2 u v^m.^ ^ 6" ► >> # ^ j> V ^ ^-^ '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4S03 %•"".-. ^ ^*^ ^4^ ^ ^"^ GERMANY. of Germany was once under the sea. In this division ih» tible of improvement ; in the soufhern, the land L suS" and in many places extremely fertile/ Of the v^tw^^^^^^^ io"„sf;i °' J'"' ''• '" ancient ^imes clsistL there arrstfll considerable remains; of these the BUrh V^Lll-.u productions, although „otrllUvati„rNoi"J^n "''"■'''' bears no small resemblanc "to BrUa^' ThL • ^^""""^ commences about the junctioL of thl N;ck^tr?::^p'|."''>' and Ws»"u h ^:„r B variaT'noTT;' '"' "''"' «"""'' curious mines of rock-Ialt '^°'' "" '"'''■'"* ""<> mous for I breed of stZl h„;..^ ^'"' '""S ''«■' <■"- The Merinrbrced of X!n hTV "^.^''y <>' *« draught. ony, where the ;trstTr„?e:ir?o"hrof''s"^ 'T ^^- the wild animals may be enumerated h» w^T\ ^"°"8 glutton, and the wild boarfwh^Ms here 7 '"'"■''""'' ""' vantages, to considlrable^Z''^ ■''■"« "'""'""" <"»"«<- linenfsilesia, Sa"o„ra„d WeftX.'" r""/"""'^'- ^^ br«ted;andmanuf^;u\toT:Xtre\™tiS'^^^^^^^^^^^^ SaXe^ra^ndtrXV^u^''" ?'^^^^^^^^^ and porcelai„,;aVe of rv";;fu Iri^q^tit"' ""^■" P""*^' feudT^ri": ■ofrTl7'^'™"t^' -^"g Pa'"y to .he pation o'^ramerchlVdZdTn^'j'''' '""^'''T "- "'cu. chiefly ,0 the small e.tenT„&°,'' P"^"" f '»'' V "'" ever, on the shores and th»^^ • . ^«™"1 towns, how- flourishing trade ^""'''P'' """' «"J°y « very „±fjf.".."''f "«'« "? ''^ commercial and man,.fe.,..„>„ i^...-=pcixt^, ,3 wie parution of its ierrit^^« „^ -".^^.s separate commu„i;ios, which ".^ olirKSf .^ Zy^ XJEBMANY. 167 factitious interests and conflicting systems of finance and internal regulation, but prevents the necessary unity of ef- fort and combination of resources. This subdivision im- parts, likewise, a very anomalous character to the political as well as the fiscal government. While all the states are united under the name of the Germanic Empire, each is go- verned by its own prince, who has absolute power to impose taxes, levy troops, and even form alliances, provided he do not interfere with the general welfare. From the time of Charlemagne, in whose extensive conquests this federative constitution originated, a. d. 800, the office of emperor, or head of the confederation, was elective, and was possessed at difierent periods by distinct lines of princes. But since the year 1438, the predominant power of Austria has secured the imperial dignity in hereditary succession to its sovereign. In 1806, the emperor renounced the title and authority of Emperor of Germany, and assumed that of Emperor of Austria. The convocation of princes, and of the deputies of the four free cities, assembled to deliberate on the affairs of the empire, is called the Diet. Its place of meeting is Frankfort on the Maine, where the later emperors of Germany were crowned. The states have one or more votes according to their importance, — and the total number of suffrages is 70. 1 he military force maintained by the confederate states is 120,000 ; in war it is increased to 302,288, supplied by the several states in proportion to their population. The fortresses of Mentz, Luxemburg, Landau, Germersheim, Hamburg, and Ulm, are declared to belong to the confederation ; and are to be kept, repaired, or fortified at the general expense. The established forms of religion are the Roman Catholic, the Lutheran, and the Calvinistic. Toleration, and a praise, worthy liberality of sentiment towards each other, character- ize the professors of these various creeds. The Germans are generally tall and well formed ; and many of the women are extremely beautiful. Industry and perseverance, fidelity and sincerity, frank and disinterested hospitality, are the valuable traits in their national character. But they are apt to be misled, both in religion and letters, by a tendency to enthusiasm. Formality, and aristocratical pride of family, may be reckoned among their failings. In literature and science they display equal ingenuity and ifttiencs of invpctirrotinri &•— metaphysics ; but they have attained celebrity in almost every department of philosophy and polite learning. Qf 168 GERMANY. the fine arts, music is the department in which they parti* cularly excel. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Germany ? "What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of its population ? What are the most important of the German Spates next to Austria, Prussia, Denmark, and Holland ? What are the principal towns in Baden ? In Wirtemberg ? In Bavaria ? In JSaxony, &c. ? Name the free cities of Germany. What are its principal mountains ? Name its lakes. What are its principal rivers ? Where is Dresden, Hambure:, Gottingen, Emden, Mu- nich, Manheim, Auifsburff, Hildesheim. Hildburghausen, Leipsic, Stuttgard, Wolfenbuttel, &c. ? Trace the course of the Weser, the Maine, the Danube, the Oder, &c. Where is Lake Muritz, Chiem-see, Boden-see, &c. ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Germany situate ? What are its length and breadth ? By what chain of mountains is it divided into two great portions ? What are their respective aspects ? What circumstances render it probable that the northern part was once under the sea? What kind of soil prevails in this division ? What is the nature of the soil in the southern division ? What is the most remarkable remnant of the ancient forests of Germany ? What other districts abound in wood? Wiiat country does Northern Germany resemble in agricultural productions? Where does the wine-country commence ? What are the most noted wines of Germany ? What metals are found in the Hartz mountains and Erzgebirge ? For what mines is Bavaria noted ? For what domestic animals has Hanover long been famous ? Into what part of Germany has the Merino breed of sheep been successfully introduced ? Mention some of the wild animals of Germany. For what manufactures have Silesia, Saxony, and Westphalia, long been famous ? What manu- factures were established during the war in rivalry of those of Britain? What circumstances impeded them in this com- petition ? What articles are manufactured in Saxony of su- perior quality ? From what causes is commerce compara- tively limited in Germany ? What is another great obstacle to the commerce and manufacturing prosperity of Germany ? What eft'ect has this subdivision of territory had upon the government ? Under what name are all the states united ? What power does each prince possess in his own state? How long did the office of emperor continue to be possessed electively by different lines of princes ? In what family has it since been hereditary ? When did the emperor renounce the title and authority of Emperor of C;er!n.<^r!v ? Wh-f dtledid he then assume? What is denominated "the Diet? What is the number of votes ? What is the military force of I GERMAN ¥-. 169 the confederate states on the peace and war establishments ? What fortresses belong to the confederation ? What are the established forms of religion in Germany? What sentiment towards each other characterizes the professors of those creeds ? What is the personal appearance of the Ger- mans ? What are the valuable traits of their national charac- ter ? By what are they apt to be misled ? By what are they distinguished in literature and science ? What is their favour- ite study ? In which of the fine arts do they particularly excel ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. AI/TENBURG, Saxe, a small duchy on the W. of the kingdom of Saxony. Extent 51 square miles. Population 121,248. Al'tenburg, the capital of the duchy of Saxe. Altenburg, near the Pleisse. Population 12,000. Am'berg, a town in Bavaria, on the Vila, formerly the capital of the Upper Palatinate. Pop. 8000. An'halt, a principality on the Elbe, surrounded by Prussian Sax- ony,and divided between three an- cient families,— Dessau, Bernburg, and Kothen. Extent 1019 square miles. Population 146,233. An'spacA, a town in Bavaria, ca- pital ot a principality of the same name, on the Lower Rezat. Pop. 14,000.-49«» 18' N. lat. 10'»42' E. long. Augsljurg, an ancient city in Bavaria, at the confluence of the Lech and the Wertach, with con- siderable manufactures and com- merce. It was here that the Pro. testants In 1530 presented to the Emperor Charles V. their celebrat- ed Confession, drawn up bv Luther and Melancthon. Pop. 34,000.— 48,22 N. 10, 54E. BA'DEN, Grand Duchy of, ex- tends along the E. bank of the Rhine, from Basle to Manheim. Its valleys are very fruitful, parti- cularly in corn and vines, while the mountains of the Black Forest are clothed with majestic woods. It contains .^Dl.'S square miles. Popu- lation 1,231,000, Ba'den, a town in the grand duchy, celebrated for its mineral baths. It is situate on the Oelbach, in a beautiful vine-country. P. 4200. Bam'berg. a handsome town in Bavaria, on the Kednitz, near its junction with the Maine. In the library of the Carmelite monastery manu. 56 N. here, are many curious scripts. Pop. 21,000.-49, 10, 59 E. Baut'zen, or Budiss'in, a town in the kingdom of Saxony, on the Spree, with considerable manufac- tures, and noted for the defeat of Napoleon, in 1813, by the allies. Population 12,000. Bava'rla, Kingdom of, next to Austria andPrussiathemost power- ful of all the German States. Ic lies to the W. of Bohemia and Aus. tria, and the Danube 'rj^ersects the kingdom from W. t{. i^. Extent 3 1 ,373 square miles. P. 4,3 1 5,000. Bayreuth', or Bareith', a town in Bavaria, and capital of a principa- lity of the same name, beautifully sltuivcon the Red Maine. Popu- lation 13,000. Bien'heim, a village in Bavaria, on the Danube, memorable for the victory gained by the Duke of Marl- borough and Prince Eugene over the French and Bavarians, 13th August 1704. Bo'den-see, or Lakeof Con'stance. See Switzerland, p. 12(5. Bre'men, one of the free cities or Hiinse Towns, situateon the Weser, about 50 miles from its mouth. Its trade is considerable Population 41,000.-53, 4 N. 8, 48 E. Bruns'wick, Duchy of, bordering on Hanover and Prussia, is compos- ed of several scattered territories. It contains 1505 square miles and 251,000 inhabitants. The royal fa- mily of Great Britain is a branch of the Illustrious house of Brunswick. Bruns'wick, capital of the duchy, a fortified city on the Ocker. Its trade is considerable ; and its fairs rank next to those of Leiusic and Frankfort. Pop. 36,000 52, 16 N. 10, 32 E. CARLSRU'HE, the capital of It: J the grand duchy of Baden. Pop. 20,000.-49, 1 N. 8, i^5 E. Cas'sel, the capital of Hesse-Cas- sel, on the Fulda. Pop. 26,000. Chemnitz (Kem'nitz), a flourish- ing manufacturing town in Saxony, on a small river of the same name. Pop. 23,000. chiem-see (Ki'em-zee),alake in Bavaria, about 12 miles in length and 8 in breadth. Claus^/Aal, a town in Hanover, on the Hartz Mountains ; near it are rich silver mines. Pop. 8000. Co'burg, a strong town, capital of the principality of Coburg, on the Itz. P. 8000.— 50, 15 N. 10, 58 E. Co'burg-Go'tAa, Saxe, a duchy formed by the union of the princl- falities of Saxe Gotha and Coburg. t comprises part of the Thuringian Forest, and contains 798 square miles. Pop. 157,216. Con'stance, a town in the grand duchy of Baden, situate on the lake where the Rhine issues from it, famous for the ecclesiastical coun- cil held here between 1414 and 1418, which condemned the tenets of Wickliffe, and sentenced John Huss and Jerome of Prague to the llames. Population 5300. Cuxhav'en, a small seaport at the mouth of the Elbe. Pop. 800. —53, 52 N. 8, 43 E. DAN'UBE, the largest river of Europe, the Volga excepted, has Its source from three springs in the grand duchy of Baden. Pur- suing a N. E. course, it becomes navigable at Ulm, receiving the IlJer, the Lech, the Iser, the Inn, and the Ens. After passing Vi- enna, it is joined near Presburg by the Morava from the north, and in its course eastward and southward is swelled by several large rivers from the mountains of Hungary and Turkey. Entering the latter, it separates Bulgaria from Wallachia, and, after a course of 1800 miles, discharges itself into the Black Sea by several niouths. Darm'stadt, the capital of Hesse- Darmstadt, on the small river Darm. Pop. 20,000.-49, 52 N. 8,35E. . i^ Des'sau, a strong town, the capi. tal of Anhalt-Dessau, on the Mulda, near its junction with the i:lbe. Pop. iO.Oou.— 51, 50 N. 12, 18 EL , i Deux Fonts . 2()4,I54. Ol'denburg, capital of the grand duchy, on the Hunte. Pop. 6000. Os'naburg, or Os'nabruck, atown in Hanover, capital of a province of the same name, situate in a val- ley on the left bank of the Hase, a branch of the Ems. Here are ma- nufactured the coarse linens known by the name of Osnaburgs. Pop. 11,000 — 62, 16 N. 8,2 E. PASS'AU, a fortified town in Ba- varia, at the confluence of the Inn and the Danube. It is romantic- ally situate on a peninsula between the two rivers. Pop. 10,000. Plau, a lake in Mecklenburg. Pyr'mont, a town in the princi- pality of Waldeck, 35 miles S. W. from Hanover, famed for its mine, ral springs. Pop. 1100. RASTaDT', atown in Baden, on the Murg. It has several manufac- tures, and has been the scene of repeated diplomatic conferences. Pop. 5600. Kai'isbon, or Regens'btirg, an ancient city in Bavaria, on the S. bank of the Danube, long noted as the seat of the Imperial Diet. It is a place of considerable trade. Pop. 26,000—49, IN. 12, 6 E. Ueues, a small principality in Up» i.^.ono ^'.' GERMANY. per Saxony, containing 592 square iniled. Population 98,895. Reutlin'gen, a town in Wirtem- l)erg, on the Echaz, noted for ex- tensive tanncrici. Pop. 10,000. Rhine, the largest river of Eu- rope next to the Volga and the Danube. It takes its rise tVom Mont St Gothard in Switzerland, imsses through the Lake of Constance, divides Switzerland from Ger- many, and afterwards forms the boundary between the latter and Trance. It then flows through the German States, till, passing into the Netherlands, it divides into two branches, the larger of which is "called the Waal, and falls into the German Ucean. Its banks, for a great part of its course, present a succession of the most picturesque and beautiful scenery. RAlne, Upper and Lower, two of the former circles of Germany. These are now divided among the states of Bavaria, Baden, Hesse- Cassel, Hesse-Darmstadt, Prussia, and Hanover. Ros'tock, a town of Mecklen- burg-Schwerin.situate on the War- now. It is a place of some trade, and is the seat of a small universi- ty. Pop. l»,000.—54, .3 IV. 12. 16 E. SAX'ONY, Kingdom of, between Bohemia on the S. and the Prus- sian states on the N. The Ei ze- gebirge Mountains, on its S. fron. tier, are rich in minerals, and its plains support large flocks of sheep, the wool of which rivals the Spa- nish merino, i Saxony is distin- guished for industry, possessing considerable manufactures of li- nens, woollens,and cottons. Extent 5772squaremiles. Pop. 1,6.52,114. Sax'ony, Upper and Lower, two of the former circles of Germany. Upper Saxony comprised the king- dom of Saxony, Brandenburg, Po- merania, and some smaller princi- palities. Lower Saxony compre- hended Hanover, the duchies of Mecklenburg, Brunswick, and Holstein, with the free towns of Hamburg, Bremen, and Lubeck. Schwe'rin,I^ke,inMeoklenl)urg. Schwe'rin, the capital of Meek- lenburg.Schwerin, pleasantly situ- ate on theS.W.8ideof the lake. Pop. i.'s.nnn vt «?7W ii wi? ^ Spire, a town of Bavaria, situate on the left bank of the Rhine, At 173 the German Diet, held in Spire, A. D. 1529, the reformers entered that celebrated protest against the proceedings of the Emperor which procured them the name of Pro- testants. Population 8000. Stade, a strong town of Hanover, near the Elbe. Pop. 5400. Stre'litz, the capital of Mecklen- burg- Strelitz, composed of Old and New Strelitz, a mile distant from each other. Population 10,000. Stutt'gard, the capital of Wlr- temberg, finely situate on the I^e- senbach, near its junction with the Neckar. In the royal library, con- sisting of 200,000 volumes, is a unique collection of 12,000 Bibles, comprising editions of every age and countrv. Population 32,000. -48, 46 n; 9, 11 E. Swa'bia, one of the former cir- cles of Germany, comprised the kingdom ot Wirtemberg, the grand duchy of Baden, and the im|)erial cities of Augsburg and Uhn in Bavaria. TU'BINGEN.acity in Wirtem- berg, on the Neckar. It is the seat of a university. Pop. 8000. ULM, a stronRly-fortified town of Wirtemberg, situate on the Da. nube.near its junction with the II- ler, in a rich and beautiful plain. Its cathedral is a magnificent structure, 41 fi feet long, and the tower 337 feet high. Population 14,000.-48, 23 N. 9, 59 E. WEl'MAR.Saxe, agrandduchy in the interior, comprising several small districts. Extent 1418 square miles. Pop. 244, 174. Wei'mar, the capital of the grand duchy, finely situate on the Ilm. It has long held a high rank as a seat of literature, in consequence of the liberal patronage of the du- cal family, whose library is peculi- arly valuable, and whose court is frequented by the first literary cha- racters in Germany. Poi). 10,000. — 50, 59N. 11, 20E. VVe'ser, a large river formed by the junction of the Werra and Fulda at Munden, flows through the territories of Hanover, Brun^-- wick, Prussia, &c. aud falls into the German Ocean below Bre- men. TTcsiH""iS«, uuu tji iiju lormcr circles of Germany, traversed by the Weser and the Eras, the chief 174 THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. portions of which now belong to Prussia and Hanover. Wir'temherg, Kingdom of, hav- ing Daden on the W. and Bavaria on the E. It is traversed by the Noclcar from S. to N., and its west- ern frontier is occupied by the niountain.range of the Blaclc Fo. rest. Wirtemberg is one of the most fertile countries in Germany, and in none is there a more ge- neral diffusion of Iinowledgo. Ex- tent 7fi2S square miles. Popula- tion 1,626,665. Wisba'den, the capital of the duchy of Nassau, much frequented for its warm baths and mineral wa- ters. Population 7000. Wis'mar, a seaport in the grand ducdy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on theBaltiCj with a good harbour. It has considerable trade in ship, building. Pop. 8300. WoKfenbuttel, a city In the duchy of Brunswick, pleasantly situate on the Ockcr. Pop. 8()00. Worms, an ancient city InHesse- Darmstadt, on the left bank of the Rhine. Pop. 8000. Wurtz'burg, a strong town in Bavaria, delightfully situate on the Maine. It is the seat of a uni- versity. Pop. 28,000.-49, 46 N. 9, .5.5 E. ZELL, or Celle, a city In Han, over, on the AUer. Pop. 10,000. Zerbst, a town In Anhalt-Des« sau, the birthplace of Catherine 1 1. of Russia. Pop. 8000. Zittau', a town in Saxony, on the Mandau, with some manufac^ tures. Population 9000. THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE Is bounded N. by Saxony, Prussia, and Poland ; W. by Bavaria^ Switzerland, and the Sardinian States ; S. by Turkey, the Adriatic, and the Italian Stales ; and E. by Russia and Turkey. It contains 258,000 square miles. Population 35,050,000. This extensive empire contains— Countris. Cliief Towns. Archduchy ot Austria.... Vienna, Linz, Aspern, Steyer, Salzburg. Styria. Gratz. Tyrol Innsbruck, Botzen, Trent, Roveredo. Illyria Lavbach, Clagenfurt, Trieste, Flume, Capo a' I stria. Bohemia Prague, Reichenberg, Eger, Kon- iggratz. Moravia and Silesia Brunn, Olmutz, Austerlitz, Trop- pau. AustrianPolandorGaliciaLemberg, Brody, Czernowitz. Hungary, conn])rehending Hungary Proper Buda, Pest, Presburg, Schemnitz, Tokay, Debretzin, Ketskemet, Szegedin, Temeswar. Sclavonia Essek, Semlin. Croatia Agram, Carlstadt. Transylvania Clausenburg, Hermannstadl, Cron- 8tadt. Dalmatia Zara, Spalatro, Ragusa. Austrian Italy Milan, Venicew (See Italy). MouNi Mountain Lakes. Rivers Drave, Sa dau, Dni liamento. The Au! 44° to 51" length, frc N. to S. 4 The Au quisitions natural pr( guage, ma tion of the tainous ch; niola. Tl Carpathiai tiun, is a { thinly peo] In Hun countries i winter moi for its ferti yields con own inhab in many p That part is peculiar duces the Except; archduchy and are ric Few coi At Krem mines of g in copper, only territt of Carinth the quicks] live than a borders uj THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. Sudetic Mountains.— Carpathian Mountains, Mountains, Rhastian or Tyrolese Alps. Lakes — Cirknitz, Neusieiller-see, Platten-see. Rivers Danube, with its tributaries the Inn, Drave, Save, Morava, Theiss, Maros,— the Elbe, Mol- dau, Dniester; in Italy, Adige, Brenta, Piava, Tag- liamento. REMARKS. The Austrian empire, exclusive of Dalmatia, extends from 44° to 51" N. lat., and from 8° SO' to 26° 30' E. long. Its length, from E. to W. is 850 miles; and its breadth, from N. to S. 450 miles. The Austrian dominions, enlarged by the successive ac- quisitions of centuries, embrace countries as various in tbeir natural properties as their inhabitants are different in lan- guage, manners, and national character. The German por- tion of these dominions presents almost every where a moun- tainous character, especially in Styria, Carinthia, and Car- niola. The aspect of Hungary is level, except towards the Carpathian Mountains; and Galicia, with the same excep- tion, is a great plain covered with wood, ill cultivated, and thinly peopled. In Hungary the climate resembles that of the southern countries of Europe; but the summer is hotter, and the winter more severe. The soil in the south is remarkable for its fertility, and notwithstanding the state of agriculture, yields corn sufficient for the maintenance not only of its own inhabitants, but of those of the north, where the land is in many places occupied by vast heaths and sandy plains. That part of Hungary which is sheltered by the Carpathians is peculiarly favourable to the growth of the vine ; and pro- duces the celebrated wine called Tokay. Except in the elevated regions, Bohemia, Moravia, and tlie archduchy of Austria, have a mild and salubrious climate, and are rich in corn, vines, and other vegetable productions. Few countries can vie with Austria in mineral wealth. At Kremnitz and Scliemnitz, in Hungary, are valuable mines of gold and silver; the surrounding district abounds in copper, antimony, coal, salt, and alum ; and Hungary is the only territory in which the true opal has been found. The iron of Carinthia and Siyria is of very excellent quality ; and the quicksilver mines of Idria, in Carniola, are more produc- tive than any other in Europe. The tract of Galicia which borders upon the Carpathian range, yields copper, iron, n^ • <* 176 THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE . and lead ; and at ^Vieliczka, near Cracow, are mo&t exten- sive and celebrated mines of rock-salt. In agriculture and commerce Austria has not kept pace with other European states. The land, except near Prague and in other parts of Bohemia, is negligently and unskilfully cultivated; and manufactures are neither nu- merous nor extensive, considering the resources of the coun. try. Trade is necessarily limited, owing to the small extent of its line of seacoast. In Vienna there are manufactures of silk, gold and silver lace, silver-plate, cloths, stuffs, linens, mirrors, and porcelain ; Bohemia is noted for beautiful glass, linen, and paper. The exports of Austria amount to about £6,000,000 sterling annually. The government is an hereditary monarchy ; but almost every country, forming a component part of the empire, en. joys its own code of laws. In Hungary the power of the em- peror is limited by that of the aristocracy, who have a Di^t or Parliament composed of two chambers, which regulates all matters relating to taxes and the internal government of the country. The military force of Austria during peace, is computed at 271,400 men; its maritime force is insigni- ficant. The revenue is estimated at £15,000,000, and the public debt at £70,000,000 sterling. The prevailing religion is the Roman Catholic ; but ail other sects of Christians are tolerated. The manners of the Austrians differ little from those of their German neighbours ; but in general information they are inferior to the inhabitants of Saxony. Till lately their nobles were ignorant, proud, and haughty. A cold civility characterizes their deportment to strangers. The Hunga- rians are a.i indolent and prejudiced but high-spirited people and affect to despise their Austrian masters. Education is still in a very neglected state in the empire, and few names of celebrity adorn its literary annals. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of the Austrian empire ? M'hat is its extent in square miles? What countries docs it con- tain ? What are the chief towns in the archduchy of Austria ? In Bohemia? In 3Ioravia? In Galicia? In Hungary? In Austrian Italy? In Dalmatia? Name the moun- tains, — the lakes, — the rivers. Where is Essek, Olmutz, Trent, Gratz, Innsbruck, Auster- litz, Cronstadt, Lemberg, Tokay, Prague, Vienna, Pest, Presburg, &c. ? Trace the course of the Maro8,-^of the oaYc,— of the Elbe,~of the Morava,-.of the Theiss, &c. Where is Platten-see, ^c. ? Between Austrian Ei What is th is the gen( remarkable of the soil ; of the nortl growth of I what kint Austria Pi rich ? Is A mines of go! does the cir is found in Styria part quicksilver vVhatrema What is 1 merce in A Vienna ? what value What is How is the what numb what sum t religion in of tne Au8t racter of th literature ir A'GRAM, capital of Cri Population 1' 16» 0' E. loni Aus'terlitz where Bonap victory over Austria and ] 1K05. Pop. Aus'tria, Ai dltarjr domii family, is div into two pr Upper Austrl the district i square miles. BLEY'BEl noted for its 1 Bohe'mia, nearly in th( and surrounc is very fertik products. E miles. Popu THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRIC. 177 Between what deijrees of latitude and lonjfitudc is the Austrian £mpire situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is the general aspect of its German portion ? What is the general aspect of Hungary and Gahcia ? What is remarkable in the climate of Hungary ? What is the nature of the soil ? With what is the s^il occupied in many parts of the north? What part of Hungary is favourable to the LTOwth of the vine ? What celebrated wine does it produce ? What kind of climate nrevails in Bohemia, Moravia, and Austria Proper? In wnat productions are those countries rich ? Is Austria rich in mineral wealth ? Where are valuable mines of gold and silver found? What other metals and minerals does the circumjacent country aftbrd ? What precious mineral is found in Hungary alone ? For what metal are Carinthia and Styria particularly noted ? What is remarkable about the quicksilver mines of Idria ? What metals are found in Galicia ? Whatremarkable mines are wrought at Wieliczka near Cracow? What is the state of agriculture, manufactures, and com- merce in Austria ? What are the principal manufactures of Vienna ? For what manufacture is Bohemia noted ? To what value do the exports of Austria amount annually ? What is remarkable about the government of Austria ? How is the power of the emperor limited in Hungary ? At what number is the military force of Austria computed ? To what sum does its revenue amount ? What is the prevailing religion in Austria ? By what peculiarities are the manners of the Austrians characterized ? What is peculiar in the cha- racter of the Hungarians ? In what state are education and literature in the Austrian empire ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. A'GIIAM, a strong town, the capital of Croatia, near the Save. Population 17,000 45" 5Si' N. lat. 16« 0' E. long. Aus'terlitz, a town in Moravia, where Bonaparte gained a decisive victory over the united forces of Austria and Russia, 2d December 1H05. Pop. 2000. Aus'tria, Archduchy of, the here- ditary dominion of the imperial family, is divided by the river Ens into two provinces,— -Lower and Upper Austria. It contains, with the district of Salzburg, 15,019 square miles. Pop. 2,190,634. BLEY'BERG.a town in Illyria, noted for its lead-mines. Pop. 4000. Bohe'mia, Kingdom of, situate nearly in the heart of Germany, and surrounded by mountains. It is very fcriiic, anu rich in mineral products. Extent 20,237 square miles. Populatioa 4,004,852. Uotz'en, or Bolza'no, a fine town in the Tyrol, on the Eisach. Po- pulation 8000. Brix'en, a town in the Tyrol, at the confluence of the Rienz and Eisach. I»op. 3200. Bro'dy, a town in the N. E. of Galicia, with considerable com- merce. Pop. 22,000, of whom five- sixths are Jews. Brunn, the capital of Moravin, on the Schwartz. Its manufac- tures and trade are extensive. Pop. 40.000.— 49, 12 N. 16, 36 E. Bu'da, or O'fen, the capital of Hungary, on the Danube. It is famous for its baths, and the en- virons produce excellent wines. Pop. 33,000.-47, 29 N. 19, 3 E. CA'PO D'iS'TRIA.a seaport on a^ small island in the Gulf of i rieste, communicating with the mainland by a drawbridge. Pop, 5000. ■■ PP-- 178 Carin'tljia, a mountainous dis- trict in lUyria, celebrated for ita mines. Its lead, in particular, is the purest in Europe. Carls'bad, a town of Bohemia, situate in a charming valley, wa- tered by the Tepl. Its baths rank among the most famous in Europe. Pop. 2600. Carls'burg, a town of Transyl- vania, on the Maros, with a strong fortress. Pop. COOO. Carl'stadt, a strong town of Cro- atia, on the Kulpa. Pop. 3000. Carnio'Ja, a province to the S. of Carinthia, now included in the kingdom of lUyria. Carpa'thian Mountains, a range which extends above 600 niles, from the N. W. border of Hun- "v to the Danube on the frontier /allachia ; separating Hungary i Moravia, Silesia, Galicia, and , Buckowine; and Transvl- vania from Moldavia and Walia- chia. These mountains, to the height of 3600 feet, are generally covered with forests of pine and beech. The most elevated peak, Lomnitz, is 81.55 feet high. Catta'ro,a strong seaport near the S. extremity of Dahnatia, on a gulf of the same name in the Adriatic. Pop. 3000.-42,1^5 N. 18, 46 E. Cirk'nitz, a remarkable lake of Carniola, in IMyria. It is sur- rounded by limestone heights, and contains 18 subterraneous caviticd, through which its waters, at cer- tain seasons, disappear, and again flow in. Cla'genfurt, thj chief town of Carinthia, in Illyria, on the Glan. Pop. 10,000. Clau'senburg, the capital of Transylvania, beautifully situate on the Little Szamos. P. 20,000. Cra'cow, the capital of the little repulilic of the s.:me namo, which contains 4i)0 square miles, and is under the protection of Austria. It is situate on the Vistula, iind is the seat of an ancient university. Here the kings of Poland were crowned ; in tiie cathedral are the tombs of many of the monarchs. Pop. 18,000.-50, 4 N. 19, 57 E. Croa'tia, a province extending from the river J3rave to the Adria- tic, now incorporated with Hun- gary. Cron'atadt, a trading town in THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. Transylvania, ontheS.E. frontier. P. 25,000.-45, 42 N. 25, 34 E. Czer'nowitz, or Tcher'nowitz, a town on the Pruth, the capital of the Btickowine, a district annexed to Galicia. Pop. 7000. DALMA'TIA, Kingdom of, ex- tends along the K". coast of the Adriatic, which is studded with numerous isJandii. It contains 581 2 square miles. Pop. 561,95.3. Dan'uba. See Germany, p. 170, Debrec'zin, a town in Hungary, on the E.oftheTheiss; has various manufactuiei and cansiderabie trade. It is the seat of a celebrat- ed academy. Pop. 45,000.-47. 32. N. 21, 38 E. Dnies'ter, See Russia, p. 153. Drave, a large river which rises in the Tyrol, flows through Carin- ihia and Styria, separates Croatia and Sclavonia from Hungary, and joins the Danube below Essek. E'GEH, a town in IJoJiemia, on a river of the same name. Here Wallenstein was assassinated in 1633. Pop. 9000. Elbe. See FiiussiA, p. 162. Ens, or Enns, a river which has its source in the district of Sal«. burg, and, dividing the archduchy of Austria into Upper and Lower, falls into the Danube. Erlau', a town of Hungary, on the W. of the Theiss, with consi- derable trade. Pop. 17,uOO.— 47. 35N. 20, 24K. Ess'ck, a fortified town, the capi- tal of Sclavonia, situate on the Drave. Pop. 10,000.-45, 30 N. 18, 42 F, Fl U'M E, a scanort of Il]yria, on a bay of the Adriatic ; carries on an extensive trade. Pup. yOOO.— 45. 19 N. 14,26 E. GALI'CIA, that part of Poland which is annexed to Austria, un- der the title of the kingdom of Ga- licia and Lodoniiria. It is sepa- rated from Hungary by the Carpa- thian Mountains, and contains, with the Buckowino, 32,876 square miles. Pi,p. 1,305,559. Goerz, or Gori'zia, a town in U- lyna, on the Lisonzo. Pop. 12,000. Gratz, a handsome town, the ca- pital of Styria, on the Muhr. Pop. HEUMANN'STADT, the capi- tal of a district in Transylvania, si- tuate on the Szeben. Pop, J8,000. HuD'gary^ part of the one of the least known It contains, atia, and i 107,341 squj 12,950,948. ID'UIA, ) Illyria, wit mercury. 1 Igiau , a t river of the ( siderable.ma Pop. 14,000.- Illyr'ia, K Carinthia, ( now divided Lay bach an tremely mou with fertil 10,800 squai Inn, a riv Orisons, crc after tbrmii tween Bava the Danube Inns'brucl Tyrol, situat direct route Italy. Itstai beautiful \a Alps. Pop. Is'tria, a the head of eluded in th( JAR'OSLi on the San; 1 manufactory KETS'Kfc interior of I Danube and 34,000.-46, 5 Komorn', with a very s junction of Waag. Pop Ko'niggrat Bohemia, on Krem'nita, oflluijgary.c of gold and s LAY'BAC district of 111 same name, able trade. F Lem'berg, on the Peltew the scat of place of great of whom i!0,( N.24,5E. THE AUSTRIAN EMriRB. 17i) HuB'gary, Kingdom of, forming part of the Austrian dominions, one of the mcnt interesting but least known countries of Europe. It contains, witij Sclavonic, Cro- atia, and the military frontier, 107,341 square miles. Population 12,950,948. ^ ID'KIA, a town of Carniola, in lUyna, with valualile mines of mercury. Pop. 3000. Iglau', a town of Moravia, on a river of the same name ; witii con- sidorable.manufactures of woollens. Pop. 14,000.-49, 23 Ni 15, 36 E. lUyr'ia, Kingdom of, comprises Cannthia, CarnioJa, and Istria, now divided into two governments, Laybach and Trieste. It is ex- tremely mountainous, interspersed with fertile valleys. Extent 10,800 square mile.-. P. 1,188,5.34. Inn, a river which rises in the Grisons, crosses the Tyrol, and, after Ibrming the boundary be- tween Bdvaria and Austria, joins the Danube at Passau. Inns'bruck, the capital of the Tyrol, situate on the Inn, on the direct route Irom Germany into Italy. It stands in one of the most beautiful valleys formed by the Alps. Pop. 11,000. Is'tria, a maritime province at the head of the Adriatic, now in- eluded in the kingdom ot Ulyria. JAR'OSLAW, a town of Galicia, on the San ; with an imperial cloth- manufactory. Pop. 7000. KETS'KEME r, a town in the interior of Hungary, between the Danube and the Theiss. Pop. 34,000—46, 55 N. 19, 44 E. Komorn', a town in Hungary, with a very strong fortress, at the junction of the Danube and the Waag. Pop. li.OUO. Ko'niggratz, a fortified town in Bohemia, on the Elbe. P. 600J. Krem'nitz, a town m the N. W. of nui.gary,celebrated for its mines ofgold and silver. Pop. 10,000. LAY'BAC//, the capital of a district of Iliyria, on a river of the same name, a place of consider- able trade. Pop. 10,000. Lem'berg, the capital of Galicia, on the Peltew.a branch ot the Bu>,', the seat of a university, and a place of great trade. Pop. 60,000, of whom iO,QOO are Jews.-4y, 60 N.24,5E. Linz, the capital of Upper Aus- tria, on the Danube. It has a large woollen manufactory, established by government. Pop. 24.000.— 48 19 N. 14, If) E. Lis'sa, a fruitful little island in the Adriatic, near the coast of Dalmatia. Pop. 6000. MA II OS', a river which rises among the Carpathian Mountains, near the E. frontier of Transylva- nia, forms the boundary of the Bannat, and falls into the Theiss. Mele'da, an island in the Adria- tic, near the coast of Dalmatia, supposed by some to have been the ancient Melita, Pop. 1000. Miskolz', a town of Hungary, on the W. of the Theiss, in a rich wine and corn country. Pop. 28,000.-48, 7 N. 20, 47 E. Moldau', a river of Bohemia, which joins the Elbe below Prague. Mora'va, or March,a river which springs from the lotty Schneeberg, at the junction of Bohemia, Mo- ravia, and Silesia, flows through Moravia, separates the archduchy of Austria from Hungary, and falls into the Danube above Presburg. Mora'via and Sile'sia, a province of the Austrian Empire, uetween Hungary and Bohemia, in which are large and flourishing manufac- tures ot woollen, linen, and cotton. It c-.itains 10,2G'2 square miles. Population 2,1 10,14L MuAr, a river which flows through Styria, and joins the Drave in Hungary. NEU'SATZ, a free city of Hun- gary, on the Danube, opposite Pe- terwardein : it lias a considerable trade with Turkey. Pop. 17,000. Neu'siedler.see', a lake in the W. of Hungary, 30 miles long, and about 10 at its jjreatcot breadth. OE'DENBU KG, a town in Hun- gary, near the lake of Neusiedler. Pop. 12,000.-47, 41 N. m,33 E. OKmutz, a town of Moravia on the river March. It is strongly fortified, and is the see of an archbishop. Pop. 19,000. PEST, OT Pesth, a handsome city of Hungary, on the Danube, opposite Buda, with which it is connected by a bridge of boats. It has a university richly endowetj, and commands a great inland tradei PopulaiioQ 75,000.-47, 30 N. 19, / •■^'T. m 280 THE AUSTRIANT £M]^I{1£. Conner in tho v{/>ir>:»<> u im/t/. _ — - -,-,,,,x'f, i L- J,-. ,-. •,;;/";. sjciavo'ma, a province, watered by theDravc, the Danube, and the PeterwaHdeln, a strong town of Sclavonia, oil the Danube. Popu- lation 3700. Plat'tin-see, or LakeBal'aton.in the S. W. ol Hungary, 40 miles Jong and from one to four broad. Fish of peculiar species abound in its Waters. Prague, a handsome and strong- ly fortified city, the capital of Bo- hemia, on the Moklau, over which IS thrown a beautiful bridge. It is the seat of the oldest university in Gcrmany.and is tamous as the resi- dence of thcRrcat reformers, John Huss and Jerome of Prague. Pop. 120,000.— 50, 5 N. 14, 25 E. Pres'burg, once the capital of Hun^c^ary, and still the place where the kings are crowned. It is finely situate on an eminence overlook- ing a vast plain, watered by the Danube. Pop. '11,000.-48, 8 N. i •» o E. KAAB, a town in Hungary, near the junction of the Raab with the Danube. Population 14,000. Ragu'sa, a strongly-fortified sea- port in Dalmatia, on a peninsula !" ll^G Adriatic. Pop. (JOOO.— 42, 38 N. 18,6 E. Reic/i'enberg, a town in the N. ofBohemia.on tJie Neisse; famous for its cloth and other manufac- tures. Pop, 10,000. Rovere'do,a town in the S. of the Tyr«l, near the Adige. Pop. 70OO. SALZ'BURG, capital Orudis. trict united to Upjw Aus-trfis. It 18 finely situate Nan tlie*Sa!za, amidst the mostToraantic scenery In its vicinity are the fliinous salt- works of Hallein. Poj^. 1 i,OQO. San, a river of Galieia, springs from the Carpathian 'Mountains, and falls into the Vistula near Sandomir. Save, a large river which rises near ViHaCh in Hiyria, flows through Croatia, separates Sclavo. Ilia from Turkey, and falls into the Danube at JBelgrade. * Jwhem'nitz, a town in the N. W. ot Hungary, famous for its mines ofgbid, silver, and lead. Here is a celcl>ratcd mining school. Pon 22,(100.-48, 27 N. 18, .52 E. " Schwartz, a town in theTyrol, on the Inn, with mines of silver and Save, now incorporated with Hun- gary. Sem'lln, a town of Sclavonia, ne.nr the junction of the Save with the Danube. Pop. 9000. Sile'sia, Austrian, a district in the N. of Moravia, with which it is now incorporated. Spala'tro, a seaport of Dalmatia, on tlie Adriatic, near the ancient Salo'na, and the ruins of. the fa- mous palace of Dioclesian. Pop. 8000.-43, 31 N. 16, 28 E. Ste-y'er, a town in Upper Austria, on the Ens ; with large iron-works and manufactures. Pop. 10,000. Sty'ria, a province between the archduchy of Austria and Illyria. ijpontains 8482 -square miles. Pop. J»-3,98z. Sudet'ic Mountains, a semicircu- la r range of the licrcynian chain, \yhich separates Austria from Saxony and Prussia, distinguished by the names of the Erzgebirge and the Riesengebirge, /. e. the Ore and the Giant Mountains. Szege'din, a town in Hungary, at the confluence of the Theiss and Maros. It is a place of consi- tierable manufacturing and com- mercial importance. Pop. 32,C0a. -46, 17 N. 20, 10 E. Tem'esvar, a handsome town, the capital of the Bannat, a military frontier.province of Hungary. It is situate on the Bega Canal, and is, strongly fortified. Pop. 11,000. Theiss (Teess), a large river in Hungary, formed by two streams, the Black and White Theiss. After a course of 700 milP8,'it flows into the Danube below Peterwar- dein, and Is navigable almost to its source. TAere'sienstadt, or TAeresiano'. pel, a town in the .S. of Hungary, extending over a wide plain. Pop. 40,000.-46, 6 N. 19, 42 E. Tokay', a town in Hungary, at the confluence of the Theiss and the bodrog. It is celebrated for its wine, one of the finest and most costly in Europe. Pop. 4000. Top'litz, a town in the N. W. of Bohemia, famous for its baths. Population 2600. Transylva' nia, a province be- tween Hungary and Turkey, con. taifijiig -2i,?io2 square miles. Po- pulation 1,963,435. Trent, a city in theTyrol,on the MHAi ite the fN. ia, jali. lex- lex* ler- [and of ^tia. It har- 16, of '?«;, laS" lai. I ici. I r TH£ AUSTRIAN EMt>IRfi. «*«illMfill WiM ^ "" '"'" yiindi. K.-I "^1 riojrSt i\ n Adige, It is the Tridentum of the Romans ; and is famous for the council of Roman Catholic prelates, from all parts of Europe, held there from 15^ to 156.5, for the purpose of suppressing the Relormation. Pop. li',000.— 46,4 N. 11, 4 E. Trieste', a maritime rity, the ca- pital of a district of Illyria, situ- ate on a gulf of the same name, at theJV.E. extremity of the Adriatic. It is a ft-ee port, and possesses an extensive commerce. Pop. 51,000. —45, 38 N. 13, 46 E. Troppau', the capital of Austrian Silesia, on theOppa. Pop. 12,000. Tyrol', a mountainous province between Austrian Italy and Bava- ria. The Ortler Spitz, one of the RhaJtian or Tyrolese Alps, rises to the height of 12,8,>2 feet. The Tyrol, with the Voralberg, con tains 10,067 square miles. 827 635 Ver«ETZ', a town in the S Hungary, with a good trade. 16,000. ASIA. 181 ViEN'NA (Ger. VVien), the capi- tal of the empire, one of the most ancient cities of Germany, situate in a rich and picturesque country, on the right bank of the Danube, and intersected by two small but rapid streams, the Wien and the Alster. Pop. 330,000.-48, 12 N. 16, 22 E. Vil'lacA, a town of Carinthla, with sr)me trade. Pop. 3000. WIELICZ'KA, a town of Gali- cia, near which are the most ex- tensive salt-mines in the world, ex- tending more than a mile under- ground, with vaulted passages, and even chapels and altars cut out of the rocli-salt. Pop. 6000. ZA'R A, the capital of Dalmatia, on the Adriatic. It is strongly fortified, and has an excellent har- bour. Pop. 5000.— 14, 7, N. 16, 13 E. Zom'bor, a town in the S. of Hungary, on the Franz Canal; with a large trade in corn and cattle. Pop. 18.000.-t45, 45 N. 19, 12 E. Pop. of Pop. ASIA Is bounded N. by the Northern Ocean ; W. by Eit* rope, the Black Sea, Archipelago, Mediterranean, Isth- mus of Suez, and Red Sea; S. by the Indian Oceaft; and E. by the Pacific Ocean. v i The superficial area, including the islands, has be«| I estimated at ^^0,000,000 square miles ; and its populatr^ff j at 460,000,000. The countries which it contains are,--i Countries. chief Towns. Turkey in Asia Smyrna, Aleppo, Damas- cus, IJaj^dad. ^'[^^}^ Mecca, Medina, Mocha. ^e"ia... Teheran, Ispahan. Afghanistan Cabul, Candahar, Herat. Hindostan Calcutta, Madras, Bom- ,, , T» . . ^'^y^ Delhi, Benares. -Eastern Pcnmsula Ava, Aracan, Bankok. !^^!"a >'^'nn, Nankin, Canton. Thibet i -a^ Eastern or Chinese Tartary Casngar, Varkand, Mai- wr . _ ,„, . ^ _niatchin. western ua inaepenaeni ■iartary..liokhara, Samarcand. Asiatic. Russia Tobolsk, Astracan. •^*P^o Jcddo, Miaco, Nangasaki. • H :- "H% w ..,jjw Mm I— — irv VKHKhC i-Moa. ««« ..r^O^^^P^F''^-^ l^' ^m^^S^^^i '■-'~^^^' 182 ASIA. Ia.ANDs.--Cyprus, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Moluccas, Philippine Islands, Japan Islands, New Guinea, Australia or New Holland, New Zealand. Mountains.— Ural, Altaian, Teen-shan, Kwan-lun, Himmaleh, Caucasus, Ararat, Taurus, Lebanon : Sinai and Horeb. Seas and GuLFS.—lled Sea, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Bay of Bengal, Chinese Sea, Gulfs of Siam and Tonqum, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Ochotsk, Seaof Kamtschatka, Caspian Sea, Sea of Aral. Straits.— Babelmandeb, Ormus, Palk's Channel, Malacca, Sunda, Macassar, Behring. Capes.— Severo, Baba, Ras el Hud, Comorin, Ne- grais, Romania, Cambodia, Lopatka, East Cape. RIVERS.— Ob or Oby, Yenisei, Lena, Amur or Sagahen, Hoang-ho, Yang-tse-kiang, Maykaung, Irra- wady, Brahmapootra, Ganges. Indus, Euphrates, Tigns, Oxufi, Ja\artes. Lakes.— Baikal, Balkash or Palkati. y remarks. m Asia extends from i" 2o' to 76° N. lat., and from 26^ E. to 170° W., making 164'> of long. ♦ Its length, from the mouth of the Dardanelles to the Islands of Japan, is 6000 miles ; and Its breadth, from the S. of Malacca to Cape Severo in Siberia, is 5200 miles. It is the/Targest ot the great divisions of the globe.t Including its islands It extends almost from pole to pole; and from 26° E to 109*» 25' W. long. Every variety of climate and of soil occurs in this vast region. It is watered by magnificent rivers, and intersect- ed by stupendous mountains, of which the Himmaleh chain IS the loftiest in the world. In many respects Asia is the most interesting division of the globe. It is the nursery of the human race; for here man was created, and hence proceeded the tide of popula- tion, which spread in time over the rest of the world It was the theatre of all those errand dispensations by which God prepared the world for the advent of the Messiah, and J^Vru^^'^r' ^''^ sufferings by which our Savior.r ac- coiftfilished the salvation of mankind. Of the ^rreat em- pires which flourished in Asia at very remote periods of antiquity, aim which {.re fret|uently mentioned in the his- torical and prophetic books of Scripture, most have passed f r }■ ASIA. 133 completely away, leaving no trace of their existence but the records of history, or a few architectural ruins. Its present empires and kingdoms will be described under tho respective countries. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Asia ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of its population ? Name the principal countries which it contains. What are their chiet towns ? Name the principal islands of Asia, and point them out on the map. Name its principal mountains; and trace them on the map. Name and point out its seas and gulfs. H hat are its prmcipal straits ? Point them out. Name and point out its principal capes. What are its principal WVJ^'- V*L^ ^^^''^ ,?"•:''''• ^^''^* are its principallakeV? Where IS the Eastern Peninsula, Independent Tartary, China- Asiatic Russia, Thibet &c. ? What is the capital of Ilin- dostan? Ot Chinese Tartary ? Of Persia .? Of China, &c.? Where is Ceylon, Borneo, Cyprus, New Guinea, Sumatra. .Java, the Japan Islands, &c. ? Where is Mount Caucasus, Lebanon, laurus, Hqreb, Ararat, the Altaian MountfeiiM Smai, &C. ? Where is the Bay of Bengal, Sea of Ochotak^ Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Yellow Sea, Caspian Sea, &c. ? Where is the Strait of Ormus, of Behring, of Malacca, Babelmandeb, &c. ? Where is Cape Comorin, Negrais, Lopatka, &c. ? Trace the course of the Hoang-ho, the Ganges, the Oby, the Tigris, the Yenisei, the Euphrates, the Indui' the Yang-tse-kiang, &c. . * *- Between what degrees of latitude and longitude does Asia extend If What are its length and bnadth ? What propordon does It bear to the other great divisions of the globe ^ ''^ What 18 Its extent, including its islands H4 Can it boast of magni- licent rivers and mountains ? In what respects is Asia the most interesting portion of the globe ? What is remarkable about the great empires that once flourished in Asia ? TURKEY IN ASIA Is bounded N. by the Black Sea and Russia ; W. by the Mediterranean and Archipelago ; S. by Arabia and . the Mediterranean; and E. by Persia. It contains ' 450,000 square miles. Population about 12,000,000. , Divisions. ^ Chief To^vns. AsiaMinor,comprehending -^"a'oli» Smyrna, Manisa, Bursa, Ku* Urama'jia Konieh, Adana, Tarsus. ^*»W" -Tokat, Sivas,Ama8ia,Trebi8onde. 184 TUIIKEY IN A8IA. Divisions. Chief Towns. Armenia Erzeroum, Kars, Van. Kurdintan Betlis. Irak-Arahi (Clialdea) Hagdad, Bussorai Hillah. Algcsira (iV/t'Aoyjo/awia).. .Diarbckir, Mosul, Orfa. Syria Alki'PO, Damascus Tripoli. ^^ Palestineor tile Holy Land. Jerusul'jiti, Acre, Tabaria, Na- pluud, Jaffu) Oa/a. Island — Cyprus. Mountains. — Taurus, Olympus, Ida, Lebanon, Ararat. Lakes. — Van, Asphaltites or the Dead Sea. Rivers. — Kisil-Irraak, Sukaria, Sarabat, Meinder, Orontes, Jordan, Euphrates, Tigris. REMARKS. Turkey in Asia extends from 30* to 42" 10' N. lat., and from se** to 48° 30' E. long. Its length, from Cape Baba on the Archipelago to Mount Ararat on the borders of Persia, is 980 miles; and its breadth, from the southern frontier of Syria to the Black Sea, is 730 miles. This exttsrisive country may be regarded as in general mountainous, altbouj^h it presents many extensive plains of great beauty and fertility. The climate is delightful ; and the soil, particularly in the valleys, extremely productive. .^iVuits of the finest kinds grow spontaneously, or are pro- ^«. duced abundantly by cultivation ; but tillage is only partially attended to, — by fur the greater part being occupied by shep- herds and their flocks. The mountains are clothed with woods, and the shores of the Black Sea present the appearance of continued forests. Of the domestic animals, the most re- markable are thesheep, and thegoats of Angora, from thehair of which the finest camlets are made. Indeed, it is a remark- able peculiarity in the animals of this district, that they all have fine long hair. Of the wild beasts of Asiatic Turkey we may enumerate the lion (which never appears farther west than the Euphrates), the hyena, and jackal ; the ibex and the antelope. With the exception of the copper mines of Tokat, the mineral treasures of this country are unknown* At Bursa, near the foot of Mount Olympus, there are hot medicinal springs. Asiatic Turkey is inhabited by different tribes, whose employments and habits are equally various. The prevailing religion is the Mohammedan ; and the Turks of Asia are peculiarly bigoted. The Greek and Armenian Christians are numerous, but are kept in a state of the «*" TURKEY IN ASIA. 1^5 most humilitatlng subjection. A few of the wandering tribes still retain their Pagan superstitions. The fine countries of Syria and Palestine have recently fallen into the possession of Mohammed Ali, pasha of Egypt • but whether the change will improve the condition of the people, or perpetuate rapine and oppression, it is not possible at present to determine. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Turkey in Asia ? What is Its extent m square miles ? What is its population ? Name J u. /i***®"^' o ^^l^i"',"^ ^^^ principal towns of Asia Minor ? Of Algesira P Of Irak-Arabi ? Of Kurdistan ? Of Ar- menia? Of Syria? Of Palestine ? Name its principal island and mountams. Name its lakes. Name its principal rivers. Where is Jerusalem, Smyrna, Hillah, Asphaltites or the Ve&d 8ea, Jaffa, Acre, Tabaria, Mosul, the Meinder, the Jordan, Angora, the Euphrates, &c. ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Turkey in Asia situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What 18 Its general aspect ? What is the nature of its climate and soil? Does It abound in fruits ? By what is the greater part of this country occupied ? What places are clothed with woods and forests ? What are the most remarkable of the domestic animals in Asiatic Turkey ? By what remarkable peculia- nty are the animals of this district distinguished ? Mention some of Its wild animals. Are the mineral treasures of this country well known? Where are hot medicinal springs "i • r.??^ *^ '^***''*^ ^'""^^^y inhabited ? In what stetc are the Christians kept in Asiatic Turkey ? What supersti- tions are still retained by some of the wandering tribes > Into whose possession have Syria and Palestine fallen ? arabTa Is bounded N. by Syria and the Euphrates ; W. by the Red Sea and the Isthmus of Suez ; S. by the Indian Ocean; and E. by the Persian Gulf. It contains 1,000,000 square miles. Pop. estimated at 10,000,000. . Divisions. Chief Towns. V%^^ Mecca, Medina, Jidda, Yembo. fe^l^sf Lahsa, El KaUf. fjejed Derayeh. Vj°?° Mascat, Rostak, Seer. Hadramaut Shibam, Doan. ^®?®° ••• Sana, Mocha, Aden, Mareb. Islands.— Socotra, Bahrein. Mountains.— Sinai, Horeb, Shammar, Arafat. Capes.— Mussendom, Ras el Hud, Babelmandeb. 186' ahabu. -^ : ' ^ REMARKS. Arabia extends from 12° 30' to 34« 30' N. lat., and from Li ^°'j** ^^^ ^' ^°"*^' ^''* length, from the Straits of Ba. belmandeb to the Euphrates, is 1500 miles; and its breadth, from the eastern extremity to Mecca on the Red Sea. is 1280 miles. The most remarkable feature in the aspect of Arabia is the vast extent of sandy deserts which occupy ahnost the who e of the interior,— diversified only by a few spots of fertility called onses or islands. Over these dreary wastes travellers pass in large companies or caravans ; exposed, at alnio.t every step, to the imminent peril of their lives. Iheir suffermgs iwm excessive heat and the want of water are extreme ; and the ocean, in its most violent agitation, presents not so appalling a scene as the Arabian desert in a storm, when the sand, lifted from its bed. overwhelms eveiy thmjT in Its way. The districts on the coast are fertile and beautifu , producing many valuable trees and shrubs, as the tamarind, the Indian.fig, the date.palm, the cotton-shrub, the pomegranate and orange trees, the coffee.shrub, and the amyris opobalsamum, which yields the celebrated balm of Mecca. Arabia has long been famed for the abundance ot Its odoriferous plants. The most noted of the domestic animals are the horse and camel ; of its wild animals, the antelope, the wild ass, the wolf, fox, jackal, hyena, and pan- ther, deserve par»;cular notice. ^ » r The interior of Arabia is chiefly inhabited by wanderinji tribes called Bedouins, who subsist by their flocks, and by the p under of passing caravans. The Arabians on the coast live m more regular society, and enjoy the benefit of commerce and the arts ; the valuable pearl-fisheries of the l^ersian Gulf are principally in their hands. The religion of Mohammed, who was born at Mecca a.d. 570, is professed throughout Arabia', as well as generally over the East. His native city, and Meu . . v^hich con- tains his tomb, attract vast crowds of ril^H.m In thi middle of last century arose the Wahabee., wuu rejected the divine honours paid to Mohammed, considering him only an inspired prophet, and holding as their peculiar tenet that God alone should be adored. They had at on« time over- tui, nearly all Arabia; but Mohammed Ali, pasha of Egypt. h^B sir^e drjven them from Mecca and Medina. .... EXERCISES. vViiai are the boundaries of Arabia ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of its population ? PKH8IA. • 187 Name its divisionH. M''hat are the principal towns of Hejaz ? Ot Yemen? Of Hwlmmaut ? Of Oman? Ot Lahsa ? Of iVeicd ? iName the islands and mountains of Arabia. Where IS Mocha, Mecca, Rostak, Sana, March, &c. ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Arabia situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is the most remarkable feature in its aspect ? How do travellers pass over those dreary wastes ? To what sufferings and dangers are they exposed ? What is the appearance of the districts on the coast ? What valuable trees and shrubs do they P"!auce ? What are the most noted domestic animals ot Arabia ? Which of its wild animals chiefly deserve notice ? Jiy what people 18 the interior of Arabia chiefly inhabited? Hov, r\o they subsist ? In what manner do the Arabs on the coast live ? What religion is professed in Arabia » What rcw sect sprang up about the middle of last century ? What u the peculiar tenet of this sect ? What progress did they make ? Who drove them from Mecca and Medina ? PERSIA Is bounded N. by Georgia, the Caspian Sea, and Tar- tary ; W. by Turkey in Asia ; S. by the Persian Gulf: and L, by Afghanistan. It contains 450,000 square miles. Population 9,000 000. Provinces.* Chief Town.. ** ^f"b'.jan Tabreez, or Tauris. tirhilan Reshd Mazanderan... Saree, Balfrush, Astrabad. W estern part of Khorassan... Meshed, Yezd. Irak-Ajemi Teheran, Ispahan. Cot- ir. . , bin, Hamadan. Jvnusistan Suster. Fars (the ancient PersisV'.'.'.Shimz, Bushire. Lanstan 1^^^^ ^^'^^^ '.'.'.'■.■.■.■.Kerman, Gombroon. Islands.— Ormuz, Kishma, Karak. Lakes. — Urmia, Baktegan. Mountains.— -Elburz, Elwund. Rivers — Aras or Araxes, Kizil-Ozen. REMARKS. .IT^"" ''*'"?^' ^'°"l^^' *° ^^° N- '«'•' «»^at provinces is it divided ? Name their^inc S town Where is Hamadan, Ispahan, Teheran. Ormuz BuS* Casbin, &c. ? Name its islands, lakes, mountains! and rivers' ^ Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Sa sitaate:' What are its length and breadth ? What s ^U general aspect? In what direction does a continued Cham of deserts extend ? What is the appearance of the moun ains and nlains in the south ? For what are the nor h S!Lij«.^"^i':.!#-kable?^ What are the common cronfof aWe'in 'fJiP fr.w'ri/ S"^ -"'^ o ^' Jorest-trees. What is remark, able in the fruits of Persia ? Mention some of the fruit-trees along tlie34lh m the south of ccession of de- i the plains as The northern or their beauty nd small, — and flow into lakes millet, are the IS are the cedar, he sumach, so are among the almond, peach, d the vine and mulberry, cot- les of culture, .rabia in speed, emarkable for more than 30 n, the leopard^ tate in Persia, ► the destruc- t has been al. brocades, and lets of goats* Politeness, ian manners, but there are of fire. The s its extent in lation ? Into ncipal towns. HZ, JBushire, s, and rivers, ude is Persia ? What is a continued ranee of the re the north- ion crops of It is remark- le fruit-trees AFGHANISTAN. 189 common here. \\ hat other plants and shrubs are cultivated » kT ?^lq«a;^»es arc the horses and sheep of Persia remark able ? Mention some of its wild animals. remark- In what state are the manufactures of Persia » What im nufactures of superior texture does it still retain ? Bv whlf qualities are the manners of the Persians characterized 5 K^hat IS the establis^ied religion in Persia ? To what wor' ship do some of the Persians still adhere ? Of what kind k the government of Persia ? ^"^ ^^ AFGHANISTAN Is bounded N. by Independent Tartary ; W. by Per sia; S. by the Indian Ocean; and E. by Hindostan. It contains 450,000 square miles. Population 8,000,000. Division?. Chief Towns. Eastern part of Khorassan... Herat. cSk;;;:::::;:- ™-^- Mountains. - Hindoo-Coosh, Soliman, and the Craur mountains. RiVERs.—Indus, Cabul, Heermund, or Helmund. Lake.— Durrah or Zurrah. REMARKS. Afghanistan, or, as it is also called, the kingdom of Ca- bul extends from 25° to sr N. lat., and fron? 58° to 700 , 1 u^;. Its length, from N. to S., is 800 miles, and Us breadth 750 miles. ' The surface of this territory is remarkably varied. The northern districts are composed of rugged mountains, pro- longed from the Himmaleh,and of which many of the summits are covered with perpetual snow. They enclose, Iiowever several hne valleys, which attbrd a great extent of rich pasture. The southern part, on the contrary, comprising the districts of Seistan and Boloochistan, consists partly of vast dreary plains of sand, which is blown by the winds and contmually encroaches on the cultivated and producfive soil 7he kingdom of Cabul was lately extremely powerful* having reduced to subjection Cashmere, Herat, and part of -ostern Inuu;, and huiuing Sinde^ tributary. At present owing to dissensions among its princes, the country is no Uwgcr gpverned by one sovereign j but has been divided J 9^ niNDOSTAN. into four principalities, Cabul, Peshawer, Candahar, and H^at. The prevailing religion is Mohammedan. The Afghans are a brave, hardy, and warlike race, formed into a number of separate tribes or communities, and eniov ing a considerable share of political independence The Beloochis are a fierce and predatory people, who infest the routes between India and Persia. Balkh, on the north of the Hmdoo-Coosh, and inhabited by Tartars of the Uzbeck race, is at present subject to the King of Bokhara. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Afghanistan ? What is its py Whir ZT ","" • ^h-^^ihl amount of i^ popuk on ? What are its divisions ? What are its principal towns'^ Where IS Peshawer Cabul, Kelat, &c. ? Wliat ar^e its moSnl tains, rivers, and lake ? "ioun- Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Afghani Stan situated ? What are its length and breadth ?• What is the nature of the country in the north ? What in the south * What conquests were lately added to the kingdom » WhVf is Its present state, and into how many principaliiies is it divided? ,What is the character of the Afghans? Of the Beloochis .-' Who are the inhabitants of Balkh ? By whom are they governed ? ^ ^"°"^ HINDOSTAN, OR INDIA WITHIN THE GANGES .t^T.1!^ c^- .^^o ™^,^* K ^. by Afghanistan and Divisions. nu-.^err, Mountain Territories, comprehending ^°''"''' k^!^'"'^ Cashmere. ^ZT^""' Serinagur. ^e"p^r ^^"^°^»- Gangctic Hlndostan;'comprehe^^^^^^^^ f^JS^ .Delhi. Glide ^^''"» Gwalior. AUahabad.'.'::::::;:;;:: izte ^ Bahar Allahabad, Benares. ^"'^''" ***^ Calcutta, Moorshe- dabad, Dacca. Candahar, and nedan. ke race, formed ties, and enjoy- endence. The who infest the an the north of I of the Uzbeck ^hara. V^hat is its ex- its population ? ncipal towns? •t are its moun- ie is Afghani- th ? • What is in the south ? dom ? What cipalities is it ans ? Of the » ? By whom anistan and ; E. by the It contains )0,000. or. (enares. Moorshe* CB. HINDOSTAN. rjQl Divisions. Chief Towns, omdetic Hindostan, comprehending Lahore., .k; liahore. Moultan IWoultan. Sinde........ Hyderabad, Tatta. Central H indostan, comprehending Ajmere Aimere. ■^lalwa Ougein, Indore. Guzerat Ahmedabad, Cambay, , Surat. Candeish Burhampore. Berar Nagpore. Aurungabad, or Dowlatabad Aurungabad, Poonah. Concan Bombay, Goa. V isiapore, or Bejapore Visiapore. Noith part of Golconda Hydrabad. The Circars Visagapatam. c .i!^'^*- uVV V—; Cuttack, Juggernaut. &outnern Hmdostan, comprehending South part of Golconda Masulipatam. ''^3's**'^^ Seringapatam, Banga- lore. The Carnatic Madras, Arcot, Tran- quebar, Tanjore, Tri- chinopoly. Lanara, Malabar, Cochin, Tra- Mangalore, Calicut, Co- vancore chin, Trivandrum. ; j Islands. — Ceylon, in which are the towns of Colom- bo, Candy, and Trincomalee ; the Maldives and Lacca- dives ; the Nicobar and Andaman Islands. Gulfs. — Cutch, Cambay, Manaar; Bay of Bengal. MouNTAiNs.~Hindoo.Coosh, Himmaleh. or Hima- laya Mountains, Vindhya, Eastern and Western Ghants. Rivers — Indus or Sinde, Sutledge, Jumna, Gogra* Ganges, Brahmapootra, Nerbudda, Taptee, Godavery' Bain-Gunga, Kistna or Krishna, Cavery. Strait. — Palk's Channel. Cape. — Comorin. REMARKS. Hindostan extends from 8° 5' to 35° N. lat., and from 67«> to 92° 30' K long Its extreme length, from cT^ tomormtothe Himmaleh Mountains, is 1800 miles* its greatest breadth, from the borders of Beloochi&tan tothe'east of^engal, 1600 miles. m a country so extensive as Hindostan, there is, of course a great variety of aspect. Oa the north, the Himmaleh ""*^l] ^^^ HINDOSTAN. Mountains present a very bold and stupendous frontier Th. south 71'-' T'^l'"'"'^ Nerbudda on ,h1 lorth a„u' to Gu.erat. In .he province of Sindf^here IHiS "' deserts consisting of sand, which, raised bV the bum",^l^ZK ^nd. often bunes houses and cultivated fields ; and i^^Delht lyeen Eooderpore and Almora, there is 'a s^nd^ "In .Uy miles long, covered with briers and resinous shZI Numerous savannahs occur in the northern prSes a; the mpuths of the river* as wpH oe i P'^ovinces. At their^n the intlrio'r," hrsoiUst^Sh: ''Zr "' fi wllkmr '''"''"^''.'""''^"'S•aefdradr;! vegetation. o ^ ^^ ine Deaut> and variety of months. The changes are produced 1.7,1,. ..7k'' "'"^ «orth.west monsuofs; and uTs remaXb 'e TtZV"^ pen regularly at different periods of"he vearon ?L ^ ^-P" coasts of Coromandel and Jlalaba^ irw^^'hXr'' dry season continues from March to the end°„f mL .. ramy period from June to September 71^,1 i.^ ' "'^ of July all the lower parts of the coun.rv ^ h' """ '"'' Ganges and Brahmapootra, are overflowed fol"""' '" *'"' pat^se of water more than 100 miles „Tde Z".f "" "" gular inundations extreme fertil."y is impaled to /^f T though in many places it requires no suK«L? -5°'' •' n cotjsists of rich vegetableLuld to the'^rb'^^^^/Jtr Ihe luxuriance of veapf j.tJ«« ;« i "'^i"" "• six leet. other region of the gloC'' of Us sTatdl'f '"'7''''' '" ""y the most valuable is^'the teak v^ cr/i viXoaT"' T "'' %'arious species of Dalms ? ' ■ ^ '""'' "^'^'^ ^^« ^he Among the domestic animals mnv ho «,«..»:„__j .. . . .«io, camei, and elephant. The iattk a« SgdXa by ItlKDOSTAN. 193 a bunch on the shoulders ; and the sheep have hair instead of wool. Among the wild animals are the leopard, which is frequently hunted ; the lion, seen only among the north- ern mountains ; the Bengal tiger ; and the rhinoceros. Hindostan is yicl? in mineral treasures, —of which the most valuable is.the, diamond, found in the provinces of Bengal, Bundelcun»/ Allahabad, Orissa, Berar, Visiapore Golconda, and the Cai natic. The diamonds of Golcondu and Orissa are the most celebrated. The Hindoos have carried some manufactures to consi. derable perfection. The shawls of Cashmere, made of the hair of the shawl.goat, are highly prized ; and till the late improvements in the cotton-manufactures of Britain, the Indian muslins were the finest in the world. In delicate works in ivory and metals the Hindoos are still almost un- rivalled. Muslins, calicoes, raw silk, indigo, nitre, opium, sugar, pepper, rice, and diamonds, are the chief exports. In a political view, the greater part of India is now un- der the immediate government of Britain. This is divided into three Presidencies,-!. Bengal, including Bengal, Bahar, Allahabad Agra, Delhi ; 2. Madras, comprising the Carnatic, Tanjore, the Northern Circars, a large prot portion of Mysore, and Visiapore ; 3. Bombay, containinff an extensive portion of the provinces of Aurungabad, Can! aeish, and Guzerat. In a recent parliamentary paper the extent ol the British territories is estimated at 630,000 square miles, and the population at 83 millions. The remainder of India is mostly in the possession of vas- sal-states, more or less dependent upon Britain. The princi pal are,— 1. The Rajah of Mysore, residing in the fortress of that name; 2. Ihe Nizam or Soubah of the Deccan, whose now r r^ "^'""^l ^Vx'" ^^"^ "^ ^"^'^' '''^^'^"S a Luck- now ; 4. The Rajah of Nagpore ; 5. The Rajah of Sattara. who represents the dignity of the ruler of the Mahrattas ^ ^l' territory, comprising part of Candeish and Mai! T' ; iM^^^AP^'^f ^'^^^' °^ Oodipore, Marwar, Jyepore &c. ; 8. Ihe Gu.ckwar, or sovereign of Guzerat. The population of these states amounts to 40 millions. The following territories may still be considered nearly inde pendent :-l. Scindia's dominions, forming a long range of his capital 2. The Rajah of Nepaul. 3. The Seiks. who possess Lahore. Cashmpi-o ««'' ♦h :-.,:_-i » /»"« ^ c- j^ . 1-' "-•;*""" "^'^F^^'^ipai pan or Mouitan. 4. Sinde, at the mouth of the Indus, governed by its ameers. These states have a population estimated at il millions. ^^"^ HINDOSTAN. The French have still Pondicherry and Chandernagore • the Portuguese, Goa ; the Danes, Tranquebar and Seram- pore : but these settlements are of scarcely any political im- portance. The most remarkable circumstance in the civic economy ot the Hindoos is their division into castes, of which there are tour,— Brahmins or priests mi htary class, merchants, and labourers. Each of these classes follows invariably the same profession from generation to generation ; and they never intermarry. They who have been degraded from their castes which is accounted the greatest of all misfortunes, are calll ed rariahs, a term of superlative reproach, and are kept in the most humiliating servitude. In their manners the Hin- doos are mild and inoffensive, peculiarly formed for the quietude and the comfort of domestic life. Although their religion permits polygamy, they seldom have more than one wile ; the horrid custom of burning widows alive on the luneral piles of their husbands was retained till very latelv when U w;as prohibited by the British government. The Hindoos worship a number of gods, of whom the principal are Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva; they believe that Vishnu has already been incarnate nine times, and is still to be so a tenth and last time. They hold that, after their death, their souls will animate other bodies, ' either ot men or inferior animals. Hence the extreme tender- ness with which they treat all living creatures, even to the meanest insect. In general they abstain from animal food, subsisting on rice, butter, milk, and vegetables. EXERCISES. .n^^"^^ •i''' ^.*'"?;!?"^^ «^, Hindostan. What is its extent in wl"f/lr"^frf .\^^^^i^'he amount of its population? Into what great divisions is it portioned? What provinces are con ained m the Mountain Territories ? In Gangetic hZ- In s ;k ^" w-"1'"' Hindostan? In Central Hindosta^ ? In Southern Hindostan ? ,Ji'}/l ^A^/l'^ principal towns of the first division ? Of the ?, A n i ?^J^' V.^'i^ ? ^*" '^'' ^«"^^h ? Of the fifth ? Where 18 Allahabad, Hydrabad, Ahmedabad, Bombay, Calcutta, Benares, Visiapore, 3Ioorshedabad, Goa, Tr chinopolv Mangalore, Arcot, &c. ? Where is' Ceylon, thrMairves It ^^^^^f J^^^« ? .^Vhere is the Gulf of CuU, of Cambay H?nl?. *'^^'v^^^^ • . ^^'^^^ ^'^ '^^ principal mountains of N«rr^Tt?«L ^^'T "' P"°<^ipal "vers, -/race their course. ISame its principal cane. .1ni!f'7T 7*"^ ?f/L'^' «*' ^**it"^« and longitude is Hin. tlostan situate ? What are its length and br^dth ? What HINDOSTAN. l95 mountains form its northern frontier? VVhat mountains run parallel to its eastern and western coasts ? What is the direction of the central chain ? Where do a series of rocky mountains and of sandy hills occur? In what places are deserts of sand ? Where do numerous savannahs occur ? Where is the soil marshy ? What is the more general aspect of Hindosuin ? In what provinces do the seasons occur in their most agreeable vicissitudes? How is the climate of Hin- dostan in general diversified ? By what are those varieties caused ? What is remarkable about the climate on the coasts of i\Jalabar and Coromandel ? What are the periods of the dry and rainy seasons respectively in Bengal ? What is the extent of the inundation on the course of the Ganges and Brahmapootra? What is the quality of the soil ? Mention one of the most valuable forest-trees. What are the most noted of the fruit-trees. What is the principal article of cultivation ? What are the other articles of cultivation ? Mention some of the domestic animals of Hindostan. What are its most remarkable beasts of prey ? What is its most valuable mineral ? Where is it found ; and in what provinces is it most valuable ? In what manufactures have the Hindoos attained considerable dexterity ? In what kind of works are they almost unrivalled ? What are the chief ex- ports from this country ? By what government is the greater part of India now controlled ? Into how many Presidencies is the British government divided ? What provinces are comprehended in the Presidency of Bengal ? In the Pre- sidency of Madras ? In the Presidency of Bombay ? What is the extent and population of the British territories ? What are the principal states entirely dependent on Great Britain ? Wh&t is the number of their inhabitants ? What territories may still be considered nearly independent ? What is the amount of their population ? What places belong to the French ? To the Portuguese ? To the Danes ? What is the most remarkable circumstance in the civic eco- nomy of the Hindoos ? What is their characteristic quality ? Are they addicted to polygamy ? What horrid custom did they till lately retain ? Mention some of their religious opi- nions. Whence arises their extreme tenderness in the treat- ment of living creatures ? On what do they in general subsist? THE EASTERN PENINSULA, OR INDIA BEYOND THE GANGES, Is bounded N. by Thibet and China; W. by Hindos- Uu and the Bay of Bengal; S. by the Gulf of Siam 196 THE EASTERN PENINSULA. and the Straits of Malacca ; and E. by the Gulf of Tonquin and the Chinese Sea. It contains 800,000 square miles. Population estimated at 20,000,000. Divisions. chief Towns, ^f^^m.. Riingpoor. isirman iiimpirc, comprehending ^ p * AvA, Ummerapooraj Pronie. rSt?^' jj «•:•••. Rangoon, Pegu, Mariabaii. l^ountrics ceded to Britain, com- prehending ■J^^acan Aracan. Martaban Amherst. ^avoy Tavoy. lenasserim Mergui, Tenasserim. Malacca Malacca. TH^p"**' :•••; Bankok, Slam or Yuthia. 1 he Jimpire ot Annam, compre- hending TonmHn™"^ **"^' Turon. wT .:;;.f: ^''''^!^- cambodia'andsimpa:::;;;;::;;;;^?^^^^^^^^^^ Gulps.— Martaban, Siam, Tonquin. CamS;""^''"''''^^' ^'^"'"* ^^^"^^™^ Maykaung or of w 1""? rT^"^*, Matthew's, Pulo Penang or Prince of Wales' Island, Singapore. ^ Capes.— Negrais, Romania, Cambodia. REMARKS. Ibe Eastern Peninsula extends from V 20' to 23° N N Cs I8m'°i '" 'T I' ^-g-'b-"gin length from iN. to b. 1800 miles, and m breadth 960 miles. In external aspect, this portion of Asia is remarkablv d.sting,nshed by its long parallel chains of mount^ns en closingdistmct valleys, each watered by a considerable r'iver Those places ,n which rain does not fall abundantly or re mam long, exhibit a light powder barren as sand or^'a cms as hard as rock ; while the banks of the rivers and the de of the mountams are clothed in perpetual verdure and adorned w,th woods, in comparison of whose gigantic height ture :? r^rV' 'f'' ""^ '''''''' ''^'^ dwi^iie^rtLTt. ture ot dwarf.. Among the most noted of its forest produc T-:::"!:!:'^:^!^' white sandaLwood, th: tSt:: svramnr;";^« -- " "^- ^'•"""yj ^'"c'ii is here indigenous, iJic sycamore, the Indian. fig, the banana, the bignonias, and the THE EASTERN PENINSULA. 197 fan-palms. The forests are the haunts of various species of monkeys, tigers, and elephants. The elephants of Slam aro particularly admired for their beauty and sagacity. Fine fruits, aromatic and medicinal plants, the sago, the cocoa, the banana, and other nutritious plants, grow in abundance. Laos produces the benzoin and gum-lac; and gamboge seems to be peculiar to Cambodia. Rice, sugar, cotton, indigo, and pepper, are cultivated to a great extent. These countries are rich in minerals. Besides gold and silver, their mines produce tin, iron, load, antimony, and zinc. The sapphire and amethyst aro found in various parts of the Birman empire ; rubies of j eculiar beaiity are found in Pegu ; and amber of uncommon purity is dug up in great quantities near the river Irrawady. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries'of the Eastern Peninsula? What IS Us extent in square miles ? What is the population ? IVame the countries ceded to Britain. What are its other di- visions and their chief towns ? Name the gulfs, rivers, islands, and capes. ' Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is the East- ern Peninsula situate ? VFhatare its length and breadth ? By what circumstance is it remarkably distinguished in its exter- nal aspect ? What contrast is presented between those places where rain is not abundant and the margins of the rivers and sides of the mountains ? What are the most noted of its torest-productions ? Of what wild animals are those forests the haunts ? h or what are the elephants of Siam remarkable ? What productions grow here in great abundance ? What crops are cultivated to a great extent ? What metals do the mines of this country produce ? In what places are sapphires, amethysts, rubies, and amber, respectively found ? CHINA l8 bounded N. by Chinese Tartary ; W. by Tartary and Thibet; S. by the Eastern Peninsula and the Chi- nese Sea; and E. by the Pacific Ocean. It contains 1,^98,000 square miles. Its population is estimated variously at from 150,000,000 to 302,000,000. ^^ovi^^cea. Chief Towns. Fechelee , Pekin Shantung... i.'.'iii'.'^.W.'.'i.'.'.'.'.Tsinan.* KiMriflrnan xt i • fchekiang Hangtchoo. *"»"«««« Nantchang. . \ ■ ^^S CHINA. FV^'tii"''**- Chief Towni. f."*^*^": Footchoo. Quangtung Cfinton. Vf"**"««ee Queiling. X"n-'fn Vun.nan. i^«t'^*='>«o Koei-yang. ^ifhuen Chin^too. J?^^"'^^'^ Singan. y^^'^^*^^ Taiyiien. tJ""*" Kaifong. Houquang Vootchang. IsLANDs.--Hainan, Macao, Formosa, Loo-Choo. Lakes.— Tong.ting, Poyang, Tai, Hong-tse. KivERs—Hoang.ho or Yellow River; Yang-tse- kiang, or Kianku, or Blue River ; Choo-kiang or River ot Canton ; PciJio or River of Pekin. REMARKS. loao^p^^'''^"'^': *''''"' ^^^ '^ ^2° N. lat., and from 97° to in br^dih ^' ' ^'"^ ^^^^^ ^^^ '"'^^^ *" ^*''"^*^*' ^y ^^^^ It may be regarded, in general, as a flat and fertile country; although, in some placed, its aspect is varied by chains of mountains of considerable magnitude. One of Its most remarkable features is the number and magnitude of ts nvers, which have contributed in a great degree to its early civd.sat.on. In a country so extensive, the climate is necessarily various. J„ the southern provinces the heat is greater than in Bengal; in the northern, the rigour of a European winter is experienced. In no region of the East has agriculture attained greater perfection. The culti- vation of every spot is requisite for the support of its ex. cord.ngly been displayed ,n forming even the sides of lofty mountains into terraces, to which water is conveyed by buckets or by conduits from reservoirs in which the rain is an object of such importance, the rearing of domestic ani, ma s IS rather discouraged, except in so far as they are em- ployed n subserviency to that primary purpose. The principal article of culture is rice,%vhich is^ ried chieflv ndustry of the Chinese have discovered a metliod of cul- l\?"':i!71!'^:_^^^.r"Vh-r ^"I^-> ponds, andrivtilets, flmr'^r^^^ ^'""' ;^^J^'^-c^»e.iuut, in particular, is planted, and produces a wholesome and delicate fruit, which is e, the climate is CHINA, 199 contained in a cover formed by the root. Besides the orange, tamurind, and mulberry trees (of which there are two species, from the bark of one of which paper is made), the tullow.tree is peculiar to China, yielding a green wax, which is manufactured into candies. But of the native productions of China the most remarkable is the tea.plant, which grows chiefly in the hilly part of the country. It is about five feet high ; its leaves are narrow and indented on the edges ; and it blossoms from October to January. The export of tea to Britain alone, in 1835-6, exceeded 50 mil- lions of pounds. In a country so densely peopled, there are but few forests or jungles to harbour wild beasts. Such as are occasionally seen do not differ from those of the neighbouring coun- tries. Among the minerals may be mentioned a natural com- position of iron and zinc called tutenagt a species of white copper called petong, and the fine clay and earths, itao/mand petuntse^ from which porcelain is manufactured. The district around Pekin abounds in coal, usually pounded and baked with water into cakes before burning. Among this industrious people almost every kind of ma. nufacture is found; those of porcelain, silk, cotton, and paper, are the most noted. Like the Hindoos, they excel in deli- cate works in ivory and metal. Their chief exports are silk, porcelain, and especially tea, — for the last of which they drew from Great Britain, in 1835, about two and a half millions sterling. Of the imports from Europe, the most important are iron, steel, lead, flints, zinc, quicksilver, woollens, cotton- goods, cotton-twist, clockwork, and machinery. They allow Europeans to trade only at the port of Canton. Of their national works, the most remarkable are the Great Wall on the northern frontier, said to be 1500 miles in length, and the Grand Canal, by wliich the inland navigation is conti. nued, with the interruption of only one day's journey, from Pekin to Canton, — a distance of upwards oV 1400 miles. That part of the canal which extends from Pekin to Hang, tchoo,— a distance of 900 miles,— is 200 feet broad at the surface, and in passing through the elevated tracts it is often 60 or 70 feet in depth, while in low marshy places it is raised by embankments sometimes 20 feet abovfc the level of the surrounding country; so that frequently its surface is higher than thft wnik n? tha nIfJoe u.r ...u:-.u :* __ j ?. sometimes occasions dreadful inundations. The government of China is the patriurchal, or the mildest 200 CHINA, apeciei of despotism ; and its present monarchs are of Tartar origin. The character of the Chinese is placid and affable ; but the indolence of the upper classes, and the craft, dissimu- lation, and avarice of the public functionaries, are striking defects in their manners. The exposing of infants is said to be common. Their notions of female beauty are pecu. liar ; and their admiration of small feet exposes their ladies to much pain and inconvenience in obtaining this indispen- sable charm. The religion of the government and learned men is that of Confucius, which is almost a pure deism ; but the people are addicted to various superstitions, particularly the worship of Fo, supposed to be the Boodh of the Hindoos. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of China ? M^hat is its extent in square mUes i W hat is the estimated number of inhabitants ' JName its provinces, with their chief towns. Name its islands, lakes, and rivers. ' Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is China si- tuate.-' What are its length and breadth? What is its ge- neral aspect ? Mention some of the most remarkable features m the natural appearance of the country. What are the va- neties of its climate ? What ingenuity do the Chinese display m agriculture? Is the rearing of domestic animals much encouraged in China ? What is the principal article of culti- nation tor food? How do they cultivate even the beds of the rivers and lakes ? Mention some of the fruit-trees of h«i" 9 ^^^^}^ f*^^ "i?^^ remarkable of its native produc- i % • P^scribeit. What is the annual export of tea to pritam ? Are there many wild animals in China ? Men- tion some of Its most important minerals. In what part of the country does coal abound ? How is it used ? What are the most noted manufactures of the Chinese ? In what works do they particularly excel ? W^hat are their chief exports ? w hat are the most remarkable of their national works ? What 18 the form of government in China? What is peculiar in their character and manners ? What practice is said to be connmon ? What peculiar notion of female beauty exposes in!t';if . ^?.u- "''^ P^'" ^"^ inconvenience ? What religion does that of China resemble ? ^ THIBET Is bounded N. by Chinese Tartary ; W. by Indppend- ent Tartary; S. by Hindostan, and the Eastern Pe- rx«..«.a i:.. uj v^iiina. it contains 750,000 square miies. 1 he population has been estimated at 5,000,000. TiiimfiT. 201 Division!. Chief Towns. Thibet Proper Larsa, Teshou Lomboo. Jiitile Thibet, or Ladak Leh or Ladak, Oortop^:* Bootan TaMisudon. Mountains. — Himmaleh, Kwan-Iun. Lakes Terkiri, Pulte, Mansarowara. lliV£RS. — Sanpoo, Indus. REMARKS. Thibet extends from '■26" to 39" N. lat., and from 10" to 105° E. long., being nearly 2000 miles in length, by a breadth of 400 miles. Low rocky hills and extensive arid plains are the chief features in the aspect of Thibet Proper. The mountains of Bootan are clothed in perpetual verdure, or crowned with lofty forests ; their declivities and tlie valleys are rich in corn- iields and orchards. Thibet consists of a very lofty table-plain surrounded by mountains clothed with perpetual snow, and distinguished as containing the source of many of the greatest rivers of Asia. Yet the cold is not so intense as might be supposed, arfd the fields are covered with rich pasture and numerous flocks and herds. A country so mountainous may be exgected to abound in minerals. Though those of Thibet are not wrought to any great extent, cinnabar-ores rich in quicksilver, rock-salt, escribe the Japanese government. What are their two systenis of religion ? V/ho first discovered the country and introduced Christianity ? VV^hat consequences did the con. duct of these settlers produce ? What is the only European nation allowed to trade with them ? To what port is this in- tercourse confined ? THE EAST INDIAN ISLANDS Comprise a very extensive archipelago lying to the south and east of India beyond the Ganges, having the Indian Ocean on the west, and the Pacific to the south and east. They are estimated to contain about 650,000 square miles, and a population of 15,000,000. Q.,«,o* ^''^"**'' Chief Towns. ^"•"^^''^ Bencoolen, Acheen, Palem- y bang. i^^? Batavia, Samarang, Solo. ?,7"^« Borneo,' Pontiana.*^' ^.f^^f:'\ Macassar. I he Moluccas and Bandas, or Thf Ph?— ' ;• Amboyna, Ternate. 1 he Philippines, of which the principal are Luzon and Min- ^^*»a« Manilla. STHAiTs.-Malacca, Singapore, Sunda, Banca, Ma- cassar, Molucca Passage. REMARKS. ArlhL^.'c^l^r'^'l" ^'^""^'' ^"o"''"S '^^ I"^»«" °r Eastern Archipelago, he between 10« S. and 19" N. lat and be tween 95°and 130° E. long., extending from west to east upwards of 2100 miles. ° The interior of all the great islands is traversed bv ranges of lofty mountains, which bear often a vol canTc cha- racter, and are crowned almost to their summits wfth noble tt'mos varied"' ^'^"'^' ""' ^^'^"^^^'^ P'^^^' P--"ing tlie most varied ana picturesque scenery. The soil is fertile yielding r.ce, sago, and the Lest spices. The clove Js in! TTr"^ lu ine Moluccas, the nutmeg in the Banda Islands • and they have never been produced Elsewhere in equarper: 210 J3A8T INDIAN ISLANDS, fection. The diamond is found in Borneo, which also pro- duces go d in great abundance ; and Banca, near Sumatra contams inexhaustible mines of tin. ' The principal inhabitants of these islands are the Malays an mgenious and active, but fierce and turbulent race. Oil the coasts they are much addicted to piracy, which thev prac.se with great skill. The interior is for the most pan inhabited by the Papuas, or Oceanic Negroes, who are almost complete savages. The Dutch possess most of these islands ; Batavia, in Java, IS the capital of all their settlements in the East. Thev have recently been engaged in some severe contests with the native prmces. Al these possessions were wrested from them by Bnta.n during the late ^var, but were restored at U,e peace of 1814. The Philippine Islands belong to Spain. KXERCISES. Kn.in.lfiV'' w^^ East Indian Islands situate ? How are they the amouL ^ ^h'- ' ^heir extent in square mile. ? What I consts ? W]?f/ 'l^^P^^^.''^? ' ^^^ ^^^*t i**lands do they consist? H hat are the principal towns? What are the straits^ fnA^n'f 7^'f "^^^'''^ "^ ^^^""^^-^ ^^"d longitude are the East eas^ r Wha?Ln?f H \^. ^^^^^^ ''. their Extent from weft ^I nlture of thp .nif ''v? '^"'1 ^'^^"^' P*"*-^^^"^ ? ^'hat is the nature ' t'-ee^ i sandal.wood is found in many in r.T' ^"t"^ '' l.atejy been an article of some importance ZZ. . 7°u"'l^ "mpossible here to convey any gene- raUccount of the different crouns. the. rp«.l«.r i *h±f.rc merred to the DEscaiPriVE Tabw.' "' ' '" "'"""" ASIA* 213 EXERCISES. Under what heads are the islands in the Pacific compre- hended ? Name those in Aust.'iasia; in Polynesia. Be- tween what decrees of latitude and lont^ltude are the variouH f,'roups situate ? What is their superficial area ? What is the amount of their i)opijlation ? What is the nature of the soil and climate of these islands ? Into what races are the nativen divided ? What is their character ? Of what formation are the 1 olyncsian Islands ? What arc their principal productions ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE OP ASIA. A'CHEEN, a Hea|)ort ofSuniatra, on the N. VV. coast, the capital of a native liingdojn. It consists of SOOO bamhoij houses, raised on posts.— S^ao'N. Iat.95030' E. long. A'cre, the ancient Accho, a sea- port of Syria, on a tine bay of the Mediterranean. It is cele- brated in the history of the cru- s.ides ; and more recently for its resistance to Bonaparte, who, after besieging it for two months, w.is compelled to retreat, May 20. 1799. P. 20,000.-32, 54 N. 36, 6 B. Ada'lia, or Sata'lia, a seaport of Asia Minor, at the head of a gulf, to which it gives name, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 8000.— 3(i. 52 N. 30, 43 E. Ada'na, a city of Caramanin, in Asiatic Turkey, on the Syhoon, in a fertde plain. Pop. 20,000.-37, 1 N. 35, 12 E. AMen, a seaport of Yemen, in Arabia, near the entrar>ce of the Hed Sea, now belonuing to Bri. tain.— 12, 32 N. 45, E. A'gra, a province of Hindostan, S. of Delhi.watered by tlie Ganges, the Jumna, and the Chumbul. S. of the Chumbul it belongs to the Mahrattas : the rest is subject to the British or their allies. A'gra, the capital of the province of Agra, called by the Mohammed- iuis Akbarabad', is situate on the S. W. bank of the Jumna. Its mausoleum, perhaps the most su- perb in the world, is constructed of white marble inlaid with pre- cious stones. Agra was the capital of the Mogul empire till 1647. Pop. 9fi,G0().— 27, 12 N. 7H, 7 E. AAmedabad', the capit;il of the province of Guzerat, situate on the dostan, W. of Agra and S. of Del- hi, watered by the Chumbul and the Banass. Aj'mere, the capital of the pro- vince, situate at the foot of a range of hills. It is a handsome city, with a strong fort. Pop. 25,000.-26, 28 N. 74, 40 E. Akhalt'sic, a strongly-fortified town of Georgia, in Asiatic Ru«- sia, on the Kur. Population 30,000 —41, 38 N. 42, .57 E. Alep'po, or Hal'eb, the capital of Syria, in Asiatic Turkey, built; on several hills; its numeroua minarets and domes commanding a delightful prospect. It ig the seat of a great inland trade. la 1822, Aleppo was convulsed by an earthquake, when it was computed that 20,(«)0 persons were killed. Pop. 150,000—36, 11 N. 37,5 E. Aleu'tian Islands, a group 'in the N. Pacific, between Kamt- schatka and America. Algesi'ra, the ancient Mesopo- famia, a district of Asiatic Turkey between the Euphrates and t|je Tigris. Alla/iabad', a province of Hin- dostan, S. of Oude and Agra, wa- tered by the Ganges, Jumna, and somt/inferior streams. It now be- longs entirely to the British.- Alia/wbad', the capital of the province, with a 6trrated for it* ruby-mines. Badak'shan, or Fyzabad', the ca- pital of the above district, on a tributary of the Oxus. Bag'dad, the capital of Irak-Ar- abi, in Asiatic Turkey, situate on the 1 igris. It has a considerable trade, being the emporium for the products of Arabia, Persia, and is N?44rS'E.'"'""' ^0".0"t).-33, Bahar', a province of Hindostan, S. ot Nepaul, one of the richest and best cultivated in India. It con- tains 26,000 square miles. .1 *^'y*w/'^'» * cluster of islands on the h. W. side of the Persian Gulf. Ihe pearl-Hshery here is one o£ the most valuable in the world. Bai'kal, a lake or inland sea of E Siberia, about 368 miles long, with an aveiage breadth of 38 miles. Ihe Russians regard it with vene- ration, and call it the Holy Sea. Bam-Gun'ga, a tributary of the Gcdavery, in Hindostan. Bak'tegan, a large salt lake of i'ersia, in the province of Fars Bd^ku, a seaport of hhirvanj in Asiatic Russia, on the Caspian, in the vicinity are inexhaustible pits o naphtha, and from the adjacent p juns an inflammable gas continu- ally issues, producing a blue flame, ihis everlasting tire was the great object of worship, and held in deep veneration, by the ancient Gue- bres.— 40, 22 N. 49, 40 E. Baltrush', a town of Persia in the province of Mazauderan. car- ries on a considerable trade P«m 20.000.-3G, 32 N. 52, 4 5 E. * • ",£i^ ^^^'^ "•■ P'^'ka'ti, a large lake in Mongolia, near the frontier of Westera Tartary. . °^ Baik/i, a province of Great Bu, charia, between Cabul and tlie Oxus, exteucUng about 250 miles 216 A81A. JYom W. toE.,ahdllOfrom N. to S. It was in the hands of the Afghans till lately. When it was seized by the King of Bokhara. P. 1 .OOO.OUO. BalkA, the ancient Sactra, the capital or the province, situate in a plain. It is regarded by the A si- M1C8 as the oldest city in the world. Pop. 2000.-36, 38 N. ti5, 17 E. Ban'ca, an island on the N.E. coast of Sumatra, from which it is separated by the Straits of Banca. It is celebrated for its tin-mines.— 2,20S. lOfi.OE. Ban'da Islands, a group in the Indian Ocean, forming part of the Spice Islands, and famous for the production of nutmegs. Bangalore', a strong city of IVl y- Bore, in Hindostan, which was the tesldence of Hyder AH. Popuia- tion 60,000.-12, 55 N. 77,35 L.^ Ban'kok, the capital of Siam, on the Meliiam. The houses float upon bamboo-rafts moored along the banks. Pop. 90,000, of which about thrte-fourths are Chinese.— 13, 45 N. 101, 12 E. Bareil'ly, a city of Hindostan, in the province of Delhi, noted for Kb various marufactures. Pop. 06,000.-28, 23 N. 79, 23 E. Barnaul', the principal city of the Kolivan mining district In Siberia. Pop. 9000. ^. „, Baro'da, a city of Guzerat m Hm. dostan, the capital of the Guick- war, the principal native chiet. Pop. 100,000. ^ , Basso'ra, Busso'ra, or Bas'rr, a city of Irak- Arabi, on the Sha t el Arab, near the head of the Persian Gulf. It is a place of great trade. Pop. 60.000.-30, 29 N. 47, 40 E. Bata'via, the capital of the island of Java and of the Dutch posses- sions in the East. It is situate on the N. W. coast, and is well fitted for an extensive commerce. Pop. S3.860.— G, 9 S. 106, 53 E. Ba'thurst, a town and settlement in New South Wales, on the W. bank of the Macquarrie. Bay'azid, an important city and fortress of Turkish Armenia, near the S. W. foot of Mount /Ararat. Pop. 16,000—39, 18 N. 44, 13 E. Beer, or Blr, a to\vn of Asiatic Turkey, situate on the E. bank of he Euphrates, which is crnssedby 9l bridge of boats. Pop. 15,000. Be/t'rlng'8 Straits, tlie narrow sea which separates Asia and Nortli America, near the parallel of SS' N. It Is 52 miles broad tVora East Cape in Asia to Cape Prince of Wales on the coast of America, and is named from the discoverer, Behring, a Russian navigator. Beloochistan', the ancient Ge- rfro'sitf, alarge province in the S. of Afghanistan. Belour'-tagh, the ancient Ima'us, a range of mountains running N. and S., and separating Western Tartary from Little Bucharia. Uenaros (Benalrz'), a celebrateil city of Hindostan, and capital of a rich district in the province of Al- lahabad, situate on the N. bank of the Ganges, and the chief seat oi Brahminical learning. Population 200,000.-25, 19 N. 82, 56 E Bencoo'len, a seaport of Sumatra, on the S. W. coast ; it belongs to the Dutch, having been exchanged with the British in 1824, for Ma- lacca on the continent. Population lO.OOO.— 3,48S. 102, OE. Bengal', a province of Hlnaos- tan, about 400 miles in length, with an average breadth of 300. Its soil is peculiarly fertile, yield- ing in great abundance both the necessaries and luxuries of life. The Presidency of Bengal compre- hends 328,000 square miles, and 70,000,000 inhabitants. Bengal', Bay of, a portion of the Indi.nn Ocean, washing the Indian and Eastern Peninsulas, and com- prehended within the parallels of 8° and 22° N. Be'rar, a province of the Deccan, in Central Hindostan, N. of Au- rungabad. It is naturally fertile, but thinly peopled. Bet'lis, an ancient city of Kur- distan, in Asiatic Turkey, S. W. ot Lake Van. Pop. 20,000. BAurtpore', a city and strong fort- ress of Agra, in Hindostan, storm- ed by the British in 1805, 18ii6, and 1833.-27, 13 N. 77, 34 E. Bokha'ra, tlie capital of Great Bucharia, in Western Tartary. It contains a number of colleges, and is a great seat of Mohammedan learning ; as also the centre of an extensive commerce. P. 100,000. OJf sv/ J-^. vc Bo'li, a city of Anatolia, in Asi- atic Turkey, with manufactures of cotton and leather. Pop. 50,000. ASIA. 217 Bothbay, an important seaport, the western capital of British India, is situate on atsmall island, separat- ed from the mainland by a narrow fttrait, and connected with the isl- and of Salsette by a causeway. It is strongly fonifled, particularly towards the sea, and its harbour is one of the (inest in tlie world. It Is the great emporium of Western India, and commands an extensive trade with the Persian Gulf, with China, and the islands in the In- dian Ocean. P. 220,000, of whom 13,000 are Parsees 18, 56 N. 72, 67 E. The presidency of Bombay contains 65,000 square miles, and 6,658,810 inhabitants. Boo'tan, a province to the N. of Hlndostan, between jBengal and Thibet, about 150 miles long, and 90 broad. It is very moun- tainous, and covered with exten- slve forests. The rsijah is tributary to the Grand Lama of Thibet. Bor'neo, next to New Holland, the largest island in the world, be- ing about 800 miles in length and 700 in breadth. It lies directly be- neath the eouator, to the east of Sumatra and the Malayan Penin- sula, and to the north of Java. It produces all sorts of tropical fruits, and contains valuable mines of gold and diamonds, which are worked chiefly by Chinese settlers. The interior of the island remains un- explored, but it is understood to lie mountainous, with numerous streams and extensive lakes. Pop. estimated at 3,000,000. Bor'neo, tlie principal town in the island of Borneo, situate on the N. W. coast. It is built upon ))ileson the banks of a river ; canals run through its streets, and the communication is by means of boats. The chief trade of Borneo was formerly with China, but now with Singapore. Population 10,000. — 4,55 N. 114, 50 E. Brahmapoo'tra.or Burrampoo'ter, alarge river of India, whose sources have not yet been visited by any European; it flows through the valley of Assam and the province Of Bengal, and, uniting with the Ganges, falls into the Bay of Ben- gal. It was long supposed to rise in Thibet, aiid lo be the same with theSani)oo; but this is now con- sidered somewhat doubtful. BuchaMa, Great, more properly the Kingdom of Bokha'ra, the Sog- dia'na of antiquity, in Western Tartary, situate to the S. E. of the Sea of Aral, between the Ox us and Sirr, and inhabited by the Usbeck Tartars. In the vicinity of the rivers, the soil is rich and fertile, but a great portion of the country is occupied by the Desert. Pop. 3,000,000. Bucha'ria, Little, a district of Chinese Tartary, now incorporat- ed into the kingdom of Cashgar, bounded on the W. by Great Bu- charia, and on the S. by Little Thibet. It is almost unknown to Europeans, but is described as one of the finest tracts of Central Asia, being watered,by streams descend, ing from its mountain. border. Burdwan^ a city of Hlndostan, in thp province of Bencfal, 60 miles N. W. of Calcutta. Pop. 54,000. BurAainpore', the principal city of Candeish in Hlndostan, situate on the Taptee. It carries on a con- siderable trade.— 21, 19 N. 76,^2 E. Bur'sa, or Bru'sa, a city of Ana- tolia, atthe foot of Mount Olympus. It has an extensive trade, and is noted for its mineral springs. Pop. 100,000.-40,8 N.29, 10 E. Bushire (Busheer'),or Abushehr, a seaport of Persia, on the Per- sian Gulf: it is an emporium of the trade with India. Pop. 15,000— 29, N. 50, 56 E. CABUL', an extensive province of Afghanistan, bounded on the north by the Hindoo- Coosh, which separate it from Balkh. Cabul', capital of the province, on a river of the same name, is sltuute 6000 feet above the sea, and surrounded by gardens, abounding in the choicest fruits. It was long considered as the gate of Hin(ios- tan towards Tartary. Population 60,000.-34, 10 N. 68, 32 E. Calcutta, the capital of Bengal and of British India, is situate on the Hoogly, or western branch of the Ganges, a hundred miles from its mouth. It extendsabove6 miles along the river; and on being ap- proached from the sea, its spires, temples, mosques, the citadel of Fort- William, its splendid edi- fices, and elegant viiias and gar- dens, present an appearance of maguiiicencc which seems to war« 218 ASIA. rant its proud appellation of the •« City of Palaces.** Pop. 600,000. —22, 34 N. 88, 26 E. CaKicut, a seaport of Hindos- tan on the Malabar coast, once a splendid city, from whiclt the first European vessel was freighted with Indian commodities by Vasco de Gama, in 1498. Pop. 20,000.-11, 15 N. 76, 5 E. Cam'bay, a seaport of Guzerat, in Hindostan, at the head of the gulf to which it gives name.— 22, t.'5 N. 72, 40 E. Cambo'dia, a country of the Eastern Peninsula, between Sinm and Cochin-China. It now forms a division of the empire of Annam, or Cochin-China, but of the inte- rior little is Icnown. Among its productions is the jellow pigment called gamboge. Cambo'dia, the ancient capital of the preceding country, situate on the Mavkaung, about 150 miles from its mouth.— 12, 20 N. 101, 25 E. Cambo'dia, Cape, the extreme S. point of Cambodia, in the East- ern Peninsula.— 8, 40 N. 105, 11' E. Can'dahar, an extensive province of Afghanistan, inhabited by Af- ghans of the Dourannee tribe. Can'dahar, the capital of the pro- vince, is a flourishing city, on the great road between Persia and In. Uia. P. 100,000.— 3 2,44 N.65,32E. Can'd^ish, a province of Hmdos- tan, S. of the Nerbudda, and E. of Guzerat. It is watered by the Taptee, and very fertile, although a large extent is covered with jungle. Can'dy, a town in the interior of the ialand of Ceylon, formerly the capital of a native kingdom. It is surrounded by wooded hills. Pop. .5000.— 7, 17 N. 80, 18 E. Canton', the capital of the pro- vince of Quang-tung in China, and the only port with which Europe- ans are permitted to have inter- course, is. situate at the confluence of the Pe kiang with the Ciioo-ki- ang or Pearl Kiver (called by the English the Canton Uiver, and the river Tigris). It is distant about 80 miles from the sea, at the head of the Bocca Tigris, a noble estuary stu'ided with islands. The foreign iactories are cusinncd to a snirtii space along the banks of the river, and all tureigu ships michor at a con. siderable distance farther down. The river for 4 or 5 mi tea is crowded with boats containing whole fami. lies that have no other residence, Pop. 500,000 ; according to Ritter. 800,000.-23, 8 N. 113, 17 E. Carama'nia, an extensive pro. vinceof Asia Minor, E. of Anatolia. Carnat'ic, a province of S. Hln- dostan, extending along the east- ern coast to Cape Comnrin, a dis. tance of 600 miles. It comprises what lately formed the dominion* of the Nabob of Arcot, and is now included in the Madras Presidency. Car'oline Islands, a numerous coral group in the Pacific, E. of the Philippines and S. of the La- drones. They are exposed to vio- lent huriicanes, and the natives are distinguished for their skill iu navigation. Carpenta'ria, Gulf of, a large bay on the N. of Australia. Cas'bin, a city of Irak-Ajemi in Persia, with a considerable trade. Pop. 60,000.-36, 10 N. 49, 33 E. Cash'gar, a province of Little Bucharia, in Chinese Tartary. Cash'gar, the capital of the pro- vince, on the river Yarkand, is a seat of considerable trade., Pop. 40,000.-41, 5 N. 72, 20 E. Cash'mere, a province of N. Hin- dostan, now dependent on thu Seiks. It consists of a beautiful valley, in which reigns an almost perpetual spring, and is surrounded by lofty mountams. It is noted fur its shawls, manufactured from the inner wool of the goats of Thibet. Cash'mere, formerly called Seri. nagur^ the capital of the province, situate on the banks of the Jeliini, Pop. 60,000.-34, 30 N. 74, 45 E. Cas'pian Sea, an inland sea or lake, the largest in the world, about 300 miles to the eastward of the Black sea, and, according tu M. Humboldt, 3(J0 feet below the level of the latter. Its length from N. to S. is 750 miles, and its breadth 270, covering an area of 1:^0,000 square miles. The water of the Caspian is less salt than that of the ocean. Catmandoo', the capital of Ne- paul, in N. Hindustan, situate in a romantic valley, about^40 miles S. 01 the Himmalehs. I'op, 2u,tj00. —27, 45 N. 85, 5 E. Cau'casus, a chain of lofty moun< ASIA. 219 tains, stretching across the isthnniis between the Black Sea and the Cas- pian ; it extends from the straits of Enikald to the mouth of the Kur. Cau'casus, an extensive govern- mentof Russia, W. of the Caspian Sea, consisting chiefly lof territo- ries conquered from Persia. Ca'vf ry, a river of S. Hindostan, which rises in the W. Ghauts near the coast of Malabar, flows through Mysore and the Camatic, and falls into the Bay of Bengal. Cel'ebes, a large island in the Indian Ocean, to the E. of Borneo, from which it is separated by the iStraitsof Macassar, atid so indented by deep bays as to form four long peninsulas. Its extreme length may be estimated at 500 miles, and its average breadth at 150. Though rugged and mountainous, the soil is fertile, yielding in abundance rice, sugar-cane, sago, and cotton. The famous upas-tree is found here. Of its native tribes, the Bugis are the most active commercial people in the Indian Archipelago. Popu- lation 1,000,000. Ceram', an island of the Indian Archipelago, one of the Moluccas. —o , 20 S. 129, 30 E. Ceylon', a large and beautiful island in the Indian Ocean, sepa- rated from theCoromandel coast by the Gulf of Manaar, 62 miles broad. Its entire length from N. to S. is about 270 miles, with an average breadth of 100, and its area is 24,664 square miles. It is the Taproha'na ot the ancients ; Cingala is the name given to it by the natives, who are called Cingalese, or Ceylonese. The interior is traversed by finely- wooded mountains, from i00(» to 4000 feet high, and watered by nu- merous rivers and lakes. The cli- mate, formerly pernicious, has be- come more salubrious as the island hiis been cleared and cultivated. The soil is rich and luxuriant, pro- ducing cofFee,sugar.cane, rice.pep- per,teak, and other valuable woods. Plantations of cinnamon amidst groves of cocoa-nut trees border the S. W. coast for 100 miles. The island abounds in gems, and there is an extensive pearl-fishery car- Viril on in the Gulf oi Maiiaar. 'I'he elephants of Ceylon have long been famed for their size and saga- city. Pop. 1,230,990. Chandernagoro', the capital of the French settlements in Bengal, on the Hoogly, about 16 miles above Calcutta. Pop. 40,000. Chingtoo', thecapital of the pro- vince of Sechuen, in China; it carries on an extensive trade. Chin-yang', or Mouk'den, the capital of I.eaotong, a province of Chinese Tartary — 41, 58 N. 123, 10 E. Chittagong', or Islamabad', a city in the province of Bengal, dis- trict of Chittagong, situate on a river of the same name. Cir'cars,a province of Hindostan, extending along the Bay of Ben- gal ; it is one of the most valuable districts, equal to the Camatic in fertility, and superior in manufac- turing industry. Circas'sia, a province of Asiatic Russia, forming that part of the territory of Caucasus which is si- tuate between the mountains and the rivers Kuban and Terek. It is inhabited by a number of warlike tribes, who continue almost inde- pendent of Russia, neither paying tribute nor performing military service. The Circassians are re- markable for their elegance of per- son,— the beauty of the females has long been celebrated. Population 474,000. Co'bi, or Go'bi, called also Shamo by the Chinese, a great desert, ex- tending upwards of 2000 miles from W. to E. across Central Asia ; its surface is covered with sand, and abounds in salt. It is an ele- vated table-land, from 3000 to 10,000 feet above the sea, and exhibits traces and phenomena of having once been covered by the ocean. Cochin (Kot'shin), a small pro- vince in S. Hindostan, between Malabar and Travancore. Co'chin, the capital of the pro- vince, was the first point at which the Portuguese, in 1505, were per- mitted to erect a fort ; it still en- joys a considerable trade.— 9, 57 N. 76, i.'9 E. Co'chin- Chi'na, a country in the Eastern Peninsula, called also the empire of Annam, comprehend- ing Tonquin,Camboni.i, ;uui Siiuii- pa, besides Cochin-China Proper, and extending between the Gulfs of Siam and Tonquin. Extent es- 220 ASIA. timated at U7,000 tquare miles, with 12,000,000 inbabitonts. Colom'bo, the capital of Ceylon, on the S, W. coast, is a handnome town, and atrongly fortified. Pop. 65,()00.--6, 57 K. 79. 56 E. Com'orin, Cape, the mo«t south- ern point of the peninsula of Hin- dostan.— 8, 5 N. 77, 44 E. Con'can, a maritime district of Hindostan, extending fvoin Bom. bay to Goa, with an average breadth of 40 miles between the Western Ghauts and the sea. Core'a.a country of Asia, consist, ing of a peninsula, separated from China by the Yellow Sea, and from the Islands of Japan by the Straits ofCorea and the Sea of Japan. It is •100 miles long by 150 broad, and the interior is traversed from N. to S. by a chain of mountauis. Its king is tributary to China. Coroinan'del, the eastern coast of Hindostan, extending between 10° and 16°N. lat. Cutch, a peninsula of Hindostan, to the S. of the province of Ajmere; it extends from the Indus to the Gulf of Cutch. and is possessed by independent chiefs. Cut'tack, a maritime district in the province of Orissa, Hindostan, inundated liy the sea at spring- tides to the distance of 15 or aO miles from the coast. Cut'tack, tlie capital of the dis. trict, situate on a peninsula formeii by the Mahanuddy. Pop. 40,000. — i.'0,t'5N.S6, lOE. Cyprus, an island in the Medi- terranean, tiff tlie coast of Asia Minor, HO miles in length by 60 in breadth. It is traversed Irom E. to W. by two lofty chains of mountains, which, during winter, are covered with snow. Ir. ancient times it was celebrated for its fer- tility and beauty, and for the vo- luptuous gayety of its inhabitants. Its fruits, particularly grapes, stiil preserve their pre-eminence ; but the oppressive dominion of the Turks represses industrv, and has reduced the island nearly to a de- sert. P. 80,000.— 35, N. 33, E. DACCA, a district of the pro- vince of Bengal, between the Gan- 20S and tho Megna^ or Lower Brahmapootra. Dac'ca, thecanital of the district, situate on the Boorec Gunga, or Old Ganges, and the chief tent of the manufacture of musUn«. Pop. 15o,00a— 83, 43 N, HO, 18 E. Dag/ii8tan% a district on the W, of the Caspian Sea, for many years a debatable land between the Per< sians and Uussians, but now in fUll possession of the latter, Damaa'cus, a very ancient and still ilouriihing city of Syria, in Asiatic Turkey, situate in a beau- tiful plain, and celebrated foi its numerous fountains, canals, and tine gardens. Being on the route of the great caravans to Mecca, it is the centre of an extensive trade. It was formerly famous for its ma- nufacture of sabres ; audits figured silk and cotton fabrics were origj. nallynamed dnmasks from this city. Pop 140,000.-33, 30 N. 36, 2.5 E.' Dec'can, or Country of the South,' a region of Hindostan, stretching across the peninsula, and bounded by the Nerbudda on the N. and the Kistna on the 8. It compre- hends the provinces of Candeish, Berar, Gundwana, Aurungabad, Golconda, and Visiapore. Del'hi, a province of Hindostan, to the north of Agra, situate be- tween 28» and 3l*> N. lat. Ex- cepting the banks of the Caggur, it is generally steril, or covered with dense jungles and forests. Del'hi, the chief city oftheabove province, and long the capital of the Mogul, empire, is situate on the banks of the Jumna, and sur. rounded with embattled walls. Though shorn of its ancient splen- dour, It still contains a number of fine edifices. The citadel is occu- pied by the Mogul, who is entirely supported by the British. Pop. 130,000.-28, 40 N. 77, 16 E. Deray'eh, a town of Arabia, the capital of the Wahabees in Nejed, taken by Ibrahim Fosha in 1818. Pop. 15,000. Der'bend, a strongly-fortified seaport ot Daghistan, on the W, coast of the Caspian Sea; it now l)elongs to Russia, to whom the Persians ceded it in 1796. P. 4000. Diarbc'kir, a pashalic of Asiatic Turkey, comprising part of an- cient Armenia and Mesopotamia. above province, on the W. bank of the Tigris, with considerable trade. Pop. (50,000.-37, 55 N. 39, 63 E, ASIA. 221 I>o(/fhak, or Jellalabad', the ca- pital of the province of Seistan, in Afghanistan, situate near the Hel. mund...^l, 10 N. 61, 10 E. Dowlatal)ad', a town and strong fortress of Hindostan, in the pro- vince of Aurungabad, on the sum- mit of a steep mountain, and sur- rounded by several walls. DurVah, Lal;e of. gee Zurrah. EAST CAPE, the most eastern extremityof Asia.onthe W.ofBoh- ring's Straits.— 66, 5 N. 190. 1(5 E. Easl'er Island, in theSt)UthPaci. fie, about 20 mites in circuit, noted for the intelligence of the natives. — 27,9S. 1U9, 12 W. El'burz, or El'brouz, the highest peak of the Caucasus, rising 17i796 feet above the sea. Elephan'ta, a small island on the W. coast of Hindostan, between Bombay and the main, celebrated for its wonderful cave and mytho- logical sculptures. El Ka'tif, a seaport of Lahsa in Arabia, situate on a bay in the Persian Gulf. Pop. 6000.-26, 20 N. 49, .58 E. Ellichpore', a city of Hindostan, in the province of Berar. Kllo'ra, a village of Aurungabad in Hindostan.near the city of Dow- latabad, remarkable fur the num. her and magnitude of Hindoo ex- cavated and highly-sculptured tem- ples that have been discovered in Its vicinity. Elwund', a range of mountains in Persia, of which the highest summit is near the city of Rama- dan. Er'ivan, Lake of, in Armenia, situate N.E. of the city of Erivan, is 60 miles in circumference. Er'ivan, a city of Armenia, with a strong fortress, situate on a pre- cipitous rock, overhanging the Zenghi, near its junction with the Araxes, ceded by Persia to Russia in 1828. l*op. 4000. Er'zeroum, the capital of Turkish Armenia, situate near the north, em source of the Euphrates, in a beautiful plain, 7000 feet above the sea. It carries on a considerable trade. Pop. 100,000.-39, 56 N. 41 . 32 E. ' Euphra'tes, or Frat, a celebrated river or Asia, rLses fium two prin- cipal sources in the mountains of Armenia. ^After a S, E. course of about 1500 miles, it receives the Tigris above Bassora, and the unit- ed stream, under the name of the Shat el Arab, falls into the Per- sian Gulf by several mouths. The whole course of the Euphrates is 1600 miles. FA RS, or Farsistan', the ancient Persis,'a. province of Persia, E. of Khusistan, and N. of the Persian Gulf. Fo'kien, a maritime province of China. Although it is covered with hills, it abounds not only in grain, but in fruit, particularly oran^;es, and the te^-plant is reared to a great extent. Foo'tchoo, the capital of the pro- vince of Kokien, in China, situate on the Min-kiang, which is crossed by a stupendous bridge. It is as . large as Canton, and carries on a considerable trade in teas, tobacco, and timber. Formo'sa,alargeand fertile island in the Chinese Sea, opposite the province of Fokien. It is 210 miles in length, by 90 in breadih. Friend'ly or Ton'ga Islands, a numerous group in the Pacific Ocean, to the S. W. of the Society Islands. The principal are Tonga- taboo, Annamuoka, vavaoo, Eooa, and Tofoa. They are inhabited by a Ine and interesting race, who have made some progress in civili- sation. Pop. about iJ0,O00. Furruckabad', a commercial city of Hindostan, in the province of Agra, near the W. bank of the Ganges. Pop. 67,000.-24, 43 N. 87, 57 E. Fyzabad'. See Badakshan. GAN'GES, one of the largest rivers of Asia, and held in the highest veneration by the natives of India. It issues in a small stream from beneath a mass of perpetual snow on the S. side of the Himmaleh Mountains, and is called the Bhagirathi till joined by the Alacananda, about 50 miles below Serinagur. On passing Hurdwar, in the province of Delhi, it enters the plains of Hindostan, and at Allahabad receives the Jumna, and is swelled by the ac- cession of several large rivers in its progress to Patna, where it is from i to 3 miles broad, and 30 feet deep. About 200 miles from the sea commences the Delta of the 222 ASIA. Ganges, the numerous branches of which, in entering the Bay of Ben- gal, form a labyrinth of channels and creeks, called the Sunder- bunds. The western or Hoogly branch, whicli passes by Calcutta, is the only one that is navigable. The eastern branch receives the Brahmajiootra before pouring its flood into the ocean. Gaur', or Paropami'san Moun- tains, a range which separates Af- ghanistan from fialkh. Ga'ya, a city of Hindostan, in the province of Bahar, on a tribu- tary of the Ganges. It is one of the holy cities of the Hindoos. Pop. -JO.OOO.— 2i, 44 N. 8.5, E. Gaz'a, an ancient city of Pales- tine, near the coast. Pop. 5000. Geoi'yia, the ancient Iberia and Colchis, a mountainous region on the fc). declivity of the Caucasus, now annexed to Russia by con- quest. Watered by the Kur and liumerous tributary streams, it com [lines the productions both of the temperate and tropic.il climes. Its v.tUeys are extremely fertile, and the vine grows wild on its hills. The beauty of the Georgian women, like that of the Circas- sians, is proverbial over the East Pop. 320,000. G/tauts, two extensive chains of mountains in the S. of Hindostan, the western of which extends nearly 1000 miles, from Cape Co- morin to Surat ; the eastern chaiti is almost of equal length, on the opposite coast. See Nilgherries. G/ii'ian, a province of Persia, extending 200 miles along the S. W. shore of the Caspian. GAiz'nl, an ancient city of Cabul, formerly capital of a great empire, but now in decay. Pop. 9000. Gilo'Io, tJie largest of the Mo- lucca If^lands ; like Celebes it is broken into four peninsulas, sepa- rated from each other by deep bays. Go'a, New, or Pan'gl, a seaport In a small island on the W. coast of Hindostan, the capital of the Portuguese possessions. Popula- tion 9000.— 15, 30 N. 73, .53 E. Godav'ery, a river of Hindostan, rises in the W. Ghauts, and, tra- yersinff nearly the whole breadth of the peninsula, falls, by several mouths, into the Bay of Bengal, Gog'ra, u river of Hindostan, which rises in the Himmalohi, and flows into the Ganges above Patna. GoIconMa, or Hydrabad', a pro. vince of Southern Hindostan, for- merly celebrated for its diamond, mines. It forms part of the do- minions of the Nizam. Golcon'da, a celebrated fortress in the abi>ve province, formerly the capital of a kingdom, now the citadel of Hydrabad, and the repo- sitory of the Nizam's wealth. Gom'broon, or Bunder Abbas, a seaport of Kerman, in Persia, on a bay of the Gulf of Ormuz, formerly a place of great trade, but now much reduced. Gor'topd, a city of Thibet, situ- ate on the Ladak, in a vast plnin; the chief market for shawl- wool. Guinnak^ a city of Mongolia, in Chinese Tartary, on the borders of the Desert of Cobi. Gu'zerat or Gu'jerat, a province of Hindostan, situate between the Gulls of Canibay and Cutch and to the S. of Ajmere. It is a flat country with arid tracts.but many of its districts are very fertile and highly cultivated. Besides its na- tive castes, it contained, in 1815, 150,000 families of Parsees. Gwdl'ior, a celebrated fortress of Hindostan, in the province of Agra, the capital of Scindia, the Mahratta chief. Pop. 80,000.- 26, I5N.78, 5 E. HAD'RAMAUT, a province of Arabia, occupying the southern coast from Yemen to Oman. Ilai'nan, a large island in the Chinese Sea, IHO miles in length and 70 in breadth. It is situate at the E. extremity of the Gulf of Tonquin,and separated by a narrow channel from the Chinese province of Quang-tung, to which it belongs. Hamadan', a city of Irak-Ajemi, in Persia, on the site of the ancient Echa'tana. Pop. about 25,000.— 34, 53 N. 48, E. Ham'ah, the Uamath of Scrip- ture, a city of Syria, situate on both sides of the Orontes. It is thebirthplaceof Abulfeda.thedis- tlnguislied oriental geographer. Pop. 45,000.-35, 1 N. 36, 57 E. Ha'mi or CAa'mil, a town of Little Bucharla, in Chinese Tar- tary, E. of Lok Nor. Hangtchoo', the capital of the province of Tche-kiang In China^ ASIA. 223 and one of the flnelt cUlet in the empire, situate on a navigable river at its junction with the Grafid Canal. It has an extensive trade in raw silics and teas. Pop. 000,000. —30, 15 N. 11D,40E. Heer'mund, or Hel'mund* the ancient Etymandru3,ti river of Af- ghanistan, which rises near Cabul, and falls into the Lake of Zurrah. Hcj'az, a province of Arabia, extending along the Red Sea fruin Mount binai to the frontier of Yemen. Herat', the ancient AriUt a large and commercial city of Khorassan, situate in an extensive and fertile plain. Pop. 100,000 34, 30 N. «!, 20 E. Hil'iah, a town of Irak-Arabi, in Asiatic Turkey, on the banks i the Euphrates ; built on the site of ancient Babylon, the ruins of which are still to be seen in the vicinity, consisting of vast masses of rubbish and bricks. Population 7000.— 32. 26 N. 44, 19 E. Him'maleh or Himalay'a, a stu- pendous range of mountains be- tween Hindostan and Thibet, ex- tending in length about 1300 miles, and in breadth from 250 to 300 miles. Dhwalagiri, or the White Mountain, the highest known pin- nacle on the globe, is S?8,074 feet above the level of the sea. Hindo(/-Coush, or Indian Cau- casus, a range of lofty mountains, formingacontinuation of the Him- maleh chain, on the N. of Cabul. Hoang'-ho' or Yellow River, a very large river of China, issuing from the mountains of Thibet, and pursuing a circuitous course of 2000 miles through some of the finest provinces of China, till it falls into the Eastern Sea. Hob'art Town, the capital of Van Diemen's Land, on the river Derwent, about "20 miles from its mouth. It stands on a cove or bay affording one of the best and most secure anchorages in the world. Pop. 16,000.-42, 53 S. 147, 25 E. Home, the ancient Emfeta, & city ot tiyria, on the boruera of the Desert. Pop. 20,00a— 34, 35 N. 37, 6 E. Hon'an, a central province of China, wutered by the Hoang-ho. It is so fertile as to be called the •• Garden of China." Hong'-tie, an exteniive lake of China, In the province of Kiang- nan. Hoog'ly, a branch of the Ganges. See Ganges and Calcutta. Ho'reb, a mountain of Arabia, celebrated In sacred history as con- taining the rock tVom which, when struck by Moses, water issued to relieve the thirst of the Israelites. It is 8. W. from Mount blnai. Houquang', a central province of China, to the S. of Honan, and traversed by the Vang-tse-klang ; it is considered the granary of the empire. Hu6, the capital of Cochin-Chi- na, situate on a navigable river ten miles from the sea, and strongly foriitted. Pop. about 100,000.-16, 30 N. 107. 13 E. Hurdwar', a town of Hindostan, in the province of Delhi, situate on the Ganges, where it issues from the Himmaleh Mountains. It is famous as a place of pilgrlma^ " ; Its fair is the greatest in India. 30, N. 78, 12 E. Hyderabad', the capital of the province of Sindd, near the E.bank of the Indus, with a strong fortress. Population 20,000.-25, 22 N. 68, 40 E. Hydrabad', a province of the Deccan. See Golconda. Hydrabad', the capital of the above province, and of the Nizam's dominions, situate on the S. bank of the Musa. Pop. 200,000.-17, 22 N. 78, 31 E. PDA, a mountain of Asia Minor, opposite the entrance of the Dar- danelles, 5292 feet high. lekaferinburg or Cath'erinburg, a celebrated minmg town of Asiatic Russia, with extensive founderies. Population 0000.-56, 53 N. 60, 50 E. I'll or Ou'lia, a river of Chinese Tartary, which falls into Lake iiai- kash. I'll, £6*13 or Gould'ja, a city of Mongolia, in Chinese Tartary, on the 111. Pop. 76,000. Imeri'tia, part of the ancient Colchis,si country bordering on the E. shore of the Black Bea, subject to Russia. Indore', a city of Hindostan, in the province ot Malwa, the capital of Holkar. Pop. 90,000.-22, 40 N. 75, 55 E. 224 ASIA. E' In'dui or Sind^.oneof the largest rivers of Asia, is formed, according to the information of Captain Burnes, by the river Ladak and the Shyook, whic^ unite their streams N.W. of Ladak, in Little Thibet} the one rising near the Lake Mansarowara, and the other, the principal branch, in the Kara Korum Mountains. After pene- trating the Himmalehs, it assumes a southerly course, and, near At- tock, is joined by the Cabui, when it becomes in manv places rapid and deep. About 100 miles further down it receives, in one united stream, the five rivers of the Pun- jab, and on approaching the ocean, divides into several chan- nels. The whole course of the In- dus is estimated at 17(iO miles, of which 1000, are navigable for ves- sels of 76 tons. Frak or I'rak-Aje'mi, the most important province of Persia, com- prehending the uncient Media. Trak-Ai'abi, the ancient C/ial- de'a, a province of Asiatic Turkey, known likewise by the name of the )ashalic of Bagdad. It is watered y the Euphrates and Tigris. Iran', the name by which Persia is known to the natives. Irk'utsk, a flourishing commer- cial city, the capital of E. Sil)eria, situate on the Angara, in a fine plain. Fop. 16,000. Irrawa'dy or river of Ava, sup- posed to have its source in Thi- bet, flows through the entire ex- tent of the Birman Empire, and after forming nn immense delta, falls into the Bay of Bengal, E. of Cape Negrais, by numerous mouths. Ir'tish or Ir'tysch, a large river of Asiatic Russia, which issues from Mount Bogdo, in Eastern Tartary, flows through Lake Zai- zan, and, attera lony and winding course towJirds the N. W., joins the Oby at Samara in W. Siberia. Ispahan', in the province of Irak, formerly the capital of Persia, and one of the most splendid cities of the East; though much decayed, it is still magniticent, and possesses extensive trade, with flourishing manufactures. Pop. lOO.OQO— 32, 59 N.dl,44E. " JAF'FA, the ancient Joppa, the port of Jerusalem, situate on tiie coast of Palettine. 1 1 has obtained a dismal celebrity in modem timet, from Iti capture by Bonaparte in 1799,andhis cruel massacre of near, ly fourthousandTurkish prisoners, It was almost wholly destroyed by an earthquake, Jan. 11, 1S37.<^2, 6 N. 34, 49 E. Japan', Sea of, between the Ja. panese Islands and the £. coast of Chinese Tartary. Ja'va, a large island S.E. of Su. matra, from which it is separated by the Straits of Sunda. It ex- tends from east to west about COO miles, with an average breadth of about lOO ; and is divided nearly in its whole length by a range of volcanic mouDtains. ' ITie Euro- pean settlements are on the N, coast, which is intersected by a great number of rivers and fine bays. Java surpasses all the other islands of the Indian Archipelago in fertility, population, and gene- ral improvement; it is fruitful in rice, sugar, and coffee, and has extensive forests of leak. Pop. 5,000,000. Jaxar'tes. See Sirr or Sihon. Jed'do or Yed'do, the capital of Japan, situate at the head of a deep bay on the E. coast of the island of Niphon. It is said to contain many splendid palaces, and carries or> a great internal trade. Pop. according to Balbi, 1,300,000.- 35, 4'i N. 139, 50 E. Jellalabad^ See Dooshak. Jer'icAo, an ancient city of Pa- lestine, situate in a pastoral vale to the W. of the river Jordan. It is now a mean village. Jerus'alem, the celebrated capi- tal of Judea, is situate on the de- clivity of a hill, at the extremity of an extensive plain. The splen- dour of its firsi and second tem- ple, the destruction of the city by Titus, and the dispersion of the Jews by Adrian, are events known to every reader of history. The recovery of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Saracens was the great object of the Crusaders. It was taken in 1099 by Godfrey de Bouillon, who was created King of Jerusalem, and retaken by Sa- ladin in 1187. P«>p. -TO.OOD, of whom one-fourth are Christians. — 31,47 N. 35, 20 E. Je»'8o or Mats'mai, a large island ASIA. 225 of Japan, to the N of Nlphori, fVom which it is sepnrated by the Straits of Matsmai. It is about 1.50 miles long and 80 broad; high mountains, forests, rocks, ami ra- vines, render the interior almost inaccessible. . Jid'da, a seaport of Arabia, on the coast of the Red Sea. It is a place of great trade, and is consi- dered the port of Mecca. Pop. about 15,000.-21, 29 N. 39, 15 E. Ji'hon, or Amoo'. See Oxus. jorMan, a celebrated river of Pa- lestine, issuini? from Mount Her- mon, a branch of Anti-Libanus ; it forms, with some other streams, the small lake Merom. Passing afterwards through the great lake called the Sea of Tiberias, and then flowing through an extensive plain, It loses itself in the Dead Sea. Juggernaut', or more properly Jagatna'tha, the Lordof the World, a celebrated temple on the coast of Orissa, in Hlndostan. The idol is a friiihtful figure of wood, repre- senting one of the incarnations of Vishnu. On particular occasions, it is placed, superbly dressed, on an immense car, or moving tower, before the wheels of which some of the devotees, of whom from 40,000 to 130,000 repair annually to the festival, throw themselves, and are crushed to pieces. Jum'na, a river of Hindostan, which issues from the Himmaleh Mountains, flows through Delhi and Agra, and, after a course of 780 miles, joins the Ganges at Al- lahabad. Jyepore', a handsome and strong, ly.fortified city of Hindostan, capi- tal of a Rajpoot principality in the province of A j mere. Population 60,000.-26, 53 N. 75, 51 E. KAIFONG', the capital of the province of Hunan, in China, about 6 miles S. of the Hoang-ho. —34, 50 N. 114, 45 E. Kaisa'riah, the ancient CcBsare'a Maxa'ca, a town of Caramania, in Asia Minor. Pop. 25,000.-38, 35 N. 35, 22 E. Kai'tchoo, a seaport of Leaotong, in Chinese Tartary, on a gulf of the Yellow Sea ; has considerable trade— 40, 30 N. 122, 20 E. Kamtschat'ka, a peninsula in the E. extremity of Asiatic Russia. Thou|;h situate within the tempe- rate 2one, the cold is as severe as in the arctic regions; this is occasion- ed by the elevated chain of moun- tainswhich traverse nearlyitswhole length, and by the winds blowing ft"oni the polar seas. The coun- try abounds in wild animals, many of which bear precious furs. I'he inhabitants are rude, living during winter in huts under ground, and travelling in sledges drawn by dogs. Pop. 4451. kangaroo' Island, an island ofT the coast of S. Australia, about 100 miles in length. Kan-kian^', a river of China, which traverses the province of KiangAee from S. to N., and falls into the Poyang Lake. Kar'a Ko'rum, a range of moun- tains on the north of Little Thibet. Ka'rak, a small island in the Per- sian Gulf. Kars, a fortified city of Turkish Armenia. Pop. 50,000. Kastamou'ni, or Costamboul', a city of Anatolia, in Asia Minor. Pop. 13,000—41, '20 N. .■<4., 3 E. Kelat', the capital of Beloochis- tan, on a hill 8000 feet above the sea.— 29, 6 N. 65, 50 E. Ker'man, the ancient Carmania, a province of Persia, to the E. of Ears; it is interspersed with ex- tensive tracts of desert. Ker'man, the capitnl of the above province, once a place of great im • portance; but having been taken by Aga Mohammed in 1791, it has never recovered its splendour. Pop. 30,000.-29, 55 N. 56, 5 E. Ke'sho or Catcha'o, the capital of W. Tonquin, situate on the river Sang.kot, about 90 miles from its mouth. Pop. 150,000. Klia'rism, or Khi'va, a province of W. Tartary,.to the S. of the Sea of Aral, traversed by the Oxui. Khi'va, the capital of the above province. Pop. 6000. Khoras'san, an extensive pro- vince of Persia, now divided be- tween the Shah of Persia and the Afghans. The great Salt Desert extpnds over the larger part of it. Kho'ten, a city of Little Bucha- ria, in Chinese Tartary. Khusistan', the ancient Susianat a province of Persia, east of the Shat el Arab. KiacA'ta, a frontier-town of Asi- atic Russia, at which and the con- 226 ASIA. tiguous Chinese town of Maimat- chill, nil the commerce of these two great empires U carried on. Pop. 5()00. KianKsee', a flne province of China, to the west of Tcheklang and Foklcn, bordered by moun- tains of considerable height, of which many are cultivated to the bummits, Kianku'. See Yang-tse-kiang. Klngklta'o, the capital of Corea, and the residence of the sovereign. —57. 30 N. 127, 30 E. Ki'rin Ou'la, a town of Man- tchooria, in Chinese Tartary, on a tributary of the Sagalien. Kishm, an island at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, 60 miles in lenuth by 12 in breadth. Klb'il-Ir'mak, the ancient Ilalys, H river of Asia Minor, issues trum Mount Taurus, and flows with a circuitous course into the Black iSea. Kist'na, or Krlsh'na, n river of Hindostan, which rises in the West- ern Ghauts, separates the Deccan from the peninsula, and, after dif- fusing fertility through a winding course of 700 miles, falls into the liay of Bengal near Masuliuatam. Kiu'siu. See Japan, p. 207, Kiz'il-O'zer., or Suteed', the an- cient Mardus, a river of Persia, which rises in Diarbckir, and after s>. winding course falls into the Cas- pian near Rcshd. Koei'-tchoo, a rugged and moun- tainous province of China, to the N. E. of Yun-nan. Ko'jend, or KAo'jend, a city of Turkistan in Independent Tar- tary, situate on the Sirr. Kokaun', a city of Independent Tartary, the capital of a Icingdom ; situate on the Sirr, in a fertile plam. Pop. 60,000. Koko Nor', or the Blue Lake, a large expanse of water in Chinese Tartary, on the borders of China. Kolivan', a town of W. Siberia, on the Oby ; in the vicinity ure rich silver-mines. Ko'nieh, the ancient Icc/nium^ the chief city of Caramania in Asia Minor, formerly the capital of a kingdom. Pop. 30,000.-57, 52 N. 52, 45 E. Ko'tahs s handsome and wslU fortified city of Hindostan, in the province uf Malwa. Kumaon', a mountainous dis- trict of Hiudoitan, to the W. of Nepaul. and N. of Delhi. Kur, the ancient Cynis, a river of Georgia, which rises on the borders of Armenia, passes Tiflii, and, after being Joineti by the Aral, falls into the Caspian. Kurdistan', the ancient Assyria, the country of the Koords, a rude and mountainous province of Asi- atic Turkey, east of the Tigris. Ku'rilet, a long range of islands on the eastern extremity of Asia, extending nearly 900 miles, from the S. point of Kamtschatka to the island of Jesso. Of the 22 that are known 19 are subjict lu Russia, and the 8 most southerly belong to Japan. KutHy'ah, the ancient Cotyeeimit a handsome city of Anatolia in Asia Minor, on a tributary of the Sakaria: with considerable trade. Pop. 60,000 39, 24 N. 50, 18 E. Kwan-lun', or Kuen-lun', a range of mountains separating Thibet from Chinese Tartary. LAC'CADI V£S, a range of low islets off the coasts of Malabar, sur- ronnde W. of Lake Baikal, nnd after a course of 2000 miles, falls into the Frozen Ocean by several mouths. Levant', a name sometimes ap- plied to the eastern part of the Mediterranean, with its coasts. Lok Nor', or Lop, a lake of Chi- nese Tartary, on the great caravan- route from Oashgarto China. Loo-choo', an interesting groim of islands, 3(i in number, to the S. of Japan, and about 400 miles from the coast of China. The principal one, called the Great Loo-Choo, is about 50 miles in length, and from 12 to 15 in breadth j it Is repre- sented as being beautiful, fertile, and possessing a tine climate. Ihc inhabitants are civilized. Lopat'ka, Cape, the southern extremity of Kamtschatka.— 51, N. 156, 42 E. Luck'now, the capital of the I province of Oude in Hindostan, ; situate on the Goomty, a tributary I ot the Ganges. It is the residence uf the King of Oude, who ha« a A8IA. 227 splendid palace. Pop. 300,000.— 2G, 50 N. 80, 58 E. Lu'zon, or Lu<;o'nla, the nrincl- pal of the Philippliio Islands. It IH interHCCted by higli mountains, among which are several .iCtlvo volcanoes. See Philippines I»lands. MACA'O, a seaport and settle- ment belonging to the Portuguese, on an island in the Bay of Can- ton, China. Pop. 54,500.-22, 12 N. 11.3, .■54 E. Macas'sar, a city and settlement belonging to the Dutch, in the S. W. of the island of Celebes, with a strong fort. Macas'sar, Straits of, an arm of the Indian Sea, about .3.j() miles in length, which sejKirates the islanda of Borneo and Celebes. Madras', the capital of thenar- natic, and of the British \n ■les- sions in S. Hindostan, is very un- favourably situate on a flat shore, along winch runs a rapid current, with a violent surf. Fort St George is a strong and handsome fortress. Pop. 462,000.-13, 4 N. 80, 16 E. The Madras Presidency contains 154,000 sq. miles. Pop. 1.5,000,000. Madu'ra, a fortified city of Hin- dostan, in the S. Carnatic, the ca- pital ftf a district of the same name. Pop. 20,000.-9, 55 N. 78, 10 E. Madu'ra, an island of the Indian Archipelago, on the N. E. coast of Java, from which it is separated by a narrow strait ; it is 92 miles long by 17 broad. Pop. 218,659. Maimatch'in, a frontier-town of Mongolia, near the Russian town of Kiachta, the only point wherecom- merce can take place between Rus- sia and China. Malabar', a maritime province of S. Hindostan, extending 200 miles along the W. coast, between Canara and Cochin. Malac'ca, or Malay'a, a country of India beyond the Gangos, form- ing a large peninsula, connected with the British province of Tenas- serim on the north by the isthmus of Kraw. It is about 775 miles in length, with an average breadth of 125 miles, and is traversed in the interior from N. to S. by a range of mountains from which descend nu- merous streams,while its shores are thickly studded with small islands. It may now be considered as wholly dependent on Britain. y. 228 ASIA. Malac'ca, the chief town of the Malayan PoniriKula, on the Straits whtch boar its name. Pop. «)iiO<). —The British settlement extends about 40 miles along the shore, by 30 inland, and contain!! 800 square milos. P.31,»;06.— 2, 12 N.lOlif, 15 E. Malac'ca, Straits of, a narrow sea which separates the peninsula of Malaccafromthelsland of Sumatra. MaI'dives. a duster of small coral islands in the Indian Ocean, S. W. from Cope Comorin. Cocoa-nuts and cowrie>shellK, used by the Hin- doos as money, are their principal produce. Mal'wa, a province of Hindostan, to the S. of Ajmere and Agra. It is watered by numerous rivers, and favoured with a rich soil and mild dimate. Manaar', Gulfof, a strait G2 miles broad, separating the island of Cey- Ion from the peninsula of Hindus- tan. Across It runs a narrow ridge of rocks and t^and, termed Adam's bridge, which can only be passed by small l)oats. Maniiavee'. a town of Sindetic Hindostan, in the province of Culch, having a flourishing trade with Arabia, Bumbav, and the Malabar coast. Pop. 35,0U0.— 22, 50 N. 69, 30 E. Mangalore', a seaport of S, Hin- dostan, the capital of the province of Canara : carries on a great ex. rort-trade in 'ice. Pop. 30,000. — 2, 52 N. 74, 53 E. Manilla, the capital of the Spa- nish settlements in the Philip- pines, situate upon a noble bay on the S. W. coast of the island of l,U2on. Pop. 140,000.-14, 36 N. 120, 58 E. Mani'sa, anciently Magnesia^ a city of Anatolia, in Asia Minor,near the Sarabat ; famous for its saffron- groves. Pop. 40,000.-38, 40 N. 27. 30 E. Mansarowa'raor Manassa'rowar, a lalve in Thibet, situate in a high table-land, and considered one of the most sacred of all the Hindoo places of pilgrimage. Mantchoo'ria, the most eastern province of Chinese Tartary, diver- sified by mountain-ranges, and co- vered with thick forests. It is the country of the Mantchoo Tartars* who conquered China in 1644, and are still masters of th^ country. Ma'rian Islands. See Ladronn. Marq45' to 140° yy W. long., and from 8° 10' to 10" 10* S. lat. Their gener.ll aspect is beautiful, and their soil fertile. The natives sre strong, tall, and well formed. Po. pulaticm, Including the neighbour- ing group named the Washington Islands, 40,000. Martaban', n province In the S.of the Birmvin Empire, lying along the E. side of the gulf to which it gives name ; the southern portion extending from IS' 3(7 to 16° ZV N. lat., was ceded to the British in 1826. MRrtaban\ a seaport of the Bir- man Empire, in the above province, situate at the mouth of the river Saluen. Population 9000.— 16.32 N. 97, 40 E. Mau'cHt, or Mus'cat, a strongly- fortified 8ea|X)rt of Arabia, theca- )iital of Oman, near the entrance of the Persian Gulf. Tt is a place of great trade. P«p. 12,000.-23, 38 N. 58, 41 E. Masu'lipatam', a seaport of Hin- dostan, in the province of the Northern Circars, noted for the manufacture of fine chintz. Pop. 75,000.— 16, 12 N. 81,12 E. Mats'mai, the capital of the Ja- panese island of Jesso. Population 50,C00. Maykaung', or Cambo'dia, a large river, supposed to have its source in the mountains of Thibet, passes through the Chinese pro- vince of Yun-nan, and after tra- versing Laos and Cambodia, falls into the Chinese Sea. Mazanderan', a province of Per- sia, stretching alon^; the southern shore of the Caspian. Mecca, a city of Arabia, and ca- pital of the province of Hejaz, situ- ate in a narrow valley. It is cele- brated as the birthplace of Moham- med, and venerated by the Mussul- mans as the Holy City. It contains a spacious temple, in the centre of which is the kaaba, or house of the Prophet. Mecca has lost much of its former prosperity, yet it is still the annual resortof numerous pilgrims. Pod, 34..000=— 21, 36 N- .^, 55 E. iiedi'na, a city of Arabia, in the province of Hejaz, on the border 1 of the Desert, sacred as containing %6tA. 229 the tomb of Mohammed, which is eiicloaed within a mngnificent mosqup. Pop. about 20,000.-24,50 N. .10. 25 E. Moi'nam, or Siam' Fliver, 1« sup- noaed to rite In the mottntains of Vun>nan in C'hlna, and, attcr a course of about 800 miles, it enters the Uiilf of Hiam below Banlcolc. MeinMer, the ancient Mean'der^ a river of Asia Mmor, whicli flows westward into the Archipelago. Melc'ran, the Gedrc/sia of the ancients, the maritime part of the province of Beloochistan, in which are extensive deserts. Mer'din, a city of Diarbckir, in Asiatic Turltey, situate on a moun- tain, witli an accent l)y stairs cut in the rock. Pop. 20,000.-37, iiti N. 10, 15 E. Mer'gui, the capital of the pro- vince of Tenassernn, In the East- ern Peninsula. Pop. 8000. ' Mer'gui Archipelago, u chain of islands, extending about 150 miles along the coast of Tenasserim, of which the principal are St Mat- thews and Dornel. Mesh'ed, a strongly fortified city of Persia, the capital of W. Khoras- san, situate in a fine plain. Pop. 50,000—36, 20 N. 59, 34 E. Mia'co, a city of Japan, in the island of Niphon, the ecclesiasti- cal capital and residence of the DairL The imperial palace and many of "the temples are very mag- nificent, and it is the seat of vari- ous manufactures. Pop. 500,000. 35, 3 N. 135, 52 E. Mindana'o, the most S. of the Philippine Islands, 300 miles in length. See Philippines. Mirzapore^ a flourishing city of Hindostan, in the province of Al- lahabad, situate on the Ganges. It is the great mart for cotton, and the seat of extensive manu- tkctures. Pop. 200,000. Mo'cAa, a city of Yemen, in Ara- bia, the principal port on the Red Sea, noted for the coilbe produced in its vicinity. Pop. 5000.— 13, 20 N. 43, 20 E. Mohan-laung', or Lanjang', the capital of Laos, in the Eastern Pe- I ninsula, on the banks of the May- kaung, said to be both extensive Moiuc'cas, or Spice Islands, a [group in the Indian Sea, between Celebes and New Guinea, famoua for the production of cloves. The chief of the Moluccas arc Cilolo, Amboyna, Ceram, Tcrnate, anq Tidore. See lianda. Mongo'lia, an extensive re;;ion of Chinese Tartary, the native country of the Mongols. A consU derable part of it is covered with the great desert of Shamo or Cobi. Moorshedahad', a city of Illnilos- taii, in the province of Bengal, long its capital and still the residence of the Naboi>, who is wholly depen- dent upon the British. Population Hfi,00O.— i.'4, 10 N. 88, 20 E. Mo'sul, a city of Asiatic Turkev* situate on the W. bank of the Ti- gris, nearly onpo-site the site of an- cient Nineveh. P. (50,000.-36, 25 N. 43, E. Moul'tan, or TSIool'tan, a province of Hindostan S. of Lahore, both of which provinces are now under the dominion of the Seiks. Moul'tan, a fortified city of Hin- dostan, capital of the above pro- vince, is situate about 4 miles E. of the Chenab. Pop. 60,000.-50, ION. 71,1 2 E. Mussendom', Cape, a bold pro- montory of Arabia, at the entrance of the Persian Gulf.— 26, 25 N. 56, 30 E, Mysore', a province c*'S. Hindos. tan, con.sisting of a high table-land, nearly 3000 feet above the sea, from which rise a number of lofty hills. In consequence of this ele- vated situation, the climate of My- sore is unusually temperate and healthy. It is under the govern- ment of a native rajah, dependent upon the British. Mysore', a city of Hindostan, the capital of the Rajah of Mysore. P. about 10,000.-12, 18 N. 76, 43 B* NAGPORE', a city of Central Hindostan, the capital of the Rajah of Beraror Nagpore's dominions. Pop. 80,000.-21, 8 N. 79, 10 E. Nangasa'ki, a seaport of Kiusiu, one of the Japanese Islands, being the only port of the eiiapire to which Europeans are permitted to trade.— 52, 45 N. 129, 52 E. Nankin', a city of China, the ca- pital of the province of Kiangnan, and formerly the imperial city, is aituate ue&'i the S. bank of the Yang-tse-kiang, about 120 miles from its mouth, and communicates 230 ASIA* by the Grand Canal with Pekin. It< Srincipal ornaments are the splen- id gateways, and its pagoda or porcelain-tower, 200 feet high, consisting of nine stories, ascended by 881 steps. Though it has great- ly declined since the government was transferred to Pekin, it is still considered the most learned city of the empire, and is famous for its paper, printin^', and silk manufac- tures, as well as for the cotton;) bear- ing its name. Pop. about 500,000. —32, 4 N. 118, 47 E. Nantctiang', the capital of the pro- vince of Kiangsee, in China, on the Kan-kiai)g ; the great seat of the porcelain-manufactures. Pop. 300,000.— -28, 30 N. 1 15, 40 E. Nap'lous, or Nap'olose, a city of Palesciae, in a lertile valley near the aite of the ancient Skechem. Pop. 10,000 — 32, U N. 3.j, ^2 E. Nav'igators' Uiauds, a group in the South I'aciHc, to the N. E. of the Friendly Islands. They are mountainous, with rich ;ind well- wooded valleys. Ihe natives aie tall and finely formed, but savage and ferocious. Negra'is, Capo, the S. W. extre- mity of the Eastern Peninsula, at the western mouth of the Irra- wady — 16, ii N. 04, 13 E. Nej'ed, a province of .Arabia, in- eluding nearly all its central parts, and consisting chiefly of mountains and rude pastoral valleys. It is inhabited by Bedouins, and was the seat of the Wahabee power, though it is now in a great measure subject to the Pasha of Egypt. Nepaul', a kingdom of N. Hin. doatan, separated from Thibet by the Himalaya Mountains, and bounded on tiie S. by the provinces of Oude, Bahar, and Bengal. It is under ttie government of a rajah. Populauon -',000,000. Neibua'da, a river of Hindostan, which rises in the province of (iunuwatiii, and, flowing westward through Malwd and (iuzeral, falls into the (Jolf of Cambay, after a course of 700 miles. Ner'tcninsk, a town of Eastern Sibiiria, near which are valuable le;id and silver mine». Fop. 3000. New Bru'ain, an island in the S. -"■*"-•*; ";-**n **' '^. »^-iig, aliU .5" S. lat. The inland purls are rocky and mountainous, New Caledo'nia« an island in the S. Pacific, 900 miles E. of New Holland, generally raountaineus, but flat in the N. E. part, and well cultivated. New Guin'ea, or Pap'ua, a large island in the Kastern Sea, extend- ing from the Moluccas, in a S. E. direction, about I'iOO miles, and separated on the south from Aus- tralia by a dangerous channel called Torres' Strait. Of this island little is known beyond the coasts. It rises into hills of considerable height ; and the forests of palm and other lofty trees affbrd a proof of the fertility of the soil. The natives, Oceanic Negroes, are very savage. New Heb'ridds.agroup of islands in the S. I^aciflc, lying between 14° and 20° S. lat. and 20" E. of New Holland; they are mountain, ous, well wuodeil, and fertile. Pop, 200,000. New Holland. See Remarks, p. 211. New Ire'land, an island lying to the N. E. of New Britain, from which it is separated by the nar- row channel of St George's Strait. New Zei/land, the name given to two large and several smaller islands, lying in the Paciflc Ocean, about 1000 miles S. E. from New Holland. The country is rich in minerals, and the soil fertile, pro- ducing flax and flne timber in great abundance. Thenatives have made some progress in civilisation, but still carry on war with dreadful fe- rocity. Several English mission- aries have, however, taken up their residence with them. Pop. esti- mated at 200,000. Nicobar' Islands, a group in the S. E, of the Bay of Bengal, between the Andamans and Sumatra. They are hilly and woody, abounding in cocoa-nuts, i)ut are very unhealthy. The natives are quiet and inof- fensive. NilgAer'ries, a range of high n.ountains on the S. of Mysore in India, whose agreeable and healthy climate, with rich and romantic scenery, has made it te resorled to by invalids as a sanitary station. Nimgouta (Nimgoo'ta), a town —44, .5 N. 12U, 25 E. Ningp(/, a large city of Ctiifliii roes, are very in the province of Tchekiang, si- tuate on a river about 12 miles from the sea.— 30, 10 N. 120, 30 E. NipAon'. See Japan, p. 207. Nor't'oik,a small island in theS. Pacific, 1000 miles E. from New South Wales, occupied by the Bri- tish as a penal settlement. OB,or U'ljy, alargeriver of Asiatic Russia, which rises in the Altaian Mountains; traversing Siberia, it receives tlie Irtish, and, after a course of more than 2000 miles, falls into a deep inlet of the Frozen Ocean, called the Sea of Oby. Oc/iotsk', a town of E. Siberia, on the gulf or sea of thesame nnme. Pop. 1500.— 59, 20 N. 143, 13 E. Olyin'pus, a lotty mountain of Asia Minor, to the S. of Bursa ; its summit is covered with per- petual snow. Height 9100 feet. O'inan, a district of Arabia, ex- tending along the eastern coast, from Cape Ras el Hud to Cape Mussendom, at the entrance of the Persian Gulf. Omsk, a town of W. Siberia, situ- ate on the Irtish. Pop. 7000. O'renburg, a government of Asi- atic Russia, west of the Ural. Though mountainous, it is fruitful in grain, and maintains fjreat flocks and herds. Extent 1 17,500 square miles. Pop. 1,044,000. O'renburg, a fortified town in the above government, on the river Ural. Pop. 6000. Or'fa, a city of Algesira, in Asi- atic Turkey, the Edes'sa of the Grcks and Romans, and suppos- ed to be the Ur of the Chaldees mentioned in Scripture. Popula- tion 60,000.-37, 5 N. 38, 38 E. Oris'sa.a province of Hindostan, extending along the coast, from the Godavery to Bengal. The districts W. of Bengal are inhabit- ed by a savage race of Hindoos, called Oureas. Or'muz, a small island at the en- trance of the Persian Gulf, once the seat of a great commerce. Oron'tes, a river of Syria, which issues from Mount Lebanon, N. of Damascus, passes Antioch, and falls into the Mediterranean. Osaka', a flourishing seaport of Japan, in the island of Niphon, inieiTKected by numerous canals, which are connected by bridges. Pop. 150,000,-34, 50 N, 135, 30 E. ASIA. 231 Otahei'te, the principal of the Society Islands, consists of two pe- ninsulas, about 108 miles in cir- cumference. The soil on the low grounds is amazingly fertile ; and even the hills are covered to their summits with the deepest verdure, or with forests of bread-fruit, co- coa-nut, banana, and other valu- able trees. In this island the in- fluence of Christianity and civil- isation has been fully felt, and no- where have the labours of the mis- sionaries been attended with great- er success. Pop. 10,000. Oude (Ood), a province of Hin- dostan, to the E. of Delhi and Agra. It is watered by the Goomty and Gograj and its surface is flat and fertile. It is governed by a nabob, with the title of king, in strict dependence upon the British government. Pop. 3,000,000 Oufa (Oo'l'a), t capital of the government of Drenburg, in Asi- atic Russia, situate at the junction of the Oufa and Biela, Pop. 8000. —54, 60 N. 56, E. Ougein', a city of Central Hin- dostan, in the province of Malwa, situate on the Sippra. It was known to the Greeks by the name of Ozi-'ne. Pop. about 100,000. Owhyhee'. See Sandwich Islands. Ox'us, Ji'hon, or Amoo', a large river which issues from a high table-land N. of the Hindoo-Coosh, and, flowing through Great Bucha- ria, falls into the S?a of Aral, after a course of 1300 miles. P \DANG', a Dutch settlement and lort on the W. coast of Suma- tra. P. 10,000.— 1,0 S. 100, 20 E. Palembang', a town in the N. E. of the island of Sumatra, on a navigable river. Some of the houses are built on rafts anchored near the banks, and others are ele- vated on piles. Pop 25,000. Pal'estine, or the Holy Land, the ancient country of the Israel- ites, and the scene of the great events of the Mosaic and Christian dispensations, is bounded on the west by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the north by Syria. Al- though a mountainous country, it displays in general a luxuriant fertility corresponding to the de- scriptions of «' the promised land." It was divided by the Romans into four provinces; Jwrfea, in the 232 AStA. south, formerly possessed by the tribes orjudah.BenJamin, Dan.and Simeon j Samaria^ in the middle, bv that of Ephraim, and part of Manasseh ; Galilee, in the north, by the tribes of Asher, Naphtali, Zebulun.and Issacharj andPercea, on the east of Jordan, by those of Reuben, Gad, and the other part of Manasseh. Palk's Straitor Channel, separat- ing the island of Ctnion from the coast of Tanjore in liindostan. Palmy'ra, the Tadtnor of Scrip- ture, an ancient city in the desert of Syria, the sj)lendour of which is still attested by its magnificent ruins. Pal'td, a lake in Thibet, to the S,of Lassa, presenting tlie singular appearance of a canal, live miles broad, surrounding an island about 100 miles in circumference. Pup'ua. See New Guinea. Pararaat'ta, a .rown of New South Wales, situate at the head of Port Jackson. Pop. 5000. Pat'na, a city of Hindostan, the capital of the province of Bahar, situate on the S. bank of the Gan- ges. It is a great emporium of trade. Pop. 312,000.— 25, 10 N. 85, 15 E. Pechelee', the metropolitan pro- vince of China, bounded on the N. by the Great Wall, and on the E. by the Yellow Sea. Pegu', a province of the Bir- man Empire, in the Eastern Pe. ninsula, watered by the large rivers Irrawady and Sittang. It is very fertile, abounding in rice, and con. taining spacious teak-forests. Pegu', a city in the above pro- vince, much decayed, but still adorned by a magnificent temple. Pop. about 5000. Pei'ho, or White River, rises in Mongolia, passes near Pekin, and enters the Yellow Sea. Pekin', the capitiil of the Chinese empire, is situate in the province of Pechelee, about 30 miles to the S. of the Great Wall. It consists of two distinct parts,— the Tartar and the Chinese cities,— of which the former is adorned by the im- perial palace and gardens. Pekin £5 £tU*^"Jt. tt-^ ,t...».« ... •..■■......■■•.> ^.ft... J surrounded by lofty walls, and di- vided into regular streets. Popu- lation estimated variously at from 700,000 to 2,000,000.-39, 54 N. 116, 28 E. Pelew' Islands, a group in the Paeiflc, between the Philippine and the Caroline Islands, are well wooded, and the valleys extremely fertile. They are interesting for the kind and hospitable reception to Captain Wilson and his ship, wrecked crew, and for the visit of their prince, Lee Boo, to England in 1784, where he died. Penang', or Prince of Wales' Island, situate off the W. coast of the peninsula of Malacca, from which it is separated by a narrow strait. This picturesque little island is rich in tropical productions, and remarkably healthy. All ships from India to China touch at Pe- nang, and it has of late acquired commercial importance as a depot. Pop. 60,000. George Town, theca. pital, has a population of 13,300. — ."), .30 N. 100, "20 E. Per'gamos, or Ber'gamo, a city of Asia Minor, on the Cai'cus, once the capital of a powerful kingdom, and one of the seven churches of Asia. Pop. 15,000. Per'sian Gulf, an arm of the In. dian Ocean, separating the S. W. .shores of Persia from the Arabian Peninsula. Pesha'wer, a city of Afghanistan, situate in a beautiful plain, water- ed by the river Cabul, and sur- rounded by lofty mountains. Pop. 70,000,-34, 5 N. 71, 10 E. Phil'ippine Islands, an extensive group of islands at the N. E. ex- tremity of the Indian Archipelago, lying between 5«> and 20° N. lat. They are extremely fertile in rice, sugar, and other tropical produc- tions, and are clothed with perpc- tual verdure. A chain of lofty mountains runs through them, and they are peculiarly subject to vio- lent hurricanes and earthquake!>. The Philippines were taken pos- session of by the Spaniards in 1'565, and still belong to them, though various native tribes remain inde- pendent. The principal islands are Luzon or Lugonia, Mindanao, Mindoro, Samar, Zebu, Panay, and Negros. Pop. 2,500,000. I'Sf /«a«irrk'ki Tclon^^ a orr\all iclanfi B »»--••»• »f -• ••»••••••* J •«■ — ••f^»»" •"•".•• — in the South Pacific, inhabited by an English colony, descended from the mutineers of the Bounty, ASIA, 233 3up in the Philippine Is, are well extremely resting for J reception i his ship, the visit of tu England of Wales' W. coast lacca, from ty a narrow little island ictions, and All ships uch at Pe- te acquired ! as a depot, 3wn, theca- . of 13,300. amo, a city ai'cus, once il kingdom, churches oi n of the In. 1 the S. W. :he Arabian ifghanistan, )lain, water- il, and sur- tains. Pop. OE. in extensive le N. E. ex- \rchipelago, 20° N. lat. rtile in rice, ical produc- with perpc- iin of lofty [h them, and bject to vio- Earthquakes. 2 taken pes- ards in 1561), lem, though emain inde- ;ipal islands I, Mindanao, ebu, Panay, iOO.OOO. email iclnnrl Pomoutou', or Dangerous Archi- pelago, sometimes called also the Low or Coral, an extensive and in- tricate group of islands in the Pacific, lying to the E. of Otaheite. Pondicher'ry, a city on the coast of the Carnatic, the capital of the French settlements in Hindostan. P. about 40,000.-1 1 , 55 N . 79, 51 F. Poo'nah, a city of Hindostan, in the province of Aurungabad, until 1818 the capital of the Mahratta empire, and since then of a British district. Pop. 110,000.— 18, 5^8 N. 73, 56 E. Po'yang, a lake of China, in the province of Kiangsee, 100 miles in circuit, surrounded l)y finely-wood- cd hills, and by large cities. Prince of Wales' Island. See Penang. Prome, a city of Ava, in the Bir- man Empire, on the Irrawady Poj). 10,000.-18, 50 N. 95, 1 E. Punjab', the lower part of the province of Lahore in Hindostan, so named from the five rivers vhich, descending across it from the Him- malehs, enter the Indus by one muted channel ; these are the Je- lum, the Chenab, the Ravee, the Beyah, and the Sutledge. QUANGSEE', a province in the S. of China, to the W. of Quang- tung, and bordering on Tonquin. It is mountainous, and contains gold-mines. Quangtung', a maritime province in the S. of China, traversed by considerable rivers, which are co- vered with barks, transportin^r merchandise to Canton, its capital. RANGOON', the principal sea- port of theBirman Empire, situate on the eastern branch of the Irra- wady, about 30 miles from the sea. Pop. 20,000.-16, 48 N. 96, U E. Ras el Hud, a cape forming the most eastern point of Arabia.— 22. 22 N. 59, 58 E. Red Sea, or Ara'bian Gulf, a branch of the Indian Ocean, di- viding Arabia from Africa. It extends about 1500 miles from the Straits of Babelmandeb to the Isthmus of Suez, at the W. head of the gulf, where it is only CO miles from the Mediterranean. Its greatest breadth is about 200 miles. Use navigation is diiUculL as well as dangerous, on account of hu- merous sand-bank* and coral reefs. Rcshd, a flourishing commercial city of Persia, the capital of the grovince of G h ilan , on the Caspian, op. 60,000.— 37, 15 N. 49, 40 £. Romani'a Point, the southern extremity of the peninsula of Ma- lacca, and of the continent of Asia. —1, 30 N. 104, 20 E. Ros'tak, a city of Oman, in Ara- bia, the residence of the Imam. — 23, 40 N. 56, 45 E. Roum, a province of Asiatic Turkey, in the E. of Asia Minor. Rungpoor', the capital of Assam, situate near the Brahmapootra. S AGA'LIEN,or Tarrakai'.called by the natives Tcho'ka,a long and narrow island or peninsula, at the eastern extremity of Asia, N. of the island of Jesso, IVom which it is separated by a narrow channel, called the Strait of La Perouse. Saga'lien Ou'la Ho'tun, a town of Mantchooria, in Eastern Tartary, on the Amur.— 50, 2 N. 126, 56 E. Saga'lien River. See Amur. Sai'gong, a fortified city, the ca- pital of Cambodia, near tnc mouth of the Donnai. It is the chief com- mercial and naval emporium of Cochin-China. Pop. 100,000. Saka'ria, the ancient Sanga'riust a river of Asia Minor, rises in the mountains S. of Angora, and falls into the Black Sea. Salseite', an island on the W. coast of Hindostan, near Bombay, with which it is connected by an artificial causeway. It is about 15 mil.'^s square, and is rich in Hindoo antiquities. Pop. .50,000. Saluen', Sulween', or Thalwayn', a large river of the Eastern Pe- ninsula, rises in the S. VV. extre- mity of China, on the borders of Thibet, flows through Laos, and falls into the sea below Martaban. Samarant,', a seaport on the N. co:ist of Java, with an extensive commerce. Pop. 36,000.-6, 53 N. no, .ItE. Samarcand', a city of Great Bu- charia, in Independent Tartary, situate in a fertile plain. It was the capital and favourite residence of Tiniur towards the close of the I'lth century. Pop. 10,000. Sa'na, the cajjital of Yemen, in Arabia. Pop. about 30.000.— 15. 2i N. 44, 50 E. Sand'wich Islands, a group in the N. Pacitic, discovered by Ca|)tj||a 234 ASIA. Cook in 1778, extending from IS" 54' to 22» ly N. lat., and flrom ISl" 64' to 160' 24' W. long. They are fertile, and abound with tile trees and other productions of tropical climes. In Owhyhee, or Hawaii, the largest of the group, are two stupendous volcanic moun- tains, Mowna Roaand Mowna Koa, the former rising to the height of 15,988 feet Through an unhappy misunderstanding with the natives of Owhyhee, Captain Cook lost his life in 1779 ; yet they are in gene- ral of a mild and friendly disposi- tion, and many of them have been converted to Christianity. Popu- lation about 130,000. San'|M)o. See Brahmapootra. Sar'abat, the ancient Hermus, a river of Asia Minor, falling into the Gulf of Smyrna. Saree', the capital of the pro- vince of Mazanderan, in Persia. P. about 30,000.^-36, 32 N. 53, 5 E. Scanderoon', or Alexandret'ta, a town of Syria, and the port of Aleppo, on a gulf of the Mediter- ranean.— 36, 40 N. 36, 10 E. Scuta'ri, a fine city of Asiatic Turkey, on the Bosporus, opposite Constantinople. Pop. 35,000. Sechu'en, a fertile province of China, bounded by mountains, and traversed by tlie Yang-isc-kiang. Seer, a seaport of Arabia, in the province of Oman, on the Persian Gulf. Selstan', a province of Afghanis- tan ; with the exception of the banks of the Heerraund, it consists of arid plains. Serarapore', a town and Danish settlement in Mindostan, on the Hoogly, 12 miles N. of Calcutta, the principal station of the Bajitist mis- sionatisd, who have distinguished themselves as oriental translators of the Scriptures. Pop. 1 3,000. Serinagur', or Gur'wal, a small province of Hindostan, in the Mountain Territory, N. of Delhi. Serinagur', the former capital of the above province, on the Aiaca- iianda ; since the invasion of the Gorkhas, in IS 14, it has been in a ruinous state.— 30, 12 N. 78, 52 E. Serin'gapatam', a strong city of vvi I--A au^ ;»^i «i' ikjr. *<-«%*« under Hyder Ali and Tippoo Sul- tan, situate on an island formed by the Cavery. It wa» stoqned by the British, May 4, 1799. Pop. 10,000.-12, 25 N. 7C, 41 E. Sev'ero, Cape, the most northern point of Asiatic Russia and of the continent of Asia.— 76, 1 1 N. &9.0 E. Shansee', a N. province of China, to the W. of Peclielec, the original seat of the founders of the empire. Shantung', a province of China, S. E. of Pechelee, and terminating in a peninsula, stretching into the Yellow Sea. Shat el Ar'ab. See Euphrates. Shensee', an extensivea.nd moun- taincus province of China, in the N. W. of the empire, separated from Shansee on the E. by the Hoang-ho. Shl'bam, a city of Arabia, capi. tal of Hadramaut, and the resi- dence of a powerful sheik. Shiraz', a city of Persia, the ca- pital of Fars, beautifully situate amid fine gardens ; and noted as the birthplace of Hafiz, the Per- sian poet. Pop. about 20,000.-29, 37 N; 52, 42 E. Shir' van, a province in the S. of Asiatic Russia, separated from Per- sia by the Kur. Siam', a kingdom of the Eastern Peninsula. It consists chiefly of a fertile valley, between two ranges of mountains, watered by the Mei- nam. Siam abounds in rice, sugar, and cotton, and its fruits are pecu- liarly delicious. Population, in- cluding Laos, 3,730,000. Siam', or Yu'thia, a city, for- merly the capital of Siam, m the Eastern Peninsula, situate on an island formed by the Meinam. Siam', Gulf of, a great bay of the Chinese Sea, between Malacca and Cambodia. Siam'pa, orTsiom'pa, a province of Cochin-China, m the Eastern Peninsula. Sibe'ria. See Asiatic Russia, p. 205. Si'don, or Saide, an ancient city of Phoenicia, on the coast of the Mediterranean, celebrated in sa- cred and profane history. Pop. 8000.— 33, 34 N. 35, 23 E. Sik'okf. See Japan, p. 207-. Si'nai, a mountain of Arabia, near the head of the Red Sea, the ~^^*, n>hf>re thf> Law w£8 delivered to MosesV ft is 7887 feet in height. Bin'di, a province of Hindostan, on both sides of the Lower Indus, \TIC RUSSIA, governed by Ameers, or Moham- medan chiefs. Pop. 1,000,000. S'tngai/, a strongiy-fortifled city of China, the capital of the province of Shensee. Pop. about 300,000. Singapore', an island belonging to Britain, at the S. extremity of the peninsula of Malacca, in the straits bearing; that name; it is about 26 miles in length by 15 its greatest breadth, and although so near the equator, is exceedingly healthy. Pop. 22,000. Singapore', a seaport on the S. coast of the above island, which has become the centre of an exten- sive commerce. Pop. 2000. — 1, 17 N. 103,51 E. Sirr, or Si'hoh, the ancient Jax- artes, a large river which issues from the mountains that separate Western from Eastern Tartary, and, after a long course, chiefly N.W., falls into the Sea of Aral. Sittang', or Zittang', a river of the Birman Empire, which falls into the Gulf. of Martaban. Sivas', the ancient Sebas'te^ a city of Roum, in Asia Minor. Popula- tion 6000. Smyr'na, or Iz'mir.an ancient city and seaport of Asia Minor, situate on a gulf of the same name in the Archipelago. It is a place of great trade, and claims the honour of be- ing the birthplace of Homer. Pop. 130,000.-38, 25 N. 27, 8 E. Sioci'ety Islands, a group in the S. Pacific, lying to the N.E. of the Friendly Islands, of which thechief are Otaheiteand Eimeo. The soil is fertile, producing cocoa-nuts, the bread- fruit, plantains, &c. Sol'iinan Mountains, a ridge of high mountains in the E. of Af- ghanistan, running N. and S. So'io. or Souracar'ta, an inland city of Java, the capital of a native kingdom. Pop. in 1815 estimated at 105,000.-7, 30 S. 110, 55 E. Sol'omon Islands, agtoup in the S. Pacific, between 5* and 10° S. lat., and 155° and 165° E. long. On one of these islands La Perouse and his companions were wrecked. Sooloo' Archipelago, a chain of islands in the Eastern Sea, extend. ing,from the N. E. point of Bor- neo to the W. extremity of Min- danao. The people carry on an active commerce, but are notori- ous piratet. Fop. SOOjOOO, ASIA. 235 Sootchoo , one of the finest cities of China, in the province of Kiang- nan, situate near the lake Tai, and extolled by the Chinese as their ter- restrial paradise. Pop. 500,000. Sour, the ancient Tyre, a decayed seaport of Syria, once a powerful commercial city. Sacred and pro- fane writers give equally splendid descriptions of the magnificence of this •• Queen of the Sea." Pop. 3000.— 33, N. 36, 24 E. Sourabay'a a flourishing sea- port on the N. E. coast of Java, with a strong fort and a fine naval arsenal. Pop. 50,000. Stavropol', the capital of the pro- vince of Caucasus, in Asiatic Rus- sia. Pop. 3000. Sultani'a, a city of Irak-Ajemi, in Persia, now in ruins. Suma'tra, a large island of the Indian Archipelago,separated from the Malayan Peninsula, by the Straits of Malacca, and from Java by the Straits of Sunda. It ex- tends from N.W. to S.E., upwards of 1000 miles in length, with an average breadth of Itj5 ; and is di- vided by the equator, beneath which it ig situate, into two nearly equal parts. Ranges of mountains run through the whole of the in- terior. Mount Ophir, in thecentral chain, rises to the heigi^t of 13,840 feet. Between these ranges are ex- tensive and fertile plains, cleared of wood. It is very productive of pepper, rice, and valuable woods, and contains mines of gold, cop- per, and iron. The chief native stales are Acheen, Siak, the Batta country, and Menangkabao. Pop. 2,5n0,0U0. Sun'da, Straits of, an arm of the Indian Ocean, 90 miles long, which separates Sumatra from Java. Sural', a city of Hindostan, in the province of Guztia;, r n the Taptee, 20 miles from its mouth. Pop. IttO.OOO— -^l, ISJ N. -72, 56 E. Sus'ter, or ^hus'ter, the ancii nt Swsa, the capital of Khusiotan, in Persia, on the Karoon. Popula- tion 15,000.-32, N. 48, 58 E. Sut'ledge, a large river of Hin- dostan, the easternmost of the five rivers of the Punjab, issues from the sacred lake of Mansarowara. in Thibet, 17,000 feet above the sea. Descending from the Himmalehs, it receivei,500miles from its source. 336 ASIA* the Beyah, and 400 miles l)olow forms a junction with the Indus. Syd'ney, the capital of New South Wales, llnely situate on the south shore of Port-Jackson ; in extent and security the harbour is un- rivalled. Sydney commands an extensive trade, which is rapidly increasing. Pop. in 1837, 20»000. —33, 51 S. 151, 13 E. Syr'ia, a province of Asiatic Tur- key, lying along the E. coast of the Mediterranean, and famed in ancient history. TABARI'A.theancientriAe'Ha*, a city of Palestine, situate on the S.W. shore of the Lake of Tiberias, called also the Lake of Galilee, al- most totally destroyed by an earth- quake Jan. 1 1, 1837. P. 4000. Tabreez', or Tau'ris, a city of Persia, the capital of Azerbijan, situate iii the centre of a great plain, on the river Aigi, which runs into Lake Urmia. Pop. about 50,000.-38, 4 N. 46, 24 E. Tad'nior. teo Palmyra. Tai', a fine lake in the Chinese province of Kiangnan. Taiwan', the capital of the island of Formosa.— 22, 59 N. 128, E. Taiyu'en, the capital of the pro- vince of Shansee, in China, a place of considerable trade, parti- cularly in carpets resembling those of Turkey.— 38, N. 112, 50 E. Tanjore', a fortified city of the Carnatic, in S. Hindostan, cele- brated for a magnificent pagoda, and as a seat of Hindoo learning. Pop. 30,000.-10, 43 N. 79, 15 E. Tap'lee, a river of Hindostan, -which rises in the province of Gundwaiia, and falls into the sea 20 miles below Surat. Tar'sus, or Tersoos', a city of Asia Minor, on the Cydnus, the ancient capital of Cilicia and the birth, place of St Paul. Pop. 30,000. Tasch'kend, a city of Turkistan, in Western Tartary, on the Sirr. Pop. about 10,000. Tassisu'don, the capital of Boo- tan, in Thibet, situate in a fertile valley. The citadel is the residence of the rajah.— 28, 14 N. 89, 40 E. Tat'ta, the anc-eut Pat'ala, a city of Hindostar., m the urovince of Sindd, situate m .rthe Vv. bank of the Indus, about do miies from the sea. Pop. 15,000.-.24, 44 H. 6S, 15 E. Tau'rus, a chain of lofty moun- tains in Asia Minor; the mostele. vated peak is 10,000 feet in height. Tchan'y, a lake of W. Siberia, in the province of Kolivan, up. wards of 200mile8 in circumference, Tchekiang', a marltimo pro. vince of China, to the N. of Fc kien; its surface is finely diver- sified with hills and plains, and covered with extensive mulberry- plantations. Teen-shan', or the Celestial Mountains, a range of lofty moun. tains in the west of Mongolia. Teheran' or Tehraun', the capi- ta] of Persia. It is situate in the province of Irak, at the foot of Mount Elburz, and near the ruins of the ancient Rhagce. Population 60,000 ; by some accounts 130,000. —35, 40 N. 51, 20 E. Tellicher'ry, a seaport of Hin. dostan, on the coast of Malabar. Tenas'serim, a province on the S. of the Birman Empire, which, with those of Ye and Tavoy, wan ceded to Britain in 1826. Terki'ri, or Ten'gri, a lake in Thibet, 70 miles long and 25 broad. Ter'nate Isle, one of the Moluc- cas, in the Eastern Ocean, with a town of the same name. It is fa- mous for nutmegs. Pop. of town 5000. Te'shoo Lom'boo, in Thibet, the seat of a lama, near the Boo- tan frontier. Top. 30(M). Tif'lis, the capital of Georgia, situate on the banks of the Kur; celebrated for its hot-baths. Pop. 17,000.-41, 43 N. 44, 56 E. Ti'gris, a large and rapid river of Asiatic Turkey, issues from the mountains of Armenia to the N. of Diarbekir, and, after pursu- ing a course of 8()0 miles nearly parallel to the Euphrates, at length unites with that river above Bu8< sora. See Euphrates. Ti'mor, a large island of the In- dian Archipelago, about 250 milei in length with an average breadth of 40, on which the Dutch and Portuguese have •;i»ttlements. Tobolsk', the . iipitalof W. Sibe- ria, situate at th 3 confluence of the Toboland t' »: Irtish. It carries on aconsidt ; 1 '• trade. Pop. 26,000. —^8, n K. iH, 18 E. Tokat', 6 cs^ " of Roum, in Asia- tic Turkey, ■ow ^?'e banlts of tbQ .lokil-Irmak, the ancient Iris. It is the centre of an extensive in- land trade. Pop. 100,000.--39, 52 N. 36, 48 E. Tomsk, a town of W. Siberia, situate on the Tom, above its junc- tion with the Oby. Pop. 9000.— 56, 29 N. 85, 10 E. Ton'ga. See Friendly Islands. Tong-ting', a large lake of China, in the province of Houquang, 300 miles in circumference. Tonquin (Tonkeen'), a king, dom of the Eastern Peninsula, comprehended in the empire of Annam. The hilly country border- ing on China, is said lo be rich in the precious metals. Tranqiiebar', a seaport and Da- nish settlement in S. Hindostan, on the Coromandel coast, situate at oneof the mouths of the Caverv. Pop. 20,000.-1 1, 1 N. -79, 55 E. ' Trav'ancore. a province of Hin- dostan, forming the south-western extremity of the peninsula, from Cochin to Cape Comorin. Treb'isonde, the ancient Tra^ pc'zus, acity of Asiatic Turkey, on the coast of the Black Sea. It is a place of coiteiderable trade. Pop. 50,000.-41, 1 N. 39, 41E. Trichino'poly, a celebrated city and fortress of S. Hindostan, in the Carnatic, situate on the S. bank of the ('avery ; in the vicinity are two magni (icent pagodas. Pop. SO.OOC— 10, 45 N. 78, 45 E. Trin'comalee', a seaport of Cey. Ion, with a strong fortress and an excellent harbour, situate on the N.E. side of the island.— 8, 33 N., 81, 22 E. Trip'oli, a seaport of Syria, on the Mediterranean, in a fertile plain, with a considerable trade. Pop. 16,000.-34, 26 N. 35, 25 E. Tnvan'drum, a city of S. Hin- dostan, the capital of Travancore, and the residence of the rajah.— 8, 28 N. 77, 7 E. Tsinan', a city of China, the ca- pital of the province of Shantung, with large manufactures of silk. Turfan', a town of Chinese Tar- tary, to the north of Luk Nor.— 42, N. 83. 45 E. Turkistan', a name applied in- definitely to Independent Tartar v. ^uron^ a tine bay of Cochin- Cliina, on which steads a town of the same name. ASIA* 237 UMMERAPOO'RA, or Amara- pu'ra, a fortified city of the Bir- man Empire, of which it was the capital from 178.1 to 1824; it is situate on the E. bank of the Irra- wady. Population 30,000.-22, N. 9fi, E. Ural (Oo'ral), a river of Asiatic Russia, rises in the Ural Moun- tains, and after a southerly course of 900 miles, falls into the Caspian. UrgAenz', a town of Westera Tartary, in the province of Kha- rism, about 6 miles from the Oxus. Population 12,000. Ur'niia or Uru'mia, a lake of Persia, in the province of Azerbi- jan, aliout 280 miles in circumfe- rence, remarkable for its extreme saltness. VAN, a salt lake of Asiatic Tur- key, 168 miles in circumference. Van, a strongly-fortified city of Asiatic Turkey, on the lake to which it gives name. Pop. 20,000. — ;^8, 30 N. 43, 45 E. Van Die'inen's Land. See Re- marks, p. 211. Vellore', a town and strong fort- ress of the Carnatic, m S. Hindos- tan, situate on the Palar. Visagapatam', a city of Hindos- tan, the capital of a district of the same name in the Northern Cir- cars.— 17, 40N. 83, 27E. Visiapore' or Bejapore', a pro- vince of Hindostan, extending about 350 miles along the W. coast of the Decean, and bounded on the N. by Aurungabad. Visiapore' or Bejapore', the ca- pital of the above province, form- erly a Mohammedan city of great extent and magnificence.— 17, N. 75, 30 E. VoKga or Wol'ga. See Russia IN Europe, p. 158. Vootehang', acityofChinai the capital of the province of Hou- quang, situate on the Yang-tse- kiang. Pop. about 400,000 30, 40 N. 114 iTs E. YAK'UfSKra town of E. Si- beria, on the W. bank of the Lena, the great mart for furs. Popula- tion 3000.— 61,55 N. 129, 30 E. Yang-tse-kiang' or Kianku', the largest river of Asia, has its source in _the moiintains of Tiiibet tra= verses . all the great central' pro- vinces of China, and, after a course of more tl^ui ^OQ miles,fails into 238 Ati'RXCA. the Eastern Sea, about tSO miles below Nankin. Yar'kand, a city of Chinese Tar- tarv, situate on a river in a fertile nlalD ; the centre of the Inland trade of China with W. Tartary. Pop. 50,000.— 40, 15 N. 73, 35 E. Yar'kand, or Tar'im, a river of Chinese Tartary, rises in the Mouz Tagh, and running eastward, falls into I. ok Nor, or the Lake of Lop. Yel'low Sea, or Whang- Hal, an arm of the Eastern Sea, between China and the peninsula of Corea, tuid terminating in the Gulfs of Pechclce and Leaotonjj. Yem'bo, a seaport ot Arabia, on the #led Sea ; it is the port of Me- on, Mau- ^Tuinea, in of Biafra ; nd Sofala .^1 «P Mn- iV4 Vi i«v- m / N O ' .<' Miehu,/ j K T/ II I'Slt'' I _7 I'orlo tltutto — '^Wv : anarifM TmeritTr < I'frro' j4\ /i'^ / _3 •- < .■j«ti3«»iMifl(flB\ii'r^^ BO-'V"' A T I- A N T I C r A ■§•..■ :.-.'^* K K Z »! A N rtn'Ui \ Sail 'n . offmn nBfwv , t . '^ • II !..«••« x^ •|,V»AMAi»i.J.^.l:; iil**^' • rt«P' "N I'ffi?*' fieiunmi H'/i/ft liHiliartoir : -."■■■.■;■:■.•■. ■■■.■■■';7> a^.Im 'WA(!W-<^;' lOL ao *o\ ilAM4<>jrJ I'itM't lj|«il«BiJ»H|Wti 0<„ii-« S&5jf 3I** »»««vlg, i v;;;»a^»^ »DAI«A,^^^.,,..rll3 Sfstre t! ...^'fc^ ^Mf.^^^K IC^aneroonM! CLdi-HOXBOa •Mm^i ! *-t^Trt.r or turtJyjBj ., d n o vr(i. H S Jaceii^ii 1- T rfMsrMut* OUlAetttfueJud.^ ■ ^"v fiJtfffiM" --^- o "Bmipi^p of C Bia'iM"**- C \ B A ' ^ C.Xas VultM I laUako V rf UaAMA^J y^. so ' IVMt of Oreonvirb m lo 30 FDBURUE0 BY OUVKR fcBOTD, K ^>U.lk /*"•/" %i>|.. ./:Mvv' r m >! X A N ?«"■ ,'^f ^' „ E' •»**ffl..s-liafl>J *" Attitinouii PVBUHUBB BY OIJVKR fcBOYO, EDECBinMai. AFRICA. 231) Capes.— Bon, Spartel, Cantin, Geer, Nun, BojaJor, Blanco, Verde, Roxo, Mesurada, Palmas, Formota, Lopez, Negro, Voltas, Good Hope, Agulhas, Cor- rientes, Delgado, Guardafui. Mountains.— Atlas, Kong, Jebel Kumrah or Mountains of the Moon, Mountains of Lupata, the Abyssinian Mountains, the Peak of Teneriffe in the Island of Teneriffe. llivEBs.— The Nile, Niger, Senegal, Gambia, Rio Grande, Congo or Zaire, Coanza, Orange, Zambezi. Lakes.-— Tchad, Dembea, Maravi. REMARK8. Africft extends from 37" 20' N. to 34*50' S. lat., and from 17" 30' W. to 51° 12' E. long. Its length, from the Cape u? Good Hope to the Mediterranean, on the const of Tunis, is nearly 5000 miles ; and its greatest breadth, from Cape Verde to Cape Guardafui, about 4600. It forms a vast peninsula, separated from Europe by the Mediterranean, and from Asia by the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea. In extent, Africa holds the third rank among the four great divisions of the globe ; but is the lowest in political and moral importance. The knowledge of this continent possessed by the ancients was extremely limited, scarcely I extending beyond the northern sUtes ; and its interior re- mained till lately a blank in the map of the world. The curiosity and enterprise of oiodern travellers have overcome in a great measure the obstacles presented by a burning cli. mate, extensive deserts, and tho barbarism of the natives, A considerable extent of Central Africa has been explored, and found to be more fertile, more highly cultivated, and inhabited by milder races than the countries previously- known. Ethiopia, Egypt, and the northern states, attained in ancient times a high degree of civilisation ; but they now present few traces of their former refinement. Various distinct races people this continent. The inhabit- ants of Egypt seem to be of Hindoo origin, and the Abys- sinians appear to have passed over from Arabia. Carthage was founded by a Phoenician colony, and other regions of the north were peopled by Medes, Persians, and Arme- nians. Central and Western Africa, from Senegal to Cape Negro, are occupied by the negroes, apparently a distinct and mdigenous race. The east coast, northwards to the Zambezi river, and part of the interior, are inhabited by the Laffres, who with features in general less flat than those of m:. 240 AFRICA. the negroes, resemble them in their thick lips, their curl. ed and woolly hair, and their complexion, varying from a yellow brown to a shining black. The Berbers and the Shelluhs of the Alias Mountains and the frontiers of Mo- rocco, are of a fairer complexion and a lighter frame than the Moors of the plains ; and in their sentiments, morals, and manners, are decidedly superior. The Hottentots in the south appear to be a distinct race from both negroes and CafFres. Some of their external qualities, as well as their language, seem to indicate their affinity with the Mongolian and Kalmuck Tartars. EXERCISES. How is Africa bounded? What is its extent in square miles? "What is its population ? What are its countries, its islands, gulfs and bays, straits, isthmus, capes, &c. ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Africa situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is its form ? What rank does it hold among the great divisions of the globe ? How far did the knowledge of this continent possessed by the ancients extend ? What obstacles have modern travellers overcome ? What is the nature of the territories they have explored ? What was the condition of Ethiopia, Egypt, and the northern states, in ancient times ? From what origin do the Ejj;y|)- tians, Ethiopians, Carthaginians, and other inhabitants of the north appear to have sprung ? By what people are the central and western regions of Africa occupied ? What part of the continent is inhabited by the Caffres ? In what features do they resemble and differ from the negroes ? In what respects do the Berbers and the Shelluhs differ from the Moors? With what people do the language and some external qualities of the Hottentots seem to indicate an affinity ? BARBARY. states. Chief Towns. Morocco Morocco, Mogadore. Fez Fez, JMkquinez, Tetuaii, Ceuta, Tangier, Sallee. Algiers Algiers, Oran,Tremecen, Bo- na, Constantina. Tunis Tunis, Kairwan, Cabes. Tripoli TiiiroLi, Mesurata. Barca Derna, Bengazi. South from Barbary are, — Darah Tatta. Tofilo* To«lof ir. csszsvl ■■iiftitfliaiii.itittiit..,!.. J. csissvi* Segelmissa Segelmissa. Fezzan Mourzouk, Socl^na, BARBARY. 241 In Tunis is the river Mejerdah, and the lake called by the ancients Tritonia Palus. REMARKS. Of Barbary, or, as some geographers term it, the re- gion of Mount Atlas, th&t extensive chain of mountains is the most remarkable feature. The low land, between this range and the sea, varying from 30 to 150 mitos in breadth, is watered by many streams from the hills, and displays in general exuberant fertility. Its agricul- tural products are nearly the same as those of Europe ; its fruits are superior. Of the domestic animals, the mule and the ass are chiefly employed in labour. The Barbary horse is famed for its lightness and beauty of form. The fleeces of the sheep are in general coarse and hairy, except those of Morocco, some breeds of which produce very fine wool. Among the wild animals are the lion, here remarkable for strength and ferocity, the panther, the hyena, the jackal, and the antelope or gazelle. Serpents, scorpions, and lo- custs, are scourges with which Barbary is peculiarly afflicted. The ridges of Mount Atlas yield in considerable abund- ance silver, copper, 'ead, and antimony. The plains are remarkable for the prevalence of saline substances, while the lakes are nearly as salt as the sea. Salt springs are more numerous than fresh,, and there are hills composed entirely of that substance. Nitre is found in many places mixed with the soil. Hot springs and streams occur in various districts ; and of one, near Constantina, the water is so warm as to call cine the rocks over which it passes. This part of Africa was distinguished in ancient history. Carthage, the first commercial state of antiquity, lono- dis- puted with Rome the empire of the world. After its fall the northern provinces of Africa became the granary of Italy. Under the Saracen princes, who afterwards occu- pied it, Barbary, especially Fez, acquired unusual lustre Its different states, long sunk in tyranny and oopression' ^have greatly declined in importance; and their maritime strength was for ages exerted only in piratical excursions, which have now been suppressed. Mohammedanism is the estabhshed religion. EXERCISES. What are the states and towns of Barbary ? Name the river and lake of Tunis What is the most /emarkable fea- ture m Barbary/ What is the general extent of the low 242 WESTERN AFRICA. land lying between Mount Atlas and the sea? What is the quality of the soil ? What are its products ? What domestic animals are chiefly employed m labour ? For what is the Barbary horse famed ? Is there any tiling re- markable about the sheep of Barbary ? What are the prin- cipal wild animals in these states ? With what scourges is Barbary peculiarly afflicted ? What metals does the Atlas range of mountains yield ? For what mineral quality are the plains remarkable ? What substance is sometimes found mixed with the soil ? What remarkable eflTect does the heat of the water near Constantina produce ? Was Barbary dis- tinguished in ancient history? What state disputed with Kome the empire of the world ? What advantage did Italy afterwards derive from these African provinces ? Lfnder what princes did Barbary acquire unusual lustre ? In what has the maritime strength of the Barbary states been for ages exert- ed ? What is the established religion of Barbary ? I WESTERN AFRICA. Divisions. Chief Towns, Sahara, or the Great Desert. J^enegrimb-a. containing the coun- tries watered by the Senegal, Guinbia, and Rio Grande Fort St Louis, Bathurst. .l/pp^T Guinea, containing Siemi J.eone Freetown. ^•'"niii Coast Sanguin, Grand-Bassani. Ivory Coast Lahou. Gold Coast Cape Coast Castle, El Mina. Slave Coast Whidah, Badagry, Ardra. Ashanfee Coonidssie. Dahomey Abomey. iJenin Benin, Waree, Calabar, Lower Guinea, containing Loango Loango. Congo St Salvador. Angola St Paul de Loanda. Bengucla San Feline de Benguela. Rivers. — Senegal, Gambia, Rio Gianile, Niger or Quorra, Congo or Zaire, Coanza. REMARKS. Sahara, with its members, — the smaller deserts of Bor- nou, Bilma, Barca, and some others, — may be considered as a vast ocean of sand and gravel, branching into gulfs anu i;ays, ana containing Oases, or fertile spots, like islands, whose luxuriant soil and dense population afford «a agreeabl sterility. confines breadth. small; ii extent. goo. TJ vans, wh the diH'ei re fresh m midst of these des by lions, tiiyme, j brambles From of Guine some imj is luxuri palms, b granates, most colo is liollow( bodies of The ali abundant The el striped h numerous The boa-( lurk amid of locusts far and w aigrette, i woe , Gold, i coast of C What c hend ? M the Sahan tent in len WESTERN AFRICA. 243 agreeable relief to the traveller from its general solitude and sterility. It stretches from the shores of the Atlantic to the conhnes of Egypt, nearly 3000 miles in length and 1000 in breadth. In its western division, the oases are few and small ; in the eastern, they are more numerous and of greater extent. The principal are Fezzan, Agades. Angela, Bor. goo. Ihis immense expanse of sand is traversed by cara- vans, which vary their direction according to the position of the different oases, where man and animals obtain rest and refreshment; but sometimes whole caravans perish in the midst ot this arid waste. Ostriches and gazelles roam over these desolate regions ; the horrors of which are aggravated by lions, panthers, and serpents. A plant resembling thyme acacias, and other thorny shrubs, nettles, and brambles, constitute the scanty vegetation of the Desert. l^rom the southern border of the Sahara to the frontier ot (:ruinea, the country is in general fertile, and watered by some important rivers, on the banks of which the veiretation IS luxuriant; while the forests of cocoa-trees, mangoes, palms, bananas, tamarinds, citrons, oranges, and pome- granates, afford evidence of the depth of the soil. But the most colossal tree of these regions is the baobab, whose trunk IS Jioilowed into chambers, within which are suspended the bodies of the dead. The alimentary plants of Western Africa are various and abundant ; and its flora is equally magnificent and rich. Ibe elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, lion, panther, striped hyena, jackal, giraffe, zebra, antelope, deer, and numerous species of monkeys, are found in these regions. Ihe boa-constrictor, and various other species of serpents, lurk amid the rank vegetation ; venomous insects and clouds of lociists sometimes infest the air, and spread devastation tar and wide. Birds of the most splendid plumage, as the aigrette, and various species of parouuets, swarm in the woe , Gold, ivory, and palm-oil, are the chief exports from the coast ot Guinea. EXERCISPS l..ri¥' ^l^^^'^^ l"^ ^^"^"^ ''«^^ Western Africa compre- hend ." What are the principal rivers ? In what view mav the Sahara, with its members, be considered ? What is its ex- H"I;";i^?.ft^.^^i^^'•^^^^h• . What are its principal oases ? ----TT i3 IIH3 vas--. cXpaiKse ui ^anu Iruvcrsed ? What cahi. Sni!? .'^S^^^^if^ r^^^ ^he caravans ? What animals are touml in these desolate regions ? What plants cousmute the 244 SOUTHERN AFRICA. vegetation ? What is the nature of the country between the Desert and Guinea ? What species of trees abound here ? Which is the most colossal tree of those regions ? Are the alimentary plants numerous ? Is the flora rich ? What wild animals are found in this country ? By what reptiles and in- sects is it infested ? What is remarkable about the birds ? What are the chief exports from the coast of Guinea ? SOUTHEKN AFRICA. Divisions. Chief Towns. Country ot the Boshuanas Lattakoo, Kurreechanee. CafFraria , Port Natal. Cape Colon)' Cape Town, Graham Town. Rivers. — Orange, Oliphant, Great Fish River. REMARKS. The country to the east of Cape Colony, and extending along the coast of Natal to Delagoa Bay, is watered by nu- merous streams, covered with wood, and intersected bv savannahs. It is inhabited by the CatTres, a fierce pastoral race of men, but brave, frank, and honest. North from them are the Zoolas, a ferocious tribe, who have lately com- mitted dreadful ravages in this part of Africa. To the north of the colony lies the territory of tlie Boshuanas, a pastoral and agricultural race, less vigorous and intrepid than the Calfres, but more industrious, having well-built towns of considerable extent. The colony is peopled by various tribes of Hottentots, of whom indolence and disregard of cleanliness are the characteristics ; the Bosjesmans, or Bushmen, and other free Hottentots, are wild and ferocious in their disposition. Some parts of the territory of the Cape of Good Hope are very productive. The corn and fruits are excellent. One spot produces the famous Constantia wine ; and the flowers are unrivalled in brilliancy and fragrance. Among the wild ani- mals of the country are the zebra, the elephant, hippopota- mus, giraflf'e, the porcupine, and many poisonous snakes. This country was colonized by the Dutch about 1650; but since 1806 it has been in the possession of the British. The population in 1836 amounted to 150,110. EXERCISES. Into what territories is Southern Africa divided? Name the chief towns and rivers. By whom is the country to the e»Ht of Cape Colony inhabited ? What is their character? What trib6 have lately committed dreadful ravages ? W\mt icrrilury cxic-iids io tlie north of the colony ? What is the chatacierpt'thc people ? Bj whttt tjibes is the colony peopled ? Divi Add.. Ajan.. Zangui Mozan Sofala. 31ocan RlVEI Almos an aspect between 1 abounds viewed fn sand; bu siderable is low, mi said to ab particular in great q Sofala, be climate, p geographe ancients. country, c tuguese \ Eastern A part of it I What ar chief towns of Africa i EASTERN AFRICA. 245 ^Y,}}^^ ^^r^ ^^^^c^^^^ctensiic crualities of the Hottentots? What tribes of them are peculiarly wild and ferocious ? Is the Cape remtory productive ? Which of vs productions are most noted ? Mention some of the wild animals of this country. iJy what European people was it first colonized ? In whose possession is it now ? What is the number of its inhabitants / • ' EASTERN AFRICA, Divisions. Chief Towns. ^^el Zeila, Berbera. Ajan Zanguebar l^l^Mombaza, Quiloa, Magadoxa. Mozambique Mozambique, Quillimanc. ^^'^^^ Sofala. Mocaranga AJanica, Zumbo. Rivers.— Zambezi or Cuama, Mafumo, Sofala. REMARKS. Almost the whole of the Eastern Coast of Africa presents an aspect of fertility. Adel, the country of the Somaulis, between the Straits of Babelmandeb and Cape Guardafui abounds in myrrh and frankincense. The coast of Aian viewed from the sea, appears a desolate mass of rocks ancj sand ; but the interior is more fertile, and carries on a con. siderable trade m gold, ivory, and ambergris. Zanguebar is low, marshy, and unhealthy ; and its extensive forests are said to abound m elephants. The soil of Mozambique is particularly luxuriant; and goJd, waohed down the rivers in great quantities, constitutes a chief part of its comme.-e. botala, besides the advantages of a genial soil and tolerable chmate, possesses mines of gold so abundant and pure that geographers have fancied that here was the Ophir of the ancients. Mocaranga is said to be a rich and powerful country, containing productive mines of g< ' \ The Por tuguese were formerly masters of nearly the whojr. of ITT'A ""u' ^""''^'^^ ^'^'' "'''' ^"^^" ^»«"^ the greater part of It by the natives and the Arabs from Mascat. EXEilCISES. What are the divisions of Eastern Africa ? Whpt ar^ th^ chief owns and rivers ? What aspect does the JO- "tern Co ,.r of Africa mesent ? F"- ..,h... ;„ a j„i r ^ Vlf ^i^F''^" ^^^st appearance of.hecoast of 'JijVn^ Th^'^^^ from u'JLa ? In wh»t doe. It cwry ou a considerable- trade ? What are , he 246 EGYPT, NUBIA, AND ABYSSINIA. Seculiarities of Zanguebar ? Of what quality is the soil of lozambique ? What constitutes a chief part of its com- merce ? What advantages does Sofala possess ? What is the condition of Mocaranga ? What people were formerly masters of Eastern Africa ? By whom nave they been driven from the greater part of it ? EGYPT, NUBIA, AND ABYSSINIA. Countries. Chief Towns, Egypt Cairo, Alexandria, Rosetta, Da. mietta, Suez, Siout, Assouan. Nubia. Dongola Dongola, Derr. Sennaar Senna a«, Shendy. Abyssinia Oondab, Axum, Adowa, Ma«uali. Rivers. — Nile, Tacazze. Lakes. — Derabea or Tzana, Mareotis. REMARKS. Egypt is a long and narrow valley formed by the Nile, bounded on both sides by mountains and barren deserts, and gradually widening as it approaches the sea. The mouths of the Nile give it the form of the Greek letter A, whence it is called the Delta. The length of Egypt is about 500 miles; its extreme breadth at the Delta is 150 miles; but the average breadth of cultivated land, following the course of the Nile, does not exceed 27 miles. It is divided into Lower Egypt or the Delta, Middle Egypt, and Upper Egypt or Said. The soil is extremely fertile, and the mode of cultivation remarkably simple. Wheat, barley, rice, cotton, and sugar-cane are the principal articles of culture. The lotus, a species of water-lily, and the papyrus or paper- tree, are indigenous productions ; and the sycaraore-fig, the date-palm, the pistachio, the oriental plane, and the cypress, are frequently met with. The climate of Egypt is extremely hot, and is disiin. guished by the rare occurrence of rain. It would ilicre. fore be a barren desert, were it not annually watered by the overflowing of the Nile, which spreads fertility over its whole extent. These inundations are occasioned by the periodical ra;ns in the Abyssinian mountains. The river begins to swell about the middle of .Tune, it attains its greatest height iri^ September, and subsides to its usual level about the end uf Ociuber. Of the animals for which the country was noted in ancient ':...^: EGYPT, NUBIA, AND ABYSSINIA. 24? times, the hippopotamus is become rare, and the crocodile .sonyseen ,„ Upper Egypt; but the 'ichneumon rat aid the stork.ibis are still common. ""lun.rai ana Egypt, celebrated in sacred history as the countrv in wh,ch ,he Israelites were detained in bondage, ha7 at" tamed a considerable degree of civilisation and°impo,tance at a very remote period of antiquity. Its pyramids of wWch the great one is 461 feet in height, hav'l'^7oTupwards of 3000 years withstood the influence of time, and Lemdes- tmed to be coeval with the earth that sustains them Thev Set'^tfte!'""'"' ""'"''' """"S" not conlructed buul^ltlT'^TV'' ^^ " P"' »*' *« Ottoman empire ; ent but ,L T.l'^ .'''k ^'f ■"'" °"'y "'^"^ ■''■"^'If independ. ent, but has established his sway over Palestine Svria nnH vicT of L^^tr F ^''"'"'- .;^'^"'"8 '"™-'f ^^^ -- vices Of intelligent Europeans, he has introduced irreat im but one twelfth r/r ^^1 '•'•''g"'" >' 'l«^ Mohammedan, t,~'"C ^"f/oo.oT'"^ "" """''' -'" •"•"f- C"™- sinil"'' '?; •'"' f ""*"' ^"""l"'", "« between Egypt and .4bys- aeaca-tree. Nubia contains many encavaied temoles of great magnificence, particularly at EbsambouL "^ Abyssinia, to the sou.h of Nubia, is an cnensive and Z:ZZZ:T' "" "'""*'"S "•■'•glom. It is pervaded by irr:?uann"thJrrr:?'oVn"''''"' '" their Light, an5 important^ the Bauel Az ek T Kin? h""^"' '"n T" .^uatllf ' h; coumrf Ts""-'- ""'"« '" ""^ —tainous expected under sucT?ia tudT TfrT """" ""«'" "" heat is intense. tL'. .l"it.,-',';""= low grounds the year, one in autumn, and ■ano.re;Tn''X[ng "wuiet' blif' Wheat, m..«.. and a graiu called <.^;UXr Zn^uZl 248 KGYPT, NUBIA, AND ABYSSINIA. seed, but of an agreeable taste, are the principal objects of culture. The country is particularly rich in flowers, the fields abounding with roses, jessamines, lilies, primroses, and other plants, whose fragrance perfumes the whole land. Among the trees with which it abounds may be mentioned the sycamore-fig, the tamarind, the date, the coffee-tree, a large tree called the rack, used for building boats, and a valuable medicinal shrub, called by the natives wooginoos, and by botanists JSrucea antidysenterica. Of the cattle of Abyssinia there is one species, called the Galla ox, with horns of enormous length. The ass and the mule are the beasts of labour, horses being used only for the purposes of war. The buffaloes are ferocious, and some- times attack travellers. Among the other wild animals are the two-horned rhinoceros, elephants, lions, panthers, leo. j)ards, the giraffe, the hyena, boars, gazelles, and monkeys. The lakes and rivers swarm with crocodiles and hippopo. tami. The birds are extremely numerous and various. The most remarkable is a species of eagle, called the golden eagle, and some varieties of the bird of paradise. No country in the world is so much infested with trouble, some insects. Of these the most formidable is the zehuh, a fly somewhat larger than a bee, the puncture of whose proboscis is fatal, and penetrates even the tough skin of the camel. The locusts, also, are particularly destructive. Abyssinia contains a number of provinces or kingdoms, which were formerly under the sway of one monarch, but are now divided among several chiefs. The Galla, a savage race from the south, have conquered a great portion of its territory, and are masters of Gondar, the capital. EXERCISES. M'hat are the countries comprehended in Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia ? What towns do they contain ? Name the principal river and lakes. What is the general appearance of Egypt ? What is its form ? What are its lengih and breadth ? Into what districts is it divided ? What is the quality of the soil i M'hat are the chief articles of cultivation ? What plants are indigenous productions of Kgvpt ? What trees art; fre- quently to be met with there ? W hat is remarkable about the chmate of Egypt ? What prevents the country from being a barren waste? Uy what are the inundations occasioned? When does the river begin to swell, attain its greatest height, and subside? What aninialK, formerly common in I^gypt, have now become rare ? Vl''hat RnimMh are gtill common ? For what is Egypt celebrated in sacred history ? How long have its pyramid* stood? What purpoges did they serve? EGYPT, VlVniA, AND ABYSSINIA. 249 311111 roses the I ^^ ^'?*' empire is Egypt considered a part ? Over what ies B Uoes Abyssinia contain more kingdoms than one ? Bv what people has the country been conquered ? CENTRAL AFRICA Consists of an extensive range of countries and kin'r- doms to the south of the Great Desert, situate chiefly on the Niger and some other rivers. It may be di- vided into — "^ Countries bordering on the Desert. Chief Towns. Ludamar Benowm. -Beeroo Walet. Asben Agade's. Countries on the Niger. Chief Towns. Bambarra. ...Sego, Jenne. iimbuctoo...Timbuctoo. /ouri Vouri fJott'*«a Boussa, Wawa. S"'I?o Niki, Kiama. %ffe ...Rabba. X^rriba Eyeo. Fundo, = Funda. Kirree.... Kirree. ^^on Eboe* Countries on theSene^ral. Chief Towns. Bambouk Bambouk. f,o»dou Fatteconda. Kaarta Kemmoo. Countries E. and W. of Lalie Tchad. Chief Towns. Houssa Sackatoo. Kassina — Kassina. Kano Kano. Zeg-zeg Zaria. ^omou Kouka,Bornou. Wffun lioggun. Begarmee... Begarmee. T»- Harffir Cobb^. Kafd«f»a, Obtid. 250 CENTRAL AFttlfA. R KM ARKS. Mniiy parts of Central Africa are sandy and barren, whik others, especially on the banks of the Niger, are fertile and extremely populous. This river, which so long baffled every attempt to explore its course, has now been ascertained by the Landers to flow into the Gulf of Benin by numerous estuaries, after a winding course of upwards of 2000 miles. This discovery is expected to open important channels to the trade of the interior. The countries on the Senegal and the upper part of tlic Niger are fertile and populous, chiefly inhabited by negroes, with a mixture of Moors. Timbuctoo is the most celebrated seat of the caravan-trade. The countries on the Lower Niger, Youri, Boussa, Yarriba, and Nyflu, are perhaps the most fruitful, industrious, and populous in all Africa. Below Nyfle, however, in approaching the sea, the country becomes marshy and unhealthy, and is often inundated. The people on the banks of the river, though they carry on an active commerce, are ferocious, and corrupted by the prevalence of the slave-trade. Iloussa, an extensive region W. of Borndu, is now almost entirely conquered by a Mohammedan tribe called the Fel- latahs, whose capital is Sackatoo. The soil is extremely /'. r. tile, yielding in abundance grain, cotton, and indigo; im; inhabitants are more intelligent than those of Bornou, an 1 possess an extensive commerce. Bornou, one of the most powerful kingdoms of Central Africa, lies immediately west and south o)" the lake Tchad ; Birnie, its former capital, which, according to Uenhamand Clapperton, once contained 200,000 inhabitants, is now in ruins. The land is very fertile, except where it is occupied with deserts of sand. The natives, whose numbers were estimated by Mnjor Den- ham at 5,000,000, live in a state of tfie rudest simplicity. Bergoo, or Dar Saley, is an extensive country between Be- garmee and Darfur, in which is the great lake of Fittre, Darfiir lies to the west of Sennaar, from wnich it is sepa. rated by Kordofan. It is parched and sterii in appearance, excepting during the rainy season, from June till September, when the fields are covered with luxuriant verdure. The king takes the title of sultan. The people are a mixture of Arabs and negroes, and may amount to about 200,000. EXERCISES. What is the situation of Central Africa ? Into what coun* tries may it be aividea ? What are their chief towns ? What flows thn is the lei to be der the count What is I Describe character ate ? Bj M^hat is and the kingdom the estim; natives li appearant Vv hat titJ Wh-dt is I ABO'ME homey, siti the Slave C palace is sti piilation 2'1 b2' E. long. Abouk'iFj f'-gypt, ceU wnicli Lord the French Abyssin'i Ac'cra, a meat on tht Pop. 5000. Adamow' of Central 2 Adow''a, Pop. 8000.- Aga'des, i kingdom in by tne Tuai who live on AguKhas.C point of the to the grea the coast of 02 S. 19, 58 Alexan'di lebrated cit} situate on a tween Laki Mediterrane pey'sPilJar, patra's Neec able aniiquil 5J, 15 N.aU AFRICA. 251 What is the general aspect of Central Africa ? What river flows tlirough It ? Into what gulf does the Niger flow ? What is the Jength of its course ? What adv;intag»'.s are expected to be derived from the dh^rovery of its terniination r l>cscribe the countries on the Senegal and the upper part of the Niirer. H hat is the most celebrated seat of the interior lura van -trade '-^ Describe the countries on the Lower Nig-er. What is the character of the people below Nyfte ? Where is Houssa situ- atc .-^ By what people has it been almost entirely conquered ? W hat IS their capital ? What is the nature of their tountry and the character of the people? Is Bornou a powerful kin^'dom ." What is the nature of the country ? Wnat is the estnnated amount of the population ? In what state do the natives live ? Where are Bergoo and Darfur situate ? What appearances does the latter assume in the dry and wet seasons '-^ What title does the king assume ? What are the natives ? What is the estimated amount of the population ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE OP AFRICA. ABO'MEY, the capital of Da- homey, situate about 80 miles from the Slave Coast. The root of the palace is studded with skulls. Po. pulation 5i4,O00.--7° 35' N. lat. 5i° b2' E. long. Abouk'ir, Bay of, on the coast of Egypt, celebrated for the victory wbicli Lord Nelson. obtained over the French fleet, August 1, 1798. Abyssin'ia. See Remarks, p. i{l7. Ac'cra,a town and British settle- ment on the Gold coast, VV. Afiica Pop. 5000. Adamow'a, a kingdom and city of Central Africa, on the Shary. Adow'a, a town in Abyssu'iia. Pop. SOOii.—M, 10 N. 39, 4 K Aga'des, the capital of Asben, a kingdom in the interior, possessed by tne Tuaricks, a powertul tribe who live cinetly by plunder. Agul'has.Cape, the most southern poiiitof the coiiiiiient, giving name 10 the great bank winch lies off the CO ist of Southern Africa.-si4 52 S. 19, 58 K ' Alexandria, an ancient and ce- lebrated city and seaport of Egypt situate on a narrow peninsula be- tween Lake Mareo'tis and the Mediterranean. Near it are Pom- pey's PiUar, the obelisk called Cleo- patra's Needle, and other rem irk- able antiquities. It has still a con- Ol, MN.5>y, 53JB, Algiers', the ancient Numifdia, one of the Barbary Stati-.-, bound- ed on the N. by the Mediterranean, W. by Morocco, S. by the Great Desert ot Sahara, and E. by Tunis. The Atlas chain of mountains runs through its whole lengtn, which is about 500 miles. The valleys,water- ed by streams, are extremely fer- tile, and the hills are covered with fruit-trees. The government lately abolished by the French was de- spotic, holding nominally of the (irand Seignior, and the dey was elected by the janizaries. Pop. 'J,00i),000, of whom about 60,0uU are Jews. Algiers', the capital of the above state, a strongly.iortitied city, ris- ing beautifully trom theshorein the lorin of an amphitiieatre. It was long the chief seat of the atrocious piracies carried on from the Bar- bary ports, until tlie British fleet, under Lord Exmouth, in 1816 destroyed both the Algerine fleet and the batteries. In 1850, the French made a complete conquest ot the city, and are endeavouring to colonize the territory. I'on. 50,000.-JG, 48 N. 3, 4 E. ^ Algo'a, a bay about 500 miles E. of the Cape of Good Hope, the coasts of wnich are among tne most fertile and beautiful districts in rhe Cape Territory. 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