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Published by Houlston and Stoneman, 65, Paternoster- row, London ; Brooks, Leicester ; and may be had of all Booksellers in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In four vols, post 8vo, bound in cloth, 22s. or any volume separately, price 5s. 6d. THE PULPIT CYCLOPAEDIA ; and Christian Mi- nister's Companion. Containing Three Hundred and Sixty Sketches of Original Sermons, and Eighty-two Essays on Biblical Learning, Theological Studies, the Composition and Delivery of Sermons, Pastoral Duties, Eevivals, etc., etc. This work may be considered a Li- brary in itself. It has already been reprinted in America. THE SIXTH EDITION, In four vols. 12mo. bound in cloth, price 18s. or any vol. separately, price 4s. 6d. SKETCHES AND SKELETONS OF FOUR HUN- DRED SERMONS. In one vol. 12mo, cloth, price 4s. 6d. A New Edition. SKETCHES OF SERMONS ON TYPES AND METAPHORS. In one volume, 12mo, cloth, price 4s. 6d. A new and enlarged edition. With addditional Sketches on Revivals of Religion and Christian Catholicity, SKETCHES OF SERMONS ON SPECIAL OCCA- SIONS. In one volume, ISmo. A new enlarged edition, cloth, price 2s. 6d. SKETCHES OF SERMONS adapted for Sunday SCHOOLS AND VILLAGE PREACHERS. In one vol. bound in cloth, price 2s. 6d. THE CHRISTIAN PREACHER'S POCKET COM- PANION; comprising Essays on the Christian Ministry, Striking Incidents, Characteristics of Eminent Preachers, with Original Sketches of Sermons, &c. 1 m ^^ ,- '■_f^,.r.r.^^^^,/',r^y^ List of Worksy by Jabez BurnSf d.d. In one vol. 12mo. bound in cloth, price 48. 6d. SKETCHES OF SERMONS on the PARABLES and MIRACLES OF CHRIST. In post 8vo, pp 356, bound in cloth, 5s. 6d. SERMONS designed for Familj' Reading and Village Worship. In one vol. bound in cloth, price 3s. 6d. THE MOTHERS OF THE WISE AND GOOD; with select Essays on Maternal Duties and Influence. In one vol. 18mo. cloth, 172 pp. price Is. 6d. THE YOUTHFUL CHRISTIAN ; containing In- structions, Counsel, Cautions, and Examples. A suitable present for young persons. It has recently been reprint- ed in America. In one vol. 8vo. cloth, 4s. 6d. CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY, or Materials for Thought In one vol. bound in cloth, 600 pp. 5s. 6d. FOURTH EDITION. THE CHRISTIAN'S DAILY PORTION; containing Three Hundred and Sixty-five Exercises on the Person, Work, and Glory of the Redeemer. In one handsome vol. 12mo. price 4s. 6d. cloth. SKETCHES OF SERMONS ON CHRISTIAN MISSIONS. Original and Selected. In royal 32mo. with Twenty Engravings, pp. 416, price 2s. 6d. cloth, gilt MISSIONARY ENTERPRISES IN MANY LANDS, with a History of Missionary Societies. Price 2d. A FEW WORDS TO RELIGIOUS INQUIRERS, and Young Disciples. Third thousand, revised and en- larged. One penny each. THE CHILD'S CHRISTIAN CATECHISM, in Verse; with Scripture Proofs. MISSIONARY PIECES in Verse, for Children. LITTLE FOEMS for Chiidi^en. TEMPERANCE RHYMES for Young Teetotalers. I] ^"■"g'tv xT m ^ 5fp |Oai l0t(0 0f a €0ttr XV TUS 1 UNITED STATES AND CANADA, IN THS SUMMER AND AUTUMN OP 1847. BY JABEZ BURNS, D.D. Author of *' Pulpit Cyclopedia," " Christian Philosophy," "Sketches and Skeletons of Sermons," etc., etc. And one of the Deputation from the General Baptists of England, to the Triennial Conference of the Free Will Baptists of the United States of America. LONDON : IIOULSTON A'ND S^TONEMAN, 1848. 9(7-3 ! I III,' J. Kennedy Printer, Milton Street, Dorset Square. re. ' PREFACE. At the urgent request of various friends I have been induced to give this brief outline of my visit to the United States and Canada. In doing so, I have preferred, in describing statistic details of various cities and scenes, to avail myself of the accounts presented in recently published accredited American works, rather than run the hazard of falling into mistakes, from the want of a more prolonged opportunity of obtaining full and correct information. In particular, I have been greatly indebted to an interesting volume, published by the Appletons of New York, entitled, * Rail-road and Steam-boat Companion,' by W. Williams, — a work which just appeared at the time of my visit to that city. I had long been greatly prepossessed in favor of many American institutions, so that if I have erred at ail, it has been on the side of charity. I endeavoured to observe and judge with all possible candour, and I wrote a daily record of the things in which I was most interested. Let that foul stain of Slavery be removed from the United States, and then she will rise to the noblest altitude among the nations of the earth. But, if the South is to be thus emancipated, the * faaaMiJaEAi i%^ .M^ttd iv. PREFACE. North must crush that foul and wicked manifesta- tion of deep, and almost general, prejudice against the colored population. Until this God-dishonoring distinction shall cease, and every man be treated with reverence and respect as bearing the image of his Maker — the American declaration that "All men are born free and equal, " can only be re- garded as a satire and a bye-word. Myr.ads however, are the noble hearts which heave with deep and holy emotion on this subject ; and the number is daily increasing, and soon we trust the day will dawn when the United States will burst through these clouds which obscure her glory, and shine forth in all the resplendent majesty and radiance, befitting so great, so highly privileged, and so happy a nation. 17, Porteus Road, Paddington, ERRATUM. Page 70, where Brooklyn is said to be " second" city in the State, it should have been the " seventh." Other minor errors may have escaped the notice of the writer, which the reader is respectfully requested to ex- cuse and correct. CONTENTS. re- PAGB. CHAPTER I. Massachusetts' Bay— Boston, &c ... 9 CHAPTER II. Lowell, the far-famed City of Spindles . .18 CHAPTER III. Journey from Boston to Springfield— Albany- Schenectady— Utica—Whitestown. The Hudson 37 CHAPTER IV. New York— Brooklyn, &c 60 CHAPTER V. Journey from New York to Philadelphia, &c . 77 CHAPTER VI. Baltimore— Washington— Railroad, and Steam, and Canal Route to the West— Pittsburgh— Cleve- land— and Elyria 91 CHAPTER VII. Oberlm ^^^ CHAPTER VIII. T.nlfn Erip— Buffalo— Falls of Niagara- River St. Lawrence ^^^ VI. CONTENTS. CHAPTER IX. CHAPTEB X, Bridge-Ca„terb„ry-teP^5,7^^-*'h ,^^ CHAPTER XI. Co„corf-Manchester-Boston-VoyageHome,&e ,57 CHAPTER XII. state of Religion-Evangelical Alliance, &c . CHAPTER XIII. The Temperance Movement • • • CHAPTER XIV. Advice to Emigrants— Price of T.anrl t?^ • • • • .166 159 163 3nt- nce 141 igh ith . 149 ^c 157 . 159 . 163 TOTJB IN AMEEICA. . 166 CHAPTER I. MASSACHUSETTS BAY, BOSTON, &C., &C, On We4nesday, August 18th, after a Iboisterous voyage pf fourteen days and nine hours, on board the steamer Cambria, we reached Boston. The voyage had been chae racterised by np incident of note, if we except the intole- rant conduct of Captain Judkins, who refused to allow a jfew Nonconformists to hold religious worship in the fore cabin on the Sabbath evening — a cabin at the time en- tirely disengaged, and a service which would have inter- fered with the comfort of no person on board. But the North British American Steam-ship Company, it is said, )bave resolved, that worship on board their vessels shall only be conducted by some State Chtirch Clergyman, and if there should be no such person in the ship, then the Captain, in addition to the chajrge of the vessel, shall also undertake the care of the souls who may happen to be sailing with him. Against this arrangement we give in our hearty protest, as utterly at variance with religious freedom, and hope our United States brethren will not fail to employ all their influence against the setting up of the State Church principle on the broa d and free waters of the Atlantic. The day we first gained sight of the American shores, was most lovely. The sky was delightfully serene. The heat, to a European, comfortably warm-- the thermometer being about 86. It is diiBcult to convey a just descrip- tion of the lovely appearance of the bay of Massachusetts. i i I 10 Havinr left Cape Ann on the south, the harbour con- tains many beautiful islands, and is not only safe, but large enough to contain the largest navy in the world. Three miles below the city there is a narrow pass, well protected by forts Independence and Warren. The out- side harbour is defended by a very massive fortress in George's Tsland, erected by the Government at a great expense. The appearance of Boston from the river is very much like that of a crescent, and its quays crowded with shipping, and its numerous lofty spires and elevated build- ings present a most striking and lovely aspect. Boston is one of the oldest and most respectable cities in the Union. It was founded in the year 1630, and its Indian name was Shaumut, but the early settlers called it Tee- MONT, or Teimontain, from its being built upon three hills. Its present population is about 120,000. It became an incorporated city in 1822. Boston is emphatically a city of bridges. Hence the stranger in his various wan» derings into the suburban towns and villages will have to cross ih(* Charlestown-bridge, 1,500 feet long. Warren- bridge which is 1,400 feet, West Boston-bridge, Boston Tree-bridge, South Boston-bridge, &c., &c,, &c. These bridges, of course in true American style, are all built of wood. The streets of Boston are generally crooked and narrow — many of them inconveniently so. But the houses and shops are substantial erections, and are distinguished for their vast number of windows, the Americans having never yet required to tax the light of heaven for the support of their Government. Comhill and Washington are the chief streets for Edi- torial offices, Booksellers' shops, &c. Tremont-street is yepy elegant, and contains some highly respectable man^ sions, hotels, and other public buildings. Boston is a place of .^reat commercial activitv. and its spacious ware- house?, massive quaj^s, and numerous banljs we all in- I 'l-?H4.'(.^>r>>»-..j^, 11 rbour con- j safe, but the world. T pass, well The out- fortress in at a great iver is very )wded with '•ated build- t. Boston ties in the I its Indian led it Tee- upon three It became jhatically a rious wan» vill hare to , Warren- ge, Boston !% byle, are all J generally miently so. ctions, and ndows, the /he light of ts for Edi- nt-street is itable man- Boston is a nous ware* {ire all m^ dicative of its rapid growth and prosperity. Boston common, or as it ought to be designated, the park, is a beautiful piece of ground of 75 acres, and is tastefully planted with trees and surrounded by ornamental iron palisades. This is the public promenade of bothBosto- nians and strangers, and adds greatly to the comfort and health of the city. The State-house is a lofty splendid building, situated on the summit of Beacon-hill, and fronts the common. The foundation is 110 feet above the level of the sea. This building cost 133,330 dollars. On the entrance floor is the beautiful statue of Washing- ton, by Chantrey. From the cupola a most delightful view is obtained, not only of Boston and its harbour, but of the bay, its Island, and extensive range of beautiful country. It is said that 54,000 persons ascended the Cupola, from April to November, 1846. Faneuil Hall is 108 years old. It is generally caUed the cradle of Liherty, as it was within its walls the Fathers of the Ee volution met, deliberated, and delivered their spirit stirring addresses. It is a fine building, will hold probably 2,000 persons, and is often occupied for public meetings, for political, literary, and benevolent pur- poses. It was presented to the city by Peter Faneuil, ^ho died in March, 1843. Boston is admirably accom- modated with railway and water communication. By rail and water it is connected with Portland, in the State of Maine ; with Dover, N. H. ; with LoweU, Concord, Albany, &c. The newspaper and periodical press flourish in Boston. There are about 14 daily, and 64 weekly and semi-weekly papers published in Boston, besides a considerable number of monthly and quarterly magazines. In fact Boston Is the Literary emporium of the United States. Bosto. justly distinguished for its numerous, handsome, and commodious places of worship. The Clergy, for so aU ministers are designatedj, number upwards of a hundred, giving one to about every 1100 of the population, and providing a religious house of worship to every 600 persons of those who can attend at the same time. Boston probably holds the first place in the States for learned and efRcient ministerial talent ; and no city in the world is so highly favoured with religious means, and benevolent institutions. The inhabitants of Boston are justly celebrated for general morality, superior intelli^ gence, politeness, and hospitality to strangers. The hotels of Boston are on a princely scale. The Tremont- house was built in 1829, and cost 68,000 dollars. It is a granite building, and contains 180 rooms. The charge here, and at the other first-rate houses, for board, &c., is two dollars per day. The minor hotels charge from four to six shillings per day. The tables in most of the Amc' rican hotels, are sumptuously laden, the bed-rooms scru- pulously clean, and no charge for waiters, &c. In some oases, no charge is even made for porterage to or from steam-boats or railways. Adjacent to Boston, and within one mile, we arrive at Charlestown — a fine lively town of from 12,000 to 14,000 inhabitants. Here is the Massachusetts Stute-prison — one of the most orderly and best conducted prisons in the world. We visited every department of it. Its spa- cious workshops, clean and well-aired cells, its commo- dious chapel, useful library, kind yet efficient discipline, all excited our admiration ; and, instead of this Institu- tion being a heavy expense to the State, it is an actual source of revenue. In the year 1845, the balance sheet shows the income for work performed by the prisoners, to exceed the ex- pence of maintaining the prison, by 807 dollars. We saw t--v T vi t-ti pixoviivij TTiivr xxuu, LTCCii scxitciiuuu lU Ul/'Ul/Ii lOr murder, but whose sentences had been commuted to im- prisonment for life. :^8 Here every mental and moral means are employed for ibe true reformation of the prisoners. Absolute silence reigned in every workshop j and order and comfort every where prevailed. v v *t,« The foUowing table exhibits the countries of whicHtne prisoners were natives : — United States England ... Ireland ... Scotland ... Malta Cape de Verd Germany ... France 221 18 27 3 1 1 2 2 Canada 4 Sweden • 1 Newfoundland ... 1- Madeira ^ South Americft ... 1 Nova Scotia ... 4 Total 287 Dxance ... .^ « ' The prisoners were employed as under :— stone Cutters Carpenters Tool Grinders Team Hands Blacksmiths Whitesmiths Tin Workers 62 2 4 9 20 9 io Cabinet Makers &c. 51 Brush Makers ... 10 Cooks ... ... 15 Barbers ... 2 Sweepers ».. 5 Wood and Coal Car- riers ... Waiters, &c. Coopers... «.• H^tterb ... Shoemakers Carpenters on re- pairs ... Tailors ... Patients... In Punishment ... 6 6 8 15 1 a 1 Total 287 What a contrast the Massachusetts state-prison pre- eents to many of the filthy crowded jails of our own country, I need not undertake to show. In Charlestowu is also the lofty massive Bunker's HiU-monument. Thia monument is erected on a fine open and elevated spot, is built of granite ; has nearly 300 steps to its summit, from whence there is a splendid view of Boston and the surrounding country. It is almost needless to say, th^ this monument was raised to commemorate the celebrated battle of « Breeds," or Bunker's Hill, fought June 17, 75. Cambeidge is an incorporated city, two mUes West by North-west of Boston, and is chiefly distinguished as the location of HAEVitRD Univeesitt, the oldest and most ui,„ n«no,,« in fhfl United States. We were very politely shown through the Library, by the Ubrarian, and \, 14 found it rich in literary antiquities, as well as in our mof t taluable modern authors. A law school, medical school, and a theological seminary, form part of the University. The students generally average from 400 to 450. Its funds at present exceed half-a-million of dollars. EoxBFET is another incorporated city adjoiningBoston, containing upwards of 10,000 inhabitants. It is delight- fully situated, and has a number of handsome places of worship, respectable villas, &o. To this list of places we might add, Chelsea, 6 miles from Boston, and also the suburban towns of south and west Boston. But we pass on to notice a place of considerable interest, and which is Tery generally visited,--MoTrNT Atjbiten. Mount Avt- burn is the site of a recently formed cemetery. The cemetery consists of 110^ acres of very picturesque ground, laid out with great skill and effect. Though only opened in September, 1831, it contains a considerable number of chaste tombs and striking monuments, ceno- taphs and mausoleums. We were particularly struck with the monument to Spurzheim, the celebrated Phre- nologist—to the Hon. Nathaniel Bowditch, LL.D., the American Navigator— and to the Rev. Br. W. E. Chan- ging, the elegant Scholar and Philanthropist. Mount Auburn is about four miles from Boston, and is constantly and cheaply accessible by the numerous omnibusses that ply all day long. During our visits to Boston, I attended a Lecture on Temperance in the Tremont Temple, by the celebrated OoiTGH, the reformed inebriate, who very graphically described the evils of intemperance, and powerfully urged entire abstinence from all intoxicating drinks as the only remedy. He was listened to with great interest by a densely crowded audience— that distinguished friend of the cause and well-known philanthropist, Deacon Grant, presiding on the occasion. 15 %ttlZ to leaving Boston, I deUvered a lecture ou the Xet of Peace and Universal Brotherhood, m the TreZntTen^ple. Ipreaehedalso at the ^ed— of the FrL WiU BaptistChurch in the BoyUton H^.'^e" ^J h nonreda»ddevotedbrothor,theIUv.EU Noyes. MX. U paTor. and afterwards on t«o other occasions. I had LCp ness also of preaching in one of tl^-h^ch^^of the EpLopalian Methodists, «ho are a useful and nsmg body in the city of Boston. At a rehgious soiree held two days before we returned to Engkud, I met ^^ » IZber of distinguished ^'^a-*"?"™ ^' *^ Brethren, among whom were the Bev. Dr. Sha^^^ Tl^v Messrs Moore, Editor of the S«coroa in Dover on Christian missions and the Slavery question. The following evening I delivered an address on the same themes, at Gbeat-Falls, a flourishing manufactur- ing town in the same State. Here I was particularly struck with the handsome brick structure occupied by the Free-will Baptists, with its lofty and beautiful spire; This is only one of the several places of worship in this thriving town, yet so commodious as to accommodate from 1,000 to 1,200 persons. The Minister, the Eev* B. Dunn, from the Western State of Ohio, is a most ex- cellent preacherj and fully devoted to his ministerial and pastoral charge. On the line of rail-road, from Great Falls to Boston, ' we passed the towns of Durham, Exeter, Plaistow, Haverhill, Andover, &c. At the last named place is the justly celebrated Theological Institution, of which the Rev. Dr. Stuart, the learned Biblical critic and commen- tator, is a professor. Within a short distance of Andover is the new city of Laweence, a place of only two^or three years growth and yet ab-eady numbering near 3,000 inhabitants. Here are several handsome places of worship, and it is worthy of especial note, that everywhere in the States, as population increases, buildings for public worship rise up, without either legislative tax, or enactment. As is the demand, 18 the voluntary vital principle of religion provides tlie supply. On the whole, no where is that supply more ample, or better in quality, than in the Northern States of America. CnAPTEE II. lOWElL, THE FAE-FAMED CITY OF SPINDLES. Lowell has often been brought before the English reader, both by British and American writers, and we felt considerable curiosity to see the celebrated city, at once the great seat of manufacture and of churches, of wit and learning, of factory labour, and elegant life. We had read the literary production of the factory girls with consider- able interest, and having been brought up in the crowded region of our own manufacturing populations, the reader will not marvel at the peculiar sensations we experienced in approaching Lowell. Lowell is twenty-six miles north- west of Boston, from whence on oriei of the best railroads in the States, you are conducted in little more than an hour — for the reasonable charge of G5 cents. Lowell is situated on the north side of the Merrimack river. Ninety-three years ago where the city is now situated was a wilderness, with only here and there an isolated dwell- ing. From an interesting work recently published we furnish an account of its Indian History :— " The place where the waters of the Merrimr ' • ' Concord rivers meet, had a greater relative importance two hundred years ago, than at any subsequent time, prior to the introduction of cotton manufactures. It was the head-quart, yy of one of the five great tribes of Indians which we; e to .nd In New England. The Sacnemship of the Pawti As extended to the North and North-east of Massachusetts Bay, including all 19 of the territory .vhicl. i. now the State of Kew Harnp- ifo. TUi, «•« inhabited hy a jHbe nu.ber.ng t.eWo thousand .ouU , and Wame^it, the.r capital, was at the confluence of the above named rivers. "This spot was dear to the natives on account of Us .uppl, of fish. Salmon, shad, alowives, and sturgeon, were ZiL taken in vast quantities , and the abundance of the u2 flsh gave the name "Merrimack" to the r.ve so craft- -aning of that word being "sturgeon .n the Indian tongue. celebrated " Here, as early as 1653, John rAwi, lu . Apostle to the Indians,' came, spending many days and preaching to the natives. Here courts were held an- TaUy, in the month of May. by an English magistrate, nosisfced bv some Indian chiefs. •Cy arbitrated upon all questions in dispute between the IndLs and the white settlers who -t^e year above- named, laid out the plantation of f^ "^fof • ^'' "" court in Middlesex county was held on land through Xch the Booth canal now passes ; and tradition says That the log Church, where Eliot used to preach, stood on the height of land on Appleton-street. "But here, as in other places, the native sons of he fore^ passed away rapidly before the "^vaneing civilua- tion of the English colonists. From a POP"^' »" ° three thousand souls, which it numbered when first d« fovered by the white settlers, Wamcsit was reduced by 167410 only two hundred and fifty men, besides women Siren. These held, - ^^f ^^f « ^J^" the identical soil which is now the territory of Lowel The bounds of the Old Indian 'Capital' and of thepresent ritr riarly coincide. A ditch, running ma semi- • Sr i sLking the Merrimack river a little ^W .,,» P»wtueket Falls, and again about a mile below the ilgu^h of the Concord river, and emfaracmg iwen.y-iiv» 20 liundred acresj was, with the Merrimack river itselfj th* ancient boundary of Wamesit. " This varies but inconsiderably from the line and ex- tent of Lowell. " This Indian ditch probably thrown up in 1665, is distinctly traceable to this day. " Ere long the natives wholly disappeared. Their lands, west of the Concord river, were given up in 1686* and in 1728, their right to the land, cast of that river^ became extinct. The only memorials they have left here are the names of our rivers and waterfalls, the ditch above noticed, and some excavated implements of their rude workmanship. " East Chelmsford, or Chelmsford Neck as this place was called, lost all its former consequence. Situated at the corner of other towns, it contained nothing but a few farmhouses, a tavern, and store. The fishing privileges still possessed great value. " At certain seasons of the year the mouth of the Con- cord river appeared to be almost literally full of fishi There are those now living, who have seen one thousand shad taken at one haul, from a basin of water since filled i^p, and now the site of the large Mill of the Middlesex Company. Down as late as 1820 there were caught^ mostly at the spot and at the foot of Pawtueket Falls, twenty-five hundred of salmon, shad and alewives, besides many other fish of less value." In 1822 the first branch coach called here, in 1823 a large provision shop was established, and in 1824 the first Christian Sanctuary was erected. In 1825 the Hamilton Manufactui'ing Company was incorporated. For ten years it was an incorporated Town, and during thia period several manufacturing establishments were erected, be- SftTrinora HiiriTior fhis nfiriod. also. „ ^... g j_ gevoral places of worship were erected, a bleaching com- 21 . :i ^ fT,A Urae hotel styled tlie Memmaclc pany started, and tlie large noiei y c^jammar XT .« TTiia build mg cost near ±.7,0W. wai r„ ; » M Jnics- .nsUt-tion, and a large Alms-house prosperity. In 1836 Loweu ^^^^^ having then a population »« J^^^y ^ „„templated and every kind of improvement has been com v ^";esent. the following incorporated manufacturing companies exist in Lowell : ^^^.^^^ ^j The Merrimack, with a *?•*»! ^Jf'^^^^^^ ^„^ goo ^rfes. dollars, and which employs 1;"5 femato a^ The Hamilton, with a 7'*''' t*** "J^ "^ ^70 males. ,h„„sanddoUarsa.demJoys7^^^^^^^^^ Appleton «»* C°-^' 7'" . j^, and 65 males, .and dollars, <^^^'>^^^°^\^'2'l( ,« hundred thou- The Lowell, with » «»P"^^^^^^^^ ^^ 325 ^^les. sand dollars, and employs 550 fema^^s and ^J^ The Middlesex -^;';;;^tiX JoTmales and and fifty tbousanu dollars, ana emp^ j ''^etuMt with a capital stock of six hundred thou, jrdor:;tdwhicheUs^0^rem^^^^^^^^^ The Tremont, ^nth a capital stock ot six nun ,..a dollars, and ^^^^^ :?'rn htdred The Lawrence, wiUi «^ ?P^^™ fe^.ies and thousand dollars, and which employs l,^uu 200 males. -^ i cfn^V nf twelve hundred The Booth Mills have a ^^^ ^^-^jj^t^ieo males. thousand dollars, and employ 870 Icmaies The Massachusetts Mills have a -P^*''' ^'° ^^"21 and hundred thousand dollars, and employ 759 females 160 males. .^ , ^^^„i^ ^f ^i, liun- 88 Besides these, there are the LoweU Bleachery, and the Lowell machine shop. The total capital stock invested in the Lowell manufac- tories, &c., is 11,490,000 dollars, employing, in the whole, 7,915 females and 3,340 males-or 11,255 of the city population. The following additional information I give verbatim from the report of January, 1847 : " Medium produce of a Loor , No.l4 yarn, yards per day,45 Medium produce ofaLoom, No.30 yarn, yards per day,33 "The Middlesex Company make use annually 'of 6,000,000 teasels, 1,600,000 Jbs. fine ^vool, 80,000 lbs. Glue, 60,000 dollars worth of Dye Stuffs, and 17,000 dollars worth of Soap. "The Lowell Machine Shop, included among the above Mills, can furnish machinery complete for a mill of 6,000 Spindles, in three months, and a miU can be buUt in the same time. "The several Manufacturing Companies have esta- blished a Hospital for the convenience and comfort of • persons employed by them respectively when sick, which is under the superintendence of one of the best surgeons and physicians. " The Institution for Savings for the year ending April 29, 1846, had received from 4,679 depositors, 750,645 77 dol- lars, being an increase from the former year of 491 depo- sitors, and the amount of 76,020 95. The whole number of new accounts opened was 1692, depositing with others, 330,471 56 doUars, and 1181 accounts were closed, with* drawing, with other partial payments, 254,450 61 dollars. The operatives in the mills are the principal depositors. " « There is one public High School in the city where all branches of education are taught preparatory to a collegiate course. Also, eight Grammar Schools and ihivtj-sis. Primary Schools, aU of which will compare to (( I 23 advantage .iil. m -l^ool. in tl.e country. Average daUy "Txt:: at to Tan.s_ne Lowell, capital .00.000 Bootand a -Suable Library o^B,^ --^^^^^^^ ^, .' Nearly all the Religious Societies nave traries of religious and f «— ^^^^J^ ,,aound to " An i-P°'7' ^^::;T^Um., of tUe tue interest -<» ^^^'^ .f j^^ "gi;e to most of the Mills New Canal. It is destined to giv ^^^ o„ the lower level a more ^^g""£,:,. it u to be oo-'i-"^— roVf^trr ^^p'^»^ 15 feet of an average width ol luuie excavation of It wiU require in its construction a roU ^^^ 150.000 yards. anearthexcav^-oflW amass of masonry of 50,000 yards , at an expense of 500,000 doUar. ^^^^^^ ^^,^„^ .•In the course of a ^^^^ "" ^^^ by the Merri- Mills will be in operation The one bud^y ^^^ ^^ ^ack Company to cont^n 23.1^4 ^P Company, will Looms , t''«.^\-'3^^'^^'^^ ."^Tnd 260 Looms ,-hut commence with 10,368 ^P'""'^ nearly 20,000 Spindles, i, of sumcient capacity l^^-;;::'l ^he Jer will and 400 Looms. The d""°S J ^^,], i, being be a Steam Engine of 160 horse powe , P"' "■ ,r fo^tnres are produced in the city, than « Other Manufactures are pro appearance oi lae i^u-o«« -t.^^^ i ^1 24 women are the daughters of farmers from the adjacent States ; some few from Canada. Each manufactory haa its own handsome range of well-built boarding-houses where every attention is paid to the physical comforts and moral elevation of the inmates, ^e following is fpom the pen of a resident clergyman •* Each of the long blocks of boarding-houses is divide4 into six or eight tenements, and are generally three sto- ries high. These tenements are finished off in a style njuch above the common farm houses of the country, and more nearly resemble the abqde of respectable mechanics in rural villages. They are all furnished with an abun- .dant supply of water, and with suital^le y^rds apd out- buildings. " These are constantly k^pt clean, the buildings well painted, and the premise^ thoroughly whitewashed every spring, at the corporation's expense. " The front room is usually the commpn eating room pf the house, the kitchen is in the rear. The keeper of the house (commonly a widow with her children), has her parlour in some part pf the establishment, and in some houses there is a sitting room for the use of the )boarders. "The remainder pf the apartments are sleeping rooms. In each of these are lodged two, four, and in some cases six boarders j and the room has an air of neatness and comfort, exceeding what most of the occupants have been accustomed to in their paternal homes. In many cases, these rooms are not sufficiently large for the number who occupy them ; and oftentimes that attention is not paid to their ventilation which a due re- gard to health demands. These are points upon which a reform is called for ; and in the construction of the new boarding-house, this reform should be contemplated. At the same time, it should in justice be added that the evil al. adjacent 5tory ha8 ^-houses iomforts rgyman divide4 ree sto- a stylo try, and 3chanic8 n abun- pd out- 1^8 well >d every \g room ?eper of 3n), has and in I of the rooms, e cases 3SS and re been y large Bs that due re- which ;he new ed. At evil al^ 2S V +«T-r.wpll and will not probably hdoa to i, not pecuto to lo^eU »n J^^^^^^^ appear to bo a cr.-g J-- ^^ ,, „f ,iUU,ers in comparison with T"^ ^j .^„„,es of our cities. „„d sempstresses ^^^^^^^"^^^^tie management of these , "t Ta™ t betameMhatmala operatives and :ropSs ao --;^ -t;r ;ri: -'■''' I:rtLT"C-f their houses, are .ally observed by all the eorpoi^tions :- ..rC::uftnoTS any perso; not employed by -?ro=roKe=--dinthe '"'.?fThe doors must be closed at 10 o'clocT. in the even- i„.. and no person admitted after that time, nnless a suf- ^nreXl^rep'thouses, when required, must ^rThf bmldings, both inside and out. and the yards about tlem. muft be kept clean and in good ordcr^ lu the buildings or fences are injured, they will «><- repaired, and charged to the occupant. " No one will be allowed to keep swme. ..Thehoursoftakingmealsinthesehouscsareumfoim . JJ^ott all the corporations ;;;*^oe..^ follows : D'---"^-^-' »L'?5rdL 2Sth. before _ ..... ..„^ T^^Lmbcr 1st to February 2Sth. before ( 26 going to work, and so early as to begin work as soon as it is light ; through March, at half-past seven o'clock j from April 1st to September 19th, at seven o'clock ; and from September 20th to October 31st, at half-past seven o'clock. Supper — always after work at night, that is after seven o'clock from March the 20th to September the lyth, and from Sept. 20th to March 19th, half-past seven o'clock. " ' The time allowed for each meal is thirty minutes for breakfast j when that meal is taken after beginning work ; for dinner, thirty minutes from September Ist to April 30th, and 45 minutes from May 1st to August 31.' " To this account we may properly subjoin the regula- tions to be observed by the persons who are employed in the Lowell Tactories : — " Every overseer is required to be punctual, and to see that those employed under him are so. He is to be in his room at the starting of the mill, and not to be absent unnecessarily during working hours. " Overseers may grant leave of absence to those em- ployed under them, when they have spare hands, but not otherwise, except in cases of absolute necessity. " All persons are required to observe the regulations of the room in which they are employed. They are not allowed to be absent from their work without the con- gent of their overseer, except in case of sickness, and then they are required to send him word of the cause of their absence. " All persons are required to board in one of the board- iiig-houses belonging to the company, and to conform to the regulations of the house in which they board. " A regular attendance on public worship on the Sab- bath being necessary for the maintenance of good order, all persons in the employ of the company are required to |jo coiietant in uttcudaiicc on piibllv Tvorship at quq of I \ 27 tlie regular places of worship in tliis place, and those who neglect this regulation will not be employed. « Persons entering the employment of the company, are considered as engaged to work for one year. « All persons intending to leave the employment of the company, are required to give notice of the same to their overseer at least two weeks previous to the time of leaving ; and their engagement with the company is not considered as fulfilled, unless they comply with thid regulation. « Payments will he made monthly, including board and wages, which will be made up to the third Saturday iu every month, and paid in the course of the foUowing week. « Any one who shall take from the mills, or the yard, any yarn, cloth, or other article, belonging to the com- pany, will be considered guilty of stealing^ and prose- cuted accordingly. « The above regulations arc considered part of the contract with all persons entering the employment of the Massachusetts Cotton Mills." Wo need not add that the result of such arrangements is, general order, uniform external propriety, and such an air ofrespectability and comfort, as is not to be seen in any town of one fourth the population, in this country. The females generally earn two dollars, or about 8s. 4d., and upwards, besides their board, lodging, and washing, per week. Hence, on one occasion I stood, when thousands of them were passing from the ilictories to dinner, and their general appearance reminded me of the daughters of re- spectable tradesmen, in our own country. Their manners were quite in keeping with their appearance, and perhaps taking them all in all, there is uot a better conducted i 18 A great proportion of tLcm are mem'bers of religious societies, and the places of worship arc crowded with them on the Lord's-day, There are many delightful instances of diligent perse* rerance, with attendant prosperity, among the Lowell Factory Girls. Several having toiled for a few years, have earned sufficient to purchase a farm for the family, and have thus retired to spend their days on their own scarcely taxed freehold, in rural quietness and compe- tency. The health of the factory operatives in Lowell is rather above the other cities of America. The following statement, by the Kev. H. A. Miles, will fully confirm this Tiew. He says : — " The population of Lowell was twenty thousand nine hundred and eighty-one in 1840, and was twenty-five thousand and sixty-three in 1844. The average for the five years may be stated at twenty-three thousand. " Deaths in 1840, four hundred and twenty-six ; in 1841, four hundred and fifty-six ; in 1842, four hundred and seventy-three ; in 1843, three hundred and sixty- three ; in 18M, three hundred and sixty-two j averaging, in five years, four hundred and sixteen per annum. " Dividing the average of population by the average of deaths, we have the following results :— Deaths to the population in Providence, one in forty-one ; in Salem, cue in fifty-four j in Worcester, one in fifty-two ; in 'Lowell, one in fifty-seven, — being an advantage, in com- parison with the other places, of fifteen, three, and five per ccBt. in fiwour of the latter city. " Still another aid in forming an opinion as to the degree of health enjoyed by the operatives of Lowell, is the testimony of the physicians of this city. " Full and decided testimony by them has been re-- pcatedly given, and has, from time to time, been pub- lished. " .. '•^^WWillMlil 69 » Some roferenee to Ibis will now be Biaae. Dr. Elisha Bartlett, the first Mayor of tWs city, for more than twelve years a resident and practising Phys.oan m Lowell/widely known as anenm>ent Leeturcr and wrUer in his profession, in a pampMet pnblished by h.mml841 on the ' Character and Condition of the fem^es employed in the Lowell Mills,' has the foUowing words, the ItaUc ised sentences being thus marked by the Doctor him- ''" ''The general and comparative good health of the girls employed in the Mills here, have long been subjects of common remark among our most intelhgent and ex- perienced physicians. „,,.-» •. n,„ « ' The manufacturing population of this city is the healthiest portion of the population, and there is no rea- Bon why this should not be the case. They are but little exposed to manv of the strongest and most prohfic causes of disease, and very many of the circumstances which surround and act upon them, are of the most favourabte hygienic character. " ' They are regular in their habits. « « They are early up in the morning and early to bed at night. , i J i.t, • « ' Their fare is plain, substantial, and good, and their labour is sufficiently light to avoid the evils arising from the two extremes of indolence and over-exertion. « « They are but very little exposed to the sudden vicissitudes, and to the excessive heats and colds of the season, and they are very generally free from anxious and depressing cares.' " , ^ • i • r i The state of health, morals, &c., may be fairly mferrod from thefollowingtestimonies of Boarding-house-keepers, which we have selected from a considerable number ol a similar import. These statements were given m reply to Uio ioiiowing furiiishcd questions : so •* 1. How long liavc you kept a boarding-Iiouso on tliis corporation ? *' 2. How many boarders have you ? " 3. How many boarders have you had in all since you kept the house ? "4. How many of your girls have, to your knowledge, been married ? " 5. How many have died ? ** 6. How many have gone home sick ? *' 7. How many of your boarders have been dismissed from the corporation for bad conduct ? » " 8. Have you ever had much sickness in your house ? "9. How many cases, do you think, which have lasted a week, and have had the care of a physician ?" ■ The replies will be copied exactly as they were returned. " Case 1.— Have kept a boarding-house on the Apple- ton four-and-a-half years ; have now nineteen boarders ; liave had probably, in all, a hundred and fifty j known of ten of those that have been married ; not one of the girls while a boarder has died ; three have gone home sick ; none of the boarders have been dismissed for bad con- duct ; have had but little sickness, perhaps eight cases that have lasted a week, and had the care of a physician." ' " Case 2.— Have kept a boarding-house on the Hamil- ton nineteen years j have now sixteen boarders; have had twenty-five, on an average, all the time ; known of over two hundred of my girls that have been married, having kept an account of them till within the two past years ; only one of my boarders has died in my house ; fifteen have gone home sick ; one of my boarders has been dismissed from the corporation for bad conduct ; never have had much sickness ; perhaps ten cases corres- ponding to the description in question 9." " Case 3. — I have kept a boarding-house on the Lowell corporation eleven years ; have now twenty -five boarders} I have had perhaps tvTO hundred in all ; know of as many as fifty of them that have been married ; not one has died in my house ; none have ever been sent home sick ; one of my boarders was turned off from the corporation fop bad conduct ; have had very little sir^kness in my house 5 can remember but eleven cases that have lasted a week, and been attended by a physician." «« Case 4.— I have kept a boarding-house on the Merri- mack for twelve years ; have now sixteen boarders ; pre- sume I have had four hundred in aU ; can remember eighty of these that have been married ; none have died at my house ; have heard of the death of eleven ; three havo gone home sick ; none dismissed from my house for bad conduct ; have had but little sickness in my house, per- haps ten or twelve cases that have lasted a week." «' Case 5.— T have kept a boarding-house on the Apple- ton, eight years and seven months ; have now seven boarders ; cannot tell how many I have had in all, per- haps two hundred and seventy-five ; known of forty-five of my girls that have been married, eight have died ; twelve have gone home sick ; none have been dismissed from my house for bad conduct ; have had much sickness in my house, should think as many as twenty cases lasted a week." « Case 6— I have kept a boarding-house on the Hamil- ton for nineteen years ; have now nineteen boarders ; probably have had three hundred in all ; can recollect only nineteen of my girls that have been married; two have died from my house ; twelve have gone home sick ; three havo been dismissed for bad conduct ; never havo had much sickness ; can remember fourteen cases lasting a week." How striking is the contrast between the workmg classes in the factories of Lowell, and persons similarly employed in our own country. Happy will be the day for our nation wHen Old England's toiling sons and duughters can have the physical and mental advantages enjojed by the New England States. We fear the period, if ever it be realized, is one fur off in the remote future. The following view of their mental, moral, and religious condition, from the last writer quoted, in equally beautiful and cheering : — " A brief reference to some of the privileges which the operatives and citizens of Lowell enjoy, will complete th« circle of topics contemplated in this work. " We will first allude to those which are in the reach of the former. " Opportunities of reading are afforded them, during the evenings and Sundays, and occasional absence from the mill. Parish, city and circulating libraries, are resorted to for books j and a great number of the girls are subscri- bers to newspapers, magazines, and reviews. There are five hundred school teachers, and it will not be thought strange that many should employ their leisure hours in attempts to advance their education. Quite a large number attendeven- ing school in the winter j and it has been ascertained that on one corporation alone, there were two hundred and nineteen girls who employed apart of the evenings of one winter in this manner. Instances are not uncommon of female operatives forming themselves into classes, to take lessons in the study of some foreign language. " Others will club together to hire a piano, and employ the services of a teacher of music, and the notes of that instrument are often heard proceeding from the board- ing-house. "Besides these, there are formed what are called "Im- provement circles," which meet once a fortnight or once a month, to hear and criticise anonymous compositions furnished by the members. It was in a circle of this de- Bcriptioa that the Lowell Offering had its origin. 83 «* Of courses of Public Lectures, ami attendance at Churches, we shall speak in another place. "All these things exert a beneficial influence in edu- cating young women who resort to this city for employ- ment ; and it is known that many come here, loss through any necessity of their circumstances than from a desire to avail themselves of the advantages which are here enjoyed." "There are in Lowell, twenty-three regularly-consti- tuted religious societies, viz., one Episcopal, four Congre- gational Orthodox, one Congregational Unitarian, three Baptist, three Universalist, two Episcopal Methodist, two Eoman Catholic, two Free Will Bapti.^t, two Chris- tian, one Free Chapel connected with the Ministry at large. " These societies have erected nineteen churches at a cost of three hundred and eight thousand dollars, and two now churches have been commenced this season. They are served at the present time by twenty-two Ministers, whose support, with other expenses of public worship, amount to twenty-five thousand dollars per year. « Connected with these societies, there are six thousand one hundred and twenty-three Sunday school pupils and teachers, constituting more than a fifth part of the entire population of the city. " Though all these societies are composed together of working people, and many of them almost exclusively of factoiy operatives, yet their charities are many in num- ber, and are considerable in their aggregate amount. " Contributions of four hundred dollars have repeat- edly been taken up, in a single church, for Missionary purposes. " One of these societies raised the last year one thou- sand dollars for the purchase of a Pastor's library. Ano- ther has established, within a few years, a parish library of two thousand three hundred volumes of permanently valuable books, and has recently undertaken the sup;)ort 84, of a Miuistry at large, pledging itself for the purpose to the amount of eight hundred dollars a year. It has been ascertained that the charities of the religious societies of this city, during the past year, beside what was raised for their ordinary expenses, amounted to ten thousand three hundred and twenty-six dollars. *' A better feature still of the Lowell churches is that higher kind of charity, which the Apostle has placed above the bestowing even of all one's goods to feed the poor. Few are the places which, on the w^hole, are more ox^^npt from bigotry, intolerance, and the little arts of persecution and censoriousness, so often suggested by sectarian zeal. The clergymen of the city often meet together to consult and act in concert to promote some moral end; and such meetings have encouraged generous feelings between the professors of different forms of faith. The factory girl who comes to Lowell finds a Church professhig the creed in which she has been educated j and becomes interested in the Sunday school, and at- tached to the pastor, and has occasion to remember this city with gratitude, as the birth place of that higher life to which she has been awakened." The above statistics of the churches refers to the year 1845, so that, at that time, there were about 26,000 in- habitants, thus giving a religious place of instruction to every twelve hundred of the population, and reckoning the portion of tlie community, capable of attending pub- lic worship at the same time, at one-half, thus providing a Minister of religion to every 600 hearers. Since that period the places of worship have increased in an adequate ratio to the increased population. A word or two on the Lowell schools and library, must bo given : — " The public schools of Lowell are divided into three 85 grades, consisting of one Higli school, eiglit Grammar Bcliools, and thirty Primary scliools. In the building of school-houses, the city has already expended rising of one hundred thousand dollars. Houses for the accommoda- tion of the Primary and Grammar schools are placed in various parts of the city, the ediQces for the latter being spacious, two story, brick buildings. The High school is centraUy situated, in Anne and Kirk streets, and is one of the best buUdings of the kind in the country, it was erected in 1840 at a cost of about nineteen thousand dollars. Six .instructors are employed in this school ; the average number of pupils is two hundred. There are about fifteen hundred scholars in the Grammar school, and two thousand in the Primary. The present appro- priation for the support of these schools, is twenty-four thousand dollars. This city stands among the first in the cities and towns of this commonwealth in the amount appropriated for public instruction, and the universally acknowledged excellence of our schools, is an advantage which often brings families to Lowell." " CITY LIBRARY. « Last year a public library was established in Lowell at an expenditure of three thousand five hundred dollars, the larger part of which was an appropriation from the city council for this purpose. A large room has been fitted up in the city hall, a librarian has been appointed, and a catalogue of about five thousand volumes has been printed. " The library is under the care of aboard of directors, chosen by the city council, and is open to all residents in Lowell, by the payment merely of about two shillings per year." In Lowell there are published one daily paper and seve- ral weekly ones, and being so contiguous to Boston, the morning and evening papers of that city obtam a iiirgu circulation here. &6 triie book shops are well stocked with every variety of modern literature, and we rejoiced to see large collections of our best standard authors, both of a moral and religious- character. The leading journals and reviews are very generally read in Lowell, and our European reprints are seen in every bookseller's window. Such, then, is the city of Lowell, justly celebrated for its rapid growth and coh^ tmuous prosperity, where the advantages of commerce^ with combined order and industry, are so conspicuous to every visitor. Here are immense factories, under the most strict and wholesome regulations, where the health, comfort, and well-being of the operatives are never for* gotten. Here female labour is fairly remunerated, and the female character honourably respected. No hideous gin palaces, no profligate beer shops, disgrace this crowded manufacturing city. The mass of the people are abstainers from all intoxicating drinks. Here, during my two visits, I never saw one inebriate, nor heard one rude brawler in the street j I never was addressed by one fallen female, and was never asked alms by one miserable beggar. Here competency seems to be the lot of every industrious fa- mily, and, with the exception of the Irish labourers, who are every where an exception to the rule, the inhabitants ai-e respectable in appearance, and aregreatlv distinguished for moral propriety. The few people of colour in Lowell are as intelligent, provident and successful as their white- faced neighbours. They are distinguished for their peace- ableness, industry, and perfect ability to take care of them- selves, without ever requiring the aid of white men, in the capacity of owners, drivers, &c., &c., &c. In LoweU I preached twice for the Rev. S. Curtis, the highly es- teemed and truly excellent pastor of the Free Will Bap- tist Church. In connection with the other brother of the deputation, I addressed a respectable assemblv on Slavery, missions, &c. j and gave an extended sketch of my 87 tour and opinions of America and American custom?, \H tlio churcli of the Kev. Dr. Hardy, an excellent Wesleyan minister. My visit to Lowell I greatly enjoyed, and I must observe that a heartier, or more kind reception no stranger ever received than I did, from Christian friends in thi°3 place. To my friends, Mr, and Mrs. Curtis, and Mr. and Mrs. Hilton, I was especially indebted for un- remitting attention to my comfort and happiness. « May the Lord grant that they may find mercy of the Lord in that day." Would that the manufacturing towns of ray own country enjoyed the temporal prosperity, mental advantages, and moral order, which distinguish the new city of JJowell, CHAPTER IIL JOUENET FEOM BOSTON TO SPRINGFIELD, ALBANY, SCHE- NECTADY, UTICA, WHITESTOWN.— THE IirDSON. By the four o'clock p.m. train, we left Boston for Springfield, and on our course passed through a good deal of picturesque scenery. We had u bird's-eye glance, too, of the following places : Brighton, the great cattle-mar- ket of Massachusetts ; Watertown, distinguished for its ice-trade ; Newtown, originally called NoNANTrM, where the Indians first heard of Christianity. Here, too, is the flourishing Baptist Theological Institution. Newtonis 9 miles from Boston, and has a population of 3,351. Four miles further on the line we come to Needham ^a town where chocolate, coaches, cars, trunks, and boots and shoes are extensively made. In passing on, we see Katick, Sherburne, Framingham, Hopkinton with its -_ J c<^.,i^i,u^«rt„rr>i •nrif'h its rural beauties. mmeraispnngs, uau >oudtiiDuxv^-.5- ^ WESTBOKOUcn, 32 miles from Boston, is disUnguished as S8 tliebirtli-place of Eli Whitney, tlie inventor of tlie cotton- gin. Here Timothy Eice was taken by the Indians, and became chief of the Cognawaga tribe. He revisited his birth-place many years afterwards, but had entirely for- gotten the English language. We then passed Grafton, Shrewsbury, with its population of 1,500, and 40 miles from Boston reached Woecestee. Worcester is one of the most flourishing towns of Massachusetts. Here are paper, woollen and cotton mills j tin and coach factories. The main street is upwards of a mile in length. Several newspapers are published in Worcester, among the rest the Christian Citizen, under the Editorship of the cele- brated Linguist and Philanthropist, Elihu Burritt. Here also are two Banks; the library of tlie American Anti- quarian Society, consisting of 12,000 volumes ; and the State Lunatic Asylum. Worcester is rapidly increasing both in size and prosperity, being in the centre of railroad communication. Present population, upwards of 12,000. Having left Worcester and passed by Brookfield, War- ren, and other small places, we reached Speii>gfield, 95 miles from Boston. Here we stayed all night, and found very comfortable entertainment in one of the numerous handsome hotels with which Springfield abounds. Spring- field is beautifully situated on the east side of the Con- necticut river, was first settled in 1635, and then known by the Indian name of Agawam. It suffered very fre- quently in the Indian wars. Here the Kail has a branch to Nowhaven, Hartford and Northampton. The Houses are well built, chiefly of brick, and the main street is hand- some and nearly 2| miles in length. The United States' Armoury in Springfield is the most extensive of any in the States. The buildings situated about 1\ miles from the village occupy 20 acres of land, from the cupola of one of them a delightful view of the surrounding country is obtained, Q[hree hundred men % 39 are employed in making tlie weapons of war, 150,000 mus- kets are stored, and about 1,500 are made every year. Happy will be the day when such instruments of death shall be converted into implements of husbandry, and when the nations shall not learn war any more. Having enjoyed both our evening and morning ramble in Sprmg- lield, visited some of the large and well-stocked book- shops, posted a packet of letters and papers for friends in England, we started at half-past 8 o'clock by the railroad cars for Albany. From SprbigMd, the Ime passes through a very thinly populated country westward. We passed near to West Springfield, Westfield, and past the rising manufacturing town of Pittsfield, lol miles from Boston. Here is shewn one of the immense ori-inal forest trees, measuring 120 feet in height and 90 feet to the lowest limb. The Town received its name m 17G1 in honor of Wm. Pitt, Earl of Chatham. Erom Pittsfield to Albany, the line passes through a region of wild grandeur vastly beyond my powers of description. The road intersects deep glens and ravines, crossing and re-crossing the Westfield river twenty-seven times. Near the township of W^ashington, the line crosses a sum- mit of 1480 feet, and 20 miles further another summit of 913 feet above tide water, with gradients 84 feet to the mile. Between 12 and 1 at noon, we reached the city of ■Vlbany. As I only stayed for two or three hours in Albany at this time, I will defer the notes of my visit, until my return from Whitestown on the Monday fol- lowing. Erom Albany I went in company with my col- league and fellow-traveller to Burnt Hills, a village abo°ut nine miles to the North of Schenectady. Here the Eov. John Goadby, a native of Leicestershire, and formerlv a missionarv in India, resides, and has the pas- torate of a respectable Baptist Church. The country U YQTj iiae and open m this district, and plenty and com- 40 fort seem to rreyail all around. After eiijoying the true :] Lfeigned hospitality of Brother and Sister Goadby I left early on Saturday morning by tram for ^^7^^^^ destination at Whitestown. Whitestowk .b 98 mdeB fromAlbanyonboththeCanalandEa.lroadhne^oBuffaK Here the BiBUCAL School of the F«^= ^^i^^^^J; TISTS is situated, having obtained the collegiate buUdings. formerly occupied by a self-supporting Presbytemn Zblifhment! The buildings of the Baptist Schoo are there, in .vhich are comprised. Leeture-room, Chapel Boarding-rooms, &c., &c. They arc very beaut.Mly Tocated, have adequate accommodation for an efflment A U for young gentlemen, in which they are m- structed in the Ancient and Modern languages. Mathema. tics, Geometry, Natural and MoralPhUosophy Chemistry. Dralg, MusL, &c., &e. Upwards of "0 PupUs were Ls in the course of education in 1846 The Academic year consists of three terms of 14 weeks each, and the fee for the full course will be about £16 or £17 per annum, board, &c., included. The second department is a Semi- nary for Xoung Ladies, where similar branches of learning are taught on the same amazingly low terms. Nmety- three ladies were pupils in 1846. _ The third and most important department is theBibU- cal School, or Theological Seminary, in which pious young men of every evangehcal denomination may be eda- catcd in the higher branches of learning, including Hebrew, Greek, Mental and Moral Philosophy, Natural Theology, Ehetoric, Logic. Homiletics, Pastoral Duties, &c., and for which no charge is made whatever, either for instruc- tion, room, or library. As board can be secured for is, cer week, students who are entirely without means, can Lily earn this, and what is sufficient for clothes and books, by devoting daily a couple of hours to manual la- hour, 'and employing the vacations in teacUmg. iwas 41 ^ueh deligMed ^iA the order ,Weli pervaded every do. partment of thU rUing Collegiate establishment. The Faculty are energetie, devoted me«^l>ose souls are JowerLly iuaueneed by the love of Chnst and bene o- lent solicitude for the salvation of man. Here, too, the 2^r.pMia. the moral disease of the States, has no exis- tencc The man of colour is made as welcome as the Ihitl'man-ta^cs his place side by side wth h.m, and roth iu the class-room and in the sanctuary :s deemed !:a treated as his equal fellow man. Flftyfivc young men s udied in the Biblical department dur.ng the year 1816. A Whitctown I preached in the College Chape m thf forenoon of the Lord's-duy, in the afternoon for tho It "u^rBaptists. where the sermon, on Christian Love :; Catholicity, I understand, gave great off-o^ar^ in the evening I attended the prayer meeting m the College, tneevcuu, . _, .f, ..ttraded bv the Faculty, I ad- On Monday mormng, at b, attenaeu uj j> dressed the Biblical students on their privileges and du- E and was much gratitted with the intelligent and res- nt:;rerf;uf:E;dthatthisCollegeisde.^^^^ in the providence" of God to do much effectual service m nromoL" general education, a more learned ministry Long th"; Free Will Baptists, and also in elevating and nleadL efficiently the interests of the coloured man. I reioiced to li;d the Faculty were men only rising to the m ridian of life, may God preserve them and abun- clantly bless their pious, benevolent, and self-denying la- ^Tfter partaHng of every comfort that Christian hospl- t.Uty eould fanUsh, from our kind-hearted brethren. BuUerrS-art. FuUarton, andHeffron, I -s h.ndly cou. aueted by Professor Heffron^^scouvey^-^^^^^^^^^ four miles on the way back to Albany, iier L T..AKE AsTL^ii for the State of New lork. It « 42 : ' i- built on rising ground, about balf-a-mile N.W. of the city. The building consists of a handsome edifice, com- prising a basement and four stories, with two additional wings of briclf, at right angles, each 240 feet long and 38 feet wide, with divisions at each end. The buildings are constructed of grey lime-stone, and in the Doric order. Its east front commands a view of the city of Utica ; the north, a prospect of the canat, the valley of the Mohawk, and the long range of hills in the distance, which divides the waters flowing into Lake Ontario from the tribu- taries of the Hudson. It is designed to accommodate one thousand insane persons. There are 380 single rooms for patients, 24 for their attendants, 20 associated dor- mitories, that will accommodate from five to twelve pa- tients each, 15 parlours or drawing-rooms for their use, 8 enclosed verandahs or balconies, 12 rooms for dining, 24 for bathing, 2 large hospitals for the sick, with bed- rooms for the sick and also for the nurses, and a chapel that will accommodate 500 persons. There are also various shops for shoe -makers, tailors, cabinet-makers, dress -makers, &c. At present 72 attendants and assistants, &c., &c., are employed at the institution, the entire inmates of the establishment being 460 persons. The resident medical officers are Amariah Brigham M.D., superintendant and physician ; Horace A. Buttolph, M.D., first assistant physician : D. Tilden Brown, M.D., second assistant physician. The cost of the establishment for the year ending Nov. 8th, 1846, was about five thousand three hundred pounds. From the fourth annual report we select the following striking extract : — *' At the beginning of the year the number of patients at the Asylum was 285 ; 143 men, 142 women. Adjuittcd during the year, 337 j 103 luyn, i7-4 wo^nen. of tlie I, com- litional and 38 ngs are order, a ; the oliawk, divides tribu- inodate Brooms ;d dor- jlve pa- eir use, dining, th bed- a chapel are also ■makers, &c., are !3 of the 3righam luttolph, 1, M.D., ling Nov. I pounds, following patients k womeiit 43 Total number in the course of the year, G22 ; 306 men, ^ « OMhis number there have been discharged, re- covered, 133, G5 men, 68 women -, improved, 60, 26 men.. 3-1 women ; unimproved, 33, 15 men, 18 women j died 2-, 13 men, 9 women. ^ « Total discharges during the year 218, 119 men, i- J "Tremaining in the Asylum, November 20, 1816, 374, 187 men, 187 women. « In addition to the recoyeries of patients mentioned in the foregoing table, there are now above thirty m the A avium who are well. • "Some are waiting for their friends, who have already been notified to conie for them, and o*-~- J';^''. us awhile, for fear of beeoming agam unweU if they re Ln to their homes, where they will be too soon exposed to the e:.eitmg eauses of the disease from whieh they have iust recovered." « AGES WHEN INSANITY C0M3IEKCED. From 55 to 60 4^ 60 " 65 30 Under 20 years of age.. 123 From 20 to 25 " ...241 25 " 30 198 30 " 35 151 40 148 45 108 50 78 (C (( (C 35 40 45 50 cc (C (C (( 65 " 70 70 " 75 Over 80 years of age 14 3 1 ,1,181 55. Men. Total 46 ' « OCCUPATIONS Men. Tanners and Curriers... 2 Tobacconists ^ Specuktors Seamim .,. Farmers ^55 Labourers °7 Merchants ^^ SSr ■■::::■:.:•.•.■■.:;■•'. '3 (Boatmen - Portrait Pamters ^ Grunsmith •*• 2 2 2 Joiners Shoemakers '■ • 1-^ Xl.Vi.Vi. JU-. J i3 I I I T 1 1 t ' . » " • " '^ I 1 1 I ••>•'"" " 44 Men. Men. l*liysician9 10 Saddlers ^ l'eacher3 9 Schoolboys 7 Innkeepers 6 Clergymen 6 Blacksmiths 5 Carriage-makers 5 Stone-cutters C St-irveyors 3 Ciibinct-makors ......,...■.. 21) li ew HampsUirc 22 New Jersey 10 Wales 8 Franco 5 Pcurisjln\nif> 5 iSentib Carolina 3 iTei'nnark 2 Jamaica (West Indies). X 445 rioricla. Africa . Oanntla 20 Scotland }■' llhodo Island 1^ Germany I-' Maine ^^ «» SUPPOSED CAUSES Total. Men. "Women. TJnlinown 128 81 Ill-healtli °J Doubtful KeliKious anxiety 6^ 4.4 Loss of property , ^ Puerperal Death of liindred ^^ Excessive study Intemperance *Millcrism' :Jp Disappointment in Love j-^ Perplexity of business ^^ Abuse of husband ^ Blows on the head -^^ Fright Y Epilepsy ;'."""j A Anxiety about absent friends | Jealousy , Illness of friends ^ Excessive labour Political excitement ^ Disappointed ambition * Masturbation •• Malformation of head Infidelity of wife Excessive pain ' Seduction ^ Eemorse ..••..•• r, Bad conduct of children ^ Exposure to excessive heat • ■ • ^ Irregular decay of faculties from old age Want of occupation Excitement of sea voyage Opium eating * False accusation ? 100 138 56 60 16 52 31 5 2 18 11 10 20 4 3 4 4 1 1 1,1B1 1 1 8 5 6 4 7 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 Totnl. 228 219 127 122 CO 52 43 36 35 30 . 27 . 2G 20 ' 18 16 12 10 9 8 8 6 6 6 5 4 4 3 3 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 4B Men. "Womon. Total, Domestic trouble 1 1 111 treatment of parents 1 1 Violent temper 2 Going into cold water 1 * Fourrierism.' 1 Sedentary life 1 Preaching 16 days and nights 1 Study of Phrenology 1 Eurnofhead 1 Ant icipation of wealth 1 Seclusion from Society 1 Murder of son 1 IN^niralgia 1 Inhaling carbonic acid gas 1 Exposure to fumes of charcoal 1 Imprisonment for crime 1 * Mormonism.' 1 * Rechabitism.' 1 Anti-rent excitement 1 2 2 .2 Total 594 587 118] "Wo do not attach much value to the foregoing table ; it is merely a record of what we have been informed by the friends of patients was the exciting cause of the attack of insanity. They, no doubt, are often mistaken : besides, in many cases, the predisposition to insanity is such, that any exciting cause, as ill health or anxiety of mind, is sufficient to develope it. " Oy THE TREQUENCr OF THE PFLSE OF THE lySANE. *' Our observations, commenced at the Retreat for the Insane at Hartford, Conn., in 1840, and continued at this Asylum, on the frequency of the pulse of the insane, have furnished us the following results : " rULSE OF THE INSANE. 8 22 183 460 "From 40 to 50 in « 50 " 60 " « 60 " 70 " <( t7(\ « (C 80 (C 90 cc From 90 to 100 in 144 " 100 « 110 " 124 « 110 " 120 " 54 Total 1,234 47 "BEHOiors wonsmp. "Bclisious services havo been continued throughout the year. All the p»ticnts who wish to attend, and can conduct themselves with propriety, assemble every Sunday in tho ehapel, together with the offleers attendants and assistants that can be spared from other dut.es The services last about one hour. Barely any d.sturbaneo occurs. The patients are generally attentive, and several assist in singing. We arc of tho opinion "'«' -»* f "^ results to our patients from thus religiously obserrmg tho Sabbath. The liev. Chauncey E. Goodrich, who resides i„ the immediate vicinity of the asylum, officiates accep- tably ns chaplain. r ii,» "Our monthly concerts, or monthly meetings of tho chaplain with the officers, attendants and assistants, have been continued with advantage. In addition to re igious services, the occasion is often embraced to instruct those in the employ of the Institution, respecting the nature of insanity, and in their duties towards the msane. Eccently we have added to our ehapel, a new and va- luable organ. It has been purchased with a portion of the avails of our last annual fa.r and those an icipated from the next. It is usually played by a patient, and we consider it a valuable addition to our music. "SCHOOLS AND AMUSEMEKT9. " Sch'ools have been continued as heretofore, during the winter season, and our confidence in their -"f"!"-' - Institutions for the insane, increases with every year s Tsetoois with occasional exhibitions-the acting of original plays, and other literary exercises, together with Zlr. constitute our best, and in fact nearly our on y amusements. Card playing, and other games, in wh, h there is no exercise of the body, we are inolmed to dis- courage. 48 "We think that cards are often objectionable. They become too engrossing, and we fear may sometimes have a bad influ >nce upon young persons after their recovery, " But as yet we have discovered no objection to schools, — on the contrary, we daily see their advantages, and oc- casionally some striking cures apparently effected by the mental exertion they induce. It is the voluntary mental effort of the patient himself, that in numerous cases, is most essential to recovery. Talking to patients and lec- turing, reading and preaching to them, are very well, no doubt, and often serviceable, but in our opinion less effective as a means of restoring the disordered mind. " Patients v^ho come to us in an irritable or melancholy state of mind, brooding over their suffering and delusions, not unfrequently have their attention arrested and awakened by our schools and exhibitions, and soon feel disposed to take part themselves. They then become more contented and cheerful, and thus the way is pre- pared for their recovery, " Eecently, we have had at the Asylum, several theatri- cal performances, embracing tableaux, the acting of short original plays, declamation, music, &c., which have not only interested the patients themselves, but elicited the applause of visitors and strangers who were present. > " In addition to the good influence of schools, in pro- moting the recovery and contributing to the enjoyment of curable cases, we witness, with great satisfaction, their good effects in improving the incurable and the demented, and keeping them from sinking into a more hopeless or idiotic condition. They also improve the minds of all, for there are few persons, however well educated, that are not benefitted by renewing, as they have an oppor- tunity in our schools, their knowledge of history, geo- &C. V " Among our patients are seven who are graduates of crrnnliv I 49 . colleges. Several of Aose take an active part in OM ItZs and exhibitions, and some assis as -struetors "ling the men, a debating society has e^.sted for se- verat«intL. Their meetings areheld in the evcn.ng, once ITeek and their discussions are conducted ..th decorum and Ibility, and to the enjoyment and ediilcat.on of those who do not take part in speaking. "Patients, .hose minds become thus aroused by their own volunta;y efforts, soon -l--;;-';";^ and thev then read with attention and for a valuable pur ihli of acquiring information for mo. We have n U t.°rl nd in'addition, as will be seen by our L't of P^o.>al literature at the end of this re,x,rt. we ar IpUec^ «iththe most valuable reviews and maga- r'. tl country, and about sixty different new-s- papers, some daily, and some weekly, amountmg m all to above one bunclred a week. , , , „ .funder the hcd of amusements, we ought, perhaps to mention a variety of animals that are kept at the AsXum to interest and amuse the patients, among which te dcT two large warrens of rabbits, tame raccoons, canary birfls. peacocks, &c. Also, a green-house. contain- ing above one thousand plants." \e believe there are few Insane Asylums hat - ^ bear comparison with the one from whose report these ^Ileet oThave been made. We were politely shown tZ^ its chief compartments by on. of the residcn Physicians, although the time of our visit was not the usual one the establishment had adopted. The City of Ulica is elegant in its appearance, and pleasantly Situated. It is celebrated for its various ma- nufaetures, numerous and handsome churches, wide and "eguWstr'eets, literary and benevolent inst—s. and eff!cientmodesofstage.coach,water.andrail ne,ao Its population is about lo.OUU, ana .«». ..a- Ncwspapers are published in it. 50 I took a place in the railroad cars for Albany, and, in our course, vre passed several flourishing and rising towns. "Among these, I was ranch struck with Little Falls, 21 miles from Utica, Here factories and buildings of va- rious sorts, are being raised in every direction. I was astonished at the number of places of worship — most of which seemed of recent erection. The place seemed full of life and activity. "The population is about 2,700. The village is supplied with water, brought from a spring in the granite moun- tain, the elevation of the spring being 306 feet above the tops of the houses. This place is remarkable for the passage of the Mohawk River through the mountain barrier, for its wild and picturesque scenery, and for the difficulties which have been overcome in constructing the Eric Canal through the pass. This defile, which ex- tends for two miles, is a deep cut through the solid rock : it presented obstacles inferior to none, save the deep excavation at Lockport. This place received the name of Little Yixlh in contradistinction to the Great Falls at Gohoes. " It extends along the river, about three-fourths of a mile, descending in that distance forty two feet, and con- sists of two long rapids, separated by a stretch of deep water, occupying each about the fourth of a mile. " The upper rapids are the most considerable. " Above them, a dam across the stream renders it placid, over whicli the waters, separated by a small island, form beautiful cascades, falling into a deep pool beneath, whence the current rushes, murmuring and foaming, over ridges and masses of rock,— flowing with comparative gentleness beneath the over-arching bridge and aqueduct, and thence hurrying, with new impetuosity, over the Btony bed below. The Erie Canal desf^enda the pass by five locks, fortv feet in the distance of one mile, and the and, in r towns. .LLS, 21 3 of va- I was •most of ned full supplied s moun* )ove the for tho ountain and for tructing Inch ex- id rock : lie deep he name Falls at rtlis of a and con- of deep nders it 11 island, beneath, ing, over iparative queduet, over the 51 time occupied in passing it affords the travellers in boats ample tilto view leisurely the natural seenery and art. ":r!r:rS::ty raHroad cannot api^^^ ^^ those of nature, costly viaducts, ^^^^^ ^^ ^f ; J,^, Z:Z::^^^^^-^ and thus—g a naviga. ble feeder for the --\f„"S.A™., and other r:']' S i's t;^ ^^^^^^^ on tl. Mohawk river. The TeL rJ^e and regularly laid out. Here are .^ Bai a carpet and satinet factory, paper mdl, brass foundery, &c., &o. ^ p^vbrited Union Cox- ^ea. to this city - *« 3«^ '^^^ ,,, TT^av founded m n\Jo, a mobi cu . i <. inn LEGE, lounu ^ buildings contam about 100 seminary of learnmg. The buim ^ ^ ^.^^^,. rooms, handsome lecture rooms, P^-^osoplnca ^ieal apparatus, and has -V^^^"^/ ^^f'^^^^^ The number of ^f^^^^^^^^ ^ther An.e- Schenectady is about 7,000. \''''^l ^^^^^^^, place. ot A^iUL capital of the ^t- of S.v . o. TMs .flourishing a„a 1>;«^-- "'^;'^ ;': !Sion of about bank of the Hudson, and ha=. a po^i-i 82 "45,000. It was founded in 1612 by people from Holland, and was one of the earliest European settlements in the States. On the capture of New York by the English, in 1664, Albany received its name in honor of James, Duke of York and Albany. This city is on the great thoroughfare between Boston, New Y'ork, and the Western States, and also is in the direct line from those cities to Western Canada and Montreal. The churches in Albany are large, handsome, and numerous 5 and the public buildings and leading streets are worthy of this influential and prosper* ous city. " Of the public buildings in Albany, the Capitol ranks among the first ; it contains the Legislative halls, the rooms of the supreme and chancery courts, the state library, &c. It stands at the head of State-street, 130 feet above the river. It is 115 feet long, 96 broad, and 50 high, of two stories, upon a basement of 10 feet eleva- tion J on the east side is a portico of the Ionic order, with columns of three feet eight inches in diameter, and thirty- three feet high. It is built of Nyack freestoncj and cost about 125,000 Dollars. The legislative halls and court- rooms contain portraits of eminent men. The building is surrounded by a public square enclosed with an iron railing. From the observatory at the top, which is accessible to visitors, a fine view of the surrounding country is obtained. The Albany Academy, a part of which is occupied by the Albany Lyceum, is built of the same stone as the State-house, and fronts on the square north of the Capitol, It cost 100,000 Dollars. " The City Hall, fronting the Capitol square, at the foot of Washington- street, is constructed of white marble, hewn out by the convicts at Sing Sing, and appropriated to the citv authorites. Its ffilded dome is verv consni- rcuous, especially when viewed from a distance. The Ex- 53 .tange, at Ac foot of Statcstreet. U a oommoaion,- buUdU of granite, constructed a fe^v years smce Tho Post-office i! in this building. It ha, also an e.tens.ve heading room, with a good supply of papers and penod.- eau'-Ameri^n as well .s foreign. Strangers are -ad- ""S'old Stale-honse is nowconvcrted into aMnsen^ for the reception of the geological cabinet formed under the direction of the State geological surveyors « Here is also the Albany Female Academy, a fine build, ins " North Pearl.strcet,which cnjoysa greatreputat.on. Thl hotels of Albany arc very commodious and we 1. r ., ^„ .t which I Eoiourned was erected by Mr. Delevan, aim ijogers is iustly esteemed Thp ijresent proprietor, MR. iioGEKS, k J""^ J fr^ s LtLLy demeanour and Christian spirit, for lii3 g^^f ^^'^" y ^^^ ^^^,fort of the guests, and Every attention is paid to tiie com e, S takes the lead of all the temperance hotels m the States, It takes luo pourse in the world. I dcli- aud hence, as <^-^l^^^;l^ZlLroU of the Episcopal tf Muring t'o the Delovan House, I was requested Hho « OP riotor to conduct family worship, and was cl - ^£ld rprised to find probably forty respecabo iu ts and members of the family convened ma hand- guests auu m „,„.„n,p I first sum out one of some room for this purpose, i '''- \ , Dr. Watts' hymns, which was beautifully »"ci otrikiiis ^nitv order, cleanliness and repose, are the striking features of this hota.^ _' ;.„ i.. l,a« been cast, either a^emperance Hotels wnetc mj -v na in that, or in n^y own coimtrjr. 51 if ) On Tuesday morning (30tli August) I rose about 5, break- fasted at half-past, and a little after G, I was steaming on board tlie Troy, down the magnificent river Hudson. For this passage of 150 miles, with dinner, I paid the sum of 43. Oar accommodations were ample, and comfortable, and the speed must have been at least 15 miles per hour. A volume with superb embellishments would be re- quired to do justice to the rich, sublime, and ever-vary- ing scenes on this majestic river. The whole distance seemed to present one series of bold and grand dis- plays of the picturesque— of the wild and the lovely —of the. barren and the fertile, though the latter in rich profusion vastly preponderated. The following brief sketch is all that we can furnish, and this is chiefly se- lected from an interesting volume just published by the enterprising firm of Applcton & Co., New York. " Kinderhook Landing is one hundred and twenty-* seven miles above New York ; the village is situated about five miles cast of the river. It is the birth place of Martin Yan Buren, Esq., President of the United States. Ilis present residence is two miks south of the village. Stuyvcsant, a little further on, is a flourishing place, that sends large quantities of produce to the Now York market. " Coxsackie Lauding, on the west side of the river, has about 1500 inhabitants ; the village is one mile west of the landing. Nutter Hook, on the river directly op- posite, is a bustling little place with some shipping. The city of Hudson, which is one hundred and sixteen miles above New York, and twenty-nine miles from Albany, is built principally on the summit of a hill, sixty feet above the river, commanding a fine prospect. " At the landing are several warehouses, which, with steamboats and sailing-vcsiiels, are evidence of the capital 55 and enterprise existing here. Several ^vhaling Teasels belong to this place, Population, 10,000. Here diverges the Hudson and Berkshire Eailroad, connecting ^vlth the Housatonic at the Massachusetts State line, and termina- ting at Bridgeport, on Long Island Sound. «' The CatskiU Falls are formed by two lakes, one mile m length and two thousand feet above the Hudson. The water over the first precipice falls a distance of 175 feet, and within a short distance takes another plunge of about> 70 feet, and then follows the dark windings of the ravmo to the valley of the Catskill. The visitor should not omit following the circuitous path that leads down a distance of ninety feet, and then pass under the reck behmd the waterfall, where are presented many fine scenes. The pure air inhaled at the Mountain House is very mvigo- rating, and its exhilarating effects have been the means of restoring to health persons who had in vain tried almost every other means. "The village of Catskill, 111 miles from ISewlork, and thirty-four from Albany, is seated on both sides of the Catskill creek, near its junction with the Hudson. ^ « Coaches run regularly to and from the mountam, and are so arranged as to be at the steam-boat landing on the arrival and departure of the boats, and also to enable those who feel inclined to visit the different falls m the vicinity, where every facility is afforded the traveller. The time required for ascending to the mountam house, a distance of twelve miles, is usually four hours, and the price about one dollar,-half that time being sufficientto return. The journey up the mountain is rather a trying one to timid persons, although a safe one. The road, for two thirds of the distance from the landing, is very uneven ; the remaining distance is by a steep ascent m a. zig zag direction to the top of the mountain Here on Table Eock U the famous hotel known as the CatskiU 66 Uousc elevated 2500 feet above rto Hudson. ThU I.0M wa, ereeted by the eiti.ons of CatskUl at a co. ot 23^00 dollar,. It d 140 feet in length, four stones h.gh. ^ .th apia^za extending aeross the front supported by a eo lon^ nade. It is plaeed at a eonvenient d«tanee baek from the ^ergo of L precipice, in order to allow carr.ages to IrU up in front to set down and receive passengers Jhere is a promenade where visitors may look from the di'zy height into the deep valley beneath, and where, fo a distance of forty or fifty miles, the Hudson .s d:sUncUy seen, with numerous steamers and river craft, cloanng their waT throush its waters. , "pln hteepsl, one of the handsomest places m the State, /as founded by the Dutch in 1735 It . 7. md s from the city of New York, 71 from Albanj-, 1-1 from Kewburg, 18 from Kingston, and -12 from Hudson ity. lUsapte of considerable trade, being surrounded by „,ae of the richest agricultural districts in the conn ry^ Several steamboats and sailing vessels, with a few«ha liu. .hips, are owned here. I'onghkeepsie conta.us several t"u."kept -tcU. The Collegiate School is s. uated on ci eJirUl, about half a mile north-east of the vdlnge. til location is one of unrivalled beauty, eommuudmg an extensiveprospeet of the river and surrounding comitrj-. "New Windsor, on the west bank, fifty-nine m Jes above New vS is noted as the birth-place of De Witt Chnton. Newburg, on the left, with some 6.000 or 7,000 mhab. nnt= and which, from its elevated situation onastoep a^livity, is presented full to the view of the passing tra- " It is one of the principal landing places, ""d's con- nected with the opposite side of the river at FishkiU (a thriving place of some 1,000 inhabitants) by a ferry. « s..vernl whale ships, steamboats, and putnerous sloops ore owned in Newbury. 18 hotel 22,000 1, with I colon- ck from iages to sengers. rorn the here, for istmctly clearing OS in the 7'i miles 14 from ison city, uucled by ountry. few wha- iis several tuatcd on ho village, mmancliug ig country, nilcs above Xt Clinton. )00 inhabi- on a steep passing tra- and is con- irishkill (a I ferry, erous sloops 57 « Butter IJill is the last of the Highland range on the west shore, and is 1529 feet high. " This forms a more impressive sight to the traveller, from its immense topping masses of craggy rocks and sweep of precipice, especially towards the south. « West Point.— The traveller has now arrived at this romantic and interesting spot, fifty miles above New York, and ninety-three miles from Albany. It was ono of the most important fortresses during the Revolution- ary war ; and is now the seat of the National Military School, organized in 1802, under the direction of General Williams. « The cliff selected for the fortress rests against a lofty ridge, broken into small eminences, that form a spe- cies of amphitheatre, washed below by the river. It rises in terraces, the first of which is very narrow and nearly level with the river ; the second is approachable by a steep ascent of eighty or ninety feet ; and the third, rising one hundred and eighty-eight feet above the level of the water, spreads into a plain of more than a mile in circumference, on which the principal works were con- structed, the chief of which was Fort Clinton. Upon the eminences were several redoubts which commanded Fort Clinton, of which Fort Putnam was the most im- portant, this fort is elevated 598 feet above the river. As the boat proceeds on her course the outworks and buildings attached to the Military School are plainly dis- cernible. During the Eevolutionary war, this post was emphatically the key of the country, as it commanded the river, which admitted vessels of heavy burden, as far as Hudson, and prevented the British from holding com- munication with Canada. For this reason, the British commanders were very anxious to obtain it, and its sur- render was to have been the first fruit of Arnold's trea- son ; but in this he was disappointed by the arrest of Major Andre. ii 68 .. r.. .ct stops at the Und^. ^ W.t V^.^^ otarge and '--l^n^ragliilome beauties of harely time enougli to catoH a giunv this locality. . , of fte UU wWoh is ap- « There is an hotel at *«^''°J' j^, .team-boat p,oachedby a S-^J-'^;— ^^ '-»''*' "''"' landing s the pedestrian may . ^^^^ ^^^^ *''°''^\"°':Set::': ttSisV-Uarly ^nein observatory at the top oi i „orth,-looking down ^ its parts, but ^'P'/f J J° 7ewburg and the remote „pon the Hudson and t"'"^^;^^^^^^^ the dimblue chain of the ShawangunkMountams.seen nearly opposite the Sugar^o ^ .^ ^^^^^^ ^^ appearance -pe-Uy^-^-^^ ^^^^ ,,,„ ^^nared heavy rams, iney aes ^^-eading out in sheets feet in two -f '-« ^^I; of heml obtainedixom of mUk-white foam ; a fine view ox me the boat "l^il,'' P^'f f; .^^ ri,M or last shore, isamass "Anthony's Nose, f »« /J" . . ^^ove the level ofrocksrisingtotheb^gUo^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^, of the river, which J'^"' f "P'^ gugar-loaf Mountain. above the l='='-»'"^*.f HChSht of SGOfeet. ,hich rears its summit to the he^S^t ^^^^^_ .. Sing Sing is 0" ^^^ «^* *°'rJ situated partly on three mUes above New ^ort. « ^^ elevated ground and -"-^^^j^";!: "contains the -' *Vr rtirrhunrdU thirty acres of ';:Xm;i:;- be ^tmctly traced fco« tiie P«a. » feller iei of 18 ap- x-boat patbi im tlio fine in down remote mblue ;liecityi t a fine .lien by hundred 1 sheets led Ctom w it proceeds up or down the river. It »"f «/'»"• marble quarries, whieh are extensively worked by the State convicts, who have erected two large P'"""'. '»«• shops, ic, from the stone quarried here. The Croton river, after running a southwest oour«> of about fort, miles, enters the Hudson two mUes above Smg Sing, and during the spring of the year pours a considerable volume of water into that river. Its source is derived from ponds of pure water in a granite region of country. A portion of tUs river is diverted from its course to supply the citizens of the metropolis with the greatest of aU luxuries-a bountiful supply of the pure element. "The rapid freshets of the Croton have brought down such an amount of earth and stones a, to form Tetters or Croton Point, an isthmus that extends about amJe from the eastern shore, separating theTappan from the Havct- '* » of th; opposite side of the river is Verdritege's Hook. _» bold headland rising majestically from the water i above which the river again expands to the average width of two mUcs, extending six, and is known as the Haver- straw bay. On the Verdritege mountam is a high clear crystal lake about four miles in circumference which forms the source of the Hackensack river, and which although not more than a mile from the Hudson « elevated 250 feet above it. This is the Rockland lake, from which New York is supplied with ice of the purest quality. The ice is cut into large square blocks, and slid down to the level of the river, and, when the river breaks up, is transported to the city of New York. " The Palisades are a remarkable range of precipices of trap-rock, extending up the river on the west side twenty miles to Tappan. and forming a singular -""i 'n many places an impassable boundary. They rise to the height of five hundred feet. « Opposite New YorV U Jersey Gity, where eommcnco the piLdelphiaand the Patcrson railroads Th,s .s alsa t Itin/point „t the Morris Canal, - -^ -'-j^. Hudson with the Delaware river. One mile north is Uo bin, a popular place of resort for the e.t.zens of New York The walks, which are shaded by trees, extendfor about two miles alon, the bank of the river, terminating with the Elysian Fields. Four miles above t^e city on ft s side of the river, is Weehawken. Under a ledge of oclltcing the river, is the «Pot where «en«a^A^xan. dcr Hamilton fell in a duel with Aaron Bur. Formeriy there was here a marble monument erected to his me luory, but it is now removed." i CHAPTEK IV. Kew Youk, Bkooklyn, &o. In passing down the Hudson to New York, our nobla steamer frequently touched at the various landing places I both sides the river, where we landed and embarked shoals of passengers. While engaged m reading on a re- tired part of the deck, I was hailed by the Bev. Di . b. Cox, of Brooklyn, whose acquaintance I had made at the Tem- perance Convention in London the previous Summer. Xl e rcco-nition, whUe mutually agreeable, was partxcularly n cr^estingand useful to myself, as I thus had the advan- tage of having the various events described,eonneoted with the different places which we passed on the river. Dr Cox kindly introduced me to several distinguished persons on board, among whom was a -""^^"'^ •='f and courteous gentleman formerly a meniber of his church. O , landing at New York, I hastened to the Croton Hotel, .:i-emperance-house to which 1 had b.en reeommeuaeu on 61 ty a gentleman at Albany. Having entered my name and address in the book at the bar, and stated that I should be iu New York for several days, I requested that I might be supplied with a clean and airy room. The person in attendance stated in reply that they were very full of com- pany but they would endeavour to accommodate mo as I desired. After visiting several places, and delivering letters ofintroduction, I returned about 10 p.m.to the Hotel, and immediately retired to my room. I was exceedingly disap- pointed to find that my sleeping apartment was at the top of the house, with only a borrowed light, open to a largo double-bedded room, to which two persons had already retired, and in addition to the whole, the disgusting odour of the room was utterly unendurable. I there- fore descended to the bar, and said that I could not possibly pass a night in such a room-, and as it was tht) only one offered, I was compelled to go forth midst a heavy rain to seek lodgings elsewhere. I at length obtained accommodation, where cleanliness, order and comfort prevailed, equal to my utmost desires, with rea^ eonable charges, at EarVs Hotel, within a door or two of the Park Theatre. After superintending the removal ot my luggage between 11 and 12, thoroughly exhausted, I retired to enjoy a night of refreshing repose. I must say, in justice to other Temperance Hotels m the States, that the Croton Hotel was the only one defi- cient in those essential requisites to an Englishman s comfort. From Earl's clean and weU-conducted house, I finally removed to be the guest of a relative of my com- panion's, whose Christian hospitality, it would be un- grateful not to mention. I hope to have the pleasure of giving both to him and his excellent lady, a hearty English welcome, as they purpose shortly to revisit the land of their fathers. j. n i-u I was greatly disappointed to find that most of the 62 clergymen «.i others I wished to see were out of tie '. -^^n. pountrv scenes and balmy air. city, enjoying country seen The heat, too, during my stay in J?»ew xorii, v me neaK, , .^lermometer never rose higher culiaily oppressive. The ^5®"^°°^^ , ^^^^^^ *^w^r^ R5 or 86, but it remamed steadily tne same »" l^a, in BO«e <»se». tUree and four were offered for " CLt wanderinge in New York did not impress me Jlrably, and. although I saw much ^^"^^'^^^ I should not like it for a permanent residen^. Nothing i^alointed me more than the f«^famed Broadway-a S that I had been told, oyer and over agam, was not trttlhed either in London or Paris A shgh al- teration in the name, would prevent any mistake m fatm^ ITml. by oaUingit i-^-3:>''-^»f 'bu™ it ma7 fairly compete with any in the world. But it was ,1^'n^ower, L regular in the size and appearance r^buildings: and. during my.isit.v«Uym^rok^ no and muddy than what I had expected. StiU, it con SnTn" a few commanding hotels, handsome shops. ^rorhergoodho„sesandbuadings.andmay fairly claim :^ e^ualit/with any European street i. the noise arising r. „ X,.— ,.™.,„„a nmnibusses wh ich are incessantly pas- "i:^:ra;T"downTt: Ihe marble-fronted buUding 63 tail Dry Goods Merchant, is °/P ntjj jiy the general aspect, and more prominent smjMs ana of the °«'t~Pf^*^'^^'t probably unsurpassed by As a seaport. New ^ork " pro" ^ Manhattan any place in the world. It is f^^*f2 Hew Tork llnWeen HuaBon r^er and J^™ «- 1^^ S^^SXtn^Idt average width of U :rL whole c^2"r;:ju^:n"u:^toTe harbour is deep, safe, and easy oi a ' -^^ «« The harbour of New Yori, wmcn " P ^ andeasy of access «.n^e^^-^^^^^ SL;'Se^ly:a;^i-:^oontaintl. united navies °':"^esatedsceneryuponitsshoves.togetl.rwia -H^tcx::nh::s;:rir:^ rrkt:;rsH.omti.;.«o^^^^^^^^^ to this harbour a beauty unsurpassed by that ol any '""trharbour.orbay,extendsfromtheN^^^^^^^^ to Sandy Hook, where is a Ught-house. at the distance oiffiiti^An miles from the city. 64 i« In tHs harbour, adjoining the city, are Governor's, Bedloe's, and Ellis's Islands, on all of which are strong fortifications. ^ r . v xt,^^^ «' The first, which is the most important of the three, includes 70 acres of ground, and is situated 3,200 feet from the Battery. ^ , « It has Fort Columbus in the centre, and on its north- east point Castle William, a round tower 600 feet m cir- cumference and 60 feet high, with three tiers of guns. "There is also a Battery on the north-west side, com- manding the entrance through Buttermilk Channel, a strait which separates it from Brooklyn L.I. "Besides these fortifications, the harbour of New York is weU defended by similar works on Bedloe s and EUis s Islands ; at the Narrows, on the Long Island shore by Port Hamilton and Fort Lafayette (formerly caHed For^ Diamond), which is built on a reef of rocks abou 200 yards from the shore ; and on Staten Island opposite, by Forts Tompkins and Richmond. « The Narrows here is about one-third of a mile wide. The entrance from the Sound on the East River is de- fended by Fort Schuyler, on Throg's Neck. "The first settlement of New York was made at the southern extremity of the city, which accounts for many of the streets being narrow and crooked, no regular order having been observed in laying them out. ^ " In later times many of the streets have been widened and improved at a great expense. " The streets in the northern part of the city are laid out straightly, and some of them are of considerab e width. Many of the most splendid mansions and places of religious worship, of which the city can boast, are to be seen in this quarter." "Public Walks and Squabes, &c. .. rr,, . -o_xi. ™T.;nTi pnntaina about eleven acres, is 65 Bituated at tlie extreme south end of the city, at the com^ inencement of the Broadway, and is planted with treea and laid out in gravelled walks. From this place is a de- lightful view of the harbour and its islands, of the nume- rous vessels arriving and departing, and of the adjacent shores of New Jersey, and Staten and Long Islands Castle Garden is connected with the ]^attery by means of a bridge. It is used for public meetings and exhibitions, and is capable of containing within its wallslO,OOOpersons. « Since the destruction of Niblo's Garden by fire (Sep- tember, 1846), the fairs of the American Institute which were formerly held there, have been removed to this spa- cious place. , ^ , , j „4. " The Bowling Green, situated near tlie Battery and at the commenoetnent of Broadway, is of an OTal form, and surrounded by an iron tailing. f„,„„fA "Within its enclosure is a fou-^ta.n, in the form of a rude pile of rocks, about fifteen feet in height. « The Park is a triangular enclosure situated about the centre of the city, and is eleven acres in extent 5 it con' Ls the City Hall and other building. m»d ne r the south end is a fountain, the basin of which is a hundred Lt in diameter ; the water, whenmade to issue m a single stream, ascends to the height of about 7o feet. « St. John's Park, in Hudson-square, is four acres m ex- tent, and is the property of Trinity Church. ..it is beautifully laid out in walks, ^ith shady tr^s. and kept in excellent order : it has a fountain in its centre Tnd is surrounded by an iron raUing which cost about '':?^aS;n Square, or Parade around, in the nort. nart of the city, contains about ten acres, and ip sur roulded by a J^odenfence. A portion of this squarewas formerly the Potter's field. ..Union-square is situated at the upper end or the ter .11 ¥^ 66 « 3 * Tf ?a nf oval form, a^d is enclosed .quare, in the northem put of the^, l^d out in walks, «>d shaded -^^^^^ ay.Maaison. « There are other squares f"^^" "P *^' ^^laid out." kamaton, &c..wWeh are extensive, but not yet laid out «The CipNewYork can boast of r^7 splendid ^""^'i W Church maybe regarded as the best Ihenew •'™ ' architecture in the country, specimen "^ P"~ «f ^J^X.^ in the city, many ol ..There are «^»»' ^^/ZeUvc structures, and the which are magnificent and «*P*°\ „ . jj,e ™per number is constantly increasing, espeouJly m PP ' t ite aty HaU, a building of the Corinthian ^d loni. is 216 feet long, 106 feet wide, and, mcluoing 6tory, 65 fe t higb. ^g^g ^^^ "The first stone of this edince waa i».u "^T:::i"£rsits:r:—;:j Ttwo r:"igb above ^^-^ ^— ^^.^ t ,tory in the centre of the ^^^^^f ^.^^^.tecstone. ends are of white marble; tl** '«"' f ^^'^ ^^t „ther ••In thU building are »"«»*?•«'«" °r"' aL^„'* public rooms, the principal of which . «>» J^T"^'* room a splendid apartment, appropriated to the use oj room, a spieuui r . ...„n,. „:.. jnd occasionally that functionary on his Tisitmg the city, ana o to that of other distinguished individuals. MTlie walls of this room are embellished with a fine eoniion of portraits of men celebrated m the civil, mi- litnry, or nav'al history of the country. closed uUl a mth. a fine ,e civil, mi- 67 « It is 52 feet long by 20 feet wide. ^^ f^^^^^^ M ^^m i« the identical chair occupied by Washing Wlding destroyed by the^e^^^^^^^^^^ "The Dresent one, however, covers ^> ^„ , . , . r, 4.- at 1,800,000 dollars. of Walt- ..The Custom-house is situated at the ^^T' . * fa Tf 19 huiltofwhite marble mthe Doric andNassau streets. It is duut. 01 w Parthenon at AtieM. " t,,„,^tion of business, 80 Mgb. Tbe «■;«»* =^j";X„eter, surmounted b, a is a circular '°7' "^thian columns. 30 feet high. r:::ro°"t^^ ^ -•'^««'^*' ''^'^-^^ ^^'^ *'' Hall is lighted. Xa^sau-street, is the Post •' ^ f'* rr £2 DuthChtb."now rented n; "^^ «o— ' ^- 5.000 dollars ..ear. a lease for seven years. .,^^ ,^gj. ri^rir.^-Serrba4g ^..^^ "f£t'a brancVPost-omoeatthecomerofEast Broadway and Ch»*.'«»-'J.''"-„t, . 5, ,oo.ted in Centre .. The Hall of Justice, or T»mbs, is 1 Street, between Leonard and Krankhn Streets. I 6S tt It is a substantia! looking building of the Egyptian style of Architecture, is 253 feet long and 200 wide, constructed of a liglit coloured granite, brought from Hallowell. . " LITERACY INSTITTJTIOKS, &C. « Of tii3 Literary Institutions of New York, Columbia College, at the foot of Park Place, is the oldest, having heen chartered by George II, in 1754, by the name of King's College. , . n ^^ " The original name was changed to Columbia College ill 1784. ..^r. ^ « It has a president and ten professors, 1170 alumni^ 100 students, and a library containing 14,000 volumes. "The building contains a chapel, lecture room, hall, museum, and an extensive philosophical and chemical apparatus. The grammar school attached to the college has usually from 200 to 300 scholars, and instruction is given in all the branches necessary for admission into any college, or for the performance of the business of the counting room. . tt • « The University of th€ city of New York, is inUmvcrw sity Place, opposite Washington Square. « It is buUt of white marble, in the Gothic style, and is 180 feet long and 100 wide. The building contains a chapel, which receives its light frcm a window of stained glas^ in the west front, 24 feet wide and 50 high. "The institution was founded in 1831, has a president and 11 professors, a valuable library, and philosophical apparatus. -, j • tqo« "The Union Theological Seminary, founded in 183b, U located in University Place, between Seventh and Eighth-streets, It has 8 professors, about 100 students, and a library containing or^r 16,000 volumes. « The General Theological Seminary of the Prote^ 'ant Episcopal ChurcU, m the umieu states, lo sxu««v^-^ -o corner of 9th Avenue and 21st Street. yptian wide, t from in 1836, entli and studentsj 'ro<'(?^ 'flnt 09 «« It was founded in 1819, and consists of two builcl. ings, constructed of stone, in the Gothic style of archv tecture. . ,, ,. *«„«♦. " The Butgers Temale Institute, in Madison-street has a fine building, a valuable Ubrary, and philosopb.cal 'TThTNew York Society Library is on Broadway comer of Leonard Street. This institution was founded in 1754, and has a library of about 40,000 volumes, » lecture room, and a room for the Academy of Design. ^ "The Apprentices' Library in Crosbystrect has . library of 12,000 volumes, and offers facilities for the cultivation of the mind, of which a large number of ap- ;:» ices have availed themselves. There is, also he Mechanics' School, which has many teachers and 550, ^"« The New York Hospital, situated on Broadway, op- posite Pearl Street, has extensive buildings and is bnely *° " it New Yort Lunatic Asylum is at Bloomingdale near the Hudson. Attached to it are 40 acres of ground, laid out in gardens, pleasure ?«>"»^;. ""^.^f 'j Icing on elevated ground, a fine view of the Hudson Eiver, with the surrounding country, is here obtained .. The principal building, which is of stone, cost, with its ground, upwards of 200,000 dollars. It contains 180 patients. «« THE CROTON WATEB-WOEKS. .. The building of this great work was drnded on at the city chater election of 1835, and on the 4th of July. 1842, it was so far completed that the water was let into the Keservoir, and on the 14th of October following, it w brought into the city. The whole cost of this work will be Tbout 14.000.000 doUars, more than double the origi- , nal estimate. I s/ 70 « Between tte DUtributing Eeserroir. in 4«"i-Btreet .»aS: B.«e,y about ^^^f^'^^^J^^^Z":!^ from 6 to 36 incbes diaaieter. Xhere are x*w ^«£.'ituo:S;«-iIe..o.t.eHua,on. .„d 7 f!^^ the top. «id «»feet high, built of stone»»d Sen 1 pond 5 "^es in length Jis ereated by the d«m. „ . ™rf«ce of 400 acres, and contauung 500.000 "°nZ'o{Z^ "the dam the aqueduct procceda. fiCltlneUng through soUd -l^s ~g ^a^; lev, by embankments, and brooks, by culverts, untU rt reales HTarlemBiver. It is buUt of stone, bnck and c - and 8 feet 5 inches high, has a descent ""^i inches per ™ne «id will dUcharge 60 milUons of gaUons .n24 Sr's l' isesH«>rLBiver on a -«»|f7* ^"^^ Tstone. 1450 feet long, with 14 piers, eight of them 80 feet r; and seven of 50 feet span. 114 &«' «*7 *'d« wl7atthetop. and which will cost 900.000 doUarB C^eivingVervoir is at SBth-street and So^h Avenue, covering 35 acres, and contaming 150 milhon ^'^!°^SnownocityintheworldbettersuppUedwith pure water than New York •, and the quantity » abun- daot for five times its present population. Opposite to New York at the West end of long Island. is the rising city of Brooklyn : .. This is the^^ city in the States in population, and at the present time numbers about 60,000. " It I separated from New York by the east river. The communication between inei^vw viv.v= « .v«« treet laid, Q and idsoni tttOIU} [leand edain, [)0,000 )ceed8, ag val" mtil it and ce- mde at -walls, lies per s in 24. t bridge hem 80 3ve tide dollars, d Sixth million lied with is abun" g Island, ition, and iyer. The ^\ . v v,««^«nTne and comfortable boats, xwo roughfare. *;«• '''^^"'"^'j;* J^en placed on th. ferry. costing upwards ofSO.OOO d°"*™' j^ the world, passed forbe.utybytho.eon^^^^^-,^^^^^^^ The crossing ^ ^^^^^'^^^^Tv ^it^»'tora,^m.r.t. U .0 great as to strike a Strang ^^ Three boat. constanUy P y »^f "^^ f^j ^,„^, u the three prmcpal fe'™"; "f ;%,,, „,„ ferries are usuaUy iVom four to six minutes. ■^'"' Ibout to be established between t''^ ^^'^oA X' • f, r.f Brooklvn to the business of New y orK mass. mSSence with many doing business in the Xwater. affording a ^f?^'^ J-jJ ^''Z t harbour of New York, the islands m the bay, an of the streets are shaded «'t^ «"« *"^^' ^^.^^ ,3 and summer season, impart to tbe crty '^» \ „; j gaiety of -""^^^^^^^.S^Xrling for reaching its atmosphere, and the facilities ^ , ^^^ tbe great metropolis, that has made BrooWyn S^d fi: its':;j'e:dour a^d ehasteness of elegan. ui 1830. 15,396 5 in 18W, 36.233 ; »d at the preseut tua 7S (1847) it i8 not less than 60,000. Brooklyn was incorpo. rated as a village in April, 1806, and as a city, with greatly extended limits, on the 8tli of April, 1834. «Itis divided into nine wavot, ^iftd i.^ governed by a mayor and a board of eighi.on aWeimen, two from each vrard annually elected. i /. "The shores of Brooklyn, where not defended by wharls undergo continual and rapid changes by the velocity of the current in the Jlast River. Governor's lalaiid was formerly connected with Brooklyn at Red Hook Pomt ; and previous to the revolution, cattle were driyen from the Hook to the Island, then separated by a narrow and shallow passage called Buttermilk Channel, which is now ^'ide and deep enough for the passage of merchant vessel^ of the largest size." CHTJRCHE^. « The churches in Brooklyn are numerous, and many of those recently constructed are splendid ediflces,-the principal' of which is the new Episcopal Church of "The Holy Trinity," situated in Clinton-street, which is a mag: nificent specimen of Gothic architecture. This church was erected by the munificence of a citizen of Brooklyn at a cost of about 150,000 doUars. <• The United States' Navy-yard is situated on the south side of Wallabout Bay, in the north eastern part of Brook- lyn and occupies about forty acres of ground, enclosed pn the land side by a high wall. There are here two larcre ship-houses for vessels of the largest class, with workshops and every requisite necessary for an extensive naval depot. " Th3 United States' Naval Lyceum, an exceedmgly in- teresting place, is also in the Navy yard. « It has a literary institution, formed in 1833 by officers .f ^-u. AT„„„ ^^unAPfpd with the port. It contains a splendid collection of curiosities, and superb jnmeraio- orpo' roatly I by a 1 each, irliarfs )ity of 111 was Point ; 1 from )w and is now vessel^ i many s, — the f "Tlie ! a mag! church rooklyii le soutl^ fBrook- jnclosed ere two ss, with xtensive y officers ntains a nineralO" 73 Moal and geological cabinets, with numtrcu. raluable «d ttZ tLgs worthy the inspection of th* .^.tor A ary dock is I ing constructed here, at a fo.t of about a rounded by upwards of twelve »tre> " *''ntM.eW»llabout«ero,t»tioB.atl>«J./*»,andothe, • 1 tn, o tUo KudUh during Ae Kevolutvonary p,...on »1..PB of Uo i^"S ' 00 Vatican prisoner, y,,r, in wtioh 'V».;»'^;^'^' „„fi„,^ent. «nd iU tre<4- ™ent. In If"" "; ^/J^ i,,„i, where they bad beeu rhuTtt;t "coula ani deposited in thUt^n Bhghtly l^"^^^^''/^' ^f the thirteen origmal «rs::^^:i"rbrea:hth.«oode^ states, ana pi Tackson Street, oppositw ta erected for the purpose m JacJtsoa ovi ii^ yront, near the Navy yard ^^^^ .The Atlantic Dock, ^^^^f/jtr'hy the attention rt^'^riTtrnrr^^^^^^^ TnZZlll^^^^ ^erry near th.Batte.y, .b.ch capital of 1,000,000 dollars ^^^^ " The basin, within the pier., contains l-^t sufficient depth of water f r the ^^^^^^l^^^^ .t.ne « The Piera are fur^.^ed with many spacious warehouses." _ ^^^^ struck with During my visit to ^^.^/^.f^^' . ^^..ranoeofthcmer- the activity -dgeneraUntelhgenta^pea^^ ^^^^.^^^^^^, pantile and trading P^^^^^^^^"^^ , ^;' „^,tly d.ligbt«^. .ud Booksaieva* establishmeuts, I Tvai greaUy i^ B 'II H hi [n II 1 imBwnM Ann, and par- 2mn..a. » greater number ot page, in the yew tn« .fother hoS. in the world. And v^rj^-^ -<"^ ^'got up with great care and elegance. W.th the leader rf thb Uterary emporium. I had wyeral eonreraation.. «.dh«U justly dietinguUhed for hi. airabU.ty and fr«.k- „„. .. well a. hi. temperance, aeal. religion, character. «d activity. He U a u.eful and devoted member of th. M.thodi.t Epi.cop«l Church. No man ever made a I^* eltivo^Mayor of New York th». he. durmg Ih. period of hi. magisterial presidency. ^The Mes.rs. Appleton and Co. have also a large and m- «„i„6 Publishing estabUshmonl. me ludmg both th. ^TJle and retail branches of the Boo^'f »f "2"*^ The Father of this Establishment most kmdly oifered h^ personal service, and the use ot his carr«>ge durmg my rtay in New York, and I found it conducive to he plea ure of my visit to accept both in visiting the Croton ^"er Works already described. lUcir large shop - Broadway i. crammed with original -=»?- --^ 7""^ „f our standard works, with a good sprinkling of Amen „„ authors. We just met with an -t-P"-/ ^co^^ man. Mr. Carter, who ha. "^P™''^ -"»" ."t^i.ul modern religious works, especially those of t« d^tiu- guished countrymen. We saw a number of o]"-"^ rtall. but they were meagrely supplied when compared Shoseinourmetropolis. Second-hand books except old and scarce authors, are not so eagerly sought for, ^he::ha„dsomenewvolumesaresoldsoremarkaWychcap Among anomalies of this kind, compared w.th Butish nrice. I may mention the following instances :-DAu- W. •• Cromwell." published here at 9... in New York. fof.bout2~6d; Bradley V'Se-ons," published here It 10s 6d per volume, in New York the two volume, ia ow for 6f. j Th% *' ruipit vjoio^^^^» t-.-^-«.- — - tha« rorkt eader tiona, rank- acter, ofth« ade » g the nd ia- ^h tbe sineas. aflfered during to the Oroton hop in eprinta Ameri- 3cotch- ur best distin' Id book impared 5, except ght for, ly cheap. L British -D'Au- iw York^ bed here volumes •bed ber^ 7tt ml 22... in New Tork for lOe. ; Talfonrd't « Tragedie^^ -Sonneta," and « Vertes," can be bad for 28 , -LaU. Kookh " for IB. 6d. ; " Tupper's Proverbial Philo.opby, the two aeries in one volume, forls.Gd.; The"Bridg. water Treatises," published here at a guinea or 24s., « PhUadelphia, for about 3s. 6d. ; Foster's "Lectures, 2t. ; and most other works at about the same ratio. The result is, that the British author giTes the prod«ot •f his brains to the Americans gratuitously, their adm- «tion and beneBt excepted. Books being so cheap, they are diffused throughout the States in incalculable num- bers. I should think, for one copy of any standard author sold in Great Britain, there are at least fi * y copiea .old in the States. Their book shops are literally piled with heavy stocks, and I fancy no trade yield, a better or more quiak return. In New York, as in other northern State Cities, the iaily newspapers are numerous, and are l old at one half- penny each-the regular subscriber having them piishcd Tnder his door early in the morning for that sum. I wa. surprised and grieved to see newspaper-stalls exposed with the weekly papers for sale, at 10 o'clock on Lord s- day forenoon. . , The principle in reference to tbe periodical press u th. lowest possible price for the worlds published and lor .U- TcrtisementB, and reliance on a large circulation. Haying letters of introduction to the American B»pti»t Bible Society, and the American Tract Society, we mrt with the Committees of both those bodies, and pvesentcj documents of » stringent character on the subject «t Btayery. In both cases our reception was courteous «< Christian, ana we were highly gratiCod with thozcalou. «ti,it, of both these excellent benerolent organi»tion)i. tto the LordVday. I preached in the forenoon m th. J«hn-.tr«t Methodist Episcopal Churoh-tie Crtyr«*i 76 t?liapel of America, to a respectable and interesting oon' grcgation. In the afternoon, for the Rev. Dr. Williama, }Japtist minister, and in the evenii^g we attended a mis- sionary valedictory service iu one of the Baptist churches (.f Brooklyn. Hero was a densely crowded audience, and 8- and^^2 miles of if being performed by Steam-boat. The sm*.l :^: for obta.ning\ickets m New York was literal y be- sieged, and it required no Uttle dexter.ty and force to gc^ on bo^rd the Ferry which plies across the nve o New Jersey. New Jersey, or Jersey city as i. is called, » MlUC liUlU *.-!VVT JS-v/.- - Hi 9B «' Jersey City is situated on the West bank of the Had- •on River, opposite to New York, and is connected with that city by a steam-ferry, a mile in length, the boats on which are constantly olying. According to the census of 1843, its population was 3750, being an increase of about 700 since 1840. "The prosperity of this city will be greatly increased on becoming the station for a new line of British steam ships, for whose accommodation an extensive wharf is now being built at the foot of Grand-street, at a great •ost, by the Jersey City Ferry Company. *' Newaek, 9 miles from Jersey City, TA from Trenton, and 78 from Philadelphia, is situated on the Passaio Eiver, and is the most populous and flourishing place in the State of New Jersey. The population at the present time is upwards of 7,325 ; and in 1810, including the county, 258,691. " The city is situated between the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, five miles above their junction, and is about 100 miles from the ocean by the course of the former river. The city proper is that portion which is bounded by the Delaware on the east, the Schuylkill on the west, Vine-street on the north, and South-street, or Atlar, on the south. " The districts are the Northern Liberties, Kensington, and Spring Gardens on the north ; Southwark, Moya- mensing, and Passyunk, on the south. These districts, yfh\c\\ properly belong to Philadelphia, have municipal authorities of their own, entirely distinct from that of the city, and from each other. " Philadelphia is built on a plain, slightly ascending from each river, the highest point which is elevated Bixty-four feet above high water mark. It is laid out with much regularity ; the streets, which are broad and Rtraiffht, with a few exceptions, crossing each other at right angles, and varying in width from 60 to 120 feet. " The dwellings, which are neai and clean-looking in their appearance, are built chiefly of brick, the stylo and 88 architecture being rather plain than showy and orna- mental. - , J 4. « White marble is generally used for the door-steps, window-sills, the basement story, and not unfrequently for the entire front. .. * v« « A stranger, on visiting this city, would judge it to be one of the cleanest cities in the world (which it certamly U) from the great use made of the waters of the Schuyl- kill, which are visible iu worlnng and scrubbing conti uallv The city is drained by common sewers, which are "arched culvers of brick-worlc, constructed under mol. of the main streets. The densely built part of the city and districts have an out line of about eight and a half miles : the length of the city on the Delaware is four and a half miles. . , ,, i. ««« «' Philadelphia has the advantage of a double port, coh- nectcd with very remote sections : that on the Schuyl- kill is accessible to vessels of 300 tons, and is the great dep6t for the coal for the interior : and the other on the Delaware, admits the largest merchant vessels to the doori of the warehouses, and is spacious and secure « This city is celebrated for its fine markets, which are well supplied, not only from its own State, but fro^ the States adjacent, and particularly New Jersey^ Tho « Neck," which is formed by the Delaware and Schuyl-^ kill Rivers, and which lies south of the city, is d.vulcd off in farms and gardens,on which large quanties of vegetable, and fruit are raised for the Philadelphia Market. " PITBLIC SQUARES. c« In the city are many Public Squares, which are orna- mented with fine shade and flowering trees. « The principal one is Washington-square, a little south wes^ of the State-house ; it is finely oi..ment^^^^ >.ith trees and gravelled walks, and surrounded by a hand ..._ : .;i,v. vvitli four nrincipal entrances, and i» kept in excellent order. 84 « Iiulopcr.clcnce-sqnare, situntcd in the rear of the Statc- liouse, is surrounded by a solid brick wall rising three or four feet above the adj^iccnt streets, surrounded by an iron railing. The entire area is laid out in walks and grass plot^, and!shaded with majestic trees. It was in this en- closure that the Declaration of American Independcneo was first promulgated ; and at the present day it is fre- quently used as a place of meeting for political and other purposes. Franklin-square, between Race, and Vine, and Sixth, and Franklin-streets, is an attractive public prome- nade, with a splendid fountain in its centre, surrounded by a marble basin ; it is embellished with a great variety of trees, grass plots, &c. " The other squares arc— Penn square, at the intersec- tion of Broad and Market-streets, now divided into four parts by cutting Market and Broad-streets through it, Logan-square, between llacc and Vine-streets, and Ilitten- housc-square, between Walnut and Locust-streets." " riTBLIC BUILDINGS. " The State-house fronts on Chesnut-street, and inclu- diiig the wings, wduch arc of modern construction, occu- pies the centre block, extending from Fifth to Sixth-street. In a room in this building, on the 4th of July, 1770, the memorable Declaration of Independence was adopted by Congress, and publicly proclaimed from the steps on the same day. The room presents now the same appearance it did oil that eventful day in furniture and interior de- corations. « This chamber is situated on the first floor, at the east- ern end of the original building, and can be seen by visi- tors on application to the person iu charge of the State- house. « In the Hall of Independence is a statue of Washing- ton, carved iu wrood, said to be an excellent likeness,^nd also several fine paintings. The Mayor's Court and Dia- M triot (ina Circuit Courts of the United States are hM in this building. , "Visitors have frco acco39 to the cupola, from wh.ch there is an extensive view of the city and its v.em.ty. ^ "The Girard College is situated on the Kidge-roa.l, in a north-west direction from the city proper aboivt two and a half miles from the Exchange. It was founded bj the lute Stephen Girard. a native of France who d.ed in 1S31, and bequeathed 2.000,000 dollars for the purpose of erecting suitable buildings for the education of orphans. More than one-half of this sum has already been expended upon the buildings, and a largo amount wiU still be re- nuiied for their completion. " It occupies a commanding position, and the site OA which it stands contains about forty-Bvo acres of ground, bequeathed for the purpose by tho founder of the insli- '""'xilc College, or centre building, which is to be devoted to the purposes of education, is one of the -^} -^^^ buildings in the country , its dimension, are 218 f et f om north to south, IGO from east to west, and 97 in height. "This building, with its beautiful columns and gor- geous capitals, at once attracts the attention of the bo- ^'^Ui. surrounded by thirty-four columns of the Corin- thian order, with beautiful capitals, supporting an enta- blature ; each column, including capital and base is o.. feet in height audG in diameter, leaving a space of lo feel between the columns and the body of the building. "At each end is a doorway or entrance, 35 feet high and 16 feet wide, decorated with massive architraves, sur- rounded bv a sculptured cornice. Each of these door. „;ens into- a vestilulc, 2G feet wide and 48 long, the ceil- i,l. of which is supported by eight marble columns Im- J.,i.,,.lv above these vestibule, in the second storey 86 «re an equal number of lobbies, tbe ceilings of wbicb ftr« •upported by Corinfiiian columns. In each corner of th« building are marble stairways, which are lighted from aboT©. On each floor are four rooms, 50 feet square, and the third is lighted by a skylight, which does not rise above the roof. No wood is used in the construction of the building, except for the doors, so that it is fire-proof. " The remaining four buildings, situated two on either tide of the mam building, are each 32 feet by 120, and two stories high, with commodious basements. " The most eastern of these is so divided as to consti- tute four distinct houses for the professors. The other three are designed for the residence of the pupils. "The Merchants' Exchange, situate between Dock, Walnut and Third-streets, is built of white marble : it was commenced in 1834, under the direction of Mr. Strick- land, the architect. It is a beautiful structure, and of its kind one of the finest in the country. " The United States Mint is in Chesnut-street, below Broad-street, and fronts on the former street 122 feet. It is built of white marble in the stjle of a Grecian Ionic temple, and comprises several distinct apartments. " The process of coining is among the most interesting and attractive to those who have never witnessed such operations. Visitors are admitted during the morning of each day, until one o'clock, on application to the proper ofiicers. "The Arcade is in Chesnut-street, between Sixth and Seventh streets, and extends through to Carpentei'a- street 150 feet, fronting 100 feet on Chesnut. On th« ground floor are two avenues, extending the entire depth of the buildings, with two rows of stories fronting oa each. The second floor which is reached by flighta of marble steps at each end, is divided isAQ n^ovm siflwlar %Q 99 «Tho third fltory was originally prepared for PeaU'i Museum, which, however, was removed in 1839, to iU new and beautiful hall in ISiuth-streot. Having been again removed, it is now kept in the Masonic HaU, m Chesnut-street. «* The Custom House, formerly the United States Bank, is located in Chesnut-street, between Fourth - street and Fifth-street. It is a chaste specimen of the Done architecture, after the Parthenon at Athens, with th. omission of the colounudes at the sides. It was com- menced in 1819, and occupied about five years m its con- itruction, and cost half a million of dollars. " BANKS, &C. «« There are about fifteen banks, seven savings' mstitu- tions and loan companies, and numerous insurance com- panies in Philadelphia. « Some of the Banks occupy splendid and costly buUd- inss. "CHtJECHES. « The places of worship in Philadelphia are numerous, and the style of their construction various ; few only how- ever have anv prctensious to great architectural beauty. «« St. Stephen's Church (Episcopal) in Tenth-street, between Murket-.treet and Cliesnut-street, is a fine spe- eimen of G othic archit ecture. It is 102 feet long and oO wide and on its front corners has two octagonal tower* 86 feet high. The upper parts of the windows arc em- belli^hed with cherubim., in white glass on a blue ground, and the sashes are filled with diamond shape glass of va- rious colours, ornamented in the same manner. "The first Presbyterian Church, fronting on Wasuing- ton-square, is, perhaps, the most elegant church of th« denomination in the city." " BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. <« The County Alms House, situated on tha w«it «i^« ^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 123. lis 1^ 2.2 mm m m ^ m ^ 1.8 1.4 m ff w /a / ^ > '^ > .v %^ op. M Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 '<*) %^ \ c 89 » the Schuylkill, opposite South-street, is a place for tho reoeption of the poor of the city and county of Philadel- phia. It is an immense structure, consisting of four main buildings, covering and enclosing about ten acres of ground, and fronting on the Schuylkill Eiver. The site is much elevated above the bank of the river and com- mands a fine view of the city and surrounding country. Visitors are admitted to this excellent institution, which on inspection cannot Hiil to excite much satisfaction. " Pennsylvania Hospital, in Pine-street, between Eighth and Ninth Streets, is an admirable institution. It con- tains an anatomical museum, and a librarj^ of more than 8,000 volumes, " In tho rear of the lot fronting on Spence-street is n small building which contains West's celebrated picture pf Clirist Healing the Sick, presented to the institution by tho author. "^e United States Marine Hospital or Naval Asylum has a handsome situation on the east bank of the Schuyl- kill below South-street. It is for the use of invalid sea- men, and olTicers disabled in the Service. " The Pennsylvania Institution for the deaf and dumb is situated on tho corner of Broad and Pine-streets, having extensive buildings adapted to the purposes of the es- tablishment. " The Pennsylvania Institution for the instruction of the blind, is situated in Kace-street, near Schuylkill Thirds street. The pupils of this Institution are instructed in reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, and music ; and are also taught to manufacture a great variety of useful and ornamental articles. "XITERAKY A^D SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. " The American Philosophical Society was founded in 1743, principally through the exertions of Dr. Fiankliu ; its hall is situated in South iifth-slrect, below Ohc-SfUut, 89 and in the rear of the State-house. In addition to its library of 15,000 Yolumes of valuable works, the Society has a fine collection of minerals, and fossils, ancient relics, and other interesting objects. Strangers are admitted to the hall on application to the librarian. " The Philadelphia library is situated in Fifth-street, below Chesnut, on the corner of Library-street. This library was founded in 1731 by the influence of Dr. Frank- lin, and contains upwards of 30,000 volumes, embracing works on almost every branch of knowledge. Citizens and strangers have free access to the library, and for their accommodation tables and seats are provided. " To this has been added the Loganian library (which formerly belonged to the late Dr. Logan), containing 11,000 volumes of rare and valuable books, mostly classicaL " The AthensBum, in Fifth, below Chesnut-street, con- tains the periodicals of the day, and a library consisting of deveral thousand volumes. The rooms are open every day and evening (Sundays excepted), throughout the year. Strangers are admitted gratuitously for one month, on introduction by a member. "The Franklin Institute was incorporated in 1824. I|; IS situated in Seventh - street, below Market. Its Members, about 3,000 in number, consist of manu- facturers, artists, and mechanics, and persons friendly to the mechanic arts. The annual exhibitions of thia institute never fail to attract a large number of visitors. " It has a library of about 3,000 volumes, and an exten- sive reading-room, where most of the periodicals of the day may be found. Strangers are adnaitted to the room on application to the actuary. "The Academy of Natural Sciences, incorporated in 1817, has a well-selected library of about 9,000 volumes, besides an extensive collection of objects in Natural His- tory. Its splendid Hull is in Broad-atreet, behveeu 90 Cltesnut-street and Walnut-street. It is open to visitors every Saturday afternoon. « The MercantUe Library, wTiicli is situated in Chesnut- street, betweenFourth-street and Fifth-street.wai; founded in 1822, for the purpose of diffusing mercantile knowledge. It consists of about 8,000 volumes, chiefly on commercial subjects and pursuits connected with commerce. "The Apprentices* Library consists of about 14,000 volumes, and is open to the youth of both sexes. "The Historical Society, in Fifth-street, below Ches- nut-street, was founded for the purpose of diffusmg a knowledge of local history, especially in relation to the State of Pennsylvania. It has caused to be pubhshed a large amount of information on subjects connected witn the early Hstory of the State, and is now actively engaged in similar pursuits. « The Friends' library, on the corner of Fourth-street and Arch-streets, has above 3,000 volumes, the books of which are loaned free of charge to persons who como suitably recommended. ^ ,. ^ . ^ r "There are several excellent libraries m the district ot Philadelphia, which are conducted on the most liberal principle." . _ , Durmg my visit to PhUadelphia, many ministers and others were absent, and therefore the disappointments of New York were renewed. I had anticipated an inter- view with the Rev. A. Barnes, whose excellent Notes and Expositions are so deservedly popular, both in his own and in this country. But he with many others were recruit- ing their health, for the more efficient discharge of the onerous duties of the autumn and winter seasons. I was introduced to the Eev. Messrs. Ide and Malcolm, Baptist brethren, with whose Christian intelligence and courtesy I was much delighted. Mr. Ide has a noble . , T :i -:.»t. ;»» naVklA f.li<»nlofirical loiOt , 91 The Baptist Publication Society in Philadelphia has re- published several of our best English Baptist authors, as Kobert Hall, Andrew Fuller, &c., &c., besides a number of excellent pious and denominational works. When I was there they had engaged the services of my friend, Dr. Belcher, whose literary toils are well known in this coun- try, and he was then engaged on an excellent subject,— «*The Baptisms of the New Testament," a copy of which . I have received since my return, an J which should be in every Baptist family and school Library in Christendom. It is a plain and popular illustration of the instances of Christian Baptism as given in the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles, in which the spirit of controversy does not once appear, but where in an attractive style the subjects are brought before the reader. We predicate a great circu- lation of this admirable book. I visited the Book Room of the Protestant Methodists in Philadelphia, and was surprised to End the table literally laden with our English religious periodicals. I much regr .(ted that one of the leading ministers of this body, the Rev. Mr. Stockton, a man of noble catholic spirit, and great moral enterprise, was absent from the ^'ity. My stay in Philadelphia was short, as I had purposed to spend the Lord's-day in Bal- timore, on my way to the western state of Ohio. CHAPTER VI. BILTIMOBE— WASHINGTON— EAILROAD AND STEAM AND CANAL BOAT EOUTE TO THE WEST— PITTSBURGH, CLEYE- LAND, AND ELTEIA. On Friday, September 10th, I left the city of brotherly love by rail cars for Baltimore. The route was as dull and uainterestiDg as Qaa be well coaceiyed, We left Phil- 1 93 1 aaelpliia at 8 a.m., and reached Baltimore about 2. The di2*ance is about 02 miles. « Bai.4more is situated on the nofth side of Patapsco river, 14 miles from its entrance into Chesapeake bay ; 38 miles N.E. from Washington ; 190 miles South West from New York j 400 miles South West from Boston ; 160 North East from Richmond ; 230 East South East from Pittsburgh ; 590 North North East from Charleston. « The population in 1840 was 102,313. The city is built around a bay, which sets up from the north side of the Patapsco, and affords a spacious and convenient harbour. ** The straight which connects the bay with the river is very narrow, scarcely a pistol shot across, and is well de- fended by Fort M'Henry. A small river, called Jones* Falls, empties into the north side of the harbour, and di- vides the city into two parts, called the town and Fell's Point J the water is deep enough for vessels of 500 or 600 tons, but none larger than 200 tons can go up to the town. *.' Baltimore contains the state penitentiary j tht city and county alms-house j a cpurt-house ; a custom-house ; a hospital, in which there is a fine collection of anatomi- cal preparations in wax ; an exchapge, an immense edifice of four stories ; five market-houses ; ten banks ; about fifty houses of public worship j a public library ; a luna- tic asylum j an observatory ; and several elegant public fountains. A marble monument to the memory of Gene- ral Washington has been erected on an elevation at the north end of Charles -street. *' The base is 50 feet square and 23 feet high, on which is another square of about half the extent and elevation. " On this is a lofty column, 20 feet in diameter at the base, and 14 at the top. f' On the summit of this column, 163 feet from thd ground, the statue of Washington is piact^d. . m " The Battle Monument, erected to the memory cf those who fell defending their city from the attack of the British, on the 12th and 13th of September, 1814, is a handsome structure of marble, situated on a large square in North Calvert Street. The city is gene- rally well built. The houses are chiefly of brick, many of them are handsome and some splendid. The streets intersect each other at right angles. Baltimore is sup- plied with water taken from the Jones' falls and conveyed to reservoirs, whence it is distributed to every part of the city. There are several literary institutions in this city, " A medical college was founded in 1807. In 1812 the institution was enlarged and received a new character. It is now styled the University of Maryland, and embraces the departments of languages, arts, sciences, medicine, law, and divinity." I was much delighted with the general appearance of Baltimore, and having obtained a temporary residence in Barnum's splendid hotel, I went forth to call upon some of the citizens for whom I had letters of introduction. I had resolved before leaving home, if possible, to preach to a coloured congregation, and had fixed on Balti- more as the most likely place for the accomplishment of that object. First of all then, I waited on a gentleman of distinguished piety, who was to aid me in this matter. But now let the reader remember I was in a Slave State, in a city where, I presume, hundreds are held in bondage. The gentleman, on reading my letter of introduction, at once deemed it necessary to enlighten me on the Slavery subject, and while he took care to tell me he had now no slaves of his own, and that lie abhorred the evils connected with it, yet was most anxious that I should not embrace the views of the abolitionists, or suppose that slavery was necessarily evil. He therefore gave me sun- dry cautions and exhortations, and scriptural elucida- '•mrmmmmmm H tions on the subject, from all of wHcli I had to tell him my very soul revolted, and that I looked upon the whole system with utter detestation and abhorrence. He desired me also to call on his Minister, a talented Baptist brother, ^'ho lays claim to some 30 or 40 human beings as his goods and chattels. I need not say that I declined an m er- view with the Reverend Slave owner. After a somewhat bitter controversy with this friend, I returned to the Hotel, much perplexed to know what to think of this ffoecimen of Baltimorean piety. , In the Hotel I found an immense difference, both m the style of the guests and their general deportment and manners to what I had previously seen. I found numbers of the company were good customers at the bar, and that rum and cordials were in extensive demand. Oaths and filthy expressions were not unfre- fluently heard, things which I had not witnessed m any part of the States. The vast streets too in Baltimore were disgraced with gaudy attractive Lottery establish- ments, and I suppose there are scores if not hundreds of these in this city. It seemed to me that the whole city was given to gambling. How striking the contrast be- tween Baltimore and Boston, or even Philadelphia, which I only left that morning. But in Baltimore there are a vast number of Christian Churches, much first-rate society, and no doubt a good amount of unfeigned piety. Courtesy, politeness, and hospitality were leadmg traits in the conduct of the inhabitants of Baltimore. On the Saturday I visited some Methodist Episcopal friends, and also called on the Eevs. Messrs. Kurtz and Morris, of the Lutheran Church, and on the Rev. Mr. Hill, a Baptist Minister. My interview with these brethren was highly gratifying, and I received every at- tention that Christian kindness could suggest. Paring the day I called upon the Editor of a Trotea- P5 tant Methodist paper, with whom I had a sharp coutro- versy on the slavery subject, but having changed the topic our views became more harmonious, and our spirita less disposed for conflict. On the Lord's day I sallied forth early to see the Ro- mish Cathedrals of Baltimore, celebrated for their size and magnificence, through ah the States. One of them belongs to the German Romish Church, and is within one or two hundred yards of the other ; both arc splendid buildings, occupying elevated and commanding sites. At 11, forenoon, I preached for the Rev. Mr. Morris in the Lutheran Church, on Christian Unity. At 5 I spoke in the Rev. Mr. Hill's Church ("Baptist), on brotherly love ; and at half-past seven I preached to a Methodist Episcopal coloured congregation, on " Re- pentance andRemission of sins." Here we hadafull house, though it had rained in torrents for several hours. I was much delighted with this opportunity to address an entire assembly of the despised and oppressed coloured brethren and sisters, on the common salvation. One of the Methodist Episcopal Ministers was present, and as- sisted in the service. The congregation listened with great earnestness, and displayed much of the life and zeal for which Methodism was so celebrated half a century ago. In the afternoon of this day, I went to hear a co- loured minister, the Rev. Mr. Penn, who, a few years ago, was in bondage. His freedom was bought by the Lu- therans, and he was educated in their College at Gettys- burg, and then advised to unite with the Methodists as opening a greater sphere of usefulness among the coloured population. At that time Mr. Penn and his sable brethren were occupying a place which had been a circus, until a Church in the course of erection was completed. Having taken my place before the minister entered, ho had to ,,^„, ^f, :„ !,;« ^oT7 to the r^^^^\^\t • bcin2r the only white t >J i 06 person present, T attrncted bis attention. He came to mo and said Are you a clergyman, the name given to all mi- nisters in the States. I said yes. lie said from the old country. T said yes. Ho asked from whence. I said, London, on which he lifted up his hand with astonish- ment and said, is it possible ? O, Sir, you must preaob for me. I said I should have been glad to do so, but had preached once, and had two services more during the day. He then entered tho pulpit, and delivered an excellent discourse, in which correct language, logical arrangement, clear views, and striking ideas, were all displayed in moro than an ordinary degree. 1 hesitate not to affirm that Mr. Penn's pulpit talents would give satisfaction to any congregation in Christendom. It was a very edifying dis- course, and I doubt if a better sermon was delivered iu 33altimore on that day. In Baltimore, I had the happiness of meeting with a justly celebrated christian and philanthropist. Christian Keener, a member of the Methodist Church, of great and original powers of mind, and overflowing with humanity and kindness. This excellent person is ever labouring to promote the well-being of his fellow-men and the glory of God. He has been the leader in the great Temperance cause, and has expended untold labour and money in that noble work. He has been editor, and, I suppose, pro- prietor, of a Temperance periodical, and to the neglect of almost every worldly consideration, he seems given up to works of philanthropy and mercy. I was greatly delighted with his society, partook of his kind hospitality, was much indebted for his unceasing attention, and left him with the conviction that ten such men in Baltimore would raise it from its pollution and misery. May heaven's richest bless- ing rest on Christian Keener and on his worthy family ! On the Monday evening, I addressed a large and respect- able assembly on Temperance, in one of the spacious V 07 J cTiurclies belonging to the Episcopal Methodists, when I met many of the leading ministers of the city, and others favourable to the Total Abstinence cause. While at Bal- timore, I resolved on a visit to Washington, the capital, distant only 40 miles. I left Baltimore by railway cars, arid in two hours reached the Legislative seat of the United States. I had no sooner entered the car, than I was courteously accosted by a gentleman, the son of the first person I called upon in Baltimore, with whom I had the controversy on slavery, and who was present during that discussion. After the usual exchange of congratu- latory salutations, he appeared anxious to engage on the same theme which, I suppose, he thought his father had left unfinished. This being somewhat early on Mon- day morning, and feeling weary from tho three services of the previous day, I was rather unwilling for much argu- mentation, so that he had much of the subject to himself. lie dwelt on the extravagance of abolitionists, the scrip- turalness of slavery, the happiness of most of the slaves, &c., &c. Thinking from my silence that he had made a favourable impression, he said, " I wish you would go further South, for instance to Richmond, and then you would not fail to be convinced of the truth of what I have sai'l, and you would return to England and give a fair statement on this subject." He then appealed to my can- dour, and concluded that he saw enough in me to see that I should soon be converted from my abolition vicAvs, &c. Having paused, I then looked at him and said, " Well, friend, I always knew that my heart was no better than it ought to be, but I never knew before that my depravity was so manifest in my face, that you could see that I should be so soon brought to admire that concentration of all villany, American slavery !" To this unexpected re- ply, he simply observed, " You are disposed to be face- tious, 1 think," and so our discussion concluded. After- 98 I wards this very individual, in speaking of tbo aluses of slavery, pointed me to a splendid mansion near tho city of Washington, where the proprietor was a descendant by marriage of the noble hearted George Washington, who lived in concubinage with his slaves, and had daughters tho offspring of these slaves, and alsocldldrenhy his own daugh- ters. Yet this man, said ho, because he is rich, &c., has not lost caste, but lives and moves in respectable society. Why, I said, such a monster in any other than a slave country would be hunted out of society. How evident that tho atmosphere of slavery is favourable to the growth of every Tile and abominable thing. " Washington City, capital of the "C nited States, is situated on the left bank of the Potomac, and the right bank of tho Anacostia. Tho Tyber runs through the middle of the city, and may be conveyed to the high ground on which the Capitol stands ; and the water of tho Tyber and the Eeedy branch may be conveyed to the Capitol and the President's House. The avenues, and such streets as lead immediately to public places, are from 130 to 160 feet wide, divided into footways, and walks of trees, and carriage ways. The others are of various widths, from 70 to 110 feet ; the avenues and streets of 100 feet and upwards, have footways of 20 feet wide ; those under 100, and over 80, have footways 17 feet wide : and under 80 feet, 12 feet footways. The ground on which the city stands was ceded by the State of Mary- laud to the United States in full Sovereignty, and the proprietors of the soil surrendered their lands to be laid out as a city, gave up one half to the United States, and subjected other parts to be sold to raise money as a do- nation to be employed, and constitute a fund for the pub- lic buildings. . The buildings belonging to the United States are, " 1. — The Capitol. This is a magnificent structure of the Corinthian order. It is situated on the western extremity of Capitol Square, 73 feet above the tide water of the Potomac. The eminence commands a fine view of the city, the river, and the surrounding coimtry. «« The Capitol is of white freestone, composed of a central edifice and two wings, and is of the following dimensions : Length of front 350 feet, depth of wings 121, east projection 65, west do. 83, height of wings to top of balustrade 70, do. to top of centre dome 120, length of Representatives* Hall 95, height do. 60, length of Senate Chamber 74, height do. 42, diameter of Rotunda 90, height do. 90. The Representatives' Chamber is a magnificent semicircular apartment, supported by bluish polished stone columns, lighted from above. In the centre of the building is the Rotunda, 90 feet in dia- meter, and the same number of feet in height. It is ornamented with national paintings, representing the surrender at Saratoga and Yorktown, the Declaration of Independence, and Washington Resigning his Commis- sion. Each of these paintings is 12 feet by 18. There are also relievos in marble, representing Pocahontas rescuing Captain Smith from death, the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, one of Penn's treaties with the Indians, and a battle between Boon and two Indians. « This noble and magnificent apartment is of white marble, and lighted from the dome. Men on the pedi- ment seem dwindled to atoms, and the slightest noise creates echoes which reverberate upon the ear with a grand and surprising effect. The foundation of the north wing was laid in the presence of Gen. Washington, in 1798, and that of the centre in 1818, on the anniversary of its destruction by the British in 1814. The building covers nearly two acres, and the square in front contains twenty-two-and-a-half acres, comprehending a circum- r e *v-««-n«oi.+Ai»3 ftf ft mile, enclosed by an 100 iron railing, with neat gate-ways and gravel walks, hot- 'shrubs and flowers, forming a delightful menade. , « Pennsylvania Avenue is the principal street in Wash- ington, extending from the west front of the Capitol to the President's House. "The cost of the Capitol was 2,596,500 dollars. m 2.— The President's House, built of freestone, two Btories high, of the Ionic order, and distant from the Capitol about Ik milesv « 3.— Four buildings, erected in a line east and west of the President's House, for the accommodation of the principal departments of Government, and subordinate offices. The whole are of brick, two stories high, with freestone basements, and covered with slate. The two new ones are handsome edifices, with freestone porticoes on the north front in the Ionic order. "4.— The General Post Office is a large brick edifice, nearly a mile north-west of the Capitol, in which are kept the offices of the Post-offico establishment, the General Land Office, and the Patent Office, in which more than 2,000 patents are shown, among which are a great many useful and useless inventions, " The Navy Yard is situated on the Eastern Branch, and has all the appurtenances for building ships of the largest size. The City Hall is 251 feet long, by 50 in breadth. Congress' Library is now kept in the Capitol, and contains from 8,000 to 10,000 volumes. The Colum- bian College has an extent of 117 feet by 47, is situated on elevated ground, and is a lofty building, calculated to accommodate 100 students. « There are a number of other public buildings, and fourteen houses of public worship. « There are also a City Library, Medical, Botanical, Clerks, Benevolent, Masonic, Orphan, Bible, Dorcas, 101 Missionary* and Tract Societies, Columbian Institute^ and other Institutions. Education is not overlooked, as is evinced by the numerous academies and schools which are established. Besides, the Columbian College adjoining the city, there is a large Catholic Theological Seminary in the city, connected veith which is a school for thd general education of youth. *' An extensive window-glass manufactory, which sup- plies the market and exports to a considerable amount. Five very extensive Hotels, with accommodations equal to any of a similar nature, three Banks, a Fire Insurance Company, ten Printing-offices, three daily, and several tri-weekly, semi-weekly, and weekly newspapers. " The seat of government was removed here in the year 1800, during the presidency of John Adams. " The city was incorporated by an act of Congress, passed on the third of May, 1802, by which act, the ap- pointment of the Mayor was vested in the President yearly, and the two branches of the Council, elected by the people, in a general ticket. In a supplementary act, passed May 4, 1812, the corporation was made to consist of a mayor, a board of alderiUen, and aboard of Common Council ; the board of Aldermen to consist of eight mem- bers, elected for two years— two to be residents of, and chosen from, each ward ; the board of Common Council to consist of twelve— three from each ward ; the Mayor, by the joint ballot of the two boards, to serve for one year. By a new Charter, granted by Congress on the 15th of Mav, 1820, it is provided that the Mayor shall be elected by the people, to serve two years, from the second Monday in June j the board of Aldermen to consist of two menj- bers from each ward, elected for two years, and are, ex oJiciOy justices of the peace for the whole county. " Population. — Washington contained in 1810— 8,208 inhabitants; in 1820, 13,217; m a.o«^v', 1.^, —^ j Hud in 1840, 23,3Gi." I 102 During my few hoW stay in Washington, I was rntro- duced to the President, with whom I conTersed for a eCt period on the general state of Amenca. the Tolun- tary principle in reference to support of religion, &c.,&c. H^was dressed in the costume of a plain —y gent^ man with only one attendant to shew viiitors mto the pre- Zluo^roo^ in manners and address, frank and oour- ^us I was struck with the contrast it presented to Te iquette of Euroj^an Courts. Mr. Polk is an .nt J ligent looking man. with a good derelopmcn of energy and firmness I was glad to hear of his respect for sacred things, his regubr attendance on ^vmeworsh.pmoneo the P esbytcrian churches of the city, and his Lady « di tinguUhed forher genuinepiety and "otivc benevolence of character. I heard that no house ex^Ued that of the present President's in reference to order, morals, and 'TlSevXhowe.er.tocontempUteinthePresident a stem upboWer of Skvery. and the great mam sprmg of the infamous Mexican w»r. Having partaken of the kind hospitality of the Bev, M. SamLn. Baptist Minister , observed in the distan^ 1 premises of a slave-dealer -the only one mWashmg. ton f got into the Speakers' chairs, both m the Hall of Congress and Chamber of the Senate , examined he 21 of two or three book-stores.-! «t^ned^ t^ Company's train to fulfil an engagement in Baltimore. Berin these two cities, I saw a large field of Tobacco- the only one that lay in my route in the States. I was much struck in the Hotel in Baltimore w'th the perfect order and system which P'OJ'^f »' '^"''; ^' ^•elve waiters were all so trained that, t^-gii.^ places, the bringing and removing of dishes &c.. to, was all done with the most precise mUitary exactness. And it 18 not too mucii to B»y, laai t"«j ^^"" "^"* '""' " 103 hundred at table every day, there was not the least con- fusion, or discomfort to any one. A man who waited opposite to where I sat, appeared to me to be white« whilst all the rest were men of colour. I fancied also that I had seen his face before. I said therefore to the coloured waiter next me, " Is that man opposite an Ame- rican or European ?" to which he replied, highly amused, " Bless your heart. Sir, he is a coloured man." I never was more surprised than with this announcement, for I have no hesitation in saying that with his straight hair and fair skin, he would have passed anywhere in Britain for a white man. On Tuesday morning, attended to the railway car by my kind friend, Christian Keener, I started for Pitts- burg by way of EUicott's Mills, Sykesville,&c., to Harper's Ferry, then by Martinsbury to Cumberland River, the whole distance was 179 miles, which we performed in about 12 and i hours. The scenery, in many places, was literally enchanting, and some of the landscapes were the finest I ever beheld. I was much surprised, however, in passing through some portions of Virginia, to see delapidated buildings, worn out farms, and miserable huts. I saw, too, numbers of idle men and women, some of the latter nursing and smoking at the same time. The fact was that I was passing through a region that had been literally cursed into barrenness by slavery. At Cumberland, we had to take Stage-coaches for Beownsville, and in consequence of the immense num- ber of passengers, we had to wait in the street for several hours, till vehicles could be obtained. And now com- menced, in earnest, the fatigue and annoyance of American travelling. Between 10 and 11 p.m., having been crammed into one of their Stage-coaches with eight others, and one or two outside, we started with four apparently spirited horses. The road was one of the United States 104 main thorouglifares, but we soon found out tbat our pace was niiserably slow. Suffice it to say that we were 16 hours in going 73 miles, or 4 miles per hour, though we had four horses all the way. The consequence was, m- Btead of reaching Brownsville city in time for the morn- ing boat to Pittsburg, we were only just in time for the evening one, Our steam-boat wniph left Brownsville about 4 p.m., was to reach Pittsburg about 10, being only 50 miles, but our progress was slow, and touching per- petually on each side of the Monougahela River, so that at midnight we were some distance from our destination. To add to our disappointment, about one o'clock a dense fog spread over the river, and at length we stuck fast, en- tangled in the boughs of an inimense tree, and there had to remain till the light of day, so that we reached Pitts- burg about 7, having navigated the 50 miles in 15 hours. « Pit t aburgh , city and capital, of Alleghany county, Penn- svlvania, is 230 miles West North West from Baltimore, 207 West by North from Philadelphia, 335 from Lexing- ton. It is situated on a beautiful plain, on a broad point of land, where the confluence of the Alleghany and Mo- nouguhela forms the Ohio. The suburbs of Pittsburgh are Alleghany town, Northern Liberties, Birmingham on the south bank of the Monougahela, LaurenceviUe, East Liberty, and remainder of Pitt township. The town is compactly, and in some streets handsomely built, although the uuive'rsal use of pit coal for culinary and manufactur- ing purposes, has carried such quantities of fine black matter, driven off in the smoke into the air, and depo- sited it on the walls of the houses, and everything that can be blackened with coal smoke, so as to have given the town a gloomy aspect. Its position and advantage as a manufacturing town, and its acknowledged healthfulness, will continUv^ however, to render it a place of^attraction foT builders, manuiaeturers, and capitaiists. At the pr.e- ■iiif y.i,n' ■» w. V ' ff!-''*'^ ' 105 ■ent time the following articles are manufactured on a great scale ; ironmongery, of every description, steam en- gines, and enginery, and iron work in general j cutlery of all descriptions j glass and paper ; cotton and woollens ; pottery, chemicals, tin and copper ware, are manufactured and exported to a great extent. Boat and steam-boat buildiug have been pursued here on a greater scale than in any other town in the western country. "Boats of the smaller kinds are continually departing dowu the river at all season?, when the waters will admit. " In moderate stages of the river great numbers of steamboats arrive and depart. " Large contracts are continually ordered from all the towns on the waters of the Ohio and Mississippi, for machinery, steamboat castings, and the various manufac- tures it produces. It is supplied with water by a high pressure steam-engine of Si horse power, which raises the water 116 feet above the Alleghany river. " A million and a half gallons of water can be raised in 24 hours. "These works went into operation In 1828. The churches in this city are about 30 for the various religious denominations, many of which are spacious and elegant buildings. " The other principal public buildings are the Western University of Pennsylvania, Pittsburg High School, Pittsburg Exchange, Mansion House, and Hotel, Lamb- din's Museum, and four banks. There are several largo establishments of iron founderies. There are six rolling mills and iron works with nail factories attached. There are four large cotton factories, in the largest of which are 10,000 spindles, spinning 1,400 pounds of yarn weekly. The»*e are several large establishments of glass works, and 300 other large manuf-x^^ring establishments of a mis- eCiianeoua eharaeter. j -ity has iuiinense advantagei of artificial as well as natural water communications, 106 "The great Pennsylvania Canal, over 500 miles in length, terminates liere. Another canal connects it with lake Erie, through MeadviUe, and still a third is proposed to the mouth of the Mahowing, where it will connect with a branch of the Ohio and Erie Canal. I^opulation of the city proper in 1800, was 1,565 ; in 1810, 4 768 ; inl820,7,248, in 1830, 12,542 ; ^^^ -^.^^^ ^1^^^^^^^ eluding the suburbs in 1830, 22,433 j and m 1840, 40,000. Ihad intended staying a day or two in this city, espe- cially as a worthy friend and countryman, the -Rev. Mr. Beeves, Protestant Methodist Preacher, was stationed here I found, however, that as I had engaged to spend next Lord's-day at Obcrlin, and Thursday morniDg having arrived, that it would only be by incessant travellmg that I Bhould accomplish my purpose. To add to this diffi- cultrv I had now been without sleep since Monday evemng, and I found the waters of the river so low, that fourteen steamers destined for the West, were all at anchor unable to pass down to Beaver, where I was to take canal-packet for Warren. I had just taken breakfast with Friend Heeves, and was pondering over the dilemma in which I was placed, when I heard a steamer's bell ring, and I found that the captain was resolved, if possible, to make his way down the stream. I therefore got my luggage on board, bade adieu to Brethren Beeves and Stockton and was soon steaming down the shallow channel. W ith extreme care and dexterity we passed down, got through the mass of boats stranded in every direction, and reached Beaver about 2 o'clock, p.m. I then took a place m the canal-boat for Warren, in Ohio, a distance of about^xty xniles. On the steamer from Pittsburg, Ihad one of those painful instances presented to me, of the excessive disease of color-phobia, which so disgraces almost every part of the States. There were on board, a gentleman and his lady and two daughters, ail weU-dresscd, and by .ar .Us \ 107 es in with posed nnect lation ,768; >; in- ,000." espe- P-. Mr. tioned gpcnd bi'ving ig that is diffi- rening, urtecn unable •packet Friend srliicli I , and I make luggage ockton> i. With tlirougli reached !C in the )ut sixty of those c disease y part o£ i and his , most respectable-looking persons in the vessel. But the white persons first dined, then the crew, and last of all — as a despised class — this worthy family. I need not say, that their sole offence was, in not having skins so white as others, though they were only removed one or two shades from those around them. In another case, too, a lady of considerable property, I found eating with the coloured waiters, not being allowed to sit at table with the freemen of America. I had some conversation with this person, and told her how I felt for persons of her class, and how differently they were treated in our land. "Ah," she said, with tears rolling down her checks ; " I love the old country. I knew you were an English- man, or you would not have ventured to have spoken to me. Do tell me your name, that I may remember and tell my friends of your sympathy and kindness." The canal-boat was drawn by three horses, was adapted for speed, but excessively small and inconvenient. We hud a number of poor German emigrants on board, as steer- age passengers, and nineteen who were denominated cabin passengers. Having despatched our evening meal, prepa- ration was made for our sleeping, by fastening to the sides of the cabin a kind of shutters fastened with hooks, and three deep, though the cabin was not more than 6 feet 3 or 4 inches high. Wearied out by the three pre- vious days' and nights' journeying, I soon fell asleep, and though the air was anything but pure, T slept soundly till morning. For several days, I had been passing through a region where the American science of Spitology was evidently understood and practised to perfection. I had found it difficult to enjoy a meal for some time j and on the canal boat, though I did my utmost to keep my luggage out of the way, my hat-box was so stained with the green ililin/^ ♦•Vlo* Vi/xnr f« V»nT>/^l/» if orroin T nnilld TlOfc ^'e'U Oil 108 n^ore tl^an one occasion. I had some difficulty in keepbg my person out of the way of the constant firing that these Jdels of cleanliness kept up. Nausea of Btomach and ,.t ter disgust of mind, were the efi^ects produced, and which 1 did not fail to expound to these ^°^f J ^P^^^^^S^anS' About 10 in the forenoon we reached Warren, and then loarded. to use a Yankceism, the stage for Cleveland Here we had good horses, clever drivers, bu ^^ost of he way miserable roads. In some cases, roads frightfully doPgerous, so that we were twelve hours in going 51 miles. This day we travelled through much ne^y broken .round, and through a very thinly populated dis rict, Home parts of which were lovely and attractive, but the greater portion of which was flat, and dreary in the ex- treme. The day, too. turned out very wet, which made tlie scenerv still more sombre and forbidding. About iiddav, between Warren and Cleveland, m the raidst of the immense solitary forests, we passed a burial- ground, while a funeral was taking place. In an adjacent field were a great number of vehicles, while the mourners were standing round the grave depositing to the earth human dust, which should only be re-quickened when the trump of the Archangel shall sound at the last day. We found that Death's empire extended alike to the crowded cities of Europe and the almost trackless fores s of Ohio. About 10 P.M, we reached the handsome city of Cleveland. "CLEVELi^ND, city and capital, Cuyahoga county Oh o, on the mouth of Cuyahoga river and lake Erie 54 miles north west from Warren, 150 north east from Columbus 60 oast from Sandusky, 180 we.tfrom Buffalo, 131 north west from Pittsburg. During the late war, it was a dep6t of provisions ; and a plaee where many boats and lake crafts were built, and it is a noted pomt of embarka- tiou on the lake. It is a growing place, uavnig hyo 109 cTaurcbes, a court-house, joil, an academy, about 50 rx- te«8iv0 mercantile cstablibhmcnts, besides book stores 8hoe and leather stores, batters' shops, a largo number of grocery and provision stores, 10 heavy forwardiug houses connected with lake and canal transportation. « Manufacturing is not carried on extensively. There are however, two steam engine shops, one iron foundery, one sash factory, one steam flour mill, capable of makmg 120 barrels of flour daily, three Cabinet shops, &c. &c. « Its population at the different periods will best exhibit its march in the race of improvement. In 1825 it con- tained 500 inhabitants ; in 1830, 1,000; in 1821, ^yiOO-, and at the census of 1840, 6,091. ««Thi3 town is intermediate between Bufl'alo and Cm- cinnati, and the dep6t of the vast amount of merchandise destined east and west, and has become one of the most important cities of the west." Here I took up my abode at the Franklin House, where I had a most comfortable bed and sitting room, and every comfort the most fastidious traveller could require. Next morning (Saturday) by 8 o'clock, I was on my ^ay, by stage-coach, to Oberlin, and if I had found the roads bad the previous day, I was destined to find them doubly 80 this. I should presume that the very worst roads in any part of the civilized world may be found between Cleveland and Oberlin. We stayed for a short time, and dined at Elyria. « Eltbia forms the Seat of Justice for the east part of Lorain County, Ohio, and is, perhaps, one of the best built towns in the State. It is situated between the branches of Black River-those streams uniting about half a mUe below the town, while, at this point, they are one mile asunder. « The main, or principal, street, extends from one branch of the river to the other. The viUage contams a 110 iplendid Court House ; a full number of stores, clergy- men, and lawyers, a large flouring-miU, a cupola furnace, and a full number of mechanics. *' Population, about 7,007." From Elyria we proceeded to Oberlin, whicli we reachod about 5 o'clock, having been labouring for 9 hours to effect 32 miles. Here I had arranged to spend the Sabbath, and was received with a true unmistakeable welcome, by my ex- cellent countryman, Mr. H. Hill, secretary to the Oberlin Institution, who left London a few years ago to enter on the duties of that office. Thus ended one of the most fatiguing weeks in travel- ling I had ever experienced; but by abstemious living, and abstaining from all alcoholic fluids, and through the Divine goodness, I found myself in good mental and phy- sical vigour. CHAPTEE VII. OBEELIN. Long before I left England I felt a strong desire to visit Oberlin, and having observed its exact locality on the American map, I resolved, if possible, to devote a few days to it. I had often read the Oherlin JEvangelist with pleasure and proflt ; I was aware, too, that here the de- voted Eimiey was engaged, both in training the minds of men for the work of the ministry, and also labouring both in word and deed among the people. Soon after arriving at Boston, I met with a minister who had graduated at Oberlin, and who gave me such interesting details of the College, its Faculty, the general influence it was exerting in elevating the coloured man, and pleading for the free- dom of the slave, the non-sectarian spirit of the Profes- Ill f sors, and the bigli toned piety of the Churoli of Christ established there, that my desire to visit it was so vastly increased, that I resolved, health being afforded, I v^ould not return home without hearing and seeing for myself. To effect this, I travelled incessantly from Tuesday morn- ing till Saturday, at 5 p.m. Notes having been forwarded to Mr. Hill and Professor Mahan, apprising them of my intention and the time I ex- pected to be with them, arrangements had been made that I should bo the guest of my worthy countryman, Mr. H. Hill, who was therefore waiting the arrival of the stage- coach, and who welcomed me to his house with all the ardour and kindness of an Englishman and a Christian. During the evening, I was introduced to Professor Ma- han, whose personal exertions and distinguished influ- ence as a preacher, teacher, and author are deservedly admired throughout the States. Professor Mahan has written several popular works, among which we may notice his treatise on " The WiU," « Intellectual Philosophy," &c., &c., and is now the Pre- sident of the College, co-pastor with Mr. Finney, and editor of the Evangelist. His Christian kindness, cour- tesy, and nobleness of mind, are not more manifest than his child-like simplicity and lowliness of spirit. It is im- possible to be with him without being knit to him in heart and affection. I hope before he passes the meridian of life that he will visit our country, in company with his worthy and indefatigable fellow-labourer, Finney, who is already so well known to the Christian community by his work on Revivals, Lectures, &c., &c. During my stay at Oberlin, Professor Finney was con- fined to bed by a severe attack of bilious fever, and many were the fears lest the sickness should be unto death. He was so totally prostrated that few persons saw him ex- C€ .i»T^^ i.;o «.pair,«l attendant and family. I had, howeyer. ' 112 the inexpresaible gratification of being with liitn for a few jnomentB, grasping his hand, and expressing my Christian love and earnest hope that God would raise him again. To which, with meek decision, he replied, " Well, that is no concern of mine." I assured him, also, how thousands would be glad to see and hear him in Britain. Tn reply, he stated, if it were the Lord's will, that would give him also great pleasure. I was surprised at the serene, cheer- ful, and benignant expression of his face, for all the por- traits I had seen gave an idea of peculiar sternness. I have rejoiced to hear that ho is at length restored to hia pastoral and collegiate duties again. Having enjoyed the comfort of a good night's sound repose, I awoke on the Sabbath morning to enjoy a day's religious exercises in Oberliu. First, I visited the Sabbath School ; conversed with a number of the children ; viewed with delight the coloured and white child sitting in the same class side by side. I also found that the hue of the akin did not affect the intellects of the coloured children, but that they were as quick and apt to learn as the others. Having given an address to the children and Teachers, and told them some things respecting England and Sab- bath-schools here, I went to the meeting-house to attend the forenoon service. This is a handsome brick structure, admirably adapted for speaking and hearing, and capable of comfortably accommodating about 2,000 persons. The service was well attended. I suppose near two- thirds full. Here, too, I saw the Oberlin principle exem- plified in practice, the white and coloured hearers occu- pying the same pew, in the spirit of Christian equality and love. I had great happiness in discoursing on the Saviour's new commandment, which is so ' . diual a doc- trine and so leading a practice here. In the afternoon, I heard an excellCiit ..^d euifying discourse irom iTOiuaswr m-auauf w« vi--.. v«v ^ -o ■ i*j,.;^)»i*l**PM»«»«.-. 118 pkco of tbo believer." The spacious platform-pulpit wm well adapted to the Professor's hubit of incessant walking during the delivery of his sermon. In the evening, I preached in the College Ilall to a crowded audience, from the text " Fellow helpers to the truth." I greatly enjoyed this Christian Sabbath, and do not expect to bo favoured with a better one in this wilderness world. , Next day I hud several interesting and p-ofltable in- tcrvicws with some of the students. Professor Morgan, a worthy coadjutor of Mahan's and Finney':^, Whipple, one of the Free AVill Baptist Brethren. I dined also, this day, at one of the College Boarding- liouses, with a number of students, composed of both wuito and coloured persons. During the day, I had an interesting conversation with on aged coloured woman, who had formerly been a slave in Yirginia. This devoted Christian-woman had been made the means of her mistress's conver:*ion, who before her death sold her her freedom, and gave her the money to purchase it. Having done this, she also gave her the means of getting to Oberlm, where she could live with God's people in peace and harmony, suffering no inconve- nience on account of her colour. Few persons are moro happy than this liberated and now exalted slave, bhe obtains a sufficient living by her labour, and spends her time in the cheerful service of the Lord. Yet there are BtiU bitter ingredients in her cup. She told me, with much emotion, that she had a husband, but he had been sold away, and seven children, but they, too, had all been torn from her, and she knew nothing of them, save that they were all in bonds. She also recited to me the circumstances connected with the death of a female slave, who refused on her con- version to remain the degraded victim of her master s lU lu,t8. On Ws mBUti,>g,8Tie appealed to her legal mistres,, fell at ter feet, and intreated her kindly and womanly in- erferenoe, but not only was she indifferen to her cry, tut spurned her from her presenee. She resolved to seryo Christ at all risV.s. Her master eansed her to be severe.y floK-ed. The punishment was repeated on the evemng on which she sent for my informant, to whom she said _"I am dying; I feel that they have flogg;^ "^ »» death , but the presence of Christ was so manifest that I really did not feel one stroke, and I am happy in the pros- pect of heaven." That night she yielded up the ghost, a martyr to Christian principle, and one of the many vic- tims of that foul hellish system, which has so many Christian apologists in that/«« and mparalleled of na- tions— the United States of America! Oberlin has often been the refuge of fugitive slaves who have been fleeing from their infamous task-masters, on their way to the shores of Canada. One of these scenes is too graphic to be omitted : , , -l a "While at Oberlia." writes Milton Clarke, who had escaped from bondage, " there was an attempt to capture a Mr. Johnson and his wife, residents in that place. They had once, to be sure, had a more southern home ; but they believed the world was free for th,m to choose a home in, as well as for others. " Johnson worked in a blacksmith's shop, with another „an. To this individual he confided the name and place of the robber who had claimed him in Ohio. This wretch went to another, blacker hearted one, named Benedict of llhria. Let no mother ever use that name again for her newborn son. It was disgraced enongh by Benedict Arnold ; it should with him be covered in oblivion. But this lawyer Benedict, of Illyria, has made the intamy , ii • ! -1 ui^r-i'-''*' +I10" if was before. around that name tliicker uuu biaCr^.x -.,1. ■ -- ^ He wrote to the pretended owner of Johnson where he 115 could be found. In haste lie came, but thanks to an honest justice his evidence was not sufficient. He re- turned for better testimony ; as he came back, he was sud- denly grasped by the hand of death, and died within ten miles of Oberlin, with an oath upon his lips. Johnson and his wife broke out of jail, and were carried forth to Canada. There were a great many forwarding houses in Ohio at that time j they have greatly increased since, and nearly all of them are doing a first-rate business. " During the summer of 1841, the emigration to Canada through Oberlin was very large. I had the pleasure of giving the "right hand of fellowship" to a goodly num- ber of my former acquaintances and fellow-sufferers. The masters accused me of stealing several of them. This is a great lie. I never stole one in my life. I have assisted several to get into the possession of the true owner, but I never assisted any man to steal another away from him- self. God has given every man the true title deed to him- selfj written upon his face. It cannot be entirely blotted out. The slaveholders try hard to do it, but it can yet be read ; all other titles are shams and forgeries. "Among others I assisted a Mrs. Swift and her two children to get over to Canada, where they can read titles more clearly than they do in some of the States. This was brought up as a heavy charge against me by Mr.Pos- tlewaite, the illustrious catchpole of the slaveholders. « In the autumn of this year, I was delighted to meet brother Lewis, at Oberlin. The happiness which we both experienced at meeting each other, as we supposed, securely free, in a free State, may be well imagined. « In 1842, there were nine slaves reached Oberlm by one arrival, all from one plantation. A Mr. Benningale was close upon them, impiously claiming that he had property in these images of God. This is not the doctrine taught by 1 :_ nv,;^ TViPao TYion came to a great many goou jucu *" vxixv. ^»- 116 Oberlin. The next day^ Benningale arrived. He lined the lake with watchmen. Benedict, of Illyria, was on the alert : thirty pieces of silver were always the full price of innocent blood with him. Benningale, nnding they were hid in the village, threatened to burn the town. « The coloured people were on guard all night. Ihey met two persons whom they suspected as spies of the tidnappers-they told them, if they caught them out again, they should be hung right up as spies against liberty. « The fugitives were at length put into a waggon, car- ried to the lake, and shipped off for Canada. The pur- Buers offered a thousand dollars for their arrest. Is^o one was found sufficiently enterprising to claim the reward- they lauded safe on the other side." Oberlin being only a few miles from Lake Erie,^ the Blave once fairly launched on that lake, is soonmsignt ot a safe retreat in the dominions of Queen Victoria. How surpassing strange. Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Freedom -Democracy, and the vilest of all systems and forms ot bondage-yet so it is at present, we trust soon the mon- strous and unnatural connexion will be dissolved, and then will America rise to a glorious altitude in the scale of nations. Well, Oberlin is doing wonders in diffusing the true spirit of man's equality, and is raising up a noble band to carry out the spirit of universal good-will to men. The render will probably be aware that Oberlin is, m the truest sense of the word, a new settlement. The fol- lowing brief account has been supplied as to its "OKIGIN AND PEOGEESS. "The Eov. John J. Shipherd was a prominent founder of Oberlin. His enterprising spirit led to the devising and incipient eteps.-Without any fund in the start, m August, 1832, he rode over the ground for inspection where the village of Oberlin now elands. It was then a 117 dense, heavy, unbroken forest, the land level and wet, almost inaccesBible by roads.and the prospects for a settle- ment forbidding in the extreme. In November, 1832, Mr. Shipherd, in company with a few others, selected the Bite Five hundred acres of land were conditionally pledged by Messrs. Steeet and Huohes, of New Haven, on which the College buildings now stand. A voluntary Board of Trustees held their first meeting in the winter of 1832, in a small Indian opening on the site. The le- gislature of 1833-4 granted a Charter with University privileges. Improvements were commenced, a log houso or two were erected, people began to locate in the colony, and in 1834 the Board of Trustees resolved to open the School for the reception of coloured persons of botli sexes to be regarded as on an equality with others. In Januarv, 1835, Messrs. Mahan, Finney and Morgan were - appointed as Teachers, and in May of that year Mr Mahan commenced housekeeping in a small log dwelhng. 8uch was the beginning-^and the present result is a striking exemplification of what obstacles can be overcome, and what good can be accomplished under our free insti^ iutions, by the indomitable energy, earnest zeal, and uu- faltering perseverance, of a few men when they engage heart and soul in a great philanthropic enterprise. " Obcrlin is now a pleasant, thriving village of about 300Q inhabitants, with necessary stores and mechanics Bliops, the largest Church in the State, and a good lem- pcrance Hotel. Here is an efficient printing establish- nent, and the Evangelist and Quarterly Review regulariy s.ie from it. It is a community of teetotallers from the y hi.hct to the lowest, the sal« of ardent Bp^rits never ,. ;;:ving been permitted within its borders The Co lego Buildings number seven commodious edifices. Kev A. Mahan, Presklent of the Collegiate Institute, assisted by M^on able Professors and Teachers. ICight Professor- 118 fillips are supported in part by pledges ; 500 acres of land at Oberlin, and 10,000 acres in Western Yirginia. " OBJECTS OF THE INSTITUTION. " 1. To educate youths of both sexes so as to secure the development of a strong mind in a sound body, connected with a permanent, vigorous, progressive piety— all to be aided by a judicious system of manual labour. " 2. To beget and to confirm in the process of educa- tion the habit of self-denial, patient endurance, a chastened moral courage, and a devout consecration of the whole being to God in seeking the best good of man. *' 3. To establish universal liberty by the abolition of every form of sin. " 4. To avoid the debasing association of the heathen classics, and mate the Bible a text-book in all the depart* meats of education. " 5. To raise up a Church and Ministers who shall bo known and read of all men, in deep sympathy with Christ, in holy living, and in efficient action against all which God forbids. 6. To furnish a Seminary, affording thorough instruc- tion in all the branches of an education for both sexes, and in which coloured persons, of both sexes, shall be freely admitted, and on the terms of equality and brotherhood." The writer of the previous extract who attended and described the exercises at one of the commencements says : " We confess that much of our prejudice against the Oberlin College has been removed by a visit to the Insti- tution. The course of training and studies pursued tlicre, appear admirably calculated to rear up a class of healthy, useful, self-educated and self-relying men and women— a class which the poor man's son and daughter may enter on equal terms with others, with an opportu- nity to outstrip in the race, as they often do. It is the only College in the United States where females enjoy tho 119 privileges of maleB in acquiring an education and where degrees are conferred on Ladies, and this peculiar feature of the instruction has proved highly useful. By combining manual labour with study, the physical system keeps pace with the mind in strength and in a healthy bodily deve- lopment, and the result in most cases is a " sound mind in a healthy body." Labor and attention to household duties are made familiar and honorable, and pleased as we were to note the intelligent and healthful counte- nances of the young ladies seated at the boarding-house dinner table, the gratification was heightened shortly after by observing the same graceful forms clad in tidy long aprons, and busily engaged in putting the dining- hall in order. And the literary exercises of the same Ladies, proved that the labor of the hands in the Insti- tution had been no hindrance in the acquisition of know- ledge. "Young in years as is Oberlin, the Institution has sent abroad many well qualified and diligent laborers in the great moral field of the World. Her graduates may be found in nearly every Missionary clime, and her scholars are active co-workers in many of the Philan- thropic movements that distinguish the age. It is the People's College, and long may it prove an increasing blessing to the People. "COUESE OF STUDY.— THEOLOGICAL DEPAllTMENT. "JUNIOB Year. — Evidences of Divine Revelation; Sacred Canon ; Introduction to th^Study of the Old and New Testaments ; Biblical Archa3ology ; Principles ot Interpretation ; Greek and Hebrew Exegesis ; Mental and Moral Philosophy j Compositions and Extempora- neous Discussions. « Middle YEAE.-Didactic and Polemic Theology ; Greek and Hebrew Exegesis } Compositions and Extem- poraneoua Discussions. 120 Composition of Semons : Sacred and Eceles-s^-^H . tory; including the History of Theolog.c»l Opm.ons Exegesis continued ; Church Government j Extempo raneous Discussions. « COLLEGE DEPARTMENT. " FnraHMAN YEiE.-Davies's Bourdon's Algebra ; Cavios's Lcgendre's Geometry -^Trigonomet,7, begun Cicero de Amicitia et de Senectute ; L.vy ; Xenophon » Cvropcedia-four books; Acts of the Apostles ; Tracti- taV Lectures on Physiology, General History, begun; English Bible, one lesson a week. . j "t.uoMo;KY..B.-I)avies-Legendre'sGeomeryan^^ Tri"onometry,flnished;HistorycontInued;BndgesComc Sections; Ciclro deOfficiis; Xenophon's Mcmorabd a ; Snc; and Demosthenes on the crown, begun ; Lat.n Poetry; Geology; Lectures on the Evidences of Clxr.s tianily ; English Bible, one lesson a week. ■SJCNiou YEiB-Olmsted's NaturalPhdosophy 01m sted's Astronomy ; Chemistry ; Anatomy -* rhy-o- logv; iEschines and Demosthenes, fln.shed; Tacitus h^'ciermania and Agricola , O-^J-'-^i-S ^ Whatclev's Logic ; Whateley's Rhetoric ; Mahan s In telleotuJphilotophy. begun ; English bible, one lesson " T.t«o. YKA.. - Hebrew Grammar Genesis and Psalms • the Prometheus Vinctus of iEschylus ; Butler s An H-y • Kames- Elements of Criticism ; Lectures on Hebrew Poetry ; llahan's Intellectual Philosophy com- S ted . Maha 1 on the Will ; Moral Philosophy ;Pol.ti- tlEc;nomy; Chemistry reviewed ; English Bible, one X:;:Ls and either Extempore Discussions or DeclamuLns weekly throughout the whole course; and abo public original declamations monthly. (( 121 " TEACHEES' DEPAETMENT. <« First Yeae.— Geography ; Arithmetic "and Gram- mar ; Penmanship ; Latin Grammar and Ecadcr ; History of Greece, Eomc, England, and the United States ; Alge- bra ; Geometry begun. « Second Yeae.— Geometry finished ; Trigonometry ; Surveying; Logic; Rhetoric ; Physiology ; Cicero's Four Orations against CatiUne ; Greek Grammar and Ecadcr ; Geography of the Heavens ; Lectures on Teaching. "Thiedteae.— Chemistry; Natural Philosophy ; In- tcUectual and Moral Philosophy; Book-Kccping ; Poli- tical Economy ; Lectures on Natural History ; Lectures on Teaching ; Declamations, Compositions and Discus.^ions throughout the course, " SIIOETEE COUESE. « Tlie following Course may be pursued at the discretion of the Facultv, by students of advanced age only. "FiEST Yeae.— English Grammar; Geography; Arith- metic; Greek Grammar ; the four Gospek ; Kevin's Bib- lical Antiquities ; Porter's Rhetorical Reader. « Second Yeae. -Geometry ; Greek of the New Testa- ment, continued; Geology; Anatomy and Physiology; General History; Whately's Logic ami Rhetoric; Evi- dences of Christianity. " Thied YEAE.-Olmsted's Natural Philosophy, abridg- ed • Astronomy ; Chemistry ; Greek Testament, finished ; Hebrew, continued; Milton's Poems ; Butler's Analogy ; Cousin's Psvchology ; Intellectual and Moral Philosophy ; One lesson a week in the Enghsh Bible ; Compo.itu)ns aud Discussions throughout the course. " PEEPAEATOEY DEPAETMENT. « Bullion's EngUsh Grammar ; Mitcbeli's Geography, with outline Maps ; Mitchell's Ancient Geography; Col- burn's and Adams' Arithmetic ; Andrews and fetoddard s Latin Grammar ; Ancbews' Latin Reader ; Jacobs Latm 122 Eoader-SecondP»t! Cicero's Select Orations ; Greek G— r ; the Four GospeU , Jacobs' Greek Ee^^. the poetry excepted, MeGuffey's Bhetoneal Guide , Com- positions, Discussions and Declamations weekly. " TOOTa lADIES' DEPABTMENT. .. PEErA«ATOBT.-B«ading ; SpelUngj Writing; Col- burn's and Adams' Arithmetic s Geography; Browns Grammar ; Composition. » i • " FiKSX yEAB.-Et>glish Grammar.includ.ng Andy^mg and the Study of Poetry; Ancient Oeogr^^j ^ S^rci flco^ranhv Grinshaw's Goldsmith's Histories of Greece, tmeEngand and France; Webster's United States; Ss Biblical Antiquities ; Emerson's Watts on the Sind; Algebra; Lectures on Physiology ; Linear Draw- inff • Greek optional ; Beading. ' 'SEC0.3> YEAB.-Davies' Lcgendrc's Geometry and Trl^nnomctiT • Hopkins' Christian's Instructor ; lifi- iTerrf cLlstiaity ; Botany ; Whatcly's Logic and ''•^f^SfS-mWs InteUeetual Philosophy, be- gun; Olmsted's Natural Philosophy ; Olmsted s Astro- Lmy; Chemistry ; Milton's Poems ; Ecclesiastical His- tory • Kevicw of Lectures on Physiology. 'ioLn YEA«.-Butler's Analogy ; Kames' Elements of Criticism; InteUeetual and Moral Pliilosophy; Prm- pt of Sacred Interpretation ; Lectures on Theology ; Political Economy , Compositions throughout the course^ "Systematic andthoroughlnsti-uctionmMusicisgiven to all who desire it. A large portion of the members of the Institution are attending to this branch of study. " TEBM3 OE ADMISSION, EXPENSES, &0. The conditions of admission to the Theological De- partment are. hopeful piety, and liberal education at some Oolle™. unless the candidate has otherwise qualified hun- selffor pursuing with advantage, the prescribed course 123 3reek eader, Com- ; Col- rown's ilyzing Sacred jtreece, States ; on the ' Draw- try and p ; Evi- igic and phy, be- 8 Astro - ical His- Elements y; Prin- heology 5 16 course, e, is given embers of tudy. )gical De- >ii at somo lifiedbim- jed course d of study. He is expected to bring a certificate of goo standing in somo Evangelical Church. Candidates for admission to either the Preparatory or College Depart- ment, must bring testimonials of good character, and those who come from other Institutions, must bring a certificate of honourable dismission. "Tuition is not charged in the Theological Depart- ment. In all other Departments it is 15 dollars for young men, and 12 dollars for young ladies. « Board in the Public Hall is 1 dollar per week, pay- able monthly in advance. In the village, from 1 dollar to 1 dollar 25 cents. « Room rent fi'om 4 dol, to G dol. per annum. Inciden- tal expenses, 2 dollars. " Wood costs only the labor of getting it. ^yasbing is 38 cents per doz. "Students are required to pay tbeir term biUs in ad- vance or give good security. « Pious young men who are really unable to pay their biUs regularlv, will be relieved, on application by those m the Preparatory Department, to the Oberlin Board of Education, and of the CoUegiate Department, to the Col- lege Faculty. « Each room is furnished with a stove only. " YOUNG ladies' DEPARTMENT. " Young Ladies from abroad must be not less than six- teen years of age. All young ladies desiring to receive in- struction at this Institution, must male previous ajpphca- Hon in writing, certifying their present attainments, cha- racter, and promise of usefulness -their health and dispo- sition in regard to domestic labor, and unless much ad- vanced in our course, their intention to pursue their stu- dies here, for at least two years. Of the applicants, those who design to pursue the whole course, who seem most advanced in study, and who afford the greatest promise of 121 nscfiilnoss, will have tho preference, nnd as many as can bo accommodated will be selected and apprined of their ad- rai«.sion. The Committee who have the charge of this business, wiU also decide on the applications of young ladies from the village, and as we have frequent applica^ tions from individuals who wish to take up some particu- lar study, review others, and have the privilege of attend- ing the lectures of the Faculty, the committee wdl use 1 heir discretion with respect to such cases. All who enter 11,e Institution will be expected to pursue, in regular order our established course of study, with the exception of the branches with whirh they may be familiar ; and on thc^c they will be subjected to an examination when they enter the Institution. Young ladies in College are re- nuired to conform to the general regulations of the Female Department. It is hoped that parents wiU not make ar- rangements for their daughters to visit home frequently during term time, since it essentially hinders their pro- cress in study. Young ladies who do not board m the Ladies' Hall, wiU be under the direction of the Prmcipals c,f this department in engaging board elsewhere. Tuition is 12 dollars, and incidental expmises 1 dollar, per year, paid in advance for each term at its commence- ment For manual labor, young ladies usually receive from three to four cents per hour, according to their effi- oiency Some have paid their board by manual labor, but thcvwere those who were .killed in .ome lucrative em- plovment, or had some responsible situation in the domes ti.department. It is found that the highest good of the young lafe, physical, mental, and moral, is be.t promo od by not attempting to do more than defray about half the pxpeuse of their board. « TEACH EP.s' DT^rAra':\iE^-T. «In view of the importance which Common School Teaching has assumed, a Teacher.' Department has been .%mM-. 123 I established; embracing most of Iho studies pursued in Ibe Collegiate Course except the languages, >vith such luhU- tions as arc necessary to adapt it to its purpose. « Those iu tho Teachers' Department uill recite with the College Classes when pursuing the same studies, and wiU be entitled to all the privileges of such classics, and at the completion of their course will receive the iVm-hcr . Diidoma. « MISCELLANEOra ITEMS. « Candidates for admission to any department mti> W subject to an examination as to their character, talents, and literary attainments ; and none arc admitted to lull membership, until they have honourably passed a prolm- tion of six months. None can be received who travel on the Sabbath on their way to Oberlin. « By a rule of the Institution, it is out of order for any pupil, licentiates excepted, to go abroad to speak in public, or lecture, without permission from the Faculty. « The Annual Commencement occurs on the Fourth Wed- nesday of August. There arc two Terms, one beginning with the Annual Commencement, and the other on tho Fourth Wednesday of February. There is one A^acation, which begmson the Fourth Wednesday of No^ ember, and ends on the Fourth Wednesday of February. « Indigent students preparing for the Christian ministry and possessing the requisite qualifications, may be re- ceived under the patronage of the Oberlin Board of Edu- cation. « The number of students has so increased that the In- stitution cannot pledge itself to furnish labour. However, diligent and faithful young men can usually get sufficient employment from the Institution or from the inhabitants of the village. Many by daily labor have been able to pay their board. Others have not been able to do this, while others still have paid their board, washing, and room-rent. 126 « The Institution will do nil in its power to sceuro la* bour for the students, both on its own premises and among 1 he surrounding inhabitants. The long vacation gives an opportunity, to those qualified, to engage in teaching, by the avaUs of which many pay a large part of their ex- penses." Among the list of students we observed that they were from nearly uU the States, though chiefly from the Free states, and several from England, Ireland, and Canada. Here labour is dignifuxl, knowledge cheap , learning of the best quality within the reach of all, mind is free, the society is select, the scitlomcnt eminently religious, and the college, lilic a fountain of pure water, ever sending forth its living streams to refresh and bless the inhabitants <;f our desert world. AVe only see one occasion of regret, Hud that is, the indescribable condition of the roads, which \ve presume will be improved as the settlement prospers. Lefore I left Oberlin, I addressed a crowded and re- t.])ectable assembly on Freedom, Temperance, Peace, &c. Aftcr^vards, I spent the evening with several of the Faculty tind friends, and then returned on my route towards Buf- falo by Elyria and Cleveland. At develand I was just in time to secure a berth on board the splendid steamer Sultana, a description of >\ hich, and my Lake voyage, must be reserved for the next chapter. CHAPTER YIII. LAKE ERIE, HrEFALO, FALLS OF NIAGARA, TORONTO, KINGSTO^VN, AND RIVER ST. LAWRENCE. Lake Eric is, in fact, a large inland sea— its circumfer- ence being 600 miles— its greatest length, from Maumee Bav to Buflfalo, is 270 mHes— its average breadth, from 40 .J^ 127 to 50 inilcB ; opposite aevcland, however, it is near 00 mUos broad. This splendid sheet of water alFordb an ex- tensive interior navigation. The day was most lovely on whieh I steamed from Cleveland to Buffalo. The vessel, the Sultana, was almost a new one, and the most elegant I ever saw, though I understand there are one or two more, which surpass her in size, power, and magnificence. , xi. i >i r «» The length of the Sultana is 230 feet ; depth, 14 feet ; cyUnder of engme, 15 fect-11 feet stroke ; wheel, 30J- feet • 650 horse-power ; cost 70,000 doUars ; will accom- modLte in state-room-berths, 250 persons; and m the steerage from 500 to 700. She plies between Buffalo and Chicago, a voyage of 1,100 miles, which she a^com- pushes in 3i days. Cabin passage, with exccUent board, I 10 doUars ; or steerage, 5 doUars. Ihmk, English reader of this ; 1,100 miles in a floating magnificent hotel, with three meals, of several courses, with sleeping apart- ments of the most comfortable description, and the entire charge two pounds sterling! The competition was so great last summer that some of the boats only charged one pound twelve shillings ! Wc left Cleveland at 5 p.m., and having walked on the upper deck till near 10, 1 retired to my berth, rose about 6 next morning, breakfasted, and was on shore at Bullalo about half-past 7. Through the kindness of thej^aptam, on the soUcitation of my friend, Mr. Chard, I obtained a handsone varnished drawing of the Sultana and also ot the Niagara, which ornament the waUs of my dwelling. Having had my luggage removed to one of the large ho cb in the city, I went out to eaU on some Engbsh familie whom I had known in our own country. I also waited on the Kev. Dr. Tucker, Baptist Minister, to whose Chris- tip« c--t,-v and kindness I was greatly indebted, and who 128 Avas resolvGLl to malvo my visit to Buffalo as agreeable as possible. His lioiisc, with all its various liospitalities, wore freelv at mv service ; but I was ultimately most oomrortably entertained by one of tlic members of Dr. Tucker's cburcl), Mr. W. Cliard, who, with his excellent lufly, had left Loudon for the States a few years ago. aims I had every facility for seeing everything worth viewing, and bad excellent means of obtaining the most accurate information concerning the history of the city. "buffalo. " This city— a port of entry, and the capital of Erie country— is situated on the outlet of Lake Erie, at the head of Niagara river, and at the mouth of Buffalo creek, which forms its harbour. It is distant from Albany, by railroad, 325 miles ; by the Erie Canal, 364 miles ; 470 from New York, and 22, S.E., from the Niagara Falls. "Buffalo was originally laid out in 1801, but grew slowly until 1812. In that year it became a military post, and in Dec. 1813 every building, save two, was burnt by a party of British and Indians. "It soon, however, rose from its ashes, and, in four years afterwards, contained upwards of a hundred build- i^^gg_some of which were large and elegant built houses. At the present time its population exceeds 30,000, and is rapidly increasing. At the close of the war, the Uni- ted States paid the inhabitants of Buffalo a compen- sation of 80,000 dollars for the losses they had sustained by the conflagration of 1813. "Buffalo owes the commencement of her prosperity to the completion of the Erie Canal, which was opened in 1825. It was incorporated as a city in April, 1832 ; it is divided into five wards, and governed by a Mayor and Common Council annually elected. It is laid out partly on a bluff, or terrace, rising fifty feet above the lake, and partly on tne low ground, or marsh, towards the lake or creek. 1^9 , " The raarsli, liaving been drained, is now become tbo business part of the city. The ground on which the city is built rises gradually from the creek which runs through its south part, and at the distance of two miles it becomes an elevated and extended plain, fifty feet from Lake Erie. " From this elevation there is a delightful view of the Lake, the Niagara Kiver, the Erie Canal and tlie Canada shore. The city is regularly laid out with broad and straight streets that intersect usually at right angles. " Main-street which is more than two miles in length, and 120 feet in breadth, is occupied on either side with fine and lofty shops, dwellings, and hotels, which present an imposing appearance. " There are three public squares, N^iagara, Eranklin, and Washington, which are planted with trees, adding much to the beautv and health of the city. Buffalo has a court- house, jail, 'county-clerk's office, two markets, in the upper story of one of which are the Common Council Chamber and Citv offices, and about twenty Churches, several of them large and elegant. It has many spacious and elegant hotels. " A pile of wood and stono extends 1500 foot on the south side of the mouth of the creek, so as to form a break- water, for the protection of vessels from the violent gales which are not unfrecpiently experienced here. « A lighthouse, 46 feet high and 20 in diameter, is placed Dt the head of the pier : it is a substantial and beautiful structure, built of dressed yellowish limestone, and is an ornament to the city. »' The commerce of Buffalo has already become very great in consequence of the trading l\icihties ailbrded by the canal and railroad, in connection with the lake naviga- tion, which has an extent of some thousands of miles. « Buffalo has communication on the east by canal with Albany, and thence by a complete chain of railroads 523 130 h miles in length, witli Boston. It is also connected by railroad with Niagara Falls, and Lewiston, on the north." Here are a considerable number of English families ; and the city has a considerable amount of trade with the Cana- dians who reside just across the narrow part of the lake. In Buffalo, there are five banks ; various Benevolent, Lite- rary, and Medical institutions ; three Episcopal Churches j three Presbyterian ; two Methodists ; three Baptist ; one Unitarian; two Universalistsj three Romish j one German; and two Lutherans. There are published in Buffalo two or three daily papers and several weekly ones. The shops, or stores as they are called, are large and well-stocked ; and the book-shops literally crammed with every variety of literature. The main street is very wide and handsome ; and many of the other streets are distinguished by the elegance of the buildings. The quays are crowded with shipping; and <*ommercial activity distinguishes the whole city. Wc saw no place in the States which indicated greater prosperity than Buffalo. It is literally the grand Pass, for the hundreds of thousands of emigrants who are daily going in dense shoals to the far West. During my stay in Buffalo, I visited the City Hall, and heard a case for felony tried, but it would require the pencil of a Cruickshank to do justice to the scene. The building itself is handsome and commodious, but the ob- servance of all order and forms of propriety, which we have been accustomed to connect with a Court of Justice, were wanting. The Eecorder and his two colleagues were fine intelligent looking men, and doubtless well qualified for their onerous duties. Immediately in front of the Bench was an open space, in which were several chairs and tables. Here the counsellors and attorneys sit. Here too, the prisoner sat on the chair next to his lawyer. In the centre of the area was a fojipish lawyer, with his feet resting on ■ 181 the back of a chair, b. that the Boles of his boots were exactly in front of the Recorder. The Jury, who had seats on the left of the Bench, were sitting in every possible position, except a natural one. Persons were incessantly walking in and out ; boys, dogs, &c., had all free mgrees and egress. There seemed to be an officer of order present, but as a regular American he interfered with no man a liberty of sleeping, walking, or talking. The Counsel sat while examining the witnesses. Pemalc witnesses had a chair, and sat on the steps of the Bench while giving evidence. The evidence was not taken in short hand, so that immense long pauses inter^'cned be- tween every question ; and what with the general contu- Bioii, it was difficult to know Avhat was said or done. The counsel for the prisoner was a keen, clever genius, with an uncommon stock of assurance and smartness, whose legs, encircled in green flannel pantaloons, were often on a iair level with his chin. , j ^ ^i Not being able to hear in the seats appropriated to tUe public, I ventured to go into the said area, and sat m the next chair to this veritable limb of American law, and was not a little amused with the severity he seemed to exhibit when cross-examining the witnesses for the prosecivtion But the whole process was so excessively tedious that I had to leave before the trial finished. The day previous, a young man, one of the fine southern nobility, had been tried for attempting the life of the editor of one of the Buffalo papers. , , , i Lodging in one of the city hotels, it appears that he had conducted himself with such gross impropriety that the proprietor had to threaten him with forcible ejectment. One of the conductors of the city press aUowed an article to appear in his paper advising young men from the south to conduct themselves with propriety, and not m any wav , .... o -•__ i- 4^.0 «onthern i^<'?3on o? but by implication, reiernng lu vM= ,^oiuun-i ^ * l32 m nfTi Next. how( he "wfint and ed morning, nowever, lie wont ana cnquir for the editor, and, on liis presenting himself to him, he doliborately drew a pistol and fired at him — the contents, fortunately, being turned aside by a purse of money in hi^j pocket, or the result would doubtless have been fatal. We have learned since that his southern assassin has been condemned to three years' imprisonment for his murderous attempt. During the Sabbath I spent in Buffalo, I preached to n large and respectable congregation in Dr. Tucker's church. In the afternoon, I preached in the Presbyterian church, where Dr. Hopkins then officiated, but of whose mournful demise I have heard with sincere concern since, and, in the evening, I attended the prayer meeting in the basement of Dr. Tucker's neeting, and felt constrained to urge on the audience the desirableness and importance of cultivating congregational singing. Nothing surprises an Eiiglisliman more than the want of congregational singing ill all the States, the Methodists not excepted. This gives a great and depressing air of dullness to all their services. Besides, it appears as scriptural and reasonable to pray by proxy, as to delegate the entire service of holy song to a few scientific persons who form the choir. I admit the singing was in general correct and sweet, but there was wanting the realization of what our poet has so well versified — " Lord how delightful 'tis to see A ivhole assembly worship thee ; At once they stuff, at once they pray, They hear of heaven, and learn the way." My visit to Buffalo was exceedingly pleasing and satis* factery to myself, with one exception. I had heard that the Eer. Pharcellus Church, D.D., Baptist Minister of Ro- * Chester, would be at Dr. Tucker's before T left, and antici- pated with much pleasure seeing a Brother Minister with 133 wliom I had spent several days at the ETargclical Allianca Meeting in London the previous year. But judge of my surprise when this learned Christian Minister of the North could deliberately affirm that the slaves of the South were better off than the servants of Great Britain ; and %vheu I asked him to explain in what sense, he coolly said, Why, hoihpht/sicalli/and meniallif ! To hear this, whieh involved a falsehood of the most abominable description, from a person that had visited our shores, constrained me to reply, " Sir, it is the most infamous and infernal libel you a're capable of uttering, and I defy even the father of lies, to do a greater injustice, in one sentence, either to the slave of the Southern States, or the servaiits of my own land. There can be no doubt we have much sutfor- iug in our land-suffering that may greatly distress every friend to humanitv ; but English servants cannot be bought and sold at the Auction Mart. They are men and women, not chaUels ; they cannot be flogged by then- employers ; they cannot be separated from their wife and children, and homes, and sold into distant lands ; female serv-xnts cannot be exposed and violated with impunity ; it is not a crime to teach them to read ; their oath is not treated with legal contempt in our Courts of Justice ; their limbs, and muscles, and nerves, and souls, do not be- long to others ; they are not separated from others in the Sanctuary or at the Lord's-table." No, Dr. Church, your evidence is false and you knew it to be 'so, when you uttered it, and I was glad to find that Dr. Tucker and the Kev. Dr. Ilaigh expressed no sym- pathy with such unrighteous sentiments. I marvel not that some abolitionists should have been so violent iu their denunciations of American Ministers, and Churches, when a Northern man, and one that would have us be- lieve, he too, was a friend of aboKtion, could utter such an extravagant libel as that wliich I have stated. It is only iuir \ ■ 134 I 11 to say tLat Dr. Cliurch lias since remarked that he fearod I should misunderstand what he had said. I have only to remark that I have given his words exactly, and if he did not mean, what they evidently can only mean, let him manfully, for the sake of truth and righteousness, repu- diate and disavow them, and say that, in haste, he had ut- tered thum. But if they are the sentiments he holds, let him as manfully establish their correctness. My soul was deeply pained for our common humanity, fallen as it is, by this sad and woful specimen of American prejudice and calumny. On Friday, Sept. 28th, I left my kind and worthy friends nt Buffalo, and proceeded by steamer for Niagara. The morning was fine, but windy, and I greatly enjoyed the passage on the lake towards one of the most sublime scenes our world presents. Several miles before we drew near to Niagara, I beheld the towering pillar of the vapour rising above the Falls, and the deep bass thundering roar assailed my ears. We landed about two miles above the Falls, and then were conveyed by rail-cars, which were drawn by horses. I took up my abode at the Pavilion Hotel, within two or three hundred yards of the Falls themselves, where the pro- prietor, an Englishman, is ever ready to provide everything for the comfortable accommodation of his guests. From the roof of thePavilionHotel,youhave a good view of the Falls, which I had also from the window of my sleeping apart- ment. But the finest and most effective sight is obtained by ascendhig an immense piece of rock, within a hundred yards of the rolling volume of water, and Avhich stands on the very edge of the roaring, foaming basin below. Here the scene is most sublime, even to painful oppression, and I felt that fifteen minutes silent gazing on this wondrous work of Jehovah, well repaid the tedium, sickness, and expense of a trausatUmlic voyage. How I ionged to huvo 135 with me my beloved friends, that they might hear and see this marvellous and unrivalled phenomenon of nature. I was greatly indebted to the intelligent and kind-hearted Baptist minister of the adjacent village of Drummonds- ville, Eev. Mr. Cleghorn, who kindly drove me in his gig, tempted me to ascend the rock to which I have referred, and altogether enlivened my visit to the Falls. The following more minute description from the pen of Mr. Williams, from whom we have so often quoted, can- not fail to interest the reader : — " FALLS OF NIAGARA. «' These Falls are esteemed the most sublime object of the kind in the world, language being incapable of oon- veying to the mind an adequate description of their beau- ties. Their immensity raise emotions of wonder, terror and delight in aU who look upon them. There are other Falls which have a greater perpendicular descent, but none in the known world where such a mass of water is preci- pitated from so great a height. It has been computed that the quantity of water discharged over the FaUs is about 670,000 tons per minute. " The Falls are situated on the Niagara Eiver, fourteen mUes above lake Ontario, and twenty three miles below lake Erie, on the New York side. The river forms the outlet of the waters of the great upper lakes, which, toge- ther with Erie and Ontario, drain, according to Professor Drake, of Kentucky, an area of country equal to 40,000 square miles. These lakes contain nearly one half of the fresh water on the surface of the globe. " At the distance of about three-fourths of a mile above the FaUs, the river begins a rapid descent, making within that distance a succession of slopes, equal to rifty two feet on the American side, and fifty seven on the opposite one, and forming a powerful current at the faUs, it turns at a • X A 1^ i-_ j-v.^ TvT,x^*i,-oqQf nnd is tb^n fiuddcnlv con- p 136 w i 1 tracted in width from three miles to three-fourths of a mile. Below tlic cataract the river is only halfamilo wide, but its depth is said to exceed 300 feet. " The cataract is divided into two parts by Goat or Iris Island, containing about seventy-five acres ; but the prin- cipal channel is on the west or Canadian side, whose waters form the Great Horse-shoe Falls, over which about seven* oiiihths of the whole is thrown. The eastern channel between Goat Island, and the State of New York, is again divided by a small island, named Prospect, forming a beautiful cascade. " The descent on the American side, as ascertained by measurement, is 1G4 feet, and on the Canadian side 158 feet. " The chief features of this sublime scene are the Great Horse-shoe Falls, Goat Island, Table Eock, and the Ame- rican Fall. " The best single view of the cataract is that from Table Rock, on the Canadian side, but the best view of the rapids is from Goat Island, and of the American Falls, from the Ferry, a short distance below the falls, on the Ame- rican side ; but the most sublime and overpowering view is that of the Great Horse-shoe Fall on the Canadian side. " A bridge connects Bath and Goat Islands, with the main land, the erection of which was a work of noble darinir, for it is here that the waters rush with tremendous velocity towards the fearful abyss. " On Bath Island is a toll house, w"^iere visitors arc re- " quired to inscribe their names, and at the same time pay a tee of twenty-five cents, which entitles them to visit all the Tskmds, with their appendages, as often as may be wished, during the visit, or season, without any additional clsarge. " There is also a bridge, called the Terrapin Bridge, about 300 feet in length, jutting out from the west part ths of a Lf a mile t or Iria j]io prin- ;e wutera xt sevcn» Dhe State , uamed ained by ian side he Great lie Ame« )m Table / of the ills, from je Amc- ing view lian side, with the of noble mcndoua '8 arc re- time pay ) visit all may be dditional Bridge, vest part 137 6f Goat Island, which projects 60 feet over the Horse Shoe Fall. On the rocks, at the verge of the precipice, is a stone tower, erected in 1833, which is forty-five feet in length, with winding stairs on the inside, and an open gallery on the top surrounded by an iron ballustrade, from which, or from the end of the bridji^e, the erfect of the Falls upon the beholder is awfully sublime. Th-? descent to the bottom of i\\e Fulls, on Goat Island, is accomplished by covered winding stairs, erected in the year 1829 by the late Nichoks Biddie, Esq., of Philadel- phia ; it gives visitors an opportunity of descending be- low the bank, and of passing a coiisicfcrable distance be- hind the two main sheets of water. The descent from the island to the margin of the river is 183 feet. " A common flight of steps leads down 40 feet to the perpendicular spiral steps, 90 in number, v»hich are en- closed in a bedding in the shape of a hexagon, resting ou a firm foundation at the bottom. From the foot of the building there are three paths leading to the most import- ant points of observation, one of which leads to the river below, a distance of eighty feet, where visitors will find ono of the finest fishing placesin this part of the world. Here was Sam Patch's pumping-place. The path at the left of tlio staircase leads to the Great Crescent in Horse-Shoe Fall, ' where, when the wind blows up the river a safe and de- lightful passage is opened behind the sheet of water. The path to the right leads to a magnificent cave appropriately named, on its discovery, tolas' cave, or cave of t\w Winds ; it is about 125 feet across, 50 feet wide, and 100 high is situated directly behind the Centre Fall, or Cas- cade which at the bottcm is more than 100 wide. "About 100 feet below the Fails on the American si(a^ is another staircase leading to the ferry, which connect s with the Canadian shore. From the ferry a very near view of the highest Fall, and the most chayiiui-g prospccli' of the entire Fall, are obtained. 1 188 "There it not the lewt danger crossing the rifer, com- petent persons haying charge of the boats; and for a short one, the excursion is delightful, eight minutefl being the usual time in crossing. " Persons occasionally swim across ^thout difficulty. •* The visitor on being landed will proceed up the bank by a carriage road, at the head of which stands the Qifton-house. Here refreshments may be obtained ; and afterwards proceeding towards Table rook, where will be found a spiral staircase, from the foot of which you can pass 150 feet behind the sheet of water. A gentleman has the charge of this staircase, and fomishes dressee and a guide for visitors who wish to go behind the sheet. " There is also a reading-room, and a place for refresh- ment, with Albums, an examination of which proved very interesting. "About equidistant between Clifton-house and Table rock stands Mr. Bamett's veiy interesting Museum, a visit to which shoidd not be omitted. "The Camera Obscura, near the Museum is also worthy the attentit n of visitors. " From Table rock you have one broad and imposing view of the Falls, and much of the scenery of the rapids and islands. " It is generally conceded that this vi^r, and that from the Terrapin Bridge and Tower ajre the best, and combine more of the beautiful and sublime than can be obtained from any other point on either side of the race. " In ascending the bank from Table rock to the Hotels, you have a fine and extensive view of the surrounding country. \ " A suspension-bridge is about to be thrown over the Niagara river near the Falls, the stock of which has been subscribed for. The work, which is to be on a stupendous scale, 200 feet above the river, wili bo 800 feet long and >, corn- for a I being julty. e bank da tbe 1; and will be on can Ltleman dressee ) sheet* refresh- ed very i Table )eum, a is also tnposing e rapids [latfrom combine obtained e Hotels, rounding over the has been apendous long and 40 feet wide— the centre tract for cars, that will connect with Canada railroad thrwigh Detroit, and be capable of transporting 300 tons over it at once, at the rate of ten Biiles an hour. «* There will be two tracts for carriages, and a foot-path, and it will have three spans, with abutments 200 feet high. "The completion of this noble work of art, will, no doubt, be the means of drawing an immense increase ot visitors to this most attractive and lovely spot. It will take about two years to complete it, which will be in time for the Canada railroad. "Three miles below the Falls is the Whirlpool resem- bling in its appearance the celebrated Maelstrom, on tbe coast of Norway. It is occasioned by the river making nearly a right angle, while it is hero narrower than at any other place, not being more than thirty rods in width. andth« current running with such an amazing velocity a* to rise up in the middle ten feet above the sides. This has been ascertained by actual measurement. " There is a path leading down the bank to the Whirl- pool on both sides, and though somewhat difficult to aacend and descend, it is accompUshed ahnost every day ou the American side. "A mile below the Whirlpool is a place on the Ame- rican side called the DevQ's Hole, embracing about two acres, cut out literally and perpendicularly in the rock by the side of the river, and about 150 feet deep. " An angle of this hole, or gulf, comes within a few feet of the stage road, affording travellers an opportunity, without alighting, of looking into the yawning abyss. But they should alight and pass to the further side of the flat projecting rock, where they will feel themselves richly repaid for their trouble ! "At the close of the last war with Great Britain, three u-""- "o-uiaV. oTiir^a af«f!nn«fl on Like Erie, were declared unfit for service, and condemned. 140 " Permission was obtained to send thorn oyer the Falls. The first was torn to Mliivers by the rapids, and went over in fragments ; the second illli d with water before she reached the Falls, but the third, Mhieh was in better condition, took the leap gallantly, and retained her form till she was hidden in the mist below. *' A reward of ten dollars wiw offered for the largest fragment of wood which could be found from either wreck, five for the second, and so on. " One piece only was seen, and that about a foot long, was smashed, as by a vice, and its edges notched like the teeth of a saw. " In the year 1827 a few individuals purchased a largo schooner of 140 tons bunlen. This vessel was towed down the river to within half-a-mile of the ^'rapids" when it was cut adrift and left io its fate. " The rapids ai'e caused by ninnerous ledges of rocks, from two to four feet high, extending wholly across the river, over which the water successively pitches for about tlic distance of a mile immediately above tho main cataract. Tlic vessel got safely over the first ledge, but, upon pitch- ing over the second, her masts went by the board, she t^prung a leak and filled >vrth water, but continued never- t heless to float, though she changed her position to stern ioremost, in which manner she took her last plunge over the main Fall, her bowsprit boing the last part that was visible of her. " She, of course, never rose more ; but numerous frag- ments of her timbers and planking were picked up some miles below in very small pieces, bruised, torn and shat- tered. ' There were two bears and some other animals on board of her, but the bears seemed to have had some misgivings of the safety of tho voyage, and therefore, when she sprung a leak and floated stern foremost, they stepped overboard, Ill ami, with much difTicTilty, succeeded in awimminR ashore, after having been carried half way down towards the raniu cataract by the rapidity of the current. It is the opinion of those who have been h^ig resident near the cataract, that not even the dilferent sorts of fish tliat happen to bo forced down the falls ever c?capc with life ; and in cor- roboration of this, numerous dead fish are daily seen be- low the gulf. Wild fowl, too, unmindful of their danger, or floated down while they are asleep, never escape de- struction, if oneo driven within the verge of the main cataract." Having viewed the Falls, about meridian noon, in tlu> evening at sunset, then about eleven by moonlight, during the night from my chamber window, and last of all about sunrise next morning, I took my place in the rail-cars for Quecnstown, and thence went on board one of the Britisli mail-steamers, and immediately started for Montreal, calling at Toronto and Kingston, and other places, on our course thither. Lake Ontario commences at Quecnstown, and from thence to Toronto is 43 miles. Toronto is most beautifully situated, the houses in general well buUt, and the whole city indicating every sign of rapid growth and prosperity. Our stay here was exceedingly limited, and therefore I had not time to call on several resident English and Scotch families, whom I had known in our own country. We next called at Port Hope, Couborny, and one or two other places, and reached Kingstown about five o'clock next morning, a distance from the Falls of 240 miles. Lake Ontario is 180 miles in length, and about 40 mih s in brtadth. It is 230 feet above tide level, and mean depth about 490 feet. Of course, it is navigable for vessels of any size. At Kingstown, it empties itself in the St. Lawrence Eiver. I had merely a ramble of about two hours through the streets and environs of Kingstown, t 142 wbict is a clean well-built city, and contains msnj fino and elegant stone buildings. Here we exchanged our steamer for one better adapted to navigate the fearful ^apids of the St. Lawrence. Immediately below Kingstown we passed through what might be termed a series of fairy scenes, called the "Thousand Isles," picturesque andloTely beyond description. During the day, we touched at the following places to take in wood, and deliyer and receive Her Majesty's post* bags : Brockville, 61 miles below Kingstown j Prescott ; and on the United States side at Ogdensburg ; then at Cornwall ; and, having passed down some rapids, which required seven hands to steer safely our noble vessel, we came to anchor at Coteau du Lac, as we had still more of these perilous portions of the river in our course. Early next morning we resumed our voyage, reached Lachine about 8, and by stage coach arrived at Montreal about 9 a.m. — the entire voyage from the Falls toMontreal being 435 miles. The boats were excellent ; the tables well supplied with provisions ; the berths clean and comfortable ; but the fare was nearly double what is enlarged for the same distance in the United States. I fancied, too, that I saw a marked change so soon as I entered into Canada. Fewer newspa- pers, less activity, and the spirit of enterprise performing on a much lower key. Several of the farm-houses, too, on the banks of the river St. Lawrence, seemed small and comfortless when compared with those in the States. Perhaps it is not too much to dispute if the world fur- nishes finer and more varied and interesting scenery, both of land and water, than you enjoy in a voyage from Buffalo to Montreal. The rapids in some cases seemed quite frightful, and we believe in one case the descent is upwards of eighty feet in about four huudrcd yofus. istOoiiieFS have only ventured down during the last two years. The \' bi B< ei w P al I a i 143 Wttore.t cold I m in America I experienced on the riyer Bt. I*.™mce, when only the d.y before »eb«i felt con- eidenbte heat and had encountereda t^*""^'"^™" On the boats Imet withnumbewof EngUsh and Scotch who were trayelling-wme for businem. and othe« for Z.»x. ; and in pacing down lake Erie. I had a .evere att«>k of «a rickne... which, however. ,peedJ, ,«b«ded. Through the divine mercy, I re«>hed Mont«»l in health and safety* CHAPTEE IX. HOSTB«AL-X«» CHAlOIAIS-BtTBU^OMH-MOKTIE' HBB-BASVnXK-BrTTOS IWHIMIil. COHIBBBHCl. On the .t»ge coach amving at Mont«>al. I was etl^ck with .he nuXr of French signs, name, &c and was often Tn^ded of some of the old scenes on the Contment. In ™^Lad I met my respected and most e^^ed liJ, Bey. Dr. Davis, who had left I^ndon a few days before me to take up his residence «gam in Montreal, ^to the usual kind congratulations, I soon obtamed a tToS :Scon«.ed^etotheBap^onege^om the President of which, the Bev. Mr. W'i^^f "l ceivedakindand earnest invitation to make the Collegemy "r *rj,.,4npirit of llowing ratitucle r world jountry, >verour ling the broken mnuallv ft re, pist who md does rmente.d lift his ,nt to his nd fights vho does jruikf* of darkness 1 souls of ralks un- mt Jesus, g drinks, rights of man, is deeply implicated in the crimes and suf- ferings of those who become the victims of alcohol, and his odious traffic merits the scorn and execration of the civiliaed world. " D. Wateeman, Chairman." EDUCATION. " The following Report of the Committee on Educa- tion was adopted. " Whereas the present age demands in the ministry, not only high spiritual attainments, but also thorough intellectual culture and discipline, and whereas, we be- lieve that the Biblical School is adapted to meet the said demands in our ministry, — Therefore, Resoloed^ " 1. That, in view of its past usefulness and present prosperity, we earnestly commend it to the sympathies, the prayers, and the liberal support of all the lovers of Zion. " 2. That we earnestly entreat all the friends of Edu- cation in our denomination, to use their influence in favcp of our Biblical School in preference to other similar insti- tutions. " 3. Tliat we recommend to all our churches to encou- rage, by advice and pecuniary means, the young men con- nected with them, who give evidence of a call to the work of the ministry, to secure for themselves the advantages afforded by this school. " 4. That our Literary Institutions, botli from their fsicilities to improve the rising generation, and to advance sound learning, present strong claims upon the continued and unwearied countenance aod support of all Free-will Baptists. " 5. That our infant College in Michigan, founded and thus far sustained by a noble zeal and sacrifice on the part of its immediate friends, calls loudly for the fervent prayers and liberal contributions of the friends of Eduoa- tioju generally. I* jf ilmki 156 " 6. That we now pledge ourselves to nev and moro, untiring efforts to promote the cause of Education in all its branches in our denomination. **J. FtJijiLOirTOif, Chairman.'* POPEEY. "The committee on Popery presented the foUewing "Report, which was adopted. *' 1. Resolved, That we pu^Ksh it to the world as our aolemn and deliberate conviction, that neither any other system of religion under the whole heaven, nor yet open infidelity, can compare \yith Eomanism for usurpation, tyramiy, cruelty, blasphemy, avarice or treachery. "2. Eesolved, That unless as citizens of the United States, and lovers of Protestanism, we put forth strenuous efforts to shed light upon the character and aims of Po* pery, our religious and civil liberties are in danger from tliis power. " 3. Resolved^ That the present condition of the great powers of the old world exhibits some encouraging omens which afford ground for hope that the power of the " man of sin" may yet be broken by the strong arm of Omnipo- tence, in the use of means. "4. liesolved, That in view of the present alarming symptoms and encouraging circumstances, it becomes the duty of the church and ministry of Christ, to oppose the progress of this monstrous system, by the diffusion of ge- neral knowledge, the circulation of religious information, the distribution of the holy Scriptures, the fortification of the minds of the rising generation by Sabbath school iu- structioii, by sounding the note of warning from the pulpit, and by solemn prayer and consecration to God. •«D. M. Graham, Chairman." SLAVERY. « TU« A>11rt«;T>c» PprjoH frnm flipi po tnTn if h'e on Slaver^ was adopted. 167 and mop», ion in all it rman. follewiug Id as owT my other yet open lurpation, ry. e United strenuous as of Po- iger from the great ng omens the " man ' Omnipo* alarming 3omes the ppose the ion of ge« brmation, Scation of school iu* he pulpit, ti rman. n Slaverif I <* Your committee would respectfully recommend that Ihe following resolution, to them referred, should be adopted, and a committee of three be appomted to carry it into effect. ' " Resolvedy That this General Conference recommend the holding ofa Free-will Baptist Anti-slavery Convention in the city of Boston, during the time of the anniversa- ries next May. "The following resolution and question have also been referred to this committee. « Besolped, That the unparalleled sinfubiess and cruelty of American slavery demand of the Free-will Baptist de- nomination to make the adoption and practice of Anti- elavery principles a test of Christian fellowship. "Question. Is it not time for Free-Will Baptist churches to withhold fellowship from all churches which hold fellowship with slaveholders or slaveholdingchurches? " In relation to the foregoing resolve and question, your committee are of opinion that the elevated position and decided action of the last four General Conferences on these subjects should contmue to be maintained, and adopted, and carried out by all our churches. " Your committee would also recommend to the notice of the Conference the foUowing resolutions. " Eesolvedf That no circumstances which exist in the case of any individual in any position of the United States are such as to justify hun in the practice of slaveholding, and the plea that men hold slaves from motives of bene- volence, is usually a mere subterfuge, no man being juati- tified in so far invading the inaUenaible righti of another under any pretence of benefiting him. « Resolved, That we most heartily rejoice that the anti- slavery enterprise of the present time is operating, both directlv and indirectly, both north and south, for the overthrow of this foul institution. «« A. K. MouLTON, Chairman." 158 in III compliance with the recommendation of the Com- mittee, four brethren were chosen to make the necessary- arrangements for a Free-will Baptist Anti-slavery Conven- tion, to be held at the time of the New England Anniver- saries in Boston next May. PEACE. The committee on Peace submitted the following re- port, which was adopted : — "The committee on Peace having considered the subjects Inferred to them, report the following resolutions as substitutes for the resolutions referred from the last Conference : " 1. Mesolvedy ^That the doctrine of "peace on earth," proclaimed by angels, and enforced by the teachings and example of Christ and his apostles, constitutes a grand peculiarity of our religion, that it deserves far more atten- tion from the church and ministry than it is now receiving, or has received for the last fifteen centuries. " 2. Hesolvedf that the custom of appealing to arms for the settlement of national difficulties, is at open variance with the principles of Peace, and consequently hostile to the spirit and precepts of Christianity. "3. Sesolvedj lliat in view of our present unnecessary and cruel war with a sister republic, and its long dark train of evils, pecuniary and political, social and spiritual, we commend the cause of Peace to the special support of all our brethren. " 4. Resolved, That all demonstrations of joy in honour of bloody victories achieved in Mexico, and the sympathy manifest,ed by so many ministers and professed Christians, in the design and success of the present war, evinces Sk deplorable want of Christian rectitude and piety. " 5. Resolved^ That we recommend frequent and earnest prayer to the God of Heaven for the speedy return of Peace, by a timely repentance on the part of our govern* ^ 159 ment, that shall result in the national salvation of Mexico, and redeem the tarnished honour of our country. •« All of which is respectfully submitted. " John Fullonton, Chairman of Committee." It will be seen from the above resolutions, however the other Denominations of the United States may be in^ fected with the pro-slavery or War spirit, that the Free- will Baptists stand nobly out, and set an example worthy of the imitation of the whole of the Christian Churches of that country. With mutual and affectionate confession, earnest prayer, and holy praise, on Saturday noon, Oct. 16th, the Brethren finished the proceedings of this interesting meeting, and in a few minutes afterwards many of them were going towards their respective homes and spheres of labour,— separating never all to meet together again, until they as- semble before the throne of God and the Lamb in heaven. After the two services next day, I and my companion from England, were conveyed to Lyndon Centre, where we held a religious service in the Methodist chapel. My worthy host Mr. Drown, whose guest I had been at Sutton for nearly a fortnight, and whosekind and unwearied attentions, with those of his worthy wife, I can never forget, came to the vehicle provided for us, and with much affectionate emotion, and with many tears, bade us fare- well. May he and his not lose their reward in the great Early on Monday morning we left by stage for Fran- coma and Lisbon, in New Hampshire, where we preached in the evening. In Franconia there is a large iron blast foundery, where some of the best iron in the States is manufactured. This place is also distinguished for its extremes of heat and cold. I have learned from the papers since I left, that during the last winter the Thermometer was 25* I 160 hthir Zero, ftnd that the qiiicksilror was frozen into one solid mass. The next day I waa conducted by Elder Blake in his private conyeyauce a distance of 40 miles to Holdemess Village. This is considered one of the finest rides in America. A few miles above Franconia we passed through the Notch, a narrow opening between two lofty mountains, in which nature i^pe^urs in its most awful grandeur. On the summit of one of these towering Cliffs there is a most striking and remarkable profile, called " The Old Man of the mountain." The face is perfect, and travellers in the summer season come hundreds of miles to see it, and the wild scenery that surrounds it. The old man's head is often enveloped in mist, but we were so happy as to have a bright and clear day, so that our view was most perfect. What is also remarkable in this object of universal attention, is that as you proceed a few yards farther, the profile is changed, and the face appears like that of a long, thin-faced old woman. The face might now pass aa that of the Granny of the last hundred generations. Having travelled through this unrivtdled scenery, we reached the pleasant, thriving village of Holdemess. Here in the spacious Free- Will Baptist Chapel, I preached to a large and attentive congregation. Next morning, having been conducted by the worthy Minister to see the large woollen and paper mills, I left for Mbbedith Bbii>0£, a town occupying one of the loveliest sites in the States. It is deUghtfiilly situated between two lakes, surrounded by bold and beautiful scenery, and remarkably clean and well built. Here are several handsome Churches, factories, good shops, and spacious hotels. One or two weekly papers are also published. i6i i ticre T saw the patent mode of mating wooden pcg$j for shoes, which are sent to every part of the world. I lectured in the evening, to a large audience, on Chris*- tian activity, benevolence, and Slavery. Next morning, the minister of our people here, conveyed me to Canterbury village, and, on our way, we were able to pay a visit to the Shakeb Establishment. One of the trustees conducted us through the shops, herb-store, dairy, &c., &c. He also kindly furnished me with two or three volumes, giving an accouut of their origin, principles, present condition, &c. Admirable orderj thorough cleanliness, and uniform comfort, marked every thing we saw. The Shakers are evidently a diligent and peaceable people, and it is somewhat striking that, abiding rigidly by the practice of celibacy, they should have existed so long as a separate fraternity. Orphans and deserted children su])- ply them with their chief materials, and, recently, many who had lost all by the fooleries of Millerism, were glad to find a comfortable asylum among the Shaker com- munity. On their peculiar and strange doctrinal dogmat*, I offer no remark ; but that they are an industrious", peaceable, well-doing community, so far as this world is concerned, no one will deny. Having purchased several articles from their store of curiosities, and thanked the trustee for his poUte attention, we left the brothers and sisters of this remarkable society, to pursue the harmless, quiet, monotonous tenour of their way. In the afternoon I was the guest of the Hon. Dr. Har- per, who accompanied me to the chapel of the Free-Wiil Baptists, where I addressed an attentive audience, on Christian activity, benevolence, &c. In the evening, I proceeded to Concoed, New Hamp- shire, where I deHvered a lecture on Peace and the League of Universal Brotherhood. 162 CHAPTER XI. CONCORD, MANCHESTER, BOSTON, VOYAGE HOME. • Concord is a handsome built town in Merrimack county, and is capital of the State of New Hampshire. It con- t^iins a beautiful and solid State-house, built of hewn gra- nite, which cost, with its appendages, 80,000 dollars. Here there is also a large and massive State-prison, Lunatic Asylum, and several elegant places of worship. The main street is wide and elegant, ornamented with several respectable shops, commodious hotels, &c. The population is between five and six thousand. My visit to Concord was rendered particularly agreeable by the courtesy and kindness of Mr. G-. Fogg and Mr. J. E. Hood, the spirited and able conductors of the In- dependent Democrat and Freeman^ the motto of whose excellent pa] er is, " Liberty the right of all — Law its de- fence." These enterprising young men are the devoted friends of Peace and the Temperance Institution. Mr. Fogg took me in a carriage to see the new line of Railroad which is in the course of formation from this to Montreal ; he also introduced me to the Principal of the State Luna- tic Asylum, who conducted us through the chief wards. Here Intemperance, Solitary Sensualism, and Millerite Fanaticism, had their numerous victims. One of the patients, the Rev. Dr. Chauncey, has been an inmate for several years. He is extremely inoffensive and spends his time in writing illegible scrawls ; he has fdled several quarto volumes, by which he intends ultimately to reform the world. Well would it be if all the productions of more sane minds were as harmless as his. Having visited the chief places in Concord, I left by the 10 o'clock train for the new and flourishing city of Manchester. Manchester is situated on tho left side of the River Merrimack j it is 17 mile^ from Concord, and 163 S9 from Boston. The growth of Manchester has been of the most rapid and surprising character. A few years a«T0 there was not a house where this city has been erected, and now the population is about 13,000. Here are numerous factories, print-works, &c., &c. In one of the manufactories I saw a number of persons from Eng- land and Scotland. The city is well and handsomely built, and contains numerous respectable streets, elegant churches, &c. I gave a lecture in the Rev. Mr. Cilley's church (Free-will Baptist) to a large and respectable au- dience, on slavery, peace, &c, The pastor is a devoted, noble-spirited, good man, labouring ardently for the con- version of souls and the prosperity of the church. Next day I proceeded to Lowell, and on the following day to Boston, where I made several calls on Christian ministers and others ; and prepared, on Monday, Nov. 1, to leave the shores of America for my own country. We returned in the same vessel in which we went out, and encountered one of the most dense of all Nova Scotia fogs when near to Halifax, which hindered us some twenty-four hours. Here we met with the Caledonia steamer at anchor, on the voyage out from Liverpool. We had several hours' opportunity to traverse the dull, monotonous streets of Halifax— perhaps, take it altoge- ther, one of the most apparently uninteresting cities in the world. It presents a most striking contrast to the active, lively, and prosperous cities of the States. When the fog dissipated we commenced our voyage across the Atlantic, encountering high head winds and heavy rolling seas for eight or nine days in succession. We had to endure the inquisitorial conduct of Captain Judkins, who, finding several of us reading the Scrip- tures in the fore-cabin on Sabbath evening, prohibited it» continuance ; he having that day both governed the crew with sailor-like profanities, and read prayers and a sermuu. 164. ^n tlie cabin to the passengers ! He was mightily itrength- vned, however, by the potent patronage of an English lordling, who showed his aristocratic attachment to two 'dogs, and smoking cigars, but who evidently abhorred psalm-singing saints. In fourteen days, five hours, thfoiigh the good provi- dence of God, we reached Liverpool, and felt no small joy at the termination of our uncomfortable voyage. Kext day, having cleared my luggage at the Custom'- liouse dep6t, I was delighted to find myself speeding my Vay towards London at the rate of thirty miles per hour. Through the Lord's goodness I found my habitation ■and church in peace, and felt tfuly thankful that I had been able to perform my mission to America and back without having been compelled to hteak one engagement } had voyaged 6,000 miles by sea, and near 3,000 by lakes, vivers, and land ; had preached twenty sermonsj delivered twelve,lectur6s on slavery, peace, temperance, &c., besides a number of speeches at the Sutton Conference and in other places, without the use of any alcoholic fluid, iu the form of wine, ale, or spirits ) that, with the exception •of a slight attack of stomach derangement at Boston, I had enjoyed good health and spirits. My previous high Opinion and strong attachment to many things in Ame- rica were greatly increased. Here I saw a large and prosperous nation without the withering incpbus of a iBtate church. Here I saw a people without the silly trapping and unequal laws of a proud aristocracy. Here I saw labour dignified, and the sons of toil elevated and happy. Here the tone of pubUc morals is considerably higher than in our own country. I saw only three inebriated persons. I was asked alms by only two beg- gars. Here diligent labour is crowned with success, the agriculturists and the artisans, have no anxiety how to get bread for their children. Let the foul leprous spot I i- 165 of SlaTcry be remoTcd, and the States, in eTcrytUing; truly great and noble, will stand forth the most exulted and happy of nations. How painful the contrast between Boston and Liveri>ool ! In the former we see moral order, commercial actiTity,and plenty ; in the latter, drunkenneis, .Icbauchery, pauperism, and crime. We must become a »ober people, or all attempts to make our country happy will be in vain. Drunkenness is the reprpaeh, the misery, and ruin of our land. ^ CHAPTER XII. STATE OP RELIGION, EVANaELICAL ^LLIANCE, &C. » It is difficult for a stranger to form a comprehend ire. and correct view as to the real state of religion, by only a lew months' visit to a country ; and therefore the fol^ lowing remarks are the mere impressions of my own n)ind, to which the reader may attach what importance he thinks proper. I must also observe, that I had no opportunity of judging of the Episcopal or Unitarian se.^ tious, and did not see much of the Presbyterian bodies. I should judge generally that the Congregationalists, on tbe whole, a°re maintaining their influence in the New Fn-land states, and also extending their borders, both tlierc and in the West. With a weU educated ministry, they have combined much activity and zeal, and are a laborious and influential body. I should think, too, that thev suffered less from Millerism, and kindred fanatica\ outbursts, than many others. The regular, or Calvmistic Baptists, in the northern and eastern states, have been declining for several years ; but they seem to keep their hold and increase in some of the southern states. They hau' given much attention to the subject of an educate^ PI I 166 ministry ; and notwithstanding their losses by Campbell- ism, and other secessions, thoy hold a position of great respectability and influence. It is said that many of their smaller churches have to be satisfied with a miserable amount of real preaching talent, and that to this account much of their decrease may be attributed. My own con- riction is, that their declension is rather ascribable to their rigid denomiTiiitionnlism. As yet, they have scarcely a church holding fre«j- communion views ; and Cliristian, in opposition to baptismal fellowship, they regard as one of the fearful heresies of British churches. I felt every* where, that my general views on the atonement and the salvability of all men, were as notliiiig when compared with my Catholic views, as to the oneness of C irist'a Church, and admissibility of converted persons to the table of the Lord. A sermon I delivered, on brotherly love, gave great offence to a Baptist Minister, and some of his peo- ple, because it seemed to involve the privilege of Christian fellowship. This prevailing feeling seemed to me, to give a wirey, stern, unlovely, and unloveable spirit to many of the Baptists in America. Of their conscientious- ness, and religious worth, I have no doubt, but I b"lievo were the Free- Communion flag unfurled in the United States, that tens of thousands would flock to it, and that thus myriads would become members of their congrega- tions, be led to hear the truth of Baptism, and finally would greatly augment their ranks. Not a few of their Ministers think the same, and a learned talented brother nearly worn out in the service assured me, if he had to begin his work again, he would do so on Free- Commu- nion principles. The following from their statistics for 1846 and 1847, will illustrate the state of several of their associations : — In the State of Maine, they decreased in the year 1 O 1 .< ^ 167 In the State of New Hampshire, the decrease in 1845; was 677, and in 1846, 571. In Vermont, the decrease for 1845, was 234, and in 184^, was 987. In the State of New York they decreased in 1845, 4,702 and in 1846, 5079. During these years in the south, they increased in Virginia in 1845, 3,200. In Tennessee, in 1845, 3,788. In Indiana, 3,193. In Georgia, 1790, and in South Carolina, 1,010. Also in the West, in Michigan and Wisconsui, they increased a few. The Free-Will, or Anti-Calvinistic Baptists, arc com- paratively a new organisation, having been formed chiefly through the labour of a devoted, uneducated Minister named Eandal, who commenced preaching about the year 1777 in New Hampshire and other places. For many years they had no Collegiate Institution, but now they have several, and are going onwards with much zeal and effect in promoting an educated Minis- try. They number about G0,000 members, have an ef- fective printing establishment at Dover, (New Hamp- shu-e), and a weekly paper, entitled the Mornivg Star. As a body, Free- communion is one of their leading prin- ciples, and they are deservedly noted for their uncom- promising thorough Anti-slavery principles, and their abhorrence of the Colow^hoUa of the States. Their Ministers in general are pious, laborious men, who preaoh the Gospel with earnest faithfulness and sincerity, but many of whom do not hold so elevated an intellectual po- sition as some of other denominations. They also bave rather (^ 3creased for the last two years. With the other orders ^f Baptists I did not come in contact. The Methodists of the United States are divided into several r^fvvtim.. The Methodist Episcopal Church is, ica however, decidedly tlie loading section, botli in number, wealth, iiud iuflueuce. But for geveral years they have HutFered an annual decrease of many thousands. Their system is materially different to that of the Wesley- uns of this country. Their preachers, in most cases, are etiitioned at certain (;hapel», and not in circuits. In Bos-, ton, for instance, their ton or twelve chapels, have emh i luir own pastor. In this way, they have little to do fur their local preachers. It is not lor me to say whether llu! American or British system is the beat. 1 met with many of their ministers, and they appeared to be intelli' gent and devoted nien. I preached in their pulpits in New York, Baltimore, and Boston, to good and iuterest- in«; congregations. They have a goodly number of Col- leges, effective publishing and book establishments, and issue several excellent uud tainted papers and other jjcriodictiis. The Protestant Methodists are an influential secession, and have many talented ministers among them. The Wesleyans, a more recent organisation, are the liberal methodists of the United States as to ecclesiastical polity, and are the avowed friends of the slave and co- loured population. Of the numerical state of these two bodies, I am with- out tlie means of information. In Lowell, the Wesleyans nre influential and numerous. 1 fear, however, that no denomination at present can be !«aid to be truly prosperous. Apathy and dullness peem to pervade the churches there, as extensively as in our own land. Perhaps the causes may be different, Here, the extreme poverty, and the drinking habits of the community greatly retard the spread of true religion. There, the pro-slavery spirit, and the sinful prejudice against their coloured brethren. In both cases, humanity i« dishonoured, and the Spirit of Clod grieved. A higher number, hey haye s. Their Wesley- cascB, are In Bojt" lavo eai'h to do for ' whether met with be intelli- )ulpits iu interest- r of Col- eiits, and nd other secession, , are the lesiastieal e and co- am with* Vesleyans (nt can be ness peem as in our it, Here, its of tho i religion, prejudice humanity A higher i 169 degree of Christian bencyolence is wanting in both. Com- passion for the poor, and self-denial, would necessarily derate our own ohurchos, and secure the Divine approba- tion ; and that also must break down the fetters of Ame- rican bondage and prejudice, before they can largely enjoy the tokens of the favour of God. The Evangelical Alliance is making little progress in tho States. When the various deputations returned from England, in 184(j, they convened a meeting in New York, but few, comparatively, attended, and Slavery, the one rdot of bitterness, occupied their chief attention, and their decisions were so ambiguous after all, that no party seemed satisfied. It is evident that an Anti-slavery Alliance would shut out the south, and all those who sympathise with them ; and a Pro-slavery Alliance would prevent the best and most numerous men iu the North and Wes- tern States from uniting with it. Though more than twelve months hatl transpired since tho brethren had re- turned from the great meeting in London, yet they had held no meeting either in Boston, Philadelphia, nor in any of the cities North or West. I attended the monthly meeting of the Council in New York, and there met with Drs. Cox, Peck, Bangs, Skin- ner, and others, and, in reply to a question I proposed, they stated that no slaveholder had applied for admission, and, I understood, if they did, they would not be received. I need scarcely say, that, on this ground alone, could they hold fellowship with the British organisation. But their first and great, I had almost said irremediable mistake, has been, that they have not given a certain sound, and hence universal distrust prevailed wherever I went. Among most Sections with whom I mingled, the true spirit of love and unity evidently prevailed, and the great majority of Christians in the States are longing for A more close and maidfest fellowship, with one another. r u 170 ^ut accursed slavery poisons aU their associated streams, making all their waters the waters of death. On this account I look with suspicion on the large increase of the Baptists and other denominations in the South. I had some reason to think that the Episcopalians almost entirely stood aloof from the Evangelical AUiance, that the Tractarian leaven had infected very many of the American Episcopal Churches. Hence their apostolical assumptions have made them an isolated body, and mthe main they are found giving their influence to the slave- holder, and, of course, against the oppressed and suffermg slave. On the subject of revivals, protracted meetmgs, &c., the churches of all parties are much divided in sentiment, but the prevailing feeling seemed to be rather against them. The arguments I heard were such as these, that after the excitement was over, members fell away, that there was generally a great re-action, and, that ministers were made uncomfortable by the visits of men of extraordinary zeal, and eccentric habits. AU this, it appears to me, only goes against the evils connected with the system of work- ing out revivals, evils which are surely capable of being remedied. If only one hundred remain constant, where four hundred have been, professedly, converted, that is an increase of material, too vast and precious to be over- looked. It is obvious, without some extraordinary means, the Churches in that, as weU as those in our own coun- try, are doomed to a wretched retrogression, and where are our hopes for the salvation of a rapidly increasing population ? I think the Americans would do weU not to despise revival movements, but endeavour to improve th© moral machinery for conducting them, and surely the experience of the past few years would enable them, by God's blessing to do that. I ^r 171 It may appear very plausible for certain persons ti exclaim and declaim on the erils of the revival system, but what is to be the condition of the Churches, if they decline, as they have lately done, for the next lofty years ? Why, the triumph of the world, infidelity and sin I It is evident the church, both in the States and in our own country, wants re-oonverting. Apathy and formalism must be removed, and energy, spirituality, and zeal, must be introduced, or it will be powerless, so far as converting an ungodly world is concerned. The Methodists and Baptists still adhere to their camp meetings, and I was much disappointed in not having an opportunity of being present, to have witnessed the various exercises for my- self. From papers recently received, I see intimations of a revival work having commenced in several of their western churches. May the blessed God extend his saving grace, and send them enlarged and abundant prosperity ! CHAPTER XIII. THE TEMPEEANCE MOYEMENT. It is impossible to be in the United States a single day, without seeing the striking difference between that and our country. You may travel through the great thoroughfares of Boston or New York for a day together, without witnessing a drunken person, or observing those degraded scenes of profligacy so common in the chief towns of Great Britain. No doubt there is a considera- ble amount of drinking in the low and degraded districts of the sea-ports of Amex ca, but a great share of this must be divided among the sailors and emigrants from other countries. You see no splendid gin palaces, no 172 mthy beet-sliops, no noisy uproarious low taTcms. I observed that at tbe chief hotels, by far the greater num- ber were persons of rigid Temperance habits. The same remark will apply also to the gorgeous steamers, plymg on their majestic rivers and ocean-Uke lakes. I did not see an inebriate person in Boston, PhiladelpHa, or Albany. I saw three in New York, two of whom were females. As I proceeded south, drinkmg however, was more visible, and largely increased. This struck me very forcibly at Baltimore, where, the bar of the hotels seemed often crowded early in the morning. This too, I observed, m the steamer between BrownsviUe and Pittsburg. It was veiy manifest when in Buffalo, where I saw numbers of low gambling places, and drunkards, near the canal, and adjacent to the quay. I learned also from an unquestion- able source, that drinking has been on the increase m Buffalo for years, and it is almost equal to what it wt^s be* fore the Temperance Associations began. But, let it be observed, that the reUgious community, as a rule, are both ill principle and practice, "Total Abstainers from aU Intoxicating Drinks." This will apply to Ministers of aU denominations, except the Episcopalians, of whom I cannot speak on this subject. But, among Presbyterian congregations, Methodists, Baptists, or Unitarians, it would be considered a great blemish for any mimster, or member, to use constantly as a beverage, any quantity of alcohoUc liquor. The Church of Christ has dono nobly in this matter in America ; she has pronounced a divorce between Spiritual and Spiritan religion, she has declared alcohol in every form and degree, to be the direct enemy of man, and she has borne her loud, and united testimony against it. The Temperance press is very powerful in the States. The Journal of the American Temperance Union has a large circuUtion j so, also, the New Xorle Or^an, and ifl*. ms. I r num- e same l^iiig on not see Llbany. 'emales. visible, cibly at d often rvec!, ia It was ibers of aal, and luestion- rease in wus be* let it be are both from aU ers of all wliom I ibyterian rians, it minister, quantity bas done ounced a she baa bbe direct lid united be States, lion has a 173 Wathinsionian, besides others whose names may be fairly called legion. The sons of Temperance are a large body> united for mutual benefit objects, but are not in general good odour on account of the strong opinion which pre- vails against all Secret societies. I see no difficulties in this influential body doing away with this objection, and thus extending their praiseworthy purposes among all ranks of Teetotalers in that country. In some of the rural districts and smaller towns, intoxicating drinks cannot be obtained, except over the counter of the che- mist for medicinal purposes. This is particularly the case in many parts of the States of Vermont and New Hamp. shire. Here you may travel for days together in the midst of a perfectly sober people, where even the tempt- ations of drinking have no place among them. The results are delightfully evident everywhere. In- dustry, order, peace, and plenty prevail. Parochial schools, handsome churches, comfortable dwellmgs, intellectual institutions, and happy domestic homes, everywhere abound. Only in one religious family, in a tour of nearly three thousand miles, did I see wine introduced, and that was in Canada, where British influence and habits may be expected somewhat to prevail. Amid the excessive heat of summer, with the Thermometer often at 95 to 100 in the shade, and never lower than 85 or 90 during the night, the Americans do all their out-door work without any stimulant of an intoxicating kind. So in the winter, with the water 10 or 20 below Zero ; yet they sustain a sufficiency of animal heat for all purposes without having recourse to tho fire-waters thought so essential to life and happiness by Europeans. Many, I may say most, of the medical profession, are decidedly with, and not against, the Temperance Eeform, and nearly all the religious newspapers, besides the chief of those entirely political ; so that Magistrates, Senators, 174 lawyers, Phyeicians, Mim»tei», and Editors, are, to a great extent, enrolled in the cold water corps, and are the decided foes of every sort of intoxicating drinks. The season of my visit was not favourable to my seeing the great demonstrations they often get up, but I never sow such crowded, or more deeply interesting assemblies, than those I saw in the Tremont Temple, and in Faneuil Hall, Boston. The atmosphere of both places was Kke the hot air of a furnace, and though I never fainted in my life, I think I should have done so in the Tremont Temple, had not a person kindly handed me a large fan. These fans are in constant use by all persons in public meetings in America. One thing is evident, that such is the constant ingress into the States of multitudes of persons from all the na- tions of Europe, especially from Great Britain and Ireland, that it will only be by ceaseless exertion that the Tem- perance cause can be maintained ia its present power and purity. The following extract from the Organ^ in reference to J^ew York, abundantly confirms these fears : — " Office, Chief of Police. — From Jan. 26th to Feb, Ist, ^oth inclusive, there were arrested for drunkenness and disorderly conduct, 216 persons. Of this number 82 were females. The number of lodgers at the different Station-houses during the same time, was 682." With a sober population, nothing can prevent America from rising to the highest point of national greatness and prosperity. Her millions of dollars are spent in books, instead of beer ; in education, instead of alcohol ; in eleva- ting the public mind and morab, instead of cherishing debasing drinking customs and habits which are the dis- grace of many people. Great, universal, and permanent success to the Tem- perance cause in America, and may her splendid example be followed by all th« nations of the earth. 175 \ CHAPTER XIT. ADVICE TO EMIGBANTS.— PBICE OF LAITD.— EEMITNERA- TION OE LABOITE. — EXPENSES OE TBAVELLINO. — PBICE OF PBOVISIONS, &C., &C. There can be no doubt tbafc great numbers of our coun- trymen could emigrate to the United States with the cer- tain prospect of advancing their interests in every respect. But such persons should be prepared to encounter the fatigues of the voyage, and make up their minds to endure a variety of inconveniences, until they are fully settled. Besides, they should be quite certain that they can give up their own country and home scenes and associations, and that they will be prepared to conform to the customs and usages of a new people. Idle persons should never dream of the United States, for Americans are industrious to a proverb. Neither should lovers of strong drink emi- grate, if they intend to associate with the religious and respectable portions of the community. The entire use of intoxicating drinks has been abandoned by religious per- sons in the States, and few even moral or respectable families ever use them. Total Abstinence is generally in the ascendant, and thorough sobriety is absolutely essen- tial to the emigrant. I would advise all religious and temperance members to take certificates of character from some well-known minister or leading friends in the absti- nence cause, as strangers, without these, do not easily obtain introduction to those persons who could best advise them what to do on their arrival. It is very important that persons intending 1 ?migrate shoidd direct their attention to that place or district of country most adapted to the pixic-uils they intend to follow. Those desirous of purchaoin-^ land, or following agricultural employments, VVUUiCl iiO Weii ttl iLSw UU l/iiC TTCCVvixi ^„•^«tv,- v-i ' , Michigan, Illinois, or the territory of Wisconsin. Here 176 land may always be bought out and out, at from four to iix sliillingB per acre ; and farms fenced in and cultivated for about four times that sum. In Wisconsin, the climate is said to be extremely fovourable to Europeans, in which neither the extremes of cold or heat are ever experienced. In the New England states of Maine and Vermont, good farms may be purchased at a very low price. In Vermont, a rich grazing state, a farm of 100 acres in cultivation, with good house and bam, may be purchased for from £150 to £200. Here working horses cost about £14 j cows, £4 to £5 each ; sheep, 58. to 6s. ; pigs, four weeks old, 48. The whole rates and taxes for education, the poor, state rates, &c., &c., of a farm of the above description, would not exceed £2 to £3 per annum. Agricult ral labourers are paid 3s. per day and board. Servant men, 4s. per week and board, &c. Mechanics and artiz j may do well in the cities, and factory operatives should go to the states of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and New York. Works of manufacture for cotton, woollen, silk, &c., abound in Lowell, Manchester, Great Falls, and other pqrtions of the above States. The following may be relied on as the average remune- ration in the cities of New YorK and Boston. Bricklayers, 6s. to 78. per day ; carpenters, 58. to 6s. ; painters, 58. to 6s.— but they so abound that work is scarce ; labourers, 48. a day j blacksmiths, 6s. j shoemakers, 48. ; tailors, 48. to 59, The following was the price of provisions in the autumn of 1847 :— New York.— Bread, lid. per ft ; flour, same price ; potatoes, 28. 6d. per bushel ; beef, 5d. to 6d. per ft ; mutton, ditto ; pork, ditto ; sugar, 3id. to 5d. ; coffee, 7d. ; best tea, 3s. to 38. 6d. House-rent as high as in London. In Buffalo, the prices were :— Flour, 20s. per 196 fts ; potatoes, Is. 6d. per bushel ; beef, 4a. per ib ; mutton, 2d, ; y^ork, 3d. ; butter, 7d. ; coffee, 7d. ; milk, l^d. and 2d. ]»er quart. 177 Labour in Buffalo was remunerated as follows :~La- bouring men, Ss. per day ; shoemakers, 48. ; tailors, Ss, ; carpenters, bricklayers, and masons, Gs. ; female serrants, £10 to £12 per year j common seamen on the lakes, £5 to £6 per month. The salaries of the clergymen in Buffalo were stated as follows -.—Episcopalian, £250 per annum ; Presbyterian, £250; Baptist, £200; Methodist, £100; Universalist and Unitarian, £200— besides donations which sometimes amount to £40 or £50 per year. In country towns the salaries were considerably less. In Boston and New York and similar cities, rather more. But the ministers of re- ligion iu the United States are, in my deliberate opinion, the most devoted, disinterested, and self-denying body of men in the world. It may truly be said of them, in refer- ence to their people, that "they seek not theirs but them." Among the advantages to Emigrants must not be for- gotten the cheapness of Education. The conmion schools provide a fair business-like course of instruction, and in the numerous Colleges and learned Academies a first-rate Education can be obtained at an amazingly low sum. Let the reader refer to the terms as stated for Whitestown and Oberlin, where young men may be fully qualified for any of the learned professions. In learning trades and businesses, premiums are so far from being expected, that iho rule is to give immediate wages to the youths indentured, and the term seldom exceeds 4 or 5 years, but is generally a much shorter period. The expenses of Emigration of course entirely depend on the mode of transit. The Cunard line of Eoyal Mail Steamers from Liverpool to New York and Boston, charge 38 guineas, besides a guinea, steward's fee. The American line of steamers from Southampton charge 30 guineas to New York. The London and New York Uue of racket snips eu«rga 178 for cabin about 18 or 20 guineas. !But often passnges may be secured, especially when several go together, for 16 guineas. Steerage passages average from 5 to £8 without provisions. Liverpool fares may be a little lower. It is highly important to select a ship belonging to the regular liners and not to go by ships merely got up for the Emi- grant season, and in which several hundreds are crowded, without any regard to health and comfort. Before embarking it is highly important to decide on your final destination so as not to have to linger in New York or Boston, where much money may be easily wasted. The expense of travelling in the States is not more than half and in many cases much less than that, when compared with our own country. Supposing it to be your purpose to go to the far West, say to Wisconsin or the adjacent States — from New York to Albany by steam-boats, 150 miles, for 2s. 2d. From thence by rail to Buffalo, 300 miles in emigrant trains for about 25s. Then, by splendid steamers, on Lake Erie, &c.,&c.,to Millwaukie, Wisconsin. Cabin accommodation and excellent board, about 1,000 miles, three days and a-half passage, 36 to 44 shillings ; Steerage, about half-price. Here, then, is a distance of near 1,500 miles, performed by first-rate daily convey- ances in 5 days for about £3 3s. and not more than 2 guineas if in the steerage of the lake steamers. The Sultana and Niagara are splendid boats, and their Com- manders are most gentlemanly and accommodating. The following are the fares, distances, &c., from some of the chief cities : — Boston to Portland, 110 miles, by rail, in 5 hours, fare 12s. 6d. ; Boston, to the New City of Lawrence, 28 miles, in 1 hour and 20 minutes, fare 3s. Boston, to Great Falls, 71 miles, in 3^ hours, for 7s. 9d. Boston, to Lowell, 26 miles, in one hour, for 28. 9d. Boston, to Plvmouth, 37 miles, in 1 hour and 45 minutes for 4s. 2d. J Boston, to Worcester, 44 miles, in 2 hours, ^^.. 179 li for 53. 3d. ; Boston, to ^ilbany, 200 miles, in 10 hours, for 21s. ; Boston, to New York, by rail or steamer, vid Providence, for IGs. 6d., or by New Port, 223 miles, in 11 hours, same fare ; Boston, to Fall River, 53 miles, in 2 hours and a-half, for 5s. 6d. From New York, to Philadelphia, by rail and steamer, 90 miles, in 5 hours, for first class, 16s. 6d., second class, 12s. 6d. ; Philadelphia, to Baltimore, 97 miles, in 6 hours, for 128. 6d. ; from Baltimore, to Washington, 40 miles, in 2 hours, for 6s. 6d. ; Baltimore, to Cumberland Eiver, 179 miles, in 10 hours, for 29s. ; Baltimore, to Columbia; 71 miles, in 5 hours and a-half, for 98. ; Washington to Richmond, rail and steamer, 133 miles, in 8i hours, for 23s. ; from Maidson to Indianapolis, 86 miles, in 7 hours, for 12s. 6d. ; from Cincinnati, to Springfield, 84 miles, in 6 hours, for 8s. 4d. j from Sandusky City, to Bellefontanc, 102 miles, in 8 hours, for 13s. 6d. ; from Detroit to Kala- mazoo, 146 miles, in 11 hours, for 18s. j Buffalo, to Niagara Falls, 22 miles, in 1^ hours, for 3s. ; from Phil-.v- delphia, to Pittsburg, by rail, stages, and steamers, SOs., distance about 400 miles. Steam-boats leave Pittsburg almost hourly for Cincinnati, fare 12s. 6d. ; from Balti- more, to New Orleans, by rail and steam-boats, the dis- tance 1,460 miles, is performed in about six days, fare, including board, about 15 guineas. In most of the Pro- vincial American Hotels, board and lodgingmay be obtained at from 48. to 63. per day. In some of the chief Hotels in New York and Boston, 8s. per day is charged. I can personally testify to the excellent accommodations at Earl's Hotel near the Park Theatn New York ; the Delavan House, Albany ; the Butler House, Philadel- phia ; the Franklin House, Cleveland ; and the Pavilion Hotel, Niagara Falls. It will be seen that the speed on the railways is from 15 to 26 miles per hour, 20 may be r.oTisidered the average, while the steamers £0 at the rate y 180 of from 14 ta 20 miles per hour. TraveUing by stage coaches is generaUy execrable and seldom exceeding 5 or 6 miles per hour, and often slower. In conclusion, I would briefly reduce the advantages of the United States over Great Britain to the following particulars-Plenty of labour for the industrious-A tair remuneration-Cheap and abundant provisions-Pohtieal freedom-K^ligious EquaUty-Light taxation-Cheap ht- erature and Education-A higher state of morals, and almost the absence of Pauperism. To be set against these advantages-The extremes of cUmate-Co^ori>Ao6ia, or prejudice against the Negro race in the North-Slavery in its foulest form m the South-- Spieo%5^, or the disgusting habit of chewmg to- bacco, and rendering every visible thing foul by the nau- seous juice-especially in the West and South. ^ The second of these evils must give way beiore the power of moral principle. And the last is a habit which 17 considered to be subsiding especially among rebgious and intellectual persons. I shaU ever regard my visit to America, as the most eventful and mteresting circumstance of my life. i THE END. ftiftted Rl tk» Offio* of iiie Mmuwin mssvtu, V> > T^^BAW 5:5v. /j^O' llbg by itago exceeding 6 or I advantapeB of the following itriouB — A fair ions — Political on — Cheap lit- of morals, and Tie extremes of ast the Negro it form in the of chewing to- oul by the nau- outh. way before the s a habit which tmong religious ca, as the moet ny lif«. > T^iiaAW m . '^'i Ao-