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Las diagrammas suivants illuatrant la mithoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^M'^'^' ,«»''"?••■" ■> * ADVANTAGES OF PROTECTION. / In these few pages are stated, as fully aft space would allow, the reasons why Protection to Canadian Industries is likdy to better the condition (/TCanadiank , whether farmers or townspeople. As it is a question of great moment to alV the writer hopes that many Canadians will read it through, and then hand h to their neighbors. The reader may find the study of facts and figures dry, but he is aske<^to inform himself of the contents nevertheless, as on the success or failure of these arguments, and such as these, to induce proper legislation on the subjp'*'-, depends the prosperity or poverty of his country, and probably of himself. . THE OOUNTRT KXOLUBUVLY 7ARMIN0. ., !Let us consider the state of one country wl^ere farming is the sole 'business and of another wl^ere manufacturing is also carried on. It is plain that the forming country must be very thinly populated. For its farmers, buying their manufactures abroad, must send farm produce to pay for %em — must, as it is called, farm for export. Now, farming thus, they can gfow bmt what will bear long carriage, namely, the hard grains such as wheats corn, barley, peas and oats ; or cattle, the salted flesh of which they can send. The distant^ransport of live cattle is tried, but not with great success, ''^hese, with some butter and cheese, comprise the principal dependence of the exporting farmer. To raise these, needs but one or two men to the hundred acres, and, if the country have much stony, sfvampy, or poor land, there may be but one or two men to two or three hundred acres. As they will not keep many cattle, there will be little work in lading in the winter, and men will only be hired for the summer months. One or two cities on the border to act as ports or outlets for their produce and inlets for the manufactures they buy, and a few villages as distributing points through the country inland, will he all thpy will need. It would be a poor country, as its people will necessarily be widely scattered. 8uch a people, too, grow poorer, for they must break a natural law. They cannot return munuT the soil. At first, while the land is new, they grow wheat after wheat. result is well known. The potash and phosphates are drawn from the soil tul the best wheat will grow no more. Then poorer kinds are tried, ^'ud then barley, with a result shown by Johnson in his notes on North America, thus : * . * " When the wheat fell off, barley, which had at first yielded Afty or sixty Imshels, Wm raised year after year, till the land'fell away from this too, and became full of weeds. "^ The country will now grow poorer, until about this stage it needs more manu- factures than it can grow food to pay f#. It commences to send year by year less to.the manufacturing countries where it buys its manufactures than it brings back oi^ their goods. This is what is known as the balance of trade being ^lainst it. What is it to do 1 It finds rich people in the manufocturing lands, and it borrows of them, and pays year by year the balance against it with borrowed money. Finally it sinks into utter weakness, and is conquered by some powerful neighbor. This must be the fate of a farming people depending on the export of farming produce alone. THB FARMING OOUNTRT ' WHICH MANUFA0TURB8 ALSO. Let us now glance at the country which has introduced manufacturing. By the side of its rivera, where the first would have but pasture, this will use the water-power for cotton mills and woollen manufactories, for cutlery, for tool- making, for flax and worsted mills, for all the vafied forms of manufacture the water-wh^el can aid. Its mines of f^n,!of cooper, of lead,, of coal« ahoTP ^ whidi our first described frisaU wouldJ^e had a^dfevr sheep gruing among ' ^1 " * 1^ . ■-."itj **r" m M the stones, will each be the centre of a number of villages, and the source of material for the workmen of a town. Here and there, all over the land, will be large cities, where foundries, factories, and workshops have formed the centi^ to which population has flacked. The farmers here will find themselves in a different and better position than did our first foreigner-depending friends. These will have markets close at hand. They will save the cost of sending their produce thousands of mile^:, and of bringing back goods the same distance. They will be able to work their land to advantage, and give it that rotation of croi>s which is so necessary to good farming, having a market adjacent not only for grain, but for roots, fruit, hay, straw, cattle, sheep, horses, and all other products of the soil. Their power of furnishing butter and cheese will be greatly helped by their opportunity of fatting and selling worn-out and inferior cattle. They will be able, having a good market for superior mutton among the rich townspeople, to grow a better class of wool, say the Southdown rather than the Cotswold. And, more than all this, they will have the hund- red chances of getting manure which near cities and home consu.nption of food give to the farmer.. It will follow that they will be able to hire men for all the year round, to the advantage of both employer and employed. Farming will €ease to be the drudgery land-starving fur export must l)e, and become the pleas- ing and profitable science it is under natural conditions. The farmers' sons will have, if they chooOT to stay on farms, a good prospect ; if they choose another profession, the thousand openings in the manufacturing towns around will give them ample field. That agriculture does so thrive near manufacture, all know who know European farms, and America is no exception. The richest State acreage given last year in the States was Ehode Island, $33 ; the next Massachu- setts, $30. As for the townspeople in this region they will correspondingly thrive, because their market is secure among the thriving farmers around them. They will save money, and the towns and cities will, as such always do, yearly supply a retiring quota of citizens who think themselves rich enough. That not useless class, the men of leisure, will exist, and for them and others will now arise art in all its branches. Cities will be enlarged and beautified ; foreign trade, «xchanging home surplus for distant luxuries, will necessarily be large. The home demand for food will iircrease, and will push out to its fresher fields new colonies of farmers, causing fresh factories where they go. It illustrates — ^it always has illustrated — this great fact. The workshop should be near the field.t THE COMMERCIAL POSITION OP CANADA. It is too generally imagined that Canada is a country which grows and ex- ports large quantities of wheat, pork, oats, barley, cattle and other farminf pro- duce. Canada could have grown them for all time, had she taken care of hei soiL But free trade has so injured her fields, as will be shown, that she seldom grows much more than enough wheat for her own consumption, and never enough pork. Since her wheat land failed, barley has been tried, and this will last £ome little while. Of this, with some peas, oats and cattle, arc her exports of farm produce, the whole being very small indeed for a country of her size and climate. In our yearly list of exports we appear to sell a quantity of farm produce, but much of this comes from the States, and is merely going through Canada. What we have sold most of for many years has been lumber ; but we have, by late official reports, not much of it left. The Dominion trade in five articles has been : 1873. IHPORTB. BXP0RT8. Wheat $6,894,427 «8,948,876 Flour 1,816,188 2,968.164 Indian Corn 4,360,864 3.987,388 Pork 1,827,876 2,860,000 Swine 1,266,813 84,631 , 1874: IMPORTS. RXPORTB. Wheat 19,910,000 $16,046,000 Flour 1,738,000 8,278,000 Indian Com 2,676,000 1,117,000 Porlc 1,694,000 1,900,000 Swine 1,476,000 62,000 t CoDHider what it ife to bring a city. Toronto is assessed at fifty millions of property -about three-tenths for land, 80 miUions for houses prineipally. Build a house in any farming dii>trict, and for lumber, stone, bricks, food and wages, three-fourthft ol your outlay will go to the farmers and residents around. So with a city. To build one is to-spend much of the value of one among the people where you build it. a I; f< 8 S r « t fi d o h ai f( si 3 187S. iMFoaw. nroMS. Whtat |6,fl57.000 fa.iSO.OOO riour 9,408,000 1,688,000 IndUn Corn 8,467,000 1,688,000 Poik 1,040,01)0 1,886.000 Swine 816,000 162,000 1878. lUPDim. uroRn. Wheat 16,070,000 I10.416.000 Flour 1,006,000 8,806,000 Indiui Coin 8,866,000 1,447,000 Pork 1,418,000 1,818,000 Swine 068.000 14,000 1877. iHPORVR. npoRn. Whomt 94,840,000 t4,108,000 Flour. 2,1>64,000 1,826,000 IndiMiOom 4868.000 8.688,000 Pork 2,194.000 1,786,000 Swine 181,000 11.000 These dates are to July each year ; each amount shows the previous harvest. It will be seen that our Dominion — which buys from one hundred to one hun- dred and thirty millions annually of foreign goods — can only send towards paying for them — as far as \^heat and flour are concerned — about three millions annually — a fact which shows what tricks free trade has played with our wheat land. Of pork we have had, instead of having any to send away, to buy a couple of millions worth for ourselves, besides buying about six millions worth of In- dian corn. These figures are undoubted ; they can easily be verified by reference to the Government blue books, published each year. No doubt it will be asked what do we exporti We have exported of barley, oats and peas lately from six to ten millions worth per annum, some cattle and horses, and a good deal of lumber — which last is getting scarce'-with us. We have, under the free tradd system, drained our land of the rich wheat soil and the good lumber, and we are now running on the coarse grains, what cattle we can send, and what little lumber is left. And notwithstanding all we can do, every year so many foreign goods are sent in that we have to go in debt a balance of trade of twenty, thirty or forty million dollars a year. There is no hope whatever but that matters will get much worse under the present system. There have been three successive deficits — next must come direct taxation, and a general exodus would follow. It is pro- posed to remedy this by manufacturing ourselvi^s much of what we import ; and this will be treated of in the following pages. The States have adopted this system. This list gives an idea of their tariff compared to ours: Canadian Duty, Wheat Free. Rye and barley Free. Indian oom and oats . . Free. Wheat flour Free. Rye flour and com ml. Free. Oatmeal Free. Potatoes 10 V ct. Live animals 10 V ct. Coal Free. Salt Free. American Duty. 20o. per bush. 16c. per bush. 10c, per bush. 20 per cent. 10 per cent. ^c. per ttk 16c. per bush. 20 percent. 76c. per ton. In packages 12c. per 100 lbs. ; iu bulk 8c. per 100 Ibe, 26 to 60 per cent. Canadian Duty. Pig iron Free. Bar iron 6 V ct. Plate and boiler iron , . 5 V ct. Iron rails .Free. Steel rails Free. Bricks Free. Trees, plants & shrubs. 10

' Flannels and bhuikcU 85 " Baadr-made clothing 85-to80 " Caipeta 60to84 " Atpacagooda 85 " Heavyoottons 40 " Finaroottons 60to70 " There ia no possibility of better times if our present course be persisted in, and for this reason. In the States and elsewhere are competitors who can grow and export certain produce cheaper than our farmers can.* This will always keep our fanners down to the lowest point in what little they have to sell abroad. More- over they are deprived of their own market at home, because opposite to them , is the immense tract of the States, commanding theirs by railroad at all points. Now, as at one point the Slates can grow cheaper wheat, at another cheaper com, at another cheaper oats, at .others has cheaper manufactures and cheaper coal, it follows that all Canadians are undersold and kept at the lowest prices in their own market. The fSarmers in Canada are deprived of their natural market — the towns — by the same menns. All our manufacturing people are in process of being driven to the States by our foolish regulations, where the States farmers feed them. Ours cannot, for the U. S. tariff prevents. To show the natural number of people who should form a home market: — In the States in 1870 there were engaged in occupations twelve millions of people. Six millions were farmers, a million in trade, two and a-half millions in professional and per- sonal services, and two and a-half in manufacture. As the States export far more farm products than manufactures, and import a good deal of the latter, it follows that about one-third farmers is, in America, the correct proportion to population, and it will be found that this calculation proves itself both ways, i.e.f. by comparing numbers, cost of living and amount of products. But in Canada we have actually twice as many farmers as others — and this in a country liable to be undersold in farm produce ! It is plain that, by the absence of towns.manufac- tures,and home markets which of right belong to us, — and of which some others in some parts of the world have unfairly our share — our farmers and our wj^ole country are kept poor, our best men leave yearly for the States, and our balance of trade— buying manufactures from foreigners we cannot pay for — is alwaya heavy against us, and our debt more and more each year. Mistaken people whoni we carelessly allow to get office here, go round telling us that this is all right, Mr. Maokbnzib and Mr.fMiLijS, for instance, tell us that this importing more than we export is merely showing a large profit on our goods. These gen- tlemen must have studied commerce from Bobinson Crusoe. It is true that, two centuries ago, when voyages took years, goods, as old records tell, '* when well bought in London sell at 150 to 200 per ceat profit." But noiv let the writer give the general course of Canadian trade. Take the British, oar chief trade, and a fair average instance. Whether it be grain, flour, meal, ashes, butter, cheese, or pork, it is bought by a Canadian buyor, who holds it till he gets a telegram from a British buyer in Liverpool, telling him the British buyer will give a certain price, which is to cover freight and exchange. For his trouble the Canadian buyer charges a commission — very low, — from |^ to 2 per cent. This is done with British capital — the actual buyer is British, and he it is who receives any profit the voyage may give the article — i.e., if the price rise before he gets it, and, of course, what more he can get for it after. This is also done in the lumber trade, though commissions are rather larger. So much for what we sell. Now how do we buy 1 Some of our t What the farmers lose by one-sided tariif anttDKements is beyond computation. A lumberer said to the writer, " 1 used to feed forty teams with oats I raised ; but United States oats enterin(f free, I found I was losing by fanning, gave it up, and bought United States oats." There is no farm io Canada but is losing by the Uniited States tariff. As to the hope of lowering it— of reciprocity— it is utter folly. The States cannot, with their obligations— grant reciprocity. Their tariff will not be lowered. But we can heighten ours, and our fanners will make what theirs are making. Who will object ?— our cities are the consumers— give their workmen the wages Protection will give them, and not a man of them will ask cheap United States oats, flour, or pork. When did farmers get such poor prices for all produce as since our Free Trade Government got in 1 Eggs, butter, beef, mutton, are a drui; in our cities- our operatives are gone, or are too poor to buy them. As for shipping cattle, Ireland tried that long enough with twice our chance. Did it enrich her? wholesale traders are merely direct agents of foreign houses. Many more of them work their business on British capital represented by goods given them on long credit, and to that extent are mere agents of British houses also. The reader from this will clearly see that in both buying and selling the profit of the trade with Canada is principally monopolized by Great Britain, and can see the folly of those who go round telling us the balance against us is the profit we make. Particular instances may vary, but the mass of trade is done thus. Be- tween the grower of food and the maker of goods are many middlemen, and the- more roads and oceans between the more middlemeri. By the time the stuff i» through the gauntlet it has to run, there is little goods to come to the farmer^ little food to come to the workman. The true remedy is protection, which shuts out foreign goods, brings the workshop close to the farm, and does away with the need for the army of buyers, agents, and dealers who now stand between. THK POMCV OF BBITAIN. The policy of Britain had never been free trade.* For cuuturies she had pro- tected her in{ht fresh em- ployment to her manufactories. Imnrovement succeeded improvement, till her prices were far below those of her rivals. Tney neither did nor coula send their goods to her ports. Before what was called free traile was introduced, here is the sura total, according to Mr. Whitney, which the British Custom Houses were receiving : — coffee, £888,868 ;. breadstuff's, £576,047; currants, £221,197; spirits, £2,410,184; timber, £1,488,681; butter. £262,967 ; cheese, £136,064 ; fruits, £290,960 ; seeds, £107,111 ; silks, £244,076 ; sugar, £6,123.986 ; molasses, £193,546 ; tallow, 206,464 ; tea, £8,978,618 ; tobacco, £3,- 880,164 ; wines, £1,800,128 ; miscellaneous, £2,098.268. The " miscellaneous" was little but raw material. It is plain from this that when Britain, thirty years ago, abolished her duties, she had no cause to fear importations. Under the various protective influences stated above, most of her home-made productions had become the cheapest in the worlds Had it not been so, in a short time the imports from foreign factories would have closed those of Britain. There was no fear of that. The plan of the English free traders was as follows : They wished to make England what Venice and Holland had successively been- the warehoitse and carrier ot' the world. To do this, they sacrificed all to cheapness. The navigation laws — which had produced the British sailor — they repealed, and mixed their crews with the half-paid lazzaroni of every foreign port. They could, as stated above, dispense with most duties without fear, and they did so, thus making ingress and euress to their ports unimpeded and free. They knew that, could they make their country the mar- ket-plaue of the world, in that market-place the agriculturist of every nation, and the raw material of every land, would display their productions, and strive to undersell each other. They thus secured to their workshops the cheapest food, the cheapest :;>^terial of the world ;, and but for Trades' Unions — tlie confusing spirits which thwart m. :cr i Babel-builders — would have had the cheapest labour, fur the free trade plan included frc trade in workmen as in sailors, ami would have, if unchecked, brought labour there from every land to com- pete and underbid the workmen of the soil. Yet, in spite of this, the three great elements, cheap sliips. food, and material, made England for twenty years supreme in manufacture. All countries paid her tribute of raw material, and bought it back manufactured at quad- rupled prices. To use a rude metaphor, they sold her the hide for sixpence and bought back. the tail for a shilling. Her free trade league used every effort to maintain their position. ' ' They found many advocates ; they were able to pay many, their influence seduced more. ^ British noblemen thought it not incorrect to advocate schemes innately most nefarious, that/ ' the infant manufactures of foreign lauds might be crushed to bring Britain wealth ; and writers of high scientific eminence were not ashamed to allow the publication of editions > shorn of the passages in which they had formerly advocated protective measures — passages in^ihe truth of which they still believed. But all has been in vain. Europe, Asia, and America have alike observed that poverty follows the nations which import manufactures,.' and have resolved to make their own. * Great Britain proliibited, on penalty of outlawry, her artificers from teaching their trade abroad, and prohibited the export of toolti or engines used in manufacture, under penalty of fine and impriiionment to shippers, captains and customs officers. She prohibited the colonies from manufacturiugr, by rendering il- legal the carriage of such goods from province to province, and by reuderuig punishable the working of ore beyoad its running into pig iron. To this day the old hidden furnaces—the traces of evasion — are found in the Alleghanies. It is curious to follow her protection of the home production of iron. In 1679 she imposed ' 10s. per ton ; in 1715, £2 10s ; in 1782, £2 168 ; in 1796, £3 10s ; in 1803, £4 4ii ; in 1813, £6 93. This gave iier the complete control of her home market, and the competition therein made her iron the cheapest in the world, as may be seen by thei«e prices h\ 1825 :— France, £25 10s ; Sweden, £13 ISs ; Belgium, £16- 14s ; Russia, £13 13s ; Germany, £16 14s ; England, £10. England also protected her shipping by the Navi- gation Laws (which first transferred naval supremacy from Holland to Britain). These provided that no ' goods should land in Britain but from British ships, or ships of the country producing, or ships of the - country where shipped. People who talk of Protection injuring American naval irreatness, should remem- ber that the United States protects none but their coasting trade. The foreign is open to the world. Pro- tection {i.e. , a Navigation Law as above,) would secure it to themselves ; but they tninl/it better to employ ' foreign nations as carriers. J THB SI8VLT TO BBITAIH. Thoagh the manufaetaring and carrying trade of Britain gr«w enormoualy at Arst under the free trade policy, and ia yet very large, for her trade to nations leM advanced in know- ledge ia immenae, yet it ia doubtful whether the results to Britain have been really advan- tageous. Possessing, hentelf, the most wealthy, luxurious and expensive population, and the chief carrying trade in the world, the ability to take a back cargo, either for home use or for that trade, secures her a market with some nations. Her great money-lending influence helps her to influence the tariff system of others. Her armed force has comfielled some nations to do her bidding, and hope of her assistance in war has induced others commercially to favour her (as in the case of Napoleon III). For all these reasons it has followed, that though other goods moy now be — as many are— cheaper niul better than hers, their intro- ductbn into the markets Britain supplies is a work of time, and thus we often observe that a foreign nation can undersell Britain in British cities, but cannot at once take her foreign market in the same goods. The vast capital of her manufacturers, also, has enabled many of them, of Inte years (partly to crush foreign rivals, partly in hope of better times) to run mills, mines and furnaces at an actual loss, thus Bending to foreign ports what are called slaughtered goods — sold at lower prices than they cost the makers — a system, of course, incapable of continuation, but which tends for the present to perpetuate trade. The pressure of foreign competition has like\vi8e forced British manufacturers — where no pressure should have forced honest men — into the vile paths of adulteration, and lias mixed their hardware with poor iron, their cloth with shoddy, and their cotton with barytes. This pressure is caused simply by one great force. All educated nations saw that, though British goods might cost Iet>s money than they then could make them for at home, yet going to Britain for them would close all their own manufactories, make themselves poor, and Britain rich. They have universally determined to do nothing of the sort ; have encour- aged their own factories by high tanffs, and now find, many of them, that they can produce goods cheaper than Britain ever sent them. An:erica is actually selling cottons and hard- ware in London, and Belgium is sending her locomotives and girders into the English Black Country — the home of the mine. The system of free trade has been in one respect — temporarily — successful in Britain. It has accumulated great wealth. But it has likewise done great injury. As remarked above, it rendered all transportable food cheap. But it cannot render animals cheap, they not being cheaply transportable, and this discourages grain growing, and encourages grazing, which occupies a far less number of men. This tends to encourage large farms, and break up small ones, thus destroying the true strength of the country — the small freehold or leasehold farmer a class of £nglishmen who have done more for Britain, more for the world, than any other. Four thousand Buckinghamshire freeholders rode down to London to sup- port Hampden against King Charles. The shire could furnish few such now. The accumulation of weaK... in Britain has also assisted in this injury, for as the Norman Conqueror formed his New Forest by slaying or banishing many thousand poor inhabitants, so the modern general of bank note legions closes his leases, buys out his poor neighbour, forces the surrounding populace into emigration, and forms his great steam worked farm, or his magnificent park. Similar forces have changed Irish farm holdings into wildernesses of pasture; and Scottish countries which once furnished successive armies to the Chevalier, to Wolfe, and to Wel- lington, into sheep-walks, shooting moors and deer-ranges, where an occasional shepliei-d or game-keeper are now the solitary witnesses of what desolation luxuiy has wrought. The vast cities, the great accumulations of industrial force her new system has created in conjunction with the pbove, tend always to decrease proportionally the rural, to increase the city popula- tion. The former may be as many as they were, but comparatively they are much less. A British army cannot now have its old proportion of sturdy rustics. Morally, also, great evil has been done. The exclusivelv commercial train of thought — the supremacy of the money test — has changed, we are told, the British character, once the most sturdily honest and independent in the world. " Fifty years back," says Carlisle, "all England rose de- termined to do a fair day's work ; now to do as little and get as much for it as it can. " These are the evils which follow such measures as those of Peel — the attempt to draw to one country the manufactures, wealth and art, which should be divided amOng all. Britain is rich in wealth, in ships, in men. As rich, and much richer as the world then stood, was the Persia of Xerxes. But it was no longer the Persia of Cyrus. THE TRUB COVKSB OF BRITAIN. The so-called free trade policy of the British Empire has concentrated manufacture, wealth, art, and learning in Britain, but has kept her colonies as poor as she is rich, as weak as she is strong. These immense regions, capable of supporting great populations, possess- ing in themselves vast manufacturing facilities, have ever been discouraged from using them. Canada and Australia — which, had they attended to the farm less and the workshop more, would now be powerful and prosperous countries, able, in case of war, not only to de- fend themselves, but to assist the mother land — are mostly uncultivated wildernesses, which do not attract colonists because agriculture becomes less and less profitable the far- ther it is located from its manufacturing supplies ; and because the States is always open to them, wher?, besides the foreign market, they have the exclusive possession of what great manufactures render the best home market and depot for purchase in the world. The farmer throughout many of the United States can vary his crops, and finds «ady sale for avery kintl of prodaoe \ the uMreat of their nnmeroaa cities. The emigrant to the Britieh coloniee, if not a fanner, can And little worli:. In the State* he flnda at erery turn, nnmeroua factories, only inferior to thoae of Britain. For these reaaons, daring tha past forty years, emigration and capital from Mrltain, slishting the colonies, haa ponred into the States till their population numbers forty-Ave millions, while Canada has bat foar millions, thinly scattered along hor great frontier ; and tho vast resources of Australia, far from being detmloped, are yet soarcKiy known. Nor is it the Stntex alone which have thus beneAtetl by this misdirection of British energy. The British capital and labour spent dur* ing the last forty years, in assisting rival or hostile nations in Europe, would, had Canada or Australia been enconrageti to manufacture, have there found full employment, and have there established large nations, neither rival nor hostile. ./J. WHAT SHOULD BR DONS. It is often officiously explained to Canada, by politicians who generally come from th« States and always wish tc annex her to them, that tariffs framed to keep out English manu- factures are necessarily hostile to Britain. The very contrary is the case. Britain is now beset by many rivals, and has many enemies. She will And nerself, sooner or later, attacked through her colonies, where distance will render the defence tenfold more expensive than the attack. For instance, the fleets and revenues of half Europe would And work sufficient in defending our Manitobin frontier alone against the United States. The only security against such possibilities exists in strengthening the colonies. The only means of adding to their strength is in encouraging their manufactures. Britain has already recog- nized this necessity sufficiently to allow tariffs against herself ; she should go further and encourage their being heightened. If she do not the colonies should, for her sake and their own, adopt the measure. Were foreign manufactures shut out from Canada the British manufacturer could proAtably and would rapidly bring his machinery and his capital here. The United States manufacturer would do the same. Canada would be dotted with small manufacturing towns, the presence of which towns would create a large home market and bring a large farming population from Europe to supply it. Vast areas of Canada are of soil only capable of profatable cultivation when the market is near at hand. Numerous re- sources which Canada possesses, must lie forever dormant, unless brought into requisition by the necessities of adjacent cities. It should likewise be considered that this measure would draw from the United States that surplus floating population which in time of war would be used against us, and would naturalize it within our borders. For these reasons and many others, the adoption by Canada of a rigid protective tariS" is the only means of rendering her a powerful member of the British Confederation. The adoption by the colonies ot similar tariffs is the only means of rendering India contented and prosperous, and Australia and Canada the populous and powerful communities they should rightly be. Britain would lose nothing— she would gain much. What manufacturing power left her shores, would simply be transferred to her colonies. Now Britain is strong, but the colonies very weak — India through disaffection — Canada and Australia by size of territory and lack of people. At any moment Britain may be plunged into war, in which to defend them ahe must doable her debt, and see her merchant marine transferred to neutral flags, with ruinous results, in these days of sharp national competition, to her industries. It is extreme folly to risk this, merel}' that wealth and population may chiefly remain in the central point. But let tariffs transfer their share of manufactures to the colonies— population and wealth will follow, and the great British Empire will soon be strong, populous, loyal, and defensible at every point. '■■AiUit.i^U^^H^-^' '•'H* EFFECT OF PROTKOTIOX IN THE STATES. -'v" i' As the reader is aware, the Southern States opposed protection. The slaveholder had only slave labour, too rude, dull and spiritless for aught but coarse field work. He cared but to grow cotton and tobacco for Britain till his fields were run out, leave them to weeds/ and move to richer soil. He did not wish the North, either, to grow too powerful and rich be manufacturing, doubting the end when it should grow too strong for the South. But th North knew well the road to national wealth, and strove hard for protection. The result was alternate periods of low and high tariffs, aa North and South ruled. At last the South drew the sword. The North won, and in 1861 established the present high tariffs on manu- factures. The average States tariffs of this century, as stated by the If. Y. MerehatUa* Magaane, 1861, are: Date 1821-24. 1824-28. 1828-32. 1382-41. 1842. 1842-40. 1840-67. 1867-60. 1861 Average dutv.. 84| 38| 41^ 81^ 28i 83 24^ 20^ Greatly Increased The effect of these tariffs in the States has been to bring there the manufactures which would else have staid in Eiirope. The European capitalists fought hard against it. In 1846, when a tariff discussion was expected, English manufacturers obtained a room in the Washington capitol, where they displayed large quantities of goods, ticketed with the prices at which they could send them to the States if the tariff were lowered. They lobbied, they bribed, they persuaded — they even established their own newspapers to puff their goods. (It might be well to consider n hether we have not such in Canada.) It was all in vain. The Americans, of all people, are commercially wise. The vast commercial, manufactu ring and farming prosperity which haa followed is unprecedented. Some of the results will now be given. 1861- liMt- un- 1864- 1806- 1888- iMroan. •n4,ooo,ooo 178.000,000 su,ooo,-ooo 801,000,000 200,000,000 488.000,000 watoan. 1104,000,000 170,000,000 108,000,000 148,000,000 188,000.000 887.000.000 BXVORTI 800,000,000 iM»,000,000 400,000,000 ASO.OOO.OOO 008,000,000 la IMl their production uf pig iron wm 781,000 tono ; by 1874 it had risen to the «M>rmoa8 qnantity of 2,689,000 tent, or ftv« timn what it had been. Of late it haa never aank to two milliona. It maat be remembered that thia is not for export. Their protttclive system secures its use in their own country ; and thb vaat incrrase, therefore, ahows an vqual iuorease in all their indnstries, for iron is the base of all. In 1881 they had 81.000 miles of railway ; in 1877, 8S.000. Itmnat be noticed that this great addition does not mean lines built— as we in Canada aeem to build our principal— to carry our nuiohbour's goods. The increase of United btates roads means that they hare so much more of their own pro- duce to trauufer. Notwithatanding the oYer-emigrntion produced. b» the vast mont-y infla- tion of the war debt, the flow of eniifpranU to tho SUtea continues immense. In 1801 and 1882 they were g*«tting 89,000 yearly ; in 1872-78 it reached nearly hair s million yearly ; and even the last year the writer hss report of, 1876, 167,000 persona went there. (Con- trast thia with Canada. In 1870 we paid nearlv haU'-a-miUion of money to prooure 88.000 emigianta, who do not all atay, and in the same year 21,000 Canadians— valuable oitixens, many of whom had been well educated in our schools— went to the United States. ) The reader is particularly aaked now to notice the immeiiw increase in American trade wi» other nations since the high protective tariflT of 1861. Their imports and exports then aM since are ss follows : iMfORTa. sxroars. iMPoaTa. 1807— 881,000.000 877,000,000 1878- 084.000,000 1808- 844,000,000 809,000,000 1874- 000.000.000 1800- 400,000,000 ii76,000,000 1876- 618,000,000 1870— 419,000,000 870.000,080 1870- 480,000,000 1871— 806.000,000 4S8.000.000 1877- 408,000,000 1878- 010,000.000 488,000,000 It will be seen that before the inatitution of high protective tariftn in 1861, the imports were |274,000,(K)0 ; the exports |204,UOO,O0o ; that ia to aay, they were buying under their lower tariff more by f7U,000,(iOO than they were selling, nnd going in debt to that amount . But Protection changed this gradually, till last year the imports were $492, •>()«*, 000 their exports |668,000,0o0, thua ahowing that not only haa their foreign tmdu nearly trebled under a few years of Protection, but that the enormoua sum of $166.000, OOU is now on the right side of the ledger instead of f7<>,U00,))00 on the wrong— they are selling 91b0,OOO,GOO worth more than they are buying, all of which, (when it is considered that during that period they endured the most expensive war ever known— « civil war, too, devastating nothing but their own property — and that they have paid off already seven hundred million dollars of their war debt by heavy taxation) ahowa uu increase of commercial pro8|ierity never before equalled in the hiatory of the world. aovr let us glantie at the report from the nation mainly affected by thia— the nation to whom the States were in "free trade" days the best customer- Britain. As before ahown, the States and other nations adopting Protection, are dimiuiahing their purchases of British goods. Britain's exports are consequently lesH,andher iniporta are yearly exceeding them to a great extent. Here ia how the London (Eng.) World, a fair authority, views the situa- tion : — " The great (act wHh which we had to deal was that whilethe value of our exporto haa been diminishing that of our import* liaa tMen increaaing, and tliat the excaia of import* over export* has grown from £78,000,000 (8800,000,000) in 1874 to £142,000i000 (8710,000,000) iu 1877. Slidie full alluwanoe for the deduction* and addi- tion* requisite in both ca*e* in order to approximate to tho real values of the two aides of the trading equation, it must stiU be true that the great expansion in both exports and imports which began some six or seven years aso baa wholly cluuiged Ita character. The growth of exports has entirely disappeared, and haa been replaoM by a decrease, while the increase in imports ha* vastly developed its proportions. The Timet has dis- covered that the excess of our Import* is a temporary condition, ariaingout of circumstances which have dis- turbed the pre-existing course and balance of trade. This is an abstract way of putting the admission that the exoeaa of imporu is a very uncomfortable fact, but the oonsoUng statement that It is temporary I* a Sure aasumptlon. The cause of this temporary condition, it is allowed is the extent to which foreign coun- ries have succeeded in competing with and beating us in our own markets. So we are told that within the last few years our manufacturers have beeu subjected to a previously unexampled amount of competi- tion, In which they have been hard put to it to hold their own. The facta, however, prove that they have not held their own, and that Bugland,whioh formerly feared no rival in trade or commerce, is now beset by rivals who press her so hard as to imperil the remainder of her manufacturing and industrial supremacy. The communities that have been rigidly Protectionist have. It seems, stolen a march on Free Trading Eng- land, with such rapidity that we And it hard to cope with them. They have established aa absolute control over their own markets, and they are swiftly Invading ours as well. The one Free-trading ooimtry haa bean lodng, while its vigorous Protectionist rivals have oeen gaining ground. Yet we are told to diarraud the staguMlon of individual trades and industries because, as in the sugar industry for instance, the booy of the oonsumeiB reap the benefit from the cheap sugars of France and Austria, though the English sugar- reflnera have been driven from the field. If the same process be api^lod all round- aa without reciprocity U eaaily may— we must in the long run be left without industries to protect. How will the cheap purohaaea nf the oonsumera make up for the losses that must then overtake the whole community when it is forced to epend upon the foreigner for both the neoevariea and luxuries of life ?" In 1660 the population of the States was 31,000,000 ; by 1870 it had risen to 88,000,000, gaining over a fourth. The reader is asked to observe now how Protection had increased their industries. In 1860 they had 1,811,000 hands employed in manufactories, earning 4878,000,000 of wages, and making from materials valued at 91,03 l,0O«sO00 articles valued at91,885,000,U00. By 1870 they had 2,228,679 hands, receiving $800,000,000 wages, and making from $2,502,000,000 of materiala articles valued at $4,282,000,000. Nine years of Protection, therefore, had actually brought into employment nearly a million fresh hands. While the whole population had only increased one>-dftb, the mantd'acturing population had uesrly doub]«d. At that time there were 6,000,000 people in the States occupied in farming. TlMfar jTMurly orodaotion wm 11,600,000,000. It will b« obMrvad that the nuuiaCMtoriug jpwople, man (or man, mn> jraatiU(( protlootioua about twioa aa Taloablo aa wan tha flurman. Thia la tha aaorat of tha gvneral daalra of natlona Tor manafaotoraa. Tat oonvanlon of tha raw matarlal of wool, ootton, Iron, whaat, cattle, and ao on, into fine labrioa, ia alwaya twioa aa piofltabla aa growing that raw malarial ; and the country where thia ohange ia mada ba- cornea thn richer ooantry— tha raw material iprowen keep poor, and ar« much poorer if tbay are not in the country where it ia made, aa explained abore. When people talk of men out of work in the Statea, they ahould remember now man/ an* in work — ^tnat the laat oenaua ffava nearly two and a half millioua of employed handa fMin, and that Protection waa tha aole cauae of at leaat one and a half millions having work there at all. It ia but right to take thia opportunity of oorreotintt those people who are in the habit of aaaert- ing that Protection ia popular only in the Kaat— that the MTeatern, or f»rniini( Statea, are not intoraated in manufactures. fTo more itroaa error waa ever made. The Weatem Stataa had tried in vain by railroada to aend their produce proAtablv to a market. Thev eagerly aeiied the chance Proteotion gave them to bring the market — the factories— to tne farmer. By 1870 were engaged in manufacture in California, 81,000 people ; Illinois, 188,000 ; Indiana, 70,U00 ; Iowa, 47,000 ; Kanaaa, 18,OuO ; Michigan, 82,000 ; Miasouri, 70,000 ; Wisconsin, 58,000--being 609,000 artisans, giving, as the population of these States then amounted to 10,000,000, or one-fourth of the whole Statea population — and the whole artizan population of the Statea Iniug aa above 2,228,000— juat aa many people employed in manufacture in the Weatem Statea in proportion to population as in ttie reat of the Union. Tha weatem manu- facturing producta in 1870 were the vast sum of 9867,00i),000. It ia said that the desire of Proteotion is to a certain extent stronger in the West than in the East, for the old faotoriea of the Kaat fanov they could stand a tariff whidh would kill off some of the Western futoriea. Aa much ia said of the comiuirative wages, comfort, and proHperity of the Statea and Canada, it will lie well to observe some actual facta. Canadian settlement bemn in 1606 ; that of the Statea in 1807. They are now (States' census) 46,000,000 soul's ; Ca- nada 4,000,000. For Afty years their lowest tariff has been 20 per cent. g«n<'%lly. Ours haa been a revenue tarifi — a policy of ignorant men, which will be described further on. In 1870 they had of capital invested in manufaoturea •2,118,000,000, producing 14,232,000,000; raying, to 2,223,000 hands as previously mentioned, in that year $800,000,<»00 wages, giv- ing each employee an average of $817. In Canada under our non- protective system we had #77.000,000 invested, producing $221,000,000, iMying 187,000 hands |40,uCO,000— average to each $217. Thia average of wages is still more in their favour from the fact that we employ far fewer women and children than they. Their average production was $109 to each in* habitant— ours $68 to each inhabitant. Now let us compare the prosperity of a State which haa laifiely introduced manufacturing— Massachusetts — with our own — a State which, too, haa to import all its coal, having itself none. It has 7,800 square miles ; population in 1870, 1,467,000. (Ontario has 107,000 square miles, population l,62O,Oi)0 ; Quebec 198,000, population 1,191,000, much better average land tnan theirs.) In 1865 the as- sessed value of their taxable property waa $891,000,000 ; by 1874 it was $1,862,000,000, showing average annual increase of $103,000,000. Prooerty exempt $56,000,01)0. Total TeturnM in 1874, $1,917,000,000, being more than the valuation of all the property in the Dominion of Cana to about on« in seventy of the people. In 1877 the nnmber of failnres in the States was 8»872, •r one in ever^ 78 traders ; in Canada it was 1898, or one in every 80 traders, t The sama average has existed for the past live years. Their total amount of losses by failure, propor- tionafly to population, has also been much less than ours. The reader is asked to uonsider whether, in view of all the facts stated, it is not plain that the States owe their prosperity simply to their determination to import nothing which they can make. WHAT CANADA IMPORTS, WHICH 8HB MIGHT PROFITABLY MAKE. It is known that Canada possesses ^at manuracturing abilities. It has in the Maritime Provinces to the east, fields of bituminous coal (the kind used for manufacturing) aufficient to supply the world for centuries ; has large fields in British Columbia, and atill larger ones in the Saskatchewan. It has silver, copper, iron, and lead deposits suptsrior in many respects to what can he found elsewhere. ^ Its immense water-communication gives it the power of landing coal cheaply at any point. It has a command of the cheapest force known — water power — which is unequalled elsewhere. It has a people so willing to work at such industries, that many thousands of them go yearly to the States, nor is this that there is no market here for goods, for the articles we yearly buy show a very large market indeed ; and it is very plain that if the people who make them were here there would be a much larger market. Of these articles we have lately imported in the way of iron, the vast sum of sixteen millions of dollarb worth yearly. Now the iron in our mines iathe best in the world ; large orders are sent to us for ore from Pennsylvania, where they have plenty, but none so good. The Swedes at the Philadelphia exhibition owned it better than theirs. We now sell the ore to the States, and they sell it back to us, made into hardware, at a hi^h profit. The writer, who has had much experience in the various fanning and other industrial arts of Canada, has no doubt that if Canadian iron were used where foreign now is, one-third would be added in wear. (American boiler iron, as he is assured by Toronto experts, is superior to Lowmoor. Pennsylvania rails, as letters deposited with him show, test, "price for price, better than British. But the fact in';«restiug to Canadians is that over many thousand miles of Cannda lie untouched deposits of iron, better than either nation owns. Canada has imported of hardware, cutlery, tools, naUs, castings, stoves, engines, machinery, frames, axles, railway work, steel, and tubing, in '78-4-6-fi, an average of close on sixteen millions of dollars yearly, counting only such articles as might well be made here. Much of this is our own ore, l>ought by the United States at $2 per ton, and sold back to us at something more like f2,MU, to the amusement of our acute neighbours, whose very drummei-s laugh at us for not doing the paying work ourselves. Of cotton goods we Lave lately imported about ten millions of dollars worth in some years, and of woollens twelve millions of dollars worth, — cloths, tweeds, white and unbleached goods, carpets, flannels, merinoes, paramattas, lustres, ginghams, jeans, — and all the innumerable list of textiles the sheep and the cotton-field give to man. Cotton can be laid down in Canada as cheaply as in Britain. As for wool, we have vast sections of country which can never be profitable grain farms, but which under mixed husbandry, largely devoted to sheep, will yield excellent returns, and give, both for home use and export, a vast supply, which, of course, for the finer manufactures, needs the mixture of foreign wool. This can be readily imported. No country, it must be remembered, can depend on the home growth of wool es* clns^ely for her manufactures. Britain impoits most of what she uses. Of linens, silks, and velvets, we have in years past taken four millions' worth ; of glassware a million, of ready-made clothing a million, of manufactured leather a million, of manufactured furs half a million, of wooden ware half a million, paper and paper-hangings three-quarters of a million, hats and caps a million, hosiery half a million, flax and cordage a million, fancy goods two millions, clocks, watches, carriages half a million, sugar five millions, and a vaiit number of other articles of manufacture. When it is remembered what sort of a country w^ inhabit — its numerous water-powers — its possession of, or facilitiea for obtaining raw materials — when it is remembered that the States are making these same articles with great success — it is perfectly plain that. With proper protection, they could well be mada here. It mu6t be remembered that last year's figures show a falling off in these imports — the result of Mr. Cariwright's great error. Ignorant of commercial history, and unaware that the opposite effect had always occurred, he supposed the country of lowest tariffs would kecome the most prosperous, and import most goods. The reverse took place, of course, — repeated deficits marked his budgets, and if our " fri. j trade " continue, Canada will become yearly less and less able to purchase at all. In this connection it may be well to show how much we have lately imported, and how greatly the balance of trade has been against us: — EXPORTS AND IMPORTS, DOMINION OF CANABA. aXFORTS. INFOaTS. BXPORTS. IMPORTS. 1868 167,000,000 178,000,000 1869 60.000,000 70.000,000 1870 73,000,000 74,000,000 1871 74,000.000 06,000.000 1878 82,000,000 111,000.000 1878 189,000.000 tl88.000,000 1874 80,000,000 188,000,000 1876 77,000,000 188,000,000 1876 80,000,000 98,000,000 1877 76,000,000 09,000,000 Authorities consulted for above,— United States cetiiUB 1870-71, States census 1876, Nlles' Beglster. United States Acta. Appleton's CyolopMla 1876-6, State Controller's Annual Beports. Canada Public Accounts, United States Bailway MagasiDe, BrydKCS B.R. Beport to Canadian Goveminent, Beports of Nova Scotia Board.of Trade, and Secretary of Treasury, Canadian Customs and Board of Ttade, Dun ft Wiman's, Dun & fiariow's Comnieroial Agen<^ and Brokers, United States Commercial Agency, Census of Canada, United States Bureau of StatUtTcs. » -*. -. H v.?t'- i t G 3 e F a li i s ii tl it w u SI ni Tl fa bi 11 a 1) I • We arv, it will be seen, f 286,000,000 behind in ten years — we have bought that mnoh more than we have sold. We have, of coarse, had no other way of paying this sum than by exports. We have not paid it. We have gone in debt for it, as it will be remembered in the opening remarks, it was shown that the country depending on others for her mannfao- tures mast do. All through Canada the progress of the system may be seen. The Government borrows in London yearly. Our local Government borrows there. Private individaals borrow from the loan companies which fill our land, which in turn borrow from Britain. And both from Governments and individuals, sooner ar later, the money goes into the hands of the shop-keeper, from him to the importing merchant, from him back to some foreign land. With Protection it would all go to oui own workmen, the borro'^ing from abroad would cease ; and as in the States to-day, the balance of trade would soon turn to the right, instead of the wrong side of our ledger. Some statements, which have been carefully calculated, will now be presented to show the number of people who might reasonably be expected to come and carry on their trades in Canada, if a tariff sufficiently high to prevent them sending their productions here from where they now are, be adopted. In the first place the reader will be nsked to remember that manufactures occupy far more people than those engaged merely in the last process. Before the shoemaker can make a shoe, or the joiner a box, a great number of people must have been employed in getting all ready, vis., the leather, the wood, the nails, the thread, the lock and hiujc^es, the handles, the pegs, the varioiis tools, the workshops, the houses for the two operatives. These are merely what were used for the final operation of what is called making the box and the shoe, but this is only the last operation of many. Think of the number of mines, forges, furnaces, factories, the long succession of workshops neces« sary before the joiner and shoemaker could even begin. -)t is thus that one manufacture tends to bring many ; and wealth multiplies upon wealth. So well is this beginning to l>e under- stood that, for the- last hundred and fifty years, the civilized nations of the world may he said to have been playing a game with each other on a sort of universal checker-board, endeavouring by niles of the game called tariffs to capture and bring within their own borders as many valuable pieces, called manufactures, as possible. Agriculture goes every- where. Manufactures only where they are drawn by encouragement, because if they be not drawn so to yon, the attraction created by some one else, plenty of whom are always busy at it, will draw them from you. The reader will now be asked to follow a few computations, to show the amount of gootls which we now import, but might make here. Of the imports stated above, there is no reasonable doubt, as the author is well assured by practical men in the various brauches, we could manufacture |60,000,000 worth. There are some things which cannot be mtie here as well as in Europe ; theve are Irish rivers which prepare flax for linen without chemi- cals, and the moist English climate permits the operative tu make the finest cotton thread, which would snap if tried in our dry air. But these are few. The calculation is based on the fact that frequently of late we have imported into Canada $60,000,000 yearly of the same kind of goods as are successfully made by our neighbours t cross the borders whose facilities are no greater than ours. Now, we will enquire what number of people the making of these !;oods here would bring to reside in Canada. According to the most reliable statistics, the abour of an operative in Britain produces $800 yearlv ; in Canada, $1,200 ; in the States, $2,000 ; taking the average uf these, or $1,800, it will 'be found that our $60,000,000 of im- ports, if made here, would occupy 46,000 operatives. But the reader is particularly asked to notice that a vast number of persons are supported by manufactures, in addition to the operatives who turn out the finished fabrics. Some idea of this was given in the cases of the carpenter and shoemaker. The writer will give an example of this from the largest manufacturing business of Britain, the cotton trade, some quotations from which he gave in a Toronto daily last year, but as great errors have been committed in their repetition since, at Ottawa and elsewhere, he will now give the full statistics. There were employed in 1871, 449,000 persons. The cost of machinery was $277,000,000, with a floating capital of $150,000,000, and there were 4,500,000 persons in all its bram*hes dependent on its prosperity for their livelihood. They produced yarn in 1872 worth $S1,00U,000 ; calicoes, $286,000,000 ; lace, Stc, $21,000,000 ; total, $388,000,000. The number of persons dependent ave differently stated by various authors, but the 4,600,000 now given coincides with most of them, and is taken from the very exhaustive consular and other reports sent from Manchester to the Washington Bureau. Taking this as our base, the $60,000,000 we now import shows that we now support 460,000 people in foreign lands manufacturing for us.t uet us consider the advantages to our farmers of bringing these to reside in Canada. From calculations based on returns from one hundred manufacturing towns in the States, it is found the consumption of farm produce for adults and children averages $1 per head weekly. In Canada it is from several returns much the same. The 460,000 people we t ThoM ure round figures, but in the main tolerably accurate. Had buHlnesa continued good, these impor- tations would have been none too much for us. my #80,000,000— W3 should have needed it all. But auppoae we made it— then the half million ppoplo needed here to make it would make near $70,000,000 needed. Thece would need one-eighth more fiurmers to grow food— now there would be |W,000,000 needed. Then to make 180,000,000 manufactures we would need 600,000 people instead of tudf-a-mlllion— these more farmers again. This is the arithmetical progression we ought to nave grown in ; but we have worked it badiwards— we have "freversed the wand." / 18 4mpl|vr«lMwh«ra woold, then, if employed here, gira oar fiurmen a nwrket to th« extent of $i8,000,(HlM per anntim. It ia reqnerted that farmera obaerve that this ia aa much aa or more iktan thw whole amount the Dominion exporta of farm produce. Last Tear we exported $84,- 0. Last year hardly a million dollars worth out of $28,000,000, sold mostly to Britain. An additional reason why the States no longer buy of us is that the multiplication of railroads to the West, and consequent competition for freights, has so lowered these that the U. S. lake Sorts are filled with lumber from Michigan cheaper than we can send stuff there, and pay $2 uty. But one thing ia plain, neither the States nor British demand is likely to improve the trade. The fol lowing seem to have given its chief value to the trade : 1 . The ability to sell in the States lumber nnnt for the British trade, thus using two partsof the timber. 2. The ability to sell in Canada lumber unfit for either, thus using the rest of the timber. Every lumber dealer remembers that during our " gootl times " he could sell all his common stuff at $5 — ^very poor much of it, but tit for many purposes. JN^ow he may sell a little at $2.50 or $8, but most of it is left to rot. 3. The large home demand in Canada for lumber before the depression — i. e., while our manufacturers were yet at work. And lastlv, but not a small item, we have not now first-class timlier standing so near to the front to sell them, nor, by late official reports, very much auywhere else. The writer will now point out when a valuable impetus— valuable to Canada in many ways — may be expected in tne lumber traffic. If, by a protective tariff, we bring those half million operatives we employ elsewhere to this country, who make the f60,iNM),0O0 manufactures we import, consider what would accompany them. The fioatine capital required to run their business would be, as computed, $30,000,000, besides which the 'first cost of buildings and machinery would be equal to one year's output, or $60,000,- 000. Of this, considering that wood in our inland towns would precede brick, at least $20,00<>,000 would go to buying lumber There would be a hundred thousand houses, largely of wood, required for the operations, nee«iing about $16,000,0*10 worth of lumber. The seneral farming prosp-^rity whicn would follow the opening of near and thriving^ markets fotr ail purposes, the nuL>ber of additional farm hands and farm houses required, the additional trading, nrofessiLnal, and other population which always accompany prosperous changes, would swell the amount, heyond any doubt whatever, to at least $50,000,000 worth of lumber required as soon aa Canada chooses to do what she should have done long ago — adopt Protective measures. It is not supposed this would all occur at once — the change would be gradual, but every day for the lietter. It must likewise be remembered that even this large amount would he but the beginning of the demand. Out' bick country, much of it altogether unfit for export farming, can'sapport an immense home population. Colonies Of farmers and firesh manufacturing establishments would continually push out into. the still unsettled regions, as they have in the United States. The increase of population, native and foreign, would be continual, and the demand for houses, factories, and mills, necessarily constant. Our forests, which have been wasted with a recklessness and rapacity, both on the part of legislators and lumbermen, which the writer cannot too strongly con- demn, would, it is to bo hoped, be better manaeed. He has seen fifty young trees cut dowu to get out one pine — and of that one pine naif was wasted, there being no mar- ket for the remainder. Enough has now been said to prove thoroughly that Protective tariffs are our only chance of a prosperous lumber trade, one in which the demand would be constant and laige, the business profitable, from all the timber being saleable, and above all profitaole to the country, for the riches made would stay in the land, and continually increase the prosperity of every farmer and mechanic therein. THB ADVANTAOa OF PR^EOTION TO VILLAOBci, TOW^H, AND GITUDS. To commence, there would be many more of them. As statt^ ikt first, the people w|io farm exclusively need very few cities, as in the cose of thu. Southern States. When they IS mumfactare, they btdid many, m in the North. Thete an few bonntriM to wdl prwrUM with water-po^er as onr own, and it ha% ako, the great advantage of a long lake and liter Une, at every point Mf vrhioh ooal-achoonera may leave oairgaea. If the oovMry adopt Protection, capitally ' at onoe come here flrom the Ktatea and Britain, aeoure the beat pointk in country hiqo j, wad commence operationa. Mnmerans villaoea will at onoii spring into existence, ./owns and cities will double their sixe. There will he many years of constant work for all artificers in bailding, and in making machinery, and many thoosanda of peopltt will find employment in addition to the aotualoperatives. It is sometimes said by men who have not consldMed the matter, that foreign workmen would at once oom» and fill all vacancies. Whether they be foreign or not, it in plain that the number Protection wsnld bring would more than double our city and town population — ^plain that it would afford occupation to more than double our present number of farmers to supply them, as computed above. This, again, would make more work in the towns, and create more towni. WhUe prosperity is increanng and the country receiving'emignints, there is always full work at high wages. When it ceases to improve, work gets very scarce, and wages falLt All may recollect that while the States were receiving half p million emigrants a year, wsfjes were extremely high, and workmen scarce. So in Canada, as long as many were coming hiire, times were |^od, work plenty, and wages high. Nothing is more certain, from au past time, than the fact tlwt, (pven prosiierity under which workmen are coming ftst into a country, there will be work enough in that country for all, as long^ as the influx has such cause. We have in this country resources which, if properly used, will allow influx of a hundred millions of people- before we are glutted with labour. Our trouble hitherto has been that we could not give employnient to those who did come. If a number of British operatives come here, they pass on to the States, (hough we use large quantities o! the very goods they^could make fur us. But we buy them in foreign lancU, and the men must leave us. Let us look at onr one Toronto fumituro factory, for instance, employing sny seven hundred hands. In its adjoiiung store, it needs bat very few men to sell these goods. Now look at our long rows of wholesale stores selling foreign goorls, and consider that to evenr one of these there is a large factory, with its huiidr^s of hands, elsewhere, and under Protection, we would have them all here. Any one who remembers the great impetus to business, given a few years ago to Toronto when a couple of foundries in the railway and other lines were each employing five or six hundred men — who remembers how hns^ and prosperous the stores were near them, and what a good market farmers found for their produce then compared to now, can well see the result of having two or three hundred factories. If a factory employs SO«t hands at $1.60 » day, every day |450 are paid out : every week $2,7UO leaves the humls of the operatives, who do not keep it, for even if they deposit • it, the banks lend it. Those who get it pay it out; others again upend it, it ^es on to others, it circulates continually; it comes back to the factory owner, it goes out again ; every time it changes hands there is a profit. Ersry additional factory is an additional market for all those in other lines. All this creates what is called a series of markets; creating one creates othera, and occasions production and consumption in an endless progressito Eniope than the Weatem fanner. (Freight frum Chicago to Liverpool is joat the same aa from Toronto to Liverpool, or even, as just now, seven oenta leas. From Chicago to Portland is twenty cents per 100 weight. From Toronto to Portland the same or more.) He must aee his sons leave the country for want of opportnnitiea here-^perhapa must go himself. He will find all he can raise— oats, wheat, barley, potatotw, cattle, flonr, brought in to undersell him in his own marketa by Americans, whose duties forbid his goods equal entrance there. They come here, sell to Canadians, get at once the money he should have got at once, while he must send jast that much more to Britain, and wait four months for a return. (If a buyer advance the money, he has to charae the fanner interest and risk.) They take our near market, we must put up with the foreign one. He may own land every foot of which would be valuable for a home market ; but even five hundred acres of which cannot raise an^thinv; profitable to carry and sell abroad. Now let us consider his chance if Protective dutiea be charged. He will, every here and there, see villages starting up around him, some of which will soon rise to towns and cities. All the resources of the land will be utilized — clay for bricka — stone for building and macadamizing — ^timber for houses— cord wood for fuel — and a hundred other things. One city like Toronto alone needs a hundred miles of macadam — a foot or more deep and fifty wide. He will be able to sell as many fat cattle and sheep as he can raifle, at paying prices, and to sell roots, hay, straw, butter, fruit, and all those things which give the soil a change of work. Farmers near our few cities have these, in some respects, now; but they have this great diflScnlty: all through the back country we have no cities, and the whole produce of the back country pours into our few cities to compete with the near farmers. 'Fhe consequence is, as all know, tnat thiKback woodsman gets next to nothing for bis butter and eggs, while the frontier farmer is hindered of his price by their influx. This would be removed by Protection, which would give towns and cities in many parts of the land. Farmers would be able to hire men the year round, and would be able— nay, find it necessary — to devote most of their time not to labour, but to overseeing their men, and buying and selling. So long as he is a mere export farmer, he must drudge with his men in grain-growing, or it will not pay. fiut give him the chance to farm well which a near market bestows, and he will find it pay better to oversee than to w«rk. Land-scratching for grain is a dull business — the ground yearly gettii^ harder — ^the soil poorer. Of all the wond, Canada furnishes most recruits to the lunatic asylums — from a people, too, naturaliy keen-witted and sensible. But the country is dull. The young men find no life-~no busy industries around. He often leaves. Here is the list of Canadian- bom residents in the States at the last census : Alabama, 188 ; Arkansas, 842 ; California, - 10,660 ; Connecticut, 10,861 ; Delaware, 112 ; Florida, 174 ; Georgia, ^247 ; Illinois, 32,560; Indiana, 4,766 ; Iowa, 17,907 ; Kansas, 5,824 ; Kentucky, 1,082 ; Louisiana, 714 ; Maine. 26,788 ; Maryland, 644 ; Massachusetts, 70,066 ; Michigan, 89,690 ; Minnesota, 16,398; Mississippi, 375 ; Missonri. 8.448 ; Nebraska, 2,636 ; Nevada. 2,865; New Hamp- shire. 12,935 ; New Jersey, 2,474 ; New York, 79,042 ; North Carolina, 171 ; Ohio, 12,988 ; Or^on, 1,187 ; Pennsylvania, 1,022 ; Rhode Island, 1,042 ; South Carolina, 77 ; Tennessee, 687 ; Texas, 697 ; Vermont, 28,544 ; Virginia, 684 ; Wisconsin, 26,666 ; Territories, 6,000. Total in the States, 487.000. Had we had Protective tariffs few of these would have left ns, and multitudes more, who came here from Europe and had to leave for the States, would have found full work here. Some statistics given by one farmer will here be quoted: — " He farms to aares of gooc i»nd, gnw on tt in 187&— an averaKO year— 220 bushelsot wheat, 400 bushels ot turnips, ISO bushels of potatoes, 2 tons of hay. Amount of imported nwnufMsturrd goods used by his family of six, in one year as follows :— Sugar, tB ; dry goods, |40 ; crockery, 93 ; Imported hardware, 810. Making 960. Their homespun ctoth, factory cotton, nails, and most ot their tools, are Canadian made, adding which with iniat they bought would reach 9100 altogether. Now suppoee (what is not the case, for Protection cheapen8)~-bnt suppose all goods bought, Canadian and imported, heiflchtened in price in proportion to the tariff, and suppoae ten per cent added to the exlBttng tariff. It would cost him 910 a year. Now what would he gain? His vllhwe wheat market is always ten cents lower than Toronto price ; whether it go to Europe or the Maritime Provinots it will cost 16 cents for oarriure at least ; oomminion will raise )t to 20 cents. Gould he have sold it dose at hand he would have mide 944 on the wheat His turnips are worth about 16 cents per bushel ; but with a manufacturing town at fair teaming distance he could sell them at 26 oenta easily— 940 more saved. His potatoes could average 80 cents a bushel more~9S&more saved. His farm could receive the great advantage of a supply of manure, which now it cannot get, and it could be relieved from the steady wheat drain, when roots, fruit, a&i oatUe in alternation would pay better. Under Protection there would be within two miles of him a large manufacturing town, for there is one of the best water powers in Canada. Coal, as it is cIdcc to a lake port, could also be cheaply obtained. (Few farms in Canada are not near manu- facturing facilities of one sort or another)^ He has been five years clearihg his twenty acres, buminr most Hie importation ot Indian CSom is not advantageous to many of our farmers, while it is to many of them injurious. We import from two to four million dollars worth, ot which much is used for distilling, and a larffe amount exported, leaving but about a fourth, or from half to one million, for those farmers who, in some districts, buy it for feed. On the other huid, there are very kunra districts of Canada which, with en- couragement of a duty on com, would grow much rye. Again, it conflicts with Canada peagrowing— a erop whtob, in many parbi, forms our best preparation for wheat. Protection will free us from American com- petition, and a great homa market from the need of shipping cattle to Europe. With these, farmers will profitably raiss their oa'n cattle and their own feed. It is astonishing that no one— of all our well-paid soientiflcs, raises a voice against the exportation of our new-founC phosphates— as well might the man over- boaid sell his life-buoy. The writer would expreet his thaaku Vor a valuable compilation, the a-ork of Mr. Ndson Ck>rfaam, New- market, which he has used to some extent, but which is worthy of separate publication. 18 •I iM wood— muoii oi b tMallM* obn, mIh Im e h , ii»|il«, buMraod, and otlww i»rt Ct In ■aah ol ik vKliukbU for vhtp-baUdlns aad BaaulMliirM of various klwu— thut dMpmDc la ntoke full a yMur, vhkk b« could oulur iMTOMid had tbon baan aiaauluturtBg towoa naar btm. To aum up: ha would loaa yaarljr undar Prolaotloii, gfantlug aU tho ugnoMnta that it niaaa iiriaaa fwhieh ara u^itnia) would bo Juat 910. What ha would Imto gatnad jraarly undor PrataettoB aooordtuy to thaatManMntaabora laMO Whrt lOtwhtchoanboAOrlTdiaputad— to: Onwhaat,tM: tuntan, tM : potatoaa. 988 ; wood. •NO,— in all mo jreariy. Ha would min otharwlaa. Hto tana ia wor*N tlfiW x it would ba worth 98.000 undar a Protaeliva poliojr, ntwaly ror farming. Moraovar, ha baa flva iwoa, of ag«a from four to twalvo. Ha dooa not Ilka to brinv thcaa all up aa tarmara, aaoing that ha hlPvaU-alwajra hatd-working and aoonomloal— baa not suoeaadad batter. Ona will kaap tha lltUo farm, and aa thara ara planty of workara in tha natghbourhood for an that to to ba dona under Free Trade, the raat will toaTe, and probably bring up at or near the taotoriea of the Stataa. Under Protection, which would cover <^uda with manufacturing towna and viltogea, all hto ehiUion woukl Und remunerative employment here, thounad auch ftomen. ' Thto to no fancy picture. In Canada there are many In the contest with the Southern States, to obtain protection, Mr. Stewart, of PennsyK rauift, used some argomcnts, which farmers might well consider. He said :— TberetoanotherandatiUatrongervlewof thto aubject in relation to itaeffecta upon the intereata of th* farmer and agriculturiat. It war a ftwt, howatfer strange it mla^t appear^ that thto nation imported agri* cultural labour to the amount of many milUona a year. He did not mean to say it waa imported in ita original shape, but it entored Into the compositton of manufactures, and, thus alViJired and moditled, was Inl- ported and consumed among us. Sir, of what Is your imported oioth compcaed, your imported iron, spirita,hemp,liiien— in ehort— almost evenihiiigt Ooiwt the coat of the raw material, the wool, hemp, flax ; then add the price of provisions, the bread, meat, fuel and tea consumed by thoee employed *n the fabrication of the manufactured articles, and vou will find that two-tbirds of our imported goods conatot of agrieul^ral labour, and went to support and ouatain the farmers of foreign oountriee— paying them the money which should go to our own. Agriculture Is tiie great baato and foundalion on wbtch everything etoe depends. When the farmer prospers, all prosper; when he sinks, all the rest, professiunal man and mechanics, go down with him. Make him ptxMuerous and the whole country will prosper. And how to agriculture to be made prosperous but bv building up and nutalning home markets f It is not tor the maaullaoturerfl, but for the meclianlcs'and farmers that I advocate tlw protective policy. The important faot which liea deep at the foundation of the whole subject, and to which 1 am anxious to attract the atten* tion of the fanners of thto country, to tbts: "nut more than half of the entire price of tho hundred miinon dollama year, of foreign naanufaotures imported Into thto Country to agricultural produce raised on a foreign soil, worked up and manuteotured into goods, then sent here for sale. Thto may seem strange, but to strictly true. I defy contradiction, I challenge investigation. Let gentlemen dispoeed to contest it select an article of foreign goods— a yard of cloth, a ton of iron, a hKt. a coat, a pair of shoes, anything fimm a needle to an anchor, examine its constituent parts, the raw material, the clothing and subsistence of the labour employed in ita manufacture, and it would be discovered that mora than half, often three-fourths of the whole price, to made up of agricultunal produce. I liave ascertained the tact from my own books, kept at a furnace, that more than three-fourths of the price of every ton of iron sold, was paid to tbe neighbour- ing fanners for their domestic ttoods, their meat and flour that clothed and fed my hands, for their hay, com and oats, that sustained my horses, mules and oxen employed about my works. Was thto system hurtful to wrioulture ? Look at the neighbouring iron works of Mount Savage, built up within a few yean; the land was bought for two dollars an aore,''it to now from twenMr to a hundred : it employs four or Ave thousand men. Tlie high price of neighbouring farms, shows the einct of giving the farmers a market Manufaeturhig establtohments multiply the value of farms in their vicinity ott<»i ten, twenty— and sometimes of mineral lands a hundred told. Let three or tour more such establishments go up in that vicinity, and you would have a demand tor three or tour times as many hands, and tor all sorts ot agricultural produce in the same proportion. No American interest to so much benefited by a protective tarill as that ot aifriculture. To mow the effect upon currency as WbU as agriculture, suppose the gentle- man from Virginia wants a new coat, he goes to a IMttob importer and pays him twenty aollars. Away it goes in quick time. We see no more of it, and as tar as circulation to concerned, he genticman might as well have thrown it in the flre. But I want a coat ; I go to the American manufacturer and buy twenty dollan' worth ot American broad cloth. I wear no other, and I will comnara coats with tlM gentleman on tbe spot.' (A laugh.) Well, the manufacturer the next day gave it to the termer tor wool ; he gave it to tbe ^oemaker; the latter, tiie btocksmith; they gave it back to the farmer tor meat and bread, and here It went from ono to another. Tou mlgiit perhaps r«e his busy and bustling twenty-dollar note five or six ames in the course of the day. Thto made money plenty, but where is the other gentleman's twenty dollais? Vaiitohedt gone to reward and enriuh the wool-graweis and farmers, shuemakers and hatters of Europe. I will give, to conclude, one fact. In England, for no other reason than its nearness to manu- factures, laud to worth 9241 per acre on an average. In the States (thto was before the States were to any extent manufacturing), it will average barely 94. PROTKOTION DOBS NOT 0AU8B DIBEOT TAXATION. It has been said that if we increase our tariff we shall exclude goods, the Customs will produce no revenue, and direct taxation will be the necessary consequence. That this would not be the case is clearly proved by the following extracts from American tariffs : — aaviNui n>R tin tsars unia low tariff, proh 1883 TO 1848. 1883 9 24,177,678 1884 18,960,705 1886 26,890,706 1886 80818,327 1887 18,184,181 1888 19,702,826 1888 86,664,633 1840 16,104,790 1841 18.919,492 184S .M>» 16,622,746 9214,886,853 RXVIilUK FOR TK TSARS UNDIR TBB HlOa TARIFFS OF 1824 AND 1842. 1826 931,663,871 1826 26,088,861 1827 27,948,966 1828 29,061,261 1829 27,688,701 1830 28,889,606 18.S1 36,696,118 1882 29,341,176 1844 29,286,867 1846 30,952,416 9897,842,811 214,886,868 DIfFRaBHCBIIirAVOVaOffmeBTAUmUITailTIASS.... 982,956,366 16 wtnaut TMHtt vnMR nm uom dcty fouov. ■ 1847 I...... •«.747iW4.«6 IMS »1,7*7,«70.«« 1M0 tt,M6,7a8^ 1«M> a»,«W.08e.4t mi 4».017,B87.M IMS 47ja»,sae.(tt 186S Be^t,Wff.ftS 18M 64,984.190.27 IMS fHI,OM,71>4.n 1846 e40it,MS.M 1857 W,87t.a05.0ft 1888 41,78».eS0.95 1869 49,660.41604 1880 6«,187,611.87 1861 S9,688,126.«i4 wtnUM TiAMUMDm m nui mitt rouor. 1861 I 40^600,887.68 IMS ••»•' • 6^QM^Mb.40 1864 108iSU.M«.6» 1866 84,988,888.60 1886 >....:v.<...i<^.«... 17».046,60l.68 1867 J. i.. 176.417,810.88 1868 iet,464.600.M I860 180,048,496.08 1870 104,688.874.44 1871 . 906,970,406 06 1879 916.870,986.77 1878 ; 188,089,6SS.70 1874 168.108,888.60 1876 167,167,799.86 1870 148,071,984.61 ToUl 8706,067648.46 Total 89,878.060,074.87 Under high duties the reyenae was three times whet it had been under lower. We have been told in Canada twnin and aoain that this could not be— that protection cannot help but exclude goods — that u it exoludra it will leave nothing to pay duty— no revenue, — ^that then direct taxation will be necessary. Every reader knows this to have been declared — it has been proclaimed everywhere bv the papers in the importers' interest, and those who are weak enough to believe them. The above are the facts ; there is no doubt about them — under protection a country imports three times as much. People will ask how this is — how exolu4ing goods seems to bring more in. The answer is the simple truth : Protection never yet fail^ to make business brisk and people prosperous— they are thus enabled to buy, and they do buy a great deal more. The writer cludlenges any ttt» trader to read the above undoubted figures, and put any other construction on their meaning. The reason is a very simple one, founded on a principle which seems to be innate in the human composition, — the principle that our wants increase with our riches. Many can remember that wnen poorer many articles, now seeming necessary to existence, had not even a place in their thoughts, so it is with protection tariffs. When properly managed, they have ever created prosperity — have given employment to the idle, money to the pioor, riches to indigent communines. With riches new wants have arisen, and a thousand fresh articles are imported — in every case where it has been tried increasing the revenue— just as, by an opiMsite course, our Finance Minister has every successive year decreased ours. THE MTU.IKO AND WRBAT IimRBST. As above shown, Canada produces— thanks to the fiee trade export fanning system, which has, under the kind advice of foreign traders, injured much of our good wheat land, so that in many places where we got forty bushels per acre (and with proper rotation could have got it to the end of time) of good Soules wheat, uur land scratching has left us in ease, but to get fifteen or so of some variety not at all its equal — well, Canada prn- duces little more than wheat enough for herself. Now, we allow free entrance to the American farmers' wheat. The result is that when there is a high price for wheat along our frontier he sends his in. Ours is often not brought to the front, as any farmer knows — it is moat of it in the granaries, waiting for a fair price. When it is sent down, the Yanrke e wheat is pouring in also. Then ours, a harder wheat, must go to Britain, and wait four mouths for a return, while the U. S. man gets the cash at once. As for our getting a better price by sending it to Britain, there is no doubt whatever but that if we had our own market to ourselves, we would get a still better for it here, and our townsmen would be glad to pay, under protection, a better price — first, they would get a much better wheat fur their money — next, that they would have goo the latter in our Maritime Prorineea. Onr miller ia at a disadvantage. If he had hi* own market, he oould live and do iprell by hie tarming oostomera. If he had entrance to the Statea, he would do well. But he haa nather, and doea not thrive. It is but part of the great screw which Jonathan works to force Canada into annexation, which onr free trade govern- ment are heluing with all thehr might to tnm. But it appears to the writer that Canadians are about to ureak the screw, and apply a protective engine which will turn matters the right way. • / PBOTlOnON LOWKBS FKICXH. There is nothing more ntterly mistaken than the belief that Protection raises prices. The opposite always is the eflfect. Wherever mannfactnre is protected \n duties manufao* tureis congregate and work against one another — vach striving tu produce better and cheaper goods. To give some instances : — In 1 844 whilst foreignen were endeavouring to get the Statea' tariff oM842 reduced, a number of merchants in Richmond, Virginia, published a compara- tive statement of wholesale prices of goods made up flrom actual sales in 1841 under the low " compromise" tariff, and iu 1848, the fint year of the high tariff passed iu 184*i. The list b long ; thoee given are the most important articles : — Amerioan bar Iron per ton EnglUh " " " Swedtab " '* •* TtradMtar, Richmond manufSotnre, bar iron per ton Amenoan bllatered ateel per ton OoDins' best axen per donu Hollow oaatings per pound Flat iron " Anvlta •' Nails, Riohmond make Saok Halt ranged from Cotton Osnaburgh* per yard 3-4 Brown Shirtings " • 86 70 90 90 115 18 1841. 1} 2.26 10 .? •70 87 77 81 96 14 1848. to 978 8c to 6ito tu S^to 1.60 to 04 to 4 to « to 8 to Slto U 4 1.05 6 » 11 IS 4c 7 ISito 6 to 1.90 to 8 tu 3 to to 04 •■ " •' 11 to Domeatio Prints IS^to Spades and shovels were 20 per cent, and cross-cut sawa 124 P«>r c^^t less. Wood-screws (they too, nrohibited by duty) were 20 per cent lower and of a superior quality to those formerly imported. During the year 1840 large quantities of English prints were imported that cost from 22 cents to 28 cents per yard. In 1848 under thohigh tariff, prints of as good quality were produced- in the States as low as 16 cents per yard, entirely excluding the former from the market Irish linens were in 1841 duty free. In 1843, with a duty of 26 per cent, they were 20 per cent lower than in 1841. English and French cloths and cassimeres, paying a duty of 38 per cent in 1842 and of 40 per cent in 1843, iW fallen not less than 20 percent. The reader is asked to observe what took place in bullion. The importations of gold and silver for 1848 were |23,000,000. For the two preceding yeaiH they summed up to but $8,000,000. This always takes place under Protection. Under Free Trade the gold current flows, as stated in opening chapters, to the manufacturing land. Another American writer publishes corroborative tables to above^ and says of another period. " In Vermont, before Protection, t.e., in 1820 to 1826, a day's labour would not purchase one-half as much cloth, sugar, or store goods generally, as it will now, (1871.)" In flannels, blankets, delaines, and cloths, a long list is given, all at lower prices in 1869 than 1869 — 1861, having been the year which high tariffs were last imposed. " The prices," he says, "of home manufactures, estimated in labour or farm products, tend steadily down- wards. A hundred bushels of wheat or corn, a ton of beet or pork, a load of apples or potatoes, will buy far more iron, or cloth, or hardware, than they would in any anti- Protective era of our country." Another well-kaown instance of Protection cheapening manufactures is the beet sugar industry iu France. For many years its manufacture was declared impossible as a paying speculation, but it was resolved to try what Protection would do, and a duty of 8 cents per pound was imposed, which in 1816 made raw sugar 12 cents per pound. But the manufacture now paying, many went into it, end the competition lowered the price till it was C cents. By 1887 it was so low that the country could afford to lay an excise tax on the manufacture, still protecting it from without. Since 1860 nu foreign sugar has been able to compete with it in France, and it is now sent in Istge quanti- ties to England— in fact has shut up most of the English factories. Germany and But»sia have also protected tliis industry, and in 1868 there were 3,173 factories making it in Europe. But the thing to be noticed is that without Protection all these countries would still have been paying high prices for sugar grown in America, and probably refined in Britain. An- other is a Canadian instance — that of salt. When our salt wells were discovered, near Ooderioh, (in unsuccessful boring for oil) the United States salt, as all will remember, was sold all tJirongh Canada, at prices much higher than we now pay. Heariqg of our discovery the United States makers instantly commenced selling salt at less than it cost them, to crush out our wells, intending, as soon as this was done, to sell at the old prices, which wouldiC' have kept salt as dear now as it was before we knew we oould make it. Their capital was too large for us to compete with — our factories were closing. But we petitioned Parliament 18 % \ and A hmwy dvtjr mis impoMd, diottiog oat th« Uaited Statci wit Then mny want into till) bnttDCM hen, end anlt is now cheaper than ever— we even eend it to the Scales. Another inetance it the Canadian boot and shoe trade. All old residents remember well that these wvre higher before we pat on dntiee. TariiTs «'ere imposed, many faotoriea were established, and no one ean deny that they are made cheaper with the t«riif than they were before. To qaote again from the United etatea debates (it is well to know their reasons, for they are ours) Mr. Stewart said : The great end ludlns obleotion to the protectlire poliojr la thet the dutlM are added to the prlee. and paid by the eoMuner. If tnii be unfounded, then oppoeltlon would oeaae. Now, how 1« tlie laetT whateajra experience? All experieuoe proves that thU objection had no existence nave lii the Imaginatloii of Uwaa who made it. Mow, air, I lay It down ai a general propoaltlon, that there never wa> a high proteotlvo duty Inipoaed upon any article, from tlie foundation of the government to the present day. the price of whm article baa not been in the end reduced— greatly reduoeo— in many instance to one-naif, one-third or even one-fourth of what It had been before tneee )>rote0k.ve duties wore Imposed. Thie may seeoi to be a strong declaration ; but I make it with a full conviction of its truth. I challenge to disprove It. I defy them to point out a single Instance to the contraiy. Let them examine, and they will And that whenever the dutlea have been the highest the prices have ultimately come down the lowest ; and for a very obvious reason ; high duties probiote competition, and competition never fails to bring dk>wn the prices. .IHitlas levied on articles we cannot produce (revenue tariff style) Inoreaae prioee: duties levied on what we can Eroduce always in the end diminish prices. Ibe truth of both is proved by both by all experience. Ttie nmedlate effect of a high duty for tne moment may increase the price and profit of iu manntacture ; but this very increase induces capital to rush in, and the competitiun and increased supply bring down prices to the very lowest ratee. A* tho gentlemen opposite had asserted that duties raited prices, thoy were bound to prove the truth of their proposition by stating facts. The man who asserted a thing to be a fact was bound to prove it. Mr. S. challenged any gentleman to put his linger resslon in the States produced as ours has been here. He said : " After the restoration of peace, in 18IS, ine duticM were reducM one-half, except on a few articles. The country was inundated with foreign goods ; our manufacturing establishments were destroyed, and the imports became so exceosive that the balauce ot trade aftainst us rose in two years to the enormous sum of 9111,000,000, bringing in Its train the desolating scenes ot 1818, 1810 and 1820." After the tariff was re-enacted and heightened, proa- perity returned, and he quotes this :— " He begged leave to mention a single fact, stated by a highly respeo* table merchant and manufacturer, then present : ''Before the manufacture of cottons succeeded here, he sold them to farmers at 40c. per yard and bought the butter at 10c. per pound. Now he sold them better cottons he made himself, for lOo. and gave 20c. tor butter.' " Canadian farmers are asked to observe, that in our own case, they never got as little for their beet, butter or eggs ns since our government have driven many of our manufacturers from Canada. No wonder. People in Canadian cities cannot buy as when they got employmeut. "Protection," says Carey, " made cottons so cheap in England that her makers drove those ot India, who had the world's market, not only out ot it, but out of their own. Protection to the woollen manufacture made woollens so cheap in England as to forbid competition in the distant markets of Russia and Oennany, where the wool itself was grown. Protection to the iron had enabled the British to monopoliie alinost the iron manufac* ure of the world. Protection to British farmers (t.e. bringing manufactures them) had ren- dered them entirely independent ot foreign markets, and made them able to buy more with the crop of an acre than could the Russian or German farmer with a dozen. Foreign nations saw this, and adopted protec- tion themsolves. SELL IN THE DEARE8T ; BUT IN THR OHEAFEST MABKET. It is a trick of the trader, which his agents here repeat continually, to tell Canadian farmers that they are doing this, which sounds" very well. But the farmer is now asked, — Where du you sell and where do you buy ? Is it not always in your own market 7 It is. The fanner may try distant buying, but it never continues a success for this reason — he cannot go there and stay long enough to buy profitably. As for selling, it never answers. The writer, when he happened. to grow a large crop of wheat, has loaded cars and sent them to a distance, but found he had better have sold at home. Both in buying and selling, the farmer must sell to the trader. This little volume cannot spare space to explain his opera- tions. Wherever you iind him, he is one of a vast cor(K>ratiou who overspread sea anfit ! Now, every farmer knew well that he did nothing of the sort. These articles simply leave a very !.mall oommission in any (Canadian hands when pissing through. The difference between the Chicago price and the Liverpool price the rail- 19^ ; t It ♦■ rottcU and ships take, and if these sAouM'lnMke a dividend, it goes to the British ahanholdtr. All that i" '• ft here beitides is u little in wagip, paid to employees who under Protection would fir. . Jch more profltable freisht to carry. The produce bought and consumed here yields a piofit, of course ; but to the U. S. farmer, not to ours. ADAlf smith's IMCAPABILITT. Many people, who have read him, and some who never have, pin their faith to thiit gentle- man's sayings. He was a learnml man, and a tairlv acute reasoner. But his chief weakneta — his utter incapaoity for guiding us in trade — is this : He know nothing about it. A child of ten years now knows more of to-day's trading system than he could. Here is his leading description : " A bro«d-«h wied wagon, attended bv tw o men and drawn by eight hone*, in about lix we«l(t' time oarriet and brings back bgnlation8 had been very generally reported) that tea and coffee have come free into the U. S. ever since 1872. Every Canadian farmer is also well aware that most of these fcry articles sre now so much cheaper in the States than elsewhere that we yearly import many of them. The Olobe was cballeuKed to name one article protection had rendered ^ dearer in Canada, and could not. It was also publicly challenged by the present writer, soma months ago, to allow him three letters explanatory of protection, in its columns, and would not. As to the prices and cost of living in the States, they are, considering tlie amount of actual taxation they voluntary undergo to pay off their debt, very low. There . is no doubt — no room for dispute — on the matter. In every btate, in 1674, most minute returns of average retail prices of provisions, groceries, clothes, fuel and houserent, were transmitted to Washington. It seems from these that farmers, in most parts, got better prices for eggs, batter, cheese and meat, in every town than they were getting here. Olotli and dry goods were no higher — some cheaper— than here. Tea was 80c. to 91- 20 ; coffee cheaper than here, about 86c. Board in the New England and middle States was about t4.6U. Wages were much higher than here. The returns from Illinois— the State the Globe hss so paraded — ^give tea fl.OO, coffee 27c., sngar lie, bleached shirtings lOc, tick- ing 25o., satinets 660., prints lOc, mouHselin-de-laines I60. What the farmer got was : eggs 20c., milk ejc, potatoes 91c., cheese IS^c, butter 284c., flour $7.00, beef 8c. to 11c, mutton and pork 11c. to 12o. COKCtVSION. The writer wishes to press these points, in conclusion, on the notice of Canadian farmers and townsmen : — ^The home demand for farm products, in Canada, from non-formers, is now four times what we export. The more factories we get, the greater that home demand. People who back up the great trading combination, which under the name offree trade,is diain- the land of its strength, insist that Liverpool rules our prices. No distant port hss any right to rule our i)rices. None buys from us to that extent. Secure our farmers their home market, and they will never wont good prices nor good crops, for with a near market they can farm well and eniich their land, which now they cannot. Nor will any workman here, getting good wages and full work, as should be the case for many years under Protection, grudge fair prices !'or all farm produce. Let Indian ryot and Russian peasant raise wheat st famine prices — our farmers have had enough of being made sell as low as they. Nor is it fair that our workmen should be ever kept under the grinding pressure of foreiiin importa- tions — the importers of which simply say to the Canadian workman — Work as low as those who make these, or starve. The simple explanation of how both farmers and mechanics can be advanti^ed is this : Our country is rich enough — we 'work hard enough — but it is steadily drained of all we make. Take this instance : — If we grow a million worth of barley and sell it for a million dollars and send them to Europe for a miMon worth of iron, the barley is gone, the money is gone, and in a few years the iron is used up — all is gone. But if we had — as we might — the iron workers here — the barley .might be used, the iron used ; but the money would never have left the land— it would by that time have circulated in all directions — would have went round and round, and given work and profit wherever it went. H is such management alone which can make us a prosperous nation — it would make us a very prosperous one. Emphatically, our great country, with its vast stretches of medium soils, can never prosper as a mere exporter of grain and cattle. Do its best, try every expedient — all will be useless. Natural and inexorable laws bar the way. But for the other prospect— that of a gi'eat and powerful country dependent upon itself alone for its food and manu- factures — there is no land on earth better qualified. That w^ lies the path to greotness^ to wealth, to national honor— broad, clear and open. There iif another psth — we aro on itr— it leads to onr becoming a poor, dependent and despised portiqi^ of the United Stales. There is no third course.