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Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols «► signifie "A SUIVRE ", Id symbols y signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte A des taux de reduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film* A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche ii droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants lllustrant la mAthode. errata d to It e pelure. :on A i a 3 32X f t a 4 5 6 . T" I , ' Iff, ' j- v-mf GEOGRAPHICAL VIEW or Thb ITISH POSSESSIONS ^iAMEKfDJt ^a Scotia, Ne\V( Lower an^ i aljf tiM? Country to the Fi dL» If ii^W Britain, «Mi»%l|l Pacific Ocean tt <^' CONTAlp Concise History of ttepNir'in Canada^ To the dateof thii ««Mil r 3Y M. SMIT ..>»*» «::: nuKii^il f^ i«uu2id, Mlm jyrapL III 4. - " ,**»■ >■. DISTRICT OF MUGlTSIlAfio WU: ^1 _ jSEAl BE IT REME uary, in the thirty. United States of hath deposited in UHf whereof he claialril wit: «( tc (i .. OD dbe first day of Jan^ . the Independence of the Smith, ^the said District, the tit^2 of a work, the right in the words followiog, to in North Anterica: ** A Geographical View of ^«|W|pi t comprehending Nova Srati^liiKRliliwJck, New Britain, Lower and ^^*1I^.S"^"' ^'* aH #1 cipniwtothe Frozen Sea on the North, and Pacific Ocean on ^''**. With an Appendix, containinri CoLCne History of the W«t MtapMHla, tothe date of this volume*-By M, Smith, author of tliirffew|f|;i^>per Canada." "•'^•c'^^y In conformity to the lt»i<# #ift Ciiti iws nfth* iNiite.! s*.*^ <».«!». ieA ** An Act for the iniimimigimiijr kai of maps, charts, and iiies during the time An Act sup|4e meiit of learning «he authors and filmed,* and ext graving, and T?* -Vt r vg „ . y securing the copies and proprietors iJ such co> And also to an act, entitled . jtled, * An Act for the eocourage- •tpies of maps, charts, and books to V copies, during the time therein men* f'lhereof to the artsnf designing, en- Other prints.** WM. MARSHALL, Clerfc qftfte Diitrkt of Virglhia, * Vv«t 55 5 tv >* -I' «-,.> ^.s^ ...^t^f^^lJ* '^-K f .' WHEN a new publication appears^ the public is desirous of knowing some^ thing of the author, and his reasons for writing ; both of which I will note in a few words. First, I am a native of the United States, was born in Pennsylvania, ten miles from Philadelphia, and in the year 1808 moved with my family to the province of Upper Canada, in order to obtain land upon easy terms, (as did most of the inhabitants now there) and for no other reason. I had not long remained in the province till I discover- ed that the mildness of the climate, fertility of the soil, benefit of trade, cheapness of tlic \.H f , 4 '*■ I land^ morals of the inhabitants, ani{ equality of the government, so far exceeded my for- mer expectations and the expectations of the public in general, that I deemed it my duty to make known the same ; especially when I considered that there were many thousands of my fellow-citizens of the Unit- ed States, who were without land, and prospect of obtaining any in the United States upon such easy terms as they might in Upper Canada ; nor had I then any ex- pectation of war between the two countries. 1 also knew tliat a correct geographical account of Upper Canada had never been published. I therefore, in the year 1810, made application to the governor of the province, Francis Gore, Esq. for liberty to take and print a Geographical and Polit- ical View of Upper Canada, and obtained his approbation 5 but the war between the two countries comnfienced before the publi- cation. ' '• In 181^, ty virtue of a proclamation of the governor of Upper Canada (Sheaffe) in fovor of citizens of the United States^ rf luality ny for- ans of itmy 5cial]y many VniU » and nited light nes. ileal [cen 10, the rtjr iU ed he )f ' . ( V ) , 9,monp; others who had refused to take the oath of allegiance to the king of England^ I obtained a passport for my native land. Since the 16th of April, 1813, three large editions of my View of Upper Canada, have been printed and distributed by per- sons to whom I gave that liberty, and the work has been read (as far as 1 have been informed) with general satisfaction ; how- ever, I found that it was too small to grati- fy all the enquiries of the public relative to British I^orth America, I therefore felt- it my duty to present to the public a larger volume, that should embrace every species of information that could be obtained on the subject. I owed it as an acknowledgment for the ready reception of my small work. Secondly, from the above remarks it may be seen that one of my reasons for publish- ing this work is, to gratify (and perhaps benefit) the public; and my other reason is, for the benefit of myself, for I am needy enough, having lost all the property I had (chiefly land) in Upper Canada, rather than remain there and be oUiged to fight against my own country. A 2 I I li u •m . / With regard to the geographical infor matipn contained in this volume, I think it proper to observe, that what relates to Up- per and part of Lower Canada, is written fvqjfa actual observation, but what relates to the other parts of British North Ameri- ca, I have principally collected from other writers, viz. G. Heriot, Esq. Winterbotham, Carver, MackencciCf and Payne, as also from some French authors, and old man- iiscripts taken by the Catholic Missionaries among the Indians when the country be- longed to the French. Through all these works, and some others, I have waded with considerable la- bor in order to collect such information that might be correct, beneficial, and amusing to my readers ; and although I do not pre- tend to say that this work isf entirely void of errors, yet, upon the whole, I think it may be depended upon, and am of opinion will afford considerable informati9n and amuse- ment to the most of readers. However, such as it is (and I wish it was more worthy of the extensive patronage it has met with 4- ( vi ) ; in i^bseription) I offer it to the indulgent public* IF an^ are gratified in the perusal^ I am rewarded. 'Itt 8hort> I have written-^ iPto bona publico* mt l^dkmondf firgtnia,'} •tfpnl i7«A, 1814. J M. SMITH. I i 1 1 M ^Ti-'-ii- 'Hipi- l{%>.:-^ •■ it* r*/:,; %■ r. • ■/ !» A 5 ■•s . . .! u rn iiil>. I J li I V- n \ '.li -V*^' * 'V ♦ . .i. V^ • '» ^^r. '"/^^f^'r. ^W.. < * ^. f -%' ' « ■?► >■-, % If « ■"-«»».■ ^ « «^* I \\ ! i.'-y *S^ tm IP' -.M> V 4 u M.-^-'* ^M '1 J'. .'■•.• Af, t ^, 4 " •:«l-'Hh..-«>. fi^ '^j-*'./ ^\. if ' IFlTtt grateful semihUity There preient my acknowltdgments td emh and every one of my numerous sviscribers, many qf wham, lam persiuiliedf subscribed morefi/lam a wish to benefit me thanffom a desire to obtain such a book. ,. fc . Mthough ,this volume has not appeared quite so soon as ymhad reason to expect, yet I flatter myself, when I inform you cf the cause, you wiU pardon this failure^ When I printed the proposals in Richm4>nd, I was not acquainted with the price qf paper, printing, and binding there, but soon found, should T print in Richm>ond, each book would cost nearly one dollar, qf course it became ne- cessary to have the work done in Baltimore. ■in I i^ Instead ^f printing Ha work in a ±27iio. I have done it in ISmo^Jbr the $ake of afipear^ ance; and imtea4^rfpie^'*^hich is a large type, I have ^he it on- brevier; tbit it might contain more matter; and for iMch^deiha- tions firmn the proposal, lam of opinion that you will n^t'findfatUt, as they an for the better* .« > •, (^ . 4 - ^u Balt.Mky 10, M4, #^'« •V-.V \ .^ i. L «'*, t -* ' * i. ^r^^-V JifiSCRIPTION ^m^: •«1 1 ,-\- a» V' % m<^H* ■\ - . ^^ ^^^ii*- SituaUpn and ExtenL — The province of Upper Canada lies between 41 o and 40 minute^ and 48o north latitude^ and extends along the northern bank of the river St* Lawrence, the lakes Ontario and Erie, and the water communication from lake Superior about 700 miles, and is 500 miles widnc rock, particularly the steep parts, and from which flow a great number of fine springs and brooks, wiucli water the fertile plains below. South-west of the Niagara falls about 30 miles, and not fyr from the close pf L^ke JBrie) there «re what are i I. i- iV ( 14 ) Called the Short Hills. Some of these have the form ot little mountains, though none of them are high or hard of ascent, and may be cultivated nearly all over. These hills are quite rich* ■^- All along and not far from the north shore of Lake Ontario the ground rises tolerably s udden and considei^ ably high, after which the country to the north is level enough. There are few stone on the surface of the ground in any part of the province, and on the west side of the Grand River there is no stone at all worth naming, yet there are enough beneath the surface almost every where, and in many places Hmesitone is plenty. The'soil of the province of Upper Canada is exceed- ing good in every part, yet it is much the best in the upper part west south-west of the head of the Bay Quantie around the north shore and head of Lake Ontario, and the west side of the Grand River, in the London Distiict already described. The lower part of the province is sand and clay mixed ; from the head of the Bay Quantie to the head of Lake Ontario, it is alto- gether a black, light, rich, mould, in most places seven inches deep, after which it is brown clay. On the Grand River or Indian Land, and in the London Dis* trict, the soil is sand, brown loam and clay. Natural Productions.—The timber of the lower part of the province, is chiefly hemlock, birch, and beach. That of the middle part, or from the beginning of Lake Ontario to the head is chiefly beach, sugar-maple, and whit6-pine. On and west of the Grand River the chi^f of the timber is white-pine, elm, bass, black- .„■■■ ' ' ■ { IS Y ./,-■. ■■■ ■ walnut, and tlie different oaks, cKe^nut and the Hkc« Indeed in this patt of the province are found all the varieties in the United States ; also some of the trees of the balm of Gilead : one of a majestic appearance stands 24 miles west of Niagara on the main road; In the lower part of the { roirince there is but little of any kind of wild fruit, but in the middle part there are several sorts, particularly whortleberries and rice.* In th^ western part there are a great variety of wild fruits, and are the following : Cranberries, raspberries, blackbeF- ries, grapes, sarvesberries, wild potatoes, (which were exceeding usefiil to the firet inhabitants,) strawberries, plumbs of a very good sort, as also a great quantity of the best crab-apples I ever saw, which the inhabitants^ of new settlements use by preserving with the molasses i of pumpkins. **y ,^•^-- f • , jigriculture, — fn the lower part of the province, there are raised considerable quantities of wheat, oats and peas. In the middle part, wheat, rye, oats, peas, hemp^ flax, and some com. In the western parts the product is wheat, which thrives better here than in other parts; rye, oats and corn come to^great perfection, as also buck- wheat. All kinds of roots and vegetables flourish well in any part of the province, but especially in the west* Apples come to perfection in any part of the province, though peaches cannot be raised m the lower end, but 1^ 1. J. * This rice growi on the bottom of wvenl sbillow lakes ; theittik it nearly like the stalk of oats* The grain is larger tlian common rice, but not so white, yet rather of a better taste and not so hard to clean. The Indians collect it with their canoes, and bring large quantities among the- ubaUtanta, whQh they aeU wry cbeap» ilot ;« ' r. m '^ I n I WP, i^ ( 16 ) dp 0cceeding well within 300 miles of the west end of the province^ as also cherries, pears^ plumbs, apricots suad the like. '«>^14>^;. . All kinds of tame cattle do well in any part of the province, but especially homed cattle and sheep, these are exceedingly heakhy. Bees do exceedingly well on Lake Erie and are plenty in al! the woods. • ':, Citmate- — The climate of the upper province is tem- perate, especially near the head of Lake Ontario, and farther west, joining the shore of Lake £rie. All this part of the province lies in the same latitude as from New York to Springfield, in Connecticut, yet as it is Several degrees to the west, it is warmer than the weath. er in the same latitude east. It is also evident from the experience and journal of several discerning persons that have lived near twenty years in this part of Canadf , that the weather does not change so often and so sud. dea from heat to cold and cold to heat as in most other places ; nor are the seasons of wet and dry so extreme as they are in the United (especially tue southern) States. The showers of rain are moderate and plentiful, owing perhaps to the bounty of heaven, and the multitude of fine lakes of water with which this province abounds. The air of tUe lower part of the province is rather too sharp in the winter, yet salubrious and healthy ; the air in the upper part 4 or 500 miles to the south-west, is quite pleasant. What is a little remarkable, but which is true, according to a dairy of the weather which I kept for two years, the wind blew more than two thirds of the winter, or for four months, from the west, but hardly ever from the north or north«west; yet in sum* ( 17 ) «er it blew almost constantly irom the north. All the snow storms in Canada come from the north-east, and the coldest winds from the south east and south* Rain storms come from the south and north-west. When the western part of the horizon is red, at tht setting of the sun, it forebodes foul weather for the next day.* In the upper part of this province, in the summer time, there is a continual though moderate gale of wind, similar to that in the state of Georgia, occasioned, per- haps, by the many lakes of water. This being the ease, the hottest days are rendered pleasant. Hurricanes and tornadoes have not been seen in Canada since it hai heea settled by white people. Yet there is every appear* ance of them on all the north shore of Lake OntariQ^ having once raged with great fury, as all the timber has been torn up by the roots, from supposition about , six hundred years ago. ' Commerce, — The commerce of the upper province has of late years been considerable, and of great benefit to the inhabitants, as well as to Great Britain. Within eight years, the exports of both provinces have amount- ed to about two millions and a half of dollars, though the greatest part of these exports belong to the upper province. ^l^f.^i It appears that there were exported from both pro- vinces, in the years 1802- 3-4-5, 1,612,000 bushels of wheat each year, on an average, 40,000 barrels of flour, and 34,000 weight of biscuit, besides much pot-ash^ timber, fur, &,c. In the years 1809-10-11, there has been timber for 'li: I * f I' * Thii ii eoDtnry to sGripturr* ■■ i .iii> rn ! in ii ^ »i ''* i r iii * In these years^^ there were three hundred and -twenty vessels employed in taking away this produce, amount. ing to four thousand five hundred ions. The common price of wheat is one dollar per bushel, and sometimes one dollar and twenty-five cents — com fifty cents, and rye, seventy-five cents — poik six dollars per cwt.~. These prices are common in every part of the province. .PM Dry goods and groceries were biought to Canada, in great quantities, from the United States, which consid. ering the great distance they came, were sold very cheap. y At Niagara and other places, green tea was sold at one ^ dollar per pound> molasses ten shillings per gallon, and brown sugar one shilling per pound or eight pounds ^or a dollar, but since the war it has been sold for eight cents per pound. Tolerable fine calicoes are often bought for twenty- five cents per yard, and salt has been generally sold at one dollar per bushel, but since the war it has sold at four.* .»..,«. ^ Amrnais.'-^l believe that all the variety of animals com- mon to most places in the United States, are found here^ except opossums and rats, which are not to be found in the province of Upper Canada. Vt a few years ago, there was a she bear caught fiear York, and dissected by a surgeon of the place, which was found to be with young ; and which is the only in* U .'' *'^ OoM is the emrmit eoin of Canada, and is quite pldty of late yenc li>)pe there has been w giood a market fbr timljer. e amount of stance, 1 believe, that has occurred of the Kke in Korth America.* Bears are plenty in all parts of th6 province, but more abundant in the south-west part. It is very remarkable that they do not often destroy hogs in Cana« da ; however, they are troublesome to the inhabitants in the fall, by infesting their com fields, yet the people lose little by them, as they kill many for food. There are also an abundance of hedge-hogs in the province, which the Indians eat, counting them good. In the south-west parts there are a plenty of deer, an abundance of which are taken every winter by the In- dians. '^ There are also plenty of all kinds of birds which are found in the tJnitcd ' States, except turkey-buzzards, which are very scarce > There is also a kind of bird found here about the size, and has the same motion and voice as the parikite, so plenty in the state of Kentucky, yet not of the same color, but is grey ; it is called by some the frolic. Wild ducks are found in great plenty in and around the shores of all the lakes. Geese are not plenty in the waters of Lakes Ontario and Grie at present, but used to be before that country was settled by white people, yet they are plenty enough in all the lakes north of the settlemenls* In the north end of the province there are no snakes of any kind to be found, but different sorts are found plenty enough in the 'iOUth»west end. A number of if \l 1 y of late yetr<; * It ii nid by the Indian hunten, tl^it when die she bean are with young, they travel far to the north, and lecret thenif lifcs in pUiQM un- trod by humap foot, unMl after their «|ih«ai« 0t to tnivil. U • U l»i 1 ^ 'Wi I I ill liiliiM MMMiMlAriWi :! ;'( ,11 w .III II years ago there were several people of respectability, who reported that they saw in Lake Ontario several large snakes, aboyt twenty yards in length. In June, 1811, a snake was seen in this lake near the mouth of the river Credit, sixteen miles above York. 1 was ac- quainted with some who saw it, and believe them to be people of truth* It came within seven yards of the boat that they were in, and played about it, and was judged to be thirty feet in length and three in circumference.* There are seals in thi^ lake, some of which have been caught. Fish, — Lake Ontario abounds with fish of almost every kind, but the salmon and salmonjtrout are the most and far the best. The salmon appear in very large ' /quantities in the fall of the year, and penetrate up all the waters that lun into the lake, so high that they are tiften thrown out with the hand ; but they are commonly taken near the mouth of the rivers by the Indians in the night by means of spears. They commonly weigh from , ten to twenty pounds, and may be purchased of the In- dians at one shilling each, or for a gill of whiskey, a cake of bread, or the like trifle. They are of great benefit to the inhabitants, especially the poorer class. The salmon-trout appear in the spring, though not in so great plenty, but are larger, weighing from fifteen to thirty pounds, and are much fatter than salmon.f * From the head of the Bay Qiianiie to a little lake that empties into Lake Ontario, it is not more than a mile and three quarters. It is very smooth. At differcnt times the inhabitants have in the raoi-ning seen tracks, as if a large log had been drawn along from the bay to the lake; this was supposed to have been done by snakes. t It is a subject, of some speculation whether these salmon go to the ( *1 > .:-■■<■ There are several other fish of an excellent quality, and plenty, particularly bass and herring : the latter very much resemble the sea herring, thongh they are not so full of small boties. In the month of November they are taken in great abundance (rom the water communication between the main lake and the little lake, otherwise called Burlington Bay, at the head of Lake Ontario. They are then taken with the net, the channel of water between the two lakes being not more than eight feet deep and about sixty wide, and three hundred yards long. Very good and large eels are also taken out of the lake, yet they are but little valued, except by the Indians. There are a great number of fish in Lake Erie, some of which are very valuable, particularly what is called the white fish. Ther6are not many eels in this lake; what few there are have multiplied from twenty which a Bi itish officer put into it from Lake Ontario forty years ago. Mines and Minerah* — In the Johnstown district there is an iron mine of considerable vaiue, from which iron has been made for many years. In the district of London, Charlotteville township, there was a large and rich body of iron ore discovered in the year 1810, and from which there has been a little iron made of an excellent qua'ity. There are several more mines or bodies of iron ore found in different part* of the province, yet there is but little attention paid to them, though they might be valuable, should they fall 'i! ion go to the sea every season or not, if tliey do they have to travel 660 mile* out, and as many in, which would be 1720 miles in eight months. sacs 'I 1 1 1 I ■ hi I !-( tj I (|U! i : 'I I; ? l\ ( S« ) . into the pdssession of men of an enterprising spirit. Tliere are also some lead mines that are said to be very rich and good. In the forks of Grand River which empties into Lake £rie, suid about fifty miles from the same, on the land owned by the Six Nations of Indians, there has lately been discovered a body of plaister, or what is called plaister of Paris. It lays in the bowels of a large hill, but how much it contains is not known. This plaister has been used in different parts of the country adjacent, and answers every valuable purpose, as well as. that \Thich is brought from France or Nova Scotia does in the United States. No soil can be better adapted to the use of plaister, than that of the district of London, which joins on the Grand River. In the township of Townsend, there is a clay that paints nearly as well as Spanish brown, and many people use it instead thereof. Also in some other parts there are clays that paint very well. » . There is a number of salt springs in almost every part of Canada, although there has not been much salt made in the province hitherto, it having been brought from the different salt.works in the State of New. York, in great abundance. However, there has been salt made from some of an excellent quality, particularly in Lin. coin county, near Niagara, and in the township of Per- cy^ Newcastle district. There are a number of medicinal springs in the pro. vince of an excellent quality. One in the township of Woodhouse is of a sulphurous nature : a quart will purge wellj and of the same sort is the one in JVfiddleton, ( 23 ) I ^1 Big Creek. Twelve miles east of York there is a spring of great medicinal virtue. Lakes, — There are seven lakes of considerable size in the inhabited part of the province, and many more in the ydldemess. Lake Ontario is about 230 miles long, from north-east to south-west, and SO wide about the middle; being of an oval form ; it is exceeding deep, and in most places it appears to be without bottom, as there has been great length o! cord let down without finding any. The water is very clear and cool at all times of the year, having the appearance of a large spring. This lake never freezes except near the shore where it is shallow ; nor dees it freeze there only a few weeks in the most severe weather, it is pretty certain that there is more water runs out of this lake than runs in, and when we consider its very extensive surface, it is also certain that there is much of its water evaporated by the sun : ofcourse.it must hide many exceeding large springs. Lake Ontario has sunk within its banks since the no* tice of the present inhabitants, say forty years, an^ some Indians inform that their forej&thers say that it was once a3 high as the height of Niagara Falls, and that the waters of Lakes Ontario and Erie joined in most places ; but as to the truth of this assertion I will not pretend to say ; yet I am of opinion that the water of Lake Ontario once reached to the foot of the mountain or slope of ground- already named, and 1 am led to this belief from the cir- cumscance of pebble stoHes being dug up from every part of the surface, and underneath the same, betwe^^ f: ::;* I I 'Hi ^1 ( a* ) it and the thore. The foot of the mountain is twenty feet higher than the lake. There are not many islands in this lake, except near the lower end, where there are plenty. In many places the ground descends to the water very gradually, and there is no bank at all, except a sandy or gravelly beach ; but in other places the banks are fitteen feet high.* The wind has a great effect upon this lake, and the waves sometimes run high ; yet it is tolerably safe for navigation, there being but few shoals or rocks at any distanr e from the shore. There are a number of vessels on this lake, and some of considerable size. The sight of so great a body of water in the midst of the wilderness, enriched with ships Bailing and colors flying, is truly pleasing and roman- tic.f The Little Lake, or Burlington Bay, lies at the south* V^west end of thiij lake, and is divided from it by a cause, way, five miles long, and in most places three hundred yards wide ; the surface of this causeway is completely level J of a light sand, matted over with grass, and beau- tifully decorated with groves of timber, chiefly oak of a middle size, but of an endless variety of curious forms — some six feet in circumference at the butt, yet not more than twelve feet high, with extensive limbs, crooking and turning in all directions. A great number of these trees are entirely encircled with grape vines, and pro- * Almoit iUl ttie north ihore hai high iMinki.' f There are maoy prMpecUve lituatioQi on the \twkt of tbii Itke. ( ?s ) duce great quantities of grapes of an excellent quality. The former residence of the noted Col. Brandt is near this place. This causeway is broken off in one place, as aheady noted, about a mile from the north-west shore, and is about 6ve feet higher than the water. It is a beau, tiful place for a summer seat,* The Little Lake to the '.i'est of this causeway is about twenty miles in circum- ference, and is generally shallow, although deep in some places. It is thoug,ht there are' salt springs in the bottom of this lake, because the herring chiefly reside in ic. It is famous for ducks and eels.f There are a considerable number of harbors in Lake Ontario, but thf most noted and curious is that of Presqu'isle, in thejdistrict of New-castje, Cracnahe town- ship, on the lake shore, ahout 75 miles south-west of Kingston. There are two points of land about four miles apart, which extend out from the main shore, but draw nearer each other as they extend into the lake, and finally meec in a rounding form, about 5 mi'cs from the shore. These arms of land are level on the top, and arc about 5 or 8 feet above the water. About 3 miles from the shore, there is a channel of water which runs through the east point of land, about 150 yards wide, and 30 feet deep. This channel lets in the vessels, which can sail all over the harbor with safety, and in going up to the top, or where the two arms meet, which 4 Hi .1 * Not far fVom tlie middle there Me a number of Indians Iniricd. In tlie winter of 1810, ihii oauieway waa shaken in a violent luaiUR'r by an turthqiinkc. t Not fun- frani this Imy there is a volcano of to nc note. B3 . ■* I ;?«: mm 'iU I !■ '.; ( 26 ) id in form like a horse-shoe, the largest ships may come close up to the banks, wl\ich are perpendicular of solid rock. A plank is put from the shore to the vessel, when it is to be loaded. The Bay |Q,uantie connects with Lake Ontario, a small distance west of Kingston, and extends 70 miles west up towards the south.west, parrallel with it. It is 1 mile wide in some places and 6 in others. There are a considerable number of arms, or smaller bays, which put out from it, some 10 miles long. This bay is very safe for navigation, being very deep, and secure from the effect of high winds. Most of the traders^ with small vessels, who go from Kingston to York, Niagara, or Detroit, pass up this bay to the head, which is only 1 mile and 3 quarters from a small lake called Willow's Lake, that puts into Lake Ontario, and here the vessels are carried across by means of wheels and oxen« The road is quite level and sandy. Those tra- ders who come down Lake Ontario generally cross this carrying place into the bay. Although the Bay Quantie and the Lake Ontario are so near here, yet they are 30 miles apart in some places, owing to an ex^ tensive projection of some points of land into the lake, and no doubt their being so near at the head of the bay, is an interposition of providence fot the benefit of the inhabitants. There are several small lakes in the peninsula between the lake and the ba}, which abound with fish, one of which deserves particular notice, called the Mountain Lake.* * The description of thU lake may be wen under the article Curiosity. ( 27 ) Near the head of the Bay Quantie, on the north side, there is a lake of considerable size, called the Hog Lake, as also several others not far distant. About 20 miles west of the head of the Bay Quantie, and 15 miles north of the shore of Lake Ontario, is situated what is called the Rice Lake, on account of the great quantity of rice which grows in it. This lake is froQi 3" to 9 miles wide, and 36 in length, though not very deep. Its course is from east to west ; the west end is not far from Lake Simcoe. At the east end there is a fall of eighteen feet perpendicular, in the form of a half moon.* Below the ialls, begins what is called the river Trent, which is tolerable large, and affords many falls fit for water-works : it empties into the Bay Quantie at the head. This lake communicates with a chain of small lakes called the Shallow Lakes, which afford rice also, and extends near the north end of Lake Simcoe : Lake Simcoe lies still west of Rice Lake, and is some, thing larger. It communicates with Lake Huron to the south-west by the river Severn. Lake Erie, which lies 30 miles from any part of Lake Ontario, on the south-west is nearly 300 miles long, from north-east to south-west, and from 20 to 40 miles wide. This lake lies nearly three hundred feet higher than Lake Ontario, which is the reason of the Niagara falls. It is also pure and clear water, though not so deep H * The land around these falli U very rich, well watered, clear of itone on tlie surface, light timbered, lays hamlsome and pci'»pective, tliough a wilderness now. Should some enterprizing gentlenun establish ttteni* selves here, and eitK:t wateivworks, this would soon be a valuable place. The distance firooi these falls down to the Bay Quantie is 20 miles only. B 4t r ! !■ ■, .III ^s Lake Ontario^ nor is it so safe for navigation, or scf^ fords so many fine harbors. There are someisUnds near the west end of this lake that contain many bad snakes. The shore of this lake in most places is nearly level with the land, and very smooth and sandy. It is thought that full as much water runs out of this lake as runs in.* There are other lakes in Canada. The Lake St. Clair lies in a north-westerly course from Lake Krie. Still further to the north-west is Lake Huron, 100 miles in circumference, in latitude 42. From Lake Hu- ron through the straits of St. Mary, it is 70 miles to Lake Superior, which is 1500 miles in circuit, and lies be- tween 46 and 50 degrees north latitude, and between 84' and 90 degrees west longitude from London. The Isle Royal, which is near the middle of this lake, is 100 miles long and 40 wide. In the middle of this island is the line between the United States and Gi\"at Britain. hiven. — Although Canada is a level country, yet it is not so low and flat as not to afford any streams of water, but on the contrary has many, which run clear and af- ford excellent falls for waterworks ; the principal of which are the following : The Ottaways riverf is a large stream that rises out of Lake Tomis canting and runs a south-east course. It is the line between the two provinces for some distance, and crosses into the lower province, and empties into the river St. Lawrence above and below Montreal. The • Lake Erie extends 60 miles north-east of the head, or west erol of lakelOntario. To draw a line due south, from the west end of Lake Om tario to Lake Erie, it would sirlke it 00 miles from the east end. t Thjs rir^ris lomiCj^iQea oaHad Grand diver, thou|;h net pra^r ' ( 29 ) ^x.y spring floodsfn this river rise in the month of June, and inundates its banks and often spoils the farmer's young crop. The reason of this is, the river extends so great la distance to the north-west, where the spring does not begin until the last of May, and by the time the snow is thawed, and the ice in the lake broken up, and the wa« ter descends to the settled parts of the province, naar the mouth of the river, it is the middle of June. There are a great number of fish of various sorts in this river^ Theieaie considerable falls in it, though none of a per- pendicular descent. There are several more rivers in the lower part of the province which empty into the St. Lawrence, and al- so abound with fish. The river Cananocqua, which emp- ties into it 14 miles below Kingston, is of considerable Size. What is called My re's Creek, which empties into the Biy Q,aantie, from the north, 50 miles from Kings- ton, is considerable large, very clear and pure, and runs near the surface of the ground, affords fine falls for water-works, and abounds with fish. The river Trent, already named, empties into the head of the Bay Quantie from the Rice Lake ; is large and abounds with fish. Many hundred barrels of excellent salmon are taken out of this river every fall. From the head of the Bay Quantie, for 70 miles to- wards the south-west, up the Lake Ontario, there are no rivers of any considerable size that empty into the lake; yet there are an abundance of small and pearly i ■ n rv f ' 1 ' > h I 'i I I ; . I ! ' ( 30 ) creeks and brooks — ^indeed it is the best watered part in Canada. Smith's and Lion's Creeks are streams of some note. What is called Diiffen's Creek, is a fine stream, abounding with fish ; it empties into Lake Ontario 30 miles below, or north.east of York. The river Rush empties into the lake 1 8 miles below York ; it is tolerable large, and navigable for boats 20 miles up. From this river there is an abundance of salmon taken every fall. Still up towards the hei\d of Lake Ontario, there are a number more of fine str airis. Sixteen miles above York, empties into the lake, the river Credit. This is one of the best rivers in Canada for salmon ; it is tolerable large. The salmon are taken out of this and other rivers in the night, by means of spears. The fishermen have an iron frame fixed in the fore part of their canoes, in which they place pine-knots and fire for light. They then paddle along in the river, and see the salmon floating near the surface of the wa- ter, where they come by the influence of the light. They are quite tame, and are struck with ease. The salmon come up the rivers, in lafj^e quantities toge- ther on purpose to spawn.* Ten miles farther up the lake, empties in what is called the Sixteen-mile Creek, which is tolerably large «nd famous for fish. Five miles farther is what is call- • Whenever the Indlnns sold nny part of Upper Cnniula to the king of 'England, they rewivwl ihc cretkt that ron into Lake Ontario, andi some inod on each side. ( 31,) fed the Twelve-mile Creek, a beautiful stream, abound- [ing with fish, and many fine falls for water>works. There are several fine streams that run into the head of Lake Ontario and Burlington Bay. The Chippeway river runs into the Niagara river 3 miles above the falls, and is tolerable large and long« What is called U-ie Twenty-mile Creek, rises near the head ot the Chippeway, from a large pond, flows a north-east course, and plunges down the slope of ground already described, by several perpendicular pitches in different places, afibrding excellent seats for water* works. It empties into Lake Ontario 16 miles west of Niagara. The Fifteen, Sixteen, Seventeen, Thirty, and Forty- mile Creeks, all ixin into Lake Ontario, and plunge : over the slope and afford fine falls. The river Niagara, or out-let of Lake Erie, is very large before it empties into Lake Ontario, but is still larger after it leaves the lake, or river St, Lawrence. [This river will be fully described under the head « Cu- [rioiities." There are several considerable streams that run into |Lake£rie. The Grand River is a considerable large stream of I exceeding clear water, libing from the small Lake St. Clie. It is navigable for vessels of considerable size for 50 miles from its mouth, it empties into Lake Erie* 60 at ^ IM If *I think it proper to rectify a mistake which tome how got into i V < Geography, printed in Boston, 1811, where this Grand River h presented at ** paising through Uice Lake and mingling with the wa- ;ei'sofOaurio«** ^.wn a tract of land twelve miles square, and have ichools, and the gospel among them also. There is a small tribe of Indians called the St Re- ds Indians, living on the river St. Regis, near the low- ^r part of the province. There is also a small tribe called le Moravian Indians, living in the western district ; ley have the gospel preached to them by the Dutch [oi avians, among whom they live : they are of the De- IV are tribe. On some islands near, and in Lake H\»* , there are a considerable number of Indians, called i Huron Indians, and are great waniors. Near the head of the Ottaway river, there is a small ibe of Indians, called the Nepisingui Indians : they Ive on a lake of the i: ! 'i i| 'f i (34 ) There axa a number of Indians of different nations be< i sides those that 1 have named, though they have bat little intercourse with the British, except that they trade with them by the agents, ani make them yearly pre- sents of a great amount. There are various accounts respecting the number ofl Indians in Canada* Some suppose that there are 100,000, and out of these there may be raised 30,000 1 warriors ; yet I think this is not correct ; indeed ^ 1 be- lieve that the Biitish government do not know the num- ber of all that consider themselves connected with it, as| all the different nations never meet together at once.* The Canadian Indians cost the British crown about! c^3000 sterling each year. This sum is expended inl furnishing them with fire arms and ammunition, byl means of which they kill their game ; also in blankets and clothes to cover their nakedness ; as also bread, meat, and tobacco. These things are called (4^ from the king, but are chiefly the interest of money in ''wTig- land belonging to the Six Nations, for land sold to the .king. However, I am of opinion that those things which they get from the king's stores, do them morel harm than good, as thereby they are encouraged tof live in idlenes.^, depending on thos^ gifts, which they| receive twice a year. Should part of this amount be given to them in her- * I am of opinion that at present, September 1812, which is sinctl the invasion of Canada, that the British hnve now in their interest, iftl eluding Tecumseh, Splitlog, and Walk-in-the>water, with their people! nearly 20,000 warriors, though it is not to be supposed that more tluin| h^lf of them «(gi bt ens^tS^l in the war at once* ( 35 ) them in hor- ses, cows, 5heep and hogs, as also farming utensils^ and the rest to all such that at the end of each year had raised more produce than they needed, it would i he a discouragement to idleness, and a stimulus to in* dustr}'. The most of the Indians m the province of Upper Ca- nada have been converted from idolatry to the belief of [the Christian religion, by the labor of the Roman Ca- tholic priests, when the province belonged to the French ; but ever since the p^'ovince has fell into the hands of the British, tiiete has not been so much atten- i tion paid to the religious instruction of the Indians as fo»*.nerly. What are taught in tlie Christian faith are of [the Protestant cast : vet the vourifi Indians do not know or care any thing about any kind of leligion. ' ■ fit • Notwithstanding the IrdiariS have formerly been taught by the Catholics in the principles of the Chris- jtian faith, and at present the Protestants preach among I them, as do some other sects, they still hold some of those traditional notions relative to God and the soul, which are very curious. In the summer they lay about the lakes, and now and then catch sturgeon and eels. These Indians arfc considerable troublesome to the [white people, especially the tribe of Massasaugas, as they are wandering through the country almost conti- I nually, and begging something to eat ; and when they get drunk, which is as often as they can get a chance^ they are quarrelsome, and many times dangerous. The armour of the Indians in time of war, is a ri- fle, a spear about eighteen inches long with a handle f f mi I " ( 36 ) - cij^ht feet, a tomahawk, and scalping-knife, all of whicli they use as instruments of death. The Indians in Canada, like all other Indians, dress very indifferently, though they get much fine cloth from the king's store, which they only throw over their dirty bodies, and in a little time all is filthy toge> 'Sier. In the summer, they are chiefly naked, except « WiE% covering around the waist. The women are parti, cularly careful of their legs below their knees, if all other parts are naked. Villages, — There are not many villages in the pro- vince of Upper Canada, of much note, the inhabitants finding their greatest advantage in agriculture, as the land is very cheap and fertile. CORNWALL, Is situated about 130 miles down the river St. Law- rence; is handsome but not large. * ' PRESCOTT, '^i Is 70 miles down the same river, and stands opposite io (^densborg on the United States' side; it is small, ^here i^ a fort and garrison kept here. BROCKVILLE, Lies 12 miles higher up the river, and is handsomely ^tuated^ containing about sixty holisfes. ( 37 ) \ KINGSTON, j^tanda. a few miles belOgW the head of*the St.Xaw- rence, opposite to Wolf Island, which 19 the means of forming a sate and commodious harbor. It contains about one hundred and fifty houses, a court-house, jail, and two houses for public worship. The fort in this place is temporary, the cannon ire small. It is a place of much trade. There are several more small villages on the banks of the Bay of Quantie, and are places of some trade, al} of which increase and flourish rapidly. ■■' ''■:.'• ■'! '?"■ ■ »-^ "";/■■ r YORK, ' ■>'. >**- ver St. Law* Is situated 1 70 miles south-west of Kington, on the north shore of Lake Ontai io, and is something larger than the former. This village is laid out after the form of Philadelphia, the streets crossing each other at right angles ; though the ground on which it stands is not suitable for building. This at present is the seat of government, and the residence of a number of Englibh gentlemen. It contains some fine buildings, though they stand scattering, among which are a court*house, council house, a large brick building in which the king's store for the place is kept, and a meetingnhouBe for Episcopalians, one printing, and other offices. This cii;y lies in north latitude 43 degrees and some minutes. The harbor in front of the city is commodious, safe and beautiful, and is formed after a curious manner. About 3 miles below^ or east of the city, there extends C li out from the main shore, an arm or neck of land about j one hundred yaids wide, nearly in the form of a rain- bow, until it connects with the main shore again, about a mile above or west of the citv, between it and where the lort stands. About three hundred yards from the shore, and as many from the fort, there is a channel through this circular island merely sufhcient for the *| pasi.age of large vessels. This bason, which in the mid* U ^|e is 2 miles wide, is very deep and without rocks, or any thing of the kind. While the water of the main lake which is 30 miles wide in this place, is tost as the waves of the sea, this ba^on remains smooth. The fort in this place is not strong, but the British began to build a very strong one in the year 1811, ^ ■■;"-*. C •- r'>fi NIAGARA,* . Is situated nearly opposite York, on the south side of the lake, at the point of land formed by the conjunc* tion of the out>let of Lakes Erie and Ontario. It is a beautiful and prospective place, being surrounded on two sides by water, the lake on the north, and the i^iagara river on the east, and which afford a fine har- bor for shippping. . ' . Fort George of this place stands about half a mile from the mouth^f this river, near the bank whce it is thiity-four feet above the surface of the water; it is. nearly square, enclosing a space of about one hundred * Tilts pUce wns burnt by order of General M'Clure, of the New York ! Militia, in lX:ceuibcr, 1813. ^1'. v( 39 ) [and fifty yards Ion;; and an hundred l-»road. The pick- iets are high and stroHjj;, detetided by a ditch on the outside, and breast works on the inside. It is well pro- [vided with cannon, ammunition, water, provision and the like. This village is a pla-^e of much trade, and lis inhabited by a civil and industrious people. It con- tains a council-house, couit-house and jail, and two houses for public worship. There are several squares of ground in this village adorned with almost every kind of precious fiuit. The front part of the village, on the east, looks towaids the fort, over a beaiitiiul pbiin of {nearly 1 mile wide. . ^ , f.> ■■• QUEENSTON,f '.M^00f*- Is situated 7 miles further up the Niagara river, close [by the foot of the mountain, or slope of ground already [noted at what is called the landing. It is a small but |handsom« village : the most of the houses are built with M stone or brick, 1|irge, and well finished. It is «ilso a ^^i| place of considerable trade, and inhabited by a civil and [rich people. !', CIIIPPEWAV, ' the New York Lies 10 miles above Queenston and 2 above the Nia- garafalls ; itis asmall villaije a the mouth of t.he C'.'ppe- way creek. It has some handsome buildings, and is a place of considerable trade. . »»• - t It wtt« nt tliii place the American* ci'oiifil on the 13th of Oolob'^r. River nine tmuthcd yards wide. !l M, ( II i. » t m *-s ( ♦<> ) FORT ERIE. - • , There is a small village at this place of some beauty, the inhabitants of which carry on a considerable trade from the lake. * ;:^. i f^ ^,t^^/A ,„., TURKEY-POINT, .,,/,, .V Is situated about 60 miles south-west of Fort Erie, on the lake shore in the district of London, a little north of Long Point. It stands in a beautiful place adjoin- ing an excellent country of land« and has a handsome «ourt-hous€ and jail. « v ■- • , •■ .',, ..;■ ■' •. '-■■ -.■ ■ • ■ ' • . <; , _ ■ .; ' . 'f^ir V ^ / ,? >^ PORT TALBERT, v7 ^.v ^ Lies 64 miles farther to the south-west on the lake shore. A town was laid out here in 1807, and bids fair for a considerable place. It has a 6ne harbor for shipping. ., ^ r ► ». MALDEN.* This fort and village is si;uate at the south-west end or head of Lake Erie, 14 miles south of Detroit. It is a pleasant place though not large. The fort here is strong. A » * On the S7th of September 1813, the fort at thii plaoe wu tnimt bjr tte BritUh on the tppToiich of HaffrivDn, previous to the bettle of Mors- Vitn TowQ^ *i.< »,'' '4 S te^ ( « ) SANDWICH, /.:?,> .. ■♦ i.^- Is situated still up the river, opposite Detroit, and \$ a handsome village of considerable age, inhabited prin- cipally by FVench, who settled this country one hundred and three years ago. There are several other villages in the province not immediately on the water, which are of considerable size and beauty ; but those already named are the prin-^ cipal. /Settlements. — In the lower pait of this province, the settlements do not extend far back north from the river St. Lawrence. Above Kingston, the settlement?) ex- tend from Lake Ontario, (counting the peninsula be- tween the lake and the Bay Quantie, which in some places is 10, and in others 30 miled wide) 50 miles. Above the head of the bay, on the lake shore., for about 100 miles, the settlements do not extend more than 6 miles from the lake. North from York, the settlements extend farther back, particularly on what is called Yonge Street, which runs a due north course to Lake Simcoe. On both sides of this street, thefai ms are thick and well improved, the soil being very good although the climate is not so favorable as it is failher to the south- west. From York, west, along the lake shore, there are but small settlements on the shore for 20 miles; [after which, what is called Dundas-street, 4 miles from the shore, is thickly settled on both sides for 20 [miles; as also between this and the lake it is thinly in- habited, although it has not been settled more thar^ i! 'S I'- • .: ( *2 ) eight years from the present date' [1814.] Above 10 or 15 miles, at the head of Burlington bay, is what is called Goot's Paradise, ic is fine, rich, sandy plains, thickly settled 7 miles from the shore, to the foot of the slope already named ; and on the top, west and north-west fbt 15 miles, there are fine settlements in two town- ships — East and West Flambeau. Farther south around the head of Lake Ontario, or more particularly Bur- lington bay, the settlements are thick, extending west 16 miles. About iO miles up the Grand River is a thick settlement of Dutch, in Brant's township. Still to the east, as the road leads to Niagara, the settlements are thick near the shore of Lake Ontario. After one gets 30 miles east of the head of B«ii)ington bay, and 20 from iSiagara, settlements of an old date are made, and pretty thick, all the way across from lake to lake, which is more than 30 miles. From the thick settlement west of the head of Lake Ontario, towards the London district, the. inhabitants are thin for 20 miles, through the tract of land belwiging to the six nations of Indians. The settlement in the liondon district are very populous. The settlements in the west of the province arc chieflv on the St. Lawrence, on its course through Huron and St. Clair. Cirii Dimiim — The province of Upper Canada [is divided into eight districts, twenty four- cormties, and one hundred and fifty-six townships, generally about 12 miles square. These townships are surveyed into con- cisions, the width of the township in Vront towards the lake, and one mile and a quarter wide, back from the lake to the northi but in some places tl^ey are pot more ( 43 ) than three quarters of a mile wide. Eacli township is divided into fourteen concisions, the whole of which make 2 1 84. These concisions are subdivided into twenty-four lots of two hundred acres each, the whole of wliich amounts to tnii tytwo thousand four hundred and sixteen, which number multiplied by two hundred . will produce ten million four hundred and eighty-three thousand two hundred, the number of acres surveyed in the province besides considerable, called broken front?, not yet t«urveyed, but ; ranted ■ o those who owned land in the rear thereof. It may not be amiss to remark here, that in every direction from the lands now ^rveyed here are great quantities of wild or unsurvejred land, which is equally as good as that now improved. Between every concision there are four roods left for the public road, and also between every fourth lot, which is one quarter of a mile wide. Districts Of these there are eight, as already noted. The Eastern District is situated at the north-east end <^ the province, joining the St. Lawrence and Ottaways rivei^ It is in the coldest and most unpleasant part of the province, the land being sandy, cold, and stony, in general producing peas, potatoes, oats, and some wheat.. The most of the inhabitants are Scotch and French. The District ofJohmiown lies up farther on the river St. Lawrence, and will bear nearly the same description as the other, but is something better. The Midland District lies from a little below Kingston up west to the head of Bay Quantie, comprehending that beautiful peninsula between the bay and the lake. This district is large, and thick settled with rich farm^ C 3 !* I / ; I i li; III! II il i m ! I ^s <• ( 4* ) crs. The land is very fertile, producing wheat m abund- ance, also apples and other summer fruit. The bay and the several rivers that run into it afford plenty of fish. Newcastle District, extends from the head of the Bay Quant ie, 50 miles to the south-west, along the shore of tlie lake, and is divided into two counties, Northum- berland and Durham. This district is well watered, and rich, though a little hilly, and more stony than any other. v v-r-r^ ■■ »... ,-.^:-.-^ -f. ^:- v.-- Home District, is still farther up the lake, and is divide | ed into two counties, York and Simcoe. It is large and tolerably thick settled ; it has an abundance of white pine upon it, and a number of beautiful streams of water. Niagara District, is situated south of Home and the lake, in the peninsula between the two lakes. It is very large, and is divided into i wo counties, Lincoln and Hal- deman. The latter is on the Grand River, in posses- sion of the Six Nations of Indians, already named. The county of Lincoln lies in the east part of the peninsula, joining oh the out-let of Lake Erie, and is divided into twenty-five townships, all of which are tol- erably thick settled, and well improved, though it is not so well watered as other districts. London Disltict. — This district is bounded east by Indian land, on Grand River, north by the wilderness, west by the western district at Detroit, and south by Lake Erie, along the north shore of which it extends about 90 miles. The district of London is certainly much the best part of Canada. It is suiricicitly level, very rich^ and beautifully variegated with small hills and / , ( *5 > and isdivid* fertile vallies, through which flow a number of pearlj streams of almost the best water in the world. In this district there is a large quantity of natural plains, though not in very large bodies, and not entirely clear of timber. This land has a handsome appearance, and affords fine roads and pasture in summer. Here the farmer has but little to do only to fence his land, and put in the plough, which indeed lequiree a strong team at first, but afterwards may be tilled with one horse.' These plains are mostly in the highest part of the ground, are very rich and, well adapted for wheat and, clover. The surface of the earth in this district is almost entirely clear of stone ; it is of a sandy quality, espe- cially the plains, which renders it very easy for cultiva:^ tion. This district is situated in the 41st degree and 40 min- utes of north latitude, and is favored with a temperate climate. The summers are sufficiently long, to bring all the crops to perfection, if planted in season : indeed there is hardly ever any kind of produce injured by the frost. This is the best part of Canada for wheat, and 1 be- lieve of any part of the world : from twenty to thirty- five bushels are commonly gathered from one acre of ground, perfectly sound and clear from smut. Corn thrives exceedingly well, as also all other kinds of grain. Apples, peaches, cherries, and all kinds of fruit common to the United States, flourish very well here. Wood- land sells from two to five dollars an acre. The timber of this district consists of almost all kinds common to the United States. . ... .. C4 ' . r II Western District is situated at the west end of the prcr vince, joining the river St. Lawrence as it comes from Lake Superior to the head of Lake Erie; it is large and rich, and some part tolei ably well improved ; it affords fine plains, and has been settled by the French more than one hundred years. It is divided into two coun. ties , £ssex and Kent. . ' ^;; King's Roaals.— When the upper province was first set- tled, the people labored under considerable disadvantages for the want of roads : nor was it to be expected that they could open any of very great extent, as the timber in most places is heavy, and they had as much as they could do to clear land to raise enough of produce to support their families. Yet the opening of roads was necessary, and the king knew this could not be effected by the people without his assistance. He therefore gave large sums of money to be laid out for that purpose, and for a number of years past, nearly the whole amount of the revenues of the province, which is the king's money, amounting to 5,000 pounds, has been laid out in open- ing and repairing of the public highways. This with the statute labor, which the inhabitants of every town- ship perform, is the means of making tolerable good roads in almost every part of the province. There is no toll taken for passing on any road or bridge in the province. What is called the king's roads or highways are 4 roods wide, and lead in the directions now to be describ- ed : there is one road that leads from Montreal, which is in the lower province, up the river St .Lawrence, near the bank on the north side, through Cornwall *( 47 ) village to Prescot, so on to BrockvilTc and Kingstoit; from hence there are several roads which lead different ways, though they were opened at the expence of the in- habitants, except one, which is the king's and extends up towards the south-west about twenty miles, when it divides into two. One crosses the Bay Quantie, and ei^tends nearly through the middle of the peninsula to the head.* The other turns to the right, and extends up the bay on the north side, through the Mohawk's or liT^ian land, Crosses Myer's creek and the liver Trent, where it empties inco the bay Quantie, extends a few miles to the south, and joins with the other on the carrying place. From hence it leads on through wood, land, thinly settled, by Presqu'isle harbor, for about 15 miles, when the country appears more improved, and the road tolerably good. Within about 60 miles of York, the road is bad^ as the ground is very rich and soft and but thinly settled ; and about 46 miles from York, there are two roads — one extends along the lake shore, and is the best — the other leads about 8 miles to the north; but they meet again at what is called Lion's creek and tavern. For nearly 30 miles to York, there is but one road, and that quite bad, till within 9 miles of the city. From York there is one road which extends 40 miles a due north course, to lake Simcoe, This road in most places, is tolerably good. The other road extends up the lake shore 16 miles to the river Credit, where it leaves thfe shore a little to the north, aiia extends to the head of the lake ; this road is not '1 -s; * This ii the belt raid. i\'\ 11 n-r!-« i , ii i 'II ' i i !! « i 'II very good. Two mile3 from York, on thie rojid. which leads to Simcoe, called Younge*s street, another road leads out, extending to the head of the lake, called Dun. diis street, which is completely straight for 260 miles to the river Thames, near Detroit. Although it is not passable in all places, yet where it is not opened, there are other roads near by, which lead the same way, aind enter it again, it crosses the Grand River, over which there is a good bridge,* and Smiles above the Mohawk village of Indians, there is another road which turns to the south, through beautiful, sandy, and dry plains, to Turkey Point, near Long Point, in Lake Erie, which is 35 miles. This road extends up the lake shore to Port Talbert, although it is not passable the whole way. From Fort Erie, two miles below the ferry at Black Rock, there extends a road up the shore of Lake Erie, more than ^0 miles, and another 18 miles down to the Niagara falls, here it divides ; one extends to the west through the Beaver dams towards the head of Ontario, up the stream of the Twenty*mile creek to a little village called Aswago, and the main road tiom Niagara to Grand River. This is a tolerable good road. From the falls another extends down the Niagara river by Queenston to fort George, from hence there is a good road up and near the lake shore for 45 miles,, when it turns to the south over the mountain, and con* vects with the one just noticed. Forty miles from Niagara, at what is called the Fifty-.mile creek, one •road turns to the right and crosses the boach already * Tlii* bri^Ke is oOiV quite finished. ** ( 49 ) lentioned befweeri the lake and Burlington bay, to ^ards York. There is also a road that extends fi om iQiieenston towards the head of the lake through what Is called the Black Swamp, and joins ijt he one from liasrara, about ten miles from it a little short of the 'welve-mile creek at Shipman's tavern. These are all the king's roads or public highways : ret there are many more roads throughout all the pro, rince, which lead in every direction, and many of them ire very good and convenient. Bearinffs and Distances of Places. — From Montreal to Prescot, (100 miles) the river has a strong current, md some dangerous rapidj. It cannot be passed with ships, though large rafts and boats of considerable bur- then pass it in safety, ^s^i-v. i»y- '< > "* -f^y ^ -^ The village and fort of Prescot are on the north bank )f the St. Lawrence, opposite to the river Oswe;^atchie, )v the old garrison at Ogdensburgh. Tiie St. LaW" rence is 3 miles wide hese, and has a small current, )ixty-hve miles farther up the river, stands King-ton, learthe bottom of Lake Ontario nearly opposite, though little to the east of Sackett's harbor. The distance from me to another, on a strai-^ht line, is 27 miles ; though he nearest way that can be passed by land on the road, ind a bad one, is H miles, and 36 by water or ice. Seventy-five m;les from Kingston is situated Pres(ju*- Ble hai bor, already noted. It is neai ly opposite the louth of the Oswego river on the United States* side* 'he lake is 67 miles wide here, but has been crossed in leven hours. One hundrea miles from this harbor, qp tbe lake II ■!* 1. 1 \ 'V t (50 ) stands York^ Dearly opposite Niagara, though a little to the north west. The distance from one to the other on a straight line, is 34 milea ; but by land around the | head of Lake Ontario, it is 90 miles. Niagara, some* times called Newark, is opposite Niagara fort, on the | United States' side. The river is 1200 yards wide here. Queenston — Stands 7 miles farther up the river on the same side close to the foot of the mountain already noted, and opposite to Lewistown, on the United States' side; from which there is a good road to Batavia, an east I course. Chippeway--A small village at the mouth of a stream of the same name, is 2 miles above the falls and 10 from Queenston. .^h^v. ^^ ^, .> - Erie — Stands opposite U> Black Rock, on the United States* side. Hete the river is 1700 yards wide. From this place up the shore of Lake Erie for 80 miles there are no villages or forts, as the country is but little improved,, especially about the middle of the above dis. tance, at thegmouth of the Grand River, which is in the I poi:;session of the Indians, as alreafly noted. About 50 miles of this distance on the lake shore, there is no road : though in the year 1811, commission. ^rs were appointed to lay out one, Turkey Point — Near Long Point, is 100 miles from Foit George, and nearly 200 below Maiden It is oppo- site Presqu*isle, and Erie, on the United States* side, at the corner of the three states, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio. Malden^ls near the head of Lake Erie, at the mouth of the St. Lawrence, as it comes from La&e Superior. * the year 1811, the number of inhabi- mts of both provinces, was ^560,000. In the upper >rovince, there wa e 136,000, not including Indian.^ in the settled parts of the province.f ^^*" The number of the militia, or of those who are Habit to do duty, from the age of sixteen to sixty, are 22,660, hi * The distfRce from this lake to Quebec m the water course is nearly miles ; but on a straight line it would not be more than 360 miles«r» JTote the following calculation. Lake Superior, according to die Frendi charts, is ]50O milei in ciream- ence« Quebec is in lat. 46« 55' north. -?' long. 70* 31* west. ' The lake is between 45p and 48o north iat> I And between 82i-2o 91<> west long. say82o 31' 70* 31» '> 18 i A degree of longitude in 45 or 46 is about SO', consequently the diitanft }m Quebec to the margis of I«ke Superior must be 360 miles* [t If all the inhabifJEints of Upper Canada were divided into ten parts, parts would be natives of the United States pQd their children bum ia British duminioiMin'korth America;! the ditier fcrur parts would be in^eani ani iheir^ldNQ.. ■ i< ■p. yi It ( 5^ ) I ! including Indians oh the bounds ot the province at that time. ■ »j«if*» ■'-,' «■■■-.< .i^^j^vtHrrf'-T^'i^iif <*• ' ' LearnifK^ — The greater part of tlie inhabitants of Ca. nada are not well etjucaied ; for as they were poor when they canie to the provunce, and the country being bat thinly settled tor a numbei of years, they had but little chance for tlie oenetlt ot schools. But since the country as become more set Jed, and the inhabitants rich, or in a good way ot living, wliich is almo-t uni- versally the case, they pay considerable attention to| learning. 5,i»'r r— " - - *"- ' — r** Ten dollars a year, is the common price given for | the tuition o^ each scholar by good teachers. '. Until lately, there was no Latin or Greek school I kept in the province. Now there are three— one in York, caught by the Episcopal minister ot that place;! one on the Bay Quantie, by a Mr. Bidwell, from the United States ; and the othei in Niagara village, by the I Rev. Mr. Bui ns. Good encouraa;ement would be given | in many ot>ier parts to teachers of such schools, particu- larly in the Niat^ara and London districts. Notwithstanding I said that the main body of the in- habitants were not well educated, yet there are a nuni< ber of gentlemen in the province who have the best ofl learninters : one in London district (Townsend,) a Mr. Culver, minister, a very old gentleman ; one inj Ancaster, near the head of Ontario, a Mr, Williams, | minister; one on the Twenty.mile Creek, 20 miles I from Niagaia, a Mi . Eastman, minister; one in Niaga- ra village, a Mr. Burns, minister; one in York, no I minister ; one on the Bay Quantie, one in Kingston, and three below. There are five congregations of Quakers or Friends : one in Adolphustown, 30 miles west of Kingston, on the BayQuantie; one in Rox- bridge, 30 miles north east of York, on a new town> ship ; one on Yonge-street, near Lake Simcoe; one in the township of Norwich, on the river Thames ; and • i •There U •Im another eongrtgation and minister on Tonge^re Utelv become luch: ntfaiiter* / ■ 1 * ( &* ) one at the Short Hills, not far from Lake Erie, 30 miles south-west of Niagara. There are also a consider- atbh number of the Dutch Moneasts in the province ; a large settlement of them reside, in Clinton township, {not far from Niagara ; as also another in Maikham, near York, and one on Yonge-street, and some other [parts. There are also some Tunkers in the province, I and a few Roman Catholics. They have & chapel in I Cornwall, and in Kingston and Sandwich. There are (also some other sectaries in the provmce, all of which lenjoy full liberty of conscience to worship God as they Iplease, and are protected by law fro n penalties, imposH- tions« or burthens of any kind relative to religious con* :ern5. The Episcopal clergy are paid by the king. M The one-seventh part of all the land in Upper Canada U appropriated, acc^^'nfto the constitution, for the maintenance of a F - .ant clergy within the piQ- rince.*' This land lies in two hundred acre lots, and |s leased out for twenty-one years, at two dollars ^he irst seven years of the lea^e, four dollars tlte second ieven, and six dollars the third seven. The rent of ^heselots, called Clergy Reserves, is given to the cler- to the amount of eight hundred dollars a year l*he clergy of the other sectaries are paid according to the n\\ and bounty of their hearers There has been no general revival of religion of late in Canada, yet he >eople in general pay a very serious attention to ijt, ^nd attend to preaching very well. Profane swei' jng seldom heard, and the sabbath is regarded with con* Kdcrable reverence. Bigotry or superstition is not oftea ': t.f ■ M t l' 1;( ' ( 56 ) to be discovered among the inhabitants of Canada, of course they do not persecute each other^ but are friend- ly and loving. Divermm. — The inhabitants of almost every country I have their diversions, which vary according to their notions of pleasure ; of course the people of Canada have theirs, which, however, are of an exercising and] innocent nature* Meeting together at private houses and dancing is ai favorite amusement of the young people* This, how.| ever, is not carried to excess. Hunting deer and bears in the winter, is also a diver- sion, and a very profitable one. Sleighing is another amusement of which the people! are very fond, and for which they are well prepared, as it respects horses sleighs, clothing, and fiirs. They alsol very much esteem the music of bells, some having atl times forty on the harness of two horses. Much prol duce is taken to market in the winter by sleighs, inl which is connected both pleasure and profit As ^his iil a level counti^, and the snow lies pretty deep all flk^terj there is very good sleighing. Most of the people drivej Jehu like, or "furious." The melody of the human voice is also an amusementl of the young people of both sexes. Teachers of this arti will meet with good encouragement in almost everjl part of Canada. Comparatively speaking, Canada is but a new, thinljl settled country ; yet, contrary to the custom of the in| habitants of such places, the people here dress wtll atl all times, but when they go abroad, or on the sabbathJ ( 57 ) is also a diver- they dress very fine. When I say they dress fine, I do I ndt mean that tancied fineness, studied and practised in large cities and populous places — such as jewels, ring;s, ribbons, powder, paint, and the|like; but with gar- meniS of che finest stufis, with but few trinkets of any kind. The most oE their clothing is of their own manu- facturing, particularly the woolen, for which they have plenty of the best of wool. Horse-racing, card-playing, and the like unprofitable [and sinful diversions are very seldom performed in Ca- inada. Drunkenness and dissipation are seldom seen among I the people. As all have to get their living by their la- bor, there appears to be but little time or temptation to (frequent taverns for that purpose. The people of Canada pay very little attention to any [kind of diversion in the summer, except to visit one another in a social manner, and diink tea, of which they are very fond, and a friendly chit-chat. The most of their conversation at these times relate to their former poverty and present plenty, and to which 1 was happy to listen, whenever it happened in my hearing, as it indi- cated a contented and thankful mind in their present situation ; and could wish and say with propriety — Es- foperpetuat or, may it last forever. The diversions of the Indians chiefly consist in dancing and shooting at marks. Manufactures, — It is not to be expected that the ma- nufactories of Canada are many or extensive. There is some iron made in the province, though the quantity \* 'I ?i I n .:.H <^rj;j5jjg^ -'Uf ]} I ■'I ■• il;! it, 'ft Salt is also made here, though to a small aiAount, but might be made in great quantities. HatSy shoes, boots, and tin and crockery Ware, are manufactured here in great plenty. Linen and woolen cloths are made in abundance. Whiskey, and apple and peach brandy are also madie in considerable quantities. :^., PROMISCUOUS REMARKS ON THE GOVERNMENT. ■■^'\*ff' r,^^: The constitution, laws, and government oF Upper Qanada, are much better than pedple, unacquainted lii^th them, expect. It is not my intention h^re to write much respecting the government, though 1 had taken much pains in studying it, with an intention df| publishing the result of my enquiries on the subject. One year before the declaration of war by the American I government against England, while in Canada, I issu- ed proposals for a geographical and political view of the province ; but, as it is now generally expected th&Jt the| province will fall into the hands of the American gov- ernment, 1 shall make only a few remarks on the sub-| ject. •' In the year 1791, the then called province of Quebec,! was by an act of the Bntish parliament divided into two separate provinces — ^to be called the province of Lower Canada, and the province of Upper Canada. By this act, a constitution was formed for each province, eachj in its nature calculated to suit the situation of their res- ^ ( 59 ) ^ : • pective inhabitants — one being chiefly settled by the French, the other by the English. ^ The constitution put it out of the power of the British parliament to impose any taxes on the people, either upon their property or trade, but what was necessary for the regulation of commerce : but this should be dis- posed of by the legislature of the province, for the bene- fit of the same. The constitution also provides for the creation of a legislative council and a legislative assem- bly. The king also sends a governor, who acts in the kin^*s name. The members of the legislative council are selected by the king and governor jointly ; these hold their seats during life, if they do not forfeit them. The members of the legislative assembly are elected eve- ry fourth year by the freemen of the province.' Any man of the age of twenty four, and who is worth pro- perty to the amount of forty shillings a year, and has been in the province seven years, may be elected a member of the legislative assembly, or vote for one.* The making of laws for the welfare of the people is the business of the legislative assembly, but must be assented to by the legislative council and governor, in the king's name, before they become laws ; yet the legislative council, governor, British parliament or king, cannot make any laws for the people of Canada, « without the advice and consent of the legislative assembly." From hence we see that the people have got the means of guarding themselves. About twplve years ago, the assembly passed an act dividing the province i. I •i • The people Yote in Canada by word (/f mouUi. -» • . ^^ / s iiito districts or ridings, every one of which sends one member to parliament or the assembly. The number of members at present, August 18l2, is twenty-six, two. thirds of whom are natives of the United States;* less than one-third of the justices of the peace are Ameri- cans ; the sheriffs are either Europeans or loyalists ; the jury, according to the constitution, must be taken in rotation from each township, as their names stand on the assessment roll or list of names ; ef course the ma- jority are always Americans. The majority of the courts of quarter sessions, probate, surrogate, and courts of king's bench, are Europeans ; yet the pro* ceedings of those courts are regulated by the acts of the assembly. ' In the second session of the first parliament, in li^^2 — 3, an act was passed to prevent the further in- troduction of slaves. The words of that excellent act being thus : « Whereas it is unjust that a people who enjoy freedom, by law should encourage slavery- That after the passing of this act, no person brought into the province shall be subject to the condition of a slave." All that were then in the province are free at twenty-ftve years of age. The taxes in Canada are very small; nopefjSonis taxed more than one penny upon the pound sterling he is worth, according to the valuation of property made by act of parliament, and which at present \s not more than half of what it would sell for. The taxes so col- *No minister of the goipel can get in eidier house, of courts tb.c people are not afniid of spiritual tyranny. ( ^^1 ) lectcd arc laid out by the judges of the court of quarter se&sipnn, for the benefit of the district from which it is collected, ai^ where the court is — ^it is to pay the wages of t^ie. mecpbers gfiassembly sent from the district, and half of the salary of the sheriffs of the same ; to build or repair the coiirt-house or jail, and the like. The whole c:(f ence of the government of Canada, except what is here noted, is paid by the king, which, together with the I|idian departmeni|;„ cost him one million and a half ^telling ajpnual^i ^apd which frees the people from a a^reat bu|€(ien. *Jtj[ie MoneMts, Tuhkers/^nd Quakei'S, aie exempt* ed "from mil^ry duty , by paying annuaRy in time of peacli^ five dollars, knd. in time of iVar twenty. The fiFov^rnor ^the provinccf has power by layp to c«ll out all the militia, and to cross them over the line in pursuit of sin enemy that has invaded the province, or to de- stroy any fort or fortiiicatifni, that may be the means of covering on assisting ah invasibni but in no other cise. Stealing exposes a person tp'di^th, if the thing stol- en is vr6rth thirteen pijiince ; yet the plaintiff may value it as low a»ne pleases, and if below thirteen penc2, the thief is clear. No one has yet been hung in Upp^r Ca- nada ibtstealing ; however, the people are afraid to ven- mrc their lives in the hands of others, * B 3 .^ 1M 4 r i, i If it :/ f I ',. i ! ! IW «Nr i« -''%W «lr i-..S"'j l^-^-^. *• V DESCRIPTION QP NI^kjSA^ FALLS. MANV writers have attcipptfj^ ^to di^scijbe tfcis Saiv osity of nature; yet ^ the||pscn|iti^nsth^t IMverea||, appear to mMiot to be sufiicie^Iy illu^n|tive or 'obr- rect : 1 will therefore ^escribe it^^iysclf, in as pfei^ a> maiHierj^as p(^sp>Ie, unadori|e(i 'wi(k an^ fandl^ strolces of rhetoric, ^ <^ / -In order tp have a proper view of the falls, and'^l^j^- cept parts,, ( will suppose aj|^rsonJp be s|^ing^iii a lit-* t1^ boat» out of Lal^||<)||^|ri5, ujp t|« Nia^ra riV$l^ dr out»Iet ofh^e Erie^ Sdpn after youkave^^lake\ fern pass the^yiH|ge of Ni&g^ra, on th^ rightdand, fia^Nil;^ gajraold fort on the United States* side. A lflt1«>|asthet up,' you pass Fort George on the righ|-i.here the watet is deep and smooth. Vbu stiH ^^ ^"^ ^ ^^ south , course, the wa|er being smooth, ancfthe b^^ks al)oiit^ sixteen feet high, and in most places perpendicular for seven ^liles. Here you^ come to Queenston on the right hand, and Lewiston on the \i^, or United States* sjA^/ This place i^ called the landing, for heie allthj iMlngof vessels aestined for the country, each side of „ Lake Erie, and the Michigan territory, are taken o«' 4nd conveyed ^^ihe mountain or slope, 9 miles, to the still wskter,2 Qiiles above the fajls. The ascentof this slope, though 300 feet high, is very easy. The river here is half a mile wide, and a little above there is a whirl of cons^eiable depth, though not dangeroys.* After yo)i pass tihi» place 3pO ytrdb, y^u ^t.er the dismal chime : and instead of the lively piospect of the sailing of ships with %ing colors, fniithil (ields and pleasant land- scapes, you are all at once buried in a grave of at least 300 fi^ct deep; Altho^h it is open at the top, should you look up, the sight is truly gloomy : the banks are perpendicular, and ih ^oroe jj^aces aaore than perpendi- cular, aboundiiig with craggy rocks hanging over your head iii ^ frightful mtutHier : near the surface, there are to he seen fkt rotsks projecting towards each o^er in a horizontal position. f Vou stiA ro'w on a south direction with little variation, the wat^ is considerably rapid, and thehanks have neat^l|F the lilpie i^earance, until with- in i^out a tx^e of t^ cataraot, whei% the banks are not quite so .high ; but still aH is glooniy, as you are buried from the si^rht of the ImuI of the living, and must be filled with haunted thoughts of five hundred murdere4 dead, that in on^ fatal liour, plunged into the migfity grave nfearwhichiyou now ate. ^» r^ As you>.proce^, the water becomes very rapid, and * This place is fncmoreble. Here the AmericaDs crossed (jo tite l^ih of October, 1812, to invfide Canada. t This place is also meiponible. Down in this dreadful, chimc^ a number of the Ann^caQ soldiers were.drove headlong by the Indians, af- ter they had surrendered themselves prisoners of war, to [the British, ^m the 13Ui of October, 1812. D4 ♦' »'^ -% ' ^ I r^r^i at length the mighty falls appear in full tremendous view, and fill the ear with dismal roar. It is 8 miles from Queenston. When you arrive within 30fr<' yards of the cataract, you must stop. Here Uie bed of the Hver widens: and is not sunk more than half tl^ dis- tance below the surface^ as^it was «(t your first entrance of the chime. A view of ^c horizon is of course' niore eitiensive. In sitting in ^up little hkrk, the abojire di^- tancey" with your face to the south, before you ilo#s the main body of water, kiaf plttng|s over with a tceitiefi- dous dash. About 60 yards of the middle of this ca^a< ract is much deeper»than ^ctc^^ inconsequence of a chime sunk in the rock». The Water has a bluish green ap^arance. On your left hand, comes the other part of the ri^r^; not do Urge by a sjxth part, aifid falls d|er also. ' • - '^ ^ . -- v% This river is divided into4wo separate pitches, each four hundred yards in Width.* This division is i^dc by a small island, criowding up to the verge of the rock, near the middle. It »c?s. The river now has a south'east coyrse to Grand Island, 9 miles wide, and then south to Lake Erie, where it is only a mile \v\de. This is 20 miles from the falls by water. From this place, you may sail more than 1000 miles if ygu wish, to the end of Lak^ Supe* rior, without encountering any more falls. • ,• If my reader pleases, 1 will invite him back again, to view and contemplate a little more this awful scene. On both sides of the rapids, above the f^Us, the banks of the river are quite low, and there are many convc* nient situatipns for watei-.works. Several ace now erect< ed,yet there is room for more. Wth a snMkll eX^nse, a large quantity of water can be brought in use to do great execution. The perpendicular pitch of this vast body of waCbr is one hundred and forty-four feet-«>add to this fifty feet which the water descends above the fall?, and -^stven- ty teet below, and we find that the fiver descends* in 8 miles and a "half, two hundred and sixty- four feet. Some who have never seen this river, sup- pose it to be much less than it is, while others suppose it to be larger. Indeed it is hard for any one to jud^e with propriety, that has seen it, its ttiere are but S miles in the whole length of the river, between the two lakes, where any current can be been, and that is very rapid. For the contemplation of the curious, who may per- haps never see the^>e falls, 1 have made the following cjI- eulation, from which they may form some toleruhle cor- rect idea of the quantity of water thatf*lls over ihis cata raft. ( 67 ) " Say that each of the spaces over which the water pitch- |es, is 400 yards wide, or 1200 feet. The most shallow )nc of these, or that on the United States' side, is 3 feet leep on the verge of the rock over which it falls. Now Sf we multiply its depth [3 feet] into its width, [1200 leetj we have 3600 cuhic or solid feet of water on the rerge of the precipice. As there are 62 pounds avoiidu- )ois in a cubic or solid, foot of water, and a lillle mote, /hich we will leave out to avoid fractions, so it wc miil- iply 62,the pounds in a square foot of water, into .'3600, Ihe number of feet of water on the verge, we have i23,200 pounds of water on the verge of the precipice. lut when w© consider the laws of giavity respecting jouting fluids and falling bodies, we shall find the water ^fthis cataract receives a vast additional weight by the ime it comes to the lowest point of fall. In order, there- )re, to find this additional v^eight, we must note the )llowing things ; — •'HrAvy bodies near the surface of the earth, fall [ >ot the first quarter of a second, 3 feet the second, 5 set the third, and 7 feet in the fourth quarter ; that is, |6 feet in the first second. Let go three bullets toge- icr — stop the first atone second, and it will have fallen to feet ; stop the next at the cn^ of the second second, Ind it will have fallen [2X2=4] four times sixteen, ir sixty-four feet; and stop the last at the end of the lird second, and the distance fallen will be [3X3=:9] line times sixteen or one bundled and fo. fy-four feet, id so on. Now the momentum, or force witit 'vhich falling body E.iikes, is equal to its weight mulLi|.lied its velocity,*' and in prdcr to find which, we musV ii ' 7\ ' i:, s^.i 4y ( 68 ) i i I: a ':H ' : M multiply the perpendicular 6^ce fallen through by dixty-four, and the square root ol the product is the velocity required.'* See Pike's Arithmetic, page 362 — 5. X From calculation, we find that the water of this cata< ract is three seconds descending the 144 feet and thatj the velocity acquired in that time and distance to be 96, which if we multiply into -i23,200, the num-^ei of poundsl of water on the top of the rock, we find that 21,427,200 is the weight thereof at its lowest poinc ut fall : this is the weight of the water of the smallest part of the cataj ract, or that on the Uniteii States side I'he other parti of the falls as has been noted, is at least 6 tiroes as large,! that is 6 times ti)e quantity of water flows over it,| ^'ow if we multiply the abov^sum [21,427,200] by 6, we shall have the enormous sum of 128,563,200.'*' pounds] of water, which falls on the bed of the liver below. ^ No wondor then, that the solid rock and distant surl hce bend beneath the mighty pressure, and that thtl sound is often heard at the distance of 20, and some*! times 50 miles. However, it must be here noticed thatl falling bodies meet with resistance from the air throughl l^hich they pass, which is always in proportion to tli distance fallen, the velocity of the motion and dtmen sions of their sur&ces ; or in other words, the water this cataract is considerably resisted by theaii throughl which it falls, from which circumstance it appears tha ' * Some writers In^vc stnted the quantity of water that falli over cataract much greater thau I have noted, even at 2,948,400 cubic tf^ tach miuute r and that the weight (liereof is 184,275,000 puundt^wi out count iitg the additional weight it receives according to tlic la>i^i| gravity.— [See Voyage daui la haute Puisyivnnie. f 69 ) ^ there ought to be some reduction from its weight or strikt ing force, at its lowest point of fall ' yet when we ob* serve that fluids act by piessure and gravity both, and that every part of this cataract is of some depth, and about 60 yards is 18 feet deep, where the pressure is great, of course we may fairly calculate that the pressure out- balances the resistance. But as fluids are non-elastic, they do not produce but half the effect of perfect elastic bodies. Were the water of this cataract a perfect elas. tic body,and fell on a perfect elastic base, the striking force and sound would be just four times as great as it now is. Several writers who have vnrote a description of this cataract and the adjaoent parts, have stated that I the falls were once down at the landing on the north side of the slope or mountain, alreudy noted. And « that from the great length of time, quantity of water, and distance from which it fell, the solid rock is worn [away for 7 miles up the stream, to where it is now.'* To me it is plain that neither of these assertion;: are true. Whoever will take the pains to view the chasm from the |beg'\:ung of the slope through which the water now I flows up to the falls, must be convinced of the mistake, for the banks are not solid rock, but are in some places sand, in others sand and clay, and in others solid rock, ilso trees, bushes, loose rocks and stones, but in very few )laces are the banks of solid rock on both sides.* That i V: * General Lincoln, who viewed the bonks of diis river in the yea*' 1794, lyi, ** on • parefiil examination of the banks of the river it was evidenc It there was no good foundation for this (the aboire) opinion.**— See a teinMonc*! Oaaettear, printod hi Boston, in. 1797, tinder the word ( ro ) the cataract was ever down at the north side of the slope, is a conjecture to me very improbable, for if it was ever there,itmust have fallen from those flat and horizontal rocks already named, and which ar^ near the surface of the ground. The surface of the ground, or top of the slope, where the fails are supposed once to have been, is b feet higher than the still water above the rapids al* ready noted, according to measurement, and but 1 foot lower than the lower end of Lake Erie. Now as there is a considerable hollow on the United States' side, about half way between the falls and the top of the mountain, it is evident the whole river would have found its way into Lake Ontario through this hoi I low, rather than rise at least 30 feet to flow over the top of the mountain or slope, ^ From th^ faUs the ground is level in every direction,! and On the Canada side, 6elds are cultivated to the verge of the bank in some places. The cataract may be seenj from some directions, at the distance ot 4 miles. It is curious to see all the trees near this cataract cutl on the bark for a considerable distance up, all over with the initials or first letters ok' persons' names, with the year in which they were cut : some of these dates are of « ODsiderable age ; 1 discovered two that had beenl madetwo bundled and seven years ago, or in 1606, whichl was two years before the province was settled by the! Fiench, though it was discovered by the English three hundred and sixteen yeais ago, or in the year 1497, There is a ladder provided, 144 feet long, to go down| into the clvism, though there is but few will venture.* * I i^m told this ladder was fixed l^eoe by the oiden and at the cx[ ( 71 ) The Massaugus nation of Indians used to sacrifice t# this cataiact, before tney were vi.^iied by the Roman Catholic priests. About two \ears ago, some of the is'and, aheariy nam- ed, fell to the bottom with a gi eat sound. Those of my readers who at e fond of fanciful descrip- tive painting, will not be otrVt^'Jed l)ecause I have added thetbllowing short account of \h'\s cataraict, raken in the winter season. It was wiote hv a French trae ^ller : ««Wmter itself, which is said to sadden the^face of uni- versal nature, seems to exercise its power on the cata- ract of Niagara only to clothe it with the most biilliant and most fiaintastic pomp. <( Doling the fair days that occasionally enliven the gloom of winter, the cataract, when irradiated by the meiidian sun, exhibits to the eyes and to the fancy o^ the beholder, one of the rarest, and perhaps, one of the most magnitii-ent scenes upon ea th. The trees, the bushes, the rocks, the prominent aspeiities of the cliffs, the breakers at the rapids, in short, whatever strikes the view in summer, disappears at this season, and makes room for objects of aforni and complexion entirely dit ferent; You behold, as it were, a new creation. The I vapours which arise from the cataract, driven by the windsto a considerable dib.ince, and condensed by the rigor of the cold, adhere to all those surfaces, covers , > .( [)f alady (V6in Boston; whoaflerit wai finished was the flrit that ven- tured down. I am sorry that I cannot record her name. There is anothf r ladder on the west or Canada bank, hewn out or the ilid rock. It was done by order of fi^ovemor S|inco0|^ Air bit My to f? luwn into the chasoir »■■ ^,. •> ,!:>• i.i ( 72 ) tkem with lobes of a refulgent whit^eds, with chrj^staU and mouldings eleganily sculptured, with glazed frost and icicles, the numberless and fantastic aggregatibni of which resemble those splendid dreams to which health, youth, and happiness give birth. Sometimes yoQio^l^Nieto see Oothic structures, rows of pillars di3< ^|Kiied^4ecocding to the rules of xtial perspective, an. ,ci<6t||t cfistles, ruins, or massy fabrics, grouped and fash« ioned with wonderful skill and precision. « The sides of the cliiTs, so lugubrious, so dark dur. ing the summer, are then adorned with an icy plating of I unparalleled brilliancy ; and the trees on their summits appear converted into so many transparent obelisks. The breakers at the rapids resemble pedestals surmount- ed with blocks of alabaster, which the chi?el of some able sculptor would have figured into gigantic stiMtna, beings of a supernatural appearance, birds o; enormous siz#k The rocky fragments that gird the vast circum. ference of the gulph now look like an immense zone ofl ice, formed by the spurting up of the water, which thel intensity of the cold incessantly arrests and consolidates. Here, you imagine to see stalactics, 40 feet high ; therej fluted or truncated columns ; farther, pyramids^ caria- tides,* busts, or whatever rich and magnificent 9bjeotSj| a powerful and luxuriant fancy can create. M AH the trees and shrubs tliat grow among the rocks,! or on the steep sides of the cliffs, long-lived cedars, old| * CariaUdfli ace certain eolomni, having the form of women imyed i^ long white robet* These columns do not deviate much fi-om the Ionic i der, and are formed in grottoei and caverns by tte acthm ot' water u] gravd nid land. ( 73 ) suid mossy he;inlocks, aged larches, and gigantic pities^ are then beautifully crystalized, and add to the biilliancy of this splendid hyperborean scene. - Olten, too, yielding to the pressure of their massy ornaments, they disappear, and roll to the bottom of the chasm. « The intermediate island, so fresh, so verdant durino" the summer, now assdme"", as every oth^r surronndi ing object, a form entirely dissimilar. The trunks, the branches, and the heads of the trees with which it is covered, the shrubs, the mosses, the soil itself, in shorty <6very thing is changed. I'he whole is clad and embel- lished by the rigor of the season with etBoi es»cent conge. Ijitions, equally varied in their aspect and in their size. The trees resemble lofty pyramids^ the white and bril> liant summits of which beautifully contrast with the azure fields of the sky. From the extremities of their branches hang irradiated festoons of ice, like rich clus- ters ot sparkling gems, aod bright diamonds ; the sight I of these, especially when they are gently waved by soft breezes, produces on the fancy a magic impressLpn. When detached by their weight, or the violence of the wind, they fly round in exiguous and numberless frag, ments, the regrets attending their loss are alljsviated by the picturesque imagery which their very fall exhibi|;9. ** It is difficult to assign any object in nature to which Iwe may compare this island thus beaming with glory, light, atvd transparency. Sometimes it rettaces to the lemory those beautiful conceptions of the glowing fancy of the Arabs ; those enchanted castles, built by^the lost in(;entous fairies ; or it suggests the idea of the solitary abode of some Dlviniiv, who anxious to shup ■ii'i ;.' 4 i'i ( 7* ) , the importunaU homage of mortals, would have choser^ for a retreat the very brink of that tremendous precipice, as entirely inaccessible to them. « Here the invigorated ^cy expands, and becomes a creative power ; whilst soaring, with bold flight, amid so many tiew objects, it decorates them with the most l>nl)iaiit colors." S^rmg, — Two miles above the falls, near the mouth of the Chippeway creek, there is a spring of water, whose vapor is highly inflammable, and is emitted ior a timie Hith a considerable degree of force. If collected within a narrow compass, it is capable of supporting combustion for twenty minutes, and of communicating to water placed over it in a contlncd vessel, the degree of boiling temperature. Devil's Hole. — Some distance below the falls, on the j United States' side, near the chime, there is a hole, called the DeviKs Hole, 300 yards in circuit, and 300 1 feet deep, with trees and craggy rocks sticking to the i inner surface. In the bottom of this hole there is water,] supposed to be of great depth. In the French wars in i this province, in 1759, there was a company of five hundred American and British soldiers, with all their ^^^S^S^ waggons, niarching by this hole; when they were all driven into it, at the point of the bayonet, by a company of French, who lay in ambush. Only two men escaped. One of them now lives five miles from] the place. Lake, — What is called the Mountain Lake, may be I reckoned among the natural curiosities of this country. | This lake is situated in Hallowell township, Piifice Ed- ( 75 ) ward county, Midland district, 34 miles from Kingston, on the bay shore. It lies on the top 'fijit It ill m I fiia 'I I .1 » ' h « -1 I t ( 76 ) , in'g timber, which continues to revolvein the eddy about eace in a half hour and will sometimes remain in this state for months. At one particular part the floating substances are made to rise on one end, after which they are swallowed down by the vortex. There are several other natural curiosities in this proYitice, among which might be named the several fells that are in the Twenty-mile Creek, which, like the Niagara, flows over the same mountain. One of these falls has 77 feet 6f a perpendicular pitch ; after which the water run« for a considerable distan'c^e with great violence, and pitches over again. HLr»|if» DESCRIPTION or Vv' ^^ni^^$t i4tti>. THE great tract of land now to be described has never yet received a name, neither have its boundaries ever been designated ; of course it appears to fall to my lot to do both, and, as I know of no better name, I will call it North-west Land. 1 give it this name because of its relative situation, as it lays in the north.west corner of North America. To note the boundaries of North-west Land, it is pro- per to begin at the crossing of the lines of the 95th de. gree of west longitude from Greenwich, and that of the 48th degree of north latitude from the equator, which is in the middle of Red Lake, situated 50 miles north of the head of the river Mississippi, on the line that extends from the Lake of the Woods to the said river, and which is the line between the British and American possessions in these parts. This Red Lake being then the comer, the south line E 2 n III ! ! i',i'i I ; ' < - C 7« ) pursue a due west course, passes north gf one of the forks of the Missouri River, crosses the great Stony Mountain, which divides the waters of the Atlantic from those that ran into the Pacific ocean, then crosses the Columlnan River, no great distance from its mouth, and finally strikes the shores of the Pacific, between lVhiibey*s Harbor and Queen ffythe, in north latitude 48, and west longitude 125, which is 90 miles north of the Columbian River, being a line that passes 30 degrees of longitude. From Queen Hythe the line pursues a north-west direc. tion along the shores of the Pacific, a little south of Snug Comer Cove,* in lat. 60, and long. 127, and from hence the line will pursue the said line of 127 long, a due north course to the degree of 70 north on the Fro- zen sea, being a line that passes 22 degrees of north latitude ; from hence the line pursues the shore of the Frozen sea duly east till it meets the line of New Britain at the 95th degree of west longitude. This north line passes 32 degrees of longitude. It then pursues a due south course west of Hudson Bay, to the line of Upper Canada. Having designated the lines of North-west Land, we shall now note its situation and extern, Tt lays between 48 and 70 degrees of north latitude, and 95 and 127 of west Norih>west Land is bounded east by New Britain and p9.Tt of Upper Canada, south by Louisiana, west by the * The corner of this is within 200 miles of part of the Russian settle* loent. «» .. ; ( 79 ) N'jrth Pacijic ocean t and north-west by lllterin^i strait ,_ which separates America from Asia, and north by the Frozen sea. North-west Land is 1320 geographical miles wide from south CO north, and 1200 long from east to west, on the bouth side, but is not more than 900 on the north. Surface »-^North-west Land \b in general level, although there are some high mountains in it. • »• The following may be noted thus : The great. range of mountains seen by mariners from the Atlantic ocean» when sailing from N. Foundland to the gulph of St. Lawrence, take their rise a little north of the said gulph, and with some variation, extend a south-west course to the 50th degree of north lat. and 90th of west long, where one part branches off a north.west course, extend. ing north-east of Lake Winnipic to ChurchJull River, in lat. 51, 20; when it takes a south-west direction to long. 112, and lat. 48, wnen it again turns north-west to 57 degrees north, and then duly north to the degree of 65. - , - Near the north end of this mountain, another extends a soath-west course as far as Mackenzie's river, in long. 122, and lat. 64. This mountain then divides ; one part extends, with some interruption, down the i^^id river, and with it dips into the North sea ; the other part extends nearly a south-west course for a distance of 1200 miles, and is generally 360 miles wide, across from east to west ; and 3350 feet high, from the level of tji% ground below. The south end of this mountain extends some hun^ dred miles into Louisiana, E3 ( 80 ) These monntains are very rocky and stony, and are always covered with snow, especially their northern ends. A range of mountains, ol' considerable elevation, extend with some interruptions along the,«coast of the Pacific, from the mouth of the Columbia to Cook\ Entry . Excepting these mountains, already noted, the rest of this extensive country is quite level and clear of stone, especially the south-west part. . Mackenzie notes that there is a large tract of land to the north oP the 60th degree, between Hudson Bay and the Slave Lake, which is almost entirely covered with stone, and void of timber. Near the foot of all the mountains there is a strip of boggy ground, not gene, rally accessible to the human track. The surface of no country, perhaps in the world, is so much broken and intercepted by lakes and rivers of water as NoriU- weH Land ; nevertheless those lakes and rivers are not without their advantages, , SaiL — It cannot be expected^ that the whole soil of ^orth.westLand is good, yet it is cerUin that it coiitain^^^ a very large portion of excellent soil, and perhaps no country, of the same extent, and in the same latitude, alfordb so much. The soil of the mountains and high grounds i^ in general stony, gravelly, and poor ; that in the vallies l^nd on the borders of the lakes and rivers, and on the kvel ground, is of a rich black mould, sometimes mixt with sand ; this is particularly the case in the south-wcsi and ^outh parts. A considerable quantity of this country is overflo\nd At. ( 81 ) Avith shallow ponds of water in the winter, but in the summer they are entirely dry. These places arc quite rich, producing abundance of grass, wild oats, rice, po. tatoes, and wild hops. Climate. — Although all parts of North-west Land lays north of the 4Sth degree, yet a great part of it enjoys a tolerable climate, much more so than one would expect, had it not been ascertained by experience. BMt it must be here noted, that any country in a cer- tain latitude west, is wirmer than the same latitude east, and that Notih-west Ijindj is between the 95th and 127th degrees of west longitude, of course it en joys all the ad- vantages of a western afmnsp/tere,* It appears from the Journal of Lewis and Clark, in 1804, who wintered at the mouth of the Columbia, in lal. 46, 20, that there was no snow during their stay, until the 25th of January, and then only eight inches deep, which soon melted. The climate in the north and north-east parts of North .west Lanu is not so favorable, here the snow lays 5 feet deep for the space of six months, and the winds that blow off from the Frozen ocean are exceedingly keen and piercing; and the whole of the lakes and rivers are covered with a thick ice for that length of tine. Notwithstanding the severity ^f the climate in this pait of North-west Land, the natives are quite healthy, and live to a great age. * At far ai the lat. of 5J, in Ion r. 117, «n the ynv 1793, the trttt were ill bud. aitd iht> fluwen in full bioon?, And the ice wm ([our out okf tbc tivrr tjeaotliof Auril. E i i m ( s^ ) Although the climate of this part of the country is unfavorable, yet it is not without its benefits and beau, ties. The atmosphere is truly serene, much more so than that of New Biitain, in the same latitude, perhaps on account of its greater distance from the Atlantic. Here the moon and stars appear very large to the eye, and shine with uncommon splendor. Mock suns and halos are often seen in North west Land, they are tinned with all the beautiful colors of the rainbow. The aurora bo ealia often appears here also — in shorty the grand and sublime beauties of the heavenly firmament are perhaps more conspicuous heie than any wliere else in the world. " ' , V The wind blows in general from the west, during the winter months, and from the north in the summer. It is but seldom th^it thunder and lightning appears in North west Land, but when it docs it rages with great violence, and is particularly terrifying to the Indians, who believe that it is the voice of the Great Spirit, whu is offended at something. Natural Productiom.-^Thcse are tolerably numerous in every part of Nori/i-txe t Lnnd, but are more abun. dant in the south and soi'th-west. ^ in the north, the ground, as has been noted, is quite stony, of course the productions here are scanty, nevertheless there are some, particularly small shrubs of laurel spruce, some hemlock and tir^; the g.ound, and what is remarkable, all the rocks are thickly covered over with a fine wwa, which is excellent food for the rein-deer and some other animals ; even the Indians themselves are obnged at times to cat it, and find that ( 83 ) jntry is id bcaa. nore so perhaps itic. the eye, suns and they are -ill short; rniamcnt y where iring the mmcr. ippears in ith jrreat Indians, )iiit, who mmcrous nc abuiu is quite scanty, U shrubs g.ound, covered for the Indians find that it answers the purpose of supporting life :* here we disr cover the benevolent care of t^e Creator towards his creatures. In this barren region there are a considerable quan. tity of wild fruit also, such as sarvice-berries, whortle. berries, and a kind of sun-flower, the seeds of which are counted excellent food for the natives. In the south and south-west, the natural pioductions of Noi^h-ivest Ijund are very numerous and precious — he! e the timber is large and the boughs are loaded with moss or fruit, such as hickory-nuls, wahiuts, beach nuts, haze) nuts, butter-nuts, and the like. Grapes ai e produced in this pai t of Noi t/i-ioed Land in great abundance, and are of an excellent quahty. All kinds of small vine and shrub, berries are to be found in great plenty. But the most and best of the natural productions of this country i-i that of the wild rice, an account of which has been given in the description of Upper Canada. By turning to the article Lukes, it will be seen that thyy are very numerous, and yet more than one half of Ihem are covered with rice ; heie we see again the care of an indulgcrit providence. Excellent litjiwiice is found as far as the r>2d degree north. Wild onions are another natural production of this country, and are very serviceable to the natives and travellers in it. Gimeng and other medicinal plants are plenty here also, Mr. Mackenzie notes, that there is not u finer coun- * Wlieii tliii mnsf ii boiH in uiiifr U dissolves into a clammy slutiiiotis «ilm»iic<^ tliat ufturds sufficient uourisl^uicnt. i i 'ill! - ( 84 ) try in the world for the residence of uncivilized man, than that which occupies the space between Lake Superior and Red River, which comes from Lake Hinni, pic aTid runs a south direction towards the head of the Missouri, It abounds in every thing necessary to the wants of such a people. Fish, venison, beef, pork, mut- ton, and wild fowl, with rice, are to be had in great plenty. Mines. — These are quite numerous, and would be va- luable if they should fall into the hands of proper per- sons. Copper mines, of an excellent and rich quality, are- found on the west and south borders of Lake Sui)e*wr, On the channel of water from the cascades of Si, Mary*stojjakc Superior on the north side, there is a mine of copper, Tormeriy worked by the French ; it is hetc fouiKl in its native parity, uncontaminated by mixture with any extraneous t-uhstances ; and on the south- west side of the k^e, at tie inoath of the river Tonna- gau, there is a large quantity of virgin copper. Soon after the Americans got possession of that coun- try, an engineer was sent there to make further d'n- covcrics. Nearly on all the shores of Lake Superwr there is limestone of an excellent quality. On the north shore of LakeWinnipiCy there are to be seen huge rocks, entirely black, as well as limestone, laying in stratas, rising to the perpendicular height o4 40 feet. Large (]dantities of copper is to be found on the north side of the Slave Lake, Some ore of iron is found near the n;touth of the river ol the Bear Lak»* . ( 85 ) which runs into Mackenzie'a River in latitude 60, 5t |north,^and longitude 125, west. Wear the same place there are mines of coal, which Kvere on fire, and had been for some years previous to |1789. There are great quantities of coal in the forks of id Deer River, in latitude 51, and longitude 114. Towards the head of the Peace River, in latitude 56, ^here are to be seen in the hi ^h banks, stratum oi bitu- inous substance, resembling coal, some of which is ex- :ellent fuel. On some mountains near the above riVer, there arc Several chasms in the earth that emit heat and smoke, /hich diffuse a strong sulphureouts stench. All the mountains near the head of JPeace River arc j>f solid limestone rock. Mines of lead are quite plenty in different parts of Vnrth-west Land ; and it is reported that there arc some [f silver, though none of either is worked at preL^Jut, *laistcr of Paris, and different colored clays, are found many places in Noj'th-west Land m great abundance. Minerals. — Not many minerals of any kind have ai^ jet been discovered in North wtdi Land, though perhaj; \* ThU jJortafTC is 13 miles Iouk« ami is ov«r the riJgc (hat divid* • tt# ^tn which dJHchai-ge UieinKlves iiito ilud t cannot fin a house in the ground. Hcwover, in these frozen i gions there arc a considerable number of bears, wolve elks» and paiticulaily rein deer, which appears to providentially formed for that country, as the hain their skin grow quite long in the winter, and ha ( 87 ) towards the roots, pretty much tb nature of fur. The food of this animal is no less remarkable, which is the loss already ncAed, and of which no other animal will ?at. In the south and south-west parts of North-west Land, ^nimals of almost all descriptions are quite numerous :. lere the beavers, bears, buffalos, bisons, catamounts^ ^ [eers of sev eral ^orts, elks, fishers, foxes, wild-goats, loises,* hares, hedge-hogs, lynx, musk-rats, minks, lartins, musks, raccoons, seals, wood-chucks, wea- >lSj otters, and wolverines, are found in great plenty, [nd are of difierent sorts. Here are three kinds of bears : lebiack, the brown, and the white. A variety of wild fowl are also found here ; such as lucks, geese, swans, and white and grey partridges; le Utter of which stay here all the season. The ieese frequent all these lakes in the summer, for the iavpose of laying their eggs and hatching their goslins. LoLkes\. — These Are numerous in North'-xest Land, many of them quite large, abounding with fish. In the description of lakes, 1 shall begin at the souths ist corner, and proceed towards the north-west or Par- ic Ocean* K •To some of my readers it may leem strangle to hear of liortet in tWs [)try ; of course it is proper to note, that the horses in Noilh-west Laud vnotori^nally natives ofthut country, but weiv broug:ht tVom the inisli settlements in Meoiico, aiKl have considerably multiplied. M»> I arc seen with the initials of their first owners' names, t Almost all the small lakes, which are tolerable shallow, abound with which tlie Indians gather \\\ the first of September. See an fic«oimt this rioe in tlie (^cr|>tioa of Upper Canada. m t 88 ) Red Lake is the coriier between the Vniud Slata^l Upper Canada, and North-west Land, and, as has aliea* dy been noted, is in latitude 48, and longitude 95 west,! This lake is about 60 miles in circuit,' Ijake of the Woods is 30 miles north-east from Kdl Lake, and about 150 miles in circuit, of an oval U)m\ There are an abundance of small islands in this lake. Part of this lake belongs to the United States. It dis>| diarges itself into the river Winnipic, Lake Winnipk, is one of the largest in Norih-xstA Land, being about 450 miles in circuit, and about 16o| in length in the longest place, from south to ncrth. it J the great reservoir of several large rivers, and discharges! itself hy the river Nelson into Hudson Bay, The IaQil| around this lake is quite good. Manitoba Lake is south of, and runa parallel ^ith south-east of Lake Winnipic, about 30 miles from ill This lake is 75 miles long from north to south, and id wide. These lakes are connected by the river Daulphkl ti^hichruns out of the latter into the former. Bed Deer Lake, Swan Lake, and Cedar Lake, arei on the south-west of Lake Winnipic, about the same di) tance from it. Mankoba^ Swan, and Cedar Lakes, ar small, but Red Deer i» the largesr. The middle of LcJce Winnipic is in latitude 52, 2C|| and in longitude 98, west. The middle of Redlkt Lake is two degrees west. The large river Saskatckiwine emf^ies into Lake IVii nipic on the north- west side, in latitode 53, 15, andiq following this river in a north-west direction we con to a nunjber of small lakes — Sturgeon, Phie^hlanil ( 8» ) o north, it i>| kaver and GooseLakes, are all small, and lay within the I circuit of 50 miles of each other, in latitude 54, and [longitude 102, 29, west. Hood Lake is quite small^ and lays about 20 miles [neith'West of Goose Lake, Setting Lake is about 50 miles long, from south-west io north-east; but not moi'e than 3 miles wide, and in dome places no more than a narrow river. It lays in latitude 56, and longitude 98, between the two head )ranches of Nelson River* Split Lake lays at the junction of Burnt-wood Lake ind Nelson. It is about 20 miles long, and 6 wide ; and is famous for fish. Burnt-wood Lake and Fost Lake are small, and nearly |oin each other ; they lay in latitude 56 and longitude 101,6, west. in proceedingjup the SaskatcMmne river, and passing ^he great range of mountains already noted,* we come io several more small lakes. Prtmros and Black-Bear Lakes are small, and lay in latitude 56, 50, and longitude 107, west. Buffalo and Spear Lakes are still to the north west, ind are close together, being about 80 miles in circuit. Rein Deer Lake, or rather a chain ofsm 11 lakes, are situated a considerable distance to thenorth-ea t ofti osc last noted. They are about 70 miles in length , from • Although theie mountains aw so high, this and the riter Nrtson find heir May tiuough them, after dashing ovev n number of foils and ca«- lades; but more ;-einartiabie is the circumstance, that tbigr«?at rivt^rPb* loinac ihoiild tinil its way throQgh the Blu« Kidge iD Virginia, without cti* ouiiterinK any fallit ** ft.nf. M: y i \ '^l,^ i<..U ( 9« ) north to south* and not more than 4 broad at any plact These lakes extend from 56, 40, to 58, 40, north, anj| are in longitude 103, west. late a la Croase Lake is situated in 55, and 25 minutdj north, and 107, 48, west, it is about 20 miles long an^l 14 wide, with some extensive ba^s, and discharges bTl the Beaver River, The situation of this lake, tbj abundance of fine fish to be tound in its waters, richness of the surrounding banks and forests, all kindfl of animals, and the numerojs flocks of wild fowl that) visit it in the spring and fail, make it, says Mackenzii a most desirable spot for the residence of Indians. In progressing a north-west course, over the great dil viding mountain, we pass a number of small lakes unnoj ticed. Lake qfike Hills is about 75 miles long, from north east to south-west, but not more than 20 wide, if wel measure up the Stonif River, which comes in near thJ north end, from the east, as the river is neatly as widd as the lake for 60 miles. This lake is situated in Uti tude 58, 38 degrees north, and longitude 110, 26. receives into its bosom the Stony^ Elk and Peace Rivers} and discharges itself through the Slave River intothJ ^ lave Lake, a distance of 196 miles. Shve Lake* is about 720 miles in circuit, including the winding of its course. It is u little in the form of an open fan. 1 he middle of this lake is situated in latitude 61, 30,1 north. It is tolerable full of small islands, and in somq • The ice is hardly cvtr oirt of this lal*. s>^*t** ( 91 ) in I places it has 70 fathom of M^ater, or 420 feet* It re- ceives several considerable rivers, which will be noted ; «id discharges itself through Mackenzie's Iliver mto the ^fir^kSea. In following Mackenzie's River a north- iwest couise, with some vaiiation, we pass a num^jer of small lakes, in connection with it. On the right hand, to the north of this liver. there is an extensive chain of small lakes, running parallel with the river, among which is Martin Lake, so called on account of those animals being numerous on its banks. Also the Great \fiear LakCj about 60 miles in circuit, in latitude 68, and JoHgitude 120, west. It discharges its water into Alac- \kmzie*i( River, In taking a view of the lakes towards the north east ipait oi North-west Land, joining Nexo-Btiain, we find ■that they are very numerous, though not large ; and shall note the following : From the north-east part of \Slave Lake, nealy a due north course, on the line of the longitude of 110, west, there are a number of little hakes : first, Anawd, then Mot/iye, Chusadawd, T/ieye- hoife-kyed, Poin*, Tkye-kye-lyned, and Theyp-ckeek Lakeg, [Several of the former communicate with Slave Lake, land are within the 65th degree of north latitude, Cogead Lake is still to the north, and is 60 miles long nd 10 broad. It discharges into the Frozen tSea, ac- |cording to i ndian report. Buffalo Lake, is about 50 miles in circuit, near the lead of Copper-mine River, due east from Slave Lake to- [wards Hudson Bay — there are an abundance, more ■lakes, which however, are generally small. ii i 'T t' ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■^ Uii 12.2 [^ b° 12.0 u HI 1 1 !^ 1^ U4 ^ 6" ► ^v' 7 PhotDgrafiiic Sciences Corporation ^^ Vi^."'^' >!y ^. 39 WIST MAIN STRUT WIUTM.N.Y. MSM (7U) 173-4503 ^.^ ^ ^^^ 't ( 9« ) NtrlhMdi Seroliyan,JMethani Ahgnuae, Tttmgf Dp^ imrU, Napaskish, fath Kyed and Bonker*s LaketVLVt ko> lerably elose together, bebg between the 60th and 65th degrees of north lat. and about 100 long. west. ' ' The most of these lakes communicate with eadi other ^iid discharge either into Hudson Bay or tht JNwik Sea, * "^ Some hundred mdre lakes are to be found in N&^ wed Land;* but those which I have noted are tbeprifr xipaWall of #hich aboimd with fish ; and alio with ^wls, a greater part of the season. ^ ^ Miveri^North-wesl Land abounds in rivers, man^ 6f which are large and extensive, and in de^crib* ilig them we ihall begiti at the south-east paH; ^ tv ' Red4ake jiit^rr rites from Red XioAre already noted, iHthindO miles of the head waters of the Miamaippi and fhuii other sources ; and after the various branches eoa. dec^, it pursues a course south-west about 120 miles, and falb Into the Reed i{i»fr,inlat. 47 , 12,and long 97, wesH This river is not brge but pur« and clear 9$ cryetaV Jltvhlg nofall in it to the head. "^*1Ud Ritfer, Vature River, Rice, Siraw, SoiHtSn and Iroold Rmers, all rise in the north part of Lommna^ South df the heikl of the Miimaipfit and join together before they come to the mouth of Red4akeRwer before AdtedF^ Thibt with the Pembina and some other small iVAA wtlSch fcome from the west, form the Reed River, ^ At thstarisr dps Elk River, in lat. 19, aM lonf . 119. theiv it a Ma 4B^nllMloag» aalM CheLeMer Slave Lake ; m alio aevenl mow ami enetfinthcrto the iktM and «Qtk, vis. ladrfu, Buflilo ud XaluoBM Lakat. ( w > which riMif a north direction, and after receiving a ¥!9UL ber of tributary streams, in a course of 320 miles, county ingfrem its head waters, plunges into the south f nd of lake Wirmific. \p Red River [not the one just noted} rises west fi^pm LakeWitmipict about i60 miles, pursues a south «aslr course, and after collecting a number of small streanis in its way, falls into Reed River;^0 miles above the mouth, it is without any falls. This is called Stone^indian ^ver for some distance from its discharge * ^Ison Rktr is the discharge of Lake If tmiipic, from the porth»east corner ; it runs a north-eafit course for 130 miles, to SpHt Lake, where it meets Buminoood Ewer, from the west ; ittl^en pursues nearly an ekst di- rection for 140 miles, and falls into Hudtton Jkty^ afc York Fort, in latitude 57, 10, and longitude 93, west. This river is 270 miles long, and quite large, jsfibrdk ing water enough to'eatry vessels of considerable buiw then ; but it is much interrupted by rapids, cascades^ and falls ; ye^ large canoes pass the whole leng^. r Burnt-wood River takes its rise out of a small lake of the same name ; and after running a noKh-east coUrWi among the hills and mountains, for 160 miles (counting its meanderings,) mingles with Nehai^ River > at Split Lake* Sioan Riverf rises north of Red Riter already notedi and runs south-east lor 70 miles, when it suddenly ii||r|is 1 *Tlke SQuniry to the iduA of this rivw, UMMiftheNkioarfi^tst- HiiM t eominiMU plain : tlie tend u mnA and atef / est n ad vlik Aaat PMb nd Sboundt witk aniflisls. ^Agr--t?»p- t Soroetiniet called OaHlpliin Kiv«r* i I ( ^* ) t6 the north-east, and alter a course of 50 miles falls ii. to ^wan Lake, which cominunieates with Red-deer Lake on the north. This is but a small river, but. its wnKen arc pure and abound with fish. j^how, ov Bad Hiver, rises out of the great stony mountain already noted ; its most western branch is io long. 115 degrees, and lat. 51, and ai^tera course north- ward for 90 miles, joins Redder River, coming from the north^^vest out of Buffalo Lake, in lat. 51, and long. 113, 20, and after a course of 500 miles an east and north-east direction, collecting a number of small streams in its way, joins the Saskatchiwine, and with it falls into fine-island Lake. Saskatcfmoine River rises towards the west end of that great range of mountains, which divides the waters oi the North Sea s^nd Hudson Bay, in long. 115, and lat. 53, 40, and pursues a meandering course south-east, re< ceiving a number of tributary streams for a distance of 21^0 miles, when it turns nearly north-east, and has a course of 260 miles more to Pine-island Lake before ^otevi ; from hence it continues iKa course a south«east direction to Lake JVinnipic, a distance of 140 miles more.* One of the discharges of Lake Wmnipic is the Severn River, which falls into Hudson Bay in lat. 56, |2 nortb, 38 west long, and may be considered aia continuation of the ScukaUMivine, which passes oyer 30 degrees of long, between 50 and 55 degrees of ^ From Ci servatory Inlet, which is the mouth of a large river coming from the north. Lynn Canal extends out of the Pacific in latitude 56 » and longitude 134, west, in a north direction, for 15^ F3 i It ( 9» ) miles ; having a long island in the middf^. This canal affords several good harbors, among which are Port Houghton, Holkham, and StiettsAam, Norfolk /SotfW is still to the north, and affords tolera;* ble harbors. P^Oi>0tkes Harbbr is situatedin north latitude 57, ^^^^ r0^l!^i^^^ i36, west. '^^fmi%f}und is still to the north, and communicates vidthljynn Canal. Port Francois lays still to the north,' and is a good harbor. Admiraity Bay is situated in latitude 59, 45, and lon- gitude 140. At the end of this bay Port Mulgrave is situated. This is the last good harbor to the north, and is near the corner tine between the Americans and Russians, who have some settlements and factories on thii) cottst ; they trade with the Indians. There are a iiumbier of other harbors on this coast which I have not ^ii*.^AU the rivers aiiU fakes iit NorihAuest Land, which are numerous, are well stored with fish, many ^ which are of ^n excellent quality. In those riveris which run into Hudson Bay there are herring, mackarel, and sturgeon in abundance^ with some salmon, besides bass, white fish, and a number of other sorts too tedious to note. On the west side of the great mountains, in addition t^ the above named, there are an abundance of tine' salikioil which come up the Great Columbia and other rivets out of the Pacific. Between Lake. Winnipic and the Lake of the. Hills, not far from the mouth of the SaskatcMwine there is an ex- «cUent sturgeon-fishery. ' ' \ •» ( # ) ^eaU and ip^mies are foand near the shore of the ms^ ters of the Frozen sea and Pacific ocean, as also sea* horses. Oil the north part of the Pacific shore, near Bhering's straU, there are whak'imled Manati. This ani- mal in nature so nearly approaches the cefacf oc^fibe, that it is merely in conformity to system^ -^^l^^^ that it is classed among those of qoadropeds, are called its ieet are little more than pectqraf^^i they only serve for swimming, they are never used in ivilking or landing, for the animal never goes ashore^ nor even attempts to climb the rocks like the sea-horse and seals ; it bdngs forth in the water, and like that ani. mal, suckles its young ones in that element* The whale-tailed Manati has no voice. In calm weather they swim in great droves near the mouths of rivers, and someiimei come so near land that a persoii^^m^ ,« strbke them with his hand. They live in ftu^ilies, CQ^ sisting of a male, a female, a half grown young one, an^- . a little one. If the female is attacked the male will dcu fend her to the utmost, and if she is killed^ will follow . .^ her corpse to the very shore and swim for days nea^ thf '[^. place it has been landed at They go with young f ^ year, and generally bring two young one^ at a ta^;v ^ which they suckle by two teats placed on the b^eps^.^^l^ ^. i They are taken by harpoons fastened to a strong cord'^ tnd after they are struck it requires thirty men to draw them to shore. Sometimes when they are trai^sfixe^ ^. they will lay bold of the rocks with .their paws, and stick so fast as to leave the skin behind before they can be forced ofE When a d^bnativi struck its companions swim to its assistance; some will attempt to overtiyrn I ( 100 ) the Koat^'li^ pelting tinder it ; and oth^^ will sttike at tt(e harpboH, with a view of getting it out, and which the^y ot'ten finicceed in. < ^^hejr are 30 feet long, and accounts say, that they oft|n||feigh 7000 pounds. Their lips are thick, and ^j^^lpm^ilii is without; teeth, yet they have a white bone di^^sitle; This animal is called by the Russians, MmUctia k6towa\ or seau;ow. ^ ' Saliifofi come out of the Pacific, and run up the Cd^ lumbi^'ahd all the rivers that £aill into it, in great abund« >^'i»dSa»5.-^These are quite numerous in North.west tiind, and are divided' into a great number of tribes, Which 'are seattered over an extensive country. AH <^ thdse tribes niay be classed into seven distinct nations : Viz^ MniitenauiBiiMlgon^uiniCkepewyant C/tm, Esfdmeaujcn TfUgailer and Jtnah* ^I, will now give some account of ealch of these nations. ^'Thie Xmife^jo&x Indians are spread over a vast extent ^f'^couiitVy^ the bouiidaries of which may be design iiaM by th6 foliowing line : It begins at the straits of MetUilty on the shore of the Atlantic, in lat. 52 north, ^ext^ds up thegulph and river St. Lawrence to I if then up iht OUaxvoA River to Ms source, from ^nceto' Lake ifinmpic, from hence to the Lake -of tk i7l!/!Z»Vfrom here the line runs an east course to ffuch(f^\ Bay, at the mouth of the Nebon Hivelr, AU the traet within this line (except some near Hud. son straits which belong to the Esquiinaux) is exclU klv^y the country of the Knistenaux Indians; ^ iThey art of. a moderate stalofe and of great activity' ■x (101 ) Theit' eyes and hair are black, and their countenances open and agreeable* It is an object of their vanity to give every possible decoration to their persons. A ma- terial article in their toUettea is vermilion, which they contrast with their native blue, white, and brovVtt earthi to which charcoal is frequently added. Their dress is both simple and commodioutf. It con* sists of tight leggins, reaching near the hip ; a close vest or shirt, reaching half ways down the thighs ; and a cap for the head, composed of fur: a kin^ of vobe is sometimes thrown over the whole. All these gar. ments are sometimes fancifully punted, as they are generally all of skin and worked over with porcupine quiUs, and also fringed with tassels of different colors. Their head-dress is composed of the feathers of difiRBr« ent birds, some of which are of a beatiful color. Tb^ feeth, horns, and claws of different animals are the occi^ clonal ornaments of the head and neck. '- Although the women are not altogether inattentive to the decoration of their own persons, yet they take more pride in attending to the appearance of the men. The female ^ress is formed of the same materials •■ that of the other sex, but of a different make and 9|na!o ment. Their leggin$ are tied beneath their kiMi^^pIl^ coat tails down to the middle of the leg ; as it isv^^ei||^ ii tied round the waist with a belt decorated with tasse^K md fastened behind. ' Of all the native Indians of North America the Xm*: Unaux women are the most comely. These people are subject to but few disorders. The laA venerea is a compU^Qt among them^ but it is cttred ( l^ ) m I ; by simplei, |he virtues of which they^itppear to be well acquainted with. They are naturally miM and affable^ as well as just in their dealings, not, only among themselves but with strangers ; they are generous and hospitable in the ex. treme. The parent assumes no authority over their children^ though they are very attentive to insttuct them in every thing that may be for their beiiefit in future. They say when their children grOw up they will do right of their own accord, it does not appear that chastity is considered by them a6 a virtue ; or that fidelity is believed to be essential to the happines« of a wedded life. ^They have a large kind of dogs, which they use to draw tiieir sleds on the ice in the winter. When they bury their I dead> they dress them in their best clothes ; sometimes the >romen destroy themselves on account of the death of tlieir husbands. On the tomb- of the departed per* son is painted or carved some symbols of his tribe* Wiien their king or a chief wishes to make a feast, he sends pieces of quills to those whom he wishes to come. They are very superstitious, and believe the light va« per which is seen to hover over moist places, is the spirTt of|iome4epArted person. j ''^.^l^-^i^/cks,* — These are a numerous people whocoii' i|^|§r the country between the parallels of lat. 60 and ^5 i^(h, and long. 100 to i 10 west, as their lands or hoiliei They speak a copious language, which is difficult to h^ ajttaiixed, * It is lOppoied these Indians «rigimi1Iy earn* ffom Siberia on th« eiit oeast of Asia, as the strait of Bhering, that divides America from Asiii,ii not more than 89 QuMi wMe, and two MaiMbare in it. ( im ) The Chepewyfins $ufe SQbier, timero^^, .ai^d y^^rant. Their wives and daughters are often sold* 3oth bexes have blue or black barh or fropi o^e to four straight I lines on their <;heeks or foreheads, to diatinj^uish th* tribe to which they belong. These marks are eitl^er t | siderable corrcM:^ess. This village conltains about 306 inhjiLbittknts. FjiSTui^ Vi^figfi if situated some distance to the ndith I ^ the Ht^ei' and contains about 50 houses; the w(^ own in it ci|t thc^r h^ir short. They burn their dead^ ^nd leave the ashes on the spot. Many more vii lages are found in different parts of North west Land^ but all of them are small* For^ficcUiims, — These art in the possession of the Worth- w^t and Hudson Bay Companies, both <)(| which were formea for the express purpose of tradiii| vith the Indians for skins and fur. The Hudson Bay Company received their charter I from the crown of England, iii' 167 0* The North>wcat Company was partially fiMrmed by some merchants in Montreal, in 178;^— 4 ; and after some oppositioi^from each other, all parties joined as one in 17S7. In 1789: | U^y divided again. The principal trading postn or forts, in North* west Xrfuid, wt the following : .^ M*DtnaU*i Fori stands in latitude 50, and bngituiU 100, on the Red River already noted. ^ Tknmkrune and Grant** Fort stands on the sami river, towards it»head, on the west.^ ^to oawMtotioo wii|i theie fbrtoi time are bouief in whicb aooie w^ | pmfkt live, who sre enfagvd in uvdiiif with the Indiaut of the •« try, by leeriTing their fun in exchange for European articlet* Some I» I 4lana alio retkle with them in the capacity oj domeititt. llie mcif d tlma anahliihimnn an* i^ yere fopasi whae the Staadk owomI # ektrtum Fort is at Ihe head of Red Hiv^, t^ lididal^ I %1, 40, longitude 103, 16, wvsl. Marihoro^, Somerset, and Swan RieerF&Ms, areiieai^ Carlton, though a little to the north east ' Cumberland House and Fort are situated at (he inoiith I of the Saskatchiwice, already mentfdned. On thisHver^ in its extent towards the west, there are the ibllOWiMi^ |traditig establishmetits aiid forts : ' ^ SmUh Branch, is in latitude 52, longitude 107. Hudson lays a little more to the nortii. Nefawi, Fort George, Fori Augustus and F&ri Bour^. lite situated near Lake Winnipic, ih latitude 55, 25, tihli* longitude 107, 48, west Fort Chipewyan is at the entrance or totith side idf |the Lake of the Hills, already described. Fort Daulfhm stands on Daulphin Lake These forts are generally formed with high, large' I pickets, which inclose all the buildmgs at the^stahlish^' ntnt ; and are intended as a security against any hoi^' jtile attempts of the native?. ' ^ Asriculturf m^'V try little attenticli U paid to this bua^ mss in North-west Land, though a considerable mlgFlit^ be done to advantage in some parts, particularly In the jsouthwest ^ The inhabitants tif some of the trading posts, as far Inorthas the Lake of the Hills, lA latitude 5t^, 58, nortK$^ and longitude 110, 26, west, have planted cabbegfu |ttt#nips and parsnlp», which did very wpII. Wheat, and even com, Will do tolenkblfe well at tar {|ioithaa53degreefi A I « f iM y 'V'J^eraA sorts oT rich and valuable grass can be raised as far north as the 60th degree ; indeed the woods are general^ crowned with a vernal robe in the summer season. ^^Commeteei— 'This consists entirely in skins and fiir, a;nd is carried on with the different nations of Inuians already named, by the North-west and Hu^.»on Bay Companies— ^n account of whom ,hasi already beeni given under the article ** Foriificcuions " This com. merce has been very advantageous to its conductors. . Some idea of the magnitude of the commerce d I North- west Land, may be formed from the following statement, copied from a general history of the for | tnide, by Alexander Mackenzie : • In the year 1798, there was brought from North* I west Land, by the way of Montreal,* 106,000 beaver- 1 skins, 2,100 bea? -skins, 4,000 kitt fox-skins, 4,<>00 otter- skins, 17,000 musquash-skinS, 32,000 martimskinsJ 1,800 mink-skins j 6,000 lynx-skins, 600 wolverine* skins, 1,650 fisher-skins, 100 raccoon-skins, 3,800 wolfskins, 700 elk-skins, 750 deer-skins, 1,^00 dee^| •kins dressed, 1,500 fox skins, 500 buffalo robes,f and i )i|iiantity of castorum. Tht whole number of these skins amount to 184,300. 13;364 of the above skins, all beaver, weighed 19,283 1 ppuuds, which is more than a pound each. After these skins are collected at the different trading I posts, they are brought in canoes to the cascades of St Matj, from which pUce they are conveyed in large | ^ V * A large number went Iqr tfee direction of Hudion Bty. 't TheK robea are worth fhim tweflfe to liiliaD ctollin fai N«w»T«k| and Boston. ( 109 ) vasels to Lake Erie, and down to hixke Onttiiio^^||Dii> treal, Quebec, and to London. The different sort of skins whieh were collected ip North-west Land, and the other British countries in the north, in theyeariSlO, amounted to 205,56^4 A calculation of the manner in whii&li the fur trade Of North-west Land might be carried on to great advan- tage, is made by Mr. Mackenzie, after the following man. ncr : By the waters that discharge themselves into Hudson Bay at Port Nelson, it is proposed to carry on the trade to their source at the head of the Saskatchiwine Riv^, which rises in the Rocky Mountains, not 8 degrees of longitude from the Pacific ocean. The Columbi«i River flows also from the same mountains, and falls into the Pacific in lat. 46, 20 — both of them are capable of re- ceiving ships at their mouths, and are navigable through- out for boats. The distance between these waters is not great By opening this intercourse between the Atlantic and Pa« cific oceans, and forming Regular establishments through the interior, and at both extrames, as well as along thie coajst and iilands, the tentire command of the fur trade in North America might be obtained, from latatude 48 north, to the pole, except that part of it which the Rus- sians have in the Pacific. To this may be added the fishing in both teai, and the markets of the four quarters of the globe. Such would be the field for dommerciAl enterprise, and incalculable would bt ^e prpducc of it whei^ sup- Parted by government. m . ' i} , yli,^W|!flainsin<;:«the Ncof^i-west Company retained ^,,their employment 50 clerk?, 7 P interpreters, 11^1 c^{ ^Qo^m^li, and 35 guides. ^^, .^ . . ^ Msinufactures.-^Thia is not earned on very extensivfrl Jyin North- west- Land ; nevertheless it is sui&cientto answer the purfwise of the natives, who make .use of; but very Uttle clothing or any other articles that are of foi C^ign manufacture. r They prepare their clothes, tools, medicine, food and I .4ifink; make sugar, and several kinds of liquor, and all their hunting ancT cooking instruments and utensils J Unany of whic)i^i^e handsome^ ^.^luid fU U)gemO!U8ly| ibri^ed. . .^ all the forts or trading establishments, there are I . several kinds of articles manufactured by the soldiers and servants of those places ; some of which- they dis- pose of to the natives. ^ Settiements. — These are but few in number, and butl spall in extent, and are entirely confined to those spots where there are trading posts. At these stations there ate generally about three hundred souls, some Euro-| peans and some natives. ^ AlthcAigh most of the trading ''establishments, and I tfmall settlements connected witHthem, have been foriB- ed #ince this part of North America has been owned by the English, yet there were some formed by the Frencb as early as 1677^ as far nofth as the Saskatchiwine river, particularly those at Pasquia, near the Carrot river, ^nd at Nipaws, whieifrthey had agricultvral in- struments and wheel-carriages, and whjci^ tl^e land i$ | Excellent < in ) Bearing and dktancea efplacet.'^From V^tk, inlUp- Iper Canada, in latitude 45, 46, noith, to the grand portage, on the sotith-west side of Lake Superior/ in la- titude 48, it is 600 miles on a straight line, in ^nearly a [north-west direction, though inclining tdthe weit From the grand portage, in the same directidn, it in j220nii)es to the middle of the Lake of the Woods, which is the corner line between the Biitish and Ame* rican possessions. From this place, it is 330 miles, a due JnoTth*west course, to the middle of Lake Winnipie. From the north-east end 6f this lake, it is 300 miles j east of north-east to Hudson Bay, at York Fort, already hoted, in latitude 57, 10, longitude 93, west. This is I the distance in following the river Nelson. From the north-west part of Lake Winnipie to the mouth of the Saskatchiwine river, is 120 miles. From this, the same course, to Port Lache, or over the great dividing mountain in latitude 56, 20, and Ion* gitude 109, it is 320 miles. From this, to the Lake of the Hills^ nearly a north course, it is 120 miles. i^n- The whole distance from York to the Lake of the Hills is 1,710 miles, being about a north-west direction* From the Lake of the Hills it is 220 miles, north of north- west, to the middle of the Slave Lake. From the north part of this lake, a due north course, it is 450 miles to the shore of the Frozen Sea. From the west part of Slave Lake it is 500 mites, south, of west, to Observatory Inlet, on the , Pacifli: Ocean, already noted. 1 1 mm ' IB hh iH m IHi 3H|{| ^1 ^Br^ INV 'WBw' 1 Hi ;jHf Rf 1 ■ 1^1 1 W 1 i| ;K ,ii*r ( nt ) i lii Vtwm^ttt hfkm^fi^^ Hill^v it is 7^ miles, 8,outh of «icesfe, ito the Pa<^6tOceatP» by the way of the large ^eace Rlrer, tiot ik> follow its meaodei ings. V. The line of eommunication, thdt has been hinted 9t, for the purpose of cariying on the for trade to advaot- iigei would extend near the following directiont: From York Fort, on Hudson Bay, at the mouth «f the Nelson fiUver, the length of this river, as stated above^ to the Winnipic, is 300 miles ; through the end f»f that lake to the mouth of the Saskatchiiykie river, )70; then up the south branch of that river, south of .west for 530 miles, and which is excellent for the navi- gation of boats to its head, without any falls. This is in ktitude 51, and longitude 113, west; and here the rgreat stony mountains are to be crossed,* from which It is 250 miles to the great Columbia River, where it is large, about 300 from its mouth. This river might be followed ; or it is about 50 miles from it^ on a straight •fine, to the Gulph of Georgia, which connects with th« Pacific. From this we se«, that the whole distance from the |^H{^ navigation in Hudson Bay to that of the Paeific, j» J^ 1340 miles, and which is all water except 420. ..Jf'ater Navigatum.^-^Thw is quite extensive, though chiefly confined to the lakes and large rivers, where it must be carried on by boats and canoes, as but few of the rivers will admit sail-vessels, except at their mouths, though some of them afford water suiBcient for '^sloopii * Mr. Otn, who croiKd thif moMptaia wHh I^ewiv snd iPI(M4ir» con; |iilteitkB(li«taiioeov«rlttob9iaojiiile». , ^, but tre olMractedbjr i^pidfiina ij^BiiBi^f With a ca* noe, a person, from the great portage oa Lake Supe* rior, may find their way by water into almost every part of Ndrth-west Land, by different routs, to Hndson Bay, to the Frozen Sea, and to the Pacific Ocean, 1^0 part of the globes perhaps, of the same size, afibrds 80 much navigable water. CarkusUks. — ^The curiosities of this countiy, no doubt, are numerous; but as it has been but little explored, frw of much note have as yet been discovered. West of Lake Sujperior is situated Rose Lake, which has five feet of water, under which there is mud and slime of the d^th of tw«lve feet, which has an attractive power — heavy loaded canoe» have sometimes sunk, whdii they come to the part of the lake where this mud and slime were the deepest. Between Lake Winnipic and the Lake of the Hil%i is Lake d« L'Isle d'Ours, in which there is a kind of a rapid, named Qui ne Parle, or that never speaks from its silent whirlpool-motion — the suction of these whirls are very powerful, and must be avoided. Nut far from this place, there is a point of lan^, c^cir* ed with human bones, by the ravages of the smaH-pdJt, which prevailed to a great extent, and spread desolation among all 4he Indians of North-west Land, in about 1778-1-9; near this spot also, there are some high rocka, on which the Indians have painted a numbei* of ted figures ; and when paasing by this place, they sacrifice to the god of death. On the border of the Slave Lake, in lat^ 6^1, north^ in 1789, on the 9th of June, the leaves were at! (, 1^* ) fill! growth, although the ground was not thawed more thaafourUen nehte deep.^At tb« same place, on the IMh^ at nig^,th« atmosphere was sufficiently clear to enable A person to read without the aid of artificifti light.— >At the same place and time, (June) the sun was beneath the horizon only four hours and twenty4wo minutes, and. rose north twenty of east by compass. It however fixMEeao hard^ that during the sun's disappear^ ance, the water was covered with ice half a quarter of an inch thick. — On, the south side of Slave Lake, the fire has desttoy- e§ all the Wood for a long extent, on which there has sprung lip young poplars, though nothing but spruce plUe grew, there ofn^nally. '^^On Mackenzie's River, in lat. 68, the 5th July, the son rose seven minutes before 2 o'clock, and set fifty- three minutes past 9. The Indians relate, that near an island towards the momth of Mackenzie's River, there is a Msinkoe or spi« rit, that swallows up every person that cOmes near it** On the 12th of July^ in lat. 68, the ground was not t^l^^lij^ more than four inches deep, yet the flowers #^tn fun bloom. ^^fi latitude 69 seven minutes norths the sun never sate— 4his was the case on the 12Ui of July.f Near thst mouth of Macken^'s river, there is. a high bank and soft rock, variegated with red, green and j^li>w hQe»» From th^ toutinual dropping of water, *^ BerlMqM a wMrilioal. t 3ae S^Mkepi^VYofaiet, m« SM^ VaL |. Ian never (Arts df it* M and break- into »ma]l ston^ :fli^es like sIatfc.--^Aniong them^ are found pieces of Pet rolmnl which bear a lesemblance to yeHow wsut, but are mor« friable.— Siiiiilar rooks are to be found on the north fide of .Slave I^ake^ where there is eopper^ Flint is ft}s6 Collected ft^om this place* ' Near the shore of the North s^, Mackenzie rehitety that two crops of cranberries are gathered from the same ^ne in one year, some dry and some green. The Hare Indiens, north of the Slave Lak^, have a burying plaee^ in which there are sepulchres h^wnov^^ of solid rock« <■- %^ The Peace River faHs into Itfackeneie's Riverr 1^ two months soon after it leaves the Slave Lake ; at times the waters of Peace River run into the lake ; but al ^hcr times they run out of the lake into that riveiv and into the sea. . ^ Between Winnipicand Slave Lake, near an Indian road, there is to be seen a huge Stone Bear, which the natives hold in great veneration ; they have painted ttiany figures on it, and sometimes ofier sacrifices^^^ Popuiation» — This cdnnot be stated with any degree dt sCccuracy whatever* The natives themselves can give no account of their liumber; and as the country is «o extensive and its inhabitants are not local, even the tr^ ders do not pretend to number them* Indeed there are thousands that never have s«en any of the white people. In the year 1668, when the first missionaries visited this country, they found it fult of inhabitants^' but no^ there are comparatively hw^y and not a traee of the refi^i gion communicated unto them, is to be discovered, in G3 ilj^',, '4^^ .- ►.* ■■,T*- tiji^e y^;§ae^^,|^7^9^. t|^e 8m»lVpox.vei7 nujcb thinned the uihabiUnt9i>f ^#rth-wept itancl^ im account of which b give^ by. Mr, IVIaickenzie^ in very a%c|ling language. .^JLtfBr«»!i^.>—Thestate of education in North-west Land- fi .^crbun^ in^ a lc|W condition. : What few whice people resifle among the natives have but little inducement to educatip their children^ but too inany follow the ways of the.Indi^9^ ^ , As for the.natives, they are not instructed in the know, ledgd of le|j(e|^ at all; hqwever, it cannot be denied but iv^at thi^ make use of certain ^rts to the benefit of life. 1|^iBy know the medicinal properties of many heibs and jftimpl^ and ^pply the roots of plants and the barks of l^cees. vThey can count time, and it is said that some pr«tf;nd to tell theXime of the appearanceof an eclipse. J^rG^«-«The oiiDrals Qfthe,ii|babitants.of this country are but indifferent. The whites of the forts sure, quite re- g^ai^IesSy.in a great jjtteasure, of the duties of morality^- justice, benevolence^ and decency of deportment is but Ut^e qbf»eryed here.- The hqly^ sabbath has never been bjr tjii^4li^ves,^d%^^ by the white I'ta^tpi;^^ vor. ^ » God of nature^ hasnevertheless, in- ^i^d iiitq tbe souls of ^lany Ojf |he.childrenof the. wiide^ ness. sentiment^ of justice, humanity, and sobriety^ and ahigh^i'fspectfor theirfe)l99^--cri»tures. ^ y f >^^i^*^WiMi3tanding ul|iat these natives of Tiorth^we^t Land have never seen the Bible, they hav^ some religious^ notions and impressions, and which in i|6nie degree prove bene6ci^t»tl|«D|)«^l^in a|^^ end social oapaci^. ( »7 ) They universally Ifdieve in the existence and saperin- lendancyof an invisible and almighty being, ivHo form- ed the universe, and at whose disposal are all things, «id vtho is very. good. From this sentiment they d¥aw pleasure in prosperity and support in adversity. I'hey believe that after this life, they shall Iwe again, and enjoy great happiness, small happiness, or little pain, accord- ing to their deeds in this world.* The notion which the Chepewyans entertain of the (Creation is of a very singular nature. They belieire that at the first the globe was inhabited by no living creature, except a mighty bird, whose ^es were fire, whoibe glances were lightning, ^nd the clapping of whose wings were thunder ; on his descent to the ocean and touch- ing it, the earth instantly xvoae and remained on the sur- face of the waters. This omnipotent bird then called ibith all the variety of animals from the eart^, except the Chepewyans, who were formed from a dog; and this circumstance occasions their aversion to the flesh of that anima}^ as well as the people who eat it. They believe, that in ancient times their ancestors liv- ed tiU their feet were worn out with walking, and'their throats with eating* They describe a deluge, whcfn the WKters spread over the whole earth, except the highest nuiuntains, on tb« tops of which they preserved them^ selves.*;: They believe, that immediately after death they pass iRto another world, inhere they «rrive at a large riveri. * Here Mre see tbe benefit of teligkni, ahliOtte^ clouded witli 'uK^ ii(tt uid fetteMd widi grow igiumncit!* G 4 ( U8 ) ■m f« •n wkich they embark in a stone camoe, and that a geik* tie current bears tlpem on to an extensive lake, in tbe- cenllre of which is a most beautiful island ; and that in the view of this delightful abode they receive that judg* ment for their conduct during life. If their good acti jns are declared to predominate, they are landed upon the island, where there is to be no end to their happiness, which however is to be of a sensual nature ; but if their bad adions outweigh the good, the canoe sinks^ and leaves them up to their chin in water, where they strug- gle for ever to get to the island, but all in vain. They have some feint notions of the transmigration of the soul. They make private prayers and sacrifice living animals. They believe that the spirit of the dead roves about on the trees near their graves if their pro- perty is not interred Mdth them. Notwithstanding the great ignorance and superstition that now prevails Over the natives of British North Amer- jica, the time once was when not one Indian could be found, who had came to the years of maturity, but what was taught in tjhe first principles of Chistianity, through the pious zeal and perseverance of the Koman Oath* otic dergy. Whatever may be the absurdity of some of the sentiments of the Roman church, yet the conduct of those missionaries among the poor Indiansis highly to be commended. '*i' ■■ " To leave the society of polished men to mingle with the rude and even ferocious savage^ to endure all th# privations of poverty, to be exposed to the sevfrities of an unfriendly climate, and to suifer all the diseases of mortality, when f^r beyond the rtach of the sof^ hand ■■■* ( iw ) ■^. ^ huintn comfbit; tp doiand auffer all this ^r, tl\e btii% fit of others, wit,hout the least prospect, of. temporal ^ vantage, in my opinion, discovers a soul highly touched with a sensibility of divine honor, and a heart ^uite in^v different to human considerations. These heavenly travellers crossed rivers, lakes and lofty mountains ; penetrated thick, immeasurable and gloomy forests and woods, in search of the pooi* lost sons and daughters of Adam ; to show unto them th« blessed God and loving Saviour ; to lead them from this miserable world to the Heavenly Paradise above. B^t, alas ! alas I notwithstanding all the good that has been don»; by preaching the gospel to the savages, it avails nothing at present ; which circumstance proves that the Indians must first be civilized before they can be chris* tianized. Those who attempt to teach. Indians the re- vealed truths of Chrii^tianity, so that they will act under Its sanctions, and be impelled to |good by the hope of reward, or turned from evil by the fear of its punish- ments, must begin their work by teaching them some of those useful arts which are the inlets of knowledge, and lead the mind by degrees to objects of higher comjKp hemion* Agriculture, so Ibrmed to fix and combme society, and so preparatory to objects of superior con- sideration, should have been the first thing introduced among a savage people ; it attaches the wandering tribe to that spot which adds so much to their comfiort; whilst it gives them a sense of property and of lasting possession, instead of the uncertain hope of the chase. Mid (he fugjitive produce of uncultivated |^lds. Such ; «»» . '-/l. ^ ■, ( WO 7 ^wre the iattMs by which the forests Jajf l^rftgaay wete' emiverted mto a scene of aihtiit^nt eUfViratian, and its Avage inhabitants introducedf to aO the wantages of a ci^lizedlifik K K DESCRIPTIOJf OF ^m^'^tiuin* THIS great tfdct of country, which is generally {denominated New-Britain,* m^J be designated by the jfollowing lines and boundaries : To begin a line at the mouth of the straks of BeUisle [(which conveys part of the gulph of St. Lawrence into the Atlantic) right where the line of the latitude of 52» north, and the longitude of 55, west from Greenwich^ intersect each other, will be a proper set-out ; we will then follow this line duly west, through a » mall p^rl si James* Bay, which makes out of Hudson Bay into thU' north p^ of Upper and Lower Canada, in longitude 1 80, west, and cross near the mouth of Aibany Hn)erthBt runs into the bay ; and proceed till we come to where I this line intersects with the line oi the longitude of 95, * It it wroetiinn eaHsd Ulbfador,* and part tlrafoof, Sew Sornh Wakf, iNewNKiliWklyi. ' *•'" ■ ( 1« ) i'l II ll 11 ^Hji^^Hj 11 Di'nl i^stf a Kttle soiit1i-e«8t of L&ke Winni|^ic, hem% « \mi of the length of 40 degrees of longitude, which in thii part of the globe is aboUt 14S0 miles on a straight course, a» every degree measures 37 geographical miles ; from this comer we will follow the above line of longitude due north, cross the Paplar Rivevt that comes out of Lake Winnipic and runs into Hudson Bay ; and thence through the middle of the Knee Lake, where the line of the latitude of 55 crosses it ; then proceed and cross the Biver of Port Nelson^ that enters the bay ait York Fort ; thence on the margin of the west side of Hudson Bay for 150 miles; thence proceed and cross Chester- Jield Inlet, and so oo to the North or Frozen sea, in lat. 70, north* which is further than the land lies, being a line that passes 18 degrees north, which is 1080 geo* graphical miles. We will then pass on the shore of tlie North sea an east courde, till we come to long. 70, which is on the Atlantic shore, being a line that passes 2'> deg, oC long, which is 509 miles, as a degree of long, here is 20 miles; from hence we take a south direction on the east shore of the Atlantic, pass the Straits o^ Hud* foil Bay on the right, and finally, by bearing a little to the south, arrive at the Straits of Sellule, from whence ,We set out, being 18 degrees, and as the west line 1080 milts. This being now the boundaries of New* Britain we may describe its situation and extent New-Britain lajrs between 52 and 70 degrees of north latitude, and between 55 and 95 degrees of west longi- tude from Greenwich. It is bounded east by the Atlan. t|c ocean, north-east by Davi$* Straktt which separate il from Greenland^ north by the Froseo sea, west by ( *^ > Nottk-wesl Lan^ and part of Upper Canada, licfutli hyi Upper and Lower Canada and the giilph ld. The snow generally lies here 6 or 7 feet deibp, fdr six Ibonths ; but in the spring of the yeat- its diminution is v%ry rapid on the sides of the ground which enclines to the sun, and is screened %om the north wind. '^'Notwithstanding the severity of the climate in N^w- Britain, the inhabitants enjoy much health, and live to a great age. The snow that generally falls in this coun- try, is in solidity like fine sand ; and the ice on the rivers at>out eight feet thick. In the severest weather, port ' Mne will frieze to a solid mass, and brandy coagulates ; and the very breath will appear on the bed blankets like a heavy frost. Ill lat. 57, the sun rises in the shortest dajrs five mi'' fiitltes past 9, and sets five minutes past 9 ; so that the dlys are but six hours long — in the longest days, the sun rises at 3 and sets at 9, of course those days are eighteen hours long. The ice begins to disappear in May, and hot weather ^nunencet about the 10th of June, which at times, it so violent as to scorch the skin of those exposed to the sun. Thunder is but seldom heard here, but very i;}ple|it There it a great diifereiice of heat and cj^M in { m ) ■ • J* ■■■ .. ■ / this vast country, which reaches Irom lat. 52,^ tp 70 north. During a great j^rt of th«i winter the firmament exM- bits a splendid appearance, and cannot faM qf drawing the admiration of the curious. Mqck Sunt are often seen, and haiai are very frequent; they a,re very hright, and richly tinged with flfU.^tIi|B colors of the rainbow. The sun rises and sets with a large cone of yellowish fight. The night has i^s beauties also. — The Aurora. Borealis spreads a thousand different lights and colors over the whole concave of the sky. — Nor is it defaced by the splendor of the full moon. The stars, which ap pear uncommonly large, are of a fiery redness. ^ The climate is much i^ilder in the interior, than on the sea cost. The snow is not more than ha)f so def^p^ The most part of Hudson Bay is always frozen. . Natural Productions, — These are not numerous not profitable. As has been observed, a great part of this country is nothing more than barren sands and >craggy rocks ; it is not therefore to be supposed, that it abouiM^ in valuable productions. On the low grounds and river bottoms there is a com* sider^ble quantity of timber ; such as spruce-phie, hen^ lock, beach and , hirch, with . considerable 9hrubb$ry_| such as laurel, shumack, and some whortleberries, «» also alder. There are several kinds of the ever green ifi a great part of the country, pfirticularly to the west ; and the ground is covered with moss, which is quite yalw^ble ior the rein deer and other animals* ^ .^ There is also a great quantity of wild fruit in tins country^ part^cukufly ft c|i(si ry ik1^c)i is as good sf s|}J m ' 1' t *^ ) «l p in the wdridi Raspbo^^rietf^traAVberries^ cummts an^ eranberri^ are qmte plenfy. Some medicinal hfrbs are found here, one of which the Indians make use of, in qcdte plenty— they call it Wee, fiie'd puchai Its virtues are many; it is very agreeable though highly aromatic, ft is serviceable in rheumatic pains, strengthens the stomach, tetieves the head, and promote^ pei'8piratilmfita&.— These are not so numerous as in other r eountries more to the south ; however there are some of i^ost every kind to be found in this frozen region. Animals of the fur kind are found here in great abun* dance, such as martins, beavert^ and otters, whose fon is of the best quality. Bears, badgers, and hares are aiso tolerabfy P^^y here in the summer season. The polar or great white bear it a native of tlris region only ; some of them are 13 felet long : these bears have been fiwR^as iyr as 80 iU#is«(i norths vvbr^h i» on tbei<^f of it • the Frozen sea. Rertk' deer b a native of this place in particular, and are quite niimerous; as also bisons. Pop* cupines are plenty ajso. Walrus, or sea horses, a.e found in Hudson Bay. There are not many fowl j in this region. GeeS|^ come in the spring, lay their Cigs, hatch their young, but go away in the fall. There are some birds which. stay in New Britain, all the year, notwithstanding the seveiityof the climate. Mr, Mackenzie remarks, that he was much surprised to hear birds sing on the 27tii of December, in lat. 59, north. One kind of these birds is less than a robin ; part of his body is of a delicate fawn color, and his breast and belly of a deep scarlet ; the wings are black, edged with fawn color, and two white strips running acro<3S them ; the tail is variegated, and the head crowned with a turf. Some others are grey. There are als6 moose deer, tygers, buffalos, wolves, foxes, ]ynx8,^». mineS) and vnld cats. All kinds of animals, even fowls, are of the color of snow in this country ; and even domestic animab taken, from the south, will change their color on the approach of winter. Very few snakes are found in this country; and none of a venomous nature. Toads are not to be found in New Britain. It might be supposed that^but few, if any animals could find subsistence in thi3 barren country, especially in the winter, when the ground is so thickly covered with snow; yet the God of nature has kindly provided for all his creatures even in this fro^ zen region. s * Theve^is hu^idreds of miles mmtae iiv this coantry im H .#v i( m > mr wh'tYt there is neither ^eenor buiih, but there is anuiu. v0rsal covering of soft moss, which is excellent food £or the most of the animals here, and in the winter there are plenty of evergreens, which are excellent in the| piidst of the deepest snow* v s. , , '> Mii;ers.^-r^The$e are numerous, large^ and very exten> I pivp, and mostly run into Hudson Bay, though many run into the North sea. There are several hundreds of streams which rise in the west and fall into the At>| lantic ocean, in the distance of 1200 miles, all of which would be too tedious to describe. Jiuperl*s River n^es from Lake Mististtrmy, in Lowei | Canada, passes through part of New-Britain, and falls I into James Bay. Slude Biber rises near the same place, and falls into | the bay liOO miles to the north. Several more large ri* hirers fall into the bay on the east, in going to the north. Great Whale Biver empties into Hudson B^}' on the I east, in lat. 5b, north. Many more might be described | 4,hat fall into the bay on the same side. .Mbany River is collected from a number of streams that rise in Upper Canada, north of Lake Superior ; it I is quite large, and foils into James* Bay on the west side, | about lat. 52, north, and long. 81, west.^ . JRaplar River, already named, comes oiib of Lake ' Wtnnipici. crosses into New- Britain and pursues a north* I west course through several small lakes^oins theOA I fjakc River, which comes out of Upper Canada, a south ,co|irs^ through Cat Lake ; after these two rivers connect, Iwbji^h is in lat. 54, north, and long. 91, the stream is ^hill Riven Seal River and many more run from the west, ~and plunge into Hudson Bay towards the north. • . I iMkes.'^The lakes in New^ Britain are quite numerous, though not generally large. Tbey all abound with fish Tlnd animals of the fur kind. Cat Lake is about -40 miles in circumferervce, nearly round ; it is situated near the south-west cottier of New* Britain. One branch of SeVem River com«s through this lake. Grose Lake, Family Lake, Favorable Ijtke, Frog Lake, and Severn Lake, are all small lakes, thtough which the Severn River flows in its course out of Lalte Winntpic to Hudson Bay. Oupalmko J/tke W iihWf , r . . ■' '» .■ -I ' \ • ( 1*6 ) . 200 miles in circuit ; it is situated n«ar the ndddle of New Btitain. Knee Lodce, already noted, and Swampy Lake9Liehm9X\, through which Hill River flows. Many more lakes are to be found in this extensive l«gion, and which are resorted to by the wild geese for the purpose of laying their eggsand hatching their gos- Harbors — A description of all the harbors belonging to NeW'Britain, would fill a volume ; I, therefore, shall t^ot attempt to describe them all. No country in the i^^worldy of the same extent, has more water communica- tion thsin this ; it exhibits a sea and bay shore of 5OO0 -geographical miles 9 exclusive of the rivers. In tke description of harbors, I will begin at the straits of EeUisle, and proceed tov^nrds t^e north. In the distance of 100 miles from Bellide there are ^ve excellent harbors, viz. those in St. Michael's Bajr, Havt'ke Bay, and Cape Francis Bay. ' Th« harbor formed by the bay of Hound Hill is very safe, and la^ in latitude 54, north, and longitude 55, west. Still to the north about 10 miles, is Table Bay and Harbor. Ten more is Sandwich. Bay and Harbor, ^ hi ch is large and safe. Ivuckok and Biron*s Bayj succeed next in course; they are good harbors. Obucktoke iorms a good harbor, and is in latitude 56, norths and longitude 60, west. Next succeeds Davis' Jnlet*-^- . '■ ■ • "' ''^ •• JIain, is stiU tathe north, W?th many others. ^m thee« are <>n the Atlantic shore, and are accessi* blefvbm the ocean. ^Just wh«ve the line of 60 degrees north latitude^ and ( 131 ) 65^ of west longitude^ cross each other^ we comci to the point of land formed by the Atlantic Ocfian and the> straits of Hudson Bay. This point is called Cape Chidley. When at Cape Chidley, in order to go into Hudson Bay, we must turn to the left hand and go through the straits, ^ a due west course. The straits at length become much narrower, and alter having sa^jli^; 300 miles, we come to Forster's Harbor, Aear Chafled Island i and 400 miles iarther, we come to Cape Worstenholm, in latitude 62, 30, north, and longitude 79, west ; here we turn to the left again, or duly south |, and in 50 miles come to Mussuito. In latitude 61, north, and longitude 78, is situated the excellent luur* bor called Thompson's Harbor. In proceeding still down Hudson^ Bay to the south, on the east side we come to several good harbors, parti- cularly Grove's Sound and that in the mouth of Great Wiiale River. In coasting back) or towards the north, on the west side of James' Bay^ we meet with but one harbor in 300 miles. In latitude 55, 30, and longitude S2, west, wecome to Cape Henrietta Maria, to the left hand, which is an ex- tensive point of land at the commencement of Hudson Bay Here, in order to coast the west shore of the bay, \ve must turn again short to ^he left, and after passing Cape Look-out, which is 30 miles from Hen- rietta Maria, and proceeding 120 miles farther, we come to the mouth of the Severn River, alrt^^i^ noted. Still proceediilg north«wfs^, 112 miles» w:^ c'oqiie to Cape Tatman. After passing this Cape^ weti|jm shi^rt Ha tl ■, :^' n \:\ 1,11 •to the 80uth*west for 50 miles, when we come to the mouths of Hill and NeUon Rivers. Proceeding still firther, nearly a north course, we come in 100 miles to Cape Church-hilK We here again turn duly west for 40 miles, to Church-hill Fort ; after passing this fort, we turn to the right, on a due north course for 150 miles, to Cape Esquimeaux and Knap*s Bay. Still ^rther, we come to Navil's Bay, which is large. With several islands. Ten miles farther we come to Corbet Inlet ; and still on is situated Rankins' Inlet, in latitude 63, north, and longitude 92, west. Marble Island is situated in the moilth of this bay or inlet. Proceeding a little farther, we come to the mouth of Baker's Lake, which is quite narrow, and comes from the west. It is sometimes called Chesterfield Inlet. By following the course of the bay a north-eai^t di- rection for 130 miles, we come to Wager River, which is very large, coming from the north-west. The mouth of this river is obstructed by along island, yet it affords a good harbor when clear of ice ; it lays between lati* tude 65 and 66, nonh, and in longitude 87, west. Fifty miles farther to the north we come to Repulse Bay, which is not large but nearly round — this is the end of Hudson Bay, to the north, and is in lat. 62. By turning back or rather coasting the east shore of this arm to the south, we sail 300 miles without finding one harbor. At South Cape we turn short to the ,north-eatt, and then north again, for 350 miles, (sur- rounding a peninsula) m all which course no harbor is id be found-^tirning ag«h to the east, across the arm of the bay, aqd proceeding a south-east course for ( 133 ) aOO miles, lyci pass near Gpd's Mercy Island, on the left; and finally come out of the bay through, Uudr son, Forbis^er's gr Cumberland Straits, all of lyhicli open to the sea an east course, and are only divided from each other by narrow necks of land, vyhich are situated between the 60th and 64th degrees of north lat. and: between the 65th and 70th degrees of west long, from Greenwich. . f Tl^e distance from Cape Chidley, already noted, to Cape Watsingham ac|(gs tp^tj^e niQut|k of all tl^|^ straits^ is just 200 mile^ . %|^ There are a number of fine harbors on either side or all these straits, especially on the north side of Cum- berland Straits, w Fis/t.'^The waters of this country abound with al? most every kind of 6sh that are found in any part jof the world. Whales are caught in great abundance in Davis' Straits, which divide New-Britain from GreenUnd; they also are found in Hudson Straits—neither do they stop there, but enter the bay. From these waters the British procure each year as many as commonly fill twenty-five laige vessels with oil. Walrus, or sea horses are found hi this region ; par^ ticulaiiy in and on the shore of the Frozen Ocean; and sometimes they pass through the straits of Hudson Bay, and down to Janics' Bay; T^ese creatures par- take very much of the nature of fish, although I have named them under the article Animals or quadrupeds ; yet it may not be improper, to give some descripUoji of rtiem here :. . H a - '/ii^^t* ( 134 ; thick lips covered .b^ylZL^' "^ "■""*• '"J -thicks..... ';ir^^^-'--^^^^^ "We-d of ears_4ts neck i, ZT'. ""' »'«'«» ' T^lmjSt. having five toe. on each b!^„ ^^'^ *ebb,. With «n,n n.a, „„ Zt' Z^ .7"*""^ "' J»ad ; and eaci. ,e, loosefy .TiX " r ir "" "-^ •f.w,n.ming_the hi„d leL,^!^ .^ ^' P"'^* toil is sho«_,he length ftl Tw ""'" "" ^yi "» erghteenfeet. ana tWeifalTd ill'r; " «*"*'"" «*«h wii, weigh ew«typou„d'rh '•'''•'''>«»-«« I h€se creatures are verv «•». ^ r -^.- the, wi„ attempt " iJT^i "^ "•"'-'» *^ tiiey roar very loud and Jn T ^ '""*"'• »«"; , outof .ight. ' """ '"""""he bou ,i„ itgeu Numbers oif them are often se«> .i • of ic.. ™° »eeu sleeping on an island Brittin. *^ '" *" ^*»c waters of Neir- (135 ) Indians. — There are not a great ittunber of Indians in New- Britain, considering the great extent of ccHintry. The most of them carry on a trade with the Hudson Bay Company, at tlreir different factories. The Esqumeaui tribe live on the sea coast, and are taught by the Moravian missionaries. The natives are not properly of the common Indian cast; but are rather 'Greenla'ndetQ— those that are properly Indians, live in the interior, and &re not numerous. The different na^ tions of' Indians kre known by the following names : The Ne-heth-aU)-a, tlieAssinneythe /a//, the /Suiieir^thv Black-feet, the Pargaii and the Blood Inckans. Fortifications, — There are several forts of considerat)1e importance in New-Britain, all belonging to the Hudson Bay Company, Albany Fort is at th6 mouth of Albany River, where it falls into James' Bay, in lat. 52, 18, and long 85, 18, west. York Fort is situated at the mouths of the Hill and Nelson Rivers, in lat. ^7, 10, north, and long. 90, wtot. Church-Mil li in lat. 59, 10, and long. 94, 30. There are also some forts on the sea coast. Agriculture»'-^'V\i\s is very partially attended to in New.Britain ; at some of the establishments made by the Hudson Bay Company, on the mouths of the rivers, po- tatoes and peas have been raised ; as also some vegeta- bles. Though grain has never been tried, yet it is quite probable it would succeed, as far as the latitude of 55, .north. No kind of cattle arcraisedinthe8epartt;ytt no doubt H 4 ri 1 iS I Bill ■lit'. 1,' ' I' lit s •i I') ( 136 ) they would do well, especially in the vallies, wher^ grass is plenty. CommercC'^Thti is coniined to one article, and is in the hands of a fe\v|person8, called the Hudson Bay Com- pany, and the Indians of New-Britain. The commerce or trade of New.Britain is carried on in the following manner : In the month of March the Indians assemble on the bank of a particular river or lake, the nomination of which has been agreed on by common consent, before they separated for the winter. There they begin to build their Seances, which are generally completed soon after the tee is out of the rivers. They then commence their voyage laden with rich furs. After they have gone seve. >al l^undred miles, and are in sight of the fort to which thr<|^ are bound, they discharge their fowling pieces to conhpliment the English, who in return, salute them by firitig two or three small cannon. After they have all landed, the chiefs have presents made totbem, and the pipe is introduced. During the time the leader or chief is smoking but little is said ; but after this is over he tells theif actions — how many ca- noes have came — what Indians he has seen — asks how the English do ; and says he is glad to see them. , After this the governor bids him welcome, telling him that he has good goods for him, and that he loves the Indians and^will be a friend to them. At these times all the chiefs are dressed very fme and curious, at the expence of the company. The chief, after this, m^rche^ in compaoy with others, carrying an ensign, drunii and the like, to his tent, which is pre* ( 137 ) % pared in an uncommon style for his reception. Her« thje facltory servants bring bread, prunes, tobacco, ^nd plenty of brandy, which the Indians use freely, and in a little time they are all intoxicated, and give loose to ev»> ry species of disorderly tumult* iU!ter carrying on their frolic two or three days, (hey begin to get sober, and attend to a few more ceremoQies. relative to the pipe, which is to cement their friendship yirith the English. After which they prepare to trade tbfsir furs ; and the leader or chief makes a speech, generally to the following purport : ** You told me last year to bring many Indians to trade, which I promised to do You see 1 have not lied ; here are a great many young men come with me ; use them kindly I say ; let them trade good goods ; let * them trade good goods, I say* We lived hard last win- ter and hungry, the powder being shortoneasure and bad, I say. Tell your servants to fill the measure, and not to put their thumbs within the brim. Take pitty (^ us ; take pitty on us, I say ! We paddled a long way lo see you ; we lot:e the English. « Let us trade good black tobacco, moist and well twisted ; let us see it before it is opened. Take pitty on us ; take pitty on us, 1 say ! The guns are bad; let us ^ade light guns, small in the hand and well shaped, with locks that will not freezjB in the winter, and red gunf cases. Let the young men have more than measure * Some of the English writers sttaeb muoh bkune to tke Iludiok Bty Company for tliit usage, and my that tliey make the Indians delink Hk thvat tbvm. 1 koow no( whctlter this charge ii tfue or nut. I •v "i m ( 138 ) m s. of tobacco ; cheap kettles^ good and high.. Giv^ ^ good measure of cloth ; let us see Che old ineasure-^Do you mind me ? The young men prove they love you, by coming so far to see you. . Take pitty, 1 say | and give them good goods ; they like to dress and be finfi. Do you understand me ?*' After this speech is ended, the Indians proceed to look at the good?, and make the best bargain they can, ^hich no doubt is bad enough on their side. There are eight trading establishments belonging to the Hudson Bay Company, in New-Britain. That of Cinnroh^hiU is. in latitude 59, north, and 94, 50, west* It bas^^ts setvicea ship of 250 and a sloop of 70 tons, md tweniy-iive servants. Formerly i( received 10,000 skins on an average each year. York Fort lays in 57 degrees north, and 93 west. It has in its service a ship and a sloop, and one hundred servants, and receives 25,000 skins. Seven houses are in connection with this fort. Albany Fort, at the mouth of Albany River, where it falls into James' Bay, has fifty spjri^nia, and^^taji^fs 6000 skins. . /Inhere are two more factories not far distant, that will- be noticed in the description of Lower Canada. Although it is certain that the Hudson Pay Conipa- ny have carried on tbe tjrade of New-Britain in an indo- lent manner, yet tliey haye generally evei7 year ship- ped to {England, iitrs to the amount of^^30,000 sterling. Th« charter jwhich inures, to the Company all the lands of New-Britain, was granted in 1670. Settlements, — There is but a very small part of this country settled as yet* ^ ( 139 i On the bay of Nain or Nisbite^ already noted, in lat, 56, north, and long. 61, west, there is a small settle- ment formed by the Moravian Missionaries who canve there at the desire of the United Brethren from Green- land to convert the Esquimeauxs. This settlement is on the shore of the Atlantic. Small settlements are made at Church-hill Factory, York Fort, Severn and Hudson House already noted. Bearing! and distances of JPtoce*.— 'The Moravian set- tlement already noted, is situated just 700 miles, a due aorth-east course from Quebeck. The south end of James* Bay, is 420 miles, a due Qoth-west course from Quebeck. From Moose Fort, at the end of James' Bay, it is C20 miles to Chuch-hill Foit, already noted, a due north-west course. From York, in Upper Canada, to the same fort, it is 1100 miles, a due north north-west coui-se. From Yoik to James' Bay, it is 470 miles, north course. ' From Albany Fort, to Severn-house, u 300 miled, and 460 to York Fort, a north-west course. The most north-easterly port of Lake Superior is within 220 miles of the south-west part of James* Bay ; and the large Moose River rolls within 20 miles of the lake, though there is a small mountain between. ^ ^ Religion, — What few white people there are in 'New- Britain, are of the Episcopal church of England, ex- cept those of the Missionary Society, already noted. In speaking, therefore, on this subject, we are led to describe the religion of the lndiai>s,. >■( !^\i t;i ( 140 ) trmtust be here li'dted, that the religion of in Ittdiait is nothing more than a behef ; nor doed this belief enter into his conduet in the least so ns to make him better-, what ever good qtialities he may have, appear to be natural. The Indians of New-Britain believe in two invisible and powerful beings, in whose hands is the fate of mor* tals — one of these they represent as being v :'ry good, and not at all disposed to hurt any one ; to him they someiimes sing. They call hini Kitcheman, or the gveai chief. . The evil being whom they call Whititi-co, they sup {iose to be the cause of all the evil that happens to them--- him they fSear and hate; nevertheless they noVv ain^ then afford him a song to keep him in a good humor, *ipel sometimes they get very angry with him, and shut in the air to try to kill him — at times they think they see his track in the snow. /fr.tor-y. — The discovery of New-Britain and other northern countiies, was owing to a project started in England for the discovery of a northwest passage around the north end of America to CMna and the Eaut Jjidie.t as early as 1565.. S'nce then it has been frequently dropped and as often- revived, but never completed; and from the late vo^^agls o( discovery, it seems probable that no practi. nible ^a^age ciil be founds on account of the ice of the INbrthse*. K&rbester discvem|qteiit to the community; not only so, but it should be encouraged by opening an «tten8|vecommct^e with «U the world* '. '^wl^- -^f ? -i >* DESCRIPTION > .s*. OF $^w^t ^4n4H* ■, r- This province lays on both sides of the ri?er S^ Lawrence, between 45 and 52 degrees of nokth.latitu4ey and 61 and 80 degrees we^t longitude from Greenwich. Situation and Extent, — ^Lower Canada is bounded north, by New.Britain; east, by the gulph of St. Law- rence; sou^.h.east, by New-Brunswick, the District qi Maine, and New-Hampshire ; south, by Vermont, and 75 miles of the Static of New-York, viz. from Lake Champlain to the mouth of the St. Regis River, where it empties into the St. Lawrence; and west, by Upper Canada. ^ It is 6S5 miles long, on the north line; 440 br^^in the middle, to measure from the corner of the tVMo^. vinces, at Lake St. Francisi but it tapers at bot|| especially the north«east ; its li^ngth on the SQuthl about 900 miles. The line that diiades this ft-om the tf per province begins at the north side of Lake St. ,-?>'■' il m I;.' ! ■•^. 144 ) Francis, already noted, in lat. 45, andlohg. 69 ; itthjin pursues nearly a north course, about 20 miles, to the Ottawas River, which comes from the north.west and falls into the St. Lawrence at Montreal ; it then ascends that river to long. 80, west, near Lake Tomis Cantms;; it then pursues a due north course to ChaHton island, about the middle of the south ^nd of James' Bay, where it intersects the north line and makes a comer, in noitl) Ut. 52, and west long. 80. Surface.— 'There ar^ some considerable mountains in this province, and many high hills, which are rough and stony ; nevertheless it contains a large portion of level and smooth land, particularly on and near the St, Lawrence, and other large rivers. A considerable pait of this province is rocky and stony. Liiifestone is found in great plenty in most places of tnisprWince. There are a number of shallow ponds of water in the north-part, which abound with animals of the fur kind. A great part of these waters dry up in the summer, by whicli means there arises an unwholesome etiluvia. Many of these ponds might be drained with very little labor, and then th^ would make the best of meadow ground. 4$tdi/.— Perhaps no country in the world affords such » variety of soil. Here the traveller maybe delighted l,any days^^'in passing ovor a rich and prolific soil; ig vegetittton in its most luxuriant growth, and ia^ lan(&capes, inbproved by industry and art; ij^ all at on^, he fiiids himsdf in the midst of a ( U5 ) a desert and barren land, full ofswamps, briars^ li^orns. hills, mountains, and craggy rocks. On all th.e low banks of the St. Lawrence, the soil is good, and on many of- the low grounds of other large livers. Some of the vallies, not on rivers, afford excel- lent lap;d. The soil on the rivers is generally a black jnould, mixed with a small portion of sand ; that on the higher ground, is chiefly sand and some blue clay ; that on the high hills and mountains, is clay and gravel. Climate. — ^The cliipate in this province is not plea- sant. The snow faUs nearly every-other day, and is generally four «r five feet deep the whole of the winter. Some writers relate, that the mercury in the thermome^- tijer has been known to freeze at Quebec ; and rise to 9$ degrees in the summer. The winter begins with sever- ity about the first of November, and continues 1^1 the last of April, when it suddenly breaks up, and v^^tioni grows with rapidity. Altho Jgh the climate is so severe, yet the inhabitants are very healthy, and uncommonly robust and strongs 1 have seen men bom in this province, that appeared ^o be as strong and active at sixty years of age, as those born in the southern states are at thirty. They live to a great a^e. Both men and women cover themselves, in winter, entirely with fur. To attribute the predominace of cold in Lower Caiiap da and the other British dominions in the north, to^ multiplicity of rivers and lakes, appears ^o be ^n hypOf thesis not altogether correct ; but is rather to be a^tr^ buted to the imipense and desert regiops wliich stretdii towards the nortti. I 'i I ■=i ' IK 5! 11 ( ;i^ ) The snow seldom falls in any quantity in those, parts, unless when the wind blows from the north-east, which | is the quarter of the mountains ofice. In passing over the unfrozen parts of the North Sea, the current of cold air drives before it the vapors emitted from thence, which become immediately converted into snow. While the wind <;ontinues in that direc- tion, and while snow is falling, the degree of cold is diminished ; but no sooner does it change its position to the north-weRt, than the cold is much augmented. The elevation of the earth is not the least important causje of the subtilty of the air in this part of Ame4'ica, as the re^o^ to the north extends nearly to the pole, The vasC <^hd immeasurable forests, which over-spread the face of the British possessions in the north, essen- tially contribute to the dominion of cold. 1 he leaves and %ajiches of the trees are thickly interwoven with each other ; and the suiface of the ground, particular- ly the northern parts, is covered with shrubs, bram* bles, and the more rank productions of vegetation. Into these gloomy recesses the rays of the sun can with difficulty penetrate ; and can visit them but during a transient portion of a long summer day. The earth overshaded during the prevalence of heat, and covered by snow in the winter, can emit but a small degree of warmth, to temper the piercing winds. The winds, therefore, in passing over these foresU, can undergo but little alteration in their temperature. The snows are then retained in the spring, to a much later period than on the cleared ground, and tend to the prolong^ution of cold* .S2. ( 1*7 ) The clearing and cultivation of ground have much contributed to the amelioration of the climate of Lower Canada in particular. Certain it is, however, that the winters in the vicinity of Quebec, have remitted several degrees of their former severity. An rhtelligent priest, in the island of Orleans, kept for fifty years a correct meteorological table, and his successors continued it for eight years longer : The result of their observations tended to prove, that the medium of cold in winter, had diminished eight degrees within that period. The ice on the rivers and lakes of Lower Canada, generally acquires a thickness of two feet, jM^dJ^^capa- ble of supporting any weight ; that on the borders of the St. Lawrence, sometimes exceeds six feet. The snow in this province is very solid, and after it falls on the ground is quite condense. I'his is the reason that people can travel better here on snow-shoes, than in more southern countries. As has been already noted, the inhabitants are quite healthy, notwithstanding the severity of the climate, particularly some distance from the sea, where the air is much dryer, which, by contracting the pores of the skin, seems in some degree to present a remedy for its own intenseness, and to «*ounteract those impressions, of which the human frame would otherwise become more susceptible. Natural Productions, -^hovftv Canada produces a great variety of herbs, trees and fruit, without the aid of man. There are two sorts of pine in this province, the white R'i'.; such as hemlock, firs, cedar, holly, and lau- rel, with others. Many of these ever- greens are loaded with an abundance of moss, which has a romantic ap* pearanoe ; but affords fine shelter for the wild beasts and fowls in the winter season. Here the traveller may find large spots of ground, under natural roo^, covered with dry leaves, while the snoW is five feet on the surround- ing parts. This circumstance appears povidential, and is eminently beneficial to the Indians and animals of this cold region. To the8» places the Indians resort in the tenter, on purpose to hunk ; here, screened from the piercing wind, they can lay down on the dry leaves by their fire,t«id feel as* comfortable as the rich farmer or merchant,, in his warm house. No one who has never Ucn al UMto pkcai, em ferm an> correct idea of tha great '^^brence^ tht wiaUier in these solitary retreats. As i£>HcMwr0nintended to accoaamodate the poor savages, Bfttt Indies; A medicinal* k; the male ants, paiticu- There are tgrel and the ard, or what here are also holly, of an and poplars, jower Cana. ch grows on enty of ever- Uy, andlau. s are loaded omantic ap* d beasts and er may find )vered with surround* ential, and lab of this sort in the I from the leaves by fanner or Its never ieaof th« retread. savages, ■-»i •*« ( 4.-» 149 ) that Jhave np arts of civilization, the beasts of the woo^ are led to frequent these places also ; here they come and stay for the beneiit of the shelter, and for food, which is found in the leaves of some of the ever-greens, ahready noted ; and in others somewhat resembling the cane of Kentucky and Tennessee* Under these evei^ greens are found dry berries, not fell from the shrubs, which the Indian loves. This province affords a great variety and abundance of wild fruit, some of which are quite serviceable, par- ticularly the cralHipple, potatoe, onion, and cranberry* No person unacquainted with this country, can ima- gine how beautiful, and richly coyered it in, a]| oveA* with fine grass ; rvc;^ red clover is found here» in all the woods and hills, . i mgh some hundreds of miles from any farm. Mines, — There are not many valuable mines yet found in this provice. Near Quebec there is an excellent lead mine, and many valu(^ble ones of iron have been discovered in different parts. Some silver has been found in the mountains — several bodies of plaister of Paris are found in this province ; as also some of coal, which burns well — some of allum, copperas, and clays, that paint quite well. On the hanks of th« Three Rivers, 50 mites from Qaci beck, and 8 miles from its mouth, these is an acellent mine of iron ore. It lies in hons^ntal ttnUa near the auf^ jface. It is composed of mtsset easily detachcdfrDin each othtr^ perfQrfttody and the^plfs filled with ochre. It pos. it \-l 1^ * t ( 150 ) sesscs softness andfnabifity; andtor prdniotingits fusion a grey limestone, found in its vicinity is used. The hammered iron is soft, pliable, and tenacious; and has the quality of being but little subject to rust. Minerah,*-A number of salt springs are ^o be found in this province, though the quantity of salt made from them is small. Some sulphureous and other medicinal waters are to be found here also. Animals* — There are not a great variety, nor a great number of these in Lower Canada. Those animals of the fur kind are the most numerous. Deer and bear are also tolerable plenty. Some elks and buflfalos are also found here. Lakes — The lakes of Lower Canada are numerous, though not large. In the description of them we shall begin in the east part of the province and proceed towards the west. It must be here noted that there are a number of lakes in this province which as yet have no name. The first lake of note, and considerable size, is that of Black River, from which the river has its source. 1*his lak« lays in north lat. 51, and west long. 66, 48, ai^d is about 100 miles in circuit, of considerable depth. This river on its way to 4ihe St. Lawrence passes through several small lakes. Mj^ Like lays about 100 miles to the west of the former; it is small and is the soiirce of Bustard Biver, wWth empties into th» 8t, Lawre^cc and passes through silrsral lakes .lilso; $r^ number of lakes are to be found in every difvctioo from this ]ak«. Lake St John is situated about 100 miles north of ( »51 I •ting its fusion used. The o«s; andhiu It. ' ^o be found t made from ir medicinal nor a great ose animals SI' and bear buffalos are numerous, n we shall 'd proceed t there are yet have e, is that s source. . 66, 48, ►le depth. passes »l of the i River t hrough e to be orth q: (Quebec ; it is about 90 miles in circuit. This lake is the source of th^ river J^gu^fiay, Another con^^rablf lake^is found 100 miles to the north.west, near the great chain of mountains. It is the source of the Pwksaaganm Riper. ' Abbiiibb Lake is situated in lat. 49, and long. 79,., It,. is the source of a large river of the same name, Whiclt^ runs into the south end of Janres' Bav. It is 190 miles in circuit, tolerable shallow, abounding with small isL ands. In the vicinity of this lake there are several morev of less note. A number of lakes are seen in the course and expan- sion of the Ottawas River. Lake MiMissiny is situated north of Quebec about 950 miles. It is about 300 miles in circuit, though a num- ber of points of land extend a good distance into it from every direction. It is the source of RuferCs River, which passes through some small lakes on its way to James' Bay, a north-east couree. Lake St, Charles is situated north of Quebec, and receives and discharges the river St. Charles. It is about 5 miles long. Lake Megantic lays south from Quebec about 90 miles, and is the source of the river Chaudiere» Lake Cahiere is but small, situated a few miles above Quebec. Lake St. Pcler is formed by thp expansion of thjj St. liawrcnce to the breadth of 20 miles. It is 112 miles from Quebec. The Lake of the Two Mms^itmts undj^ the ^ake of St, Loub are In the vicinity of Montreal; the latter is formed 13 i -.-• rrrv fv— <-" r S^.^B' :^^^H i' in I i'H ^^■i i ,, H^B m i ^B^^l H - (152 .J . • by the junction of the OttawasT ^ifeh tbfe St. Lawience, TheLake of the Two MoQiits^H^^ ej^'ns^^ of the Ottawas, ten miles above its ^iouthj tM is 20 miles lout; and 3 broad. Lake St. Francis is 3.0 miles above Montreal, and is 4n expansion of the St. Lawrence. On the middle of the north shore is the line between the two provinces. Rivers. — -The rivers of Lower Caiiada are very nu- merous, and chiefly run intio the St. Lawrence. The most of them come from the noith, and afford many ro- mantic falls. In the descriplnon of rivers if shall begin in the east part of the province, and progress to^'ards the west. in sailing up the gulph of the St. Lawrence, the first river of note which is seen is the Moisie River ; about 40 miles farther up we come to Chunepanpestick River; in 40 more we come to Machigatiou River; and in 40 more we come to Black River ^ already noted. This rivor is 300 miles long and quite large ; it falla into the St« Lawrence some distance above the gulph. The next in course is Bustard River ^ about ten mil^s farthei up. This is one of the longest rivers of Lower Canada. It takes its rise in the Middle Lake, already noted, and after running a course of at least 400 miles, and passing through several lakes, plunges into the St. Lawrence, in lat. 48, 50, north. BUsaimites River appears next in sailing up the St. Lawrence. It is large, of considerable length, and pa9se: Lawrence. ision of the miles loii"- eal, and is i middle of •evinces, e very nu- mce. The I many ro- in the easC le west, e, the first )er; aboul ck River; and in 40 his river the Sf, 1 ten m\]^» >f Lower |, already 10 miles, the St. the St. passes ■ I i ui i |Mi >)iim» I . 11 II ( 153 ) small lakes« U ei|ipU«»i|i|la the St Lawrence 50 miles above. • ■ j Pepe C/ui9dmg0i ^ver suceeedd in course, and falls into the St. Lawrence 20 miles above Portnus. In sailing up the St. Lawrence several small stre&nii are seen, at length we come to St. James' River, and a little distance above we come to the river SagtUnay, which rises out of Lake St. John, already noted, which lake is the repository of fOvir considerable riva*s, with their numerous branches — vi;^. those oi the Picksuagamis, C/iissouematan, Sable, and Periboaca. In its course the Saguenay receives the illitftt^fni^s and several more of considerable size, ader which it falls into the St. Law- rence 150 miles below Quebec, from nearly a west di- rciction. l^is river is 1 50 miles in length from the lake, and sweeps along a prodigious body of water. It is in^ terrupted in its course by abrupt precipices, over which it dashes its foaming current; and being bounded by banks of great elevation, is remarkable for the depth and impetuosity of its flood, which i^ sensibly felt in the St. Lawrence, w hose water is obliged to yield to its im. pulse for a distance of Several miles. Large vessels, ap- parently goi:ig their course, have thereby been carried sidelong in a different direction. This river is generally three miles wide, except at its mouth, where it is only ofie, at which place five hundred fathoms of line have been let d/^im without finding any bottom. Two miles up, it itji^ hundred and thirty- eight &thoms; and at bixtji^lplSts it it tixtjr fathoms deep. Albany River succeeds next in course, which rises in I 1. ( 151 a smal lake about 60 mileinort^&oin j^he St. Law- rence, and flows through th6 fertile,va|ley of Mal-bay. This river abounds wRh salmon anil other excelient fish. The next in course are the St, Ann, the Oueile, and the ^Sr. T/^ ^ falls into the St. Lawrence at the Lake of St. Peteri al- ready noted. It is interrupted in its course t|r^|Up,n bridge, whioh is iiiltporled by soine isbUKls.. ( 156 ) i!:( It, number of tributary streaiilS ybn ;it» way^ a south-east caurs^, and pitches over a} number of precipices. In going vfp^ this river we soon meet, with the cascades of St. Ann ; then the Lake of the Two Mountains is 20 mil^s distant ; 1.5 miles further, there is a succession of falls, and then the river is smooth for 60 miles. All the rivers which have as yet been described run in. to the St. Lawrence from the south or north ; but those now to be noted, head on the north side of the great mountain alieady mentioned, and run a west, north, and north-east course, into James* Bay, Sli4de Bdver rises some distance from Lake Mistissin* ny already named. It falls into Jame's Bay in latitude 52, and longitude 79 — the mouth of this river affords an excellent harbor, where the Hudson Bay Company have a factory. Ruperi*4^Iiiver rises out of the lake just noted, and af. ter passiilg through several lakes, in a coui'se of 200 miles, fallr> into James' Bay also. Harracanaw Kiver has its source from a small lake near the mountains. It runs nearly a north-west course for 212 miles, and falls into thesouth end of James* Bay. It is a large and beautiful river. These are all the principal rivers of Lower Canada, all of which abound with fish of various sorts. The River St. Lawrence is one of the greatest, most noble and beautiful rivers ; and at the same time, the furthest navigable for vessels of a large size, of any in the universe — ^from its mouth to Montreal, the head of ship navigation, it is 545 miles ;,100 more it is passed with very large boats ; from here for 240, through Lake Ontario, the largest vessels in the world may sail. Nearly the whole course of this river from Lake Su- perior, a distance of 1600 miles, to its mouth, aflords water suihcient for ship navigation, in many places it is 10 miles wide, though generally about 5^ and affords many beautiful and fertile islands^ which are thickly in- habited and well improved. Harbors, — These are numerous, and are situated chifly in the St. Lawrence. In the description of har- bors, we will begin at the Straits of Bellisle, and follow the gulph and river, to the city of Montreal. St, John Bay affords a good harbor, and is situated on the east, side of the gulph, some distance above the Straits of Beliisle, in long. 57, and lat. 51, north. Iri poceeding about 100 milies farther on the same side, we eome to t#o more bays and harbors ; namely, those of Bonne River and the bay of the Idand • Chaleuv Bay, on the west side of the gulph, affords fine harbors. ^ On the north coast of the river the Bay of Seven Islands Is situated, and which aflords a tolerable harbor. In this bay a fleet, under the command of Admiral Walker, in 1711, was lost in aji expedition against Quebec. The Isie of Bique is situated between the mouths of the two rivers Black and Bustard, already noted — by this Isle there is a noted harbor,^afe and pleasant. On the north side of the mouth of the rwef^Saguenay, before noted, is the harbor of Tadouisac, which is large HE I^^K II HB: 1 H i™ il^BP'' H HH;| ■ffi IUh|;' I ^^^^^j i: i ' J • 1 and safe. This harbor lajpsinlat. 47,30^ and in west long. 69, 30. Wljkales come up as high as this place. About 40 miles higher up, there is another excellent harbor, on the north coast, in the waters of Mal-bay. Patrick's Hole, below Quebec, is a good harbor. The harbor of Quebec, will be hereafter noted. A few miles above Quebec is the harbor of JVolfi Cave, the place at which the celebrated general of that name landed his army, previous to the battle on th^ heights df Abraham. The next harbor of note is that formed by the mouth oi the river Chaudiere, already noted, on the south side of the St. Lawrence eight miles above Quebec. ^ Jacques Cartier, whose mouth is 30 miles above Que* bee, on the north side, aftbrds a good harbor. This river bears the name of the enterprising navigator who first explored the St. Lawrence as far as Montreal, and wintered at its mouth in 1536. The next harbor in coprse is that at the mouth of the river St. Maurice, or the village of Trm Ehierea, 50 miles above Quebec, already noted. Lake St, Peter, already noted, affords spme tolerable harbors, those at the mouth of the river St. Francis, before mentioned ', and the Sorel or Chambly are par- tUularly safe. The next in rotation is that of Montreal. There are no more ship-harbors on the river St. Law- rence in Lower Canada ; nor is there any op the Otta- was more than ten miles, at which distance the Arst cas- eifides appear, afid then succeeds the Lak^ of the mouiif tain!. . ( 159 ) There «i^e^ only^ree tnpre noted harbors in the bounds of Lower jCi^nAda, (ex«ept a few on Lake Chafti* plain) aiid those are situated in the north-west comer, on the coast of James* Bay-^hey are in the mouths of the rivers Slude, Ruperts and Hanicanaw. /is^— These are very plenty, and of almost all scrtfi. Whales, sturgeons, porpuses, salmon, herring;i, and mackerel, are caught in all the large rivers and bays in Lower Canada, from a hundred miles above Quebec Salmon, bass, white 6sh and sturgeon, with a great va> rioty of other excellent fish, are taken in abundance from all the waters as far as Montreal. Cod-fish are taken in vast quantities, from all the bays of the river and gulph of St. Lawrence, below Quebec In Mal-bay, and the St. Lawrence below it, white porpuses arexaught in great plenty ; they are generally fifteen feet long. Seals and sea-cows are also plenty. Indians, — These are not so numerous as in the upper province, but are more civilized and christianized ako. Bordering on the gulj^ of the St. Lawrence, on the south side« there ^re a few Indians of the tribe of MiC" macks, and some of the MaScUes, part of whom are np^ed in our description of Nova Scotia. Some Indians reside around the Lake St. John, and on the borders of the river Saguenay ; they arc called mountaineers, and are of the Algonquin tribe. Ihey are remarkable for the mildness of their disposition, and are never known to use an offensive weapon agsunst each other, or to kill or wound any, person whatever. Their whole number is about 1,500 ; nearly one half of them ii^ { i«o ) have been <^onverted to the christian fkith ; the remain- der are pagans. A missionary, sent from Quebec, resides among them ; [and chapels, where divine service is performed, are erected at the principal posts. ' Jeune-Lordte, is a village of fifty houses, 9 miles noith west of Quebec ; a small tribe of the Hurom re- side at it ; they speak the French tongue, and are very religiou^. When they go to chapel, which is every sab- bath, and on other holy-days, they place their women in the centre, and arrange themselves on each side ; the former have tolerable good voices. On the banks of the river St. Francis, already noted, on the south of the St. Lawrence, there is a small tribe of the AbinaquiSf among whom a missionary and an in- terpreter reside. On the extensive banks of the St. Maurice, there are a number of the Iroquois Indians, Before the war with England, there was a small tribe of the 3^ >f Qftebeck is sHu^iid'ollillie n<3)rth«iae of the nver St. liawrence, 330 Hiiles from the ^to.. It stands on a high point of land near the mouth ot the river 5t« Charles, which flows on the north side. Cape Diamond, the summit of the promontory, rises abruptly on the south, to the height of 350 perpendicular feet above the river. Some uneven ground subsides into a valley between the works and the heightsof Abraham ;* on the latter there are natural elevations which are^high- er, by a few feet, than any of the ground included within the foi tifications.f Quebec was first fortified with eleven redoubts, whicli served as bastions, comihunicating with each other by curtains, composed of palisades 10 f^et in height, strengtl)- ened in the interior with earth The citadel is now constructed on the highest part of Cape Diamond, composed of a whole bastion, a cup> tain, and half bastion, from whence it extends along the summit of the bank towards the north-east ; this part being adapted with flanks agreeable to the situation ot* the ground. There are towards the south-east a ditch, counter-guard, covered-way, with glacis. The works have of late years been in a great measure rebuilt, ^nd raised to a height calculated to command the k^i^ groundi> in the vicinity. A steep and rugged bank, about 50 feet in height, terminates the ditch and glacis on the north, towards which the ground slopes downwards from Cape Dia- * The height^C Abraham U on the wett. t At pmsfit tdlM of Um woriu in tbegarrisoa are bif^isr tlan iny of the heifbt* of AjNulMin. 1^ h ( 16* ) •,,.:,-t.JA 't^^jf- «* ¥^?'j mpnci nearly S6d feet liTadis^nce^of Alotig the summit of the bank a strong wall ot stone, nearly 40 feet high, having a half and a whole flat bastion with small flanks, occupies a space of 200 yards to Palace, gate, at which there is a guard«house. From hence to the new works at Hope-gate is a distance of 300 yards. The rocky eminence increases in steepness and ele^ i^ation as far as the Bishop*s palace, near which there is a strong battery of heavy cannon, extending a consid- erable distance along the brow of the precipice, and commanding the basin and part of the river. Between the edifice now mentioned, and the lower town, a steep passage, partly formed by nature, intervenes ; over which •there is a barrier with a gate- way of stone, surmounted by a guard-house, and otherwise defended by powerful works of stone« The govern.iient house is dignified with the appella- tion of chateau, or castle of St. Louis, and is placed on the brink of a precipice inaccessible, and whosft altitude exceeds 200 feet. The building is supported by counter- parts, rising to half its height, and supporting a gallery. Upon the bank of the precipitous rock, a stone wall is extended from the old chateau for a distance of about 300 yi^ds to the westward, which forms a line of defence, and serves as a boundary to a garden, within which are two batteries) one rising above the other. Cape Diamond, nearly 200 feet higher than the gound on which the upper town is situat«*d, presents itself to the westward. From the garrison, on thie top of this cape, there are five gates or ouMets to thcTneighboring country ; the highest, Fort St. Louis opens towards the ( lei ) westward, and towards the tidj^hts of Abraham ; Port St. John towards, St. Foix, through which is the road to Montreal ; Palace and Hope gates open towards the river St. Charles, on the noith; and Prescot-gate af. fords a communication to the lower town on the north* east. ^^ The streets of Quebec are, in consequence of its situa* tion, irregular and uneven ; many of them are narr ow, and but very few are paved. The houses are built of stone, of unequal height^ and many are covered with roofs of boards. The roughness of the materials of which they are constructed gives them a rugged aspect; and the accommodations are fitted up in a style equally plain and void of taste. The frequent accidents which have happened, and the extensive damage which the town has lepeatedly sus. tained, have suggested th# expediency of covering the public buildings and many of the dwelling houses with tin or painted sheet iron. The lower town, which is the principal place of com- merce, occupies the ground of the basis of the promon- tory, which has been gradually gained from the cliffs, on one side, by mining ; and from the riyer, on the other, by the construction of wharves, The channel of t^^e St. Lawrence is here about a mile in breadth to point Levi, on the opposite or south shore; and its greatest depth at high water is 30 fathoms, the anchorage being every where safe and good, The rock, of which the promontory of Quebec is com- posed, consists of a species of black lime slate, varj'ing m thickness, whichi though apparently compact, may, 't ( Jlfi6 ) by the stroke of a hamiblr, be shivered into very thin pieces ; and, by exposure to the influence of the weather it moulders into soil. A considerable number of the houses of the town are built of thi& stone. Quebec contains at present about 20,000 inhabitants, chiefly French, 5,000 of whom are soldiers, and are ne. cessary to man the works in the fort. I will endeavor, if possible, to give my readers a still more 'jj^am and simple view of this city. I will therefore suppose a person to be sailing up the St. Lawrence, and from the course of the river his face will be nearly south, A little after he passes the mouth of the river St. Charles, he will be in front of Quebec, which will appear on the right hand, and crowds close up to the river. If he shou!ii land in the 'niddle of the town, he might walk with his lace nearly to the west through the streets of the low%r town for 300 yards, on level ground ; he would then come to a hill of conside. table steepness, up which however he could go without much difficulty by keeping on the street. After he had got a hundred ^ards up and to the top of the hill, he would come to a wall of stone, 40 feet high and very thick ; through a gate in this wall he might pass to the upper town, and, by keeping on with his face to the west, he would finally come to the fortifications^ on a still high. cr ground, and which is 256 feet higher than the bed of the river. In standing here on the top of Cape Dia. mond, right before him, to the west, he sees the heights of Abraham ; and on his right, to the north, the •mall river St. Charles ; and to his left, the St. Law- (. m ) rence. Betweeil him and thetii^ghts of Abraham ther^ is a considerable vattey. '^ To those t>f my readers who have seen tht city of Richmond, in Virginia, the following comparison may not be improper : "^ -' If James' Rivei-flo^ed more to the north, it Woutd itS^ present the St. Lawrence ; and that part of the town below id occupation consists in administering relief to the sick, who are receiired into that hospital. A large room in the upper part of the building, is appropriated as a ward foi< female, and one immediately under it, for male pa> dents. As the institution was intended for public bene* fit, the medicines were^ durin^g the French government, supplied at the dlpence of the crown. The fund hf which it was supported, being vested in Paris, was lost in consequence of the revolution. Its present slender* sources are chiefly derived from some property iti land, .^ The General Hospital stands on the banks of th^ liver, and is s. grated from the town by a small rivulet. It owes its estabMshment, in 1753, to a widow lady named YouvUte. It contains a superior, and ninete^ti nuns. * A natural wharf, very near to the town, is formiNt by the depth of the stream, «nd the sudden declivity of the bank. The environs of Montreal are composed of four streets extending in different directions. That of Quebec on the north. Saint Lawrence towards tke west, and the Reeollet and Saint Antoine towards the south ; in the latter is placed the college, which hiji * About the year IWO, the MeduMliMt byitt a de«nt meetine-hoMie in tliU Iowa* K 3 ^ ( 170 ) httn lately reijuiit ^esc, together With the toWn, contain about fifteen thousand inhabitantii. The mountain is about two miles and a half distant ffbm the town; The land ri^es, at iirst by g^title gra- dations, and is chiefly occupied for gardens and orchards, producing apples and pears of a superior qiiality. The more steep parts of ihe mountain, continue to be shad- ed by their native woods. The northern extrefnity^ w^i<*1i is the most lofty, assumes a more abrupt acclivi- ty with a conical form : and this remains of the crater of a volcano, are found among the rocks. This elevat- ed spot, about seven hundred feet ab(^ve the lev^il of the nver, is of a long shape ; and extends upwards of two tttHes from north to south, subMiiihg towards the cen- tre, ovr which a road passes, and again rising in iHg ged masses, clothed vrith trees. A house and gardens, belonging to, and out-se aroun4 a variety of islands ; the lofty mountain of Chambly, with those of BeleuU, and Boii' cii^rvUle,, compose the scenery towards the east. Thai 0^ the north, though dfeqiial fertility is less diversified. 'The most faror^l^ ^iew df the town, is from the I the town, half distant g^title gra- id orchards, aHty. The to be shad- extrehiity^ •upt acclivi- P the crater rhis elevat- Icv^l of the ards of two Is the cen- ng ffi iHg d gardens, era of the era decli- I'oantain, on every real, the among ouds of weeping he lofty id Boii- That srsified. 3m the ( 111' ) opposite island of Saint Helen, where the mountain appears in the back ground. At the breaking up of the winter, the buildings of the town, which are situated near the river, are sometimes subject to damage, by the accumulation of large frag- ments of i9^, impelled by the rapiditjf of the current, already described. Montreal being placed one degree and sixteen minutes south from Quebec* enjoys a more favorable climate* The soil is richer, and the duration of Winter is not so long at the former place, as at the latter, by the space of six w^ffks. This superiority, with respect to clim»e and soil, renders it preferable to Quebec, as a pUce of constant residence. The markets are more abund* antly supplied : and the articles of living, are sold at a more reasonable price, especially during winter, when the inhabitants of the United States, who reside upon lands bordering on Lowxr Canada, bring for sale, a part of .the produce if their farms. Quantities of cod, and of other fisl^ in a frozen state, are likewise conveyed thither in sidghs from Boston^ Fbfiifications.mJT}[itst are principally placed in' Q/|ie- hec, Troies Rivieres, St. Johns, on Lake Champiain* Ch%mbly, Sorel, and at Montreal ; but it is impossible to describe their strength at present, as they have been altered since the war. The fortifications at Quebec are perhaps as strong, «nd as extensive as any in North America. Jgriculture. — In the upjfier part of this province there are a great number of excellent farmers, who raise plentiful crops of different kinds of grain. i ■iij 'l' ■ ■J v7 ( 172 ) 1%^ ioil below Quebec will fi^ firing any kbu iprAin to perfection, except wheat atid peas ; Koweic,^ 4iffi5tent sorts of grass thrive well here. ' ' i- Above Quebec about 100 miles, almost everjr SQti of grain will flourish except corn ; but about Montreal ^om will answer also. Flax and hemp come to perfe» tion in any part of the province, as well as turnips, po- tatoeSj pumpkins^ onions, and all kinds of garde|i vege^ tables. Cattle do very well in any part of the province, espe- dally those that have no horns; but thbse thathave^^re sometimes injured by the frost, for which reason ihe in* habitants prefer the buffalo breed ; and more of them are to be seen in Lower Canada th^in any where else. Cmnimree, — Canada has, for many years, carried on with the islands in the Gulph of Mexico, a trade in flott^, and planks and other wood adapteft for build itig. In the year 1718, ginseng was firstlUcovered in the woods of Canada, and was sold in Quebec for twenty pence a pound ; but soon was transported to Canton, i^htre itst q[Uality was pronounced to be equal lothat 4)if the ginseng |>roeured in Corea, or in Tartary ; it then sold for five dollars a pound. The export of this article alone, amounted, in 1752, to 100,000 dollars. In 1770, the quantity of produce exported, amounted to about 164,00i pounds sterling, and was shipped in seventy vessels. la 1^75, nlnety-seven vessels, carrying 10,850 tons, were employed in the trade of Canada. Ip 1793, one hundred and twenty-eight vessels were erjr «oH of > Montreal BtOperfeo- irnips, po- rdeti vege» iice, espe* thav«j^re mihein* J of them •c else, ^rried oii trade in >r build ] in the twenty 'tnton, to that «7; if of this »rs. Dunted pedin tons, were ( m ) employed, amounting to 19^950 tons, and, navigated bjr eleven hundred men. ,^ Three hundred and ninety-five thousand bushels of Dvheat^ eighteen thousand barrels of flour, and tyveoty thousand pounds of biscuit, were in that year exported froon Canada. , . The'' quantity of wheat exported from Canada in 1802, Was. one million and ten thousand bushels; of flour, thirty-eight thousand barrels ; of biscuit, thiity- two thousand pounds. The number of vessels engaiged in the exportation of these and other productions of jQ^ nada, were 211. ^ v. , The exports from Canada, consist of whea^ and other grain, flour^^hiscuit, flax-seed, beef and pork, butter and lard, soap and candles,, tallow and balsam* ale and porter, essence of spruce, and mint, dry imd pickled salmon, flsh-oil^ timber, plank, boards, hemp» horses, cattle, sheep, pot and pearl ashes, utensils c^ castiron, furs IpVarious descriptions, and gipseng. . These articles amounted iii value, in the year men- tioned above, to 563,400 pounds stprling. . Ti^e imports to Canada, dor not amount in valine to the exports ; they /consist of sugar^ molisses, eoflee, wine, rum, and different articles of Biitisli m^ufac- turci ■^•■.4?? '- ;:.. :..*'.''' ■';.v>. ^^'.j Manufactures. — The manufiictures of liower Caioada are not extensive ; neTerthele89,-ibere«re a 9iiia]] quan- tity made of almost all kinds of articles. At Quebec, and some oilier places, ships an^ smoHer vessels are built. ;k^., ' If mi ft i ( "* ) Iron and castings aft 1tha(ie atTrbi^ Riviere^, aiil$' cltewhere. Maple sugar is made in great abundance in the upper part of-the province. The distillation of mint, has of late years been carried on in Canada to a considerable extent, and became a current article of trade. Poi-and pearl'a^bes have been made in great abund- ance.' Glasvand earthen^ware are made in Quebec and other places. Stoneware of a very durable nature, and ingeniously formed, is made by the Indians. Brandy, wjiibkey, beer, hats, leather, ropes, linen, and excellent cloths, are made in great abundance, aa also many other domestic articles. Settlements. — Compaiativeiy speaking, Lower Cana- da 19 but thinly settled, especially below Quebec. The following are the principal settlements in the province: The first saljtlement (and that a sn\a11 one,) is in the environs of Mont Louis, on the south side of the St. Lawrenoe, near the mouth, where it^empties into the gulph, opposite the Bay of Seven Island^.* About 30 miles higher up the river, on the north * A Ibw fliniiliei act MtUed on the Msvdalen Uaiidi, levcn in nuin« ber, but of iiuall extent* Tbey aretituattd^u: Uw ontiance of t ie Gulph of St* Lawnmce. ( 1?5 ) shore, there is another small settlemeqt, «t the mouth of the river Moisie^ already noted. . ^ Ninety miles farther up, there is a small settlement, on the south side of the nver, opposite to the island of Saint Bamaby. On the banks of the river Saguenay, already named, which £i1Is into the St. Lawrence, the re are a num« ber of small settlements of an ancient date. These settlements were made previous to the establishment of a colony in Canada. They are known by the appella* tion of the King's Posti*, and are let for a term of years, to commercial people for the design of conducting a tta. fie for peltry with the savages, and ^IsQ for the salmon, whale, seal and porpus fisheries. Oneof these settlements, called Chicoutami/is situated r5 miles up the Saguenay, where the soil is fertile. It has been found by experiment, that grain will ripen much sooner here than at Quebec, although placed con* siderably to the north of that city. About 20 miles further up the St. Lawrence, pear th« Island of Bique, the settletnents on the 80t|th side may be said to begin. Green iaiandvt still higher up the river, but exhibits a pleasing appearance, and affords {^n abundance of pasx turage for cattle. In the ri^h and beautiful vally of Mai bay, on the north side already noted, th i settlement is large and po- pulous. ^ * Tbeie potts are now in tlie ponMiion of the North*wect Company of Fur Traderitfertke yearly r'^nt of 4iou dollari. i|: t t. ( t?6 ) A little ibove Mai bay, on the south side, is situated the settlement of Camouradca* Th^fsland of Coudresis in the vicinity of Caniourasca, on vvhich reside about forty femilies. This island is tbout7 miles in length and 3 in breadth. On the north side of the river a little above Mai-bay, there are several small settlements, formed in a curious and romantic manner. s-^ i > " The Eboulemenh are a chain of mountains that rise near the river all of a sudden, and to a majestic elevation. On the sides of these mountains, settlements are made, one above another at different stages of height. The houses, corn-fields, orchards and woods, irregularly scattered over the brow of the hills, produce an effect luxurientand novel. Fi oHi this settlement in ascending the coast of the St. Lawrence, the country is fertile and thickly inhabited ; being in some places settled to the depth of eight con- cessions, or about 12 miles. Great quantities of grain is produced in these settle- ments, and the soil is more fertile than that around Que. bee. The coast of the St. Lawrence, affords excellent mea- dow land. The churches and settlements, which are placed thickly together, produce an agreeable contrast with the forest and distant mountains. The face of the country on the north is elevated and bold, being composed of a succession of hilU, rising abruptly frcn the water, one above another, and Ur» s ( 177 ) minating towards the west by Cape Tourment, wh#ie perpendicular altitude is two thousand htt, , On approaching the Island of Orleans,* a rich and interesting view displays itself, as the settlements are^ thick on it and on both shores. Froni Quebec upwards, the settlements are closdly connected, and many ^^f them extend back from the river, on both sides, to a considerable distance. A number of fine settlements are made on both sideft of the Ottawas River, as high up as the commence^ ment of the cascades, which is 40 miles from Montreal. Several fine settlements are formed on the liver Ri- deau, which flows from the west into the Ottawas, 106 miles north-west of Montreal, by the course of the river, though not more than ha!f that distance on a straight line. The inhabitants of these settlements arelovalists. On the opposite side of the Ottawas River, there is a small settlement of American families, who came there sixteen years ago. Above Montreal, settlements are quite thick in every direction. Civil JJivisions, — The province of Lower Canada is divided into three t!istricts and twenty-one counties, viz. Gaspe, Cornwallis, Devon, Hertford, Dorchester, Buckint^hamiihire, Richelieu, Bedford, 3urry, Ke^it, huntington, York, Montreal, Efhngham, Leinster, * Above this island the water of the St. Lavreuce is quite iVeih. Thiii island is 40 milts in cii-cumfWrencc, ond of a conical fonn, rising ID the centre to a eoniklerable height. n Hi h i'l 'fi !:| i ■ I Si 'VI ^ Hi f wu is SB B Ii > -^3 si ^'^ ;c , ..ffilLw ii i^Hflt'l^ fnllygrand. The picturesque and iiideljwild forms of thelofty banks, exhibit a gloomy contrast to the lively splendo rs of the cataract. SioufA* — Three hundred and thirtv miles from (he mout^ of the St. Lawrence is situated Caipe Tourment^ whost perpendicular altitude is 2000 feet. It exhibits a graud and sublime view, especially to those sailing up the nv«t'. I'Varart.— The cataract of the river MontmorencI, v'hic. J empties into the St. Lawrence 8 miles below Que- \ n<:: ' lay be reckoned among the natural curiosities erf ^:^u> coimtry. 1 will note its description in the words of Mr. Ucriot. <' After exhibiting a grateful variety throughout its course, the Montmorenci is precipitated in an almost perpendicular direction, over a rock of the height of 216 feet» &lling, where it touches the rock, in white clouds of rolling foam ; and underneath, where it is propelled with ]iininterrupted gravitation, in numerous flakes, like wool or cotton, nhich are gradually pro^t acted in their dMceat, until t'aey are received in the boiling, profound abyss below. c riar ii about WO } ards wide. ( tS3 T ^ minat'ed by th« falls. The scenery in proceeding down the river, is rugged and wild. « Viewed in the winter season, the falls exhibit an ap- pearance more curious than pleasing ; being, for the greatest part congealed , and the general form of the congealed masses, is that of a concretion of icicles, which resembles a cluster of pillars in gothic architec- ture ; and may not improperly be compared to the pipes of an organ. The spray becomes likewise consolidated into three masses, or secretions of a cone, externally con- vex, but concave towards the falls. The west side, be- , ing usually the only place in which the waters flow, the aspect if infinitely inferior to tl.at displaced in summer ; and the sound emitted, is comparatively ^int. The sur- rounding objects, covered alike with snow, present one uniform glare. The rocks, and the bed of the river, disguised by unshapely white masses, produce a reflec- tion, which gives, even to the waters of tlie cataract, an apparent tinge of obscurity." Dwelling, — In the midst of the low ground near cape Tourment, a narrow hill, about a mile in liength, and flatted on its summit, rises to the height of 100 feet. A large dwelling house and chapel is placed on the top, and thither the ecclesiastics of the seminary of Quebec, to whom this land belongs, retire in the summer. Lake. — Between the cape, above noted, and the ad- joining mountains^a lake is formed, the height oi' whose situation is about 400 feet above the summit of the St. Lawrence. Creek The stream of water called Tm Grand, north- west of Quebec, runs for a considerable distance on the ( 1^^ ) m top of a mountain, which it 700 feet in perpendicular elevation. There are seven falls of this river, which arce nea^ to each other, the last of which is 130 feet. /a//s.-— Through the parish of Chateau Richer flows the small river La Puce, whose source is in the moun* tains, to the north of. the St. Lawrence. In thi^ stream there ^re several romantic falls In ascending the river, the first fall is 112 feet, and the next, 2 miles up, appears with grandeur. The landscape which environs this fall is grand and romantic. The hanks are rugged,, steep, and wild, be- ing covered with a variety of trees. Below, large and ir- regular masses of limestone-rock, are piled upon each other. Not one half of the mountain can be seen by the spectator, when stationed by the side of the river. The wnole of the waters of the fall, are not immediate- ly received into the basin beneath ; but a hollow rock, about fifteen feet high receives a part which glides from thence, in the form of % section of a sphere. The river, throughout the remainder of its course, is solitary, wild, and broken ; and presents other scenes worthy of ob- servation. In va^n would the labors of art endeavor to produce in the gardens of palaces, beauties, which the hand of nature scatters in the midst of u^nfiequented wilds. Th^ river,from about one fourth of the height of the mour« tain, discloses itself to the contemplation of the specta* tor ; and delights the eye with various masses of shining foam* whic)i, suddenly issuingfrom a deep ravine hollow^ cd out by the waters, glide down the almost perpendicu* ( 1^ ) larroek, and form a splendid curtain, ivhich loses itself amid the foliage of surrounding woods. ' FopuicUion.-^Th\s is reckoned at 220,000, the greater part of whom are French. There are but few Indians in Lower Canada, perhaps not more than 5,000 of all descriptions, the most of whom reside in the upper part df the province. Learning. — But very few of the inhabitants of Lower Canada are well educatdd. When Canada fell into the bands of the British, not a tenth part of the me^^ and women could read in any book ; some more iCion has been paid to learning since that time, yet the people in general are very ignorant. There are ft few seminaries of learning in Quebec, and one in Montreal, though the students are taught in the French language. Several convents of nuns are established in the province, at which the different branches of literature are taught-^also music and paint- ing. Moral*- — ^The inhabitants in general, seem to have an impressive sense of the obligation of iusti<:e in tl^eir in> tereourse with each other, and all mankind. Perhaps there a«>e as few actions brought into court, for the recov. cry of debts in this province as in any other pkce. They are also very kind (as far as I have seen) to strangers, especially if they are in 4^^^^^^* '^^^ sabbath, and roany other holy days, are regarded with much respect and punctuality. Religion, — Almost all the people in Lower Canada, that have come to the years of maturity, are professors of religion, and are of the Roman Catholic order. hi IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^^^%^4i. 1.0 I.I Ul 125 |50 ^ ^ 12.2 :^ i4£ 12.0 I: I ^Ill^iJ^ ^ 6" ^ HiotDgrafiiic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WnUTIR.N.Y. )4SM (7U)Sn-4»03 Zi |( t86 ) There atriMi^ hundred aiid thirty ^htircbes built fer the Catholic*, seven convents, and one hundred and ninety secular and regular priests, and one bishop ; there «re also sixteen etergyroen of the Church of England, and one bishop ; besides some Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists and Quakers-^ll of whom enjoy freedom of conscience, without interruption. The Roman Catholic clergy of the province, are more cUi^tinguished by devotion, benevolence and inoffensive conduct, and humanity, than they are by learning or genius. They are regular and ri^d in the practice of tjieir religious ceremonies* and more devout, with pei> hapa less bigotry, than the ecclesiastics of any other country where the same religion prevails. * The French language is spoken in Lower Canada ; and the business of the courts is done in both English «Ud French. Manners. — The inhabitants of Lbwer Canada are generally honest, hospitable, religious, inoffensive, and tminformed ; possessing much simplicity of manners, modest and civil ; indolent, attached to ancient preju- dices, and limited in their exertions to an acquisition of the necessaries of life, they neglect the conveniencies. Their propensity to a state of inaction, retains many of them in poverty ; but as their wants are circums.cribed, they are happy. Contentment of mind, and mildness of dispositiou, seem to be the leading features in their character. Thtir address to strangers is more polite and unembarrassed, than that of any other peasantry in the world. Many of the women are handsome when young; ( rt7 ) themsehrM dn kU occasions toth« influence of thife tveathet, they sboik become of a jrtsDdirfaTiey anddfa itiaEsctilittB fbrm. Thty ate, with some degree of jttitic^, taxed with ingratitude. This may pei^hlpi pif Oce^ ffotntheitufttutiit levity^ which hieikpacttat«ft the mind from receiving a sufficient impt^sion of obK^tiotii hestoWekl ;* yet they are ju»t in their dealfAgft. iHoMions I^^thaps th« inhibltants Hfttw^it Cm^ da pay as little attention to formal diver^idhs, ai ahy pe6- pie in the Wdrld. Hre^s, which is regafd^ ih the ihost of p6lished nations a^ an Ofniftient^ and pHded In as ft diversion, f^cifives but very little ifttentiort here, aiid l>ut tin lately, no Eurdp^rt smfl& Hfttb nsed at att. 0&nb)n| and sleighing in the winter, appear to be the olily di- versions that the pe6ple are attached to. /fisfory.— In the year U97, Lower Canada Waft d%l- cbvered by JdhA Cftbot, a V^itlan, in the service of the English. In 1334, James Cartier, a Frenchman, under com- mission of Francis I. explored the gulph of St. Law- rence, and the nes^ year ascended the river, and wint- ered at St. Croix, where he erected a wooden cross. In 1603, a patent for an exclusive trade was ^nted to Sieur de Monts, whb employed Champlain to make farther discoveries in Canada. in 1608, Champlain 'sailed up'the St. Lawrence as far as a strait, called by the fndiitat, Quebec, which is the mouth of Sore Irker, whftre on the 3d of July ,he H^HeriaU Oil n m L3 1 1*.' i m ) i^egan to build, and here he passed the following winter* A^ this time t|ie settlement of Canada commenced. in 1628, a company of rich merchants, one hundred and seven in number, was established by patent for an exclusive trade. / r -This company acquired a right of soil in 1642; but their charter was revoked in 1663. In 1629, Quebec was taken by the English, under sir David K^tli^; and surrendered to the Frencb'^by the treaty of St* Ckniiain. In 1690, sir William Phipps, with an armament from l^oston, ma<)iean unsuccessful attack upon Quebec. Qn September 13, 1759, an^English army under general WoUe, made a successful attack on Quebec, which surrendered on the Itith. In 1760, the whole province of Canada surrendered to general Amherst, and was confirmed to Great Bri- tain by the treaty of 1763, under whose dominion it has lfiii«« continued. « ■■.•Vih ■^ (ft , .^vV'i, 00m*^nh^^^.^-'^'^ /n,--!-::- j»*rt, ^.. 15 V-'. A"«i^'rti*ii« ■'■■' ^^Mad, from east to #est.v j9ou7Rlary.->New- Brunswick is boundiefd on thceail' by the bays of Miramichi and Chalcur, being part of atkt gulph of the St. Lawrence; on the north, by the river St Lawrence ; on the w68t, by the District of Maine, and on the south, by the Bay of Fundy, wdich divides it from Nova Scotia. ' Surface. — New-Brunswick is by no means a mounta- neous country ; yet it contains many considerable bilbr. Near the Bayof Fundy, ind all the irl«fri|^tt^^^^^ is quite level and clear of stone ; blit all um x^l^'i^ both broken and stony. Thw is also a coniUMible part of this country overflowed with shallovtr ponds of water ; and marshes and twimps are numerous. L4 ■M i msm im ) '^ SoiLr^Ti^'vi 4ii&r9nt i^ different {^rts of th^ coun- try. On th^riyer ]bpU;Qni9, the land is much better tl^an would be expected ija suj^^h 9, climate ; it if s^ |ich, Uaclc mould, miiLed with some light sand.: In the val- Jiie» ^ff frjE>^ tfa^e nvers, it is generally sand and '^|u^ clay* wi|h^?ome sand a^d gravel,. , ^ , ^ ^ *4§, , ,^ €limiaie^:^r{Xk^& is very mu^ yke that of Nova pf^e^ia, though 96t so subj Rivers, — These are quite numerous ; the principal pS which are, the St Johns, Risconge, Nipiseguit, The St. Johns is the largest river in the province ; it rises in th^ north part of the country, (as alreadf noted,) iiot far from the St. Lawrence^ and runs a south-east course, and after receiving a great number of tributary streams, by which it is much augmented, falls into the north (side of the Bay of Fundy. To measure its meandering^s, it is 360 miles long, and is navigable for vessels of fifty tons, 60 miles, and fdr large boats upwards of 200 miles. Up this stream is the common route to Quebec. This river, like the Nile of Egypt^ overflows its banks, and enriches the surrounding soil. The tide flows in this river 90 miles up^ above the great falls. It abounds with fish of various kinds. The river Resconge emptie3 into the Chaleur Bay» and isbut shorjt. Nipiseguit River heads in two branches, and runs a north-east coucse, into the Miramichi Bay.* The river St. Croix is quite large, and einpties into the Passamaquoddy Bay, &nd forms apart of the bound- ary between this province and the District of Maine. The Kenectoct, Coemigun, Caectgut, and Cobeguit, in the county of Hfnts, are rivers of less note, falling into the river Avon, which empties into the Miramichi Bay. ■ The Percuid, Canai4t CornwalliB, and Saknon Biv9rs, in the county of iting, Are of some note. An Lac, Mareguesk, La Bianche, Napcm, Mc^con^ Memrem, Pefc&n4ia, Cktfodie^iid ilerbert,'m tht county * Thii ii mnetimfi salM the Avon, or Pi|iiifiuiti h Ii m 1 ( 192 > ¥ :l I ^ Cumberland, are all rivers of some note, and niostly run into the head, or cast end of the Bay of Fundy* ^ All these rivers abound with fish, and animals of the f^rkind. i The river tattegou^, tttid the Madatlxmha, ein{>ty into the St. Johns, above the great fiills. ^orltfrt.'^There are a number of excellent harbors in NewoBninswick. The Kay of Fundy,:and Passa^ i^f^^uoddy Bay, afiord maAy. < For ^40 ibiles up the river St. Johns, there ate a num- b«f that lire safe and capacious ; as^also at the mouth of other riverSyf that empty into the bays of the gnlph St. X ':i tion. r Sf' '-: *^«^ft'-4.-K-?A!. .•■f< .WjW ft*. 4 .-^i>^«.;: ■t irf-f^'if,' f. -i ., '"U .,:^Jfc ;;';J--- *» . nn^$ui^$. .»« Ttf£i|C are not numerous in New.Brunswick, yet t!i€ follovitig may be note! : * Ncar^theVlibre of Chaleur Bay may be seen tbe rock Perce.' It is perforated in tbree places, in the form of arcbes ; through the centre and largest of which, a boat with sails set, may pass with great facility. This rock, which at a distance exhibits the appearance of an aque- duct in ruins, rises to the height of 200 feet. Its length, which at present is 400 yards, must have been once much greater, as it has evidently been wasted by the sea, and by the frequent impulse of storms. The shelLhsh procured in the month of August, from the rivers, and from their 'mouths near the coast, in the vicinity of the Bay of Chaleurs, are so highly impreg- nated with a poisonous quality, as to occasion almost in- stantaneous death to those who eat them. The cause of this circumstance remains yet to be ascertained. The j^eater the diminution of these ijvers tha stronger the poison of the shells. At the head and on the shores of Chaleur Bay, which penetrates into the province % considerable distance, may be seen in the midst of winter, spots of several acres :A (197 J f/T' entirely bare, and yet surrounded with snow seven feet deep; even the trees that grow on this ground, which are chiefly ever-greens, are clear of snow also. It is thought that this is occasioned by subterraneous heat. Population, — Like Nova Scotia, New-J3runswick is not as populous as formerly. Of late years the iriluibi- tants have moved to Upper Canada, where the land aitd^ climate is much better. At present the province contains abotit 46jOPO inhabi- tants of all descriptions. V Promiscuous remarks on the govermnent^^-^'NeW'^nna- wick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland ar^ all subject td' the authority of the governor of Lower Canada; hap have lieutenant governors that act under his direction. The reader will see the nature of this government by turning to that article in the description of Upper Can. ada. Morak, — The morals of the people of this province are tolerably good, and have improved much of late years, since a number of Quakers and Presbyterians have moved there from the New England States. In the vicinity of the coast, and where the inhabitants are mostly employed in fishing, and of coutse are thickly settled, their manners are quite rough ; yet even these are represented as being benevolent, and remarkably kind to strangers. Religion. — For a number of years after the settlement of this province, the people paid very little attention to religion, nor were there any preachers in the place, ex- cept a few Catholic priests, and at times an Episcopalian missionary. 'f £'1 jt^, v. ,i '.-''' ■-• ( l^i ) e (here has been more attention paid to it; Me. tKodists, Baptists, Quakers, and several other denomina. tains are now quitjp numerous. About the years 1810-11, there was a considerable revival among the Baptists on tKe river St. John, Which are the most numerous sect at present. */<■ « >•■' .- ■•*« I , 4. . » -; * * *■' ^ ■ ■*■ .fM^. ■ ■» ml ' .'SI OflSCRIFllOsr OP 4)t>4 ^.(nU* iHtuatum and £jfCfi/.^Nova ScotU lays between 48 and 46 degrees of north latitude, it is bounded north by New-Brunswick, west by the Bay of Fundy, and south and east by the Atlantic Ocean — is about 212 miles east north east from' Boston. It is 250 miles long, from south-west to north*east, and 100 broad. » Surface, — There are no mountains of note in Nova Scotia, yet whe country is tolerable uneven, abounding with stony hills, especially near the shores. The hill on the side of whi<^ Halifax is built, is the highest in the country, being 330 feet above the level of the sea. ii^ott— The soil of N(#va Scotia is very poor near the shores, but tolerable good in the interior, and oi| tile rivers. There i# a. considerable quantity of land on each side of all the streaiM that rnn into the Bay of Fundy, which is very good after it is dyked ; U it mich Uke thf net grounds in BovUi CiroUna. if] p ( 200 ) Clvnaie.^l^his is much more favorable than might be expected. Winter sets in h^re aboiit the 10th of October, and ends the 10th of May, after which the growth of vege- tation is quite rapid, as the weather is warmer here in summer tjiaii fartner to the south. , ^[^^ country, like Newfoundland, is quite subject to s^^s and hurricanes ; it is also considerably over- spTiead with fogs ior several months in the year. ^ 'Jj'he^^P9^ generally lays for several months in the ,year,'tt^m four to six feet deep, yet the air is not re- markably cqld* Natural Productions. — The natural productions of this country are but few, especially in herbs, ^v Th^ timber of the forests are, hemlock, which is quite large; spruce-pine, birch, and several kinds of sm^ll ever-greens. ,,,.-.^„ Whortleberries, crab-apples, and cranberries, are al- so found here in considerable quantities* /^ There are lai ge salt marshes in this country, which produce an abundance of excellent hay, though but lit- tle is gathered by the inhabitants. Mines* — I'hese are considerable, and quite valuable, particularly those of plaister ol Paris, which are found in many places, and of a very good quality ; great quanti- ties of which formerly came to the United States, where it h^ been used to very great advantage* ,^ There are alsp very valuable mines of limestone, coal, '^.loidiron ore, in diiferent places in Nova Scotia. ^imais, — When Nova 2P>cotla wa» first discovered, it abounded in animals of almost every kind, especially ( SOI ) with elks ; but such, was the propensity of its first inhn- bicants for the chace, that in a few years all kinds of ani* mals became very scarce, and finally have long since been extirpated, except those which took refuge in the water, and even these are now seldom to be seen.- It is related in the history of the place, thiit' great numbers of elkl, and other large animals, were kHieii by the French, for no other purpose but that of The next harbor of note^ which is nearer to Boston, is Chester, formed by a large bay of the same name. , ^^t The De»t is Lunenburg, to the west; after which lUc I , ii ( 202 ) ^ <;teds lAuerpdol aiid Pari Roteway^ hear tlte weift ekid ; aU of which are very good harbors, and open to the east. in sailing iTom Boston to Cape Sable, which is the wdst end of Nova Scotia^ you pass on your left, the , mouth jS the Bay of Fundy, which exteneis into the countty nearly half its length; it is very wide at its tm0g but tapers off into two po nts, the one turning i|<|li|i]^in New- Brunswick, and the other east. li^e tide rises higher here, perhaps, than in any ^hyer place in ^orth America : it ofteen exceeds 50 fcet ^il^.»There are several kinds of fish taken in the , jivers and bays of Nova Scotia, but those of the codfibh 4re the best end most numerous ; salmon, bass and tnackerel, are also excellent, and very plenty. Im6am.'^Thert are but few of these in Nova Scotia; wliat there are, are tolerably civilised, and attend to . the business of fishing. These Indians are of th^ Micmaeht.Md inhabit the , western sbore^ between Halifax and Cape Breton, and detween Cape Sable and Annapolis ; they have about S50 warrion. VUiaget.'^Skelbume is situated on Port Roseway Bay, already heted, near the west end of the country, and eontains about 300 families, at present. Mr Melish •tys, it « was remarkable as being the greatest resort of the lories, during the revolutionary war ;*' and also ob* ^4||cyes, that <«in 17$3^ it oonUined six hundred fami- ^YmmmHh Is situlited rather on the west side or end of Nbvm Sootia^ ott the shore el the Bay of Fundy, near w*^ the friotifh. tt eantaihs aibdut oAe1i^kilt«l liibtfiiar, lill is a p^ace of coinsidembie trade. La*'><'fp' 01 hvA ofi the eadt side 6f the bkjr already noted, it contains two hundfed hooses» i(hd about twelve hundred inhabitants, chieHy from the United Statr's. • ■■' "^ '^ ■ Jitnftiiolis coniains ab6iit 120 houses, and is i^itiikated <>n the west s?de ot the harbor of Ltinenburg^ Ivhich opens to the south It was a place of cbtisiderable trade, and was chiefly carried on with Ea^tpdrt, if^tl^Xlis- trice of Mail e. by exchanging fish for grain, bedPa«4 East-India j/i'odnce. v If^a* Chester is situated still farther to the east, ^ Ch^ter Bay, and is a small villa .ve ot some trade. v Hindwr contain^ above one hundred and sixty holHsef, and is situated near the middle of Mova Scotia, oppo> site to Halifax, on the east ptoint of Windsor Harbor, formed by an inlet of the Bay of Fundy. It is Hot a place of much busitifeds. Truro and Onslow, are both ftrnall viHages, situate en the extreme north-east point of the Bay of Fuiidy, They contain about fifty houses each, and the inhabi- tants carry on a considerable trade. * Guyiborougk, on Chedabttcto Bay, and Bawdon, «t« small. There are some otlier villages in Nova Scotia, whieb are not situated on the water* Ci(ies.-^HaHf4tx id the capital of Nttta SebHa, "Mtt, city of much note and considerable size. It coiifUni about twehre hundred hooses of 411 tocripttdlMf;^«nA M t ■^- u -i :| ( 204 ) serenteen thousand inhabitants, chiefly European^. It is situated on the west side of Chebucto Bay which penetrates into the middle of Nova Scotia a considera- ble distance. The bay extends above the city for seve- ral miles. It is built on the side of a hill, the top of which is three hdndred and twenty feet higer than the level of th« sea. The streets, several of which are paved, cross eath other at right angles. A number of the houses and public buildings exhibit considerable beauty. It is occupied by the British as a naval station in North America ** on which account," Mr. Melish says, <« it is an object of great importance to the United States. Fortifications. — There are several fortifications belong- ing to Nova Scotia. That of Halifax is of considera- ble note ; the whole city is surrounded with an entrench- ment and is strengthened with forts of timber. — Fort Edward at Windsor is a place of considerable note. It is come at by sailing near the north-east end of the Bay of Ftindy. — iThere is also a fort of some strength at Annapolis, on the north side of Nova Scotia, at the mouth of Annapolis river, where it empties into the Bay of Fundy. Comwallis is a place of note oals. Agriculture. — ^^But little attention is paid to agricul- ture in Nova Scotia, as the land in general, is not fertile — It is quite stony for a considerable distance from the shores, yet there is some tolerable good land in the mid- dlt of the country, from which considerable quantities of grain is raised, particularly oats and peas. Grass and Hax do tolerable well here, i^ al^o potatoes, which are raised in considerable plenty. (-, WSJ • Cwran^ce.— This chiefly consisU,al; present, iiifiib, plaistieir of Paiis, and some timbo** Of late years there has beep a considci^ble number Qf vessels built here for England, and which was foun4. profitable. ,,.., There is also a considerable quantity of timber shipped from here to the East.lndies, and in exchange they receive the produce of those countries, ^ - .. ,k Settlements. — These are chiefly on the shores ,«f the. country, especially those on the east side i^i^t^. to the sea ; there are also some of considerable extent !P|||^he; west side, joining the Bay of Fundy, and. some s^^U ones in the interior. On the banks of several rivers there are quite flourish* ing settlements, particularly on those of the Annapc'Iis river. Civil Divisions, — Nova Scotia is divided into 6ve counties, and thirty.one townships. ^ ^« Halifax County lays in ^he south-east, and contaW nine township^, viz : Tinmouth, Canso, Southampton, Lawrence, Colchester, Onslow, Truro, London and Halifax, — all these townships are settled with Irish and Scotch from New England, formerly from Yorkshire. Annapolis County lays west of Hal'iikx, and contains Ave townships, viz : Willmot, Granville, (this is thirty miles long, rich, and thick settled on the Bay^of Fundy) Annapolis, Clare and Moncton. Queens County, on the Bay of fvn^y, <;ontiin8 five townships, viz : Argyle, Yarmouth, Barrington,,Liver^ pool and Sable-Isle, which la^ a Gonii^erable.distaiK^ ill the Atlantic, settled by Quakers frofn Naxjituckfl*^ M3 ' * I 1.' I;, (i l1 t' ^>»hich extend a great distance intd the eotlntry— these, with the rivers, afford a very extensive lidvaintageous navigation, '^jE%j92tl^bi>.— Nova Scotia was once more populous fha^tt is i^ow. At the conclusion of the war between ^reslt llf itian ind the United States, gr^at numbers of the Americans y who had taken part with the king of Englahd, and whose land was confiscated by the Araeri- Citk govemnient, went to Novst Scotia by the king's de. sire, where they obtained land gratis, at which time and i few years afterwards, the country was quite populous. A)|f^ the year 179 , the king offered land to all those (ei^^t^«(bove description, who had not obtained land In N^wi'iS^tia, upon^e same terms, in the province of Upper Canada ; of course many went, some returned to the United States; so that at present there are not so many inhabitants in Nova Scotia as formerly. The present number of inhabitants in this country is ltb£i0dnim^.--^Comparative)y speaking there is but little attention paid to the kcqmsition of learning in Nova Sco- fitt, ptrticuarty fttnce a number of the inhabitants that want there from the United States, have left the p'ace lorUpper Canada (as tooted above) or returned. In tJKe city of Halifax, ftndsome other populous places. ♦ v«— Nova aving the t»e Bay of te north* is aTreadj intd Che extensive populous betiv«en imbers of ! king of e Anieri< ing's df. ime juid opulous. ill Chose land In Hnce of eturned i not so »ntrjr U ndians. lit tittle a Sco- ts that c p'acc )Iaces^ r^ ( 207 ) r schools are conducted with considerable advantage; but the greater part of the inhabitants being poor, and much engaged in 6shing, are but poorly educated. Morals. — Nothing can be said in favor of the morals of the majority of the people of Nova Scotia; like all others whose business of life calls them tO mix in l^rge numbers together, they are very loose and imp\ous in their conversation with one another ; indeed a strauger is not safe in their company, especially if J^^ wij|| not JQin them in ways of vanity. , These remarks particularly refer to those who arc en- gaged in the fishciies ; for notwithstanding the deplora- ble state of morals among the generality of the inhabit tants of Nova Scotia « there are a considerable nun^ber of people whose conduct and conversation are very ^dc. cent and orderly. This distinction mostly belongs . to the natives of the United States, and the richer sort of Europeans. ■ '- . ■■'V^B^.- ■ > The generality of the people are quite given: ta'acfci^ of bospilality; the hungry stranger or destitute traveller will always here meet with friends. :^MeUgion — The same causes that produce badness of noraJs occasion a disregard to religious obligations, of coarse the people of Nova Scotia are not generally reli* gioos. This country was once a place of much religious instruccion ; a number of missionaries from England, and other places, visited these parts*-|>ut those times ere past. • ► ^.. /Tts^ory.— Nova Scotia was discovered as early a? the year 1497, which was 317 years ag«, .by John Xi^abot, an Englishman. About 70 years afterwards, some M4 1*1 f 20* ) French latided and built housei. In, the year 15I4i« capt. Argal, hy order of the governor df Virginia, sailed there and obliged them to depart. In 1621, king James gave the country to sir William Alexandria, a Scotch gentleman, who sent a number of persons ther^, and called it Nova Scotia, but in i 1 years afterwards Quebec. Cap0 Breton and all the province was ceded to thd French, (for it had been taken) in a treaty between Charles I. and Louis XI U. The French kept it till 1654, when the English topk it again ; and was held by them till the reign of Char es 11. when it was again ceded to the French, who held it till 1690, when the people of New England took it from them. IstAND or CAtz Breton — This island is about lOQ miles long» and generally 40 wide. It lays between 4^ and 4l7^|kgrees of north lat, and 59 and 61 west long, from Gc||i^ r 'X'^^^ *.'^, >**. 17* ^r'-i'\' (MvpmH^ t CONTAINING A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE WAR IN CANADA, UP TO THE DATi; OF THIS VOLUME, IN writing upon this subject, 1 feel as if I was tread- ing upon delicate ground. Although I feel as mueb neutrality in the contest, as perhaps it is possibte for any one to feel, except that I have one wibh, whidb is that of peace. Yet, no doiibt, some of my read^ i^i^ find, or think they fmd, some partiality in my retnf(ti^ on the subject. ? However, 1 intend to rebate nothing but the truths thegeneral knpwledge of which, J hope will be betieli- cial. 1 have already noted that 6 out of 10 of the inhabitants, were natives of the United States, or their children borfi in Canada. These people d^i not moyfe to the province i ( 2»2 ) 1 because' they preferred the government of Great Britain V> that of the United States, but in order to obtain land Vfton easy terms ; for it must be rtmembered, that all the land of Canada now inhabited, was given to the peo- ple by the king, who bought it of the Indians.* <^ It must here be mentioned also, that in order to ob- tain this gift, they were under the necessity of taking the oath of allegiance to his majesty the king. While the Congress of the United States were in dc- /.bate, relative to the declaration of war against England, tnd all her territories and dependencies, the parliament of Canada passed a law, providing for the raiding and 'training one-third of the militia of the province, between tiie ages of 18 and 45, to be called Hank corhpanies. ||Ln4 >^ ^he same time, passed an act for the foimation of ft peculiar kind of an oath of allegiance, to be adminis iered to the militia, at the discretion of the governor. .^.^vThis oath was the subject of great complaint, and ibany refused to take it, insomuch that the governor thought proper to lay it by. At this session, there was an attempt made to pass an ;ftct jko suspend for eighteen months, the habeas corpus |ict,.ftnd thereby to depiive the people of the process of %tA| by court and jury in certain ca«es. However, it ^>liid not pais by some odds. Had tlis act passed, there is no doubt but that a rebellion would have taken place. The act that was passed for the organization of a part of the militia, was carried into eil'ect without any oppo- * At pmrttf there k a •mall conikferstion rennirrd ; ttnA vhouM tbii ImWI be Mid at any time to any pmon* audi pernm inuit take tbe oalb df alNiitiMe ivitbin ont ]xar, or lbs taod ftUtbsck to the kiitf. ( J13 ) aition, as but few expected that the ^eclara^on of would take place , indeed, but few knew that such aft act was under consitieiation; the invasion oC Canada was contemj^liited but by few* Wlien war was declared against England, which W48 en the 18tn ot June, A^ir. Foster, minister from tbe court ot Gieat Britain to the United States^ sent kH-tA- press to Canacia from Wasnmgtou, with gi eit speed. When the government were intorTited of the evelit, the flank companies were oroered to F'ort George, Md other places on the hnes, with great expedition. ^ They were told t^at they must go to such pkcet to get their inuskets, after which they might return. Thii order they obeyed with cheertutness, not knowing thit war was declared, or that they should be dttajnidr '* which however was the case. . - Had they known of the declaration of war, tnd *ikit they weie to be deuined tor that purpoae^ I am df OflH nion that but few would Imve complied with the ordctl, though most of them were under obligation to to &6, having taken an oath to that effect.* At the 5anie time, the regular trdops were mafch^ from York to Fort George. All the Indian ^rrioit on Grand River were called for, and they Went doiMvi immediateiy, but soon leturned. After thii, tht chidb mad# an agreement with the governor, and were to ht1% B 1 H « jw ■1 ' BbB^Mi 1 Wm 'Hi BK ?-j Wm if !• ■^•(1 } 1/' * UpotT tbf dM>hration at war. iht gwrtmr taMtd a yierfiwAaffiit nakinf^ it tn-n«on for any one U> cnm the line* Had not Ihii been do«r, one Imlf (it the people would havakA tiie proriaea, tfieftar ofwar was M great. Ali ikaboatt were taken «ut of the wiMnaaiftit«wlar|apl' ( 2U ) good wages to engage in the war, after which they re- turned again. In a little time after this, the flank companies raised in different parts of the province, some distance from Fort George, were called to it ; and at the same time, (the 12th of July,) general Hull invaded the province at Sandwich, nearly 300 miles west of Fort George. I then lived on the main road that leads to it, on which all the soldiers passed, and conversed with some hun- .dreds of them, respecting their feelings and views, and ■ found that nearly all of them were of the same mind, and that was, if Hull came down to Fort George, (which ;|fas the universal expectation,) and they were ordered lo mi^'ch against him, they woiild not ohey. Such W^ their dread of war, and partiality to the United Stateifgovemment. But not a man would have joined . fihn and fought against the king, as was the opinion. But the event was, Hull did not come, but continued at Sandwich, and sent a proclamation among the people, telling them he was come to deliver them from tyranny, and that he was able to accomplish the task; but, at the tame time, he invited theiti to join him^ like true rebels, against their king and oaths, or else stay at home and mind their own work ; but if any should come against .htm, and be found 6ghting by the side of an Indian, they should be murdered without mercy. 1 believe al« most every one that saw or heard of this proclamation, ^.treated its contents with contempt. People are hardly ever so willing to do wrong from the advice of others, as of their own accord. Now, to take up arms against the king, whom they had sworn to protect, was too much for them. They were offended at any man, who could think them capa- ble of such conduct; and as to assisting Hull in fteeing them from tyranny, it was a mere notion — for if they had been under any, they could at any time have crossed the line to the United States. But they were told that they might stay at home and mind their business ; this proposal they would gladly have acceded to, for they dreaded the war with their whole 6ouls. Some of them indeed took the friendly advice, for which they wer« sharply rebuked by their rulers, and in consequence of this, some fled to the wilderness, and some remain there until this day, for aught I know ;* but all of them wer^ much exasperated against Hull, for threatening not* M give any one quarters, who should be found fightui^^by the side of an Indian. They were well assured that Hull knew every i^atj^ jfi Canada to be under the control of the governm ^ ordered some part of the militia from the district of Lon* * don, about 1(^0 miles from Sandwich to march there« This many refubedtodo of their own accord, and others were ^' persuaded so to refuse by a Mr. Culver, a Mr. Beamer, and one more, who rode amon^^ the people for six days, tell- ing them to stand back . However they were apprehend- ed, and the most oi the people became obedient. After this they had their choice to go or stay, and some went' In the mean while but little was done by Che Amei i. can army under Hull, towards the conquest of Uppper^ Canada. On^he 14th a company ol cavali-y and riflemen penetrated into the country as far as M*Giegor*s mills,' on the liver Thame^, about 60 miles, and on the 17tl^ they returned to camp; having collected a great quanti^y^ of provisions, and some blankets and military stores. On the 1 6th another party of 280 men was sent Under col Cass, towards Maiden, but found a British forfo in possession of the bridge over the river Aux Canards, about 4 miles from the fort. Part of the detachment re> ' mained on the opposite side, while the rest made a cir. cuitious route, and*crossed the river higher up by ford- ing, with an intention of surprising the^ British, but be. ing viithout guides they did not get to the place before the British had time to prepare for the attack ; however, when it was made they retreated to Maiden, and thW Americans returned to Sandwkh, where the whole army remained inactive. In the mean time, news of the surprise and capture of the island and foit of Michilliinackinac, by the Bri. tish and Indians, whi^:h took place on the 17th of Julyi. rf Rched the army on the 28th. In the mean while 4P N n u r f A, lili 11. I'M r il\ Km .1 ( 218 ) ^ large number of Indians had crossed the river frpm Ca- nada, and effectually obstructed the comi;n.unication be- tween the army and Hhe state of Ohio, on which they depended for their supplies. This communication or road lay through a very long thick wood, or wilderness, of swampy ground* In order to open this communication, on the 4th of August, a corps of 200 men was sent, but fell into an ambuscade, wnich was formed by a body of Indians at Brownstown, and were totally defeated. About the same time an express arrived from the Americans on the Nia- gara frontier^ stating that there was no prospect of a . co-operation frpm tl^t quarter. It being indispensably necessary to open the communication with the state of Oluo, Gen. Hull resolved to suspend the expedition i^gainst Maiden, and to concentrate the main force of the army .at Detroit ; he therefore recrossed the river on the ^h of August. In order to open the route to Ohio, he dispatched 600 men under lieut. col. Miller, who had not proceeded more than 14 miles when, on the 9th, he fell in with a large force of British and Indians, which however were routed after a severe battle ; the party then returned to ' betroit without effecting their object. An attempt was made to send supplies by water acro.^s tit^ej^^ad of Lake Erie, but the boats were taken by the Bri- tish. , On the 1 4th of August another attempt was made to clear this communication, by cols. M' Arthur £c Cass with 400 men, by an upper route ; though they did not ac coroplish their wish, but returned on the 16th, '.he day ihat Gen. Brock crossed the river with 700 soldiers, and marcl with( placet cr from Ca- nication be- which they tion or road Iderness, of I the 4th of ell into an Indians at it the same n the Nia- aspect of a ispensably le state of expedition •rceofthe VAT on the tched 600 proceeded in with a sver were turned to er acro.'^s KtheBri- 'made to 'ass with not ac. ihe day iers,and ( S19 ) marched before Detroit, which was surrendered to him, without any resistance. In the capitulation that took place this little band of heroes were given up also. The capture of the Fort of Detroit, and all the Michi- gan Territory, were events which the people of Canadk could scarcely believe, even when they were known to be true Indeed when t saw the officers and soldiers le- tuming to Fort George, with the spoils of my country** men, 1 could scarcely believe my own eyes. The most of the people in Canada think that Hull was bribed by the British to give up the fort. After this event, the people of Canada became fearful of disobeying the government — some that had fled to the wilderness returned home; and the friends of the UniMid States were discouraged, and those of the king eutow^' aged. ' *' Great preparations were now made — the mili^^^fiMFter^ trained every week, and a number more called out ; and some hundreds of regulars came from the lower pro. vince. The army now became respectable, and a dread fell on those who had opposed the government. The people now saw that it was as much as their property and lives were worth to disobey orders; and what they had been compelled to do, after a little while they dfd frotti choice. Things remained in this situation till August^^^fiiHi' the parliament met for a short session, and pu^ all the public money into the hands of the governor, and also passed an act, making it treason for any person, man or. woman, to speak against the administration, or to refuse going, or persuading any of his majesty's subjects from L!iil!l m m ■ i^.M nm h>* ( ^20 ) going to war ; and to subject ja person to a fine of 30 dollars who did not denounce a deserter. They strove bard also to pass an act to establish martial 1aw» but the Wll was violently opposed by the fiiends of the people, ]>articularly by J. Willcocks,* an Irishman. The mem* bers of parliament published an address to the people, in which they all promised to assist in the war, both with their counsel and their arms ; and when the house dis> solv^, the most of them took the j[ield.f * This Willcocks eame from Ireland, perhaps about twelve yeare SRO to Upper Canada^ and being a roan of* good information, be received the office of high ihcvitT in the Home district, which station he fiUtd with dig* nity ; but being a man of republican principles, was lead to vote for the election of a personof the same stamp, which soexasperated his excelieney F.Goie, governor of Upper Canada, that he was displneed* Willeocka Aen commenced the printing of a public paper in the Tiltageof Niagara, (NoWfrlt) and which proved a thorn in the side of the court party, on which i(6iount he was persecuted even to prison ; yet by a large majority he was twiee elected member of parliament, in whieh station he was always the friend of the people. ADter the American army got. possession o.' Fort George, Willcoclis attached himself to it, and received, by brevet, a ma* jor^ commission, in which office he has gained the confidence of his com* panions in arms. It is certain that no man ought to be respeeted, but rather d 4iited, Ibr deserting and fighting against his country, and tlie only «polo{ / that I can oflfer for Willcocks for such conduct, i^ that he is an Irisbmr < and tULwayt held republican principles, even in the last rebellion in Ireh.nd, and that his grand object for staying in Canada so long, was for the benefit of the yeafHi^^ whom he saifer«d so much ; and theKfore, as his ease is singu* kr, it is mf opinion that he ought to be respected ; ai^d I believe, that but few persons who may hereafter become acquainted with him will regret the opportunity : as fbr my part, I always found hiin|to be a man of benev^ olent feeling and staUlity of mind* t If theawmbenof QDi^;raHwouldaettlnii»itwoM]d vmlnmgtmltA ffecataoDi9tbewaiv ( «2l ) Iirtbe course of the summer. Brock, who was indeed a. fine man, had rendered himseif very dear to all the soldiers at Fort George, and to the people in general. In this situation things remained, and the army in* creased, till the invasion of the province at Queenston^ an account of which has heen laid before the public. However, it may not be amiss to make a few remarks on the subject. Early in the morning of the 13th of October, 1812, some Americans landed on the bank at Queenston, un- observed; but were soon discovered, and the alarm given, at which time they retreated unobserved (as it waK*** yet dark) through the village and to Black Swamp, 4 miles back^ At the same time the Americans on the United Stat^' side opened their cannon on the British shore, taheq^>^ thiem from coming down to the beach to oppose the iiih vaders, then crossing with boats. At the same time Uie cannon trom three batteries were levelled against them from the British side, beside the fire from the small arms of 400 soldiers, which were stationed there at that time. Yet through all this opposition the brave Americans efifected a landing, drove the Btitish back and took possession of their batteries and cannon j^ which however were spiked. They remained in peace a little while, when Brock came, rallied about three bunded soldiers, including Indians, and made an attempt to retake a battery on the side of the slope, close by Queenston, and was kil- * The OMMt «C tbeie came the next day, and gave themselvea up to the Bfitiih. U 2 I pi i'^r-:. ■* led* two balls entering his lk>dy ; his aid-de-camp fell at the same time while on his horse encouraging the peo- ple. The AiAericans were masters of the ground after fliat tor four hours, in which time many might have landed^ though it was not the c^e. Expressles now went down to Fort George, 8 miles, and the sound was on the float, hurry boys, or else our dear general will be killed : and others cried he is #ounded, he is wounded, hurry, hurry, save our gov* ernor ! Such sounds iilled every bosom with martial fipre, A reinforcement of 1800 soldiers, and 6 pieces Jir flying artillery were soon in marching order, under ^j^n. Sheafle ; they ascended the slope one mile and a half west of the American army, which was then on tUli heights above Queenston. When they came in ^^gjht, they all raised che Indian war whoop, let loose t^e cannon, and rushed on with great impetuosity. ^The Americans seemed panic struck, did not form or fight to any advantage, but retreated &. small distance, but the awful chime was in the way: they surrendered and quarters were given, yet the Indians, who were on the left wing, continued to kill with their tomahawks, which so exasperated gen. Sheaffe, that he threw off his ha*: and stuck his sword in the ground up to the iiandle, and declared, that if every man did not exert himself to prevent the Indians from killing the Ameri- cans, after they had surrendered, he would give up the command and go home. The militia and regulars then, with much ado, stopped the Indians from killing. No ( p^ ) ampftllat »g thepeo- •ound after aight have e, 8 miles, )r else our ied he is J our gov* :h martial 6 pieces er, under lile and a then on came in let loose )etuosity. form or distance, •endered were on ihawksy rew off ) to the 5t exert Ameri- up the s then. No one can reflect on this scene withoi^t feeling, his heart bleeu at ttie view of hiiman misery.* When i heard the cannon in (he morning, I took my horse and rode down, and on the road met a na^i- ber of the Massaugus Indians who had made thttr escape ; these Indians are a very cowardly tribe. After this the British contemplated another invasion immediately, and therefore called all the militia, from 16 to 60, from the river Credit round the head of Ont»* rio to the west side of the Grand River, and betweeo the two lakes, as also more than one half from the Lop don and Home districts, to Fort George, and other stac tions on the Niagara river, which made an army of 6000 soldiers. This order was resisted with considerable spirit, yet it was too late, for not only the officers pf the armyf and the Indians were engaged to compel obedience, but all the militia that had been in the ser- vice; they thought it hard and unreasonable that they must bear all the burden and dangers of the war, there- fore a number of them were zealously engaged to bring forward the disobedient although their neighbors and relations. An e^iample of this sort may be named: about twelve days after the battle, a col. Graham^ on Younge-street, ordered his regiment to n^eet, in order to draft a number to send to F'ort George ; howevcir, * The Britislt published the ilumber killed on their side to be thirty, but the true number was one hundred and sixty ; chiefly Indians and regulars. The number on the American side was about two hundred and sixty—perbaps more or les«. t At this time, many a boy thought he grew a mighty man in a few 4jjs. N 3 ■ 'Hi ( 2H ) V about 40 did not appear^bMt went outirtto^hitechurch township, nearly « wildemesa^ and there joined about 3(^ more, who had fled from different places.* When the ifgiment met, there were present some who hadlibeKy of absence a few days from Fort George; these with others volunteered their services to colonel Graham, l»^e number of 16Q, to go and fetch them in, to which the colonel agreed, but ordered them to take no arms; but when they found they must not take arms, they w«uldnotgo. On the 1st of December they had in. otS^PI^ to about 300—- about which time, as I was on my way to Kingston to obtain a passport to leave the pro* uince, i saw about 50 of, them near Smith's creek, in Newcastle district, on the main road« with fife and d^inn, beeting for volunteers, crying huzza for Madi- None of the people in this district bore arms at tha( time, except 12 at Presque'isle harbor. They were i^niversally in favor of the United States, and if ever anpthor army is landed in Canada, this would be the best place, which would be 100 miles from any British force, and before one could march there, many of th$ Canada militia would desert, especially if the Aiherican army was large, say fifty thousand. But whenever the Americans attempt to land where there IS an army, that army will fight till they are nearly • At the time when the Aaierilcaii army oaptuced York, informaUon was obtained that about forty of those fujjitives had continued in the wihierness till nearly spring ; but that some Tndiam weite sent in search of ibem, when they were forced from the cavt af a rock, after reeeivinff Cfnsidarahle ii\)ury. V fiiteGhiircii ined about When the h«d liberty Jiese with Graham, )« to which no arms; fms, they '' had in, ^*» on my the pro- Jreefc, in fife and ^orMadi. s at that «y were jf ever Ibe the British nany of if the Bui e there : nearly iformatjoa led in the in search rceeivirig ( 225 > all destroyed, for they dare hot rebel, not having now any faith in any ofl^s of protection in a rebellien/ as they hove been deceived. Indeed many of the' militia are Cionsiderably exasperated agiun9t the in^ vaders, . for they think that it is h^rd that they^ sJi^ould feel the misery of war who have no agency in the councils of England, and know that the United States' government cannot force any man over the line, of com se thofAi that come, they vjlew as coming of th^ own choice^ aiid as being void of justice and humant(^> and therefore deserve to be killed for their' intruaioiiV in August, the inhabitants were called together, iti order that all who had not taken the oath of allegiance might take it without exception* However, some re-^ fused, some were put in cells, and others were not dealt to hard with. Many took the oath rather than suffi# thus. Sometime in the month of November, the Americans became masters of lake Ontario, which wm Very griev- ous to the British. About the ^me time, the goveri^pr issued a proclamation ordering all the citizens of the United States, residing in the province of Upper Cana- da, who had refused to take the oath of allegiance, to leave the province, by applying at certain boards of in^ spection appointed to examine into the claims of those who asked that privilege ; and all who did not so re- ceive passports, and leave the province by the first of January, 1813, and still refused to take the oath of alle> giance, should be considered r*B alien enemies and spies, and be dealt with accordingly. This proclamation was of short duration and but little circulated ; of course N * n ^\ i- .JA| I 1 it 'I' I', m 'ill ( 226 ) I but few received the bendit which they ought to htVe had, according to Jay's treaty. The surrender of Hull to the Britikh at Detroit, and Che victory obtained over Van Rensselaer at Queens, ton, were very encouraging to the different tribes of ln> dians to engage with the.n in the war. At the com- mencement of the contest, the most of the Indians re* fiised to take any part in the war, alledging that the Amiericans were too numerous; but they were then told, that altnough they were numerous, but few would tome over, as thd government could not compel them ; Slid that if they did not light, they would lose their hmd Some of tftie white people were also led to beUeve^ that they would be deprived of their land and other pro* p^ty. In the course of the summer, on the line b&> Cween Fort George and Fort Erie, there were not more than 1000 Indians under arms at one time. These In^ dians go to and fro as they please, to the country and back, and are very troublesome to the women when thi«r husbands are gone, as they' plunder and take what they please, and often beat the women, to force them to give them whiskey, even when they are not in possession of any ; and when they see any man that has not gone to the lines, they call him a Yankee, and threaten to kill him for not going to fight ; and indeed, in some instances, their threats have been put in execution. They act with great authority and rage, since they have stained their hahds with human blood. The inhabitants at large, would be extremely glad to get out of their present miserable situation, at almost any rate; bat they dare not venture a rebellion, without \gtkt to have Detroit, and ■ at Queens, tribes of In. t the r.om- Indians re* ag that tho were then ; few would ipel them ; Io»€ their tobeKevr, other pro* le line b&> ' not more I'hese In^ untry and en whed «ke what e them to Msession not gone eaten to in some Eecution. ley have glad to almost vvithoat being sure of protection* ^. And as they now do not ext -^ pect that the American government will ever send «; sufficiently large army to aiford them security, should they rebel, they think it their duty to kill all they can- while they are coming over^ that they may discoutage any more from invading, the province; that the govern- ment may give up the idea of conquering it, and with* draw their forces, that they may go home also ; for they., are greatly distre&sed in Icj^ving their families so long,, many of whom are in a suffering condition. ., , Ever since the commencement of the war, there hai- been no collection of debts by law, in the upper p^rl of the province, and towards the fijl in no part ; nor wottld any one pay another* No person can get credit from any one to the amount of one dollar ; nor can any one sell^ any of their property for any price, except provision oif^ clothing ; for those who have money, are determined to keep it for the last resort. No business is carried on by any person, except what is absolutely necessary for the time, ' -f^ In the upper part of the province, all the schools are broken up, and no preaching is heard in all this land. Ail is gloomy — all is war and misery. y. Upon the declaration of war, the governor laid an embargo on all the flour, wheat, and pork then in tht province, destined for market, which was at a time when very little had left the province. The next harvest was truly bountiful, as also the ciops of corn, buck- wheat and peas ; the most of which were gathered, ex- cept the buckwheat, which was on the ground when all the people were called away after the battle, of. Queens- ■■*i ']■ ( 228 ) % ton ; so that th^ people liave plenty of provisions as yet (April 1813.) But, should the war continue, they must suffer^ as not more than one half of the farmers, esptcit^lly of the upper part of Canada, sowed any winter grain, because when they ought to have done it, they were called away to the lines. Although 1 say that the people in general have grain enough, yet some women are now suiliering for bread, as their husbands are on the lines, and they and their children have no money nor credit, nor can they get any work to do. As soon as the snow fell in Canada, and the sleigh- ins became good, (which was in the last of November,) ..^e British exerted themselves to the utmost to provide for the support of the war, A large price was offered ibr flour and pork, particularly near the line of the lower part of the state of New-York, on the SL Law- rence, and near the line of Vermont and New- Hamp- shire, in order to get a large supply for another year, and to induce the citizens of the United States to trans- egress the laws ; and it appears that some, by the love of money, were prevailed upon to do it. In the months of December and January, some hun-> dreds of sleighs were almost constantly on the road from Montreal, and other places in the lower province, earr5ring provisions and military stores to Kingston^ Yofk, Niagara, and other parts in the upper province. But where all these provisions came from, 1 am not able to say. About this time, in December, the British also were making preparations to assemble a large force at Kings- ton, in order to cross the lower end of Lake Ontario on ( r^ )'• theict, and if jiosi5iWc,to dfestioy the American vcsselsj hying at Saekett's Harbor, which they considered ai " powerful and dangerous : and to effect this they were* determined to lay out all thelf strength, or all that they possibly could spare, for that business. In the month of December, about one hundred and twenty ship-carpenters rame from the lower province ' to Kingston and York, in order to build seven vessels on Lake Ontario. The government expected to have them finished by the time the ice was oiit of the lake;, which seven, with foitr that were then nearly fit for use, would make a fleet of eleven sail, which it wli thought would be sufficient to regairi possession of Lake Ontario. However, their expectations were not fulfilled. Some little time before Hull invaded the province, there was an armistice entered into by the comhianders of the armies on both sides of the line, at which time a number of militia were permitted to go home, and which was a joylul thing to them. When this armistice i^as made known to Mr. Madison, he refused to 'igi'^^ it, and when notice was given of his refusal to tne governor of Canada, all the militia were called b'a^k. Some time before' the battle of Quecnston, there was" another armistice agreed upon for an unlimited time ; but the conditions were such, that if either party wishe pare or eat fopd, until hunger compelled them to it. However, after a while they began to do a little work, yet only what was needful for the present time. The opinion of many in Canada now is, that the province ought to be conquered tor the good of the in- habitants on both sides ; for many in Canada since the war, have showed themselves strong friends to the United States, and are marked by the British govern- ment as objects of revenge on that account. Should it therefoie not be conquered, one half of the people will be ruined, and peihaps many put to death. The 4-*v!^w - About the 12th of February, capt. Forsyth, command* ing a company of United States* troops (liflelnen) at Og^ tl r- t s the Ameiican (ft 1 ants, judging come oyer at eel so to do at h the British a^ain, at least le colonel of icipal part of rom informa • sources and :efU parts, in tinued, (otlus tisl invasioli ^ note done itmy, under 1813, near miles south and strong, iber of Bj i- nately con- '- killed and I. Ail the ^ght in tht commandi len; at Og* ( 23^ ) dieiishii^, at the mouth of the Oswegatchi« liveTi Qii the SU Lawrence, 70 miles below Sackelt^s Harbor, marched with tviQ hmidred men up the river 12 miles* and crossed over to Canada to a little village (Brock?.^. ^ ville) on the'banks of the river, where the British kept a garrison of about sixty soldiers, which he took with some military stores, without loss. This so exasperated the British, that they collected a. force of about twelve hundred, about the 20th of the^' same month, chiefly militia, and crossed the river from Prescott, (2 miles) effected a landing in spite of Tov%y^ y' and his riflemen, drove them 9 miles to Black Lake^ vi^h considecable loss on bo^ sides. They burnt an the buildings of the ^rrison at that placife, which howev^ wllof little value, as th^y were- at least one hundned years old, haying been built by the^* French, and were badly situated. The British also eaiv ried off much military stores, On the 24th or 25th of April, com; Chamicey witi» aboiit sixteen sail of vessels, and gen* Dearbome witi^^j about two thousand soldiers and sailors, left Sackett*%.; . Harbor, tor York, on the Biitishside of Lake Ontario,, distsiit 190 inilest and arrivid there on the raomiflg^iof^ . the 27th at seven o'clock. ^^ The Anuffkan «rmy began to land lift boat9'lAd^\ eight o'6|9{:k, •n^ .imle u^ the kke from the fort, an& two from the town, or west of the town and ibrt, M this place the bwiks are high, and tiie woods thkk. They were met by the British force, Indians, a fiew rt|^«« ulaiBt «n4 mSai^t imdtr gen. Sheaffc^ in number ab^ot ri|ht hundred HlMig. In about two hours, \ii i^ |>I^ ■■^. the BritiifR /fifteen or sixteen huhdred landed, under th$: command jof gen. Pike; the British then retreated to- ivards the fort, while the Americans pmrsued them, and ^^ Wheti Witliin about 300 yards of it, a tremendous explo- ^ iion iokik place, of powder and combustibles that had Jbeeti Concealed under ground, and whtjch spread death and destruction among the American army, and British also. . -^^-^■. ; ; ^^ ^~^^- ^V ,.|^ ^■'' The number killed by this explo&iori id not yet fully Hscertained ; gen. Dearbome thinks it is more than one liundred, atpong whom Was gen. Pike. About two hun- dred were l^t in ilU. After this explosion th» con^mand fell upon col. Pierce, v^ho soon took possession of the fort, which the ^'BHtish left, as coin.' Chaulli^l^ had got some of his fleet within 6^0 yards of the fort, and was firing upon it. The Britisb moved down to the town, (1 mile) after hav. itig set iire to some of the public stores, and one vessel nearly finished. Cen. Sheafie moved off with what reg- ^«klar troops wer« left^ towards Kington, and left orders iiwith the commanding officer of the mifitia (G. S. Miteh- «ll) to»l Ml«Mm^«v«n^thi^i*e)Bichet( lli! Fdtti^^^^^ creek; f ( 237 ) Jed, u%4.er thp i retreated to- led them, and endous expi'o- bles that had spread death I', and British not yet fully lore than one bouttwohon- 1} upon col. rt, which the leofhis fleet ing upon it, le) after hav- id one vessel ^h what reg. d left orders 5. S. Miteh- ' American ahd a capit- ire paroled, litary stdr^ '■ ' . '1- J^rk«a^, but till theSth, mile crcek^ a iittYe below Fort Niagara, and unladed aome of the stores. ^ On the next Sunday evening two vessels sailed for the head of the lake, to g^t some British stores, which they effected without loss, and returned on Tuesday. On the 13th, com. Chauncey arrived at Sackett's Har- bor, where the body of general Pike was interred with the honors of wan On the 1st, 2d, and 3d days of May, the British forces ' of regulars and militia, under gen. Proctor, and Indians under Tecupiseh, in all about three thousand strong, attacked gen« Harrison in Fort Aleigs. On the 4th or 5th, about 9 o'clock, gen. Clay arrived with eight hun . dred Kentucky volunteers, in boats, up the Miami — ^land. ed and made a heroic pusl| upon the British and Indians , then fighting before Fort Meig5.--4;hey were driven off and the cannon spiked. However they neglected to go into the fort, or back to the boats— were drawn some distance into the wooi^s by skirmishes with the Indians ; they were surrounded by the iBritish, and six hundre|| and fifty fell into their hands, dead or alive, thou^ chleflv alive. . . ^ After this the Americans obtained some small Jidvan* tages over the British, who on the 9th of April raised the siege and returned ; after which gen. Harrison left the command of the fort to gen. Clay, and went to the south. On the 27th of May,* gens. Dearborne, I^^is, jand -it * Just thirty di^taftertbectptuve of Turk. . '' .il « W: !.i V.ll m ( ^* > 0theli, embarked with com. Chauneey 6n board the fleet, ai Niagara, to the number of about four thousand strong. They landed aboiut two miles from Fort George, up the lake near the light>house ; the v^sels anchored within a quarter of a mile of the shore : with boats the army was landed, by the assistance of the cannon from the fleet, in spite of the opposition of about three thous. and Biitishfoi'ces; with some flying artillery, under gen. Vincent. After about half an hour hard fighting, the British retreated towards Fort George, which was much ibjured from the firing of two vessels in the mouth, of the river, and some batteries on the east side. The Bri. tish did not go in, but gave orders to blow it up^ and the cannon of all the batteries on the line, from Fort George to Erie, were opened ^pon the American shore, which Continued all night, and in the morning were bursted, and all the places were evacuated, after much destruction of barracks and public stores. The British continued their retreat to the west of Fort George, on a, ro^d which leads through Black Swan^, which connects it with the main road to Forty- mUe creek, ten miles from Fort George. ,.'; On the next day, the whole British force from the ^kgara river, met at Forty-mile creek, 31 miles from Niagara, where they made a stand. '^In a little time the American army entered Fort George and hoisted the flag. Thelkext evening colonel Preston crossed over from Black 6ock, and took possession of Fort Erie ; at the fame time he published an address to the people, invit. j^'«i' <^)^if*j«.'' ■'-,; r dn board the four thousand Fort George, sels anchored vith boats the cannon from t three thous. y, under gen. fighting, the ch was much the mouth, of e. TheBri. 'it up; and ', from Fort sricah shore, orning were after much the west of >ugh Black •d to Fortv^ ■e from the miles from ei-ed Fort Hrer from e ; at the Iple, invit. ihg them tc come and enrol their names with him and claim the protection of the United States ; and at the same time warnmg them that if they did not, they should be dealt with in a rigorous manner. It does not appear that any of them came. After he had been there a short time, he destroyed the fort and went to Fort George. The number of killed in the action at Fort George, must be considerable on both sides, though the number is Dot yet known. It appears that in three days after, on the 31st, that com. Chauncey sailed with his fleet for Sackett's Hdrbor with gen. LewiSj and that gen. Boyd took the command under gen. Dearbome. On the 1st of June, gen. Winder with two thousand troops left Fort George in pursuit of the British, who had made a stand at Forty-mile creek. On the 4th, gen. Chandler, with two thousand more; marched to join gen. Winder. On the approach of Winder the British retreated 19 miles, to the head off Burlington Bay, where they threw up entrenchments. Part of the American army proceeded 10 mileaom which abov« «|m irly a mile, iLiiKedWn* til ) with considerable loss ; however they were obliged to retreat to their vessels and leave many behind. As the victory was doubtful for some time, the Ameri- cans set ^re to all the military stores in that place, among which was some taken at York. The British were commanded by general Sheaffe, aind the fleet by Yeo : the Americans by general Brown, of the militia ; colonels Mills and Backus were killed early in the action. r . .Qn the I2th of June, fifteen days after Dearborne hiA ^landed at Niagara, in Canada, the British fleet of seven sail of large and small vessels, captured two schooners and some boats near the Eighteen-mile creek, 12 iniles east of Niagara, on the United States' shore of the lake. They were laden with hospital stores for the army. On the 15th, some soldiers landed from the fleet, at the mouth of the Genesee river, and took off fiom the village of Ch&rlotteville, 500 barrels of flour and pork, and a large boat loaded with 1,200 bushels of com, destined for the army at Niagara. On the 18th, they landed at Sodus, burnt iomjs bunt- ings, and carri^ 00*300 barrels of flour. ^ About the 23d of June, captain Chawicey, of one of the American vessels, captured one of tlie British vcs- stlft (Ahe Lady Murray,) laden with military stores. *^ On the !^4th of June, general Dearbornc^sent out 570 ^eo, under colonel Bcerstler, in pursui^t^^t^^ British near the Beaver Dams, 16 miles fr^vivRlK George : they were surrounded by a numbei •ffJNritiih and In- dians, and all killed or taken. 3 . " ^ f ». ri. n '.>! »■% i > ♦ ( ^W2 ) On the 27th of June, general De RotUnburgh arrived in Upper Canada^ as governn of at« wcver it The fleet then sailed to York. The British troc^ stationed there, retreated before the fleet came to anchor, and when th^y came away, took six or seven hundred barrels of flour, some boats, and other things. The barracks ap^ public store-houses were burnt. A number of the inhabitants came away also. On the 2d of August, 1,200 British landed from Lake CbkmplaiA at Platcsburgh ; what little force was there, r^r^ated with safety : they burnt all the publif^i)uild« i^gs in the place : there were no stores there. t About the 7th, the British fleet came near Fort /George, and the American fleet, which pursued them* ^ut did not come up with them,* Both of the fleets were ir>»^ oeuvreing in sight of each other for three days ; a^ th the British succeeded in cutting off two /of the ^«i^crican schooners, viz. the Julia, of three guns, and the Growler of Ave. Both were captured. It also appears, that on the 10th of August, two other schooners were upset in a gale, viz, the Scourge, pf eight guns, and the Hamilton ; sixteen persons were saved out of ninety. Two others have been condemned as unflt for serrice, viz. the Fair American and the Pcrt^ These dbasters happened near the head of the lake. On the 17th of August, a company of volunteers and Indians, from round about Buffalo, in the state of New- York, under the command of general Porter, arrived at Fort George, in number about 30y Chaun* in fleet o^^ < «^5 ) Lake £rie» under the command of commodore Perry, was at anchor at th« head of Lake Eiie, in Put-in bay, 15 miles from Maiden, the British fleet, under captain Barclay, of six vessels and 63 guns, was discovered. Commodore Perry had nine vessels and 54 guns. Per-, ry's fleet immediately got under way and stood to meet the British fleet, ^bout 10 o'clock, the American fll^ ^^>a^' feieinjid in line of battle, and at 15 minutes before l^^'lhe British commenced firing, and a litile after 12 Hie action began on the part of Perry. ^ Th<^ firing of the British was very destructive on ac- rtsoont of their long guns, and was chiefly directed at the brig Lawrence, (the commodore's vessel,) who seeing the great danger she was in, and being determined to conquer if possible, made sail, and ordered the other vessels to follow, for the purpose of closing with the British. In a little time she was so injured in her rigging, that she became unmanageable ; yet in this situation she sustained the fir:iBof the British for two hours, withii^ a few hundred yards ; at length every gun wais ren- dered useless,' and all her crew either killed or woi^hd- ed except eight, which was merely enough to manage one gun, and the last that was fired was done by the help of Peri:y himself. At half past 2, captain Elliott, of the brig Niagara, brought his vesrel into close action with the British. In this awful crisis, commodore Perry left hit vessel (the Lawrence) to the command of lieutenMt Yftrntll, and passed to the Niagara.* "* * Ptrhips a moix'heroie action wai never achie^-ed Vy roorttJ mai* V '. 1^ I m I 'I f m .H-i' •A'> ,( 246 ) Soon after Perry left the Lawrenee her flag came Aown, bulas the British were not able to take pos9t^ «i,Ot| of her, it was hoisted agsiin. Tv At 45 miittites past 2, the signal was given for close action. The JSiagara^ with Perry, then bore 4]p in or- der to break the line of the Briti:^h ships, and which WW soon effected. As^she passed ahead of their two ships and brig, she gave them, a raking fire, frpjmi^ her starboard guns, and also to a large schooiler and ^Ip^p on the larboard side, at half pistol shot distance ; at the same time all the American fleet kept up a tremendous and well directed fire upon the British, whi^h did great execution,.^ In a little time ibur of the largest vessels of the British struck their colors ; the^other two endeavored to escape, }>ut all to no pt^rpose ; all were captured sind taken in- to Sandusky bay, on the United States' side,f where the prisoners, about 600, were landed and marched to ChillicothcJ It appears that on the 19th of September, general Handpton, commanding at Burlinj^ton, marched biA ^ To pM» from one vessel to another in an open boat, amidst tlie flying ■hafis of deatli, and niifjhty thunder, and that fur the purpose ot croud- ing sttll ekMi^r in the arms of danger, to lose liteori^ain victory for the benefit of others, discovers a soul highly touched with a sensibiiity af honor, greatness of inind, and contempt of death* t On tilts occasioD there was a general illuminaiion throughout all the citioi^Mii toimi in ilie United States, expressive of tlieir approbntiou on so gitfat flOh eveht. I *tiie Bnitilfcpnsoners, both officers and soldiers, speak in high t«rm< of the tefideraess of commodore Perry to them; this is the rHMt beautiftfi feature of his 4eharacter< ' flag came take posses- en for close rt Alp in Gr- and which r thcdr tivo rand|lp^p nee; ^tth« remendo^s ^ ^i^ greaf the British to escape, taken in- B,f where arched td * general ched bi^ ■ j^^. St tlie flyii^ wc of croud- ory for the enaibiiity ^T tout all the robntjoa on It benutiftfi * ' { 247 ) ^ « troops, about 5000, towards Lower Canada, and itf a. few days crossed' into it at Odleton^ where he killed and took a few of the British ; he then retreated back and formed his march towards Sackett's Harbor, dis- tant about 250 miles through' much woods ; boweyef he stopped at Chataage. ' On the 23d Septtoiber, r) oii an island in Lake Erie, half way between Sani^tisky Bay and Maiden, and on the 2$th, the tvliole army was landed at Maiden, and took possession of it, them. On the first approach, which was made at full speed,' a heavy discharge was made from the whole British lin^, upon which the horses recoiled ; but having formed again, they succeeded in breaking the lines of^tl^rWhote army. Unable to form again, the British «iiecl for quarters, yet the body of Indians were not so soon conquered, made a desperate resistance; nevertht- m i Mi m ''' 'ill : '•I; I ' ( «*» > less the victory iK^as comp1ele->-700 regulars were cap- Cured, although the most of the Indians who were ih the battle fled to the wilderness. Proctor and? a few more made their e*i;ape/ In this expedition comtnodore Perry volunteer fc« his' #i^cei| and acted ats'aid-de camp to general Harrison, ^ IGTovemor Shelby, aged ^ixty-4;hr^e years, commanded a large force in the expedition also^ and acted with great skill and courage. In thi» ilieiporable victory. Which was of infinite betie. fitto thdirlh^^sints of an extensive frontier,* the cde^ brated warrior Tecumeh, was killed by captain Johnson^ who commanded a corps of mounted riflemen, and was on the left of the regiment, at which point a great mass of Indi^nit wer« olle<;t€id, yet, regardless of danger, he nv^hedinto tlr^ midst of theiii. A shoWer of balls were d^charged at him ; some took eflect — ^his horse was shot under him. At the moment his horsi^^fell, Tecum- i>eh rushed towiM^ him with ati uplifted tomahawk, to ■ ■ ' '-'Pi. \ -^yr^lnformatlon of this victory reached Philaaetphia, a nomber of Vli^taUeiiilMbitantt waited on the mayor, ;Mr. l^ker,l Prachf ination, notes, with tome propriety, '* By this vietoiy, fhr wiw«^ niaids, and iufanu on our frontiers, wilf'be preserved' fWm Britidi ana Indian iii]^t^ knives and toioahawks." The mayorltarUieir remarked, that he hoped dM person or property of noone would be distUKbed, whp did not tbidLjpN|er to join in the general joy. Indeed the greatest blessings that m^iq^iAlEhieiiyoy in this world, is that of having full liberty toaatas they phflMoin all thiqgs that do not injure their ftHow^reatnfes ; and any g0¥> ciiiiMni^'inlividual who strives to prevent any one llrom enjoying this nanvat i^ilvllQge, flommits«iMpisal offidice against his ow/i iiit^iest,«gBinit the Intaftsi of society, and againM heaven also. AcljOtdingiy the illumi' aatioa jtodk place on the Slit, and was conducted with nsil^ nn^dention. \4 *-t;i -xii, .'^v$rj TS were cap- vho were iii r and? a few unteert« his' Harrison/^^ commanded i with great '-W'> ;/'i ti6iiite1)^e. !r,*thc ce!e- lin Johnsdn^ en, and was L great mass danger, he f balls were ■I horse was ell, Tecum- lahawk, to 1, a n^iiincttir irpecmiantiato in lv«. Fniela> wiweL maids, lb tinff IfidiaD irked, that he , whpdid not bkanngithat toattas they and any g|>¥- enjoying this >t^iest,acuiiic :lythe illiimi' modenticMi. g^ve the fatal stroke ; but his presence of mind did not forsake him in this perilous predicamei^(-.he drew a pi&^ tolfrom his holsters, and .laid his daring opponent dead at his feet. He was unable to do more, the loss of blood having deprived him of strength to stand. Fortunately, at the moment of Tecumseh's fall, the enemy gave way- he was wounded in fiye places. Six Americans and twenty^wo Indians feu within twenty yards of thei^t where Tecumseh was killed, and the trains of blood al- most covered the ground. ; After Hardson had obtained thin victory, the several tr^|u^ of Indians residing in the Michigan terri|:ory and adjacent country, sued for peace with the United States, and brought in some of their women and children sis hostages. On the 28th September, commodore Chauncey dis- covered the British fleet towards York, and went in puiv suit. On the 29th, the General Pike came into action, livithit, and after having a few men killed and wounded by the British, and the bursting of ajgon^and Jestroying a mast from off the Wolfe and ^6yiA^ George, the Bri- tish got under their batteries on the height of Buriinj^ ton, at 4 o'clock; commodore Chauncey then returned' to Fort George. "* * "' On the 1st of October, the American army at Fott George, under general Wilkinson, left that place in ZQQ^ boat8,for Sackett's Harbor, under cdnvoy of Chauneey'ii fleet, after which Chauncey went in ^uest of the Bil^h: fleet towards Kingston. Oh the 5th, he descried seven sail, consistii^ bf five schooners, #ne sltop and a gun-boat. The schoonetii ' "'If ■ ll'i k jnlfi] m m ^f 1! ii"s iff C 250 ; ^vere taken without resistance ; the sloop was burnt and abandoned , and the gun^boat run to shore. About 300 prisoners were taken. On the 29th of October, after the victory over Proc- tor gen. Harrison arrived at Fort George with about two thousand regular troops. .'; At this time the British under gen. Vincent, were fojrtified pn the heights of Burlington, at the west end of the bay of that name, with an army of about sixteen hun- dred regulars, Indians, and militia. The situation of Vincent's army was truly command- ing* as the front of the heights is about thirty perpen- dicular ^ct above the surface of the lake, and the pro- montoi^ on which the works were placed was of a pre* cipitous nature dn either side, subsiding into deep hol- lows, through which ran two streams of water. ^^ . . The approach to this place from the lake is truly ha- inrclous, as also on either side, yet on the west it is level ; but in order to get to it the circuit would be ex- tensive and diflfipvlt also, as it leads through thick wood- lands and over high hills. Notwithstanding these difficulties, it appears that.gens. Harrison and M'Clure were determined to risk the event of trying to dislodge Vincent from his position, and made arrangements accordingly; and by joining Aeir respective forces, especially if they had taken a circuitous route through Dundas, they might have ef. fiect^ their object. However, a few hours before they Hrett ready to start, gen. Wilkinson sent orders for gen. Harrison to come to Sackett's Harbor, who, was obliged to embark for that place accordingly. al bl SI as burnt and y over Proc- i with about ncent, were a west end of sixteen hun- y cominand- Jirty perpen- and the pro- vas of a pre> ito deep ten i is truly ha- it west it is /vould be ex- thick wood- rs that gens. :o risk the is position, by joining ad taken a ;ht have ef. before they orders for ', who. was ( t^t ) Whatever causes or considerations might have exists at that time to justify this movement, it appears to have been a very improper and unfortunate one for the United States. Had Vincent's force been captured, or driven to King, ston, the Americans would have then been completely masters of all that part of Upper Canada from Kingiston to Detroit, an extent oi 500 miles, and thereby have die. prived the British governm^t of the service of at least 10,000 soldiers, (militia) and which would have been a joyful thing to the most of them ; but JFroni the circum- stance of leaving this force in the midst oi^ Upper Cana. da, and making the attempt to reach Montreal, resulted the necessity of evacuating Foi^ Geoirke, burning New* ark, and crossing the line; upon which is predicated the justification (according to the usage of war) of Qi9 British invasion of our territdry, add the depredatioiM committed theri^. On the 3d of Novelbiiber, general Wilkinson started iro^ Crenadier Inland, mid Way between Sackett*s Ha^ bor and Kingston^ with an ariny pf ^^ojat 3,000 mMi, while as many more were sent by lan^ dd^wn the sh(^f of the St. Lawrence ; the i/di61e being on an expeditipii aeainsf'montreal. By keeping on that part of the St. Lawrence which flows on the south side of Wolf Island^ next to t¥e shoWof the state of New- York, the army in boats Were not disturbed by the British shipping nor batte* ries at Kingston. • On the night of the 6th, the aimy passed the fort .at Prescott^ withitbujt ^ttle molestation -, but on. the next f,,.', ;:.»: yl .>i| ( 252 ) d»jf a largeforce under colonel feanlDfb followed ft Oit the bank of the river, as also doine giin-boats, both andi«f» ed, and the army croated tothe Uhite^ililis, and went Ai ( 253 ) IT lowed it (Til )ats/ both of tion presses owever ^ii t landed for >y land} had h shore, leh occujHed engagement tider general [|ielos(8, and ryl^'s farmV 20 miles be^ 1 some forti- inhere they »8tinate and coming on. Inhere thejr pursued a^ miicTi 8ii« [>r their fdi^ theAmeri- and 19t g;tonji moi>* Lamdwent up Salmon river 20 miles, where preparations were made foi wintet* quarters, at the French Mills. Four circumstances cons^red to produce this resolu- tion in Wilkinson and the other officers : Fir$t, be- cause of the opposition which the army met with from the British, at the time when th^ expedition was about ente ingthe di^n^erous rapids and cascades of the St* Lawrence ; which, however, might have been ejcpected. Secondly, because of the^very poor health of general Wilkinson, who at that time was not able to stnd alone. Thirdly, because of the severity of the weather, which rendeted it very dangerous for soldiers to be exposed, especially such as had been accustomed to a milder climate, which was the case with the greater pait of Wil^ kinson's army : and Fourthly, because general Hampton and his a^ nay did not join him at a certain place, according to orders* Nothing oi consequence took place while the Ameri- can army lay at the French Mills ; however, it was i^ct a proper place for so large an army to winter, being in the midst of a country that is almost a wilderness; from which circumstance the maintenance of .th6 army wa:»«; very expensive to the United States ; yeti^ was the best that Wilkinson could command at that4ftnc. - '^'^ On the 13th of February, in conformity to orders from the war department, the American army left the French Mills; part of which marched for Ogdensburg anfil Sackett*s Harbor, while the rest took the road to Flattsburg. Ajl the boats, barracks, and fortification? W8r« bumtt P-. "1 ^,1 'Iri'll 1 m lit: ( 254 ) On the 19th, the British, about 3000 strong, crossed the St. Lawrence, and came to the French Mills; from which place they penetrated into>the state of New York, to the township of Malone ; and on the 21st retreated, taking with them a considerable quantity of public property, principally'provisions. Previous to the 10th of December, the term of service of the greater part of the militia attached to the com- mand of general M*C lure, ft Fort George, had expired; and notwithstanding bounties and higher wages were offered to induce them to stay a little longer, they would not comply ; and as the British appeals to have had a knowledge of the circumstance, they began about that time to assemble and march a large body of troops towards the place. ^^^ When the approach of the British was understood by general Mre day, a British force of regi)hirs ftnd Indians, under genetal Drummond, crossed the Niagaia, 5 miles above Fort Niagara — part of which -■i * It is some pieMure to know, that thh cnipl and Mvag^e act, which Ac- printl iM^rly two hiiiMlred inuf^nsive fttinilies of house aiiU home, ii^the r-iitlst ol'a severe winter, meets with tlic strongest disapprobotioo and tiis8:nst, by almoit alt the humane lontand daugliteTi of Ihe United Stales* Ctiiural M'CIure lays he wntonktvd «o to do by (hewer depattment. mg, crossed Mills ; from New York, 5t retreated, y of public 'm of service to the com- lad expired; wages were onger, they peaisto have began about )dy of troops iderstood by officers was ort George ingly, on the il village of stores taken pursue, that crs, \ of regulars crossed the rt of which pe let, which de- ihI home, ii|the |>|»robQtioa aiid United Suits. dfptttmrnt. I went down to it,' surprized the garrison, about 1 60 in number, whom.they made prisoners. They then went up the river, bum<^ Youngstown, Lewiston, lemd chief- ly all the buildings in its vicinity. On the heights of Lewiston they met a small force, which they routed. On the 30th, a large force, about 3000, crossed the river at Black Rock, below Buffalo. On tlie shore they were met by general Hall, with a body of militia ; but, like destroying angels, no f(j|rce was found sufficient to stop their progress, which was marked with death and destruction. The fine village «>f Buffalo was soon laid in ashes, and some vessels also. After they had glutted their horrible reverge, they retunied, leavinga garrison at FortMiagara; which, howev^r^ they after^vtards left, taking with them much public property, Such is the nuserable business of war. About the middle of October, 1.613, general Ilanip ton's army crossed Lake Champlain from Burlington, and proceeded towards Montreal, in Lower Canada ; they crossed the line on the 2ist. The army proceed- ed in two divisions, onf oq each side of the Chateaugy river, which falls into the St. Lawrence ; and on two diflerent day«^ drove in the British pickets, one of which they succeeded in capturing. Every, iprecauiion had been taken to intercept the. progress of the American army. The roads vyere filled with trees, which had been previously felled in evtry dtrectiun ; the bridges were destroyed, and many houses burnt or pulled down. Notwithstanding these impediments, the Americans continued slowly to advance tiU the 26th, when the ad> 4'anced guard was attacked 9n both sides of the river ?t ti '.n t\ 1 '• m I ri?^ AM I ( 256 ) by a bddy of regulars, militia and Indians, posted in strong positions in a wood, flanked l^ the rii^r and impassable swamps. The attack waK several times re- newed, and the British always diiven behind their works. On the 27thr.oneof the divisions forded the river, and the whole army returned within the American lines. «^ ^'he British claim great merit for this splendid victo- ry^, lb they call it, which they assert i^'as achieved by A ibrce of only 300 men, while Hampton's army consist- ed of about 3000 ; however, these statements of the British are notcotrect, nor arethe> the official ones. * It does not appear that it was Hampton's intention to push dn by this route to Montreal ; but rather that this movement was merely intended to divei t the atten- tion ot the British from their movement on . the St. Lm^rence ; and this end being completely attained, it was not his wish to risk the loss of any part, however small, of his army, by an attempt to force a position so strong as the British represent this to have been. v On the 30th of March, 181 4, general Wilkinson, with about 2000 men and some artillery, marched from Plattsburgh into Lower Canada by the way of Odell Town, on theli^t side of Lake Champlain, at which place they w which empties into Lake Champlain a Uttle above it3 discharge into Sore! r>*ar. Before this mill, wnich contained about 600 soldiers, Wilkinson planted his cannon, with a view of its de- struction, which, however, he was unable to effect. However, during the cannonade, which was returned by the British with vivacity, several forties and desper- ate charges were made from the mill upon the American batteries, which were repulsed with great loss on both sides. The American army was placed in a disadvantageous situation, as the British were enabled to do consideral^^ damage with their muskets through the loopholes of the mill wall, at the same time they could net-^be reach- ed ; as also from the cannon of a sloop and several gun- boats, which were brought to the mouth of La Cole river from the Isle Aux Noix. Under these difficulties, and amidsit such dangers, without any prospect of fluc^ cess, general Wilkinson withdrew the army. The number of Americans killed and wounded in this action, was con6ideraf>le, and the circumstances at- tendant, discoui aging in a high degree ; especially as it was the first movement in the third campaign ; but general Wilkinson thinks that it was <• highly benefi- cial to the service, and worth a whole year*s drill of euipty parades.*' ' '^- In consideration of the failure of this expedition, (which report says was undertaken without orders from the war department,) general Wilkinson was suspended from the command of the northern army.* * I bcUere it U tbe j^nrml opinion of the people of the United Suitet, l» 2 I ^*'i i ( 258 ) On the 5th of May^ the British, naval force» consist- ing of four large ships, three brigs, and a number of gun '.and other boats, were discovered at the dawn oi day about 7 miles from Fort Oswego, near the mouth of Os- wego river. At one o'clock, the hostile fleet approached the €ort,and fifteen boats, at a given signal, moved slow- ly towards the shore. These were preceded by gun-boats, 6^tit to rake the woods and cover the landing; while the large vesseb opened a heavy Are on the fort. As soon as the debarking boats came within reach, the American batteries opened a successful fire upon them, by which they were compelled twice to retire, and at length returned to the ships, and the whole stood off from the shore. Several of the British boats, which had been desert- ed, were taken up, one of which could hold 150 men. At break of day on the 6th, the hostile fleet appeared agdn, bearing up under easy sail. The ships took a position direc-l^ opposite the fort, and for three hours kept up a tremendous fire, and thereby eflected a landing ; whk^, however, the Ameri- tliat general Wilkinion is flrmly attached to the Intereati of hit country, althou|;h he haa nut had tlie good fortune to meet with the entire appro* batiMt of the govertiment in hit military capacity ; which, indeed, it ia al> moat iinpoiMible for any one to do, who haa been in the aervioe, and un-l der the inapcction of the public, aa long aa him. However, he is certain*! ly entitled to a considerable share of public respect, having spent morel than twenty yean of the best part of his life in the service of his country, | and that in a station oAen dangiawtts and always depriving ; and intol which he voluntarily entered and oootinued, apparently fur no other pur-l pose than to do good to others : We therefore should be cautious of en-[ ti'rtaining a bad opinion of the man who has DO ellwr fbult than that of bunc unHneo^sful in his endsavon to do goodt cc» consist- nber of gun awn oi day ionth of Os- approached xioved slow- ly gun-boats, iing ; while fort. ithin reach, il fire upon e to retire, whole stood been desert- 150 men, ^ leet appeared site the fort, us fire, and r,the Ameri* ti of Us country, the entire appro* h, indeed, it ii al> •ervioe, and un- vcr, heiieertain- [%*ing spent more oe of his Qountry, ivingi and into rfor nootherpu^ e cautious of en* fbult thiD that of ( SI59 ) J * • u - cans opposed under lieutenant colonel Mitchell, with their accustomed bravery, for thirty minutes, but were overpowered by numbers, being not more than 300, while the British were 1600 strong ; they retreated towards the falls. The British remained at the fort all night, and on the morning of the 7th, after having burnt the public build. ings and taken what little rt:ilitary stoi es wei e there, left the place. On the 1 *th of May, in the evening, the British fleet of four ships, two brigs, and Ave gun boats, were seen from Charlotte village, near^ the mouth of Genesee river, where one hundred and sixty volunteers were sta- tioned, with one piece of artillery. Expresses were im- mediately dispatched vyith information to captain Hop- kins, and others, with a request for assistance. On Fri. day, the ISth^ at twelve o'clock, the British commodore's new ship anchored off the mouth of the river, and flent an oflicer on shore with a flag, demanding a surreiider of the place, and promising to respect private property in case no resistance should be made, and all public pro- perty faithfully disclosed and given up, which however was refused. On the return o^ the flag, two gun.boat» with about two hundred and lif^y men advanced to the mouth of the river, which is about a mile from the town and battery, and commenced a heavy cannonade, direct, ed partly to the town, and partly to bodies of troops who had been placed in ravines near the mouth of the river. At the expiration of half an hour a flag was sent, re- <|nesling an immediate surrender of the place, with a de. claration, in cose it was noi, done, twelve hundred regu. m I. 4 T ', '■' ( 260 ) r \i lar troops and hat hundred Indians weuM be landed, and tluit it would be best to remove the women and chil- dArtn, as he (the commodore) could not be accountable for^hc conduct of the Indians; thi& flag was answered by gen. Porter, who had arrived with a body of militia, that the town would not be surrendered, and that if another flag should be sent on the same subject it would not be protected. The flag then returned with the gun- boats to the fleet, the whole of which came to anchor about a mile from the shore, where they lay till Satur- day, when they left the place. On the 14th of May, six of the British galleys and a "b6mb vessel came to the mouth of Otter creek, which empties into the east side of Lake Champlain in the township of Vergennes, in Vermont, where they com. menced an action against the batteries at the place, which however compelled them to retreat with loss. The in- tention of the British was to get at the shipping higher up the creek. It appears that about the middle of May, a small naval force sailed from Erie, on the United States* side of the lake, to the Canada shore, near Long Point, where they landed, surprized a small force, took a considerable quantity of flour which >%as manufactured at Riecer's mill, which they burnt, with some houses and stores ; and for which some blame has been attached to the commander of the expedition. tt also appears, that about the same time, commodore Yeo, M' the British fleet of seven large and some small veijsels, on Lake Ontario, came to anchopoflp Sickett*s5 Harbor, with the determination to blockade the Ameri' be landed, m and chil- ccountable nswered by ' of militia, uid that if ict it would th the gun- to anchor r till Satur- ileys and a Bek, which lain in the they com. ace, which The in- ig higher iTiall naval ide of the ^here they nslJerable Riecer*s d stores ; d to the mmodore )me small Sick«tt's le Ameri' ( 261 ) * can fleet under commodore Chauncey, and which has been jdone till this date ; and that it seems unlikely that Cbauncey will be able to drive him away for .{fometime, as the completion of a large ship building at the Harbor, will be delayed on account of part of the guns and other appendages intended far it, being taken by the Brit^h at Oswego. It appears also, that the British expect to have another ship fmished at Kingston by the 15th of July ; and that the skeletons of two large vessels built in England, are on their way up the St. Lawrence for the lake. On the 30th of May, some British landed at the mouth of Sandy creek, which empties into Lake Onta- rio not far above Sackett*s Harbor, and succeeded in taking away two pieces of cannon ; however, a compa* iiy of American riflemen came upon them,slnd killed or made prisoners of nearly the whole, among whom were several officers oi the nary. It appears that about the middle of May, general Wil* liam Harrison resigned the command of the western army, and that general A. Jackson, of Tennessee, who has been so successful against the Creek Indians, was requested to take that command, and complied accord. ingly. The hopes of those who wish the subjection of the ^British possessions are highly raised upon the ap. pcuntment of general Jackson. The prospects of sue cess upon the next movements that are made in the noiih and west, are predicated upon the late success of this gentleman against the southern Indians, and his flne miliUry tal^nti* P4 I 1 t ti !B H 'I ■ \ til,; III I ft ;i ..>*» 1 ^t^m(Hi(^^ %^u^!^ i^ events which have taken place, relatwe to the war in America, since theWth of January, 1812, compt^hend-^ ing t^ that are mentioned in tlus book, and m^ny others aiso. January 11, 1812— 'An additional military force of 25,000 men authorised by congress. , June 18 — War declared against Great Britain^ by the IJnited States. June 23 — British Orders in Council revoked. August 13 — H. B. M. sloop of war Alert, of 20 guns, taken by the U. S. frigate Essex. August 16-^Thc American force of about 2000 men, under the command of general Hull, surrendered to the British at Detroit. Au^st 19 — The British frigate Guerrier, rating 38 guns, captured by the American frigate Coinalitulipny rating 44 guns, and commanded by captain Hull. Thf British frigate had 16 men killed and 61 wounded, UJi^ American 7 killed and 7 wounded. October 17 — The Biitish sloop of war Frolic,, c&ptiir* «d by thifter captured by the Polctierft ipf 74 guns. ( 263 ) *k iff \<^i$ e war tn ny otfters force of n, by the 20 guns, 00 men, ed tothe atin^ 38 «• % *he two tuns. ' October 25 — The Britis^w frigate Macedonian, rating 38 guns, captured by the American frigate United States, rating, 44 guns j and co^imandedby ca|)lain De- catur. November 27 and December 1 — General Smyth made an attempt each diy to cross from Black Rock into Ca- nada in boats, with 2,500 men, but entirely gave over the project. December 29 — The British frigate Java, of 38 guns, captured by the American frigate Constitution, commo* dore Bainbridge. January 22, 1813 — General Winchester surprized and defeated by the British and Indians, at the river Raisin. - February 23—- I'he British sloop of war Peacock, of 18 guns, sunk, after an action of 15 minutes, by thue American sloop of war Hornet, captain Lawrence. «; April 15 — Mobile taken by a detachment from the United States' army, under the command of major-genr eral Wilkinson. April 27— York, in Upper Canada, taken by the Americans. The American general Pike killed. May 1, 2 and 3 — General Harrison was attacked in Fort Meigs by the British. JSlay i3<— Commodore Chauncey arrrivedat Sackett's Harbor, when the remains of general Pike were interred with the honors oi' war. May 27--Fort George, in Upper Canada, captured by t})e Americans* June l^^(^e Ameiican frigate Chesapeake of 38 ; i P )• i",\ < ' ( 264 ) V guns, captured by the Brfitish frigate Shannon, of S8 guns. January 22, 181 4 — General Jackson defeats the Creek Indians, with considerable slaughter, near the Talapoosa. Febniary23 — The Hon. Messrs. Clay and Russel, Commissioners to treat with Great Britain, took their departure, at New York, in the corvette John Adams, to join the American commissioners previously sent to Gottenburgh. > March — The number of public and private armed vessels, captured from the British by the Americans, from the commencement of thjC present war till ^is month amounted to 84-7. , • March 4— *Captain Holmes, with a detachment of American troops, defeated a strong detachment of Bri- tish troops on the river de Franche. March 14 — A bill making appropriations for the sup> port of the military establishment of the United States for the year 18 14-, was passed by the Senate. March 19— A bill, authorising a loan for #25,000,000, passed the Senate. March 31 — An action at La Cole, in which the Amer- icans attacked the British stiongly posted. But after the display of much bravery, the former were forced t» retire, without having dislodged their enemy. March 27 — General Jackson defeats and disperses the Creek Indians with great slaughter. May 2 — General Hull sentenced to llfieshot for cow- ardice, but recommended to the mercy of tiic president, who remitted his sentence. '^ ion, of S8 iefeats the ; near the lid Russely took their hn Adams, ily sent to ate armed Americans, ir till this :hment of ;nt of Bri- »r the sup- ted States 5,000,000, -■■.*' :he Amer- But after \ forced to dis{)er3es t for cow- president, -m h \^^.:*^vx^-- A*...-'. mMumm$^ %*■■' ■i^- IN seriously reviewing tlie various events which have transpired, having rela- tion to the United States, within the com- pass of two years, I am led to the following reflections : That there has long existed a suffi- cient cause of loud complaint, and perhaps a declaration of war, against Great Britain by the United States, no one who is ac- quainted with facts will deny. To induce Great Britain to respect our maritime rights, upon which much of our prosperity depends, the President of the United States recommended a declaration of war against her ; and tlic subjection of the Canadas, which he thought, and mawy other wise men, would be effectual, and that it might be done without much loss to the community. In all tliis I firmly be- ii ' .41 J; i:^,^ I I ■■■ ( 266 ) lieve the executive had a strict regai ii: to th© interest and honor of the unions notwith- standing past events have not justified the expectation* ^H Although, for my part, I have never be- lieved that the subjection o£ the Canadas would cause Great Britain to respect our mai'itime rights, but that it would rather hftve the contrary effect, yet I have never felt a disposition to cavil at our government because it was their belief, but have ever sympathised in the misfortunes of my coun- try, which it has sometimes been my pain- ful task to witness and record- It has ap- peared to me that had congress appropriat- ed a large sum of money to the building of a large navy, instead of declaring war, that before now Great Britain would have en- tered into an honorable treaty with us, and would have respected it from fear and inter* est; liowever it has not been done, and we^ as a band of brotliers, must bear our fate with fortituik, and do the best we can, rely- ing on the divine interposition in our favor. In reviewing the conduct of tl^e executive in the management of the w^^ X cannot help discovering ms^nifest eiideftvors for lu to th© notwith- ified the lever bc- Canadas pect our id rather VQ never ^eriiment ave ever my coun- my pain- it has ap- propriat- ilding of wsLVf that have en- 1 US9 and nd inter* and we^ our fate Ian, rely- r favor. Ixecutive cannot ors for ( «67 ) the benefit of the country ; whenever disas- ters occurred^ either from the supposed treachery or incapacity of the general offi- cers, they have been removed and others put in their places, who, it was supposed^ would do better. Great encouragement has been held out to enlist a large numb^ of soldiers, that the objects of the war might be attained with as much speed and at as little expense and loss as possible, yet all has been ineifeetual War is a dreadful thing, and cannot be justified in any case, except when on the de- fensive, and hardly then ; yet our war is more than a defensive one, being carried into Canada, among a people of our own na- tion, who were entirely inoflfensive, (among whom 1 was one| having no agency in the councils of Great Britain, and are only criminal as they happened to be in the do** minions of the British at the time of the quarrel. To make war against and destroy such a people appears to be every way wrong, and can only be justified upon a sup- position that our government fully expected (and indeed it had reason to expect) that it would be but of short duration^ and at very I ■i k - ■ 1 ii ■ I ti'l 111. r1. •t! ( 268 ) little expense or loss to either side. Indeed I am very puch inclined to believe that if our government had foreseen events^ as tliey have since transpired^ that war would not have been declared) but which it was impoflfsible to have done. j , t^^^ However, it may be, perhaps, that all the misfortunes and troubles that we, as a na- tion, have been obliged to bear, will tend to general benefit. The prosperity of the peo- ple of the United States has been very great for more than thirty years; it has no paral- lel, I believe, rec4)rdod in the annals of na- tions ; under such fascinating smiles we have been forgetful of the source from whence our benefits flowed, but the time is now come to try our hearts ; whatever we may receive herealYer will be better appreciated. Again, whatever latent spirit of patriotism, or rather love of country may lie in our bo- soms, is now called forth to exercise and to view ; we may now discover whether we love our uaJtive land, on which heaven has made us grow, or whetlier we do not. In proportion as dangers crowd upon our be- loved country, the patriotic spirit of every child of America will grow stronger ai^l li' '■''■ . Indeed e that iC entSy as ar would ih it wa« ■<'-.»? 7 at all the as a na- il tend to ^thepeo- ery great no paral* ills of na- miles we rce from le time is r we may ireciated. .triotisnif n our ho- se and to ether we avcn has not. In our he- of every iger aiijl ( 269 ) stronger ; and for the exercise of which spi- rit there may perhaps be great need before this generation shall pass away I would religiously recommended to my readers to regard the declaration of scrip- ture, and not to speak evil of rulersr and magistrates, who are sent of God, but to make reasonable allowances for frailties in them as well as other men. And like the apostle to Timothy, 1 would exhort, thatsitp- plicationSf prayerSf and intercessions be made for all that are in atithority (in the United States) that we may lead peaceable lives ; ytU lamentable to tell, while we are praying for peace, that we may lead peaceable HveSf many are cursing their rulers, in bold op- position to the commandment of God, at whose will our destiny is placed — ^these things seem to be as inconsistent as they are inconsiderately done. Whatever may be the issue of the present war, or the fate of our beloved country, I know not, but sincerely and fervently pray to the divine disposer of events to avert tho apparent impending calamities that may justly fill on our impious heads ; and my only hopt; of the return of angelic peace and !|f i i. rn is, that MITH. 4^ some hundreds of the names of my subscribers cure not /tere inserted, I think it propter to Jatc t/tat it was otving to the pro traction of the papers* return bejondthe limited time. Man^ gentle tnen have not written Uteir titles , of course t/iey could 7iot be printed. J. Barbour, Gov. of Va. VVm. Fleming Judge I'l'ttr Cnichfielil M. HoUoway Bella jail Thomas WilliaiuHolloway Cliiistophei- Vail Etlwartl Clust'brough lit' M'c^e Greenliow Ml*. Johnson Htv. John Bryce lU'Tijainin Woif John Perkins Urv. J !hn Courtney Henry B-Bia^rove Churchill \. Hottgei riioinHH B. Junes Isnae Wiiite William Pricliard David Ropi>r UolK-ri M Kim tA"tvis Burnett Mathew Woodson .hthn Hollins Uichunl Edwards J. Poilanl Chi-ittopher Irvine George VViiliamwn 'I'lioiuasS. I\>|ie Hurrifun Jones Archer H. Christum Hubi rt SiK-den Maj. William Price ('Uitis Carter RoU It M. Puilium Dr. Mathew H. Hi«e RICHMOND CITY. John H. Uoystcr Kdmiimi Walls H. Mosby WiMiam Crane J. Crane Elijah Folkes ICclmiiiid Banks Samu«l Wo«Kl«dle Kdnnnul Baiiey Willit^ Burns William Hays Jolm Seabruuk Philip D.ivull Edward Stauks U J.CIine .John M'Pherson William C. Shields DHitiei Lucas Michat'l Tucker John Law lor Piiilip Mayo D. M'I>aughlin JAiuev lay lor Samuel Churchill Hichard Singleton Curtis Titji-ote James F. iJenr.! Tliomas Pulling Koberi Bogen Joiin West Mr. Hariier Neviit Keaisncs Hichard Allen J)is Stanton John Kennedy Anthun> Colisel Natliaiiiel ^iltepard Thonais Underwood Francis Taj lor EugeiieV. Lt vert John Lent \e Richard Mosley Htni') S. Hurtun R. Nelfion Wn\. H. Smith John Collines John Wilson W, H. Taylor .lohnl'l. Robinson Georgr BiHtty FU A N KLIN COUNTY. FUlnumd Ta»e Janies P^itte.son Ai;difw I'atterS'On J<*Tiathun Patterson t^linnml RiduuKli ChatleKFatrikia John Daughten William n. Page . Rev. Dr. S. K. Jcunings A.F. Gebbers James Crew A. B. Walker John Howard George Howard Joshua Brotheiton Rowland Williams T.J.Uhw Charles Dimbars Mrs. Susannah Davenport Rev. Jacob Gregg William Brown Daniel brown William Bosher William RfKim .Tamt-s Cannon Jacob Valentine Palmer Whipple Williani Dabneyjum Zacliariali Clerk Roger N. Lipscombe Willianj B. Price JoliU Nash JanjesM.Wooildy (ieoi^ge Bokher William Blackburn Obi-diali Smith Thomas Watkini .iohn G. Mosely Charles E. Hay John P. Duvall Wade Mosley Ml-. Kin}? Williant Muyr Bajloi Walker John H. Lrseton Kdwa'.'d Boss Jolsn llult \V illiauf Greenhow, Esq Charles Bosher Joh.) It. Pr ntis Dr. C. Abraham Litut. John Courtney John Wiiliants Va. I.(>wis FurnibuU Jiisuih Harri^tn Willis Lntfenll James Callaway Janui Wiliiaiiiitun Charles Sum«len Huuson !^uthc;lar d .?i fr subscribers' nambs. 273 imIl.Page «.. • Dr. S. K. Jeunings GebbtT* iCrew V» . . Walker Hcv^ard ^a Howard la Brotheiton and Williaras Leiree les Dimbars Susannah Davenport .lacob Grtgg lam Brow a if I Brown iain Boslier rs Carnion bVuUiitine KT Whipple liani Diibney, jun* mriah Clerk er N.Lipst'oinbe liani B. Price t Nash IS M. W'ooddy w'^' Bo&her Ilium Blackburn liuh Smith us Watkins Cl. Moscly es E. Hay P. DuTuU Mt)s!ey iiant iMuyr loi Walker H. Lestkor* H'.'ii Uo«s Moll iaiir Gnenliow, Esq Irs Bosiier M. Pr. mill C. Abraham t. John Courtney I Wuliains is FunubuU h Hnrriiton is Lumrcll ('Hllawiiy 1«« WilUniKson tW* Suni^nsfield John Robinson Blacksion Lio^ledue Robt. Finsly B'.v. Aaron Powel Jesse Witt Ben i. Rite, At. at Law Dnloi-on H. Minor Bt'ni. Rnins4^y St«'|ihen Hhilipt Owen Ml liner Thomas IJool^y Rice Hughs ' John Campbell Hawkins Woods William M'Crea John Callaway Abraham Taylor .Tohn W. Smith John S. Bnrwell William Smith George Hutoheson Lanktbrd Buzendi:ic John B. Cailicote Robert Ennes Bibby Brooks Frairs Brooks James Callaway LIBERTY, Va. David L. Irvin John S. Wilson George R. Walker Wni. Calvert John B. Beddow Reuben Parker BEDFORD, Va. James Joplm John Overstreet Jesse Jeter Mai. 1 < B. Leftwich James Branch Lieut. Peter Horn William Whittoa- Wm. Dvewery John Preston Druvy Hallaud CAMPBELL COUNTY, S. Wade John Roberts Wm. Miller Josei^h Prett Peter Dcarduff William Tuguas Nathaniel Maympis Francis Hunter John Hunter Capt. Joshua Boight Benj. Beleman Va. Oliver M'ReynoMs, Esf. GREENVILLE COUNTY, Va. Mitchell Origg Joseph Peters Burwell Grigg SPOTTSYLVANIA COUNTY, Va. John Davis Capt. Richard Berdgtt Benj. Phnihett Ihuioia* Lipscomb John Pevetrr >7ohn Nelson, Esq. JLtev* Bbvendly Booth :v Iward S. Hatt Hietiai-d Cocke, Esq. Wm. Barker John Sprat ley Henry Bailey James Iveland Tliomas Buck, Esq. Rev. John Hutchison SURRY COUNTY, Va. Benjamin Cocke Robiert Ell)9 David B Coe Jaint's Mitchell William Dunabaker John Bowen CHESTERFIELD COUNTY, Va. Capt. Robert M'Q ue lliomai Rolest T. S. Sampwj)', P.M. Jos. Losaii Daniel Hr ener John L- itnsAAts Abner iiatchor Ohet» Hatcht r Wii'am Matcher AikIl-i'soii Johnson Rolx« H>irri ^iiliam Brown hotnwi Luftou [aK«? Raher la^lor Clark ^dkerson |ittlebrrry Wwt Bowman [laro, Esq. fgua , Belobcl- '4.A:toi) Coe Jaincs B Morrow William Mosbey John W. Hays Abraham Villroy Charles H Burije^ Hawnooii Batik Francis Barnes Etioch I.and John Banks Wm. B. Coiraick Fxlwaitl Moseley George Bmt Jonn Htfling Joseph Fulgham Francis C. Foitfainc E. Hudson 'I'lilly E. Moseley Wilhain Ntwsum John Ltisieis James Thorowgood John Thorowg^oud Robert Williamson Da\ id Sliul<>y (2) Thomas Willis Nicholas Slack Mitcht II Thtiiowgooil (2) Phint hs Sanlwrn Jrohii Wilkins .^ohn IMummer Thomas C. Casey William C Hull Q 2 If I 'Mil mm »a-- '-^^ 276 SUBSCRIBEBS' NAMES. POWHATAN COUNTY, Va. GeoTReOitcn Jesse Owen ' George Taylor Hugh Woonaon Jacob Mosly Henry Whitiock Lepscoinb WjAsh Rev. Samuel Woodfin William Scott James R* Stokes Samuel Swanii John H. Stigfer Wm. Taylor Archibald B* Sneail Dr. Wm. Crump Peter Dupny William Drake J. JBrowmny B. Dratton Josiah Corby William Stratton John Kay Gapt. John Cassin (2) J. Smith Thomas Dutons J. M'Groues John Bishop Robert Totf^rdill James Baltentine Richard Webb K. Fibypatenck Jesse Rarnw Peter Hubert Lieut. W. jf. Aqd«r$oQ Kev. Sinhb Sherwteid Rev. T, T. Montague Uicliarcl GjM'iiete <:upt. W.S. Muniague H. Gaines B. Gnslaitd Hichai-d Maun (». Wi-iglit .1. Richards C'Mpt.J. Williams UoUi-t Rufflii R. K»v Jostpli Mann A. h. H<))ighto L« Toy ('dUdimn rUoiiias r. Muntncue William Anderson James Amouect Capt. Edward CoX Obadiah Maroy W. H. Mooely G. Baugh Thomas Dellarol Thomas Drake Rev. Benjamin Watkins John Depp Daniel Frabue Abraham Cox Nelson Flounoy Daniel Johnson Henry Rigby William l^prnde Matthew WwilVee George Handcock Rev. Jolm Wooldrige Richard W. Atkinson Wm. W. Atkinson PORTSMOUTH, Va. Francis Wrenn Richard Muerfree Major S. Wajtt Norman Taylor Jesse Kay Wm. Barnard John Wuytt Edward Dunn John Collins Major D. Veale John Talhott MicWl Bexden Capt. John Thoiopson Capt. Tubman Laws ESSEX COUNTY, Va. William T. Evans Robert Temshali A. S. Montague A. Muntaeue nilly r. Gaines H. Montairue C;i)pt.TlM*uMU Evans Charles Lee J<»))ii Owen Eilward Trice Baylor Cjs*ttbn Lewis Ueainan Joint Biam John Hatdy Samuel May Abner Smith John Pemberiton Capt. Francis B. BovaU William Grave* Peter Pbrter Benjamin Langsdon David Laiy Jesse Tillotson Thomas Chatham William Bowles Benjamin T. Davis David Fkiurnoy John Maxey Major H.W. Watkins Samuel Watkins William Owen Claiborne Wright Thomas Fursee William Sublett John Accinelly Richard Baugh William Dentw James Prisor James A. Williams John Pullen Capt. Wm. Penlhall JotI Watts Joseph farter Thomas Brooks Washington SamfonI Samuel Williajut Philip Lee Roliert Gamtt Thuiiias Str«^ James Noel, tM. D. James L*,,Cox George H. K^esee Rev. Philip Montague Reuben Cauglithoa WilliamFishei- William Hil! 'Ediut^jid Noel B. ¥3«her C. M. Bartoil, Att'y Major J. B. Turner Thuiuas M. HiiuUey subscribers' itames. 277 I AVilliam Owen 'William Gamell Ffefhin Richiwn William Dilianl Dr. A. Newhall Abraham Montague William B. Evans !Edw* Mickleboruugh John Dennen Jubii Satldter Jubu Clark Morris Enamel Keubin Simed William Dyke John Skyiier Jubu Brook Henrv Mason J. M.'BinfonI Peter Binfoid Char^niHolt v Henry Eppes H. C. Gooilridi, Esq. James Rose ClMirle« L. Harrison L. D* Cain John Brooeke Ikaac Fisher Silas Ware George P. Yooug Austin Ball Philip Mann John Gi-ediom R. H.Galwood William Bird William B. Matthews Paul Micousins T. Elliott Caleb Elliott Capt. Ricliard Evans Henry Stit«t Dr. G. N. Steptoe SUSSEX COUNTY, Va. Jtk€ye% MoDttsne John CoUina Joseph Burnett iBaHiee Spindle Greenwood Fisher James Dix Lewis Uplaw Thomas Piteher H. W. Latane Ephraim Beazdey John Jones Carter CroMon Dr. T.B. W.Gray Washington H.Perkina James Webb, AttV Capt. Win, Mason I'liomas Merthcress John Mooel Charles Stuart William H. Camann Antos Adams William Farham John Parhani Mitchell Grigg MATHEWS COUNTY, Hon. Holder Iludgens Col. L. Gayle Tliomas Hiidgins Capu H. W. Sale •R. Aimiktefld, A. B.(2^ Robeit Smith, A. B. (3) B. White, A. B. Jesse Hudgins, A. B. Capt. Tliouias Jtirvis Jolin C. Booken Daniel Ransoike, L.L.D. Henry Dixon John D.Jarvis Thomas Groome r. Smith, Esq. Samuel W. Bowrf Capt. John Billups William L. Smith Edward T.Smith R. Aynes John Arraistead ^ Capt.F.Weedon ^"Jk Capt. Peter Foster William Green Neliemiah Henley Gabriel Keughts Martin Shearman Capt. JoUn GlaMXick M'ifUam Reumy Josiali Hazaitl William Uazurd Rev. Joseph Sauuders Joseph I'etavali LefHianI Purdey Thonms l^arbuin Ji. (irccu« WESTMORELAND COUNTY, Va. Burwell Grigg Edward Whitchom William Paraam John Prince Richard Rosa Philip Baley u' James ChamUesi William Melem Heury Joiu:s Va. John L. Hudgins William Fitchett, D. D . William Hudgins Wm. Billups John S. Fl^rd . Richard Bifiups B. Millar TlKMnas H. ThompsiMi S. Ii lliott John Foster William Bohaman John Bohunnwi G.Wwdson Payne Solon«r^i I*>^maa Tliomas hutiders, )un. Richard Neale J* nNeale William Settle Richard I. Brown John Yeatnan Ransdell Puree Rev. Samuel Templemaii James NoeU, M. D. BRUNSWICK COUNTY, Va /, i J. Blick James Smith M'illiam t« Braadman Ci. U. llHiiiiwr fUnry llubinsoo B. G. Wyetie L. Williamton JanM s Benallor Willmitt L Piniiigton 278 I jIVBSCEIBERS' NAMES, TbonuM M. Ryland- Fraiicis Leifh Wiiliain V. Keywood WiiiUm R. Steveni J. Berry Hicliard Tillage Thuinas Stookt Haiisfora Ruwe GLOUCESTER COUNTY, Va. Lieut. Wn>. S. Hunton 7ohn Dobwn Edward Williamt Ensign R. Ranwn Lieut Thoinas Ramon Viiisen Hutsun Rev. R. Staey Christopher Strotkeo llioiiHas Hotiday MECKLENBERG COUNTY, Va. yohii Foster Lieut/rhomas Raniame Capt. John Cam Chwrliftk aniei Moi|^n Vm. D. PoLy W^ooclfurk Ksier Uex. Willionson, M.D. liiebeii Long rVilliam Merriman" ^iliam Lawsuii (Vddison M. Lewis Raines Sennuck korge RosA Llioinas Gothrie ). Howard olin Cole atnes ^inuelv '^Q* ,1ioiuaH Uillaitl k-nj> Samu^ iobert G. HdHowty .^ I. Moore ohn Buttail VilHtin Bullock l^ilion M.CHrc7 V. Sale liuntiis Belcmaa >> subscribers' xames. 279 UANOVER COUNTY, Va. Tf k mi np Green '♦"111. Pmldv W. W. Harris Tliomas B. Cosloy ^'at^T.TalIey • Jrssf l?iirrye»f AndcT'^un Grubb John Sims John C. Brock .luhn Winn William Litilepage Robert Hicks Hr nry A. Timberlake flt.iiry Tyler William a. Austin Iliilip Sheppai-d William Canirou Jol.n Englaud John Mann Wiiliani Clark Dr. Sum del P. Hargrove JHiiies Hynres X.C.Lipscoinbe John Gilman Lfwh Hoite Dr. Niciiolas Sheror Capt. Thomas Jensloy Capt. Wui. White John D. Brown Parke Gle|in Wm. King ^seph Holnian Dr. Aaron Burton Joseph P. Parsons Richnixl Thomas Reuben Timberlake Richard Turner Wyatl Davis Charles W.Whitiss Robett Priddy John Given John Sheppard Peter Winston Thomas Bowles, sen. Thotnas Bowles, Jun. Starling Langford Frederick Wuodaon Joseph Mosby Obediab Hooper John King Capt. Charles P. Goodall Dr. J. M. Sheppnrd William Jenkins Charles Taley Oliver T. Cross Thomas Nelson Thomas W.CiaybrMk John inderson Wiliiam L. Ha/ris Mary Burnley William Day .warti Valentin* Joseph F. Price Charles ihompgon Edward W. Kimbruuxli Fanny D. Byrd Eliza D. Anderson Carter A. Mallory HENRICO COUNTY, Va, Jatncs Wliitelaw 'I'lieinas Owen "VVlJiiuni Winsa-r EJntuitd West CMpt. WiUiaois :Sbttitew H Owen Isaac Winston capt. Benj. Sheppaixl PnTi«l Lipscombc ^^^lUi'land Aiidi'rs(>n I. Islcamon Will. G. Dsindrige John Madison ».'liark'S Wiijjht Jdiimi Gcllum Daniel Edwards John Walker John Mosby John Toler Ptter Ct^tti'el, jr. lAddul BowUs Riiltert L. Mosby ^lo&by Shcppavd LOUISA COUNTY^Va^ Maj. Thomas Lewis Richaitl Carter Jesse Throgmorter John P. '>\^lionson Patrick H. GenU7 John Nash John Bui'too ' William Mansfiekl Wiliiam Wood Wi iliam Rowling Williuni Cooks Ediiitind Ky;glfstcRi James D. KeukolH John 'I'hompson GOOCHLAND COUNTY, Va. Wm. Diekemon John D. Tlmmasson John C. Gqdwine David Hall Richatd Quarlcs G. Timberlake Rev. John Puiudext«( W. G. P(,i:idext'cr,. Es Dyiiiil Triplt^tt JMuaix Leak q. Juscpli Siuoute Peter Wade Capt. N. Pui-kiHs Maj. A. Purkins KING AND qUEEN COUNTY, Va. n«il)ert B. Sempje, A. AC George Saunders James Gariu^tt Hti^h Campbell William Bohonnan HughCampUU i;.i iiben M. Gat-nett Capt. Robert Cutirtoey H.Walhu CburchiU Andenon John Bagly Motes Nunn < Q 4 l^t i ■ \ I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I |21 12.5 Hj/ m •ml I 2.2 2.0 J& ■■25 1 1.4 ||.6 < 6" ► ^ w o /\ 7 /A Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WMSTM, N.V. I4SM (7l*)l7a-4S03 w^\ i 2S0 SITBSCRIBBM' KAlf£S. Wm. Dex Jonah RyUmd Capt. Robert B. Hill Lewis Smkh Joel Willit Stephen H. L«cv Dr. Henry Jerauld A.Bosher Robert A. CtftlrborM William Claik-borae Geoq;e AUen John Carter Wm. Clopton Rev. Peter Lugg J.O. Bank! Arthur Lee Richaitl Powell Kf V. Wro. Mitehell Richard Riven Andrew Baites .» -n Robert PiiyM JohnVai^- Janies W^tml' 'WUUamOweA SihuHestun. William Haup H.Korvell4. .loieph Kevmi^ Nath. Rivei NelMn J. P.U John SethW, B. Canel Francli WillWkiC J( 6eor| : Jbnai yThoi Capt.QetotiMtery -Mwanl Ur. M« j0Hn , Ot>n.liMtoPecraiii Hailwf II ' W$niondand William RM|1 ; Capt. Ell war Robert S. Jonei James PendTeton, Deacon Thomas Nitnn Lee Boulwire, P. M. Capt. Thomas HodgtfM Larkin Cason Alex. Campbell fioluraon Pannel Riclifiiti SiiiQ|4in Philip Dpliiu; KING WILUAM CUUKTT, Va. * Rt'ulien Dugar Edward Butler William Bagley 'LB. Lipscotnbe James Turner Robert Johnson ' J. B« Lipscorahe Thomas M. Todd Austin Lipscombe James Hil^ard Thomas Euwards NEW KiiN T COUNTY, Va. James GHiry WilHam B. Bailey E.V. Graves NORFOLK, Va. Georce Bains Capt. R. Hilsiek James Nickers Parker Hawkini' James Ruder A Hayman RodMh Hill LYNCHBURG, Wi. Richard Brown John Taylor Alex. Fabbot Thomas Billupi Aifivd M'Daniel Benjamin T. Owent James Devanport Bh»4i|>i. Mure! lEwicllttrris 4ri«n L.Liekif William Petterton 'William Mitchell berts CiO) iMter «e, Printer, nston ny aoi^WTlCtVa. .et Thomas Rook John Pell William Baines Wiles Wilkin* John Richaitls ilames WiMiamtoa Rev.D.C»rey Philip Dure Miss Kary B. Deane John WiUiamt William Jonet French S. Gvuf Sfth Ward Plotny L. Walkim DavitlHoffhian Vincent Baikjr George Reiger J. H. Curb! Douglas Puekcc Beverly Marslmll Mathew Blaoke ^"i Robbert Snodnip Nuthan Carrujr ^ ^ "51' otkHSSmm itnas Titeld waidPeffram liaih Yaict' ^ ionathaaBaile] IVter y^S^ W\y, ^y . wmtf Thooias SVBSCRIBBAS' NAMES. %SX John'WilUins P. W. Hasptr £. Wi^m Surry Joseph Wirktus William Gmy JohnGrowe <>ipi. Ihum iMmts John Bcwy dlMMCiftlt Jnwph H. Bryml. nMNiins TAvl«Mr Linus Le«i|ium> Moses Gil Mm Aobtil C. Mttton Robert Rolling CaiH. William Ross L> H. Vaueban William Chahibers Capt. Robert Rivers STAUNTON, V«. David Steel Johr M. Price Robert Douihat Thomas Piice Joseph Ciowder Maj. A, Buswell M. B. PilUbOiou|(h CHeth Daniel Gibsun John Whaler James DicfciHm BUCKINGHAM COXJNTY, Va. B. Staton George Chambn^ Sabon Gipson John Aeis, jr. Frederick Murell John Chambers Edward Chambers R> Bunoo CHARLOTTE COUNTY, Va. Tapley Akiik James Bell Capt. Gideon Spencer Brooks Baker John Ric« John AifuD David Rice, jr. ' Capt. Thomas Read AMELIA COUNTY, Va. William Leigh " Edward Harrison John Si. Clair James Rubertson WASHINGTON COUNTY, Va. John Reeder Saiuu. I Kelly Jttcuh Mitngle Elijah Giltenwater, Esq. Rev. John James CURRITUCK COUN':^!, Arthur Ethcridge William Oongh Jncob Sawjrr, Esq.' D. Lindsey, E Rev. Edwanl Jonatiian UimIi Major Cnh; 1 LieutaJRubert Rev. Joshua Bfl Stftuuel Fliillips, Esq. Ensign EtMchlkiU Charles Sawyer WINOiOR, M. e. Peter Kerham !Mr. Gmy G.CagferJMlt JamesFfettnef T> A. FAIiutr Rev. W. J. C«ii«r)n» George M'lDev Richard Whitane George MurpheT JusepbCTriiff N. C. f ^S. W. RoMrtf i^MHUki Samfeilifie Henry CiOjpepyer Sukmion ChapMHi Frederick Douik Mathias Dsvns SpenerHair .t Samuel Malkiin . /\ Capt. annuel Solyrr LitNit. Rubeit Vaymw Lieut. lliowM Gitty Her. Aaron Bpivey llK>mwLStcUar George Outkw fiinion A. Uryao . 2S2 SVBSClaiBERs' NASfia, Gen. Calvin ./ones Ker. John Hayet Parker Rand John S. Led* A. S. H. Bureei, M. D. John Beckwiui, M. D. Sherad Haywpod, Coo** of U.S.Iaii^ RALEIOH, N. C. Be?. Wm. M'Pheeters, »ev. J.Randleson, A. M. Prin. of Raleigh Acad, /nniui Snead, Gov. See. Rev. G. Gordon, Assis. dcRichard Smith, Esi^. ChriAopher Christophers lieth Jones William P. Colehum Maj. T. Wyatt Willis Whitaker 2enas Okelv Bei|i»raiu BeaiitJey Witliara W. Mason Mark Cook, Esq. Charles Parish NEW.MARKET, Md. Jacob Houck Caleb Wood lYilliam Coali} Richard Gambrill Henry &. Lusby tharies Warfield Henry Shipley Stephen Hartbum John Vlutridge WilKafi Woods, jr. Waltae^ Kineaid Rohcrc^Wilson Jam^ Itevinney inshuaTromiv WilibmSmitb * John Amos WilKam StamlMiry James Nrlsmi,, llMxnM Nelloi Benjpmin flu iw n Isaac Davis Joshua Rnssel Gerard Coroman Gideon Mantz Reuben Hogau William Williatxa ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY, Md. im* Robert Pflhe^ WiHiaWi |low«M, jv Lewis uiilMMe .« NAAtiBSF Hon. Wm. Qnetikam Hoi^Jk|bei1i PreseuA R. B. SMnt, A8Mi Lieut.^Dhn Jbnes, A. M. JtisephWigower. Hoa.^Wnas Watkint Hon. JAn P. Nyt yantcsCiirMV . I>obnefeModt%. Richard Cutium William^uckineMi WilliHm Retiney JohnWilion Thuman Winwooi /^, John C. Richards ' ' H«*n» Robek^ /ubnflk Charles MnK..«. •AihoaiiuiM -iSfwiSjT^*' JUbt.Santffor Bichard Harris Mathankl C^^ri|ttff Aobert L«Bio6 LiniiBatdM UOUSLY INSERTED. «•( ^ Henry EdwaiMtiai Gordon Cloyi Arthur Hoki %istrisities9 > • 62 Mn-th-westLaihif . . I 7f Sitrface, • * • 7§ SniU • • • . 80 Climate, • • • t 81 Natural Productions, 82 Miiiesv • • • • . 81* >linerals> . . . 85 AnlmalSf . .^ . ^ 86 JlifiKcSf ' • • • 8r 1 BiyerSf . • ■ • 92 1 ' ^^^^'^^ I^Sily - • • • r 97 98 Ibdians, • . • 100 l^Ulfij^es, • • 105 P»Hification8» • • ^ 106 10>^ ' ^. 108 MfttMll^ • • 110 1 ^SMtlementSy ' • • . . s aLi^ Brines an^l Distances of Places 9 xiM- Walter NavigatidWy • ■^•'4 'Hm- 1 QHfiositieSy ^ ^• • li^ 1 Learnings . . < *? M4-- '''.:i^ 1 Climate, • • • '•, in Page, 56 57 62 77 7» 80 81 82 8^ 85 8^ 87 92 97 98 100 105 106 ^ lor ^108 1*0 . *«# ¥ Natural Productions^ Mines, Animals, ^ Kivers, Lakes, Harbors, Fish, Indians, Fortifications, Agriculture, Coninierce, Settlements, Bearings and Distanoes of Places, Keligion, History, Lower Canada^ Situation and Extent Surface, Soil, Climate Natural Productionsn^^ ; Mines, j^ Minerals, tiiimals, akes, lUvers, Harbors, Indiaiis, Villages, CiUes FortifioatioDS, Apiculture, • • 285 Page. 125 127 . V 128 • 129 • ISO . 133 • la^ • 436 • 138 139 . 140 ,*• • . iJ* IM i»- • * • i. ^ . lir % ^vi50 152 159 '4' I6t 162 171 ^ii : M 124 ■s » 'Vl dafi eonmi&TfTM^ Matiufacturesy CmljOivisioiiiWli irV •» Water Navigatioiiy Ciidosities^ Population^ • • liBarniiig, . Morals, * . • j^a^igion . • - • Manners, . • Diversions, . • History, . ^ il^W'Bruiiiswick BituatiQn and Extent, Afpitndary, Iwfacd • • lUtural Productions, iboiinak, >PS, "^ ^ •. *■ * ' Indians, * .M*^ • ¥illaffes, • » • Fortifieations, • Apiculture, • . Jminerce, • • { feMkaHents, - Ciiril Divisions Water Navi|^tioD, « • Page* ; V rri . . ±n . ^^ 179 * . 18# ••* 186 187 189 190 ■*. « V* IP * li»L II *.:■ IW >• ff » . VS &-^^ 'fe. ^ t i 1^ v'l COKTBMTS. Page* ^^A7S v^l77 179 185 186 187 189 [>»? 190 ^H V •:*' *. .'. ■-- .^t-; J' Curiosities^ Population, • • Promiscuous remarks on Morals, . . • Religion, . JSorvaScotia, Situation and Extent, Surface, « Soil, • • Climate, Natural Productions, Mines, Animads, Lakes, Rivers, Harbors, Fisli, . . . Indiana, . • . Villages, . . Cities, • Fortifications, , • AgricidHire, Commerce, ^ . ^Settlements, Civil Divisions, Water Navigation, Population, Learning, Morals, Religion, HistoVy, Island of Cape Breton, Island of St. John, tlie gov't. m 4. *«? 1287 Page. 196 197 199 200 201 ■^ M4i ^6 206 207 208 i 'k i\ 288 04}inrjEKT|i Newfoundland, . .• • • • 20^ A{ipendix: eontaining a Concise His- ' tory of 4he War in Canada, up to - tkelOtiiJulie^lSl^, • . * 214 EBRATA. (reader will please make the following correctiotis • 789 13th line from the top — Ibr l6li. •i"^^ 140— -14th tine, for 127 JOng, read >iitnd 6ih line from the bottom, mr 127 ^weiaft longv read 14#w ' ^ I Page 81, Mth tine from the top--«r i27t&» rIfiilMtk. :«*' f. .#" .m ■f .. v- »#*■ ~ ♦''■■«.: Page, m 211 sctiotisi or l6(i« ^. read E>rl27 '^5 •-)• if #* *? '^ v"