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Tous les autres exemplalres originaux sont fllmAs en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'Impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la derniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — »• signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de rAduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reprodult en un seul clichA. il est filmA A partir de I'engle supArieur geuche. de gauche A droite. et de haut en has, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammas suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 AR (jlfde^LjU^ SMITHSONIAN INSTITL^TION. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. inJ^'^j^wc.^iJ/y^ix ^"/ /^^^) B ARROWPOINTS. SPEARHEADS. AND KNIVES OF PREHISTORIC TIMES. nv 'IMIOMAS WILSOX, Curator, Viciximi «/ I'lehiKtoric Archccolngy, U. S. Xnfiomil Miiupk,, Fi'ciii til.' R.-port ni tlic r. s, Natioiiiil Museum for iSiC, piiKi's .sll-itss. wltli sixty-fivi' ])lati's. WASHINflTOX: '• Xaliotial An,Benm. 811 Introc II. III. IV VI. VII. VIII. ( 1 I TAIU.E OF ('()\^IM-:NTS. Introduction ^03 I. Spears and barjmoii.s in the Paleulitliic jienod 821 II. Tho oriKiii, iiivtiition, iind (ivolution of tlio bow and arrow s;{0 III. SnperstitionH conccrniuy arrowpoinlH and otlier ]>n-]ii8torir sfoim iniplcinonts j^ I j IV. Flint mines and qnurrics in Wostorn Europe and in tlio I'nitcHl Statfls. . H.'.O Kuropo fc,0 Spiennes, Kcl^inm X-,0 Grand Pres.signy, France 858 Mnr-de-Marn-z (Aveyron), Franco 85!) Meudon (< )iHe), France 8(iO Clianipii,'nolleH (Oiso), France 8H(> (irinies Craves, Hrandon, SuHolk, England 8t)l C'iHsbury, Sussex, F.iifrland ^04 Scraper worksiiop at Goalenec, Qniberon (Morltihan ), France 8(57 United States ^^^f^ Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio 8(18 Caches j^yj V. Material of arrowpoints and spearheads 872 Microscopic examination of (lint ><7(( VI. Manufacture of arrowjudnts and spearheads 877 VII. Scrapers, grinders, and straighteners used in niaking arrow and spear shafts f^^^ VIII. Cliussitication of arrowpoints and spearheads 887 Division I— Leaf-shaped ^Ol Class A. — Pointed at both ends 8!»."> Class H.— Pointed at one end; concave, straifiht, or convex base . .. 8!t!t Class C— Long, narrow blades with straight, parallel edges, sharji points, base concave, straight, or convex l(0(i Division 1 1— Triangular jIqo Division III— Stemmed yj;^ Class A. — Lo/.enge-shaped y 15 Class B.— Shouldered but not barbed ;)17 Class C. — Shouldered and barbed q>k Division IV— Peculiar forms yj^l Class A. — Beveled edges g;}! Class B. — Serrated edges y-^ Class C— Bifurcated stems 93.-5 Class D.— Extremely long barbs, square at ends, finely chipped .... [KMi Class E.— Triangular in section ()37 Class F.— Broadest at cutting end— tranchant transversal ;)37 Class G.— Polished slate 9 H Claas H. — Asymmetric 94 j Class I. — Curious forms g j2 Class K.— Perforators 944 813 814 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. IX. KiiivoH ,,,. "Mti A. WoiiiiiIm iiiikIo hy urrowpoiiitN or s|ienilmaili* j(r,.- ApjMiiMlix A— Kiiit iiiines itiid qiiiirrie« jjj;i App<^nilix H— Caclms y^o Appomlix (' -l,arj;n iiii|ilt!iiiontN of arro\vi»oint or Hpearheud fonii m-J Appendix 1 )— MakiiiK of arrowpoiutH dcHcribed by oxplorors and travelers ... «. «:> s. !•. 10. II. i»r.r. U70 DX'J LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Fnc'iii); jjiiui'. 1. I'n'liintoric iron '.:iiives and .simarhcails. (cniftfry of ('ln'itiiii-tli!i;;li, Kiissian AiiiK^iiia >*''^^ 2. S]i<'ciint'ns ot' lint' :iiro\v|>i>intN. Italy '^H* !{. Spi'ciniens of tini- arrowpointH. Italy HIO I. I'lint llalvi'H, arrowpoint.s, and speariujatlM. (Jurolt, Il^yjil, \IIth ilynasty, I'tKK) M. (' S4t> ."), i'ointuil Hint llakfs, picks, lianiniorHtonfs, and cliiwels. S])i»'iiiM'H, Mi'l<,Mnni. S.">(; (I. Keer-lmrn pH'kH. (triuH's (Jrave.s.and IJrandoii, Sntlolk, I'.nKlmid f 7. i'lint (iliJtH'ts fVoni prehistoric wirkslmps (Jrand I'ressijjny (hnlrr-et Loiifi, {"ranro, and otln-r local it its in I In rope S.iX S. I'lint knappcr engaged in (|nart'J 1 1. I ni pitmen Is from Hint mines. Kni;laiul Stil \'2. Caelie t>f serapers. (Joalenee, liritlany XilS i;{. .Map of l'"lint, Ifidge, (diiti, slniwin^j al)t)ri!.;inal Hint *~l III. Miertis(!o\)if thin Kt'ctions of llint. I'ji<;lan*~{> 18. .Microseoi)ic thin sectitins of Hint. Franco anil Unittstl .'States S"7 1!». .Microscopic thin sectitms id' Hint. I'nitetl States s77 20. Microscopic thin scctinns of Hint and other rocks. Initcd States S7S 21. Micro.stopic thin sections of Hint and other rocks. Initcd State.s .s7S 22. Microscopic thin sections of rocks, nsetl for aboriivish)n I, Class H 8!M» 30. Leaf shapetl iirri)W[ioints, spearheads, or knives. Division I, Class I! 89!* 'M. Leaf-shaped arrowpoints, spearheads, i)r knives. Division I, ('Ia>s ( !)0() 32. Trian;;nlar arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division II 901) 33. Stemmeil arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives. Division III, Clatiu< . 'M. ri'ciiliiii roiiiiHoriirro\v|iointM, HiMMirliradM, or kiiivtm. liiviHion IV.CIiiMHA. !t;;i liH. I'l-iiiliiir fornis (if iirr<)W|HiiiitH, H|M>jirlu'ii. Common uiTowpoints, liandlca<'k('d knivtm. District of Colunihiu, I'nitid •States, and Somali- laud, Atrica •.•".1 17. Ilnmphacked kniveH. I'nited States !C.I IH. Manner of holding; "hnmidiaeks" for use as knives 'X>J t!). " Ihimphacks" ehl])ped smooth, showing; intentional knixes. I'liited Stales i)5:; .">(). •' lliimphacks" of i|nart/,ite with one cuttin);ed;,'e used as knives. I'nited States it:.:; r)\. It'nde knives of tlint and hard stone, ('hi)>ped to a cutting ed^e on one side of the oval. I'nited St.ites !»;".;) rt'J. Undo knives of llint. jasjier, etc. I'nite.l States !»,">:: .'■>:{. Kniv«'s with stems, shoulders, jind barhs, lesemiiiinf; arrowi»oints and spearheatis, hut with rounded jjoints unsn*alde for piercing iiri:; .')4, .">.5. I'uilateral knives Jt")! oti. I'lint Hakes ('hip]>ed on one edge only, intended for knives !t"i."i 57. I'lint Hakes chipi>ed on one edge, intended for knives !t5"i .58. Arrowjtoints or spearheads inserted in anei<;nt human hones. Cavern, Kentucky IC.'.i 59. I'lan showing one of layer of cache of !t5 argillite implements. Chester County, Pennsylvania !i7- (!0. riastcr ciist (model) of a spring near lliliriten Mountain, North Candina, showing !.■> hsaf-shaped iniidemeiits in ca(die. Lenoir, North Carolina .. !•".' 61. Large spearheads ol cliahedony. Little Missouri K'iver, Arkansas JtTI G'J. I'lint disks, ma 65. Spearhead of white llint. Carpentersvillo, Illiuoia 9m.' TEXT I'KiUKKS. 1. Acheul<^en implement of llint. St. Acheul, France 8.1 2. raleolithic implement of quartzite. Madras, India M'l 3,4. Monsterien spearhead of llint. Lo Moustier, Franco HL'i 5, 6. Paleolithic points and harpoons of reindeer horn. La M.-ideleine, France. M't! 7-10. Paleolithic ]»oints and harpoons of reindeer horn. La Madeleine, Dor- dogne, France 8i.'i) 11. Sidntreen point of chipped tlint. Solutre, France 8i.'7 12-14. Solutr<^en points of chipped llint. France 8-S 15,16. Solntrt'en ))oints of ehii>ped llint. Dordogne, France H-"' ll7. 1> «lt. 10. 41-).-.. 4t;, 17. AR|{OWF»OIN"rs. SPK VKItKADS. \NM» KMVK<. >^1 Kuril)); ]HK,i< . !t;ii ( 'lllHH !i:!7 lilNS I !)l. 'alley, !t|T (C. 1 sr.i iiy:; it,".;; ftr.if {)',:; <•■)! it").". 1)5.". !tr)H 'JTJ 97' 971 971 97:. 97:. 9m' 8--'l MM 'iinoe. M'li , Dor- 8l'«; M'7 8-",i rnL"\ 17, I>*. Sniiitii (Ml iliiif jioiiifH. I »iirilf>'4iii'. j'r.iiK'f HL'!i 111. I'riiiiitiy iiiTiMv ii'lcasf ^Tl JJO. S«'rtinil;ir.v mikiw r
  • iiN<' >*IU 21, 'ri'r(iiu\ jirnnv ri l Kll 2J. Mt'ilitcri.iiiiiiii :irr<>\\ 11 li';i':!- 8."., (Jn-ik Ix.w ^:W 2t», ' irci'k Imw r;iM' ami iiiiivrr HIt'J 27. (Jrci'k liroii/c •' tlinf turiu^ 1 " arrciini-i. .Manithon KKi 29, l!0. rrt'liistDrii' iron siiculicaiU. ( 'iiiii'iny dl' M(>M(,'i-y<''rl, K'lisHiaii Ariiiciiia . KM W\-'.>H. I'rcliisioric iron H|ic!irln'a. rr<'liiHti>rii' ;iiT(>w|i()iiitM of lironzo and iron fiorn Arnieiiiii MIO 4ti. 17. I'n'histori*! aiiowimiiitN of cliijUK'il nli-iidiaii, tr.iiudiant transv nsal. ('(■iiictiiy of Jfouii-yrii, ArriKMiia 810 4x. Scrtioii sliowin;; j;<'oIoj;y of prt'liistoric llint iiiiiip. SpiiMinfn, Hfljjinm... H."»l 49. Scctiiin of )in'lilstorii' IliiitniiiK'M. .S|)ioiiiiP». r>»d;;inin H'i'2 69. Section ol' wliafi in flic prtdiiHtoric llint niiiicH, sliowinj; ani'icnt workiiij^s and liow they were filled. .^itienncH, MelMjjniii s.">l 61. Section of .-.liaft in tlie ]>rehistoric llint miiios, show in;; ainii'iit workings ;'nd how they wcvv tilled. Spii niie8, Mel^iimi XTt'^ ;''_', Section of pit in the prehistoric Hint iniiHw. Spjonnes, B»^l;;iiini ^5l) .");{. Flint inipleinent : thopecnliar product of a prohi.storic worksho)!. (iiaiid I'ressi^^ny i Indre-et-Iioirei, I'raiKo H~iH r>l. Section of prehistoric Hint mine or jdt. .Mnr-de-Marro/ ( .Vvoyroii t 8ii9 .">. Prehistoric deer-horn luimnier and jiick coinhined. From Hint mine jit Miir-7. Section of ji ])it of the ]»rehiHtoric llint mino at ('hamj)i^;nolles lOisei, France st'A ^^x. '• Strike-a-li;;ht," steel and tiinler, nsed hy I'rench ])PMsantH. I'.aris, I France 8<;2 . ,")9, Prehistoric ])ick marks in the hard day in the excavation of an F.triisean tonih. (Del Colle (Jassuccina), Chiiisi, Italy HiV.i , tit). I'lan of ]>rehistoric Hint mines, ('issbiiry, F.ngland ?. Iron llakint; liamnier and a "strike-alight" made with it. Alhania, (ireeeo H78 |(U. Flint core, with its ll.akes in place as struck 879 ' t)."i. Section of tlint nucleus showing how Hakes are struck oil' 879 jtili. (i7. Hammer stone-s. Ohio, New York 880 |iW,(i9, Eskimo arrow llaker... jtoints of reindeer horn, handle of ivory Hxi 71), 71. Kskimoarrow linkers, points of reindeer horn, handlesofwoodand ivory. 881 72-74. Flakers of antler or bone in bantlles of wood XH'J 7.">, 7t). Flint Hakers ( i) with smooth, rounded ends, worn hy use, Yorkshire, Kn^land SH,'{ 77. Arrow-shaft ffrinder, chlorite slate. (;ai)e Cod, Massachusetts S8.5 S 78. Serjientine arrow-shaft .strai^;htener, with three smooth ^looves, ornameu- 5 till irrejiular incised lines. Santa Harliara County, California 8K6 I NAT 3IUS 07 52 1? S18 KElMJirr OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, IH'JT. 70, 81. SL'. HI. H7. HH. Wt, !tl. !I2. !t;t. JM. !»."). 102. 103. 104. 105, 107. lOX. 10! t. 110. 111. 111'. ii:{. 111- llJt- 124. i2r> 120. 127. 128. 12!t. 80. ,\rio\v-,sli;it't Mti';iij;li tellers of wot id or ivoiy L<.-iit-Hli:i]i(Ml N|iourhfiiil of llinly rlK'it, iioiiitcd at liotli oihU. Mailisoii ( 'oiiiit\ , Kentucky Sword of diirk-brfiwu liiiit. WilMaiiison Comity, Tcniitsscc Sword of oltsidiau. Oregon I'ornigiiioiis congloiiierate coiitaiiiiiig jn.spor j>elil>le.>s. liloiiiit County, Alalia mil I'iile-gray Hint ]ia\ injf tlie apjieaianoe of agati/cd wood. Austin, Texiis. Yellow eliei't. Tennessee Kivointod at both ends. Santa IJaib.ira County, ( alifornia l.eat-shapt'd iniplenient, pointi'd at both ends. California L(!af-shap«Ml iin|i]eiiient, pointed at both ends. National Museum, Mexiio. Leaf-.shaiied iniplenient, ])oinled at botli ends. I wo notehes near base foi' fastening handle. (Jilmer Connt\ , (ioorgia Leaf sbajied implement of gray lioriistone, pointeil at liotli ends. Belle- ville, St. Clair County, Illinois lOl. Leaf-sha]ied arrowpoints, [loinled at both ends Leaf-shaped imploinent of argillite, witli straight base. 'I'renton, Now .lersoy Leaf-shaped iinjilenient of argillit<', with straight base. Trenton. New Jersey Jieaf-shajied im]ilemeiit of pale-gray Jasjtery Hint, with convex base 100. Leaf-shaped implement of dark-gray Hint, with eonvex base Leaf-shaped iiii|demeiit of daik-gray llint, with eonvex base. San Miguel Island, California Leaf-shajied imidement of Jaspery grayish llint, \\ ith eon\ex base Leaf-shajied imjilement of obsidian, with convex base. San Miguel Island, Califoiiiia Leaf-shaped imiilenieut of lustrous chalcedonie llint or silicilied wood, with eonvex base. S.in Miguel Island, California Leaf-shaped imjilemeiit of pale gray chalcedonie llint, with convex base. San Miguel Island, California Leaf-shaped iinpleuient of iransluoeiit chalcedony, with straight base. Tennessee Leaf-shaped im]ileinent of jiorphyrilii! felsite. with convex base. Dart- mouth, Bristol County, Massachuselts 118. Leaf-shaped implements •123. Leaf-sha])ed implements New Caledonian Javelin (modern) Leaf-shaped iinplemeut of bri)\vnisli-gray Jasjier. \\ itli concive basi- antl parallel edges. Santa Barbara County, California Leaf-shajied implement of gray llint or ,jas|>er, w ith straight base Jiiid jiarallel edgiis. Santa Barbara County, California Leaf-shaped implement, with concaxe base and parallel edges. Califoi- 8m; x'.<-: 8!':; 8!(:; SiM 8li| Ml". 81 m; 8! II I ,S!i7 8:iT 8117 Mis 81 IN Milt 1(111 (III) III! inl nil' 11 iL' ma Leaf-shaped imiilemeiit of lustrous Hint or chalcedony, with slightly concave base and ]iarallel edges. California Leaf-shajied implement of lustrous Hint or chalcedony, with concave base and parallel edges. California II i:; II Hi Ml II I,". II Hi 'III I AKKOWPOINTS, SPLAKllEADS, AND KNIVES. arallel idj^is. »'alil"i>rnia i**'^ 131. I.eal'-sliiiiicd iiiiiil«iii»;iit of black llint, \vit)i convt'x Imsc and parallel .•.ljr.'>. Califoniia !»0!' 1^2. I riaiifrular. c(|iiilatenil arrowpomt, Naiitiickot Island, MaHsacliusctts . . 'JU 13;{. Triaiiijnlar arrowpoint of spearhead, with straif^ht edj;es and eoncave ba-se. I.'hodo Island T !tU 131. Triani,'ular airowixdnt of ;;ra,v Hint, with coneave edj{es and base. Still- watir. Washini^ton County, New Y(>rk I'll '%^. Triani;nlar arrowpoint, with eontiivo base. Chilniark, MassatliusettM. .. 91 1 131). Trian<;nlar arrowpoint, deeply eonea ve. ( )rejfon !M2 1157. Tri annular arrowpoint of white iiuartz iH2 13M. Trianjinlar arrowjioint of pale j^ray Hint, with eonvex base. St. (Jeor<;e, Washinjiton County. I'tah IM^ 13'.l. Stemmed arrowpoint of porphyritie folsite, lozenge-shaped. l.ia Paz, Lower California Olij IJli. Stenimeil arrowpoint of porphyritie felsite, lozeu>^e-shai»ed. Kd;rartown, Dukes County. .Massachusetts '.tlo 141. Stemmed arrowpoint of white (piartz, lozenjje-shaped !tir) 142. Stenniud arrowpoint, lozenyo-shajied. East Windsor, Hartford County, Conneetiiut - !M(i 143. Steninu'd arrow])oint, lozenye-shajted. Keesoville, Essex County, New York !tl»> 141. Stommed arrowpoint of ]>ale f^iay Hint, lozenj^e-shajied !*!(> 145. rrehistoric stone arrow])oint inserted in shaft and tied with liber. Switz- erland l»17 14<). Stennned airowjioint of black Hint, shouldered hut not barlx^d. I'lain- lield. Windham County, Connecticut !»17 147. Stemmed arrowpoint of gray Hint, shouldered butnot barl)ed. Kingston, Washington ( 'onnty. K'hode Island !tlH 14s. Stemmed arrow]ioiut, shouldered but not liarbed. (Jrovepoit, Franklin County. Ohio !»1K HU. Stemmed arrowpoint of greenish-gray hard slate, shouldered but not 5 barbell, (ieorgia !U8 |p(). Stemmed arrowpoint. sliouldered but ]U)t barbed. Southold, Sutfolk County ( Long Island), New \ Ork !tlH «KL Stemmed ai'rowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. Tennessee 91!) 9p2. Stemmed arrowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. New lirauufels, Comal County. Texas l)l!t 3^1). Stemmed airowpoint, shouldered but not barbed. I'lantersville, More- 4 house County, Louisiana JtPJ Stemmed .arrowpoint of i»ale grjiy Hint, shouldered but not barbed. St. Maiy County, .Maryland yilj Stemmed arrowpoint of yellowis)\-brown jasper, shouldered but not barl)ed. Susiiuehanna Kisor. Pennsylvania !>20 Stemmed arrowpoint of yellowish-gray Hint, shouldered but iu>t barbed. Hrownsvilb', Licking County. Ohii> 1)20 Steiiuned arrowpoint, shouldertMl but not barbed. Lin<'(dn County, Ten- ne8so(» !(20 Stennued ariowpoint, shouldered hut not barbed. South Diumis, Marn- stable County, Massachusetts <)2() Stemmed arrowpoint of bluish chalcedonic Hint, shouldered but not barbed. Ohio <>21 Stemmc'l arrowjioint. shouldered but not barbed 1)21 820 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. rai;i', ini. SteiniiH'd arrowpoiiit, shouhlorod hut not liarlii'd. St. Cl.iir County, Illinois Kl'I 162. Stemnie. Steuuued arrowpoint of dark gr.ay Ilint, sbonldored but not barbed. Tennessee iCJ 1()7. Stenuned arro\vi»oint, shouldered biit not barbed 9'SA 1(18. SteninuMl arrowpoint of white jaspery tliut, shouldered but not barbed. West Bend, ^^ iishiugtou County, Wisconsin iH:! Ifiit. Steamed arrowpoint of lirowu flint, shouldered but not barbed. Den- ny H\ille, Washington County, Maine 'til 170. Steunned spearhead, shouldered and barbed (tLii 171. Stenimeil spearhead of whitish ehal(!edony. shouldered and barbed. Shreveport, Caddo County, Lonisianii '.tL'7 172. StcTumed spearlu-ad, shouldered and barbed. Crawford County, Wiscon- sin HL'S 173. Stemmed spearheafl of gray Ilint. shouldered and barbed. .Saratoga County, New York IL'li 171. Stemmed spearhead of gray flint, shouldered and barbed. McMinnville, Warren County, Tennessee ;tj|i 17"). Stemmed speaihe.id, shouldered and barbed liJIi 176. Stemmed arrowjjoint of gray flint, shouldered and barbed. Orange County, Indiana !i:iii 177. Stemmed arrowpoint of pale-brown flint, shouldered and barbed. Santa Harbara County, California !i:i(i 178. .Stemmed arrowjioint of d.ark-gray Ilint, shouldered an. Stenmied arrowpoint, shouldered and barlx'd. ( )regon iKlii 180. I'eculiar form of arrowpoint, with beveled edges. Klkton, Giles County, Tennessee W2 181. Peculiar form of arrowjtoint, with beveled edges. Tennessee !i:!H 182. Peculiar form of arrowpoint. with beveled edges. Point Lick, Kentn(!ky. !i.'!:> 183. Peculiar form of arrowpoint. with beveled edges. Louisville, Kentucky. !':!:> 184. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with serrated edges. Oregon '.<:<[ 185. Peculiar form of arrowjioint, with serrated edges. Stockton, San .loa(|nin County, California '.i:il 186. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, with bifurcated stem. Tennessee l';!."i 187. Pemiliar form of arrowpoint, with extremely long barbs, s([uare at ends. Kudstou, Knglaud , '.Mti 188. Peculiar form of arrowpoint, triangular in section, reddish jasper. Chiri- ((ui, Panama. United States of ('olombia '.C' 189. Peculiar forms of arrow])oint8, broadest at cutting I'nd — tr.inehant trans- versal. Aisne. France v:!n l!tO. Peculiar forms of arrowpoints — tranchant transversal I'iil' 191. Arrowpoint of bone, with narrow grooves on each aide and sharp Ilint Hakes fastened with bitumen or gum. Sweden ''i:i 192. Yew bow fnun prehistoric lake dwelling. Kobonhausen, Switzerland M.' 193. Eskimo knife with nephrite blade, ivory handle, .and wooden shaft. Nor- ton Hay, Alaska idu 19i. Leaf-shaped blade of agati zed wood. Wyoming Hul !•:.'.' it':' itl'L' i)L'H ill':! ItL'l itjil ill's It'll it'll it'll !i:!(i !i:;(i ii:;ii !i:!(i (lonnty, Hit' ii:i3 [itiioky. I'lil! iitncky. 'Xi',\ !i;u .l()a(|uiii ii:ii :i;i,'i 1 1. Ill I 111!' '.I'AS !i;!!l irp Hint 'M^^ and.... !iin ft. Nor- :i:i(i M51 ARROWPOINT.s, SI'KAKHKADS, AND KNIVES. 821 lil"), Unilateral knil'o of yellow Hint. (iuor« l!»it. Ancient hnnian vertei>ra piened with iinart/ arrowjioint, healed !t5it 2(X). Ancient sknll pierced with perforator arrowpoint. IllinoLs jCii* 2(11. Aucient skull, arrow wound over left eye, entirely healed. Missouri ... «>:.!» AKk( A SI. ]niiitin spear, tbiiisti the spt' of tiiei an iissi A ha at lisli All a ho sliot times a The M'lieii I sharp 1 ment iii ^peailu ■tiiictio! these, t clisapjK An iiii] |2 or ;{ t( ffeet Ion lless in ] finent ot in«- of ! real i)r( ishiiiy inaloyj Jirst wit M'as use I)h'te, \v inos, an Indians ARROW POINTS, SlT..\RIIi:.\nS. AND KNIVl^S OF I'RI-IIISTORIC TIMi:S. i !?> I'lK'MAS Wll.suN. M,. !>., Cimilor, liiviniiiii lit' I'lrhisliifii AvvUo nloijii. INTRODUCTION. A Spear is a loii^, i»)iiite may be a ^:Bj)earhead, wliile either or both may have serve«l as knives. The dis- "tinction might be better made if the shafts or liandles remained, but these, together with the lashings and attachments, have decayed and disap]»eared,e\(!ei)t occasiomdly where bitumen or gum was eniployed. An implement of this kind, whether large or small, with a light shatt 2 or ;» feet long would be an arrow; the same with a heavy shaft S or 10 feet long would be a spear, while either of them with a shaft a foot or .less in length would b» \nife, dagger, or jtoniard. Indeed, an imple- ment of the latter class might be accidentally inatle through the break- ng of a spear or arrow shaft. I'ew" if any of these implenuMits of the •eal prehistoric man have been found with their shafts or handles and ashings or fastenings, and so w«> are largely driven to theory and nalogy for their names and uses, in modern tinH\s the perfect arrow, irst with a stone head, afterwards with one of iron, and shaft attacdied, ivas used in great numbers by the North Anunican Indians; spears com- )lete, with stone or iron head and shaft attached, were used by the Kski- nos, and knives with short handles have been found among the Ilnpa ndians of Oregon and California, ami a few in prehistoric graves on the 824 HEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSKUM, 1«97. Mcxicuii bonier, lu Africa, Australia, aial I'olyuesia, the si)ear8 ami kiiivesare usually ot'iroii, socketed or tanged for the insertion olahaiidli. This paper deals ]>riuc,ipally with the i)rehistorie arrowpoint and si)earhead, beyinninjf with the ruder forms of cutting, piercing, (n throwing weapons or implements in the Paleolithic period, and dealiiiu with the subject in all its characteristics. Bows are practically nn noticed, as most specimens from prehistoric times have decayed, but one or two having been found, and these only preserved by beiii;,^ under water or in peat beds. il I. SPEARS AND HARPOONS IN THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD. Ajtpmrance of the spear in the Momterien epoch — Appearii one side only. The spear behuigs to an earlier epoch in man's civilization than <1()< s the arrow. Although they are simiur in ai>pearance, they ditl't i greatly in age. The former ai>peared in the Paleolithic i)eriod, while the hit ter did not appear until the Neolithic. Fig. 1. AClIEULliEN IMPLEMENT OF FLINT. Siile view. St. Acbeul, I'ruuce. ^ natural sixe. Tig. 2. PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENT OF QUABTZITE. Aliulra.i, Iiuliit. (■;il. N... i:t:,'.:i:., l.S.N.M. '^ imlur:il »Ui-. The first implements known to have been used by man were the rude. thick, heavy, chipped Hints which belong to the Chellceu epoch of ilie ARROWPOINTS, SPEAKHKADS, AN1> KN1\ E.S 82.') i[)esir8 ami ifaliaiullr. 'point ami iercing, or ikI dealiiii; itically 111! icayc'd, Liii [ by hiiiuii ERIOD. ; of the har shoulder mi 1 than (Iocs tbey ditl't 1 ippearediii ilc the hit e Noolithic. jUARTZlTK. itiiriil si/.»'. le the null'. poch of I lit-' l»ah*<>nthi(; period. They were probably never used witli a handle, lor it is hard to eoneeive an implement so ill eontrived for attaehmciit to Ja handle. They are nearly the shape of an almond or peaeli stone f (fiys, 1. 1'). A portion of tlu' natural ciust of the Hint pebliles was h'ft at the butt of some of these implements for a jj^rip, thus showiuj,' that they were intended to be held in the hand, and not to be handled for use as spears or Javelins. These implements are not thin and Hat so as 'to be inserted in a split handle, and whether attempted lon;;itudinally I as for a Bi)ear, or transversely as tor an axe, it woidd be with dillii-ulty I that any of them eould either then or now be retained in a handle. If V inserted in a wooden han- dle a suthciient distance I t<>hold.ablowj^iven with fore*' would drive it into and throufjh the woodi any a handle that could be at- tached to theseor similar I'mplemeuts without be- v. ing open to one of these 5 objections. Attemjjts |liave been made in this I direction by several per- |sons, notably in a series in Carnavalet IMuseum, the municipal museum of Paris. An inspection of this series or of any of the implements themselves will show the impracticability of handliuj; tlieni. It does not necessarily follow, because these Chelhen implements were not put in a handle and used as si)ears, that, therefore, the man !of that period had no spear, for a sapling or branch of a tree, sharp- ened and hardened by tire, would have made a most eti'ective weapon of the spear or javelin sort. It nniy be objected that no such objects have ever been found, yet this is not conclusive against the i)ossibility of the tvooden implement having been made, for, being wood, it might have decayed long before the historic period. I'iys. :i, 4. JIOI-STEUIK.N Sl'EAUllEAK OK KLl.NT. Olivorse mill reverse. Lo Moii.stii'r, l'"riiii<'(i. Cat. .Nil. '.MPli, t'.S.N.M. Naliir!il n'w. «2n REPORT OF NATIONAL MT'SKUM, 1897. !f III Ihe iiiidilli' part of tlic Piileolitiiic, period an iinpiuinent appearc il whii'li we may well siippo.m^ to have been tin* liea«lota spear or Javolm (liy's. .".,»). Tlics*' iiii])I('iiieiits have been called Mou.stei'ien points from their hiiv iny been fonnd in jmrity and jnofusion in the caxern of Monstier nii the river \'<'/»'re in France. Their character is Hln»\vn by tlie twd llffurcs, beiuf; the opposite sides of the sanje imph'ment, obverse and reverse. They are smooth Ihikes of flint, thin, rather heavy at the butt, tapering on sides and ed}i<'s to a point. They wer«'. struck from a con? of Hint at a sinjjhi Idow, which left a broad. Hat surface on the inside, showinjj: the conchoid of percussion. The workmen in manufacturing; the implement left this side in its orijjinal condition as it came from the block. The outer side <:. ' I ■k m Fijjs. r>, fi. PALEOMTIIIC POINTS AND HAU- POONS OK KKINDKKH HOKN. La Mailuluiiic, Franco. FiKs. 7-10. PALEOUTHIC POINT?! AND IIAHPOONS OK HEINDEKU HOUN Lii Madeleine, Donlojiiie, Kraiicc. I.iirti't .'iri.l Chriily. 2;, iiHlnnil ^l^^■. was chipped by small flakes to a regular outline .and made sharp aloni the two edges and at the point. None of the objections made to tlic handling of the Chelh'en implement apply to this. It was and is easy to insert this implement into a cleft stick and fasten it tightly eitln r with thongs or bitumen so as to be effective as a spear or javelin. There is no positive evidence that they were thus used, but the finf that it could have been done, that similar implements were and are thus t uppesin d [• or javelin 1 their liiiv lonstier (ni ty the two •1 NDEEU HORN ire. liirp iiloiiu ade to tlio iiul is easy itly eitln r >r javelin, t the fni't Used jiiiiolij!: siivajies, iiinl that those be- lon|;iiij,' to the prececliiij,' epoeh coiihl not hav«* been tliiis iis«'d,establish«'8 a I'aii' pre- sumption in that behalf. Tliia fact beinj; admitted, these represent the earlit'st ^ sjMMirheads made by man. If these iinple- [ments were rare, the arjfument wouhl be correspondinjjly feebU',but tliey have been 'found in jjreat numbers over a hir^o p<»r- tion of western I'nrope, and th(* epoch to which they bek)n}je«l is believed by M. de Mortilletto have been of jLfreater duration tlian any other in the Paleolithic peri<>(l. In the continuation of the Cavern period to what M. de ^fortdlet calls the Sohitn'en epoch, where the inventive jjenius and the mechanical ability of man became hijjluu', implements are found which establish be- yond dispnte their use as spears or Jave- lins. True, they have been used as har- j peons, but what is a harpoon but a barbed [spear or lance? bone or horn, hereintrodi [of thousan«ls which have been found in southern France, belonging to this epoch of I the Paleolithic period. Those here shown ■ are of reindeer horn and are about natural : size. Observe the straight, smooth, taper- iing points. In one of them (tig. 5) the base [is bifurcated to receive the end of a shaft; another has the base brought to a point I for insertion into the shaft, and, after the fashitm of the Eskimo and other tisher peo- ple, it has a hole apparently for the attach- ment to its shaft by string (fig. (i). The ; others, larger ones, have at their bas<' an I enlargemerit or swelling, over which the ' hollow shaft can be forced for a given dis- tance, which, lashed tightly with a thong, will keep it firm, or, inserted l)ut slightly. Mill allow it to pull out and remain in a wound while the shaft is released (figs. 1 7-10). These objects, having belonged to the Paleolithic period entirely disassociated S27 lance? Many of them were of ^^?:iSJf^»^^Hk?l^ ,o.„. KisU (;. T, S, a„rt 9 are Wfii||te [luced as typical representations ipjl;] ') J//,'/'' i»Sft;w/|i« SOLUTRfiEN POINT OF CIIIPPEI) I'LINT. Solutr6, l""runL'«!. Uii.'ny'eriod, and bearing a great similarity to its jbrother, the harpoon. These and similar imidements, made of bone and horn, were (oiitin- [ned in us<' tlir(»Mghout the Paleolithic, period. Ho it is proved by jdediu;tion and induction that the l)(»w and {arrow did not make its a])])earaiice during the Paleolitiiic period, but are later than either the spear or Javelin. The author does not forget the ditfereiH'es of opinion be- tween M. de Mortilh^t and M. d'Acy as to the various types of Paleolithic im- l)lements, and the extinct fauna associate KKI'OKT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1H!»7. Jlostoii, wlio, as Ion;; iip> as l<''cl)ruai'y li, 1S8<», |)iil)li.sh(»lilliic Man.' II. THE ORIGIN, INVENTION, AND EVOLUTION OF THE BOW AND ARROW. Oriffin iiiiknoirH — .1 iromhrfnl contriniiicr — /Is iiiiftholoifi/ — Itn hitttorif — Artoir reh'uxe in unlhimtji. Of tim ori^jin of tlu'- how an knowled^^e of its be;;innin^ eonies from such of the ronuiinH of huinun iniliiHtry bel(Mi|rin}]^ to prehistoric times as have Itcin found in moi-ii times. We can easily base our conclusions on (comparisons of these leuuiins. We have seen how the spear and harpoon and possibly the javelin beh>ny:ed to the Paleolithic jteriod or chipp»*d-stono aj;o; and now we will see how the bow and arrow was an invention of the Xeo lithic period or ])olished stone a{,'e. Hut both these aj;es lie far back in the past, earlier than any written history, and were unknown to tin- world until the discoveries of the nineU'enth century. A stick or stall" sharpened or haiilened by fire might make a s|>ear. Herodotus' says, describinji; the army of Xerxes, that "the Libyans nuirched clad in leather garments and made use of javelins hardene. M..r«s ll.ill.lili K» NcL triNlitulf, l*tn&, XVIl, Kiy. 'Jii. tc i-NDAUV AKIinW UK- I.KAHK. I'rnl. K. ~. M..r«.-. ehition with the spear, laiu-r, or Javelin. It is a niaeiiino, rniuirinK tiie Coinl>iiied aut a moment's consider- ation of the condition of a savage wiio had never seen or heard of any imudiine by which missiles could be tliiown farther or harder than he could do it with his hand — that this savagi' should have in\eiited the spring of the bow, shoidd have utilized it by tightening the cord, and arranged the whole so that by drawing the cord and its sudden release, coulil project an arrow with such forcti as to be an elfective wi'ap, 20, 21, 22, and 2.'{) shows the existence of the bow and arrow in early Egyp- tian, Assyrian, Etruscan, ami (Jrecian times, from the ancient sculptures ami bas reliefs, although it is lyincidental to his subject. Kits existence or origin had been in (jues- n his illustrations couhl have been nuiltiplied numberless times from e ancient sculptures, bas-reliefs, painted vases, and coins of antiquity. Via. 22. (DlTEUIlANIiAN A UblLUASE. I'rof. K. S. Alorm-. TKKIIAICV AKItOW 1-KASK. I'r.if, K. -. M..rs, . Jiulletiu, Essex lustituto, XVII, October to December, 1885, pp. 115-198. 832 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. Wliother these arrowheads were of atone or metal ean not be known from the representations; but the earliest mentioned by historians arc of metal. The bow is represented on the most ancient monuments. In classic art it is an attribute of Apidlo, Cupid, Diana, Her- cules, and tlie Centaurs. The form represented was tliatofthe Creek bow — two arcs united by a straight piece in the middle, (xreeiau mythol- ogy attributes the invention of the bow to Scy- thes, the son of Hercules, or to Perse, the son of P (u- s u s , b u t Fig. 23. MONQOMAN AllKOW RE- I.IOAHI':. rri.f. K. S. .M..rs.'. Fig. 25. (Fig. 24) SCVTIIIAN AN- TARTHIAX HOW. (ris;. 25) GREEK BOW. lith's Pirtioiiiiry nf (;rt!"lt nml tlttmau Atiliiiuities tit!t> Arfii-; Herodotus supposes this to be a tradition of the skill in archery of the Scythians and Persians. Smith, in his Dictionary of Creek and Homan Antiquities, under the title '* Demosii," says: Another class of public slaves t'oriiu'd the citj' guard of Alliens, * * * tlioy were generally called bowmen » » * or, from the native country of the majority, Scyth ans. And again, under the title "Ar- H. I '^^^i^K^ 1 Via- 27. OREKK llHON/i; " Til H 1 i: ToNo n: ii' A H l^ ( 1 w • ^1h POINT. I'crsepoli.-). 'Iliad, Book IV, 105-126. ' Odyssey, IJook XXI, 54. ARUOWrOINTS, SI'KAHHKADS, AND KNIVES. S33 lot be known listoriaiis arc ;. In classic Diana, Her resented was nriTIAN HOW. JOW. Aiititinities tillH Ami.;. rchery of the es, under tlio yin. 27. (inEKK HKoN/i; " Tii li 1 i: TONU t'K li' A U U (> vv • POINT. I'lTsepolis, wn ill fig. -•'). XI, 54. Fiji. 28. OllKKK IIU()N/K "THUKK nii.N(!lTKI) ' A II HOW IMilMS. >(:iratljoii. toilli- 111. lii.iiirv Ml... Siiu'llhi, Tiie anowlieads were of bronze, Homer .say.s "tliree-tongued," as gliown ill liy. L'T, and those from Marathon shown further on (ti<;. 28). The arrow shafts were of bght wood or smooth cane, well polished. In the Trojan war the spear, lance, or Javeliti was the principal weapon and used in all three capaci- ties, according to the need. It could naturally be thrown but a short distance in the immediate pres- ence of the enemy, and was simietimes used in band to hand conflicts. Ibmier describes in detail the arms and armor of the (Ireeks and Trojans angha,st; no second spear was nigh: And loudly on l)eij)hobn8 he ons, oaeh on each They fell. ' * * Then Hector fairly in the center struck Tho stubhorn shield; yet drov(! not through tho spear; For tho stout brass the bluutetl point rei)elle(l. Jbit Ajax, with a forward bound, the shield <^f Hector pierced; right through tho weapon passed, flliiid, \'I1, 27:i The 8i)ear shaft was made of ash, and was tough and strong, thus: The son of Pelens threw His straight-directed spear; his mark ho missed, . Hut struck the lofty bank, where, deep inlixeil To half its length, the Pelian ash remained. Then from beside his tliigh Achilles drew His trenchant blade, and, furious, onward rushed; While from the clift" Astcropa'us strove In vain, with stalwart hand, to wrench the spear. Thr(!e times ho shook it with impetuous loico. Three times relaxed his grasp; a fourth attempt Ho made to bend and break the sturdy shaft. [ Uiad, XXI, lit'. Their spears lost or broken, they resorted to their swords: Then I'eneleus and Lycon, hand to hand. Engaged in combat : both had missed their aim, And bootless hurled their weapons: then with swords They met. First Lycon on tho crested helm Dealt a fierce blow; but in his hand tlie blaile Up to the hilt was shivered. Then the sword Of I'eneleus * * » * * * deojjly in his throat the blade Was plunged. [Iliad, XVI, 3sr.. One of the tactical maneuvers of the Greek soldier was to thi iist the lance into and through the shield of his opponent, and while h was disengaging it to attack him with the sword. The swords, shields, and armor are described by Homer, and, ii> already seen, most of the combats were hand to hand. It is curious tv consider that until the invention of the sling and the bow and arrow there was no projectile weapon used in warfare except the lance, or javelin. The knights of ancient times, as well as niedanval, fought in armor, and whether on foot, on horse, or in a chariot, they pressed llu fight hand to hand. It seems curious in these days of long-range guns to think of great wars carried on as prize fighters would, and tliat beyond arms' length meant out of d, and timt k protection *f some spear— or swordsman, and this may have had sucli implication of cowardices or degradation as to account for the rarity of the use of ttie how and arrow, for it seems certain that while it was used in Htm Trojan war it )»erformed Imt a subordinate part. Paris was an (llpert archer; Teucer had a how; Mcriones discharges an arrow which itrikes ^Icnclaus. 'Taiidarus the godlike, Lycao's son," was the (killed archer from Crete." His bow, arrow, and quiver are described, j^|§id how lie was called to act the part of the sharpshooter. Diomedes |as dealing destruction among the (Ireeks when J'Ineas sought land am s — • * * aiul ii«l(lresse«l liiin thus: "Whore, Pand.iriis, are now thy wiiigf'd shafts. Thy bow, inid well-known skill, whoivin with thee Ciin no man here contend? Nor Lycia boasts Through all her widc-spn-ad plains a truer aim. Then raise to .love thy hamlH, and with thy shaft Strike down this (.-hief, whoe'er he be, that thus Is making fearful havoc in our host!" 1 Iliad, V, lit6. I The bow of I'aiidarus, with its accompaniments, and the operation of liooting Diomedes, are thus described : Straight he uncased his polished bow, his spoil Won from a mountain ibex, which nimself, In ambush lurking, through the breast had shot, True to his aim, as from behind a crag He came in sight; prone on the rock he fell, With horns of sixteen palms his head was crowned. These deftly wrought a skilful workman's hand. And polished smooth, and tipped the ends with gold, lie bent, and resting on the ground his bow, Strung it anew. » * * His quiver then withdrawing from its case, With care a shaft he chose, ne'er shot before, Well-feathered, messenger of pangs ana death, The stinging arrow fitted to the string. » * * At once the sinew to the notch he drew ; The sinew to his breast and to the bow The iron head; then when the mighty bow Was to a (circle strained, sharp rang the horn. And loud the sinew twanged as toward the crowd With deadly speed the eager arrow sprang — it struck .Inst where the golden clasps the belt restrained. And whore the breast-plate, doubled, checked its force. On the close-fitting belt of cnrious workmanship It drove, and through the breastplate richly wrought And through the coat of mail he wore beneath. His inmost guard, and best defence to check The hostile weajion's force; yet onward still The arvow drove. [Iliad,' V. 119. At the extremity of the plain of Marathon, Greece, is the tumulus lentioned by Pausanias as having been erected over the Athenians I ' Earl D(^rby's translation, London, 1867. 8;i6 KEPOltT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1S97. killed in that battle, II. C 400. It was excavated by Franeois Leuor niant, and liis report was published.' A jjreat number of bronze arrow- heads were found, short, barbed, soeketed, and with three fiuicts. Flakes of black Hint were also found, which were thouj^ht by some to have serve). The knowledge of bronze is believed to have come from the East, and if so, would have been known in Persia even before it became known in Greece. It is doubtful if they were arrowheads at all, but if they really were it is much more likely they belonged to the Persian allies than to the Persians tliemselves. The Scythians and Parthians, comin<; from the direction of Persia, were the most celebrated archers of the known world, and had bronze, if not iron, arrowheads. History helps us in the view that these stone arrowheads, if they were such, did not come from Persia, nor from the East, but from Ethiopia — the far South. Herodotus '^ described the arms of the various peoples forming tho army of Xerxes. Most of them had the bow and arrow, but stone points were used only by one people. Tho Persians # » » jj^d jshort spears, long bows and arrows made of cane * * * and under them their quiver hung. ' * ' The Indians • <• • ii;,,! bows of cane and arrows of cane tipped with iron. « * * The Hactrians had hows of eane, pceuliar to tlieir country. *^ * * The Parthians, Chorasniiaus, Sogdians, Gandarians, and Dadicje hn,d the same as tho Bactrians. The Caspians, Savangii, and Paetyes had bows of cane. » * » The Arabians carried at their right si.lo.s long bows which bent backward. The Ethiopians carried long bows, not less than foiu" cubits, made from branches of the palm tree, and on them they placed short arrows made of cane; instead of iron, tipped with stone, which was made sharp ami of that sort on whicli they engrave s«als. * » » They had javelins tipped with antelope's horn made sharp like a lance. The Scythians and the rude tribe of Massageta' used bronze arrow- heads in the time of Herodotus, who records ' how that one Ariantas, a king of the Scythians, took the census of his people by requiring eacli one to contribute an arrowhead, the whole of which he put in tho melt ing pot and cast into an enormous bronze vessel.^ Our modern discoveries point toward bronze and iron having come from the Orient, and getting into Egypt and Ethiopia later than intc Assyria or Asia Minor. Armenia and Caucasus, that vast mountainous and comparatively Revne Arch«;ologique, Paris, February, 1867. - Book VII, 61-80. 3 Book IV, 81. * Sir John Evans, Ancient Stone Implements, p. 329, is Lenor xe HI row ets. i by somt' ia doubt ly known {jfiilar tri M. Lenor ik origin. ;csts that But even eads were liks. The East, and ue known ut if they sian allies IS, cominjf ers of till' bory helps li, did not far Sou til. irming the but stone lado of cane " * hiid nn had bows 8, Sogdiiins, a, Savanjiii', r right si. Us lot less thiui placed shiirt le sliarp ami tipped Willi nze arrow ^riautas, a liring each a the melt ving conic thau into iparatively 61-80. p. 329. ARROWrOINTS, SPEARIIF.ADS, AND KNIVES. 837 § ^unknown country lying between and to the stmthof the IMack and Cas- )iau Seas, has been lately subjected to critical archaologic researches.' Metals were there early discovered and put to use. Hut few locali- hea found by tlu^ explorers show occupation in the Neo- Kthic i)eriod pure and simple. lvii'>wledge of bronze and iron dates to almost the earliest times. It is strongly claimed by de Morgan that Armenia was the seat of a very early, if not the original, discovery of ii'ou. When he approximates the iippearance and use of iron in connection with bron/e in that country to a period twenty to thirty centuries before Christ, and shows that iron was in common use there long before it was iu the adjoining countries, it will be seen what good grcmnd he has for his as.sertion. The author knows well that M. ersedef Moii(;i-.vr'i'i, KuHaiun Ar- menia. lit' Mortfan, ti^s. 46, 4h. ' E. Chautre, Recherches Anthropologiques dans le Cancase; ,T. do >forgan, I're- kiers ag»>8 des Motaux dans I'Arnidnie Russo, Paris, 1889; .h Mourior, L'Archa-ologie Cancase, Paris, 1887. hLes premiers ages des Motaiix dans l'Arin<'nie Russo, pp. 89-101. 838 UEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1S97. 1i loii;; iiiul narrow, whilu tlie latter is short and liroad. Fiys. 31 .is shows eij-ht of these iron lance heads, all I'roin the cemetery of Clni. tau-thagh. The variations of these speiir heads show them to have been the prodii(!t of individual dc si^n andniannfa(;tur(',andtli;it they were not made by a in a chine or after a single pattern, They are all socketed; tlie socket is not solid, but open on the side, showing they wen hammered and not cast. Tlie sockets were not welded nor brazed. Whether they could weld or bra/e two pieces of iron together must be left uncertain, It may, however, be considered certain that they knew of and employed a heat siitlicient to weld, and used it in the manu- facture of these implements, for without a weldiug heat they could not make these sharji edges and points. On one of the Egyptian bas-reliefs (at Mediuet Abou, Thebes, twenti eth dynasty) a Thyrenieu war rior is shown with two spears as though one might have been for throwing as a Javelin and the other for hand to hand combat. There was a series of knivtfs of iron from the cemetery of Cheitan thagh, Armenia. The handles had been of wood. bone, or horn, fastened mucli the same as the butcher or ciu- ving knife of modern times. Some had a tang inserted in deer horn, some had pieces of bone, others pieces of wood cut thin and laid on both sides, riveted through. The U. S. National Museum possesses a series of the latter obtained direct from M. de Morgan whidi is represented in the accompanying photograi)hic plate (IMate 1). The engraving on the bronze belts or cinctures of the warriors show fl Figs. 31-38, PKEHI8TOKIC IHON SPEARHEADS. inetery ol'Clieitun-tliagli, RussiaD Armenia. lie MurK'Ui, H" |[ natural size (tad. Fi^s. 31 .'.s ceiiieteiv of ('lin. Report of U, S Natonal M'jseum, 1697.- Wilson. Plate 1. ions of these spe.ir- tlu'in to have been of iiMlividiial dc iufa(-tnr(',siiidth:it lit made by a ni;i r a sinjfle pattern. ,11 soeketed; tla- t solid, but optii diowiiig they weic nd not cast. Tlit B not welded nor iiether they could } two pieces of iidii >tbe left uncertain. sver, be cousider«Hl they knew of and heat sutlicient to ed It in the nianii- ,hese implements. i welding heat tiicy pake these sharji oiuts. On one of bas-reliefs (at »n, Thebes, t went! iThyrenieu war with two spears might have been as a Javelin and >r hand to hand I series of knives the cemetery of h, Armenia. The been of wood, fastened mucli le butcher or car )f modern times, tang inserted in me hail pieces of neces of woodcut Juration al Museum le Morgan whidi te (IMate 1). le warriors show Prehistoric Iron Knives and Spearheads. ('•. iiu'tcry of (•Jifi'tmi-tliaKh. Kussiaii Armenia. J. De Morgan. Mission ScientiHqiu- au Caucas... I. i Les I'rvmiers A^es iles Metaux .lans rArtn.-.iie Kiissi'i. p. Vi--i. Hk. I'.'l. Ilu; i'onii ii iTIic bow \ lonii. as ill [tilt' siiiiillc liese torn liiif oiuonl illl ho thinks permitted Isolated or The arro )t' curious >arbs, otlie \)o. inserted urow shafi [lailorpoin lie appear: AUKOWPOINTH, SI'EAKIIKAUS, AND KNIVKS. 839 tlu; I'onii and use of tiie bow and arrow in tliat locality at tliat period. [I'lic bow was banger tban a man was tall. It was not ivfjular in its i 1(11 111, as are most bows. It consisted of three curves, tlio centei- bein;j; tin' smallest and sbjrteat. Tlio drawings (fijjs. .U), U)) show the form. rriu'se Ibrms may have been exajjgerated by the anciient artist, but they |iii(' our only source of knowh'dge. From the scenes (lepicted elsewhere on the cinctures, it is concluded that these bows served for the chase as well as for war. Chips ami tlakes of obsidian, few in nundter and irregular and uncertain in form and from tlu; mountains of Alla- gheuz, were found by de Morgan, which Fig. 30. Fig. 40. rREHISTOniC ARMENIAN BOWS, ENORAVED ON lUlONXE C'lNCTORES. Fig. 30— From cciiieterv of Alitlmlii; lij;. 40— from Moii(;i-y {\\^i. II ). Some were ;ir iaii<:eil with harlis, (>tluM> witlioiit. 'i'lic hi()ii/e iiii piciiieiits weie cast, ihi iron ones lianinieied. A few of the iniph'nieni of eiiisel shape, if anou heads, of tiic form tijiinli ant transversa I, were foil I Mi in the remet«'ry of Moni j yeri (lij^s. Kl. 17). It i> cnrious to remark tli;it while tlie bion/.e and iruii air(»wheads of tiiis i)eri<>il and hteality are the j;eii eral form of eliijjped-stoin arrowheads of prehistoiic times, those of ''hippfd stone — tinit is, the obsiil ian s])eeiniens — are of ;i new and ahnost unknowi form, rnder and more ai ehaie than found elsewliei I'. The warrior or hiiutoi carried all or several kinds of arrows. Then (piivers wla-n found eon tained an assortnieiit, Those of bronze were in the {-reatest number, tlien iron, and histly stone. TlM^ar('ha'olo,iiistexereiseseare in his eonelusions and may re- fuse to accept evi!'• I.", fj ri;tlitr;il si/f. Figs. 40,47. ■HKIIIKTDUIC ARRDWI'OI.NTS OK CHIl'l'KI) ( m.SIlil.\.'> tranilaiiit traitsvcrsul. (.'(Miiotory of AI()ii(;i-y^'ri, .\riiioiiia. ■ I,' M.ircan, fi;;. I'.l. Nntiir.il si/.,-. » i iitu a haiii were iu •1)S, (»tlU'l> n'oii/e iiii cast, tlu I'led. ii|)l<>in('iii , if arrow rill traiM'h were loll m; • ol" Mom i IT). It i> nark that e and ir<»ii tliis i>eri()(l e tlie geii Ijped-stoiK preliistoiii )f f'liipiMii the obsid —are of a it iinkiiowi d more ar lelsewheif. or limitci several ws. Th.'ii bund (MHi ssortiiu'iit. istly stout'. R.|) r1 nt U b N.il 1 Vluj.jri-, "Hi . i/Vilson. Plate 2. #^4t#* I'I'KK IIHSIMAN Specimens of fine Arrowpoints. Italy. Cut. X«>.s. HKhis |iH.Mtl. U.S.X.M. Yet tho.^t I». • • I. u s f;.- • ■ M.. .')• '"J/.-//' ^•- PLAri \, Specimens of fine Arrowpoints. ll.ll.N. ('ill. Nos. itv.s'i. iim;-.':;. fir.. r.s.N.M. licaiitiC licld ill' iiiiiity : liattle, 1 rpocll Jl liahitati III. SUI .\iiti([}ii\ irciipo liiiincr (IS rita The SI tlieir su] iiiconsist tiiic, for 1 No pec moil use, imi'pose.s as luiviu^ l>i)iiits, M icyarded (Iciiioiistr Tlio sii] iurowpoii (»r" Asia n ■^till are, i P'twers. tliore AVer tiiat the : falU'ii froi l.foiiardo :ij( for th( ed to an earlier epoeh and another i)eoi)le, whether tlie result of a battle, llie chase, or liabitation of man, is as yet undecided. III. SUPERSTITIONS CONCERNING ARROWPOINTS AND OTHER PREHISTORIC STONE IMPLEMENTS. AiitliiuHi/ of this siipcrstition e and a large portion, if in)t all, of Asia and Africa; and these objects have been, and in many places still are, regarded as of a heavenly origin and as having sui>ernatural powers. While this superstition usually belonged to the peasantry, there Avere many educated i)ersons who believed it. Like the belief tliat the fossil animals found in the rocks were bits of broken stars fallen from the skies, until their true character was discovered by Leonardo da Vinci and Bernard l*alissy, there was no way of acccmnt- ng for them. So \Viien in the nineteenth century prehistoric man was discovered, these stone im'.)lements were immediately re(;ogni/ed as his work, and the belief ir. their supernatural character began to die out. Of course, a tradition as old, as widespread, and as llrndy believed among the peasantry, who read little and traveled less, would natu- rally be slow to yield, and so in certain localities and with certain l)<'o[>les its romains are yet to be found. They have been called "liuhtning stones" and "thunderstones" in mai'y languages. These luuiies are frequently applied to both the stone hatchet ' ami the arrow- 'pL'Scriptioiis and figures of tlit'so are given in tlie author's p.ajxT on I'lehi.storii! Art, tdutained in. the report of tins U. >S. National Musuuiu lor 1M!M», pis. ;il-37, ligs. Oo-yy. S42 RKi'ORT OF NATIONAL MUSF.TM, 1«!»7. poiiil, tliouyli in sonic localities a dil'lcniKM' is lecogiii/.cd and llir latter are called '-elf darts," etc. Jt is no uncommon tliiufj to Iiear older i)ea8ants in rural districts in I'^ranccj deny all kno\\ielied to the stone hatchet. The elf arrow continued until a recent period to be esteemed througli- out Scotland as a i^harm against the malice of eltin spii-its and tlic spells of witchcraft. Sewed in the dress or worn on the person it was available for the protection of the individual, and is occasionally to be met Willi perforated or set in gold and silver, to be worn as an amulet. The c(>llection oi the Society of Anticiuaries of Scotland contains an "elf dnt" set in silver, which has been worn as an amulet. A Hint arrowhead forms the central pendant of a (Irci'k or lOtruscan gohi necklace in the ISritish AFuseum. Like other weapons of ellin artillery, it was suppo.sed to retain its inllueuce at the will of the possessor, am! thus became the most elfective talisman against ellish malice, witcii craft, or the evil eye. It is popularly believed when cattle are sick that they have been stricken by these fairy or ellin weapons. Tliero cv'ry liord by Had exptsritiU'c knows How, wiiigod with i'lxtv, tlicir clt'-shot arrows lly, When tlio sick cwt^ her siiiniiii'r food Coief^ocs, * Or stretcli'd on oarth tho licart-sinit lieilVrs lii^ Ohl country people tell odd stories of this distemper among cows, When elf-shot the cow falls down suddenly as if dead; no part of tin skin is pierce«l, but often a little triangular Hat stone is found near tin' s AKHOWPOINTS, SI'KAiniEADS, AND KNIVES. 843 tliclilttd' isti'icts ill ; or si)ejii- )biocts by 1 tonueri't', eillor F»)i lOSC iStolM' h ot'Iiglit the pliUM'. t still hot, espociitlly 10 hiitchets [ver, sonic unamontal y are Imnj; ileep. Till' L'ed in with tlieni, lor without. that in iiunian cases il was Ixlieved to have no etleci. I Peoy^ records, on the anthority of Dr. Hicks, a circnnistantial story y4t elf arrows wit!' which Lord Tarbnt entertained the Dnke of liander- l^ale. and be adds: t I leinonihtir my Loid 'I arhnt did jiroiliice one of tlicso witches of Anldearn fnrnisb some of the most mar- felons nar a . -n Pitcairns's Criniinal Trials. Among other disclos- ures, they describe a cavern in tbe center of a hill where the archfiend xrrics on tbe niannfactnre of snch elf arrows with the help of his Attendant imps. The latter i)erform tbe preparatory work, shai)ing ^le crude blocks and chipping tbe arrows out of tb(! Hint Hakes, titter fhich they receive from the master fiend their thiisbing form and ])oiiit. i! In lr<'laii(l flint tirrowbeads were regarded as potent sjiells against "Ite inlluence of witchcraft and the evil eye, tin elf arrow being (re- ^lently set in silver and worn about tbe neck as an anudet agtiinst 'lieing elf-shot. I Wccan not err in itssutning that iit tbe earliest period of the North- fljcjn, exercising an inHii in Scothmd sulli ik- pie were fannliar, tluit tbey referred its Ifeiipons and iuii)lements tt- Jr ssime invisible sprites by whose iigency ifiey were wont to Jiccount for all incomprehensible or superhuman 2ciUTences. And we nniy infer from what all other evidtMi<;e contirms, lat the close of tbe Scottish stont iieriod belongs to an era nmny cen- prior to the oldest dtite of tbe written history of tbe country. 'j|This ancient superstition is not pecailiar to Scotland ami Ireland. Norway, diseases, not only of cjittle but of men, were called by the ime "alfshot,"iinu i' Denmark, "elveskud" — that is, elf-shot — though le Hint arrowpoint N u)t recognized there as the bolt which furnishes |e (puvers of malignant elves. lUit other, and i>robably more ancie;it iiiidiuiiviiin legends prove tbe existence of sindlar northern ass<,cia- )M,s with the prinutive arrowpoint. ' .Journey in Scothmd, I, p. 115. 844 IJHPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, IW". The iiaiiH'- still ;ip|»Ii«Ml to tlu' elf bolt by the Norwegian peasantry is "tonleiikilei," or tliunderstone, so that we can I'eel little hesitation in assiyninj;- to the old Xorso <;olonists of Orkney the dift'erenee still «lis- eeinible in these expressions of the same popular idea. In the Fornal «lar Sojiur Nordlanda, or legends from the priiidtive period of tli( north, derived froni aneient manuscri|)ts, Orvar Odd's saga furnishes a eurious evidence of this. The hero, who is alrcridy furnislied with three iron arrows, the gift of Guse, a Finnish king possessed of magic power, is liospitably entertained in the <;ourse of his wanderings by an old nuiu of singular apiiearance. On tlioisidc \vh(;r<' tlif "M iiiiiii sat lio liiid three stone iiitdws on tin- table near tin dish. They were solarye an()ked at them, sayinj; : "These arrows arc well made." " If you really think tlieni to l)o ho," replied his host, " I shall make ymi a present of thorn." "I do not think," replied Orv.ir, sniilinif, "that I need enmlittr myself with stone arrows." The old man answered: "Hi; not sure that you will not some time stand in need of them; 1 1. i"" tli it you possess tliiee arrows, tin {^ift of Ouse, hut, thonjjh you deem it unlike I i.ay liai)pen that (luse's weapon- will jirovo useless; then tlu'Sc stone arrows wil, il you." Orvar ( )dd aceordinulv accepted the j^ift, and chancing soon after to encounter a foe who by like magic w;i- impenetrable to all ordinary weapona, he trauslixed him with the stone arrows, which innnediately vanished. The Danish collector, Olaf Worm, describes' the chipped Hint speai heads and daggers as being of doubtful origin, ami that some i»er8oii> regard them as thunderbolts. Even in .lapan Hint and obsidian arrowpoints are regarded as tlu we.apons still iu use by spirits. The i)opiilar belief is that every yciii an army of spirits lly through the air with rain and storm; when tin sky clears the i)eople go out and hunt in the sand for the stone arrow liea«ls the spirits have droppe of l>orneo in bags woven of cane and suspended in the recesses o: their dwellings among their talismans and anuilets.^ This variaticm in the popular mode of giving expression to the idea of a sujiernatural origin for these primitive weapons is worthy of nott from the delinite evidence it atfords of a period when stone weapoii> were as much relics (►f a remote past aud objects of popular wondti as iu)w. The collection of amulets made by Professor Belucci of Italy, showi in the I'aris Exposition in lS8t>, contained the following, which hai: been worn or kept as a protection against lire and lightning: Polishcil stone hatchets, jadeite 15, serpentine 12, aphanite 2, lydite, quartzite and argillite, 1 each — 32; arrowpoints or spearheads, dint 3(), pyrite; 4, calcite 1 — 41; total, 73. The superstitious belief in these objects is not confined to any par jiellhU' pli ;ily, Spa kilt it is 1 ly tlic col MMIICC "1 (■ IIH'li'O •} I 1 A licliet s coliillioi The coll a-- |>res(i icciinens I Museum W'ormianum, .V. 1). 1()55, it|>. lilt, 85. -Jjteveus, Uliut Chips, l)p. J:*7, S8. Illl lellgl. ('the ligh TiiiN sail 1 [KMiples ljiiiiii;il, h( rni\v heads ( [itiiiL:. as it iTii i[i tiio [)i i nut arrow^^. |irn!;ir pla<'«' or (!onntry. It is e(|ually prevalent in Cierinany, l''raiiee, |i;ily, Spain, an,"' |)iit it is possible this may be only a niiine br(m<;lit over from l-airope ^y tlic conquistailores. In Italy tliey are called "pietra di fuoco," in i.iiicc "pierre de tonnerre'" or "'pierre de fondre." in Spain "pii'dra ,. iiifLio"' and ''piedras de rayo." A liflief in the supernatural orij^in of stone arrows and hateiiels is . ((iiiimon in China as it is in other , arts <»f the world.' The collection of M. Van de Poel, of .'50 ])rehisroric objects from Java, a- presented by him to the Academy of Sciences, Paris. "The icciiiieiis were obtained with dilliculty. as the natives re led as tlu when till' )ne arrow rlapanest then! witl ent stout ihabitaiit? ecesses ti: io the idea by of u(jtt e weapoIl^ ar wondi'! II (irecce, as early as the time of IMiny, the stone arrowpoints, along ith p(»]ished-stone hatchets, were believed to have fallen from the ars. The latter were called ''astroitehdiia" or thunderbolts. IMiny, lilting Sotacus, saj's there are two sorts, ''the bla(;k tuul the red, sjiy- g tliey do resemble halberds or ax he.uls. Such as be found withal 3very year ^^, endued with this virtue, that by means of them cities may bo 1(0(1 and whole navies at sea be discomfited." .VMrovaudns'' engraves a tlint arrowpoint as a fossil glossopetra, a me which, according to IMiny,'' "resembleth a man's tongue and 'i''.\<'th not on the ground, but in the eclipse of thi^ moone falleth from Mveii." and which "is thought by the magicians to be verie neces- 1 ie for those that court fair women." ill tlie catalogue of the museum at (Ireshiim College* they are (;alled iicliorites," b(H;iUise of their likeness of tbrm to tin tinchor. Itefer- (•(■ is made to the collection of simihir objects in the Worm Mu.seum. Flint continued to be used in some parts of I'jgypt until the twelfth nasty, 2600 I>. C. Mr. Flinders I'etrie in 1SS9 excavated the iincient t lenient Medinet Kahun, the pyrtimid of rnsertesen II, and tiiere 111(1 and brought back to London, \\liere they were exhibited at "k! Mansion, a bushel or more of tiint chips jind wrought Hakes. aly, shown vhich liiiii Pol i shed (juart/ite ;j(>, pyriti'! to any par Stevens, Flint (Jhips, p. Hit. |l'v;ms, Ancient Stone IinpleiiKMits. p. llt'«; .Mi'nioire. concornant THistoiro dcs Jiniii^ paries Missionnaires de I'l'kin, I\', ITTtj, ]i. 174; W, p ItiT. (-"^leiiillet. MatiMianx, II, ji. 212; Kvans, Ancient Stone Iniplenieuts, ]>. UH. [Aiiiieiii Stone Implements, ]). .SL'H. piiisiiei Metallic!, i'.ook IV. chap. 17, p. tlOI. |n itiiralis Ilistoria. Hocdc XXXVII, chap. 10. iiidou, 1618. 84(1 U'EI'OUT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, ISitT. SoiiK' of the lliiki's wen' iiiserti'd in a wooden sic-kle and made the cut tinj; edf^^e of th»' iiiipleiiieiit, wliile the flakes were many of them wrought (all done by <'hii>i>in}^) into spear or hun-e heads. The author purchased :i nuMd)er of both kinds, and they are n(>w exhibited in tlic IJ. S. I*^ati()nal INFuseuni (plate 4). Sir ,Iohn Iwans' reports a ehipped-llint arrowpoiiit fastened to its* shaft with bitumen, disi)layed in the IJritish INfuseum, found in :iii 10gyi>tian toinl>. The dynasty and conseciuently the date is not j^iveii; it nniy not be known. Tills extended and universal superstitious regsird for these implo nients as a elass is incompatible with their use as weai)ons by the same ;| people, anvds of stone practuuilly came to an end among our North American India^iis, even though they remained savjiges. They soon found that a | rejected and broken barrel hoop or other piece of strap iron would make;! more arrowheads than would a hundred times its weight in Hint, witli*^ less labor and in shorter time. Xot only were they more easily made, but were lighter ; as anununition they could be carried in greater numbei,| and were in every way more effective as a weapon. Neither the epoclii of transition from stone arrowpoints to those of iron, nor the length off time in making it, by the North American Indian, can be told withl accuracy, but we may be reasonably certain that he would not loiigd continue to make them of stone after he had the material and the tools-| that is, the strap iron and a tile or chisel — and the knowledge to U8(| them. The Indian traders soon discovered the Indian needs, and after beads, glass, and tomahawks, the cargoes contained iron and soiiu' times liles and chisels by Avhich the arrowpoints and knives could 1>( made, if they did not carry the arrowpoints and knives already made. ' Ancient Stone Implements, p. 329. - lieport U. S. National Museum, 18><8, p. 280. Rff.i.'tof U S National Muscurr, 1 897.- Wilsnn. Plate 4. Flint Flakes, Arrowpoint=. and Spearheads. (iiirol). KK.vpt, Xlltli (lyiiiisiy. Jtiim H. C. fat. Xos. I<,t7'.tir)-lltr<.»17, U.S X..M. Colk-ctcil liy \V, Klimleis IVtrie. 1 Ins lllil while iiiaii oi tlie III! fail l.v cone tain'c to tl i»rass ring's TIm'K* Tim.s points won hoiibtlc! |uiiiatt'iii' 111 tains, ev(Mi expense, in I contact wii K'ev. M. [and spearl k'i.iilit year! them; thej tiiiifs, lie s inches, dov [caclic of t [arrow ami Itlic usual |npeaiiiea(ls .Mr. J. (1. 'I'lic how ia ;;iiiii'; as a \v tifllcd it. * kviif, wliicli ii fCllrll at tlio )!' tlio shaft; fiinuf arc of I Jtlicr,-, aijaiii i )r i'<)|ii>cr, of jiciiteiiai i'cst coast, To-day tho ►i to save pov jxci'lil as toy, }t iioiic, Hint, -Villi oil p The ])rimiti liter the advo Uicli the.se av 111' traders, w! ARIIOWPOIXTS, SI'KAUHKADS, AND KNIVKS. S47 Tliis iiiiiy not liave Ix'^nin witli the, lirst iiioiiicnt (tf coiitiict with tlie while man. Tlir lirst IiidiiUiiTiKler may not liiivo tsikoii iion anowpolnts ,11 tlie material or tools witii wliicli to make tluMu, l)iit \\v may t'aiily concliule lie did soon al'tti'. Tlieso materials took rank in impor- t;im(' to t\w Indian witli, if tliey did not piccedc, tlic ulass beads and brass rinj;s winch have been tlie proverbial enrreney ot Indian traders, riicrci nnist net-essarily have been a period of transition; stone arrow- pniiits wonld not be supplanted instantly by iron. 1 )<)ubtless there were e.\cci)tions to the ^fenerality of their use. lioys, amateur hunters, degraded tribes, those living far back in the moun- t;iiiis, even hunters or warriors moved by ne«'es8ity or the «lesire to save [expense, may have made stone arrowpoints or spearheads after general hoiitact with the white man. licv. M. I']ells, in the Stone Age of Oregon,' says stone arrowpoints IiiihI spearheads are scarce, and that he had seen only nine of them in (eiglit years' residence among the Indians. The Indians did not makt^ Itliem; they used bone. IJut as evidence that they were used in ani'ient Itinies, he says that Mr. Stevens has 3,LM)0 of them, <».i inches by 2\ inches, down to one-half by one- fourth inch. He had found a grand |c;i(lic of them unearthed at Oregon City. A workshop for making lairow and sjjcarheads had been discovered at I7nuitilla lianding, with jtiic usual nuclei, hannners, chips, and llakes, with arrowpoints and jpeariieads complete, incomplete, and broken, in abundance. Mr. J. G. Swan, speaking of the Indians of Cape Flattery,- says: Ihc liow is used piinci pally by tlio boys * " * to kill birds iind other small baiiic ; as a wfapijii of dclenso it is scarcely over used, lireariuH liaviiijf ciitirtdy super- Bi'ilcd it. * * ^ Tlie arrowhead.') iiro «)f various patterns; soino aru made of iron kvirt', whicii is usually obtained from tho rim of some old tin i>aM or kettle; this llat- 10111(1 at tlio itoint, sharpenod, and a barb tiled on ont! side, and driven into the end tlio shaft; a strip of bark is wtnind around to keep the wood from splitting. himu- iuii of bone [of course the head is of wood, the same as the shaft]; * * * jitliers ajjain are regularly shap(^d, doiible-l>arbed, and with triangular heatls of iron [)r(()iijper, of very neat workmanship. liientenaut Niblack, IJ. S. N., ' speaking of the Imlians on the north- icst coast, says: lo-dny tho bow and arrow survives only as a means of dispatcliiiij^ wounded game k to >a\e powder and ball. * |m '111 as toys for tho children. iii'iie, Hint, shell, or copper. ' Few bows are now seen among tliese Indians Before the introduction of iron, arrowheads were And on page 285: Thr ]iriinitivo dagger was of stone or lione. The lirst daggers made by tlie natives |U< 1 the advent of the whites were from large, Hat lih's, and tho skillful manner in liicli these wctc ground into beautiful llutod daggers challenged the admiration of lie trailers, who found tho work as skillfully done as if by Kuropean metal-workers. ' Smithsonian Keport, IWO, p. 289. -Smithsonian Contributions, Xo. 220, p. 18. ■•Report U. S. National Museum, 1HS8, p. 2Sti. His KEI'OIM' OF NATIONAL MIJSKIM, IS!t7. Ami lilt' samr rciiiai U is iiiiidc on ;)ii;Lr«' -"^"^ in r<';;iir those of our anny nujviny against them. 'I'hesc Indians and their j^iins rejucsented the two extremes of civilization. The Indian was the lowest stratum, his <;un the tinal elfeet of eidi<>htennient in man. (.'apt. .loiiu (1. lioiirke, of iIh^ I'nited States Army, an accurate ami elose observer, an interested arcdia-ologist, a noted Indian lijihter whu was in that service during the principal part of his life, and a valuahir aid and conirad(^ of . 55. - Idem, III, p. (iL'; IV. p. 7;?. •Idem, III, p. til'. AltUoVVrOINTS, SrEAIllIEADS, AND KNIVES. 84!) iHiii.ni-. iiti'l ^vt■r^^ woiii attiiclicd to lii-* holf, txiw, or hat. Two or tliroo iutowIu'ikIh rnc apiiindeil to tint nccklaco of liiiiraii lingers, which [ sfctircil in a llulit witii th« liiM iiiios of iiortliiTii Wyoiniiijj (liirii;^ tlio winter of lH7t5, ami ikw dt'iioHitril in 111)' Nitioiitil MiiHOUMi. Thn iiil'oi'in;iti(,ii ohtaiiitMl in ic^artl to thcNc was always '■,\^u< ;ui»l far from Hiilisfactojv. W'itli the woiidoiliil pcnolisiiit of the North Ameiicsiii Imliiuis for Iny-i'iy, and their delifjfht in .-iijx'istition; with their belief in "inedi- iiH'. ■ the power and iiitlnence of their shnmans an been (ioriespoiMliiif^ly I'aster in th«^ West thiiii in tlie lOast. IV. FLINT MINES AND QUARRIES IN WESTERN EUROPE AND IN THE UNITED STATES. A.s nil iirrowpoiiits, spcarht'inl.s, aii'l kiiiv»'s, oxcept a lew of .slate, wc'ie eliippcd or tlaktMl into Hhapi' and used in tlnit condition, tlic pic Id.storic man would naturally .seek a material which had the iO(|ui.sit('> for su(di workiuff. Flint anrehistorie nuin duriii;; the polished stone a};e, in hiUrope as well as in Ameiica. Of the I'd! •speciinuais of arrowpoints, spearheads, or knives shown in Plates 3r» tn 47 of this i)aper, 144 are of Hint, (dialcedony, or chert. These are aL silicates of a «!iystalline structure, abnost all cryptociystalline. Flini can be <'hippe«l in any ropt>ses to coin pare some of the mines or quarries and the material of Europe witi those <»f the Unite! States. EUROPE. SpicuuvS, lieh/ium. — Spienues is a hamlet in the neif^hborhood of tli> city of Mons, in the province of llainault. It is on the railway fmii | Mous to Charleroi, and the station is Harnnjiuies, the lirst after Uav ing ]\Ions. The author had the honor to be United States consul at the cityi Ghent, in the province of Flanders-Oriental, which adjoins that i Hainault on the north, and so had opjwrtunities of frequent visits i Mons, which is the center of an extensive ndning district, principally i coal. He formed the accjuaintance of M. F. Cornet, a civil and miniii. engineer. M. Cornet, with his colleague, M. Briart, nmde the rejioi upon the prehistoric tlint quarries and workshops in the i>rovincei Hainault to the International Prehistoric Congress at lirussels in ISI: The members of that congress made an excursion to this locality | There were two objects of interest; one was the prehistoric tiint qiiai ARIfOWI'OINT ■KAUHEADS, AND KNIVKH. S5l rivili/iitioii. IV lillc, li h ?E AND IN \\y of siiitf, ion, tin' pn Ici'dony, tln' ul quartziti (ly rare, ami m1 only wln'ii I'sl. It com trociuvnu'iit, iiuiii diiriii;: Of the JO ; iMatos ar. til riieso are al nUini'. Flint idal fiiU'-tim i. It is t oil ^i It to work. wiTO knowi ses to ilescril't (1 lias visitci I) will be, oiilj ksliops wiiiu iposes to eoiii Europe witi orliood of til railway fi'n •st after Iimv at the city i joins that i ucut visits 1 principally il and niini". de the re!)ui he province i ussels in l"''- this localit! oric liint (in* > ,iihI worUsliops at Spirnnrs, wliiiili lu'lnn;; to the Neolithic or i,nli>licdstone ap-; the other was at a neitjiiitorinn' h>caiity c:illcd Mes ill. wiicrc had been found fvidnnfs oft lie workinjisof 11,111 iliiiiuj-' the I'ah'olithii! lirmiiM'soflllntatSpien- ji s rover about. ■)(> acres, and lie >iiilace for twieo that Hr;i is strewn with pieces = a V - i* *♦ ■'S i ■r a i- 5' Z r - - s" i. = 5 3' Z ~ 1; 5 ~ - .=■ 3 3. ^ — ! ? 3 ? ? r z • z. 7 - sa - ~ '^ =" 5 '"^ .3 i : ■? - := _ c •-► :r 3 r - » ir 5 2 ' =• " 2. — a O r; _ ?r s " B- =■ V i- =■ I 2 S' - / -♦ TT n :2 3 3* r? r. .rj-T, r: - - :: o* 3 H -• s =" 1^ = •■« 3 " 1 =' 5. " * Til Z" - '* - ~ 3 1 :: 3 1 A 2 2 w •< n *' 3. » ? ."f = 3 3' -' c- p V :i; tS ''^ 3 n. M :3 3 "• B' * 5*3 ,- 5 ■H. i-g- -- .X (ti M m ii;ii liiive been more or less inikcd. and aie evidcuic*^ of iniiiin industry an«l occu liiliiiii ill prcliistorie times. . Neyi inck collected many tlicst' i)ieces, whi«'h lie de- |n>ilc(l in the !"rehist«)ric I locum at llrussels. The lr>! (Iis('()very of these licics was by Albert Toil |e/. wlio made a collection I lie iiiiiterial, implements, )(ils,(lel)iis,etc in tlu' year 'Id. which in ' '» was sold Sii' .lohn I'] Tliediseoveriesof Toilliez tinicted the attention of liideiits and caused further |\e>ti':ari(»ns,whic,hin 18(50 ^iiMcd in the disjjovery of le mines of liint, and that ley !iiid been worked by |eliistoric man, an-■:: '^' Y). iXi^ .i,^mj^ ».' till' I 'si I It N()iiV( Iniihvay ci liii lij:'. 4.S. .Mt'S-irs. I It lit' scient ailwiiy fo; I'liisions, t stDiit' age '. () ohtiiin t ml that e, II times of Tbt' rail ilu'so pits. latoau, w ) tlit'ir en 11111 of pit iciilai'ly tl lat'ts Aver( nrkiiig, a allcrios Wi int. The ft ill widt s corrcsp i;ilk. in st fans t)t' (I tfiitoCtU :il (lie phi ihert'd of 'ttcd with |g's beiieat iiid ail torn and iirli, lilled fin lig. :>{ I'lWII oil tl iiiiiieil. ' witii ill cks of el '■■reiif ai I'one, de( le mout ' >■ .^iviiij 1 short ( P'^ndieuli le pits i ARROWl'OIN'l .S, SPEAKHEAUa, AND KNIVES. sr)3 tt « QC a s s c 'Bo 2 c & ■s ^ « H -. o r: s 'Zi a ca J p ": a lo; tilt' l'i»leolitlii feet. Arrived at the chalk, I ! Idles were thrown ott' horizontally in searching for the nodules of fiiit. The galleries were from 20 to Gh feet in height, and from 3.3 to 1) t ill width. An enlarged view of one of these shafts and mines shows . cni responding gallery pushed to the right and left, through the iialk. in search of the nodules of Hint therein cimtained. There are no 5i( ails of (letertnining the number of tliese shafts, nor the numl)er or atiit of the galleries, without an extensive system of trenching through- liii I he plateau, which would be too expensive; but a fair idea can bo iiliend of it when it is said that the entire surface of the plateau is )ti((l with the filled shafts. They are found every few rods. If one Ls heiieatli the surface but little more than the dei>th of the plow, he 1)1 tind an ancient shaft. Several of them have been excavated to the Itioiii and the galleries followed to their ends. The diflerences in the 1 til, tilled in and natural, render them recognizable with certainty. III! lig. .")<) the shaft communicated with the surface by an opening own on the right. Whether this was natural or artificial was unde- rmined. The debris with which it was filled represented everything H with in the exploration. It was a confused mass of sand, lime, X'ks of chalk, chips, flakes, and nodules of Hint, with the bones of rent animals, pieces of pottery, and not infrequently implements iionc, deer horn, and Hint. 'i'c mouths of these shafts were usually broken away around the je.s, giving them somewhat the form of a funnel. But this was only a short distance down, when the sides or walls of the pit beciame h'-'iulicidar (figs. 51,62). '"^ pits and galleries' were sometimes caved in, but usually they 854 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1H97. liad been fllled by the workmen to prevent caving. One obtains gieatl insight into the domestic and industrial life of this people by exaniinf ing this tilling: for, in addition to the earlh 'Uid chalk which had bt't'iil usually !> pieces of ■it' a >• n H a o . 2 - ■/: = Z " t a ^ Z r n OS 3 5s Si •— =* c . o « c •? o - 7. X -^ o c f- 7. £ k dug out, it contained the broken tools and implements and the rcfe of his kitchen. The domestic utensils used by him during the prog".' of the M^ork would be broken, used up, and cast away or lost, ami go into the refuse pile. There were boues of animals used for loo ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. S55 usually split and broken for the extraction of marrow, bono points, [lii'ccs of rude pottery vessels used to cook or carry food or drink, craces SI ^"1 « E I a < i« 2 "^ - -5 a ■u - S 3 .i a "-I — a .. •- 73 X Ed s I , I k»l I liai'coiil and fi 'e with winch the workmen had cooked their food or »' l»t themselves warm. Of tlie tools and inii)lcn»ent8 lost or broken 850 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. and cast away, were liiiit picks, Hint flakes and points, deer antlers, and ill the workshops Avere i)ie(;e8 of the knives, hatchets, arrow l)oints, and other impleinents broken in the coarse of manufacturot— the "failures'' of the workmen. The tools used for mining were sharp picks of flint similar to coics flgs. 7, 8, 9, and flakes figs. 3, 4, 5, G (Plate 5), probably held in the hand while digging', and picks of deer horn, one of the pabns forming tin- handle and a prong forming the pick, such as were found at (Irimt!* (Iraves by Canon W. Greenwell (Plate »'). There was no evidence in the galleries of the making or shari)ening of these implements, and it was believed tljat this was done at the surface; nor v^^^re there cvi dence-. of the means of ascent and descent, nor yet that of lifting out the flint. The entire i>latean has been leveled during all historic time. Tin holes or funnel-shaped excavations which had formerly existed wen ess KiC. 5-.>. SKCTION <)1' ni' IN TlIK IMIKHISTOUK' FI-INT MINKS. Kiilargi'.cl view of llsjiiro, sliowiiijr iincu'iit workiiiLt'* mid how IIk y liavn bcMMi lillod. Spii'iincH, Iiolgiiim. (Lcttor expliuiafion ol'stratii as in lii;. 48.) Scale: 1 iixli i(|unl8 i:i IVet. iilled ui>, and the fields had been cultivated for centuries. There N\a> nothiiig about its appearance to indicate its wonderlul condition, flit owner, the farmer, the plowman, and the hunter, all had passed ovi: its surface from the earliest historic time without any knowledge what lay beneath the surface, except as they derived it from the chain finds of worked flint and pottery fragments. Prior to the discovery i' prehistoric man, this debris told no story and conveyed no idea. Afti' thediscovery of prehistoric man, and when wise persons became obsn\ ant and sought for the evidence of his existence in the chips, flaki> and nuclei, broken and worked in every degree of manufacture, this tii'l became a\olumeof evidence. During the visit of the Internati ' Archa'ological ('ongress from lirussels in 1S7L*, its members spi themselves over the field and gathered every morsel which showed v: dence of human workmanshii) with much the same assiduity as lii' miner in his search for gold. This liehl has always been an attract ion t ■^ <£:j A'^ (CiJ EXPLANATION OF PLATE 5. Fiys. 1-0. Fmnt Fi.akks. (Cat. Nos. 10025C-10(VJn8, U.S.N.M. Thoiiins Wilson.) Fiys. 7, lO, 11. Flint Picks. (Cat. No.s. 100255, 100200, 100262, IT.S.N.iH. Thoina.s Wilson. Fig. X. Hammer.stonk. (Cat. No. 100255, U.S.N.M. Thomas Wilson.) Fig. it. Pakt ok CiurPKi) Hatchet. (Cat. No. 100264, U.S.N.M. TlioinMs Wilson.) Plate 5. 1 • 'US Natpra! Muspum, 1897 Wjisnn Plate 6. t'iiHioii ii: its siirfiice liiiiiMc to ci to tilt' iiiilw liiiiiiiiii ind MVortsoftli tliey coiisti! euithy mat( Ifair idea of laimiier stc ( 'oniet ai Jiiron de L uitliorwas lorie AieliiJ ha coiitiiiu ^hops supp 1 (servers tl feairied to «i lacturcd in hops liad L 111 each six iu'ie liad 1 );iiid ol" wo single da The liatc icrajiers, j)! j>eis, ])roba ^lannt'actni at diets AV( TIh' stnu liaii liy i)e( Hi; or hail r«)rkslio])s 1,1; or ham tluse, and jnts, whiel fhere were ard, as th' Jiild. in stj lii(;li the 1 AKROWPOINTS, SPEARHEAD8, AND KNIVES. 857 stiiilciits of iireliiMtoric arc.hii'olo^y, iind liasboeii viHited by the loiiding iiiiiln»iitie8 of that Hcience of Europe. There lius been no restriction by Ik (iwiierof the land upon tlie«Mrrying away of as many pieces of Hint lis t lie visitors may desire, and this permission has been used to a surpris- iiiii extent. Vet when the author visited this fiehl ten and thirteen years afterwards, pieces of worked Hint were apparently in as great proliiHion as in the iirst instance. The search of a single afternoon over its surface secured such a number of these specimens that he was liinalile to earry them, and a peasant was employed to transport them to tlie railway station. So numerous were the evidences of prehistoric |iiiiiian industry, that despite the great desires and long-continued jlVorts of the farmer to rid his held of these stones, yet in many places they constituted, for a depth of 2 or 3 feet, a large pro[)ortion of the [•ai thy material. The i)hotographic plate of samples (Plate 5) gives a Ifaii idea of the commoner objects, such as broken hatchets, cores, pi<;k8, |iaiiiiiier stones, scrapers, and flakes. ( ornet and Briart are both dead, but their jdaces have been taken by |{ar(iii (le Lot' and M. de Munck, who have continued the work, and the uitlioi' was fortunate enough to have heard, at the International Prehis- toric Archaological Congress in Paris, 1880, their, joint paper describing lie continuation of their investigation and the discoveries of the work- i\u)\Mi supplied by flint from these mines. It was the opinion of these 1>1 (servers that the material had been divided up at the pit's mouth and kairied to ditferent workshops in the neighborhood, there to be manu- factured into implements. The theory was advanced that these work- liops had been specialized so that only one kind of implement was made 11 each shop or by each workman. The investigations showed that [liere had been a division of labor, and that eadi workman or each j>aiid of workmen had been confined practically to the manufacture of siugh^ class of implemeuts. The liatchet was the principal implement, yet there were all kinds of Icrajiers, j)icks, arrowpoints and spearheads, and flakes in great num- bers, probably intended for use as knives. These were in all stages of lauut'acture, from the rudest chipping to the tinished (Plate 5). The [atcliets were only chipj)ed to proper form ready for polishing. Tlie structure of flint is such that it is better worked by chipping luui liy i)ecking. Granite and kindred material is wrought by peck- |i^ <»i' hauimeriug, but flint by chipping. In European prehistoric |orUshoi)s most of the rough work was by chipping and not by pecik- i« or hammering. The workshops are to be traced by the chips and 'fuse, and closer investigation showed them probably to have been luts, whicii may also have served as habitations for the workmen, fhere were depressions in the surface, and the ground was i)ounded jai I KLINP IMI'I.KMKNI I'iK. r.;i. UK PECII.IAII rUciDlCT OK A I'lir.lIlSTl illir WdllK- Sllnl', (ininil I'r(NMi;;iiy (Iiidrt'-fl-r^oirc) Kiaiicr. which tliey nad neen (iisinii ut«'(l over sonthern lieljiinni ami northeasiern France, 31. de Mnm L had found l."» Neolithie stations, extending- over 4r» communes, all in direct relation with Spiennes, creatiii},' a network of roads which liml remained in use until i leni times. (hand I'nssif/nif. — (irand Pi-essif^ny, in the department of Indrc ct Loire, Frame, a few hours' ride southwest of Tours, is the center of a t'\ Many of the neij>hl)oriii;;' houses have be«Hi built either with fouiuLi tions or lirst stories of the tlint nodules. The parapet of the bridfic on which we pass over the stream into the town, is of tlint. The coit> are most plentiful and are called, from their | migrations through 27 departments in northern, western, and centra! France, and even into some of the lake dwellings of Switzerland Specimens of it have been found iri the dolmens, associated with sonu been sii 7, fiii. I . my tiinos of labor. in otluM's. iliar S!i\v> But rill' reliistoi'ii lei'ce tlit'v , the Hint iced in it? cl central' itzerlaiid I kvith soint'a t EXPLANATION OF PLATE 7. r 1 2 10 11 i:) 14 I'iji. 1. \\'(»i{Ki:i) Fl.iNi r'AKi:. ((^iit. Nd.'.iil'.iuS r.S.N.M. (iriiiid rrcssiLMiy < liidrc-ctLoirf), Kiaiicc. Tlioiiins W'il- m F'^. 2. LAiKii: Flint Fi.aiu:. (<'iit. No. 99818, \ .S.X.il. Lau;;ciio Iliiuli (DdnlDgiif), France. I'liomas AVilsiin.l Fi>;. .i. Flint Cojti.. ((' t. No. 14ilO(JJ. r.S.X.M. (iraiiil I're.-Jsi;:!...' (Iiiilri'i'l-Loirt), FioiH'e. Tliomas'Wil 'in Fij;. 1. LAiMii: F'lint F'lakk Ca.'^t. (Cat. No. i:!U(!51, U.S.N.M. (I land I'n'ssii.ny (Indiect-Loire), France, 'llioinas Wilnii Fid. 5. M'oiiKKi) Flint Flam:, 1'i;kki> Flint Flakk, I'oixt.s. (Cat.Nd.s, ;!.')'.'(il,:!5'J02, U.S.N.JI. Lake liienne, Switzerland. C. L. FViiaident.) Fig. 7. LAitcii; Flint F'lakk (li-: I'i.int Si'LAinir.AD. (Cat. Nd. 99911, U.S.N.M. (irand Pressij^iiy (Indre-etLoire) France. Thoina.s WiNuii Fiu. 10. S.MALL Flint Flakk (cutting tool). (Cat. Vd. 99907, r.S.N.M. (^iraud I'ressigny (Indre-et-Loire), France. Thomas AVil-^nt Fid. 11. KiUK CHII'I'KI) I.MrLI'.MKNT. (Cat. No. 99917, I'.S.N.M. VenddUie ( Loir-et-Clien, France. Tliduias Wilson.) Fig. IL'. Flint Ha.m.mkk.stonk. (Cat. Nd.9!)87(i, I'.S.N.M. tirand l're., U.S.K.M.. lirand I'ressigny (ludre-el-Loire), France, (i. L. Feuarir"' ■I I '^ -J S. Nj;M.n,i MM„.mi, 1S97. Wil.on, Plate 7. \Vil--n. Flint Objects from Prehistoric WoRr shops. (iiMiiil I'rt'ssi^rriv i Iniiri'-rl I.. lii-i- . I'i:iiiri'. Mini nilici' ImMlilirs in Kiii'ii|ic. I I (if rlio ' tiiiiuid i (.r tlie I riiiiTt'z \vlii<'h 1 .M. ("iiit ill ISSil, ohjcct.s i iiiiplcmc I nicrs. Co V M\l. M •I. \''i,'i't;ilil,. I I'llc.l VMth ,1 ll:il o ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 850 ,il' rlio earlier objects of bron/<', sliowiiijj that while these iiiiplemonts !i('l()iij;e anthro- pdlofiical section of the World's Fair held in Taris ill ISS'.t. AloMfi' with it were displayed the ori<;inal objects of linmaii workmanship, such as tools, implements, fragments, flakes, niu'lei, and ham- nieis. found in these mines and used by prehis- :M HjJ. 64. Cl^clliiN- (IK I'UKIIISTOUK; FLINT JUNK nil IMI'. Mui'-(l('-15aiTez (Aveyron). MM, \I. l;,,ii|,. ,i,i,i i;. CMiiHiili!!!', I,!i rr!iiHv|.nlii-i"ri,|ii.'. p. I:;-, li-. r.l. .1, v(ijt't;ilili' fiivtli; li,\i\t cxcaviitod in pnliirttoiic^ tiiiicH, iiflcMwiirdM liUi'il H itii (Itliris coiitMiiiiiijr iiiiliiiislKMl iiiiil liioUm iiinilcniciil.s iiiid lliilica and iliips; (\ sulth ri'an, stratnni cnnlaininji iindnli'.s dI' "I lliiil. /,', .solid limcslono rock; /', nalnral or ac idcnial lillin^. \t \\\- m. •*'i^ i'Hi;Hisi()iii(,' i)i;i;iMiiiu\ IIAM.MKIt A.N'l) l-HK (DM- IIINIlI). From llini- niino at Jfiir- dc liaii'c/, (A v( yron), I-'rani'i'. J nalundsi/.p. \/\ I'mme l.reliistitn.ini', |i, l:i^, !i' ie jiiaii. It made an interesting display and ga\<'ono a thorough iiiid'Tstanding of the subject. It was substantially a repetition in (let ail of the mine at lS|»iennes. The geologic formation was Mioceiif. 'file liii,*^ was laid assing througli the various strata, not always vertical, but at an angle, r<',iecting the poorer qualities of llint, one alter the other, until he should arrive at the most desirable. 8(10 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEFM, 1897. > M. ( y.'utailhac' shows tlie workiiiy* of these mines. He says gallei its were carried in all directions irregularly. At the point where the Hint was most i)lentiful and where they were to be engaged for the longest * time, they left certain i)ortions of the earth to serve as pillars of supixnt, as is done in coal mines at the present day. The prehistor'c miiuns took great precaution against accidents; they filled all cav.ties jiikI interstices after they had taken out the Hint, to the end that then; should be no caving, hut there were no traces dt shoring up with timbers. Notwithstanding all tlii> care, J»oule and Cartailluu found evidences of caviii-; for examjde, the implc ments of deer horn wni found crushed by the fail iug of some portion of the roof which had not been properly supported The strokes of these picks of the workmen were plainly visible on the walls of the galleries. Occasionally eriod to whicrh Ouvier had leiuscil his belief upon a-priori tiieory. ChamphjnoJU'H [Oisc), France. — A prehistoric mine of Hint was di.^ covered by Fouju and Ilessin in Ocitober, 1S!K), and described in IS'.H. liifk. ' La I'ranct) inehistori(ine, p. 138, ligs. 50-52. - Idem, p. 131). ■^ L'Anthropoliti^i.', 11, lS!tl, p. Ur,. It is <'lt(' Will ksiio] iiiiin- mill ■: caiioli ill i int'liistor ■ iiiiiportio :i ilmrat C I 111..; ;iii|)le land expo lis given I will suHlci I ( (iiidition I (iriinc.s yinii. Sup) /liicsi' are ^(|iiaiTies, idcr tlic ai ilillH'S (1 iiodcrii til laiiic of IS ia\ t' been \ licds of 1 II iillints ■iits. Th laiiuliictor laces ill ides iJraiK lade at Ic !'olk,atXor\ my, Kiigli cs. in Fr 'en I. Italy iiies the bi Hell iiiipori iaiicc cxpt ■'Klucts of IS prohib 1 Die later Mild has f{ ads the wc id laborer!;: ii dohu Ev •'li of whoi '•iity or tl ^ts, lor mi AHROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 801 L».2 T to U-; 1- re 111 sell ivas liiveii (fig. 57) which I will suniciently explain its (oiulition. (irlmen Graves, Uran- \randon, Hints are liado at Ichlington, Suf- |olk, at Norwich and Salls- )iiry, l^ngland; at Meus- »('^. ill France, and at A'lo, Italy. In former iiiies the business was of [iH ii importance that iu Malice exportation of the 'oducts of certai?! mines ras proliibited by law. }\ the Liter days the de- land has fallen away so as to have become iusigniflcant, yet Brandon ads the world. The strike-alights are continued in use by peasv'uts ml laborers, and by explorers and travelers in semicivilized couutrie^. |ii .lolm Evans visited Brandon in 180(5 and Mr. James Wyatt in 1870, eili of whom have described the mines.' At those perio TIM (lilt, ISI.I) ItV KKK.NCll I'KAS.V.NT.S, I'liriw, l-'raiici'. c-.it. N... i'.'tM;'.i::, r.s.N.M. understood by IMates 8-l(>, which show the principal operations. Sir John Evans says skilled workmen at lirandon could make from 1ossesses a series of nodules, erudch: an). The (juarry (iovered about 20 acres and consisted of shafts or pits l)artly tilled, now forming funnel-like dei)ressions, 2i"»4 in nund)er, 20 to (JO feet in diameter, dispersed over the surface but sometimes so close together as to break into one another. It required much work to reexcavate them. The shafts or pits chosen by him were about H ' KvaiiH, Ancieut Wtono Iiniilcnieiits, p. IS; Sti-vcii.-*, I'liiit (^hips, p. 578; Ute« Encyrlopetlia, iiitiile "(iuullints," iiiul .Skeitchly, Manufacturit ot" Gunllints, -Article ''Gundiuts." •/ ^■' m ! I. U. S Naiiona Museud,, I a97.- Wilson. Plate 8. s. Sit l(i,(lOfl 12()O,00() that one like the crutU'i •/ •"'' '^m^fti i\\\ elK rial sac i or pits er, 1 iOto so close Iwork to Lbout .">' U S. National Must.'um, 1897 Wusnn Plate 9. ** '* «u m --^ a^^ • V - • '-•'•' V. ■■■ ^\ i^^ . "■ ^ '^ mgW''-'-' "fU ^B^ll'c'^ s** ^ \ > ■ ^^^F^^^^V^h' ' - ' « ^.!: ' *■ ■ WriM V' \ Ml ■ I I s 1 J C/5 ■= z z — ^ t: U S N V; • ■1«^ fl4 ;,,( U S Nii|..m.il Mni'Mim, I H J7. - Wdion Plate 10. 1 ««1I I',- v.. >l Fi V V „f V ;>-s. V J' -,^^;*- , -•^^IPS'*^''*^*^ '^•) z ' 2 L' _ o ^ L-^ I- •_ .- z c — I/) 5 ^ < _] r ^ / lij ~ f I 0. a. z < ~ Z Y = /. » --H jtcot in i>i'e.s8iun8 aboiiial a -.1 a ? 2 < r. ■y, V. ■= o — — ■J a O o ^t tlic (luarry at Flint Kidge, Licking County, Ohio. As at Spiennes, lif workmen passed through a stratum of Hint, which was rejected as HGA REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. of an inferior quality, and tlie pits continued until they reached tl best Hint in the chalk. The tir.st surface of earth stratum was snu» IS feet thick, \vhi(!h might account for the inability to make pot|M!i • dioular walls or pits as at Spieunes. As at Spicnnes, they drove lion /ontal galleries into the chalk which here were about S.\ feet high. A; Spiennes, the digging tools were principally flint points (Plate a. iij;\ 1 7, 8, !>) and Hakes; here they were red deer horn, of which about mi wtre found by Canon Greenwell (folate G). The points of these wnv worn as ])icks, and the bases were battered by use as ii^iminers. Caimii Greenwell says the nuirks of the deer-horn picks made by digging w tie yet plaiidy visible in the cliiilk. A liatchet of basalt nd Dawkins- says the surface was covered by innunid fible splinters and implements in every stage of manufacture, from tin nodule siK)ilt by an unlucky blow to the article nearly finished ami accidently broken. There were as at Flint Hidge (Plato 13), littlr heaps of small splinters which marked the jdaces where the finer wort was carried on. In some of these the two halves of broken implennn'-i were found Just as they had been tossed aside by the workman (i'liiti 11, fig. 7j -Mate 14.) CLssbury, iSkssc.i; England. — These are extensive fiint mines workcil as were the others, in ancient times. They were first investigatcil n 1.S69 by General Pitt- Rivers.' His plan of the camp and mines is s1io\t; 1 ' Transactions of the Kt^ logical Society, 1870, p. 437. -Early Man in Eritain, p -'79. •'Arcliicologia, XLII, pp. 44, 54. ached tlic | was sdiiiH :e perpfii. i rove lion. liigli. At ite a, li^s, I about SI) heso We IV 8. Caiioii !i'inf>' Were )een tliih law conv. , JoUe C;is. in fi,y. ."i!!, and else ere worii le present abseiict? k :s, appar. ire foiiiiii ' of c'lialti 'It .viisaf 30k, lifter nHiiishhi just gone :i 1(1 debris urfao' ill quart/ite :'ers, am! ) brokfii, iniuunci from tile ilied ami .3), lntlr Iter woii; [deiiKMiJM m (I'liitf workcil gafcil ii, is sliDW EXPLANATION OF PLATE 11 ! ^ Figs. 1. 1. Flint Sckapkrs. (Ciif No. nitsa.'i t".S N.M. Oorr.hcstiir England. Tlioinaa Wilson ) Fig.s. 2, S. KuoE Flint Picks. (Cat. No. 139107. C.S.N.M. Prehistoric, mines at (triincs (iravi's, Hrandon. Sut! Eiipland. Kilwanl Lovctt.) Fijrs. ."), t), s. WonKKH FLINT Flakks (tine). (Cat. Xo.itOHTO, U.S.N. M. Dorchester, Enjjlaiid. Tlionia.s Wilson.) Fig. 7. RiDK (JmiTKi) Hatchet ok Chisp:l. (Cat. No, 1,3!)()72, r.S.N,AI Preliisttoric mines at (iriiiies Graves, liraudoii, Sufe Knglauil. Edward Lovett.) J 1 randdii, Sui: iiiidoii. Siift. jl U, b, Natiora' Vl,.eum, 1897 Wnion Plate 1 1. Implements frum Flint Mines. in lij;. tJO. and !)>' ex (lone l)y A of his exc iiiiiird are ll;l\i- <'xist tlic saine.i slinw whill troiini'dow tliriM'C cil coiiditions, Fig. ()1 is extent iiiid tion of ;i 1)1 jiidlcrios k ji'iiileries, i-i tlu'stratui also the ni Only tin bury bear .lournal c l^'77-7^p. 11 NAT ARROWPOINTS, SPEAKHEADS, AXl) KNIVES s(;5 ill li};. <»0. 'I'lie iiiiiu'S wee subsequently iiive8ti,uate! excavations. It represents but an infinitesimal portion of the iiiiiird area. !t shows but six i>its or shafts, while tig. (>() shows them to liiivf cxisk'd by the hundred. These ]»its present on the siiifaee much rlic sMiiie .ipi)earance as those at Mint Kidge. The exca\'ations in lig. (Jl simw what has been suspected long before — that tliese i)its are 1 is introduced to demonstrate this fact, and also to show the extent and magnitude of the • .ak done and to suggest the social condi- tion of a ])eople capable thereof. The shaded lines show the walls of the jialh'iies left for support, while rlie white between shows the excaxated {i'lilierics, rooms, and 1 ill.--. The reexcavation brought to liglit not cnily till' stratum of tlint tc be mined but showed that whicli had been mined, also the mining tools, as deer-horn picks, stone hammers, and mauls. ' >iily three or four out of liie thousands of implements found at ( -iss- bu! \ bear traces of iiolishing, and these were broken. .i»urnal of the Anthropolotjical Institute of (Uiat Mritaiii ami lri'l:iml. \ II, 1>!77-7X, p..li:i. >'AT MUS 97 ')0 'i ' 866 RKPOKT OF NATIONAL MUSKIIM, lH!t7. Ill all pn^historic iiiincs iind \V(»rlvsho[)s tliroii{ifii(»ut 10nroi)e tools iiml domestic utensils, Hint or liorn |»icks, (-hips, ilsikes, traces of cUarcdnl, hainiiieis, i»artially made and broken liatclicts, and otluT im]»lemei;is. as sawed horn and frayments of pottery, are I'ound (Plates 5, 7, 11^, I'iK. (ii. rolMlON dl' PI. A.N 111'' l'HKIil>riilil(' Kl.l.M' MI.NH.S. (Kiiliiint'd mill ill fiii'Mlrr ililail tliiiii lli;. 60.) ('i.s.sl)uri', Siis.>iex, KiiglMiid. .l"iir. Anlhr..]!. Iiisl., I..in.l"ii, VII. 1^77 :-. p. 11:1. and are evidences of linnian o(('Ui)ation. If man worked in one nt these plactes for any length of time he used hiw tools for his work, and d]it(ial product: Koche-au-Diable, I'oliyny^ (Calvados), Charenton (S('iiic), Camp-liarbet, Meudoii, .lanvilh^, Mouy (Oise), (ioalciu'c. (^•iiihcron (Morbihan). Of the latter the author asks indulgence for a lew words of description, as he was present with M. (iaillard and assisted at the discovery. Scniiivr worl'tihop at Ootdotcc, Qiiihcron {Morhllum), Vrancc. — It was nil I lie extreme ponit of the i)romontory of (i)uiberon, on the west coast ol I'.iiitany, lookinj;- out ui)on the Atlantic Ocean, but whicdi iOnj^lish ucnuiaphers have arbitrarily called the Uay of liiscay — a lii<;li rocky point, level with the surrounding? surface, but 40 or ,"»() feet above tiie water. It was severed from the mainland by a crevice a few feet in width, passable only at low tide. The entire nmss was of j^ranite rock. It was covered with a layer of soil which was nearly bare on the side tdward the ocean, haviny probably been denuded by the wav^es, but on tile inside edye was 3.^ feet thick, lieginniny at the outside edge, s( rcciiiiiL;', examining, and throwing the dirt behind ns, bits of broken and wrought tlint and fragments of pottery were soon found. We ^aved everything. Our work continued across the point until we had thousands of objects, principally scrai»ers in all stages of mannt'.i^'ture. It was a ])rehist<)ric scraper workshoj). The peculiarity of tht^se sirapcrs was their dinnnutive si/e; nniny, perfectly tinishcd, were no laiucr tlian a man's thumb nail. At the edge farthest from the ocean, wlit-rc tlie soil was deepest, we unearthed the skeleton of a workman, a mail of middle age, he who probably had made these prehistoric iin])le- jiiifiits, who had here lived and here died, and had been buried in his Wdiksliop and habitation, which was from that time deseitcd. and now j beads, tale; .'5 <'liisels, liatchet ( ?) of dio rite; 5 Hakes, Hint; (5 chamfered ])oh'shers, scliistose diorite, nniciue; 1 brifinet, "strike-a-lijiht," iron pyrite;' 4 sinkers, scrajjers in all sta;;cs of jtrogress, many of them fiiushed, and liammers of various kinds nnd styles. There were divers tools, ornaments, domesti*' objects, etc.. inii nc^cessarily connected with scrapers or their manufacture, 'i'lu'v w i ic the objects used by the workmen while eiifjas'ed in their duty. The author took for his share such objects as ho desired, and has li;i(l j l»hoto,urai)hed a sei-ies of them (Plate 1^'). ()l)sei'V(^ tliat on the left arc the linished and on the rij^ht the unlinished scrapers. IIMTKI) STATHS. Flint l\ily irrej;iilar. The surface of the country has been yreatly \ erodehio survey, so miiini ^ from a high hill oi)posite Zanesville, where it is well shown. The upper part of tlii~ limestone is shelly, sometimes closely apju-oaching a thin sandstone in its ai)iii';n- auce, and of a yellow cast; farther down it becomes nH»re solid and takes on a lilnf color. The tlint, from its great resistance to "we.'ithering ;igencies, forms the cap rode nf the, whole ridge, the superincumbent nuiterial being for the most jtart either chiy "i F. ■ • u b r ' Similai- to tig. 223, Evans, Ancient Stone Implements. -Smithsonian Keport, IsM, pp. H'tG, 857. > U 5 Na'nr.d' Muafurr, 1837, Wilson. Plate 12. [IS had 'I'l ail' exteii Jnili'd itwccii Ohio. > miles StolH' III I (iT till' om I his id lliiit, Kiinipe cnruou- 1) IlMllll'li ' if tlii- '■ ii]i|i(':n- II 11 111 111' roik lit clMViir •«♦ • a«%i » » %. fit ^ % w ♦ «Pi# % ^ ^ .a f ■#''«'W' w^ B ;«ll ■V,..;* .1 Cache of Scrapers. I ;ii;ili'Tii-c. liiiiiiiny ('Ml, N(j>. iiMKiiii, iiiiutt;. iiiiiic.s. iiHiv;;i. (■ s.N.M. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I |Z8 mm 2.5 2.2 ^ LS. 12.0 •UUL. am » I 11.25 III 1.4 1.6 V HiotDgrapiiic Sciences Corporation :& WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S«0 (716)872-4503 vV ^ Report of U b. National Museum 1897.— Wilson ly^ K ■ — Map of Flint Ridqe, Ohio, showing oBginal Flint C 0. Pitt fl^orkshups. Plate 13. >Hio, SHOWING tiBciNAL Flint Quarries and Workshops. 0. Pi8 ^forksUops. Vv 'idil res 111 cxi.stt'd a vaui.i scri inu' this I colli Vw. a' III' ciiiinel slmus till that i.s fdi tnir is nil Mr. F( At the 8tructiiic> liail licci! sliows .slia till' transl tartlu'r eai wiMtlicrin aiiil liliio. At tlio uris ri'poi Morili it i^ ties are fc casti'in en iiiiciitly fo a lion's I';; Tlie Hi It may li from 3 01 iirea 8 by scattered area was .1 depth c Tlie pri It witli g tollowing The cla on the le) naturally point res <'atetl ace -'0 feet u tiatthey froiii the haviiij"^ re veritable ! been used The tlin ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 869 sciil resulting from tlie (lisintCKratioii of th«Ie seam of riiiiiiel coal. A section of tlie formation in the eastcni pare of Licking Connty sliiiws the same alternation of sandstone, shale, clay, coal, limestone, and iron ore that is found in all coal regions, so that a detailed statement ol" Its jjieological strnc- tnii' is unnecessary. Mr. Fowke desrribe.s tlie variations of the Hint as loHows:' At tlioextrenu! western end it is of a gray, whitish color, cellular or j)oroii8 in strmtureaud commonly called liulirstonc. and in the early occupation by white man li.iil heen (|narried for use as millstones, liy the oxidation of the included iron it sliows shades of yellow brown along the line of fracture. Half a mile east aiii)ears the translucent and bluish variety ; still tlie buhrstono predominates. Two miles fartlier east, while the bed rock retains th ) bluish cast, the surface specimens by weathering show every color known to Hint — white, black, bvown, yellow, green, and liliio. At the intersc' on of tho crossroads, the Clay Lick Station road, the well dig- i,'(i.s report the flint as translucjnt and light-blue. A few hundred yards to the iKirlii it is nearly white; the same distance south it is nearly black. These varie- ties are found in other parts of the plateau and iinally flnishes at the extreme eastern end with the same buhrstoue that it commenced. In the crevices are fre- i|iieiitly found quart/ erybtals. They are of every si/e from niicro8copi(! to that of a lion's egg, and of every color from limpidity to almost black. Tito Hint was found to be in a continuous stratum, not in nodules. It may have bad fractures and faults, but was practically a solid uiass from 3 or 4 to 7 feet thick (in one place it was only 29 inches), with an iirea 8 by 2.^ miles. The centrol portion only was worked, excei)t some scattered diggings on the east in ^ruskingum ^^ounty. The worked area was about 2 miles square, and was covered with clay and soil to a depth of from 4 to 8 or 10 feet. Tlio prehistoric mining is believed by Mr. Fowke, who has examined it with great detail and thoroughness, to have been conducted in the tollowing manner: The clay and soil covering was removed by digging and carrying up '111 the level. This digging, continued down to the layer of good Hint, naturally made a pit with sloping sides like an inverted cone, with its lioiiit resting on the flint layer; the point would be more or less trun- cated jiccording to the width of the excavation, which was from 13 or -0 I'eet up to CO or 80 feet. In some places these pits were so close tiat they ran together and the earlier was partially filled with the debris trom the later. Many have been filled with soil, leaves, etc., and, li.iviiig retained the rain water, are now filled with miKik and become veritable marshes; in others the water is more or less pure and has been used for watering cattle. Tile Hint being laid bare in the manner indicated over a greater or 'Sr-ilthsonian Report, 1884, p. 857. 870 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. less area, Mr. Fowke's belief is that tlie preliistoric niiin was uiialdt' to quarry or break pieces or blocks of tliiit suitable for use otf the solid layer at his feet, and tliat he proceeded by the use of tire and w atci alternately to erode a hole or pit tlirough the flint. Arrived in this way at tlie bottom of the layer of tiint, he then broke out from the fuce of the Hint wall and threw away such pieces as had been att'ected hy the lire, until {jood flint was procured, which was taken out for use. The ])rocess was continueinion as to the correct ness of this division of workshops, the author can testify that some localities of the neighborhood were strewn with ruder and heavier material, while otiiers had a profusion of small and flne cliips, flakes. and debris, evidently the product of the finer finishing work. Tlie latter localities were mostly on the high bluffs or points of land over looking the valleys below, and from which position one could see far over the adjoining country. On these points the flint chii)s, flakes, etc., were in such profusion .as, in some cases, to prevent the grass forniiiif: a sod. The author chose one of these spots and dug it out 10 by U inches and 14 inches deep to the bottom of all flint debris. He then washed out the earth. The flints were 7 inches deep and the earth " inches, half and half. The flints from this hole were brought to the U. S. National Museum. The accompanying plates (14 and 15) sliowi \l I Smithsonian Report, 1884, p. 864. Ri>n"rt "f U. S Natior.a: Mus.um 1HJ7 //■i».)r. Plate 14. IS earned le corroct * Rpp..1.,< U S N.t.iM Mu..u>tv 18i7, -W. iiin. Plate 1 I o $ ^ 5 O a: r O I- z Tlie n holiiiul acioiiipl liist()i'i(! Siivngo < Kii-lish won! is iiiid was courciiri supply, I t'iirly hi ] In loi ! iiictliod iiiteiitio lliit or fl % Kepoi <'onveiii ill \\)\H Impk ■5 AKICOWPOINIS, SPKAKHKADS, AM* KNIVES. 871 tlio niunbor, kiiid, coiulitioii, iiiul iippoiiriiiici'. A roiint showed an follows: lilt. II: I'erftnf nrntwIioadH 51 l.i!iil'-shap«'il, jicilfot V lii'ii t-slia|to«l, iiiii)ei'fo('t 16 25 CoioH, linoly wron^lit !'» Undo liiinpH of lliiit HI lilt,, ir., tliliriH: Html liiirnt «'liiy, Hiiiiill 2 ivadilos, not oC Hint, sni.ill l.S Hits of wimmI, Hniall ."> ChipH iin«l HptillH, Hint !{, 1 !!• 3. ir.il Total contents i.f liolo lOb.v 12 l.y II inches .S,2J>1 Tliis quiirry was the h»rj;est in tliat portion of tlie United States. Tlic investigations sliow it to luive been used duriiiff the later prohis- t()ri(^ a};e8 and that it was tlio center of an extensive eoininoree. The |it'(iiliiir appearance, varieyated coh)r, brilliancy, etc., of its products ciiiiltled their inigration or commerce in prehistoric times to be traced iiiid the objects to be recognized whenever found. TlMMcwerc many mines and quarries in the territory now the United Stiitcs which furnished material for aboriginal stone imidements. Soiiic of them may have continued to be used by the savages in more modern times, but most of them are entirely prehistoric. It is needless to (U'scribe them, but the reports of their discoveries have been col- Itcted and are published for the convenience of students. They form [tai t of Appendix A (p. 901). CACHES. Tlie only method possible for the savage to preserve property left holiind him on his departure was to secrete it, ami this was usually iiccomplishert by burying it. This custom prevailed among the pre- Itistoiic i)eoples of Europe as well as of America. By what name the saviige (railed this deposit is not known, or if known is not used. In Kiiiilish it has been called dejwsit, hoard, etc., but the most popular \\(ti(l is the French one of cache. It signifies concealment or hiding, and was first employed in America by the early French Canadians, the counnis du bois, being applied to a concealed or deposited hoard or supply, usually of provisions, in which sense it is used in many of the • ill ly histories and travels in Canada and the lake regions. In forming a cache or hoard of implements, no general or uniform iiiitliod was followed, but they have been so deposited as to show intentional placement. Usually they are in a circle, and may be laid liat or on edge, sometimes on end. Reports of caches have been made by their discoverers, and for the convenience of the student these have been collected and are published in Appendix B (p 970). Implements of the leaf-shaped class have been found en cachCj or 872 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1807. buried in th« earth, iiiul liavc been (;allc(l by Hotnu persoim, "ciiolie iiDplemuntH.'* M. |io(l fliuts, "spades" or "agricultural implenicnts," arrowi)oints aiul sptar heads of ditt'erent types, grooved axes, polished-stone hat(!hets, scraiKis, and other implements. Implements similar in material and identical in form with urrowpoints and spearheads have been found tliroughout the western and soutli western United States, but which, from tlieir large size, could haidly have served for arrows or sj)ear8. An implement one to three indies long we recogni/e as an arrowpoint, one four to six inches long as a spearhead; but what shall we say as to one a foot or fifteen inclies long ? The IJ. S. National Museum possesses many of these specimens. They can not be ignored, and so have been assembled and reported in Appendix C (p. 982). V. MATERIAL OF ARROWPOINTS AND SPEARHEADS. Composition and structure — No practicitl difference between thejUiU uf Europe and that of the United States — Microscopic examinations. It has been shown that flint was the favorite material in prehistoric times for the manufacture of arrowpoints aud spearheads and, indeed, for all chippedstone implements, and was used by prehistoric man wherever obtainable. Flint, as is well known, is a variety of quartz; the principal difference so far as concerns the chemical constituents arising from the impurities. Quartz, also much used in i)rehistoric times in the manufacture of arrowpoints, is pure silica. It is SiO,,= silicon 46.G7, oxygen ih).Z',i. Its hardness is 7 in the scale of 10, and specific gravity 2.0 to 2.7. James I). Dana' divides quartz into two varieties, vitreous and cryptocrystalliue. He divides the latter into the chalcedonic and jaspery varieties. The vitreous is distinguisliod by its glassy fracture, and the chalcedonic has a subvitreous or waxy luster aud is translucent. These owe their peculiarities either to crys tallization, mode of fabrication, or impurities. The common impurities of quartz, Dana says, are oxides of iron, clay, chlorite, or other miner als which produce opacity. Of the first variety, the rock crystal is the representative. It is pure pellucid quartz. But such varieties as rose quartz, smoky quart/, false topaz, and amethyst are produced in one or more of the ways d ' Manual of Geology, 1876, p. 52. Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology, If H<'^ , . I'St. AKKOWPOINTS, SPKAUHEADS, AM) KNIVKS. 873 nu'iitioiUMl. The clialcedonic vari(>ty iiicludcs the tlini and more beau tiiiil tliiileedony, a^^ate, carneliaii, onyx, etc., hh woll ti'^ tlic grouser and baser variety to wliicli belonjf flint, honiHtone, chert, etc. Tlie jaHpery variety containH aluniinouH matter, and iti^' color, yellow or red, is due to iron oxides. The bloodstone and basanite (lydian stone) belong to tliis. I'lint, free from impiirities, has the same chemical comjiosition as «|iiart/, silicon combined with oxygen — silica. I (ilVcrenccs may arise in cryHtalli/ation. Flint is of cryptocryHtalline stiiicturc. Its color nmy be gray, shading through yellow, green, blue, ami smoky black, or with tints of red, yellow, and brown, into chalce- dony. Its fracture is conchoidal, not splintery, internal surface dull, scarcely ever glistening. Alone it is infusible before the blowpipe, but loses its color and becomes o|)a:rehis- toric man and was preferred by him accordingly. It is deemed useless to nnike analyses, because the only 'ees"s Encyclopedia' gives analyses of i>arti«*ular si)ecimens as follows: CotlHtitllPlltR. HUica ' TJnif : Alumina i Oxidoof iron | LOSH Total ! Klaprotli. Vaijuelin. Wtiigleli. OH. 00 0.50 j. 0.25 J 0.25 /| 1.00 I 97.00 1.00 / 2. 00 . . 80. 00 2.00 18.00 loo 100 100 These are ancient analyses and are only given as samples. Their correctness is not veritied.- ' It lias been stated many times by archipologic students and teachers tiiat there was no true flint in the United States. But this is due to a (l in the clay both in strata and nodules. That used in the Mentone ciivcs, of wliich there weie wagon loads, and that along the Iliviera, is in nodnles and in limestone. The Hint mine at M ur de-Barrez (AveyKui (Hg. r>4), opened by I\IM. (vartailhac and lioule, and the mine at Mcudon (Oise) (tig. 56), discovered by Cuvicr in 1822, confirms this viev/. These and other deposits, representing wi«lely separated districts in Kusiicc and others throughout Europe, show a general condition of flint depos ited in strata as well as in nodnles, and in limestone and clay as well as in chalk. Tliese i)eculiarities of formation are paralleled in inaiiy localities of the United States. The diflerences in the deposit, iiiid consequently in the formation of flint, are shown in many idacts throughout Enrope. Some of them have been des(!ribed, and if it wiis necessary many other localities could be mentioned. The same is true of flint in the I'nited States, whether it be line under the name of chalcedony, or co.arse under the names of chert and hornst:)ne. James 1). Dana says:' Flint occurs in nodnles in chalk: not. nnfreqnently the nctdnlos aro in part rlinl- cedonie. liornstone ditt'ora from (lint in heinj; more* brittle; it is often found in liiiH'Stone. (Jhert is an impure hornstone. I^inicBtonos containinjr hornstoiu' or (•h»!rt are often called chorty limestoncH. Flint Ridge, Ohio (Plate 13) is a locality noted for its ledge doposit of flint, while the Hint disks from Ohio and Illinois (Plates (J2, 03) show deposits to have been in nodules. Flint disks of the same gciiciiil shape and of corresponding material have been found in several ol" the western States. A cache at Beardstown, Cass County, Illinois, con tained 1,500 implements, arranged in horizontal layers, separated hv thin strata of clay. Another deposit, of 3,500 specimens, was found in Frederick sville, Schuyler ( ounty, Illinois. The largest of such nod iilt > in the U. S. National Museum, from a deposit in Union County. Illinois, is of ovoi^^. form and measures 7^ inches in length by Gi indies in width. The following excerpts from the report on the Pentamerous limestone of the Clinton group, by Prof. James Ilall,'^ shows that flint exists liotli in strata and in nodules in the indicated horizon and locality: On the fSenesee River this rock ontcrops on either side. In many places in \\ iyik and Monroe counties it contains nodules of hornstone which sometimes assume tin' form of chalcedony. This matter increases so much in Orleans and Niagara conn i;i- th.at it forms thin layers alternating with the limestone. Associated with this 1 liiit are found silicitied fragments of shells and crinoidal joints. South of Modcmi iliin. 'Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology, IXSfi, p. 237. HJeology of the Fourth l)istri(!t of New York, I't. IV, 1813. ARKOWPOINTS, SPKAHHEADS, AND KNIVKS. .S75 im'i:ni;ir layeiH of impure limestono with luiicli lioriiNtone. Same at Lockport, ,.,i>t\v:inl (p. 63). The lirst iiiiiuTal is borii.stouo of the Pentameroiis mass. This often passes into tniDsliiociit varieties and forms little cavities lined with chalcedony (p. ($7). Tliick-bedded dark or bluish-jjray limestone with irregular cavities and often liilii uiis to 18 inch*>s thick, usually separated by layers of hornstone and sdimtiiiies enibraoin^ liattened nodules of the same, wliieli have a surface as if from tiie (lystalliziitic/n of some mineral in the space bcitweeu the two rocks. ^ t' # # jf * III other localities these l.iyers of hornstone increase in number and thickness iiliiiii->l to the exclusion of cab^-vreoiis matter, wbicii from weathering leaves the horn- stdiK in Jagged and irregular projecting ptdnts, and is locally called "chawed rock" (p. i(;2j. Oil the west, side of the Genesee its cherty charaetors are better develo]»ed than t'lx'whi re. Between Caledonia and Leroy there are hundreds of acres literally ]i:i\ I'd witl) boi'ustouo in small angular fragments or larger maascs united by carbon- ate of lima (p. 158). Tlic hornstone sometimes passes into chalcedony (p. Ifi8). I);ina' says: The hornstone of the Corniferoiis limestone is full of microscopic plants, orproto- liliytcs, from l-r)0(lth to 1-riOOOth of an inch in diameter; and with them are sponge- sjiiciiles and teeth of mollusks. The Cretaci'ous limestones in Texas » » » contain hornstone distributed thr()ii;;h them, like the flint through the (!halk of England. Tlie impurities in flint marked by ditterent colors may bo peculiar to certain localities. By them the products of ditterent mines have been tr;icod through their sometimes long voyages in the hands of their prcliistoric owner.s. The color of the flint from (hand Pressigny, near Tours, France, is that of beeswax; that from Meiidon, near Paris, 4s nearly white; that from Si>ieune8, Belgium, is light-gray; that from Italy, especially from the southern part, has the lu.strous brown of jasper and chalcedony. Of that from England, Grimes Graves is light- j:ray. similar in appearance to that of Si)iennes; Brandon is cjuite black; Oissbury is dark-brown, almost black, weathering out into chalky whiteness. Of the Hint from the United States, that from Illinois is light-gray, wcatlicring out to chalky- white, while that from Flint Kidge (which (Iocs not weather white) passes through the entire range of color from tlic waxy luster of brilliant chalcedony to the dull opacity of degraded dicrt. ' Manual of Geology, 1876, pp. LT)? and 455. 87G REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. The cryptocrystalline variety of quartz comprises a considerable list of minerals : Opal, agate, chalcedony, flint, chert, hornstone, begin. ning with the finest and purest and graduating down according to tlie relative impurities and diflFerences in mode of combination. Cluinges in color run through the entire spectrum, and are due principally to the presence of metallic oxides. Iron is chargeable with most of them, but green is credited by Dana to nickel, and purple to manganese. If there were no impurities or foreign matter in it, the flint would be nearly clear-white. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF FLINT. The author has shown that the rock called flint is found alike in xinierica and Europe; that it occurs in the two countries in both nodules and strata, and in both is found in limestone as well ii.s in chalk. He proposes to continue the examination by comparing the structure of the rock in the two countries, and to that end has caused to be made thin sections of the flint from several of the mines iuid quarries nientioned, and these subjected to microscopic inspection and description by Dr. G. P. Merrill, head curator of the department of geology in the U. S. National Museum. These sections have been enlarged by the aid of the microscoi)e, and are shown in the pbo tographic plates ( 16 to 22) duly identified, with the name, number, and locality. Accompanying them are Dr. Merrill's descriptions, while Plates 2'i and 24 show the original specimens from which the thin sections were taken, appropriately marked for identification and comparison. We have now shown that the chemical constituents, the kind of deposit, nodules and strata, in limestone and chalk, general appearance, mode of mining and of use were practically the same during prehistoric times in America and in Europe. If the microscopic examinations show the rock from both countries to be of the same cryptocrys talline structure, the principal, if not the sole difference being in the degree of purity (or, rather, impurity), the author ventures to suggest that there is nothirig gained by making a distinction of names between the flint of Europe and that of the United States, and that the distinc- tion, if made, is so finely drawn as to be impracticable for use by the archiL'ologists who deal with the material. These microscopic sections have been presented so that their struc- ture can be compared and their similarity demonstrated: Plate 16, fig. 1, represents a specimen of flint from Brandon,' iijr. 3 is from Grimes Graves, and fig. 3 from Dorchester, all from England. Plate 17, fig. 1, is from Havelse, Denmark; tig. 2 is from Mouy, Meudon, France, while fig. 3 is from Spiennes, Belgium. Plate 18, fig. 1, is from Grand Pressigny, Prance; figs. 2 and S are from Flint liidge. Licking County, Ohio. ' Specimen I'lg. 1, on Plate 16 (flint from Hraudou), is moclorn. historic, at least ancient, Hpccimens, All others arr (ire- liii-. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 16. Microscopic thin Sections of Flint. Fiy. 1. Ki.iNT.' All extroinely fine-jufrainetl .ag. it. 10.) Fig. 3. S( KAPKRs. Groundmass of this rock is essentially similar to that of ^p(■(;i• mens Cat. Nos. 1.39130, 1010.57, from Urandou, England, and Ilavelse, Den- mark, respectively. An occasional grain of quartz may be distinguishable, but the only ditVerenco of note is a large amount of black aniorphoiif impurities with which the rock is injected. The chalcedonic forms noli'i' in Cat. No. 1391.30 as suggestive of Ibraminifera are more abundant .iiulsn plainly d'.'fined as to leave no doubt regarding their nature. (Cat. Xo. 100250, U.S.N.M. Spienncs, Belgium. Tlato 23, lig.3.) ' ^lineralogioal (Icsrripticm.s l>y llr. (l. V. Merrill, T. S. National MiLsi'iim. Rep.f. J U. S. National Museum, 1837 —Wilson Plate |7. MICROSCOPIC THIN SECTIONS OF FLINT. Denmark, France, and Belgium. I'C i J . «w M 1 1 iiii'i li ( H :i 1. ^:, I m R»portfjfU, S NdfionalMuj«um,l8'37 -Wilson. Plate 19, MICROSCOPIC THIN SECTIONS OF FLINT. France and United States. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 18. Microscopic Thin Sections of Flint. Fi^'. t. Fm.nt.' ThiH Hpccimon (Utl'orH from (at. No. 100259, or Plate 17, flR. 3, first, in <'oarHeue8.s of tuxtiiro, and Hocond, in Hhowing an abundant Hprinltlin^; of L'rystalline granules of <|uai*/.. The Klido is luado up of irrojjiilarly oval areas of chalccdonio jiarticU;-!, soin < pnrit!>s, tho interstices being occupied by tho material dilToring only in dfgroe of purity, tlin carbonacooiiH niatt«>r being ctmtinod mainly to thti oval areas, tlie appoarance being as though tiin interstitial deposit was made sul)seiiuently and under more favorable conditions (as regards purity). (Cut. No. 99008, U.S.N. M. (Irand rrussigiiy (Indre-et- Loire), Francf. Plate 24, fig. 8.) l'i«. 1'. Pink klixt. This, like tliose from Kuropc, ia mainly a compact cryjito- crystalline mass of chaicedouic silica, with segregation areas of the same miiterial showing the characteristic sphcrnlitic and fan-shapod orrange- mcnt of tho particles. In a . w instances the slide shows small areas of granular cry.stallino quart/. lerocit is injected with iron oxide suflicient to give it a reddish or yollowinh tinge, and the foraminifera remains noted in the European specimens ar<) ({uite lacking. (Cat. No. 98.'}44, U.S.N.M. Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio. Plate 24, (lit. «•) Fi^'. H. Hi.ACK FLINT. This slide differs from the last (Cat. No. 9834 1 ) mainly in being of finer texture and in carrying an abundance of muddy and opaque car- bonaceous matter which ia not distributed uniformly through tho mass of the rock, but occurs rather in blotches and streaks. Tho slide sliows further numerous irregular sharply angular areas with curvilinear out- lines so tilled with impurities as to be of a dirty-brown color, and which are wholly without action on polarized light, indicative of silica in an opalescent form. There arc numerous elongated cylindrical bodices which arc without action on polarized light, wliich are suggestive of something of an organic, nature. (Cat. No. 98344a, U.S.N.M. Flint Ridgo, Licking County, Ohio. riuti< 24, tig. 4.) ' .Mincrnlogical descriptions by Dr. G. V. Merrill, U. S. National MiLseiini. Report of U. b. National Museum, 1897,— Wilson, Platf 19 MICROSCOPIC THIN SECTIONS OF FLINT. United States. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 19. « Microscopic Thin Sections of Flint. I ijr. 1. AViUTE I i.i.vT,' This sectiou shows a ground of cbalcodoiiic particles inter- spersed with numerous irregular areas filled with an outer zone of chalce- donic material and interstitially with calcito. The striu'tnre niayheeom- pared with amygdaloids of voJeanu' rocks. It shows a single shred of ferruginous mica. ((.'at. Xo 59726, IT.S.X.M. Pike County, Illinoi.s. Pl.ite 2:t da. '>.) Fii^. L'. Hr ACK ILINT DISK. This slide differs from anything we have had, in that, while it is composed mainly of chaleedonic silica, it has, under the micro- scope, an almost granular aspect, and carries, moreover, a large amount of calcite. There is very little true quartz, the larger granules and crypto- crystalline portions showing the optical properties of chalcedony. The most marked characteristics of the rock is the abundar.'^c of calcite as above noted, and which occurs in the form of aggn^gate and minute irregu- lar particles as fine as dust, distributed throughout the entire mass of the rock, and also in wtdl-defined rhomboidal crystals. Nothing of organic forms IS recognizable. Qualitative test shows the jircsence of lime, alumina, and iron, as well as silica. (Cat, No. 15350, U.S.N.M. Cass County, IlliiKiis. Dr. J. F. Snyder. Plato 24, lif;. 5.) Fig. ;{. CnEiJT. A dense brownish aggregate of chalcedony and calcite. with many elongated rounded and oval areas now occupied by calcite crystals, but which are suggestive in outline of Fusulina. (Cat. No. 26582, U.S.N. M. Kansas.) ' Minoralogical descriptions by Dr. G. P. Merrill, U. S. National Musouiu. AliROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. S77 I'liiif 19, t\g. 1, is from IMkc County, lUiiuMs; tij--. li is one of the lilatk liint disks from (Jass County, Illinois, an«l tig;. ."> is chert from Kansas. I'latc -0, hg. 1, is from Illinois; fig. 2 from near the Chain Bridge, Distritt of Columbia. Till' author respectfully submits that these microsc«>i)ic investigations (Iciiiuiistrate that the tlint of America and that of ['Europe both have the same structure, that both are cryptoerystalline, that the ditferenees arc more of purity thau aught else, and that if one is entitled to be (•allfd Hint the other is also. Other materials, as well as all variations of Hint, were used by the pi'cliistoric man for his im[)lements, and as a contribution to tiie general siihjtH't thin sections were also made of such specimens as were con- vi'iiicnt and satisfactory, and submitted to microscopic examination by Dr. Merrill: i'latt> -0, fig. .'J, is argillite from Trenton, New Jersey. Plate 21, llg. 1, is oolitic chert from Cape May, New Jersey; fig. 2, jjray chert froni Miss«)uri, and fig. 3, quartzite from Pots Dr. Cai)itan displayed a aeries of stone iiiipleineiitsiii all stages of progress and a])proaehing completion, together with the tools used in their manufacture. The i)ossible iiictliod of making stone implements was discussed at tiie tenth session ol the International Congress of Prehistoric Arclueology of Paris in is.sil. M. A. de Mortillet showed, with illustrations, the cracking and chii)iiin(r of Hint by the heat of tiie sun, exposure to the air, by lire, by iktciks- sion, and pressure. Dr. Oai)itan gave a practical demonstration of the methods employed. Hc^ used the hammer, with and without the inter- vention of a punch, by stroke, free hand, and on the anvil. The nucleus was the debris, while the Hake wjis the desired produiit. Tlu* Hake, larger or smaller, once obtained, was subjeetetJ to se(!ondary chip]iiiiL;, by which it was made into the arrowpoint, spearliead, or knife, acicording to tiie intention of the maker and the possibilities of th.e mate rial. This was done by per- cussion or striking with a hammer either with or witli- out the intervention of a punch, while the object is held in the hand or on tlie knee; by i»ressure with a llaker, and (for other imple- ments than arrow or speai heads) by hammering or pecking, and by grinding or polishing.' Sir John Evans interested the International Congress of Prehistoric Archa'ology, held in Norwich, England, in 1808, by making in its presence tiint implements, both by pressure and percussion. At the meeting of the Uritish Association in Aberdeen he showed specimens of the Hint knapper's work obtained by his son, Mr. Arthur J. Evans, in the town of Joannina, in the province of Epirus, 8(mthern Albania. Mr. Arthur J, Evans had met the old worknum in the streets engaged in making the strike-alights for nuirket, and after seeing him work, get ti"*" samples of his wares and materials, being shown the limestone piateau from which he obtained the flint nodules, Mr. Evans purchased the entire outfit, flint, tools, and all, and they were exhibited before the association. Afterwards the paper was read before the Anthropolog- MADB Figs. 62, 63. IRON KLAKINO HAMMKR AND A ''STKIKB-A-LIOHT ' WITH IT. Albania, Greece. Collected by .Mr, Arthur .1. KvatiM, .loiir. Aiithrop, Inst., XVI, pi. 1, ti^ti, l-:i, Niittiritl size. ' Report of International Congress, American NaturaliBt, XXV, November, IS'.M, p. 1032. KPfWi Repo 'U S' ^'\ n. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 20. Microscopic thin Sections of Flint and other Rock. V\^. 1. Ulack rMNT.i ICssontially tlic same combination as Cat. No. 153.")0. irom iniiioin. ( W. X . I'lates l!l, (ij;. '1 ; 24, Hf{. r..) Fig. 2. .\i{(iH,i,rn;. Scbistoso aggregate of (jnartz particle;* and much nndetti unli- able gray matter wliieh might readily jtass ibr partially metaiiiorplio^ed .irgillitic material of a sedimantary rock. (Ciit.Xo. IMOIO. r.S.N.M. DiHtntt of Ci)liiiiil>la, vicinity of Chain BriU};e. Plate 24, lis.li.) Fig. 3. AK(;ii.litk ? Tlie groundmasB of thi.s rock is made up of a gray materiiil hIiow- ing between a crossed nicol. No di.stinct crystalline forms, bnt breakiii!; np as tiie stages revolve into irregular areas polarizing faintly in liglit mid dark colors. The properties are too obscure to be of determiuative value. Tiiroughout this gronndmass are scattered numerous irregular ari a>» of i|uartz, of fehlspars which have crystallized in xitii, and small shriiUdt greenish mica. I am unable to satisfy myself regarding the petrographic nature of the rock, and can on!v suggest that it may be an argillai tons sedimentary which has undergone a certain amount of dynamic mcta- morphisui. (Cat. No. 9y.'Ci>, U.S.N.M. Trenton, New Jersey.) ■ Miueralogiual deacriptious by Dr. (i. P. Murrlll, U. S. National Museum. ofU, S National Muoi-uin 1897.-- Wilscin Plate 20. 3r)0, iroin letcniiiii- or|)ho>e(l iai hIiow- tikilii; li]i iylil iiiid vc v;iliic, an-.n of shredsot ogruphic ill.'HCOll.'* if lueta- i I- MICROSCOPIC THIN SECTIONS OF FLINT AND OTHER ROCKS. United States. ■m I >■ I J I ■!j ! EXPLANATION OF PLATE 21. Microscopic Thin Sections of Flint and Other Rocks. Via. !• Oolitic <'IIKut. This is iiiado up of roiuuled concretionary niasscH of i h ilce- (Ionic Hilicaludd together by an interstitial cement, which is Lirjjely iiiuutz in a finely <{rainilar condition, but in part (^liah-edony. The oolitic Imhii^ are rendered very impure by incloBures of dust-like particles aiul IiI.k k, ojiaqnc particles of iron ore, whih- the interstitial material is coiiiimra- tively o(»lorlesH. (Ciii>t> Miiy, New Jerncy.) Fig. -. (iUAY ciiKUT. This section shows a mass of irregular rounded oval, ^n ally elonj^atcd and sometimes angular, areas with <'ur\ ilinoar outlines, nf a dirty-brownish color, and which are sometimes wholly without iictidn on polarized light and sometimes show tho cryptocrystalline structure rhai- teristic of chalcedony. These areas are interspersed with silica in tlic ripiui of colorless chalcedony and granular quartz. (Cut. No. 71007, I'.S.N.M. Clark or Lewis County, Mi.sHoiiri. I'latf 23, Ug. 0.) Fig. 3. (^lAinziTK. An indurated siliceous sandstone, cimsisting of well-roiiiHlcd grains of colorless i|nart/ l)oand into a compact mass by a secondary diNpo- sitiou of interstitial silica. This secondary silica has so oriented iisilf with regard to the original sand grains as to convert the rock inio an aggregate of imperfectly outlined quartz crystal.-*, of which the orij,'iMal sand grains form the nuclei. (Cat. No. 202C«l, U.S.N.M. Potsdam, New York.) Mineralo;;ieal (toscriptiuus by I>r. <} ?. Merrill. IT. S. Xatioual Musonin. R,p t of U. S. National Muicum, 18)7. -Wilkon. ^-isr- Plate 21 MicRoscopr: thin sections of flint and other rocks. United States. Raport of U. S. National Museum. 1897. — Wilson. Plate 22, f:,.i. MICROSCOPIC THIN SECTIONS OF ROCKS, USED FOR AJORIGINAL IMPLEMENTS. United States, Plate 22. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 22. Microscopic Thin Sections of Rocks, Used for Aboriginal Implements. Y'i8^3 Mineralogical r' ««^-.' "^ ^ifeH^,, >"* itiW ^ ^ ^ # Specimens of Rock from which thin Sections were made. HiHiytt liil'AlnJ '• EXPLANATION OF PLATE 24. Fij;. 1. Bui)E Flint Implement. (Cat. No. 08;t40, II.S.N.M. I'rehistorii^ mine or quarry, Flint Ridge, Licking County, Olii 1. Gerard Fowke.) Fiji 2. Leak-shaped Implement of QrAUTZ-PORPHYRv. (Cat. No. 139026, U.S.N.M. Muney Valley, went lirauch of Susquehanna Klv^r, Penn- sylvania. J. M. M. Gernerd.) Fi^. ;^. Leaf-shaped I.mplement OF Aroillite (?). ~ (Cat. No. 139010, U.S.N.M. District of Colunibin, in vicinity of Chain Bridge. Ernest Shoemaker.) Fig. I. Flint Core. (Cat. No. 98344a, U.S.N.M. I'rehistoric mine or i|narry, Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio. Gerard Fowke.) Fig. 5. Chipped Flint Disk. (Cat. No. 15350, U.S.N.M. Cass County, Illinois. Dr. J. F. Suyder.) Fig. fi. Flint Core. (Cat. No. 98344, U.S.N.M. Prehistoric mine or quarry, Flint lUdge, Licking County, Ohio. Gerard Fowke.) Fig. 7. Modern Gunflint. (Cat. No. 139130, U.S.N.M. Brandon, England. Edward Lovett.) Fig. 8. Large Worked Flint Flake. (Cat. No. 99908, U.S.N.M. Grand Pressigny (Indre-et-Loire), France. Thomas Wilson.) Fig. 9. Fragment of Flint Flake. (Cat. No. 101057, U.S.N.M. Havelc, Denmark. Thomas Wilson.) Figs, 10-12. Fragments of small Flint Implements. (Cat. No. 101058, U.S.N.M. Kitchen-Midden, Haveise, near Copenhagen, Denmark. Thomas Wilson.) A -I mif tlii lii'iiiiil, III' ;i 111 illr i< vci\ » I 'si 11'^' Willi tcnty, til.- Il: i{iiiii'il swill till' liai ARROVVI'OINTH, HI'KARHKADS, AND KNIVK8. H7!) Viti. 01. KUNT rilUK Will! IIH Kl. \ i;S I.V I'l.ACB AM HritrOK. Kvifcim All' I 'lit Muiii- liiiiiliiiiiciiU, (I, l*<, 11^. '.'. iciil IiiHtitutc, [iondoii, uihI piibliHlied, and tli« ohJectH wore llj;«nod.' Tlir iiuthor has tiikeii tliC! liberty of iisin^ tlic t);;iire of tlic liaiinnur M]\\ OIK) of tliu tliiit Mtrilvu-a lights iiiudo with it (ligH. (>2, (>.'{). Mr. Kvims d('sr as*— A iiihII fleated. Fig. 04 shows one of these nodules from the lirandon quarry which has been chipped into Hakes, ready lo be cut up into guntliuts or arrow points. These Hakes, having been struck otl", are, in the eiij;raviug, replaced so as to show the process. Fig. 05 is a section ol' a tiint nucleus, with several flakes in process of being struck ofif. Plate 25 shows the cores, flakes, and the finished arrowheads of obsidian as they are found in America. This material is of vol- canic origin and it is usually attributed to the Rocky Mountain FiK. 05. SKlTION nV KMNT NVCLKl'S, SllOWINii HOW KI.AKKS AKK HTIiUCK OFF. ' Proceedings, XVI, p. 65, pi. i. -The StoiKt Ago of ScaiuUliavia, p. 7, 880 KKPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1«97. ;!<)! Mi Mi ^ f r^'l ranges, though by coininen;e specimens liave traveled great distancos. Prof. W. K. Moorehead found about a thousand large and well wrought obsidian spearheads and arrowpoints in the great mound on Hopewell farm,' Koss County, Ohio, which he has cited in The Am i- (luariau.'^ The specimens shown in Plate 25, figs. 1 to 4, are cores of great si/e and beauty. The flakes have never been replaced as in the case of f Ik* Iirandon roru Just shown, but one can easily see that the mode of niaini facture was the same. They vore struck off by a blow, and tiie (mhi choid of percussion is always to be seen on both the Hake and the coic. Tlie arrowpomts and spearheads, le.af-shaped and stemmed, are sampli s of those of obsidian from the Tacific coast. Their chipping sliows delicate workmanship. HAMMBRSTONBS. Fij;. 86.— White .jappery flint. Fi^. 67.— Qiiartzite pitted. OL.o. New York. Cat. No. 17311, U.S.N'.M. ij natiinil size. Cut. . Sep. 6605, U .i.N.M. ^^ natural slie. The principal tool used by prehistoric m m was the stone hammer (fig. 00-7). Thousands of the.se have been found, and their distribii tion extends over nearly the entire prehistoric world. They were hard, so as to stand the blows without breaking. Any sort of stone wliicli possessed the refpiisite condition of hardness and was of suitable size would serve the purpose. Bowlders of (luartzite were not infrequently used and the ]>eriphery or prominent ends or corners frequently show the battered or pecked surface, the evidence of use. Many of these quarfzite bowlders have a cup marking on the one o- i»e other of the flattened sides, the preci.se purposes of which have never been sat- isfactorily determined. It has bee: contended by some that they were indentations for the t!uimb and fingers, to assist in holding the hammer in the hand, but this theory has not been accepte('. 'Clark's Work; 8(Hiit'i- iiiul D;i\is, Siiiithsoniun ('ontributions to Knowk'dgc. No. 1, i». 2(i, ))!. x, '^October, IH\)7, p. 255, lig. xlvii;. Noveiulter, 181»7, p. '2{)\, figs. 1, liv, Iv. flistancos. and well mouiMl oil The Ami. ffreat si/c r;ase oft he e ofniaiiii i the (;()i|. cl the coio. resainphs iiiff shows hammer distribii- ere hard, ne wliich :able size equeutly itly show of tliese er of the >een sat- hey were hammer Qowledgc, EXPLANATION OF PLATE 25. lu 11 12 n 17 IK 19 '< b 7 8 14 15 i!i r2 23 24 2". 26 27 28 2!t ;!0 HI ^1 I I fXs. l-ii. OnsiniAX Cohp:s. (Cat. Xos. !W772, 9H771. 98768, 1'.S.N.M. Cliolula, M.'xico. ^\'. \V. Blake.) g. 4. ohsikiax Coim:. (Cat. Xo. 1049. tl.S.X.M. Mouiiil nc-ur Vera tiniz, Mexico. Lieuteuant Van Wvck V. S. X.) igs. ").»'). Ohsidiax Corks. (Cat. No.H. il877ti. 98709. r.S.N.M. Mexico. AV. W. Ulakc.) gs. 7, 8, .SiMAi.i, Flakks oi' Ohsidiax. (Cat. K'o. 211025, U.S.X.M. Mounds near Conlova, Mexico Dr. Hujjo Finck.) g. y. LKAI'-SIIArED I.MI'I.K.MKNT OF OBSIDIAN. (Cat. Xo. i:)n;i97, r.S.X'.M. Klamath Indian licservation, Oregon. C. IC. Smith.) Ig. 10. LKAI'-SIIAPFJ> iMrLKMKNT OK OiiSlDIAX (biokeu). (Cat. Xo. 9347, U.S.X.?!. Coidova. Mexico. Dr. Hugo Finck.) g. 11. WoKKKD Flakk ok Ousidiax (scnipci' ?). (Cat. Xo. 98765, r.,S.X..M. Mexico. W. W. lUake.) igs. 12-15. Fi.AKKs OK Obsidian. (Cat. Xo. 9;;.")9, r.S.X.M. Cordova, iloxico. Dr. lluiro Fin<'k.) g. 16. Akkowi'oixt OK Obsidian. (Cat. Xo.!)8777. f.S.X.M. Mexico. W. W . Hlake.) ig. 17. Ahuowi'oint of Obsidian. ((Jat. Xo.9355, C.S.X.M. ('ordo\ a, Mexico Dr. Hugo r'inck.) g. IS. Aubowi'oint ok Obsidian. (Cat. Xo. 987SI2. I'.S.X.M. Tezcnco, Mexico. \V. \V. I'.lake.) gs. 19, 20. Aiiijowpoixi.- OK Obsidian. (Cat.XoH. 9354,9;),'):!. r.S.X^'.M. Cordova, Mexico. Dr. Hugo Finck.) g. 21. Leak-siiai'KD Imim.k.mkxt ok (Obsidian. (Cat. Xo. 93,')2, I'.S.X.M. Cordova, Mexico. Dr. Hugo Kinck.) g. 22. AiUiowi'oiNT OK Obsidian. (Cat. Xo. 139398. I'.S.X.M. Klaiuath Didian Reservation, Oregon. ('. IC. Sniitli.i gs. 23, 24. Ahhowi'oixts ok Obsidian. (Cat. Xos. 98781. 9878'i, F.S.X.M. Mexico. W. W.Hlako.) gs. 25-27. Ohsidiax Aukow points. (Cat. Xo. 149391, U.S.X.M. liiittes, 4 inili s west of Upper (Jallinus, Xew Mexico, ],i ut. Ir.M. Wheeler.) g. 28. Leak-shaped Lmplemknt of Obsidian. ((."at. No. 14.XI27, U.S.X.M. " Eiiuiis beds " near Silver Lake, Oregon. Pfof. E. D. Cul.cl Ig. 2!t. WOHKKD Kl.AKK OK OBSIDIAN. (Cat. Xo. 35176, U.S.X.M. Island of Crete, (i. L. Feiiardoiit.) g. 30. Ohsidiax Coke. (Cat. Xo. 35169. U.S.X.M. Island of Crete. U. L. Feuardent.) g. 31. Fi.iXT Coke. (Cat. Xo. 100953, U.S.X.M. Lund, Sweden. Thoinas Wilson.) R,; -mI U. S. Natinrai M'jseuni, 1897— WHson. Plate 25. It Villi WM-k. •k.) luitli.) iniMi exiro, 1,; ut. I'.E. D. Coi..'.) Obsidian Cores, Flakes, and finished Arrowpoints. rriiiii|ially tiniii Nurlli Aiin'iii-a. ARROWPOINTS, SPEAUHEADS, AND KNIVES. S81 Tlit^ lU'iiicipal kind of liummei- used, especially iii Europe uud at Flint Kid^e in Ohio, and in all other places where there is a stratum of tlint, is ii 1 nde and irregular piece of flint from the ledge. Its sharp corners and edges served better the purpose of a hammer, enabling the work- men to strike a more precise blow and with a smaller point of impact. Fi^. 69. ESKIMO APlOW FLAKERS, POINT OP BEINDERR HORN, HANDLK (>!•• IVORY. Evuni'i Ancient Stout) [tiipltiuitiiits, p. ;{>. ti;:, !<. As one corner or edge became worn, the hammer was turned in the hand to present another, until at last the corners were all worn off and the tool became practically a globe, when it is believed to have been unlit ior further use and was discarded. Fig. 71. ESKIMO ARROW FLAKBRS, POINTS OK REINDEER HORN, HANDLES OP WOOD AND IVORY. I Mate 5, flg. 11, represents a hammerstone from Spieunes, P>elgium, and Plate 7, tig. 11, one from Grand Pressiguy, France. In working NAT MUS 97 56 m 882 UEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1«97. flint in modurii times stcol Ijiiniiners are eniployeil. (See Plates S-io^ ligs. 02, m.) Mr. J. I). McGuire lias publislied the result of some experiments on the hanuiierstone.' In the inventory of tools the flaker must not be overlooked. jMaiiy of these have been found. Tlie Eskimos use those of ivory fastened to a handle (liys. <>.S-71). These were used for ehipi»ing by pressure. The real prehistoric flakers have been found. They were simply pieces of bone or horn, usually the point of a deer horn, with sullicient leiij;tii to insure a firm grij*. Tlie workman, havinj;' chipped his piece to itroper form by percussion, desiring to bring it to an edge, took it in one liaiid, the flaker in the other, aiid by placing its jmint against the portion to be removed, with a pressure in the right direction and an artistic or Fis. 72. W^M^^&E=^3S^M2}ji Fig. 73. Fig. 74. KUAKEK.S OF ANTLER OB BONE IN HANliLE.S OV WOOD. Fi)5. 72.— Nevada ludian.s. SiiiitllMoiiiuii ('ontribut'iiiis, XXII; Uau, Artliu-'iloffy, ]i. '.»fi, ti(^. :W0. Figs. 73, 74 Uupa Indians. Siiiithsimiuii liepurt, 1>n6, Hay ColK-i-titiii, ]il, \XI, tii:K. yv, '.Ml. mecdianical twist of the wrist, he started a small Hake of greater or less breadth, thickness, and length. Figs. 72-74 are arrow flakers, the former used by the Indians of Nevada,' while the h^ttei- are from the Point liai'row Eskimos, Alaskn. collected by Col. P. H. Kay, and described by Dr. O. T. Mason.' The art of the prehistoric Hint chipper rec^uires a high order of mechanical dexterity. Some of the specimens show marvelously (hie work — fhikes so thin, wide, long, and regular as* to extort our woudei and admiration. (Figs. 92, 151, from a mound near Naples, Illinois.) The flaking tools of Europe have never been satisfactorily determined. In the present condition the number of fine'y Haiced objects is enor- mously out of ]»roportion with the number of flakers, found. Of those ' Ainericuu AntliropologLst, IV, pji. 301-12, 18t»l. ■' Charles h'au, Aicha-ol. Coll. U. S. Nat. Mas., ]>. 1(5, fif^ 340. ■' Hay Collection, Smithsonian Ri.-port, 188U, i^l. xxi, ligt . 92, 9G. .AUIiOWPolNTS, SI'HARIIKADS, AND KNIVES. SS3 -:h ^' % iiiiplciiients found whicli mijiiit luivo served Ibr this piu'ijosc, tlm iimn- ht'in'coj^iiized Jiiid admitted as such is iMnnparatively few. Some are , if bone, some of horn, and otliers (strange ti> America) are of Hint. Dr. ( 'apitan, in tlie displijy of tlie lOcole d'Antliropologie at the Paris Exposition in 18S1>, showed a bone Ihiker, and he described and flgurtal it ill rlio report of that display made to the minister of jmblic instruc- ri(,ii. In the autlior's lting it for being better held in the hand. The (mI^'cs originally chi])pcd sharj), have been slightly rounded by griiKiinir. apparently with the same motive. The angles at the curved en.l have been smoothed, but the other end is completely rounded and inc sents tlie worn, half-polished appearance characteristic of these tmils, They vary much in the amount of workmanship tiiey display, simmc being mere flakes with the edges rounded by chipi)ing, and othei ^ as carefully wrought into form as any hat<;het or chisel. They vai y in length from 2 to 1 inches. The rougher kinds are usually clunis\ in tlieir xu'oportions, as if strength was an object, and they not intic- (juently show a certain amount of abrasion at each end. Many early explorers have witnessed the operation of arrowpojiit making among the North Ameri(!an Indians Jind have descri'icd it in greater or less detail. These reports liave been collected lui the convenience of the student and teacher and are published as Appendix D (p. 985). . VII. SCRAPERS, GRINDERS, AND STRAIGHTENERS USED IN MAKING ARROW AND SPEAR SHAFTS. These implements play a T>iM't in the science of prehistoric arclnr ology of an importance quite out of proportion with their appear ance. Spear and lance shafts, to be elective i weapons, must be straiuht and smooth. If rough or crooked, their efll'ectiveness is much reducitl. True, the most primitive spear nuide of a sapling, the i)oint haid ened by fire and left rough with knots and branches, might bo a dangerous weapon in a hand to hand contest; but it would be more easily handled and more effective if made straight and smooth. I'or a javelin or arrow intended to be cast or thrown, either by the hand or with a bow, it is imperative that the shaft should be straight and smooth. jMany of the arrow shafts of antiquity were of reed or cane, i)erliai)s because reed and cane were more plenteous and more easily adapted. They were the right size, could be made the right length, were lijilit, straight, smooth, and required but slight prei)aration for use. Still, these would require some straightening and smoothing, and to that end tools were required. In Europe the arrow-shaft scraper was used more than the arrow shaft polisher or grinder; in America it seems to have been tlie reverse. In Europe, while polishers were used for many purposes, they seem not to have been much used on arrov^ shafts. The arrow-shaft scraper (Plate 26) is a tool for that special purpose. It is of Hint chipped to a concave edge. The specimen from England 1(1 is h('i(! solid, ..yiii. iiiity, V, itl, riie eii;.'(.H, grilKlillfr. I 011,1 have suid pie. liese 1(11 lis. [ilay, sDiiic otlier> as >y vary in cluiiis) ill not ill Ire- irrowiioiiit described [lectei*; Arrowshaft Grinders. Loose livitty saiidstoue. C'herokci'. Iowa. Cat. No. UOHiKt. U..S.X..M. AUKOWPOTNTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 88.5 (tig. 1) comes from Yorksljire Wolds, ami is taken from Sir Jolm Evans's Ancient Stone Implements, ' where it says: in, lis of this kind are well adapted for h( rai»iiiif into r(!<^iiliii- Hliajx* tho stems of Mni)"v>i or the Hliafts of spears, or for fashioniui; lioue pins. Till' round ended scraper, supposed to have serv(Ml for scrapinj; skins, had a common form in Europe (Plate 12) and America. They limy liave been used for scraiiiiij? arrow shafts in either or both coiin- nics. but of this we have no evidence save their ])lenteousness and the possibility of such use. Eskimos continued the use ol' the round- tiidcd scraper, inserted in either wooden or ivory handles, until mod- ern it not until present times. Tlicy have been fi<;ured and (les( ribod by Sir John Lub- l)o(];.-Sir .Tohn Evans, ' and Dr. (). T. Mason. ^ I iiit the scrapers with acon- cavc edge, for scraping' ar- rows, are rarely found in pre- liisioric collections, nor are tlu y reported among" the In- dians of North America. The r. S. National Museum pos- sesses some, but not many. Tiny seem not to have been recngnized or cared for and wci e not gathered by collec- tors. Figs. 1-8 in Plate 2(J are seven specimens inseried as examples of thirty or Ibity from the Oliio and IVIississippi valleys.'' I>r. Charles linu, in an unpublished manuscript, divided somearrow- Diaidiig implements into arrow-shaft grinders ami straighteners, thougli lie admits that both might iiave been used for smoothing the shafts. Mg. 77 rei)resents an arrow-sliaft grinder, with a straight groove of suitable size, of compact chlorite slate from Cape Cod, Massachusetts (Cat. No. 178r)8, U.S.N.M.). As the stone is not at all gritty, the proc- ess must have been performed with the assistanceof sand and water. I'late 27 contains specimens of what are snjjposed to have been arrow- slialt grinders. They are coarse sandstone, exceedingly g^ritty. and wimhl serve the purpose well. The top is lounding or oval, the sides paralh'l. while the bottom is tlat, with a groove in it, as sliown in the specimen. The size is indicated by tlie scale. They are fiom ('herokee, Inwa. Similar ones lun'e been foiind in other localities. Somewhat allied to the arrow-shaft grinders are the arrow-shaft straighteners — more or less carefully ])reparcd stones, generally of Fig. 77. AHROW-SHAFT ORINDKK, CIII.ORITK SLATE. Capo Cod, ila.ssacliiisotts. C.-it. N.i. 17--H1. U.S.N.M. I. I, .liiriil Km: ■ Page 287, fif,'. 226. = Prehistoric Times, 4th ed., p. 513, figs. 214-21(5. ■' An('i«!iit Stone Iiiii)l(^mei ts, p. 2\^. 20:i. ■< Keport If. S. National Museum, lSSi», ])p. ri.''>.']-."'>H!>, pl^i i.xi-xnii. '^'Kobert Munto, Fvehistoric Problems, 1897, p. 329, liga. 117, 118. 88r; RKPOin' OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. obloiifjf form and exhibitin}>: on the upjier face a fifroove, or soinctiines two or three parallel grooves, for receiving the arrow shafts (tij;. 78). The grooves are mostly smooth and sliining from long nsagc. Mr. Paul Schumacher found a number of these implements in soutliern Cali- fornia graves, and he desmhes their application.' The stones Avere heated and the crooked shafts rubbed back and forth in the grooves uiuler pressure until they became straight. As tlie stones had to withstand a consid- erable degree of heat, sci pen- tine, a material i)ossessin<; tliat (puility, was generally chosen, Straighteners of the ruder kind were made in Calif(n'nia of fiaj: ments of soapstone vessels. The Apaches and other western tribes used until lately very neat straighteners of serpentine, often provided \\ itli two grooves. Tiie author, however, was informed that they did not Ik at the stone, but heated the shafts, and then pressed them back and Intli in the grooves. Some of the California specimens have been crackled ])y the heat to which they were exposed. From the uniform ])olish of tlie grooves, it maybe inferred that such stones were also used for smootli ing the shafts. Similar utensils, apparently for the same use, are in llic Museum collection, Fig. 78. SEIIPRNTINR ARROW -SHAFT STKAIOHTENKR WITH 'IIIUKK SMOOTH (illOnVES, OHNA.MKNTAI, lUUKnil.AU INCISED LINKS. Siiiitii niirliiini County, Calil'oriiin. Cat. \... Vli'.'l.'i, r.S.N.M. ;^, n.'iliiriil Kiz... Fiir. Til. ■?^ 4 '"1-. ' " '"■*'* ranging in locality from Massachusetts to California. The Eskimos used a different tool for straightening their arrow shafts. It was a piece of bone, or freriuent- ly ivory, h e a v y and sol id, with an enlargement at the upi)erend through which was a perforation usually of lo/.enge shape. Tlie arrow shaft was put through t'.'is hole, and thc! instrument, used as a wrencih, bent the shaft as was retinircd to make it straight. Dr. IJoas figures oiu^of them'' (tig. 70), and European l)rehistoric arclncologists have fr«M|uontly done the same. ' Fig. 80. AUKOWSHAFT PTItAIOIlTF.NF.liS (IF WclOl) MR IVOKV. Fifi. Tit, (JiMitnil E^kiinii. ('.Ill Ann. Ki-ja. Ilur. Kltiiu.l., I^'.| ;,, liu-. n I, i'. f.-J.'.. Fiu'. M». llu|>H lii.liaiis, Sinillisniiiiiii Ui-["'ri, l'>!t:i, pi. xx\i\. lij:. 1. ' Arrhiv. i'iir Autliropolofric, I.\, p. 2I!>. - C'eiilral Esldino, Sixth Ann. I»*cpt. Hiir. Ktliiiol.. ISSI-S."). p. r>-2r>, il ■'IJoyd DawkiuH, Early Man iu IJritiiin, p. 2H8, li^. 91.'. 171. ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 887 Dr. Hoffman, in his articlo entitled "The (Iraphic. Art of the Eskimo,'" figures a lialf dozen of tliese similar in some regards to those already shown. They are from Cape Nome, Sledge Island, Diomede, and (Jape Darby, all on the Alaskan coast. He introduces these in the attt'inpt to correlate them and similar specimens of lOskimoan art with thut of the Paleolithic period as manifested in the specimens from the cavcuns of Dordogne, France, a proposition to which the author does tiot agree. I'ig. 80 is an arrow-shaft straightener used by the Hupa Indians of California. It is a piece of yew, 10 inches long, spindle-shaped, and having an oblong hole through the middle. The arrow shaft is r chisels. Arrow- heads of a slender form pass over almost impeiceittibly into perforators, insomuch liiat it is often impossible to make a distinction bet'veen them. In view of these uncertainties, the writer has brought the arrow and spear point shaped objects under one bead, which is the more excusable as, generally speaking, si/.u is the only distinguishing feature. ' Hoport IT. S. National Museum, lSfl5, ]>. Tfi;", ]>ls. 7, H. •Otis T. Mason, North American Bows, Arrows, and (Quivers, Smithsonian Report, lf<'J3, pi. X.KXIX, fig. 1. 888 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. The attempt ia here made to segregate and classify arrowpDints, spearheads, and knives. In lurpose best and was nearest and most easily obtained. The elements of commerce and ease of transportation must be regarded in ascertaining the locality of the material. To correctly determine this, we must consider the known facts as to distance, (nial ity, weight, antl value of material transported. The present classification is based on the form and size of the iinjtle ment. In order that the series contemplated by the present classification shall be as complete as possible, those from Europe which belong to tlio earlier epochs are included. The weapons of the Paleolithic period— the Ohelleen implements, the Mousterien spear points, the Solutrccn leaf-shaped and one-shouldered points, and the Madelainien points and harpoons — have been already described, and we have concluded that t hey may have served as spears, lances, javelins, or harpoons, but not arrow- points or knives. The leaf shaped implements used as spear and liai- poon heads in the Paleolithic period continued into the succeeding prehistoric periods, and were then used as arrowpoints as well as lor spears or harpoons. This does not clash with the theory that arrows were not used during the Paleolithic period. A classification of arrowpoints and spearheads has been attempted by but few archaeologists. Sir John Evans,' General Pittllivers,^ Sir W. 11. Wikle,^ and Di-. Ch.arles Pan are the principal ones vho have essayed a classification, but in their descriptions they scarcely employed their own. The first two gentlemen made four classes. Some of the classifications were arranged according to ]>robable successive develoj)- ment, thus: leaf-shaped, lozenge-shaped, tanged or stemmed, and tii angular. Sir W. P. Wilde (and Sir John Lubbock follows him) arranjied them thus: triangular, indented base, stemmed, baibed, and leaf shaped. Dr. Edwin A. Barber^ as follows: leaf-shaped, triangular. ' Ancient Stone Tnn>lenient8 of Great IJritain, pp. 328-364. -Priuiitivo Warfare, Jour. R. U. Servieo Inst. ^Catalo;;uo of Anti<]nities, Royal Irish Acad., pp. 19, 21, 23. -'Aniericnu Naturaliat, XI, p. 2G5. AUROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. sso iiidt'iittMl at the base, stemmed, barbed, beveled, diamond-8hape small one. He has seen both the large and the small one, is acquainted vith both, and when he sees a cut of given size whicli is a correct representation of a small imple meut, he will involuntarily associate it with the real implement (jf small >'ize. The author has seen an engraving of one of these large digging implements, the original of which was 10^ inches hmg and 5 inches Primitive Industry. m 800 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. wide. The drawing was reduced to one-third, and the engravinj; {ine- half from tlie drawing. Thus this large and formidable implement wiiis re])resented by a figure 2'^ inches by Ave sixths of an inch, which is but the size of a common arrow or spear head. No rule or scale can j^ive it its true a]>pearance in the eyes of the m.ajority of readers. Those engravings are intended to serve as a classification of these impleiiiciits by whicli their names, and i)ossibly their functions, may be known, ;iii(l by which archicologists throughout the country, and i)erhap8 the world. may be better enabled to understand and describe them. When we consider that it is beyond the power of mere words to describe a form, and that a figure, cut, or representation of it must be or must have been made at some time in order to communicate knowledge of a form to any person who has not previously seen it, the author trusts he will l)e justified in the classification and the engravings by which it is sought to be represented. The names of the different parts of stone arrowpoints and spear- heads or knives are: blade, point, stem, base, edge, shoulder, barb, notch. The failure of many archa'ologists (and it is not confined entirely to them) to make a distinction between the words "side" and "edge" has led to a confusion in description. " Border," " rim," " margin " are, or may be, synonymous with "edge," but "side," although much used in this sense, is almost always erroneously used. We say the " side" of a table when we mean the edge, the border, the margin, that part farthest lioni the center or middle. Applying it to a plank or sword or arrowpoint or spearhead, we should say "edge." "Edge" is particularly approi)iiate for swords and arrowpoints and spearheads, as it applies specially to the "sharp and thin cutting border or extremity of an instrument.*' The author has sought to make his classification as simple as possil)le. Minute or complex divisicms will never be adopted in popular usafie. They will be difl"cult to understand and are impracticable in that tlicy can not be easily remembered or readily applied. In the iiuthor's classification the prim.ary divisicms of arrowpoints, spearlieads, or knives are as follows: IHrinion /, leaf-shaped. — In this cla«sitk'iitioii the h'iif-sliaped is placed at tho lioad as heiiijx the oldest inipleiiieiit of its kind. This division includes all kinds: elli|iti- cal, oviil, oblong, or lanccolatts foniis hearing an.y relation to the shape of a Icif. and without stem, shoulder, or liarlt. Class A is jtointed at both ends, the widest place one-third or one-fourth from tlir base. Chiss M is more oval, less pointed, with base coucave, straight, or convex. Class C is long and narrow, sharp points, parallel edges, and bases coucave, straight. or convex. These belong to the Pacitic coast. Division IT, ivlanijtdar. — This division includes all specimens which, according ti) geometrical nomenclature, are in the form of a tiiaugle, whetliiT th ))(! convex, straight, or concave. They are without stems anil consefiuentl.v with- out shoulders, though in soin<' specimens the extreme concavity of the base prodiucs barbs when the arrow shaft is attached. ATIROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, ANO KNIVES 801 ;h from ilic Virieion III, stemmed, — This division iiicludcH all viirieties of Htt'ins, whether straight, pointed, or expanding, round or Hat, exocjit those witli certain pecnliari- tii's and inclndod in Division IV; and whether the bases or edges are convex, «ti';ii,i;ht, or concave. ( liiss A is lo/enge-shaped, not shouldered nor barbed. ( l.is.s M is shonhlered, bnt not barbed. (lass (' is slionldered and barbed. Those cover the commoner forms of arrowpointa and .spearheads tliioiiyliont the worhl. But tliere are certain other forms wliich may he tew in number or restricted in locality and scarcely entitled to divi- sions by themselves, yet are found in sufllicient numbers and have such (lellnite characteristics that they can not be ignored. These the author has assigned to a general class under the head of "peculiar forms." Division H', peculiar forms. — This division includes all forms not Itelonging to the otiier divisions, and provides for those having pe<'uliaritie8, or the specimens of wliieh are restricted in nunib»!r and locality. Class A, beveled edges. Class M, serrated edges. Cliiss C, bifurcated steins. Cl.iHS D, long barbs, square at en2 RKPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 18!)7. It .*^/ "^^VV,, / 4(' r'^Vw Fig. .Si represents a dajjger from Madiaon rouiity, Kentucky. Ii is dark-brown, much weathered, siiid diftUmlt to determine its mutci iil, probably flinty chert or h(»rnst()ii(.. While not the classic leaf-sluiped im ])1ement which might have been iti serted in a shaft and served as a spcm . but partaking more of the cliaractci oi aswordorlongdaggertobeheld in Mic hand with awrappingof 8kin,as slnnvn in specimen from Ilupa Valley, ( al ifornia (tig. 78, Plate 41, Cat. NO. 12G530, U.S.N.M.), yet it is a typ.' (.(' many specimens in North America. A similar specimen in the U. S. National Museum is ('at. No. 88122, from Arkan- sas, collected by Mr. Edward Paliiitr, of chalcedonic flint, 12 inches loiij;, i' inches wide, and three-eighths of an inch thick. It is sharply pointed at both ends and its fine chipping lias served to make its edges slight iy serrated. The specimen. Cat. No. 99823 (I'.S. N.M.), the first one on Plate 32, is a piece of beautiful work in flint chip ping. The flakes taken oft' have Ikcii long, thin, and fine, and ran from the edge to the center, and have given to it a keeij, sharp edge. The speciiiicii is of oolitic chert, 12^ inches long, '-^ w: Ft! \i N X H O A •«! O Ed H 3 Al f"" s: H a 3 H ^^1,% i>' [« &i o a <; Id X M ■O Ed 0. 10 Q Ed 0. ■< X 00 i. < § H .• inches wide, and three-fourths of an AWM inch thick. Otlier specimens are represented in figs. 82 and 83. They ave not, ami never were, intended for arrowpoints or spearheads, but rather as swords or possibly ceremonial objects; but as they are leaf-shaped, and from their great length and beauty, with the di Hi culty of their manufacture, they have been admitted to a place in this paper. Fig. 82 is from an ancient earthwoi k on the Big Harpeth River, near Frank lin, Tennessee. Fig. 83isfrom amound in Oregon. General Thruston ' figures and (h" scribes many of these long and finely chipped specimens from Tennessee. 'f -7 i'< p' \ I Antiquities of Teunessee, i»i). 219-252, pis. xi, xiva. ARnoWPOINTK, HPKARIIEADS, AND KN1V1>;. 81)3 V ii'^'M |)r. Uau says of tbJH <;1ums: SiiiJ <■ are broiul in proportion to their length, otIiurH are very H]«ntler. Tlio mode „l ii|>{ilii'iitioii of tliC8«t vuriuiisly Hliiipcil linploniontH in iloiibtful in iiKist ■ as(!H, Jnit Homo uiil in judj^inH; of tlio iiso of coitain Icuf-sbiipcd lilaiit^ isalVordcil by the fact thatHJniilar i>n<'8bav«'bt'«nNeouMlniftod or ban(lb;yni«iil anion^ inodorn indiun tribrs. It in dilllciilt to draw a lin«t ot ,/ v5^k dcniaication botwoen rude and l('af-shai)ed iiu- plonients, coiiHiderini; that the fornirr very often approacli tholeaf form, not only in North Anierita, Init also in other <|nartors of tlio jjlobti where man liad to omph>y stono in faflhioning his toids anil wi'a])onH. TIlis last remark of Dr. llati is certainly true as rejjanls the leaf-shaped implement of the Solntreeii or Cavern jieriod of the Paleolithic aye, but has slight application to those of the Chelhen epoch or Allu- vial i)eriod. The diilerence is quite ap parent to any person who has any ac- quaiutauce with the latter implements. The confusion between the two kinds of implements arises, usually or frequently, among those who depend upon cuts and illustrations for their knowledge rather than on an ac^quaintancie with the real objects. Their error is caused by the illustration usually being of only the flat side without any edge view. The two classes of implements may have a resem- blance of outline and of chipped work when looked at from the flat side, but an edge view would reveal the dilfereuce at once. The leaf-shaped implement is chipped down thin, frequently to one- fourth of an inch, while the Chelleen im- plement is more likely to be from 1 to 1^ inches in thickness. A glance at the fohled plate at the end of Sir John Evans's An- cient Stone Implements will show this l)eculiarity. Reference is made to flgs. 1,2. Fig. 84 presents the same appearance from a side view as the leaf shaped. This impression is erroneous. The implement is not one properly called leaf-shaped, and the diilerence is re- (;o<;iiizable by a glance at the specimen. The leaf-shaped implements inoper are thin; their thickness is from one-fourth to one-tifth of their width; only one of these here shown is more than one-half inch in thick- iJi shapuc Fig.SH. •nOFOBSIDIAN. Di'ogon. ^Hui I, leiif- 15x24xg. Fii;. XL'. SWORO OK DAKK BROWN Ft.lNT. W 1 1 1 i a III B O II County, T e ii - nesseo. Division 1, loaC- sliaped. T2 x 1^ Cast, I 'at. N". II- n, U.S.N.M. Cal. Nil. IT.S.N.M. 804 UKPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1807. iicHM. Tlu' thickness of tli«' iiiiplumeiit represeiitiMl by this IS^ure is irDih onotliird to one-luilf oC its width. Its thickness makes the dillVit ino. Theiuithor wouhl notaflinn thiitobjectsof tliisclassbchniif toadillc rt'iit epoch or wore made by ditt'erent [jrehistoric people, nor the dirtcicm c in the nse for whi<;h they were intemlt'd. Tlie leaf-slmped implements are themselves qnite too doubtful on these <|U(^stions to Justify doj;niatism on the part of any per son, and the latter implements with tlieii differences serve to increase rather tli;iii diminish tlie dillicnlties of a satisfactory decision. Tlje two figures (8.T and 80) pre sent tlie same idea. From the side \ie\v aloue one would not know the difference Fig. 84. KBURUaiNOUS CONOLOMKKATE CUN- TAIMNO JAHl'EH I'EUULES. Uluuut County, Alulmum. Hot leat'-8ha]>e(l (inserted for com- parison). 9|x'<>}xli. (•ill. No. 61114;), U.S.N. M. Fig. 85. PALE OllAV KLINT HAVLNU TUB Al'l'KAKANc'K (IK .V.A TIZED WOOD. Austin, ToxaH. Not leaf-shaped (inserted Ibrcouiparison). tij x'Jj \ U Cut. No. \b^iV.<, U.S.N.M. between these implements and those following. But with the thickutss remarked one recognizes at a glance that these are not in any sense the leaf-shaped imi^lemeuts we have been cousidering. They are not made by the same primitive man, nor do they belong to the same epoch of civilizatiou. lu Europe the thick one belongs to the earliest epocli lire is Iroiti, «li lien ■inc. iMlin«'it'iit (littV'rciicc iiitciidni. hemscUcs cstioiis to t' iuiy pcM'- with their itber tliiiii itisfjictory 1(1 80) pie- side \i('\v dillereiice ANCK OK AiiA- ). 6ix2}xl]. thickness auy sense sy are not .nie epoch est epocL Rtportof U. S. National Mu'iuum, 1897. Wilion. Plate 2fc LI > Z )i a c < 111 I e < 111 Q (/3 I- z ^ 0. (t IT < 111 0. < < 111 J EXPLANATION OF PLATE 28. U 10 » • 7 « Fi- I'i;; Via Fij;, Fi-, Fiji' Fi; Fij Fi; Leaf-shaped Arrowpoints, Spearheads, or Knives. Claan A. 1. Fink Quaktzitk. (Cat.Ko.!l8820, I'.S.N.M. Choluhi, Mexico. W. W.lJlako.) 2. Dark Ciialckdony. (Cat. No. l»784, U.S.N.M. Dudlu.v TowiiHliip, IlnrtDii Couuty, Ohio. \V. W. Miircli.) ;>. (^UAKTZITK. (Cat. No. 6440, TT.S.K.M. Northampton County, Virginia. C.U, Alooro.) I. Jasi'eu or .Tasi'Kry Flint. (Cat. No. (J«:i;i, U.S.N.M. Trinity. Louisiana. G. M. Kcim.) 5. Dark-CJray Ciialckdony or Flint. (Cat. No. 61513, U.S.N.M. Howling Green, Kentucky. Dr. John R. Younglove.) (i. PiNKi.sii Flint. (Cat. No. 9880, U.S.N.M. Savannah, Tennessee. J. P. Stelle.) 7. Light-Brown Flint. (Cat. No. 5406, U.S.N.M. District of Columbia. J. Vanlen.) 8, Hlack Lustrous Obsidian. (Cat.No. 18088, U.S.N.M. California. .T.H.Clark.) it. Light-Brown Quartzitk. (Cat.No. 7063, U.S.N.M. Union County, Kentucky. S.S.Lyon.) 10. Black Flinty Chalcedony. (Cat. No. 15280, U.S.N.M. Santa Barbara County, California. Paul Schuuiarher.) U. Palk-Gray Ciialcedont. (Cat.No. 15754, U.S.N.M. San Miguellsland, California. W.(j. Harford.) 11 ll Til is d in J'raiK and the is about IMlillt. ] is Kvmui witli fi're if :i,)pro Europe Udl be n to hi»th I \ iVU'olit ARROWPOINTS, Sl'HARHHADS, AND KNIVK> 8:>5 oi tin- I'aleolitliic period, and tlie thin one, pointed at both ends, to ji iiiucli later e,i)och. The lirst behings to tlu^ (-helh'en, Maniiuoth, ("iive- heai, or Alluviiiin epoch; the second to the Sohitreen, lieindeer, or Caveru epoch. Till' at noTU ENDS. (I'late 2«.) Fig. 80. VKLLOWrilKllT. Slicll-liciip on TeiiiicMHfo Itiver iipjio- sitt) Savuiiiuih, Ti'imcsHt'i'. Nut leal'-shapeil (iiist;it(Mi lor <'oiii|iiiri- 8011.) 3SxlJx?. (ill. N.i. '.I'.iiit. r.S.N.M. This class corresponds to the Solntreen type of the raleolithic period iu I'lance. It is pointed at botli ends; it approaches the elliptical and the oval, but is not ri be repeated. This inipleinent and the convex scraper are (common tnlxith periods, and are the two imi)lements which belong e■ and hi't-ii S ^ H c "^ a. .:; •«i - lar (I'liic icker, and A characteristic of the Mousterieii (Paleolithic) point is that it V as made from a Hake struck from the nucleus with a single blow, aud tilt' under or ilat side was left iinchippedandTiiitouched, wliilr the top or outside was wrought by chipping to a tint' edge and point. Fig. 1>."3 is almost unique among Ann rican 8[)ecimens in the IJ. S. National Museum 111 the possession of this c'laracteristic. The illustra- tion is of the top side, and it shows the chipping; the other side is a clean fratture with no chipping. Tile specimen is pale-bluish chalcedo'iy, translucent, and comes from ]\rexico. It is pointed at both ends and belongs to Class A, leaf-shaped. Fig. 9f is leaf-shaped, elliptical, pointed at both ends, and belongs to Class A. It fomes from (leorgia. The material is the gray pyro- lUiicliic chert similar to the large disks ( Plates Gli-G3) found in caches in Ohio and Illinois. The tipend oi'the base shows the crust of the pebble from which the iin- pk'incnt was made. In general appearance it resembles till' others of Class A, but has a distinguishing ditt'er- ence which may assist in deterniiuiug th(5 method of use of this style of iinplemeut. It has two notches opposite each other in the edges near the base, evidently inten- tional, and which we may assume were for attach ment of a handle by ligature. The implement is quite too heavy point; it might for this; another Fig. b!). I.EAFSHAl'KD IMPLE- MKNT. I'OIM KD AT iloTH ENDS. Division I, Class A. <'iil. N... TdliU, r..s.N.M. l-'ig. 90, SHAI'ED IMPLEMENT, "INTKD AT MOTH li.VDS. Diviision I, Class A. Oi X 2i X \. r^ii. N,,. iH-Ki, U.S.N..M. Fig. 91. LEAF-SHAl'EI) IMPLE- MI;NT, I'OI.NTED AT MOTH ENDS. Sunta U IV r 1) ii r a Comity, Califdrnia. lUvJsion I, (Jiass A. agxjxj. fat. Nil. 15280, I'.S.N.M. for an arrow- be a spear, but having the same Fig. 92. I.EAK-SHAI'KI) IMl'LE- MENT, POINTED AT llOTH ENDS. (lalit'oiiiia. Division I. Class A. 3J X J X ft. ('(It. No. IWSS, U,.>i.N.M. Fig. 93. i,eaf-shai'i;d i.mi'LE MKNT, PiilNTED AT MOIII ENDS. National Miisiuiii, Mexico. Division 1, Cla.-s A. 4ix'J4x4. Cat. N... :il6.M, I'.S.N.M. Wfight, but shorter ami thicker, would serve etiually well and not be fragile nor in continual danger of breakage. Whether it was intended NAT MUS U7 57 £^«*-?;lS??SJ;r,'."-:-' 898 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. for use JiH a spear, arrow, knife, or dagger, can 1)'; determined i)o.siti\eIv oidy by the handle itself, of which, unfortunately, uo traces were foiiml. ^rTtsx Fig. 94. I.EAF-SHAPEIJ IMI'I.EMKNT. I'OINTKIl Al' DOTH ENDS, TWO NOTCHES NEAHHASK KdU KASTKMNMi llAMiLK, Gilmer Ci)iiiity, (iiMirgia. Division I, Class A. !»x)Jxji. Cat, Nu. llsd-js, I'.S.N.M. It may be useless to sjjeculate on these dilferent uses, but the circuin stances seem to i>oiut toward its tise as a knife or dayger. The danger of fracture of such long, thin tlint iinidements, so easily broken by the shock which would be inevitable in their employment as spears, appears so much agniiisr that employment that the author prefers to believe them to have been knives or daggers. JJehl in tliu hand, they would give the maximum of service witli the minimum of danger from breakage. Fig. 95 is another of the same type as tig. U-l, in tlmt it is a leaf-shaped, Class A, spear point and has tiio two notches near the base as if for ligatures, whicli is ecjUcally pronounced evidence of it having been in tended for a knife or dagger. It is 2 inches witk and but live- sixteenths of an inch thick, so that it would be too fragile for a spearhead. Its edges aio convex for the i)rincipal portion of the blade, hut near the point they become conclave, making the edgu for the entire length a combination of concave and p. jjg convex — an ogee. This has the elfect of sharpeniii;: LEAFsHAiED iMiM.E thc \t0\\\\, aiid giviug it a needle form. This needle MENT OK tiHAv iiouN- fomi Is cxtreuiely rare, this being the only specimen STONE. l'OI.NTEl> AT , , . ,, 'f T O VT i. • 1 T» T rlM l 1 noTiii.sDs. remarked in the U. 8. National Museum. The uotcli BriifviUc, St. Clair ill the cdgcs of a leaf-shaped implement pointed at cv-.ty, iiiinoi,'^. |„)j|, (3„,|(^ (Class A) is almost eipially rare, as the two specimens here shown are the only ones we have. They are introduced not so much becan.si k'lSlOl) Cat. No. ili.-l.--., r.S.N.M. of the rarity of their form as that it ma.v assist in deciding the ultimate destination of the class of leaf-shaped implc nients to which they belong and whi(di has never been satisfactorily determined. These specimens are from the eastern or middle iMiiicd States and so have no relation witii the long, thin blades from tlie Pacific coast. I positively ivere foiiud, ENINli IIAMiLE. Alii ciic iiiu- s, so easily Bvitiiblc in ich against to beliovo [eld ill the ii'viee witli ,1M, ill that id liiis till' :S, which if, 2^ been in- icbes w'kk so that it I edg'cs are bhide, but g the edgf iicave and bari)eiiiii<; 'his needle ' specimen The notch pointed at re, as the Y ones we li because ^ assist ill led ini|iN' isfactoiily lie [Tiiiieil Iroin the Report of U. S National Museum, lBd7. Wilson. Plate 29. UJ > z X V) Q < I < HI a. 'D . nmm, U.S.N.M. DaysviUo, Windliam Cdunty, Coiiiit'cf iciil. .1, H. Clark.) lit:. 2. JiLUE Gray Ciiaixedony. (Cut. No. ;t4584, I'.S.N.M. AUron, Siiiiiinit Counl.v, Ohio. Tlioiiiaa Kliodes.) I'ii;. :i. AKGILLITK. (Cat. Xo. lOHfio, U.S.N.M. Trpnton, Now Jer.sey. Dr. i;. C. Ablmtt.) Fin. •• Ivin'oLiTK. (Cat. Xo. 3r)UUIi, U.S.N.M. Catawlci Coiiuty, North Carolina. J. T. Hiimphn'yu.) M Rt.port ot U, S National Museum, 1897.- Wilson. Plate 30. ; ^< '*-*:_. .-♦v- fk'ff^t^ .«?:••>».. ' * -' «. j», 5 > z < UJ I < UJ \- z a. c £ < c u a. < ui J ^ --%#.A:^: ■'■■ ''fS .-iT'^ ,-v^.^T/ "'^, ^-^ % -i . •s 4*s" -ItJ^'* TE 30, EXPLANATION OF PLATE 30. % ^* > z £1 IT I- z S. < c < I CO I U- < J Vi 12 11 Leaf-shaped Arrowpoints, Spearheads, or Knives. ClasH n. Vi'^. 1. White CnKitT. ((;at. Nil. lti»312. l'.S.N..M. Hooiui Coiintv, Mi.isoiiri. (i. W. Cli'iiiwis.) I'if,'. 2. QUAUT/. I'OKl'UYKV. (Cat. No. :iGl)12, r.S.N'.M. C'atawbu County, Nortli (Jaroliiia. J. T. Htiiiiplin^.v.s.) Fij;. 3. Yellow Jaspek. (Cat. No. 984;i8, U.S.N. M. (Clienati Mountaiim. I'resiiiio. T»»xa8. T. I;. Stcwiirl ( Fi;;. I. PiNKitiiiWmTK Fmnty Chert. (Cat. No. 99336, U.S.N. M. IJoone County, Mis.soiiri. (!. W. Clemens. i Fin. 5. Dakk-Buown Flinty Ciieut. (Cat. No. 22173, U.S.N.M. CattaraugUH County, New Vork. Mrs. 1,. N. Wright.) Fiji. ti. Fink Chkkt, Color ok Bekswax, ((Jot. No. 157.53, r.S.N.M. San Mij,'uel Islauil, Caliloniia. W. (i. Harlord.) Fii;. 7. BLUisii-JiuowN Cherty Flint. (Cat. No, 42960, r..S.N.M. Paxton, Sullivan County, Indiana. .1. \V. S)KMieer.) Fi^. S, (jRay Chalckdonic Flint. (Cat. No. 8234, U.S.N.M. Ohio. .1. H. Devereiix.i Fi)f. 9. Fink-Grainei) Quartzite. (Cat. No. 8563, U.S.N.M. Mound near Kott Wadswortli, Dakota. Dr. J. .\. Com fort, U.S.A.) Fiji. 10. liRILLIANT-WHITE CHALCEDONY. (Cat. No. 296K3((. U.S.N.M. San Miguel Island, California. Steplien Mowers.) Fii;. 11. Shininu-I'inkish Chalcedony. (Cat. No. 29685, U.S.N.M. San Mijiuel Island, Calit'ornia. Stephen I'.oweis.) Fin, 12. VVHiTt.sii-vlKAY Opalescent Qiaut/. (Ca'. No. ;!'.ii!S3b, U.S.N.M. San Miguel Island, CaliCornia. Stephen Ilowers.) Fin. 13. BLACh Basalt (?). (Cat. JJo. l.'>700, U.S.N.M. San Miguel Island, California. W. (i. Harford.) IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 EfKfi 1^ I.I ■ 2.2 Ui US 1^ IF- llll'-^ '-^ < 6" ► 0> /i V W Photographic Sdaices Coiporation 23 WiST MAliNt STS^F WiBSTER.N.Y. MStO (716) •73-4503 .*> *\^ > il AlfKOWPOTNTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. S91) Fi^s. 90 t'" 101, inclusive, are inserted for the purpose of i-onipletiug the si-ries aiul are not specially nieutioned. The nuiterial, si/e, locality, ■U'., are given in their accompanying legends. i i I S? M; Kig. 90. Fig. 97. Fig. 98. Fig. 99. Fig. 100. I,EAF-SHAI'i;i) AKIIOWI'OI.NTS, I'DINTKll AT IIOTII EMIS. DIVISION I, CI.AHS A. I'ii;. 90.— Obniilinii, 4ixlixi(, Storktoii, (.'alil'ornia. (lat. No. :123«3, U.S.N..M. I''i-. 97.-Palo gray Hint, OJxljlx;;), nardin County, Ohio. Cat. No. 9784, U.S.N.M. I"iu. 9H.-Fliiity ciiert, :>i x 1 J x -j, Oregon. Cut. No. 2174:j, U.S.N. M. I'i-. im.-Dark Imowu jasper, 4.Jx2ix J, Trinity, Louisiana. Cat. No. 00311, I'.S.N.M. I'm. loo.— Yfllowi.sli bro« n,ja.si)i'r, 3g \ 1 x .>,, District of Coluiiil)ia. Cat Xo. ,">4Uti, I'.S.N.M. I'l-. 101. -Cray Hint, 12 x J x ,',,, San Miguel Island, Culil'oruia. Cat. N'o. I.'>7iio. I'.S.N.M. CI,A>S It. — I'OINTKI) AT ONK EM>; ((»N('A\ K, STKAKlilT, OK CONVK.V HASK. ( I'latOH 29, ;w.) These have the same general appearance as Class A. They may be oblong, oval, or ovate, with truncated base, concave, straight, or convex. Tlity are usually larger, and are the commoner form of the leaf shaped 900 HEPURT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. in the United States. Tin; liir^fe argillite specimens from Trenton, New .lersey, fcHind by Dr. C C. Abbott, belong- to this clisss. 'Hkjsc are exceedingly interesting and deserve profound study, as tlie^\ iniiy prove tlie connecting link between the Paleo- lithic and Neolithic periods in the T Htcii States. It will be remembeied how tlic li;if shaiH'd implements were common to Imtli periods. These are of argillite, the mahijai used exclusively for the Trenton impleiiniit> in the glacial gravels of the Delaware. Fig. 102 is one of these argillite leaf-sliiped implements found by Dr. Abbott at Trcntun. Its shape is shown in the illustration. One of these specimens is ])hotographed in tlif chissitication, Icafshaited, Class li (I'lati' :.'!». fig. .{). The material seems to have liccii easily chipped; it (;ould be struck oil in broad, thin flakes, shell-shaped, and not Idii^. straight, and narrow as with ilint, obsidian. and other chippable materials. Thercloie, the chipping appears gross, yet the desid- eratum of a thin, sharp imidement is obtained. Fig. 103 is another of the same material and from the same locality. The same remark is to be nmde as to its Hakes. Fig. 104 is from Paxton, Sullivan County, Indi- ana. Comj)arison of these three objects will manifest the ditlerence in the chipping of the material. Although the surface of the latter (fig. 104) is much smaller than that of the former, yet the number of flakes struck from it is three times greater. The argillite specimens (figs. 102, 103) have, respectively, but 12 and 13 fiakes struck from the broad side; the jaspery Hint (fig. 104) has no less than 40. The argillite, contrary to its appearance, is (juite hard, and takes and holds a fairly sharp e«lge; altogether, it was a good material and reconnnended itself for stone implements. Figs. 105 and 100 represent specimens of leaf-shaped, impleiiioiits from Ohio, They are of flint, and, while sharj) at the point, arc sn convex at the base as to pass gradually into the disk form so i)lentilul rig. 102. LEAF-SHAPED IMl'LEMKNT OP ABGII.- LITE, WITH SlHAKillT IIASE. Trciiloii, ^'ew Jersey. Division I, Class ii. SJ x ail, x g. Ciit. No. 19367, U.S.N'.M. Fig. lOT. LEAF-HIIAPEI) I.MPLE.MIAT I'F AKOILLITE, WITH M KM. Ill ItAiSE. Troiitdii, New .Irr^i ■. Division I, CliiHN I 4|xaiixi.- • •at. No. 193lia, U.S.N. V AUROWPOINTS, SPEARTIEADS, AND KNIVES. 901 3111 Trenton. lass. These IS tlK'\ iiijiy utho I';iK,', the T'Mit,,'(| low tllf |(.;|f ion to liotli the niiiinjiil iinpleiiiiiits ware. leaf-sli,i|„.(l at Trciitdii, ation. ()||(i ihed ill th,. li (I'lat.L'ii. ' have hccii rnck (»tr ill lid notion^, lit, obsiiliaii, There lore, ig-. 103. H IMI'LE.MIM' (IK ;, WITH sih.M'.ii: Now .Jitm\ M I, CIhhh I:. x2^xg.• i.'wa, i;.s.N.v: iinpleiiK'iits )iiit, are so so iilentit'iil ill tliiir locality. These formed part of a (;ache of 201 speciiiieiis found ill 1S72 by S. W. lirij^gs in Sullivan Township, Ashland County, abont IS inches beneath the surface, deposited in a kejflike vessel of the Imrk (if the red elm, 10 or IL* inches in diameter and 13 inches in hoijjht. The specimens avera{?e in si/e from 1 inches long, L* to 2:| incdies wide, lUiil iliree-eighths of an inch thick. I'ii. \07 la a beautiful spe<;inien,as delicate as though it had been intended for use in a lady's dressing (!ase. It is but one-eighth of an inch thick. It is of dark-gray lustrous Hint, with a jiiitina similar to that on the Chelhen implements from the gravels of Ihe rivers Somme and Onse in Europe. The late I'aiil Scliiimaclier round such leaf-sliajieil jioiuts in sontlu'in Californi.'i jjiaves tintler eircunistancoswliich remove all doubts as to their having been the Kig. 104. I.KAF-HAPEI) IMPI.E- MKMclFI'ALKOKAY JA>l'h;KY KMNT, WriMCONVKX BASE. Division I, Chistt H. :. Vll.'.lll, 1>.\,M Fig. 112 is ii beiUitiCiil specinuMi of traiisliuuuit cliulccdoiiy, and wrougiit t«» ii true mid oven edge by almost iiiliiiitesimul flakinj:. T] point and edges one tliird way iij) are smootluMl 1»y use, not ])olislied, but as thougli the sliari)iit tiie edge had been worn otl. It is a line specimen. ^ Fig. Il.'{ is of jtoiphyiitic felsite, whi(!li forms so large a jiortioii of the material for ])rehistorie implements from eastern Mass icliusctts. I*'ig. 114 is of reddish quartzite, fine- grained and liard. It is from Khode Island, and has <;onvex edges and a straight base. Fig. 1 1;"* was found at (Chattanooga in Tennessee by Messrs. Read and 1 )ayton, but is of the white Hint which belongs to Illinois and Missouri, and is a form common to those Western States. It is widest near the base, and from the place of its greatest expansion to the point tiie edges are straight, and not coiive.v as usual. Fig. 110, from Ivno.v County, Illinois, is of the i)ale-gray flint with the lustrous E San .Migiii^l IsImhiI, Ciiliforniji. Division I, Class I! Cat. No. 16:.34, U.S.N M ' Sinithsouiiiu Koprnt, 18X2, p. 696, fig. 11. ARUOWPOINTS, SPKAiniEADS, AND KNIVES. !l()3 llony, ;Mi,i is Isliai'iuiossot Fig. Ills. FSIIAF'EI) IMil.R. !NT OK .r\s|.|.i;v JAYISIIKMM.uiiii WVEX HASI vision I, (1,,^^ |. 3sv;,x,:, . No. vo.'.lil, 1 .-.\.\1 y flint with moil to tliiit Fig. 110. SHAPED IMI'I.E- n- OF Lf.'iTllolS iLCKDONIC ll.ivr II.ICIKIEDW .M', HC<).\Vi;.\- liA-B Migiml IsLiiiJ. L'alil'orniii. sioii I, C'liiss r> ".16734, U.S.\ M. , with coil Flfl. 111. I.KAK-S1I.\I'KI> IMPI.E- .MENTf'b'l'Al.KdKAY .S.M. vex edj^es jukI Straight bii.sc, more i/haii usual tliickness, rude appcar- iiiK t'. The larjfe and irrej'uUir Haking marks it as something dillerent t'roiii the former specimens. Its plane is twisted nearly one half an inch. There is no evidence of uso. Fig. Ill) is leaf-shaped, convex but not rounded base, broad in proportion, with convex edges and sharp point. Fig, 120 is i)ale blue, almost white, chalcedoni<' Hint, from Flint liidge, Licking County, Ohio. The characteristic small quart/ crystals are to be seen on its surface. Its base and edges are both convex, as shown in the illustration. The edges all around have been chipped so thin that tiie light will show through. Dr. liau has said this was probably a knife, and it may have been, but there is nothing except its com- parative width to indicate anything different from any other implement of the same class, and what it might have been is de- terminable ovily by the shaft or handle. 1 f it had a long shaft, then this was an arrow^ or spear; if a short handle, then it was a knife; and. as to which it had we know nothing, either by direct or cir- cumstantial evidence. Figs. 121 to 123 are si)eci- mens belonging to this class, but have no particu lar char.acteristics. They are inserted for the purpose of completing the series. Their material, size, and locality are given at length in their legends. Fig. 112. I.RAF-SIIAl'EI) IMl'I.E.MENT OP TRANS- MTENT CHALCEDONY, WITH STKAIGHT BASE. Tenne.'isee. Division I, Class 15. Cat. N0.6SUI, U.S.N.M. Fig. 113. LEAK - SHAPED IMPF.E- .MENT (IE l-OUPHVlilTIC FEI..-ilTE, WITH CONVEX BASE. Darli lonili, 15 ri .s t o' Coiint.v,Mn8saclmis«'tts Division I, Clas-s H. 4i X a X i. Cilt. N.i. 1-nl.',. r.s.N.M. 904 KEPOKT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. Fip, 114. Fig. 115. Fig. 116. I Klh- Fig. 117. Fig. 118. LEAF-SHAPED lUPLBMBNTU. DIVISION I, CLASS B. Fig. 114.— Straight base, lixixg. Kingston, Rlioile Island. Cat. No. 18018, U.S.N.M. Fig. 115.— Wliito flint, witli straigljt ba.so. 3ixlgx|. Cat. No. 5947, U.S.N.M. Fi{t 116.— Convex base. 2}xljx|. Cat. No. 31987, U.S.N.M. Fig. 117.— Dark-gray flint, with convex base. 7gx2|xJ. Mound near Naple.s, Illinois. Cat. No. 43133, U.S.N.M. Fig. 118.— Straight boM. 4i x 2g x f . Fiscataway, Maryland. Cat. No. 5833, U .S.N.M. BB^H ARUOWPOINT8, SPEAIIHEADS, AND KNIVES. 905 Fig. 110. Fig. 120. Vig. 121. Fig. 122. Fig. 123. LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENTS. DIVISION 1, CLASS B. Fi;;. 119.— Palo-gray chert, with convex base. 2Jxlixi. Texas. Cat. No.2404,ir.S.N.M. li;;. 120.— Convex base. Sixljxl. Cat.No.8234, U.S.N.M. ii-. 121.-Pale-gray chalcedonic flint, with convex base. 2ix If x J. Flint Kidge, Licliuig County, Ohio. Cat. No. 82340, U.S.N.M. Fi-. 122.-Daik lustrous pjromachic filnt, with convex base. 5J x 24 x g. Flint Rulge, Lieking " County, Ohio. Cat. No. 16461, U.S.N.M. Fijr. i23.-Light-gray flint, with straight base. 2gxlJxJ. Ohio. Cat. No. 11197, U.S.N.M. 1 m 906 UEPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, IH!»7. i CLASS <■. — l,ON«i, NAIlltOW IU,AI>KS \VHII STUAHIIIT, I'AKAI.I.ICr. KIXiKS, SilAUl* IiilM« HASK CONCAVE, STltAIUUT, »)U CONVKX. (I'lttto ^1.) a b ifi:i- This class accommodates the loiijj, narrow bliidcs from the Pacific coast. This va- riety can be studied in Plate iU, leaf-sha]>ed, Class C. Their sides and edges are straight, and par- allel with each other, or nearly so. The convex deflection from a straight line by which the point is formed, may be abrupt or gen- tle according as the point is madebluntor tapering. The base may be either concave, straight, or convex; there seems to have been no regularity concerning it. very case it is made by the I *iar clvipping. The speci- mens vary greatly in length and width, but all are extremely thin, being from one-eighth to three-eighths, never more than one-half inch. The difference between width and length is greater than in any other class. The specimens on the plate show the following extremes: No. 1,8;| by l^byi^ inches; No. 7,3by|by ,\ inches; No. 8, 3f by f-^ by ,\ inches; No.l3,l^by^byJinche8. The materials of the imple- ments of this class are agate, chalcedony, flint in its purer condition, obsidian, and similar line material. These materials are susceptible of delicate chip- ping, and the prehistoric work- Fig. 124. NKW CALEDONIAN JAVE- LIN (MODERN). Sir John Lubbock, *' Trehlstorfr Times. " a, )6 natural size;/., J mcu havc omploycd tholr oppor- natural ni.e. ^^^ j^y ^j^j^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ elCgaUt and beautiful specimens. The usual remark is to be made as to tlieir Fig. 125. LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT OK BBOWNISH-OKAY JASI'll;. WITH CONPAVE BASE ANH PARALLEL EDGES. Santa Barbara County, California. Division I, Class C. Sixlixj. Cat. No.2163», U.S.N. M. HIIAHI> riilM> A irrow liliulcs '"■m rig. 125. ED IMPLEMENT OK IH-OUAY JASI'IK, INPAVE IIASE AMI EL. EDGES. arbara County, alifornia. ou I, Class C. ixlgxj. 21638, IJ.S.N.M. ) as to tlieir EXPLANATION OF PLATE 31 Leaf-shaped Ahrowpoints, Spearheads, or Knives. ClanH C, Pacific i oasl. Viff. 1. (H'ALKSCKNT CllKKT. ((^'iil. Nil. 'Jl<>:i2, r.S.N.M. Siiiitn liurlxtra Cuiiuty, Culilbrnlii. I'uiil Scliiiiiiaoher.. Fig. 2. Ol'AI.KSCKNT C'llKKT. (Cut. Nii.62484, r.S.N.M. I»OH I'lioblos, Saiitii Kurliuiii Coiiiit), Ciiliforniu. Capl i i M Wliot^lt^r, r. S. (idological Survt-y.) Fig. 3. Pinkish Slatk. (Cat. No. 8927, I'.S.N.M. West Derhv, Vermont. H. \V. NorrU.) Fig. 4. Hl.AtK ClIAI.CKDONY. (Cut.Nii. U24S1, r.S.N.M. DuH IMioIiIoh, Sitiitit Hurlmnt Coiiiity. (^aliforuiit. Capt. i > M Wliccler.) Fig. 5. <)H.>IAX. (Cat. No. 25424, I'.S.N.M. San Miguel iHlauil, C'Hlit'ornia. Stephen Koweni.) Fig. ony. (Cut. No. 171441, U.S.N.M. Uurkc ('uunty, ii stem, evidence of a handle. (Cat. No. 26420, U.S.N.U. San M.^juel Uland. California. Stephen UowerH.) Fig. 10. Ykllowish Flint. (Cat. No. 171441, r.S.N.M. I' »rke County, Cieorgia, Dr. K. Steiner.) Fig8. 11. Grayish Flint. (Cut. Nos. 20516, U.S.N.M Santit Rarburu County, Calil'urniu. Puul St^huiuucher.) Fig. 12. (iRAYisH Flint. (Cat. No. 26415, r.S.N.M. San Miguel iHlanil. Stephen Bowers.) Fig. 13. Grayish Flint. (Cat. No. 15761, U.S.N.M. Sauttt Iturburu County, Culifuruiu. I'uul Schumacher.) R«i' 1 of U S Nation^' Mutuu'r, IBal/ Wmon. Plate 31. hiiriiaolier., nirt. Capt I ; Ji uiu. Cupt. I , M u > s I < U a CO - z ~ --TBtfi'^lMWffy '■ "1"^^ ruin ^r :-.:'■ ^^JP^ i < 2 _l liaviu iXW S( ti'('te( ni;i(le iR't'dl (He. tlic ai tor Ji iigs. not c nor t T.EAF-S liliAl Will I'AltJ Santii l)i Cal and t1 spec AHROWPOINTS, SPEAUHFADS, AND KNIVES. 1)07 Iiaviug been used as arrowpoiiits, spearheads, or knives. Many of tlieni iiiv so wroujjlit that they could not hive been held in the hand unpro- tt'cted. For example, made by the concave or iR'cdlossif theinipleiueiits (He. That they were used flic asphaltuin or bitumen tor a perceptible distance lifjs. 107 and 130. This not confined to onc^ size or nor to one locality. Fig. Fig. 120. LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT OF liHAY KI.INT OK .lASPEIt, wn Tl STKAKMir ItASU AND I'AliAI.I.kl, EIMiKS. Santa Harbara County, California. Division I, Class C. Cat. Xo. «lii:il, f.S.N.M. Mm iMi Fig. 127. LEAF-STIAPKD I M P I. E - MENT, WITH CO.NfAVE BASE AND PARALLEL EDOES. California. Division I, Class C. lOixlJxi. C:lt. No. VUV.'ll, IT.S.N.M. those with sharp corners square bases would be were to be without a han- with handles is proved by still adhering to the base up the blade, as shown in evidence of handling is kind of these implements, 108 is but .'1^ inches long pm '¥. «; ■A. f^m s« Fig. 128. LEAF - SHAPED IMPLEMENT OF USTHOUS FLINT OK CHALCEDONY, WITH SLKIHTLV CONCAVM IIA8E AND PAHALLKL KDdES. California. Division I, Class C. Cat. No. f,V4s4, IT.S.N.M. and seven-sixteenths of an inch wide, while fig. I'M measures 10 by 1\ by tl (^-eighths inches. In the chapter on knives we will revert to these specimens and show them with their handles attached with bitumen. 908 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. [i Fig. 129. I.GAF-SHAI>EI> IMPLEMENT OF LU8TRO(!SFMNTOU0HAI,("K- DONY, Wri'll CONCAVH ItA.SE AND I>AltALLEL ED0E8. California. Division I, Class C. r>i X 2 X -l^. Cat. No. alti!!8, U.S.N.M. ^ M a|rVj#ii; I > Fig. 124, a specimen of modern spear of obsidiiin flakes from N c^w Caledonia, attached to a tliin handle or shaft by means of gum, bituincii, or asphalt, and, taken from Sir John Lubbock's Prehistoric Times, is inserted for comparison. Fig. 125 is an extremely thin, finely chipped object, from Santa Barbara County, California, and is a sample of those from the Pacific coast. We are to remark the long, narrow blade, the par- allel edges, the fine material, the delicate chipping, and the ex- treme thinness as peculiarities of these implements from this lo- cality. Tlie specimens on Plate 31 will serve as further illustra- tions. Fig. 126 is another of the long, narrow, and thin flint or jasper implements from the Pa- cific coast. Although it is 7^ inches long and 2 inches wide, it is but one-eighth of an inch thick. It, with two 6t three other specimens, is peculiar in that, though thin, they have not been reduced by chipping. They are quite flat in section, reduced in thickness only to form the edge. This pecu- liarity is caused by the layer of flint being of natural formation in its jiresent thickness. The deposit of flint, however made, has been intercalated with a layer on each side of what has the appearance of lime or chalk, the surface being broken by right lines into parallelo- gramic figures, as shown in the illustration. Only slight chi[>ping was necessary to reduce the imple- ment to a sharp edge. For the better understanding of this, reference is made to Plate 31, fig. 2. Fig. 127 is the longest, tliinnest, and narrowest of these leaf-shaped objects irom the Pacific coast. Its edges are parallel for nearly the entire length. It is slightly thicker nearer the base, which is strongly con- cave. It is of gray flint or jasper, and has been de- posited in the strata mentioned in the description of fig. 126, of which traces are shown in the illustration, been wrought by chipping, and they, with the point and barbs, are fine and sharp. '■v,#*:;^$ Piff. 130. LBAF-SHAI'ED IMPI.K. MENT OF II I, A I K KLINT. WITH <(i\ OAVE BASE AND I'AH ALLEL EUOES. California. Division I, Cliiss C. lOxlixf. Cat. No. 62483, U.S.N.M The edges have from New 1, bitiiiiK'ii. Lubbock's mrisoii. Pig. 130. SHAPED IMI'IK. T OP II I, A I K IT. WITH < ■ ( 1 \ K BASE AND I'Ai; Kl, EDGES. [California, iion I, Cliw.s (;. lOxlixf. 0.68483, U.S.N. M. Bdge.s have bs, are line Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897 Wilson. Plat 32. ' ! I i i:^ ■« -*« < ^ > z U) < u I o: < Q. 05 o; h Z ? IT E < < 5 z < E h EXPLANATION OF PLATE 32, Triangular Arrowpoints, Spearheads, or Knives. Fi". 1. (iKEEX Chalcedony. " (Cat. No. 18048. L'.S.N.M. \V»-«terl.v, Wasliiiifiton Coiiuty, JJliode Islaiul. J. H. Cliirk.) Fii;. -'. Greenish Funt. (Cat.No. 18057, r.S.N.M. C iiinberlaiid, Providence County, Kliodc Island. .( . 11. « 'lark.) Fig. 3. Yellow Flint. (Cat. No. 1714;J8, 1'.S.N.M. Waynesboro, BiirkeCounty, Georgia. Dr. 1{. Stciiier.) Fi". I. Gray Flint. (Cat.No. 6177, r.S.N.M. Stillwater, Washington County, Xiw York. Col. K..rew.tt.) Fi<;. 5. liLii -HLACK Flint. (Cat. Kg. 1714;t8(l. U.S.N. M. Waynesboro, (ieorgia. Dr. Koland Slcincr.) Fi". (). Light-Gray Flint. (Cat. No. 11107, TJ.S.N.M. MilnersTiUe, (Jiiernsey County, Ohio. D. T. Thompson.) Fi^iN. 7, 8. Yellow Flint. (Cat. No8. 1714386, 17U:i8r IT.S.N.M. Waynesboro, (leorgia. Dr. Roland Steiner.) Fi". !i. PoRPHY-RiTic Fkl.siti:. (Cat. No. 18060, U.S.N.M. Ii.antucket Island, Maasachusett:'. J. H. Clark. > ¥h'. 10. FiNE-tiRAINED QCARTZITE. (Cat. No. 180;t4, U.S.N.M. Chilmark, Dukes County. Massachusetts, ,J. H. Clark. Fi". 11. Dark-(iIkay Flint. (Cat. No. Hl,">87. U.S.N.M. Hainbridge, York County, I'ennsylv.iuia. F. (1. (lailbraith.) Fij;. 12. Quartz Porphyry, (Cat. No. 18021, U.S.N.M. Wickford, Washington County. Rhode Island. ,T. H. Clark.) Fii;. IS. Light-Brown Flint. (Cat. No. 10004, U.S.N.M. Camden County, Ceurgia. Gen. C. U. Floyd.) Fiji. 14. White Quartz. (Cat. No. 18033, U.S.N.M. E.ssex. Middlesex County, Connecticut. .1. H. (;lark.) Fij;. ir>. Dark-Gray Flint. (Cat. No, 113819, U.S.N.M. Kanawha County, West Virginia. Bureau of Kthnology. P. W.Norris.) Fiji. 1<>. Dark-Gray Flint. (Cat. No. 18031, U.S.N.M. East Haddon, Middlesex County, (Ninnecticut. ,1. H. Clark.) Fi;; 17. Gray' Chert. (Cat. No. 22175, U.S.N.M Sheridan, Chautauqua Ciuinty. New York. N.Gould.) Fi". IX. Black Flint. (Cat.No.l8i .S.N.M. Mound in Ohio. .J. H. Clark.) Fij;. U». White Flint. (Cat. No. 21921, U.S.N.M. Waukegau. Lake County, Illinois. -I. \V Milner.) Flu. i>o. Dark-Brown Jasper. (Cat. No. 12744, U.S.N.M. Oregon. Paul Schuniacher.) Fig. 21. Black Flint. (Cat. No. 5315. U.S.N.M. Llano County, Texas. A. H. Kctessler.) Fig. 22. Greenish Flint. (Cat. No. 32239. U.S.N.M. Catawba County, North Carolina. .I.T. Humphrey.) Fig. 23. Variegated Flint, 1{rown and Gray. (Cat. No. 29683, U.S.N.M. San Miguel Island, California, Stephen Rowers.) Fig. 24. Gray Flint. (Cat. No. 16471, U.S.N.M. Southern Ohio. Dr. C. A. Miller.) Fig. 25. Dark Flint. (Cat. No. 29961, U.S.N.M. Louisburg. Franklin County, North Carolina. F.G. Foster.) Fig. 26. Brown Jasper. (Cat.No. 20275, U.SN.M. Oregon. Paul Schumacher.) Fig. 27. White Chert. (Cat. No. 136959, U. S. N. M. Labette County, Kansas. W. S. Hill.) Figs, arc Iro eviileui or <'l>al brilliai sli-htl; We seiiiblJi altliou pl(Miiei iiiaiish tiuc tu lonj4 t inciisc arc fro iiiii. ai iiinit i Fig. aiul 1 ami p qiiiisiti is (Mjr points tiiey I lU'lica ridge, the b( ot tlu faster / TU triiiii It in wo 111 calle' the 1 Til isosc ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 909 V\gs. 128 and 129 (see Plate 31, flg. 2) belong to the same class. They art t'lom the same locality, Santa Barbara County, California, and evidently the same material, which is stratified fiint or chalcedony, lustrous, having the appearance of a liri lliant patina. The edges are parallel and the bases slightly concave. We now pass to an implement having sutlicient re- semblance to re«iuire its placement in Class C, and although from the same locality as the foregoing im- plement, it has such a difference of material, work- manship, and apparently of service, that its nianufac- Uuv and use may have been separated from thenj by loiij^ time or distance or perhaps both. Two speci- iiHiisof this kind are here shown (tigs. 130, 131). They arc from Dos Pueblos, Santa Barbara County, Califor- nia, are of black fiint, and bear traces (especially the larger, fig. 130) of bitumen having served as an attach- iiu lit for a handle. (See p. ftOO and fig. 124.) I'ig. 130 represents an implement, 10 inches long and l\ inches wide, its edges being perfectly stiaight and parallel for 7A inches of the length, and of ex- quisite workmanship. Fig. 131, though not so large is tMpially as fine (Plate 31, flg. 4). The edges and [Miints are smooth and sharp. The chipping by which tlicy have been reduced has been flue, with small and delicate flakes running from the e«lge to the center lidge. An inspection of the illustrations will show the beauty of tlie work. Both specimens bear traces ot tlie bitumen by which the shaft or handle was fastened. "^-z/r-^iv Fig. 131. LKAF-BHAPED IMPLE- MENT OP BLACK KLINT, WlTIiCONV[;x IIASK AND PARALLEL KDOKS. Californiii. Division I, Class C. 7 X 13 X ^%. Cut. .No. til'4sl, L'.S..N..M. DIVISION II— TRIANGULAK. (Plate 32.) This division includes all arrowpoints or spearheads in the form of a triiuigle, whether the bases or edges be straight, convex, or concave. It might be that the concavity or convexity of the lines of the edges would, in strict geometrical nomenclature, exclude this from being called a triangle, but the author ignores this criticism and has kept the name given by many oth.ers and understood by all. Tliis class includes all kinds of triangles, whether equilateral or isosceles, and whatever may be the relation of length between the 910 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. I' I' if lines of base and edye. The edges may be convex or concave md the base with an exaggerated concavity, the two corners forming bit! Its, the arrow shaft the stem (Plate .'{2, figs, li, 8, liO, 23, 2(i). Some of tlnst' implements are extremely rude, especially those of quartz and of jis- per, which are refractory material, but many of these have been cbli cately and finely chipped. Triangular arrowi)oiut8, while found in great profusion in some Ux-.i]. ities, are not nearly so numerous throughout the arrowi)oints Ik mi Mercer County, New Jersey, 1,428 were triangular. Althougii tliis may be the simplest form of arrowpoint, yet the author doubts if tiiat be evidence of its having had any precedence in numufacture, or tliat there was any evolution from it to otlier forms. That there may have been relationship is granted. The arrow maker may liave made indifferently the triangular and leaf-shaped, and he may liave chuniiwl from one to the other, dei)eudent upon the peculiarities of the material and the success with which he was able to work it, and the (piestion of fashion and custom can not be ignored, it is thought these reasons are suflicientto account for the infinite variety of shape in arrowpoints. The author has laid down no hard and fast lines of division in this classification. Some of the leaf-shaped may have had their bases and edges straightened (Plate 30, fig. 8), and the triangular had tlieir corners rounded until the two divisions came together (Plate 32, figs. 1, 6) ; so also with the leaf-shaped and the stemmed. Some of the former have been notched near the base and thus been changed to stemmed, and so on through the entire system. This classification is made for the student and for convenience of description ; therefore there will be overlapj)ing of the dividing lines between the classes, as will be read- ily seen by referring to Plate 32. This must be accepted unless we would make infinitesimal divisions and every slight dift'erence in form make a separate class. So each division includes all forms wiiicli approach nearest to it, even if they have peculiarities which make it difficult to harmonize. Some of the peculiarities in the triangular division are to be noted. One is where the convexity of the edges continued to the base brings a close resemblance to Division I, leaf- shaped, Class B, (Plate 30, figs. 1, G). Another is the widening just at the base, by which the implement takes on a slight bell shape (Plate 31, fig. 10); another is where the edges of the triangle do not come in a straight line nor yet in a curved line from the point to the base, but make an angle midway between the two and give the implement a pen tagonal form rather than strictly triangular (fig. 178). A few of the triangular forms have serrated or beveled edges, though this is rare. Occasionally the barbs on one side are longer than the other. There is no rule for the con(!avity of the base; it varies from almost a straight line to a depth equal to one-third of the length of the implement. ARR0WP0INT8, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVKS. 911 Ciaos?) Fij?. 13:1. iiuANi ii'LAK AunowroiNT on >I'EAI!IIBAI>,W1TII HTUAiailT El)(li;s AND C'ONCAVK UASE. Kliodc Isluiul. Uiviaion II. I'.it.No. 18057, U.S.N. M. J'ig. 132. TlllANfll'LAIl, E(jni- I.ATKUAI. AKItoW- I'OINT. Naiitiickot laland, Miissai'liuHcitH. Uivi.sioii II. IJxlixg. Ciit. No. iMOr.K, II.S.N.M. I)i. Kail, ill the paper already mentioned, {jjave expre.s.-sion Ut the pos- sibility of the triangular implement not having been an airo\vi>oiut, liiit that the point may have been intended tor inser- tion in a handle, and the base, being sharp, intended lur a cutting implement and to be used for a chisel. (See p. S«7.) However, the author does not subscribe to this opinion nor adopt the the| nuikin^ it sonietirnes doubtful to which class the implement >lioiili| belong, and even dilhcult to decide correctly. The classification ulncli] is proposed, and indeed any classification which can be made is, ;isl before stated, rather for the convenience of the modern student tlmiil from any intention of the primitive maker or user of these impleiiKiiis, While there may have been workshops which turned out certain fonnsui implements more than others, and while certain forms are fonnd ini ^iven localities in greater num()er'> than in others, yet does not ihink that this was always the result of a well defined intention on tlie paitl of tlie maker. If an arrowpoint, inten ,w" ^^^^^^^H ll !, iPV^^^^^I 1 i ^^^^^^^^^^^1 ■\ - ^isk ''.'^^^H^^^^D.' ^ ! 1 1 1 1 r !»«««»»« 41^9^ • 1 J i i X Plate ;.3. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 33. U 13 11 10 Stemmed Arrowpoints, Spearheads, or Knives. Clasx A. hK. 1. ^'^^^^"^''^'/,'!,;247, l-.S.N.M. Truro, Barn8tal.le(>ui.t,v.Ma8sa Brown Obsidian. (Cat. No. 21372, F.S.N.M. Hupa Iii.lian Ke.servation Stei)heii How.-rs.) '" ^Cat.^■o.6111, r.S.X.M. District of Colnmlmi. Mrs. M. H. Scli.K)loratt.) '^ ' (Cat. No. 34417, r.S.N.M. PlantersviUe, Morelionse County. I..wa. Dr. H. H. Broilnan.) Fiu X. ARGILMTE. ,,,.., (Cat. No. 19371, IT.S.N.M. Trenton, Nt'W J.-rsey. Dr. C. C. Abbott.) Fi". 9. Whitk Quartz. ,„ ,. „ •, v (Cat. No. 19008, I .a.N.M. (iriffiu, Simul.liujj County, (ieorgia. \\ . !•• Bailey.) Fi". 10. Browx Jasper. _ , <, ,„ ■„ > (Cat. No. 34861, U.S.N.M. Islaii.l in Sumiueliani.ah Kiver. i . it. Cailbraitn.) Fit:. 11. Opalescent (!halceuony. (Cat. No. 29683, r.S.-^I.M. San Miauel Islaiul, California. Stephen Bowers.) Fi f 12. White Quartz. t r. ». •.. » (Cat. No. 6443, U.S.N.M. Farniing.lale, Queens ( ouiity. New York. J. C. Meiritt.) Fiji. 13. UUARTZITE. ^, ,^ , ^ ,, ., ^^.,, . (Cat. No. 1275, U.S.N.M. Fariningdale, Queens County, New \ ork. J. C. Mernlt.) Fio. U. White Quartz. (Cat. No. 139271, U.S.N.M. District of Colunilua. S. ^ . Prou.lHt.) lit ^ni i^'^1 ARIJOWPOINTS, BPEAUIIEADS, AND KNIVKS. 915 CLASS A.— i.o/i'.NCK-siiArK.D. (IMatcSS.) Fij;. 139. KTKMMKI) AKHOW- I'OINT (IK roiii'iiv- UlTIC FEI.81TE, I,OZ- ENOKSHAI'ED. Lii Paz, Lower (Jiili- fornia. Division III, Cliiss A. 4x24xg. (Ht. No. 6I4>>, r.S.N.M. Tliesi' iiiipleiiieiits arc usually small. Tliey are the simplest iu form and. tor the most part, rudest iti execution ; yet this is no signification it they were the beginnings or that there was an evolution from this tutlif more elaborate forms. This simplicity and rude- ness may be ac(!Ounted for in divers ways. The re- ictniy material jnay have had something to do with ir, also the rapidity with which they were rcinired to p made and the unskillfnlness of the arrow maker. lliiy may have been made during his apprenticeship; le. \v]:o in his beginning made these simplest and imk'st implements may liave so acquirelements in that country are different from those in other parts of the United States. It is lozenge- shaped, is so regularly pointed at both ends that it is uncertain which end was point aiul which was base. Fig. 140 comes from Massachusetts, is similar in form, with its sharp point 1(1 base, and, curiously enough, is also of porphyritic iitcrial. These sharp pointed bases of thetjlass are iimisiial,if not rare, in any part of the United States. ['he more usual form of lo/.enge shape is shown in fig. n, which is of quart/, and comes from Charles County, Maryland. ho refractory character of this nmtcrial may account largely for the redominance of this simple form and rude style of arrowpoint. It is Kif:. HO. HMlMKIi AKEOW- I'liINT (IP POBPIIY lUTIC KEl.SITB, U>7.- kmm;miai>ei>. |rjlgiirlii\vii, DiikeH Counly, Massachu- 81'ttS. |Iii\i>i>>n III, Class \. ■li X U X g. |('it. N.I. l^ln■i, r.S.N.M. l-i;;. HI. 8TEM.MK1I AKROW- POINT OK W II I T E IJfAllTZ, l.o/.ENOE- SHAPED. Divisitiii III, Class A. IHxixft. Cat. No.6«ll7, C.S.N.M. 916 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. Fig. 142. STEMMKI) ARKOW- I'OINT, l.OZENfJK SHAPED. Kast Windsor, Hart I'onl (-'ounty, Con nucticut. Division III, Cluss A HxJxJ. Cut. No. Ii084, U.S.N. M. inordinately thick compared with its wi< of an inch wide and five-sixteenths thick, nearly one-half. Tlie leaf-.^liaiitd implements which have been described were five or six times jiicatei in width than thickness. The lozenge -shaped arrowhead with a rudf but l)ointed stem without shoulders would appear impossi- ble to fasten firmly in an arrow shaft by incaus ot ligatures, which suggests that some kind of gum or adhesive substance was used to make it fast, tliough the author does not know that any such specimen Las been found sh z c c (0 Platl 34. i^VH'J EXPLANATION OF PLATE 34. I ..^ ■"^^^M ^ 3 4 5 fi ir. 16 u i;i !' , Mai,,,.. .Vn,a,ni,. ..in....U,., liu. s. Ar(;ii-lite. (Cit.N,,. 180114. U.S.N. M. (:oi,ufctic,il, J. 11. Cl.irk.) liu. 4. Dark tiUAY Flint. M,.rr«arv > (Cat. ^'o. 19356. r.S.N.M. Mine,-,.l Springs, Aik.u.sMs. IM. h. \\ . Mc Crear.N .) Fi<' Ti. White Ciieht. , ,,. ^„ ,C,.t.Xo.9<..307a,r,S.N.M. H„.m. Onntv. Mis.souri. (;. A\ . <;l.-n,..nts., I'i". t). QCAKTZITK. >.. , . .. (Cat. X0.74.S, r.S.N.M. District of Col, iiiilnii. J.iiiics W ebstei., Fi". 7. ARCilLLlTE. (Cat. No. 137563, U.S.X.M. Tn-nton, New .r.Mse.v. Ihornas W >1.„.,.) I'i.r. 8. White Flint. (Cat. Xo. 59473, I'.S.N.M. HannMU Co.n.ty. Illinois, il. lamly.) 1 i.^. it. PALE-imONVN TUANSLLCENT ('HALCEDOXY. ^L.-eUrl S (Cat. Xo. 59002, r.S.X.M. Pueblo of Taos, Xow M.-xifo. tapt. M. \\l„el.r, . b. Geological Survey.) Fi". 10. Quaktzite. , (Cat. Xo. 139253, I'.S.X.M. District of Coln.nlr.a. S. \ . Pro.ulht.) '''■''• ^'"SSrS5;"r:s.X.M. S.ocUton.Sa„..oa....inCo,.„.y,r.,i..rnla. .. ..Ulin. , Fi-. 1'-'. FlNK CHEUT. . „ ,,. > (Cat. Xo. 43032, U.S.X.M. Stockton, California. L. Hel.lnijj.) Fig. 13. Greexisii-ulack Flint. ,,,.,,,,„„> (Cat. Xo. 42650, U.S.X.M. San Joiupiin County, Cahlonua. L. Hel.ling.) Fijis. U, 15. Straw-colohei) Flint. (Cat.Xo.l36960a,J.,r.S.X.M. Labrtte County. Kansas. W.nHiII.) Fm. 16. Gray Flint. (Cat. No. 17493, IT.S.N.M. MaysviUe, Mason County, Kentucky. ,1. W. I'earce.) liiiple] iitluM' (li^ ;lliy nthl ilitlVivnt prises tl ciittin«', ItM: MEMMKD I1I.A( KFL lin- NOT I'luinlivlil, Ciiiinty Cat No. DCCilSlO Fi,ii'8. r>, St en witli pj ' Volui : Stone In ARKOWPOINTS, SPEAUHEADS, AM) KVIVT8. 917 CLASS II.— sin»i i,i>i:i!i i> III I Nor iiahiu i>. (I'liitt^ ;U.) liMliIeiuents of this class aro more nniiieroiis tliiin those ot any ntlit I division. Tliere is this i)roiioun(!0(l dillereiice Itetwceii them and ;iiiy titliers wo li.avo described. The impleincnts liavc two parts with ilirtcKMit functiotis: (1) the blade wliich com- ]iiis( s the point and edges, and is for ])ier(!ing or ciittiii;'', and (2) the stem, for insertion in a shaft or handle. We can not imagine the use of the stem to an ar- rowpoint or spearhead which would not be in- tended for insertion in a shaft or handle. The leaf- shaped may or may not have been inserted in a handle; many of them we know were not. It was the opinion of Dr. Kau that in certain specimens the base had served as a chisel or scraper. But' the stem had no other function than for insertion in a shaft or handle. This function was subject to great variations, and, as we shall see, there were many kinds of stems and great variability in the mode of attachment. Fig. 145 is one of the few specimens of ancient arrowheads found attached to its shaft or handle. It comes from the peat moss of Giessboden, Switz- erland, and is figured in Keller's Lake Dwellings.' The handle is broken so that it is uncertain whether the implement was arrow or knife, but the bast or liber with which it was lashed is still discernible. Similar specimens have been found K'casionally in Ireland and in Germany. FiiiS. 146 and 147 are the simplest and most pronounced of Class 1>, siemmed and shouldered, but not bsirbed. The stem is straight, with parallel edges and straiglit base; the shoulders are Sipiaife and at l''lg. 145. I'ltEIIISrOKIC STONK AKKOW- I'OINT INHKHTISD I.N SHAFT AND TIKD WITH FlllElt. Kiiunil in poat-iiiii8A of (ilos.s- lidilcn, Switzerland. Fig. 146. -IKM.MKI) AllItOWPOINI' OK IW.M KKUNT, SilOULnERKI) III I N(>rnAunE». I'luiiilirld, Windham I'liiuity, Conncctirut. Iii\ isioii III, Cla88 It. •"'8 X 2i X J. ' .: Vm. IWII14, I'.S.N.M. ' Vdlume II, Plate XXXIX, No. 15, Iroiii which it is reproduced iu Evans'a Ancient Stoiie Implements, p. 364, fig. 343. 91« IlKPOHT OF NATIONAL MtJ8EtJM, 1«97. i'i};'1it sm^lcH tu t)u> stem, aiul so ^ivc it iilinost :i triiin};iiliii' ; >|M>i| :iii(re. Tlitt (•il;;('s are cuiivux uikI syiniiii'tiical, uiid tliu |)oiiii mh tj iruHlian liiM*. Tlu-y are fm n ;; r> iii(;lM's \n\\g, and insciiid a proper sliaft would inukc i i;(iii Hpear or liiiice, wliicli in tin* lian of a strong and active nian voiil bea most ertective weapon. Maij of tlie implements, all tli<, r.s.N.M. skill, and, tlieni pleted speciiiu'iil extremely loii; may be ^loodl the base con] square, are at iti far beyond tlid tini.shed with njore time and greater fore, we must consider it as an incom Fig. 14!) isof hard gray slate. It is in its chipping, although the outline Its stem is straight and parallel, cave, the shouWers, instead of being upward angle, the corners i)rqject edges so that tliey have the ap- pearance of barbs projecting hori- zontally and not peri)endicularly. They never could have been intended to serve as barbs and i>revent the extraction of the weapon from the pierced flesh. The edges beyond the corners or barbs are nearly straight, but slightly convex at the i)oint. The workmanship is ao rude and the material so refractory that it is with difhculty one can discover the flakes by which it was worketl. Fig. 150 is of white (juartz from Long Island, New York. The mate rial is in abundance, wrought into oval scrapers, and ftmnd in the shell heaps on the eastern end of Long Island. Its stem and base are Fig, 14». STKM.MEI) AKKOWPOIM OK (iKKENISH ■ (ilt.W HABD SI.ATK, SHOL'L- DEHEI) II V T NOT IIAHBED, Oeorj{ia. Division III, Class B. 44x2xtV Cat. N". WMh, L'.S.N.M. Fig. 150. 8TEM.MED AliliOW I'OINT, SHOI l.liKlltli HUT NOT llAlilil.l>, Suutliold. Siitrnlk County (I.oiij; I land), New V(iik. OivisionlU, Clasali. fnl. No. 212U8, I'.-.N.M ARHOWPOINTS, SPKARirRADS, AND KNIVES. 019 sire fr<,;ii ;;j |I iii.si'ih'd |l make ,, ;r,„ r' '" till' iijiJ |ve iiiiiii A (III I'iilmu. Mail all f|i,,s,. f'«' l)e('ll sliniij of inakiii; |t tiid lii-.t iij k« il stciiiii)(.J B Hint linidfi flJiStoiM'. Till md thick, tlii e -j'OddJ i base coil] laie, ure at mi J beyond tii l-'ig. 150. MMED A HI! OH- '>INT, SIIOI MiKKtuI PTNOTIlAllilKI.. tllold, SlllfdJKI »uiity (I :: 1. "<1), New Vorli. iaionlll, ('I.t-sKI ■Vo. SI20S, |-.s,.\..\N in the shell I d base are I l'"ig. J 5a. •TEMMKI) A II HOW- I'lilNT, HllOlI.DKItKI) III r NOT IIAKUKI). Ncu liraiitit'elM, C'o- iiimI County, Texas. liivi.iiuiiIII, ClaH.sU. IgxJxA. III. N... •.'Hi!', L'.S.N.M. Fiu. 151. STI-.MMKK AlilMiW- riil.ST, SIKIl'I.DKitiai IIUTNOTIlAUHEIi. 'roMllrs.scf. I'ivirtion III,Clii,HHil. 2i X I X ,%. I'm. .\... ■-•.■;>, r.s.N.M, tiiiigiit, th(>. Hhoiildtii-.s are Hli;;ht and iin.syniinetri<-al, whih^ tlie ed^eM lu straig'lit and eoiiu^ tu a point. Tiie iniph>inent i.s e.xeecdiugly thieU, lie base being more than half as tiiick as it is wide. he workmanship is rny ligatures or gum. It is probably iinflnished. Fig. l"»l is somewhat the same form as those Just describeil, but its work- manship is better. It has been fairly well ehip[>ed, the Hakes taken oH'are easily recognizable, and the edges all around are fairly smooth and sharp. It is of reddish Jasper. The stem is straight anaial- lei, the base is straight, the edges Irom the base to the blade aie slightly concave, forming the shoulders; wliile those from the shoulder to the point are conve.v. Fig. loli is of whitish Hiiit from Te.xas. It is rude in its manufacture, «|uite thick com pared with tho width, the stem is straight, the bivSe slightly con- cave, the shoulder!^ but little mon- than rudimentary, ai.d altogether it serves to emi)hasi/.e the dilli- culty of inserting these imi>le- ments in a shaft in such manner as to serve as arrows. Fig. lo;j is of bluish chalcedony from Louisiana. It is much finer and better made, thinner compared with the width, and would be much easier inserted iu an arrow shaft or handle. Its stem is tai)er- ing, the base straight, the shoulders indefinite, the edges convex and coming togetlier form a point. Fig. Iij4 has the edges of its blade straight and not convex. The point and corners are somewhat rounded ; it is shouldered but not barbed, the stem is expanding, and the base is slightly concave. its size, length, and width, compared with thickness, place it on the border between an arrowpoint and a spearhead. Fig. 154. SlIiMMED ARKOWPOINT OK I'AI.KOUAY KLI.NT, SIIOl'L- UKHlil) HUT NOT HAKIIEU. tSl Mary County, Mary- land. Division III, Class ii. 3} X 'ii X J. Cat. No. l'ils.% I'.S.N.M. ^-TKM.MKI) AHUOW- I'OINT, SHOL'I.DKIIKD nlT NOT HAIIUKIl. riaiitiTSviUi', Miiro- liouso County, Louisiana. Divi.Hionlll, C'lu.ssii. lijxlixg. r„t. N„. -.'.unl, r.s.N.M. I 920 RKPORT OK NATIONAL MUHKIJM, IH07. Fig. 105. flTRMMK.I) AUUOW I'OINT OK VKI.I.i)« rsil IIIIOWN lAsfKII. SMon.llKKRIi in' I' NOT IIAItllKI). Sim(|iir1i:iiiiia Itlvrr. ritinmvlviiiiiii. DiviMioii I II, (MaHH H. CkI. N... .llHill, I'.S.N.M. STKMMKI) A It l: POINT OK VK|i liM'ilKAY I I I sllol'l.liKIIKIi i.AKIIKI). Divinidii in, (hi Hxlxj. fil. \... l.'4'7. I'>. Fij;. ir»r» is Hiiiiiliir to fig. I'll, just doHcribed. Tlioiiffh widely "p ai'iitud by distance, tlic (oriiici- comin;^ from TeiincHHi'e, tli<^ liittoi' I mi IVMiiisylvaiiiii,tli(>y liuvei;n!at resiMiiblaiu c. I*ot)i nc of Jasper, wltli apparently tlio same style of worlvii.iu ship. The baHo, stem, and shoulders of the hitter are miudi the same as the forauM', except tiiat they are iic coiitnated. The stem is narrower, its lines more concave or sli}>htly nior<> expanding; toward the biise, wlu'ie they form <'orners of an aciile aiiffle. The base is sli;ihtly coiusivi' where the other is straigjt. The implement is tlu^ saints lengtli as tig. I'tl, though narrower and thinner. Kig. 150 is from Ohio, it, like the former spe(;imen, is fairly well chipped, llakea plainly to be seen, i!rowii-.viii.', i,i. and the etlge.i and point eompara •••iiniv.oiij,. tively smooth and sharp. The stem is straight, its edges parallel, and the base straight and s(|naie. The shoulders are forme«l after the same manner as tig. 151, ])receding, and simply swell out so .» to make anion; pronouiKHMl shoulder than in that specimen. Thee(l;;('s aie convex and coming together form the point. Figs. l'>7 ami l.")S, the former from Tcnmissee, tlic latter from Massai^husetts, are almost identi(;al in forni. The former is of gray, the latter of black Hint. NN iili exceptions of matt'iial, color, and si/e, they are tlit; same. If they wore to be (compared by form only, scarcely anyone would be able to detect a diilerence between them. Their edges are straigVit and come directly to a point. Thc-i.' shoul ders are hori/oiial, not bariied; the notch which forms the stem is eon- cave and carried to the base of the stem; the base is square and dre.ssed to a smooth edge so that it can be inserted in a split arrow shaft, while the notches on either side afford excellent supports for attachment by ligatures. Fig. 159 has a stem similar to figs. 157 and 158. The notch which forms it is concave, extending from shoul- der to base and making an expanding stem with convex b.ase. The edge^ are convex and, converging symmetrically, form a medium sharp point Fig. 157. STEMMED AllKOW- POINT, .SIIOIT.DEUKI) nUTNOTIlAUBEl). Lincoln County, Ten- nessoe. Division III, CIiih.s li. ZJxlxi. Cat. Nil. r.ll*l, I'.S.N.M. Pifj. 1.58. STK.MMKK AlilMMV I'OINT, snoui.DKIIIh BUT NOT UAIillI'Mi. South Di'iiuiH, Itaiii Btiibld C o u n t y . MnssacliiiHotts. Division 1 11, ClaHs I',. l|xjxj. bit. No. IHd.Vi, U.S.N.M, Tlie IMH ' I tlir >l« No !•' AIJKOWPOINTS, SPEARMKADS, AND KNIVES. 921 widely .j, >i' worki, .ii, Kit;. lit!. «KI' A I! i; u I IIIMV I I I I >l|.l>KIIK|i I I I ! AKIIKtl. •IHVlll,., 1,1, ; 1,,^ '•>llllt\ , (lliin tioii III, CIj , l; ^■". W4«7. r>.\ M «II out so IS Thee(|;4(.s iiMisset', I he i(;sil ill t'oriii. lint. Willi >ey arc the ViR. 158. !'':i> A I! now T, SnoiJI.DKIil II NDTIIAHIIICI). Ut'llDis, Biliri I" C o II II t y , lachiisotts. >uIII, Classi;. 18 X I X i. . ISdSli, L'.S.N.M The edg:(s urp point. I'iK. IflO. -IIMMIIl AKIMlW- I Isr. )4|IOt'l.llKIIK|i I ' I Mil' IIAKIIKII. Illv liOllIII.CIlIHA It. •-'3 " 1 X a. I i;. Ni.lOV.i, r.S.N.M. Vie- "■'»• ■-IKM.MKI) A II HOW I'OINT (IK Ill.riSII <■IIAI.fKIMINlrKI.INT, SlluI'MlKIIKIi IM'T Mir llAIIMKIi. Ohio. DIvisiiiii I II. CliiHH II, 'J.l X 1.1 X ,»„. ( !it. N... IWSV, l!..S,N.M. Tlio next two Hpe<'inH'iiH (Hjjs. !(»(►, 101), wliilo liavinj; stems slioni (liM) <1 and not barbed, belong; to riass It, but r4>|)res('iit a marked ditt'ur eiic from the former spetiimenH. While the «'dy;es of till- ->tem are straiffht and parallel, the base is <'oiive.\. >'(! reason has ever been Kiveii for this pe«'iiliurit\,but it is a iioti(!eab|e one and involves anotlier even less oxplaiiiiible. Why the stem of an arrowpoint inteiid<>d for insertion in a Hlmft should be made «;oiivex instead of strai<;ht or roncave, is a matter of but sli<>ht iin portaiiec^ and need in itself ex«'ite no eiiriosity; but all l»iis<>s of stems which are <*onvex have been worn or rubbed, or in some way made smooth. They have not been polished or ground upon the si«les, but liave been oper ated in a reverse nmnner against the eKIIKI> liriNdT IIAIMIKI). UiviHJoii III. CliiHs I{. L'J X 1 X i. Csl.N.i.MiM, r.S.N.M. edges iind points ure the siime as iii otlier specimens. They are slioul. (lereIi. ;'4 X I X ,''.,. Cat. N... i:r,ii\, I.S.N.M. Fiji-. im. ol'KMMKh A U li!> W- I'OINT, SIU)ll.I)KIIKI> BUT NOT llARnKI). Ohio. Division II I. CIiihh ii. '.'i X I X i. C'nI. N... IM^\, f.S.N.M. Fifj. 100. -TKMMED Allltow- I'OI.NTOb'UAitKii,: \V I'l. NT, SlloriUKIIIIi 111 I' NOT IIAIMIEIJ. TennosMce. Ifi.'ixliiuIII.CIaBHlt. IJxlxJ. (ill. N.i. •:irullel and are convex yili Ifi4. I.MKI) Al(l;ii\V "N'l' ), ijs WHS lender, mid FiK. 166. *KI> A Kit (I W ITOH'UAiiKii,; \v I', Hllon.UKIlKiP NDT ilAllllElJ, IVnnosr.ce. lim 1 1 1, Class I!. IJxlxi. II. N'.'UXii, r.S.N.M , it.- elgcs Might iiiiil Fij;. 107. SIEMMKI) AHKOW- POINT, Sllori.liKKBl) lll'l' NOT IIAUIIKI). I)ivi.iiiin 111, (MasH U. la X 1 X v',i. lai. N...«;:ii;, r.S.N.M. ii.s wide as the broadest part of the bhule. Its base is formed by two notcihes made in each edge opposite each other and forming, so far as (•(iiicerns the edges, a groove around tiu; implement whic^h may have been iitili/ed for fastening the arrow shaft by a ligature. These notches are iiltoutone-fourthof an in(;h wide and as much deep, and iiK^ distant from the base about one fourth ofaii inch, so that they have been denominated in some other dassi- ticiition as "notched on the edge near the base." This notching has left the base its original width and nnchaiiged, as though the notches had not been made nor the implement transformed from a leaf shaped or ))ossibly triangular arrowpoint into a stemmed one. Fig. 100 is much smaller than the foiiner, but size does not soem to have affected tliis type of arrowpoint more than it has tlie others. The implement is sym- nietiical, edges are convex, and the outline can be traced past the notches to the base, and, but for the notches, it would have been a leaf-shaped implement of Class I J, pointed at one end and concave ai the base. Tlie notches are about one-fourth of an inch wide and deep, and the distance from the base is about three-eighths of an inch. We will see in the next (!lass how, evidently, some of these stemmed arrowpoints were made fiom leaf-shaped implements, by the introduction of these not(;hes. In the present <;ase the notches are horizontal and form shoulders but not barbs, in the next class ((J) they will be at an up- waiil angle toward tlie center, their shoulders form barbs, and they pass into that class and are not further noticed in this. Fig. 1(57 is of gray fiint from Ohio. It is rather small and has the same horizontal notches, smaller ^'fl^^^M^^ than those noticed before, but the outline of the leaf- j"!«.t^^ _-.««»<«' V shaped implement is more apparent m it than in the Others. That it was originally a leaf shaped imple- ment, transformed by the notches into a stemmed and shouldered arrowponit, is satisfacitorily shown from an insj)ecti. West liiMid. Wiisliiiijj;- toll (y'duiity, Wiscou- hIii. Division III, CliLMs li. ;ixljxil. Cul. N.>. .■!■.'! nil, r.S.N.M. 924 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. A Fig. 108, instead of beitii? leaf-sluiped as have been some of the lore- going, was a triangular arrow point. Its edges are str.iight, and, .\])- proaching each other, form the point at an acute angle. The base is straight and s(juare, but one-fourth of an inch above it toward the point are two notches, one on each side, about one fourth of an iiidi each way, which transform it from a triangular inti) a stemineped to a sharp point and edgf , Their chipping has been rude and the Halces comp.aratively large. They are long and narrow, their edges nearly straight, approaching until they form a point. Tlie shoulders were nearly square, not barbed, the stem short, edges parallel, and base straight and square. Altogether it is rude and unattractive, but in its original condition of sharp point and Fig. 169. STEMMED AUHOWl'OINT OF lUlOWN KLINT, .^HOfl.DERICI) mn' NOT IIAHIIEI). Duiinys villi', Wasli' ,,- ton Couuty, Mai^l<^ DiviMioii 111. CI1188 !*>. 6ixl}x,'o. Cat. N(i. limT, I.I.S.N.M. ' See also Populiir Scicnco Mouthly, XXII, 1883, p. 315. [>f tlie lore- it, suid, ;i|). riie base is toward tlio of an iiicli ngular into iss, hast lie instead ol' lucU larjici' traiglit, or transform e nearly ii kI at rig] t are about rated from It would employed ree places, uches from much mon 8 class ii;is with si'.*!li a separate imitive In it is shown n the exi>s Delaware Paleolithie hat of the n. All, or ind in the Miton,New ef that this jimens un ing a high md on the hard, and ipping has long and ey form a tern shoit, it is rude point and fiepijft of U, S l\la'...i/.a, M^^eurr. 18^7. vVil.or. Plate j ■* "^■,'t f Is'ff*.- *; ,,*/■ ,■ A4 . -v J at-m ^ mi>?H„ 5^ ... -■-•CV^^ > z < c « .- ^ 1! EXPLANATION OF PLATE 35. hi i a < c Stemmed Arrowpoints, Spearheads, or Knives. Chmx ('. Fin. 1. FiNixiUAiNKi) (^lAUT/ni:. (Cat. N'i(.8s:!:i9, r.S.N.M. lie Soto, Vernon Odiuity, Wisconsin. ,1. 1). Middleton.) lij;. 2. ]»AUK-nu(>\v\ Chai.ckdony (cast). (Cat. No. 98:i4(\ r.S.N.M. Warners Lamlin};. Vernnn Coimiy, Wisconsin, .f L. Do Witt. I 1 iii. :!. HiAlXiKAY TliANSH'CKNT ( '11 AI.CKDOX Y. ((.'at. No. 1J»0;!4, 1'.S.N.M. Mound, Putnam County, Oliio. .1. It. Nisli'V .) Fii;. I. Biiow.x Flint. (Cat. No. 17:174."), r.S.N.M. WillianiHon County, Illinois. H.C. Uiivall.) 'Ml-: .'i: hli't !^ s Rupurt of U. S. Natior.ji M^jtjuni, I8J7.— Wilson. Plate U ■ f 0) LJ > z 0. If) CO Plate .3. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 36. 03 CD Stemmed Arrowpoints, Spearheads, or Knives. Yv. 1. Lead-colokki) Flint. (Cat. No. 6159, T.S.X.M. Sarat^.ga C.mntv, N.w York. Col. K. .I.-w.tt.) V\". 2. KOSE-TINTEl) QL'AUTZITE. {Cat. No. i;!7927 r.S.N.M. Washingtou County, Missouri. Ur. Cliarle« Itiiu.i I'i!,'. 3. Variegatki) Pink and Slate-coloked Flint. (Cat. No. 7659, U.S.N.M. (Iroveport, Ohio. W. H. I.iiupert.) liji. 4, Gray Flint ok Chekt. (Cat. No. 172831, r.S.N.M. Ohio. W. K. Moorehead.) llH. 5. HLUE-iiRAY ClIALCEDONIC FLINT. (Cat. No. 7108, t'.S.N.M. Mount Carniel, Illinoi.H. Mr. Kidftway.) rig. (). Pyhomachic Flint. (Cat. No. 31954, U.S.N.M. Montgomery County, TexaH. Dr. J. I.. Tn.sh.) Fi«. 7. Gray Flint. (Cat. No. 345S1. n.S.N.M. McMinnville, T«une«»e«. \V. W. I'hillips ami Dr. i. M. Brewer.) Fig. 8. Gray Flint. (Cat. No. 81!39, U.S.N.M. Tennessee, .T. H. Devenux.) Fig. 9. Yellowish Gray Chalcedonic Flint. (Cat. No. 10820, U.S.N.M. Milnersville, Ohio. I). Thomiwon.) Fig. 10. Blue-gray Ciialcedonic Flint. (Cat. No. 18084. U.S.N.M. I'aint LicU, Kentucky. J. B. Clark.) Fig. 11. Opalescent Ciialcedonic Flint. " (Cat. No. 16231, r.S.N.M. Santa Barbara County, Calilornia. Paul Schumacher.) Fig. 12. Drab Flint. (Cat. No. 32440, U.S.N.M. Orange County, Indiana. K. M.Synime.s.) Fig. 13. Brown Flint. (Cat. No. 8239a, U.S.N.M. Tennessee. J. H. Uevereux.) Fig, 14. Black Flint. (Cat. No. 34.583, U.S.N.M. Sharpsburg, Maryland. A. P. Smith.) Fig. 15. Blue-gray Chalcedonic Flint. (Cat. No. 12681, U.S.N.M. Oregon. Paul Schumacher.) Fig. 16. Green Jaspery Flint. (Cat. No. 12682, U.S.N.M. Oregon. Paul Schumacher.) 1 s 1 ( i . ARROWPOINTS, SPKMMFKADS, AM) KNIVI'.S. •I-Jfl i'(l-»'s it iiii{;lit lisivi^ bi'jsii ii voiy ell'«'<'-ti\«' wt'iipoii. I>i'. Alihott iissoits tinit the liivgi' pi'opoit.oii of tliesu iiiiiileiiiciits are IoiiimI in tlu> alluvial soil ill proximity to tiit; j;la(;ial ^M*av(0 at si (lt'[>tli that proves tlioir fiiiliqiiity. Their niiiiibui- increases in proportion to the depth of the extiivsitioii tor u eertiiiii distaiiee, when they st(»p,\vliiht tlwi l'aleolithii:i ani» uakkki'. (Plates ;i5, '(i. ) ■^cJ5'' Th3 prehistoric man did not, in his manufacture of these imple- inciits, divide them into classes. The ditlerent Jorms were made according to the possibilities of the material, the dexterity of the workman, and the exigencies of the situation. The classili<'atioii is now made solely for the purpose of enabling us in modern times to describe and understand them. Class C comprises those which have stems, shoulders, and barbs. The ditference between the present class, <\ and the preceding, B, is that the shouldeis in the former were hori /ontal, at a right angle or more than a right angle to the median line ' Prehistoric Times, p. 508, fig. 2iS. (»2(; KKPORT OK NATIONAL MUSEUM, >H!)7. froiii tlie 1>iis«t upwiirtl. In tli<> |>i-(>s('nt class tliii )M)iiit ioriiiiiif; tlici slhn] , SHOrLl)KKKI> ANIi IIAHllKli. Division III, Clash C. 7 X 4 X ,"fl. Cast, fat. No. ilN34ii, T.S.N.M. (drlu'liial In |.o»K...sslori nf l>r. .1. I.. Di'Will.) ARROW i'OINTS, SPKARHEADS, AND KNIVKS. 027 tli(^ slmii]. «'«.s than ii the shdiil- h'llH'llts uf Ny are insigniti<'ant in aetnal utility. The thrusting of either niie ol' thesc! laigt^ specimens into any known game or enemy wonld be snf- licjent to kill the animal independ«'nt (if tlio use of the barbs or the with- draw al of the weapon. It goes without siyiiig that these, an«l possibly one iiilici' in this class, were too laige for ,iiiy possible nse as anows, and per- liaps as knives, and if they had any utilitarian jmrpose it <*onld only have lieeii as a spearhead. It is a matter tor eonjectnre and investigation wild her they might not have served ii»r ceremonial i)nrposes, or as some insignia of authority or command, as tlic staff of a marshal, the scepter of a inoii; di, or the nuu'C in the House of lie ntatives of ('ongress. 1 .„. .BAUIIli:Ab, SIKXTI.DKIiEII ANU ItAltltlLl). CriiwfDnl County, Wi»t()n»iii. Division III, Clause. 10.Jx4Jxi. CiMt, Cut. Nil. ;«nil(l, D.S.N.M. bi'i the hi- 1 in the solid yellow clay. The erosion by rains and wash broujjbt the surface down to them, and they were found .sliyhtly protruding. Fig. 112 is an enormous implement of the same class. The L'. !S. ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. !I20 National Museum possesses only a cast of it, the oiiginal beiiij; in the possession of Mr, V .J. Miller, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. It is of hroun jasper, and lias been n»ade from an immense Hake of that mate- rial which lias l)«en strnck ott" with a perceptible twist, as shown by the edjjc view accompaiiying. It is also rudely leaf shaped, pointed at one eii. I'.l,', .. r.>.N.M. Fig. 174. SIEMJIKI) Sl'KARllKAD OF (iHAY FLINI-, .SHOl'l.UKRKI) ANM> IIAIUIEI). McMiiinville, Wiir- rcn Coiiiitv, 'I'eii- ni'ssco. Uivi8ioiiIII,(;iiissC. Jjixlixe. I'al. N... :';;.-l, I'.S.N.M. <^^^^K^;f^t? :^J Fig. 175. TF.M.MKI) Sl'KAItllEAl), SlIorLDEUEl) AND liAliBEI). Division III, Class C. ;ijxiixi. Cat. Ni>. 4:ii:«. I'.S.N.M. ba.sc, although coming within a quarter of an inch of it. lig. IT.'J, though large even tor a spear- liead, does not (compare in size with the ciioniious specimen Just «lescrib&d. It is "iij inches long, has somewhat the appear- aiKc of a leaf-shaped implement, altlior.gh there is no evidence of its transformation. It is of dint and has been made from a nodnle, the concentric bands of which are to be seen, the point of the base coming ahiiosi; to the surface of the nodule. The edges are convex, the stem is sliulitly contracting, and the ba^e is convex. The barbs are well pro- nouiiced and form an acute angle; they have no relation to t..e stem, but are attached to and form a part of the blade. T'le bl.ade is twisted from the right side at I lie base to the left side at NAT MUS 97 iVJ 930 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. Fif?. 170. STEMMKI) AKKOW- I'Ol NT OK (ill A V FLINT, SIIOULUERED AND IIAKIIED. Orange County, IntU- niiB. Divifcioi, III.CIumC. Cut. fio. X'lUK, U.S.N. M. the point. The twist is about e(\iial to the thickness of the iinpleimiit, and sirises, not from the naturtil shape of the flake, but by chippin;; rli- edges all from one side. Wliether ihin twist would give the missile a lotary motion as it was discharged from the brw, i.s a question examined in the division of peculiar iu; m.s, Class A, beveled edges, p. 931. Fig. 174 appears to have been one of the leaf-shaiicd implements of Class B. It has along, fine point, cd-es convex, base the same, with narrow notches in the cd^e near the base. The edge of the convex base has Ih-vm ground down or worn smooth as de scribed in figs. IGO and 101 of Class B, stemmed. Division III, 'p. 921. Fig. 175 has con vex edges converg- ing symmetrically to the point, tiie base is slightly convex, while thii notches which have made it into a stemmed and barbed implement are at the corners formed by the junction of the edges with the base. The V bliaped notches make the expanding base, and change the shoulders into btarbs. This specimen is from a mound near Naples, Illinois, excavated by Mr. J. (x. Henderson. The mound and the associated ol>jects are described in the Smithsonian Re- port of 1882, where this is fig. l.'i a (p. 690). The material is translucent pale bro vn chalet' dony. This is the finest specimen of flint chippini: in the U. S. National Museum. There may luive been others exceedingly fine and highly interesting, and it may be dirticult to draw lines of com- parison betwee*. the various degrees of fineness, but the author has never seen anything showing a higher de gree of mechanical art and manual dexterity in flint chipping. Fig. 170, though reduced in size, is of suflBcient weight to give momen- tum to the arrow, and will probably ;^ecure greatest flight. Its edges are symmetrically convex and, con verging, form the point. The base is slightly convex, while the notches which form the barbs are in the edge near the base. Fig. 177 has edges slightly convex, which come together at the pniit with a wide angle, making the implement of considerable breadth in proportion to its length. The stem is contracting and the base Fig. 177. STEMMEK .M(l;ii\v. POINT OK I' M.E BROWN KM NT, SHOULDKRKlP AM) IIAKUEn. Santa I'arliara County, CalilnMii;!, Di ■isionIIT,Cliiss(', 11x18x1- Cat. N... I.'.-JM, r.>.N.\l. Fig. 178. STEMMED ARHOW- rOINT OK DA UK ORA Y FLINT, SHOULDERED AND IIARIIED. Sliarpsburg, WaRli- iugtou County, Marylaml. Division III, Class C. IJxgxft. C«t. No. 346S3, U.S.N.M. Fig. 179. STEMMED ARIIOW- POINT, KHOl'I.Iii:ili;|i AND UARIIED. Oregon, Division III, Clas' :i'. IJxlxJ. (■»!. No. isfiso, i;.s. >.\1. ! impleiiuMit, jhippiiifi Th" the missile a lie b(,\v, is a •uliar i'oiiiis, ) leaf-sliaiK'd ])oiiit, ('(lues sin tliecd^e ase lias \nv\\ Fig. 177. :MMii:i> AKi.-iiw. OINT OK I'Al.E ROWN KM NT, HOULDKRKlP AMi AHBED. lit a It a I'll a ra junty, Calircunia. .•ision III, ellipse, llxlgxl. 1. No. l.'i'.'M, l'.>.\.M. irowii cliiilct' t cliipplDu in y lijvve been Bstiu^Tj »!'<• if Fig. 179. KMMEU A Rill I W- I'OINT, SHOUI.nillKli liND BAKIIEI). Oregon. ivisionlll, Cliifi';<,'. ISxlxJ. «l. Nn. 126.SO, U.S. v.M. r at the pniit 'able bread til md the base Report of U. S. Naliona' Museum, 1B97.— Wilson Plate 37. ■> i a . Lic.Hi-tiKAY Flint. (Cat.No.,"i8i:U, r.S.N.M. Knyi'ttcvillc Lincoln County, TcniiessiM'. C. S. (irliisliy.) I'ii;. ti Fawn-coloukii Flint. (Cat. Xo. 82:i0. r.S.N.M. Tunnesscc. J.H. Dt-ven-ux.i Fiii. 7. Stkaw-colorki) Flini. (Cat. No. 9it3o7. U.S.N.M. Uoone < ounty, MiHsouri. C. W. Clemens.* I'i;;. 8. I'alk-yellow Flint. (Cat. No. 19905. I'.S.N.M. Fninklin. \Villiati'.:;.>n County, IVnii.-.SH.e. \V. M. Clarke.) I'iu. !i. Fawn-< OLORKO Flint. (Cat. No. 98:17.', r.S.N.M. LaudiTilalf County, Alabama. Frank Huiii.s.) ]■"]<:. 10. Light Silvkh-ghay Flint. (Cat. No. 97041. I'.S.N.M. Monteur'a Point, near ViniH-iines. Indiana. Itolieit Kid}i«'ay.) h"\ii. 11. LEAn-coLoiu:!) Flint. (Cat.No. 320, U.S.N. M. Wayix'slmro, (Icoigia. Dr. Holaiid Stt-iner.l lij;. 13. Reddish-ukown Flint. ((at. No. llUnOn. I'.S.N.M. Wayueslioro, (ieorgia. Dr. Koland Steincr.) 1 i^. 14. Bkown Ja.spery Flint. (Cat. No. 1714506. I'.S.N.M. Waynesboro, (ieorgia. Ur. Roland Steint-r.) Fi;;. 1."). Dark Slatk-colored Flint. (Cat. No. 171450c, U.S.N.M. Waynesboro, (Itor^^ia. I»r. Roland Stfini-r.t fc AKROWPOINTS, SPKAUHEADS, AND KNIVES. 031 pointed. The iiotclu'S which have torincd the barbs have been made in tlio base and not in the cdse. They are V-shaped and are nerpendicu- lar to the idane of the inipleinent. Tlie barbs continue on the line ot tlic ontside edges, and tlie widest phice is across their extreme points. The nmterial is reported aa pale brown tiint, bat it has the peculiarity of a brilliant shining luster reseiid)ling the brightest jcitina. Whether ir is really patina, or only vitreous material, the author has not been able to determine. The specinuMi is too precious to be broken in order to show its interior. I'ig. 178 is barbed and, therefore, belongs to this class. It is broad- est near the point. Its edges are of irregular convexity; there have been some others of much the same form as this, but their edges have been straight where this is c(Uivex, and instead of a curve there was a distinct angle, but these are considered EUUKS. (Plate 37.) The blades of the ordinary arrow^poiiit are tisually chipped from both sides so that the edges are formed on the f wire, tlie )f thearrow- the point of ivity as i)os I or elaniped itudinally in ,tion of tlie IS then used arrowpoint rge tub, and ance of the )f the imple a.s made at a int, hung as emost to tlie 1, when tlie ing. Wlieii •eased, it in- J movement. 3d about so >nt of air, no ade any and lys with the presented to i. lajiidly moving einrent of air would have the same elVet't as an arrowpoint shot from the bow. Most of the specimens of bevel-edged arrowpoints and spearheads are chamfered one way, so that Ihe movement usually was from right to left, contrary \x^ the motion of the sun. All specimens of this kiml employed in our experiments had tlnvt rotary motion from right to left A few specimens, however, are made with the bevel the other way, and when they weie presented to the current of air their rotary motion was in the opiiosite direction. It is proper to add that these experiments were pushed to such extent ami in such number, with sueli repetition of the same result, as to be conclusive tliat, whatever may have been the intention of the maker of the arrowi>oints, the fact was that in their Hight throu fh the air the beveled Fig. 181. I'KCUUAn KOUM OF AHHOWI'OINT, WITH IIKVKLKIJ KIlOKS. Ti'iiueHHeo. Division IV, CIiihs A. 3ixl4xi. (at. Nil. h2:i9, r.S.\..M. Kijr. 182. I'EC I I.IAll FOHM OF AiillOWl'OlNT, WITH HKVELKD EDOES. Poiiit Lick, K(?ii- tticky. DiviHioii IV, CliiMsA. lijxlixj^o- ('.1. N... HUM, U.S.N. M. edges ])roduced the rotary motion. While it w(mld appear that this rotary motion must have been in- tended by the arrow maker when he made the beveled edge, yet the difli- culty of solution of the problem why he made it thus is imu husc may also form another pair of barbs, ff the arrow shaft used on t'ljs specimen slionhl be samll in diameter, tlie points of the base .vonlil project beyond it, and thns form a donbh^ set of barbs. Fig. 182 has the iip])earance of gray tiint, bnt it is of translmc nt crystalline strnctnre, and an inspection identities it as chalcedony or chalcedoiiic flint. Its edges are curved, a union of concave ami com vex, making them slightly ogee. The base is straight, the barbs aie long and thin, and, what is rare, are nearly tlie same size their entire length. The notch which forms them begins at the corners of the biiso and edge and, ascending at an angle of about 45 degrees toward tlic center of the implement, is one-half an inch long and only one eiglitli of an inch thick or wide. Fig. 183 is from Kentucky, gray flint, stemmed, shouldered, iind barbed, and twisted to the left. The spei», U.S.N. M. CXPLANATION OF PLATE 38. ' r' ■ ■ . tf" (). i» in 16 15 14 i:< \2 tl III SO 31 T). •S.i 21 Peculiar Forms of Arrowpoints, Spearheads, ur Knives. Fiu. 1. FjIOiit-huown Funt. ((Jilt. Ni). 1714117. I'.S.N'.M. WiiyiieHlinro, Murki- Coiinty, ri;iii. Dr. liiiliiinl SleiiK i Fi;;. 2. Ykm.<>\visii-mi«)\vn Fmnt. ((y'lit. No. 17l4:i7a, I' S.N.M Wiiync.tliorn, Hiirkcflimiilv, (ri'(iij.'lii. Ur. Itoliiinl SkIim i Fi^. I^. Fawn-coi.okkk Flint. (Cut. No. i"<403, l'..S.N.M. (/'raw Cord ('omil.v. Iiiiliaim. .loliii II. L«-iiioii,i Fijr. I. OUSIltlAN. ((J;it. .No. 42040. U. S.N.M. .Stockton, .Sim .lou<|(iiii (Joiinly. Ciililoniia. L Ilfl, r. S.N.M. Waynesboro, ISiirktW.'oiiuty, liHorKin. I>r. Kolanil Stcim i Fig. ti. LlGMT-KKOWN FLINT. (Cat. No. i:iJI9lt. ('.S.N.M. Hiirkf County, (ioorcia. Mo(>lanliaii collection.) Fijr. 7. Bkown Flint. ((Jilt. \i). 171444. U.S.N.M. Wayneslioro, Hiirke County, (ieorjiia. Ur, Uolanil SteiiM , Fifj. H. Hi,iK-(}it.\Y Flint. (Cat. No 12770, r. S.N.M. Orejion. I'aul Scliuniaclier.) Fiji;, it. Oh.sidian. (Cat. No. 43020. (f.S.N.M. Stockton. San Joii(|uin County, Calit'orniu. L l!elilin«.i C'la8M r. Fig. 10. Fawn-colokki) Flint. ((Jilt. Xo. 'Jill'),"), U S.N.M. New Kriiunt'elH. (Joiiial (,'ounty, Texas. V. Linillieinier.i Fig. 11. CiRAY-HHow.v Flint. (Cat. No. 01444, U.S.N.M. Austin. Travis County, Texas. Oeorgu Stolley.) Fig. 12. (}i(AY-URo\VN Flint. ((Jilt. No. 82:t9, U.S.N..M. Tennessee. .1. H. Devereux.) Fig. IH. Dahh Slatk-colorki) Flint. ((Jat. Xi>. 0O45it. I'. S.N.M. Clinton, Felieiaiiii County. Louisianii. .lolin W. Kolierts.i Fig. 14. Clay Ironstone. ((Jat. No. 5X91, C. S.N.M. East Winil.sor. Hartford County, Connecticut. D.W.Wiiml i Fig. 1."). Hlck-hlack Flint. ((Jat. No. ;t5302, U.S.N.M. Valley of the ( Hiio River. W. M. II. I)e Haa.s.) Fig. 16. Obsidian. ;Cat. No. 19010, U.S.N.M. Snsnnville. Lassen (Jounty. California. Stoplu'u Povver.i.i Fig. 17. Black Flint. (Cat. No. 23205, U.S.N.M. Etowah Mounds, Bartow County, Georgia. It. H. Ciileon i Fig. 18. Dark-guay Flint. ((Jat. No. 6170, U.S.N.M. Lockport. Niaijara County, New York. Col. K. Tewett.) Fig. 1». Dark Slate-colohkd Flint. (Cat. No. 10682, U.S.N.M. I'eotoncWill County, Illinois. 1). H. Eaton.) Class h. Figs. 20, 23. Straw-colorki) Flint. (Cat. Nos. 13223.5. 132226, U.S.N..»1. Hurke County, Georgia. McCla.sliaii roUectii.ii.i Fig. 21. Yellowish-urovvn Flint. (Cat. No. 132189, U.S.N.M. Burke County, (leorgia. Mcdlaslian collection.) Fig. 22. Fawn-colored Flint. (Cat. No. 132189a. U.S.N.M. Burke County, GeorKia. Mc'ilaslian collection.) FigB. 24. 25. Fawn-colorkd Flint. (Cat No:<. 9631, 0031a, U.S.N.M. County Derry, Ireland. R. Day., jr.) Fig. 26. Hn'K-GRAY Flint. (Cat. No. 11 130. U.S.N.M. Scarborough, Vorksliire, England. W. A. Raker.) Fig. 27. Fawn-colorkd Flint. (Cat. No. 11121, U.S.N.M. County Armagh, Ireland. W. A. Baker.) Ripo't of U. S. Natiunil Muwum, IbV/.— Wilion. Plate 3a .« V >».k^'':ii;& '-.-Jk^ ""^Ml IV. Kolit-rtsi .) <'ii Powers.) . H. . / ^ . ,'T "■•*^.. ; 2-" ^3 t 3 O ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 035 Fi<>s. 184 and 185. are specimens of this class. Both are from the Pill 1 tic coast. The former is stemmed and shouldered, with pointed biisc, and would belong to Class H, stemmed; while the latter is leaf- !ili;i|)ed, with convex base, and would belong to ('lass B, leaf-sliaped, bill for its serrated edges. The edges of the former are serrated froiii the shoulder to the point; those of the latter have but three ser- rations near the base, but the implement is so small that slight entry into the flesh brings the serrations into use. A series of this class is rei)reseuted on Plate 38, figs. 1-9. CLASS C— BIFt'KCATED STEMS. (Plato38, figS. 10-19.) These may be of staiulard types of any class of the stemmed division, either shouhlered or barbed, with edges concave, straight, or convex; but, as in the class with serrated edges, here tlie bifurcated stem is a peculiarity so nuirlied as to transfer it to this division tig. 180). irsiially the bifurcated stem is neither expanding nor contracting, but is straight, with i)arallel edges. What would otherwise be the base is here occupied by a V-shaped notch. It is made by the sanu'! method as is the notch forming the shoulder, namely, chipping the flakes always in the same i)lace by ])ressure exerted alternately from each side. The flakes may have converted the former straight base into a V-shaped notch, which must liave served for the insertion of the split shaft or handle. When shaftei! or handled the bifurcation would be hid, but it would seem to have attbrded a tirmer fastening. From observations of specimens, it appears that ar- rowpointsofthissi/eneednothavebeen fastened firmly, but were as frequently lashed so as to wobble and i)os- sibly be detached from the shaft and left in the wound.' As the only attainment of the bifmcateil stem ap- pears to have afforded a firmer fastening (wliich was not needed for arrows, but was for knives), it is suggested tiiut these niiiy have been intended for knives au'l not for arrows. The well defined ♦lillerence between the two classes and their existence and employment Fig. 186. PECULIAR FOIIM OV AlfUOWPOlNr, WITH lUKl'UCATEl) ISTE.M. Teniifssi*. Division IV, Class C lixljxi. Ciil.No.K'M.i, II.S.N.M. Tasea are cited in the works on arrow wonnds where tlu' arrowpoint. liaving ciiifrod tlie body, tbo forcible witli(I»-awal of the .shaft lias left the head or idle in tli'^ body. Many snch cases have oeen observed by the surfreons of tht- Army and reported to the Surgeon-General's Olliee, while the reiuaina themselves have been fieut to and are now to be seen in the Army Medical Museum. 936 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1H97. •■rl ill the vsaine locality, with a i)rei)Ouderauce in iinmber of those not bifurcated, points to the same conclusion. If the shaft or handle was cut out so as to receive the stem and also to fit the bifurcation, and then pressed in hard and lashed with sinews after the manner of arrowpoints, one can easily see that the bifurcation would inc^rease the firmness of the blade in its handle. Reference is made to Plate '.s, Nos. 10-19, for other specimens. CLASS O. — KXTRBMEI.Y LONG IIAKBS, SCirARE AT KNI>S, FINELY CIIIPI'KI). (Flilti 'AH, ligs. 20-27.) These are peculiar in that they are restricted to certain localititis. Sir John Evans says they are found in some parts of England iind Ireland. A beautiful specimen is figured by him,' found by Canon \V. Greenwell at Kudstone, near Bridlington, which is here reproduce*! as fig. 187. They much resemble the Queen's "broad arrow." Our interest in this class arises from the fact that, while they .are confined to restricted localities in Europe as mentioned, tliev should have appeared in America in an eciually circumscribed area, namely, the State of Georgia. Figs. 20 to 23 on Plate 38 are of this class and form part of the McGlaslian and Steiner collections from that State. De Mortillet mentions them and calls them "pointes de fleche a barbelures Equarrics,' and assigns them to the first epoch of bronze, the Morgien. He figures one ^ in the Musce St. Germain as from the north of Ireland and collected by Sir John Evans. It has no stem, its base is concave, and the barbs are long, with parallel edges and square ends. Others, fi'om Loir-et-Cher, have stems. The edges of the barbs aie parallel and the ends are straight, but instead of being square — that is, at right angles — one is oblique inward and the other outward, Itemark this difference in Figs. 'JO-23 of Plate 38. Fig. 187. PECULIAK FORM OF AHItOWroINT, WITH EXTREMELY LONG BAKUS, SyUARE AT ENDS. liiidston, England. Diviaion f^^, Class i). Fniinil by Can n \V. (ireenwell. ' Ancient Stone Implements, p. 343, lig. 318. > Musde Pr^histuriiiue, ]>1. xliu, llg. 373. f those not haudle was :-catioii, and manlier ot increase t lie to Plate ts, n. (Plate ;w, 11 lo(!alities. ngland ami Y Canon \V, iroduced as ?8 from the to restricted oned, tlicv rica in an ly, the State ite 38 are of McGlaslian State, i calls til em Equarries,' jhofbroiize, the Muste of Ireland It has no e barbs are quare ends. 9 barbs aie ijuare — that jr outwarih Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.— Wilson Plate 39 ,^ ■. z cc CO Q < UJ I a _ < Q. - « ' CO - I- .: z - O i' n < I u. ■. O C/3 o u. < J D O ul a 14 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 39. 2 U 4 7 8 15 H 16 10 u 18 r: i:{ 19 > z CO Q < I X < LU Q. CO z ~ o -^ a. 2 r < I U- ■_ O O) o u. d: < D Peculiar Forms of Arrowpoints, Spearheads, or Knives. ClanK E. ?V'.\. FlNK-(lI{AINKl> TUFA. ,r . ,. i i T A \I^Vi..l i ((.•lit. Xo. 08478. U.S.N. M. Chin.ini, Piumiiia, U. S. OUmibia. ,T. A. McNii-1.) Fi'^2. l{Ki>i)isn .iasi-kk. , . „ v i (Cut. No. 98477. r.S.N.M. Chiri.ini. .1. A. McNiel.i Fi" :*. Straw- coLOKKD vi-int. r, i ... > ((;nt..N'(»..'>8489, r.S.N.M. Demnftrk : lloyiil Miis.nini Coi.«iiliaseii ) ((Jat. No. 9847(i, U.S.N. M. Uliiiiqu. ,1. A. McNiel.i Class F. '"' '*■ "''((>t*!'No. 58490 (■ s'.N.M. Denmark : Royal Museum, Copenhagen! '''^'•''" ^''^^^'at!N'aU9579!'u's.N.M. Loir etCher France Tlioma.s Wilson.) Fi". 7. LKiHT-r.RAY, TRANSLUCENT FLINT. >vr-, „.. , (Cat. No. 149579a, U.S.N. M Loir et Cher, France, ri.omas W ilson. ) ' (Cat. No. 58491, U.S.N.M. Denmark ; Royal Museum. Copenhajjen.) Class a. Fi'^;t. ORAY-HANDKI) SLATK, OVAL, WITHOUT RID(JKS. (Cat. No. 6.548, U.S.N, M. St, Croix River, Maine, (}. A. Boardman,) Fifr. 10. DARK-(iRAY SLATK, OVAL, WITH RIHGKS (Cat. No. 62097, U,S,N,M, Alaska, C.L, McKay) Fi^.U. DaRK-UKAV SLATE, OVAL, WITH SLIUHT RIDGES. „ ^,,.,^„,, . (Cat. No. 307.58, U.S.N.M. Seneca River, New York. W. M. Beam hamp.) Fi" VI. LICHT-GRAY SLATE, WITH RIOGES, DIAMOND IN SECTION. (Cat. No. 140904, U.S.N.M. Korea. P. L.Jouy.) Fi 13 Gary flint, with ridges, diamond in section. (Cat. No. 140904O, U.S.N.M. Korea. P. L. Jouy.) Clasn H. ^'-•^^- ^"fJat'i^N^IS" U.S.N.M. Haldemans Islaml, Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania. ' F. (i, (lalbraith,) Fin. 15. Black flint. , ■ ,- m • ,i „ , (Cat. No, 0694, U.S.N.M, Berks County, Pennsylvania. (,. M. Ivi.'i.l FifS 16 17 LiGHT-CiRAY FLINT, WITH STRAW-COLORED PaTINE. ,, „ , i I- lt,8. it), ^ '-(^^/'^^^^fi^^g i7^45y„; U.S.N.M, Waynesboro, Burke (.'ounty, (^.eorji.a, Dr, Ilolan.l Steincr,) Fi^. 18. l*^'-;;^;^; ^,^_^;;7£;j,,,';7'ft''!i,,^„in. i,., Mortinet, Musee Prehistorm.e, lis. 108, pi. xviii, firotte(lel'^.glise (Dorrtogne). Friince.) Class I. Fi". U». Blue-gray flint. ,_, . „ .. i . (Cat. No. 99224, U.S.N.M. San Saba County, lexas. A. R. Uoesslcr.) ^1 M ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 937 CLASS K.— TKIANdULAR IN SECTION. (Plate 39, flgS. 1-4.) These are tliin and narrow rnde Hakes strnck from mulei and left nearly in their original condition ex- cept that a rude stem lias been chipped, and where necessary they have been brought to a point. They are peculiar in being made triangular in section and thiit they are restricted to the province of Chiriqui, Piinama.^ The IT. S. National Museum is indebted to Mr. .1. A. McNiel for its specimens, Avhich have been described and figured by Dr. W. II. Holmes.' The larger ones were of line-grained, slaty-looking tufa, while the smaller were of flinty jasper of reddish iuul yellowish hues. I'lg. 188 is one of these small jasper specimens from Chiri(iui. They are made entirely by chipping, and as the material is hard and lefractory, the workmanship is rude. This form is shown in Plate 39, figs. 1 to 4. Fifj. 1S8. PEOl'LIAB FOUM AllHOWI'OINT, ANOULAK IN OV THI- SEC- TION, KEDDIrtll ,IA8- PER. Chiriqui, rauniii.'i. United States of (Jolonibia. Bivision IV, Class E. Cat. No. 08477, U.S.N. M. CLASS F.— BROADEST AT CUTTINO END— TUANCHANT TRANSVERSAL. (Plate 39, figs. 5-8.) Kig. 189 {a. h) represents two specimens of this class, and figs. 5 to 8 oil Plate 39 represent others. They are thin, almost Hake-like m appearance, no': made pointed, nor are the edges - ked 7. lurow, but tlio liandle is aliort cnoii^h for a kiiifV; wliotlier tlic sliair was broken before beiii^ pliUM'd in its grave can not be known. I'M}^. 10(> (/>) lopreseiits another s[)eciinen of tlie same elass, rnun a neolithic grave at Montigny Tl'^ngiain (Aiane) Frant-e. It is inscircd in a horn handle ami sliows tins particiiihir speeJinen to have servi d as a knife, possibly for trepanation, and not as an arrow. Simihir specimens have been found throughout western Kumpc. A eaehi' of some th, FraiKM!. Division IV, Clnss V. ' Bulletins tie la Sociott^ d'Antliiopoloyie, 1890, p. 959. ARROWPOINT8, SPKARHE.\P8, AND KNIVES. 030 slioifor sliiift or haiMlIc, tluM> i,!:(»y might serve as knives and as such would l)t< entitled to consideration Ihmc. Tliis supposed diftereucc in the shaft ov handle api)lies ecpially to otiier inipkMnents which have [liisscd tliroufjhout all time as arrowpoints or spearheads. For, as has Ih'cii sliown in its appi'opriate phice, the particular use of the ordinary iurowpoint or spearhend is to be determined by the kind of shaft or liaiKlle to which it wuh attached. The si/.e of the implement made no (lilVi rence; if it was attached to a long aiul stout shaft it was a spear, it to ii shorter one, it was a Javelin, if still shorter and smaller, an arrow, while a still shorter one became a handle aiul (let( iinined the implement to be a knife. As the tranchant transversal must have had some one of these kinds of handles or shafts, tli(^ shaft or handle, and not the head, deter mined its use. It is therefore repeated that, ill any event and without deciding the various con t en tions whether tiie tranchant transversal was used as an arrowpoint, a spearhead, or a kiiit'e,itis still appropriate to benoti<'C(l in this paper. It nniy have been a. :iti.5, (Aisno) Fniiico, in linni liaiKJIe. Ml tiiiiiuiiiru ilfH ScieiK-.'S Aiitliri)|HiloKii|iieH, |i. nil'.,'., lii;. •.';'.l. 940 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1H97. Tliisinciaiisarrowpoints tniiichant tmiiMversal,altlioti};h tli(>n:iiiii had not tluMi bciMi (riven to tlioin. Tlie H|)e(dn)oiiH from Petit JSlorin coniinn Ilainy's opinion and iIh> tln'ory that tliey were ustsd as arrowpoints or proj(M!(iles. A sUull was] found ill oiu' ol tlio8ition, appanntly uii('iiaii;;(>hieed as to be impossible of entry 4*.\('ept tlirongh the lionc, were found three arrowpoints traiichant transversal. Another of I hcsc arrowpoints was found, still at N'illevenard, inserted between two dorsal vertebra". In a burial cave eoiitaiiiinft' thirty subjects, all rejjiilaily disposed and the whole {jrave tilled solid, were found no less than seventy-three arrowpoints tranchaiit transversal. They were dispoMil in the head aiul trunk and bore such relation to the skeletons as to show that they had been intimately associated with the body, if not inscihid in it, at the time of burial. liaroii de Haye found nearly two thonsaiul of these specimens, traiichant transversal, in the grottoes explored by him, and it is impossible to believe, after the evidences found, that tlicy had not been used as i)rqjectiles, whether as arrowjwints or spearlicuds may be left undetermined. Those who are desirous of continuing the investigations into this subject are referred to the authorities: "Sur les FlJ'clu'S ii Tranch.int 'I'rausversiil," by Maron .losopli do Baye, in Coimn s International d'Aiithiopoloyio ct Arc'ha'ologio Pn'-liistorifiiies. Conipto rendu iU h 7o session, Stockliolni, 1871, I, iip. 271,272. " Le rivbi8toii(|uo," 2d ed., ]). 518. I?y (J. De Mortillet, "Le MuHi^e I'rohistorique," pi. xxxix, (igs. 319-331. By (i. De Moitillet. "Pointes de Flt-ehcs Typiques ile Kere-on-'rardenois (Aisne)," by Kduioud Vidlo; null, de la Soc. d'Antbrop, do I'aiis, I, ( Itb scr.), Paris, 1890, pp. 9r>9-964. "Arniesde .let i\ Trancbant Transversal, concave on convexe," by Dr. L. Cai>it:iii. Hullelin do la Societo d'Antbroptdogie do Paris, XII (3d sor.), 1889, pp. 609-»)2(). "Ancient Stone Implements of (Jr«^at Britain," by Sir .Jobn Evans (Anmr. td.j, p. 365. "Un Depot de Plrches a Tranchant Transversal dansles Stations dn Petit-Moiiii," by Barou .Josepb do Baye. Bulletin do la Socif^to d'Autbropologie de Paris, \1I diil ser.), 1884, pp. 202-204. A communication by M. Diimont ' argues the affirmative of the i)roi>o- sition at length in a very satistactory manner. It shows, by Plate l\, that on the Kongo and throughout a large portion ot Africa the arrow or spear heads with the broad points, tranchant transversal, are in continued use among the s ivages. The satne idea is elaborated by Dr. Cajiitaii in the study mentioned. Those who are in opposition to the idea of these being used as arrow points are recommended to Dictioiinaire des Sciences Anthropologiqucs, titles " Neolithicpie," p. 806, and "Tranchet," p. 10()4, by Philippe ' Bulletin do la Societe d'Anthropologie, Bruxelles, VIII, 1889-90, pp. 176-188. AWROWI'OINTrt, SPKARHKADS, AND KNTVKS. !»41 n'niiiiir liailj on and tlif A skull was! li thd III |h>|' app'llriitly of tlH! slillil iside (»t the ll tlMf ItOIIC. lierortlicsc n t\v(Ml()isal 11 I'i^Kuliirly o less I hail ero (lispdNcd s Jis tosliow not insci hid vo thousand exi)lore{l by d, tlijit flicy spearlicads 18 into this ye, ill Ciniijrcs ito rendu y Philippe p. 176-188. ISiiliiion, and "ChiMel-Hhuped," by Sir John ICvaiis, Amient Stone ImiilrnientH, etc., p. 3L'9, (if?. 212 from Kjiypt, and p. .'ut2, liy. M2. tVoiii I Scot land. Two ancient speeinnMiH oftliis ty|)e, uiMbmbtt'dly used as arrows, and It'diiiinfjf from Fran«;(^, are shown (liffs. 1!M», I1>7) in the cbaptt'r on Arrow wounds,' as having been lired, the hist into a human vertebra and the second into a human tibia. While the drawing; of these illiis IfiiitionH nniy not represent tin'; trainiliant transversa! with exactness, tlit'ie is no doubt, both I'ronidesfription and examination, thai they are I of til is type. CLASS (i.— i'ui,iHiii;i> si.Aii:. ( I'liilo ;>!», li^jN. !t-i:f.) Specimens of this type are shown on a portion of lMat«^ 'U) (Hffs. 9-l.'{). Tiny are j)eculiar in that they are found and appear to liave been made and used in a restricted locality on the northern Atlantic coast. Tliey iiiC of slate, have been jfround or polishe a short liaiidle af'tei- the tashimi di ji] knife and then nsed as eoncave scrapers; tliat is to say, for the am,. purpose as the irnph-inients in IMato li(). The convex e(lp:e niav havi been nseng to that collection. They are of the jjray Hint with yellow patina so common in that country, of which we have so many representatives in the Steiner and Mc(iliishan collections. The remark above made as to the impossibility of their use as inojcciilcs and the probability of their employment as scrapers or knives with short handles, api)lies to these specimens. Others shown in the idatc as belongini? to this class have yreat similarity with the implements tn be described in the suect'eding chajtter on knives. Their asymnictiii and lopsided form, the characteristics of their point, and the sliarpciu'd edge ui)on the one side only, the stem suitable for handling, arc all evidence of the non-employment of these implements as arrows or speai's, or as projectiles. CLASS I.— CIIMOIIS FOUM8. (I'ljltolW, (\jr. 14; l'liltc40.) ■I There have been discovered in different countries, implements wliicli have resemblance to arrowpoints and spearheads in material, metliod and style of manufacture, and general appearance, though by reason of the peculiarity of their form are totally unfitted for any projectile i)ar pose and, indeed, it is impossible that they should have served as such. Plate 39, fig. 14, shows one of this class, and Plate 40 represenisa IKK«Mtcil t||;it tasiiiuh of uj for the siiiic jjo niiiy have litli'.rciii iiMiii I. It i>!'li)||j;s !|ir*'HCIlI-» tlic lis, illtlMJll-ll iS; tlu-y idllK; ifJIiO', 1m;iiicc, i'8 two s|ieci. Il WJIS pinvt'l' ijprtisiMiliitivc itaiiis il iiiiiii antl 17. riiitc the fjfiay Hint Il wo llilNC so ectioiis. 'I'lic as i»roit'(iiI('s • knives with II in the plate iiiplemeiits tn Ir asyiiiiiit'tiic ;he sliariM'iiiMl dling, arc all as arrows or 0.) lements wliicli terial, inetluKl li by reason nf projectile pnr erved as sucli. > represents a EXPLANATION OF PLATE 40. Peculiar Forms of Arrowpoints, Spearheads, cr Kmves. -* Class I. Fig. 1. (iHAY FilS'T. ((:iit.Xo.4;il32, r.S.N.M. Moiiinl, Naples, Illinois. J. (i. Heiidei-son.) Fig, 2. Obsidian. (Cat No 20417 TJ.S N'.M Shu Miguel Island, <;ali)oriiiii. S. liowcrs.) Fiji. !^. I)akk-«;kay Flint. (Cat. No. 02387. I'.S.N.M. Jetl'erson Conutj.West Virginia. K. W. Merfer.> 4'ig. 4. POKI'IIYIUTK' Felsitk. (Cat.No. 99!;2, I'.S.N.M. SIh'II heaps, Kduiuuils, Maine. (J. T. (iardner.) Fig. 5. Dark GRAY Flint. (Cal, No U77r>l U S.N.M. Flint liidgi-, [,icking County, Oliio. (Jerard Fo.- ke.) Fig. 6. Palk hkowx Flint. (Cat. No. 'iit'iS'i. I'.S N M. (ireentield, Missouri. M. E. Harrison.) Fig. 7. rALiMiuuWN Flint. (Cat. No. U77.'>0, U .S.N.M Flint Uidgc, Oliio.) Fig. s I'ALK-GUAY Flint. (('at. No. 15733, U,S..\.M. San Miguel Island. Calilbrnia. W. (!. Harford.) Fig. i». (;uAV Flint. ((Jat No 145977, r.S.N.M. Flint Kidge. Ohio. (Jerard Fowke.) Fig. 10. (iKAY Flint. (Cat.No. 32.')38, r.S.N..\I I'larl Depot, Illinois, liiainaid M itcliell.) Fig. 11. Gray Flint. (Cat No 15732, r.S.N.M, San Miguel Island, Calitoniia.) Fig. 12. Pink Flint. ((.'at.No. 32522, U.S.N, M. I'earl Depot, Illinois. Hrainard .Miteliell.) Fig i;i Palk-ijuay Flint. (Cat No 30127, U. S.N.M. St. Clair (bounty, Illinois Dr. -J. U. I'atriek.) Fig;. 11. (iRAYisn Flint. (Cat. No 29030 U.S.N. M. San Miguel Island, Calirornia. S I'.owersl Fi^. '". Winn; Flint. (Cat. No. 1731138 ','.:;. N.M. Southeast Missoui.'. Uiireaii ol' Kthnology. Hilder eolle tioii.) Fio. 1(>. AVhuk Flini. (Cat. No 9H002. U.S N M. (Cast) (Irei'ue County, Illinois, (;. Anosirong.) Fig. 17. Whitk Flint. (i"i" \o !2J_':i. r.S.N.M. I'earl Depot, Illiiioi>. Miainaid Mitchell.) Fig. 18. Whitk Flint. (103 ( 'i, Missouri.) Fig. lit. WiiiTK Flint. (Cat, No M0841I. I'.S.N M Dallas Cit.\ , Illinois L S. Hliss.l Fig. 20. PiNKiMi Flint (Cat, No. 0748,'). U.S.N ,\I. Flint Kidge, Ohio. ( Jerar.l Fowke. l ■rt ot U. S. Nat-, .J, M. ■.nil. W P,.Art 40 t -U^ ■ ;.^IN'^%- tv >..-- .s^*>*. r ^--^ fc-.. * %^ «»./ > PtCULlAH FORMS OF ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, OR KNIVES. Cla-s I, series ( paiKT < If li:i! iii'tim jii over hit ('(lIllilM' till' triH Ml'l till' i should the rail' III )ilt';i8 :irti-t ii ]ii)ssili]y |l(IS>illl,V I'lafr •-'!! iVdiii til I 111 ill ;iu tbriii-. 1 gniiily lif;t(l>, II srrvirc. iibi'ity, siiiiki'. fi III' till! lot llil\ wdikcd tlii'.v iir wliMt tl iii(iiiai;ei faiiril'ul 'Ihes Stiitcs. heoii If Italy, 1 1-io, luiiiibe ro.uard it iii;c( Tlicse CNtn'ii: lijl'iiret :lli(l t(l Miiseii to a. 1 (.'Oil 1(1 been i ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 943 s.iicH of these curious forms. The latter is taken from the autlior'a liapir oil Prehistoric Art,' where it is thus introduced: It liiis breii leinaikrd niiiny times tlinmjtlioiit this jminr lliat llm iirehlstoiic Mitisi jiosHcHsed siitlicicnt contideiiee in liis ability, anil ilispiiiyed such (.'uiitrol (ivci Ills toolH and niatciials as enahh^d liini to niak«5 auy- iliiiiii (lilt of Hint that liis I'ancy inijiht dictate; lie did not (niiinn' himself to utilitarian oltjccts, Imt was an artist in the inn- sense of the word; tli.it is to say, he dealt with :irt iiir art's sake, for the sake of niakiii- lily by stndy and (;onteni])latii)n, possibly by ednc.itiou, |iiis>ilily by accident, an ideal wliieli lie reproduced in Mint. I'hii'' -!• I Plate 40] re])resents twty (d>iects taken at lia/aid iniiii the interior of the Inited States, princijtally from the iiliici and .Mississippi valleys, all of Hint, in eiirioiis and rare lorni-. believed to be entirely without utility mid solely to i;r;iiiiy an ai'listie. desire. None of them are arrow or spcir liciiiN. and none of them ap])ear to have been iiialaiid,^ and have also l)ieii round scattered throujjfh France, Switzerland, and Italy, though rarely. I'ijj. 15)1 is one of the peculiar f<,rnis restricted in iiiiiiiber and locality. Its restrictions in both these icuai'ds are so dosi- that the autiior has not deemed it iH'cessary to assign it a class or give it ti name. Till sc forms are confined to Scandinavia, and are CNticmely rare even in that country. The specimen lij^iued is from Sweden, was procured by the author, and forms part of the collection in the I". S. National Mii^ouin. It is an arrowpoiut of bone, sharpened to a fine ])()int, is extremely hard and stiff, and t'(iiil.N".M. N.ihir.-il >\;.,: 'PaKo4;i7, pi. 21. Sir John Kvaus, Ancient Stone Implements, pp. rj.">(), ;r.l, ligs. 3;}t)-a:{!>, 044 KKPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, lHf»7. tciied with bitmiKMi or gum. .Some- of these bits of flint liiiv<-. he lust 01 it of the ori;iiiial sjiecinicn, but ciiouf^ii remain to sliow its cli;!!:!! t I'l and efl'ectiveness as a weapon.' Some of the bits of Hint siiitab sucli use have been found and are disphiyed in the Museum m the Itoyal irisii Academy. - M. de Mortillet presents, in " Must'e Pn'-historique,''' eight il]^-^I^;|. tions of spear and lance heads with two i)oniards, varying in h'ii;^tli, Six are from Franiie, of which tliree are the tiint of Grand I*res>JL:ii\, lie makes the following remarks as to their differentiation: l-iinceheiids and itoiiiiirds of tliut in t'lMucr mi! sinootli on one side, the cliiiiiiin:; ht'iii;;' always done on tlie other. In Scandiniiviii they are chipped on both --iile-. In franco the ohjectn intended for knives liave, no secondary ('hi))]iing at all. Tlie ciittinfi edj^e is liift smooth as it was struck from tlie core; in other words, n i> sinijdy a sliarp-edj^ed Hake. In his estimation an obje^^t from I'rance like the Mousterieii iKiint (ligs. 3, 4), untouched on one side but wrought to an edge on the oilier, would be a spear or huice head, while a tlake like that fiom (liaml Pressigny (Plate 7, tig. 4), sharp but untouched on the edge, would he a knife. His Plate XLII contains illustrations of Javelin points, hirjie airowpoints, of wlncli five are IVom France (four of Hint and one of bone), three are from the United States, the others from Kussia and Scandinavia. His Plates XLHL and XLIV contain 41 illustration^ ot arrowpoints, of nearly every form and style (ligs. 3(55-405). Fraiii'c has 1*1 rei»resentatives, Italy 4, Switzerland and Denmark each .'>, Ireland, Portugal, and America each 2, Prussia, Sweden, ami Alj^t ri;i each 1. These are of the usual tyjtes. though some may have ])ai tic uhir forms peculiar to certain countries. Ilis Plate .XLV contains four illustrations of the nu)de of fastening the arrowi>oints to tiie slial'r. three from the lake dwellings of Swit/erlainl, and one from California; two are of stcme and one of bone. CLASS K. — I'lnM'OKA roKs. All anoundy in arrowpoints sluuihl not be overlooked. One of the prehistori»! iini>lements of America is that which usually has licen called the perforator or drill, though sometimes, Joiadarly, "hair|iiii." It consists ol' the bore or \nh\ which is round or nearly so, pointed a> though suitable for drilling or boring, with a stem or base after the I isli- ' Montelius, Civili/ation of Sweden in llcatiien 'riiiies, ]>. L'.'), (i.n'. LTi. -Sir \V. Wilde, ('atalo (It' to.")). Fraiifi' lark cacii .'•, , and Al-icria ' have ])a!ti(' [LV coiiraiiis i to tlu> slial'r, III California: 1 HI 'I f arrowpoiiiLS. [t has usually been supposed that this spiradinj^ One of tlic Uy has liccn ly, "liiiii'idii.' o, pojiitnl ii> iftor thi' lasli' i'.")!, lii;. Ill:;, 1 asc was to be held between the thnmb and liii^fis, ffiiiilet fashion, and used as a drill. Son (' of these iinplenuMits apiiear to have been made primarily for this purpose, wliile (itlii rs hawi tlie full and complete base, stem, sliiuilders, and sometimes barbs, of tlie stem (Mid of an arrowpoint, and of these it has always been sail. NAT Mrs 07 00 041; REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. A Biiij.'le specimen of u l>()\v was presiTvod in the bofj poat a llilW pro m§. Mention has previously been nuide of the possibility of the use hy prehistoric man of tlu' implements described in this paper for oilier purposes than as arrowpoints or spearheads (pp. .S23, 935. 93s. i)77 . The importance of the subject re:' I he yo of lii;!il— > orijiiiial of I, and loiind illy tlic lake itatioii iiioii. ierved. The )f wood, .111(1 es of |)ics('i'. itically ;is ;i of tlic Wmv ve. not jiic :' tlio. use l)y )ei' for oilier 15, 93S. iiTT . on. 1 show niiiiiy ched, slioul- lils, the j^xMi- I'O beini;' tlio s, those most t. It serins al character •easonahlc t(i nd small, ilie iame maiiiier iige if iniple- Plate (io . or "Prehistnric I in the SiHiic iin or Jasper ) of the same sir princijtat. t <',onlineor I inches in length, tlic implement would become a knife (Plates 4I-4.'i). The same (Oassi- tication applies to a larger implenuMit attached to a larger or longer shaft equally well as to the smaller implentent with the short»T shaft. The foregoing in its application to ]>rehist<)ri(! implements is, to a certain extent, theoretical, for their shafts or handles were of wood and by lapse of time have decayed and an* lost. We know this as a matter of fact. Among the hundreds of collectors throughout the United States, where tens of thousands of ancient arrowpoints and spearheads have been collected, we have no record of any of them hav- iuji been found with handle or shaft attached. This is not strange nor is it peculiar to these implements. The polished stone hatchets doubt- less had wooden handles, yet of all of the thouaaiuls found, there have been less than a do/en reported in the United States with their wooden handles.' Like the arrowpoint or spearhead, it is usual to find them without any trace of a handle. Objects of wood used in i)rehistoric tii:ieshave rarely been found, and the instaiu;es thereof are usually con- tlned to those either protected by water'' or those in the sandy desert, wliere there was no moisture to cause decay. ' There are some of these implements with their handles which, being t'oiiud under these favorable conditions, or belonging to modern sav- iiges, have been preserved for inspection. Col. l\ 11. Kay, in his investigations and collections among the Hupa Indians,' reported a number of leaf shaped implements, which, if found alone, would have passed for spearheads, as have thousands of others of similar form collected throughout all that i)ortion of the world occupied by pre- historic man. The implements found by Colonel Kay are now in the U. S. National Museum under Professor Mason's charge (Plate 41). 'Tlioinas Wilson, I'reliistorir Art, trlit speciniens. Tlie niateriiil is obsidiiin or clialccdony viiryinjj: IVoin dark -brown to a dull blue, with vciiiv,,! blue tliroujjliout the brown. The blades vary from t to 5'^ in( hcs ill lenjjth, from Ijj to lii| inches in width, and are from j^ to A imli thick. Handles of ]»ine, Irom 4A to it\ inches, were attached to ;i!l dl them. Five of these were fjlued or yummed, three were lashtd. Another of these blades, similar in all respects to the former, \\;is obtained by Colonel Ray, but the wooden handh^ was replaced li\ ;i wrapping of otter skin. The blade is 7.^ by Ij; by g inches. SpiM j mens of the forej^oing are set forth in Plate 41, a refereiuje to whicli will make the description dear. The smaller si)eciinen in this plate nine sents a series of knives obtained by Maj. J. W. Powell from tlic I'lii Utes. The latter is described and figured by Dr. Charles liau,' who snys: Uollectors iiro rwjuly to cIuhs cliipptid-stonti iirticles ol' (-(^rtiiin foriiiH (icciiiiin;; thronffhout the liiited Stiih'S iis iirrow and laiici' heads, witlioiit tlunkiii;; ilmt many of theso H|)(>cini(Mis iiiiiy have hcoii (|iiiti( di(V(3i'eutly enii»h)yod liy the ahoi i;;i- Dvs. Thus tho I'ai Utes of .Soiitlioiii I'tah ubo to this (hiy chijjjJtMl-dint l)l!ii!es, identical in Hhapo with those that ai« nsnally (tailed arrow and hpoai'iKMnis, us knives, fastening; them in short wooden handles by iiieau8 of a black snbHt.nici', Qnito a nnmbcr of the8(! hafted dint knives (tig. 1) have been deposited in tlir i nl- loction of the >"ational Mnsenm by Ma.j. .1. W. Powell, who obtained them diuiiij; his Hojonrn among tho I'ai I'tes. The writer was informed by Major I'owell tliiit these people use their stoin; knives with great ettoct, especially in cutting leutlni. On the other hand, tln^ stone-tipped arrows still made by various Indian tribe> miv mostly ])rovided with small, slender points, generally less than an inch in hnmtli, and seldom exceeding an inch and ahalf, asoxempliliedby many specimens of inoilim arrows iutho Smithsonian eolleetion. If these facts bo deemed conclusive, it wiKild follow that the real Indian arrowhead was comparatively small, and that the largiT specimens classed as arrowheads, and not a few of the so-called sjiear pouiis, were originally set in handles and were used as knives and daggers. In many ( uses it is impossible to dettirniiue the real character of small leaf shaped or triaiit;iil:ir objects of chiitped Hint, which may have served as arrowheads or either as s(r;i|i( is or cutting tools, in which the ccmvex or straight base formed the working i'> :itv icll iu lt!Il;itli, ensofiiitxh in isive, it wdiilil 4an(l tlijit tlie I 8i)ear i>oiiii.s, Iu many ( iisrs [ or triaiiKiiliir ler as s<'rii|i(;is workinji cil^^i'. t, or Klifiiiiiy (1h ofaslciiilcr uuch that it is lie iittaclu'd 1 Oalitbniiii, le speciiiH'iis Santa ("riiz mly of liai'd ) inserted in the evidciKe 3y cauMi was e coast iinr, L. le 100th Mcrid- m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 4^ 1.0 I.I l^|28 |25 U2 1^ ■ 2.2 us I ■it ■UUl. 14.0 2.0 1^ f-i m IIIJ4 im ^ ~ 6" ► ^ V] Pi¥jtographic Sdeiices Corporalion 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14510 (716) 872-4503 1 m M S Report of U. S. National Museum, 1397. Wiison. Leaf-shaped Flint Blades, in Wtxpt Handle Santa Barbara ami Sa I'ruz ivhui, Wheeler-; Siirvejic, VII, p. ; ^'i ' Plate 42. INT Blades, in Ww ;uiita Barbarii ami Sa Wlieeler s Survf Handles, fastened with Bitumen. •niz islands, California. li'. VII, p. .•,<», pi. IV. 1 1 m 1^1 ■'<>! 1 '^^^tM ft.!pn,{ .,f U b. Ndl 1837 rti Platf 43. 4 mi :mm -.>-.^n' Leaf-shaped Blades of Flint and Chalcedony, showing Bitumen Handle Fasteninj Calitiii'iiia. WliiM-lci'-i Survey, ctL-., Vll. pi. i. ARUOWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 049 VNDLE FaSTENINj indeed, to California, but were found fur in the iiiterioi-. The lla/.- za. i collection from the cliff ruins of Ari/ona and New Mexico, now in tlic Archieological Museum of the University of I'ennsylvaniu, which iiiiide such a nieujorahle display iit the World's Columbian Exposition ill ( iiicago, contains a series of similar knives of Hint inserted in wooden liiiiidles from 4 to (> inches in length, of the same style and kind as the California specimens in Plate 42. lornung part of the same series are eltviii other specimens without liaiidles, but with the tra(!es of bitumen on tiie base showing where a liaiidle had been attached. It should not be forgotten in considering these implements that they come from a country which abounds in the ordinary arrowpoints and spearheads of all kinds and sizes, some of wlii( 1» show extremely fine chipping. Tiiere is still another series' (Plate 43) (juite different in form and iiialic, but to which the same remark applies. Some of them represent the iiighest order of flint chipping. They form Class C of the division ot leaf-shaped implements of the author's classification. They are long, tbiii, and narrow, with a well-wrought base which may be square, con- vex, or . I,')7. 'he Mortillet, Musdo Pr6bistorii|Uc, pi. xiA'iil. * Mem., pi. Lii, lig. 487. I! 950 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. )», I' ■ il ji I A-. points «»f' hone sind of ivory, inserted in short handles of wood, hoiif. and ivory, tJu* lower end iminted for insertion iu a lanee shaft fm u^c as liarpoons, are in ... ., „ .. over a part of the upper edge ot K. W. NclBoii. Cut. No. 176071;, U.S.N. M. '■ 1 I O the blade, catching upon tlie irregularities of the flint edge and drawn tight so as to be held firudy In place. This was tised as a fish knife, its interstices being yet tilled with fish S(;ales. J)r. Mason,' describing this instrument, says: Thero are thoiisiiudH of pieces of sbale, slate, wn iu liif. il»len»ent of TOUglit;iii(l iertetl in a :ly for use lustrations, of Eskimo bam Inlet, Lieut. Coin- U.S. N., are Figs. 1 and rt or lioiii- leaf shape, se as a knife gewise in a ;. 1 is inter taped char- easily idea B, insteart Miiseuin, 1!^!*0, 'il EXPLANATION OF PLATE 44. Fig. 1. Woman's Knikk (I'lu). Hlade of liornstonf, l<'nf-Hha))(>fl, with a projection from one iiitn');in. The handle is of the most ])riiiiitive churacter, l» iti>; formed of osior, \vra]i]ied backward and ibrward longitudinally. iin9 are tilled with tish HialoH. Length, 8| inches. (Cat. No. fl:i70S, n.S.N.M. EHkimii of Rotham Inlet, Alnska. Collectey Lhmii <: M. Stoncy. IT. S. N.) Fig. 2. Wo.man's K.vifk (Uln). Hladeof chert or Hint materijil, iuHnrted in a li.iinllc of wo«»d. On the n|t])er margin of the latter at either corner art^ tliiii' croNB gnsbcH or grooves. (Cat. No. n3706, U.S.N. M. Kskimo of Hothain Inlot. Alattku. ('ollert« A by Lieut i; \I. e )>V ' M u. Common Arrowpoints, handled bv the Author to show their possible use as Knives. U. S. National Museum. m'^ ii ill}, >/***' tMa • f E USE AS Knives. '-t: I"' :f Repott nf U. S National Muoeum, 1897 - Wilson. Plate PLATt > t ^ Report of U S National Museum, 1897.— Wilson Plate 47. * Q be s are not in the center but oft" to one side. sometimes to the right, other times to the left, while the exijeriment of grasping them in the hand (as shown in Plate 48) demonstrates tli;it they are more easily manipulated and more effective when used rij^iit and left handed respectively, than when used indifferently. It has been suggested that these implements were only accidents or failures made by the aboriginal workmen when endeavoring to make the usual leaf 8hai)ed implement, but such is not regarded as a correct deduction. It would be foolish to assert that there were no accidents or failures in the prehistoric (juarry or workshop. The author has shown in I 'late G3, the chips and debris which he i)ersonallj- took from Flint Kiddie, Ohio. Anyone having the slightest familiarity with such work lias seen and will recognize thousands of such specimens. At Piney Blanch, District of Columbia, they were to be numbered by the him dreds of thousands and to be measured by the ton. But it is e(|niilly daring to assert that everything found was an accident or failure, and that implements with the specialization of these now under discussion w'ere but waste, the debris and rejects of the workshops and the acci- dents or failures of the workmen. Their number is too large, tlioir dissemination too general, their distribution too extensive, and tlieir specialization and adaptability too evident to permit such a conclusion to pass unchallenged. The evident existence of an intentional cutting edge around one side of the oval can not be ignored, while their titnoss to either hand, as shown in PL ie 48, and their adaptability for use as knives or for cutting purposes, are evidences against the reject or waste theory that can not be set aside by mere declarations, however persist ently or pertinaciously made. No reason is, or, I take it, can be yiven why the workman, having gotten his implement into its present hiiinp- backed condition, should not have continued his work by strikinj; oil •t 't U. S. N.itionai Museum, 1 897. — Wilsnn. Plate 48. ftccideiiis or n^ to make as 11 COM t'ct 1 fi j: I j'M >^ 1 I.i I' Raport of U. S. NitlontI MuHum, 1897.— Wilion. Plate 49. in I it,., I .t'\ •■I ill ii 'J 1 - Il^l l'\' '11 ■•■!|Hi '.'''>■ > i'li 1 :■ .. '■ > z -I < z o H Z U 1- z CD z J! = oil to Q U a. a I () o < a Q. D I R..n" t r.MJ 5 N I'll' ii M .sc'jm IfllT W'linn Plate Humpbacks" OF Quartzite with One Cutting Edge, used as KNivEb. United Stati's. Cat. No. i:«HHWI, L'.S.N.M. 'LATE b KNIVEb. Report ot U, S. National Mjs.?um 1897 Wilson. Plate 51 Rude Knives of Flint and Hard Stone, chipped to a Cutting Edge on one side OF THE Oval. Uiiitfil Statt'.s. I Mi ■I !. i! Pl-vte 51 ON ONE SIDE R -lO't of U S. Nat.^.in Museum, 'P97 W'i5"n. Plate 52, SiillH' 111 ll.llil'S. ( Rude Knives of Flint, Jas°er. etc. lii|>|M'il III ;i I'littitijr I'll;.'!' iiti siili- (.>!' iiviil; siiiiii' hav" a ui'll-i|i'vi'|o|ii'il liiiin|' I'liili'd stall's. Pl4TE 52. J '|m|hmI IiIIIIII' Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.— Wilson. Plate 5 . Knives with Stems, Shoulders, and Barbs, resembling Arrowpoints and Spearhl^d. BUT WITH Rounded Points unsuitable for Piercing. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 53, I mH 1^/ ND Spearheads. Knives with Round Points. Fij;. I. WiiiTK Flint. (Cat. No 19022. t'.S.X.M. Indiana.) Fig. 2. Fli.nt. (C«(. No, 1(1004. U.S.N.M. Ca.n,len(;onnt,v,(l.,orpa. Ch.-m. R. Flovrt.) FijJ. 3. QCAIiT/ITE. (Cat. No. 18U.J0, U.S.N.M. K.lgartown, Massaclius.-tt.H. ,1. W. Clark.) Fig. 4. Pyromachic Flint. (Cat. No. 34341, U.S.N.M Frankfor.l, Onio. A. K. Crittemie...) Fig. 5. Brown Chert. (Cat. No. 3210, T.S.N.M. Moiui.l near Nashville, Teune.ssee. Maj. J. \Y. Powell. the hi III' I he IIOS J >f( 111.*" , lll> til till -JU I I'lii ill I I'liiriii 1 II pI'OJ 1 )et illlCllt I'lato imI^^c ^ is iuti il lias Icit n uvt'i- i mdcsl IlMlli "^ round wiilioi their ( (Ills e: I'iiite.^ show ■ iKit is tlirouj tools These thiit i! arrow] 110 si in iiiji' pi riiivly cuttiii, iieiivy, ]\ used s \ «<' to iiav not to Tlie iiiei.ts tol'ore intend \ ini'iis ftc, ai m t I i ARKOWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 953 tin hump if he desired it to be striekeu oft) eitlier with a dinuit stroke ot the haininer <»r by the iiiediatiou of u i>anch, thus retbu-iug its thick- iio>s aud inakiiig it the usual leaf-shaped impleuient. The couehisiou sceius inevitable that his failure to do this is evidence of the want of bis desire to do so, and that he left it thus — specimens beinj^; found tliijughout the country — is evidence that ne desired to make si diU'er- ciii implement from the leaf-shaped. Tliis different implement was for (tit ring and not for piercing, was to be held in the hand and not useted and treated accordingly. It has not here been Ictt rude or unseemly, but has been carefully smoothed by chipping ov» I its entire surface, the hump being as well preserved as in the iiulcst specimens. The specimens in this i)late are both of fiint, one troiii Wisconsin, the other from (leorgia; both are fiat on the bottom, iDimded on top, and brought bj' chipping to a sharp cutting edge and without point. If these two s[)ecimens were the only ones thus treated, tbeir evidence would be insufficient, but the Museum possesses numer- ous examples of the same kind which tend to prove the same fact. riiites 50 to 52 ])resent some of these specimens, and a comparison will show the similarity. Their number shows that those in Plate 41) are iKit isolated specimens, while their number and extensive distribution throughout the country demonstrates their common use as one of the tools or implements behmging to the prehistoric culture of the country. These plates are intended also as evidence of the major i)roposition — that is, that many of the Hint aud other objects heretofore classed as ai'iowpoints or spearheads were really knives. These implements have no sharp points and couhl never have served for any piercing or thrust- illy purpose, but, on the other haiul, have been made sharp on one, iMiely on both edges, and could have been used only for cutting. The tutting edge is usually convex; the outer edge or back is thick and liL'ji vy. It has not been worked, and must be held in the hand to be tised saw or knife fashion. It is submitted that they show themselves to have been cutting implements used after the mauuer of knives, and not to have been either arrowpoints or spearheads. The major proposition of this chapter is that many aboriginal iniple- 11101. ts having the appearance of arrowpoints or spearlieads, and here- tofore generally so classed, were not such, but were in reality knives intended for cutting or sawing purposes. The specimens on Plate 53 aie evidence in favor of this. The lower or butt end of these speci- nieiis has a stem, with base, notches, shoulders, barbs, sharp edges, etc., and in all these regards they resemble the ordinary arrowpoint :>54 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSKL'M, lH!t7. or siicarhcud. The p'-int, liowevt'.r, whih'- syiiitiu'tii<'ally forincil imd tlioroiijj^lily worked, is not sliarp, but is a well-ioiinded ovstl, iiiipossiltlc for tlinisting or piercinj;'. On piij^e 1)41 of the clsissilication of sirrowpoints and spcailH-iKU. anion;;' peculiar forms, a certain series is shown as ('lass II, asyiMinci rie. These are tliere nientione«l as being' possible knives, and wt k inserted to complete tln^ classification. No opportunity then Mltcicd to investijjate their (rue charjicter or to bring out their i)e(uliariti(s. Plates 54 and 5.') and lig. l\)i> are here introduced in continuation ni that investigation. Tlie origiinil of fig. 195 belongs to the colUction of Dr. Roland Steiner. There are 1132 specimens of this series wliicli are represented by tig. 195 and certain specimens on Plate 55. Th( y resend)le arrow|)oints and spearheads, having the same stem, base, shoulders, and barbs. So far as relates to the stem end, their restni blancre is perfect, and they might belong to any class of stemnicil arrowpoints or spearheads. Some are rather thick and rude, but many are thin and tinely chipped. Their peculiarity is their asymmetric form. They are lopsided, or one- sided. The shoulder or barb is on only one ed^c. The other has been chipped off in the ruder spcci mens from one side only, making a concave scrainn^ edge, possibly for arrow shafts, while the finer ones are chip] ted from both sides and are not concaxt': but in both kiiuls of specimens the shoulder or baili is on one side only, and that has been brought to a smooth, sharp edge. An examination of tliisc specimens, a number of which are shown in riati s 54 and 55, shows clearly their asymmetric charactn and makes apparent at a glance their knife likf appearance. A short handle attached with sinew, as in the case of ordinary arrowpoints or spear heads (Plate 45), or with gum or bitumen, as in the California specimens (Plates 41-11! . will make a knife suitable for all known savage needs. All differentiation rendering them suitable for knives renders thoni unsuitable for arrowpoints or spearheads. They are heavier on one side than on the other, which renders them lopsided aiul would tlnow them out of the line of fiight and destroy their eflicacy as projectiles. It is believed that even a slight examination demonstrates the correct ness of the conclusion that they were knives, rather than arrowpoints or spearheads. Concluding the chai>ter on knives, it is deemed wise to introduce tor comparison a series of those which heretofore passed for and have been recognized as knives. The author does not remember any specimens of the asymmetric or unilateral form in Europe, except those from Solutn'' which do not belong to the Neolithic period. Knives weic, however, by no means rare among the prehistoric im]>lements of tlmt Fig. 105. ITNII.ATEItAI. KNIPE OK YET.I.OW FLINT. (icorjiin. Sli-ini-r oiilir.liiin. Cat, N.i. nil,W, U.S.N. M. formed and i/I, inipossihic spcavlh'uds, II, ll.SyiMlml 5S, 1111(1 Wt'lc tlieii ((ircrcd lKH;uliariti(s. itiimatioTi ni he coiled ion series wliich te r,h. They stem, base, their resein- of steniiiH'd le, but in;iiiy ecnliiirity is (led, or one- y one ed;;('. ruder spcri ive scrapiiiji e finer ones lOt coucinc; ilder or bar!) brouylit to 311 of tliese ni ill J-lates i(^ eliiiraefer ir knife lilu' with sinew, Plate 45), or lates 41-1;)), enders tlieiii ivier on one would throw < projectiles, the eorre(;t- arrowpoiiils ntroduce lor d have been y .specimens those from Lnives were, ents of that EXPLANATION OF PLATE 54. Unilateral Knives. Fif{. 1. Yei.i.ow Fuxt. (Ciit. No. 10821, r.S.N'..M. ItalmlaCroek, Copiah Couiity, MissiMsippi. T.J. It. Kn miil Fig. '2. HUdWN ClIKKT. (Cat. No. tiii.'i'.t". I'.S.N.M. Lincoln Comily ( / ), TcnnesBfp. C. S. (Irisliy.) \"V^. ;i. ClIKKT. (('at. Ni). '.mTt.l, C.S.N.M. l''iilii.oiitli Ih'.jiiiiI, in .Siigqii<>liniini\ Uiver. rcrinsylvini.i ■T.Orciuliirt'and V.H. (iuill)riiitli.i IMji. I. I>AUK-GUAY Flint. (Cat. No.707J, I'.S.N.M. (iroveport, Ohio. \V. R, Liinpcrl.) Fig. .">. M()iTi,Ki)-(ii{AY Fmxt. (Cat. No. 2:(2t>5, U.S.N..M. Moiintl on Ktowali Uivor, Geoifjia. It- W. (liilRon.) K(!port of U. S. National Museum, 1897— Wilton. Plate 54. . T.J. U. Kr, ,,11 ) •i.sli.v.) vt-r. I't'iili.sv Iv ini.i Unilateral Knives. '-4, EXPLANATION OF PLATE 55. 1 8 8 4 6 6 7 8 Unilateral Knives. Fig. 1. Brown Jasper. (Cat. No. ai58;}, r.S.N.M. (Locality unknown.) Dr. T. H. Bean.) Fig. 'J. PALE-(iHAV Flint. (' at. No. ;j'J75a. l.'.iS.N.M. Kiclimonil, Jetferson County, Ohio. Samuel ^ou^. ()21U4, 1'. S.N. M. Mason County, West Virginia. R. W. Morcer.) Fig ."). Flint. ((Jat. No. ;i0179, I'.S.N.M. ,onal). Illinois. Dr. T F. SnydiT ) Fig. 6. (jrRAY Flint. (Cat. No. 5'J221, n.S.N.M. Tenue.-isei". C. L, Stratton.) Fig. 7. Whitk Flint. (Cat. Xo. 196505, I'.S.N.M. Loui.'^iana. I'lii) ips collection.) Fig. M. WiiiTK Flint. (Cat. No. 4935, U. S.N M. Illinois.) Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897.— Wilson. Plate 55. uel Hou.ston.) I Unilateral Knives. fr , R- port of U. S Nalmral Museum 1897 Wilson. Plate 56 UJ EXPLANATION OF PLATE 56. Flint Flakes Chipped on One Edge Only, Intended for Knives. rig. 1. Flint. (Cat. Xo. 2701)1, U.S.N.M. Ciiniberland Mountains, Tennessee. Gen. J. T. Wilder.) Fig. 2. Flint. (Cat. No. 60205, U.S.N.M. Tennessee. C. S. (Irigsby.) Fig. 3. Flint. (Cat. N '.19234, r.S.N.M. Louisville, Kentucky . Dr. James Knapp.) Fig. 4. Flin.. (Cat. No. 100257, U.S.N.M. Spieuues, Belgium. Thomas Wilson.) K I Report of U, S. National Museum, 1897.- Wilson. Plate 57. Flint Flakes chipped on One Edge intended for Knives. I EXPLANATION OF PLATE 57. Flint Flakes Chipped on One Edge, Intended for Knives. Fig. 1. Ghayi.sh Funt. (Cat No. 'J9024, U.S.N.M. MiliiersviU.-, (iiieriisoy C.nnty, Ohio.) Fig. 2. (iKAY Jaspkky Flint. (C«t. No. 98089, U.S.N.M. Keuf.up';. W. M. Lim„,y.) Pig. 3. Yellow Ja.sper. (Cat. No. 7050, U.S.N.M. Union County. Kcntn.-ky. S. 8. Lyon.) Fiiiiiilar to this in ai»i>earance and manulactun', and supposed to have , liiM'M made and used as knives, are lound in <;reat prolusion thiouyiiout wi stern I'hirope, almost every excavation in a prehisiorieneial chiUiicter, but chipped to a sharp edj^'c, are found in both Kurope and Amt>rica and are also 8Ui>posed to Iiave been used as knives. Whether they have been dulled by use and the edye then lestored by <;hipping is unknown. It is known, however, that the >vorked Hakes, either primarily or secondarily chipped t<> an edeeu cou- sidiued except as it involves arrowpoints or spearheads. X. WOUNDS BY ARROWPOINTS OR SPEARHEADS. Tlu! author of the Manuel du Chirurgien d'Armce ted from ancient classics ' and cited Chiron and Machaon's patients, ]\renelaus and Phihu^tetes, iiiul Kurypyles tieated by Patroclus. He believed the name "medicus" iu the Greek anciently siguitied "sagitta," an arrow,^ and declared that llippocratesuseda]>articularforcei>s, "belulcum,"fore\tractingarrows, which his successor, Diocles, improved and (sailed '• grapliis(;os." ' I leras of (Jappadocia, in the wars of Augustus, invented the duck-bill Ibnseps. Celsus^ taught the necessity of dilating the wound iu ordci to extract the arrowhead, aud Paulus Kgineta ' treated arrow w(Minds in a pe7. 1! turned the i>(d away before the time of Xerxes. All of which only shows how smliy mistaken was the author of the Manuel dii Chirnrj«ien d'Arinc*' in liis opinion as to the orij^in of surgery and the dates of the earliest wdiinds made by man's weai)ons. It has been thought by ntany pers«)us, among them a number liij^lily qualitied to judge, that ther«' were no burials made during the Tahu lithic ])eriod in western Kurope. Whether tliis be true or not, it must be admitted that, either because of the rarity of the burials or ilic immensity of time which has elapsed, or possibly the failure to discdvcr tlie graves, or for these reasons either singly ( collectively, there havo been comparatively few of the skeletal dt'bri Paleolithic nuin lonmi. And this wultuie»lfM AuciciisTioylodytestlcM I'yic ih es. AUROWPOINTS, SPKARirEADS, ANM) KNIVES. J)r)7 \V01lll(l> .11,(1 attlic. liiiiiM iiei;:hborlio(l woiiml, in wliirh in 4till tMiilteddftl a Hint iiriowpoiiir. i'la^iiii-nt of tli<> iliac iiniit', in tlio iiilcinal part of wiiirh is I'liiht'iiilrtl tin arrow* L' point in a wound wliirli HJiowod Migim of suppuration. AiiotliiT fra^nirnt of iliac; bone, in the external |iart of whirli watt inilxMldiMl an aiiowpoint of Hint in a Nuppurated wound. A dorsal voiIcIhh with Hint arrowpoiiit in n wouml in tin* liody td' tin- vertehiii — iiu suppuration. sd Fr;iM.u I'n-hlslnri.iu,'. |'. '-•.'.I, fif. I'.'t. l.iiiMbar vertolira with a wound which had been much onlarj,'aye. Fig. 197 represents a liuinaii ihia witli an arrowpoint inserted, found in the dolmen of Fontliial near Saint-Atfriciue (Aveyron), nmou de IJaye lias been, after ]>r. Pninii'res, one ot tlic most successful seekers for these specinsens. In the cavern of Vilh^venard he found one skull (on taining three tranchaut-transversal arrowlitiuls. while another was lodged between the dorsal vci tc bra'. Other human vertebra' i)ierced with Hint ar rowpoints were found in the caves of Petit Mdiin. In one sepulchral cavern the Baron found 7.> Mint arrowpoints, and, as in the case of \'illeveu;ml, their position was such as to lead to the supixtsi- tionthat they had been .sticking in the Hesh ot'tlie body at the time of interment and had fallen (h.wii as de(!omposition i)rogressed. A hunum vertchni was found by M. Cartailhac in the covered wiiys of CasteHet, near Ai-les, Avith a stone arrowpoint incrusted therein. The absence of any exostosis shows that death (piickly followed. The list of examples or s])eciniens showing arrow wonnds might be augmented considerably, but enougli in- stances have been given to show that the use ol arrows and other weapons was habitual, and no reason is kncuvn why an investigation, if carried to any consider;il)le extent and in any great detail, might not make a large addition to the data already obtained.' Kig. 108 (fig. ;{9— 55;il, Avmy Medical Museum) represents an ancient arrow wound in the skull of an aborigine. The skull was origiiuiUy received by the Sn'.itlisonian Institution from J)r. C Yates, Alameda County, California, and transferred to the Army ^Medical ]\Iuseum. It shows a man of advanced age. A long Hint arrowjjoint had penetrated the skull through the left orbit, and the figure shows it in place as originally found impacted. This specimen .d to Kiii. li)7. lt'>(ANIlUI.\ (I'KKlllSTUHIr) l'II';H. 121, ligs. 121, 125; I/Aiithropologic, VII, IS, W.W, p;.. .'{12. 3i:<, li-s. :!.4: G. do Mort.ili't, Matoriuux, etc., 1877. VIII, p. 161, itiid others therein iiiontioiu'il, lot (Manic), 11 jl)i:i witli ' dolincii (if ■on). HiiKtii S, Olio dl' tlu! jciiiieiis. Ill le skull coii- aiTowlicji^ls. dorsal vcrtf- ^vitli Hint ai- Petit -IMoriii. mud 7.") tliiit N'illeveuiiKl, tlio su]>i»(»si- i Hesli olilic . fallen (l(;\vn nan vertebra lovered ways i arrow point .ny exostosis The list of rcny wounds it enouyli in- it the use of tual, and no coiisider;d)le Idition to the LINT AUKI \Vl">IN'r. Iiac's Lii Friii''« [2,31S. lijis. :i.4; iieutioiuMl. R-p.,rt,.< U 5. N,i urn, 1897. Wils -n. Plate 58. /*^. '/^\ ffl if) ARROWPOINTS, SrEAKHEADS, AND KNIVES. !ir)9 1)0 romwikcd as one of a class called i)erforators or drills and iM>ssil)ly used as sucli, but here nse«l aa an arrowpoint. Fig. 199 (tig. 37 — 5553, Army ^ledical Museum) is also a prehistoric speciniei). It is from one of the Indian mounds in the vicinity of Fort Wadsworth, Dakota, excavated by Surg. A. T. Comfort, II. S. A., in FiK. 199. AKflK.NT lU'MAN VKItTEItHA IMKHCKD WITH iilAUT/. AHIIOWPOINT. IIKAI-KD. Fif<. 200. ANCIKNT SKULL I'lEBI'KI) WITH PEKFOKATOU AllUOWI't INI IlliiioiH. \ I8(i!>, and consists of a hnman lumbar vertebra with a small arrow- point of white (piartz incrusted in it. It is <;overed with a new bony formation, showing that the wounded man survived the .(Jury some iiKtiiths at least. Fig. 200 (Cat. Nos. G0281, (>0282, I'.S.N.M.) represents an ancient abo- riginal skull from IIen wide, and one-fourth of an inch thick. It is inserted in the head dl a human femur( !). Fig. 1 is loose so tlint it may be taken out of its prcxnt socket, while fig. 2 is firmly embedded and can not be removed. Tlie material of both is the black or brown lusterless pyromachic tlint ( om- mon to the country in which it was found. The specimens cauic truiii a cavern about 4 miles northeast of Bowling (ireen, and an ecinal dis- tance from Old Station. The opening at the surface was about .5 Ut t in diameter and the hole about 40 feet in d'»;^<^^h. ^\t its bottom t',; cave extended horizontally several hundred feet through solid lo. U. There is no way of telling whether thesc! implements were used as arrows or spears; ihe shafts which would alone deterukine that liavc entirely disappeared, or at least no fragments of either wood or sinews were reported. If arrows, they must have been used with an enormous bow; it is more likely that they were mounted upon a larger and heaviii shaft and used as spears or javelins. Looking at these heavy projectiles, considering the conditions ot the hand to hand fight wherein they were used, and the force with wliidi they were hurled, it is astonishing that at least one of the figlitcis, it the specimens belong to diflereut individuals, not only survived tlie shock, but the patient recovered with the weapon embedded in tlie wound, for its cicatrization is fouud to be complete. APPENDIX A.' MINES, QUARRIES, AND WORKSHOPS. The following metioratula of prehistoric tiint mines or quarries and workshops of aboriginal stone implements in the United States have been compiled mostly from reports made by investigators in the iield. I Tliey are here brought together and published for convenience of the student. MAINE. Mount Kinoo, on tbo eastern shore of Mooscheacl Lake, has fiirniHlied niatcriiil for aboriginal arrowpointH and spearheads for hundreds of miles down the Atlantic coast. It is usually called Mount Kineo tlint, hut is really a porphyritic filsite or rhvolite. NEW YORK. I'rie Co«»jt^.— Extensive flint-arrowpoint faitories in the vicinity of Hnffalo and along the river shore; marked by the presence of flint and piles of chipped pieces. Reported by Dr. A. L. Benedict, Buffalo. Chautauqua County. — Some years ago, Mr. Williams, plowing a held on his farm, in the town of Sheridan, turned up as much as two bushels of flint spalls or chips and a number of arrowpoints and spearheads. These were together, and led Mr. Williams to suppose that Indians made their tools there. Some of these implements cuirespond in outline and material to those from Flint Ridge. Ohio. James Sheward.- Montijomery County. — Deposit of flint arrowpoints in the town of Amsterdam. Descrilieu by P. M. Van Epps. ' NEW JERSEY. Hercer County. — "Open-Air Workshops" (chips of Jasper and flint) in Hamilton Township.* "Open-Air Workshops" are treated at length by Dr. Abbott, and examples are cifed; one near Belvidere, New Jersey, and one in Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey, which was greatly elaborated "»y excavation and description. The remains of human industry found in the quarries aro thus classed by Dr. Al)l)otG : (1) Masses of jasper and altered mineral; (2) cores and n-mains of no further use; (S) large flakes; (4) biocked-out and discarded specimens; (5) specimens nearly finished and then discarded — these are of the arrowheads with point, stem, or barb broken off; (6) chips and splinters of every size; (7) hammerstones of utilized peb- bles, mostly with shallow depressions, one on each side; (8) flat-slab stones of small size and traces of hammering on either side, probably used as lapstones — making in all about a thousand pieces. There was no trace of argillite U8er. W. li. Ilolmcs. JUSTRKJT OK <:(»!, IJMIWA. Ancient iinarrics nonrWasliington.' rrebistoric (|uarrie.s in tiie vicinity of Washinj^ton.' Ancient village sites and aboriginal workshops. ' Contribntions to the Arclmology of the District of Colnnibia.' A (piarry of qnart/.ito bowlders has been discovered on the hills at Piiicy l!r:iii' h, together with an extensive niannfactory of rude iniplenients. It was exca\ attd l.v Ur. W. H. Holmes and is described at length.' WEST VIRGINIA. I'uliiitm Comity. — Ancient furnai^e, 4 niilea east of Hurricane, on the farm of .1. ,1. Estes. Described by Mr. 1'. W. Norris. NORTH CAROLINA. Cherokre foiinty. — Ancient mining excavations on farm of Mercer Fain, near ( Hi vard Check, on north side of Valley River, 5 miles above Mnr|diy. Other old iinn iug indications in the same county. Rejtortcd by James Moouey, (iEORGIA. Savannah Hirer. — At some ])oints, oven in the depths of the swamp region, iii;i\ still bt^ noted traces of small open-air workshops. *■ * » These exist not only along the line of the >Savaniuih River, but frecjiiently o( cm on the barks of the Oconrocess of manufacture, and with cores and wasters abandoned from some inherent defect in the material or broken by the workman. Some idea may thus be formed of the extent and duration of the labors of ther,e primitive workers in stone.'' Jeffiraoii and Unrkc connties. — Dr. Roland Steiner, now of Grovetown, (ieorgia, has been, during aliiu)st his entire life, an enthusiastic collector, and has pushed liis investigations in nniuy directions throughout the State. He formerly livead. other ([uarries were found in themiiKhborliood; one of white Hint at Krin, and one of yel- low flint at Oldtown, 10 or 12 miles west in Jellerson County. There were work- shops on what he calls the Davis plantation or the Old Kvans pLice, at the crossing of Little Ruckhead Cieek by the Waynesboro road; one of these was 2 miles tip the stream at Captain Ridyely's. Dr. Steiner exliausted this neighborhood in his search. He found on the Old Eviins place, in the valley of the Little Huckhead, within an area of 40 acres, no less than 1<>,0()0 prehistoric implements, most of which were of the same material as the neighboring (piarries and had probably come from them, but many of them were of different material and had (miuio from ditl'erent and perhaps distant quarries.' There is in the U. S. National Museum a collection of arrow and spearheads called, after its finder, the McXJlashan c()lle(;tioii, from Geor gia. It comprises about 20,000 speiamens. They are of divers forms and sizes, are all of cherty flint, and apparently from one (juarry. They are much weathered and their color ranges from yellow and rose to white. Plate 38, figs. 20-23 are pliotoj^raphs of specimens from the collection and show the appearance of the material. I region, in.iy FLORIDA. Hernando County. — Arrowpoint '"actory on tlie banks of Trouble Creek, 2 miles north of the mouth of the Anclote i?iver, and a miles south of Kootie River. "About 5 miles south of tlu) Kootio River, and some 2 miles north of the mouth of Anclote River, is u small stream called Trouble Creek. A considerable body of blue flint rock occurs here, cropping out along the slioras of tiie creek, with scat- tering nodules lying in all directions, '."his point was evidently used for a long tiint! by the aborigines as a factory for arrow and spear heads. IJushels of chips and fragments strew the ground, and largo (juantities have been washed from the banks of the creek and cover its bottom. A long search revealed nothing except a few arrowpoints and spearheads spoiled in nuiking, and a lot of broken pottery. "-' ALAHAMA. Lee, Jefferson, f.ownden, and TaUadeija ronnih'S. — Mica mine and stone waU in Clay Township, .lefl'erson County, Alabama. In Talladega (bounty, township 20 north, range 6 east, section 12, another mica pit. "Workshop" in Lee County, Alabama, east of Youngslioro, on the Western Railroaoro, for in the fields on tlio snithoaatern Hidr of a low ri(l>;t' c.illed Story's Mountain, acron ai« covered witli tho liroki-n (|nart/, in every vari«'l\ of that mineral found in this hill, from tranH])ar*-nt rock (Tystal to Jaspi^r and chalcedony; anion^ which occasional good implements occur.' OHIO. Licking and Muxkingiim KNIVES. J)65 ii low ri own, though ,11(1 doscrilics scriber, ]iiin rillings, that iu thickness. Flint Rir transportation. Arrow making, how- ever, was carried 12 uiirth, range 2 west; a\..l sections 27 and 36, township 13 north, range 13 east.' Fai/etie C'oh»/r. \V. A. I'hillipH and Edwiinl I'. Wynian, and opened liy Dim. I'hillipH and Morsey, of the Field Colnnildan MnHunniJ TKNNKSSKK. Cooke CouHlii. — Workshoj) on the rid>?e. C/nantitiHS of Hint ehips, etc., soattoreil over the ^rioiiiid. l{<'ported by .f. W. Kmnieit. KKNTI'CKV. Ohio Coiiiitjf. — A Hint ini])lonient factory on Wado \. Martin's farm, Cromwidl j)ost- olllee. h'eported by Mr. .1. M. IJrown. ^'liandolle r'o/m/i/.— Thenj aro a number of nionmls near Wyainlotte, Ktuitneky, nl wbicdi a niapiH in ])reparation. A workHliop 1 acre in uxtont and covered with eliijis and shreds is reported. "About two years ayo F discovered on the farm of .1. h. Stockton, 1 nule northwest of this city, reniaius of an aboriginal workshop or village. It is located on a small stream called .Jersey Creek, and near a larj^e sprinf^. It covers an area of about 2 acres. The soil is sandy, and to the depth of 2 feet is a complete mixture of Hakes of Hint, aslies, bones — both animal and liumiin— fray;ments of ornamented pottery, broken and nnlinislied stone implements of nearly (ivery feet, the. Hint work<'rs' site. This was abont loOy.irds long by .W wide, the di'bris, chips, Hak('s, arrowpoints, spearheiiils, and tools, being on an, township '.i south, ran)j;e lil west, is an otit. S. Hnrk's farm, section 17, townsliip 5 south, range '2'A west, cvi<]euce of an extensive workshop in arrowpoints and (Milting implements. The arrow material was taken from thetpiarry ahove descrilied, althon}{h 10 miles away. The cutting instruments were of the hatchet kind and made fmni aspc^cies of iron orn. There is am)ther workshop near my home, section 7, township I south, range L'l west, Montgomery County, Arkansas."' WISCONSIN. h'tnoshn County, — T.apham -' says : "At the city of Kenosha wo found, on the ancient sandy hoaeh upon which the city is partly liuili, ahundant evidence of a former manu- liietory of arrowpoints and other articles of Hint. Several entire specimens w«)re collected in a little search, besides numerous fragments tlnit appear to have been spoiled in chipping them into form. * ' ' Many dilVerent kinds of Hint, or chert, were wrought at the i)lace, as shown by the Iragments. It is probable that the pob- les ond bowlders along the lake shore i'urnished tlio m.'iterial. * * * These pebbles !ire the corniferous rock of Katon and ht-io constitute a portion of the drift, being associated with the tough blue clay that underlies the sand ami is the basis of the country around. The clay is carried away by the dashing waves, leaving a beach of (dean pebbles. Numerous fra<;nients of pottery of the usual form and composition were also found iu the same sandy places." INDIAN TKKRITOKV. An extensive novacnlite cpuirry was discovered and reported to the I'. S. (ieolog- ical Survey by Mr. Walter P. .lenney, which he says was known as the "Old Spanish mines." This rep(ut, made in 1801, resulted in the visit of Dr. W. H. Holmes to the locality for the purpose of investigation and study. "The quarry is situated on the Peoria Reservation, about 7 miles northwest of Seneca, Alissouri, and stune 10 miles southeast of Baxter Springs, Kansas. From Seneca the spot is reached i)y driving northward along the Missouri border for 5 miles and then crossing the line and proceeding 2 miles in a westerly course through the forest The country is a gently ndling plateau, with a gradual descent westward into the valley of Spring liiver, a branch of the Neosho or (irand Kiver, which falls into the Arkansas at Fort (iibson, Indian Territory.'' Dr. Holmes's investigations were published in a bulletin of tin' Hureau of I'.th- nology, entitled "An ancient (|uarry in Indian Territory," 18!U. Dr. George A. Dorsey visited this ([uarry in 1891). ' WYOMIN(J. Central-eastern Wyoming. — Quartzito (|uarry in central-eastern Wyoming, 40 or 50 miles east of Badger, on the Cheyenne and Northern Kailroad, 125 miles north of Cheyenne. Nineteen ancient diggings were cleaned out and the whole quarry inves- ' A. .Tones, Smithsonian Report, 1881, p. 542. 2 Antii|uities of Wisconsin, p. 6. •' Report, Field Columbian Museum, .Juue, 1899. 968 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1H{»7. ti}(ato(l. Thii work wan vuridUH, Hiiiiirtlriiil, jiihI nt' ^rciit oxtttiit. (/iiarrioH, hIiiiI low, 2 uikI i\ f'uot tlu(>)), DthtTH ir> to 20 feet |> Sp<«ariiointN,Hcra)i»rN, iixoh, niul aiiviln wrru t'otiiid; <|iiarry toolH, liiiiiiiiierH, niid niiiiu> wnro inadH of bowldoiH of gruiiite and (|uart/ito, "broii|{lit from tlie nei^tiborin;,' nionntaina, Honio 20 niilus away.'' Tho tpiariy ground was Htrown witli ('lii]m ami fragnientH of <|Mnrt/it<), but not in heups as whuro inipb-montii have boon niaili-. -'Tho Htriking jxiintH aru the vaHt amount «)f work done, the abst-nco of chip htMips, tho rude nature of tho implements, and tiieir great ni/o. Tho tonnago of rock niovrd ia oHtiniated by hundrodn of tliousands, if not by milliona of tons. " * * Iniplc nionta niudf from quart/ite resembling that qnarriod are common on tho plains and in tbu mountains. » • • The tjuarrymen must have been aborigint-a, Imt niiliio tlio IndiuuH of modern times tlioy ninat have bcon laborers ;<<-reHent systematic developi... nt. Quart/ite (|uarrio8 are extremely rare and these are by far the largest reported in Wyoming."' Haw Hide Hanne. — Dr. A. .1. Woodcock reporta his visit, in com))aii.v with and under the giiidanc*^ of Mr. W. V. Hamilton, of Douglass, Wyoming, ti> certain Hint ( f i mines and aboriginal workshops on the Haw Hide Range, southwest from the HIacK Hills and near Muddy Creek, a branch of the Platte River. About 4 acres had beiii dug over, and rude pits ]uade from (i to 12 feet deep, in excavating tho desired tliiitv rock, which lay at that distance below the surface. The stone gave a metallic riii^ when struck, and broke with a conchoidal fracture. It had "» wealtli of color, tlic basic tints of which wore ]iink, purple, gray, and white, with their intermediate shades, » # » in the shape of chipped tools and weapons * * • soscattereil for hundreds of miles throughout the west, * » * through the Powder River country, the Itlack Hills, the Had Lands of South Dakota, the Hi- ^^f^ i Mountains, and the great basin of the same name." Mr. Hamilton said he had never seen this material in the ledge elsewhere than in this locality. The did'erent forms ranged from the quarry spuU to "a barbed harpoon head of chipped and polished st(me.'' They picked up a stone hammer wel^^hing 5^ pounds. The disks were ])1enteous, some of them 20 inches in circumference and 2 inches in thickness, chi])])ed to a <'utting edge. "A thousand trainloads of chips and sjialls were beneath our feet ou this oue_butte alone, and Mr. Hamilton said that several others had boon worked." COLORADO. Jeffernou and Clear Creek counties. — " In a small grove of cottonwood trees near Apox. Colorado, the Indians appear to have made, in former times, great quantities of tools and arrowheads, for the ground all around is strewn with tools, chippings, ami arrowpoints, some of the latter made of beautiful stone and of the most exquisite workmanship. Within the space of an acre or two we have found about a hundred arrowpoints and ten axes and hammers. The Indians aeem to have carried on quite a trade among themselves, in order to procure the materials for arrowpoiut-making, as some of the chippings found in their encampments are from stones which cannot be found within several miles of this place, and some, I think, have been brouglit f'om distant localities. Although the Indiana used several kinds of stone in the manufacture of arrowpoints, yet they seem to have had a preference for qnartzite, chalcedony, and jasperized wood, probably on account of their superior hardness, and may have made others from handsomer but less durable stones only for purjioses of barter, as the Indians of California exchanged arrowheads made of bottle glass. 'Wilbur C. Knight, Science, new ser., VII, March 4, 1898. AKKOWF'OINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVK8. !)69 I he Jollowii.K iniiHMi.lH woro employod in th.- iiiiMiiitU<-tiir« i.f tools: Mobh uKah- . ImlceUony, •uriHU.ii., wo.mI „,,«1, Hnppliiri,,,.. i..,liiii,.(l wo.m|, flint, red i,iMiM.|' l.rowiM,u.iit/it«, uKjUiml wood, obMieHidoa Beveriil undeter- riiiu«'d HilifutoH."! NOVA HCOTIA. Linienhurff Conntn.-A workHhop was roportod ' at HockiimiiH Meiicli, LuneiilHirK ' ' '*^'- ^^'"^K" M"i'"titi."8 of (hiki'H and 8plintor« of ntone, and arrowheads in varioiiH sia>;eH of pre]iariition. I George I,. Cannon, Smithsonian Kejiort, 1«77, jt. 2:<7. 'George J'attorson, Smithsonian Jteport, 1881, p. 675. APPENDIX P.. 1 I CACHES. Ill cacliiiig or se(!reting bis implements, prehistoric man followed no uniform method of placement, but the deposits are shown to have been intentional. The implements were laid in a circle or rectangle and w«m c placed flat, on edge, or sometimes on end. Leaf-shaped implements have been fre(inently found en cache, and have been called by some "cache implements," but arrowpoints and spearheads, grooved axes, polished stone hatchets, large chipped flints, si)ades, and other inple inents have also been found en cache. It will be seen at once tlutt tlic term '"cache implements" can not with proiiriety be apjilied to aii,\ particular one. Ifeports of caiihes have been made by their discovereis, and tluse have been here brought together and published for the convenience ol the student. NEW HAMrSHIKK. Mauchenler. — CmcIm^ of -10 cliipped iiiipleiiient.s.- MASSACIIUSKTTS. I'lamini/ham. — "A i)eclv of chipprd iinploinents," caclieil.^ CONNECTICUT. Stratford, Fairfield Coiiiitii. — Cache, iiiiiiiber not fj;ive:i. I{ol>ort CmtiM, in C\i im Tlionnis's Catiilogim <>f F'reliistoric WorkH east of the liocky Mountains. East n'ittdsor Ifill, Hartford County, — Cache of 14 specimens. South Windsor, Hartford County. — Cache of 100 speciniens.' NEW YORK. DutchexH County. — A cache of arrow])oints was found upon the farm of Mr. (ieoiui^ Alle,rton, at (iieen Haven, 12 miles from Fishkill on the lludson. W^liilc enipldvul ill (lif^giug, his spade luought up a uninber of aiTowi»oiiits. He descriited tlicni -k he nicely piled up side by side edgewise, in two or three rows, 10 to 15 inches btldw the surface.. There were perhaps 200 or 300jn all. They areof a bluojaapery llint, and seem to be in an unfinished condition.'' Sheridan, Chautauqua County, — Cache of 2 bushels of specimens on farm of Mr. Williams.'' AUeyany County, — Mr. E. M. Wilson, of Belfast, Allegany County, New ^(l;I;, ' See p. 871. - E. P. Richardson, Smithsonian Repori, 1879, p. 447. 'J. H. Temple, Smithsonian Report, 1S71). p. 448. ' E. W. Ellsworth, Smithsonian Reports, 1881, pp. m\, tM!2 ; 187!), ji. 447. ••Edwin M. Shepard, Smithsonian Report, 1877, pp. SOfi, 307. ' .lames Sheward, Smithsonian Report, 1881, p. G44 970 ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 971 reportH that lit the uld ''Iroiiuois fort," iu tins town of Anyelicii, Alh-giiny Comity, iiltoiit Ik inilos north of tlio New York Lake Erie iind Wtistern Riiilro!iroba- Idy similar work [fort] 2 or 3 miles simth of the Htdviilero 'fort' an. McWilliamsiui (Cat. Nos. 170333, 170573, U.S.X.M.), retireseiited by IG and (>2 imphiiuents, respectively. (hu'cyo County. — On the line dividing the towns of Volney and Seliroepjiel wus an I artliwork on a hill. A long wall, separating the hill from a marsh on the east, still remains. Arrowpoints of Hint, en cache, have been plowed up.' NEW JERSEY. I'tis, iu CyiiiH I farm of Mr liurUnyton County. — Cache of )>00 triangul.ir arrowpoints (Division II), straight base, convex edges, of gray Hint. Found on the soutii liank of Rancoeas < 'retik, near Lumberton, Burlington County, New Jersey, by W. II. Chambers. (Cat. No. 9X740, U.S.N.M.) Average size, 35 by H by ,^,. inches, Mercer County. — In ISOl a farmer near 'i'reuton, New Jersey, wliile jilowing, dis- ( overed a cache of stone implements about lo inches below the surface. Dr. Aldiott was notiHed and repaired to tJie jilace, secured the collection, and made a full description of t'.ie deposit.' The collection numbered about l.">0 s]ieciinen8. They were of jasper, Hnely chipped, leaf-shaped, with a s<. 972 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. I'ENNSYI.VANIA. difstcr County. — Edward T. Ingram, of MarHliallton, discovered a cache of 95 leaf- nliaped inipleinentH (DiviHion I, Class li), square at the liase, H.V to 7 inches h>ng, L'l to ;{ iiiclies wide, and ahont three-eighths of an inch thick. They are the counter- part of iigs. 102 and 103, and also of No. 3 on Phite 29, CLiss B, the Abbott Hpcij- incns heretofore duscribed, in this classification. Mr. Ingram made a division of the iraph^ments and sent 61 of them to the U. S. National Museum, where tin- author has set them up in the form of a cache, as they were found. It is represented in section, as though it had been cut in the center perpendicularly from top to bot- tom and one-half the earth taken out, leaving the implementH projecting as in their original location. The cast is of plaster, reproducing the earth. The original implements are used to represent the exposed half of the cache, leaving the imagina- tion to supply the rest, whichare supposed to be within the bank of earth and not to be seen. They were laid Hat on their sides, their points to the center, overlapping each other where they came in contact. The (entire cache is about 15 or 16 inches iii width — a little more than twice the length of the im])lements. They were laid in a circle, nine or ten of them. This made nine or ten layers and was equal io a height of 14 inches. Tiie top layer was about t)ie depth of a fnri'ow bent, th the surface. All former plowing had escaped them, but on the present occasion a deeper furrow- had turned them up, and so they were discovered. Plate 59 represents the plan i>( the cache and shows one layer of the implements. Cache of 14 or more loaf-shaped (Division I, Class JJ) argillito implements, found near Hrandywine Creek, in Chester County, about 2 miles from West Chester. Pennsylvania. A. Sharpless. (Cat. No. 62374, U.S.N.M.) DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Cache of 7 stemmed, shouldered, but not barbed (Division III, Class B), imple- ments of <(uart/ite. Found in a bank 2 feet below the surface opposite the navy-yai il, District of Columbia. (VV. Hallett Phillips collection, Cat. No. 195926, U.S.N.M. i MARYLAND. Howard County, — Fifty-two specimens. Anne Arundel County. — Five caches containing, respectively, 26, 25, 27, 11, and I specimens. The foregoing caches are reported by Mr. J. I). MoCJnire, of EUicott City, Maryland, and the implements are in his collection. WEST VIR(J1NIA. A cache of 400 leaf-shaped implements (('lass B) is reported by Dr. J. F. Snyder, of Virginia, Cass (-ounty, Illinois, .is having l)een found in West Virginia, hx^ality iiot given.' NORTH CAROrJNA. Caldwell and Alejander County line. — Dr. .1. M. Spainhour, of Lenoir, North Card- Una, found a cache of 597 ]eaf-shape Smithsonian Report, 1881, p. 565. le of 95 leaf- ihcs long, 'J ' the countcr- bbott HjK'ii- (livisioii ot , where tin- represeuted 1 top to liot- 'j; as in their 'he original he imugina- !i and not to overlapping, 16 iuchos III ere laid in a io a height the surfiicb. eper fuirow the plan u{ lents, foiiiid at Cliesfei', I B), imple- navy-yiird, , U.S.N.M.) 7, 11, iiiid 1 of EUicoti F. Snyder, lia, locality forth Carn- l Alexander the ground jxcavatioii. ength from Le material e), used ko N.M.) I cache Hur- lar the loot Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897. -Wilson. 4 i 1 Plan showing One of Layer of Cach of ninety Chester t'oiiiili, Penn.'-ylvat Plate 59. >F Layer of CachI Cliester Coiiii OF NINETY-FIVE ARQILLITE IMPLEMENTS, l^niisylvanla. '& ni\ Report of U. S. National Museum, 1897. -Wilson. Plate 60. Plaster Cast (model) of a Spring near Hibriten Mountain, North Carolina, SHOWING fifteen LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENTS IN CACHE. Lenoir, North C'urolimi. Cat. No. USmHi, U.S.N. M. FouikI t).v Dr. .1. M. Spaiiiliour. AUROWPOINTS, SPEAPrlKADS, AND KNIVKS. 973 of Ilibriteu Mountain, - niileu cast of Lenoir, wore also foniid liv Dr. Spainlioiir; 'tk liy 2J inchcH by A inch.' .Hej-ander County. — Cache of JHi small Icaf-shajuMl (Division I, Class H) rliyoiite implements. Average size 2 by H by i inches. .1. D. Stei)lienson (Cat. No. tinKV), r.S.N.M.)- "This deposit [cacht*] was found buried in the soil against a largo rock mar the Catawba Kiver in the sonthoastern section of Alexander County, I know (d' iiolocality nearer than TOuiiles from wliich tlie material of wliich they are matlo can lie obtained.'' SOUTH CAKOLINA. Aiken County. — Dr. Roland Steiner, of (Irovetown, (Jeorgia, reports, April 27, 1895, tliat '' I send a cache of rhyolite or schist arrowpoints, (5") in number, triangular and nnlely stemmed, found in North Augusta on the South Carolina side of the Savannah h'iver, opposite Augusta, Georgia." These were received in due course by the II. S. National Museum, and arc catalogued as No. 170708. (JEOKGIA. Col. Charles C. .Jones, jr., makes a somewhat elaborate description of the prinn- tivu manufactures of spear and arrow heads. He <|Uotes at length from Catlin the methods observed by him and re[)orte*l in his "Last Kambles amongst the Indi.ins." ' The McGlashan collection (Cat. Nos. 13196fi-132250, I'.S.N.M.) contains 20,0y a single person from a single liicality, and largely of one material. They belong to Division III, stennned, some- titnes shouldered and barbed. These were not reported as en cache, but it is probalde many of them were. FLORIDA. Brevard County. — Cache of \'l or 13 pendant ornaments, or " plununets, pendants, or charms," in a mound near Melbourne, called Turkey (.'reek mound, reported by Mr. Clarence li. Moore in "Certain aboriginal mounds of the coast of South Caro- lina."'' Iternando County. — Cache of 24 implements, stemmed, shouldered, but not barbed (Division III, Class H), of white dint (chalcedony), found 2 feet lielow the surface at Brooksville, Hernando County, Florida, by J. J. Hell. (Cat. No, 170497, U.S.N.M., i'oluHia County. — Cache of ceremonial implements (banner stones?), found in a mound near Tomoka Creek. ^ ALAHAMA. Blount County. — Cache of 17 chipped implements."' KENTCCKY. Boyd County. — Cache of 165 leaf-shaped (Division I, Class A) gray Hint implements from Ashland. Average size 3J by 1| inches by | of an inch. ( K. .T.Taylor, Cat. No. 150177, U.S.N.M.) Todd County, Dycua farm, 3 milra east of Trenton. — Cache, numbei- not given." (Jniontown, Union County. — Cache of 140 hornstone knives. Two caches, numlier not given,' 6 miles above Caseyville. What rite or ceremony does this indicate, or what kind of Indian medicine does it represent? T. W. Smithsonian Report, 1879, p. 381. ■ Philadelphia, 1898, pp. 189-191. ^ A. E. Douglas, Proceedings American Association for the Advancement of Science, XXI, 1872. Frank Burns, Smithsonian Report, 1882, p. 826. 'James D. Middleton in Cyrus Thomas's Catalogue, p. 99. ■ Gerard Fowke, Thomas's Catalogue. !)7I ■fe KKPOUT OF NATIONAL MUSEl'M, l«!t7. TENNKSHKK. Carltf loiinhi. .\nhu W. Kiiiiinirt, (if HiiHtol, TcmuwHtc, ro|)ort(' feet long and 4 feet wide, from wliiib they took about (iOO specimens of Hint disks, en cache, placed in two layers edu«' wise. The deposit extended beyond the limits of their excavation on every side. and hence the actual number ot specimens was not ascertained by them. The inipli nients are described as ovoid or roundish, or terminating in a blunt point at om' ' J. P. Jones, .1. F. Snyder, Smithsonian Report, 1876, p. 435. - Ancient Mouumcuts of the Mississippi Valley, pp. 158-214, pi. x. Sipurt (,< U S N.itnral Mii5f iim, 1897 W.'m Plate 61. a Hpa88 C'oniity. "1 fi'om wliicli ) layers ed.uf )ii every side, 1. The iiiiiili- poiut at om.' O < 'i: < — CO r Rei n m- t Rcri'iit of U S. Nstionul Mujuuin, ifiiJ?. Wiljon, Plate 62. Flint Disks made from Concretionary Flint Nodules. (Upiifr speciiiieii I Illinois: dower i Ohio. Cat. Nos. 13!.it'J4.-':.")Hr. U.S.X.M. mv ■t R,.|>o-t of U. S. Nationa; Museum, 1897. Wilsoi. PLATE 63. m^M^ »~^ «^ Sa' 1 ^ ■ "■ 'm^'r^ 0m 1^. *-y .^i f i ^^ijJm^r ' W ' "'^^-^^ ■ -/4i iHsiSi i ^/^- 1 : -.::lri^ wL. '-* • ■ *'■ -'^H^HB^i/^i ^'%- ;.'■ '■ ^^^^^^BL'ir f ■ / fflf 30wt^ • ^ "• ■ ■ i ■^^Sr^'JIIXrHBU tr . /•/' . :H ,»^ ^'jL^^aHHI^H 5 w ,-m^m-j-'.:\ CL O I ■if^l^^^^^^^^K' iW T Wf JiRlW-.M^^^^^^W CM ^^t^^BJ^^B^SBt^Kx ■» i V >v.v/^ll7 ^' AH^^^^^^^^^H Q - Jf^^^^wn^ "f 'i^w jJ^ 'i* vW^BHB Z .: D — o c IK vIa >^ ^i^MM^i^^Bt 5 ^ 7r z m^ Uy / V jA XifyM/ftjWHHg Q .- HI - ^B^ mmJKs )jd ,^v i^'-'fv *W*'^' J^B^^BSm 5 i W mm^^^t-^ypim^ < --■ u ~ ^ - ^l^s ^^^^L *'|^.. '% Si'ik mMt^ \ "*'^^^L ^^I^'^SIh^ ^ - Hk flat ti^ \ 4^ Ir m\^' " Tih^E^K^ Q 7 ^^K^ ^^^^^^r^B^^BT ^Wnt^ ^yisyf^ 'Vb^l^BP ' ^- = z ; 1 — K^'^^Pw _j r a 3 UJ a a I ^^Br ^^^^H'' V^!m* r *~^ ^JJ^'^HKC^k^ ^jP^Kfp O ^B '" ^..^^RKvf'^i^^ mP^&'wkI. 00 HR^ ^^Jt^^^UyXp ' tV [whSf. \ A^^^^^^^^a^^^^ 00 ^Hnl , 4 ^^^li^M^ 1 ^y^fl^ ^jv 3^%jHk^^^^^B^^ O ul Hif ^Bp^^^^^^ft^P^' .J Q. ^^^H^ _■- ^^^^^^^^tUr^WHWil^Hr^VilL^^R^^^H^'v ■^^SIHk^^K ^^^^^^^^Hh^^^^^P' '■■Ib^EV^w^'^^rR^*'m9I^I^^^^b ^'.^I^K!^'' *^ ^ I 63. q: < U. LiJ UJ Q. O I Cvj a z o Q u X O < o 1/7 5i t/) Q ?v. h- §k z ■ _j 1 U. *F Q ^ UJ Q. '« a. i O C\J ^ 00 i M P r-^ f u- O • J.I J n a fl Rnpoit 1)1 U. S. National Museum, 'i897. i/VniOri. Plate. 64. z 5 I UJ '■ O 1 _/ < I O Q I y w Sum II Stlllll]) (if th.' I'.S.N. tlii.'k. of thes ]}uch Itaf-shi part of Scioto uients 1 the Phi Lake foiiud ll Js/i/o plowijif. were hi were de iliamett from th and of 1 67a>7>-. Ilolnu ij sliiiped ! bottom 2 of tin averajio ■ viiry till liutlei a cache Were ai inclies 1 I'litna niary 2! " Kar seven \i ARROWI'OIXTS, SPEARHEADS, .'ND KMVHS. '75 I; f 4' cud. Tliey w< ro of vaiioiis sizes, hut on an average (> inches lony, 4 inclics wide, ;iu(l an inch thick in i\w center (J'late 62, lig. 1). Some were rudely blockfd out; in (ithers the circunit'erence \\,\» chipped to a more or less deliiied edge. The material is Hint or hornstouo of line texture, generally of a gray color, and Hlmwing some- times concentric bands, in the center of which ia a nucleus of blue chalcedony, ilius denjonstratiuir that the Hint was formed in nodules and not in strata or layers. In October, ISiH, Prof. Warren K. Moorehead, while working for the Department (M) of Ethnology, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, continued the sus- pended excavations of Scpiier and Davis, and opened what he has described as Mound No. 2, on Hopewell farm, Anderson Township, Ross County, near Chilli- ciithe. In three days' work Professor Moorehead took out 71^82 of those Hint disks. Others found in the immediate neighborhood increased this number to 818r».i Plate ()3 is from a photograph of the tent, .and in front of it are the Hint disks as they were i)iled after being taken from the nionnti. , Siunmit County. — A cache of 197 leaf-shaped imi)lements was fonnd under the stump of a tamarack tree 3 miles west of Akron. Mr. Thomas lihodcs sent 5 (if them to the U. S. National Musenm, December, 1878 (Cat. Nos. ;!t581-;iir.88, L'.S.N.M.). They were from .') to 7 inches long, 2i to 3 inches wide, and i to !i inch thick. (!at. No. 34.584, No. 2, Plate 29, Class H, with rounded base, ro])resents one of these specimens. Their tine chipping and exceeding thinness an; to bo remarked. IJuchtel College, Akron, exhibited at the Cincinnati Eximsition of 1887 a cache of leaf-shaped imjilenjeuts similar in appearance to those found by Mr. Rhodes, whether l)art of the same is not known. Sciolo County. — Mr. Thomas Kinney, of Portsmouth, had 125 loaf-shaped ini]tle- iiients belonging to a cache discovered in his neighborhood, which he oxhibite3, rei>ort8 : " I'.arly this fall a farmer living about 2 miles west of town related that about seven years ago. he plowed into a nest of Hints. I and a friend of mine went theie ' Priuiitiv<^ Man in Ohio, p. 189. - M. (.". Read, American Anti(iuarian, I, 1879, p. 98. ' Idt^m. Mioorge W. Hill, Smithsonian Report, 1874, j). 364. •Cyrus Thonwis's Catalogue p. 107. ' H. R. (^ase, Smithsonian Report, 1877, p. 207. 076 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. and (liiy them out. Thay were inoHtly in the clay about 2 feet doep. They noarU all rouHistnd of a reddish material, although Home were a light gray. I Hoiit bj mail to-day Hoino samples of them." Thesj) were duly received by the II. S. National Museum and are catalogiiod hh NoJ 149611. The material appears as though from Flint Ridge. Thoy were leaf-shapeil (Division I, Class li). Franklin County. — Cache on Wetmoro farm, northwest one-half of section 2, townj ship 1, range 18. Number not given.' Monlfjomenj County, — Two miles west of Centerville, on farm of Mr. W. Whitiiiiin^ Cache of 640 leaf-shaped implements, Class B, rounded base. They were placci edge up and thus about two dozen were broken by the plow. The weight of f li« cache was 49 pounds.* Columbiana County. — Mr. I. L. Kite, in a letter of February 25, 1878, published in tli^ Cleveland Ilt^rald, describes a find near Damascus. "The deposit would till bushel basket. They were all placed on the ])road end, enough sot up to fill a ('crj tain circle, then another on top, and then another until a perfect cone was fornud.'! INDIANA. Thirty miles south of Chicago. — Cache of 96 leaf-shaped implements ]»ointed at boti ends (Division I, Class A), from 8h to 4 inches long, of «lark grayish-brown Jasper; flint, buried under a stump. Discovered and reported August 2, 1895, by Dr. Danii B. Freeman, 4080 Drexel Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois. Cache of 82 specimens found near Blue River by Mr. Ira Williams of Borden Indiana. These are similar to the flints found by Dr. Snyder in Illinois and I'rofessoJ Moorehead in Ohio, slightly pointed at both ends, made from similar nodules of blar flint. The largest is about 6 inches long and 5 inches wide, while the smallcHt i^ about 3 inches long and 2 inches wide. Franklin County. — Small caches of Hint disks have been found, one cache coutair ing 12, another 80 or 90 disks. ' ILLINOIS. White and Jefferson counties. — "In the Smithsonian Report for 1876 ^ is cited remark of Messrs. S(iuier and Davis relating to the disks of black flint. There liav^ been two deposits found in this country, one in the county south of us (White), nni one in the county west (Jefterson). The first one contained 13 of them, of which obtained 8, and the other contained 46, of which I obtained several."' Jackson County. — A cache of 100 implements made from chert nodules found H c.ilcareous rocjks near Carbondale, Jackson County, Illinois. Size from 7 by 5J inches to 4 by 3^ inches. Donated by Mr. .John G. Sims; collected by Mr. J. Dj Middleton. Cat. No. 88451, U.S.N.M. Union Cotmty. — Eight hornstone disks, large, from Union County, Illinois. T. Mj I»erriue, Cat. Nos. 27853-27860, U.S.N.M. (Plate 62, fig. 2). Schuyler County. — A few years ago, at Bluflf City, Illinois, some hogs confined in pen at the foot of the bluff's rooted out of the ground a deposit of 16 polished-stou^ axes, all of which bore marks of use. They were of hard, compact diorite, aii(j varied in size from 6 to 16 inches in length, and from 2 to 7 inches in width. ConI sidering the probable iihch to which these tools had been applied, and the locatioi of the deposit, in a spur of the bluffs near the (Illinois) river, it was plain that hen in ages jjast, a canoe had been constructed. The work completed, the tools wer^ cached at the foot of the bluff', until they should again be needed for similar workj ' Thomas's Catalogue, p. 171. - S. H. Binkley, American Antiquarian, 111, 1881, p. 144. •'Edgar K. Quick, Smithsonian Report, 1879, j). 373. * Page 436. H. F.Sibley, Smithsonian Report, 1881, p. rm. "J. F. Snyder, Smithsonian Report, 1876, p. 434. AUROWPOINTS, SPKAKHEADS, AND KNIVES. f>77 tioii 2, townJ iiche contair linois. T. Mj In tlio year I860 ii Hiiniltu- deposit of liomHtinio was diNcovercd in tiiJH viciiiitv. in tho town of Fredorickville, SoUiiyUT Connty, on the west side ot the Illinois ifivor. TluH locality was a favorite al>idinopnlation. Relics of tht-ir work are still found in abnndanc*^ thnnighont this region. A sniali ravinn near tho foot of a blnlf, one day after a heavy rain, caved in on one side, and tlie displaiement of a large qnantity of earth in conscqnonce exi»o8«'d to view a few strange-look inj^ ilints. Tliey liad been Imried ahont 5 feet l)»dow the surface of tho hillside, laid together on edge, side hy side in long rows, forming a single layer of unknown extent. The discovery of such novel objects attracted some of the villagers to the jilace, who dug out about 3,50() of tho uniijue implements, and, their curiosity satisfied, abandoned the work without reaching the limits of the deposit. * - * xhe stone of wliich these disks are made is a dark, glossy hornstone, undistiuguishable from the disks of the sacrificial mound in Ohio.' Carroll County. — In the town of York, on section 7, is a deposit of Hint Ghip]ti)igs. On the top of a high sand ridge, for a space of a mile long and half a mile wide. Hint chi]>pings are exposed. In some places they occur in masses of a peck or half a bushel; in other places th^c, aiul their peculiar style of workmanship and similarity of design leave little doubt that they are the product of the same artisan. The exceptional one in the deposit is a well-proportioned and perfect spejirhead nearly 3 inches in length, neatly chipped, of opacpie milk-white Hint, strongly c7 G2 978 PEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 18!)7. A miles oast of the Illinois iiivtii . Itn location was on the hrow of the liills ovi-rlooking Indian Creek to tlie Bonth. In this caclio were X> elegant Hint im]>leniontH entirely different in form, material, and linish, from thoHo before described. Their position iu the ground wiis vertical and closely packed toj.'etlier, but otherwise without any jiecnliar arrangement. The 35 beautiful Hints of this Indian Creek deposit are the perfection of ancient stone-chipping kit. In form they are of the broad or lilac-leaf pattern, pointed more or less obtustdy at one end and regularly semicircular at the other; the length but little exceeding the width ; scarcely more than three-eighths of an inch thick, they are smoothly chipptil to an even, sharp edge all around. They vary a little in size and somewhat in pio Iiortions; the smallest of them is ',i{ inches long by 2j} inches broad at the base, and the largest one niitasures 5 inches in length and 3^ inches actress the widest part. Six of them are made of mottled red and brown glossy jasper, and the remaining 2i) ot ordinary white flint shading in texture from the comiiact triinsliicent glassy to tint «»palace any mound or other external object to mark the ])lace of deposit. The flints of thi.^ lot are identical in material, color, style of execution, and general outline and dim'iusions with those I have seen from deposits at Frederickville and Clark's Works in Ohio. A few of them are almost circular in shape. Some are rough, but the majoi'ty are very accurately propor- tioned and neatly finisheil, which we may accept as proof that the implements were manufactured by several artisans who possessed une((u;il degrees of skill. Their average length is 6 inches, their width 4 inches, and they are three-fourths of ar, inch thick in the middle. Their average weight is lA ])Oundi.\ * * * They were all made from globular or oval nodules of black or dark-gray hornstone^ which were first split open and each part again split or worked down by chipping to the shape and size retjuired. In several of the specimens the first fracture of the nodule forms the side of the implement, with but slight modification beyond a little trim- ming of the edges. Many of them retain in the center the nucleuh around whi(;Ii the siliceous atoms agglomerated to form the nodule. In a few the nucleus is a rough piece of limestone; iu others it consists of fragments of beautitiilly crystal- lized chalcedony, surrounded by regular light and dark circles of ecceutrio accretion ' J. F. Snyder, Smithsonian Report, 1881, pp. 5(34-568. ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. !)70 [tice Platu 62J, and the uxturior of the rock waH iiM'riiHt«;lements, which lay closely heaped together.'" ' J. F. Snyder, Smithsonian Report, 1876, pp. 438, 439. 2 Foster's Prehistoric Races of the United States of America, i>. 209 ^George Trauman, Smithsonian Report, 1879, p. 435. * Cyrus Thomas's Catalogue, p. C3. •^.l. F. Snyder, Smithsonian Report, 1876, p. 434. "Charles Ran, Smithsonian Report, 1868, pj). 402,403. 'Idem., 1872, p. 402. ysd UEl'cniT OF NATIONAL MUSKL'M, 18!»7. MICHIGAN. Saniniiic \'aUtij. — Nino cikImm ol" Jiriow ami HpcurhoiKlH wcru reiiortttl by Mi'. Iliir liiii I. Siiiilli, of Siiginaw Hiist SiS1 by Mr. liar .HHociiitiou.' 1 uotluloM ol k\v Bay iioar iipleiiieuts H iiupleiiK-ntis tt' the HUiiie, lilar U) tbit.sn or cacbt) No. k-ltlnt' color, depth, Houth t» ami Ihiktw. North bank liippiuj^ eai:'" (Ii8ct>verie8 to May 9, 1892, )ue was fouud untH of " i«ay- tb, about one- 4i feet uiitler tU aiul width. rache on thi' Her than thoHi' one steinnied. 1 by the plow, Hpacc of G feet { a year or two later 17 more iui|»Iem(>nlH were founrl, ami nnir at li.ind were n >;roii|) \ of polished-Ntone hiitcliclM, ono \ ny liirye maul with center j^nxived, and a half do/en Hint ariowpoints, thi^ whole lia\ in;; Ikcii lonUed npnii siuee as a caehe, and ai'(< i eoHHidcrcd by the jiresent owiier, Mr. Wyin in, n» a kit of ancient iniiiini; tntd.s lell on the trail from the Kewanee diHtrict. Silv<'r is jiluinly dineernildc in many of the objects of the native (!r>|ipcr. Vnhimet Coitiily — A cache of 2J leaf-HJiaped llint implements uvera^'in^ from U to 2t inches in width and I inches in len^^th and .standing on edixe w as found und(>r a Htunip in Calumet County. A cache of ') l«!af-8hapcd imitlements was found nc^-ir Kachena. Another cache of 7 arrowjtoints from near New Ilolstein. Nearly all of the arrowpoints and Hpearhoails ari' of r(><^ou,' Hpe.ikiii}; of stone si)earheads and arrowpoints in tiiat country, says "they were scarce, never havinj; been made in modern times, but l»elon;;in;i only to ancient times. At nref^on City, about hall a, nule below the falls, is a. perfect mine of them which had been unearthed .'>y liiy:h water. A workshop wa.s at the Umatilla landiuf^, where Mrs. Knu/ie h.is obtained Jiiany, some as beautiful as can be made. The chips ai'e now soon all .nouud, tliou^ih tile stone of which they were made— nuich the same as that used at Oregon ( ity - must have been broujiht Ions' distances." Stone Age of Oregon, Smithsonian K'eport, ls,s(i, p. l'S!i. lit swamp near Thisy lay on Some of the weight." - jments of por- R. Crittenden. )' five of these ?, hem (a squawk picking it uv t the same spoi .o IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 I^|2j8 |25 ■so ^^" iiJi^H lU Its 140 ■ 2.0 t^^l'-M'-^ ^ 6" ► v: ^3 '\^''' ^ >^ '^ '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation ^\ ^^^ d^ O r\ <^ >^ WfiS ^^^V"^ ^.V^ 23 W*VI MAIN ST HIT WnSTIR,;i. MSM (716)872-4503 '^ ^^^. ?%^ APPENDIX iV LARGE IMPLEMENTS OF ARROWPOINT OR SPEARHEAD FORM. There are certain implements found throughout the United States, more especially the western and southwestern, which, except for their immense size, are identical in form with certain spear and arrow heads. An implement 2 or 3 inches in length will be recognized as an arrowpoint; if 5 or Cinches in length it might be a javelin, lance, or spear; but when we encounter one, however correct it may be as to form, or fine as to workmanship, which is 10 inches or a foot in length, then what shall we call it and how shall we define its use? The U. S. National Museum possesses many of these specimens. Some of them have been found in cache, some in niounds and burial places, others sporadically, on the surljice. Their great size and weight, while it does not absolutely interdict their attachment to a shaft or handle, nor their use as a weapon, render both extremely unlikely, or they might have been used ceremonially. But wo are absolutely without other knowl- edge as to their use or purposes than that furnished by the implements themselves an'^ their associations. George V, Arvetlson, of Carpentersville, Illinois, roportcd the finding of au imple- ment of white tlint orchiilcedony of the form of a spearhead, stemmed and shouldered, not barbed (Division III, Class 15) 15 inches long, '."4 inches wide and ij inch tliick. C. D. Williams, of Gainesville, Florida, reports having found in southwestern Georgia an implement of spearhead form (Division III, Class C) stemmed, shouldered, and barbed, of gray liint, 14^ by 4^ inches by 1 inch. Messrs. M. II. Spillmanand E. B. Sumner, of Painesville, Lake Connty, Ohio, report the discovery, while digging in a mound near that town, of an implement of white ttint or chalcedony, shonldored, stemmed, and barbed (Division III, Cliiss C) l^i inches long, 3k inches wide, and f inch thick. The following are representative large-sized spear and arrow heads in the U. S. Nationjil Museum : One from West Derby, Vermont (Cat. No. 8922, U.S.N.M.) 11^ by 2J inches by 5 ineli, of reddish iron-clay slate, leaf-shaped ( Division I, Class B), reported by J, M. Currier j and R. Wh«'«>ler. Cat. No. 8923, U.S.N.M., from West Derby, Vermont, of reddish iron-clay slate, llfl by Ij^ inches by |f inch, leaf-shaped (Division I, Class B), reported by 11. W. Norrisj and J. M. Cnrrier. Cat. No. 98.S41,-U.8.N.M., from a mound at Prairie du Chien, Crawford County,! Wisconsin, of ehalcedonj-, 11 l>y 2^ inches by I inch, leaf-shaped (Division I, tMass B). | Mound excavated by J. W. Enimert, of the Bureau of Ethnology. Cat. No. 115501, U.S.N.M., from mound in Prairie du Chien, Crawford County, I See i». 872. 982 Report of U. S, Mational Museum, 1 8:^7.— Wilson. Plate 65. D FORM. 3(1 States, V xcept ibr | lud tirrow | ized as an t , lance, or | y be as to | in length, | The U. S. I le of them | ces, others | liileitdoes | B, nor their I night have | lier knowl- mplemeuts U: |J^ 4 V4 ' *^-. \ i of au imple- l shouldered, inch thick, ionthwcsti'in I, shouldered, "hm fi Ohio, report rieiit of white CliiB.s C) 12i rrow heads ihcsby 5 inrli, J. M. Currier clay Hlato, 1 1 'i 11. W. Norrisi f'V^ rford County,! onl, ClasHH)- ford Couuty, Spearhead of White Flint. hfiintli. 1.") iiH'lits. C'arpt'iitersville. lUiuois. ■A I ARROWrOINTS, SPEAHHEADS, AND KNIVES. 1»83 WisconHin ; oliHidiaii, T!| liy L':i inches liy ',' iiicli, HtciniiuMi, slioiiliU'i't'd. .iikI li.iilifd (DiviHioii III, CliiHH ('). MoiiikI (^x<•avat^Ml by ,1. W. iMiiiiicrt. ol' tin- I!iii«:ni ol' Ethnology. Cut. No. l.")01iM), II.S.N.M., ioniid t-n carho in the valley of the Little Missduri IJixci, southwest Arkiinsii.s; chalcedony. There were 11 implenHMiti. all of white (lint or chalcedony, ol' speaihcinl I'orni, stJMUined, shoiildeied. and haihed (i>ivisinn III, Chass C). They vari«!il in Hize I'roni !)A l>y '.i'- inclicH liy ,' inch down to (Jj Ity 2i; inches hy .} inch. Collection T. \V. (Plato t>1.) There are in the 1". S. National Mnseuin '■'< otherspeoiriK^ns similar in size, form, anil niatecial, reported IVoiii Slirevepurt, Lniiisi- ana, hy Mr. Ilotchkiss. Cat. No. 150195, U.S. N.M., ."cprBSents a cache of leaf-Hhaju'd implements from ilie bank of tlu) Watauga Kivor, Carter County, northwest T<'nnessee. I hey weir leaf shaped in form (IMvision I, Class H), were of (|uartzite, is in niiml)i r. tlieii si/e varying from {H l>y I^T,, inches hy three-fourths of an inch to 7! :' hy ;> -, imlus l.y ',' inch. Collection T. W. Cat. No. 88112, I'.S.N.M., from Middleton, Wisconsin; line-rrainrd. sparkiin;,' quartzite, light-gray color, spearheail form, stemmed, shouldered, and l),nlHy i inch, ('(diectiou of liureau of llrhnolony. See also tigs, 170, 171, 172, pp. !t2l-92r). Cat. No. 88,335, U.S.N.M., from Mid9; .ilso to sundry large specimens described and figured in otlnn ]>arts of this pajter. Dr. Abbott,' speakiiifj of tbosc larji*' spciirliciKl.s iiiid rcli'iiiiijii' to Scboolcr.aft, makes mention of an Indian cliit'f prcsciiti ■<•• to liiin one 7 incbes long and dcclarinji' it to be an im])kMn tlie aborioines at tiie time of llie discovery of the continent? Are they to be d articles, tiiid with tubes, plummets, sinkers, or charms, not oidy tiic^ uses or purpo.ses ' Primitive Industry, p.2ls. 084 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, \H9'!. of which are iiiiknowTi to oiir nuMlerii rn4iian,biit even the races or ]>eo- ples by whom they were made; all of which {jives rise to numberless speculations '! There are certain other large stone imi>leraents of leaf-shaped Ibrm resembling; Class IJ, and from description and drawinpf might be assigned to it. These are the so-called hoes or agricultural implements. Tlu'ir locality is extensive, but nevertheless, is limited to the interior, say from Ohio to (leorgia, and from the Virginia mountains to the western Mississippi Valley. The imj)lemeuts are large, being from 6 to 10 inches in length, with corresponding width and thickness. They are of (piart/ite, novaculite, chert, and similar material, and are always chipped. Although resembling in form the ordinary leaf shaped imple- ment, they have no other or further relation to it. While they are more or less pointed at both ends, yet they are not sntViciently so for thrust- ing or piercing, and were evidently never intended for such jmrposes. They may have been inserted in a handle, though no traces of it have ever been found, or they may have been held in the hands. An inspec- tion shows them to have been used as an implement for digging in the earth. The point is frecpiently worn smooth and dull for several inches up the blade, showing strije and even notches, the result of friction in the earth by digging. These implements are sometimes found en cache. The collection of the Missouri Historical Society disj)layed at the World's Fair held in ChicagOjin 1893, under the direction of Mr. William .1. Seever, contained many of these implements, chiefly from the neighborhood of St. Louis, some of which were from caches. See Appendix A (quarries), Illinois, p. 900, and Appendix 1> (caches), p. 974. Ai»n:Ni>ix I).' MAKING OF ARROWPOINTS DESCRIBED BY EXPLORERS AND TRAVELERS. (!iitlin^ tlnm describes tlie Apaclu^ points: inoile of niiikiii^ Hint arrow- Liko iiioHt of tho tribes went of jind in tho lioclvy Moiiiitiiiiis tli«^,v niiiuufiictiire the liliidoH (if t\u'\v NpearH jiikI ])ointH for tlioir urrows of IliiitN, .iiul also of olisiiliau, which is scattered over those volcanic rejifions west of tlu» nioiintaiiis; mihI, liko other tribes, they ^nard as a profound secret the mode by which the tliiits and obsidian are broken into the shapes they require. * Every tribe has its factory in which these arrowheads are niad«^, ami in those only certain adepts are able or allowed to make them for tht use of the tribe Erratic bowlders of Hint are collected (and sometimes brought an inunenso distance) and broken with a sort of sledge hammer made of a rounded jiebblc of hornstone set in a twisted withe, holding the stone and forminj; a handle. • * * The master workman, seated on the ground, lays (uic of these Hakes on the i»alm of his left hand, holding it lirmly down with two or more fingers of the same hand, and with his right hand, between the thumb and two foretingers, places his chisel (or punch) on the point that is to bo broken otf; and a cooperatur (a striker) sitting in front of him, with a mallet of very hard wood, strikes the chisel (or punch) on the upper end, llaking the Hint otf on the under side, below each pro- jecting point that is struck. The tlint is then turned and chipped in the same manner from the opposite side; and so tnrncd ai'd chipped until the reciiiired shape and dimensions are obtained, all fractures lieinj^ made on the palm of the hand. In selecting a tlake for the arrowhead a nice judgment must be used, or the attempt will fail. A ilake with two opposite parallel, or nearly parallel, planes is found, and of the thickness required for the center of the arrowpoint. The iirst chipping reaches near to the center of these planes, but without quite breaking it away, and each chipping is shorter and shorter, until the shape and the* edge of the arrowpoint are formed. The yielding elasticity of the palm of the hand enables the chip to come off without breaking the body of the tlint, which would he the case if they were broken on a hard substance. These people have no metallic instruments to work with, and the instrument (puncli) whicli they use I was told w.as a piece of bone; but on examining it I found it to be a substance much harder, mm. " of the tooth (incisor) of the sperm whale or sea lion, which are often stranded on the coast of the Pacific. This punch is about 6 or 7 inches in length and 1 inch in diameter, with one rounded side and two piano sides, therefore presenting one acute and two obtuse angles to suit the points to be broken. This operation is very curious, both the holder anil the striker singing, and the strokes of the mallet given exactly in time with the music, and with a sharp and rtri)oun«ling blow, in which, the Indians tell us, is the great medicine (or mystery) of the operation. I See p. 884. ^ Last Rambles amongst the Indians, pp. 187-90. 1(8.") 986 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, IHftT. To Catlin's description Mr. Stevens' makes tlie Ibllowinj; apijrovinj; criticism : What Catlin has aaid with regard to a rehoundiiiK Mow is pcrfrctlv true; it is iiupossible to llaku Hint with a dull, heavy, sniaMhiiiK hliiw; it is tlio iiieaHiircd iiml rultoiindiiiK blow — a shofk rather than a blow — which, ji'ivvu witli jiidfjiiuMit. enables the material to take itH own lino ol' cleavage, and produces what is so well known as the conchoidal fracture, resulting t'roni hiiiiian skill, that distinguishes the mere splinter of ilint from the tlint Hake; and it is ttie repetition of this (i])ei'ii- tion twenty or thirty times around the edges of those Ilint implements found in the drift that stamps them as proofs of human handiwiuk. Admiral Sir E. lielclier^ gives an account of the manufacture of Hint arrowpoints by the western Eskimo tribes at and north of Icy Capo, as follows: Hut to the process which they pursue in etlecting the tine, regular, serrated edges of thai" Hint arrowheads. I'oshibly, had I not witnessed the operation and had been at the time one of the first Europeans with whom they ever had communication, the idea would have rcnuiined undisputed that they owed their formation to the stroke of the hammer. Iteing a working amateur mechanic myself, and having practiced in a very similar manner cm glass with a penny jtiece iu 1815, 1 was not at all surprised at witnessiii;; the modus operandi. Selecting a log of wood in which a spoon-shajied cavity was cut, they placed the splinter to bo worked over it, and by pressing gently along the margin vertically, tirst on one side and tht^n * Olio of tlu' vouM liavt' lie hainmor. ■ery siiniliu , witiieKsinj; Ciivlty was y aloufi tlio I 8ot a saw, itlinod pro- ivould novor il worthy of I'ossil ivory. nired. r.iit stnhborn; f this silli- ng liecauio ew to oriiM- olV the line tho Indians svs; and also Tahiti (IH lipjtings aro lined ill till' of Montficy nrly to the ^vpoillts l)y jiitinent, has if Iioriistoiif, ;, IStil.p.i:!^ HometimoH passing into Hint. This niiiu^ral is often called cliert by thtt English iniuerulogists. No HpeciiiieiiH have, however, been observed where tho siilistance is giiullint. This boriistone is less hard than coniiiion ([iiart/., and can readily bo broken by conta<;t with the latter. Exporifiice has taught tho Indian that some varieties of hornstone are less easily and regnlarly fractured than others, and that the ti'ndeucy to a conehoidal fracture is to be relied on in the softer varieties. It has also shown him that the weathered or surface fiagnients are harder ami less manageable than those quarried from the rocks and iiioiintains. To break them, he seats himself on the ground, and holds the lump on one of his thighs, interposing some hard substance below it. When tho blow is given, there is a sutlicient yielding in the piece to be fractured not to endanger its being shivered into fragments. Many are, however, lost. After the lump has been broken trans- versely it reciuires great skill and patience to chip the edges. Such is the art recjuired in this business, both in selecting and fracturing the stones, that it is found to bo tho employment of particular men, generally old men, who are laid aside from hunt- ing, to make arrow and spear heads. The modern manufiicture of obsidian arrowpoiiits by the Iiidiaiis of California is thus described by an eyewitness: ' The Indian seated himself on the floor and, laying the stone anvil upon his knee, with one blow of his agate chisel ho separated the obsidian ]iebble into two parts; then giving a blow to the fractured side he split off a slab a (|narter of an inch in thickness. Holding the piece against his anvil with the thumb and finger of his left band, he commenced a series of continuous blows, every one of which chipped off fragments of the brittle substance. It gradually seemed to ac(|uiro shape. After finishing the base of the arrowhead (the whole being little over an inch in length) he iMigiiu by striking gentle blows, every one of which I expected would break it into pieces. Yet such was his adroit application, his skill, and dexterity, that in little over an hour he produced a perfect obsidian arrowhead. I then requested him to carv«( one from tho remains of a broken bottle, which, after two failures, he succeeded in doing. He gave as a reason for his ill success that he did not understand the grain of the glass. No sculptor ever handled a chisel with greater precision, or more carefully measured the weight and etl'ect of every blow, than did this iugeuiped by the application of a notch in a piece of horn, as a glazier chips glass. The notches in the horn tool were of different size and depths, in order to suit the work to be done.^ Every American collector, as well as archaeologist, has read .lohn Smith's description of the makingof arrowpoints by the Mrginia Indians.' His arrowhead ho quickly maketh with a little bone, which he ever weareth at his bracer, of a splint of a stone or glasse in the form of a heart, and these they gbnv to the enil of their arrowes. I Stevens, Flint C^hips, j»p. 77, 78. Idem., p. 78. 'Sixth Voyage, ItKH!. <)HH REPOIiT OP NATIONAL MUSKUM, 1H97. Torqucmadii' says: They had, imuI Htill luivr, workmen vvlui tnuku kiiivuHof ii iTrtiiin Itlack Htotin or Hint, which it is a nioHt won«lraiMed. They :ir*> made and n»t out of tlie Htono (if one can exphiin it) in thiH nnuiner: One of these Indiiin workmen Hits down npoii the irronnd and taken n piece of tliis hhiek Ntonc, whi<')i is like Jet, and liard aH Hint, and in a stone which nii^lit hi' caHed precions, more beantitiil and hrilliant than ulahaHter or Jasper, so niiicii ho that of it areniade tablets and niiiroiH. Tlir ]Mece tliey take is ahont 8 inches lou};, or rather more, and as thick as one's lefj «»r rather less, and cyliinlrical. They have a stick as huye as the sliaft of a lance, and '^ cnhits, or rather more, in length, and at tlie eiul of it they fasten tirmly another piece of wood S inches \ou>i, t<> K've more weight to this part, then i)re8sinK their naked feet to;;ether, they hold the stones as with a pair ot pincers or the vise of a (Mirpeiiter's bench. They tak<' the stick (which is cnt oil' smooth at the end) with br>th hands, and set it well liomit against the edf;e of the fnmt of tiie Htone, which also is ent smooth in that part; and then they press it a<;ainst their breast, and with tln^ force of the ]iressnre tluue tlies oil' a knife, with it'H ])oint an, and spoiling tlicm is of no eonsecinenee. Many Sjianiards, Ix-*'' - 'iilar and seculai en shaved with them, especially iit the bej., i of the colonization of these realms, when there was no siH^h abundance as ni .if the necessary instruments and people who gain their livelihood by ^tracticing this occu)>iitioi^l^nt I conclude by s.iying that it is an admirable thing to see them made, aiii^Pw small argument for the capacity of tl.e men who found out siu^h an invention. Tyloi"' says: llermindcz gives a siniilai' account of the process. He cimpares the wooden uistrn- nient used to a crossbow. It was evidently a T-shap(Nl luplement, and the work- man held the crosspiece with his two hands against his h.east, while the end of the straight stick rested on the stone. He furthermore gives a descripticui of the mak- ing of the well known ma(]iiahuitl, . ' Anahuac, ]>. 331. Htoiifl or >iit of tlll^ Tliey nvv i of tllOMfl Ck HtolM'. ))roi'ioiiH, ur«) iiiiiilo ,]wr iiioro, L iiH lur^i^ end of it lit to tllJH ii pair ol is cut otV Igo of dm y pioHH it iiift), with [' a turnip ^, nninff a will iniiktf I shiip<> an D H Hiiglit llrst tinio bbcir 0(1