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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Leu cartes, planchss, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte A des taux de rMuction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seui clichA, ii est film* A partir de I'angie supArieur gauche, de geuche h droite, et de haut an bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivsnts illustrent la mtthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 r 1 THE EMIGRANTS' aUIDE: BEING at iS>tatemnit cnlltb from Jfllcliablr J^ourffsj, i '' f t AS TO THE RELATIVE MERITS OF THK DOMINION OF CANADA * NEW SOUTH WALFLS . VICTORIA * SOUTH AUSTRALIA * QUEENSLAND WESTERN AUSTRALIA * NEW ZEALAND * TASMANIA CAPE OF GOOD HOPE * NATAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ETC. 6Sith their ^aflcs, (^08t of !C)iuiuj|, and other necesaarj) Infoimatiou for those ^eehing 1»l!ew Jitomcs. HV JOHN JAMES JONES, M.G.C.. E.K.G.S., Member of the Sehool lioani for f o>tdon. A i; LONDON. THE INTERNATIONAL EMPLOYMENT & EMIGRATION AGENCY, 98, HIGH STRKF.r. HOMKR'ION', K. 0ut| %itmm Jlogiil ||IaiI ScrMcc. THE ROYAL MAIL STEAMERS OF THE CASTLE MAIL Carrying Her PACKETS COMPANY LIMITED, Majesty's Mails UKTWKKN ENGLAND and SOUTH AFRICA Sail from London ovcry alternate Tuesday, and froir; Dartmouth every alternate Friday, with Mails, Passengers, and Goods for Cape Town, Mossel Bay, Port Elizabeth (Algoa Bay, Port Alfred (The Kowie), East London, and Natal. Extra Steamers of the lane sail every fortni^fht for the Cape Ports, alternating with the Mail Steamers, and thus forming a Weekly Service. Loading Berth— EAST INDIA BASINJ BLACKWALL, E. nr I ii ".ET. Stkamku. Tons llojr. Stkamkr. '1 Diis Reg. HA WARDEN CASTLE ( lluildin^' 4350 CLUNT CASTLE (Building) . 2800 NORHAM CASTLE (Building) . 4350 DOUNE CASTLE (Building) . 2800 DUNBAR CASTLE (Building) . 4350 TAYMODTH CASTLE . 1827 DBUMMOND CASTLE 3705 DUART CASTLE . 1825 GARTH CASTLE 3706 LAPLAND . 1269 KINFAUNS CASTLE 3507 Coast Mail Service ORANTULLT CASTLE 3489 DUNKELD . 1158 CONWAY CASTLE . 2966 MELROSE . 840 WARWICK CASTLE 2957 FLORENCE . 695 ODNROBIN CASTLE 2811 VENICE .... . 611 The Royal ]Mail Steamers call regularly at Madeira, and touch at St. Helena and Ascension at stated intervals. Passengers may embark either in London or at Dartmouth, but all heavy baggage must be shipped in London. Each Adult Passenger is allowed 20 cubic feet of baggage, freight free. The Third Class Railway Fare to London (Emigrants' Rates) of Second and Third Class Passengers is paid by the Company. A Surgeon and Stewardesses are carried by each Steamer. For Dntes of Sailing, I'reij/ht, Passage, or am/ further information apply to the Managers, DONALD CURRIE & Co., 3 & 4, 1'KNCHVReH SrnKKT, London, E.C ; 23 & 25, Oabtlr Mtrkkt, Livkbpooi. ; 11, CoMMKRciAi. BuiLDiNriA, (Jkohk Stiikkt, Manchkotkk; and 40, St. Enoch SavARK, Oi.amow; Or to nng ofthi' uiidermnntioned Agents : I COLONIAL. ... T.t'ith. I ANitKUBON & MvRisoN ... Capetown. ... Edinburgh. I I'ri.nck, Vintcent, ft Co.... Mossel Bay. ... Dundee. Hl.vink & Co Port Elizabeth. ... Arbroath. ; •!. Oau & Co. Orahamstown. ... Aberdeen. Jah. QKoiioKiiON Bast London. ... Plymouth. 1). V. Andrrw Durban, NHtn). ... Dartmouth. K. Rintki, Kimbniey, HOME Jamks (Ivrrik & to. ... A. H. Smith A: Co. ... David Alkxanukr Ja^K8 B. Wkiihtkr ... John Cook ^ Son Smith, SuNnitx, & Co. E. M. Turnor //' / INTRODUCTION. 1L! J.-^- TIMULATED by the success of my Openings for Emigrants, published in the autumn of 1880, and having since then visited Canada and the United States on several occasions, I have resolved to give the result of my observations and inquiries in this, T/ie En/ii^nrnfs' Guide, As previously intimated, I was, during the winter of 1879, selected as Chairman of the Emigration Conferences in the Metropolis, the result of which was that an enormous number of letters reached me from all parts of the country, asking information as to the various emigrant resorts. It became quite impossible to reply to this corres- pondence individually, and hence the compilation of my first book, which gave a brief account of openings for emigrants in the British Colonies and the United States, together with the relative advantages to be derived from a settlement in them. Since the issue of that work I have crossed the Atlantic six times, and have either taken or sent out about 1500 persons to the Dominion of Canada, and about 230 to the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. My connection with the working classes (by reason of beintr on the Council of the Working Men's Club and Institute Union, of my position as Director of the London Samaritan Society, and also as a member of the School Board for London) is very great, and an estimate may be formed of the interest taken in my emigration project when I state that from January ist until September 25th, 1882, I received at my office no less than 17,493 letters on the subject of emigration. It will be readily recognized that each of these com- munications required careful consideration, for the simple reason that it would be altogether wrong to encourage ideas of emigration in unsuitable persons. How far this judicious selection has succeeded may be se^n in the fact that of the 1500 emigrants sent out through il ±4; 4 INTRODUCTION. my agency to Canada but one is reported unsuccessful ; whilst favourable testimony is given in the fact that every week I am sending out the wives and families of men who had emigrated earlier in the year. I hold now, as I have always done, that it is rash and foolish to think that any country out of England will give equal advantages to all classes of emigrants, or to suppose that it does not much matter where a person goes, whether to Canada or the United States, Australia, New Zealand, or South Africa, if only he emigrates. Many have come back bitterly disappointed, and have said emigra- tion is a mistake, whereas the mistake has been their own, or that of their advisers in not considering carefully where they could find the circumstances best suited to them. An intending emigrant must not be satisfied with hearing that somebody else went out to Australia or Canada, or elsewhere, and made his fortune ; he must first look to the particular country and to his individual qualifications for it. Hence, I say, information given on such subjects by practical ob- servers cannot fail to be of great importance to the intending emigrant. My personal observation has been mostly confined to Canada and the United States; and I must say that the Dominion of Canada has, in my opinion, been vastly underrated. In the first place, that which is most dear to the working man (whoever or wherever he be) viz., " freedom, fraternity, equality," is secured to him in Canada ; his labour is appreciated, and the results of sobriety, diligence, and hard work invariably flow into his own pockets rather than into those of others. The poorest agricultural labourer, or domestic servant, meets with an amount of good fellowship which makes them think that which in the old country had seemed an enigma, viz., that life is worth living; while small farmers, say with ^^150 to ;^Soo, can go out with very fair ideas of in a few years doubling, trebling, or quadrupling their store. Of course, it is known that the greatest advantages are here offered to capitalists or labourers of the agricultural class ; but skilled mechanics are required, and they can. command good prices for their hire, whilst a domestic servant has always a chance of success, not only in obtaining lucra- tive employment, but also in herself becoming the wife of some good, honest workman or farmer. As applying, however, to every class of emigrant, it may be said that strong arms and quick hands are of themselves good capital in most new countries, especially if they are accompanied by shrewd heads that know how to use them. But the most important of all are the moral qualifications. The emigrant 4- '' I > I '• \ I INIRODUCTION. >h.r \ » must have a cheerful industry ready to turn itself to anything, not above any kind of honest work ; he must have patience to wait for success, and courage to persevere in spite of difiicuUies and occa- sional failures \ he must have temperance and sobriety to keep his body and mind fit for his work ; he must have frugality^ to lay by for bad seasons, or sickness, or old age; and he must have self- dependence^ as he will have to think and act for himself far more in a new country than in an old. In conclusion, I would say I am not for that emigration which takes away a well-paid workman from a good employer ; but I am for the emigration of all those who cannot find a well-spread table for their families here. I would lay great stress upon the fact that emi- gration is 7iot for the ne'er-do-well, or the idle, or the dissolute — they would not do as well abroad as at home — but is a splendid oppor- tunity for the man with good health, energy, and a determination to get on. I believe, with Mr. Holyoake, that industrial society has reached a new stage. New forces, new conditions, and new oppor- tunities now exist. Europe is crowded. Crowns, feudalism, privilege, partial laws, and devouring armaments deprive the common people of subsistence, or condemn them to perpetual precariousness. Here in England we have surplus workers ; abroad there are unoccupied acres, where a hundred millions of families may dwell in opulence and ownership. Here the Government offers to workmen only the lot of the soldier or the fate of the pauper. The sole deliverance is that of wedding the people to the prairies. The new cry of progress is — dispersion. If workmen are wise they will train no more children for mine or mill. Mechanics only minister to luxury they can, as a rule, never taste. Children should be trained for the field. Their eyes should be taught to look abroad. They should be familiarised with the literature of adventure, and fed with the inspiration of distant enterprise. No education is of any value to them which does not include that of the farm, and soil, and crops, and climates. The steamship will carry them to lands of independence in ten days. I for one say to mechanics, Beg no more for employment, higgle and supplicate no more for hopeless increase of wages — go away. The farmer does not want you, the manufacturer does not want you, the tradesman does not want you, the poor-law guardians do not want you — go away. You have nothing to gain by violence ; you ought not to seek anything from pity. John James Jones. 98, High Street, IIomerion, Lonuon, E. I z UNI ON L INE, CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, NATAL, and EAST AFRICAN ROYAL MAIL SERVICE. ^\t itmon c^tta^ms^ip €iimi^m\^ f imitcir. Established 1853. WEEKLY SERVICE. FHiEliiT. * Nahk. Tonnage. H.P. Name. Tonnage. H.P. TARTAR (building) .. 4300 .. 3700 GERMAN .. 3028 .. 2650 MEXICAN . . .. 4200 .. 3700 DURBAN .. 2874 .. 2800 ATHENIAN .. 3877 .. 3700 ANGLIAN . .. 2274 .. 1400 MOOR .. .. 3688 .. 3700 ASIATIC .. 2087 .. 1100 TROJAN .. 3664 .. 3700 DANUBE .. 2038 .. 1200 SPARTAN .. 3491 .. 3700 AFRICAN . .. 2019 .. 1400 PRETORIA .. 3199 .. 3000 ROMAN .. 1860 .. 1200 ARAB .. .. 3170 .. 3000 NATAL .. 734 .. 523 NUBIAN .. 3091 .. 1800 UNION .. 113 .. 60 rpHE ROYAL MAIL STEAMERS of this Company's Line, carrying Her JL Majesty's Mails, leave Southampton every alternate Thursday, and Plymouth the following dav, conveying Passengers and Goods to Cape Town, Mossel Bay, Port Elizabeth (Algoa Bay), Fort Alfred (Eowie River), and Natal, and Passengers oiUy to East London. St. Helena is callcMi at at stated intervals. The INTERMEDIATE STEAMERS leave Southampton everv alternate Friday, and Plymouth the following day, conveying Passengers and Goods for East London and Natal, and Passengers only to Cape Town and Port Elizabeth. ALL 8TEAMEBS CALL AT HADEIBA. The Union Steamship Company's Steamers have made the fastest voyages from England to the Cape of Good Hope, and vice vena. Betum Tickets are issued in the First Glass at a reduction of 10 per cent, off two single frxes, and are available between England and the Cape of Good Hope for four months, and Natal five months from date of embarkation. The Rates include a Free Pass by Rail from London to Southampton, or vice verad, for Passengers and Baggage, which ^mn be obtained of the Company or Uxeir Agents in England. Outward Passengers are freed from Dues on Baggage at both South- ampton and Plymouth. For Bates of Passage-money or Freight apply to H. J. Waring & Co., The Wharf, Millbay, Fly* moaih: Stumobk, Wuton, & Go., 20, Water Street, Liverpool; Kkllkr, Wallis, & Co., 73, Fiooaduly, Manchester: F. W. Allan & Co., 15, Gordon Street, Glasgow; A. O. Otttwbll, Za. Shandwiok Place, Edinburgh; Oabolin & Eoan, 30, Eden Qaay; or H. W. Donnellt, S4, Lower Ormond Quay, Dublin ; to the Company's Agents in most provincial Towns; or at THE COMPANY'S OFFICES, Oriental Plaoe, Southampton, ft 11, Leadenhall Street, London, 1-/ V; r THE EMIGRANTS' GUIDE. THE DOMINION OF CANADA. SCRIPTION.— The territory comprised in the Do- minion of Canada contains about 3,500,000 square miles, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and at its southern point reaching the 44th parallel of latitude. It possesses thousands of square miles of the finest forests on the continent ; widely-spread coal-fields ; extensive and productive fisheries ; its rivers and lakes are among the largest and most remarkable in the world, and the millions of acres of prairie lands in the newly opened-uj) north-west territories are reported as being among the most fertile on the continent of America. Canada is divided into seven provinces as below : Square Miles. 1. Quebec . . . 2. Ontario Nova Scotia . New Brunswick Prince Edward's Island J' 4- 5- 6. British Columbia 7. Manitoba . . . } And the North- West Territory . . j in nns 193^355 V 107,780 » 21,73' » 27,322 » 2,134 )> 213,550 » about 120,000 2,640,000 2. Population. — The population at the census in 1871 was 3,602,596. Among its inhabitants there were then 219,451 natives of Ireland, 144,999 of England and Wales, 121,074 of Scotland, 64,477 natives of the United States, and 24,162 natives of Ger- many. The census taken in 1881 shows the population to have much increased. The total population is now 4,352,080. Manitoba alone shows an increase of 289 per cent in the last ten years. 3. Government. — The several provinces have local legislatures, and the seat of the Dominion or Federal Parliament is at Ottawa. The Government is conducted on the same principle as that of Great Britain; viz., the responsibility of the Ministers to Parliament. The Governor-General of the Dominion is appointed by the Queen, and the Lieutenant-Governors of the Provinces by the Governor- General in Council. Each province is divided into counties and townships, having their own local boards and councils for regulating r X 8 KMIGRANTS' GUIDE. local taxation for roads, schools, and other municipal purposes Religious liberty prevails. 4. Education. — The educational system is under the control of the various provinces. Free schools are provided, and facilities are afforded to successful pupils for obtaining the highest education. 5. MiLiiiA. — I'he militia consists of two forces, the active and reserve, the strength of the former being fixed by law at 40,000 (service in which is voluntary), and the latter at 600,000, all male British subjects between the ages of 18 aud 60, not exempted or disqualified by law, being liable to be called upon to serve in cases of emergency. The active militia is clothed, armed with breech- loaders, and equipped, ready to take the field at short notice. The force is commanded by a General Oflicer of the English army. Infantry schools are established at Toronto, Kingston, Montreal, Quebec, Fredericton, and Halifax, at which officers can obtain certificates. There is also a military college for the education of cadets, with a four years' course of study, at Kingston. 6. Tradi: — The following figures show the imports and exports for the fiscal year ending June 30th, 1880, and also the value of the exports to, and imports from, the United Kingdom during the same period. Dollars. . 86,489,747 Value of Imports . \^alue of Exports . Exports to the United Kingdom Imports from the United Kingdom 87,9 "»458 45,814,126 34,461,224 An examination of these figures, compared with those of the United States, shows that the imports of Canada from Great Britain, in proportion to the population, represent 38s. per head, as against 7s. l^er head in the United States. 7. Climate. — In a country like the Dominion of Canada, ex- tending northward from the 44° of latitude, the climate is naturally xariable, but, speaking generally, the summers are hotter than in England, and the winters colder. However, if the climate of a country is to be measured by its productions, then Canada, in the (luality of her timber, grair^ fruits, plants, and animals, must be accorded a front rank. The extremes of cold, thou^'i of short duration, and the winter covering of snow, have given Canada the reputation of having an extremely severe climate, and attention has not been sufticiently directed to the circumstance that by the warmth of the summer months the range of production is extended, in grains, from oats and barley to wheat and maize; in fruits, from apples to peaches, grapes, melons, nectarines, and apricots; in vegetables, from turnips, carrots, and cabbages, to the egg-plant and tomatoes. Snow and ice are no drawback to the Canadian winter. To Canada they mean not only protection to her cultivated acres, almost as valuable as a covering of manure, but the conversion of whole areas, during several months in the year, to a surface upon which every man may make his own road, equal to a turnpike, in V I KM IGR ants' guide. i 7 I". t t e ,s h n ti in id :r. IS, of pn in any direction, over swamp or field, lake or river, and on which millions of tons are annually transported at the minimum cost, whereby employment is afforded for man and horse when cultivation is arrested by frost. Intensity of winter cold has little effect upon the agriculture of a country except the beneficial one of pulverising the soil where exposed. High spring and summer temperatures, with abundance of rain, secure the certain ripening of maize and the melon in Canada. The difference between the mean annual tem- jjerature of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Canada for the same latitude is very great, that for the latter being much higher ; thus wheat is raised with profit in lat. 60° N., long. 122^ 31' W. In Manitoba in lat. 49° 30' N., long. 97° 30' \V., wheat is sown in May and reaped the latter end of August, after an interval of 1 20 days. The great prairie region of Canada has a mean summer temperature of 65°, with abundance of rain ; the winters are cold and dry; climate and soil similar to that part of Russia where large cities are found. It is free from pulmonary complaints and fevers of every type, and the country generally is healthy. The snow fall in the west and south-west parts of the territories is comparatively light, and cattle may remain in the open-air all 'vinter subsisting on the prairie grasses, which they obtain by scraping away the snow where necessary. 8. Mean.s of Communication. — There are nearly 8,000 miles of railway in work in th Dominion, extending from the western portions of Ontario to Halifax in iViova Scotia, and St. John in New Brunswick; while its rivers and lakes form a highway during the summer month:, from the interior to the ocean. It may be mentioned that Canada possesses the moFt perfect system of inland navigation in the world. At the present time vessels of 600 tons go from Chicago to Montreal by way of Lakes Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario, and the river St. Lawrence, a distance of 1,261 miles. The locks on the Welland Canal (connecting Lakes Erie and Ontario), and those on the St. Lawrence River, are, however, in course of enlargement to 270 feet long and 45 feet wide, with a depth of 14 feet, and when this great work is completed steamers of 1,500 toni? burthen will be able to carry produce direct from Western Canada and the Western States of America to Montreal and Quebec, which will effect a further reduction in the cost of transit of cereals and other products. The distance from Chicago to Montreal (where ocean-going steamers of 4,000 tons can be moored alongside the quays) by the Canadian route is 150 miles less than from Chicago to New York, 7'id Buffalo and the Erie Canal, and there aic sixteen more locks and 89 1 feet more lockage by the latter route than by the former. It is therefore expected that, upon the completion of the enlarged canals, within two years, much of the grain from Western Canada, as well as from the Western States of America, will find its way to Europe vid Montreal, as, in addition to its other advantages, the distance from Montreal to Liverpool is abc it 300 miles less than from New York. 9. Postal and Telegraph Arrangements. — Canada possesses II ^ V it lO emigrants' guide. excellent postal arrangements, a post-office being found in almost every village, and every place of any importance is connected v/ith the electric telegraph. lo. Emigration to Canada. — Classes of Emigrants. — The classes which may be recommended to emigrate to Canada are as follows : 1. Tenant farmers in the United Kingdom, who have sufficient capital to enable them to settle on farms, may be advised to go with safety, and with the certainty of doing well. The same remark may apply to any persons who, although not agriculturists, would be able to adapt themselves to agricultural pursuits, and who have sufficient means to enable them to take up farms. 2. Produce farmers, and persons with capital seeking investment. 3. Male and female farm labourers, female domestic servants, and mechanics (to whom assisted passages are granted). The classes which should be warned against emigration to Canada are females above the grade of servants, clerks, shopmen, and persons having no particular trade or calling, and unaccustomed to manual labour, unless they are willing and able to take to it. Time to Emigrate. — The best time to arrive in Canada is early in May, when the inland navigation is open, and out-door operations are commencing. The emigrant will then be able to take advantage of the spring and summer work, and to get settled before the winter sets in. The voyage from Liverpool to Quebec occupies, on an average, about ten days by steamer, and the journey to the North- West four days longer. V J THE PROVINCES OF CANADA. It is now proposed to offer a few remarks on each of the different provinces of which the Dominion of Canada is composed. QUEBEC. 1. Free Grants of Land. — Upon eight of the great colonization roads, every male colonist and emigrant being i8 years of age may obtain a free grant of 100 acres. The conditions are that at the end of the fourth year a dwelling must have been erected on the land, and 1 2 acres be under cultivation. Letters Patent are then granted. Crown lands can also be purchased at 30 cents to 60 cents an acres. 2. Homestead Law. — The Province has a homestead law, ex- empting from seizure, under certain conditions, the property of emigrants. 3. Soil. — The soil is of very good quality, and its productions are similar to those of other parts of Canada. 4. Means of Communication. — This is afforded by railways and by the River St. Lawrence. This Province contains the two great ports of shipment, Montreal and Quebec, both of which have ex- tensive wharfage accommodation, and ocean-going vessels of 4,000 tons can be moored alongside the quays. - . r h emigrants' guide. II 5. Cities. — The principal cities are Quebec and Montreal, and there are many large towns. 6. Mines and Fisheries. — Gold, lead, silver, iron, copper, platinum, &c., are found ; but mining in this Province is only yet in its infancy. Phosphate mining is becoming an important industry ; its value as a fertilizer is recognized in England and France, and large quantities are being exported. The fisheries are abundant, and in 1876 the yield was of the value of 2,097,677 dollars. ONTARIO. Ontario is the principal Province of the Dominion of Canada. It has a population of over two millions, and its area is greater than that of Great Britain and Ireland. Its extreme southern boundary extends as far south as Rome in Italy, and it embraces the same latitudes as all the most prosperous countries of Europe. Hence it will be readily understood how its fine summer climate is capable of bringing to perfection a wider range of productions than is i)0ssible in the more northern latitudes of the British Isles. For example, maize or Indian corn, melons, pumpkins, and other semi- tropical products are among the common crops of Ontario, whilst grapes and peaches are abundantly grown in the open air. The capital of Ontario is Toronto, with a rapidly -increasing population of nearly 100,000. The other principal towns are Ottawa, Kingston, Hamilton, and London. Though agriculture and the timber trade are the chief industries, manufactures of nearly every kind flourish throughout the Province. Ontario has a high reputation in the markets of the world for its fruits, grains, and dairy products, which are exported in immense quantities. The climate and soil are also well adapted for the raising of cattle, sheep, and horses, in which an important and rapidly increasing trade is already established with this country. Ontario is justly celebrated for its system of public instruction, which aflfords unsurpassed facilities for preparing children for the various callings or professions in which they are intended to engage. All the public schools are free. The rate of inteicst in Ontario being higher than in this country, whilst living and education are cheaper, Ontario affords special advan- tages to families of independent but limited means, who have children to educate and settle in life. The avenues to the highest public employment, as well as to i.he learned professions, are all freely open to merit. All religious denominations are on a footing of equality before the law, being supported on the voluntary system. The political and municipal institutions of the Province are est''.b- lished on a thoroughly liberal basis, the important principles of popular representation and responsible government being fully recognised in all. 11 !• I 12 e:migrants guide. The climate is eminently healthy, and conducive to longevity. The people of Ontario — like Canadians generally — are law-abiding, and life and property have the same security there as here. The Province is well supplied with railroads and telegraphs, and its inland water communications are unrivalled. There is an excellent postal system established, which penetrates to the remotest settlements. In short, all public institutions and works are conducted and carried forward with a spirit of enterprise which keeps them well abreast of the progress of the age. In the older settled sections of the Province improved farms, with dwellings and everything ready for occupation, can be had for from ^4 to ;^io per acre; terms of payment easy. These farms are especially suitable to tenant farmers and others with capital, who wish to avoid the rough experiences and discomforts which are inseparable from an entirely new settlement. Farm labourers are much in demand throughout the Province at good wages. Good steady men do not as a rule remain long in the position of labourers, but speedily acquire land, and become farmers on their own account. In fact, the great bulk of Ontario farmers, including many of the most wealthy and prosperous men in the Province, commenced their career with comparatively little or no capital. Persevering industry, together with sobriety and prudent management, are the certain means of success. In certain parts of the Province Free Grants of Land are given by the Government to actual settlers, each head of a family receiving 200 acres, and each unmarried member of the family, male or female, receiving 100 acres. The " settlement duties " are the clearing of 1 5 acres on each allot- ment, the building of a habitable house, and the occupation of the same for at least six months each year. On the due performance of these conditions the settler obtains from the Government a patent, making the land his own property. On the other hand, failure to comply with the conditions within five years forfeits the settler's claim to the allotment. Only those who feel equal to the task of clearing a bush farm, and encountering the difficulties incident to a new settlement, should attempt it. They should have at least ;^ 100 to begin with. Common labourers, as well as most kinds of tradesmen and mecha- nics, find ready employment, at wages varying from 5 s. to los. per day. Female Domestic Servants are in constant and urgent demand, at good wages. Abundant openings may be found throughout Ontario for respect- able youths and young men who are desirous of learning Canadian farming, where they would be treated like members of the family. In return for their work, which they would share in common with the farmer himself, or his sons, they would receive board and lodging and wages, according to capacity, or as might be agreed upon. 1 \f EMIGRANTS GUIDE. '5 tl \ '4 w TESTIMONY IN FAVOUR OF ONTARIO. In the years 1879 and 1880 a number of tenant farmers, representing different districts of the United Kingdom, visited Canada for the purpose of reporting upon its agricultural capabilities and resources to their friends at home. A few extracts from their reports bearing on the Province of Ontario are as follows : Mr. GEORGE COWAN, Annan. " I visited the great fruit-growing districts of Grimsby and St Catherine's, the last-named town being not far distant from the world- renowned- Falls of Niagara, which I need scarcely inform you I also went to see, and the sight of which, had I seen nothing more during my visit to America, would have amply repaid me for my journey. At Grimsb\ I had the pleasure of meeting two very old friends in the persons of Messrs. Hewetson, well known to many people in this country as brothers of the present tenant of Balterson, near Newton-Stewart. These gentlemen, with whom I spent two pleasant days, have been many years resident in Canada, have been very successful, and although they have still a warm side to their native country, prefer living where they are to returning to the land of their birth ; and I may hero notice thai I found this feeling very general amongst all classes of people with whom 1 came in contact, which of itself says a good deal for the Dominion as a place to live in. The country around Grimsby is very beauti'^ul, lying below high lands covered with fine timber, the land sloping gently down to Lake Ontario. Nearly the whole district is devoted to the growing of peaches, apples, grapes, and many other varieties of fruits. It is well sheltered from frosty winds, and the soil, which is a sandy loam of a red colour, peculiar to that part of the country, is from two to three feet in depth, and the subsoil is sand, resting on the red sandstone. Mr. Hewetson first drove me through a beautiful country to the residence of Mr. Wolverton, who owns a large orchard of eighteen acres," situated about a couple of miles from Grimsby. Mr. Wolverton has about five acres planted with apple trees, of which there are about seventy to the acre; and five acres in peaches, with from 140 to 150 trees per acre. The latter were about ten years old, and this year produced 1,500 bushels of this luscious fruit, which he sold for two dollars, or over 8s. per bushel, yielding him the handsome return of ;^I20 per acre. We afterwards visited Mr. Kitchen, whose orchard extends to sixty acres. This gentle- man informed me that his orchard contained 3,000 apple trees, 500 peach, cherry, pear, and plum trees, and 1,000 grape vines. He sold last year 2,000 barrels of apples at two dollars per barrel, his average yearly sale of fruit and wines amounting to 8,000 dollars, or between ^i ,600 and £ i ,700." Mr. JOHNSTONE, Low Bumthwaite, near Carlisle. ** The Canadian people as a rule are a kind and most hospitable class. The way the original settlers cleared thousands of acres of land in the face of great dimculties is very creditable to them, A person who has never been there would hardly credit the size and quality of the fruits, roots, and vegetables. The roads as a rule are good, and railways are running over the most part of the country. Their farm implements are more lightly and elegantly made than our own, and quite as serviceable. Their schools are free, and perhaps their school system is the most I < «1 1* II I i-.' ■ 111. fk IL. M F.MIGRANTS GUIDE. perfect in the world. The cHmatc is hotter in summer and colder in winter, but much drier than here. The farm buildings are mostly wood, and as they do not stack their crops, the barns are very large. A great many of the houses are built of brick, and very elegantly constructed. The cattle as a rule are not so good as we have. The horses are some- thing like our coaching horse, being very active, and from their spring being short, they are capable of doing a great deal of work when it is much required. Sheep are very good as a rule. The farmers keep up the roads by statute labour, each having so much to do, according to the quantity of land he holds. The fences are all made of wood of various kinds. The farmers in Canada as a rule are not good farmers, although some are as good as we have in England. Their corn market is generally in the street. They bring their grain in waggons, and sell it out of them. Canada is a very well-watered country." V Mr. BIGGAR, The Grange, Dalbeattie. " A great deal of Western Ontario would compare very favourably with some parts of England. The land is good, and fairly managed. There is a nice proportion of timber, and the farmers' houses are in many cases exceedingly neat and comfortable. They have, in fact, an air of refinement and prosperity beyond what we expected in a comparatively new country. We believe it would be hard to find in any country of similar size so many men who have done as well as Ontario farmers. Many who went out thirty to forty years ago with nothing, now own farms and stock worth ^2,000 to ^6,ooo. There are, however, a good many who have mortgages on tlieir farms to a considerable amount, for which they pay 7 to 8 per cent, interest. This, together with bad seasons and emigration to tiie north-west, accounts for the large number of farms which are at present for sale. I may here remark that the custom of letting land is not so common as in this country. Farms are only let from year to year, and as the tenant in these circumstances is supposed to take out what he can, owners are more ready to sell than to let. At the same time, it is possible to get farms on rent, and emigrants from this country would do well to rent a farm for a year or two until they have time to look around." Mr. JAMES PALMER, Somersetshire. " I am much pleased with Canada ; for the prospects are different to what they are in England, especially for farmers. My sons are delighted with the country and the farms. I have purchased for them in all 273 acres, in two farms situated seven miles from this, near the main road towards Exeter. They have a good house on each lot, with orchards, out-buildings, &c., and seventy-five acres fenced and under cultivation on each lot. The whole cost 7,500 dollars — less than I had to pay rent for land in two years in Somersetshire — that is to say, two years' rent per acre. I can strongly recommend this country (Ontario) to my friends and others who intend to emigrate." HUNT W. CMAMBRE, Esq., J. P., Stewartson, County Tyrone, Ireland. " Almost all the crops I saw, except the spring wheat, were very fine, though the management of them in general was not all that one could desire. There could not be any doubt of the very great fertility of the soil, mostly a dark, sandy loam. The climate too 1 considered much S I e, the EMIGRANTS GUIDK. 15 better than that of Ireland, fruit, wheat, peas, and corn coming to much greater perfection than with us. Though the thermometer in July was from 100 to 130 degrees of heat out of doors, I was not so much annoyed or inconvenienced by it as I have often been at home, when it stood at from 70 to 90. This I attribute to the dry, clear atmosphere, instead of the moist heat of Ireland. For much the same reason, I was told and believe, the cold in winter is not at all so much felt as has been generally reported and believed here. " I was very much pleased with some parts of the country 1 went through, but particularly with the neighbourhood of St. Catherine's, and am satisfied that for persons of middle age without large families and with a moderate amount of capital, Ontario is a very good place to settle, particularly for those who have the knowledge and taste for raising fruit, which pays exceedingly well, peaches, grapes, &c., coming to perfection in the open air." Mr. GORDON, Comlongon Main, Annan, Dumfriesshire. " Leaving Niagara, we returned to Toronto, passing through hopyards and magnificent orchards of peaches, apples, &c. — the climate and soil being admirably adapted to the growth of these products. After spending one night in Toronto, we left for London, to attend a local show or fair, as it is named in Canada. We found the exhibits much as at Ottawa, except the sheep, which were decidedly better. The soil, judging by the view we got of it from the railway carriage from Toronto to London, is rather stiff, except in the neighbourhood of Guelph, which is a good district, and well farmed. Orchards abound ; and young wheat when we were there, in the end of September, was from six inches to one foot high — much too luxuriant we thought. " From London we passed through Bothvvell to Chatham, then along LJic Erie shore to Blenheim and Thamesville, and thence to IngersoU. Soil of almost any quality can be got on this route, from forest lands at £2 to magnificent deep clay and sandy loams, worth from ;^I5 to ^25 per acre. The Indian corn grows here luxuriantly, yielding from fifty o sixty bushels per acre. Fall or autumn wheat, clover for seed, and roots, are the principal crops. The farmers are making experiments in growing sugar beet, which, if successful, will return them ^40 per acre. They arc promised by a company £1 per ton for the roots delivered at drying kilns, erected from five to ten miles apart. The pulp when dried is forwarded to the sugar factory ; and as they estimate they can grow on this land forty to fifty tons per acre, the success of the ' "periment is looked for anxiously. Orchards are also a feature of this district, particularly along Lake Erie shore. Making IngersoU and Woodstock our headquarters, we drove to Paris, Brantford, East Zorra, Norwich, Dereham, and Simcoe. This is a great dairy district, the cows being almost entirely of the native breed, although some have a dash of the shorthorn in them. Well-managed cheese factories stud the district, which collect the milk night and morning with their own carts. They are owned generally by a company of the farmers themselves, who put in a manager, and remunerate him either in cheese or a percentage on the year's sales in money. The expenses are deducted at balancing time, and each farmer gets an equivalent of money in proportion to the cjuantity of milk he supplied to the factory. In this way a much more uniform make for the whole district is secured, and consequently a higher price. One factory was making one ton per day, and another 1 5 cwts. Unfortunately some of the managers had sold their season's make at 3id. per lb., a very unremunerative price ; but before we left it had risen I? 1 I 1 I' };■ i6 EMKIRAXTS OUIDF,. ii' i to si'd. This will encourage dealers to give a good price for next season's make. Fruit is grown here also in abundance. The soil is very variable, and suited to all kinds of crops. We came across an Osage orange fence when near Lake Erie, which grows so close, so quickly, and is of such a prickly nature, that all further difficulty in the matter of permanent fencing seems to be at an end. The fencing question would have been a difficult one to solve in a few years, as wood is getting in some districts scarce and dear. There are no stones, at least you can travel miles without seeing one, and our whitethorn will not grow. When at Brant- ford we visited the celebrated liow Park farm, where the largest herd of shorthorns in the work' is kept, and saw a number of animals of great merit. The farm is kept entirely or nearly so for raising food for these cattle. "In this district it is the practice to sow both rye and Indian corn to be used as green fodder, or made into hay. Indian corn yields 40 to 50 tons of green food, and when made into hay about 9 tons per acre. It is considered equal to turnips for feeding cattle. Timothy, orchard grass, and clover are the only grass seeds sown in the province. Permanent pasture is, I believe, unknown. Our next move was to Stratford, thence to Listowel, Harriston, Walkerton, Clinton, and Seaforth, where we took rail to Guelph. We saw the same variations in soil and crops as in other parts of the Province ; but noticed that although the land was fully as good as we had seen, it was not so well farmed, nor were the houses and buildings so good, and orchards were not so numerous. We were informed that it was a younger farming country, which would account in a great measure for these deficiencies. These remarks do not apply to the immediate neighbourhood of either Stratford or Guelph. The Agricultural College here is a grand institution, and says much for the enterprise of the Ontarians. It is a fine building, about a mile out of the town of Guelph, and situated on a rising ground about the centre of tlie farm. There is accommodation for 91 students, and at present it is quite full. The students practically execute the whole labour on the farm, and are instructed in the sciences applicable to agriculture and horticulture, the course of instruction lasting two years. The (iovernment aids private parties in providing the funds, and in addition each student pays about ^20 a year. He, however, is paid in return for his work, and it is calculated, if he is careful, that he should save £"] each year. Judge, then, of the value of an institution which teaches what will be all- important to future generations of farmers, and at the same time may be a source of present profit to the student. Our own country might well follow such an example. There is a staff of professors, headed by a principal, and instructors in the working and stock departments. The farm is over 500 acres in extent, the soil being in some fields a sandy, and in others a clay loam, with a gravel subsoil. We were informed that their wheat crop averages 35 bushels. After leaving Guelph we again returned to Toronto, and from there visited St. Catherine's, and passed Grimsby and the Welland Canal. Near St. Catherine's we visited a manufactory of native wine. The vineyard which supplies the grapes is 50 acres in extent ; the soil is a stiff clay of a reddish colour, which is considered the best class of soil for fruit growing. The climate here is remarkably mild ; winter is shorter and not so severe as in other parts of Ontario. The Welland Canal passes St. Catherine's. There is a new one in the course of construction, which is of a capacity to allow Atlantic steamboats to pass up through it, and thence to the great lakes. The neighbourhood '•f Grimsby is admitted to be the best fruit district in Canada' I emigrants' guide;. Mr. ELLIOTT, HoUybush, Galashiels. 17 "Sept. 27th. — Arrived at Toronto, noon, passing through some very good country along the shores of the Lake Ontario. The crops, from the appearance of the stubble, had been good. Few turnips grown in the district ; fine country for fruit. We saw many large orchards as we passed along at the farm places. Good crops of second clover which were being cut for seed. Farmers all busy sowing wheat, and many fields well up. Land can be bought here for 40 dollars per acre. In the afternoon we sailed across the Lake to Niagara. Sept. 2%th. — Visited the Falls (a very grand sight), and all places of interest in the neighourhood. This is a great fruit-growing district. Sept. 29//^. — Left Niagara for Toronto, by way of Hamilton ; passed through some fair good country, and for the most part badly farmed ; fruit and wheat being the principal crops, the pastures having a poor appearance. After leaving Hamilton, the farming improved. Coming along we saw a good number of well- bred cattle in the fields. Sept. 2pth. — Set off for London by way of Grand Trunk Railway, which we reached at i p.m. Passed through a good country most of the way ; fairly well farmed. Very little pasture land, and what was looked poor and closely eaten. A good many fairly bred cattle along the route. Visited the exhibition for a short time. Oct. 1st. — Visited Mr. Carting's, M.P., extensive breweries ; a very in- teresting sight — petroleum being the only fuel used in the works. The barley and hops used are grown in the neighbourhood. Drove out to the waterworks, and returned by steamboat on the Thames. A very fine sail. Afterwards visited the Exhibition, where every class of stock was well represented ; as also machinery, implements, and manufactures of all kinds, together with the usual display of fruits, vegetables, and roots. I was very favourably impressed with the tall and healthy appearance of the people here, especially the ladies ; and there can be no better sign of a good country than the healthy appearance of its people. Oct. 2nd. — Left London by 5.40 a.m. train for Bothwell, from whence we drove to Dresden by way of Florence, through a middling country. The soil very unequal ; in some parts light and sandy, while others again were strong clay ; then sometimes would pass through good loamy soil, in parts very badly farmed. The straw apparently is of no value to the farmers, as in many instances it is allowed to rot in the fields. From Desden to Chat- ham (the latter a fine town of 8,000 inhabitants) through a fine country, and many portions of it well farmed, although the wasteful practice of leaving the straw in the fields to rot, and in many instances burning it, was being very generally practised. Oct. yd. — Took an extensive cir- cuitous drive this forenoon, when we saw by far the best land we had yet seen. Saw very fine farms on both sides of the river Thames, upon which there is communication with the lakes by steamboat. The land in this district is of a strong loamy nature, and will grow any kind of crops in abundance year after year without manure. We saw large fields of very fine maize in this district, also great fields of wheat grown suc- cessively thereon for many years. It is also a very good grazing country. Some of the farmers here fatten a large number of cattle for export to Britain, which, they informed us, had paid them very well, and to all appearance it is a trade that will extend very rapidly. In the afternoon we drove by way of Buckhom to Blenheim, through a fine country, and generally well farmed. Grapes, peaches, and apples are very extensively grown in this district in the open air. We drove for many miles along the highway, with orchards on both sides, which extend all the way to Detroit, a distance of over 30 miles. The fruit was most abundant, and B :, I ■A i8 emigrants' guide. is a very profitable crop. They are starting sugar beet factories in this district. The sugar beet here grows to perfection from 40 to 50 tons per acre, and for which they get 5 dollars per ton at the factory. I consider a great portion of the land I saw to-day as good, and in many instances much better, than the land around Edinburgh, and, as I said before, it will grow wheat and maize year after year without manure. Saw again to-day great stacks of straw burning, a most wasteful practice. Driving through the district in company with the Sheriff, I drew his attention to this, and suggested that he should pass an Act making it criminal to put such good fodder into flames, at which he laughed, and said he thought it a good idea. In reference to this, the Sheriff told me of an enterpris- ing farmer who had shifted his barns three times to get rid of accumulated manure. The Sheriff had also seen large quantities of straw pitched into the river from the thrashing machine. Farms here can be bought at from 20 to 75 dollars per acre, according to the state of cultivation and buildings. Oct.\th. — Drove this morning towards thelake. Theland isgood, with a gentle slope and southern exposure, and grows any kind of crop to perfection. Some farms here could be bought from 30 to 50 dollars per acre. Looked like a good investment. Oct. 7th. — Our drive from Wood- stock to-day was through a very fine country, where we saw some very good, well-farmed land. Visited several large cheese factories, which seemed to be well managed, everything being the perfection of cleanli- ness. Mr. Smith, whom we called upon, had just tied up 40 cattle to feed, which he informed us was very profitable. We stayed dinner with Mr. Donaldson, originally from Cumberland, who has a fine farm of 300 acres, for part of which he paid 85 dollars per acre. His barns and stables are well arranged and substantial, and everything well managed. From this we drove to IngersoU, through a very good country as a rule, rather more hilly than we had yet seen. Saw a very considerable number of cattle and sheep in the fields, mostly fair sorts. Principally a dairy dis- trict, all the milk being sent into the cheese. Cows, we are informed, will pay 30 to 40 dollars each. Oct. St/i. — From Ingersoll to Norwich we drove through a very fine country, where we saw a great many farms with fine brick houses and other substantial outbuildings. Judging from outward appearances, farmers in this district seem to be in a very prosperous condition. There is here a very considerable extent of grazing land, well stocked with good cattle. From Norwich to Woodstock the land is much the same, all the farmers seemingly prosperous, houses and outbuildings good, and the land well cultivated. Farms here would sell from 70 to 80 dollars per acre, but not many in this district for sale. I called on Mr. Alexander Hunter, my predecessor in my farm Allanshaws. It is needless to say he was delighted to see me. He has now retired from farming, and lives in the outskirts of the town, where he has a very fine place. Oct. lot/t. — Driving by Lake Erie shore, along with Mr. Hunte:, as far as Port Dover, we saw a number of good farms. He gave me a very good report of the country generally for farming. In his own word, * You can grow any kind of crop to perfection.' He has grown some seasons 400 bushels of carrots (60 lbs. per bushel) upon a quarter of an acre. He also savs, ' Put a sheep on the worst ground in Canada, and it will make it thick fat,' which I can corroborate, having never seen a lean sheep while there. Oct. i ith, — Came by rail from Simcoe to Stratford, it being market day there for wheat, potatoes, and v«^tables of all kinds, also poultry and butchers' meat. Price of wheat i dollar 20 cents per bushel, turkeys about 75 cents, geese 50 to 60 cents, and chickens from 12 to 25 cents. Drove out in the aftemooh with Mr. Hay, M.P.p. We saw many fine farms. The fall wheat was more forward here vr $> emigrants' guide. :JSi »9 t r m than districts we have yet visited. Land here can be bought with good buildings from 30 to 60 dollars per acre. Ocf. 12th — Sunday. Oct. ist/t. — Drove to Milverton, and called upon several farmers, old countrymen, who had all been very successful. A good country, in parts recently settled. Farms can be bought here from 30 to 50 dollars per acre. Saw a great many good cattle, which they feed for the British market. From Milverton to Listowel we drove through a fine country — a good part new ; all the wheat forward. Oct. i<\th. — We went to see a rotary plough work- ing in a stubble field close by the town. This is a most remarkable implement. When some little improvements are made upon it which the inventor explained to us he meant to carry out, I am certain it will come into general use for some kinds of work. A boy with a pair of light horses will plough five acres a day with it. Afterwards drove into the country, returning to Listowel for luncheon. We passed through a con- siderable section of lately reclaimed land ; in many parts the wheat was very far forward, and in some instances inclined to * lodge,' which shows the richness of the soil. From Listowel to Harrison, Co. Wellington, drove through a good country, mostly new. In passing along we saw lots of very well-bred cattle. A good many roots grown here, and all a good crop. Land can be bought here from 25 to 50 dollars per acre. Oct. i$t/t. — From Harrison we drove to Walkerton by way of Newstead. in Co. Bruce, through a fair good country, some parts new and more hilly than what we had yet seen. Saw many good stone farm houses. A good many Germans in this locality, who are generally good farmers. Oct. idih. — Drove a wide circuit this forenoon, calling at Mr. Rivers', who is originally from Devonshire. He has a herd of very good short- horn cattle, and very excellent root crops. We had luncheon with him. The land we passed through to-day is mostly of a light description. Came to Wingham, in County Huron, through a great portion of new country. The soil mostly of a rich nature. Land, where we have been to-day, can be bought from 25 to 50 dollars per acre. Oct. ijth. — Went by rail from Wingham to Clinton, whence we drove to Seaforth, through a very good well-farmed country. In passing along we pulled wheat over two feet high which was sown in September. I may mention that we have seen hundreds of acres stocked with cattle, and sheep to keep it down. There are large numbers of well-bred cattle in this district, which is one of the best we had seen ; price of land here from 60 to 80 dollars per acre. Took train at Seaforth for Guelph, passing through a good and fairly well-farmed country all the way. " We called at Mr. Whitslaw's (originally from Berwickshire), a fine farm of 350 acres, well cultivated. We saw there a very fine flock of Leicester sheep, e d better education than can be obtained at a public school find in various parts of the country high or grammar schools, managed in a similar manner by a Board of Trustees. In the Province there are 104 high schools, and 10,574 students. The expenditure connected with these schools amounted to 396,010 dollars. It is at these institutions where the students receive that classical education and that training which is necessary before entering the study of the medical or other professions. For the study of the various professions there are Colleges at Montreal, Toronto, and various other places." Professor SHELDON, an eminent authority on agricultural questions, paid a visit to Canada last year, and has given the results of his observations in a small pamphlet, just published by official authority. Speaking of the province of Ontario, Professor Sheldon says : " Of the southern part of this Province I cannot speak in terms other than of warm praise. Generally speaking, this favoured portion of the Province has a rolling, and, in some parts, almost a hilly surface; in certain localities, as that of Hamilton, for instance, the surface is much broken and almost precipitous here and there ; but as a rule the great bulk of the land in this part of the Province, with the exception of rocky or swampy districts, is easily cultivable when it is cleared of timber and the roots are pulled out. Thirty or forty years ago Ontario must have been a very heavily-wooded district, and the labour of clearing the hundreds and thousands of beautiful farms must have been prodigious. In the district to which these remarks more especially refer, the work of cleai'ing is for the most part done, but there are still many extensive tracts of timber-land here and there, and most of the farms have a smaller or greater proportion of uncleared land on them. This land is kept to grow wood for fencing and for fuel. "This portion of Ontario may be regarded as the garden of the Dominion — literally as well as figuratively the garden — for it is there that apples, pears, grapes, peaches, melons, and the like grow in the greatest pro- fusion, and with the least trouble on the part of the farmer. Every farm has its orchard, and it is purely the farmer's fault if the orchard is not an excellent one ; for the climate and the soil are clearly all that can be desired, and the trees will do their share of the work, provided the right sorts are planted. It is usual to plant out peach and apple trees alter- nately and in rows in a new orchard, and the apple trees are at the distance apart which will be right when they are full grown ; this is done because the peach trees come to maturity first, and have done bearing before the apple trees require all the room ; the peach trees are then cut down, and the apple trees occupy all the room. These trees are planted in rows at right angles, so that there is a clear passage between them which- ever way we look, and the land can be freely cultivated among them : it is, in fact, usual to take crops of wheat, or oats, or maize from the land during the time trees are young, and we often see fine crops of golden grain overtopped by noble young trees laden with fruit. A farmer may not, of course, look to fruit alone to grow rich on ; but he often nets a nice roll of dollars out of it, and, to say the least, it is conducive to happiness to be well supplied with fruit, while to live in a climate and on a soil that will produce it abundantly is always desirable. . . . " I had the pleasure of being present at the agricultural shows of Toronto, Hamilton, and Montreal, and I may say that I have seen no shows in England, except the Royal and the Bath and West of England, that can i4' h I'll i h 1^ if It 92 emigrants' guide. claim to be ahead of them in aggre^^ate merit. The Montreal Show is a new one, and in a short time will also be a very good one, no doubt ; in any case, its permanent buildings are the best I have seen, either in Canada or the States. The Canadians throw themselves with great spirit into enterprises of this kind, and these shows are a great credit and ornament to the Dominion. ''The school accommodation of the settled districts of Canada, and the quality of the education given to the children, are among the country's greatest merits and ornaments. The school-houses are fre* quently the most prominent buildings in many of the towns and villages, and throughout the Dominion the education of the young is regarded as a matter of vital importance, and one of the highest duties of citizenship. Everywhere primary education is free, the poor man's child enjoying advantages equal to the rich man's, and even in the higher branches of education in the colleges the fees are merely nominal, the State providing all the machinery and defraying nearly all the cost. The education of all children between the ages of seven and twelve is compulsory, and Acts of Parliament are in force under which delinquent parents may be fined for neglecting to send their children to school. It is impossible not to discern in these provisions one of the surest pledges of the future greatness of the country, and they obviously provide the poor man with advantages greater than those he will meet with in most parts of England. One of the iirst duties of a new district is to erect a school-house with ample accommodation, and so imbued are the people with the need and wisdom of such an act, that the provision is made with alacrity. Sectarian differences are arranged by the erection, where necessary, of separate schools, but in any case the children are bound to be educated. It may be true that the support of the high schools should come in a larger measure from those who benefit by them, and in time no doubt this part of the educational question will be more or less modified ; yet it cannot be denied that if the Provincial Governments have erred at all in this matter, they have erred on the right side. It is not competent for me to go farther into the question in this report ; but it is important to notify to intending emigrants that, at all events their children are sure to be provided, according to the measure of each one's capacity, with the knowledge which is power." THE DUKE OF MANCHESTER. " I spoke to several inhabitants of Mnskoka Free Grant District, and they seemed to me not only well satisfied, but proud of their success. They certainly had to work hard at first ; but in a few years— y&wr or five — they were independent, j" farmer with a few hundred pounds can buy a farm in good working order in the older districts. Capitalists can get good interest for their money." ^ CLARE SEWELL READ, Esq., M.P. " We observe Messrs. C. S. Read, Esq., M.P., and Albert Pell, Esq., M.P., the Assistant-Commissioners, were present at the Ontario Exhibition on the 17th of September, and inspected the stock. They also visited the Model Farm at Guelph, and were accompanied by the Hon. Oliver Mowat, Hon. Mr. Wood, and Hon. Mr. Crooks. Messrs. Read and Pell were shown round the buildings and farm by Mr. Johnstone, the President, and Mr. Brown, Professor of Agricul- ture, and seemed much pleased with their visit. After spending three or four hours at the exhibition, they returned to Toronto. At the banquet, V emigrants' guide. 33 which took place in the evening, Messrs. Pell and Read spoke, /he latter assuring the company that the position of the Caimdian farmer was far preferable to that of the English farmer^ — The Live Stock Journaly October ^rd, 1879. THOMAS B. POTTER, Esq., M.P., Writing to the Daily News from Ontario, September 20th, 1879, said of that portion of Canada : " I had no conception of the richness of the soil, or of the climate in which peaches ripen on standard trees, and there is every evidence of a thriving and well-to-do and progressive people. The farmer will find an admirable system of education almost free of cost, and many advantages to make up whai he leaves behind, and he will Duy the land he tills for very few years' rental in England." y' MANITOBA AND THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. THE PRAIRIE SECTION. The Prairie Section of the Canadian North-West, extending west- ward from the neighbourhood of Winnipeg to the base of the Rocky Mountains, a distance of over eight hundred miles, contains large tracts of the finest agricultural land in the world. The prairie is generally rolling or undulating, with clumps of wood and lines of forest here and there. It abounds with lakes, lakelets, and running streams, in the neighbourhood of which the scenery in many parts has been described as rivalling the finest park scenery in England. The richness of the soil and the salubrity of the climate, which is peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of grain and raising of stock, will assuredly cause this vast tract of country to become in the near future the home of millions of happy and prosperous people. HOW TO REACH THERE. The journey from England, Scotland, Ireland, or the Continent, right through to Manitoba, usually takes about fifteen days. WHEN TO GO. From April to June is the best time for a man with limited means to start for Manitoba, because he will have a chance to get some work done on his farm in time, probably, to secure a partial crop the first year. March is too early, because the roads will not be in good condition for travelling when Manitoba is reached. Probably the finest time of the year for a man with means to go and locate land is August, September, and even October ; but he must not expect to be able to do much in the way of improvements till the following spring. WHAT TO DO O.V REACHING MANITOBA. On arriving at Winnipeg the first step should be to visit the Land Office of the Government or Canadian Pacific Railway, and there inspect the field notes and maps descriptive of the lands. This will enable the intending settler to choose a locality in which to seek his farm. He should then take the numbers of several sections, such as l! I I * » , '■■»^",*f??»^;='t?ri''T^T?^»:mTr-*w*.rvA^?s^ 34 emigrants' guide. appear to him suitable, and the following morning he can proceed westward, by the Canadian Pacific Railway, to the station nearest the spot which he intends to personally inspect, and which will then be only a few miles distant over the prairie. As soon as a section is chosen, the best plan is to return at once to the railway station, and telegraph its number to the Land Commissioner at Winnipeg, asking him to hold it in case some one else might wish to purchase it in the meantime. The first payment can then be remitted by post, and thus the intending settler will not require to return to Winnipeg unless he wishes to do so. In the case of taking free homesteads, pre-empting or purchasing from the Government, the business will have to be transacted at the nearest of the following Dominion Land Offices : Winnipeg Office Nelsonville Office... Gladstone Office ... Odanaii Office BiRTLE Office Brandon Office Turtle Mountain Office Prince Albert Office G. Newcombe, Acting Agent. Henry Landerkin, Acting Agent. Joseph Graham, Acting Agent. A. E. Fisher, Acting Agent. A. J. Belch, Acting Agent. Geo. Newcombe, Acting Agent. G. F . Newcombe, Acting Agent. George Duck, Acting Agent. GOVERNMENT LANDS. HOMESTEADS, PRE-EMPTIONS, AND WOOD LOTS. A "homestead," which is limited in extent to a farm of i6o acres, is a free gift from the Government, on condition of three years' actual residence and cultivation ; but a pre-emption entry, giving the right of priority of purchase at a future period for an additional tract of 1 60 acres, is also allowed to each homestead settler, who may occupy and cultivate the whole 320 acres for three years without any payment whatever, subject, however, to the fulfilment of the obliga- tions attaching to the homestead grant. A settler must commence residence within six months after entry, and may not absent himself from his homestead for a longer period than six months without special leave from the Minister of the Interior, to obtain which the application should set forth in plain terms the grounds upon which the indulgence is asked. The affidavit of the applicant would lend weight to his representation of the circumstances. Only the even-numbered sections of a township can be taken up as homesteads and pre-emptions. Settlers in townships where wood is scarce, or altogether wanting, are allowed to purchase " wood lots," not exceeding twenty acres in size, out of timbered land, in some adjacent locality reserved for the purpose. The price of wood lots is ;^ i per acre. Settlers are strictly forbidden to dispose of wood from off their homesteads, pre-emptions, or wood lots (previous to issue of patent), to saw-mill proprietors, or any person other than an actual settler for his own use. Breach of this condition entails forfeiture of entries for all three, with other penalties. ^ ^ emigrants' guide. 25 While he faithfully performs the homestead conditions a settler enjoys the full rights of proprietorship, even previous to receiving patent. Non-fulfilment of conditions, however, renders the entries of homestead, pre-emption, and wood lot subject to cancellation, the right to hold the two latter claims being entirely contingent on actual performance of homestead obligations. On cancellation all improvements become forfeited to the Crown, and the ex-holder is prohibited from making a second homestead entry. The title of all lands remains with the Crown till after the patent is issued. Unpatented lands are consequently not liable to seizure for debt, nor do they afford any security for obtaining credit or loans. In case a settler dies, the law allows his executors to fulfil the deceased's homestead obligation, that the estate may be secured to his heirs. Any man over eighteen years of age, or any woman who is the sole head of a family, may take up a homestead. If the citizen of a foreign country, such settler is required to become a British subject by naturalization, previous to issue of patent, which can be done under the law on completion of his or her three yearb' residence on the homestead. The prices charged by the Government for pre-emption lots are as follows : For lands in classes A, B, and C, or those within the Rail- way Belt, los. per acre ; for lands in class D, or outside the Railway Belt, Ss. per acre. Payments to be made in one sum at the end of three years from date of entry. A fee of ^£2 is charged when taking a homestead. m a. ft m fit 3'' i LIBERALITY OF CANADIAN LAND REGULA TIONS. The taking of a homestead does not prevent you from pre-empting or purchasing other government lands. It is provided by the Canadian Naturalization Act that aliens may acquire and hold real and personal property of every description in the same manner and in all respects as a natural-born British subject. I f THE SYSTEM OF SURVEY. The Canadian North-West is laid off in townships six miles square, containing thirty-six sections of 640 acres each, which are again subdivided into quarter sections of 160 acres. A road allow- ance, having a width of one chain, is provided for on each section line running north and south, and on every alternate section line running east and west. IMPROVED FARMS, Improved farms, with houses, out-buildings, and a certain quantity of land under cultivation, are also frequently in the market, and can be purchased at advanced prices from parties wishing to move west- ward in order to take up new land and secure a profit on the old farm. The most satisfactory plan, however, for a settler is to take up new land and secure the profit for himself. r 26 EMIGRANTS GUIDE. THE LAWS. There are no burdensome taxes, no forced enrolment as soldiers ; every man is free, and required only to respect the laws that are framed for the protection of life and property. The institutions of the country are of a thoroughly popular character. THE SOIL. There is a theory that the great fertility of the land in the North- West is due generally to three causes ; first, the droppings of birds and animals on the plains; second, the ashes left by the annual prairie fires ; and third, the constant accumulation of decayed vege- table mF^ter. When it is considered that great herds of buffalo and other game roamed for generations over the prairies, that wild fowl to this day are plentiful, and that prairie fires have raged in the past, every year for many generations in the North-West, there seems to be some reason for this theory. Whatever may have been the cause of the extreme richness of the land, however, there is one feature which is of great importance, and that is the depth of good soil in the prairie country. It has been frequently stated that the depth of black loam in the North- West will range from one to four feet, and in some instances even deeper ; but the statement has been received with a good deal of doubt. The testimony of farmers living in over one hundred and fifty different localities in Manitoba demonstrated that the average depth of the loam in that province was over three feet, and the report of the gentleman who, under the authority of the Dominion Government, took samples of the soil to a depth of four feet, every twenty miles from Winnipeg to the Rocky Mountains, showed the loam to range from twelve to thirty inches. The richness of the soil may be seen by the following analysis : Analytical Laboratory, Surgeons' Hall, Edinburgh. analysis of sample of manitoba soil. Moisture 21.364 Organic matter containing nitrogen equal to ammonia, 23* 1 1 . 323 Phosphates Carbonate oi lime . . . Carbonate of magnesia Alkaline salts Oxide of iron Sand and silica Alumina SALINE matter. ... 0.472 .. 1-763 ... 0.937 ... 1.273 3"S S»72i ... 8.132 7.560 59-853 100.000 The above soil is very rich in organic matter, and contains the full amount of the saline fertilizing matters found m all soils of a good bearing quality. (Signed) STEPHENSON MACADAM, M.D., Lecturer on Chemistry. emigrants' guide. 27 4J 41 o{ The large proportion of silica in the above analysis indicates that the soil is particularly well adapted to the growth of wheat. The black loam or mould thus pronounced so rich rests on a tenacious clay for a depth of from one to four feet, and in some places the clay is as deep as ninety feet. THE CLIMATE AND SEASONS. Of paramount importance to the emigrant is the healthfulness of the locality which is to be the scene of his future labours, and the home for himself and family. What to him are fair fields, flowering meadows, buried in the luxuriant growth of fertile soils and tropical suns, if they generate fever-producing miasma and vapour ? What are soft and perfumed breezes, if they waft the seeds of pestilence and death? What are bountiful harvests of golden grain, rich and mellow fruits, and all the wealth the earth can yield, if disease must annually visit his dwelling, and death take away, one by one, the loved and the young ? The dryness of the air, the character of the soil, which retains no stagnant pools to send forth poisonous exhalations, and the almost total absence of fog or mist, the brilliancy of its sunlight, the pleasing succession of its seasons, all conspire to make this a climate of unrivalled salubrity and the home of a joyous, healthy, prosperous people, strong in physical, intellectual, and moral capabilities. There- fore the assertion that the climate of our North- West is one of the healthiest in the world may be broadly and confidently made, sustained by the experience of its inhabitants. The seasons are as follows : Spring — April and May. Snow dis- appears rapidly, and ground dries up ciuickly. Sowing commences from the middle towards the end of April, and finishes in the beginning of May. Summer. — June, July, August, and part of September. Weather bright and clear, with frequent showers ; very warm at times during the day; night cool and refreshing. Harvesting commences in August and ends in September. Autumn. — Part of September and October and part of November. Perhaps the most enjoyable season of the year ; the air is balmy and exceedingly pleasant. At this period of the year the prairie fires rage, and the atmosphere has a smoky appearance, but not disagreeable. Winter. — Part of November, December, January, February, and March. In the early part of November the Indian summer generally commences, and then follows the loveliest portion of the season, which usually lasts from nine oays to a fortnight. The weather warm, the atmosphere hazy and calm, and every object appearing to wear a tranquil and drowsy aspect. Then comes winter, generally ushered in by a soft, fleecy fall of snow, succeeded by days of extreme clearness, with a steel-blue sky and invigorating atmosphere. In December the winter regularly sets in, and, until the end of March, the weather continues steady, with perhaps one thaw in ii Pi % I 1: i i 98 emigrants' guide. January, and occasionally snow-storms. The days are clear and bright, and the cold much softened by the brilliancy of the sun. THE SUPPLY OF WOOD. Wood for building and fencing purposes is a matter of great importance in a prairie country, and in this respect the Canadian North- West is peculiarly favoured. Although there are sections where wood is scarce, as a general rule there is a well-regulated supply throughout the country. As we have already stated, the plains abound with wood in clumps \ and in other parts there are tracts of forest so evenly interspersed that farmers can generally obtain a good wood lot in close proximity to their prairie farms, besides which the numerous rivers are invariably lined with wood on each bank. THE WATER SUPPLY. A supply of good water is an indispensable necessity to the farmer, not only for household purposes, but also for stock. The Canadian North- West has not only numerous rivers and creeks, but also a very large number of lakes and lakelets throughout the whole country, and it has now been ascertained definitely that good water can be obtained almost anywhere throughout the territory by means of wells \ in addition to which there are numerous clear running, never-failing springs to be found throughout the country. COAL. The coal mines of the country are as yet in an undeveloped state, but very extensive deposits are known to exist in several parts of the territory. The opening of these mines will solve any doubts that may exist as to the fuel supply for the future cities and towns of the Canadian North- West. The Canadian Pacific Railway being now open to Thunder Bay, on Lake Superior, will also enable coal to be imported and sold at reasonable prices. THE WILD GRASSES OF THE PRAIRIE. Of these there are between forty and fifty varieties. The first point a farmer would note about them is the abundance of the foliage of nearly all the species. The culms are exceedingly fine in the prairie grass, and this again would strike a farmer as indicating a good quality of grass ; add to this that there are in some species such an abundance of seeds as to make the fodder partake of the nature of a feed of grain, and it will be seen that the tales about the readiness with which stock will fatten on prairie hay are not overdrawn. STOCK-RAISING. Manitoba is destined to become one of the finest stock-raising countries in the world. Its boundless prairies, covered with luxuriant grasses — the usual yield of which, when cut into hay, is from three to four tons per acre — and the cool nights for which Manitoba is famous, are most beneficial features in regard to stock, emigrants' guide. 29 s h and the remarkable dryness and healthfulness of the winter tend to make cattle fat and well-conditioned. The easy access to fine water, which exists in nearly every part of the Province, is another advantage in stock-raising. The abundance of hay everywhere makes it an easy matter for farmers to winter their stock ; and in addition to this there is, and will be for years, a ready home market for beef. The cattle ranches established at the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains have proved wonderfully successful, some of them having as many as 20,000 head of stock. Cattle winter well in the Canadian North- West, and if properly stabled at night and carefully attended to, will come out fat in the spring. HOW TO COMMENCE A FARM. A new settler arriving in the country in May will find his time fully occupied at first in choosing a good location for his farm, and in purchasing the necessary supplies to commence work. The general opinion of settlers in the North-West is, that the end of May and the months of June and July is the best time for breaking. The land ought then to be backset in September. Land should be broken shallow and turned back deep. If the settler wishes he can get a partial crop the first year sufficient to pay expenses, oats being the best seed to sow. In July sufficient hay ought to be cut for winter fodder for the cattle. It is not necessary to fence ^he broken land until a crop is put in ; but the settler will find it to his advantage to fence his fields as soon as possible, either with wire or rails. The family can live in tents very comfortably till October; but the settler should be careful to commence early in the fall — not later than the middle of August or first of September — to erect a warm house and stables for the winter. The former can be purchased ready-made in Winnipeg for about ;^6o, or it can be constructed of logs and made very warm ; the latter can be made of logs or sod. The first winter over, the rest is plain sailing. A SETTLER'S FIRST EXPENSES. On leaving for the Canadian North-West a settler should burden himself with as little luggage as possible. He can purchase every- thing he requires at reasonable prices in Manitoba, and obtain articles better suited to the country than anything he could bring with him. The following is an approximate estimate of his first outlay in a moderate way : Provisions for one year, say ... $0 Yoke of oxen • • 37 One cow 7 Waggon ... ... 16 Plough and harrow 7 Sundry implements 5 Cooking-stove, with tinware 5 Furniture, &c., say la Sundry expenses, say 10 £y^9 m I i ii 11 J ■A m m m m-. '.-X 1;^ ^f- 30 emigrants' guide. I-- To the foregoing must be added first payment on land, unless he takes a homestead and pre-emption ; but an energetic man will find time to earn something as an offset to a portion of his first expenses, either on the railway or by working for neighbouring farmers, and in addition to this there is the chance of obtaining a partial crop the first year. A settler, therefore, who can boast of having ;£"soo on his arrival in Manitoba is an independent man, and cannot fail to succeed with ordinary care and energy. Many settlers on arrival cannot boast of a tenth part of that sum, and yet they managed to succeed. MARKETS. Small centres of trade are continually springing into existence wherever settlements take place, and these contain generally one or more stores where farmers can find a ready market for their produce. The stations along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway are not more than eight or ten miles apart, and as it is the intention of the Company to facilitate the erection of elevators for the storage of wheat, &c., at these stations, farmers will be able to dispose of their grain at good prices almost at their doors. The Canadian Pacific Railway will have close connection with the seaboard j so that the question of being able to export grain from the Canadian North- West at remunerative prices is easily solved. The very large influx of people, and the prosecution of railways and public works, will, however, cause a great home demand for some years, which will for some time limit the quantity for export. Prices of produce are very fair, as may be seen by the following market report, published in the Winnipeg Free Press ^ August 31st, 1882 : Wheat 3^. 2% ^ In oats ... ^I.f o o PRODUCTIONS. l\i 13 o The following table, taken from official sources, will show at a glance the average yield of crops during the last five years in Manitoba : 1877 1878 1879 " Wheat 261 26.^ 36| Oats S9I 59f 58 Barley 4C^ Peas 32 Rye 30 Potatoes 304 1878 26i^ 34 308 37 32 40 302 1880 57S 38i 40 318 i88t 30 59 38 35 320 PRICE OF FARM LABOUR. It is difficult to give definite information on this point. There is no doubt it has been high, especially during harvest time, when there is a great demand for men to take in the crops. But the very large t EMIGRANTS GUIDE. 31 amount of people going into the country will undoubtedly tend to reduce the scale of wages somewhat. One point, however, may be remembered; namely, the farmer in Manitoba, with his immense yield and fair prices, can afford to pay a comparatively high rate of wages, and still find his farming very profitable. ROOTS AND VEGETABLES succeed admirably in Manitoba, as can be seen by the following instances taken from farmers* reports : S. C. Higginson, of Oakland, has produced cabbages weighing 1 7i lbs. each. — Allan Bell, of Portage-la-Prairie, has had cabbages 45 inches around, and turnips weighing 25 lbs. each. — Robert E. Mitchell, of Cook's Creek, raised a squash of six weeks* growth measuring 5 feet 6 inches around the centre. — Wm. Moss, of High Bluff, has produced carrots weighing 11 lbs. each, and turnips measuring 36 inches in circumference. — James Airth, of Stonewall, states that the common weight of turnips is twelve lbs. each, and some of them have gone as high as thirty-two and a half lbs. — Isaac Casson, of Green Ridge, has raised 270 bushels of onions to the acre. — ^John Geddis, of Kildonan, states that he has raised 300 bushels of carrots per acre. — ^Joshua Appleyard, of Stonewall, states his crop of turnips to have been i,oco bushels per acre, the common weight being 12 lbs. each. It must be remembered, however, that none of the farmers men- tioned above used any special cultivation to produce the results we have described, and out of nearly two hundred reports received from settlers concerning the growth of roots and vegetables in the Canadian North-West not one has been unfavourable. o o ba: i88t 59 38 35 320 FERTILIZERS ARE NOT USED IN THE CANADIAN North-West, and commou manure only sparingly. Indeed, the land is too rich to bear it, at least for the first ye ir or two ; some farmers contend that the use of manure is apt to make the crops grow too rank. But the best plan is to use manure in limited quantities after the second year, in order to prevent any exhaustion of the land. FENCING. Wire fencing is preferred by many farmers to rail fences, the former requiring little repair, and preventing any drifting of the snow in winter time. SHOOTING. There is excellent shooting everywhere in the woods and on the prairie, as may be seen from the following list of birds and animals to be found : Small Game. — Prairie chickens, ducks, geese, pheasants, partridges, pigeons, cranes, snipe, plover, rabbits, &c. Large Game. — Moose, deer, antelope, buffalo, elk, and a large number of fur-bearing animals. 'I, ^r $9 EMIGRANTS GUIDE. i'l FISHING. The rivers and lakes abound with the following fish : Sturgeon of large size, white fish, pickerel, pike, bass, perch, suckers, sun-fish, gold-eyes, carp, trout, and muskallonge. THE CLASS OF SETTLERS NOW IN THE CANADIAN NORTH' WEST consists of the better class of fanners from the eastern parts of Canada, many from England, Scotland, and Ireland, and a large number from the United States of America j there are also a number of Norwegian, Swedish, and German settlers, and there is a large settlement of Russian Mennonites and Icelanders, all of whom are doing well. There are many French and a small number of Russian Jews, who are now comfortably settled and contented. As a rule, the people are of a respectable and orderly class, nor would any rowdy element be tolerated. THE SCHOOL SYSTEM IN MANITOBA is liberal and very effective. It is on the separate school system, and receives not only a very considerable grant from the Local Government, but there are also two sections in each township set apart by the Dominion Government, the proceeds of which when sold are applied to the support of schools. There is a superintendent to each section, and teachers are required to pass a rigid examination before they are appointed. A high class of education is therefore administered. CHURCHES. Nearly all denominations exist, and are in a flourishing condition, and where a settlement is not large enough to support a regular church, there are always visiting clergymen to do the duty. MUNICIPALITIES. The country is divided into municipalities as fast as settlement progresses sufficiently to warrant it. These municipal organizations take charge of roads and road repairs, there being no toll charges ; and all matters of a local nature are administered by the reeve and council, who are each year elected by the people of the district. THE LABOUR MARKETS. Owing to the large amount of building operations at present going on in the towns and cities of the Canadian North-West, mechanics are in good demand, and wages have been correspondingly high. Bricklayers have received ... i6j. to 2QJ'. per day. Carpenters ,, l^r. to l6.r. ,, Plasterers „ 14J. to l$s. ,, Painters ,, 12s. to 14J'. ,, and other trades in proportion. The Canadian Pacific Railway have been paying at the rate of 8^. per day to labourers, and there have been between 3,000 and 4,000 men employed on the Central or Prairie Section of the road. EMIGRANTS GUIDE. 35 Farm labourers have been in demand, and are likely to remain so for some time. The rapid development of the country, and the wonderful progress of cities, towns, and villages, will insure for some years the employ- ment of a large number of mechanics and labourers at goo." .vages. THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. The Canadian Pacific Railway will be, when completed, the shortest trans-continental line in America. It will also be the shortest route between Great Britain and India, China and Japan, and will therefore assuredly secure a large proportion of that trade. Montreal is at present the eastern terminus of the line, where immense workshops and splendid stations and offices are being erected. Although the Company have been in existence not quite two years, they have already in actual operation about 1,500 miles of railway, and before the close of 1883 it is confidently expected they will have at least 2,000 miles in running order. The general or head offices of the Company are in Montreal, and from that point the road passes through a good agricultural country to Ottawa, the Dominion seat of Government ; and from there, traversing a country extremely rich in timber and minerals, it skirts the north shore of Lake Superior to Thunder Bay, where the line branches off in the direction of Manitoba. The scenery in many localities along the Eastern Division of the line is unrivalled on the American continent for grandeur and beauty. Between Thunder Bay and Winnipeg the railway runs through a thickly wooded country, containing in parts some of the finest agricultural land. At Rat Portage, about 135 miles eastward from Winnipeg, there is probably the finest water-power in America, and some large mills have already been erected there. As a manufacturing point, Rat Portage is expected to rival, if not excel, Minneapolis, the great mill centre of the North- Western States. At Winnipeg the Canadian Pacific Railway enters the Prairie Region, and for upwards of 800 miles it traverses a country which, for agricultural purposes, is admitted to be unequalled in the world. At the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains are the immense cattle ranches already referred to, and from there the road leads through the Rocky Mountains, with its splendid forests of valuable timber, and rich deposits of gold, silver, and other minerals. Then from the Rockies to Port Moody, on the Pacific coast, the fine province of British Columbia is crossed. The valuable fisheries, forests, and mines on the extreme western end of the road, the agricultural produce of the great prairie region, and the mines, timber, lumber, and minerals of the eastern section, will be more than sufficient to sustain an immense local and through traffic over the Canadian Pacific Railway. In addition to this the trade flowing from ocean to ocean, from east to west, and from west to east, will undoubtedly make the great Canadian highway one of the most important trunk lines in North America. .Mready branch c TV , I " ,' -I :- - < -."■1 (;,''.■ u W: m 34 EMIGRANTS GUIDE. and independent railways are being projected and built thiough the prairie region to act as feeders to the main lihe ; and so the work of developing the Canadian North-West goes bravely on. It is surprising to note the wonderful progress of the various cities and towns along the route. Commencing with Winnipeg, we find that in 1870, or a little over twelve years ago, it was a mere hamlet, containing but few houses, and a population of little over 200 souls. In 1874 it was incorporated as a city, with an assessment roll of 2,076,018 dollars; in 1882 it could boast of 35,000 inhabitants, and an assessment of 30,432,270 dollars. To-day it can show broad, well laid-out streets, lined with handsome stores and warehouses, beautiful residences, and imposing public buildings. The city is lighted by electric light and gas. Street railways are in operation, and a fire brigade with no less than five engines has been organized, and all the advantages of a metropolis are enjoyed by its inhabitants. No less than seven distinct lines of railway now centre in Winnipeg, and a grand union depot is in course of erection. Winnipeg is the door- way and chief distributing point between the East and the vast prairie region of the Canadian North-West. Portage la Prairie is about as old as Winnipeg, although not as large j but of late years it has progressed wonderfully, and can boast of numerous fine buildings, mills, churches, hotels, stores, and private residences. As it is surrounded by a magnificent stretch of the finest agricultural country in the North-West, it is certain to become an important point. Brandon, the next point on the main line, although only surveyed and laid out into a town site in the spring of 188 1, can now boast of a population of over 4,000, and has already numerous fine buildings, several mills, churches, and other public buildings. Its position and the fine country surrounding it is destined to make Brandon a large and important city. Broadview, although only laid out a few months ago as a town, is already making rapid strides in building operations. It has a fine station, and quite a number of stores and dwellings have been erected there. Broadview is also happily situated in the centre of a good agricultural tract of country. Capell is destined to become one of the most flourishing centres in the Canadian North-West, owing to its close proximity to a splendid tract of fine agricultural land lying in the now famous " La Apelle Valley." As a distributing point Capell will be a most important station on the Canadian Pacific Railway, as the country surrounding it is being rapidly settled by the very best class of farmers. Regina, the new city of the plains and future capital and metropoUs of the North-West Territory, is situated in the centre of probably the richest wheat lands in the North-West. A broad and deep creek containing the very best quality of water runs through the site, and the gentle slope of the land will ^ive it the very best drainage facilities. Here the Government buildmgs of the territory, the governor's residence, and barracks for the mounted police are to EMIGRANTS GUI 1)1 ;. 35 be erected immediately ; and from its position in the very centre of the great prairie region, it is destined to become the chief dis- tributing point for all that vast territory. Regina will be the great city of the plains. Returning once more to the international boundary, we have- Emerson and West Lynne, two important points nearly opposite each other on the Red River, and destined to unite ere long and become one large city. Emerson and West Lynne can both boast of fine buildings, public and private, well laid-out streets, and a large and ever-increasing trade with the south-western portion of Manitoba. We have not space here to describe all the many interesting points along the railway ; but the following table will show how numerous are the rising towns along the route, and how happily situated thej are as markets for the settlers located along the railway : CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES ON THE MAIN LINE {Prairie Section) CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. Miles. Miles. Miles. St. Vincent McGregor .. 8 Red Jacket 7 Emerson 2 Austin ■ 5^ Wapella . . . 9 Dominion City lO Sidney . 8 Burrows . . , 8 Arnaud . 8 Melbourne • 5i Whitewood 6| Dufrost . 8 Carberry .. 7h Percival ... 7 Otterbume • 9 Sewell .. Si Broadview . . . 7i— 13« Niverville . n Douglas ■■ 72 Oakshela . . . 7 St. Norbert . nj Chater .. 6.'. Grenfell 8 St. Boniface • 9 Brandon •• 5— 132A Summerbeny 7^ Winnipeg . 3— 68 Alexander .. 16 Wolseley . . . S Rosser «S Grisvvold .. 8 Sintaluta ... 8 Marquette ■ 14 Oak T,akc .. Si Indian Head 10 Reabum . 6 Virden . 14^ Capell "i Poplar Point . . • 5 Hargra\es .. 8 McLean 8 High Bluff .. . U Elkhorn .. 8^ Cassils 9 Portage la Prairie 7 Fleming Hh Pilot Butte... 7 Burnside li Moosomin .. 8 Regina %h— 92A Bagot ST. VINCENT Miles. TO REGIl WA. Miles. St. Vincent to Winnipeg ... 68 Brandon to Broadview . . . 131 Winnipeg to Brandon 132^ Broadview t Regina 92|— 424 w p r '1 '■■,"•■■(* I:- lie ,nt ng nd of est to NEW BRUNSWICK. 1. Free Grants of Land. — A grant of loo acres may be obtained by any person upon the following conditions : On pay- ment of 20 dollars cash to aid in construction of roads and hedges, or labour of the value of lo dollars per year for three years. A house to be built within two years. Ten acres to be cleared and cultivated in three years. Proof of residence on the land. 2. Soil and Production. — The soil is fertile, and produces all the fruits generally found in England. Wheat averages about 20 ; barley, 29; oats, 34; buckwheat, 33; rye, 20; Indian com, 41; potatoes, 226; turnips, 456, bushels to the acre. The potatoes and fruits command good prices in the English market. 4 I'] 'X'l m t: ).r 36 KMIGRANTS GUIDE. It i 3. Mani TACTURES. — Shipbuilding is one of the staple industries of the province, but its manufactories generally are increasing rapidly. There are manufactories of woollen and cotton goods, boots and shoes, leather, carriages, wooden ware, paper, soap, hardware, &c. &'C. NOVA SCOTIA. 1. Land. — The (luantity of land for disposal in this province is limited. The price is 44 dollars per hundred acres (about ;^9), free grants, however, being given to bond fide settlers. 2. Soil. — The soil produces good crops of cereals and roots, and large quantities of apples are grown for export. 3. FiSHLRiEs. — The value of the fisheries in Nova Scotia in 1876 was upwards of ^r, 000,000 sterling, consisting of cod-fish, mackerel, haddock, herring, lobsters, &c. Nova Scotia contains large tracts of woodlands, which produce timber for shipbuilding, and lumber chiefly for ex])ort. 4. Minerals. — Gold, iron, coal, and gypsum are found in large quantities. 5. Railways. — There are several railways in the province, giving it communication with other parts of Canada. Halifax, which is the chief city of the province, is the winter port of the Dominion. It possesses a fine harbour, and is connected by railways with all parts of the continent. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. Price of Lands. — Most of the lands in this province are taken up, but improved farms can be obtained from about £,/^ per acre. This island produces excellent crops of cereals, and is noted for the good quality of its oats. Horses, cattle, and sheep are plentiful, and the country is exceedingly well spoken of as regards the fertility of the soil and its cheapness. BRITISH COLUMBIA. 1. General Description. — This province, which includes Van- couver's Island, is the most western of the provinces which constitute the Dominion of Canada, its boundaries being the Rocky Mountains on the east, and the Pacific Coean on the west. It possesses many fine harbours, one of which (Burrard Inlet) will probably form the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway when completed; 125 miles of the line in this province are now under contract. 2. Land. — Heads of families, widows, or single men can obtain free grants of land from 160 to 320 acres, according to locality; the fee is about 7 dollars. Surveyed lands can be purchased at i dollar per acre, payable over two years, and improved farms cost from J^\ to ;^8 per acre. British C^lolumbia has a large extent of valuable timber land, productive fisheries, which are increasing in value yearly; gold and coal are also found in large quantities. The yield of gold from 1858 to 1876 was equal to about forty millions of dollars. emigrants' guidk. 37 ARRIVAL AT LIVERPOOL, LONDON, BRISTOL, OR GLASGOW. The passengers should leave their packages at the Left Luggage Office (Station), taking a receipt, and proceed direct to the Head Office of the Line, where they can pay any balance due, and will get clear instructions as to time of embarkation. Care should be taken to securely label all packages. Labels for packages of bedding should be first pasted on card and then tied on. Full particulars of the steamer regulations, sailings and rates of passage are supplied free by us. Luggage allowed : saloon 20 cubic feet, others 10 cubic feet. Ten feet of luggage would average about 1 50 lbs. weight. Excess rate about is. per foot. Passengers for the American steamers usually stop at the following Liverpool First- Class Hotels. — The North Western Hotel, Lime Street Railway Terminus ; " Adelphi," Ranelagh Street ; "Compton," Church Street. Liverpool Boarding Houses, suitable for Intermediate AND Steerage Passengers. — E. Sims, St. George's Hotel, 23, Houghton Street; Mathias and Lewis, Philadelphia Temperance Hotel, 28, Hunter Street; Philip Lawrence, 26, Earle Street; H. Hay and T. Hursts, Providence Temperance Hotel, 10, William- son Square; W. Humphries, 19, Christian Street; and Central Station; Dyer, Travis, and Henwood, 13, St. Paul's Square; Norton's Hotel, 37, Union Street. ARRIVAL IN LONDON. Emigrants will do well to at once make sure of exact time of departure, and should take the precaution of writing before leaving home, lest there should be any oversight by omission in advising them of date of sailing, and put packages in Left Luggage Office. First-Class Hotels in London. — The Queen's, St. Martin's-le- Grand ; Castle and Falcon, Aldersgate Street ; Cathedral, St. Paul's Churchyard ; Royal, Thames Embankment, Blackfriars ; Watson's, St. Paul's Churchyard ; Manchester, Aldersgate Street. Boarding Houses in London suitable for Third -Class Passengers. — W. Upson and Son, 47, High Street, Whitechapel; The Chepstow Castle Coffee Palace. High Street, Homerton, E. I: h ARRIVAL IN BRISTOL. The passengers should leave their packages at the Left Luggage Office (Station), taking a receipt, and proceed direct to the Head Office of the Line, where they can pay any balance due, and will get clear instructions as to time and place of embarkation. 11 It-' J I !l in I •I ' 38 EMIGRANTS (iUIDE. FiRST-Ci>ASS Hotels in Bristol. — White Lion, Broad Street ; The Royal, College Green ; The George, Temple Street. Boarding -Houses in Bristol for Emigrants. — Reilley's Temperance Hotel, Avonmouth Dock, Bristol ; Bumell's Tem- perance Hotel, 3, Bath Parade, Bristol. ARRIVAL IN GLASGOW. The Passengers should leave their packages at the Left Luggage Office, and proceed direct to the head office of the line, and obtain all instructions. Boarding-Houses for Emigrants in Glasgow. — Frank Neilson, 3, 4, 5, and 6, Maawelton Place; Mrs. Higgins, 34, York Street; Mrs. Dunnett, 182, Broomielaw Street. ARRIVAL OUT IN CANADA. Quebec or Halifax. — Passengers land alongside the railroad wharves. Notes for Passengers proceeding to Manitoba. — Luggage, after it is passed by the Customs at Quebec or Halifax, as the case may be, is placed in railway vans and " checked " to various desti- nations. Care should be taken to secure a " baggage check," and in crossing from one depot to the other at Chicago an eye should be kept on packages. On going from Detroit to Port Huron, passengers should claim their packages, showing their tickets, just to make sure they are not stopped by the U.S. Customs' officials. Money. — Sovereigns can be changed on landing in the depot at the rate of 4 dollars 86 cents to the^i. Refreshment and Meals. — Dinners and teas can also be had in the depot at 25 cents per meal. Other refreshments at the counter. In some of the United States stations there are no emigration rates, and charges for a meal vary from 50 to 75 cents, so that emigrants should, if travelling for four or five days, take a good supply of bread, cold ham, cheese, &c. There is no difficulty in obtaining water on the train, or, at some stations, boiling water for tea, &c. The trains usually stop about twenty minutes or half an hour for passen- gers to obtain refreshments at Richmond, Cornwall, Toronto, Hamil- ton, London, Sarnia, Detroit, Chicago, St. Paul, Brainnerd, Glyndon, Crookston, St. Vincent, Winnipeg, &c. Passenger, are strongly cautioned against paying any attention to " touters and outsiders. It will be well to take rugs, &c., to sleep on in railway cars. First- class passengers can travel in Pulman sleeping cars at about two dollars per berth per night — a berth will accommodate say a married couple and child. Passengers can break the journey en route at any stations where trains stop by giving notice beforehand. ill* ;ly a m emigrants' guide. TABLE OF DISTANCES. 39 P^rom Liverpool to Winnipeg, Manitoba, and towns, villages, and posts in the North-West : Miles. Halifax to Quebec ,, Montreal Liverpool to Halifax Portland Boston Quebec Montreal . Toronto Detroit . . Chicago Winnipeg . Do. via Lake Superior 4230 2440 2700 2810 2630 2712 3»40 3376 3660 4550 „ Ottawa . „ Toronto . ,, Detroit . ,, Chicago . Portland to Montreal Boston to Montreal . MUes. . 686 . 858 . I022 . 1 191 . 1422 . 1706 • 297 . 40S Grand Trunk R, Quebec to Montreal . ,, Cornwall . ,, Prescott . „ Brockville . ,, Kingston . „ nelleville . „ Cobourg . ,, Port Hope „ Toronto „ Ottawa Miles. R. • i;2 . 284 • 217 • 344 • 39a . 436 • 442 • 5«5 ■ 338 OFFICES OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA IN GREAT BRITAIN. London ... Sir Alexander T. Galt, g.c.m.g., &c., High Commissioner for the Dominion, 9, Victoria Chambers, London, S.W. Mr, Joseph Colmer, Secretary. ' AGENCIES IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Liverpool... Mr. John Dyke, 15, Water Street. Glasgow ... Mr. Thomas Grahame, 40, St. Enoch Square. Belfast ... Mr. Charles Foy, 29, Victoria Place. Dublin ... Mr. Thomas Connolly, Northumberland House. Bristol ... Mr. J. W. Down, Bath Bridge. AGENTS OF THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT IN CANADA. Ottawa ... Mr. W. J. Wills, St. Lawrence and Ottawa Railway Station, Ottawa, Ontario. Toronto . . . Mr. J. A. Donaldson, Strachan Avenue, Toronto, Ontario. Montreal... Mr. J. J. Daley, Montreal, Province of Quebec. Kingston ... Mr. R. Macpherson, William Street, Kingston. Hamilton,.. Mr. John Smith, Great Western Railway Station, Hamilton. London ... Mr. A. G. Smythe, London, Ontario. Halifax ... Mr. E. Clay, Halifax, Nova Scotia. St. John . . . Mr. S. Gardner, St. John, New Brunswick. Quebec ... Mr. L. Stafford, Pomt Levis, Quebec. „ ... Mr. R. M. Perssk, Point Levis, Quebec. Duluth (Minnesota) Mr. W. B. C. Guahame. "Winnipeg ... Mr. W. Hespele»., Winnipeg, Manitoba. DuFFERiN ... Mr. J. E. Tbtu, Dufferin, >Ianitoba. AGENTS FOR THE PRO\ INCE OF ONTARIO. Liverpool... Mr. Peter Byrne, 6, South Castle Street, Liverpool. Quebec . . . Mr. R. M. Persse, Point Levis, Quebec. TORC:!TO ... Mr. David Sprnce, Secretary of Immigration for the Province of Ontario, 65, Simcoe Street, Toronto. These officers will afford the dullest advice and protection. They should be immediately applied ^o on arrival. All complaints should be addressed to them. They • "!' also furnish information as to lands open for settlement in their re^i^jective provinces and districts, farms for sale, demand for employn.ent, rates of wages, routes of travel, distances, expenses of conveyance; and will receive and forward letters and remittances k . settlers, &c. &c. m w Iff y.- "f\.•^i.^■ m i-vir' n \'V: i I' '■ 40 EMIGRANTS GUIDE. NEW SOUTH WALES. New South Wales was the first colony established in Australia, the earliest settlers having landed in 1788. Sydney, the capital, is situated on the shores of Port Jackson, one of the finest and most beautiful harbours in the world, which affords facilities for shipping unsurpassed anywhere. Large ships can lie alongside the quays or wharves, to discharge and take in cargo, and the splendid docks and workshops are of sufficient magnitude to enable repairs of any kind to be made to the largest ships visiting the port. On the 31st December, 1879, the population was estimated at 734,282, of whom 409,665 were males, and 324,617 were females. The estimated area of the colony is about 207,000,000 acres, or about three times the size of Great Britain and Ireland. Situated in the temperate zone, the climate approximates generally to that of Southern Europe. There are, however, all varieties of climate to be met with, from frost and snow (part of the year) on the higher ranges in the south and west, to a tropical though dry beat in the interior. Along the sea coast the climate is generally tin orm. The range of the thermometer is much less than iii any country within the same parallels of latitude in the northern hemisphere. The European constitution readily adapts itself to the climate. The air is clear, the light brilliant, the sky for the greater part of the year almost cloudless, and the nights most enjoyable. In vital statistics the colony compares favourably with most parts of the world, and instances of great longevity are not uncommon. Observations taken at the Sydney Observatory during the year 1879 show the mean maximum temperature to be 68° 2', and the mean minimum to be 56° o'. January and February are the hottest months, July the coldest, March and December, May and September, June and August, are of nearly equal temperature, and April is the same as the mean of October and November. The chief productions for exportation are wool, preserved me.\ts, tallow, oil, gold, silver, copper, tin, antimony, kerosine shale, cvC. Coal is abundant, and exported largely. The ports of Newcastle to the north, WoUoiigong, BuUi, and those to the south of Sydney, afford great facilities for the shipment of cc al. The quantity exported during 1879 amounted to 1,500,000 tons. The coal is of superior quality, well adapted for steam, gas, and household purposes, and finds a ready sale in San Francisco, China, and other eastern ports. There are large tracts of rich soil which are adapted for profita';!'* cultivation. The law offers every facility for the acquirement of Ij.< i upon very easy terms. Anyone, even minors, if not under 16 yQi\r> of age, can select land, the best available, from 40 to 640 acrer, ai 20s. an acre, of which a fourth is to be paid down, the remainder^ // .'1 emigrants' guide. 41 )> bearing 5 per cent, interest, is payable after the expiration of five years, by annual instalments at the rate of one shilling per acre, or the whole balance, at the option of the occupant. A further loj-. an acre is to be expended on improvements (a term very liberally con- strued) within a period of five years, during which time the purchaser must also reside. Upon completion of the conditions required by the Land Act, the selector becomes entitled to the freehold. The operations of agriculture or husbandry are never suspended by winter, and crops of some kind or other may be produced in succes- sion from January to December. The area of land taken up ^or cultivation is steadily increasing. In March, 1880, there were 39,918 holders of land, exclusive of pastoral tenants, holding 2 2, 7 21, 603 ^ acres, of which 635,641 acres were under cultivation, 17,578,389 acres being enclosed, though not under cultivation. Note. — Since this was written, the Agent-General for New South Wales has received information from the Colonial Government to the effect that the system of emigration will be altered. Emigrants will be required to pay a moiety of the passage money. Only mamed couples net exceeding 35, with or without children, and single women, will be eligible. To be selected by the Agent-General in proportion to the respective po])ulations of the three kingdoms. The natural great divisions of the country are the eastern sea- board territory, the central range, and the western plains. The sea-, board districts undulate with hill and valley, and possess on the alluvial flats the richest soil, adapted to every kind of cultivation. Much of this portion rests on a vast basin of coal. The central division is rich in minerals. Passing off the coal areas a region is reached in which are tracts abounding with gold, copper, lead, tin, and other minerals. Diamonds and other gems have been found. The extensive plains in the interior, forming the third great natural division, are specially adapted for pastoral pursuits. Millions of sheep and cattle feed there on the natural grasses of the country. The following tabular staii'ement will show the extent and progress made by the colony up to 31st December, 1879 '■ Area in Square Miles. Estini-'tcd Mean Population. Revenue. Proportion of Revenue raised by Taxation. 3»o.937i 714,012 £ 4.475.059 £ 1,272,721 Rate of Taxation per head of Populntion. Value of Imports. Value of Imports per head of the Population. Value of Kxports. £ s. d. I 15 n £ 14,198,847 19 17 8i £ 13,086,819 •AH m .■.,' -i ^ i. '. M f i t 42 EMIGRANTS GUIDE. Value of Exports per heacl ^ of the Population. Total Value of Tradei Imports, and Exports. Value of Trade per head of the Population. £ s. d. 18 6 6| £, 27,285,666 £, S' d. 38 4 3i Miles of Railway Open. Miles of Railway in course of construction. Miles of Telegraph Lines open. No. of Acres, under Crop. 736 286 7,5174 635.641 ■■■ I No. of Horses. No. of Cattle. No. of Sheep. No. of Pigs. 256,026 Estimated Population. Public Debt. Rate of Indebtedness per head of Population. 360, :^^^ 2,f 14,210 29.043.392 734,282 £ 14.937,419 £ s. d. 20 6 10^ The Government is empowered to proclaim Crown lands to be gold fields, and to grant what are called "miners* rights," on the payment of a small fee, which enables any person to search or dig for gold. Leases of auriferous tracts of alluvial ground, and quartz reefs, and portions of river beds, for limited periods, may be granted at annual rents under special conditions as regards labour and machinery. The total number of manufactories, works, &c., in the colony, which were in operation during the year 1879, was 2,499, giving employment to 24,564 persons, of whom 2,697 wcJ^c females. The following statement will show the cost of clothing and living at the end of 1880 : Current Prices of Clothing in Sydney for Persons of the Labouring Classes. CLOTHING, WOMEN'S. s. d. s. d. Blankets . 7 6 to IS per pair. Bonnets, straw I „ 3 each. Calico • 3 „ 6 per yadr. „ white . . 4 „ 7 6 „ 16 7i .. Dresses, merino or alpaca 6 each. ,, print . a 6 „ 7 M „ muslin 4 „ 7 6 „ Flannel 10 „ I 6 per yard. Mattresses la „ 20 each. Palliasses 10 „ 16 ** »i Petticoats, calico 2 6 „ 4 II „ flannel 4 „ 7 u Shr.v Is, woollen or printed S „ 20 „ emigrants' guide. CLOTHING, WOMEN'S-fMf/«/W. Sleeting, grey calico i> white Shifts Shoes Stays Stockings CLOTHING, MEN'S Boot"-, strong . Caps Coats, shepherds' Frocks, duck . Handkerchiefs, cotton Hats, felt „ Manilla or Panama ,, straw . Shirts, Crimean „ white cotton „ coloured or striped cotton „ flannel (under), or merino Shoes, strong . Socks, cotton . „ woollen Stockings, cotton ,j woollen Trousers, common (tweed) ft duck 1, moleskin Vests, common (tweed) . Suits, drill or moleskin . „ tweed or cloth s. d. O lO to » o „ 2 6 „ 4 6 „ 2 6 „ o 9 » s. d. s. 6 2 12 o to l6 2 9 ,, 3 4 >, o o 2 2 I \ 3 2 3 4 o I I 2 8 2 5 4 6,'; o „ O „ o „ 6 „ 6 M o 4 6 3 6 4 3 6 5 d. 6 o 6 o 6 o d. 6 o o 9 6 6 o o 6 6 6 o 6 6 ,, O ID 6 o o o o „ o „ o „ o .. I 2 3 12 3 7 6 35 o o 6 o 43 per yard. >> each. per pair. each. per pair. 30 O ;; 40 O per pair, each. »» i> >> >• »> >» >» >> 9t )» per pair. i» »» )» >> *i each. j» i ;■'» I? n '^J ;•,■>■, -^^/«// /'/'/V^j, Current Rates, Bacon . Blue Bread . Butter, fresh »> salt Candles, mould Cheese, English ,» New Zealand ,, American M Colonial Coffee . Eggs . "■»" ) Ind Milk . Meat, beef, ftesh M ,1 salt M mutton, fresh » M salt >. pork *i veal , Mustard . Oil, kerosene s. d. o 6 to o 10 „ O 2i „ o 10 „ o 8 „ 5 M 1 6 „ o 10 „ 04,, » 4 „ 04.. O S M 05,, > o „ K 6 „ f. a. o 8 per lb. ' o „ 3^ per 2 11). loaf, 1 o per lb, o 10 o I I I o I I II 10 o o o o o o o I I I, M 6 ;; 9 M 2 „ 2 9 o per dozen, ° j per 100 lbs. 6 per Quart. 5 per lb. 3i „ 4 6 9 11 i 'J : per gallon. 44 EMIGRANTS GUIDE. RETAIL PRICES Oatmeal . Pepper . Potatoes . Rice Sago Salt Soap Starch . Sugar Tea Tobacco, American „ Colonial Honey . Hay, oaten , , lucerne ,, grass Maize Oats Bran Pollard . Chaff Coal Wood . Apples . Pineapples Bananas . Oranges . Turnips . Oni :is . Cabbages Carrots . Parsnips . CURRENT RATES—, s. d. o 8 3 6 O 2i to >) o 5 o 3 » 4 3 9 lOO o 90 o 4 o 20 o o 6 o 6 3 o 2 o 1 o 2 O ■contimicd . s. d. o 3 I 4 o o 5 6 26 o o 6 o 4i 6 6 o 6 o o o 2 4 2 o ,,120 ,,100 80 >> 15 >> >» >) 2 2 I I 6 25 16 o 12 I I 4 o 4 2 3 per lb. 2 6 per cwt, 3i per lb. 4 M per cwt. i> per lb. )) per ton. » 5) 5) per bushel. 9 6 3 3 o o o 9 o o 6 „ perdoz.bunches 1 per lb. o per dozen, o perdoz.bunches o >> >> per cwt. per ton. per dozen. )» >j >» ho T ill 77^r following are the Current Prices paid for Labour in some of the principal Trades of the Colony , Which of course vary somewhat in Different Districts : Waggon builders Carriage ,, Carriage painters Sawyers, in mill Compositors . .Stonemasons. Stonemasons' labourers Plasterers Plasterers' labourers Bricklayers . Bricklayers' labourers Carpenters . Joiners Painters . Shipwrights . Labourers Saddlers Tailors (paid by the piece) can average about Shoemakers ditto ditto „ jobbing . 5. d. I o o 10 o 10 o 9 I 10 7 II 7 10 7 9 10 9 9 7 45 50 'i 50 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o to 11. 3 per hour. 6 3 3 I per 1,000 II per day. 8 12 9 12 9 II II 10 12 9 55 per week. 70 1° 60 emigrants' guide. CURRENT PRICES PAID FOR LABOUR-c^.,^,«;,.^. Shipsmithfi Bookwork Dressers . ] Furnace men Iron turners . Engine fitters Coppersmiths General fitters Blacksmiths . M Strikers . Iron moulders Boiler makers Pattern makers Boiler makers' assistants General labourers in iron works Engine drivers Brass moulders Brass finishers Machine men, in fitting shop Coal miners . Sawmill hands I o o I o I I I o I I I o o o I o o ID O o ID O II I O o 8 o o o 8 7h 94 2 II ID O 9 to J. I I o I I I I I I o I I I o o o I I I '5 I 6 o II I 5i 4 3 2 4 lO 3 4 J 9 ID lO 3 3 2 O O 45 per hour, per l,coo. per hour. per day. per hour, _, ••";/>>» »j pernour. T/ie following quotations are or Board in Married couples for stations Farm labourers Bullock dnvers Horse team drivers Boundary riders Stockmen Shepherds Road makers Grooms . Gardeners (country) ,, (in town) Blacksmiths (country) Bakers . Butchers . , Cooks (private houses) ,, (hotels) Laundresses House and parlour maids General servants . Nurserymaids Grooms and coachmen (in town) Useful boys on stations Current Rate of Wages Wheelwrights (country) Railway labourers . Gangers . Brickmakers the Rates of Wages with Rations Toivn or Country. £ s. £ »i\ 6o o to 75 per annum 30 )> 45 J > 40 >> 52 J ) 40 »» 65 )i 40 >> 52 M 40 »j 75 )» 35 >> 40 ) J 52 j» 65 J } 40 »> 60 ) } 40 »> 52 »» 52 j> 65 ) 9 75 >j 80 t 9 I 10 M 3 pel week. I ID f) 3 if 30 »» 65 pel annum. 45 )» 75 j» 32 26 >» 45 35 9> 26 26 45 35 c f } 45 ») 65 ft 16 l» 30 1* ivithont Board or Lodging. 70 O per week-. 7 o per day, 8 6 • 22 6 ,, 25 o per 1,000. fe'f 't '■■■! ii"'ll .■•• !■ "I . m I ii .!■ !t I , 11 46 emigrants' guide. WAGES WITHOUT BOARD OR LODGING— canitHtie J. s. d, s. d. Potters . . . 50 o per week, Pipemakers . 5° o »» Tinsmiths . . . 42 o to 63 o „ Galvanized iron workers . . 9 o „ 10 o per day. (The two trades last mentioned work ten hours to the day.) Lumpers and wharf labourers : s. d. Day work for handling general cargo Ditto coal . . Night work . . Plumbers . . . . 8 o to Gas fitters . • ..80,, (These two trades work eight hours to the day). s. d. s. Coopers . . . . . 8 o to 10 Ditto, on piece, as follows : Wine casks . 22 6 Oil casks . . 20 o I I I 10 II d. O 3 6 o o d. o Tierces Hogsheads Ten gallon kegs Five „ „ Two ,, „ Tallow casks 3 (old) to 2 o 13 6 22 20 I 2 2 I per hour. »» per day. »» per day. per tun. 6 (new) each, o each. 9 3 6 o per tun. >> I i \ House Rent. Small cottages in Sydney and in suburbs : s. 3 or 4 rooms and kitchen . . . 10 Small houses : In suburbs, 3 or 4 rooms, with kitchen, &c. . 14 In Sydney, larger houses, from . . . 18 Board and lodging for single men, from . . 14 d. s. d. o ,, 12 o per week. o „ 18 o o per week upwards. o to 18 o per week. From the foregoing statements it will be seen that whilst the rates of wages are much higher, the cost of living is less than in England. Female domestic servants, thoroughly acquainted with their duties, as well as farm labourers and shepherds, readily obtain employment. There is no demand for governesses, tutors, or clerks. Industrious and energetic men going to the colony with a small capital, and understanding farming and the management of stock, may look for a bright future. Many who have taken up land as conditional pur- chasers are now in positions of independence. Assisted emigration to the colony is at present confined to persons approved by the Agent-General in London, they having been pre- viously nominated for a passage by f*iends residing in New South AVales, who are required to deposit a sum of jQ2 for persons between 12 and 50 years of age, and jQi for persons over 3 and under 12 years of age; children under 3 years of age being free. These charges include the cost of bedding and mess outfit, which at the end of the voyage become the property of the emigrant. The forms of parliamentary and municipal government have been modelled on those of England, and the franchise for the former is EMIGRANTS GUIDE. 47 based on manhood suffrage. By the Electoral Act, passed in the last session of Parliament (1880), the number of members in the Legislative Assembly has been increased from 73 to 108. It is the aim of Colonial statesmen to keep representative government in New South Wales in harmony with the spirit of the British Consti- tution, as well as the procedure of the British Houses of Parliament. Justice is impartially administered throughout the Colony in accord- ance with the forms and practice of the Courts of Law in the United Kingdom. With regard to the intellectual progress of the colony, the question of national education has of late years been the subject of important legislation. Children of all classes, without distinction, can obtain the highest education, the most liberal provision being made with this object by Parliament. Education, by an Act of Parliament, has been placed under a Minister for Public Instruction. In addition to primary schools, the Act provides also for the establishment of high or grammar schools, for both sexes, in all the principal centres of population throughout the colony, as an intermediate stage between the primary schools and the University. The whole educational fabric is crowned by the University of Sydney, incorporated in 185 1, and seven years after- wards placed on the same footing as the Universities within the United Kingdom. A chancellor, vice-chancellor, and elective senate of 16 members constitute the governing body; the studies are directed by seven professors and lecturers. The endowment amounts to an income of ;65>ooo P^r annum. Considerable sums have been given by private individuals for endowments, scholarships, exhibitions, for annual and other prizes. The facilities for communication may be taken as a fair test of the progressive tendencies of New South Wales. There were on the ist September, 1880, 849^ miles of railway open. The Southern line has been completed and opened for traffic to the border town of Albury, on the River Murray, which river sepa- rates New South Wales from Victoria. Only about 3 miles on the Victorian side remain to be finished to join New South Wales with the Victorian Railway ; when this is done Sydney and Melbourne, the capitals of New South Wales and Victoria, will be connected, and the journey will occupy only about 20 hours. Railways are also being rapidly pushed on which will open up the great districts lying to the north and west. At the present time the railway has been opened for traffic 228^ miles to the north, and 251 miles to the west, while 340 miles on the west and 257 on the north are projected and in course of construction. The lines working up to the present time return interest on the capital invested in the cost of their construction at the rate of about 4 per centum per annum. Communication with the country districts is effectively maintained also by a complete postal and telegraphic system, which has of late 1 ... . n 4 ,; "lit s i0 C. ,1 ;!,'^ :< r m i Ill ill r 48 EMKiRANTS* GUIDE. been largely extended, and which will be furtiier improved as the work of railway extension proceeds. There are 12,426 miles of telegraph wire open in .the whole colony, and post-ofifices are estab- lished wherever the circumstances of the people require it. The charge in the colony for a telegraph message is is. for every 10 words, exclusive of the address, the latter being free. An uniform rate of 2d. is the postal charge for letters not exceeding half an ounce in weight, conveyed to any part of the colony excepting the city of Sydney, and within a radius of 10 miles thereof, for which the postage charge is k/. Newspapers are sent free of charge. Ill llllit! Customs Duties. Ale, in wood or jar ,, in bottle Bacon Bags „ gunny Beer, in wood or jar ,, in bottle . . '. Biscuits Blasting powder . . Blue Bottled fruits, quarts ,, pints and smaller packages C^andles Cement . Cheese . Chicory Chocolate Cigars Cocoa Coffee . Comfits . . , Confectionery Cordage . . . Corn flour CojTugated iron, in bars, liundles, or sheets Ciystals, soda Dates . . . Doors . Dried fish . , Dried fruits . . Fish, dried . . , preserved , salt Flour, corn Fruits, bottled, quarts ,, „ pints and smaller quantities „ dried Galvanized iron, in bars, bundles, or sheets, or cornigated . Galvanized manufactures . , Ginger Gunny bags Hams % , , Hops I , , s. o o o I o o o o o o 2 I o 2 O o o 5 o o o o 40 o 40 20 O I o o o o o o 2 I o 40 3 o o o o d. 6 per gallon 9 M 2 per lb. per dozen 6 6 per gallon 9 1 per lb. I o o I o 2 3 3 o 3 h o I o o I o I 2 I I I I o o 2 o o I 6 2 3 >» per dozen >> per lb. per barrel per lb. >» per ton per lb. per ton >> per lb. each per lb. per dozen >i per lb. per ton per cwt. per lb. per dozen per lb. 11 \ • J, IS the les of estab- every An ghalf -pting which V EMIGRANTS GUIDE. CUSTOMS DVTlES-coHtmueJ. Iron, galvanized, in bars, bundles, or sheets, or corrugated Iron wire Jams Jellies Maizena Malt Methylated spirit Molasses Mustard Nails Nuts of all kinds (except cocoa-nuts) Oilman's stores, sauces and pickles, quarts ,t M „ pints and smaller quantities . ... Oils, except specially exempted Opium (including all goods, wares, and merchandize, mixed or saturate with opium, or with any pre- paration or solution thereof, or steeped therein) Paints Paper, writing or fancy „ brown and wrapping Pepper Pickles, quarts . , „ pints or smaller quantities Porter, in wood or jar ,, in bottle Powder, blasting „ sporting Preserved fish Preserved vegetables Preserves Rice Rope Sacks Sago Salt fish Salt Saltpetre Sashes Sauces, quarts „ pints Sheepwash tobacco Shot Shutters Snuff Soda crystals Sarsaparilla, if not exceeding 2$ per cent, proof spirit Spices Spirits (on all kinds of spirits imported i-ic the colony, the strength of which can be ap-, r.s-aed by Sykes's hydrometer) Spirits (on all spirits and spirituous compounds im- ported into the colony, the strength of which cannot be ascertained by Sykes's hydrometer) . Spirits,' methylated . . • Sporting powder Spruce or other beer, in wood or jar . „ in bottle D 49 'Ki >* s. 40 20 o O O O 2 3 o 40 o I J. o o I I I 6 o 4 I o I o o 6 o 6 per ton II per lb. II II per bushel per gallon per cwt. per lb. per ton per lb. per dozen II per gallon per lb. per ton per lb. - per cwt. per lb. per dozen II per gallon II per lb. II II II II per ton II per dozen per lb. »» per ton II each per dozen II per lb. per cwt. each ' per lb. per ton per liquid gallon per lb. 12 o the proof gallon 10 40 I 3 4 2 I 6 6 9 I 3 I I I 60 40 I I I 20 20 I I 6 3 S I 2 20 4 2 12 o 2 O o 3 o 6 o 9 per liquid gallon per gallon per lb. per gallon '.ii ■; : 'I v'' "i '.■ m 50 KMIGRANTS' GUIDE. CUSTOMS DUTIES— i 3 per lb. 4 >> 2 per 100 ft. super I »» »» I each 2 per lb. I >» 3 »» • 5 >» . ^ 4 per cwt. I f r^allon. 2 c »i . 6 >« . 10 If • 5 »» . 20 per ton . 3 each • I VICTORIA. The colony of Victoria, originally part of Nev. ^uth Wales, forms the south-eastern portion of Australia. Its greatest length from east to west is about 420 miles, and its breadth about 250 miles. It contains an area of about 56,446,720 acres, or 88,198 square miles. This is somewhat less than the area of England, Scotland, and Wales, which contains 89,644 square miles. In January, 1879, 19,201,780 acres had been granted, sold, or selected, and 10,711,022 were available for future selection. The reserves in connexion with pastoral occupation numbered about 350,000 acres. The number of squatting runs in 1878 was 768, or 33 less than in 1877 ; and the area of Crown lands embraced in runs was 19,531,083 acres, or 1,323,532 acres less than in 1877. Victoria contains, in addition to its mineral wealth, fine soils suit- able for the growth of wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, the grape, olive, fig, date, coral tree, sugar, millet, and tobacco, and, in certain favoured situations, for the growth of the tea plant There are also some parts suitable for cotton and rice. The mean annual temperature, as deduced from a long series of meteorological observations, is 58". In autumn and winter the northerly winds exceed the southerly, and in spring and summer the southerly winds exceed the northerly. emigrants' fiUIDE. 51 In summer the north winds are dry and often hot, but at night the wind frequently changes to the south-west or south ; and from either of these points it is always cool and refreshing. The mean rainfall in the year is nearly 30 inches. The disposal of Crown l^nds in Victoria is regulated by the "Land Act, 1869," as amended by "Thel^ndAct, 1878," which is intended to facilitate the acquisition of land by bond fide settlers. The lands are obtainable either ( i ) by selection at J[^ i per acre, pay- able by instalments, or (2) by auction at an upset price of ;^i per acre, prompt payment. 1. Persons desirous of purchasing land in any district not specially exempted may, subject to certain regulations as to boundaries, select any quantity of unoccupied land not exceeding 320 acres before it has been surveyed, and obtain an occupation license for six years at a yearly rental of \s. per acre. The license is not transferable. The licensee is required to fence the land ; to reside upon it for at least five years ; and during the currency of his license to cultivate at least one acre out of every ten included in it, and effect general im- provements to the value of zos. per acre. If these conditions have been fulfilled, he is entitled at the end of six years, at his option, either to pay 14J. an acre for the land, which then becomes his own, or to obtain a lease of it for fourteen years at a yearly rental of \s. per acre. When the payments (which may be made in anticipa- tion) have amounted to 20^. an acre, a grant in fee is issued by the Governor. 2. Crown lands, to an extent not exceeding 200,000 acres a year, are also disposed of at auction at an upset price of not less than 20s. an acre. Lands exposed to auction and not sold may afterwards be purchased at the upset price, or at the highest price bid at the sale. All town and village lands must be sold at auction. Leases of Crown lands for 21 years, at a rent of not less than ^% a year, and for quantities not exceeding three acres, may be obtained for the sites of inns, stores, smithies, and other similar buildings, in thinly-peopled districts ; also for bathing-places, bridges, ferries, and other purposes of public utility. Pastoral licenses for new runs deemed sufficient to carry 4000 sheep or 1000 cattle are put up to auction at a rent fixed by the Board of Land and Works, and sold to the person bidding the highest premium. The licenses are granted for any period not exceeding 14 years. Miners' rights are issued for any number of years not exceeding 15, at the rate of 5^-. for every year. "Miners' rights" entitle the holders to take possession for gold-mining purposes, and for resi- dence, of so much of the Crown lands as may be prescribed by the bye-laws of the Local Mining Board of the district within which the land is situated. Leases of auriferous lands in quantities not less than one, Jior more than 30 acres, are granted for any term not exceeding 1 5 years, at an annual rental of £,\ per acre. D 2 *». . 1 .■? f. ;■. 'i^': '•■■p\ Wmm fiilf !' ! 11 1 J t ! !■ 52 emigrants' guide. The number of holdings in Victoria on 31st March, 1879, ex- ceeding one acre was 47,050 ; and the quantity of land in occupa- tion during the year ended 31st March, 1878, was 15,901,403 acres. The number of manufactories and works, &c., in operation In 1877-78 was 2343, employing 33,278 hands, the approximate value of lands, buildings, machinery, and plant being ;^6,8oo,ooo. On ist January, 1880, there were 19 lines of railway open, of the aggregate length of 11 25 miles. All the railways in Victoria are now the property of the State. The total receipts in 1879 amounted to j^i, 500,000, and the working expenses to jC75o>°oo. The population of the colony on ist January, 1880, was estimated at 899,333 persons, of whom 489,559 were males, and 409,774 females. The current rate of wages at the end of September, 1880, was : For farm labourers, married, without rations for family, ;^7o to ;^8o per annum — with rations for family, ;^5o to ;^6o per annum ; farm labourers, single men, with rations, 15^. to 20^. per week; plough- men, with rations, 2qs. to 30 j. The wages for artizan labour were : General labourers and navvies, 6s. to Ss. per day ; skilled labourers, 10s. to i2,f. per day. Servants' wages were as follows: Cooks, ;^35 to ;^'6o per annum ; housemaids, ^^25 to ;^35 ; general servants, £3° to jCS5 '> farm servants, ^^30 tO;^35. The Government of Victoria does not now grant assistance to persons desirous of emigrating. The cost of steerage passages from London or Liverpool is about ;^ 1 5 for an adult, and half-price for children between i and 12 years of age. Further information respecting the colony may be obtained at the office of the Agent- General, No. 8, Victoria Chambers, Victoria Street, London, S.W. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. South Australia is bounded on the east by Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland, and has the ocean for its northern and southern boundary, and the 129th meridian of east longitude for its boundary on the west. The area of the colony, exclusive of the recently added northern territory, is estimated at 243,244,800 acres, of which 8,279,028 acres had been alienated at the date of the last returns. The area of the northern territory has not been ascertained, but is estimated at 335,116,800 acres. The climate of the southern portion of the colony is said greatly to resemble that of Sicily and Naples. During nine or ten months in the year it is agreeable. What are called winter months {i.e. June, July, and August) is, in truth, a rainy season, and would be considered in England merely a wet summer. The only disagreeable portion of the year is the three summer months ; viz., December, January, and February, when the sun attains great .■%• EMIGRANTS GUIDE. 53 i. great power, and when winds from the distant interior greatly increase the natural heat of the season. The principal productions of the colony for exportation are wool, copper, lead, and breadstuffs. The waste lands of the Crown are, for the purposes of sale, classified as town, suburban, and country land. All Crown lands, except pastoral, are sold by auction after due public notice; but country lands, which have been put up to auction and not sold, may in certain cases be sold by private contract at the upset price, or such higher price as may have been bid at any auction. The lowest upset price is ;^i per acre ; but the Government fixes a higher price for town lots, and for country lots on which lawful improve- ments have been made. But country lands up to i,ooo acres may be purchased in some districts on credit. In that case the purchaser has to pay lo per cent, of the amount he has agreed to give, which is reckoned as interest or rent for the first three years. He has also to enter into an agreement to make improvements and cultivate the land. At the end of the third year he has to pay a second instal- ment of lo per cent, for another three years. At the end of the sixth year he must pay a fourth of the purchase money and ID per cent, interest on the balance, which will carry him on to the end of the ninth year, when he is expected to complete his purchase, and receive his deeds. It is also provided that the selector may, if in a position to do so, after five years from the date of selection, pay the purchase money. On the 30th June, 1879, the area held on credit amounted to 3,065,329 acres, representing ;^4,345,899, which sum falls due at various times, extending to the year 1887. Pasture leases are granted, at the rate of los. per square mile, to the first discoverer, for terms of 14 years. Other waste lands, leased for pastoral purposes, are assessed in three classes, the minimum rent in the first-class being fixed at the rate of ;^i per square mile, in the second at 8x. 6d. per square mile, and in the third at 2s. (>d. per square mile. Mineral leases for mining purposes are granted for 14 years, in lots not exceeding 320 acres, at a rent of lox. an acre, with the right of renewal for two periods of 14 years each, on payment of a fine of not less than jQi per acre, and subject to future regulations. The total population according to the published returns on ist June, 1880, was 263,270, of whom the males were about 10,000 in excess of the females. The total area under cultivation in 1878 was 2,011,300 acres. The total acreage under wheat was 1,305,850 acres, and the yield was 9>332.o5o bushels, giving an average of 7 bushels 9 lbs. to the acre. Orchards and gardens covered 4677 and 3574 acres respectively, and vineyards 4297 acres. The rest of the cultivated land was devoted principally to barley, peas, oats, and potatoes. The following compilation, revised last year by Mr. W. R. Hunt, labour agent, shows the rates of wages paid in Adelaide to skilled ,- 1 >■'■ 1' •*'. ' ■1a' ■■■■! , • ,.k -• ',.•1 "«. . '-if ' ! i M f ! I f i; 1 i III 1 \-\ ! J i iiJ. 54 emigrants' guide. labourers and other tradesmen, the prices varying, of course, accord- ing to the proficiency or skill of the individual and the season of the year. Great care has been taken in every instance to procure authentic information : Bookbinders. — 30J. to ;^3 per week; forwarders, 35J. to 45^.; finishers, 60J-. to 70^. Bootmakers. — At the principal factories piecework is the rule, but some men are employed on day work, whose average earnings are 38^. to 40^ per week, while very expert hands earn higher rates. Female machine hands receive weekly from 15^. to ;£"i, while girls as tackers, &c., receive from half-a-crown to 15^. The present prices at piece- work are as follows : Men's goods — riveting Wellingtons and riding boots, zs.) half Wellingtons, \s. gd.; side springs, is. 6d.; strong lace-up, is. 6d.; finishing Wellingtons and riding boots, 2^.; half Wellingtons, is. gd.; side-springs, i^. 6d.', strong lace-up, gd. Women's goods — riveting side springs, lin, is.; plain leather boots, IS.; slippers, 4d.; finishing side-si. ags, plain, is. 2d.; plain leather boots, Sd.; slippers, 3^. Girls (from 10 to 13), calf, riveting side-springs, plain, gd. ; finishing ditto, 8^^. ; good female fitters, from 12s. to iSs. Brassfounders. — gs. to 1 2s. per day. Brewers. — 30J. to 5oy. per week. Brickmakers. — 12s. per 1000 on the back. Builders. — In this trade firms have adopted the eight-hours system. The prices ruling are — For stonemasons and wallers, 9^. to loj-. per day ; stonecutters, gs. to gs. 6d. ; plasterers, ditto ; bricklayers, ditto ; slaters, a shade higher ; carpenters, 8x. to 9^. ; labourers, ^s. to 6s. 6d.; pick-and-shovel men, 5^. to 6s. Bakers. — Foremen are receiving from ;^i 15^. to j£2 i$s. per week, and second hands from 25^. to 35^., with board and lodging; skilled confectioners proportionately higher. Butchers. — Engagements are made by the week. The present rates are — For shopmen, 355. to 45^.; youths, 15^. to j[,i; slaughtermen, 30J. to ;^2, and small-goods men, from 30^. to £,2 5^., with board. Basketmakers — piecework — make wages from ffis. to J[^2t 1^- P^r week, mostly canework. Cabinetmakers. — Engagements are chiefly made by piecework, but when by time the following are the customary rates per day of eight and a half hours : First-class workmen, gs. to los. ; second ditto, Sj. ; upholsterers, 8i. 6d. to los. ; makers of deal tables, meatsafes, &c., from IS. 6d. to 8j. Carters. — 25^. to 35^-. per week. Coachbuilders. — The wages per week vary according to the follow- ing scale : Smiths, from J[,2 8x. to ;^3 ; bodymakers, from £,2 8j. to ;^3; wheelers, £2 los. to £1 ; painters, £2 to £2 14J.; trimmers, ditto; vicemen, £\ los. to £2, EMIGRANTS GUIDE. 55 Coopers. — Work is chiefly done by the piece; when otherwise, however, the day is understood to consist of eight hours, for which the remuneration varies from 8j. to qj. In piecework 2S. is paid for a cask of three gallons, 2s. 6d. for five gallons, and 3^. ^d. for one of ten gallons. Coppersmiths. — ^s. to i is. per day. Drapers. — 30j". to 60s. per week. Farriers. — Firemen, per day of ten hours, 9^. ; floormen, from jQz 5 J. to jQz 10s. per week. Gardening. — Gardeners, 6^. to ^s. per day; digging, 6d. (sandy soil) to IS. per rod (ordinary garden soil) ; trenching, by contract ; pruning, 2^. 6d. to 4^. per 100 vines; 6s. to 7^. day work. Gasjiiters. — In regular employment the wages vary from j[,2 to ;^3 per week; when employed by the day they receive from 8^. to \os. Galvanized Tin Ironworkers. — Day work from 8^. to loj. ; week of 48 hours, jr^2 2s. to j£2 14^. Gunsmiths. — 9,y. to 1 2s. per day. Ironworkers. — Boilermakers, per day of eight hours, get from 10s. to iij. ; smiths, ditto; fitters and turners, los. to lu. ; moulders, ditto ; labourers, from 6,r. 6d. to 7^. 6d. Iron Trade. — In this industry payment is by the day, the rates in each branch being as follows : General smiths, Si", to 9^. ; first-class smiths, 9 J. ; fitters, 9J. to i ij-. ; wheelwrights, 8j. to lis.) moulders (first-class), 9^. ; painters, 5^. ; engine-drivers, 7^. to los. ; sawyers, 7^. to 8 J. ; carpenters, 7^. to loj. ; turners, "js. to 8^. ; foundry hands, 6s. to 7^. ; labourers, 6s. to 7^-. Jeivellers. — Ordinary workmen, j[^2 xos. to £,4, \os. per week, and more skilled workmen, engravers, &c., £,^ to ;^6. Millers. — 50^. to 6qs. Plumbers. — Very good hands obtain from \\s. to 12^. per day of eight hours ; inferior workmen, £^2 8j. per week. Painters and Glaziers. — These tradesmen generally receive 8j. to 105. per day of eight hours, or \s. to \s. ^d. per hour ; grainers and writers, \os. per day, or \s. id. per hour; very good writers and grainers, \\s. to 13^. per day. Paper hangers. — 9//. to \s. 6d. for 12 yards. Printers. — Compositors, newspaper, \s, per 1000; jobbing hands, £2 1 5 J. per week; pressmen, £2 15^. Saddlers.— M.Q^i of the work done in this trade is by the piece, but when by time the following are the rates: First-class harness men, from 8j. to 9X. per day of ten hours summer, nine hours winter ; second class, or jobbing, from 5^. to ^s. 6d. ; first-class saddle hands, from \os. to i2x. Sailmakers.—is. 2d. to is. zd. per hour, eight hours per diem. ^'^ < 1 ' l^- 'f ! h ■! 3 1-^ f i ' - 1 1 If, ^»! 1 ! f 1.1^ 56 EMIGRANTS GUIDE. Seamen's wages (intercolonial) are steady at £^^ per month. Stonebreakers. — 3J. per yard. Storemen. — y>s. to 50^. per week. Tinsmiths. — \\d. to i^. 4//. per hour. Tailors. — Wages \od. per hour piecework, or \s. per hour day- work. Good workmen are now earning from ^^3 loj. to £,\ per week. Females receive a corresponding increase. Tanners and Curriers. — The working day is ten hours. Beams- men in the limeyard get from J[,2 to £,2 loj. per week ; strikers and finishers, from 36^. to 40J. ; tanners, from 36J. to 42J. Currier's work is all done by the piece, and on agreed conditions. First-rate workmen, who have served their full apprenticeship term, are earning from ;^3 los. to J[^\ los. per week. Watchtnakers. — The wages given vary from ;^3 lox. to J^^ per week. Wheelwrights. — is. to \s. ^d. per hour. Female Domestics. — Per week, with board and lodging — General servants, 8^. to 12s. ; cooks, lox. to 20^. ; housemaids, 8f. to 12^. ; kitchenmaids, 8j. to lox. ; housekeepers, 10s. to jQi) laundresses, 10s. to i6j-. ; nursemaids, 8j. to 12s. -y nursegirls, 4^". to is.; char- women, 3f. to ^. per diem. Shearers. — Shearers, 16s. to 20s. per 100; rollers, 15J. ; pressers, 25^.; sewers, 20s.', dumpers, 20J. ; pickers, 12s. \ cooks, 40^.; butchers, 25^. ; cooks' mates, 20J. per week, with rations. Station Hands. — Drovers, jQi to jQi 10s. per week, or lox. 6d. per day and find themselves; boundary-riders, 17J. to 25^-. per week; shepherds, 17J. to 2o,j'. per week; married couples, per annum, £^2 to jQtS'} lamb-minders, ioj. to 15^. per week; bullock-drivers, 20s. to 25^. per week; knockabout hands, I'js. to 20s. per week; bush carpenters and blacksmiths, 30J. per week; cooks, i'js. to 25X. per week; water-drawers, i8,y. to 20J. per week. All the above are with rations and expenses paid up to the stations. Farm hands. — Ploughmen, i6j. to 20^. per week; general farm servants, i8j. per week; married couples, females to cook, &c., 20s. to 30J. per week; harvesters, 25J. to 30J. per week; boys, from iQS. to i2s. ; youngsters tailing cattle and sheep, 4^. to 8x. per week ; teamsters, 20^. to 25J. ; hay harvesters, 25J. to 35J. ; all with board and lodging. Miscellaneous. — Fencers, post and three-wire fence, ;£'io to jQ2o per mile ; ditto per rod, three-rail, 2s. to 3J. ; wire ditto, 4X. to 7^. ; cabmen, 20^. to 303. per week with board and lodging; busmen, 35J. to 40J. per week without board ; labourers, 6s. to 8j. per diem without board and lodging; ostlers, 20X. to 25^. per week with board and lodging; sawyers, logs at pit, 13J. per 100. Average wages of miners. — Moonta district. Miners, per week, eight hours' shift, ;^i 15^.; breaksmen, ditto, none employed; ■■)i'. .•■4,! emigrants' guide. 57 engineers, from £1 i6s. to £2 i^s. ; tribute, £1 il^s. to £2 ss. ; on contract, from j£i i6s. to £2-, owners' account, ss. dd, per day. Scale of rations per week. — 10 lbs. flour, 12 lbs. meat, 2 lbs. sugar, \ lb. tea. Hi The following are the current quotations in Adelaide, as taken from the public prints, of live stock, farm, and garden produce, provisions, groceries, &c. : Wholesale, Flour, Grain, &c. Flour, fine silk dressed, at the port, bags included (town brands) Ditto, ditto (country brands) Wheat, large lots, at the port Bran, at the port (bags included) Pollard . ... Oats, without bags . Barley „ , . Maize ,, . . . 12 o II 12 o 5 d. O 6 6 to 12 5 o per ton of 2,000 >i II IS o „ „ 057 perbush.of6oll)s. O I 2iperbush.of2olbs. 014 perbush.or2olbs. 030 per bush, of 40 lbs. 034 perbush.ofsolbs. 039 per bush, of 60 lbs. ■1 ,,.» Wliolesale, Dairy and Farm Produce. Bacon Butter „ potted Cheese Hams Lard Onions Honey Hay Peas I s. d. 000 o o 10 006 o o 10 o o 10 O 12 O 5 5 o 036 to »» i, s. d. o o TO per lb. I I o II 10 1 o I I o 10 o 14 o 004 6 10 o 040 o o o o o o Hides, Skins, Bones, &c. Hides, salted Butchers' green Hoofs Green kangaroo skins Skins, calf . „ K.I. wallaby Shank bones £ s. d. 003 o 16 o o S o 2 o 18 12 O O O O o to £ o 2 o s. o o 2 2 ID O S I 5 IS o » » per doz. per lb. » per cwt. per lb. per ton. per bushel d. 3h per lb. o each per cwt. per dozen. each. per dozen. per ton. '4 Bark, wattle, ground „ ,, chopped Bark. £ s. d. £ s. d. 7 o o to 7 lo o per ton. 6 ID o „ ^'.4 ■.■<,^' Tallow, beef, for export „ mutton „ Tailow. £ s. d. £ s. d. 21 o o to 23 o o per ton. 24 o o „ 28 o o „ ': II m nil HI Ut 58 emigrants' guide. Woo/. Washed Greasy Scoured £ s. d. £ s. d. o o 9 to o o 1 1 per lb, 005 » o o 10 o » o „ o I 4 Wine {Colonial). Good sound colonial wine of last year's vintage, for large quanti- r . d ties m bulk . 016 Superior, ditto . ' 046 Colonial spirits in bond . ' to Basils Colonial calf >> kip >» soe >> kangaroo >> wallaby Leather. £ s. • o IS o 4 O 2 O I o IS O 12 d. O O 3 o o o to £ o o o £ I o o o 4 s. 3 9 3 s. o 5 2 I o d. O o 6 per gallon. «3 '5 d. o 6 6 6 o o per dozen, per lb. per doz. Copper. fnn°^,!ll^"'*''^"^",'^°PP^'" •' "°^ quoted in London at ^74 per ton, With an upward tendency. «« * *i ;<:,74 per if Horses, draught ., light Bullocks, fat Sheep, fat wethers, according to Live Stock. £ s. d. £ f. d. • 30 to 45 • 15 >> 25 • 10 >» IS season o 12 o o 17 O RETAIL FARM AND DAIRY PRODUCE. Quotations—Bread and Flour. Bread M aerated Flour Beef Mutton Lamb Pork Veal Bacon Butter, fresh » salted £ s. d. £ s. d. o o 2j to o o 3i per 2-lb. loaf 003 ° o «i „ o o 2 per lb. Butchers' Meat. £ o o o o o s. d. o 4 O 2 2 6 O 7 o 5 to ;^ *. d. 008 per 005 036 008 008 per quarter, per lb. Batrf Produce. £ s. d. • o » o „ • 009,, • 007,, >» £ s. d. o I 2 per lb. 020 „ 016 „ Kl emigrants' guide. RETAIL FARM AND DAIRY PRODVCE-contimteJ. Cheese Eggs Fowls Ducks Geese Hams Honey Lard Milk Pigeons Rabbits, tame „ wild Turkeys , £ s. d. o I 060 o o O I 4 3 to >> 060 I o o o o o o o o o o o o o 10 d. o o o 6 o 2 5 o 6 5 o 6 o 59 per lb. per dozen per pair >i each per lb. >> »» per quart per pair each per pair each Tea Sugar Coffee Rice Salt Tobacco Soap Best wheaten hay Good mixed ,, Groceries. £ s. d. 020 003 003 040 003 Ilaj^ Market. to £ o o o o o o o d. 6 per lb. Ah ,, 6 „ 5 6 „ 4 £ s. d. 6 10 o per ton 600 ,, ""■< EAST END MARKET. Vegetables. Artichokes Asparagus Beans, broad Beetroot Broccoli Cabbages ,, savoy ,, plants Carrots Cauliflowers Celery Chillies Garlic Horseradish Leeks Lettuces Marjoram Mint Onions » green Parsnips Peas Potatoes I, new Radishes 11 turnip s. O 2 4 2 3 2 2 h to 1 6 2 o 2 6 o 6 8 o 2 o 3 6 S o 12 o X. O 2 5 3 4 4 3 I 2 5 3 I o o 2 o o o 16 o 2 4 10 13 o o d. 2 6 o o o o o per lb. per 100 per bushel per dozen I per luo o per doz. bunches » per dozen per doz. heads O ^„, Ik per lb. 4 „ 6 „ 6 per dozen 8 6 per doz. bunches 6 M .. o per cwt. 6 per doz. bunches 6 ,, M o per bushel o per cwt. o 6 per doz. bunche» 6 M •> 1 ^* ■ ( ir iftl 60 emigrants' guide. EAST END MARKET, VEGETABLES-««//««^<^. 1 i • 1 t 1 i i| ' 1 ! i>ii I !l ' 1 s. d. s. d. A Rhubarb . 2 6 to 3 per doz. lb. Sage , 6 per doz. bunches 1 P« Shalots • 4 per lb. • ar Thyme 6 per doz. bunches 5 1 of Turnips \ r 6 >> 2 »i >> \j^ Watercress 6 II II ac er Fruit. so s. d. s. d. sh Almonds, hard shell . . li to 2 per lb. T „ soft shell 6 II ,, cracked . 8 >) 9 II lo Apples 2 >l 10 per bushel Barcelona nuts . 6 6 >> 7 per doz. lb. Citrons IS per cwt. Gooseberries • 3 >> 3 6 per gallon i< * Lemons 6 >> I per dozen di Loquats 9 per lb. Cl Oranges 10 *) I 3 per dozen „ Sydney 10 II I II 1 Pears 2 11 12 per bushel 1 Strawberries 9 II I 6 per lb. 1 Dairy Produce. 1 ' s. d. s. d. ■ Bacon 9 per lb. 1 „ green 6 to 8 II 1 Butter, fresh 8 II 9 II Cheese, English I 6 II I a II 2 „ colonial 6 II 8 II t Dairy pork 7 11 8 II t Ducics 4 6 l> 5 per pair Eggs I II 9 per dozen Fowls 3 II 3 6 per pair ( Geese 4 each Ham 9 II 10 per lb. i Trfjrd 8 I) Turkeys s'e II 7 each 1 Butctier's Meat. s. H. s. d. Beef . 4 to 7 per lb. „ salt 4 ,, 6 II Calves' heads 2 6 ,1 3 each „ feet I 4 per set Lamb, forequarter 2 6 each „ hindquarter 3 6 II Mutton, forequartei 2i per lb. „ hindquarte r . 3i II Sausages 4 II Veal 4 l> 7 II Miscellaneous. s. d. s. | „ 150 .» Along line of „ 200 „ L reef if less -^ » 300 »> than „ 500 » . years of his lease, on houses, cultivation, or fencing, a sum equal to the whole of the purchase money, calculated at loj. per acre. Licenses to cut timber, quarry stone, or »^.dke bricks may be obtained for all Crown lands ; but, unless with consent of the owner, no such operation can be carried on within two miles of any head station. The "Mineral Lands Act of 1872" provides for the sale of Crown lands for mining purposes (gold excepted) at 30^. per acre, and for leasing them at $s. per acre per annum. Mining licenses can be obtained at 10s. per annum each person. By the " Gold Fields Act " a right to mine for gold on all Crown lands can be obtained for los. a year, and to the discoverer of a gold-bearing reef is awarded as follows : 400 yards \ One mile Distant from any Two miles I line of reef Ten miles worked. Over ten miles I The holder of a "miner's right" is entitled to 50 feet by 40 deep along the line of reef, or a company is entitled to 50 feet by 400 deep each man. The conditions under which these "miner's rights" are allowed are, that the claims must have boundaries marked at right angles to base line, must be registered, and worked by half the number of miners, to whom they are allot*:ed. Leases of land not exceeding 21 acres may also be obtained for a term of 2 1 years, after a gold neld has been two years proclaimed, at a rental oi ;i£i per acre per annum. Land orders are not now issued as formerly to emigrants paying their own passage to the colony. No undertakings are now necessary for payment of any portion of the passage money of either free or assisted emigrants. In 1878 the population was 210,510. There were 375 schools and 43,871 scholars; 3684 were subscribers to libraries and reading rooms, having 41,282 volumes. 11^,489 acres were under culti- vation. The live stock consisted of 148,226 horses, 2,469,555 horned cattle, 5,631,634 sheep, and 50,301 pigs. There are 624 mills and manufactories. In the same year 4,500,363 letters, 4,064,990 news- papers, and 269,506 packets passed through the various post offices, and 50,454 money orders were issued and paid ; amount of money order transactions, ;£"204,034; extent of mail service, 19,030 miles. One thousand one hundred and eleven ships, of 54i>85o tons burden, visited the various ports, and 11 17, of 524,908 tons burden, took their departure. The total exports in 1878 were ;^3,i9o,4i9; and exports, the produce of Queensland, consisted of: h. .< »■•:■■ ■il. ■ : y ''.i 1 lai 64 emigrants' guide. (:! Value. Antimony ore, loo tons ... I|I23 Arrowroot, 178,672 lbs. . 3.099 Bechede-mer, 2,115 cwt. . 977 Beeswax 5 Bones and bone dust, 5,758 cwt. 1,972 Coals, coke, and fuel, 6,060 tons 4,5«4 Copper ore, 1,675 cwt. 2,301 Copper, smelted, 9,814 cwt. 32.825 Copra 4 Cotton, 43,532 lbs. 1,216 Curiosities 5 Eggs 6 Fruit (green), 5,373 packageb 4.449 Gold, 283,592 ozs. 1,052,490 Hair, 66 cwt. 245 Hides and skins 67.494 Hoc fs find horns 1.332 Leather 533 Lime and limestone 23 Live stock, by sea and overland 347,037 Maize, 29,686 bushels S.636 Meat (fresh and preserved) 4,260 ,, (extract and essence of) 2,005 Molasses, 5,583 cwt. 1,335 Oil 123 Plants 210 Potatoes 143 Rags 574 Rattans and canes 120 Rum, 43,809 gallons 6,199 Sandalwood 75 Seeds, &c. 42 Shell (pearl) 54,149 Shell-fish (oysters and crabs) 1,227 Soap, 156 cwt. 190 Sugar, 82,696 cwt. 119,018 Sugar canes 32 Tallow 23,153 Timber 56,474 Tin ore, 49,916 cwt. 75, 20 1 Tin (smelted), 4,198 cwt. . 12,510 Tortoise shell 455 Vegetables (fresh) 25 Wine, 1,786 gallons 704 Wool, 21,668,122 lbs. . 1,185,659 The imports were ;^3, 436,07 7. In 1878 there were 428 miles of railway open, which carried 214,698 passengers; 7125 miles of telegraph wires were open, and 538,567 messages were transmitted. . The rates of wages in the colony are as t . ; Artisan labour. — Tailors, \os. per diem; 1 i sons, )S. xos. ; bricklayers, iis. ; carpenters, Ss. to lis.; [)air jrs smiths, lis.; wheelwrights, los. — without rations. Agricultural labour. — Farm labourers, ploughmen, reapers, mowers, and threshers, ;^35 to ^^40 per annum, with board and lodging. ; plasterers, loi-. ; black- emigrants' guide. I «5 Pastoral A?^^«r.— Shepherds, £\o to £(io ; stock keepers, ^45 to j^6o; hut keepers, ^30 to £^o\ generally useful men on stations, ^35 to ^60 ; sheep washers, 5^. to is. per diem ; shearers, 1 7 J. td. to 2 5 J. per 100 sheep sheared — with rations. Servants {males and married couples). — Married couples without family, £\o to £60 ; married couples with ditto, £\^ to ^50 ; men cooks for hotels, ^50 to £(iQ ; grooms, £^s to ^50 ; gardeners, £aS to ;^6o. Servants, female.— Cooks, £^0 to ^50 ; laundresses, ^^30 to ^50 ; general servants, £26 to £^0 ; housemaids, ;^2o to £26 ; nursemaids, ;^i8 to ;^25 ; farmhouse servants, ^^ 26 to £3$ ; dairy- women, ;^26 to £^5 — with rations. Miscellaneous. — Quarrymen, 8j-. to 105. per diem ; general labourers, 5^. to p. per diem — without rations. Seamen, £4 to £6 per month — with rations. n The price of provisions is as under : Beef, 4^. to $(/. per lb. Mutton, ditto, ditto. Bread, lf> (4 a q: « f/, .E ^ i> CJ \ ^ K c o S5 ;£5 Id. lod. gd. id. IS. gd. ;£i3 3d. Sd. Sd. 2S. gd. £5 £9 6d. 8d. ts. 31/. js.6d. IS. is.6d. lod. IS. IS. jd. IS. gd. ;Ci2 £12 los. Sd. 6d. 3d. 4rf. td. Sd. Sd. sld. 2S. 3d. 2/6t03«. Ms to I &/. If. IS. id, lod. IS. 8d. £h sd. to 6d. ^d. to 6d. 6d. sd. to 6d. 3*. •a s I £5 iOS. gd. IS. IS. IS. 2S. ;Cl2 lOS. 6d. 3d 6d. shd. 3*- 3 .a a 6 S £4 lOS. 6d. IS. IS. lod. IS. id. £^S 6d. 3d 6d. 6d. 2S. to 3s £s los. gd. 2S. IS. 6d. IS. 2S. £^s id. 6d. lod. ed. IS. f O £s id IS. 2d. IS. 2d. IS. IS. 8d. £16 6d. 3d &d. Sid 2S, to 3; . The Government of New Zealand does not now grant assistance to persons desirous of emigrating. Three lines of sailing vessels convey passengers to the several ports of New Zealand — either Auckland, Napier, Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch, Dunedin, or Invercargill ; the passage, which is usually calm and pleasant, and very safe, being ordinarily one of about 90 days, sailing from London, Plymouth, Glasgow. The fares are usually — saloon, j£4$ to j£$2 : second cabin, j£2$ ; third cabin, ;^i6. Those who prefer a more rapid and costly passage can go by steamer to Melbourne or Sydney, and thence by steamer to any New Zealand port. The fares are usually, to Melbourne or Sydney, saloon, 60 to 70 guineas ; second saloon, 30 to 40 guineas ; third class, 18 to 20 guineas; steerage for single men, 15 guineas, with 5 to 10 guineas additional for passage from Melbourne or Sydney to New Zealand. The passage thus to Melbourne or Sydney is from five to seven weeks, and thence to a New Zealand port about six days additional. Passengers can also go by way of New York and emigrants' guide. ve from ughmen Married 80, and chanics, ers and Its from servants 75 San Francisco by the San Francisco monthly mail route; fares, first- class, ^£"76 ; time, 42 days, Further information respecting the r .lony can be obtained at the offices of the Agent-General for New Zealand, No. 7, Westminster Chambers, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W. of the he year f o 10*, jCs I. 1 7i stance several Sfelson, usually out 90 res are cabin, :an go to any ydney, ; third s, with ney to » from •ut six k and TASMANIA. Tasmania is an island at the southern extremity of the Australian Continent, between 40° and 44° south latitude, and 144° and 149" east longitude. It is divided from t.* ^ v V ly of Victoria by Bass's Straits, 120 miles wide. Its length from north to south is about 170 miles, and from east to west about 160 miles; it is consequently nearly the same size as Ireland. The surface is diversified by ranges of hills and valleys, with occasionally large plains. The rainfall, on an average, is a little more than 22 inches, but there are not more than 40 days on which outdoor work cannot be done. Snow seldom falls, or remains on the ground more than a few hours, except in the elevated portions of the island. It is never too hot in summer, nor too cold in winter, for outdoor occupations to be carried on. The temperature is so genial, and the air so pure, that the diseases which in England add so much to the general death-rate, have here a minimum of intensity. No part of the world is perhaps more favourable to infant life than Tasmania. About nine out of every ten children survive the first year of life, and the mortality from that age up to about four- teen years old decreases at a wonderful rate. The deaths in 1000 children between 3 and 14 years old only average about five per thousand annually. Tasmania contains i6f million acres of land, of which the islands connected with it contain il million ; over 4 million acres have been sold or granted to settlers by the Crown, leaving the Crown land property at about i2f million acres, of which about 2,000,000 acres are leased by settlers for sheep-runs or other purposes. The population of Tasmania is 112,469, of whom 59,477 are males, and 53,022 females. The death-rate of 1879 was 15.18 per 1000 of the population. The black aboriginal population is extinct, the last individual, a woman about 70 years of age, having died in 1876. The quantity of land under cultivation for the year ending De- cember, 1879, was 366,911 acres, of which 81,131 were employed in the raising of wheat, barley, &c., and the remainder in orchards, market gardens, grass, &c. The average productions of wheat, &c., per acre during the year ending March, 1880, were as follows: Wheat, 23.16 bushels; oats, ,u 76 emigrants' guide. I ■i' 1 1- 28.5s bushels; barley, 27.93 bushels; of hay, 1.5 1 tons; of potatoes, 3.17 tons, and of hops, 1286.21 lbs. The total number of live stock in the island at the same date was — Horses, 24,285; cattle, 129,091; sheep, 1,834,441; pigs, 38,312, and goats, 2338. The upset price of all Government land suitable for agriculture is j£i per acre, and of pastoral land, 5 J. per acre. Not more than 320 acres of land will be sok^ by the Government to any one person. With the view of facilitating the acquisition of Crown land by persons of limited capital, it is also disposed of on deferred pay- ments extending over 14 years; but in these cases continuous residence by the purchaser, his tenant, or servant, i.> required until the whole of the purchase money is paid, and one third of the purchase money is added to the price of the land. Thus the cost of 100 acres would be — £ s. d. 100 acres at 20s. . . . 100 o o Add one-third for credit . . 33 6 8 £133 6^ But the payment of that sum may be made as follows : jC s. d. Cost at time of purchase . .368 „ first year . . .500 „ second year . . .500 „ following 12 years . . 10 o o a year. Persons (not free or assisted emigrants) proceeding to the colony either as first-class or intermediate cabin-passengers must apply to the Government Agents in London (see below) for a warrant, which will enable each on arrival to select 30 acres of land for himself, 20 acres for his wife, and 10 acres for each child. Steerage passengers will be supplied with a warrant authorizing them to select lands to the value of j^iS for each member of the family over 15 years of age, and jCg for each member above 12 months and under 15 years. Lands to be granted under these warrants must be selected within one year after the date of issue, and the holder must reside five years in the colony before the actual freehold title will be granted him. The land will not be forfeited by death if any of the family remain in the colony. Tasmania is rapidly becoming an important field for the working and export of valuable minerals. The deposits chiefly consist of gold, tin, coal, iron, &c. Timber also is largely exported. The following is the scale of fees payable to mining registrars : Registration of application for claim under miners' rights, single, 2s. 6d.'y united, 5^. Registration of admission of a shareholder, is. ; of division of a claim, per division, is.) of amalgamation, 5^. J emigrants' guide. 77 Registration of forfeited claim, single, 2s. 6d.; united, 5s. Cancell- ing of registration, 2^. 6(i. Registration of quartz stacked, sy. ; of water-right, 5^.; of executors, &c. (clause 65), 2^. 6d. Certified copy of registration, per 100 words or figures, is. 6d. Copies of docu- ments, &c., per ijo words or figures, i^. 6d. All certificates not above mentioned, is. For inspection of records, each, is. 1; ' For Surveys. Ordinary Land. Heavily Wooded. Under 2 acres 2 acres and under 10 jC s. d. 1 5 2 10 £ s. d. 1 12 2 15 10 „ ,, 20 2 17 3 12 20 „ ,, jO 3 10 480 30 „ ,. 40 400 500 40 ,. „ 50 Water-right, &c., per chain Plan and report, &c., by surveyor, where actual 4 10 I 5 13 1 3 survey is unnecessary . • ■ . 200 Licenses to reside on gold fields may be obtained at jQi per annum, the following fees being payable by the licensee to the district surveyor who surveys the land : £ s. d. Marking out block, and furnishing description, plan, and re- port relative thereto . . . ..250 Allowance for every mile beyond four that the block is distant from the surveyor's office or camp . .020 If the block be one of two or more blocks surveyed in the same locality on the same journey, per mile . .010 When the land applied for is a previously-surveyed allotment, the fee shall be los. 6//., with allowance of mileage as above. Licenses to search for minerals and metals (except gold) upon waste lands are issued by the Commissioner of Crown Lands on payment of a fee of ;^i, each license to be in force for twelve months. Holders of licenses have a preferential right to a lease. Rent under a lease, not less than 5^. per acre per year, or 2s. Cd. if coal-bearing or slate rock. A fee of ;^i is charged for preparing the lease. Licenses to fell and split ordinary timber from Crown land available for the purpose can be obtained through the police, or from the Crown bailiffs, on the monthly payment of 5^-. for each em- ployed} to fell and split blackwood, 2s. dd. per week for each person employed ; to fell and remove ordinary timber in the log, los. per month for each person employed, whether in connection with saw mills or otherwise ; to fell and remove blackwood or pine in the log, 5J. per week for each person employed ; to make bricks, burn charcoal, strip bark, &c., 5^-. per month for each person employed. The system of education is under the control of a Council and a Board of Education, nominated by the Governor. The Council '.;t V'A 78 emigrants' guide. hold examinations, and confer the degree of "Associate of Arts," and award scholarships. Tiie Board have the management of the public schools, appointing teachers, framing regulations, &c. Besides four principal grammar schools and numerous private establishments, there are 164 Government schools under the Board of Education, having over 12,000 scholars on the rolls. Several scholarships are maintained by the colony, the best being two annual Tasmanian scholarships of the value of ;^2oo per annum each, provided by the Government, and tenable at a British University for four years. There are in addition a Gilchrist scholarship, tenable at Edinburgh or London, and several local scholarships. Twelve exhibitions from the public schools under the Board of Education, and two under the Council, are also awarded annually, and are tenable for four years at superior schools. Every child between the ages of 7 and 14, resident within two miles from any public school, must be sent to school. The teaching is entirely unsectarian, but opportunities are given for religious instruction where desired. The Government grant in aid of public scliools in 1878 amounted to ^17,865. There are 178 miles of railway open, and further extensions of the railway system are contemplated. The roads in Tasmania are amongst the best formed in the colonies, and in order to encourage settlement, and further develope the resources of the colony, when 500 acres of Government land shall have been sold, in not less than 10 lots, adjoining or close to each other, the Governor in Council is empowered to raise a sum not exceeding half of such purchase money for the purpose of con- structing a road or roads in the vicinity of the lots. After paying the expenses of the Lands and Works Department, one-fourth of the land revenue and license fees is set apart for the construction of roads and bridges by the various road trustees. The public debt of the colony at 31st December, 1879, was ;^i, 786,000, or equal to ;^i5 i7J'. per head of population. The amount of taxation was ;^327,353, or at the rate of j£2 i6s. 9|rtf. per head of population. The total exports in 1879 were ;;^i, 301,097, consisting chiefly of the following : £ £ Wool . 407,227 Gold • ' 145,723 Tin . 303,303 Hops • 26,512 Fruit and jam . 151,202 Grain • . 22,396 Timber . . 59,713 Live Stock • . 38,504 The recent important discoveries of valuable minerals in large quantities have created a demand for miners and good quarrymen. There is also a demand for agricultural labourers and for female domestic servants. ,:•!» — L. EMIGRANTS GUIDE. 79 f Arts," of the The rate of wages in the colony is as follows : Coachmen . £. s. d. I S. 25 o o to 40 o Grooms 20 Gardeners 25 Cooks 25 Laundresses 20 Housemaids 15 Shepherds . 25 Ploughmen . 10 Farm labourers 8 Reapers 9 Blacksmiths 6 Bricklayers . 7 Carpenters . 6 Wheelwrights 7 Painters 6 Tanners 6 Quarrymen . • 5 Ordinary labourers . 4 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 30 45 30 30 25 40 o o o o o o o o o o o The price of provisions is as under : Bread Beef Sugar Tea Butter Flour o o o o o o IS IS iS 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 6 o o o o o o o o o o o o o 6 o o o o per annum, with board and lodging. >» >> per annum, with board, per week ,, )» »» per acre, per day, without rations. >> II >i n It l> II II ») »l s. d. O O O I 3 to 4 ,. l\ ,1 6 „ J'. o o o 4 I 3i per 2lb. loaf. 7 per lb. 44 II o 4 12 o per cwt. The cost of steerage passages from London or Liverpool to Tasmania, viA Melbourne, ;^ 1 6 i6j. for single men in open berths, and J[^2 1 for enclosed cabin ; children under 1 2 years of age, half- price. A limited number of assisted passages are granted to labourers who have relations residing in the colony, and to good female domestic servants, upon the following terms : For a man and his wife, and all their children under 12 years J[^ of age . . . ... 15 For a single man . . . ... 10 For a single woman . . • • ■ 5 The emigration agents in England for the Government of Tasmania are the Emigrant and Colonists' Aid Corporation, Limited, 25, Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster, to whom application for land order war- rants, assisted passages, and further information about the colony should be made. )j.J!J!WfJe''^T!l^«^'.r:T 80 EMIGRANTS GUIDE. W\ H I CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Cape Colony, at ihe southern extremity of the African continent, has a total area, including its dependencies, of 300,000 square miles, and is therefore nearly three times as large as the British Isles. It possesses a most healthy climate, and, although much of its territory is very dry, and some of it hopelessly barren, it yet has immense areas of fertile land which offer a large and splendid field to the agricultural and pastoral farmer. The colony has suffered long, and still suffers in the estimation of the emigrating classes here, from the old popular delusion which associated with the name " Africa " no other idea than that of a vast desert of burning sand. The fuller knowledge of recent years has not by any means entirely dispelled the erroneous notion. As regards Cape Colony, the *' burning sand " may have disappeared, but the " Karroo " takes its place in the popular judgment, and is not thought to be very much of an improvement. Now, the fact is that Cape Colony possesses an exceptionally fertile soil. The Karroo is not such a barren plain as its name implies, and it is not sandy at all. Its soil is a red loam, the alluvial deposit of a vast lake of the long i)ast ages, the very best for the farmer's purposes, having a good supply of all the constituents a Mechi could desire. The Karroo is dry, and during the lengthened rainless period its soil becomes baked and its vegetation parched and brown, but its wonderful resources are shown when, as invariably happens after a few showers of rain, the whole of the immense rolling country is covered, as if by magic, with luxuriant vegetation. It produces magnificent yields of wheat and other cereals, and its grasses and sheep-bush supply abundant food of the best kind for sheep and cattle. It is now known too that water is ever flowing at no great depth below the surface, and is easily reached by digging. Were this subterranean store generally utilized, together with that which the rain-floods supply, and which could be, at little expense, retained by dams and reservoirs, the Cape Karroos would be actually what they now are potentially— the richest agricultural and pastoral lands in the world. The still further inland districts are high and dry, but they carry immense flocks of sheep and goats, and in every case where cultivation has been resorted to the best results have been realized. In fact, with the exception of Namaqualand, on the extreme north-west, there are no barren lands in the so-called barren South Africa. All the coast lands, extending over 1000 miles, are well watered, and possess a soil producing abundant crops of all cereals, fruits (including grapes, oranges, figs, and olives), vegetables of all kinds, tobacco, cotton, and all sub-tropical plants. As a pastoral country, also, these districts possess great advantages, and produce large quantities of wool and mohair, besides extensive herds of cattle. Ostrich farming is also carried on with great success. The country emigrants' guide. 8i in these districts is well wooded ; in some, as in the Knysna and Alexandria, extensive forests exist, but in all there is ample scope and verge of open agricultural and pastoral land either now in occupation or waiting to be taken up. Several seaports and harbours exist. Railways are already open, and others are projected. Good roads are to be found, and in most parts markets at no great distance. The climate throughout the colony is one of the healthiest in the world, and this is one of the many compensations enjoyed by the Cape as against its dry skies. Being situated in the temperate zone, it possesses the mildness and salubrity so congenial to invalids. It has no winter, as we under- stand the word; for that season, to us associated with fog, frost, snow, and catarrh, is the balmiest and pleasantest time of the year; and, strange as it may seem, the summer heat is not so oppressive as that of a London July. Here, again, the dryness of the air comes effectually to the rescue, and enables one to endure without discom- fort the unclouded beams of the South African sun. When it rains at the Cape it is sonretiung very different from a Scotch mist ; and when it thunders, no one who hears it will ever be likely to forget its appalling magnificence, but neither will he be likely to forget the wonderfully brilliant purity, sweetness, and softness of the air imme- diately after the storm has passed. In almost all of the districts of the colony Crown lands may be obtained at from 3X. to 20s. per morgen (about two acres). Farms vary in size from about 2000 morgen up to 6000 morgen or more. The large farms are, as a rule, devoted chiefly to sheep, Angora goats, and cattle, to which ostriches are now frequently added. In the western, and some parts of the eastern, provinces wheat and other grain crops are largely raised, but not so largely as they might be. Sheep-farming on the old-fashioned Cape system would seem to have the effect of putting farming energies to sleep. Men become too contented with their easy and rather lazy pastoral life, and so a great country, which might furnish large supplies of wheat to other nations, frequently does not raise enough for its own wants. A little English energy would soon change this absurd state of things, and tiuisform the too sleepy Cape wool-farmer into a busy produrer ot grain and meat for the home market. An Act to make increased provision for the disposal of Crown land in the Cape Colony to agricultural immigrants having been passed by the Cape Parliament in its last year's session, the Covern ment of the Colony is now inviting persons accustomed to agri- cultural pursuits to proceed to the Cape of Good Hope for the purpose of agricultural settlement in that colony. The following are the regulations under which the emigration is to be arranged : Regulations for the Introduction of Agricultural Emigrants into the Cape of Good Hope. I. The Government of the Cape Colony being desirous of intro- ducing into that country a number of industrious agriculturists, to I' li- •/■I I 83 emigrants' guide. whom land grants will be made on easy terms, and being alive to the necessity of furnishing every information to intending emigrants, publishes the foUov/ing regulations, which it agrees to observe and fulfil. 2 Persons accustomed to agricultural i)ursuits desirous of emi- grating to the Cape Colony should make application to the Crpe Emigration Agent, who thereupon shall furnish applicants with a form of application, which shall be filled in and returned to the emigration agent. 3. Applicants shall at the same time forward to the emigration agent certificates of character and occupation, signed by their em- ployer and by a justice of the peace, or by a clergyman or minister of religion. 4. The emigration agent shall, without delay, inform applicants whether they have been approved or not. 5. Approved applicants shall thereupon inform the emigration agent as to the time when they would be prepared to sail from England, and when such time shall have been agreed upon, appli- cants shall, in the case of single men, deposit the sum of jd, and in the case of married men, with or without children, the sum of ;^5, with the emigration agent as a guarantee, one-half of which deposit may be forfeited should the applicant not be ready to sail at the time agreed upon, and in the event of not sailing at all, one-half of such deposit shall be forfeited.* 6. Upon being located on their grants, as hereinafter provided, the said deposits shall be repaid in full. 7. Emigrants shall convey themselves on board ship at theu- ovn expense. 8. The CJovernment shall pay the entire sea passage of emigrants, together with their baggage, to the Cape Colony, and shall make l^rovision for their suitable reception at the port of debarkation, and shall also provide and pay for their land transport, in waggons or other vehicles, to their respective locations. 9. Emigrants shall provide food for themselves from the date of landing. 10. Government may, within one year after landing, advance small sums of money to emigrants ; and such moneys shall be re- paid, without interest, within two years from the date of making such advances. 11. Government shall lend to each family at least one tent, to be returned after reasonable time has been given for the erection of a hut or other dwelling. 1 2. Government shall grant to each head of a family (who must not be over 45 years of age), and to each single man of not less than 20 years of age nor more than 45 years of age, a piece of • The reasonableness of this requirement will be admitted when it is known that the Government itself forfeits to the Steamship Company half the amount of the passfiKC money (;^I3) for each emigrant who fails to proceed to the Colony at the time appointed. i emigrants' guide. 83 arable land not less than 20 acres,* on the following conditions, viz.: 13. The term of payment shall be over a period of ten years, commencing from the date of the lease. 14. The yearly payment shall be at the rate of one shilling per acre. 15. The payment shall be made at the expiration of each year from the date of the lease into the office of the civil Commissioner of the division in which the land is situated. 16. The lessee shall be bound, before the expiration of the first two years of his lease, to erect upon the land leased a dwelling- house of the value of not less than twenty pounds sterling, and every year after the expiration of the two first years to cultivate at least one acre of every ten acres leased. 17. On failure of any of the conditions hereinbefore contained, it shall be competent for the Government to declare such lease to be forfeited, and the land and improvements thereon shall thereupon revert to the Government ; and no forfeiture for nonpayment 01 any instalment shall be enforced, provided such instalment be paid into the office of the Civil Commissioner of the district within three months from the same becoming due. Provided further that when the lease of any such land shall be forfeited as aforesaid, such lease shall be put up to sale by public auction within six months of such forfeiture, and after deducting the amount for which such lease shall be sold, the arrear payments, and all other sums due, or which may be due to the Government, as well as all expenses incurred in hold- ing such sale, the sum of money remaining, if any, shall be paid to the lessee, or to his lawful representatives. 18. So soon as a lessee shall have paid the tenth annual instal- ment, he shall receive a grant of the land at a perpetual (luit-rent of one per cent, per annum upon ten years' value thereof, provided, however, that in no case shall the quit-rent chargeable be less than ten shillings per annum. The said quit-rent may be reueemed at any time in terms of Sec. VI. of Act 14 of 1878. 19. If at any time during the term of such lease the lessee shall pay into the Civil Commissioner's office the money for the unexpired portion of such term, he shall receive a grant of the land under perpetual (juit-rent, as aforesaid. 20. Any person who, having received an allotment as aforesaid, shall forthwith pay the whole purchase amount thereof at the rate of ten shillings for each acre, and the expenses of survey and title,f shall receive a grant of the said allotment on a perpetual quit-rent, as aforesaid. 21. No lessee shall be entitled to dispose of the lease or quit-rent grant of any land obtained under the provisions of this Act before the expiration of five years from the date of his lease. * See .ilso Sections 23-27. t Cost of survey an«l title will n"t exceed /6 6v. 1 2 84 EMIGRANTS' GUIDE. 22. The mode of locating emigrants shall be, that persons paying ready money for their pieces of arable land shall have the right of seleciiiig such pieces, after which the allocation of other emigrants in any given locality shall be decided by drawing lots. 23. Adjoining such arable lots in any location of emigrants. Government shall set aside certain land as commonage for the joint usage of all the holders of such arable lots, the extent of which commonage shall be such that, if divided into lots, equal in number to such arable lots, the size of each commonage lot so divided, together with the arable lot belonging thereto, would not be less than 200 acres, nor more than 500 acres. 24. The use for grazing purposes, but not otherwise, of such commonage shall be enjoyed by the holders of such arable lots free of all charge for a period of not less than six years from the date of the assignment of such arable lots to the respective holder thereof. 25. Government shall have the power to issue regulations regard- ing the quantity of stock to be depastured by each holder of lots, and regarding the general preservation of such commonage. 26. At the end of six years from the date c assigning arable lots, or as soon thereafter as the Government may seem fit, the com- monage lands shall be divided into lots of not less than 180 acres, and each holder of an arable lot shall have the right to purchase a commonage lot, which should be, whenever possible, contiguous to his arable lot, at a price of not more than ten shillings per acre, or he may pay an annual rent of not more than sixpence an acre, with the right to purchase at any future time at a rate of not more than ten shillings per acre, as aforesaid. 27. Any emigrant purchasing a commonage lot shall pay the ex- penses of survey, which for 180 acres will not exceed eight guineas 28. Government shall appoint a superintendent or superinten- dents of emigrants, practically acquainted with farming, whose duty it shall be to receive emigrants upon their arrival at the port of debarkation, to arrange and superintend their transport to their locations, to place them upon their respective lots, to advise in all matters affecting their welfare, to assist them in every reasonable manner, and to be the medium of communication between them and the Government. >i The sea passage of each emigrant family and single man is to be at the cost of the Government, as stated in the regulations, and will be arranged by the Cape Emigration Agent, 10, Blomfield Street, London, E.G. The emigrants will be under the protection of the Emigration Act, and all proper provision is made for a safe and fairly comfortable passage. Arrangements are made by the Commissioner of Crown Lands and Public Works for receiving and locating the emigrants on their arrival. He has ;vi)|)ointed a Superintendent of Immigrants, who will supervise and act for their benefit on behalf of the Government. lying hi of its in ants, joint hich )er to ether 200 ' emigrants' guide. 85 The lands to be offered to the emigrants are surveyed under the provisions of the Agricultural Lands Acts, in force in the Cape Colony. The districts in which it is contemplated to locate the emigrants are amongst the finest in the colony. They include portions of the wooded coast lands of George, Knysna, and Humansdorp, midway between Cape Town and Port Elizabeth; portions of the fertile lands of the border districts of East London, King William's Town, and Queen's Town ; the grassy pastures and rich soil of Kaffraria between the Kei and the Bashee rivers, and the well-watered upland country of the Gatberg and Kokstad, on the eastern side of the Quathlamba or Drakensberg mountains. The neighbourhood of the Knysna (pronounced Nysna) is famous for its combination of mountain, forest, and lake scenery, so seldo.n met with elsewhere in South Africa. The forests extend at intervals from George Town to the Zitzikamma, near Humansdorp, for a distance of about 170 miles, with a varying depth of from ten to twenty miles. Some small portions are private property, but by far the greater extent of this tract belongs to the Colonial Government, and contains an inexhaustible supply of timber extensively used in the colony for economic purposes — such as house-building, waggon- making, furniture and cabinet work, as well as for railway sleepers. These forests afford constant employment to a hardy race of wood- cutters, who, on payment of a small sum for a Government license, are allowed to fell the trees, which are taken to the Knysna village or to the surrounding district for sale. Some of the small farmers are also in the habit of taking out a license to cut down wood during the time their seed is in the ground, and so make up for limited crops in unfavourable seasons. The agricultural products of the Knysna are wheat, barley, oat-hay, maize, peas, beans, pulse, potatoes, all sorts of vegetables and garden fruits, and tobacco. According to the census returns of 1875 the yearly yield of wheat was 11,787 bushels ; barley, 5000 bushels ; maize, 4493 bushels ; potatoes, 2000 bushels. The live stock of the district included 5 1 7 horses, 2716 draught cattle, other cattle, 3240; wooUed sheep, 18,704, other sheep, 1114; Angora goats, 1411, other goats, 1246, and ostriches, 163. The population of the district was 3200. The village of the Knysna, which is the seat of magistracy, is pleasantly situated on the side of the Knysna Lake, surrounded by wooded hills. Here there is a fine natural harbour affording safe accom- modation for vessels of small tonnage. Further eastward is the roomy, open anchorage of Plettenberg's Bay. Both places might be made regular ports of call for some of the coasting steamers passing to and from Table Bay and Algoa Bay. Eastward from Plettenberg's Bay there is a virgin forest tract extending for about 50 miles. Some portions of it abound with game of various kinds, and even afford a retreat for a number of buffaloes and elephants. It is not many years since it was first explored. The country was then found to be beautifully diversified with forests, and open glades abundantly 86 EMIGRANTS GUIDE. supplied with good grass, and watered by no fewer than 12 rivers. One of these, the Salt River, is reported to be navigable for some distance up for small craft of 30 tons, and might be turned to account for shipping timber. Many of the others could be led out over the adjacent lands. They abound in fish, and at their mouths and along the coast there are considerable oyster-beds. A new road is now in course of construction through this tract from Plettenberg's Bay towards Humansdorp. It is expected that this will open up and render accessible about 350 square miles of what are at present waste, unoccupied Crown lands, upon which there are fine forests of valuable timber, and large open flats of excellent soil capable of being cultivated and irrigated to any extent. In this favoured region it is proposed to form one or more settlements of the agricultural emigrants. The eastern border districts of the colony — of which East London is the direct seaport — have already for some time past received accessions of this class both from England, Scotland, and Germany, and there are vacant locations admirably suited for agricultural purposes still to be filled up in the East London, King William's Town, and Queen's Town divisions. These are districts which have been more or less settled by colonists for the last 25 years, and where people in the main are thriving well. The lands are capable of rearing every description of stock, as well as of producing all kinds of grain, fruits, and vegetables, A railway runs through them con- necting them with the seaport, where extensive harbour works are being carried on. The towns and villages are of considerable size, and are good markets for produce. King William's Town has a population of over 5000 souls, and Queen's Town about half that number. There is also a great native population in this part of the country, many of whom are owners of stock and other property ; others are on mission stations, and some readily take service with the European settlers. In the late arrangement of the Gaika and Tam- bookie locations, reserves of certain suitable farms were made for the special purpose of placing immigrants upon them, and at these places, in order to provide for beneficial and permanent occupation, care was taken to secure, as far as possible, for each lot a sufficient water supply (as irrigation is necessary), and a fair amount of garden and arable land, together with convenient pasturage for stock. In Galekaland, between the (ireat Kei and Bashee rivers, an exceedingly beautiful belt of country has been reserved for European occupation. 'l"he land there is well adapted both for carrying stock and for cultivation. It is quite equal to the average run of British Kaffrarian farms, and generally superior to them as regards the water supply. Between the Great Kci and the Tora rivers, and again between the Tora and the Bashee, there are about 150 appor- tioned farms well sujjplied with running streams, and, in some instances, well wooded and bounded by rivers, whose waters may be depended on even in the driest seasons. Besides these farms, from 80,000 to 100,000 acres are laid out in native settlements, each ^ers. ome to out uths road emigrants' guide. 87 location containing about 250 families, and each head of a family receiving a plot of ground for cultivation of about 10 acres, the re- mainder to be used for building purposes, commonage, and military posts. A considerable tract, embracing the Manubi forests and the land adjacent, including Mazeppa Bay, also the Udwessa forest, near the Bashee, is to remain for the present unappropriated, being retained by Government as forest lands. In the Gatberg District, East Griqualand, on the slopes of the Drakensberg, there is a considerable tract of vacant and unoccupied land also open for settlement. The greater part of it is flat and well watered, and the soil well adapted for wheat and other cereals. The pasturage is remarkably good during the summer months. In winter, however, the grass beomes dry and hard in the high lands, in con- sequence of the frosts, and stock then become poor ; otherwise the country is healthy for all descriptions, and the periodical epidemic, " horse sickness," which prevails in some of the lower districts, is never known there. At Kotstad, the chief town of East Griqualand, the Government has also acquired lands for the location of some agricultural emigrants, and there is no doubt as to their ultimate prospects in that country if industry and perseverance be their rule. In addition to the above lands, specially reserved for the settle- ment of agricultural emigrants, there are extensive tracts of Crown lands in various parts of the country, which are from time to time put up to public competition, due notice of the same being given in the Government Gazette^ and the several district newspapers. Accord- ing to the provisions of the General Land Law of the Colony (Act No. 14 of 1878), these lands arc disposed of on perpetual (redeem- able) quit-rent for the highest annual sum obtained by public auction. Each lot is put up at an upset annual quit-rent, which is one- twentieth part of the actual assessed value of the land ; and the highest bidder who* offers not less than such upset quit-rent is declared the purchaser of the lot on quit-rent, dating from the day of sale. He is bound to pay the first year's cjuit-rent in advance on that day, and to give security for the payment of the next two years, or pay these in advance also, as well as the expenses of survey and title-deed, upon which he receives a quit-rent grant. The annual amount payable upon these cju it-rent grants may at any time be redeemed by the purchaser upon payment of a sum equal to twenty times the annual rent. For example, a purchaser at an annual (juit- rent of ;^6 may release himself from any further money liability by the payment of twenty times that amount, viz., ;i^i 20. The property then becomes a freehold. This redemption may be made by pay- ments either wholly or in parts or portions, provided such portions be either three-fourths or one-half or one-fourth of the original ([uit- rent as stated in the deed of grant. The class of emigrant wanted in the Cape Colony is the small farmer, accustomed to agricultural pursuits, and who does not think himself above labour of any sort. It is indispensable that he should * ipp^ 88 EMIGRANTS* GUIDE. be possessed of some small means upon which to maintain himself and his family during the time he is constructing his dwelling-house, and enclosing and cultivating his corn-fields, potato-fields, orchard, or garden. It is desirable also that he should be able to purchase some stock to depasture upon the settlement commonages ; if he can acquire a few cattle, sheep, goats, or ostriches, it will be all the better for him. At the outset he should be guided by the advice of those who have had some colonial experience, especially as to the pecu- liarities of climate, soil, and pasture, and even management of stock. The superintendents who are charged with the location of the emigrants, being themselves practical farmers, will be competent to counsel him upon all such matters. They will inform him as to the proper times and seasons for laying down crops, for ploughing and sowing, &c., and be at all times the official representative of the Government No sensible man will expect to find everything to his mind in any country, new or old. The emigrant, on settling, will discover that he will have difficulties to face, hard work, and ups and downs. It is, however, the average chances of doing fairly well which have to be considered, and it may confidently be said that for the industrious and persevering man of frugal and sober habits the chances of success are great. Employment in households in town and country can be obtained by girls of a sufficient age for service. Arrangements will be made by Government to facilitate such engagements of service on intima- tion being given to the emigration agent by heads of families having grown-up girls able and desirous to take service in the colony. Until the emigrant is able to bring his land into productive use, he, or members of his family, may possibly look to outside work for support. Many of the natives in the colony are themselves the owners of stock and other property. Some of them take seryice, groups of them are on the mission stations, and the majority are under fair control. It must not, however, be supposed that the Kaffir is a civilized man, or that the new settler can at once accustom himself to his ways. It is only land which is to be obtained on the terms mentioned. The emigrant would have to put up his own cottage. It is on this account that persons having a little money in their pocket are suitable for the proposed emigration. Emigrants are always anxious to know whether they should take furniture and clothing with them. AVith reference to clothing, there can be no objection to a good stock of every kind of article, although the stores at all the larger towns in the colony have large and well-selected stocks. As the climate of Sonth Africa is generally milder than that of England, and as the summer is hot, it will be understood that in choosing stuffs lighter materials may well have the preference. The furniture question is one which cannot be anjiwered with a simple " yes " or " no." Most of the furniture used in South Africa is imported either in the rough or finished state. If an emigrant does not take articles with him, he has to buy articles emigrants' guide. 89 on which the cost of importation has been charged. It must be remembered, however, that the passenger who takes more luggage than the regulation measurement has to pay freight, as well as customs duty, land carriage, and package. In the case of a land journey from the seaport there is the cost of transport. Probably, in any case in which furniture would be sacrificed at home, and the owner has the means of meeting the outlay of customs charge — i o per cent on value — and of carriage, the reasons in favour of taking it with him would preponderate. At the larger towns there is always a great deal of second-hand furniture for sale by auction, as well as new stocks. Each passenger is allowed to take 20 cubic feet of luggage, and a sixteenth of that quantity for each year of age of children under 16, and is at liberty to take with him whatever he can put into that space, whether tools, clothing, bedding, &c. For all luggage above the regulation quantity, the ship's charges are is. 3//. per cubic foot. Bedding is not required on the voyage, each berth being fully provided in that respect, but emigrants will do well to take a supply of bedding and blankets with them for use on arrival in the colony. In cases where there are young children in the party a few tins of preserved milk will be found serviceable on the voyage. Passages of emigrants are arranged for 1 2 days before the sailing of the steamer, and none can be guaranteed after that date. A steamer sails from England every week, the port of departure being Southampton. For further information and Forms of Application apply to William C. Burnet, Cape Government Emigration Agent, 10, Blomfield Street, London, E.G. t M I NATAL. NOTICE. Since the Colonization Circular was prepared the Natal Govern- ment have authorised their emigration agent in London to grant assisted passages to Natal for farmers and skilled artizans without the nomination referred 10, on the following basis, viz. — Such emigrants must be of good character and in good health, and possess means sufficient to provide for themselves on arrival in the Colony. Married men must take their families with them. The amount such emigrants have to contribute towards the cost of their passage is : For each person over 12 years of age, p^io. under „ „ ^5- H » (Those desiring 2nd-class passages have to pay jC4 i6j. per adult extra, and for children in proportion.) < IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^< T A ^ i/.A 1.0 I.I 11.25 ■Ai f^^B 1 2.5 |50 ' •'^™ HlH •■ I. ■UUi. ^ ^>. ^>' ■^ y PhotogiBphic Siieices Cor{.x)ration V ^ « •1>^ c\ \ 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WnSTH.N.Y. 14SI0 (716) S72-4S03 ^ ■/. 92 EMIGRANTS GUIDE. : ii -i'l' i'-MC" Mi' 'I If v I „4»' . ., vV „f,lj,„ ^; i'fS Leaving the coast, the surface of the colony (which, though moun- tainous in some parts, consists generally of tablelands and undulating country, with valleys intervening) rises to a height of about 8000 feet above the level of the sea on the northern and western bound- aries, and is covered with rich verdure. Trees, in Gome favoured localities, have assumed the form of permanent forests, which are not affected seriously by the practice of burning off the grass in winter. The plantations of eucalyptus (blue gum) and other fast- growing trees, with which many farmers have surrounded their homesteads and formed hedgerows round their cultivated fields, in- dicate not only that the necessity of a supply of home-grown timber has been felt and provided for, but that the " pride of home " is being gratified in that way which is the characteristic of English country gentlemen. The extent to which the settlers in Natal may illuminate their homes with flowers is practically limited only by their own will. Next to the coast lands there is a narrow belt of country, which as yet has only been used for cattle-farming and grazing ; but then comes a wide stretch of country termed "the midland district," with rich black and red loamy soils, besides clay soils, where all kinds of cereals and root crops which are cultivated in Europe can be successfully grown. The cultivation of maize, oats, barley, millet, potatoes (round and sweet), turnips, pumpkins, peas, beans, onions, &c., in these districts ; and the breeding of cattle, horses, pigs, and poultry have been the means whereby the settlers have, during the last ten years, accumulated considerable property in money, lands, and farming stock. A large portion of the colony is suitable also for ostrich farming. Dairy and poultry farming is very profitable, and, in fact, the supply of butter, eggs, and milk, as well as of all kinds of poultry and general farm and garden produce and fruit, has not been equal to the demand or purchasing power of the residents for some years past, and consequently the prices obtainable for such articles have been extravagantly high. Sheep farming is one of the most prosperous and lucrative indus- tries in the colony, and is carried on to a fast increasing extent in the upper districts, as well as in part of the midland districts and in Alfred County (the south-west portion of the colony). Suitable farms, of several thousand acres in extent, may be pur- chased from private owners at from 10s. to 20s, per acre, and a large portion of the Crown lands above referred to as unallotted are suit- able for sheep farming, as well as for cultivation. Though none of them are navigable, the colony is intersected with a large number of rivers and small streams, and there are many thousands of acres of land that could be irrigated at small expense, and which would produce good crops in the winter. There are good roads on all the main lines of traffic through the colony, nearly all the larger rivers in their course having been bridged over in a substantial manner. emigrants' guide. 93 lating 8000 ound- oured ;h are Railways have been constructed connecting the city (Pietermaritz- burg) with Durban (the port town), and Verulam and Isipingo, which are centres of large sugar-producing districts on the coast. Lines will be continued to the borders of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal. The line to the Transvaal will go through the district of Newcastle, where large deposits of good coal have long been known to exist. A mining engineer is now engaged making a report and survey upon the coal and iron resources of the colony.* Pietermaritzburg, which is the seat of Government, is about 54 miles from the seaport on the high road leading up to the Free State and Transvaal, and has a population of 10,144 persons, of whom two-thirds are Europeans, the adult males (whites) exceeding the adult females in number by about 30 per cent. The population of Durban numbers nearly 14,000, of whom one half are Kaffirs and Indians, the preponderance of males over the females among the adult white population being even greater than in the case of the city. There are numerous small towns and villages in the colony, many of which, in addition to having a regular and well-organized postal service, are connected with the capital and one another by telegraph wires and by the submarine cable, which was laid in 1879, with all parts of the world. Steam communication with Europe and the East is frequent and regular. In Pietermaritzburg and Durban, and most of th<; larger towns, liberal provision has been made for the educational and teligious wants of the people, f The imports and exports of nearly the whole of the Transvaal, and part of the Orange Free State, pass through the colony, and give employment to a large number of people who are engaged in the business of carriers, an occupation which, in spite of all draw- backs, has been and is now a lucrative one. There is a large demand for skilled artisans of all trades, farm labourers, and female domestic servants, who generally get double the amount of wages paid in England, even in those districts in the colony where the services of such people are most easily to be obtained. In the inland districts the rate of wages paid to carpenters, bricklayers, wheel- wrights, blacksmiths, &c., is very high. Female servants are much needed. At the present time no free or assisted passages from England are granted at the expense of the Government, except where persons * Since the foregoing remarks were written, a preliminary report has been sent to the Natal Government by the mining engineer referred to, in which he reports the personal inspection of large beds of ironstone of very rich quality, and seams of good bituminous coal that would yield one million tons per annum for 200 years. t The great bulk of the white population of the colony being formed of persons born in the British Isles, the social life of the community is, geneiallv speaking, a reproduction of English life as regards habits of business, as well as forms of amusement and recreation. "1 ■t I ;§ mmm ppwippp^FP ipipppap MP 94 emigrants' guide. !''i i;i! ; ■ ,^i1m.J "111 mi ivil""'!-;' mil ^^li my- .'■' m\ V 4 ' :^ i ii !"' 11' f|:r '■!• 1 1 '^ i ■ 1' 1.' A ' 1 1 '! ' 1 1 !i 1 .1 k. nominated for emigration have been applied for by residents in the colony (who either specially name such emigrants or appoint an agent in England to do so), and for whom passages have been authorized by the Land and Immigration Board at Pieter- maritzburg. After approved nomination free passages are granted to farm labourers, carpenters, bricklayers, stonemasons, blacksmiths, and wheelwrights, provided the applicants guarantee employment for their nominees for not less than twelve months, at a stated rate of wages. The wives and families of approved emigrants are also sent out free. Assisted passages for female domestic servants are granted on the payment of ^5 at the time of application, and j£$ on arrival of the emigrant in the colony. Assisted passages are granted to persons of other classes and trades at the discretion of the Land and Immigration Board. For further information application may be made to W. Peace, Esq., Emigration Agent for Natal, No. 21, Finsbury Circus, London, E.G. (See Advertisement^ THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Area, 3,S42,8«8 square miles. Population, 50,152,866. Seat of Government, Washington, D.C. The States and Territories of the North American Republic stretch across the continent between lat. 23" 20' and 49" N., and long. 66° 48' and 125° 32' W., from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, a distance of 2760 miles. The greatest breadth of the country, from Maine to Florida, is 1600 miles. The total area is 2,965,468 square miles, exclusive of Alaska, acquired by purchase from Russia in 1867, and having an area of 577,390 square miles. Perhaps a more correct estimate of the great expanse of the country may be had by comparison. The United States is fifteen times the size of France, fifteen times the size of Germany, twelve times the size of Austria, and twenty-five times the size of Great Britain and Ireland. The country is traversed by two great mountain chains — the AUeghanies and the Rocky Mountains. These divide the country into three distinct geographical divisions — the Atlantic and Pacific slopes, and the valley of the Mississippi. Some of the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains rise from 14,000 to 16,000 feet above the sea level ; while Mount Washington, in Vermont, the highest peak of the Alleghany chain, attains an altitude of 6426 feet. American rivers may be divided into four classes : i. The Mis- sissippi, which rises in the State of Minnesota, and runs for 3200 miles to empty into the Gulf of Mexico, and its tributaries — the emigrants' guide. 95 Wisconsin, Illinois, Ohio, Yazoo, Missouri, Arkansas, and Red rivers. 2. Those which empty into the Atlantic ; viz., the Connecti- cut, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Potomac, James, Roanoke, and others. 3. Those flowing into the Pacific— the Columbia, Sacramento, Colorado, &c. 4. Those besides the Mississippi which flow into the Gulf of Mexico. The chain of lakes, which is about 1200 miles in length, forms the British frontier, and therefore does not belong exclusively to the United States. The chain is composed of lakes Superior, Huron Erie, and Ontario. The lakes belonging exclusively to the States are Michigan, Champlain, Salt Lake, Pyramid, Mono, and many others large and small. Every variety of climate may be experienced in America. The climate of Western Oregon and Washington Territory resembles that of the United Kingdom. It is very hot in summer, and very cold in winter, in what are known as the Northern States, while the Southern States partake of a tropical nature. Physical causes modify the climate of the whole Atlantic coast, so that in winter it is 10° lower than Western Europe in the same latitude. California and the coast of the Pacific boast of a climate mild and salubrious throughout the year. The United States is rich in minerals. Coal is found in great abundance in every State in the Union, except Delaware, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Hampshire, Vermont, New Jersey^ South Carolina, Louisiana, Nevada, and Winconsin. The area of coal measures has been estimated at 300,000 square miles. The great central AUeghanian field, which runs through Eastern Ten- nessee, Kentucky, Virginia, Maryland, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, is said to contain 40,000 square miles area of workable coal. Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri are full of coal. The marvellous petrcleum springs were discovered in 1859, in Pennsylvania : they are now found in Ohio and other States also. Lead is plentiful in several States : that of Illinois and Winconsin being accounted the richest in the world. There is copper on the borders of Lake Superior ; zinc in New Jersey and Pennsylvania ; tin in Maine. Silver is found in great abundance in California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah; gold abounds on the Pacific slope, and also in the old States of Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, and elsewhere. But agriculture is the great gold mine of the United States. The average area under cereal crops during the ten years extending from 1868 to 1877 was about 77,000,000 acres; the average pro- duction over one-and-a-half billion bushels; while tb average annual value of cereals produced during that decade was 100,000,000 dollars. The manufactures of the United States are various, extensive, and increasing; cotton goods, iron, and agricultural implements taking precedence. But this topic will again be treated and illustrated by tables in the chapters devoted to the several States, and elsewhere. ?. n * t! It li If if r IfTfTW" ■!iipijiiui!Jfi"«npii;ippnp!Pi^ni^ 96 EMIGRANTS GUIDE. j;;' - IH •:■■■■:. '■!, ",»;:iii-r,, i|!lj»:i I-'" fi The SCHOOLS are free, and supported by taxes, funds, and " school lands " given over to the new States, by the general Government, for educational purposes. They are perhaps the best common schools in the world. The total income of schools, from all sources, is upwards of 100,000,000 dollars. There are still about five million individuals over ten years of age in the United States who can neither read nor write. The four million people who were slaves until 1865 constitute the bulk of those entirely without education. All RELIGIONS are free by the law of the land, and are supported upon the voluntary principle. There are about 30,000,000 nominal Protestants : the most numerous denominations being Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Episcopalians, and Lutherans. The Catholics number over 6,000,000 : some of the finest churches in America belong to this denomination. The Orientals number about 10,000. Then there are the Spiritualists and the Shakers, the Mormons and the Mennonites, the Free Lovers and the Tunkers, and every other species of religious idiosyncracy that a diseased imagination can organise. They spring up and live their little day, and suddenly wither under the influence of science and common-sense. The NEWSPAPERS of America are superior to those of England in point of enterprise ; but second, perhaps, in literary ability. The spirit of the press was exemplified by the JVew York Herald when sending Stanley to find Livingstone, and by heading the subscription for the relief of Ireland with 100,000 dollars. There are ably con- ducted papers in every State in the Union ; and each little town in the West has its "Weekly." In 187 1, there were 637 dailies, 4642 weeklies — altogether 6056 periodicals published in the United States. The number of publications had increased to 9147 up to 1879. Government. The United States is a Federal Republic, composed of thirty- eight States. Each State exercises independent powers within its own dominions, subject to the Constitution and laws of the United States. The Territories are governed in part by officers appointed by the President. By the terms of the Constitution, adopted by a Convention in 1787, and ratified by the States, general powers are vested in the central Government at Washington, the national capital, situated in the District of Columbia. This National Government is composed of three departments : the Legislative, the Executive, and the Judiciary; with President, Vice-President, Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War, Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of the Interior, Postmaster-General, Attorney-General. The LEGISLATIVE, or law-making power, is composed of a Congress of two Houses — the Senate, and the House of Representatives. The Senate is constituted by two members from each State, elected by the State Legislatures. A Senator must be thirty years of age : his term of office is six years. A Representative, or member of the Il emigrants' guide. 97 " Lower House," is elected by the people, for a term of two years. He must be twenty-five years of age, and a citizen of the United States of seven years standing. One Representative is elected for every 130,000 inhabitants. The EXECUTIVE power is vested in the President, who is elected for a term of four years. He must be at least thirty-five years of age, and an American by birth. This and the Vice-Presidency are the only offices for which a citizen of foreign birth is not eligible. The President is elected indirectly ; the people of each State voting for a certain number of prominent citizens, chosen by a party Con- vention, and called " electors." These electors cast their votes for the party candidate as a matter of course. The vote is by States, and a majority in one State is not available against a minority in another. The election is held on the first Tuesday in November, every fourth year ; and the President elected assumes the reins of Government on the 4th of March following the election. On that day the ceremony of inauguration takes place. The President-elect, and the dignitaries of the Government, the Diplomatic Corps, &c., proceed to the great portico of the Capitol at Washington. The in- coming Chief Magistrate then takes the following oath, which is administered by the Chief Justice of the United States : " I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." He is now President, and he foreshadows the policy of his Administration by reading his Inaugural Address. It is the President's duty to see that the laws are executed. He is Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the nation, and of the Militia of the several States when called into the service of the United States. He has power to grant pardons ; and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties with foreign countries, appoint national officers, such as judges, cabinet ministers, diplomatic and consular representatives, and other public servants. The JUDICIARY Department consists of a Supreme Court, with a Chief Justice and seven associate justices, who are appointed for life, by the President, with the approval of the Senate. There are also, besides the State Courts, District Courts of the United States, throughout the different States. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases arising under the Constitution of the United States in matters affecting treaties, ambassadors, consuls, &c. The State Courts have jurisdiction over civil and criminal causes arising within the State in which they arc situated, and affecting the inhabi- tants of that State. ALABAMA. Area, 50,722 square miles. Population, 1,262,794. Governor, RUFUS D. Cobb. Capital, Montgomery. Alabama {al-a-hah'-ma) derives its beautiful name from the Indian tongue, and signifies " here we rest." It is one of the largest of the o I Is 1? i • » irli 4? % !', NEW^ MEXICO. Area, 121,201 square miles. Population, 118,430. Governor, Louis Wallace. Capital, Santa Fe. The Territory of New Mexico was ceded to the United States by Mexico in 1848; and it received Territorial Government in 1850. Two great chains of the Rocky Mountains pass through New Mexico from north to south. The valley of the Rhio Grande occupies the central region, marked on the east and west by these mountain ranges. The eastern section of the Territory is drained by the Rio Pecos, which flows into the Rio Grande del Norte on the Texan border — the numerous tributaries of the Colorado and Gila rivers bisect the region lying westward of the Rockies. Some of the mountain peaks rise to an altitude of 12,000 feet. New Mexico is bounded on the north by Colorado, on the east by Texas, on the south by Mexico and Texas, and on the west by Arizona. This Territory embraces a region as rich in minerals as any in the United States ; but the country is not well adapted for agricultural pursuits. Thousands of acres are but parched-up desert wastes. Moreover, the seasons are exceedingly dry, and even the rich lands, which are certainly abundant in the valley of the Rio Grande, and other sections, must be irrigated before crops can be produced. Hostile Indians have greatly interfered with the progress of New Mexico. 112 EMIGRANTS GUIDE. h m •J l4 ui NORTH CAROLINA. Area, 45,000 square miles. Population, 1,400,047. Governor, T. J. jARVis. Capital, Raleigh. Although North Carolina {norfA kar-o-li'ncC) is one of the thirteen States which constituted the original American Union, the resources of the country are still comparatively undeveloped ; and millions of acres of unimproved land may here be purchased at prices ranging from one dollar per acre upward. The State stretches westward from the Atlantic for 500 miles, and for 100 miles beyond the Blue Ridge chain of the Alleghanies. It is divided into three sections of marked geographical features. The eastern division extends from the sea border nearly to Raleigh, the State capital, situated in the centre of the State. This belt is mostly level plain, covered by valuable pine forests. Along the sea coast the cypress and juniper, as well as the pine, are common. A large portion of this eastern section is very fertile land, producing com, wheat, rice, cotton, sweet potatoes, as well as a good variety of fruit, upon its alluvial and light sandy soil. The western and smaller division of the State consists of high lands and mountains, covered with extensive forests of oak, black walnut red cherry, and other hard-wood trees. This section excels as a stock-raising country. The grasses are rich and nutritious; while chestnuts and acorns — always in demand by hogs — abound in the vast forests of Western North Carolina. Gold, silver, copper, plumbago, and iron abound ; v/hile marble in abundance and of a fine quality, and soapstone also, are found in this mountainous region. The facilities for water powers are excellent. OHIO. Area, 39,964 square miles. Population, 3,200,000. Governor, Charles Foster. Capital, Columbus. In nearly all the elements which contribute to that end, Ohio ( 0-hi'o) is one of the foremost States of the American Union. But the price of land is high everywhere within its borders, averaging about seventy-five dollars per acre in the best of the central and south-western counties, but not more than fifty dollars in the northern two tiers of counties, and not more than twenty dollars in the two tiers of hilly counties bordering on the Ohio River ; therefore it is perhaps beyond the province of the Emigrants Guide to speak of its geographical features and great agricultural resources. Emigrants of the farming class, with limited means, will find it more advan- tageous to settle further west, or in one of the Southern States, than in the high-priced portions of Ohio ; but men with large capital may prefer joining a community where institutions and markets are established, where cities and towns are adjacent, and where the luxuries of civilization may be indulged in. The State has grown in population during the last eighty years from 45,365, in 1800, to at least 3,200,000 now. Its prosperity is an index to its resources. emigrants' guide. "3 - The climate of Ohio is temperate, and the thermometer seldom sinks below zero, except in occasional severe winters, when it some- times reaches 15 degrees below. In ordinary winters the farmers are profitably employed nearly all winter on such work as corn-husking, drawing manure, cutting and drawing wood, splitting rails and laying fence, lumbering, &c. And even tile draining can often by proper care be continued nearly all the winter. OREGON. Area, 95,274 square miles. Population, 174,767. Governor, W. W. Thayer. Capital, Salem. This young State (Or-i-gon), of immense area, stretches from Idaho on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west. It is separated from Washington Territory on the north by the Columbia River. California and Nevada mark its southern boundary. The great Californian mountains — the Sierra Nevada — continue their northward course through Oregon under the new name of the Cascades. They traverse the State parallel to the sea shore, and at an average distance of no miles therefrom. This mountain range divides the State into Eastern and Western Oregon — districts which differ widely from each other in climate, soil, and geographical features. Near the southern boundary of the State, a chain of the Cascades, called the Blue Mountains, forks off in a north-easterly direction, and enters Idaho. The Coast Range of Oregon consists of hills and high lands rather than a mountain chain, such as we find it in California. These high lands run parallel with the sea shore : the valleys of this region show the same geographical characteristic. Oregon is perhaps the best wooded State on the Pacific coast. Its broad streams run adjacent to vast forests, whence rafts of timber are floated down to commercial centres along the Willamette and Columbia rivers, and on the Pacific border. Springs and streams abound everywhere; and the State is rich in minerals. SOUTH CAROLINA. Area, 34,000 square miles. Population, 995,622. Governor, W. D. Simpson. Capital, Columbia. ^ South Carolina {sou^A kar-o-li-na) is one of the thirteen States which constituted the original American Union. Nearly a century has rolled by since this Commonwealth ratified the Constitution to form " a more perfect Union " than the old Confederacy guaranteed ; and yet not more than one-fourth of its all but 22,000,000 acres have been brought under cultivation. To quote from a writer of a religious turn of mind, "all the rest are in forest, original as the Lord in His infinite goodness and wisdom created it" The Atlantic border of South Carolina, like its neighbouring States, North Caro- lina and Georgia, is a fringe of islets ; and from this natural line of breastworks the "Palmetto State" recedes in triangular form until its extreme western limit has penetrated the Alleghany Mountains. The M JisMlMM:miai'y.:^i£:*--MeiM^iiiS':- •■< 114 emigrants' guide. m b\ State is abundantly wooded. The palmetto is common on the sea* board, while nearly every variety of trees, including the yellow pine, so valuable for its rosin, turpentine, and finally its wood ; the oak, hickory, walnut, maple, cedar, poplar, cypress, dogwood, locust, ash, aspen, birch, spruce, and hemlock, are common everywhere. South Carolina is most fortunate in its great streams and their many tribu- taries, which flow at convenient intervals through the State, from the mountain region, westward to the Atlantic. The Savannah, which separates this State from Georgia on the south-west for 300 miles, is the principal waterway; but the Broad, Pocotaligo, Combahee, Askepoo, Congaree, Watern — the Great Pedee, Santee, Edisto, and others, are also of sufficient depth for vessels ; and the whole afford inland navigation of 2,400 miles in extent. Add to this 1,200 miles of railways now traversing the State, and the advantageous position of South Carolina for commercial intercouse vrill be realized. The ordinary roads of the State are also established and in tolerably good condition — these are among the facts which intending emigrants should reflect upon when considering the question of where to seek a future home. Moreover, South Carolina is possessed of several commodious harbours for the accommodation of ships engaged in the foreign and coasting traffic. Those of Charleston, Georgetown, and Beaufort are the most important. TENNESSEE. Area, 45,600 square miles. Population, J,542,463. Governor, A. S. Marks. Capital, Nasiwille. Tennessee {Ten-nessei) is one of the Southern States. Its territory originally formed part of North Carolina. It was the third State admitted into the Union under the Federal Constitution. The State is bounded on the north by Kentucky and Virginia ; on the east by North Carolina ; on the south by Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi; and on the west by Arkansas. Chains of the AUeghanies penetrate the eastern division of the State ; and this mountainous region, called Eastern Tennesse, is rich in minerals, well adapted for stock-raising, possessed of numerous streams and cool springs, and a bracing healthy climate ; but it is not generally well intended for ordinary agriculture. Fertile and well-timbered lands there are on the mountain slopes and in the many valleys of this rugged country ; and they can be purchased at prices ranging from 50 cents to 25 dollars per acre. The mountains gradually decline into hilly undulating ground ; and this region, lying between the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, is called Middle Tennessee. This is a fine area of country, rich iii soil and beautiful in its landscape. It is, moreover, abundantly watered by tributaries of the great rivers, which afford admirable navigation to the entire State; viz., the Mississippi, which marks the western boundary of the State ; the Tennessee, which winds its course twice across the Commonwealth ; the Cumberland ; and their more important affluents— the Obion and Hatchee. . • I,' EMIGRANTS OUlDi:. "5 TEXAS. Area, 274,356 square miles. Population, 1,592,574. Governor, O. M. Roberts. Capital, Austin. Texas divides itself into three divisions of distinctive geographical features and characteristics. First, there is the crescent-shaped belt which borders on the Gulf of Mexico, extending from the Sabine River on the east to the Nueces on the west. This region is formed of alluvial deposits of great richness. It is the most fertile land in the State, and admirably suited for the growth of cotton and sugar ; there is no better cotton-growing country anywhere. Th^ other products of this division are corn, oats, rye, Irish and sweet potatoes, peas, beans, and a large variety of other vegetables ; also peaches, pears, figs, quinces, plums, and the berries. Groves of oak and cedar afford shelter to the large herds of cattle that range this level plain throughout the year. The live oak of this region averages five feet in diameter, and thirty feet high to the first branch ; it makes excellent ship timber. The soil of the more westerly counties of this southern belt consists of black calcareous loam, which produces native grasses of unsurpassed nwtritious quality. Horses, cattle, and sheep thrive and grow fat here throughout the year. This coast country is at once the most fertile and least healthy section of the State. The surface is dead level, and profusely covered with semi- tropical vegetation. The heat being intense, malaria is generated, and the immigrant has frequently to suffer from low fever while being acclimatised. And again, yellow fever is sometimes imported into the towns on the coast from Havanna, New Orleans, and other cities. This terribly destructive malady does not originate in Texas, nor does it ever penetrate far into the interior — certainly never into the hilly country. The average temperature of Galveston, the lead- ing commercial town of Texas, situated on the coast, is 69.38° Fah. UTAH. Area, 84,876 square miles. Population, 143,906. Governor, G. W. Emery. Capital, Salt Lake City. Thirty-five years ago a community of "Latter Day Saints," or Mormons, under the leadership of Brigham Young, left their colony in Illinois, and settled in a great basin formed by the Rocky Mountains on the north, the Sierra Nevada on the west, and the Wasatch Range on the south and east. Utah {yob-id) — after the Indian Tribe — was the name they gave to their new home. I shall not here discuss the question of polygamy, the comer-stone of Mormonism. It is disgusting, and beyond the domain of argument. Utah is an immense basin, standing 4,000 to 5,000 feet above the sea level, surrounded by mountains, which occassionally rise to an altitude of from 10,000 to 13,000 feet. The Wasatch Mountains divide the Territory into the north-western and south-eastern divisions. Towards the western bordier there are ranges containing gold and ii6 EMIGRANTS GUIDE. J ^ silver deposits. The largest rivers of Utah are the Colorado, and its tributaries — the Greene, Grand, San Juan, and Virgin rivers— which drain the south-eastern section; and Bear River and the Jordan, which flow into Great Salt Lake, in the north-eastern quarter of the Territory. There are many creeks, great and small, running through the country in all directions. Great Salt Lake is 120 miles long, north and south, by 40 miles wide ; it is dotted over with half a dozen islands, upon which valuable timber grows. The water of Salt Lake is exceedingly silt, and contains 22 per cent, of solid matter. Sudden storms are peculiar to this lake ; and it is devoid of animal life. The other bodies of water in this territory are the Utah Lake, the source of the Jordan, Little Salt Lake, Sevier, and Goshoat lakes. There is great scarcity of timber in Utah, except in the canons, and high up the mountain sides ; and even there it is of inferior quality and diflicult of access. The general surface of the country is barren. The only land suitable for general agriculture is that which borders the lakes and rivers. There the soil is frequently very fertile, producing excellent crops of cereals, as well as sorghum, peas, and garden vegetables. Farming cannot be carried on without irrigation, and the system of dams, canals, and ditches, by means of which this artificial watering is carried on, adds greatly to the cost of land. There are hundreds of irrigating canals in Utah. Irrigation is comparatively inexpensive in the north-eastern section of the Territory, and in the region of Fort Bridger, where there is much excellent soil and abundance of both timber and coal. Moreover, the Union Pacific Railroad runs through the district, affording a fair market for commodities. VIRGINIA. Area, 45,000 square miles. Population, 1,511,068. Governor, F. \V. M. Hollidav. Capital, Richmond. Virginia ( Ver-jin'e-d) is dear to every freeman as the birthplace and home of Washington — the land that his tomb has enshrined in our hearts. I know many an Englishman, that hews the coal, or tills the soil, who counts Mount Vernon as the hallowed spot of all the earth. This Commonwealth was first settled by a colony of Englishmen of fortune, over two centuries ago. The community is even now essentially Anglo-Saxon, inheriting the virtues and customs of the parent stock. This State is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia, on the east by Maryland and the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by North Carolina and Tennessee, and on the west by Kentucky and A\^est Virginia. The geographical features of Virginia are level plains and rolling country receding from the Atlantic and Chesapeake Bay in the eastern division — hills and mountains, with valleys and streams intervening, in the centre and greater division ; and still higher mountains in the western section of the State. The emigrants' guide. 117 principal rivers are the Potomac, which runs a south-easterly course into Chesapeake Bay, and separates the State from Maryland and the district of Columbia ; the James, York, Elizabeth, Rappahannock, and Appomattox rivers— all navigable streams— and the Chicka- hominy, of sickly and swampy shores, the Rappidan, and the Shenandoah flowing through a magnificent valley into the Potomac ; and the Nottaway and Roanoke, which empty into Albemarle Sound, in North Carolina. The State is well and admirably watered. WASHINGTON. Area, 69,994 square miles. Population, 76,000. Governor, William A. Newell. Capital, Olympia. Those who believe, with Hawthorn, that the climate of England is the best in the world, will find the advantages of a new country, and a temperature closely resembling that of the "Old Home," in Washington Territory, the north-western corner of United States dominions on the Pacific. Writers who have surveyed this country of inland seas, fertile plains and valleys, desert wastes and " extinct volcanoes," unite in saying that it possesses an English climate. This, however, can only be true of the western division of the Territory — the country lying between the Cascade Mountains and the Pacific, embracing Puget Sound, the valley of the Chehalis, the basin of Shoalwater Bay, and the country drained by the Lower Columbia and its tributaries, the principal of which is the Cowlitz. Ridges, spurs of the Cascade and Coast ranges of mountains, clearly demarcate the several sub-divisions of Western \\'ashington ; and a diversity of soil, products, and geological conformation ascribe dis- tinctive features to each. Eastward of the Cascades the climate bears no resemblance whatever to that of Britain. Agriculture requires irrigation in Central Washington. But the immense wheat crops of Eastern Washington are grown without that aid. The climate of the western division is mild throughout the year. It is but seldom necessary to provide food and shelter for stock during the winter. The seasons may appropriately be divided into the dry and wet periods. The rainy season commences towards the end of October, and lasts till April. The remaining months are dry and sunny, though seldom very hot, and the nights are always cool and refreshing. IVEST VIRGINIA. Area, 23,000 square miles. Population, 618,193. Governor, Henry M. Matthews. Capital, Wheeling. This State formerly constituted that portion of "Old" Virginia lying westward of the Alleghany Mountains, as far as the Ohio River. It was separated from the mother State during the war, and lies in a horse-shoe formation, between Virginia on the south-east, Kentucky and Ohio on the west and north-west, and Maryland and Pennsylvania on the north. It is a land of mountains, clad in iiS emigrants' guide. forest of oak, ash, elm, cherry, chestnut, hickory, black walnut, and other trees, equal in quality and diameter to any that may be found east of the Rocky Mountains. It boasts of a surface of great variety — of hills and meadows, and valleys of great fertility, abounding in rivers and brooks, and springs deliciously cooL It is underlaid by mineral deposits, and coal measures in particular, surpassed by none in the United States. Its climate is healthful, resembling that of England in temperature, but less subject to con- tinuous rains. It occupies a central position, and is drained in part by navigable rivers flowing into the Ohio, which marks its north- western border for its entire length. It is drained by the Big Sandy, which separates this State from Kentucky ; by the Guyandotte, Cole, Great Kanawha, and its many tributaries, and the Little Kanawha, all flowing into the Ohio ; by the Monongahela and its feeders, and by branches of the Potomac, which separates the northern division of the State from Maryland. Many of these streams traverse the timber country, and afford admirable facilities for floating rafts down to the Ohio River. There are immense forests on the head waters of the Elk and Gaube, and bordering the Guyandotte and Big Sandy and their tributaries, where the land with the timber standing may be purchased for about three dollars per acre. These forests, as yet all but untouched, require capital and enterprise to convert them into lumber, and a source of great wealth to West Virginia. There are saw mills in Harrison, Lewis, Gilmer, Upshur, Randolph, Kanawha, Cabell, and other counties ; but when the extent of the forests is considered, the timber trade of the State is inconsiderable. WISCONSIN. Area, 53,924 square miles. Population, 1,315,486. Governor, \V. E. Smith. Capital, Madison. The friend of civilization and progress, grown weary and disheartened over the cataleptic condition of Eastern Europe, may turn for solace and comfort from the shores of Marmora and the Danube River to the inland seas of Superior and Michigan — the region washed by their refreshing waters, and drained by the Mississippi and its count- less tributaries. Praiseworthy as are the achievements of many States of the American Union in educational and philanthropic works, no community has done better in this field than the young Commonwealth of Wisconsin. Admitted into the Union in 1848, the State is but in her 33rd year ; and yet her public institutions, in the magnificence of their elevation, in the variety of their mission, in their number, endowment, and management, are objects of pride to her people, and worthy of imitation by older and richer States and countries. There are 5,964 common schools scattered over the State, maintained by the public purse, at a cost of 2,166,568 dollars 43 cents per annum, and controlled by an officer of the State elected by the people. emigrants' guide. WYOMING. 119 Area, 97,883 square miles. Population, 20,000. Governor, John W. Hoyt. Capital, Cheyenne. Wyoming ( Wl-o'-mtng)y as its euphonious name indicates, is a country of "large plains." The Rockies penetrate the Territory from north- west to south-east. Eccentric chains of the great mountains stretch out in many directions over the southern division of Wyoming ; and the Black Hills, now quite famous as a gold-producing region, lie partly in this Territory and partly in that of Dakota. Laramie Plains, in southern Wyoming, are a vast area containing 7,000 square miles of table land. This is among the best agricultural regions in the Territory. The soil is a rich sandy loam, covered with luxuriant trasses, admirably suited for stock-raising. Tributaries of North and outh forks of the Platte P.iv?r bisect this district, but a scarcity of water is a drawback in some localities ; rains are, however, reported " frequent and opportune." West of the Rocky Mountains there is a great deal of bad land. In that region, and notably in the vicinities of Bridger's Pass and Bitter Creek, both hills and plains, are desert land of ashy hue — the remains of a volcanic period. Elsewhere the valleys are often fertile, productive of corn, wheat, vegetables, and fruit ; and Wyoming is undoubtedly a good grazing country. FREE HOMESTEADS, TIMBER, CULTURE, AND PRE-EMPTION LAWS. The public lands of the United States are of two classes — those situated within a convenient distance to railroads, and those lying beyond such limits. The first -designated class is held by the Government at the price of 2 dollars 50 cents per acre ; the price of the second class is only i dollar 25 cents per acre. Under the Homestead Law, every person who is the head of a family, or who is 2 1 years of age, and a citizen of the United States, or who has declared his intentions, in due form of law, to become a citizen, shall be entitled to enter 80 acres of public land of the class held by the Government at 2 dollars 50 cents per acre, or 160 acres of the class offered at i dollar 25 cents per acre, and after residing upon such land for five years such person shall be entitled and will receive from the Government a full and free title to the land. Moreover, persons owning and residing on land may enter or claim any public land lying contiguous to their own, and obtain a title to the same, after the lapse of five years from the date of claim or entry, provided such land, together with that already owned, shall not exceed 160 acres in the aggregate. I20 ARRIVAL OUT IN UNITED STATES. NEW YORK. The Saloon Passenger, if he requires the services of a Custom House Agent, should apply to Mr. L. Contanseau {Rapid Express)t 128, Broadway; or, respecting tours, if he has not previously booked through, to Messrs. Leve and Alden, 207, Broadway, at whose offices he can obtain railway tickets to all points at the official rates without further charge, and also the best information about the different routes. This firm has established a system of Hotel Coupons throughout the States, which travellers will often find it to their advantage to avail themselves of. We have before us a copy of their Tourist Gazette^ which gives particulars of their Hotel Coupons, and also a variety of interesting and well-planned tours. Their arrangements are very similar to those of Messrs. Gaze and Son, Strand, London, W.C, which are generally so well appreciated in England. Emigrants will save considerable time and money by calling on (before sailing) Mr. J. G. McCann, the Agent of the Pennsylvania Railway Company, 21, Water Street, Liverpool. CASTLE GARDEN DEPOT, NEW YORK. Most third-class passengers are aware that on arrival at New York they are landed at Castle Garden Depot, where elaborate arrange- ments are in force for the reception of immigrants. We have received a printed report from the Commissioners of Immigration of the State of New York, giving in detail full particulars, comprising the employment bureau, City baggage delivery, emigrant boarding- houses, &c. Passengers can refer to it at my office. I PHILADELPHIA. St£ameks arriving at Philadelphia land passengers on the Pennsyl- vania Railway Company's wharf, where the cars in which emigrants travel to the interior will be found drawn up ready for the trip ; so that neither passengers or baggage ever leave the Company's care till the journey is ended. The depot on the landing wharf, for the accommodation of emigrants, contains a refreshment room, telegraph office, post office, letter box, and an exchange bureau, where money may be converted at the current rate of exchange. No one. is admitted into this depot except the officials of the company. emigrants' guide. 121 f BALTIMORE. Excellent facilities are provided at Baltimore for the reception and rare of immigrants. This fine city is the terminus of the Baltimore and Ohio Railway — one of the great routes to the West. Boston is also an important and well-ordered immigration port. Upon leaving Castle Garden, or Immigrant Depots elsewhere, you will be pestered by "runners," who will endeavour to induce and persuade you to go to the hotels or boarding-houses, or travel by the line of railway which they represent. Mark their cleverness and eloquence, and pass on about your business. Endeavour to procure the name of a respectable house through friends who have gone before, or by enquiry during the voyage, and go straight to it. Don't enter into conversation with the "runners," or before you can "count twenty-five " you will find yourselves in their hostelries. I am not writing against these houses, which may be conducted both honourably and well, but we must reduce the risk of imposture to a minimum. If you have not decided upon a boarding-house or hotel, go to the Inquiry Office at Castle Garden, or to the authorised Immigration Agents at other ports, and act upon their recommendation. Beware of "confidence men," who reap a rich harvest by obtaining the money of immigrants under all sorts of false pretences. Suspect every man who professes himself able and willing to confer extra- ordinary favours and benefits upon you. Presently they will want to borrow your money or your watch — give them a " wide berth." I have had interviews with these rascally gentlemen ; they are a most clever, intelligent set of people, of good address. Their ingenuity and sagacity are quite extraordinary : their line of attack is governed by the circumstances of their victim ; it is always adroit and plausible, and succeeds but too often. But with this caution, you should have nothing to fear. Dress as becomes people of self-respect j keep your own counsel ; mind your own business, and don't drink. Get friends to meet you at New York, or other ports and towns, if possible. Letters of introduction are excellent substitutes. Go to boarding-houses recommended and decided upon beforehand every- where, and you will enjoy the transit from the old to the new home. The Atlantic Steamship Companies are in a position to book you through from a British port to any point in the United States. Should you prefer to get your American railway or steamboat ticket after you reach the other side, don't buy it from a street agent, but procure it at the office of the railway company, over whose line you intend to travel. Go to the depot, where your journey to the interior commences, in good tiro'j, and see that your baggage is "checked through" to the point of destination. The "baggage master " takes charge of your boxes and bundles, attaches a numbered check, similar in size to a penny, to each parcel, and hands you a duplicate set of checks — one for each of your parcels. Arriving at your destination, you present your "checks," and receive your baggage. If your journey by rail or steamboat, or both, be a long 122 EMIGRANTS GUIDE. one, you should carry articles likely to be required en route with you in a hand-bag. You will find it economical to provide yourself with a basket of sandwiches, fruit, and such eatables as you are likely to require. A plentiful supply of ice water is provided on the cars. Perhaps the safest way to take money with you is to get a draft on a bank in the American port for which you intend to embark from some first-class bank in this country having connection in such a town. PASSENGERS FROM EUROPE. ... New Regulation of the United States Treasury Department. Passengers required to declare contents of their trunks. Every passenger arriving at any part of the United States from a foreign port is required to make a brief but comprehensive and truthful statement of the number of his or her trunks, bags, and other pieces of baggage, of the contents of each, and of the articles upon his or her person. For convenience and uniformity such statements must be made on blank forms designated " Passenger's Baggage Declara- tion," which may be had from the captain. To avoid detention in landing, such statements should be care- fully prepared before arrival, so as to be promptly delivered to the revenue officer upon demand. The following information will aid in the declaration : The numbers of the several pieces of baggage will be given in their proper place, and other contents entered into two heads. 1. Baggage not dutiable, which comprises the following classes : (rt.) Wearing apparel in actual use; that is, clothing made up for passenger's own wear, in reasonable quantities, may be declared as " wearing apparel." (^.) "Other personal effects" (not merchandise) which are usually carried with or about the person of a traveller, as trunks, articles of toilet, stationery, a few books, one watch, jewellery, &c. &c., in actual use and in reasonable amount, may be declared " personal effects." (r.) « Professional Books," " Tools of Trade," and " Household Effects," all of which have been used by the passenger abroad, the last named at least one year, may be declared as such. 2. *• Dutiable Merchandise." Under this head must be entered all articles not included in " Baggage not dutiable," as above set forth. Among these may be specially mentioned new wearing apparel, in excess of that in general use, articles of vertu^ all piece goods, and all articles purchased for other persons. In short, all KMIGRANTS (lUIDE. 123 articles not essential to the comfort and convenience of the traveller. Great care should be taken to make a full and accurate return, and to examine the certificate the passenger is required to sign. The columns headed " Appraisement " are not to be filled up by the traveller, but left blank. Upon arrival the declaration will be delivered to the Revenue officer. The baggage will be examined on board the vessel or wharf, and duties assessed, which are payable in gold coin. Any piece of baggage containing over 500 dollars of dutiable merchandise will not be delivered on board, but sent to the public store for examination and appraisement. Packages containing merchandise exclusively will not be considered as baggage, but must be regularly entered at the Custom House. All baggage is subject to actual and thorough examination, and the persons of all passengers are liable to search. Any fraud on the part of passengers, any concealment of the fact, or secreting of articles in the trunks, &c., or on the person, or an attempt to bribe a Revenue officer, will render the baggage liable to detention or confiscation, and subject the owner to other penalties. Any complaints against Revenue officers in the discharge of their duties must be made to the Collector of the Port, who will promptly investigate all charges made. By order of the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CAPE COLONY. 1 The chief ports of Cape Colony are : Cape Town (Table Bay), the Parliamentary capital of the Colony; Port Elizabeth (Algoa Bay), the chief commercial centre, frequently called "The Liverpool of South Africa;" Mossel Bay; Port Alfred (Kowie River); and East London, at the mouth of the Buffalo River. Very rapid progress has been made within the past few years in the improvement of steam communication between England and South Africa. Not long ago the voyage to Cape Town occupied thirty or thirty-five days; but the magnificently-appointed Royal Mail Steamers of the Castle Mail Packets Company Limited (Donald Currie & Co., London), and of the Union Steamship Company Limited (Southampton), now make the passage usually in about twenty days, and even "better time" has been frequently recorded. As Cape Colony and Natal are now connected with the mother country by Submarine Cable vid Aden, the further development of the resources of South Africa may be confidently anticipated. {See Advertisemettts, pages 2 and 6.) 124 RELATIVE VALUE OF ENGLISH, CANADIAN, AND UNITED STATES MONEY. £. s. Dols. Cts. £, Dols. Cts. I £ Dols. Cts. I Dols. Cts. I Dols. Cts. O I j 8 3893 34 165.46 60 291.99 86 418.51 O 2 .48 9 43.79 i 35 170.32 61 296.85 \l 423.38 o 3 .72 10 48.66 i 36 175.19 62 301.72 88 428.25 o 4 .97 II 53-53 37 180.06 63 306.58 89 433-" o 5 1. 21 12 58.39 38 184.92 64 31I.45 90 437.98 o 6 1.45 13 63.26 39 189.79 55 316.32 91 442.85 ° I 1.70 14 68.13 40 194.66 66 321.18 92 447.71 o 8 1.94 «S 72.99 41 199.52 5Z 326.05 93 452.58 o 9 2.18 16 77.86 42 204.39 68 330.92 94 457.45 O lO 2.43 17 82.73 43 209.25 69 335.78 95 462.31 O II 2.67 18 87.59 44 214.12 70 340.65 96 467. 18 O 12 2.91 19 92.46 45 218.99 71 345.52 97 472.05 o 13 3.16 20 97.33 46 223.85 72 350.38 98 476.91 u 14 3-40 21 102. 19 47 228.72 73 355.25 99 481.78 15 3.64 22 107.06 48 23359 74 360.12 100 486.65 16 3.89 23 III. 92 49 238.45 75 364.98 200 973.30 17 4.13 24 116.79 50 243.32 76 369.85 300 1459-95 18 4.37 *§ 121.66 51 248.19 77 374.72 400 1946.60 19 4.62 26 126.52 52 253.05 78 379.58 Soo 2433.25 I 4.86 27 131.39 53 257.92 79 384.45 600 2919.90 2 9-73 28 136.26 j 54 262. 79 80 389.32 700 3406.5s 3 14.59 29 141.12 i 55 267.65 81 394.18 800 3893.20 4 19.46 30 145.99 56 272.52 82 399.05 900 4379.85 5 24.33 31 150.86 , 57 277.39 83 403.91 1000 4866.50 6 29.19 32 155.72 1 158 282.25 84 408.78 ... 7 34.06 33 160.59 1 59 1 287.12 85 413.65 ... Silver is always depreciated abroa