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New lofk '4609 uSA ''^ (-"e.) 482 - OJOO - Phorre Don PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LIVE SIOCK BRANCH OTTAWA - CANADA Production and Markets ANMER — KING'S GIFT TO CANADA BY JOHN BRIGHT LIVE STOCK COMMISSIONER AND H. S. ARKELL ASSISTANT MVF. STOCK COMMISSIONER PAMPJILFT .0. 19 Published by Direction of the Hon. Martin Burrell, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawn, Ont. MAY, 1915 o , DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LIVE STOCK BRANCH OTTAWA . CANADA PRODUCTION AND MARKETS BY JOHN BRIGHT Live Stock Commissionkk H, AND S. ARKELL Assistant Live Stock Commissionek Is the farmer justified in belie .ing that the firm tone of the horse market and the present high prices for live stock rest upon a secure foundation? May he look forward with any confidence to the next season's or next year's market? Should he prepare, as against an advertised shortage and high prices for all classes of farm animals, horses, cattle, sheep, hogs and poultry? We are confident that the farmer has never been in a more secure position than the present, as regards the extension of his breeding operations, but, to enable him to form more easily his own conclusions, the following facts are submitted : HORSES Since the outbreak of the war, the British Remount Commission has pur- chased in Canada 15,000 horses. 8,000 have been bought by French con- tractors and 25,000 by the Canadian Department of Militia. The Department of Militia is now engaged in buying an additional thousand head. The British Remount Commission has purchased over 700 since March and is buying daily in Montreal. French contractors are anxious to obtain supplies and are arrang- ing to buy all that are available both in the East and in the West. It is under- stood that, as a result of the purchases already made, army bu ers are finding it increasingly difficult, both in the United States and in Canada, to readily secure the number of horses which they require, particularly of the type suitable for heavy cavalry or heavy artillery. In addition to the purchase for army account, commercial activity from two distinct quarters has exerted a very evident influence upon the Canadian horse market during the past three or four months. Since the beginning of the year, 6,000 horses reached the Winnipeg Stock Yards from Eastern Canada and 5,- 917 were shipped from the same yards westward, mostly to Saskatchewan. During the months of January, February and March, 1,805 horses were ex- ported to the United States. A few hundred more went forward to the same market in April. The horses exported were good farm chunks weighing from 1^0 to 1.500 lb.. A. hi.h a. 1500.00 a P--a- paid '^ ttrrlcet extra quality and conformation. Ih.s new movement m i. having it. '««; "p°" p;;x'',rarslHd^^^^^^ ^rr/ndUr buT thltmeiX true oC ,^ ^y^^--^.^ tt The noticeable «arcity of good horses «'^'^-/-,':;\rveyeXnt that all that demand ha. already overtaken supply f"^,X" ^^Sycar. It cannot the really good sound mares in the countn^ f "f^^.^'^^ '^'^^i only ..ith be too strongly emphasized, however, that ^^^^^ ^^° Jj^f ^'^^^ rtrictly high class sire.. The numl^r of horses ^ei^;;^^^^ ^^^^^ ^fit. Such Iv indicates that there is no place for the unsound hor^ "' ^^Jj™ t Breed animals have been, are now and always w.U be a '' "^;" J^X^'s arc j. - to the best if you would have the best. Unsound - J^ ^'^f ^^n a .^ - -e. as bad as unsound stallions. It is easier to ra.se a good «"""»'^';^" ^^ ^ Manage the work this spring in order^-^^^e^^^^^^^ -^hy regularly returned to the horse. Next y^^^^J^^^^^^ „,,, shortly the c::r::i:re:XSc:trf-"^- - ^^^^ ^ - -- ^-'- CATTLE . very -.tent -;honty es^^^^^^^^ r sS^^f rket^^rdl' The last English produce report to hand quotes Insh beef a* '» [ P , jg^ for sides wholesale and English at 20^^° ^Ic. per lb. as agamst a P to 16jc. for Irish and 15! to 16ic. for Enghsh dunng ^^^^ JJ\*^^^^ ^^^ hind- 1915. It further quotes South f^-an chUled fore- -ua^ ^^^^ ^„, quarters at 19}c.. as aga.nst 12i and Ibc "^Pf^^'^'y '^7,^,;,^^^^ values have advanced sharply. ^ . . ■„. „f th^ home and foreign The general beef situation, from '^^^'''^^^''''^If^^^Z particularly market, further emphasizes the shortage of f PP^V;^^^"?^;"^^^ "^^t there is an noteworthy. It has never been indicated from ^"JJ^^ttle going forward undue accumulation of beef in storage or a congest on f ^ ^"^^^'^^^ j^,, to market. Present prices and present ^^-and fully confirm th^fact^^^^^ position in Europe is well known. The ^r^entme ou^^^^^^^^^^^^ .^ ^^^.^ ,or army supply to such an extent *';-;-^;'"^^J,7;2 ha^^^^^^^^ through a abl- for civil consumption m Great Bntam. j^^f'^f^^'^ly diminished. - ere season of drought and her exportable ^"^P'f .^^^^j^,^" ^/.^^d but these Moderate supplies of cow beef are gomg forward fom NeW-^ f ^ are not of first-rate quality. Canada and the Lmted t^^es ^ui j ciably increased their cattle population and are cleaily ^^ e to tina a :tive^ market in Europe for any ^Y^^j:;^::,-:^^Z:7^ ^ rJrtt^r^:m;Sir:i:rr:^^r situation is growmg worse ^"^Tt ^t^islfletnT with regard to grain. It is understood that enor- mous stores of wheat are tied up in Russia. The length of the war will deter- mine what these accumulations may be. With their release it is possible that there would be a considerable drop in price and with such conditions and a pronounced under-supply of cattle, the farmers of Canada should have little ditficulty in making up their mindn as to what their policy shall be for the future. One warning, however, should be given. We must emphasize quality Wore quantity. On the Britiiili market, Can.ulian beef does not equal in quality the beef exported from United States or from the Argentine. Unless we can improve our cittle, b.er wUl buy Canadian bacon today, quahty being c^ual. in pre- fe"en . o that from any other country in the world, w th the Po-'^J; «<^P^- of Ireland. Not only so. but an enormous market exi.t. al«. for ham.. frc«en Jork and pork cuts of various descriptions. This market is as remunerative ^ the bacon trade, although it is not likely to prove as constant. The W^t b producing a great quantity of rough grain this year As compared with wheat it will probably be relatively low in price. It should, therefore, be a ^und busines^ proposition to breed as many sows as would provide Sch farm, with%uch a number of feeding hogs as can ^- «>™";»y handled and suitably finished. They should, however, be so se^cted and mated „ to maintain the approved bacon type. Unless this be done we cannot compete with Ireland and Denmark and will lose sUtu. on the Bntish market. 4 The development of our bacon trade ii a purely Mjnimercial undertaKing and we must early recognize that we cannot mII to the BritUh merchant unlcM we give him what he wants. This granted, thrifty management and good feedmg thould yield a return thii year which will more than C( mpenMtc for all the labour invu' cd. POULTRY To anyone who has not carefully followed the direction of poultry develop ment in Canada, an understanding of the status which the poultry industry has now reached must constitute a distinct surprise. Whether viewed from the standpoint of the farmer or of the produce trade, it is now o.ie of the beat or- ganized and most projjr aive of any of our live stock industries. Co-mptru- tion amongst farmer- marketing is improving the product and realizing for them a higher pric nan they have hitherto been ' ie to obuin. The re- organization of metho..., by the trade is providing Iqm in handling, u assuring to the consumer a better article and es'^ i , . < our export business upon a firm basis. It ii estimated that Canada and Cuba, during the last twenty years, re- ceived from the United States alwut three-fourths of all the eggs exported by that country during that period. This situation, however, has now changed. As against an importation in 1913 of 13,240.111 dozen, we imported in 191.' not more than 3,783,952 dozen. )n the other hand, while in 1913 we exportec only 147,149 dozen, in 1915 we exported 7,898.322 dozen. This constitutes a net increase m production, in two years, of at least 17.100.000 doien. Prac- tically all of these exports went to the United Kingdom Notwithstanding the surplus in Canada which these figures indicate prices danng March and April have remained at an extraordinarily high level For the first quarter of the year 1916 the price to producers, selling co-operative- ly, has been at least 4c. in advance of the price received, for the same period, in 1915. For the month of M; "h. it was at least 5c. in advance and for the month of Apri. at least 3c. in ince of last vear's price for these respective months. The demand for egg »r local consumption, for storage purposes and for immediate exp^n, » as rarely been so keen as at the present moment. This situation is clear . rejected in the prices just quoted. Heavy domestic consumptior ,„ the fa, <.( high price for meats, partly explains this conoi- tion. Con J. ce in iht .xport demand, on the part of the produce trade, confirms u . another direction. Notwithstanding increased production, the egg and poultry business in Canada is in a very strong position at the present time. Under the*.- circumstances, we believe that it will be a very wise practice to hatch as .nany chickens, as it is possible or practicable to hande. Early hatched chickens make good winter layers. R.ugh grains wiU probably be produced in abundance in Canada this vear and the feeding of poultry at a profit should be materially assisted from this source, bggs at winter prices are a paying proposition in any event. Poultry, alive T, u • "". ' P^*"* ^""^ prospective market conditions, can unquestion- t A^ '^'.f ^""^ ^"■' *""* ^^ " P'°*^'- A good flock of poultry, if carefuUy handled, will serve to prevent waste on the farm and promote economy io hving expenses, such as is particulariy necessary when all farm producU are becoming so marketable and so dear. 5 OUR EXPORT TRADE Report of an Investigation of ti^e British and French Markets in January, 1916* By H. S. Arkell, Assistant Live Stock Commissioner. " '^^ t"r„ist,:°£ ^^^^ ;-r»rrr,p h P'"^'^ ^ ^"^ ^,„„^,, portan, fact, however, in this connection and »»' '''»' "^^^ ' „,„„„ ^phasized, is that full and P«'™"-' ™°»« J^as w.U upon tL integrity r„dThf .;rtS'=rjr.M:^ r;'E.^c our -Jine., operations ,„ .,, „.eir ;'-fj-- -™rlL"tit;' ^:Z .ay e.«, to do ej:»:ire.::,r:;ir^:c,uded^.s.^u^;.;.---^^^^^^^ 7:lXr.rrrJicLthi'c"crarsupp,y.^for cannet, and .tied veijetables. canned fruits, fruit jams, butter and cheese. EGGS Of thi. commodity . ^^^ -^^ X""!:^ ^^^S: D^^ :^d t:^z::z::^-^is^^^ ^-r-^^^:;z ^: very seriously interfered ^^f^^V^^^^ 1 5^ e:;>rHrom that Russia amounted to the -'"/. ^^J^' '^ •'•"(^^J.'titain's total imports of eggs, country had decreased to £1,748,822 l,reai d ^^^^^ which in 1913 amounted to the value of £9.590.002, in iVJia '«»^° deficiency Tf £6.122,970. These figures tell their own story. Because of th.s deficiency ::^i;::^^tM>o «. »\^f^ ^^^^ ,^, „onth mark exported to England considerabVyless ^^^ " J^^^^^.^ .^^unted only of December. 1915. the value of her exports to Orea^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ to £703.704 as against £912.614 for the --J^^nJ^,!:, ^^^^^ per hundred price of Danish bacon is at present one hundred «n^ ^^^ ^^^^^ Lght. Although this price is tweWe ^^^^JJ^^^^^^ ,,, supplies being bacon offered, it is in some sen^ but a^nom ma q ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^.^^ Ltr lirrhr r UroU e^^^^^^^^ to th^ short supply, to hll their wSy X from supplies available from other source. Increase in Imports. One other fact is notewonhy Great B-t^;"^^-;-^^^^^^^^^^ her imports of bacon since 1913 the vah.es be ng as o^low-^^^^ _^ ^^^_^^^ «8.881 and for '''tr^'l^lt'\J^\^^^^^^ by the British War Office able to two ""f«-^''^^;';'^^^;,\'^dhS^e consumption of meat due directly for Army use; Second, the m^eajd ^om ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ to the high wages offered and paid in tne rn ^^^^ted that, even after oient in the United Kingdom. ''J^J^^^^IJ'^Z will considerably the war, the meat consumed in Great Britain per capua. 8 exceed the amount previously eaten, inasmuch as the habit of meat eating, once acquired, is not easily broken. General Supplies. Not only are the supplies of bacon from the continent decreasing, but the local production as well is being mateiially reduced, on account of the extra demand for fresh pork, caused by the high price of beef and mutton. It should be noted thjit, while Irish bacon is becoming an appreciable factor in the trade, the output is not at all commensurate with the increased demand. Practically the only other sources from which Great Briuin can draw her supply are to be found in Canada and the United States. The latter country has more than doubled her exports to the United Kingdom, since 1913, and in 1915 forwarded an amount exceeding in value that supplied by Denmark by £3 ,623 ,987 . Canada has also increased her exports from £863,139 in 1913 to £3,324,511 in 1915, but at the present moment is exporting about one-quarter only of the amount furnished by the United States. This latter consideration must be recognized notwithstanding the fact that Canadian bacon is selling at an advance of from ten to twelve shillings per hundred weight above American, and is admitted to be of generally superior quality. The Canadian hog is of a type from which Wiltshire bacon can be successfully produced, while the fat hog of America cannot easily be adapted to the fastidious requirements of this trade. With the stimulus given to all sales and the high prices resulting from War Office orders, there may easily be seen the opportunity that is now presented to Canada to develop a very remunerative bacon trade with Great Britam. Quality of the Output. This opportunity undoubtedly exists and, if properly safeguarded, can be fully realized. It must be pointed out, however, that while Canada clearly holds the favourable position above outlined, this position can be established only by commercial enterprise and strict integrity, coupled with volume of supply. From another point of view, it should be noted that lack of information with respect to the niceties of the trade, a faulty cure, even ineffective adver- tising may be just as fatal to the future of our export business as are dishonesty or fraud. In this enterprise Canada will be faced by the keenest competition of wit, business acumen and intense application, which capital and brains can furnish and we cannot hope to get very far, unless we create such an effective system as may enable us to meet such competition on its own ground. FROZEN BEEF. A somewhat complicated problem presents itself as regards the sale of this commodity. The price of frozen beef is practically and effectively control' ^ P'''*=^^ j h, i„ Australia. '°™'""i;::"n"i" ?hr.S^nhrctrLrout;uT.:i .hei countne.. so rrst?;rct''*:r:ot^i.hsUndi„, war Offi« purc^^^^^^^ h ,ve risen considerably and to a figure a. "^ich both Un^ed S««» ™ .__ -.rse-re-rrfurf^^^^^^^ 10 during the corning months to obtain sale for her product than she has been able to secure for herself during the past year. As having reference to last year's trade it may be stated, on the best of authority, that average prices current on Smithfield market in 1915 show an increase of 40% since the outbreak of war. Market in France. It should now be pointed out that the market for Canadian beef or, at least, for the quality which is beir? produced, lies in France and in Itely rather than in Great Britain. The beei hitherto furnished by Canada has not been such, generally speaking, as to find favour on the Smithfield market nor for war office contrac\ The British public demand fat meat or at least incat that is prime fed and well finished. The supply furnir'-^d by the Argentine, Aus- tralia, New Zealand and even by the United State . is able to meet these re- quirements. Our cattle, as compared with the product of the above mentioned countries, are not prime and lack finish. Can dian grass fed bullocks cannot stand against this competition and even our st^.l fed stock, at least such of it as is available for export r.cross the Atlantic, takes second place. We shall be obliged to greatly improTe our method and manner of feeding before we can expect to secure a firm foothold on the British market. On the other hand, France and Italy will take and, in som- respects, prefer Canadian beef. This is true whether the meat is intended for consumption bv the civil population or for army supply, n comparatively lean quality of beef is demanded by the French and Italian people and for this trade our Canadian cattle are likely to find favour. Live Stock in France. The situation in France needs to be explained. Owing to the elimination of the herds in Belgium and Northern France and the reduction of the stock elsewhere in the country, the French market for Canadian cattle may be ex- pected to continue for a conbiderable period after the war. At the beginning of the conflict, during the period before the supply of frozen beef becane avail- able, it is stated that aboui one-fifth of the national herd was utilized to make good the requirements of th~ ^rmy. It may be noted, further, that, during the past eighteen months, the numbers of hogs in the country have been very greatly reduced. From a consideration of these facts the national necessity becomes easily apparent. Live Feeding Cattle. The demand for frozen beef, present and prospective, has already been referred to. In France a market exists, also, for live feeding cattle. As re- gards living animals, Canada is practically the only available source from which France, from the standpoint of bovine health, will consent to draw a supply. These would be placed on the rich pastures of Normandy and Brittany and other departments and, when finished, would be slaughtered for domestic consumption. It is the intention of the Government, as well as the desire of the people, to preserve, as far as possible, the breeding cattle of the country. The French are anxious to maintain and develop their own stock rather than 11 J c t»,« reason, cattle for feeding „« it with the blood of '-'^^jX'fiJi^e^J /Xly. for the same reason. Prospective Market for Canada. U win now be apparent that. whU--- ^^^^^^^^^^^ prevail ,he ile of our beef on ^e European m^keta^^^^ directions, therein do not suggest profits ^-^;;^^'^~:^;'ZirZ finding a comprehensive expor he absolutely no reason to prevent u ^^^^^^y -^dications ^utlTtTth.;. direction for our product. ^^J^^^ ,„, ^ ^ery considerable whLh suggest that, as the war ad-nces and po-«bly ^^ ^^^^^^ period flowing the final df ^'^^'^V ^^om this it may be inferred that the ?m be upward rather ^^^-^^^^^ .ilE'rope rests upon a firm economic development of an export beef trade wun foundation. ju y^^^e to be pursued in the means It is quite true that a careful P^^^^J ^^, ^^^^ial also that every con- taken to effect this development is absau y_^^ ^^^ de tributing market movement should be wa ^^ ^^^^^ .y, „ad^ th-it while all the advantages which it i^ P provided agamst as rc- mav be ully assured, losses to o^rj,rod^^"l'^^^ ^^ P„«-.ng of the market. ::^t'ng f om the competition of o^^-/^;^;;^ Frt^V-ent. Canada ought which at any time, oversupply -uW c eat. ^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^„^ f to be able to sell to advantage all he urp P ^^^ ^^.^^.^^ ^^ ^'^'^"^V'td Us and packers may be -"t«"^^7'^^;i^"ifh a laiger output. I am satisfied profus by operating on a "^J^J^ ^^^J through a period of years, that a lucrative trade may be bu.lt up to CUMBERLAND BACON, HAMS AND PORK CUTS. Cumberland bacon is -d ^ ^^^^^Js t^^^^^-J ^^ .hire side. U is. in effect, a side of bacon mi .^ ^^^.^^ ^.ush.re r .. is^usually madejrom lighter h^«^^^^-/;, ,,,„ product. It finds, ToteL^'reldTsale on the British ";^;^;^-^,^^,„i,ed Kingdom and in France. Cured hanis are also selling freely both in he L" ^^^ .^ ^^^„, ^ .hile cured pork cuts of other descnptions .re^J ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ , Tnto the former country ^^^^.P^^^j^^^r u^^ sanitary regulations. Were Irts entry being prohibited under the »"" -^ ^, should a mutually Tpoi^o have these "^ulat.o^s mad*, le^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ Sanitary Ser- satisfactory arrangement be ^.ffj^^^^^^^^, market would be opened up vice and the Imperial A"^^""^''^ ' JJ^U aTpresent either restrict-d or prac for grades of bacon, export sale of whicys at p^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ 1„ ,< ticaUy prohibited. 1" >f J ' ^/^^f^ ^^ ^ Of Ss 1915 importation Canada p, ooftfiSO -is against £3,068,^51 in ij^^ f 4 S59 89-^. or more than fuSr£434%5 while the United States supplied £4,859. ten Les as much as the Domm.on. 12 y ,b re ly ;r- ip ic- of da an FROZEN PORK. Owing to the high price of mutton and beef, the demand for fresh pork has increased very gready during the past year. Large quantities of fresh pork are consumed, being supplied both locally by the United Kingdom and by im- portation from the Netherlands. The frozen article, is now, however, finding ready sale. Light pigf. are preferred. Carcasses weighing as low as 90 lbs. eacn are popular. While the war lasts and possibly for some time afterward, large quantities ol pork may be shipped to Great Britain in a frozen condition and disposed of at an advantageous price. In 1915, the importation of this commodity amounted to £435,908, of which the United States supplied £288.- 624. The total importation in 1913 amounted only to £43,255. CANNED GOODS. Under this head may be enumeraied, canned corned beef, pork and beans, army rations, canned fruits ana vegetables, dried vegetables and fruit jams. Enormous quantities of these articles are being purchased by the British War Office. From what I could learn, for such requirements as are needed, Canada will receive every consideration in the contracts placed, although of course she will be expected to parallel the price quoted in tenders offered by competing countries such as the United States and the Argentine. The importation of preserved and canned beef amounted in 1915, to £10,315,653 as against £2,- 692,443 in 1913. MISCELLANEOUS. Under this category are included frozen beef for mincing purposes, frozen bee' cuts, hearts, tong' .;s, livers, tripe, etc. Meat for mincing has a special market and for such supply as is required reasonable returns are obtained. Offal of all descriptions can be sold to excellent advantage at Smithfield. The sale of the latter product, if put up carefully according to market requirements, may be made to yield such a revenue as to assist greatly in securing a remuner- ative return in the handling of carcass beet. It was freely stated, however, and was in fact very apparent, that in the condition in which material of these descriptions arrived from Canada, much improvement would have to be effected before anything better than mediocre prices could be expected. 13 ,t trArie will be dependent prim- The successful development o^ -;;X^\;^J^Vrng the market efficient arily upon the following '^'i^!'"- .^"^J^the product, volume of supply. fall very far behind in the race ,^ ...^ ^i,, measures which may be needed Th s is no place to discuss or to outlme the m ^^^^^^^^ however, re- ,. p.omote the ^^-loPment o^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ „,, .rve to bnn. specting features m wh.ch '3^;^"; ^i.^^tion. about a better understandmg of the TRANSPORTATION Ouring the period of t. wa. ^^-^^^^ ^^ o^W t ^^ almt prohibLe. The commandeenng «j jf ^^^.-^p,, ,,gether wUh the tZ for naval use. the changmg oi^^^^o.^Z'^.., wilf make it very d;« losses which have occurred '" .^^^ '"^'^^J^^ ^^^^tries either during or after the to secure normal service to this or o other co ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^ ^ed, war Adequate transportation facduies, '^^^^^^ ■ j^, and estabhshmg undoubtedly is. to adjust ^f /j^f.Xomtment and defeat in the reaU^- caprice may dictate, is but ^» •"j;^^*;^';;^^ ,„a ., national reputation m the tion of our ambition to secure recognu.on association with Great relopment of a comprehensive comn.rca pol. V. i^^ ^^ .^^^ ^^^ ^^''ZZ Britai.1, her Allies, and our .^f^J ^^^f ^^the very beginning, endeavour to this problem and it is essential hat we at t ^^^.^^ ^^^ exercise of secure for ourselves, the advantages '" ^h^^ d ^ ^^^.^^ ^^^^,„. The oresight, careful judgment and ^^f ^^^^^^^^.f o'ur supply, the extent of problL involves a consideration of ^^^ J7%^^,,ers. produce merchants of our export market. ^^ NATIONALIZATION OF THE TRADE I s I i- le It to of he of \ts )ur all arc As has already been intimated, the Dominion is now in a particularly favoura.'le position in all our dealings with the Mother Country to trade upon the term "Canadian." If, however, Canada and Canadian shippers are content to have the product of the Dominion exported without such supervision or organization as shall secure uniformity and high quality in the material for- warded, we may expect to find the trade hampered and restricted in every direction, not only by dishonourable dealing but, as well, by the inability of the British consuming public to depend upon the quality or grade of Canadian goods. Danish bacon, Irish eggs. New Zealand butter and Canadian cheese have been able io set a standard on the British market, because of the organi- zation established in these different countries to direct the manufacture, regu- late the grade, improve the quality and control the export of these different commodities. An inspection of the display advertisements in the windows of wholesale and ntail produce houses in Great Britain very clearly demon- strates the methods used to catch the attention of the British consuming pub- lic. They very definitely suggest, als