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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 6 •^'\,' -''•... ^^w^.' » - <:*'- , '.\. MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 ifi i^tll I.I .25 1^ a^ ■ A3 u 1.4 m |!_2£ 2.0 I 1.8 1.6 jS ylPPLIED IM/IGE 1653 Eosl Moin Street Rochester. Hew York 14609 USA (716) 482 -0300 -Phone (756) 288-5989 -Fox lOTloN 11., 1886. Tran.s. Royal Hoc. Can. I. THE HALF-BREED n. VITA SINE LITERIS JOHN READE FROM THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA VOLUME III, SECTION II, 1885 MONTREAL DAWSON BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS 1886 it- fnrW,n. I 1 I TUANS. Rov. Sue. (VVWDA. ■r/ic HulJ-Brced. B// Jons Reaue. (rrcM'iilcd .May -js, l,ss.-,.) The opiuiou prevails tl.ut .he lu.siou ol' white with Indian 1,1 1 is of rare c.Turron.e north ol the Gull of Mexico. There i.s, however, reason ,o h.-lieve that, l.oth in Canada and the Timed Males, it has bt-en nui..h more .ommon than is ge..erally a.ssumed. In Mexieo the West Indies, Central and South America, pure blood is the ex,.eptio., mixed blood the rule. x\or is it the aborigines alone that in this hemispliere have ...iven rise hrough tho.r uitereourse with Europeans, to new raeial varieties. Tlxe negro has eontri^ bu ed largely o the same result, and the Chinese are also beginning to have an appre.-iable mfluenee on the population of parts of the New World. In dillerent regions of the Old ^\ orld an analogous proeess is going on. Asia, Africa and the island domain of the In.lian and lauhe Oeeans furnish many instanees of rar, amaU-amation. Wherever w. turn indeed, we hnd that, i.i one shap.> or another, the inhabitants of the earth are, slowly insomepaees, with surprising rapidity in others, undergoing transformation by inter- lusion ol blood. ' The fa.'t i.s not a nov.dty in human history. As far ba.l- as our knowledge of man- kind ,.an reaeh, with the evidences of race diversity we dis.-over the indications of race intermixture. On the almost universally accepted theory of the unity of the human species, those d.vergen.x>s of feature and .■omplexion whidi distinivuish ra'.. from race must have required many ages to bring about. How they were .aused we .an only con- jecture ; but we know tliat four thousand years ago the negro was as murh a negro as he IS to-day. Ot the neighbours of the Egyptians when their earliest monuments were con- structed. Dr. Birch writes: '• South of Syene lay the numerous bla.k tribes, the so-called Ml or negroes, inferior in civilization, but turbnlent and impatient of subjction The skirts ol the desert were held by wandering tri. , called Sa(u, not yet subjected to the arms and discipline of Egypt. The western IVor.aer was menaced by the Tahennu ov Libyans. Beyond the nortli-cast desert in which resided the Herasha, or inhabitants of the Waste, were the 3Tcmf, perhaps also a shepherd race, the dwellers of northern Asia • and ha/ily in the distance were seen the nascent forms of the empires of Babylon and Assyria and the .slowly rising power of the Ph.enician States and Kingdoms.'" Champollion- l^igeac, citing the authority of his more illustrious brother, is still more explicit in his ac- count of the nations known to the Egyptians, which he illustrates by six figures copied from the tombs of the Kings at Biban-el-Molouk.^ These leave no doubt that the Eo-yptians ' Egypt from the Earliest Times to B.C. 300, by S. Bircli, Tntrod. p. ix. '' %ypto Ancienne, p. 30. Sec. II., 1885. 1. 1 ^ JOHN l.'KAItK ON •.nil.,. Niii.'tccnth Dynasty wor« ur(|ii.uiit..d will, tli,- main m.v (liviNi.,M«-blm.k. ivd, l)io\vn, y.-llow uiid white— with whi.h w*. ur.. rumilit.r in our own gonomtion. Whon! howfV.T, wo .•..nt.-n.pli.t.. tho -iilf that s..parnte..s th.- I'aurasiun IVoin the no-rn, w,- must c'oncludi" lliat, (ouipaivd wit!. Ih.' duration ot rniin's liH, on oarth, that rnnotc period is but ON yt'stcrdiiy.' From what order of prirnitivc iiK-n did th.t vnrious riiccs d.-Hcend > On." diMtill^nlish.Ml goo^l^rist maintains thai th.Mv is '•no o-round for the belief in the existeneo.even in ll.emost nn.ient times, of any .'are of men i.ion- riid.^ than th.- modern s.'mi-, ivilized raees or less developou physieally."^ This view, of course, the ovolulionist eannoi hohl. His theory ne!zle and large prominent, •■anine teeth ;" whose '• forehead was, no doubt, low and retreating, with bony bosses underlying the shaggy eye-bi'ows, whi.'h gav him a fierce expression, something like that of a gorilla."' That such a creature existed Mr. Allen, considers an '■ inevitable corollary from the gene ral priiui])les of evolution." What such a primitive being would look like may l)e imagined fiom Mr. Cushing's ideal repre- sentation of the Neanderthal man, which forms the frontispiece to Mr. J. P. McLean's '' Manual of the Antiquity of Man.'" Whether they paint his portrait or leav(! his linea- ments to conj.Mlnre, all writers of the development school and some who do not belong to it select, as the Adam of their i^vphei- Toldolli, a type comi)aivd with whi.-h no savage ot'thu present could be regarded as degenerate. Professor Winchell, refeiiing to what, until not very long ago, was considered the orthodox view of Ihe first man, writes as follows: " Thos(! who hold that the white race, the consummate; llower of the tree, has served as the root from whic^h all inferior races have ramified, may select their own method of rearing a tree with its roots in the air and its blo.ssoms in the ground. I shall put the tree in its normal position.' Fixing upon the Australians as the lowest .-xtant type of humanity, ho gives the PiT-Austi-alian the second place in his adiliated cla.ssillcation of mankind, taking as its cradle a hypothetical continent in the Indian Ocean, of which the Malagasy Archf- pelago is the visible remnant. From this central •' Lemuria," as it has been named (but which Mr. A. R. Wallace claims to have proved Utopian'), Professor Winchell attempts In u usofnl ImL- work, .nil.,,! tlie Povel„i,n„MU Theory, by .Iose,.l, and Mary Be>yen, nv. attempt is made by moaas of a da.Krani, to .oavoy a notion of tlu- possible a..ti.iaity of mankind. A diminutive s,,aaro r.pro.s.nts tbo t.mo run, tbooarbostb.storical period to tbeprcsmit; a hu-nr Hanaro, tbo timo sinro tbo closo of tbo last glacial ponod; astdllnrtrcr .s,,nan., tbn (im. sin.o tbo ),o,dnning of the ponnltimato glacial ,K,nod ; an.l, finally, a very .nn.b lar,o,-.s,,naro,tl,ot.nu.,sinro fl,e Ixvinnin, of , bo Tertiary. Tbo question is one, it need bardly be said, on wlaob mucb diiTeronco of opm.on ox.sts. Wbile some dou.and nnllions of years for the development of primitive man mo the man of the river-dnff, others arc satisfied with from eight to ten thousand years for the whole ,wiod of man s bfe on earth. S>r Wdham Dawson, for in.stanoo, writes (Fossil Men, p. 2-IG) : " What evidence the future may brnaR forth I do not know, bat that available at present points to the appearance of man, with all his powers and properties, m the V< .st-fjlacial ago of Geology, and not more than from fi.flOO to 8,000 years ago " '' Fossd Men, etc., by Sir .T. AV. Dawson, p. 240. ^ "Who was Primitive Man ? " in Fortnigbtly Review, and Popular Science Monthly, Nov., 1882 < Preadamitos, p. 297. •■ island Life, p. ,371. TiiK iiAi-i-'-iini;i;it. 8 to trn.v th,. mIou pro^roH. of m-inl .livornvti.,. ami disporMon into (he rrgioi.s „f ll,.. oarlh now inl.al„t,.,l l.y man. ir Lis j^..„,.alooy an.l .hart of .liNp.Msion ar-, an all .u,h un.!.-,- takingH uni«t b.. largely ma.l,. up ol' conj.Mtnr,., hi.s H.li.mo is, in it. nuiin tV.atn.VH, rational ami Irmtfnlly «nggo,stiv... If 1... ha.s not di.s.ovored tho vory truth as to th. d..voiopm..nt ot tl„. hinnan racM-s, ho has, at loa.t, indicated tho path that may l.-ad to tho d.-Mrod kouI. \Vo aro not hound to mvopt Lo.nuria. nor to h.-liovo thai fho monunuMits of Iho lir.st mon, If thoy loft any bohind thoni, lio at th,. botl„ni of tho hulian (Xoan. NoiUior n.^od wo n-ard with oqual fav.x.r all th. dotails of his ^-vnoalogios. Hut his olassilioation and plan ol distribution may bo adopiod, with n...ossttry modili.'ations a.s frosh liirht is slu-don tho Hubjoc^t no mattor whoro wo (ix our .vntral startin.r-pr,int. M, do Quatrofa-os, forinstanoo, locatos tho first moinbors of tlio family of mankind in tho vast platoau bonndod on tho south and south-wost by tho Himalayas, on tho wost by the IJolor Mountains, on tho north- wost by tho Ala-Tan, on tho north by tho Altai rango and its oirshoots, on tho oast hv tho K.ng-khan, on tho south and south-oast by tho Ivlina and Kuon-lun ; around that r.'u-ion he finds groupod tho fundamontal typos of all tho human raoos, tho bla.k raoos boin- tlio larthost Irora it. No other part of tho globo, M. do Quatrofagos urges, presents suoh a union of oxtrenio human typos distributed around a common .'ontro, and, after stating some obioc t.ons to lus view, ho ,on.lud..s that no facts have yet .■omo to light which authorize 'the placing of tho cradle of mankind elsewhere than in Asia.' If however, as M. do Quatrofaovs himself IS inclined to believe, Abbe Bourgeois has proved the existence of Tertiary man, It IS absolut.'ly vain to look for any certainty as to his primal abode. One thing we may take tor granted-that, wherever man originated, ho must soon have spread out in vari..us diroc- tions ; and thus, step by step, tho dilFeront zones were ovupiod and the pro.oss of dilfer- entiation wont on, .limate and tin- other maniibld environments exerting their natural inlluence. In an article contribut..d to Nolure (November (Jth, 1884), Mr. A. R Fraser states that wherever the sun is hottest all tho year round, "the blaclccr are the natives down to the equator of heat." The line in question, as tra.vd by tlio late Dr. Draper, enters Africa along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea ; then, rising to about 15 . it .rosses tho continent escaping from tho eastern promontory at Capo Guardafui ; it intersects the most southerly portion ol Ihndostan ; thou cro.ssing tho earth's equator, it passes through tho midst of the J^.astern Archipelago, and returning through America traverses this continent at its narrowest point, the Isthmus of Panama. Tho recession of tho Mediterranean from the Desert of bahara, in tho opinion of the same philosophi.. writer, and its contra.lion within its pre- sent limits, had doubtless much to do with tho possibility of negro lifo.^ On the other hand he maintains that the conditions for its production did not exist in America. For, whereas the range of e , ,,;!ovial warmth in Afri.va is 4,000 miles, in Central America it is only lifty- oue. It may al o bo that e.iuatorial America has been occupied for a period too short to dye the skin of tho natives as that of tho Central African has been dved. At any rate, we know that, though tho negro lives with comfort in intertropical America, as though it were his native habitat, ho is merely an importation to its shores, whoro most likely he would never Jiave lauded had not his white master brought him thither by force. But even those who insist that nearness to tho heat of th.^ equator has been the main cause of tho n..gro's blackness have to concede the dark-skinned tendency in races situated towards the Pole. ' The Humau Sjiecies, p. 175. '' History of the Anioricaii W.ar, i. 122. .lOIIV WKADKOy ""•i 1.. w.vu n,(!. 8...».» and 13.0. ..,00, „.. ,,..,.,<, ..oun, > How. r...l a.nl . 1 i . n.,.. Id -u.n..,l M... .hara. (,.ns,i...s ,., wlu,!. tl.., a.v ..ill dis.ingu d. And who n.n tdl i.y ulu lMvakl„^•.ul, and n.!.rmi,,inu-. oft.... n.p.-nt.d. that stn^.. was li.n.llv atlai.n.d '' All knuls ol .Mv...,„a.i..„ hav.. b...„ .....„,h, to h.ar on tl rly n.ov..„,..„,s of our ra.;. ov.m- t ...KU.la.-o ol th.. oavth. Th.- npado of tho arrha.olo«iHt has rai^.d to the lit^ht of day invalu- '- >1" >vnsu,,s ., k,...vvl..d... ,v,.ndin. a past of whi.h the worl.l hardly dr..au,..d Bu,..ath .1... h.stor... Ii,.lds or Kuropo .h.r.. h,y lor a.^.s, awaitinu' th. s,M.in^r L and tho . h wha.h th.. great ., v>l.zat.o„H of tho hi.torJo pant may h. ronsidonnl mod-rn. Nor is t n. Kurop.. „lon. that thos. r.di.s of foroottn, pooplon hav. r.-wanl-d th. z.al of th. Huir. ..r. Ahvady s.,.,,.. h..s l,.o,n. to n.ath.r Iron, h.n.ath th. soil olChina th. .vi.l.n- .vs ol o.,.upa.,on l.y ru.lo tribes whos. pro.s.n.o lonir ant..lal.d th trli..st of its l.istori. a.vs. A.vord.n. to rauthi.r.' wh.n th. loundern of Chinos. ..ivili.ation lirst arrived in I- '•"untry, hey, hl:e tin. early s.tll.rs in the New Worhl, eneountere.l tho prinu-val brost, peopl..lo„ly l.y tribes olsava-.-s with whi.h they had IVe.,u.n.lv to wn^n- war. In the mo„„ a.ns and otherwise inaeeessible parts of th. euM-ire. still lino:er the des.endants <>t sneh ol those aborifvines as es.-ape.l oxtormination or absorpti..n ut tho hands of the •■on(,uerors. .some or them, it is said, have nn.intain.d their wild independence and isola- t...n lor ., 000 years. Ih.t tho.se wild n.en of th.. .oods w..r.. not the onlv pe.""^ "11 whom the .n...oming Chinese came in ronta.-t. Thoy are bnt one of several ra,vs that look..d npon tho region as th.-ir posst-ssion by ridit divin... S. WoIIh Williams who .sp.-nt^ many yars an.on^• th.. Chines.., as.ribe.l to th.. Middl.. Kingd..m a div.-rsity of ra.^o wlu.h p a.es it on a par willi the m..st mix.-d of wstorn nations. IJ.-si.b.s tho WnuN^e or .■h.ldn.n of tho Hoil," tho Jfo.^ol and jWunI,,,, and th..ir numy varieties, there are a most ..ountI...ss typos s.attered through th.- empire, some of thorn in the maritime r.-.nons others hidden away in th.. far int..rior where trav..ll..rs seldom roa.-h them. Su.h mimos a.s" Mongol "and •' Tatar" ,.ommonly ..all..d "Tartar") ar.. entirely niLsWling Xn regardod, as they often are, as implying a common origin. AV^hen Uenghis rose to pow..r William.s tolls ns, ho called his own trib.. K,hn Mongol moaning " ool..stial people" dtjsignating the other tribes Tatms or " tribntari..s."- ' Besides the ".hil.lren of the soil," then- are other reli.s of tho occupants, in oarly times, ol both mainland and islands. Liout.-Col, Ohas. i[a:nilton Smith says that i.i the northern mo.u.tains there are tribes of men over six foot high.' There is also an abori-nnal race m the ..onire of tho Island of Hainan, and many other instan.^os might be mentioned Enough has, however, b.-en addut^ed to show that, even those ra.'os that so..m most uni- lorm m their typo are really made up of repeated intorblendings with other families of mankind. The httlo commu«iti..s that, in their seclusion, preserve the features of the primitive poss.-s.sors of the land, thus rond.-r an important service to science, though they too, have probably in tlieir veins some share of the blood of tho vi.>torious intruders li the Chin.>se, whom Prof. Winchell pronounces "the most hom.>g..n..ous family of mankind, ' can be shown to be of mixed origin, w.* have less difficulty in assi-nin"- such ' Chine Ancionno, p. ,56, ' Naturul History of tlio Human Species, p. 185. • Tlie Middle Kingdom, i. 105. )iiit(',l out, riu'CM, luid III! ti'U by ml ? All r nice over iiy iiiviilii- (liciiincil. r*' and tlti> • oinpiinMl n. Nor In !oaI ol' thn ic I'vidcii- Is liistoric inivcd in primevftl war. In n'ciidanis ds of the and isola- )1)1<' witli iii'cs tluit ims, who y of ra<'e Miaiit^ze llicre aro » regions, li names ig, when powt'r, peopU'," amily of \g such Tin: II A I, I' |!|{i:k >, - h n o ,„ UuMr . unhn.nhd .|.l...ur«. d,.uhtl..s n.inul..d .„..■ ..xI.m , wilh th. al.„ri. ^.nal A,no.s wh.un .h.,v ,li.p,.s..,s.s.. Malavo-CI s. • ..n.l " In.l. .«- ' ^4^•.^ .. U.o.n..|v..H. ■■ MaiaysiH," ..ys d- QuatrHi.,,,.; ■• pn.en.s a p.-r.;... ix^„ " , "," '"''"^" '•"'•» II -iin.M.buM lh.Kouth...astof AHiM,,.rth.i.slandH..ontmioUH o'r 1^^' .^ have .pr..a,l,soar and wid. from th..ir primal horn, .uul have bh-uded ^.•n 1. in, I w,lh NO many ra,v.s, thai it is in.possil.l,. ,., as.vrlain wh-.v thoy lirnt a„„earod W.. .1 th...r . ........risti,. in ,...,.. ., ,.., ,,,,,, ,„.„. ^^,^^^^^^,^^ ^ 'Z^^. I l.n.ls. I h,. I olyn.«mnHd.v..rgo farthest fron. Ih- Monnoiian lyp., whil. th. s„l,-ra,. 1! i;p!;:::;;;;;r '-'-' - -' '•'■ •' "• -" -^••^"•«' Maiayi: .m m th;o.,:::; ;;;;: Th.. ..thnology of India pr...s,.n..s al.undant oviden.. of nu^.g-nation sin.o th. -arli-.t tmos Iho oarlu..t pago ol its history discloses, Dr. lluntor tells us two rae.. struuuhng ior the n.as.ery-one. the fair-skinno.l Aryans from Central Asia h. L eaH..n representatives of ,he .real Indo-Knrop .an stoek ; the other, of low t p Z m po.ssoK«ono the e„untry,and whi.h the now-.omers stigma.i.e.l in .urn asnon A v s° enom,es. and slaves of hla.-k descent. These primitive predecessors of .1. Ar s 1 uj records, and Ihe.r traditions d.> not tell us much, but such Mnts as they yield pnt no iT :;:; : ^h..ar hu.gu,^.. indicates that th uly peoples of India belonged t. U I g t T rT. .V'"'*"-"'"-"'"" "■"' ^'- ^"1-ian, who entere.1 Bengal IV.mu the .r ,.! . and he Dravuhan who. coming from the north-west, rushed .Irth in mi-" , Ts which no foes could resist, ano spread themselves over the south of tho peninsul Iw man. o 1 was the ..nnposition of the .on- Aryan inhabitants of India ma 'be gaU Id f m the hu-t that the.r principal languages and dialects, of which a list w.s nrenlv ,1 , years ago lor the Royal Asiatic So.oty. number a hundred an informs us, in his '' Iconographic I^.s..arche.s,'' show the process of de^eneratim'^ hucKtidts (li.C. 17.,) Ks Greek ,n feature. - h.. likeness of Heimu>us keeps up the presti- o on^^dynasty of Greeks, but Kadphyses, both in his name and features, as well as "; th^ ' The Human Sjiecici, p. Ki;!. ' Dr. W. Hunter: Tho Indian Empire, p. 79. '' PreadiiniitcH, i)p. ,57, .^)8. 59. * IndigennuH R.ices of t!in V. arth, p. IGH. 6 .roiIN READE ON t'^kal'ly haltVasto: I . ndia A J "'l '"/^J'^*-^^'"'-'-' ^^^ Tnl^ky thinks, wore unmis- allia. J.. S, Ws o ^ iit^''" '"' ^^'^"^'■^^ -^"•'--' ^--^"-^ -«-. and formed .^randsous oftl.o twold udlvt f "I "T-"'" ''^ Chaudragupta or Sandra..,ott.s. The in the next c.nJX^ltS:^:^:' T 'T'' '''''' ''''''''''' ^^'^^ '''^' ^^^ d.rabad. Tlin coins of Mormde vho ^ '""Trf '""'^"^"'"^ '^' ^^^^ '^^ *'^« ^^'^"--'^ Hy- statuary, examples of v.hi.kTZ^^ t^K ''7 " "'"'""^ ''"'"^ ^" ^^^<^^'"^^* the Greek type begins to c d and s t r ^-''^"'f «»• l^-^t^-"•d from the Punjaub, physical eharlotori^tics of h ffindoo T.T'T P-^ably inappreciable in modifying the W.^ Scythian invasion LinstnoT , ''''' '"'"' """^"'"''^^ '"''" '"^'"'^ P-''='^Pti- HindostL,aud i:erfl uen e "Ifth "T *°/-"f "^ the population of northern ^e. w writers go «o ^^::t:i!;;Ltr:^ ^^S:!: ^^^ p..ensions to p:: b!:^ ^rt: :^^:r ^iiir ^'^:r'^"^^ In like manner, Dr. Neubauer, a distin-aai^d r bb n ''T\ ""^ °'^"' ^*"^'^^- dwellers were like. The .-reat region w of f h W K . ''^""' '"'''^ ^^''^^^* *^*^ ^^'^^^^ satrapies of Darius,^ -hen t.:f:;::::; ^ ^ J^t^^lmlt -^t^r*:' ^'^ ^^^"^^ prised representatives, in every stage of ani.ll m , , oK H 1 t' '' ''' '''''"'''' ™"^- veins ivl.JI,. (1,, 1 1 • ,• J-«tiun jjj nasty Juid Nubian blood in their theearltr! " monuments, those of later periods differing essentially from ' The liKliiiii Emj)iro, p. Kio. " Wilson's Prehistoric Man, ii. 248. '' Herodotus iii. 89. * Ancient Empires of the East, p. 182. THE HALF-lU{|<:i.;i). ^ wave was .,■! in motion. ]-:un,po had L.on inhal,if,.rl 1..-^. '""^ 7 V* " ''*''"' ^^ ^^''^^^'^ -mo of which sliil .p,.,. ,he and..., lan^ ," v^ t " J:::;:r°';f J'''^'''''^'"^'^''^ «^ starting- from tho far < wo ],.„• . ..l i ! *^" *''" -'■'''"'"^ ^^^i'li, onwir,.i,*.„,.„it';,„. j:j ' ';:^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ »:'h,.,.vi„ , the whit,, allophyli,,,, blr„„I is „,ix,.,1 1^,1 1^ 1 if , /","""» "'"' ™l" .»lly in Japau, have mntaally p„„.,„„„a ,.„,, „„,„. „„,i ,„ J^ ^ ' ''■ ^'^'S'o and H„„.„„,„,„ „,„„ of the Zulus of Irabiun ori-in ■ tk„ M 1 "'""•'" '" '^""'■■poi.uha.oussiln.l,.,! ,v™t <.i«ero„tp,„p„rti,„, ;: i; y , tt:^ irir..! 'mT"'' °' "■" ;™-"^™-"™'. '" i.« a .pcvios, „. p„lyg,,,i„„ ,„ Hi, ° th™, 1 ; "'! ■'"P"' '"■ "■""> '■'""«">"■ inBucce of IslaLi™ thelV™ o "'■"""I)' »»« populalio,,, :„ whi,.h. „,ul,„ the raaiikiud hav,. conlrilmt,.,! to (m^^nT I T " '" '""^ '''"'■''■'"« '»» »f mix.„,.« which h»™ :™ ,. : * h : z: ;r/ '"t- '''"• ' '■■-' -r- '^^ first. I„ Eu^opo „hat Populatiot/c-arpt ^^t p,t^. ::;t7a''''TV 1™' '""^ "" selves, who apnarentlv ono-hf -n l.» „..li . . ^ P'""} oi blood ^ Tho Basques th(>m- f-Hheo.he,„.ti„„r:^ : ; L t i :; rrr ■;' '™'°" »'■ r^ "'^'™" ™"»- a. it does not go ba,-k for , ™,l dT»t.,? . ModttcranMn, ,Ja.s.,iral I,isl,„y, although we know, the sa^rT^lr;: JlJ:: ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^»lapreso„..,L fto^ho.. Of «.ngi..Kha„, We .i„d to^otbot :Lir:';tr^:^^ ' Tho Human Species, pp. 273, 4. 8 JOHN RHADK ON 1 rolossor Boyd Dawkins, in an arti.lo ou " The British Lion,"' in whi.h l,o cloals, not with the «uperb beast of heraldry, but with a ge.xuiue /.//. ,eo, says that a rough typ,- of humanity, the nver-dnft hunter, was roeval with that animal in Britain. The lion also his m al 1.1 the .base. But in the course of time a convulsive change in the g..o.>-raphy of northern and western Europe caused his retre.t to more secure and genial liunting;n-ounds. He was still at large in the forests .south of Mount memus until probably the beginning, of the Christian era. But what became of the man, his contemporary in Britain" There are some who tliink that he managed to survive the great terrestrial sliocks that frightened the hon eastward, lingering on till the arrival of the Euskarian with whose ],lood his own became merged and vvlio in alterdays, by union with the Celt, was to form the basis of the British people. Others decline to ac^cept him as an ancestor, thou-vh they are cJad to n^eive ^e Wlike Euskariau in that capacity. The descenda;ts of^his Jirm^Uifo occupant oi h-itain have been rec-ognized in the so-called Black Celts of western Ireland and Scotland, while their blood lias also been traced in a more mixed condition in parts of Wales in Lincolnshire, m East Aiiglia and other districts of the United Kin-dom Mr. Iloratio Hale, favouring the hypothesis, based on certain peculiarities of the Basque ' tongue, hat those ancient West-Europeans were of the same race as the Indians of Amelia eredits them with that love of freedom and free institutions which is so conspicuously' lacking 111 the chara..ter of the East..rii Aryans.^ What a train of thought the suggestion. It we could on y admit its prc>l.a],ility, would open up ! It is, however, liardlv c^Listeni with the servile condition io which, according to our authorities, tlie light-.skiniu-d Celts easily redu..ed their dusky forerunne.s-to be, in turn, themselves, master with serf, en- slaved by the all-.onquering Romans. . )ne eilect of the coming of the latter was to amal- gamate the Celtic and L^.skarian elements, in those parrs of the ish.nd where they stood tov^.lrds each other in the relation of a superior toasubject race. But in Ireland, thellio-h- andsof ScolLuid, parts of Wales, and elsewhere in Britain, the Euskariau blood continued o predominate, and is still easily perceptible after the interfusions of so many centuries. In fact, all through the successive changes which the population of the British Isles has undergone • each earlier element has everywhere persisted in the resulting mixture, and It IS probable that the numerical proportion of all the older elements, especially the Euska- riau, is far greater than ])eople generally at all imagine." ' If the Britons were a composite people, it could be easily shown that the Greeks the Eomans the Teutons and the Slavs, were also made up of various elements. In ever^ case we find a more or less obscure substratum of aborigines on which grew up by col- omzation, invasion, rapf.s, or captives taken in tribal war,- a more or less uniform 'popula- tion. Time and circumstance, and the <.hances of human conflict and inteicourse, acc^omphsh in that direction what would be impossible if human reason deliberately undertook the task. Contemplating the result, wo may well say :— " Tliere's a divinity tliat sIiaiK3S our ends, licnijih-liew tliem how we will." ' Contemporary Review and Popular Science Monthly, Nov. 1882. '' Tlio Iroquois P.ook of Ititcs, p. 190. ■■' " Our Ancestors," by Prof. Urant Allon, in Nature Studios, edited by R. A. Proctor. TiiK irALi''-njii:i;i). 9 Knssm was peopled by Fnunsh tribes, and at the present day the ..eater part o :" o .up,ed ],y peasants who speak the language of Moscow, pLess U.e OrtC ^ n^,^ prose, ^n then- physiognomy no slriking peeuliarities, and appear to the s'peri .i abo., , aes were ne, her expeHed nor exterminated, but ■' had been sin.ply absorbed the S;: pla;: ! "'"■^- '^ ^^^^ '"'' °^ ^^^^-^^^ ^°- «^'- •-« ^^^ same pLL of aCtlu to vhat extent, the .ntererossing- of the human races is going on in our own gen ratio '^T to the mam question, we have no hesitation in replying in the aflirmarive A to th S^W Id ;' '■' TT"""' "^'^"^^- ^^ ^^^ ^'-" ^-'-amples are not .ntin^i^ ' Js not a .state, indeed, m the ..ntire range of territory from the An.tie reo.io„s to P.ta-w' which d.es not furnish ehara .teristie varieties of mixed races. These v rietie^i^iuuZ; he mixture in diiteivnt proportions of the J.:uropean, the Indian and the nel o n hS N.in-ative of he Surveying Voyages of His Majesty's Ships 'Adventure ' and Beadle •' ^Zt"" '^.T^^^^' ^^^;^.-"°>' ="- '^ t'^ble of twenty-three such varieties, "umerted by Stevenson, as existing m Lima, all consequent on the union of the Spaniard the^o ilal Indies and North America some other Jiuropean nationality-lM,3nch German nil Scandinavian, or British-we may adopt the list without much^nconvenien P^M ' however, except during the prevalence of slaverv, which held its o-nn on th\ .uT !' m whose veins there was the least infusion of Af ican blood ii^iLitettrr "" unknown. When once the negro or Indian element is imp mcI be o '^''''^''''''\'''' the person of mixed blood is^considered whi e it f hk ! '^'''''•'■•'^^^''' notonlyintlieNorthwestbu,inthe'i:S.;^;^;J^^:rw:^^ ^ting It thems dves, of partial Indian descent. One of U.: ^::;J::^^^Z Dr^ Wilsons valuable work, 'Trehistoric Man," is devoted to a consideratioi of thes a e hich absorption in this way has had in reducing the number of the abori-nn L "t s Inrfjmau or the Frc.uhma,,, on «„fgrati„g to Ameri;:,, become in . Z'eratioa if i o th» process dnnng a short .stay at Sault Sto. Marie i„ tho summer of IH,- A , >^ of the place, ia a„»wert„ hi» io.tutries touchhrg the a.ouu. of inrerlri^^rot- rtTo:: ' Kiissia, p. 151. 'ii. 250. •l'"nes Siiiison makes the same claim on belialf of thit v;in,r„i.,.. r .. ^.. • l.e -ontrast^ with the un,,ro,„u.tivono,ss of the Imlian Wh ".1^^^ l-P^^'^ the G,.,es, who«e fertility Sec. II., 1885. 2. 10 .'OIIN [{|.;a1)H on had seen a, ll,„ Saull „» „ , ,„• ilh,»tr,„il° 1 vl , „ „l ^ '""' """ ''■"" '"' s„.,*,n.i„,i,„^ w,„,. 1.,. K,,» ,„, *.:;„., ■.,',,,;:;':: :^'^, 7"= ' "■■■ -;- »'■ and vvomou ornailial hulvm l,l.,o,] .„■.. . , '» '^"^^"' ^ '"I'lda haIf-l)r.».Kl« and men sh. dd hesitate, to V..JOH, en. I . 1 ^ i H^ I T- T """ *""" '' '"'"" '^^'^"^•" -« way of illusfatin, t. , dal s i;" [.""'' "'^ """^'^ "" ^" '"'^"^ «^'--- ^V Ortwo h.„d.ed andsix in.ni,..a„ts--lMH:hlat i^ IW^^ negrouI-lVom northern and eeni ral Europe, and th Unit d S " t f v "'"' '"'^ Inland, only two were found to be wonien linden su I ' '''''^'''\''' ^aneouver population, throno-li association with the invuv Iha 'j' "tT" "l '""'""'' '' ''« inevital,le. " And yt - lie adds ' lono- 1 ., '^ '''""'^ ^^'' settlement, beeomes ' rrcliistoric Man, ii. 252, 3. ~ ~~ '' Sulto (lenici with indignation t!io assertion tlint thn nn,i,. r ,• COS) with tho Indian trihel 8eo hi.s hTs too , C nal r" •' ■»*«™«"i«l(excopt in very rare instau- niarriagcs to he of rare canronoa Canachons-Fran^a.^, i. ]r,4. ^w,.'. Tan,nay also holds su.h ^' Arthur Do))hs, whose accnnt of tl„. rountries adjoininE Hudson R.,v „ n. , ,• , , • mation almost wholly from a half-breed trader called La Fr!n!e-a^,rtf T^u ^^' '" ''''• '^''''""' '"' "'^- rentury and a half ago. i^anie-a proof that tho MStis was on the spot at least a THE HALIMirtEl-]!). th(^ villiin-c, w ol' Imliiiii at what he rronlici- set- Id descent. iiC'iiDadiau ;'riiduates of lit hn.s been )r. Wilson's ipocially iu I C'aiiadiau )logist like e moans of « iiiid men " and cites ,'alley, and nilyinthe )lood," wo tilers. ]}y settlers in years ago. linese and '^ancouver as(> to the , h(H'omes ;laiid, the freely of i ontitled dtiplieity s of 3,000 ii'oely an hat k(>ep s on I?(>d h of the ing from the early 5f " some le, but it between are iiistan- lokls such '■ lii.>i iiifor- at least n 11 Frauec and England gave rise (o .onfli.ting claims of discovery and po.ssession, the former basing au all,>g..d prior right on the assertion that .T.-an Bourdon, a French mwi-ator hid entered Hudson Bay in l.!5G. Similarly opposing pretensions w.-re subsequently made by . the lur comi>anies as to the opening up of the interior. The explorations of the Verandrves father and son.s, lasted from ITll t.> 1752. After the Conquest of Canada, the fur trad^ ceased for several years ; but in 1^(16 Montrealers began to push northward. t)thers subse- quently maintained that it was not till 1t74, when they and the Hudson's Bay Company's agents met at Kort Cumberland on the Saskatchewan, that the latter reached the interior ot the country. It was shown, on tiie other hand, ihat Henrv Kelsev, a Hudson's Bay Bay Company man, had got as iar as the plain countrv west and south of Lake Winnipe-V T, '"4-' T .\?^'' °' ''"''^' ■'""■' ^''"'' ^''' Verandrye fiimily began their great enterprise," llie ^orth-^\est Company, formed by the asso.^iation of all the merchants enn-ay numbered about 200. By 1870 the half-breeds and metis of Manitoba, as wo may distinguish those ot Un isli and Lrench origin, numbered about 10,000. Besides thein there was a tribe of me IS hunters, numbering at one time 0,000, and a metis population of uncertain number scattered through the Northwest, not to speak of the large population of half-breeds among the Indian bands living on reservations iu the older provinces. The origiiuil new-comers under Lord Selkirk's auspices we're Orknev Islanders, but they were subsequently in.reased by English, Scotch, and French Canadians. Here how- ever, as m the more remote Hudson's Bay Company forts and trading posts, the white immigration consisted chiefly of young men, and the natural consequence has been the growth of a half-breed population, distinct in manners, habits and allegiance, from both the whites and the Indians, Dr. Wilson considers the rise in this way of an indepen dant tribe of half-breeds as "one of the most remarkable phenomena connected with the grand ethnological experiment which has been in progress on the North American continent for the last three centuries." Noting the difference of character between those of French and those of British paternity, he considers the former more lively and frank, but also loss stable and industrious. They are large and robust, with great power of en- 12 •lOIIN RKAOE ON (^ascs, iuv sont to rnllpo-o ^„ ,„c • j- i , the pHysieaUnd moral qualities ortlie mi.ed raee a:"n:L^ wiU^ I IZl^ ^ ^: 18 4. Dk G. M. Dawson, while employed on the British North Ameriean Boundary Comm hoi mZ/m P ; """"/'"^ ''' '■^^"•^■"' ^-'f^lo->-u tents and about 200 ZT' . , • "^ ^^"' '■^^'^'""^■'^ *h'' half-breed hunters of Red River at 6 00() In pear, no by extinction but by absorption with the dominant race ^ ' down on the shore of some lake or river in the Fur Country." Like Dr. wZn h fs s ruck Z^t r '''''^'■\'''- -^ '^'- combining the characteristics of the --ench and the b r 1 M ?TTf '': ''""^"^''^ "^*^ '""^ ^''■^"'^h ^'^"■■b-eds, he says : •• l^ie . ^ rlraiiit°m r ' in w""l' ''^"i'"^"^ '''' '' '''^^' ^''^^"-' ^ -^ -tivrunde straii t, moie nclined to the wandering life of the Indian, and more given to the hun and to the use of arms than those of Orkney descent " Ao-,in " lit . n the Bois-BruLs are fickle. They must be a^eale^lT by tZy, ^l^^Z^^^J^ tion. And the t uth oi this statement was exemplified in the recent rebellion under Riel .nd^Dumont,noless than in the sanguinary conllict into which they were "dlld in TTnit!d%T^f "'f '"'"" ^^"^ ^"" ^"" ''^""^ '"^'"'^ *h° -^i'« P°I-J-tiou of the U uted States we have . . means of ascertaining, but in all likelihood the proportion i much avger haii is generally supposed. Attention in that country has bee, ra h r pe ' haps directed to the results of miscegenesis between whites and negroes. That U was largely practised in the South in the period before the Civil War, is an undoubted St 1^ escaped negroes, sheltered by Indians, in Florida and elsewhere, often took Indh n com panions who bore them children, is also well established. Sine the emandpatioi of t^e slaves, intercourse between whites and negroes has decreased, notwithstanding h lag Dawson, pp. 295, n. ^w.tisi. jNorm American Boundary Commission.) By G. M. ' Preiustori,. Man. ii. 2.i0. .Manitoba: its Inianoy. .>owt. ..! P^ent Condition, p. 20i. THE HALl-'-BRER]). 13 ion of the sportion is athor, per- lat it was fact. That liau com- 011 of the he stroug lei, from tlie ) By G. M. Oil, p. 20-4. advocacy of mterrnarriage, as a solution of a diirirult problem,' l,v professed friends of the Afrieau race. The hit., Wendell Phillips declared himself an ainalgamationist to Ihe udnost extent, aii.l said that his main Jiope lay " in that sublime minglin- of the races, which is trod s own method of civiliziim'a.id elevMtino- the world." Ihshop Haven, with still o-router fervour ot faith, felt ..oniideut that Americans would one day see " Ileh.n's beautv in a brow of Egypt." " We shall say :' he said in one of his sermons, " What a rich complexion IS that brown skin ! - In connection with the good bishop's faith in the elimination of prejudice amon- his countrymen, it may not be out of place to recall what Henry M Stanley has re..ord..d, in the second volum,. of '-Throuoh the Dark Continent," as to the effect produced on him by the sight of white men after oeing for yc-ars accustome.l to the dusky hue oi African tribesmen. " Troceeding a little further," he says, " we stopped and ma short time 1 was fac-e to face with four white-ay, truly white men ! As I looked ' into then- faces, I blushed to liiid that I was wondering at their paleness. Poor pa-an Atricans-Kwoma of Uxiiija, and man-eating tribes of the Livingstone! The whole secret of the^ir wonder and .-uriosity Hashed upon me at once. What arrested the twangin- bow and the deadly trigger of the cannibals ? What, but the weird pallor of m vself and Frank ' In the same manner the pale faeces of the Embomma merchants gave me ilic slightest sus- picion ot an involuntary shiver. The pale colour, alter so long gazing on rich bla..k and richer bronze, had something of an una..countable ghastliness. I could not divest myself of the leehng that they must be sick ; yet as I compare their complexions to what I now view, I should say they were olive, sunburnt, dark." Indirectly, perhaps, there is some- thing m these words which explains why the slaveholder was often more generous in his sentiments towards the negro than the phihuithropist, whose love for him was purely of an abstract nature. ■' The ultimate destiny of the black, as of the red race, in North America, is a question of deep interest and importance on which a great deal has recently been written By the census of 1880 the colourful population of the United States was t lest «cn.,gl, l„uo tograpj.lo wth tl,e va.sl. va.'uo aCritcf a.nalga.natioa; a..,l ia all tl,i«l,„n,lrod years with Z cncnuosof .lavcry ,.„tin« fro,,, „s s„,.h aa,m. as ■.c.ropl,i,e.s, .,.,gro.;or,.hippcrs and a.i^ llat ni a5 whde we wero cla,.„,„. ,o hold oursolvo. rigi.lly separate Iro.n tho lower ra,. in rdionoo to rSal h "" ti-ld ^ ;r;Z'"u " "^"'".--"y -"» -iHy ; J„«t i„ „ropor,io„ to tho H.or, tho ilo.voaos „ , ! ^^ t onali J . hy ni.stin.t I ISo ! It was because they did w,l follow in.stinct, but the bettor di,.t.,to« of ,• . , tl>e ord,„ary natural preferences of like for like." " Tho Silent South," in th^ CVnt v ^^^ s n '; "'"' also be true that fa.uiliarity with the negro in the South ove,. whilo 1 r 1 ?' ' ' ^ i ^"^ ""^>' " ""* conquer that Caucasian ..stidiousuoss whK ... prevc^Ued ^Z^^. Zn nl Tsl .^^ ot; T^T eon.^.U^„ pohtical jea.usies and alte.d r^e-relations would prove a :^:^l;.^:^^^^'^ yuoted ju VV aicheli 8 Preadamites,p. bl. 14 JOHN UKADH oN measures wen, iak^U^^^^lni uT^^^' T'T'^ 1 ■' ™"' "'''"''' ""'"^^ ^'^^P' portion or.. iL.r i. ^i:^::^:^^ ""r:::;: •. ::^; ;r:';:^ -■ -vly e,ual. and i,' int..,:':^;' u ; ^ ^"^ tinm^r'"^ ^'^ '"^ ''''' ''' small trace of Afri.-a.i bloorl hZ „ . 7 """^ ^" '"^ "''^^ Peopl« with a philanthropist 7, :;!h h s h ! no vTa^ 't) T^'^T' '''^' ''^""^'' -'^"^ ^^'-'^^-» days, look/with horror ;,^;;:l^i^::^^::^^ the sonti.n..nis of .«.«...„„, such an exiummont in racx^-fuZ A d . w f ' " Kawlinson contemplates present, ma^. he admit ;w:;d w i h f(; ^^ W ""' ''T '7!:' '' ' '^^^""^ ''' *^^« come," he writes '■ in the ''^V' , f ''"^ '^^^ "What may , iic wims, in the tar-distant future, when bv lono- confKf A^nfi, n • race the negro shall have been developed to . liii, "V < he superior my own part, believing, as I do tha Cn^l f r °"' "°"" *'"' *''"• ^«^ of men,' I look for the dav whi r' '"''^' "^ ""'^ "^'''l '^" t^^« "'^tio»« unity o the rlshdl be m.ni? H ^"""^^"*^'^« ^h'^^" ^e terminated, when the race' into wl^^l hum , -."n^w 1 , \Z ^'"^ "'^^•" '° '^'^^^^^'' ^'^^ ^^^ ^-'^t marks of colour and of ^L t' ' ''f "^""'^ ''"^"'- ^^■^^^»"t' ^^^h their race- and the bhu-l nu^ a 1 h ve ^"TT T' "" "' "'"'' *^^^ y^"«-- ^^o white -e combining rinnW^i^°Jtt:rb ""V" "T "^ '^^ ^"'^^ ^'- reason, philosophy, science and revclat li, . 1 , '''"^""'' ^''^^'^'^*^^- ^"^t"^^"* '^"^ ;.ce by the tve^ cLmingHi^o/r S:;;,: ^ x^^ :s;i::;:^rf f ^^ ^v^- forethought HowcndSs Inl i ' T "''"^ ""■"""■^" ^^" '"'''^' ^' ^^^^berate organism in connX ^^Z^Zl Z^^ ,^ f 7 '^^M '"' ^^'^^"^^ ^"^ ^^^''^^^ same physiological reasoning to th^ ^^tn ^ ^ I r.^!! J^n-^^l ^" 7^^ ^'^ races of the United States are destined to coalesce ' ' "'"'^^ "' ^'*^^' *^° observation," )>ut throuo-l, the ^vene ..1 ,1, "'"'u, '"'" •-"'"^" ''^^°"* "«* " ^^^^'^ Thattheaboriginjilu:;:; :^t; ;:;:^;r^^:^;;^^^^ in the United States is in Tni,..! . ,• .* i ' ^ -ihsorbed by the I'hiropcau settlers such unions, and it must be remembevprl ih ,f .!" ''' ''^'''">'' promoted ' Wilson's Preliistoric Man, ii. 253. ~' ^ " — - TlflC HALF-HFlKr-:i). 18 two OOUHUSOS, iiili'ss prompt utry ln'i'omiug I'Uiil, disputes tiojTroi's, «'ither e whites, and ^d is cntiivly t'd or sliclvcd ousof Alricau hitos, th(! i)ro- hal tlic morg- ut ill the Ceil- two races are people with a ho, Christiiiu ol' ante helium contemplatt's ctriuo for the "What may the superior I tell. For the nations 1, when the at the great L their race- , the white ' found the Instinct and lation of the is lowest in g seldom, if 3f deliberate and healthy apply the or late, the not " with prejudices, can settlers families in s promoted vast region cord, more- iind female muda.' The inc^rease ol (.,■ Chinese on this continent in spile of all the measures l.ken or llH.ir exclusion, adds still more to the compli.alions of th. race problem. The evi- don..e ehnted by the commission appointed, by the Canadian Government for the purpose impnry int. and rcporlin, upon ,hc subi.-t of Chinese immigration, is of an exLmei; . o„|| , lum .bara.. hM-. As ,.. inhTinarriage b..twe..ii Mon,^oIians and whiles, Dr. .Stout of • supcuor i.hviduals ol h.-r respective nuvs, he thought the cross a mu..h better one, h.U.et vcen th,. negro and Ihc while, or l.tween Ihe while and Ibe Indian. Ex-Cbief Jus: tice 8. Clmton Hastings, on Ih,. olbe. hand, regarded intermingling as ruinou.s, and thouol.t .n-en . e Kussian serf or Ibe Insl.man ( !) superior to Ibe Celesliar Solomon Heydenl'M lonneily asso.iale Just.-e of the Supreme Court ol' the State, look a middle view' He did ^i es".u.d7i"'"'i'r T'?' '" " ""'^"^' '"^ '" "^^' '"'*••" i^«'"'^ of similarity between A nt,s to the gom.ral run ot nnmigrants, as being more iaiiblnl, ivliable and industrious „ood uorks,lb,.y diller morally anionu' I b,.mselv..s like other nationalities, some of them ^nig intellig., .lucated, polile and well-..ondu..ted, while olb.rs are of indill' ^i" tin (bines, w.lb Aryans or olher stocks on Ibis .onlinent, [ have not l,een able obtain much inrorinalion. A late .-.msus in Victoria, Australia, r.tu.ned 1.10 par- ous s hall-cas tes-lbe oUspnng, iu ,„ost .ases, of CI se fathers and while molblrs Irejudice would, doubtless, tend to prevent amalgamation in San luancis.o, Imt there, British Columbia, Ihe while and Mongol races must have mingled to some extent. The eommis.sioners bav.. remarked upon Ibe signiiicant contrast discovered between Ihe .bar: and" tile sTill *'• ""TT '^ ''" ^^--co, where they are treated as pariahs. and te status and bearing of the same people in Portland, where thev and the whites^ vc on terms of amity, their stores, factories and residences standing side by side. In V : !,.; T ctr'" '^' "■" ' ''"""-^ ""' ''-"''"''' ^'"•'•"» "*■ *h'> -i-d cominunitv. In vittoiia, 13. C, the same contrast was illustrated Ame!^.fatt;e'lHlb''pr*' TT' "'^ '•''°^"'"" °' ""^^^ blood in Mexico and South make V 1 I r" "l^"^" P°i'^^''^*'"»- ^nt the testimony of trustworthy witnesses makes t much larger. In Mexico, with a population of about ten millions it is cab.uH t.-d that not more than half a million are of pure European descent, while t olcla i i:d Mesluos so that if he scheme of P.arnos had succeeded, he would have practicallv ruled over a federation of half-breeds. In the society of the cities, only a mere s^ii k J ^^ tends to pure Spanish descent. In South America, the mixed races are till morl nu- merous in comparison with the rest of the population. In Bra.il, the coloured lave or fre d- xnan element has mixed with both Creoles and Indians. In Hayti and San Lmii"! the blacks are the ru ing race. In Venezuela, whites and blacks have coalesced with Lidi n to such an extent that, with the exception of about a thirtieth part of the popllation ma b up of savage aborigines, the great bulk of the nation is mixed. In Peru it is expeld th before long the country will have reverted to the aboriginal condition, only' oi t wo 16 •loirri HK\UK ON i" -„H. South ;\nH.ric«n «tatoH « 1 T n l n ,'"" '"" '" -'" '^•''"'''t..re. Though aonbtLsH to that «y.npatI.j^or.s.. t L r.n,l Lt '"• "f -T ''^ "'^'''«'" ''''"' ^' ^vas isolation or ihoi, ,, J,, I ,„ th' '" ^t'«t«'«..|on,.a w.th tho lo,vo,lor NollMmpoHc-d ""<1 Noulh An>n.i..a, wore mo omn 1 u '"' ''"''"''"'''■'•^ "C M.-xi..,, a.ul (-....tral He« or th. North. i.:M::ir,T^:'t :;;.:: ^'"': '""-"' '^"- -""'- ■•— 'i- woro to so hi,h a ,l..n.n., ..ivil.V. \^^lu'" ^''^'^"™«^''»-' ^'''^t th. inhaf.itants equaltermJithth:aho. 1 ^;t :■;*;'' 1 """'"" •'"^''^''■'^''"" '^ -"- - J>loo.l is pure ar. still hou v ., i 1 T' '""" '"'"" '"'"■-"■^tes. Thos. whoso an insult to ,. .lass i ? in ' ll ^i.:'"''': "" *^" ''^'^ «'' '-•' '"^ -'uld do., it oxdusiv.,th.,ai:to . Sr J!^^^^^^^ mostly An.i..„. tho whit., a. stiU mo,. hovvovor. a stnu.ge ...ptio fli " i" 7t " 7""l'- '"" '"'»" ^^'""^^ ^»■•"-- and thero it is tl.: mulat o.-s who h ^"'•';:"'' "-» '^P-u«h, in ruled by blacks, ibundhuul and the ^\ ^t^I . , J ^ V "^ 77/ ^"'^""' ^^'"^'"^ ""^ ^^J^'"»'"- ^'^ ^''w- asso,.iated with u 1 ! ,;" "r '^^ "^^'"- '°°'"^'^'"' ^'^" '''^'■^ «^ -'^^'^ '- -n. 0. .e .habitants a:sr';;!r sri:;;:^^^ -— Hi« ^n :;:::;;;^:::::;r^x™-r -;^-'>re..as lu ^;:-; . ,,000,000, '-'1 -loured raees. But i ' w l" h L e 1 '''''. rf^^ '' """'"- '^^ *'^" ^'^"^P-" -^ite inhabitants of the New Wo d 1 ^ ^Z^^ 1 '^ '".'"""' ^'' ^^"'^'■^'•''''-^^^ *« ^^e entire ta...s says that iu Mexi : d ll 12 : li^'," 1 H ' t''' "' "^" "'^^•^^' ^" ^-'- of the population, but other autWietr i ^'''^^■^''''''^' contribute at least one fifth iu the "Statesman's Y .u B k " " .fsZ ^^ ^^^^^^^^ aecounts reasons, it would be dillioult to obt in T, T" '"^ """'^^ ^^°'"- '""''' ^^-^ ^^vious ol'pnre and mixed bl 7i ermZut^r^^^^ —nin, the distribution breeds, fair enou,h to pass fo: ; ^1^: i^d , in i:;;;:;;^ ?^ ".f ™^-^^>'- ^^^^^■ raiseoneeption as to their ori-nn Th./ 1 "^^ »)e Jikely to volunteer tho correction of to be understated than o.^^lied '"" '"' ^'""'^"^ ^^' *^*'^«^«-' -«- 'i^ely elsewhere are well worthy .tt'ni^r:: TT 'f """^ "'^"^' '^"^'^^^'^ ^« '^^ ''--^ ' Manitoba, etc., jip. 199, 200. mix hire. Thoiivli ilt'iiilioii, iminiqTii- lu' asiciidiiiit. iiiti'iiiihriiiiid, that ii'liiins, II, luct duo 'i«'<^ lit'.'.' It was I'd or Ni'lr-imposi'd I'ho cau8i>s whifh uvo, and (Vnlial ■iinallcr loiiiinuni- it tliii inhal»ita)if,s "»'" lor union on I Would ht' likely ost distin!,nii,sli('d <. Tlio.sc whoNo d would deom it In Nomo of the s an- Htill mom ,'jo island Ibrms, ruled by blacks, i-ior blood. Tho •'iiturc in Now- tcs of which aro iilly Christians, I iit I8,noo,ooo, ICuropeaii whito iids to tho entire ity. DoQuatre- t least ono fifth )(Iicial accounts . For obvious ho distribution i^riority. Half- correction of ro, more likely reus examples rs to be found s the offspring leso. Some of IS. The ruler id gentleman, Till-; iia[,p-iiim:i:i). 17 0« well .w .1 statesman-like and proi^ressive prince. When it is recalled that lillle more han Imlf a century ajjo the JIawaiian gnmp was peopled l.y sHva;,es. u.eet descendants of 'apt. t ook s munlerers, tho pre.soni condition of the king.lom, with its educated and law- abidmjr .il.zens, is ,.„e of the most strikinir testimonies that modern history allbrds to tho benefits vvfinh the .lark places of ihe world have derived from well-di, (d n.issionary labour, lahiti, the .apilal uf whi.h is described as a miniature I'.dynesian Paris is another instauco of Hueeessful missionary and coloni/ins? enterprise, and erjually remark- able has been the transformation whi.h the establishment ..f Ibitish rule has elfected in IMJI. Unhappily, th.. .onta.t of even the best .ivili/ation with almriirin.il races is not ahvayn a boon to the latter. The Maori.s, one of the finest of the ,lark-skinncd o.vupuntH 01 1 oiyiu'sni, hav.. dwindled away in the hop.dess struu-le with an as-ression whi.di they were not strong .Miough to resist and were to., proud to eon.iliate. Neither in their native New Zealand, nor .„ .!... l„st h..rilag.. of the far inferior Auslralian.s, has a half-b. d population sulii.iently large to aliect the destiny .,f Ihe colonies as yet .sprun- up To what extent th.- pn-sen.-e of ..on vi.ts in New Caledonia has alfect.'d tho half-breod problem a writer mLEr,>a„sum Cohnwlr. gives us .some means of J.ulging. M. P. Jo,,pi..„urt, in aelevercon- tnbut.on to thatjo.uw.al, pivsents a striking, tho.igh melancholy pi.ture oHh. popuUe. .,r native companions of tho French settlers or pardoned criminals. While the rare Fren.h w<.men, who have ventured to share the discomforts and perils of sneh an exile, aro petted and ..ourt..,l ,n Noum... (the .apital of New Caledonia), away oil' in the bush, the poor a.thlul po,,nre hugs with raptur.. th.- whit.- .nan's ..hikl of whi.h she is the proud and loving mother. She looks upon her husband as her master, and does homa-n, to her own olispnng as of a superior rao. For their sake, she has severed herself from her tnl.0 and rolra.ns from the us,, of her own languag.-, lest her little ones should be ther..by rZ;tts M ''"'I'""" '""' *;'■'"'' "^-i'-t her as a renegad.., but she min.Is not th,.ir proaches. Alas a day com.-s when th..y have their rovong... when the whit.- man .loses IS door agamst h,>r and bi.ls her begone. She has served his purpose and ho needs her no long. r. He is paying suit to a .-ountry woman of his own, and th.. popi,u:e must get out 1 h' ri^'' u '?' ''■'"' ""''"^ "^ ^^"' ^''^''' '^'' ^''^''^'' ^^'^'-^^l'" ^vilii !ior children back But sh "t ^ ''\ ■ ' ^""' *""' '^' "^"'^^ I'"* "P ^^'*'^ ^'^"■^t^ ''"'I ''-"••y luuniliation. a n to b^' r" "■ "";""" ^■' ""^ ^^^ ^"^''^ ^^'"^"'^^ '"^ ^"*'-"-« -'d his children r s ra sod ^ "'"".r '"" "' '''' '^^'"' "'" ""■"' '^''^^^^"'"^^ ^'-^™' ^^^heu tho cry of mrn h s . 1 T' ''' T' ''="" '" '"'"^ '^'''' ^^^^^■'^^^ iu the whit., man's skull, to w h h i i ' f "*:?"'" '''^' "''^ ''"^'^''^"- ^^"^ *'"'« ^^'^ ""— t -'d good pay with thei lives for tho craven treachery of a heartless wretch. Let us hope that the pic- turo is not representative, but ox..optional. Tho .same writer seems to s..o irthrial "biv d Indhn '°"''.^™"^'''^- - ^^^;' " been entirely peopled by tho crossing of Spaniards and if t A ■ ""'"""' ^'''''' '^'■■"'"^ P'^^^'*^'-'''^! '^"•i respectable nations And iir North Am.M.i..a, too, it was by allying themselves with the willing dau^ht rs o thi Abenakis that the sons of France created that vigorous Acadian st cl.":],^^^:^^^^^^^ spi It has more t^han once kept at bay tho proud rulers of (»Id and New England. 'Xt a pi y, said tho Indians aft..r tho capitulation of Quebec, ' that the French w:re con,UB. 1 Their young mni used to marry our daughters.' Those mixed marriages gave us Z^M alhes and enabled our colonists, abandoned by the Mother-eountry:to make hea™! Soc. II., 1885. 3. 18 •K'HN IfKADK OX century .ivaii.M th.- in-xhunHtihl,. |or.'..N of (Jr,,a IJiilm,. •• f,. Hi, I'hort' 18 no mon* ruiiiaiitic aiul «'xtraor(liiiarv I'n.t..,. .• i Tahiti, :tt.ea .. th;:,:;;;: ;;;t::; :;!r.:;:;r;;;'::.:i,r t"" """"^ -"^' yean Ic, f,„ir «rhll I ,„„ T,,],:,:,,,, „, ,„ ' , ' ""■ "'" '"'""y <«•>•• r.'.lu,',.,! in f„„,. ».■ -h,. ,.o,n,„„.,i,,, I" M,!t':;r„A ::;:■,;: '";"■ '•' -• ""■ "™'" """•""■'■ ■Ipil'lr. ,1 1, I,„„, „|^ ,,.„ , , r„ "'P;"""! """'"■■'■'" llnl. m,,,„w],il,., .i..i.e, ,0 „„,h.,„., ,,„, ,„.. , ::, „. ™ ; ,:;:, ';; ";""•-■■•"• f 'I"" own .here,,i.,„.,.„uh..,„. so,„„.,„,M,,™,4„;,:n: ;,;:;■;;;■;:';'>'''"''■'■; growing popnlat in; ' No! ; 1 " ^'''I'"^ *"" '"'"" "^ ^"'^""^^ "'" ''''^'^1, Otahoi,: ha 1 h.' rand at T 7"', ";"'"''' " '^'•^'"'"'"' *" ^^^ '"'"■'>'-'^« «» bovH and ihirtv -nVls!^^ .1 s 't '• " T" """'' "'"''""" ^•>'"""' t-'ntv-fivo .Tamo. Ku,ss..irM: V I r„ i l"" '", ^t that tin.., thn ..].....„ govnnor wa« Tho law or tl... land w , " ' ; ^""^ n '"^'"''""'' "'' "'''"'' '"' ^^ '^'^ ''"> ''"il'l-. colony, an tho a^^m r WiC? r' '^ """""■ ''"""'"' '■'"^" •'■•'^"" "" ''>' ^•'--- Tho whid, II,. biood or „„. , , b ™ ,1 ,f • ""*'°' " '" ''"""'"■™ '"" "■" " •"•"■^' "■ h.. m,x,.a „,.h H.„ .aH;:o;;':;;';'h:\; ;;::::;?:::»;,, tir;;™' "r '™" "="* ••ol(>nio.s arc huffo comivu-od with *),. f '"" est . oasts. In Asia, tJiough iiono of their boforo tho stream of eXir„i^^^^^^ n"^ ""' """" '"'^'^'"' "'"'^ «-' ofinlluonce ^«.^.^, so .sJ::!':'Z m^' 3: t "f -"^^^'-V-*--^- ^ho M^ay word, was one of tho prixes of o..rl7lCnl V T''" '^'^'''' "^ '^' ^^t--^'"^' Orient, phrases which 'the luiriir^rot'c ?',""' 'l ^^ "" "' ^"'"'^•''^ *^™« -^^ liant, th.r.. is a . .•on8„|..ral.lo puiHihition of I'ortucruos.. hall-nwti.8. Among the .;.0(.(.,(l(>o of th.- I'hili,.- ff !......« 8i.H.>Kh im..ti.u. an. alno num-rous. I„ Manila, th. .apitai, th.y ibrm a .oU- H.d.Tal. .. pr.,portio,u of ,t« population of 1H(. ooO ( ,f poopl,. of Dut.h nux.. bis nbode in those lonely is! Mr Ross h.msell had been no less surprised to dis ,.ver that a..other adve,.ture, . Zt'l m'v ""'''7"^*"' \'r- ^^'heu Mr. H. . Forbes visited the islands i,. i found Mr. Ross s gran, so,, sl.ll in poss.ssio.. and qu, e happy in his self-i.nposed ex> UMh.atn.n, Ihe >nhab,ta..ts on th.. last oeeasion were fou.id (o be ..early all of blood, the proprietor himself having marrie.l a Coeos horn wife -' recJled Thef T 1 '""n '" '"t"^ ^l''^ ""'^ indelinitely. many more instances mi^i. be able o. the n.uture ol raee already acvomplished or no v going o... The Malay Penin^ " a^ who seek n.lormaDon on the sul-jeet. The following pieture of the racial Variety to be Ihe c ty 1 al abla.e with colour. I ca.. hardly r.vall , .e pallid .are which lives i,. our Lhma, iioats ll lougl. the streets; robes of silk, sati, b.oadcloth, a.id muslin- and Parsees ,n spotless white. Jews a.ul Arabs in dark, r. colo,irs,-Klings (N .-s t Southern India) n. crimson and white. Bombay mercha, s in turbans of 1 mv «i.o- and crimson cunimerbunds. Malays in red saro.igs, SIR ,« in pure white, their .:r;at height rendered almost colo,.sal by the classic ar.a..g.,.ent ^f their drLp.n s 1 Chinamen from the coolie, in his blue or brown cotton, to the wealthy mercLlu x t^ il Mr. Yet. Uex- '^, he lom xed \ Naturalist's Wauderings in ttie Eastern Archipelago, pp. 6 and 4K ''Ibid,, p. 17, 20 JOHN READE ON itsnoiirhbourhood- Chiiu^se -uul T^ncrif pm ^:^"- J'tJ»« li^'vst Indians iVom Goa and AUor, Savu, Kot .'nd F ; boS '''''''T'''' T'^' ''"'" "^""^ ^'^^''^^^ '^'' -*'-« fr-» themselves rop: s mZ thM^ ' ''^^*t ^^^P"^^^--"^" The Timorese om>r exceptions wh • .,!^; j '', ,' "fT"' .r , V f ^'^''"'^'"^ '•'^"'■^- ^^^* *'-y- -'-• the same iutl.or w L. ■ ' T^i, '1 I ';'; /'" -'^^"^'^'^^ ^^^^'^ --^-- ^^ i"«ta„ce, continue my jou aey niv eve t " ,""";' '"" ""^'^^''"» ^^"'^ '»^™- '-"^t *<> else among [loTlv;"'„Ti:t "' i^ ^^"f ''"' """^''^ ™^ "•^'"-^ -"^ ^'-™ all with straight, o me wi; . Tr tt^T-f" '?" Tf '' '"* ""' ^'^^^'^ '^ '■•^^ "^h^'^' --« body also Oddish. jZ:rl Zii"^:;' ^r;; f'? '^^^ •'^"' "'^^ *^^^ ^^^^'^ ^^^^ ^^^r peculiar eolour of hair a.^^ eyes "d ^t A ' 1 ' ' "' *^ V'™' ^^'^^ '^"^"'" ^"'^ ^^^^ lived in a colony toovthe the^were ,1 "' 1 r 'r' ^"*""" •"'• ^^^^"-'^ ^^ey married with them The offsn^n rn '"""'^ ^^ '^''' neighbours, who even intez' after the other par „t In I ' "; """"''^ '"''^ '""^""'^^ '^"^ ^^e one. sometimes ouly ; their eLr 'her i:t:;^^^=^^^^^^ f ^''T '''''' ' ^^^ ™-« *»-^ ^^^^ features them clown\he d ra'nro T^r 7 f ^ ^°"" ^^^^^T- In imagination I saw past tured their weary reTreat Ml of J T "'^~'' ""^^^ ^"'•'>' P-^-"tors, and pic- dime, till ^yr j:;:;i::;tSp: -t r^tiits:^^^^^ ^ r-r"^- as a surviving remnant amid its co^tv.i i • u. ., ^'' ™"'°**' ^«^'^' ^here ated with th^surroundi;::^!^;^^^^^;;^-^ ^^^^^ -ited hut not incorpor- Space will not permit me to more thZf.U TV.! ™™°" '"'^"^ ^^^'' «^'»-'" its border lands, of the A I an ^r " ,■ on I 't ^'^^^-^^"^'-^ ^^ H^^^osun and tend for the ma tery,' of th mn^^^^^^^ "'"" """'""'^^^ "^^ C-^--" ««" -- the lands of the sJlan. ^^:r^:.:r:er ^^Sa^^ '''hT"^ ^I^^''^"^' ^^ of Arab conquest in Afri.-a OP Lh , u \7 ^'^ '""^ ^^^'^ ^«"S' ^eep range hands, have been trying for a"-es to convorf ihn A w u . . ■'^°''^" "' *^*^"' Moslem, and, in pnLhino- htir In thev ! ? f ^'"'" '° *'" ^'^'^^^^'^ '' ^^e 'Isabella Bird in the Leisure Hour. -' V Niinnllvi-. u- i • ' M... A. H. Koano (Na.un,. Jan. 8, 188.) divi.il h'^^^ ^m'^T'^ '"'■ ^'^ '''' ' ^'"•' '"^ ^"-'. "5- a^ain tl,o f.,nner, into Gal.ha.s nn,l L-anian. „„d e Lr i "m t Hp """ "^'""'"^ "'"' ^f""^-"'' = -"' into Siah-l-osi, Ba,lal.l,i, W„,<,,i and Sla.Jnaris 1. uVi " i'"' ''"""" '^^'■" '-alcl-as are subdivided Afghans. The Mongols ar. „..., of iL . 1 d 2 : ^^ " r";:*""'' '''''"-^'^'^>' J-"'''iJi, Tajiks and ........ ..eaueasians„u.berson. o.r^t;^:^.;::^:^:::^:^:;;^ THK TIALP-imi'IEl). 21 han rr . '•""*'*"*^''l *'^'' C""oO Froe State will prove a more successful civilizer than he Arabs mission remains lo be seen. If it fail, to blanch the negro's skin it may and I IS to be hoped that it will, liberate his mind from superstition anS prejud L b^ ts higher teaching and example. "' ^ It will thus be seen that the half-breed has played a most important part in the advance of mankind to the stage of progress which it has reached to-da/ In is '^el Urk n a I hropology, Dr. Topinard maintains that there is not a single pure race oif he it at the present t.me, every group having been crossed and mixed over and over ao-ain I has been seen that this process is still going on, and more actively now than .^n for Improved means of communication such as even a century ago had hardly been dre m d mnnit" T" '"' "" "'""^"^^'^ '"■"^''"- '"^^ '"^^ -^^^^^ — ^ -^ divers con jmities into intercourse with each other. The movement of men to and fro over theZe o the earth never ceases. Business and pleasure, war and philanthropy, science and tr de a e each with its^own aim and by its own methods, penetrating day Llr day the o],s" r e places of the globe. And every fresh discovery of human habitation gives rise sooner o later to some new phase of inter-crossing. Individual men move alon' the paths of tli destinies, not knowing the goal that awaits them. And tribes a^d ttfons a,v sti bhuder as to the future than individuals. Unconsciously in the past, imp^d ^y h m. Wd It "' T; "''f ' " "''^^'"^^ ^'"^'"^^^^^™' «^ ^°- «f '^^-"t-e. they l^dlhe founaa ons of the races that wore to be. And, under changed conditions and wUh differ ent motives, but alike unthoughtful of results, contemporarV humanity, wi t lutud," o conflicting passions and a.spirations, is engaged in the metamorph sis, ^.ylZZ^ of Its own form and features and character. The change is imperceptible. The h ^^ed comes and disappe^irs, and with him nations of men seem to pass out of exis ence B.t they W merely been absorbed and by absorption helped to transform others. Now fid hen, the transition takes place on a scale so ..omprehensive or in circumstances so pe .u Ir tslr/ r ""f T '^ ^^"^^^ ^^^'•'"- '' '' -'y then,perhaps, that the ^a ttd sx^penor one or the reverse ; every attempt at colonial expansion ; 1.!;; rrtrdffiu, I civilued clans , slavery and its suppression ; the .^oolie trade, and other outcomes of the at some point or other on the problem of the half-breed. S] G is be if w. is w] W( cei rer it, wif ma by nan inu If ^ wi] be f alpl oth( befo can 1 1 Sectioj\ IJ., 1885. 23 TuANs. lioY. Soc. Canada. 11 — Viki .sine Uteris. Bij John Kkade. (rreNontud ilay us, i,s8r>.) ^^^zx^::^^::::::::^^-^^ '- '-^^-^ -'^^-^ ^'-^-'^ -^.'^^ there won- .o books t a And " ^i . 1"^ '"^'^' ''T'''' '' ''"'^ ^' --"'^ - -^-^^h "ot be dim.ult lov „„o livin/ifthe von , ' T^'V '• ^^'^ —"-..io,. it would ^ -'" «'•'! if we contemphUe the millions oM / T '" '"'^■''"^''^' """"' ^^"''^^ «»'"11-. whom the iJk is a th ngt. tit r^lfLT T 'T%"'" '" ^'^*' '^''^ «'" *^-" ^^ is death, then the vast m ,s o ,'' H i u "^' '' ^'^ ^''''' «'"^' J''"" ^vithout letters What the world was i;::;:^,:' ^^u^ '::i::^:r:' '''% '- '"''''-^''-' -t:t^T-r-^^^^^^^^^ - - ••ountless ages it wish to get at the be^n^. of a" .Tor i"!' f "'"'"'" " "^^""^'^ ''^^'^'''--''^'' ^'" - many ceuhu-ies. The Greek: 1 know lnd\ "v '' T ""^' "'*^''^^^ ^^^^"'"^ ^^ "^ ^-'^^ by massing the successive sir^^i^:^:^^;:^^:!^^' '''"' '''' ''''''" '' ^^^-^ name. .Klsculapius, Amphion, D^lalust Minos Ttod for th'"' f "''•^^'*^- "^^^ ^ -»»-!« music, or architecture, or law-makino- o f T'* f achievements in medicine, or If we ask to whom w areTndTbtd L h b Tll^ '' """"^ ""^'^"^^ ^"^ ^^^"J^-- will be Cadmus, the Ph.nida ' An^i 1 H;, /;;^^^^^ •^"-- ^-- --^y-"rces be something of truth. It was thronl h iV '' ''"'"' mentioned, there may alphabet. But many mi d.: had ' ^hemtd - ^ t* *'" ^^'^'^^^'^ ^'^^^^^ *heir other Semites had received the hit T wl ' ^^'"'^^""^ ^'^''' '^' PhcBnicians or before their day of Powertl:t':L^t^^^^^^^ -'^/^o^ account. Long ^ ^^^^^^^^^^j^Muus ot the Egyptians had almost mastered the pn.pu. ^,,ci f„„.. ji,o r„s„ of Silas Laphani, by W. D. Hovvelte.' " ''"^ '""^ '' '""' "''"*' ""«" 24 JOHN EKADK; secret of alphabetic writing. But if we look for the first germ of the ais.overy, we must go back to a period compared with which even Egypt's earliest dynasty is recent The brooding hunt.>r of the early world, who traced on his .ave-wall the rudely pictured story ot his rough and peril-fraught life, was the father of literature as well as of art. In a paper contributed to the \rt Journal some time ago on "Field Sports in Art," Mr Richard Jeffries, discussing the engraved tusk lound in the cave of La Madeleine, asked whether the Ignorant savage of that long-lost day could have been capable of such work. Happily apart Irom the authenticity of the find itself and other finds of similar quality, there is ample evidence in our own time of the existence amongst the lowst races of like artistic taste and skill. " Even the most degraded and savage of the Eushmau race," wrote the late Sir Bartle Frere,' " who live on insects, reptiles and carrion, and through long privation have been reduced almost to ih.> l,«:indeed signifies a knot.' The colours denote sensible subjects ; as, for instance, white represented silver, and yellow, gold. They sometimes also stand for abstract ideas ; thus white sio-„i. hes' peace,' and red, ' war.' But the ,.>pus were ..hiedy used for arithmeti,.al purposes, and could be .ombmed m such a manner as to represent numbers to any amount they required " • But though the npus greatly aided in the performance of calculations and assisted th- memory in other ways, they could not be expected "to represent the manifold ideas ard images ^^hu■h are expressed by writing." Prescott, indeed, places them tar Ixdow tho hieroglyphics of Central America or the picture-writing of the Aztecs, and r,.c.an s the Ignorance of the Peruvians of those superior systems as evidence that the two civilizations were quite distin,M. Dr. Wilson, while taking the same view as to the inferiority of the rmpu to the noi-thcrn inventions, hesitates, on the authority of Valencia and Humboldt, to ascribe to the Peruvians an entire unacquaintance with any better method of recording events. But eveii Valencia admits that the Peruvian picture-writing was less meritoriout than that of the MexK-an. Rivero and Tschudi believe that there are still, in the Southern proyincos of Peru, Indians able to decipher those intricate memorials, though they -uard heir knowledge as a secret inherited from their ancestors.' The attempts of the lerirned to penetrate their mystery haA-e hitherto iiiiled.^ With the knotted cords of the ancient Chinese and the quipus of the Peruvians, may be compared the wampum of the North American Indians, composed of variously coloured beads woven into a belt. - A,.cording to some authorities, Hiawatha, the patriotic founder of the Iroquois i^eague, was the inventor of wampum. But Mr. Horatio Hale is convinced ha the honour is not due to his hero. "The evidence, of sepulchral relics, shows," he says, that Avampum was known to the mysterious Mound-builders, as well as in all succeeding ages."'^ From the account given by Mr. Hale, all through his valuable work of the uses assigned to wampum, il is evident that it was intended to assist the n.emory' in the same way as tho quip,s served that purpose. The whole subject is admirably and '■' Preliistoric :Man, ii. 72, footnote. ' Conquest of Pern, ch. iv. ■■' Peruvian Anti(initie.s, translated bv Hawks, j. 11" •■ Iroquois Book of Ritea, p. 24. Sec II., 1885. 4. 1 I.M' M' 26 JOHN IJKADH: not hink it niohihlo 'ilnnf .. .„ f • wampum, JVlr. Holmes docs h»v» a ha,mi„„ ,h,,l a, a ,.,.,lai„ pnri ; ,, "".h, ^.^ I?''' "l™""',""'' "'" «""<- ...bstilulcl r„,. fh,. k„otl.,l .tri,,., nv..vi„„ V r»l P '■■*'°')- ";;"":S l-y ri.tnr,.» wa, ostaHish,.,! l,v ll„. I„,„„,,-„l 1 , , Z ""■ ^ """""'■• l»l!»«-'"S I hrouology onption o.n-ed on u cch-bratod mountain, Hon.-Ch.,n Ll thl i! ''' '"' "" """ visible, though almost oHhced bv th. U..^ "^ '''•"" "'^ this mscnption is said to be still of it, in the ;imitive^L!;::t^o^^!ffi 71:1:^ 77 ''''''''■ '"; -'' '^-^ -^^ of Si-Ngan-Fou, in tho province of CheLi y2 ZZ 1 T"""' '•'" """"^ "^^^^ logue, had a transcript and translation o it s en to H 7r r . """' ^"'««ionary and siuo- rauthier seems to ^lieve, i^J^Z^^^^^X^^^Z:^'^^^^'^-^' ''" lus-.ription of the twenty-s-H^ond centnrv h,.C., ru- ?u ^''"'""^- ''"^y °^ '^» hitherto alinost monopol^^t^^!2it a a^^NoiiT^ ^'^^'^^^^^^^^ the long-endurino. .ivili/.tion of f ! f r . « ^°'^^'^''"» ^'^'•'<^''. ^"^t ^^ ^^hared with tion. or of some marked impr^ennt in n" '"" l ^' "''^'^* ''' ^'" ^'''^^"''^'•^ '^ "^-- emperors and ministers The n" in ereX'Vr^^^ attributed to various writing to certain barbarians from thtnfw^^^^^^^ ?^ ^'^'^ ^^ fourth cer.tury before Christ P-mthJor n 7 T .u "'^ ""^ ^'*°' '^ *^^ *'"enty- withPho^iciLrE^pt Thit^^^^^^^^^^ most ancient literatS e of Chi la and that^fl t "^ ^"^^ ^^ ^ ^«»^^-tion between the hopefully indicate its origin ' ' '^' ^"^"""" ^^""^^^ ^^^^^ylon may more S|F ■ Loudon Qiiorterly Koview, July, 1882. ans," aocompanii'd l)y Annual Report of the any known rocords to im," Mr. Holmes does ould hcve grown up IS of fradition-loving 'arts in a few genora- ractico of exchanging ' or protoetiou." He > a system .•apable of and pattt'riis of the tgements, which had ilerprt'ter, and it was position of wi/anner i<-'h oliicial annalists mess splendid series vv in the eahinet of chiefs of tlie Lenni- VITA SINE LITKItlS. 27 which X """■ ' ""' " •"■'■'^"""^ ""^""^- "" *'-' "■>^^^ ^''"-i-'ti- of writino. of winch the characters are preserve;i,.il fl, • ^':fz :^^:f ^^^ r - - ^ - :- - -::t=? of the 04 n, Chi, *f fifth class, or ideo-phonetic, comprises the nineteen twentieths ot the .4,lto Chinese symbols. Enormous as is this number and well cahnUated to de er mastered the figurative and phonetic values of the 1,400 characters of the first thrcMW tance with t as to^be abl to wr te ' T '^"' " '"^'"^ *' ''''''"' ■^"''^^ ^^ ^-l"-- it is necessary o^ak us suduVoT'^r""" ^'""•' " '^ ""' "^'^ ^''^•■^'"•^^ b-'^' groups of characters " "™^' *' ™™^"'^ ^""^^ «''^«^ «'' ^•'^0'^ ^^ ^hese labic, they had to treat the Chinese characters s w K" I- f"^'""^"'" '*'"'" P'^^'^^^" her of phonograms, and reject; gl^^:'^^^".:;:!'::- , '^'^'""'^ '' '''T'''' ""™- simplified the orio-iml svstem TTn, 1 c unnecessary, tliey greatly they require on ° - X f k " ' ,' "" ''''''^' ""^ ""^"^ -nsonanial sounds, sigus to write :;j^,e 1; ^^^:^^ '"^^t;""' ^"^ ^'"^ ^'V distinct syllabic before the end of I L H «y"abanes, which were in working order former derived IVom the Ch ''■ "" ^""'^ ''" ^^'■™'""' ^"'^ ^'^ ^^"'«*«««' The variants rhomoZn ?;":rh::Th ••'"''" ^."'"'' 300 signs, many of which are V or '- model type 'and ctmu^: I "• "?'^' "'"^^^^^' "''^'^ •^^^^'^'^'^^ ^■-™ ^he Chinese !!^H_ii--yive::^^^^ r Sir ;:::;:r - - ---^. - ' The Alpiijibet, i. 327^^"" ' — = — - ' '' Ilnd., i. 35. " 28 JOHN RE\m]: At lhi,SN(,ijroorNii,ii,lifi,,,|ioii. tl„.(l..V(-I()nm..n(,.r(I. T known periods, ,h M tm l^; h " '"'Y^V ' *'" ^'"'" ''^"•"'"••"' "" '''^ ^'-oe woll- aoquaintod with Idtors hi "I , ' * ? ? ''"'°" '^'^^^ ^^^^ ^™hmn„« may, while I"d,a in ,ho .niddlo of tho thi d " « ( '"1" f '""'""' ^""'■^ ^"■'' '^""^" "' tho groat poni,.„h.. i': e :^ u'::'::;;; ^T"'' "irf '""^ ^"""^^ "' ^" ^-*« '>'• -Ployed. The alphabet usid „ h 'ol I ::i:';: 'r ^";^r^;r-- ^^^^^^^-^ -- Taylor the ^,s„^v,, in honor of (I, > ill / ' ,^ ^^''^'Pben.d by J'm.sep, is t..rmed by -Hed ihe South As k o , • TT: "'''"'■ "' '''' "^^"*'^- ^^ -'^ "■- variously Ma,a,;n and the 7,/::^ II h'f""'^' '' T^ 'Y rndo-Ba..tria„ or North Asoka), the Pali and, si,„p,y, th^ nd a rhl:t 'T , ttf • 'T'""'' "''' ^^^'""■^^>')- ^^^ I"'^- soripts-Tibe an Tali Wa Drt^ r Vl 7 ' "''^ ''^*" ''""■"' °'' *'^" ^°""^''- ^-^'-^ materially from oac-h o(h r mus h' . T "^"■^'•"^"■"» ^"^ Asoka. whi.-h ditPer several theories haveie n Z om H" ' " '"'"^ ^""^^ "'^^" "^™i'^"^' ^y'^^-. -"1 the Greeks, other.o the k X "Se ! ^^T^ '" 'r'" "'"■'"•^- '^'"'^ ^ ^^'■^ "^^ ^« native to tho soil. To he h7orv' rn^i ."'f '^"' ""'"""' '"""^'^'" *^^^* ^'^^ -« of a primitive picturlwn ti^t ^1 "l '" K '. T" ^'""'""-^'-^ that they grow' out sessedasmall mxmber o It wh l7 r^^ ""' ''''' '''''''' ■^'""'^* evidently pos-" analogy would demTJd 1 n fr^bor 1 . /' '^ •'^"^™"^^^^'^ ^>^ diflerentiation, wlLreas alphabet. He will o y ^Zut h ™ k'^^ '"V" '"^"^ "' ^'^'^ -q"i-ments of an deeply versed in tl^ti n^l^pXCt m-'u ''^'^ "^"^''^ '^'■^^■"- ^« ^^^^^ ^^ people who had produced sud a htCn ! n " v"'" """ ^^^'"'"'^ *° '»^^^^^^« ^^at a alphabet, as its normal and aWst 1^ "'""' ''""'^^ '"^ '''''^' ^-'^"'"l-d an that, if the Erahman p:;:^twt: 3^X^17:"' "'^ f'"^ '' ^'''^ ^'^^^ the loss exelusivo Enddhists were c^Lrto v ^fl. i T"^'" ^"'" ''^■^^'■^°*''^^ ^•'-^"««"«- doetrines. Commontinn- on tb^ fact t^ t ^1, '^T ''"' "^ ^*« ''^^1 "^ spreading their in the .Sanskrit of tlu- vJd hyn.fs . 1 ^^ "/T"^; "f °'^"''^ ^^''^^'''^ ""'"^-'^-^ »-thor but in the local dialects as t^orspol en TIP T^"'' °'""' Brahmanas and Sutras, answers : " What follow f^m twt" Fi ^ ^l wf'""'" f'" ""'■'"" *''"^ ^"^^'-^ ^^ <'oased to be spoken before the hird centu y B C ^ '"';^"n ''''"•^''■" ""' '''' ""'^^ ^^^ ..I Sanskrit was nolongorspo^ --^ -r ^mma- m Japnnose. '« *''«' s"bstitut,on of IJonmn forCl.ineso oliara.ters 'India: What can it teacli us? Led. vii :. n • < , , O'''^"*"! an-1 Linguistic Studies, p. 86. U s VITA SINE LITRTHS. 29 iyllabiiry \vas nrrcstpd 5i('iiii iilphiihot is nil HJUNlilicd ill clnsNiiii.- •'• III'' fouvth oonlury iiv, in its three well- at loasl ii IhouNaiid K nil cstahlishi'd i'art. rahmaiis may, while 1 their confessed use, was well known in teen versions of the •illars in all parts of •trian alphabet was rinsep, is termed by It is also variously • North Asoka), the dynasty), the Indo- lio eountless Indian fi Avitli Chinese and Asoka, which differ graphic system, and >'ome trac(! them to iitain that they are !int they grew out npt evidently pos- renliation, whereas ■cquirernents of an n. To persons not It to believe that a lave developed an •y of Asoka shows sacerdotal reasons, 11 spreading their composed neither nanas and Sutras, hus questions and of the Veda had Ihe later gramma- ?o; that Sanskrit ^ii'lii) witli tlio object I I'y tlio Govornniont »r Chinese Pliaracters < therefore had ceased, nay, we may say, had long .eased to be the spoken lan-ua-e of the country when Ib.d.lhism arose, and th.l iherefore the youth and n.anhoo.l >} th, ancient Ved... language lie far beyond the period that gave birth to the teaching of Itu.l.lha, who, thouuh ..may have known Sanskrit, and even Vedic Sanskrit, insisted again and again o.Hh..'« vi.'W. graphic .y.tL, unie . 't ^h X :m::^ i;f 7'^^ -T '"^ '^^''"'"''^ «^ - "'^•■p-i-^ puth ofnlphuhoti,. evolution at he i^wl /" ' ' " ' '''" ^"^'''">' "^^'""'"•"^ "" ''>" intohistorieal times and 1ms li-^ to U th f«»«7.-f'^- CyPn- alone retained it the present day.- Tho oha a.Cs aU st " T" ' "'""' '' " ''""'^ ^'^ ^'^^ ''--^d of ro.si.stin«. deeiphennent, I^ t n ^ „ L "^T '" "\'f -■' -^ -'-.1, after Ion, «nholar. Whether it was of Is v !» Ir of TtS?''^'' '^'"^^''' *^^" 'distinguished Assvrian " taken at tl. flood Jeads on to iW^r ?''''• r T''' ^'^^ '''' '^'''''^ Hi""''°''^ ^^'^>«t they glyphie writing was a venenbl ittcm " ' T "1 """ '^''' ^'■- ^"'^^''^^ ^'"'"^ "«■ J""-" rie« further back, tho pyram bu ,d™^ r*'^"'^^ N^^- "V-n twenty-six centu- -if?ns. Five hundred V^u^stttiri , to ";""'' '" '^'^^ ^^^ "^^ 8"'°"- ^^ their dont that our search w II not in I^^ "^to remote aKt.,uity we may venture, confi- Sent, of tho second dynasty a 11'"" t t • ' '^T' ''''■ ''''' ^^'^'^ -•"^ted by king Museum, Oxford, which, th^h thrjit t ; ;: r T .''°^'^' "«- "^ *'-^ ^«'^-i- i.;ierest for tho long list of nnknow r P^di s 1 h^ir '" r'^'T '' '' °^^" ^^-*- off as it lies in tho past it nlrp.^, P^tatct ssors that it amphes. Nor is that all. Far was to fructify into c!C^^.::::^7: uTT ^^ TT -'''-' '''- ^"=--^^ for Sent's own name, within the d fcth T '^ ^^ ^^ ^^'^ ^^'^^ols that stand recognised as tho very forefath. o^'wo o " 1 ' ""' '"'' "^"^ '''' ^'^^-'l'- -« "-intains indeed, that '■fr m t, tiro th" "^ Tr"'''' ''""^^' ^'^^ ''■ ^'^ylor Phic writers possessed a sutlentrmhJ/';\""'^r,''"^^" monuments, the hierogly- hotically." '■' ""'"''" «^ true letters to enable them to write alpha- ^.^g^clvoic^on.^^ ^,^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^_ Tjiyldf's Aliilialict j 4(] .)-. « . . . -~r- — -..eiA.rn, in,., a Hy^.o.n'whi..,: ..0;;;.^:,:^:;:;:;,,';:';::;:;,?^ /'T /'T'' "• "'• ^'"' ^'^'''- ''°-'"I'<"' ".o it W.U, .u,H.,...„U„I l,v tl,e So,niti.. oharaCors. '''"'""= '""'"'"" ''^''"" '"" vo«uo for ub.,nta co.Unry, 'iiiyloi'sAIj.liiibefji. 11- ■' " T],c Iiis.Ti],ii„n.s f„„n,l at Hissarlik " bv l'r„f o writers be .4re t t !; 1' '" ^'"'"'''" '" S"'"ien.ann's Ilios. ' 'ri.o Alpbai^t, i. 56. '"^ ' °""'' *'■"* '1'-' -r; -ply tlu. E.«t (K'eden.) seeking tbe We,t (E«,b,) VITA iN'i: Kl 31 ur of htiving bes- ing the West (Erob.) 11 • 1 ,, . "'" "" "''^'^'^- >vitnjo- ivuiuf, tht' Mi>ni'" litis 'V(»re BttiiH, »i,i.... objm,,., ,,,,. p,,vn,.„o n E,y,„. ..r, ,,., n„„„ „,„ """V ^;; vhsypiu .„„.„» „„„ei, ,.iii„«,.i,„„i. ,,.,. „„„,,„i„i, „„„„.„„„ , J ,; , ;^; r;::;:.'"."',',;:^ ';:;;',; '■,"■";:'■,"'":'"": •-""'■ • "■'•"■' ■ '"«-""."•' u.<,ep,rnill I „l larilil. Imnlly ,l,>,.«.|„„|„„ |„ ||„. l'l„,.„i, i,„„,„.l„„ ),.' ,v,.r,..,>„l. IP ,.,„ /!'.;« »« «hl.l, Iho (.,,,.ks ,„ |„r„ „.,.r»l,, r„r r mo.lifv into lli.-i, l/„/,„.«,/„ ,1„. ry;:J;:r:;; M,,.ir,,';:;i,iv'"° "'"""""■ '•■ "■'• "■'' ■•' • "■■•>■ -•■ ^^y^.^.> »ra,.:r„::;;,.:'i;::r:;z:;z„:;:::::;;,r;; "'^;:;- •-■■ to insist that the Somites.l o^I.'i d d 1 TZ I T' " " ""' '"^"•■^^'^^>' between certain Semitic and Fo-v,.h-.,„ i, * ' J"". ^ nu n ]ia\ ,. |ji,,,n shown to exist till M. de ]{on.e haTnub il d hi r T ' T "^"'^ "^'""'""*- ^"* ^^ "^"'^^ ^vait distinguished thiif ^^:ti r ^;;^'':in7 :r •' V '^ ^ '^^"^'-^'^ '"•'"•" ^ ^^- revision of his work ould be cal:d o i But (T ' t "' ''^*" "" ^^"^'^'^'^^'^ Rouge, worthily performed the tlk '^^ 'l^ > '" ^^^'"' "'' " '°"' ^^^ ^''''^''' '^'' whi^h left HttlJIubtT to the ,1 f^. " "T f ""' '" PO^-on of information to the ancient Eowil P Uh 'tol ^^^"■"^^■•? '"^ V''""'"" '' ""^"■«'"» civilisation the Ph.nieian :^.Z a.^ ^Sl^. ^l^^^^Wl^ th:: ^r?"^ '"^';' ^"^^^^^^ monumental and sacred uses ihor. h . i k . symbols were devoted to a series o'f cursive eh acwhlh "' f '^ T'^^ date, developed out of them ' Aiuial. xi. cli. 14. ' Hist. ,!..,.. T,a„g„es Svmitiquos, p. 114, footnote. 82 JOHN HKADi;; mul was m vo^;.,.. .lurin- tho Somiti.' .mupieHt of th« Uoltu, M. ih Itoui^e w«h h-.l to tra... (hH N.u.it,.. alphulH-l to ll.at M.un... Tli. .-arrful .oll.tlion ..I" both Hot8 of rhara.t...N, with s,,.- iul attn.tio,, to th. tn.i,Hlit..rati..n of K^^vptii... words i» tho Bibl.., an.l still moiv, to ll.,. K«:yi.tiaii tmnslit,.ralioM of Syrian g.-o^raphhal mii.i.-H .OIK ti. t..,l thr m.,uiivr to tho w.-lcom.. .oMrluNioi, that ."wry S.-niitir letter .•oiild lu, oa.s.ly .l..,l.iM.a Iron, it. hiorati. prolulypo. Tho do.u.nrnts <,1' whi.h M. do Rong," avail..! hin.s..l|' i,, his invosiination woro not mro.Mhlo to .tudont« of a niu.h oarli-r dato Ono ot th.-ni. tho h,,,„n,s /Vm., 'Mho most anoi.Mit of all l.o.,l s," was ohtainod «l I hohos l,y M. I'riss.. d'A vonno«, l,y whom it was pro^ontod to tho Bihliothequo Nutionalo at 1 ans, and puhiishod in la.-sin.ilo in 1S47. It purports |o 1... a oopy .,f a work written by 1 rinoo 1 tah-Hotrp, who lived in tho roinn of Assa, a kin- of tho lif.h dynasty. " lU the .•uriouH irony of .han.o,' writos Mr. Taylor. " this prin.oval troa.snro-this stray waif whirl, has thns lioalod down to ns fiom tho days of tho vory .hildhood of tho world-has lor Its sni.jort tho morali/in- of an a-,.,! sauv, who ,l..plnn.s Iho .lH..ri.,ration of his a-o and lamonts th.. -....d old linios whirl, had passod away." ' Tho h,,>„n>s I'ms, furni^iod tho host typ.' of hioratio writin- as adapted to litorary and .•ommonial pn,po«os in tho early Kmpiro; and tho .S,,„iii.. ..l,,niot..,s with whi.h that writinj( was n.inutoly .■onunvrod w.-r.. th...so ol anoth.^r v.-n.-rablo, l.nl nin.'h lat.'r, m.,Mnn,ont ,.f tho pa.st-lh.. famons Moa nto Stone dis,.ovor..d in IHtW. Tin- .■.„,. lusions work.-d out with sn.h oons.i..„tions assulnity by MM. do Mowj^C, father and son. hav.- th.- samtion of a number of distin- K'U,sh..,l na.ne.s lUU while the hypoth.'sis is sustain..! by the authority of Professors Max MmII,.,-, Say.., 1 ...l.. and Mal.ally, amony ihitish, and Lonormant, Kutin.r, Masp..,-o, F.d.r.'tti and El...rs. amony IcmMo^n, philolouists, th.. objo.tors ar.. also «.,.„ .,f mark, in.lndin- ProL-ssorH J{obertson Smith, li. Stuart Toole an.l Lagard... Their adverse critioism has l)oon iirmly and ably an:,\ver..d by Isaa.' Taylor.- Bi.for.. taking l..avo of th.. old world, it may l,e int.'restin- to show, with as nnvh brevity as is consist..nt with .•learu.'ss, tho .■onn....ti..n b..ln'e..n th.. alphabets of to-day and those whose start in life we have bcou oonsidorini.'. If the argument of de Rouge bo well- loundod, and Mr, Taylor's gon.>alogy bo .orrect, all tho alphab.-ts in use to-day on the old oontmont, with tho ex.rption of the Chinese and Japanes.., wbL^h an, not alphab..ts in our sense, are des.ended from tho hiorati.., an.l, through it. Iron, tho i.nm..morial hi..roglyphies ot Lgypt. The Semiti.. bore two .hildren, the PhcBuieiau and the South Seiniti... From the latt. a....optodJ bore the Old Indian or Asoka. whi.h had three sturdy sons the Pah, tlie Nagari and tho Dravidian. The Pali became the father of the Burmese Siamese. Javanese, Singales.., and Coroan ; tho Nagari, of the Tibetan, Gujarati, Kashmiri Marathi. and Bengali ; tho Dravidiau, of the Malayan, tho Telugu, the Ka.iares..^ the Tamil and the Grantha. The Phoenician bore three children, the Sidonian, the Tyrian, and the Cadim.an. The Sidonian l,or.. the Puni.- and the Araraoan. The Puni.- l,ogat the Ib,>rian and the Numidian. The Avamean had a flimily of seven : the Ilerodian, Palmyreno Estranghelo, Hauranitic, Nabatheau. Iranian and Bactrian. The child and grandchild of ' The Alphabet, i. 96, 96. • I hid., i. 70-147. VI. tie Itouufo wiui led it ion of both hoIh oi' yptiiin words in tlm gfiinrapliiriil miiiii'N, niiti.' letter could hu wliith M. do I{oii|jr6 iiIm of 11 niiich cailiiM' l)0(il --, " was ohtaiiifd Jil)iiotheqiU'Nulionalii •py ol' a work writton I' lii'tli (lyuasty. •' I'.y iMirc — this stray wail' ood ni tho World — has •rioriilioii of his nn'c, ■MS I'rissc i'iiriii>li('dl}ii' piirpost's ill thf furly niiiiuli'ly conipart'd lie past — Ihi^ famous h KUch toiiNcicntious a nuiulier of distin- rity of rroft'ssors Max iiin'tli of nuirk, iiirludinn' idvers*,' I'riliiisui has sliow, with as muih phabots of to-day and of de Rougt- bo wi'll- iise to-day on the old not alphalx'ls in our 'Uiorial hieroglyphics outli Semitic. From afa) and theOmanite (', which again l)egat to the orii;iu of the id three sturdy sous, ler of the Burmese , Gujarati, Kashmiri, Kanavese^ the Tamil the Tyrian, and the lie begat the Iberian erodiau, Palmyrene, d and grandchild of VITA .SINK r.riHUIS. gg ■he l|..rodiu„ were the .S,,uaro Ifebrew an.l the Ual.binic The Kstrunghelo «uve birth to .•V^.-lchUe.Ne«J.rian. Jacobite and Men The Nestorian bore 'he I ^ _ .^ h .m. bor« the Mon,.,i„u., Kaln.nk and Manchu -the Syro-Chal.l .d the Kar h , -'-N..l.a.he.u ... for ollsprin.^ .he Kulle and the I^e.hki ; anth .ts progeny, the .Servian, Wallachian and Jhussiun. The l.di I .,,, '. .1" Un.nd Lal.n.an.l lor gru-ubhihlren, the Italic type, the Itonuu. tv..e theC v -'Pt -d the Knglish script. Such is the alliliatio.: of th. g^ i'ti n [ r^; :ill.hal)ets, as tabulated by Mr. Taylor. .■•iniiyol We have already seen that son>e of the American nations, when they lirst became k ovvn to K...opeans, were no. destitute of the means of giving .heir tiL.gh L a ;:. . . M sl.a,.e. I he ,,.,«.„. u,.„tted cord in I'eru, an.l the wan.pnn. of"th.. X. h -n,..r points out, it was, like the ,«^«. and wLnpun. b.d.s. va u i elly ^ h' Tl ;il Mu, I .hull pr,..,„lly pvo .„mo a,.™™,,. ' B„ h. A, .l I w ;" \ "'""'','"■ but 111,. i„„sl „r fl„.,„ „.„.,, i,„rii,.H l,v .1. , Q -a/lns and ih.' Mains had h.mtis. Sec. II., 1885. 5. 34 JOHN KEADE: caused intense ox.itement in the antiquarian world. It was now taken for granted that the inscriptions wliich had heretofore bafiled the ingenuity and patience of the most skilful pala3ograpliist, could l)e readily interpreted, and that a Hood of welcome light would be shed on the origin and history of the Central American nations. Alas ! the hope was destined to be disappointed. The key would not open the door to the mystery, which must remain a mystery still. Some of the ardent believers in Landa's alphabet were, indeed, said to have used it to good account. By means of it "Mr. Bollaert obtained encouraging results from hieroglyphics figured in Stephens's works." But the author ' who gives this testimony, virtually unsays it a little after. He has more iailh in a distin- guished French investigator, M. de Kosny, the learned editor of the Codex Cortemnm. " M. de Eosny," says Mr. Strong, "in his able essays on the decipherment of the hieratic writin-s of Central America has undertaken the solution of this interesting and perplexing problem^in a scientific manner, nnd we hav the fullest confidence that his system, .'onstructed on Landa's key, will open to us the l)ooks and inscrii^tions of the Mayas." Others discredited the o-reat discovery of M. d.> Bourbonrg from the first, and among these none have denied its afpha- beiic character more vigorously than Dr. V. Valeiitini. In a paper, read before the American Antiquarian Society and afterwards published in pamphlet form, he says : " My study of the writers on th.- Sj)anish Conqu.'.st gave me the linnest conviction that the Central American hieroglyphics stand for obje.ts and nothing else. From the day that I obtained a copy of Landa's work (which was in the spring of ]87l, in whi.h y(>ar, after a prolonged sojourn m Central Ameri.a, I had come to New York), the impression was rooted in my mind that the believers in this all betic table were lalmring under a manifest delusion. This impression grew stronger v , n wat.hing the movements made in the phonetical deciphering, I noticed that the specimens ofiered to the public were only so many wit- nesses of the valueless character of the so-called phonetic key." Dr. Valentini o-ives quotations from the historians of the Conquest to shew that in no case was mention made of alphabetic writing as a native possession. The expressions used are invaria})ly signs, figures, characters or symbols. Everything, in Dr. Valentini's opinion, goes to prove that an alphabetic system was unthought of as pertaining to any of the Ara.>ricaii nations, what wtis said of the Nahuas of Mexico being equally applicable to the Mayas of Yucatan. Landa's is the only authority that has ever been adduced for (he .contrary hypothesis, but even i'l Landa's work there is no passage " in which he positively states that the natives in the period of their paganism used an alphabet composed of symbolic letters." It is his meagre explanation of the plan, which he adopt(>d to teach his converts the verities of the Christian faith, that caused the grave misunderstanding. That plan was, in fine, a mnemonic device not new to missionaries situated as Landa was, and consisted in the choice of certain objects of which the names in the Maya tongue suggested the letters of the alphabet. Repeating the sound a, lor instance, Landa would ask one of his disciples to draw a rough picture of the object which the sound called up in his mind. After thinking a moment, one of the pupils would make a rude outline of a tortoise, saying, as he showed it to his teacher, "an." Seeking a better representation of the sound, Landa would urge him to a second trial, and his obedient scholar would put down the counterfeit presentment of a curved knife, ach. A third experiment would elicit the very echo of the ' Strong's North Americuns of Antiiiuity, pp. 425, 420. VITA SINE LITEJUS. 88 letter, a, the Maya word for "leg." I„ this way the bishop would proceed till he had impressed upon his hearers the value of every souud in the Spanish alphabet. Such according to Dr. Valentini. is the true story of the genesis of the iamousLnnda alphabet He does not hesitate to pronounce it, without any reproach, a Spanish fabrication ; and' peihap.s, tlie strongest ground for the ,.harge is the order of the alphabet itself It certainly would be an extraordinary coinciden.. to iind a Central American alphabet following exactly, in the sequen,.e of the ..haracters, the arrangement of our A, B, C. Ki-ht or 7rt^'r)\ '!!'""' '^""V. '" ™"' ^"'''^^"'«"«'y ^«rked out. Except in three instances. i, i»/, and O, he has succeeded ,n identifying to his satisfaction theobjects indicated bvthe Maya symbols. Though his pamphlet is not a direct indi..tment of the good ^ of the discoverer, he expresses his surprise that Abbe Brasseur de Bourbourg sliould have T^^ ;r '^'If ^T^ -' '^ ^^^ ^^*^' ^'^^' -^ circumstances of i cement ' ''" ' ""'" ^''" '''^'''''' '° accompany so important an announ- .nn. ^f U^ ^^-^^^leutini is sceptical, there are others, as already intimated, on whose eag r faith no shadow of doubt has been allowed to rest. The uL I«aac Tay or, tlC^ he does not give Bishop Landa's scheme in his work, "The Alphabet," writes of ita desei.ing of alphabetic honours. " It appears," he says, " that, Lddiul to a . oiLin number of syllabic signs and a few ideograms, the Mayas employed twenty-seven charac- ters which must be admitted to be alphabetic." But, after some words of praise to a cmlizedpeop e who had invented a sy.stem of writing superior to that of either the Assy- nans or the Chinese he adds : " The systems of pi-turc-writing which were invented and developed by the tribes of Central Ameri.., are, however, so obscure, and so little is known about their history, that they must be regarded rather as literar; curiositie han of tt:lr:r '"t "r^f "^' "^ ^° ^"'^^^ ''' -^"^ '^'^-^^ ^-•^-^--- - ^°^'-^ -^^^ ot the early stages of the development of the graphic art " ' Mr. Ignatius Donnelly, in his "Atlantis," endeavours to trace the alphabets of the ZiihT, ' r ; ,'''''?"' '' ""' "' ''''-'''''''' ''- »^^' ^"•^ ^hing is unhappily certain, thatthe discovery which drew from Brasseur de Bourbourg the rapturous ciy "Eureka '' pl'fomtr ^^^'^.'-t'"V"^'f'""'^^^'^"'^ M.deKosnyhas l-en forced to conceci; pmed olhttle service in the decipherment of the Maya documents. In a review of M tlt7fV .>t/^%''"''^T'^'"'"' '" '"'"'■' ^^^^"^ "• 1««^)' M- Cyrus Thomas' wrote as follows "Ihat Rosny is largely influenced in his interpretation of chara..ters by Landa s alphabet and the names of the days, is quite perceptible in this vocabulary. I Zume nt A "? r; r="" "^" '^^ ""^^^ "^ deciphering these aboriginal t'Xh ^" rT ^' 1 rr'"" ''"^" ^""™^^^^ "^^ "«« "« '^ ^^y the few characters winch can be satisfactorily determined otherwise " - sents'!t?ob°7l!^''^- "^".f alphabet "be nothing more than what Dr. Valentini repre- sents It to be, there is nothing else on which pal^ographists can fall back to support the tWytha^Amencanshad developed alphabetic writing. The numerous linds which have ' The Alphalict, i. 24, i'."). " " ■ ■' At tho first meetinj; of i!io t'onjrnss dos Anii.riciinisto.^ at Nmicv St-nor rmvinn P„,.|,n,., '/„ . fit 36 JOHN RRABE: exercised epigjaphi.. skill from tho Dightou Ro, k to tho Dav.nport Tablet, whatever elso 5pf:tl— ^^^^^^ mand, and ,1 lu.y possessed this art, letters woiild certainly have been en' ^'^^"^^'^ ''-' ^^- ^-- -^e hi ts.as „ hat ol the Newark stone of David Wyrick, fraud has been clearly proved ■ time 'f Ti the .../.v,«, finders, have only resulted in mysMfication and wast^ 1 histof ' "" ""? '" *^^" ''^"""^ ^'-'^^"" ^«^'^^'' ''f ^hi^h the eventful epigra- wTh i.^? ■'r";;"r '"^" T' '''"" ""^ ^"'='-^^ '''-' Americanistes at Nancy, in exp ; ed r 1?.^ T ''' """^"' ^'""^^ '"^^^ memorials scattered over the continent, IZZi ^ »"^! *^^t *hey were not faithfully copied by skilful antiquaries. The French du ton of t ^'T^ "**'"" " """"^ ^'^^^^^ ^'^>^*^*^ transcripHon or repro- tC rl ■ 7 \ ' 'J ''''''' ' *^'''"' ^''^''^'«=™P'"° «*"d"^t« ^'0^1^^. '^t least, know ted tl' r'" ' • ° "^ '"'^^^" "'"'^ *^"^^ ^^^'^-^^ endeavoring to solve and w uld l" w^tn" thT''"t rTr"' ^'"''""' ^'"'^^'^ ^^'"^^ ^^" ^^•^^ ^^-•^ '-- the victims, of Tenanif ^rt' b tr ""T"''^^ °'J''^^^^- '-^^'^ experience, however, has not been all ni a am, for, although the trade in false curiosities and antiques has in recent ^ 1 1: mo " ; ' '^: "^f '^' *'^ '"°"^^'^»^^ °^ ^^'^ -^«*-- h- ™«»« twelve by the six vowels, and a di ' h ^ rwhi'r"'^' """^"^'^'"^ ^^^^ twelve consonants characters, to which he addid gl":^^^^^^^^^^ seventy-seven making altogether eighty-five charltl? Th s IL^^^^^^^^ •'' f' """' '''"' '"' '^^^'' ^/«. than ours. The characters are, indeed numerous butV" ''"^'^ "^-^tioned, is better read at once. It is said that a boy ci rCh.'o] T '"T ^""■"'^'' '''' ^'^^^^ -" weel.. while, if ord^ary letters areL^ l^o ^:t:;:;^::^?' '''''''''^ "^ ^ ^- lection of letters, in which, on'the o eZn itta/l^^^ "^^^^" ^^^ - -^'trary co^ on the other, several sounds which exis s n'^ , ^ ""'''''''''' '^'' ^'""'^ -""J- «ud all by a special letter, but must b e^p ; ^bv cI'h '^ ^ '""'''' "^ ""^^ '•^^^ ^-^ -"^t •sounds, on the contrary, are given Tstgi; 2 "T ^"^^f^^^^^^"^« -»'!-- schemes have been devised-the most ..elebrated d ' . /. '^'' '^'^^'"'' ''^''^ system, generally associated with short-hand '"""''''^^^^ '''-''"S" tbe Pitman represented, but each letter is hui/t u» of .vrl'l '"I ?'" ' "'' ""'^ """"^'^ arbitrarily actions that produce the sound Tl^^^ 1!^';;^^^^^ '^"-^^Z^- o^^-i'" Positions ami -___ ^^«^^^ttc«e thus physiological pictures, which inter- ' Origin of Civilization, Appendix. 38 .iOHN RKADE : VITA SINK LITERTS. pret themselves to those who luive learned the meaniuo- of the elementary symbols of whieh they are composed." Again he says : -The system of Visible Spee.h is the ready yehicle for a nniyersal language, when that shall be eyolved ; bat it is also immediately serviceal^le lor the conyeyanee of the diverse ixtteranc'es of every existing lano-uao-e No matter what foreign words may be written in this universal character, they will\e pro- nounced by readers in any country with absolute uniformity." According to Dr Bell's method, there are four simple symbols for the vowels, 'from the combinations of which every vowel in every lan-uage can be expressed to the eye, so as to be at once pronounced with exactitude by the reader." In like manner there are five elementary symbols for the consonants. All the elements of ea,-h .aass have one symbol in .■ommon-tliat of the vowels being a straight line, that of the consonants, a curve. From the synthesis of these symbols, which are simply directions for the action of the lips and tongue, any letter in the alphabet may be formed. Visible Speech was first made known to the world in the summer of 1867, and has been largely studied by philologists as "an exponent of linguis- tic phonetics." Before that date Mr. Alex. John Ellis had devoted much time to the same suljject and his treatises are highly recommended by Trofessor Max Midler, in the fifth of his second series of "Lectures on the S.'ience of Language," in which he discusses the claims of the physiological alphabet or alphabet of nature. The latest work on the subject IS "The Organs of Speech and their Application in the Formation of Articulate Sounds," by Irofessor Meyer, of the University of Zurich, from which I have already quoted I f I