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HazBtlan 646 \ VeraCrui 047 (Central America : British Hondnraa 648 i Coata Rica 648 f, Hondaraa eso Sontli America ; Argentine Kepublio 652 li Bolivia 665 j \ Brazil* 666 \ Babia 666 I Par* 667 Femambaoo 669 ' Santos 669 British Gniana 677 Chill 689 Iquiqne ege t Valparaiso 690 j DntohOoiana 690 * Bonador 692 P««» era Page. Reportn upon ImniienitinQ into— Contlnm-d. South Amci'icn— Continued. tin ItiHl Stiitnn of Colombia 6!t4 BarrnuquiUu 005 tTrujtuav 0^6 Vent-zuola qq^ LaGaa.vrn ogg Maracaibo 700 Puerto CabeXo 7o<> West Indies: Bermuda 7oi Martinique 702 New Providence 703 San Domingo 7o;j St. Thomas 703 Trinidad 704 Australia: New South Wales 708 Emigration in the Nineteenth Century, by Emile Levassenr 720 Memorandom on c'tizenship and natnraliia- tion 736 ■"*?8r /> Page. 1. .. 804 .. 6»5 .. one .. 61)8 .. 098 .. TOO .. "Os! .. 702 .. 702 .. 703 .. 703 .. 703 .. 704 .. 708 >y .. 720 a- .. 73S f u-iv r . 1 m I > I p \ '*' — ' ■■L , m '- T -\ • IMMIGRATION INTO THE UNITED STATES FROM THE 1 rnvra r • -| — ~ 1 9tU\ ^ 9tUi ' • mMO m 9AK — — ■ — .^ m *Vt — — 1 — — i 1 \ ! \ 11 1 T ■4-* •' 1 IS 1 1 i jl •-^ 1 \ 1 — ■ ! 1 ■'■f^ 1 1 1 1 w — ? i 'M • 1 1 \ 1 m t •1! 11 ' m 4 ! K >,| • TFfrf>»l Wtm^m*^ i 1 Of Ir MrmaBjr 1 1 t_ \\ : 1 1 4 • t -1- 1 \ 1 1 1 4^ L 1 ' 1 180 1 1 1 1 1 IjO ^ Ho ttio 4AIC . / ioo 1/ • / -*• 96 90 f 1 1 — — 1 *" - 1 , I 1 I I 1 '''' 1 1 1 75 1 A / I ^i, J ' ' f ^ ' KK n i 1 ,-^ J • / L / - w 1 56 / a\ 1 1 / 00 / A / I A *5 JA r- ^ J 1 / I A 40 , , .... 1 A / •J 1/' ' t 1 t / 1 36. 1 «A ^ 4 •- / / / 1 i . 90 Pt - OK / r \ \ , 7 A L 1 r /" — ' IT J r- A W / V V \ / zO IK A. 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"S i — \ / V v/ 10 ^ *?= J V u 5 1 — a S I H r c S H r D C -1 T H C 1 r a ■4 r T a S 15 D a -• r ? s H 1- 3 ^ •4 V- - 01 ^ If 3 01 < 1- D 0( § 5 D 01 ■4 ^ * c 5 « 3 01 1 1- 4 V n 1: 3 »■ D £ -1 c - ^ e a 1 1- } a « 1" I* u 2 S a D t « 00 a» 00 00 ill 1 1 H 1 « 1 ^ 1 i\ 'I"' 1 1 — » » .- ^ l l l I ■I I I*— II W l»j»«»p— m- 1 ) I « — JMfc« 49th Congress, ) HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES. » Ex. Doo 2d Session. \ No. 157. CONSULAR REPORTS ON EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. MESSAGE 1 UOM THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, TRANSMITTING A letter from the Secretary of State, with accompany i7ig reports of consular oncers of the United States on the extent and character of the emigra- tion from and immigration into their respective countries. February 11, 1887.— Referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs and ordered to be i)rinted. To the Senate and House of Representatives : 1 Irauaniit herewith a letter from the Secretary of State, accompany- ing reports by consular officers of the United States on the extent and character of the emigration from and immigration into their respective districts. GROVER CLEVELAND. Executive Mansion, February 10, 1887. Department of State, February 9, 1887. To the President : I have the honor to transmit a series of reports from consular offi- cers of the United States on the extent and character of the emigration from their respective districts. As supplementary to this series, reports will be found from consular officers in Canada, Mexico, Central and South America, and Australia describing in general terms the nature of the immigration into those countries. Taken together these reports afford a complete representation of the movements of population from one country to another, the streams in which this movement tiows, and the factors which determine the extent and direction of these streams. To summarize the results of this survey would be almost impossible, as local influences are dominating causes, and the conditions in no two countries, even in no two districts, are the same. The prevailing motive of emigration is the desire to secure a greater degree of welfare, to *> S 'Irl md.m 1. -- «\ii £ EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. move from a place where tlie struggle for existeuco is continuous and in- tense, to a place where a higher degree of prosperity may be obtained for the same expenditure of labor or capital. This prevailing inUnence is modified in different ways, and these modifying factors are developed in the following reimrts. One feature of this subject, which received little attention in the con- sulnr rejiorts, viz, the countries from which the highest proportions of skilled labor as compared with the total emigration are derived, has been outlined by tables prepared in this Department from the returns of the Treasury Department. The result tends to show that when the industrial welfare of the United States is considered, indiscriminate restriction of immigration would be quite as mischievous as indiscrimi- nate permission is sometimes represented to be. Eespectfullv submitted. T. F. BAYARD. Department of State, Bureau of Statistics, February J), 1887. Sir : I have the honor to submit the replies of consular oflBcers of the United States in Europe to questions respecting the extent and char- acter of emigration from their consular districts. The fulness of these replies leave little to be desired, and covering a period of nearly thir- teen yeais — a period of great commercial and industrial depression, of a partial recovery followed by a second series of years of stagnation — the reports give a fair idea of the conditions which control or influence emigration under all economic conditions. Each nation or people, and each district, may hsive its special incidents which should be taken into account ; but the great tide of emigration ebbs and flows in a clearly detiued movemeut consequent u])on the economic situation in the origi- nal country, as compared with the pro8j>ecis of success in the country to which emigration tends. It is the difference between economic well- being in Europe and that in the United States, being so much to the advantage of the latter, that has turned the stream of population hither, and not to younger communities where the conditions of success are now less favorable, though becoming more and more advantageons to the emigrant. As supplementary to the reports from European nations, there will be found reports from our consuls in Canada, in Mexico, and in Central and South America, giving the conditions of emigration, and the special features which are attracting emigration. Taken as a series, too great praise cannot be given to l he industry and intelligence which the consular service has shown in replying to the questions sub- mitted by the Department. There is one phase of the question that may be dwelt upon, the more so because it has received little attention in the reports that follow — the mi- gration of skilled labor. The mobility of labor, whether skilled or un- skilled, is a comparatively recent economic phenomenon, and has done much to modify the conditions of production, still more of competition, whether local or national. The extended employ nient of machinery, which demands a lower or less intelligent grade of labor than was needed when the jnocesses required skill and judgment of the worker, has still more tended to equalize, and at the same time to intensify the condi- tions of competition. By dis]>lacing labor, these forces tend to en- courage and even force emigration. The demand for labor being tempo- » f ,*m Europe who a« Op to the year 1868 the retuma Inoliule alien grants. «70 460 460 440 480 480 . 410 400 H 800 I uo • / 870 880 800 340 tN 880 810 800 880 880 V9 880 880 . MO 880 880 no t h ^ J i- ' ■ ;■•' - - k . ■ A V i - i / N J ,^ / >i 880 t«A ' ■ V 1 e 1 180 170 1 L ' 1 7 160 / • . i 4JA « / 180 180 • / / 1 / llWk / ivu 80 80 A / __ 2S d \ 4 Sk — — — JROPE INTO THE UNITED STATES, 1 820-1 885. 610 600 590 580 570 560 550 540 530 520 610 600 490 , »>- 1 — — — — • ' r . - ' — ' " ■ > to 1831, and from 1843 to I860, Inclusive, are flacal yearn, ■ 30; aU other years are calendar years. The returns for ttember 30, 1831, to December 81, 1882. Those for 1848 from amber SO, 1843. In I860, from October 1 to December 81, s came ftt>m Europe who do not appeal- In the diagram. 68 the returns include alien passencers as well as Imml- 1 1 1 J 1 J I J ' 470 4fiO 460 AAA "f - . 1 4VU ^9n \ 4JW 490 410 1 1 . I n ' \ 390 880 870 800 860 840 ISO SSO no •00 /I * a . I P ^ ^ s^ J I 1 f / i 1 I I 1 I A ' /' I J v. ^ \ SUV 880 180 sro 888 800 MO m m m 180 170 160 160 140 180 190 110 100 90 k A, V A ■ — r \i • 1 H 1 V • t 1 1 • . i 1 4. \ - - ' » J / V \ LJ / . i- 1 • e ^ 1 / T I / • . i . 1 ^ \ f 1 M T \ / 1 A ) 1 /^ t I / L J 1 1 \ ; I / > i t r \ / V __ .„ I J 600 -- -- 1821 in?!! 1 > ■ «^ ondlDff September 30; oil other yeera are calend 400 1823, 4,016 1824, 4,005. 1825, 8,543. 1826, 0,751. 1827, 16,710. 1828, 24,720. 1820, 12,523. 1830, 7,217. 1831, 13,030. 1832, 34,103. 1833, 20,111. 1834, 57,510. 1835, 41,087. 1836, 70,465. 1837, 71,030. 1838, 34,070. 1830, 64,148. 1840, 80,126. 1841, 76,216. 1842, 00,046. 1843, 40,013. 1844, 74,745. 1845, 100,301. 1846, 146,315. 1847, 220,117. 1848, 218,025. 1840, 286,601. 1860, 250,030. 1850, 57,384. 1861, a68,6ia 1868, 888,484. - 1863, 361,676. 1854, 406,548. 1866, 187,720. 1856, 186,083. 1867, .816,224- 1868, 111,364. 1868, 110,949. 1880, 141,806. 1861, 81,800. 1868, 88,710. 1888, 163,733. 1864, 186,883. 1866, 814,048. 1866, 878,016. 1867, 883,751. 1868, 866,863. 1869, 335,364. 1870, 888,691. 1871, 886,764. 1878, 881^469. 1878, 898,488. 1874, 808,069. 1876, 144,178. 1878, 114,64a 1877, 84,791. 1878, 111,898. 1879, 184,811. 1880, 448,096. 1881, 600^1. 1888, 603,086. 1883, 488,467. 1884. 407,606. 1886, 327,208. Jkduut 1 to September SO, 1843. In 1860^ from C 480 87,384 Immlsrante oame from Burope wbo <1o n 9l>to tbe year 1868 tbe returns Include alien pe 470 franta. 460 450 440 *' 430 490 410 400 C 1 ^ 800 / 880 • / 870 / 860 t \- s^ J 880 340 880 f ' ■: 810 - 810 800 1 / 180 S80 99 180 ISO jk A \ V i MO 180 ■ " / no ^ J no ' / w 180 180 180 170 180 IRA • ^ . f 1 "ta j / * / • . < 140 iim « / • / 110 110 100 80 80 70 60 00 40 80 9n jf t / / ■ A / tf y \ ^mm ^ i r- «y \ r \ / I, f 1 A . ,, , i \ 1 V 1 / s/ w I' A J Y A J f 10 y ^ 7 • — L' 11 1 C 3 2 11 3 2 D a =1 £ 5 S » 3 D .« r ^ e a H r 2 « t r *^ e ^ o e a ■i r ) u H r 5 *i a .< r i a « a ■? e a %% a 5 . a H T o c -1 e *3 ^ 6 H » OaoaocodDooccaoaoaOao ; all other years are calendar yeara. The returna for iber 30, 1831, to December 31, 1833. Ttaoae for 1843 from ler 30, 1843. In 1860^ flrom October 1 to Daoembar 81, una nrom Europe who <1o not ain>Mu> In the dlavram. tlM retuma Includa aUan paaaangara aa wall aa Imml- r T — — 600 490 480 470 460 450 440 ASA I ' \ ' - 1 420 410 AHA 1 - t 1 ' I 4WI 390 \ a I P 870 f^ s^ J I J. / oOV 860 840 880 890 810 MM 1 \ A 1 1 /, f L 1 r \ CMMk k ^ . V 1 swo A r \\ OXA \ / afv 880 850 810 1 V \ / i • % z ft 1 i «• ■ m m 180 170 180 160 140 180 190 110 100 90 80 70 80 60 40 30 20 A 4. -1 - - • t / I y ^ ^ uJ 1 / . 1- - a 1 r ', / t 1 -*^ \ / • . i I ? \ 1 \ % , ■ \ / \ A i, \ / \ /\ "t y / L 7 1 \ ; \ \ t r , \ v I . # • 10 • e • •. ) c O -* I O 1 C a ■4 T ■^ c ■^ »-« 1H r 9 t a « 01 D C a ■t r II 1 s ■1 e ^ 1- 1 »i ■I 1- n 1 J D a ■• f 5 - - t a 1 »i 9 T » ^ H 1- 1 r 1 r D Oi - b- 00 t^ r 8 S '4 § s ■* r 9 ^ 1 r 1 a 1 a ■1 r H <^-l i If t. t ,»■■ / •MmmmKmmim u •J m . iii . i» " >... i::^ Wl \ ,. ■ 1 i h III i t»p ^ J 'i EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. 8 rarily U'ssenod, a double result follows — labor readily passes from place to i)l'aco and from conntrv to comiti-v, aud competes more sharply witb itself. The 'Mjvement of population from Kuropoau countries, and in tliis counection it may be stated that Kurope alone supi)lies any real basis for study aud comparison, has assnnied vast proportions, more than balfamilliou of souls annually leaving their own countries to seek homes in another. Ju 188-1, a year that was not marked by an excep- tional migration, the twelve leading; nations of Europe gave 507,.j88 emigrants, the United Kingdom and Germany supplying nearly 70 per cent, of the total. The distribution of this movement was as shown ia the diagram. Nearly two-thirds of this movement were directed towards the United States, and since 1874 nearly 5,000,000 of such immigrants have been received, constituting a total equal to about one-eleventh of the jjresent population of the country. In detail the distribution of emigration from the more important countries of Europe was as given in the accompany- ing chart : This vast movement of population cannot be ol uniform quality, for the advantages of migration and the opportunities are quite as access- ible to the highest forms of skilled labor or to men of jiroperty, as to the masses of unskilled labor aud the idlers who congregate in the great cities. The immigrants received from one nation may be far more de- sirable than those from anotlier. It was to determine, as far as possible, the character of the immigrants coming to the United States, not the least important of the many questions involved in an unrestricted im- migration, that the Department institute*! this inquiry. There has of late been shown no little restiveness among workingraen caused by the ircreasing difficulty of obtaining what they consider to he adequate wages, alwaj's tending downwards, it is claimed, by reason of the flood of "cheap labor" coming from Europe. It is no part of my intention to pass upon the.iustice of this complaint, or to show how the domestic laborer, himself usually of foreign origin, may be protected from for- eign comi)etition. A study of the returns of the Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department, will show from what countries the highest fori"" of skilled labor are obtained, and to what extent each nation contributes to advance the industrial development of this country by making sucli contributions. Total immigrntiou classified hy occupation. Tear. 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1870 1880 1881 1882 188.S 1884 3885 1886 Total Profes- sional. 2,980 2,477 2,426 2,400 1,885 1,610 1,639 1,773 2,812 2,092 2,4M) 2,284 2,097 2,078 31,803 Skilled. Mi8colla- noons. Occupa- tioii not stated. 48,702 38, 700 33, 803 24,200 21,006 16,531 21,362 49,U1>0 66, (S7 72,064 62, ;05 85,081 30, 817 36,522 108,724 117,041 81,546 72, 275 85, C60 57,806 73, C53 188, 109 244, 402 310, 501 216, MO 184, 195 141,702 137, 051 687, 340 I 205, 229 4, 868 4,233 1,291 910 073 738 897 2,194 8,140 10,610 46, OGO 31,605 15, aOr< 40^ Without oocnpa- tion. Total. 234, 430 150,880 105, 432 70, 201 6'>, 043 01,884 8J, 875 215, 252 317, 5;i0 302, 210 275, 0.18 245, 387 190, 33:! 157. 456 459, 803 313, 330 227, 498 169, 086 141,857 138, 460 177, 826 457, 257 660. 431 7li8, 9»2 603, 322 518, 5il2 305, 346 .334, 203 128,782 1 2,596,168 1 5,396,4ia I ' I /?»■, i EMIGRATION ASD IMMIOEATIOS. .^LT^Lt^.X^^^^^^'^^^'''^' 1B73... 1874... 1875... 1876... 1877 ... 1878 187» 1880 In detail the returns show the following reBulU i- . I /i- "X 'i\ PERCENTAGE OF IMMIGRATING SKILLED LABOR FROM CERTAIN COUNTRIES IN EUROPE IN THE YEARS 1873-1886. _^ JV.et. M.9 49.7 45.8 47.8 48.7 47.11 ^ i 1 i i I I I ' i \ I r I i \ i 1 ttH 1 38 ST 37 35 1 1 1 / A— InBUnd. B-IraUnd. 0— Scotland. D— Austrt*. E— Bdoluin. F— DanmArk. O-France. R— Oermauy. I -Italy. 35 3A aa 1 / 33 32 U •A t 1 1 1 * 1 1 1 /'' 30 S9 r / V 1 1 1 • J / / It \ 28 / i / -/■■ 1 1 / \ i S7 26 85 f / i \\ / \ 1 — 1 27 2« 23 24 23 23 21 C \ / J f 1 ( VI / *^ / \ ^v / / / \ 1 i / \ / I / \ ( If \ \ / V J / \ / f 22 / 1 / i A / N / \ } / -y // \\ / \ / X r \ 20 19 18 IT ' 1 \ \l \ / X \ /E // / \ i r • ^ s 1 1 Ka 1 19 / \ ii S, \ I / / N \/' \ 1, 1 I N i 17 in A- -4- j/ \ \ . / 1 1 / \ — -A 1 ^ -A 15 U 13 12 1J 1/ if \ / \ ^ ' A r ! / r— / f y "^S \ y — , .. ^^ \ \ / \ _^ 1 ^ £ • }< \ •A* -s >. "^ 1 1 13 / 1 / / f > \^ \ \ 'V N , ,> — 1 / *^ N P 12 >' ,' // 1 \ \ \ / s. ,-' *N ••^. / N • 'i P 11 10 r f V / \ \ s / ■ - ""> V ^> / / / -»-.. •i V' «i"** 1 1 / 7~~ / T ^^ \, 1 h' / *l ^ ^ ^^ •*4i 9 c D ^ / ^ \ > ^^ s^ >. ^ ^ /. k! MM> / .'^"i t • • 1 .^ y \ "••n •••■< \ } r / / '^s ■* ^ 1 1 7 6 5 A I : y ^ \ \ • > / — ^ > ^ i 1 ■-. k 1 ^ / / ^ ^ j 5 4 3 •» ^ / r- — "^ ^B 3 2 1 / _^ 1 ^ s s ^ s N ss s J3 s 3 S PI M 30 03 3 a ..H^^"" i s EMIOKATION AND IMMIOUATION. aS3«KSgss|i SHn^i^'SISSlj |5|a53g22S2 5^ i „- ^ „• V.-f -•-•«" ef rr« as|?3^s|2S=g 52g3SSSS5|§ i n S A ^ O —• r- «5 T! r^ '"■ 3 JC »- '1 -"^ ^ t~ ^ 5 * Lr T: ^ « 'Z '-^ - * M * ^ :i *" ' ■■ * '^ »4' i-T ^ ed" ?f *^ -^ V ff f *o w" of I s^gg S5: r S ■ ■ if 3u o 1 1 II -•2 (3 00 ><"«IS ll'Si'JScaa -pi ES f" S •a 3 .15 nnnuduuflHUCAi-s lii1IP'^^-§-Plllilltl € EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. I of — ' fff a w r: o ^3 o o M -f ^- ^- cf n ^ -- I ?) 3 — ■-< :? — 3 I- — » rt 3D 1^ MiPS-M-fOXW I'- o « « t* o T o t* f i ^ 5 w O I « CJ O CI I'. ^ o ?i -< fi lO « L- « 2 ^ S § - ^1 ^ t-i CO O » Oi 00 » * »ft i-*^ o n >5 f4 if^QOcoi-iScoomo g i i c-j CO "^ ei © rt rH e ^ X © P^-rori^xt-co-^o* of i>x"ar 00 S •i-l f^ ^ t-< tf) iQ WMO^OfOCIQOOOt- n cs ^ Tt 00 X 00 c as «"^'a" c in 00 -^ t~ CO 2; p: p ^ t- a> — — o c» L.- X eo^M ^• fon»r-T'^x»5-»>.0"fOs Tl X "^ « ffl ^ CO 5 t-t ^ -* rt M »-i l" »nor*oc) ow--t~cs5swci?li2 of S*-'^** <^ ^ tl4 I ^"A 1 - > ' - m f>- IMMIGRATION INTO THE UNITED STATES [8ha4Ml portloBi 1878. r Without MiicellanMui. Skilled Not Stated ... FrofeMional _. F 1874. 1875. 1878. 1877. "Sf Miscellaneoui. Skilled Not Stated — Profeuional .. P "Without Mi(cellane)U8. Skilled Not Stated... Profeuional .. Without Mii'colluneout. Skilled Not Stated... ProtMeionnl ^^' ;h -^^^tep^c I •0 Without Miscellaneous. Skilled Not Stated... PMfeMional . Tn 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. Without Mi'oellnncous. Skill.d Not StMtfd ... Pl'iil'i-l'^inlllll .. rr Without Mixcellaneou*. Skilled Not Stated... Profeiiional ... Without 3Iiiot>llnncou*. Skilled Not Stilted ... Pnifntioiiul .. r Without MiMellaneoui. Skilled Not Stated... FrofeMional .. 3 II tfiii 1 1 1 J r«.~^"«««^w^w^l»»?!BWP(W^ 'vf? ^BiHa.allMtiai r F THE UNITED STATES ACCOROtNQ TO OGCUPATldNS, 1873.-1885. [BIW4MI pOrttOM MptMWrt gWMUl 1 ^ n J\ \ ' .V \- ■\'^ .-» '^.. >\ -^ ■- .^ tte^ii^iSAi 1877. With.-iit MiH-i'llnn«ou». Skilled Not Stnted... Pri'fcMionnl ... 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. Without Mi»c-i'||iinc()U>. Skill-.l N'nt Stilted ... P|-ii|Mr>ii'lllll Without Mi!>ceIlHneou*. Skilled Not Slated... Profv«HiiiimI .. ' Without Mi»o«-lliiiifou». Skilled Sot Stntt-J ... PMfMkiolltll .. f Withuut Mitcellaneoui. Skilled Nut Buted... Profflwioml -. f 1 \ r 1882. 1888. Without Mitcellaneout.F Skilled Not Stated ... Profewional .. f Without Mitceltancout. Skilled Not SUted... ProfMtltinal .. a: F •Ova^aoaiN^P^B^n^p 1 ■ MlV,.k,l ii \^ , .\,..- . ■ ??r^ ■ ■ ;'<;^j;.y'^' ".-''^ ' • :^^«l .1 1 • ! r 1884. 1886. With MiMwIlnneout. Skilled Not SUted ... Profwsional ..[T «illl«d Not SUttd .. ProfhiaioMkl . •llniKuiiik IN ^^ ;^^ I i I T n £3 ''-^:.-'-il&p*te#»S--^"^ J 3 *3 mmmm If If If If If If If If If If If If If If If If If If If If If EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. 7 The table on page 3 sbows tluit in a period of depresaiou the propor- tion of fkillcd labor tended to increase, and this wonhl be the natnral consequenre, as that labor receives the highest wages, is able to sare more, and therefore emigrates more readily. On the other hand, those without occupations are the soonest to feel the effects of a depression. Allowance, however, must be made for sex, as the larger part of emi- grating females is classed with those having no occu])ati(m. As a fur- ther guide r give the proportion of each sex iu the different classes of occupaMons: MALES. Yean. ^^:^/f-"* OcctipaliuuB. riotr 9'"»'">- ! l^oS. BtaleV ^">«>«'- Total. 1873 1874 1873 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 2,741 2,137 2,117 2,182 1,674 1,375 1,515 1,704 2,.S03 2, 8fl.'5 2,265 2,184 1,030 1,043 47.400 37,301 32,014 23,015 • 20. 144 ' 15, 800 20,728 : 4ft, 787 64,744 08, 745 56,840 : 50.905 I 37,407 35, 280 152, 581 IUt.511 73, 732 e.i, .579 50,110 61.409 6.5. 801 178, 784 225, 524 288, 221 188. 375 160, l.'>0 121,561 117,546 1,371 1,054 2.55 341 287 138 204 1.200 7, 2(i2 9.089 26, 174 19. 778 8. 9.>0 201 71,609 44, 222 31,802 ! 20.069 , 19.812 17,5:11 I 23, 544 87. 142 110, 036 129. 291 90. 209 75. 483 50.5^1 45, 723 275, 702 189,205 130. 050 1II.:8« 92. 033 80. 250 111.882 287. 023 410.729 4U8. 814 3i'3. 863 308. 500 226. 382 200. 704 FEMALES. 1873 1874 1875 1670 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 230 1.302 16, 143 3.407 162, 830 ' 330 1,309 12, .530 3,179 106, 607 : 279 1.789 10, 814 1. 036 73. 630 1 2:3 1, 185 6,606 569 40, 532 ' 211 862 5, 5.34 380 42,831 1 135 725 6,397 000 44, 353 ; 124 634 7, 252 603 67,331 ; 00 1, 142 9,325 988 158,110 ! 2«0 1,713 18,068 878 236,894 127 3,919 22, 280 930 262,922 185 6,665 27,674 20,486 185, 449 100 4,156 24, 036 11, 837 169,904 107 2,410 20, 138 0,448 139,801 1 135 1,233 20,105 295 111,731 184,011 12«, 114 87, 548 58, 200 49. 824 62, 210 05, 944 169.634 258, 702 290. 178 239, 459 210,083 168,164 133, 499 TOTAL BOTH SEXES. 459, 803 313. 330 227, 498 169. 086 I 141,857 138, 460 177, 820 457, 257 669, 431 788,902 603, 322 618,592 305, 340 i lfmimuiMmi\idikS 8 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. ImmiijranU from European eoiintriti, accordinij lo wjt, year ending June M), Iffrt. If Xatiouallty. Under 15 years. lSaDdDD 21,213 3,307 Pr. et. 72.8 yo. i Fr.ef. 11, 090 10. 07.8 .'i.SIO 11.8 79.1 07.3 70.9 62.7 7.3.2 72.0 3,831 1, 3.V) 3,112 ita 566 450 8.0 Ufntlaiiil .. 11.2 AnHtrin • ....••-.... ••• 10. u 14.3 9.2 13.7 63.0 10, 205 12.1 Italy flff.O 56.2 67.8 2, 744 344 1, 514 13.0 14.9 11.9 83.0 18 60.1 1,965 71.2 63 70. 4 2. 349 68.8 548 7. H 9.1 15.5 Sweden Switzerland 8.5 11.4 19.8 227,981 69.3 35,208 10.9 The following tables show what proportion of skilled labor each of the principal nations of Euroi>e supplies, and the diagram based upon these tables will give sotueidea of the fluctuations wliich have occurred in this proportion : £:Sil OcciipHtions. Tears. Profes- sional. , Skilled. Mixcel- Not lanrons. . statiHl. Without. Toul. RNOLA.MD. 1873 702 340 428 3,-.5 301 ; 210 , 266 j 314 467 541 413 381 387 522 217 163 129 136 89 102 127 135 130 134 139 113 176 111 242 125 131 101 69 39 47 59 93 100 55 1 12,237 ! 8.227 7,969 4,942 3,270 , 3, I3U 4,049 10,320 9,*290 11,284 9, 305 9,4.i3 7,809 8,103 4,032 2, 821 2,593 1,602 1,320 923 1,210 3. 204 2, 692 4,485 5,090 4,170 2,895 2,186 3, .579 2, 433 1, 090 1, 246 1, 206 090 1.516 3,260 3, 3H2 1,659 2, 343 23. 348 1.5, .143 12, 074 6.900 5, 090 757 258 70 10 38 i 37, 757 26, 531 19, 589 12, 1.57 9,790 9,039 11,936 29,687 34, 822 43,034 34,117 27, 902 23, 384 23,909 35, 383 26, 273 18,511 9.642 7,077 7,710 0,307 29, 703 33,110 32, 9.'9 34,446 27, 051 21, 298 19,703 7,177 5,283 3,714 2, 048 1,880 1,786 2, 367 6,128 7,531 0, 190 ! 5. 583 74,801 50,905 40, 130 24, 373 19,161 I8,40.'x, 24, 183 59,454 65, 177 82,394 6.3,140 55,018 47, 332 49, 767 i 77, 344 53,707 37, 957 19,675 14,660 15,932 20,013 71,608 73,342 76,432 81,486 63,344' 61,796 49,619 13,841 10,429 7,310 4,582 4,135 3.802 5,225 1 12,840 15, 108 18,937 11. 859"" 10.36 Ig74 10.10 1875 19.85 1870 20. 28 1877 17.09 1878 5,0.18 62 ; 7,254 : 78 18,808 265 20, 208 321 27,340 1 189 18, 105 1, 200 17,392 I 790 15, 358 j 304 17, 075 1 08 17.00 1879 10. 22 17.30 1881 14.27 1882 -. 13.09 ■ 1883 14.73 1884 10.90 1885 16.10 1880 16.28 IBELAHD. 1873 37, 527 24, 326 10, 092 8,116 0.073 7, 1!HI !l, 300 38,500 30, 380 38, 807 41,505 31,746 27, 452 27, 013 2, 802 2, .100 1, 773 1,182 919 984 1,287 3.193 4. 134 185 124 32 19 4 1 3 1 24 17 246 ^4 41 22 2 5 1 3 8 28' 5.21 1874 5.23 1875 6.83 1870 7.98 1877 B.10 ~1878 6.79 1879 6.04 1880 4,47 1881 3.72 1882 5.86 1883 6.24 1884 6.58 1885 5.59 I(jg8 4. CO SCOTLAND. 1873 1874 2.5. 85 23.32 1875 23.11 1876 27.24 1877 30.61 J878 ■ 19.70 1879 29.01 1880 ....• 25.79 1881 22. -29 1882 4, 922 00 i 3.8311 248 24.55 "1883 19.76 n lune :«), IfCC). 40. 40KD(lupwar40y«M«erac«. 40i * Inclndinf Ftnland aod Fidaiid. THE FISCAL YCAR ENDING fUNE 30, 1186, ACCORDING TO SIX AND AGE OF IMMIGRANTS. Wlf*» If. 10 MMl Ul 4ft y» 40aad upwards. ^ lUid rata 'Ujmn^tam- uatM te«|« M«r«ii ■r^>M« .r»N^ imii»ir-«i. OOUMTMM OV LaMt nkMAMBMT BBnoucB OB craunvMiF. lf.1.. W..^ IMri. lW.a ■»— ii. MiL Wim. wm^ MiL Malia w^.^ rmi laalMt xmt '•a a 1 Niiia is a ai^SM HIM « »i ■km • x*» xtn m 47 xm aiaai '•a • i^m SHIM 4.m 4» a 4ai7V 1 mBT 1 ■MllMi 8 wssr. 4 t AMiria „ *'?.. ■k«a 111437 XM4 i,ai» ••5 St, an a a,7it 13 47.4ai aim txm xm 314 "•a *a n.aia xm 133 4itm lUkMa a i,m aM 114 aa i«,aM i.Mr m I4« •17 an lt,IM a 1 i.»n 4 ikaaa i.aa 7.44a an aa Niati 4 4 ■a s^aM Ul aaa 7,714 laiais ^!5 i *-: T *-. 44 xm m 31 4M 181 •ai 4a 7. an 14... 7 i.aai *s ai4 8i.ai3 *5 '1 m xm an an H ait 4,m ••a ■aa 4aa i«,m 3im xm I.Mt 37.4.. • icm / a m m 143 i.Mfr ii.a4t 31 ait 34,438 IM s,sg 7 S,ai4 a7M m "•a ^a n.Tst 4.m 174 a 7 ^SmIm T 1 Waa«i*v. .«..-■-..... ., 8 t 9MmS^^^ ,...[. t It fSSSk It II II If Il__^^_— It II OIknIlMr , la 14 Iffiigg^ • 7 M77 •a IIM 1 saa a u It IM*. -.- IS la ^BhSr ""*""""*"* ■ It IT wA :..:..:.. \... .::... 17 la l.»4 • TT 4M aa 17 nt aa 3,l4t at aat aa xm an M *5 134 744 48 aa aM 13 3* aar 41 a 14* asi a la ait a aa IS i.aaa a ai4 i,ai4 la 44 3M S3 %348 tM 11 IR It Ham^ It ft 91 VmhSbIa fl t) ■■^^ T1 n FMm4 n fi P^b^ 14 711 RmIh . , IS 1* HttiIh , . 78 Xf rnlMiilMJ T? VI TartojtaBanv* .. T. anaat si,aa8 AMS K<» >i,a85 t%,m 14S.a8» °w,a8i 14. an Sl;<*7 31731 a4.iia 133,313 as,m siB^m ■{■aadlrMMri Total Kanf* 33^781 ai,aM as^aat 14^331 14,311 as^m laa^Tsi U1,T74 311^883 il « ■ I 1 ■i Zi " '«MMM KMKiKATION AND IMMIOKATION. 9 Tmn. »COTLAM|l- iiDtiUUt'lt. lDg».. 1HH5 . . lOHtJ . . 1H7;1 . U'i- 18711. 1H77. 187H. 1870. 1H80. 1881 . 1C82. 188:1 . i'*M . 1H8S . 188U. 1873. 18-4 1875. 1876 . 1877 . 1878 . 1870. lt<80. l88l . 188.' . 1883. 1884 . 188j . 188II 1873.. 1874 ... 1875.. 1870 . . 1877 .. 1878 . . 1870 . 188U .. 1881 .. 1H8J.. 188-! .. 1884 . 1885.. 1880.. 1873 . 1874. 1975. 1670. 1877 . . 1878 . 18711 . 1880. 1881. 1882 . 1883. 1884. 1885. 1880. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. .VU8TUI.V. lis Ln I I'M. UEXMAIIK. FRANCE. 23 30 4-J 51 it M 27 101 40 125 04 49 52 51 10 36 22 20 17 11 10 27 17 3U 20 826 723 898 584 410 456 383 40(1 8(8 818 613 438 521 S93 t.uou 1,401 1,210 1, 2U8 1, 100 772 1,012 157 133 104 164 173 61 08 138 210 181 274 2liO 254 2»i 24 .VI7 24 400 10 4UI 10 232 20 177 6 184 to 275 10 t32 3,1 731 30 007 27 1,040 30 80t 31 013 28 745 270 1.010 381 1,714 !I4H 1,950 408 2,000 283 1,702 ir^ 007 242 870 07 028 268 880 100 043 225 943 107 830 120 704 82 658 15,010 0,770 6,005 4, 351 4, 201 4,177 i065 1,383 1,815 1,481 1, 330 1,282 1, 175 1.440 3,070 6, 1,'>4 4,208 4, 052 5. 75.' 4,704 5,500 227 152 204 174 I 100 181 I 810 I sot I 341 i 374 j 405 ! 4U0 I 305 ; 2,188 1, 108 810 545 020 013 1, 0,30 3, 125 3,751 3, U'lii) 4, 270 3, 202 2,271 2,7PJ 0, 122 3, 285 2,084 2, 000 1, 000 1,511 1. 335 1,315 1,913 1,031 1,545 1, 200 4, 284 1,105 45, 075 25, 1)83 l4,o:n 9. 572 8,074 ». 700 11,000 497 822 81 04 41 42 32 20 150 12 U 11 180 \ 579 140 417 251 04 40 31 41 34 25 20 30 108 122 104 04 1,744 1, 124 191 2:'4 80 193 225 3,306 4,864 ; 4, 300 3, B,'>2 3,220 1 2,708 j 3,270 I 8,6.15 14,340 7,0)8 ; 6,.')87 i 6,«U I S,886 5,310 622 430 277 127 123 181 253 706 974 879 782 751 930 827 2.171 1,548 1,420 754 j 800 ; 1,001 1 1, i,.52 : 2,000 4,0l)2 5,421 I 4,787 1 4,4tO '■ 3,515 2,658 6,370 4, 012 2,071 2, 828 2, 240 1,751 3,108 2,248 2,131 2, 894 2,000 1,349 1, 142 1,310 87,010 I 40, 705 I 26,412 17, 200 I I,-), 867 I 14,787 17,603 5,765 7,88H 6, 883 .5, 640 5, 023 4,.V)4 5, 331 12, 004 21, 100 : 13,010 10,023 I 13, 5:14 11,574 11,016 1,178 817 815 515 488 354 512 I, 232 1,760 1,431 1, 450 1, ,570 1 1,0.53 I ',300 1 4,031 : 3,082 I 2,0,->6 1, 547 I 1,005 : 2, 105 I a, 474 < 0, 570 0,117 11,018 j. 10,310 I 9,202 I 6,100 i 0, 225 14,708 0,643 8, ,S2l .8, 002 5,850 4, 1.50 4, 0.-.5 4,313 5, 227 0,003 4, 821 3,608 3, 493 3,318 140. 671 87.291 I 47, 700 1 31,0,37 , 29, 208 I 29,3134 34.602 I 8.60 10. 73 13. 33 10. 86 8.71 11.57 10. 37 8.21 0.03 8 05 10.07 8.10 6.07 8.47 13.35 16.28 20. 60 31.84 3,5. 45 17.23 13.28 11.20 12. 40 12. Ot 18.1)0 17.00 15.36 20.30 10.80 12. 08 15. 00 1,5.00 10.44 8.74 7.01 8.39 8.01 8.32 10.13 0.35 10.04 11.06 10.87 17.71 23.50 ■24.90 29.00 10. 78 18.81 14.50 10. 03 15. 70 10. !>6 23. 00 22. 73 19.82 10.03 11.18 13.82 13. 02 14,04 14. 25 13.48 i '•""wnieiS^iSSS? ■ ■ EMIGRATTON AND IMMIGRATION. Occuputinns. Not stated. Without. Total. 40, 29D 1-J1,0.'5 15.i, 3Ji 117,101 104, 88; 49, 6->3 600 I 548 ! 440 330 ' 20U i 3U0 I 348 ; 1,B7« i 3, 280 ! 3,480 3,687 ' 4,860 4,371 8,802 84,018 21U, 4t5 250,030 104, 780 170,670 124,443 84. 403 ,347 062 770 630 373 040 632 363 826 020 240 79a. 383 420 2,088 I 1,843 ! 1,077 1 887 I 1,088 j 1,590 I 2,090 5,660 5,008 8,742 5,533 5,103 6,468 8,016 2,320 1,520 750 524 376 342 500 2,285 5,777 6,640 3,501 2,765 1,630 j 1,348 : 0,238 6,120 3,101 2,173 2,186 2,444 3,346 0,204 11,454 14, 871 8, 8.W 7,070 5, 028 6,006 10 21 866 220 403 811 ■1 4, 0, 8, 11, 14, 0, 12, 8,715 7,500 3,570 2,010 3,143 4,131 5,750 12, 327 15, 387 32, 077 31,784 16, 473 13,590 21,205 3,811 I 2,444 I 1,237 855 501 I 608 753 3,840 8,507 0,517 5,249 4,108 2,680 2,314 16, 247 10, 384 0.003 6,173 4,588 4,750 7.345 19,895 22, 70S 29. 101 23. 398 16, 074 12, 350 12, 750 24 60 763 471 1, 201 660 12.86 11.41 1U.58 12.03 12.31 10,44 11.01 13.14 12.20 11.34 10.05 i;i. 93 13.31 13. 29 8.50 4.36 2.05 2.31 3.17 2.41 4.81 6.16 5.72 13.78 15.01 0.67 7.70 7.54 4.16 9.74 8.27 8.27 10.77 10.18 9.41 6.77 8.88 9.05 11.22 7.95 11.18 7.17 4.10 8.86 6.21 4.93 6.71 9 29 8.17 10.17 21. 4U 19 35 n.20 J 2. 75 la. 85 0.04 7.8H 6.40 6.24 0.55 6.69 6.41 7.62 20.83 20.00 61.50 88.64 54 68 18.0(1 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. 11 (m • O « O" U Total. feiSi s, 84, 618 12.86 21U, *S& 11.41 250,030 ' 1U.58 104, 780 12.03 170, 676 1 12.31 121,443 10,44 84.403 11.01 1,847 13.14 962 12.26 776 11.34 630 10.96 873. 13.03 646 1 13.31 632 13.20 4,383 8.50 0,826 4.36 8,020 2.«5 11, 240 2.31 14, 798. 3.17 B.383 2.41 12,420 4.81 8,715 6.16 7,690 6.72 3,570 13.78 2,010 15.01 8,143 9.67 4,131 7.70 ^759 7.64 12,327 4.16 15,387 9.74 32,077 &« 81,784 8.27 16,478 10.77 13,599 10.18 21,295 9.41 8,811 6.77 2,444 a88 1,237 9.05 855 11.22 691 7.95 608 11.18 763 7.17 8,840 4.16 8,807 8.86 0,617 &21 6,249 4.03 4,198 6.71 2,689 0.29 2,814 8.17 16,247 10.17 10,384 21. 4U 0,093 19.35 6, 173 H.20 4,588 ]2.75 4,759 13.85 7.345 9.04 19,895 7.88 22, 706 0.40 20. lUl 6.24 23,398 6.63 16, 974 6.69 13,366 6.41 12,750 7.62 24 20.83 6U 20.00 763 61.50 471 88.64 1,291 64 68 660 16.06 Tears. Oc'Ciipntioug. Profes- ainnnl. I'OitTUOAL— continued. 1879 4 1880 ' 1881 2 1882 1883 1884 1883 1886 nU88IA. 1873 14 1874 10 18;s 16 1876 15 1877 35 1878 14 1870 22 1880 e 1881 It) 1882 63 1883 28 1884 3U 1883 55 1886 53 SPAW. 1873 19 1874 10 1875 1876 1877 15 20 22 1878 12 1879 14 1880 ? 34 1881 11 1882 18 1883 7 1884 8 1885 1886 12 8WBDIX. 1873 46 1874 10 10 13 15 12 i7 17 85 34 80 23 32 36 32 32 16 16 28 9d 51 43 141 124 04 80 64 46 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 ■ 1883 ■■ 1884 1886 ;■ 1886 BWrnUBLAMD. 1878 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 ;■ 1880 1881 ■■ 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 . ■ Skill.'.!. 102 71 13 1 41 07 73 23 148 I 731 I 505 I 816 i 508 : 236 ! 281 ' 643 411 1.220 4.57 1,008 ! 1,201) I 1,603 31 93 68 70 I 39 : 48 ^ 20 1 65 I 31 40' I 49 < 42 ; 61' Miserl- Iniit'ouH. 14ii 1,699 406 743 719 396 521 1,051 2,t<0l 2,007 3, 162 2,611 1,763 1,341 1,778 33*> 317 214 316 315 855 501 1, 122 2.688 2.241 2,241 1.563 1,046 . 740 Xot atntetl. Without. Total. 22 1 ll.'i .510 290 24 130 1 ■ 5,509 2. .370 2. 121 2,.i;n 1, 031 2, 3.i0 .5, 422 20, 010 i 23. 188 32,007 17, 0.-i5 11,809 0,635 15, 714 10 14 1 761 522 2,471 1,606 1,290 1,064 1,1 S8 719 533 074 702 1.107 1.987 3. 270 3, 207 3.8,31 , 2,761 ' 2.010 1.579 32 11 81 33 18 l.'W 122 »7 18 20 91 52 7t) 911 ail 074 I 209 020 OfO I 41C 639 , 189 rM 4S2 ' «44 829 131 140 249 181 249 1411 128 I 118 l''7 131 70 go ' l:i8 124 0,940 2.»!2 2, ORB : 2. .540 ; 2,648 ; 2,497 I 4,501 10, 349 23, 070 28, 822 16, 101 I 11,171 I 0, O.'JO 10,223 I 1,616 1,577 861 068 607 , 710 1,319 3,004 5,202 6.171 6. iVIl 4,919 2.760 2, 422 302 200 171 42 17ii 701 440 238 ' i 1, .'.fiO 3. ono 7. Ml 4. 7U4 0, .■)79 3.037 4. 434 4, 8.-4 4.803 l«,:'.j( 0. Ihfl ll.t'Sl 10. tii';i 17, 300 541 4l-."i 518 flii3 457 457 380 484 378 2«2 300 350 344 14.303 ' 5, #12 5,573 I 5.6u3 i 4,991 ; ,5.300 i 11,001 ; 39, 186 ' 40.700 I 64,607 I 38,277 i 20, 552 ; 22,248 i 27,751 I 3,107 3.093 1,874 1,.')49 i 1.6r8 \ I.fOS I 3, 161 { 0, IM I 11,293 ; 10.814 12. 731 9,S96 i>, 895 4,805 ;ifi 20.02 27.03 8.77 2. 38 23. 33 13. 83 10.60 0.03 0.48 IN. 20 «. 32 t; 03 7 72 7,77 C 3' 1.-! m 8 44 T 47 4 07 .'it " 20 fl. 78 5. 73 III. M) 1 1.31 !.5 C5 10 5.' 8 .13 10.50 6.70 13.41 8 57 15.27 16. 33 12. 00 14.82 11.88 T 10 13. 33 12.84 7.93 9 60 0. .55 7.14 5.42 4.91 6.82 0.64 6 02 0.40 10.68 10 24 11.80 20.40 18,70 10.63 18 70 18,06 22. 91 11.44 17.69 16.68 17.74 16.40 In order to show from what countries tbe higber forms of skilled labor are obtained tbe following tables bave been prepared, but tbey must be far from perfect : smmmmtiS^mm'^smm&Kiimmammfi EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. in ^ ^ • i ; -?' ■ ; 1-* T1 ?1 t* 3 .-I ti M gn-r 1 ■ -1 — 7> i 1 •HiH : 82;- :- ; r^ —* • . »Mt-"?ir» i ;U" :' i ; — M ; ; SQiQ« ; ; ; ^ '• ' I- N « ?5 N « ""s : ; ^ rim -1 ; rt^N ; ; :»- US . . ■ ■ c^ • ine4 x^ t-i ij-Ntjm-Hm 1 •!» «i ^ I ,w4 < -WW I ■ t- ONOO ' < < -- 0« ; 1©.^ JiOW-W .-HM^^M |4ft 1 -O i 1 ?I ' -"" :" i-HM WC0t»0i CI •ffO :§- ; • • '^ 1 fH f 1 ; ; • ; i" 2'* i • : W^ ' ' • t» »H I- M W ;-•?;« ; I 1 1" ~ i I 1 *^ I 1 ' 1 i i ^'"^ ; ; i N • • I WfHiAin ; i-^ ;SSS : i ■ • * « i \'M\\\ ; '. t»oe*^ ; ; ' ^4 ■ • • 1 iH • I "" I »1« i^-a- ; e ; ;Mrt • i 1 :■ '. : : ; ; ""S ; ; ; i-^ is ;S- : ; frt^M ; ;» :§S : : « • i ! ii ^i CO ■ ; ; ■^ ; 3*s i i"^ i i 'S . t ■ •H ; is-^s- : 3S i"-^ ; i 1 \ ^ ' i I : ; M-i^'^ : i-a :- I 1 .-4 I : a^sa SSS : : « : : : i, r : : : : ; ; ; : Sis'— ;- • *-(<■ • »(-»<« n "1 :" S ; : :* 1 Occnpatiou and natuinidity. ! lb7J. • f^ • ; :-- ' ; SS3 i- j • e^ . >, -( • • • : S"""^ •CO 11 ; ; ;h ; iiii. ;^1 ill IIII 1 X c i III 111 T s - 40 1 «03 as Ma C S3.2JS o 5 = o a. «,;1 -rt~ • ' ''f-f""- -■■ EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. 18 7«r-ec»H« *'^Sf^ •« SS3 ■ Uf, ■I ••a-* S B s3^js o 5 so a. ^W-H '^ ^1H ^IHIA W • i^i^W d k'SIAO iMi-i rH.^^ •Ol s ; ; " ; ; ; i t i «M ^ • • > ■ > t ...... CO .MM .«e» i w^ ' ' > < > ^ I 1 1" I I "I" 1 . i < lACJ > i i • • i ;;;;;; "n ;--h ; ;n ■"" i : :* 1 i j»-< • j w.^ • i 1 ; • Qc «o«»ft 1 ; ; « ;;;;;; t- • ;-< i i ^ * • • *99 ! " i i i ! i * i i i '^ : i s'""^ i i i i !;:::: 3" i : i ]'" i F^ j« i ;« ; ' • -^ t • ^ ;^ • :" • ^" i" : : i : « * • VH • • • i-t»H ^ 'IH I 1 ; ; ; ; ; i^H * i« • • j jci ■ ;o ; . .^ • I • Mill 11^ ' t • 1 t • I * t ■ fH . "MM 'WW •;•••; (0 i ; ; • ' > 0*- .-4 :;:.«§: :::::: ""a :2 :S : 5 >* : : : i : : Ms ! " i i i • : ;^ i ;0 • 1 ; 1 «;••;■■ i* ; s"-" : ; i-- ••■••• « JorH ■ < ■ 11 j 4 i i ' I ! ! ! I ""III* ; ; i g«»«<» • ; ;-« ; j ; I j »■* ;« i *^ f • (fH ^f^iHw^ : : : gsss • j i"! i M i'^ * :" \ ! i*^ • s • 1H.-1 • \ • -(;;«•; ■ ^ I i^^ I I 1 ! I ^^ « ; : : : i i^ CO j 2-^ : ; is 00-* Im It* It* I-l ^ j n • • 'ph • pH r4 ! 1 i • i ! OD ! 1 •eiba'% ' I EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. 15 e-lCOiA QQC4Ca • • 'thCOpH Vph S^t** ^ ,^wt -wtn '3 I ^ ; l-^ I" ^C^J^^ .,H^^SOjQt»w I . -N , .COC) NiH M ft ' ?i ss rt o « CI rt '.■3 e'Z S M tf O L-S ^ M « ^ « M ^ h-aOnn C^M034f-i i-IOOOS* Si 'J* -^8- 00 >»a I |p§-s s.. s 2 e O r-M lOM rtNt-* txl 09r4 NO 3 e-r 5 «■§ J2 »- a ■es£r..~^.,M>^" 16 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. T i ^ . • . ; ;« ":;;;; Me ; . in ; ;« ; ;— — WM ; ■ tt F^ t • • • * < t *f^ >w^^^ "" i I i i "s* i • »•..<<• ■ j •«»« I i« t "^ i »M « j ; I t I • *H • t • tm :* ! i i ! r-rt • I M • j j I '^MtO ! t ■ ! • "^ i ^ • • • ! ! ! "" .' I ! ! ! jrt • • •»« -ton j • ■-.•••N««i«FHij 'fH • i C4 j • ••- fill 1 : I i t 1 ; : : I* ; "8* : I " ! I '! j j j«Ne> ; ; !:•!•• • M *^ 09 • • ^ m o M i *•* i i *iH t««e» • • 1 r^^ J > !p4 • iHPH • i • I mnin • » t 1 t • • ^avH • * e>cq '^ j« |io., e-s '^f M t'. W « X ^ « M n ?j ^ . -M •H P9 -^ 0C4fl 94n(D -* ^rt« 'N^QOM^ ■ -fHWCi-H Mw «.-) )« w ;2S' I ^1 a"© E 1 « w^ ^ « ■ « M -< = s ! r*—. '(P^ ^^^ a EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. ?» • e»^^ .?-— • -rnowFmrjp-^M • — « --c i- 19 miii ^Q^W M rt CC ^ CI l??-2- ,r) r-4 F-( ««) t* L*) -t &i^eo^ "<* fS'"' >c«^.^«fi I* ^f09)C9 «!• S • o ?i "^ I* — ■* ■« o .-* » la •s ' p* sriH^s^^arJi^g :g-» jJi-^-'ga •r Tj t^ o r» I- ta ?i a T .-^ 5.rs r^ « • 3 ri ^ 5»S -"SS ft t^ • — t* '^ w •""^g-^ssa '^1 ilili 6SS' sr.su" ■'"■'J 2 V-. i- --g^s X O — t-- ^ ■ It ^ i.-^ 3 iH •-• -i I . ~ ■ = Sg 53 sa s ;a : 1 .rt«-._s9ai ISPS?. : :*?.=3-S-g :a " :2' 00 a •-* 91 r-^ M^Ij -r ;?? -^ ^ - ^ .- ^ . « ,^ - — ^ ^ .^ *2 • — ^ ^ "J - ;;' r: . * ■ ^ ■ - — •5.0. i_ •^ -• -1 n 'J ?) ^ I- n — • r* ■ Zi " ■ «•• « ^ « » rH t-. ^ M W ?> I ■Sf^ 1 h- r; f •!« b3 -^ •' s = ■- ■3 iii¥ u liiUllr'^tl QQQOn i fl ' i If 1^ n 22 I nrt»i ^ I g 1 3 i o EMIGRATION AND IMMIORATK>N 398 e&s SSS" SS3' 5*a« SS3 ■H teooia sas I Ills -< • XN» -> f O "« ts I i lAMI "9 •• |ssll|liisli|lllll IIIHII illHllillllI ii|l ■ "ua^'i"' " ""^ EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. 90 si; :& ; h « = o.tS 'P* PA EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. 4- i fi« & g g I a 1 I M . i^^rf^ I E § B ^ Er ^ '*' «« o-^r ^t* ©■^fCi — XCl-MCtWCS « '^M ot-« »-««»-. « r'. o iHWM — O-* M *-i ^5 ^ ^ X rt 2 " •" *•" ; t PT •« ?i rt « rt ei o CI 21 o <0^ ^0»i0^ifl»H s?s SJS" s3J ^ I Is- lis it » e oonS §2 s o n t* i^ w M -^ On ' Ct^ b.!-*,^ -- '^M-^ W^N iH^r->i-4-4 1-1 • M O ffl *^ r^ W « • CI C> • M-^ ^ •-« ' ^ M C> ^ iHct ^F-iCl^ lA t-CIC4 ■V « 00 ^ CI fcxIW EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. 25 ij> - — Cj < ^t« -I ■ CO n i> i^ Qc w "^ ^ -mos t*#-i-i •^CS-^ W^N ■ « O ffl *^ > »-* CI « -CI M • W-^ < W)-4 ^^ff]^ lA t> 6^194 • ■V « 00 ^ «"1 B** ll &-<(W ^ . .^« - — M OiBM N 'Pi ' Or--IO fO ^ ^ ^ . CO IM ■ «P « •« rs ^ I- • es^ ci^-'? c-i • w «-* I* 4-^ — '— • ?1 ■ CO ^ T1 rt ri . . M '^ irt .— ^ . . o 01 S2- Sf J t» ,^^.M«JI . O ac c: 7f — — ift to « — Tio Ti — -c5??»-»nN S5«-OC -. fi 5 « .-: -« - w^tfi . . N |t*ftr^ -^M -"-S TI ?» ^ r? (C o is Se!7 w«-« w • rt i^i^ S o 'Ad 1^ II a: 26 KMIGIl.n-IOX AXD IMMrORATIOX. * ''S i -w . t* — ».^ 1 <— • • . t» ?1 1 . . . . uor- tC •*Nr "^S .' " ; ; ■' ' t '^ ' t • ^ : : : sri^ i" «^co wrjp^ ;^-«t -^ ^^ i , " iM • • ■ rt*-liH w •« • • • ' • 00 ^^ M r-ir^tOinntn • m ^^ ^ i ■ ^^ .io . MC^ • i ; 'CO • tAd.^ a^s '"B" ^-fo^ 2 i *OWW t • ; WtHil •;■■•'« ; ;^ ; ; jHwr-o |* -«g«^ o "**" T .-mm . . .« • ; CO : j ; ; ; ;« ^ww r-« o r^ ""Tg 1, ^ • S-" • • iC^ I • > ; ; ; jci S^**^ •«x ^ PH ^ « CI » — CI 1^ CJ t>n'Mw ■1 • • • ! ! 1 . . .1-* J CO 'i' PH ^ e>n t-ii-M 00 s cc s— ; J ; • ; *o»-«« m rtOOiH f* i lO -00 . .« .^ . , ;o§ 1^ ; 00 N ^ "Si " ?. 1 ^ M • 1-t • • 1 1 i — ■ ; ■ • ^tfo-H ^ •-4 «3 «« S 1 * ; o-wci; i i i ■ M I I ; ; ; ; ; «»ft« m '^ -s -N QO i 1 "i Acom • • • 'It i^ ; ; ; ; ; o-^'*' oo« «-g t- tH s i' ': M • ■ r-co^ i 1 j . ;« I ; : ; i i SS" • »-( •-4 ^ •-»-< ss i a 1 1 ; ; S : i a :8 a S 1 If slil 1 a n- a ii 1" iiiiii ; 1 ; •■a 1 i isa .3 E B '5 c s > ml i. ■ c 0903 1^ H js a r ^^SSS^SsBKt wmm EMIGRATION AND IMMIGKATION. 27 ^n n^ri •^'^ i"" " ift rt in I CO — s -g- : ^-'co^ a ingMrt o tW T o r^ "= § MX •-) <— ^n CI 0)1^ t • > i-ip.^ "Si s "I ?4XO:d^ in 30 lAMirt^HNffieO^MiON-^ :oioof4ihci^91;^ia it* ^t-WNV'-ir^aO'HMMO MCO"*©^fHN «u^«wco^ ^3 MlAMi-H^lOMn .5« c^'^oqqfi^ '23 'n - M • M ri 94 « 91 CQAJPOMlA [llll 9*9* '*0 9i SOfI g2g ;" i-'*2Si?^'' irf»;?^ ..^f) T^itijL — Ci o X Ti -* e- ^ ?J t- t- 1.1 'J 5fl ro ■— 5i o r- ?i ^ «^ ri 91 tS5?>i^ P •ycnn Ciri > -r o !•: o L* — 91 C/- t^ X C- « .f >, p« f'^ SS M JftiiilllllllifiJll •5*S Jl T-i ra • rt — • — rs L-a => ri £- ■ • — rtt-g-^»« 2S »- -1 — rt '95 . ^ — m -M ^ -- « in d < 91 -^ f- (•t*-*^ 91 ^ G;:;-3-?^- :-i;q:2*«- I Si a £".3 as S^ 5Sl' ■§"S ,^ _ 53 t* » n 91 ^ V ^ ^^ i.9'« 3 ^' 3:3 g,g I?- ^ 28 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. il 1 •* '■ 1 ■ • 1 » • u? ; ; • ; ^f ; -H j 1 : : i i i " »M •«.- •- ', i i*'^ ; ■ t»rt il fH • 1^ i • 1 ; • e. i : ®"* .1 - : " i ■ • Cl^ ;— ^ • 2-^5'l F-(*N»M^M ■ 1 nn'i 1 t- •!« 'ri ; '« ■ ri 'M ■ : : S ■" 1 ; j ; ; : S«" :" : "n" • :"" ■ :^ is«« r^ • . i ■ ^ ■ ^ ©WW • ; rt ^ 1 . ! 1 . " i S" ; ( ; i i i (N^ ; ; ;t*^ ; ; X -M ;* ■ ;" if; ; i ts • . ; 1 • ;^ ; ; • « M . •PS • • o i ; 1 i • i b- .<^ ^ i 1.'; M • • x»^ F4 CI ■ • .(D ; ■ «S ; r^ N ■ ;•• ! ' i I" ■ ^ « 'c I 1 ^ 1 '■■ -'"'* i I- «M- ; 1 ;'■ ^ . . . ^ . 00 ift » ; ^ j n < ! *M^e4 ; i 1873. ;« ■ ««»;—; ',°° J » ' « IH ; ; l-we. 1 • 1 III lii; 1 SlJ ii SI if 1 i : feci * e S B jiiji J '5 ? o £ 1 1 1 IMMIGRATION OF CERTAIN OCCUPATIONS IN 138e. SHOWING Tl ILACKIMITNt. Gcr'Ti.-.ny- En;;:.Tii). Scotland. Swcilcn. Denmark. Russia. Au'/.r..i. Norv. y. Italy. JEWCLim. England, j I Qwminv. l ~l RHIlit. CT Un. Kingdom. [[ England. Scotland. Germany. Jrdand. Franco. Italy. - OonmaA. ' •UTOHim. Germ.my. England. Russia. Swifzerbn IreLind, Austria. Trance. Sweden. luiy. Scotland. Germany. ■ U;i. Kingdom. En;i.ind. ScMllaiiH. ■ Svv,'.:i->n. • |rel.vul, Ocniiiarli. • Itaiy. ■ ijusiia. Norway. ■ Swctzerlarii.. Austria. J MIUEM. S^ Gormany. ■ ■ Un. Kingdom. Donmark. - ' England. ■ Rutila. ■ ¥ PLUMICM. Un. Kingdom. England. • ' Scotland. • Irland. • Qormany ■ P ^AitftHTCWt. CABINET MAKCM. . Kingdom. I I gland. '• I I otiand. • •□ irmany. • -Q Un England, Scotland. Qormany, UNIIIM. Qormany. • I I Un. Kingdom. r~J England. • U MECHANICS 4 ANTItANt. Englan.l, Hu^vary. ScetLwd, Italy . Sweden. Inland. Germany. Wales. ' France. Oonm.irk. Norway. Belgium, Gtrmany. • • S*'t!rr!,ind. • li' . Klnjdom. Ei^pLind. ■ ■ Rus!la, E t e WATCH ft CLOCK MAKERS. 1 Un. Kingdom. England. • Germany. ■ Scotland. - lUly. • • Inland. Sweden. ■ J STONE*CUmRt Qormany.- Italy. ■ • Un. Khgdom Ryula. England. ■ IrHand. Sweden. • Aoitrta. ■ Bohemia. ■ Norway. Un. Kingdom. Scotland. England. 13 SPINNERS. MINE QerMmy. ■ *■ Roitia. ' Un. Kingdom. lUly. • Aattrla. Engund. PoUad. Swadaa. Scotland. Hungary. TI0N8 IN 138e. SHOWING THE RELATIVE NUMBER FROM EACH COUNTRY. tMCINeEWl.W.O.D. Uh. Kingdom Cngl«ii4. ScoMwd. G^rmMy. FrMC*. Italy. - Dwmvlt. r J Germany England. Switnrland. F SRCWCM*. PLUMISM. P ^MftHTCWS. Germany. • ■ Un. Kingdom. England. • ' Irttlutd. ■ Scottami. ■ France. SwKioriand. SANOCNCRS. ? Un. Kingdom. England. ■ ' Germany. • Scotland. - E^ HATTERS. Germany. lUly. • England. Ruiila PRINTCRS. 3 lAKCRt. TAHNIM. Germany. • I I Ua.Kli«'.iiM). - lal.rul. ■ Di'iii.iark. ■ luiy, ■ Rusji.i, Norn.iy. • Swil2iTlan'1. Austria. MILLCM. Germany. - - Un. Kingdom. Denmark. ■ ' England. ■ Ruitla. ■ ' r PLUMUM. Un. Kingdom. England. ■ Scotland. ■ Irland. • Bormany - W J I BINCT mMl CABINCT •nAKIR*. . Kingdom, England. Scotland. ' Germany. • Q« Un En In S< Fr Si CARflUnRS. TANNIRt. GarmMy. ■ Un. Klagtan. Engtand. • U TMHUNS. MCCNACXS & ARTIUm. Un. Kiiiijdom E■^•r^l. ■ S>-tlit '-'i St.'tM.'l. • G.rir,:inj. ■ l.-iL\.'<'. It.i'y. Ai.itria, N rh.iy. Frnnci.. Ruiii.i. En^lnn.l. Hji'irary, Scot'.in.t. Itnly . Sweden, Irfhnd. Germany. W.ik<, Fnncc. Otnm.ifk. Norway. Belgium. Girm.'iny, • • S*ltj?rland. . Uf. Kinijdom. Efigland, • Russia, France, B C e WATCH ft CLOCK MAKCR9. ] Un. Kingdom. England. • Germany, ■ Scotland. ■ lUly. • ■ Ireland. Sweden. ■ 3 Germaay. ■ ■ Italy. • • • Un. Kligdom. Ronia. - ■ England. ■ ■ IHand. Sweden. • ■ Aoitria. ■ ' Norway. F ¥ STOMC-CUntRS. Un. Kingdom. 1 Scotland. • 1 England. • lUly. • • Germany, • • Ireland. 1 1 England f lrf'.nnd. J Italy. SPINNERS. MINCR9 SN ^ GanMwy. • *■ RuMla. Un. Kingdom, Italy. • Austria. Englmd. Poland. Swadait. IreUad. Scotland. Hungary. I No»»«y. • •[_ IrcUukl. rttMIt Italy. ■ - F Qtrrnany. • Englwd. • Iwttitftand. F BKCWCRt. PLUMUM. f aARDCNCnt. CAKPtimws. Qirfflany. • On, Kingdom CnglMd. ■ Inlfend. ■ Scotiand. • Franc*. SwKitHand. P Un. Kingdom. England. • ' Gwmany. • Scotland. • HATTERS. PRINTCIIt. &■ KIRS. TANNIRt. VtfMMy* Un. Klng^MR. Engtand. • LI TAIHUIIS. k¥,t* & ARTItANS. COOPeRS. SAODLCRSIHARNCU. Qirmany. ■ Un. Kingdom, England. ■ Franco. Irdand. Switnriand. Qormany. Un. Kingiioffl. England. - ' Ruitla. • ' Bohemia. - r SCAMSTRESSCi. Un. Kingdom. lUly. • ■ Germany. England. - Ireland. ■ Franco. - MASONS w SPINNCRS. J England. Germany. Scotland. Ireland. Italy. MINERS. SHOEMAKERS. ? Genmny. Ua. Kingdom, Italy. • Aoitria. Engtand. Poiaad. Swadaa. Ireland. Scottand. Hungary. 1 Nonnfy. & WEAVEHS.N.OD. TAILORS. Germany Un. Kingdom. England. Scotland. Sweden. Ireland. Ruitla. Denmark.- lUly. - Norway. ZD TINNERS. Germany. Russia. Un. KIngdon k)m.hj u PAINTERS. 3 :a. --.- ..i^ EMIORATIOX AND IMMIGRATION. 29 t-- rr — ■"•tf« V I-" " ?• t* -a*- sc-rrsrirt 331 ■ S ". Jt " S ' "1 fi L' :.' » -= 2 = 5 ii - ? fi gi ? .'V 1 S ?;JJ •'^ ^> «r *^ "K -■ « tr ig32"p5S2|- §3 = t :iS3S|S3-|S f ^ JL ^ O »0 i§3^ "■■""ll- i- :rf * *i t« ?i t*? ^' rj — n • ^ »f ^ f{ n ■ n 3 1 "" « fl " ' _- : „- of ■- ; s^i- w « r; o «•• I ?i -^ t- K« 3*^ i ■S '"S o gg n •^S2gs § g :ias;|g^ -S :S I- ;2«a;*g ;5 S. rt ri — 53 51 'a • ?! M ■* • M • §"?! 'M r- a; Qc M M ^ = -« ^M|, sa-*: p » - ?) o - as » - a • ?, a 2 3? • 3 1*? r: ?! 2j ; "f :!; a -" „• efjf ' ;'r— ' s^' "* "" !i( 2" ••^e^?ih-«t7'»2 2-* Of r- « (T ^ it ; Vsf st-rf M if ri a ««" 5grf «- .ff »f ^ «- v»r '>f . ;v- ^JvJ-' - ■- «■ y « : sg2:§-'-ir Si5^ ;i ss r^^tfr si§-^ § • to .H r- w Ti .-5 ra X-, i^ ^ ± .* %V ':% "*SS" §li^ :S gfi .S^S'il" iSII if: . s J«'li.2l^ ii.s o'fe >> s •a ■'3 a a 3 S.3 I* &) to f-4 • s^iirs ; SSSf .123 : Tl ^ O CO ' TJ ® «>• — -< t- — ' CI to C^ "*• CI « tQ "Cr* o M ^ 00 »-lM O Ci 'T O >t^ •; rr S « - - -i a 05c U = li ■ S = « >■-- a(^>W^^rfS=^Wtvw-/ 30 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. «l * !;: V V "«" «" rf rf rf tf ^^ :i ai ?i $ r li- ra ei cf x" 8S il a I- on— is «f — "od' «■ ..'f .^' , te- -• - «r ji ?i - X <— (- fc -f cii^ il .« -^rH sgs S l^^W i i §« . . A t0 ri *«• CI $5 9 CI « W ■23£S!^82 ■^(4 II IHMHMMSi «*a«i EMIORATION AND IMMIGRATION. 31 The diagrams inclndc niprely the inirniKrtitioii dnriiig the fiscal yetir ending Juue 30, 1880. Tlicy mIiow tlie rt'iiiarkablo prcdoniiiiancw of the United Kiiigortant. (Since 1879 a new factor has been introdu«!ed that may affect the emi- gration of skilled labor from the Continent of Europe to the United States, and nowhere is the influence to be stronger than in Germany. I refer to the active interference of the state with a view (1) to render the demand for labor more active by giving it a wider range of employ- ment, by raising its standard of living by means of a more careful re- gard for its comfort, of a provision for sickness, accident, or old age ; or (-) by controlling or directing the stream of emigration that it may iuure to the benefit of the mother country and not of other and foreign countries. In Germany, in 1878, a system of inspection of mines, factories, &c., iu the interest of the laljorer was introduced, the duty of the inspectors, wlu) are Government oflBcials, being to see that shops, mills, factories, aud mines be properly ventilated, that the machinery be placed so as not to needlessly endanger the safety of the employ^, to goarc, against the employment of children in dangerous or overtaxing labor, aud to protect generally the worker against oppression. This system of in- spection is as yet crude and imperfect, the force of inspectors beivs^ out of proportion to the work to bo performed. Nor was this aV The principal employers in each community are compelled to maintain a bank or fund iii couuecliou with their wurkiugmen for the relief of the eui ployed in case of sickness or disability, the employer contributing one-third of such fund and the employed the remaining two-thirds, each worker contributing in proportion to his or her wages. Finally, on tlie Ist of October, 1886, the accidents insurance act, providing for the organization of workingmen into societies for relief in case of ac- cident, became of force. " It is a social-political act of great impoitance to inauafacturers and workingmen," says Commercial Agent Smith, '■and will doubtless be far-reaching in its ettects." The thrift of the German laborer is pi-overbial, and the eftbrts of Gov- ernment and, of individuals have been of late chiefly directed to foster- ing this feature of his character. Banks, public and private, labor legislation, such as factory inspection, insurance of workingmen, and the like, have been the main instruments of raising the workiugman as far as is possible outside of direct gifts or charitable offerings out of a state of dependence upon his daily labor for his daily bread. This has reacted upon his condition, and has given him that slight encourage- ment to remain at home, the lack of which formerly directed his atten- tion to new fields of labor — as in America. The margin !, tw^en want and sufficiency has been widened by ever so little, but i-o -.ae Is in a better iiosition to take advantage of that little than is the German. The consciousness that the Government is taking active interest in protecting the persons and rights of the laborer may without doubt be counted an important factor in leading the German u> remain at home, aud to hinder his seeking in other lands that pvc\Ur prosperity which (£Hs«eiM4^Mtlii^>& > Kafe feiMfe»iCT U' aspects of a laborer'.s situation, and would be more apt to err on the other sirTaine Gennan Empire. I! 3 5 . ^^ s © £§3 348, 257. 7!i,863. 14, 092. 19, 503, 15, 081. 7,680, 13,303. 3,502. 2,920. 0,420. 3,600. 2, 468. 1,323. 1,068. 2,347. PopnlatiOD. 1 £S is? SS" §-° s as. 5g ..a *^ A » '•srz's l-s ii I? o o I. &«-£ 31% « S3 i o 91 s I. 5 ; i.'o. 9 SI 3 862.1 940.4 1.121.0 Sia.4 828.7 330.7 1,222.0 297.7 255.6 409.8 14, 508. 1 27,279,UlilJ, 5,284,7781 1, 2, 072, 8051 1,971,118] 1, 670, 254 936, 340 577, 0i>6 309,577 100, 260 837, 478 849, 367 207, 075 155,036 194, 716 232,592 71, 107 80,206 50,622 .10, 782 101, 830 35, 374 120, 246 B3,57l! 166,723 458,869; 1, 566, 6701 014,385 51, 402,410, 3, 83,984 1, 696,460' 1, 596,044 878, 154! 228,571 97,028 36,040 68,451 145, 703 63,005 58, 5K 74,871 134, 231 24,557 10,492 7,523 24, 767 it, 162 8,942 23,309 51, 055 139, 080 128,4151 600, 5701 664, 720l 622, 368 288, 821 274, 658 974, 210 558, 186 348, 484 2 12, .MO 63,320 269, 027 203, "64 144. u7U 96. 524 119,845 98,3611 78.31 69. 7i 198. 3| 101.1 104.1 121.9 43 4 86.2 34.2 .v.'. 6 04.7 83.9 117.1 08.9 69.1 — s is- '^.5\ lit' 5 sS 46, 5.WI 60,804i 48,009j 26,015 57, 168 20, 432: 06,037' 12,516: 16, 743I 25,454 1,107 5; 967, lUO •"" " 82.5 85. 4[ 50.4! 160.5, 122.7 104.11 08.4! 213. 5 613. 3 640, 621. 8 45, 234, OOnS, 720, 530 26, 513, 531! 108. 0; ~83.7 42.6 27.4 56.6 35.0 38.0 40.4 30.6 31.3 36.8 20.3 41.7 30.4 07.7 38.5 57.7 34.5 24.3; 13.3 48.8 43.6 2!>. 3I ia4| 80. 3{ 89.3 01.4 88.2 41.4 57.4! 72. B 43.4' 64.7 62.0 59. 6i 60.41 68. 7| 6.3.21 70.7; 58.3! 60. Oj 62.3 61. 0: 42.3' i 65.5 75.71 66.7 51.21 56.4 74.71 80.6 19.7 10.2 5.8 61.1 58. e! 1.16 1.02 1.48 0.93 0.82 1.14 0.82 1.10 0.94 1.10 1.29 1.25 1.22 1.28 1.70 1.05 0.92 0.64 1.55 1.84 1. 31 1 34 2.21 1.04 3.00 U.45 0.48 The relative importance of thic rate of increase may be seen when com- pared with the condition of France, where the population is increasing at so slow a pace as to awaken the most serious apprehensions on the part of her people. The London Economist said, in August, 1886: The moyement of births and deaths in France has never attracted more attention than since the late war, bat although politicians and statesmen have pointed out the national danger of stagnatioi in the population compared with the rapid increase in England and Germany, the warning has so far produced no effects. From that point of view, the returns for 1885 are by no means reassuring. The number of births in that year was 922,361, or the minium since 1872, with the exception of tlie year 1880, when the number waa 920,177 only. From 1878 to 1884, exclusive of the year 1880, the aver- age had been fh>m ^5,000 to 9:S7,000, which was besides a considerable diminution on the previooB years. In 1872 the births reached 966,000, notwithstanding the losses in the adult male population from the war ; 18r3 gave 946,364 ; 1874, 954,652 ; 1875, 950,975, and 1876, which was an exceptional year, 9^,682. Thus, compared with 1876 the births in 1885 show a falling off of over 74,000. The diminution at the same time coincides with a steady increase in the proportion of illegitimate births, which has risen from 7.15 per cent, in 1879 to 8.03 in 1885. This can only bo explained by a re- luctance among the male population to assume the burden of a family, and the desire to prevent the deasemination of fortunes by a compulsory division among legitimate children. The effects of the decrease in the births are in some measure palliated by the longer duration of life, which may be also a consequence of the decrease of pauperism from the prudential habits of the nation in the matter of large families. The num- ber of deaths in 1885 was 836,897, and only five times since 1872 nas a smaller number been registered, but the excess of births over deaths was, nevertheless, only 85,464. From 1872 to 1877 the average was 143,149 : in 1878 and 1879 it fell to 97,000, and twice since it has been lower than in 1886. Compared with 1884 there is a small im- provement of about 3,000, but there is still a diminution of 11,000 on 1U82 and 1883. The number of marriages fell from 289,555 in 1884 to 283,170 in 1885.* * The increase of German population averages about 1..5U per cent, pur anuum, so that should this state of things continue, within a period of forty-seven years the popn- H. Ex. 157 3 34 EMIGRATION AND IMMIOBATION. The pressure of population by increasing the struggle for existence is a powerful influence in encouraging emigration, but it does not, of ne- cessity, follow that the largest emigration comes from the most populous district. The returns for the first nine months of 1885 may be cited as an indication of the relative importance of each district or province as regards emigration. TransatlantUs emigration from the German Empire via German ports and Autwerp from January I, 1835, to September 30, 1885, inclusive; also, comparison with the same period of prc!eio\w years. 1] r From what state. Prnsgla: Province East Prussia Province West Pmssla ProYince Brandenburg and Berlin Province Fomerania Province Posen Province Silesia Province Saxony Province Silesia-Holstein. .. Province Hanover Province Westphalia Province Hesse-Nassau — Province Rhineland Hohenzollem Prussia, not specially stated Total for Prussia Bavaria: Bavaria, right bank of Rhine Government ProvinGO Pa- latinate Total for Bavaria Transatlantic emigrants. 103 413 554 454 480 222 176 375 «41 288 421 815 10 4,752 806 102 968 56 m 1,266 8,129 6,310 0,742 8,698 2,333 1,743 5,466 7,964 2,237 3,124 3,216 80 43 59,351 6,824 1,744 8,568 From what st«te. Saxony Wnrtemberg Baden Hesse Meoklenbnrg-Sohwerin Saxe- Weimar Hecklenbnrg-Strelitz Oldenburg Brans wiok Saxe-Meiningen Saxe-Altenbnjra Saxe-Coburg-Cratha Anhalt Schwarzburg-Sondershansen . Boh warzbnrg-Budolstadt Waldeck , Benss (old line) Reuss (young line) SchaumDnrgOiippe Lippe Lobeck Bremen Hamburg Alsace-Lorraine Germany, not specially stated Total German Empire.. Transatlantio emigrants. I §i 319 505 333 353 159 45 12 161 34 20 22 15 12 2 8 19 46 5 139 224 24 1 8,247 Si- lls' 2,510 4,608 2,996 2,175 2,165 348 193 1,230 236 S64 71 243 100 74 124 181 40 87 65 299 121 817 1,688 637 88,180 Nor must the question of wages be omitted. The Leipziger Zeitwig in November summarizes the report of the factory inspectors on the lation of Germany would be doubled ; while France, for instance, with an increase of her population at the rate of 0.36 per cent, per year, would not reach doable the num- bet of ner present population for two hundred years. The yearly increase of population is ^'^ven for 1884 to be — [From repurt by Consul-General Baine.] Countries. Germany Great Britain Ketherli^nds . Denmark Austria Belgium France Increase. Periooof donbiing. Per tent. 1 SO 1.40 1.85 1.28 1.15 1.13 0.86 Ysari. 47 51 62 54 60) 61 200 ms s mM ^^"^' ~^: EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. dd >r existence is les not, of ne- nost popnlous ly be cited as r province as nd Autiverp from h the »ame period TnuMatlantio emigranto. X ^^, 1 l^s 310 2,510 605 4,608 333 2,996 853 2,176 159 2,165 45 348 12 193 161 1,230 34 236 82 264 4 71 38 243 20 100 22 74 15 124 12 181 2 40 8 87 19 65 40 299 5 121 139 817 224 1,688 24 637 1 89 . 8,247 88,180 pziger Zeitwig ectors on tlie th an increase of doable the nnm- Increase. Perioaof donbUng. Ptreeut. Ttari. 1 60 47 1.40 51 1.86 62 1.28 64 1.15 60i 1.18 «1 0.86 200 question of wages, showing; tbat the movement of population coincided iu a general way with the rates of wages : What a motley pietnrol What differences even in this, the Iflwe.st class of wages! How manifold the conditions of life and labor, not only iu the rehitionsof the differ- ent states to each other, Ijut even within the narrow borders of a minor state. Not only do East an«l Northwest Germany differ from each other up to 150 per cent, (com- pare, for instance, Oppeln and Stade), hut the average wages of even the little Thu- riuijian capital exceed those of the neighboring monut.iin village by 100 per cent., ami one town often exceeds the next by so much. Froessen and GoeVkwitz, for in- stance, two villiiges in the prinfiipality of Rcuss (Younger Lino) differ by precisely ItiO per cent, in the day wagef ;■ ' male laborers. To construct a " uoniial rate of wKfjes," which should .satisfy ■ tl<:' ii of l-'roessen " as well as '' them of Goerkwitz," is jirobably beyond the skill of uuy social democratic conjurer. lint enough of these gentlemen. It is iuipossiblo within the limits of a newspaper urticleto oshau.st all the deductions and teachings which arise out of the table. But onn observation may be permitted. It is easy to pursue the line of increase which average German wages follow from liroviuce to province. It begins with the lowest wages in the extreme east (East and West Prussia, Silesia, Posen), touches the district of medium wages in Middle and a part of South Germany, and then reaches the highest rates of wages iuthe empire by two braucliLS, one which travels to the southwest (Eeichsland, Wiesbadeu, &c.), and tlio other to the north v.'est (the Hanse towns, with their adjoining territory as far as Hanover and Schleswig). It is therefore precisely the same liuo as the German im- migration follows, " the migration to the west." l>en the law which governs local divergencies within the limits of each province, provincial district, and minor state is clearly defined by the flgnres of the compila- tion, which we are unfortunately unable to give in detail. Here it is not the " mi- gration to the west," but the " migration to the town," where the higher rates of wages, especially in the large towns, are the attraction. Que would imagine that the continuous flow "towards the west" and "towards the town" would gradually equalize the differences in wages, But there is no trace in our talde of any such equalizing influence of the freedom of movement. The action of the state may also be exerted in directing the stream of emigration into certain channels where the supposed advantages will be greater to the directing state. The colonizing policy of Germany had lor its object the founding of colonies, where room maj be found for the surplus population, where the inhabitants will still be subject to the mother country and where new markets will be found for German manu- factures. On this point Gonsul-General Eaine wrote iu 1885 : The necessity for extending the dominion of Germany, in view of such steady excess of births over deaths, forced itself upon the statesmen of the Empire, and even if we place the number of emigrants ou the average at 80,000, according to German statis- tics, or more (about 100,000 according to ours) per annum ; such emigration does not balance by far the increase of births, 540,000 per annum ; hardly 16 per cent, of the increase are absorbed by emigration. It is but necessary to add that under such cir- cumstances the colonial policy, so unexpectedly inaugurated, met with universal ap- proval throughout Germany. A Berlin paper says : " We Germans have long been colonizers on a large scale ; but, unlike the English, French, Dutch, and Portuguese, we have always colonized lands belonging to other CJovemments, and not our own." Considering the annual growth of the nation, the question was then asked : "Could not the Government acquire for them territories where they would oontinue to be under German jurisdiction and enjoy the fatherland's protection t" ^ ' "I I! ,1: if (I 36 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. The foundation of colonies and the encouragement offered to emi- grants are too recent measures to be as yet judged. The flow of emi- gration shows little change, as the following table will prove: German emigration in ten years, 1875-18d4. Emigrated to— u Tears. Total. 1 o e < ■a u ■ if. III i 5 1 ■c 1 12 1 i 5S| & n « y < < < ^ 1875 30, 773 28, 868 21,064 27.834 23 767 38 11 1,387 8.432 450 847 5W 545 517 539 1.026 1,226 1,308 1,718 274 132 1 54 750 394 23 27 37 81 31 50 31 36 72 66 1878 1877 18, 240 20, 373 30,808 103,1)5 1878 24, 217 3;i, 327 OU 55 1879 44 222 1.6a0 2,119 1880 106, 190 235 1881 210,547 2U6. 189 286 2, 1(12 876 745 214 35 464 1882 103, 869 166. 119 1H9 373 383 1,280 1,583 1,205 1.125 1,247 2,104 336 772 40 50 425 302 1883 150. 804 501 1884 143, 566 139, 339 728 1,253 1,335 666 230 35 311 Without attempting to enter into a discussion as to what the real ef- fects of Germany's protective policy has been, there is no doubt that the opportunities for the employment of labor has been greatly increased since 1879. For example, in 1879 170,509 men were employed in min- ing black coal ; in 1883 the number had increased to 207,577, though 503 works were in operation in 1879 as compared with 489 in 1883, So again 721 brown coal mines in 1879 engaged 24,150 miners; in 1883, 605 mines employed 26,824 men ; in 1879, 19 copper mines contained 9,118 miners, and in 1883, 36 mines contained 14,326 miners. In 1879, 2,487 mineral works in operation gave employment to 275,711 miners, and in 1883, 2,567 works contained 334,137 u.:ners, the increase in the number o\ works being about 3 per cent, and in the men employed more than 21 per cent. So again in the furnaces and foundries the number of works increasetl from 227 to 270, or about 19 per cent., and the hands employed from 32,242 to 4J,724, or about 33 per cent. The returns for other great industries, such as the textile and sugar industries, are not at hand, and while the metal industries, and more es|)ecially the iron and steel industries,* have been greatly, almost abnormally stimulated, * From Consul Wameu's Report.— The subjoiued table shows the productiou, import, export, and cousiiiuption of pig-iron, in the Gerniau customs territory, from the year 1863 to the year lcjdr>, inclusive : Tears. Produc- tion. Imports. 'Erports. *""''?i';"'"I' tiOD. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1878. 1874. 1875. ! Tont. 933. 137 996, 738 . 987,163 .! 1,200.188 ." 1,336, 965 .1 1,315,620 -■ 1,401,478 .. 1,927,062 . 2,176,458 . 1,856,311 . 1,981,735 Tuni. 170,837 HO. 4C9 110,014 132, 502 189, J>37 229. 422 146.134 662, 981 744, 121 650,467 625,645 Ton*. 10,418 20, CM 20. 021 08, 170 102.302 110, ri63 111,838 160, 857 154, 368 222, 601 330, 192 Tont. ' 1,102,356 1.116,001 i 1,074,4,W { 1,234,601 ! 1,444.440 I 1,464,370 ! 1,820,274 2,4.30,186 2, 703, 811 2, 184, 277 2, 268, 188 Tears. 1876.. 1877.. 1878. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1888.. 1864.. 1835 2M 35 461 335 40 425 772 60 302 230 35 I 311 at the real ef- to doubt that itly rncreased iloyed in iniu- 7,577, though ) in 1883. So lers ; in 1883, les coutaiued rs. In 1879, 5,711 miners, crease in the nployed more be number of ud the bauds le returns for itries, are not iaily the iron y stimulated, the productiou, territory, from IxportB. Consump. lont. 300, 825 I 363, 625 I 4K,0I0 4.33, 074 I 287, 520 312,570 246,487 I 319,448 I 273, 716 j Tout. 2, 078, 490 2, OfiO. 846 2, 173, 797 2, 144, 086 2, 626, 104 2,800,840 3, 371, 317 8,381,806 8,548,628 there can be little doubt that other industries would show a like move- ment, thonj^h on a more moderate scale. It does not follow, however, that the absolute welfare of the laborer has been improved through an artificial creation of a greater demand for his skill. The continued fall of prices consequent upon an enor- mously increased production is a general feature of the present ]ieriod, and Germany offers no exception to the rule. The prices of iron per ton since 1879 have been as follows : Markets. 1879. 1880. ; 1881. { 1882. 1883. 1884. I 1885. Berlin: \Markt. I!e8t Scotch foundry i 74.4 KnglUhNo.3 ' 5.>.0 Brcslau: I'llddlo 51.7 Foundry 50.8 Ddrtmnnd: Bessemer pig. 64.2 U'estfalisi'li puddle 5:i 2 DiisHcldorf: liost Oernian puddle 50. 1 Best German fouudry 02. 6 Marku 83 7 ; 71.1 00.8 72.0 . 78.7 68.7 81.6 ! 87.1 ; Marlu. 81.7 61.0 5.>. 62.3 69.8 67.4 50 73.3 Marka. 83.8 67.3 C6. 1 60.5 70 1 65.U 04.0 75. Jfrtr*». 82. 5 62. 9 57.8 63.6 60.0 57.0 .■iT.O 72.0 Mark*. 75.1 58.5 I 54.5 00.3 63.1 50.4 50 6J.7 \ilark$.' 69.8 53.4 t 48.8 56.6 45.8 44.2 44.6 58.4 *Maik equivalent to 23.8 cents. This movement of prices has resulted in enforced economy, and it maybe questioned whether the full effects of the increased demand for labor have not been felt, and not only must there ensue a more moilerate extension of industry, but also a reduction of the number of working- men, either by the shutting down of unprofitable works or by the sub- stitution of machine for hand labor. This means that the increase in the number of laborers is no longer commensurate with the extension of industry ; that the period of expansion is ending and a period of con- traction will in all probability follow. In support of this position may be cited the Berliner Tagehlatt of October 22, 188G : The report on the condition of industry and the demand for labor, stated in {general that, as m the previous year, so also in the year of the report, many opportunities of ■work were presented at reduced wages. While there afo some districts where the statistics are more unfavorable, there are also some which show an iiuprovcuieut, es- pecially for certain branches of industry. Further on it is stated that in all the dis- tricts, with slight exceptions, the number of establishments, as well as that of the laborers, has increased, yet the increase of the laborers has been relatively smaller than that of trade. The reason lies in the Knowing entleavors of industry to displace hand-work by machinery. A result of this dovelopmeut is a constantly increasing crippling of the smaller business in comparison with the larger, especially, e. g., of the hand-looms in the dift'erent branches of textile industry. Haud- work has also had to sufler much, because, as for instance, in articles for shoemakers, the wholesale manu- factory is taking the place of the more moderate productiou by hand. That the unfavorable conditiou of agriculture reacts directly on industry, particu- larly machine industry, is especially mentioned in some of the districts. Indeed, it cannot be denied that the general condition of industry has been correctly sketched in the foregoing sentences, but how do the many opportunities for work, which are said to have been presented, agree with this ? If the increase of laborers is not equal to that of business, if in the development of industry the tendency pre- vails to displace hand-work by machinery, and if the smaller establishments are thereby kept in the back-ground in comparison with the larger ones, it is perfectly clear that the field in which human hands are demanded must become constantly narrower, and in that endless progression there must be a surplus of hand laborers. The above-mentioned many opportunities for work cau then hardly be considered representative of the facts. ♦ ••••'•• It is worthy of mention that in the provinces where industry is the most developed these relations are the most unfavorable. They write of the district of Dussoldorf thus : " The suspension of establishments of an important nature have not occurred, but the business was considerably less than :TWiiiiriwi|i)i.|i|yk III, 1 1 II I, 38 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. h I V lii' in the foregoiuK year. In many establishments the unmber of laborers has been di- minished, smaller jobs or holidays Lave been introduced, and here and there the wugcs have been lowered, so that the entire pay of the laboring classts seems to have been lessened." They say of Aix la Chapello: "The number of laborers is somewhat les- sened, but aocordinff to the report the diminntion of indn atrial pnrsnits has been rela tively larger than that of the nnmber of laborers. The result of the diminution of industrial pursuits has been that in many establishments the number of working hours per day has been considerably reduced." In the district of Leipzig the unmber of laborers has increased in spite of the un- favorable condition of industry. The report says : " In almost all branches of busi- ness there is complaint, to nu increased extent, of overproduction, damaging com])e- tition, the low prices of the manufactures, and the consequent unsatisfactory proiitM of industrial enterprises. In connection with the reduction of the prices of raw ma- terials, this caused the shortening of the time of work, the lowering of wages, partly also the discharge of laborers, and the suspension of entire establishments." It would take too much space to give all that the reports on the unfavorable con- dition of industry contain. We willonly further note that in the report from Thur- ingia there is complaint of the ruin of the textile industry. In other provinces iu which the sugar industry is the most important, especially in the districts of Merse- bnrg-£rfurt, Anhalt, and Brunswick, the continued unfavorable condition of that in- dustry is reported, which naturally reacts on the laborers. Machine manufacturing is also thereby unfavorably influenced. As to the condition of mining, the report contains only what is unfavorable. In the communications facts are brought in from districts to try to show a rise in industrial development. It cannot be denied that in some branches a brisk business has been carried on, but it is only in those which do not form the foundation of the business life of G«rmany, but the less important branches of industry. One would not go astray in assorting that the rise which is supposed to show itself in the increase of business and establishments in many districts is only apparent. It is correctly stated in the report on the district of Dresden : '' In the year of the re- Eort the business establishments of the districts have again partly increased, partly ecomo enlurged, but Ihern is no uiisrako but that these increases must be regarded as the last endeavors to try to reach the prolits of former years. There was an almost universal standstill, particularly at the end of the year, if not retrogression of the larger business establishments to be observed, which manife8Ce show a rise in » brisk bnsiui'Hs indatiou of the d to show itseit' y apparent. It I year of the ro- icreased, partly ist be regarded e wiis an almost )gre8sion of the mostly indiuiiu- of Zwickau are stent favorable shmcnts and to ) establish new itoties, the pro- bably tended employmout I iutact. The iron industry )me markets it down, and erman manu- had all possi- i noteworthy tut such new lir limits. It over-stimn- me will come le, zhust seek )D offer many heir country, emigrate are rgin between 'en more nar- ion of landed >f the funded debt may be taken as an evidence), even though the share of each is small, satisfies the wishes of the Frenchman and lead him to endure without complaint what would be unendurable to an English or an American laborer. The succession of bad or deficient harvests which succeeded 1873, touching as it did the material interests of nearly the whole population, and the visitations of such a pest as the phylloxera, were not incentives to emigration, as tiie following figures i^how : Emigration from France, 1870-1883. Year. Nnmbcr of emigranta. Year. 1870 4,845 1871 7,100 1872 ! 9,S81 1873 ... 7,1(11 1874 7.080 .1.875 I 4,4o4 1676 I 2,867 1877 1878 1870 ' 1880 I 1881 ; 1882 1883 Xnmber of iimlgraDts. 3, 686 2,aie 3,684 4.612 4,486 4,8S8 4,0U The climax of the period of speculation in the United States, ofiferiug as it appeared to many exceptional opportunities for improving the ma- terial welfare of the immigrant, but probably the more immediate and active force — the war between Germany and France— give the highest resalt in 1872. Even this 9,581, represents barely J of 1 per cent, of the total population of the country in that year (36,103,921), a propor- tion so small as to be almost of no account so far as numbers go. Taking 1883 as the year for examination, it is found that out of a total emigration of 3,940 from the 87 departments into which France is di- vided, 9 departments supplied 1,854 or about 47 per cent., and these 9 departments were the only divisions which gave 100 or more emigrants. The following are the details : Alpcs (Hautes) 217 Doubs 119 Menrth ot Moselle Ill Pyr^n^cs (Basses) 364 Rhin (Haut) 129 Rh6ne 103 Sa6ne (Haute) 194 Savoie 229 Seine 388 Small as these figures are they represent in some cases a large per- centage of the total, and even more than the total, increase of popula- tion in the department to which they apply. This is the case of Alpes (Hautes). The birtlis in 1883 numbered 3,473 and the deaths 3,347; the excess being only 126. Yet the emigration was 217 for that year. So also in the Sadne department, the births were 5,933 and the deaths 5,852, leaving an excess of only 81, which was more than absorbed by an emigration of 194. In Bhdne the deaths exceeded the births by 272, to which must be added an emigration of 103, making a total loss of 375 in one year. The low returns of emigration, therefore, are in reality high when compared with the total population, or rather with its rate of increase. M. Loua estimates that since 1870 the French population, by its own natural growth, that is, by the excess of births over deaths, has only increased to the extent of about 100,000 souls annually, and of this increase about one-twentieth emigrates to other countries. S=;S;SrtS:rSS??»^ 40 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. The report of Consul Mason (Marseilles) shows how little eiiiigr.itiou is stimulated by a grievous and exceptional deiiressiou, such as was produced by trade and iudu.strial stagnation and a visitation of cholera, for the number of French emigrants leaving Mnrscil'es was less in 188') than in any year since 1879, with the exception of 1884. The compli- cation of ills raised the exodus from 472 in 1884 to o38 in 1885, an in- crease of only 14 per cent. The destination of French colonies is in Algiers or the Argentine Re- public in preference to the United States, greater inducements being offered ; the Germans, on the other hand, come to the United States. France and Germany were taken for the basis of these notes because, of the active interference of the governments iu industrial and com- mercial affairs. It is difficult to determine how far these influences have js yet in- fluenced the character of the immigration. In 1873 the number of skilled immigrants in the Treasury returns was 48,792; in 1879, 21.362; and in 1886, 36,522. The percentage supplied by each nation of Europe showed that in the interval marked changes occurred. The proportion of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Norway decreased, the change being especially marked in Germany and France, the two na- tions that have adopted a policy of protection. On the other hand the proportions of Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Russia, Sweden, and Switzerland show a notable increase, while the percentage of the Netherlands remained almost stationary. In detail these propor- tions are: CoDDtries. United Kiugdom EnEland Irelaud Scotland Austria* Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy lielberlnnds Norway Rnsalat Sweden Switzerland 1878. 1866. PtT etnt Ptr cwit. ' 40.01 I 35.07 ! 25.08 I 8.06 7.83 Per cent. 37.68 21.71 I 5.06 ! 7.09 I 1.37 2.03 .33 .81 1.10 1.28 3.30 4.10 80.77 21.37 1.10 2.04 .53 .25 3.38 3.41 .94 1.65 3.48 4.92 .68 2.77 22.10 5.98 a 72 'Includes Hungary and Bohemia. t Includes Poland and Finland. if ! In spite of the efforts made to direct emigration into certain channels, the United States has attracted and will contiiiiu to attract the bulk of migrants. The reappearance of Government as a colonizing agent is noteworthy, as a revival of a portion of the mercantile system that prevailed at the beginning of the last century. The time was when the colonies were an object of protection, not only as regards the adminis- tration of justice, but also commercially and industrially. The Ameri- can Eevolution ended that regime, and voluntary emigration, coupled with the widest possible latitude of movement, succeed^ a policy of reg- ulation, control, and even repression. The activity of government in matters of colonization has again revived. France is fostering a colonial policy, though as yet with unsatisfactory results. Germany follows in seeking to build up a colonial empire that will redound to the advan- EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. 41 tie finigr.itiou I, such as was ion of cholera, as less in 1885 The conipli- n 1885, an in- Argentine Re- enients being lited States. notes because. :rial and coni- ave J8 .vet in- 16 number of 1879,21.362; ;iou of Europe he proi)ortion [lecreased, the S the two na- ther hand the [taly, Russia, be percentage these propor- 1870. 18t6. Per cent. ' Per cent. 35.07 I 37.68 21.71 22.19 s.m 5.08 7.09 8.72 2.03 5.43 .81 .72 1.28 2.04 4.10 1.79 21.37 2S.45 2.04 5.48 .25 .51 8.41 2.66 1.65 5.66 4.02 4.86 2.77 2.02 and Finland. tain channels, ract the bulk onizing agent Q system that wa« when the the adminis- The Ameri- ition, coupled I policy of reg- overnment in ing a colonial my follows in to the advan- tage of the mother country. Even Italy, that sends her people to South America in preference to the United States, shows symptoms of also desiring colonies in Africa. In Groat Britain the functions of govern- ment are still confined to the care and protection of the emigrants, though a recent move — the institution of an oftice of inquiry, as de- scribed in the inclosure to Consul-General Waller's report — may lead to a further attempt to direct the outflow of population to British colo- nies. The policy of assisting emigration to relieve pauperized or over- populated districts is openly taught by English statesmen, and has much to commend it, though little more than a temporary expedient. Organized emigration, whether undertaken by individual or public effort, has rarely proved successful. Not the least satisfactory part of these reports is the absence of in- stances of a deportation of criminals and incapables. The necessity for a more strict supervision on immigrants is, however, insisted upon by the executive officers who receive immigrants at the principal ports of this country. The insane and criminal may be excluded, but there is a class that has quite as little claim to be received — the chronic pauper. It is true that the pauper, like the blind, the cripple, and the lunatic, is subject to special bonds as liable to become a burden and a future charge to the State, but there is abundant evidence that this restriction is not sufficient, and that our public institutions are largely recruited from the ranks of the immigrants. The State boards of immigration were created to protect alien passengers, and to prevent, as far as is possible, the introduction of paupers and criminals. Tiie execution of this purpose has been very defective through a complication of author- ity. In the State of New York an act of 1876 provided, in substance, tliat the captain, consignee, or owner of every vessel arriving at the port of New York from a foreign. country, having on board immigrant passengers, should give a bond to the people of the State in the penal sum of $300 for each of such passengers, to indemnify the State against any charge or expense on account of the passenger named in the bond within five years from arrival. This provision was commuted into a payment of so much for each immigrant (ranging from $2.50 to $1.50) to the commissioners of immigration, such payments to constitute a fund for reimbursing communities for charges incurred in' supporting or relieving an immigrant within the term of ftve years mentioned. This system was adopted in 1847, and remained in force until March, 1870, when the law was declared unconstitutional. The decision withdrew the whole subject from State supervision, sind placed it under the con- trol of Congress. As no action, however, wa? taken by Congress, the '■ ite, in 1881, undertook to collect a head or inspection tax on every a. ,11 passenger, a measure that was also declared unconstitutional. In August, 1882, the existing national law was passed. The experi- ence of Massachusetts has been nearly the same. The number of immigrants returned by the New York commissioners to tlie" ports whence they came was in 1883 1,350, and for the follow- ing reasons : 53 were insane, 6 were blind, 4 deaf and dumb, 16 idiots, 25 cripples, 60 enciente, 649 incapacitated through illness, 75 by reason of old age, and 462 were, through destitution or inability to obtain em- ployment, unable to maintain themselves without becoming a public charge. In 1884 the number was somewhat less — 1,144 — of whom 875 were from sickness or destitution unable to maintain themselves. In 1884 1,172 immigrants were returned. In Massachusetts, out of a total immigration of 28,526, 14 were re- fused permission to land during the year ending October 1, 1886. In ^i^SMi^ Jg» 42 EMlGliATlON AND IMMIOKATIOX. the precediug year 21 were deuied admission out of a total of 1U,U29. In spite of these apparently favorable returns it is unquestionable that a large part of the inmates of the public and charitable institutions of the country are of foreign origin, and who might have been excluded as incapable when first coming to these shores. Kespectfully submitted. WORTHINGTON C. FORD, Chief of Bureau. Hon. T. F. Bayard, /Secretary of State. [From report* of the Xew York Commluioncrs of Emigration.] Immigrants admitted to Ward's Itland, with thtir nationalilies, 1H77-1885. Nationality. , 1877. 1878. 1878. 1880. ISi^l. 1882 1883. 1884. 1863. Oermany Ireland lUIy England — RDBsia Switzerland . AoBtrla France Denmark — Scotland — Sweden Bohemia . . . Poland Hnneary .... B'lulum. ... Holland Spain Norway Finland Total from all coun- tries 3,406 3, 102 2, 109 Insane immigrants admitted to State Emigrant Insane Asylum, 1S77-1885. 18 77. 1878. IH 79. 1880. 1881. J 882. 188.1 If . J. a «4. lf85. "S Nationality. 11 a 16 1 ■5 £ 1 10 21 2 "i 2 2 5 I I fi 3li Ifii 40 27 19i 25, 23 37 6 5' S\ 2 1 ll 4 8 6 8 5 5 1...! 2 1 J. .2 1 -J "3 2 i: «1 B £5 Germany Ireland 12 15 12 5 IB, 7 15 8 2 4 4 1 1 3... 1 1 1 43 .TO 25; r.» 8| 5 i}2i 17 28 20 20 20: 27 14 23 U » « 6... 7 20 13 2 "2 1 1 89934.79 372 32. 40 82 7.14 Franco 1 3 3...! 1 1 1 3 4 8| 2 1 2 3 1 i; l'...l 2...i 2 2 2 2 2; 1 1, 2 1! 2...' 1... 3... 25 2. 17 40 4.00 1 13 1.13 Switzerland 2 1 6 1 li... I 2 2...i 2 2! V 1 3i 4 3 1 "i 28! 2.44 13 1.13 Itltly 1 12 4 2; l! 1 l'...l 1 47, 4.00 Holland 1 1 1 4 y f 1 2 1 3 1 "1 !!! 2 3 1: 1 3 1 1 2 4 1 2, • J 1 2' 1 1... ...1 1 2... 1 2 2... 1 1 "3 I 2 3 5 8 1; li 1| 14 24 26 1.22 1 2.09 II 2,26 Anstria I "i ... 1 13 1.13 1 2^ ii 6 6.. 1! 4 1|... 1 58 2 Ij "46 27 2.35 Norway '.'.'. '.'.'. V.J.V. 1 ' 2... 7 Total 32 421 30| 29 42| 37 78 60102 88 112 124 89 64 56 59 1.148: w. EMIGRATION AND IMMIOHATION. 48 total of iy,yi'9. esttionable that I institutions of ?eu excluded as C. FORD, ief of Bureau. n.l 1(^77-1885. 1883. 1684. 1863. ,782 1,432 670 403 5:7 in 247 213 40 142 111 1 1 58 70 30 27 46 41 47 38 130 51 18 30 55 08 lei 104 5 6 38 17 50 9| 1, 180 ' S, 102 700 8W 72 lUO 180 28 101 21 o.i 28 Si 16 ;t8 118 5 6 2 24 4 2,100 , 1877-1885. 84. U85. S ■^ a •3 -• 'a -i fi 1 5 S: r? lb S b. , H &.' 20 20!! 13 i 7' 2 ■ li..':! 3! 2! 21 39934.79 372 32. 40 82 7.14 25 2. 17 46 4.00 13 1.13 28 2. 44 13 1.13 47, 4.00 4 2 14 24 26 13 1 27 2.85 1.22 2.09 2.26 1.13 60 58| 40! 1,148;. (From a report bj* CommercUl Agrnt Smith, pnbliRheil In Ciiniiiilar Keports Xo. 74, page 371.J WHAT DOES IT COST A WORKIXGMAX WITH A FAMILY TO UVE T This i» a questiou which has oftoii been aakeil the cousulftr corpn hy the Dctmrt- uifiit 1111(1 VHriously ftimwered. The iuspeitor for the Loiimic district Itwt your ob- taincil from sixtetii heads of workiiigiiien's faniilies, who wero dt'«iKnaicd by their impioyers as orderly persons, stutonivntn of what it aniHiiilly costs them to live, niid only ill four Instances out of the sixteen cases was the income slifjhtly greater than tbo cspenditures, which ha«l to be made np by the wife or other members of the family, or some lucessity done wiihont in the twelve other cases. Five of the detailed statements made are published iu the factory inspector's re- rt, and I herewith give them (with the Fnark reduced to dollars at 'h.S centf port mark) : I cents to the l.—Expentes/or one year of a family of eight personn. Items. AmnuQt. Itenii. Bread ; |S4 Bntter | 26 Potatoes i n Coffee and chicory ' ■ o Uciit 26 Uilk mid curds e Beer, tohaeco, anrt braniiy 2 Oil and soap ^ Salt ; 1 Flour ' 2 Wheat bread ' lo Rleo and other v agetableg 3 IIoHso rent 15 School tax 4 Dues to Invalid fund 1 8 Insurar.coagulustflre | Amount. Local tax and state income tax Wood Coal Bed-straw Bed'Cluthing aad towels School books and writing materials. . . Chimney sweeper .. . BrualicH, rombs. greano for lea I ' r, and bluckiug Muiidiug and renewal of houuehold articles , Shoes Clothing Total *1 82 1 90 12 37 1 00 6 71 2 14 17 95 2 38 8 57 3 67 222 81 The income was »;i.68 n week, making an anunal income of $191.82, leaving about »30 to be made np by the .null V in some way. «."«« ..j, -■ —Expettsrs Jor a near of a carpenter and his wife. Items. Amount. Items. Corporation tax $3 83 Statetax ! 1 gg Eonserent 1 35 70 Tax on personal property I 59 Saes to inralid ituitl i 5 32 Pocket money j 30 04 Clothing and shoes | 9 00 Bread | 24 75 Bnttcr I 37 12 Salt I 1 23 Flesh 1 24 75 Vegetables 12 37 Coffee Barley , Milk iuel Soiip , Coal-oil Oil for buiiilng Thread, yam, and needles Matches Total Amount. «8 68 1 23 6 18 18 66 6 18 2 47 2 47 1 23 23 236 76 In this case the Income wag ft.83 a week, or »251.23 a year, without missing a couple of day's work •In consequence of not carrying the decimals out far enough in the reductions, the total sums will not be in exact agreement with the columns when added up, but arc correct. ^i 44 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. oHe Exptniei for 14 diiyn of a familif rontitUng of a man ami hi$ tri/e and tvo childrtH, eoneand a half years old and the other four, the man earning id.itti every tiro wieki. ■Itemii. i| 1 ! Li Si Anoant. Six InsTt'd of bread (every two wvekR) lit 18 cent H a loaf Evury Siiniluy nioroiiig fi^ criitii, worth of rolls, iic Every Mundny at dinner t kiloi;ram of nieut. ut ia| venlH, ami meat I'onr tiiiiea diirinsi tlie week, eurli time i of a kil- ournin. at It cents Oue-liair kiloKraiu of Hiiut in tlie aoup. . . Oiiclmlf kilusnini of fat. One linlf kilogram of iMiiaage Potiitoes 8 pieeeHof fintter, at IH cents a piece For tlieHiuulleRtcbilil, ScansHn-iHoiuilk. Cleitr 8u^ar, 1 kllo)!rnm Loaf suirnr, i kilogram Vojietableii, 750 (irams rice, 750 srrams pe! lei! Kialii. and 7S0 granis mlUet One liiill'Kilo|.'rnMi of eoffee 1 l>n('kuKii wlient eotfec 6 lien inuii, at lij cents each Vmejiar and sweet oil Soup for washiuj: clothes, i kiloerani . . (irciise fur wnMliiuK clothes, ) kiU>gram . Sotln and starch, 730 grams Hiiir-oll Spices Coal oil .. Salt. 1 kilogram Illackiug and grease for shoes 00 10} 10 10 62 1 33S ID oei Mi'i, lOi 08} ■ lO^n 02,1, ■ O.'A j Items. I Amoont ' aclcifs I MnM, 12A graiiiM of smoking tobacco . . ....| 04X Curd for jmtatoes ..., I M l,2.'H)gianiH of Hour .. .' / . Dues to factory invalid fund . I|t |t Private fund ...i (ifl ' Total Uda.VB TsT" For year : loj zf Annunlly for funeral money 71 Straw for beils ' |i;i Itent j 114'.' TaxeK, inoliuUng Income tax ' 2 TO Fuel 1 14 JH Shoes. I 8 3:1 Clothing I '.>1 4'j . Bed cUithing 3 ri7 4 gliisHcsof beer cji Sundays.... ' m\ Hflts. ^o j 111)" Tiouse utensils 47 Keeping furnitiurc in good contlition ..' 47 Thread, needles, ribbon, and buttons..' 17 Yarn for making ntockings I 71 Total annual expenditure ' '261 ht Income 222 70 Excess I 30 11 This man was n wool-spinner. His beer account, it will be noticed, is all wrong, and ought really to bo $4. 70 for the year. 4. — IVeekly expe)\»es of a locksmith's f am ihi, consisting of himself and wife and two flirh, one 11 and the other l:t years old. Items. Amount. Items. Bent Fuel Taxes School tax In valid fund Flro in!4urancu lieadiug matter School books and writing paper Clothing Shoes Bed-clotbes and towels Yarn, thread, and ribbon Soup and soda Coaloil Blacking and matches Bread Meat <} of a pound dolly) Potatoes (3 pounds a day) Pulse $0 71 2Si 13 12 IS 02 ost 71 19 07 04; 081 02^ 71 10 12 Vog..it!ibles Butter (3 pieces) (Jboese (4 pieces) KgK»(3) Flour , Silt Vluegarandoil Coffee Sugar Milk , Beer Total : , For year , The average income for six years past was Amount. «0 09i SO OOi M,v, 00 01 028 12 02 1 08J 16f S41 38130 285 60 !' i ^' \j ^^.: VS- 'i.^^Ss*^*^' /« and Uco chililmi, 16 every tivo wreki. ' Amount ! •oo-v, ... I OfJ li";:.. :::.■ lij I 08 7 sT" ; 103 sr r 71 M 1142 : ' 2 76 I 14'.'» 83:1 21 4.: 3 ri7 ■• m\ 1 lit" 47 CKDilitiou ..' 47 (1 bultons..! 17 I 71 ture ' 261 K7 222 70 ! 30 11 rong, and oaght really wife and two girh, Amoant. ♦0 09J SO OOi 06 01 028 12 021 08) 19 5 41 381 30 years past 285 60 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. 45 'y.—Expenie»ofa (Ujting matter for two wtekn, haviini for a family hiiimelf and wife, two sons, one uaruiHg to be a Joiner and the other eiUl going to nchool, and a daughter. ItMaa. 7 '.onvi'i of brawl, 4 ktlograiua to the lonf. at IRoenta Small rolU 1 Flour 8pli'i'os or butter, at 16) centa 7 lltei ■» i>*' milk ifSRit-- ■ • • Chet'tiHima oiirds Fat, aiiet, nod lard SauitnK« Piitatoi'i). ] of a centner 2 kll>i);rani» of meat Drieil and tlTtfa vegutablea Salt iinil »nlce« L'olTi'e und HUjiaf Herrincn, vinegar, and oil Cdiiloilnnd rapcoll lor llaht 6 litiTs of l)cer Thread, ribbon, biitloni*, n..'i needles . . . Illuckinu and icieHsu for ahoea Factory Invalid fund Private invalid fnud Amonot. *1 •2»l 23} 33 m 07 13) lit 80 61 474 12 87 Mi 19 17 00{ 02 II u« Item*. Annual funeral due* Taxea , Fuel Bed-straw . Shoes for all Clot hint; and hats , EeepInK furniture and order Sobotd expenses PostSKe atensila in Total for ycai' Grand total for year . His waues amount to |8 .''>6S tor evi'ry twii weeks, and nunually (ilednctiui: 12 holidiiyc) Kent from a factory ^irl livlni; in the house Amoant. «OIM) 28r 14 28 71 11 M 23 80 71 10 71 14 6S81 2.'t 03 314 14 10 23 Total for two weeks . 7 23) Totalforyoar 18« 11 Entire income for rear 2:14 87 Xorent is Included in the above statement, because his daagbter, grown up, pays for it with money earned by sewing, but he boards her tree of charxe. [Circular. I Department of Statk, JVaahingtoH, April 27, 1886. To consular officers 0/ the United States in Europe : Gentlemen : You are instructed to report, at your earliest convenieuce, upoD tlie extent and character of the emieratiou from the consular district in which you re- side to the United States. The importance of this question at the present juncture will doubtless impress upon yon the necessity of a full and fair report, covering not merely the statistics of emigration, but the general habits, morals, and social condi- tion of the classes of the population which contribute most to the emigration. The following specific questions are merely to serve as a guide in preparing the reports. You are not, however, expected to confine your replies to them, but to contribute whatever may serve to determine the generait condition of those seeking new homes in the United States. (1) Statistics— a series of years, or since 1873, would be desirable. (2) Classes which snpply the greatest number of emigrants, agricultural, indus- trial, «!kc. (3) Causes of the emigration, such as compulsory military service, onerous taxa- tiou, strikes, surplus population, &c. (4) Social condition ; tenants or landowners ; well-to-do or paupers; general man- ner of living as regards housing, eating, and clothing ; marriage and divorce facts: children, natural and legitimate. This branch of the inquiry will apply to the whole population of the district, and not to the emigrants merely, though it will be well to examine particularly as to that part of tb<) community. (5) Do yoQ know of any deportation of chronic paupers or insane persons, with or without Government aid f Or of any " assisted " emigration ; and. if yes, how do these " assisted " emigrants compare with those who leave their country voluntarily f (6) Attitude of Onverument towards emigration ; and, if unfavorable, what obsta- cles are thrown in its way T (7) Special privileges or rates of fare offered by Governments or corporations to induce emigration, and how have these circumstances affected the emigration to the United States 7 I am, gentlemen, your obedient servant, T. F. BAYARD. 46 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. AUSTRIA HUI^GARY. r, II BBPORT OF OOXSULGEXERAL JUSSEX. la complying with your circular of April 27, 1886, 1 have uo recent statistics to guide ine, and must rely entirrty upon such private infor- mation as 1 have been enabled to obtain, and upon the reports of tbe statistical bureau published in January, 1886, and covering no later period than the year 1884. From this report it appears that in the year 1884 Austria lost 7,215 of its subjects by emigration, of which 5,788 emigrated with and 1,427 without the consent of the Government, and that in the year 1883 about the same number, viz, 7,366, emigrated from Austria. This report con- tains the admission that the effort to ascertain what particular foreign countries were the destination of these emigrants was quite in vain, and that inquiries in this behalf at the foreign consulates of Austria- Hungary were of no avail whatever. The report admits further that the information published by foreign statistical bureaus is the most reliable and only source from which the Austrian Government can aiScertain how many of its subjects leave their Austrian homes and to what particular country they emigrate. An Austrian can cross the line without a passport without much dif- ficulty, and can go on board ship at Havre, Rotterdam, or Antwerp, without being asked for his papers or having his character inquired into. Those emigrants who obtain passports generally belong to the better classes and are not members of the dangerous elements. The young men who want to escape military service, the ultra socialist, the an- archist, the men who have lost all social and business footing here, the bankrupt, embezzler, and swindler, stops not to obtain permission of tlie Government, and naturally the authorities have no sort of record here either as to the number or the place of destination of this class of emi- grants. There is no prospect, at least as far as Austria is concerned, that the emigration of these classes to tbe United States will ever be controlled by the authorities here to such au extent as to indirectly or directly benefit our country. The Government would as a matter of course prohibit, if it could do so, the emigration of all young men subject to military duty, but it is quite natural that it feels no regret to get rid of the ultra socialists and anarchists, and that it is quite willing the bank- rupt and swindler should depart for foreign countries and that the paupers should find support away from home, and it is therefore not to be expected that the Austrian passport system will be amended in tbe direction of preventing these incumbrances on society from crossing the line of the Empire outward-bound. In view of these facts and circumstances, I would suggest that the only practical effort in the direction of controlling this sort of emigra- tion to our liepublic would seem to be a direct supervision by the United States consuls in their respective districts as to all emigrants desiring to leave that district for the United States. Although any Austrian may leave the Empire without the consent of his Government, he cannot land and settle in the United States except under certain conditions and on certain terms which the United States can prescribe. Would it y 4l' i . : < ' t' -j i way *- i>iiiiiftn>»iiriii«-' AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 47 ; have uo recent ah private infor- le reports of the )vering uo later stria lost 7,215 of with and 1,427 e year 1883 aboat This report con- articular foreign IS quite in vain, lates of Austria- lished by foreign e from which the 8 subjects leave bhey emigrate, without much dif- am, or Antwerp, aracter inquired ong to the better snts. The young socialist, the an- footiug here, the permission of the rt of record here ;his class of emi- icerned, that the p-er be controlled ectly or directly natter of course men subject to igret to get rid of willing the hank- ies and that the s therefore not to e amended in the ty fi:om crossing suggest that the s sort of emigra- ion by the United aigrants desiring igh any Austrian nment, he cannot ertain conditions scribe. Would it therefore not be feasible to require by proper legislation that every emigrant landing in the United States should present a certificate from the United States consul of the district from which he emigrated, setting forth that consular inquiries as to the character, &c., of the applicant were satisfactorily answered, the extent of such inquiry to be pre- scribed by the instructions of the Department ! The labor involved would of course be considerable, and could not possibly be performed with the clerical assistance at present allowed to consular officers, but the object to be gained would certainly be more than an equivalent for an increase of the consular expense account. As far as Austria is concerned, there would be uo difficulty in obtaining detailed informa- tion as to the character, antecedents, &c., of every subject dwelling within its borders. Although the Austrian authorities lose sight of the emigrant as soon as he crosses the line, they guard him very closely while he lives upon Austrian soil. It would of course be for the Depart- ment to decide to what extent and in what direction official information as to an emigrant should be regarded as conclusive, and I understand also that ^fc will be extremely difficult to prescribe the line to be drawn between the refusal and the granting of a consular certificate or pass- port, but in spite of all the question remains, what other practical remedy could be adopted to prevent the immigation of these dangerous elements in the United States ? The labor and agricultural classes of Bohemia probably supply the greatest number of emigrants to the United States, and among the Bohe- mian industrial laborers some of the most violent ultra socialists are to be found. The great majority of these Bohemian laborers, both of the industrial and agricultural class, are illiterate and ignorant in the ex- treme. They stand in great awe of the police authorities at home. They are generally very robust and vigorous men, industrious, and ca- pable of great physical labor and exertion. Lower Austria, and especially Vienna, sends its quota of emigrants to our Bepublic, and these are mostly of the German race. Unsuccessful merchants, advanced in years, young clerks, and young men of all conditions in litis, who cannot pass the examination which is required to limit military service to one year instead of three, are anx- ious to avoid the drudgery of a common soldier's life and escape to the United States without asking leave of the Government. Agricultural laborers emigrate from Tyrol, and industrial and agri- cultural laborers from Moravia, and are, as a rule, peaceable and orderly men. The causes of emigration from the Empire of Austria are compulsory military service, onerous taxation, and the very meager and insufficient compensation of all branches of labor. About the social condition of the laboring classes, industrial as well as agricultural, their dwellings, the sanitary condition of the factories, their food and wages, I have heretofore reported iu full as to all the districts of the Empire, and beg leave to refer to my annual report, pub- lished in consular report !No. ^, tor April, 1886, and it appears tvom this report that the general condition of the laboring classes of the Em- pire as to health, wages, and prospects in life is of a very low standard indeed. There can be no question that a much greater number of these peo- ple would emigrate to the United States if they could command the means to pay the-expenses of the voyage. The law prohibiting the landing of pauperi on our shores has had a far-reaching effect in de- 48 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. i terring these poor people from leaving their homes, and I have hatl very frequent applications for positive information as to the precise amount of -funds necessary to escape the designation of paupers. EDMUND JUSSEN, Consul- General. United States Consulate-General, Vienna, July 27, 1886. BUDAPESTH. BEPORT OF OONSTTL STERNE. I regret that I have not succeeded in obtaining the exact figures, but from all that I could gather it will be safe to assume that about 70,000 in all will cover the extent of such emigration within the past twelve years ; further, that previous to the year 1874 this movement, was not of a size worthy of mention, unless I would refer to the emigration which took place in consequence of the revolutionary troubles in Hungary of the years 1848-1850 (the time of Kossuth), the results of which com- pelled a number of people to l6ave their country. These "emigres" all belonged to the best classes of society, and I believe that those who remained in the United States eventually proved a valuable acgrisiLicii to our country ; many of them, however, returned to their native home after a total amnesty had been granted. classification. , The emigration from Hunf^ary deserves to be classified as follows: Firstly, into what can be called general emigration by individuals from all classes of the people and from the greater part of the state ; and secondly, into a systematic movement en masse by one class of people only, and only from one district of the state. My attention has been principally confined to the latter class, and I wish it to be under- stood that the details given in this report refer more in particular to the same. The great mass of these emigrants belong to the agricultural class, but also include some who have been employed in the timber-industry and in mines ; in quality they all represent what is called "raw labor" and of the " rawest sort " at that, since in their occupations they have thus far been very little accustomed to the use and the handling of machinery or improved tools. causes of EMIGRATION. " Hard times" is the main cuuse of the emigration from here as it is from other countries, with the difference, however, that here these "times" either did not exist as early as in other countries, or, if they did exist, they were not felt by these people, on account of their peculiar stage of culture. Overpopulation is certainly not one of the causes of this emigration. To the contrary, Hungary, in its manifold resources, has the capacity of holding a much larger population than it has, especially when com- pared with other continental states of less resources. it«Bfl6:^;;::.»S ■*1- AUSTRIA-HUXOART. 49 have had very )recise aoiount JSSEN, uul- General. ict figures, but It about 70,000 lie past twelve aent. wasnot of igration which in Hungary of of which corn- society, and I ntually proved ?ever, returned a ted. Qed as follows: idividuals from the state ; and class of people attention has it to be under- n particular to icultural class, ;imber-iudu8try d "raw labor" ions they have he handling of That, under such conditions, there should be any emigration at nil is to be accounted for by the fact that since about 1873 the state has to- tally lost its dominating position as the granary of Europe; that the strong competition by other countries has caused its main industry, agriculture, to become far less profitable than it once was. This changed state of aHairs has brought the usual consequences, flrHt of all, reducing wages, and, further, compelling proprietary pro- dacers to resort to a more general introduction of labor-saving machin- ery, thereby actually creating a r^uiplus of this branch of labor, while the development of other branches of industry has not been rapid enough to give employment to those who have thus been deprived of work. Mnch of this surplus is drawn to the cities, where there are efforts now being made to develop the industries, but a part of it is compelled to leave the country to obtain the means of living, and thus the movement to America has been brought about. The last census of Hungary demonstrates this clearly, for while the cities show quite a gain in most cases, there are some of the rural dis- tricts which, instead of increasing, have hardly held their own in the past decade. High taxation has of course much to do with causing emigration, but in this case more indirectly through its influence on the standard of wages and in causing an increase in the cost of living. The improved and increased means of transportation have also had their influence on the latter in advancing the prices of the main staples of life where they are produced, and which is thus most severely felt by the rural popula- tion, while the same means have actually made possible and introduced some items of expense and even extravagance which before the event of railways had never been dreamed of by these people in their sim- plicity of mind, habits, and tastes. Compulsory military service, though nowhere cheerfully submitted to, is not a cause of this speciaA class of emigration, for those who go away have either absolved their duty already or they intend to do it when they return ; this " return" being explained further on. The idea of a ''strike" is thus far as little known to these people as that word itself may be, but dull and slow as they are individually they possess, " as a mass," so mnch the instincts of sheep that they can only too readily be taught and induced to follow a leader, whom they will follow "blindly," thus Increasing thedanger should their otherwise non- dangerous inclinations be turned into a wrong direction by evil-minded persons; this all the easier since their education is so very defective. POLITICAL CAUSES. om here as it is lat here these ries, or, if they f their peculiar his emigration. B the capacity illy when corn- Though not directly belonging to the special objectof the j ;. i -iry, I will heresay that since the advent of extreme uationaUrui (CL.M!vvniHJi) in the politics of Europe there is a sort of migration in practic ',, rpwially in the southeastern portion of the continent, by which Huitgary, ok one, yearly loses some of its population, though she also '.'Ir-s seme ja)i>8 by the same cause. It is brought about by this that the ^everal nat »i>s of this part of Europe, since they have succeede.- s j establishing a more fixed status as nations, are making efforts to repatriate the descend- ants of those who have been lost to them during the voluntary and involuntary VoUcer-Wanderungen of the past centuries, and a suc- cess in this is made quite possible from the peculiar fact that though these different peoples have been thrown together for ages, mtiuy of their descendants havo retained the tribal characteristics of their ances- H. Ex. 157 4 t I I la m .1 /j • til •. +i 50 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. tors in general appearance, Iiabits, and character, as well as their lik- ings or prejudices of race, not to forget also of laugaage. Of all these states I believe there is none which has been as much the turbulent field of these movements of peoples as Hungary has beeu; in consequence of which she is even to this day the greatest conglom- erate nation existing — for, though ages have passed these races have not assimilated to a great extent, which in its turn is much due to the fact that these races occupy by large majorities different portions of the state and have thus beeu or are thus able to retain their own char- acteristics. Much of the old rivalry is yet existing amongst them all ; and, since some of them at least believe themselves oppressed by the dominant race, it is comparatively an easy matter to induce some of them to return to the homes of their ancestors, where in turn they may enjoy the satisfaction of belonging to the great majority, though for solid benefits they are seldom benefited by the change. The interested parties, in this case the neighboring states, see to it of course, even if not ofQcially, that the necessary sentiment is developed and that the necessary means are furnished to smooth the way homeward. I find after all that the previous remarks were in place, for they go to show that there are people living in Hungary who though in close con- tact with others for many years and whose interests seemingly and reasonably should be the common ones, have retained their individu- ality to such a degree as to prevent their becoming citizens of their state in its fullest sense; just such a class are those who furnish the principal contingent of the emigration to America. They are the Slovacks and belong to the Slavonic race and they in- habit principally the northern counties of the state, which are proverbial for their poorness of soil and general resources, in consequence of which the Slovacks are also the poorest people in the state. Notwithstanding this and all £ have said about race feeling, these people feel much attached to their mountain homes and will only leave them when necessity compels them to do so, but then always with the fixed de- termination to return to their homes as soon as their aim has been reached. This aim, when going to America, is to make what is a fortune in their eyes, and in this they usually succeed in about three years. When they move about nearer to their homes they usually remain away during the season of harvest or during the building season in cities, and then their object is mainly to provide the means for their long winter ; and while they are thus away they conscientiously send home supplies to their families. CHABAGTBB OF EMIGRANTS. It is usually the men only wh'> thus leave their homes, pnd, though at all times practicing the closest economy, they will when away even strain a point so that their object may be attained the zooner, and at such time they can be said to fairly compete with the Chinese as far as the most penurious practices of economy ; and were it not for their love of strong drink they could fairly be called the most frugal people living as far as the demands of the body go, and I may say here that the above inclination has a great deal to do with their impoverished con- dition. More directly in answer to your queries £ will say that I believe none of these emigrants to be paupers, nor is there any danger under reason- able circumstances that they may become such in America; for, unlike the gipsies of Hungary, the Slovacks are not born beggars ; to the con- w. \v!i AUSTBIA-HUNGARTf . 61 11 as their lik- been as much jary has been; itest conglom- !se races have ich due to the nt portions of lieir own char- iest them all ; Dressed by the iduce some of turn they may ty, though for The interested Bourse, even if [ and that the rard. , for they go to h in close con- seemingly and their individu- tizens of their ho furnish the :e and they in- are proverbial uence of which ig, these people ily leave them th the fixed de- aim has been hat is a fortune it three years, y remain away m in cities, and ir long winter ; home supplies pnd, though at en away even ooner, and at tinese as far as »t for their love il people living here that the K)verished cou- I believe none r under reason- ca; for, unlike ,rs : to the con- trary, these are always willing to work, and all the harder if by doing so their object may be reached the sooner. Many of them are strictly day laborers and never possessed property beyond a little house or hut and an acre or two of the sterile land of their section. From that these are called Ktein-Hfiusler ; that is, owners of small houses. Others of these emigrants have poissessed as much as 30 acres of land (this quantity seemingly being a sectional land unit with them), but they have f ither lost this entirely or are so much in debt that, at home, nothing short nf a miracle can save them from total ruin. To either possess such wealth as this or to recover it where lost is generally the utmost limit of all their ambition. HABITS OF LIVING. Their manner of living is the very plainest; their homes are often nothing but scanty huts, of one room, wherein the whole family lives and sleeps promiscuously. The furniture and outfit is very primitive, mostly home-made and has to last for generations. The same can be said as to their clothing, " biled shirts" being quite an unusual luxury with the men. The body clothes of the latter are made of coarse linen, their summer clothing of the same material, only coarser, and in winter their clothing consists of suits made from a coarse and thick woolen felting, in the natural color of the wool ; an everlasting cap of sheep- skin and a pair of sandals about complete an outfit which has been in mode with them for generations and which may be heir-looms, since the style hardly ever changes. A very important part of their outfit is the very roomy and long man- tle without sleeves, made up from half a dozen sheepskins which are tanned, the wool being left on ; these " overalls " are ever with them, and, as the season may demand, are worn either with the wool on the in or out side, anu when the men are away from home these mantles form their complete bed. What these patriarchal cloaks may lack in style is generally made up for by some gaudy embroidery or even painting on the leather side of it, just as also the bodices of sheepskin are "trimmed," which the women wear in winter. The manj'' and wonderful " discov- eries" in dress of the female world at large has not yet reached these women, and their extravagance usually spends itself in the acquisition of a number of high-colored handkerchiefs and ribbons for head and shoulders, though some of them who have travehd beyond their home limits have gone as far as to adopt the I'ed or yellow top-boots of the Hungarian peasant women. I do not wish to be unjust to tliese people, but from all I can learn their demand for water is but very limited for the use of the outer body as well as the inner. FOOD. At home then- diet consists principally of milk, potatoes, corn and rye bread, coffee and the meats being reserved luxuries of the wealthier for Sunday or holidays. While laboring in cities there is added to the above, if such can be done cheaply or gratis, the remnants or offall from the restaurant, or if times are specially " flush" wiJi them fresh meat is bought from the butcher iu the shipe of the lungs, livers, or other unpopular but cheap portions of the beef. Their preferred drink is a sort of brandy made from potatoes or prunes, the latter called *^ sUvovitz," smd since thepres- (1 k II I 1 I ^1 I t' oging to a descri{-tion of the Slovacks, I shall say that the mortality i^mongst their children is large beyond propor- tion, and this is also ;^i. evil which exists again in the whole state. 'That is, the particular shape of it that existed hem. r\i i au article of anything but i said in theii e of their fami- their aid, but liry I shall uot •yed en mmse or oven set of I women alike, td without the ing threat and thorities often lease-breeding since divorces igion or on ac- the people of I ( Wilde Ehen), classes of the . This also in ate children in ;hefte Slovacks •f the stAte, or le inquiry will lere in general until their niil- ver, it must be vhicb were the By return from ; children, and ra that in their blic opinion to y possible but Eice. exist amongst orality ; at any I former, to do with the ises often lack education has tnind>tion; and ), I think there ; fully aware of lovacks, I shall [)eyond propor- iiole state. AUSTRU-llUXGABY. 58 In consequence of this, though births occur in rational numbers, the population of the whole state does not show a satisfactory increase. This mortality exists neatly altogether amongst the poorer classes, and is caused often by the rude, barbarons treatment of the children by tbeir mothers, by their ignorance of all ideas of hygiene, and many times by their superstitious practices, which often interfere with calling in the aid of medical advice and remedies. ASSISTED EMIGRATION. I have no knowledge of any deportation of chronic paupers or insane persons with or without Government aid. " Assisted " emigration there has been a few years ago, as already referred to in my dispatch No. 2, of May 19, 1880. While I have not been able to lay my hand's on to any positive facts 1 will say that it is generally known that many of these emigrants have been secured by labor contractors at the beginning of the movement, while now it is kept up by the aid which desiring emigrants receive from friends who are already in America. Besides this, there is every reason to Jl>elieve that transatlantic transportation companies do their share towards making these people ^* travel." ATTITUDE OF THE OOVEBNMEMT. The described shortness of population, especially of the laboring classes, causes the authorities of the state and the owners of estates to look with the greatest disfavor upon the movement. The authorities uise every possible method to repress the movement, but the most eflFective remedy has been lost to them when the compul- sory passport system was abolished. Though passports are uot issued to people who may be in debt or who have attained a certain age and not yet absolved their military duty, these always find a way to leave the country when they want to go; and the people who are not in debt and who can obtain passports ai e not those who want to go. Another repressive measure resorted to is to keep close watch upon the movements of suspected emigration agents, and I am sure that these are shortly dealt with when caught at work. Much stress also seems to be laid upon giving publicity of any piece of unfavorable information concerning the'lTnited States, and all the newspapers of the country seem to be alike willing and patriotic in aiding the Government in this object, but all labor is certainly wasted in this instance as long as the Slovacks in America continue to send their little checks of money to their firiends in this country, and though these are usually but very small sums, they represent vast fortunes to these modest people. I believe there would not be so much objection after all to this emi- gration were it only money that the people send or bring back to their homes ; but something is imported tuertby which but few continental governments seem to digest with a good grace, that is, " American ideas": and in this case I believe that this Government cannot be said to be altogether wrong if they treat this article with suspicion, for crude as these Slovacks leave their country, crude they also return, for their exclnsivenet*s and love for herding result in their imbibing while in America not ideas of real '* liberty," but ideas of " license." Thus the emigration is not only an economic loss to the state, but also carries with it items of social and political danger, and no wonder that the Gov- ernment would by all means like to stop it. til' 1 54 EMIGRATION A.ND IMMIGRATION. f ^ 1 "ut as might be desirable: but it is not my business to lecture these people, and the character of them has been once already described to the Department. As a class 1 can say for them that they are intelligent, quick, and capable, and nnder any reasonable conditions in the United States they will succeed and become valuable citizens of our country. Following are the statistics relating to the subject, taken from a cen- sus at the close of 1884 : Total population of the state, exclusive of Croatia, Slavonia, and Fiuuie, 14,341, 276. The number of marriages during the year, 144,416 ; of divorces, 1,047. The total number of marriages in the three coun- tries from which the Slovacks principally emigrate, and having a tptal population of 696,549, are, marriages, 6,^4 ; divorces in the same coun- tries, 2£. The number of illegitimate children of the whole state is 55,243, out of a total of births of 660,068 ; in the above countries, illegitimate births, 2,068, out of a total of 26,56.>. The total number of deaths in the whole state is 449,6!]fl, of which 233,378 fall upon children under five years of age. In the aUove countries, total of deaths, 18,144; of which children under 5 years, 8,558. These flgures will speak for themselves. HENRY STERNE, Consul. PRAGUE. REPORT OF riCE-OOtiaVL Hl}NIKa. Of all the provinces oi'the Austrian Empire which send emigrants to transatlantic countries, Bohemia furnishes by far the largest number. The current of emigration, which, with only few exceptions, runs prin- cipally to the United States, has been for many years a steady one, and is not drawing its supplies, strange to say, from the densely populated German-speaking districts of Nortnern and Northwestern Bohemia, but mostly from central and southern parts of the country, where the Czech element predominates, where the soil is less fertile, the means of com- munication fewer, trade and commerce but little developed, and where repeated bad harvests, inundations, long-continued droughts, but above all an onerous taxation, constantly tend to foster the desire to leave the country to find a new home. The greater part of the emigrants are small formers, tenants, me- chanics, musicians, field-hands, and common day laborers, as well as some of the wnrkingmen who were discharged in consequence of the closing of numerous establishments in the manufacturing districts. The law rendering every able-bodied man liable to military duty is another cause of emigration which prompts many young people to leave the country before they roach the age of twenty. As for their means of subsistence, they are mostly poor people, glad to possess a sum sufficient tx) pay their passage across, showing by their 56 EMIGRATION AND IMMIOBATION. ilij il outward appearauce that tbey are ill-t'ed and that they are deprived of every comfort. Their nuiabers, however, would not be ko large if tlio devices and Bcheines of emigration agents and alluTiiig i-eport« tieut over by relatives and acquaintances who went befo! ' v^-na not cou- tinaally at work to enlist fresh numbers to swell the ranks. Land- owners and ugricnIturisVA, provided with larger sums tor the purchase of land, are the exceptiou and rarely to be found amongst them ; tha m^ority go over with the intention of trying to find work in the settle- ments of their former coontrymen, a course which they are forcenby I tbo Brameni portofll- tors. 2,38S 1.2C1 <,W1 ».om 0.411 4.49» 8.517 9,m 3.597 7,429 o,o;ii) a.3«i 6, 312 Tear. Nniiibara clvM Ay OaBoke- nuaiiiA- ckh. Nninbera given by th« Bnmeii portoffi- c«ra. 61,8«7 /2,982 **»*-*-■ are deprived of so large if the g i-eporlB Bent v-na not cou- rauks. Land- ir the purchase igst them ; the k in the settle- y are forcey tb« 9r«meii poi^offl- ctn. 2,3«3 : a 517 I 3.557 ».30t 61,8«7 t,2Cl S,OIR 4.4»» •,SI)3 7,429 0,0:19 6,312 72,982 BELGIUM. 8f The fort'Koiug table shows that in the years 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, iiud 1880 the relative difference in the numbers changes and that the Bohemian ofiicinls report more emigrants as having left than the port officers in Bremen, which is accounted for by the fact that in these years I lamburg was chosen by emigrants as port of departure in preference to Bremen. fn former years many Bohemian emigrants directed their steps to Rus- sia, and especially to the districts of Kiew and Ohurkow, as well as to tbe f^aucasus, where many Czech colonies exist ; but emigration to these parts has now ceased entirely an«l iustea» I8sn. 1881. 1882 1883. 1884 Aiiatiia. 10,145 13,341 7,759 7,8M HnDgaiT. 1,217 l,3ot 1,357 T«(al. I«, 14S 13,841 il,07« 1,867 l,aB7 BELGIUM. t ANTWERP. REPORT OF ooyavL areuART. The official statistics furnished npon emigration from Belgium ate very imperfect, and are given out at a very late date, as, for instance, the latest published report giving any details upon this subject is for the year 1883. This report shows that from 1871 to 1883 the immigra- tion into this district and into this kingdom has been in excess of the emigration. From this report I have compiled Table A, showing the emigration by prov.'ice, sex, and destination from the Kingdomof Belgium for the 58 EMIGRATION AND IMMIOBATION. ! i years 1881, 1882, and 1883. No information is given or attainable to sliow what cla88 contributed most largely to this emigration, but from this district the majority probably oame nrom the indastr! v.! claHses. By application to the governmental commistiioner of emigration in this city, I have obtained the flguren given in the Tab'ie'^ B, 0, and 1). Table B gives the number and destination of the emigrants leaviug this port yearly from 1872 to 1885. Table gives the nationality^ age, and sex of the emigrants fh)m this port for the year 1885. Table D gives the age, sex, nationality, occapation, and destination of the emigrants leaving the port of Antwerp durin^r the first quarter of 1886, this being the first year in which such details regarding euii- gration have been taken by the officials. It shows that during the first three months of 1880 only 1G8 Belgians left for North and South America, and 45 of these were children under sixteen years of age. It will be noticed that the tide of emigration from the port of Aut- werp has grown very rapidly since the year 1879. This is owing to the advantages offered by the regular line of Bed Star steamers from this port to New York, and also the convenient position of Antwerp as a central point easy of access for those wishing to seek foreign homes ; but it will also be seen that the proportion of Belgians among tho8<3 leMving is very small, the whole numl)er emigrating to America in 1885 bt'iug only 1,083. How many of those going to the United States be- longed to this consular district there are no means of ascertaining, as no record has been kept. I have applied to the minister of the interior for any details that could be given me upon this subject, but no re- sponse has yet arrived. Nothing is known here of any " assisted " emigration or of the deporta- tion of criminals, lunatics, paupers, or any otUor class of persons that would be objectionablefor any Government to i o ^ive. Any such knowl- edge at the consulate would of course lead to a pr otest against their departure, and the steamship company would consult their own interest in refusing to carry them. The attitud;: of the Govern: nent towards emigration is entirely pas- sive ; it neither encourages nor attempts to prevent it. No obstacle in placed in the way of any one wishing to leave. No special privileges or raies of mre are offered, other than those ofTered by the steamer line*- crrry i. > emigrants. There is no oppressive :" ' ' !Ty ^ . "ice ; no onerous taxation or other local grievance to drive t; : population to abandon their country and seek homes elsewhere. 7. t ;), there is a large surplus population and it is necessary lor all to > ,', u employment in order to live. In various parts of the Kingdom stiiRes have lately occurred, very serious in their nature and effect, causing bloodshed and the interference of the military to suppress them. In this moment the attitude of the workingmen at the industrial centers is causing the Government much anxiety, but iu this city there has been no disturbance ; the work people seem to be em- ployed, and if not happy and contented they are at least quiet and man- age to live upon their small earnings and remain at home. JOHN H. STEUABT, Consul United States Consulate, Antwerp, May 31, 1886. SS-i. . ' attainable to tion, but from i\] claHses. emigration in i B, 0, and 1). grants leaving 'ants firom this ad destination B first quarter Bgarding enii- luring the first tb and South firs of age. 5 port of Ant- s owing to the ners from this Antwerp as a oreign homes ; I among those merica in 188o ted States be- icertaining, as of the interior !Ct, but no ru- of the deporta- f persons that oy such knowl- against their ir own interest 8 entirely pa«- ^o obstacle is 9r than those :ation or other ir conntry and )uIation and it e. In various serious in their of the military rorkingmen at >nxiety, but iu jeem to be em- [uiet and man- lijAET, Consul. &j]^^?y*^-"-'-- r s^e^-j IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 1^121 125 m Itt !&& 12.2 flbotograiiiic Sdences Corporation 23 VnST MAIN STiHT VtfllSTIR,N.Y. UStO (716)l7a-4S03 .,,">„•-■.■••-»(* CIHM/ICMH Microfsche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas .Jinag4tJiii>i:iit-Jt.tt^f. ~ ^ Table A. — Emigration from Belgium, bi/ procinoe, aex, and destination, during the years leSl, 1882, and IbdH. 60 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Table C.—Emigration through the port of Antwerp, hij nationality, age, and »ex, for the near 18^5. Nationality. Per direct vessel: Bel)(ian German American EDRltsb Anstro-Hangarian . French Ttalian Lnxembnrglan Dutch Bnsgian Swiss Other nationalities . Kot Total. Total both sexes . j>er direct vessel : Belgian Other nationalities . Total Total both sexes . Emigrants by- Sex. Age. Adults, sixteen years and over. I Children nnder sixteen. I I •a a 1,084 723 14,813 8,868 703 513 2,097 1,622 1 1,841 841 ' 482 322 , 614 407 724 504 : 475 881 ; 252 171 1,450 873 a 14 361 5,044 100 475 500 160 207 220 144 81 577 8 24, 057 15, 190 i 8, 867 24, 057 202 1,400 12S 1,005 1,602 1,U4 73 365 468 1,602 571 6,653 467 1,429 631 260 343 480 254 144 786 10 11, 928 211 3,375 138 327 302 103 133 167 83 54 414 -a 1 Dcstinution. i r s I 152 2,216 46 183 210 62 64 74 77 • 27 187 4 150 2,060 52 148 198 57 74 58 61 27 163 2 i 3 I 1,083 > 14,114 701 i 3,08» 1,215 i 481 606 ; 724 ; 475 247 ! 1,4S0 •13 i 126 1 6,813 I 3,262 3,034 23,207 m 17,741 100 847 44 260 6,816 29 158 U6 1,251 351 Table H.— Emigration through the port of Antwerp, by nationality, atfe, and deatination, for the quarter ending March »1, 188«. lex, oeeupation' Emigrants. Age and sex. NaUonaUty. VationaU^. Sex. Adalts, sixteen years and over. Children under siktaen. Ifalea. Females. Hales. Females. Hales. Femalea, Direct departares i Belgiui 168 1,507 74 529 150 68 201 224 60 U 8S7 I 116 1,029 65 4S« 129 50 164 188 48 10 240 1 58 478 7« n 18 17 86 12 4 an 24 174 24* 6 14 6 » 4 18 21 154 1 17 3 g 4 12 Oerinan .................... American ..•.■.•••..••••■... 6S 432 124 36 178 175 44 10 222 1 8 56 18 10 13 24 7 1 81 English Aastro-Haagaifian French 7..". Italian tinxembarBian Dutch...... Rnssian 3 16 Swiss Other nationalities .......... Total 8,833 2,515 818 2,288 574 282 244 Tstal both sexes 8,333 2,807 526 1 *ii 1 Indirect departures : Belgian 87 308 26 239 n 64 26 9lfi 9 "21 21 . 19 Total 265 75 244 54 21 Total both sexes II^A ^ ^4 "" age, and tex, for the iDcstinutiou. Iren nnder i r izteen. s i E •«1 a 1 1 ti & >i A 52 150 1,U83 1 16 2,060 14,114 m 46 52 701 ■■> 03 148 3,080 8 10 108 1,215 12« «i 57 481 1 64 74 606 S 74 68 724 77 61 475 27 27 247 r, 87 163 1,4S0 4 2 ■^2 62 ' 3,034 23,207 m 6,816 20 1 U6 58| 1 i 351 age, *ex, oeenpatiou' Lge and ms. teen Children under iver. •iktaen. ■ales. Hales. Female!). 83 24 21 824 174 IM 8 1 66 24 17 18 6 » 10 14 8 13 6 4 24 II 12 7 4 3 1 3 81 18 16 574 282 244 626 9 45 21 19 54 21 21 42 BELGIUM. 61 Table D.— Emigration through the port of Jntwerp, by nationality, .>c.— Coutiiiued. Occnpatl on. Destin XationftUty. Agrionlt- arista. Commer- cial , orindna- trUL Laborers. Others. OccDpatiou not kiiown. atlon. Men. Women. . North America. Sonth America. Direct departnres : BekiAn 39 200 14 118 31 4 45 140 82 1 88 1 7 72 37 10 6 4 7 2 1 7 le 116 7 68 61 86 12 21 235 22 130 19 12 8 10 7 9 14 26 ISO 1,354 74 629 130 64 201 224 60 14 337 1 12 241 ! 815 14 i 7 75 ! 61 19 12 6 10 4U 8 16 14 8 2 2 1 168 76 153 Austro-HungftriAD . . . 4 TfaliAn - . - - . LnxemboTKiaii Thitnh 6 Swlse Other nationaUtieB... Total 663 162 880 482 609 1 631 8,164 109 Indirect departores ; Belgian OthernationaUtiea... 10 96 1 16 7 61 si 8 10 { 40 41 Total ; 112 17 1 41 1 58 22 '> 4H 1 Teasels employed for direct departniM : Belgian AUothera 16 9 Total - 25 BRUSSSIiS. * REPORT OF CONSUL BLADE. Belgium, with a popalation of nearly 6,000,000, furnishes bat a small per- centage of emigration to the United States. Belgiam is, on the whole, a prosperons country, and the incentives to emigration are not as great as in several other European nations. No method exists of ascertain- ing the emigration by consular districts, and in reference to the entire emigration from the Kingdom a wide discrepancy exists between the statistics of the Belgium Government and those furnished by the Bu- reau of Statistics of the United States, the former making the number largely less than the latter. Upon inquiry, I am led to beli«ve that this discrepancy arises from the fact that many Belgians leave for other countries (especially France), in the hope of bettering their condition, and failing in this, embark from those countries for the United States. According to the statistics of the United States Bureau, the annual emigration from Belgium from 1874 to 1885, inclusive, will be seen from the following table : Teara. 1874 1875 1876 1877, 1878, 1879. Number of emigrants. 817 616 615 488 854 612 Tears. 1880 1881 1882 1888 1884 1886 Knmber of emigrants. 1,232 1,766 1,431 1,450 1,676 1,653 5l^l^^!i;jfej^.. 68 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. As will be perceived, tbere has been a notable increase in emigration for the last six years. The population of Belgium is constantly on tlie increase and has become very dense, reacbiug to 384 per square mile while in the provinces of East and West Flanders it reaches to 500. ' CAUSES OF EMIGRATION. No right of primogeniture or entailment of estates existing, has re- sulted in a very minute subdivision of her soil, which to-day does not exceed an average of 7 acres, while in West Flanders 57 per cent of the tracts do not exceed IJ acres. A further cause of increased emigration is found in the fact that lier manufacturing cities are beginning to be crowded with skilled laborers, badly paid la comparison with those performing like labor in the United States. The agricultural class furnishes the largest proportion of emigrants, but no method exists for determining with accuracy this proportion. For several years past there has existed, and still continues to exist, in Belgium a severe agricultural depression. So severe has it become that at the present time, in not a few instances, tracts of land suscepti- ble of cultivation are left entirely uncultivated. By the last obtainable statistics, doubtless approximately correct, to- day there are in the entire Kingdom 1,199,319 agricultural laborers, consisting of 671,435 men and 527,884 women. The wages paid agri- cultural laborers are small. In the nine provinces of the Kingdom they range (avoiding fractions) as follows, twelve hours constituting a dav's labor : Wages. Men. Women. Wlthboard ' «^..i.„ OenU. 82 to 16 61 low Oentt. 17 to 11 31 to IB U 25 Without board 4*«* i.«j.. Averaee for the Kingdom : With board...... Withoat board poruaj.. If it were possible with these wages for the laborer to lay aside a sufficient sum to pay his expenses to the United States, I have nodoubt the emigration would be largely increased. OHARAOTEB OF THE PEOPLE. As a class the agricultural laborers of Belgium are honest, patient, industrious, and economical. In political sentiments thev are eminently conservative ; in morals, religious. The anarchical and' socialistic ele- ment is only to be found in cities, and is principally composed of for- eigners. In • tive intelligence the Belgian peasant does not essentially ditter from tuu ; of other European countries. No compulsory system of education existing, his grade of instruction may be regarded as low. It is quite certain that less than .30 per cent, of children between the ages of live and fifteen years attend the primary schools. In 1883, of the young men drafted into the standing army, most of whom come from the agricultural class, 15 per cent, could neither read nor write, 48 per cent, could read and write simply, and 38 per cent, possessed a primary edu- cation. Not uufrequently agricultural laborers are the owners of the houses they occupy, with a small garden attached. These houses are generally BELGIUM. 68 se m eniigrution oDstantly on the per square mile, caches to 500. existing, has re- to-day does not i 57 per cent, of tlie fact tbat lier skilled laborers, >or in the United )n of emigrants, s proportion, ntinues to exist, re has it become oflandsuscepti- ately correct, to- altnral laborers, ^ages paid agri- le Kingdom they stituting a daj's Men. Women. Genu. 82 to 16 6110 29 24 40 Oentt. 17 to 11 31 to 19 14 25 !r to lay aside a I have nodoabt honest, patient, By are eminently 3 socialistic ele- iomposed of for- 8 not essentially apulsory system regarded as low. •en between the In 1883, of the m come from the rite, 48 per cent. 1 a primary edn- rs of the houses les are generally composed of a kitclieu on the lower door, with a room occupied as a sleeping-ioom, also two sleeping-rooms above. When rented, the rent is trom $2 to $3.50 per mouth. The ordinary food of the agricultural laborer is composed of potatoes, wheat or wheat and rye bread, lard, vegetables in the form of soup, and iu time of harvest a little pork. Butter is a luxury attainable by but few, and when used at all one or two pounds a week is regarded as a large supply for a family. Clothing is cheap, men's coarse woolen suits costing from $3 to $4, cotton and woolen from $2.50 to $3, heavy shoes $1.75 to $2.25, and common shirts 47 cents. The manufacturing industries of Belgium furnish but few emigrants, but no method exists of determining the exact number. From (jharle- roi, a large mining and glass manufacturing center in this consular dis- trict, there is from time to time a slight emigration of miners and glass- workers. The number of the latter class within the past fifteen years, exclusive of women and children, will not exceed 250. As in agricult- ure, so in mining, there exists a very severe depression, in consequence of which the prices paid miners are small. At Charleroi they earn an average of 67 cents, while at Mons, which is exclusively a mining district, they earn only an average of 48 cents per day. In certain mines at present they are only employed four days in the week. I need not say that in such cases much misery and suffer- ing exists. The miner finds himself compelled to retrench expenses for clothing, meat, butter, and milk, until at last he is forced to subsist on bread and potatoes. Fortunately for him, at the present time the prices of these articles are low. Some miners and a larger proportion of glass- workers are the owners of the houses they occupy. Where rent is paid it may be estimated at from $1.75 to $2.50 per month. The following may be regarded'as a reliable statement, the result of investigation of the monthly earnings and expenses of three families of coal miners: . The first family is composed of husband, wife, and four children, one over twelve years. The earnings of husband, wife, and sou amount to $21.74, the expenses to $24.96, leaving a deficit to be paid from previous savings or in the contracting of debt. The second family is composed of husband, wife, and four children, all under twelve years. The earn- ings of husband and wife amount to $10.88, and the expenses to $10.50. The third family is composed of husband, wife, and four children, one over twelve years. The earnings, into which enter the profits from the cultivation from a tract of three-fourths of an acre of ground, average $25.17, the expenses $24.61. The difference in the expenses of the first and second family, com])osed of an equal number of persons, is that in the one case the wife is probably a better and more economical housekeeper than in the other. This fact is often met with: children, both boys and girls, above eleven or twelve years of age, are sent by their parents to labor in the mines. The only excuse for this consists often in the absolute necessity of the' case. As a class miners are more intelligent than agricultural laborers. Most of them can read and write. On the other hand, they have more vices, for, while habitual intoxication is very rare, they spend more money in the drinking shops and in gambling. The earnings of glass-workers are comparatively large, and conse- quently their general condition better than tbat of the miners. Glass- blowers earn from $77.20 to $96.50, and assistants from $28.95 to $38.60 per month. '1 ii 64 EMIOBATION AKD IMMIGRATJON. MABBIAOE. Marriage iu Belgium is sarroonded with many formalities. For males, from tlie age of eighteen to twenty-five; and of females, fh>m flft«eu to tW( uty ouu. the consent of the parents is absolutely required. In case of disagreement between the parents, the consent of the father is saffl- cient. If the parents are deceased, the consent of the grand parents \» required. If neither the parents nor grand parents are living, and if either of the parties is under twenty-one years, the consent of the "eonaeil de famille" is required. The ^^conseil defamille^ is composed of a justice of the peacv and the six nearest relatives. For males between twenty-five and thirty and for females between twenty-one and twenty-five, a respectful and formal request must be made to the parents or grand parent for their consent. If this consent is refused the request mast be repeated still twice at intervals of a month, and a month after the last request the marriage can be cele- brated without the consent. This formal request is made by two nota- ries, or by a single notary and two witnesses, and the necessary certifl- ctfte of the requests must be filed in the proper oflSoe before the mar- riage. Above thirty years, only one formal request is necessary. The laws of Belgium recognize marriage as a purely civil contract. In many instances it is performed a second time by a priest, but a mere religious marriage possesses no validity whatever. It is a punishable offense to celebrate it, if not preceded by the civil ceremony. Widows cannot marry until ten months after the death of their husbands. DIYOBGB. Belgium, though essentially a Catholic country, has laws regnlating divorce, but such divorces are not recognized by the Catholic church. The causes for divorce are adultery on the part of the wife, adultery ou the part of the husband committed iu his own dwelling, bad treatment, grave insults, and punishment for crime. Divorce can also be obtained by the mutual and continued consent of the parties expressed in the manner prescribed by law and according to the evidence which shall be deemed necessary to prove that life in common has become ^* insupportable." Such a divorce cannot be had until two years after the marriage, nor unless the husband is twenty- five years of age and the wife twenty-one. It cannot be had after twenty years of marriage, or when the wife is forty-five years of age. In all cases the consent of the parents or grand-parents must be had. Once divorced the same parties cannot contract a second marriage with each other. In case of divorce for cause the woman cannot contract a second marriage until the expiration of ten months, and in case of divorce by mutual consent neither of the parties can contract a second marriage until the expiration of biiree years. Where a cause for jdivorce exists there can be a separation "deoorp«;" to obtain which the mutual consent of the parties is necessary. Where the separation *>■ de corps" has been pronounced for any other cause than adultery on the part of the wife, the original defendant, after the expiration of three years, can demand a divorce, which cannot be had unless the original plaintiff consents to the annulling of the original decree of separation. The number of divorces in Belgium is comparatively small. In the province of Brabant (in which Brussels is situated), with a population of 1,044,324, the number of divorces in 1884 was 114. Daring the same year there were 7,450 marriages. BELGIUM. eft les. Formates, , from fifteen to aired. In case ) father is suftl- rand parents in nd if either of the "oonseilde led of a justice males between quest must be If this consent t intervals of a re can be cele- le by two nota- Boessary eertifl- tefore the mar- leceraary. civil contract. iest, but a mere Is a punishable lony. Widows nsbands. aws regulating iatbolic eburcb. ife, adultery on bad treatment, itiuued consent and according ove that life in cannot be had )and is twenty- t be had aftei ) years of age. » must be had. L marriage with uDot contract a ind in case of itract a second % a cause for D obtain which the separation adultery on the ration of three >8B the original > of tieparatiou. small. In the h a population aring the same CHILDREN, LEaiTIMATE AND ILLEOITIMATB. There are no bastardy laws in Belgium and the paternity of an ille> Ultimate child cannot be sought for. A bastard can, by certain legal proceedings, l)e legitimized. In the province of Br&bant the births for tbe years 18S0, 1881, 1883, and 1884 were as follows : Yiare. lAM) IHxl Legitimate. 28,242 29.002 20,000 2H,0e4 Illegitimate. 4.021 4,286 4,20S 4,233 There is no deportation known of chronic paupers, criminals, or insane persons from Belgium, also no assisted emigration. In the mattier of emigration tbe Government is entirely neutral. No special privileges or rates of fare are ottered to emigrants either by the Government or corporations. WILLIAM SLADE, Consul. United States Consulate, BruaseU, June 21, 1886. TERVIER8 AND lilEGE. XEPOBT OF OOSHVL XOBEBTSOIT. EMIOBATION and lamiGBATION. The emigration to the United States from the province of Liege is of very little importance. The Belgians are not credited with being very successful colonists or with having any aspirations in that direction, and although the population is the densest in Europe, something over 400 inhabitants per square mile, the people do not emigrate. The soil is made to yield richly and the Belgians can live on very little. Green Bay, Wis., is claimed as a Wallon (province of Liege) colony, but is an exception to the rule. There are societies here in Belgium for the encouragement of emigra- tion to some of the South American countries, but none that I am aware of with any such philanthropic intentions towards the United States. The few cases, and they are very few, which have come under my personal observation are those of glass-worker •■. ctost, if not all of whom, have, before starting, secured positions in lU*. United States, through friends already there. The general belief that one can make money in the United States easier than anywhere else seems to be the prevailing cause of emigration, as really skillful glass-workers, in some of the departments at least, can earn very high wages here at home. What little emigration there is to the United States is from the indus- trial classes. Although military service is compulsory, the discipline is comparatively lax, and the work light, and I do not beliuve that it has any influence whatever on emigration. It is said, albo, that few Belgians, at least from ihia province, leave their country with the in- tention of taking up a permanent residence anywhere else. The desire H. Ex. 157 5 M j*Ki«» 66 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. and hope is always to make a little mouey, and then to return and spend the balance of their days at liuiiie. The professions of those emif^rating are not given in the statistics, but my personal experience leads me to think that the majority were glass- workers, with perhaps a few iron and steel workers, with their wives and families. The following table gives the emigration and immigration from 1841 to 1884, inclusive : Annaal tyennvt. 1882. 1883. From 1841 tolSGO. From 18S1 to 1800. Prom 1881 to 1870. From 1871 to 1880. 1884. IminigTationa 422 834 413 437 036 352 1,1M 603 8,273 1,31)1 2,690 1,008 2,008 1,407 Kmfgratioiis Exoeia of emtimtiort 24 BxoeM of Immigratlona 88 674 6S3 1,882 1,982 B»» From the above table it will be seen that, with the exception of the period 1861-1860, the immigration has always exceeded the emigration. For the year 188i4 this total emigration from this consular district was 1,407, of which number only 54 went to the United States. Of this number (54), 42 were born in Belgium, the balance (12) in othercountries; 31 men and 23 women. Eather more than 50 per cent., or 703, of the emigration was to Germany, France coming next with 224, and then Holland with 196. For all Belgium the total immigration is given as 16,558, of which number 3,952 were bom in Belgium, bearing out my previous statement that a great many Belgians intend to, and do, return to the Fatherland. For the same period, viz, 1884, the total emigration from Belgium is given as 13,993, of which number only 8,097 are given as having been born in Belgium, so that of those born in the country nearly half as many returned as left it. POPULATION. In 1831 the population of the province was 375,030, which, by 1884, had increased to 702,149, divided as follows : Males, 350,157 ; females, 351,992. This represents an increase of 87.22 per cent, in fifty-three years ; an annual average of 6,058. In 1880 the population was divided as follows : Condition. Single.... Married.. Widowers Divorced . Hen. 210, Ml lessen 18,884 US Women. 201,902 105,180 26,929 190 The divorced were therefore .05 per cent, of the whole. In 1884 there were in the province 4,895 marriages, 41 divorces, and 20,918 births (male 10,761, female 10,157); in the city of Liege, 1,086 marriages and 26 divorces. Of the total of births (20,918) 1,869 are given as natural, or about 9 per cent The number of natural burths for BELGIUM. 67 •eturu and spend in the statistics, B majority were kers, with tbeir ration from 1841 1882. 1883. 1884. 8, 273 1,391 2,690 i,eo8 2,0()8 1,407 1,882 1,982 SOS exception of the . tbe eniigratioD. iilar district was States. Of this othercountries; t., or 763, of the li 224, and then 16,558, of which ivious statement the Fatherland, from Belgium is as baving been y nearly half as which, by 1884, 50,157; females, it. in fifty-three le. U divorces, and r of Liege, 1,085 10,918) 1.859 are Ettural burths for the entire Kingdom was 14,9H7. Number of deatlis in the province in 1884, 13,035, (if which number 3,123 are credited to the city of Liege. From the above flgu'-es, giving tbe number of natural birtiis at 9 per cent, of the whole, it w;il bo seen that the relations of the sexe.s toward each other are not, to say the least, marked by an excess of austerity. It .should, however, injustice be stated that the parents of a fair pro- portion of these children intend to and do marry later, or as soon as they are in a position to do so. INTELLIGENCE. According to the census of 1880 the number of persons in the province who could re*d and write was 410,702, or 01.88 per cent. ; the arron- dlssement of Verviers stood first, with 60.35 per cent. ; that of Uuy second, with 63.93 per cent. ; and that of Liege third, with 59.82 per cent. In Liege anon(. These averages may be a trifle high for the present time, but no esti- mates are given for later than 1880. According to the statistics of 1866, and which are produced in the Annuaire tor the last year, about 82 i)er r cent, of the entire area of Belgium was owned by private individuals. The cultivated land is divided into innumerable small parcels, not worthy to be called farms, and worked by peasant proprietors or ten- ants iu the proportions given above. Very little machinery is used, the size of the farms not warranting its use. The following, giving tho rate of earnings of the workingmen for the entire Kingdom, I think, will be of interest: Workmen 16 years old and under earning (per day) : Less tliau 10 cents 40,C09 From 10 to 20 cents 18,417 More than 20 cents 7,359 Over IG years of age earning (per day) : 20 cents or less 85,142 20 to 40 cents 119,000 40 to 00 cents 37,967 60 to 80 cents ..[ 4 342 80 cents to^l 1*211 More than $1 \[ '795 If the foregoing figures are correct, and they are published by the department of the interior, it is not to be wondered at that there is much discontent among the laboring classes. At the same time, al- tiiough wages have decreased, so have also the necessaries of life to an important extent. The working people of this province are as a rule industrious, and I think honest, but they are very improvident, and are extremely fond of their "drop." The number of caf§s in Liege and vi- cinity patronized by workingmen is enormous. Much beer is drunk, but a liquor similar to gin is the favorite, and is drunk in very large quantities. There are a number of charitable societies in Liege. The principal one reports 4,745 families assisted during the year 1885. The working people as a rule are pretty well dressed, and appear on the streets at least fairly prosperous and contented. Although such large quantities of liquor are drunk, little drunkenness is seen. The working classes are very prolific, and the children are made to add to the earnings of the family as soon as they are able. G. D. EOBEETSON, (Jnited States Consulate, Oontul Verviera and Liege, July 22, 1886. FBANCE. 69 188,440 m.w 47,ai7 3*'J, :t(i4 a8:i,i!4() «)«,',544 d land is oc-cn- u the proviiico Valne per aote. R«nt per acre. •|8M M18 *tOHO 12 28 me, bnt no esti- »ti8tic8 of 1860, ir,aboat 82 per i.te individuals. 11 parcels, not ^rietors or ten- ery is used, the ing, giving the m, I think, will 4o,m 18,417 7,359 85,142 119,000 4,342 1,211 795 iblished by the a>t that there is same time, al- nes of life to an se are as a rule vident, and are n Liege and vi- beer is drunk, k in very large The principal and appear on Althoagh snch i is seen. The made to add to ETSON, Oomul. FRANCE. MABSEIIiLES. REPORT OF CONSUL MABOIT. The statistics of emigration from this port during the past eight years present the following exhibit: ' T«ua> Emlsranta. Br na from Maraelllei. 1878 1870 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1889 Total 6,745 12, 182 10, 07a l!i.305 15,863 13, M7 6,482 7,803 85,479 By rail via Havre, Bor- deaux and Antwerp. 4,580 7,i»e 4,784 5,043 7,112 9,069 2,494 8,785 45,117 Nationality. French. 177 Sue 708 869 709 803 472 638 4,892 Foreign bom. 10,254 19, 785 14, 148 17,491 22,176 22,333 8,604 11, 113 125,704 Total. 10,431 20,821 14,856 18,350 22,975 23,036 8,976 11,651 130,506 To the United Statei. French. 18 43 83 60 114 73 71 46 Forei){n bom. 608 243 5,188 8,593 .1, 61S 3,876 5,654 630 1,141 23,934 It thus appears that during the past eight years the native French emigration from here to the United States has averaged only sixty- three persons per annum, a number too insignificant to form the basis of any elaborate analysis or conclusions. Of the alien emigrants who sail from this port, not less than nine- tenths are Italians, who either come here from Piedmont with n view to embarkation, or are shipped at Naples upon Marseilles steamers, which are sent there for that purpose. These steamers return to this port to complete their lading and then clear for ports of South America, and it thus occurs that thousands of Italian emigrants are registered as com- ing from Marseilles, whose only knowledge of this city is the little they have seen of it from a steamer moored during two or three days in the harbor. The vessels of the two regular steamship lines from here to New York touch, en route, at Naples or Palermo, and it is there that they,mainly receive the thousands of emigrants whom they land every year at Castle Garden. For these reasons, only a trifling minority of the emigration which comes nominally from Marseilles can be considered as within the province of this report. When from a great port like Marseilles, having direct connections with nearly all parts of the world, the aggregate emigration of native French citizens to all countries averages only six hundred a year, it may almost be said that the people of Southeastern Fraiio^ do not emi- grate at all. The reasons for this are sufficiently obvious. Persistent and extensive emigntion uniformly has for its causes either extraor- dinary industrial depression, a superfluous population, an oppressive home government, religious persecution, or a restless, nomadic char- acter which impels people to alter their habitat for the mere sake of change. ^ None of these conditions, except perhaps the first, prevail in Southern France. French people are, perhaps, more than any other in Europe, home-loving and patriotic. In general they know very little of foreign countries. They are tanght to believe that no country is, on the whole, ^m 70 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. comparable M'itb tlioir own. Of those who emigrate a majority leave their families at home, and go abroad with the hope of making a for- tune in a few years, with which to return and spend the remainder of their days in their native land. Their Government is not oppressive, and it guarantees freedom of religious faith and worship. The rate of taxation is high and military service rigid and burdensome, but the Frenchman recognizes the fact that the taxes which he pays and the martial service which he renders are alike necessary for the support and defense of his Government, and there are few things which a French citizen is not willing to do for the preservation and glory of France. As a people the French are almost entirely destitute of the nomadic instinct. They lack the facility of the Germans and other European nationalities for acqniririf 7oreign languages ai>w and sparsely ies for rapid ac- tates are mainly ■ States, or arti- i more profitable which has come a ouqaU number 10 have sent one cas, with a view :rati6n from this lothing of those mtry as danger- ing their record s, and until the just outside the St five years, at part of France, tings and r^oice over the disorders created by their clans in other districts and conn- tries, but they are under careful police surveillance and make no serious demonstration, politically or otherwise. During the communal troubles of 1871, communists, to the number of perhaps 300, rose and seized the prefecture, from which they were subsequently driven by the Govern- ment troops, but even this small band of revolutionists were mostly Italians or fugitives from Northern and Central France, and their iiiovcmeut received no active support from the local population. Busi- ness went on as usual, and when the abortive cevolution was suppressed popular opinion approved the execution of its leader and the transporta- tion of his confederates. During the recent elections, one candidate of communistic antece- dents was included in the list of deputies, but he fell 10,000 votes be- hind his colleagues, and his recent attendance at Decazeville, and his outspoken sympathy with the disorders there, have been generally re- garded with ridicule. FBGNOH INDUSTBIES. The industrial situation which here, as elsewhere in France, is in a state of depression unless relieved, must compel some increase in emi- gration. Besides the general causes which during the past five years have affected more or less all French industries, the eftects of two suc- cessive epidemics of cholera, followed during the past six months by the most prolonged and severe visitation of small-pox in the history of Marseilles, have been disastrous to all classes of commerce and manu- facture. Among the coal-miners of this district 11 per cent, of the usual working force was discharged or idle during 1885. Out of 40 manufactories of olive and seed oils, twelve were closed during the year. In the iron manufactories from 5 to 10 per cent, of the workmen were discharged. Am'ong the steamship lines the depression was still more marked, and their average reduction of employes was not less than 30 per cent. ; of the workmen in tanneries, 20 per cent, were dismissed for want of work ; in the manufacture of bricks and tiles, the force of 3,340 men employed in 1883 was reduced last year to 2,120, a loss of 3C per cent. ; out of 70 flonring mills in this department 20 were closed last year, and the remainder for most part were operated only by day, so that fully one-third of their former employes were discharged. Nothing could more clearly illustrate the peaceable, submissive char- acter of the Provencal working classes and the satisfactory relations between them and their employers, than the fact that this steady and prolonged reduction of working force in these several industries pro- voked no revolt or disturbance. In many cases the suffering and des- titution have been pitiful, but the discharged workmen recognize the depression of business as the real cause of their distress, and patiently hope for better times. Mendicancy has increased, and several meetings have been held by the port ilraymen and laborers to. protest against the increased duty on cereals, which has enhanced the price of bread and largely reduced the import and handling of grain at Marseilles, but, as we have already seen, the growing distress of last year produced no appreciable effect upon emigration. Only 538 native French citizens emigrated from here during 18S5, and of these 46 only were destined to the United States. ITALIANS m FBANGB. The most noticeable reaction has been against the foreign laborers — notably Italians — whose presence overcrowds the diminished labor mar* •^fK** fl ; .; l j iii ! i ,^ i n EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. ket. There are in this city more than 54,000 Italians, who hold toward the native laboring classes a relation somewhat similar to that of the Chinese in the Western American States. The Italian laborer is quite as industrioas and even more economical than the Frenchman. His wants are so few and simple that he can ex- ist upon a small percentage of his earnings, and in a competition of wages he underbids the native laborer. In several parts of this dis- trict there have been heard recently sharp protests, attended in some instances by violence, against the Piedmontese, who swarm across the firontier and seek employment in mices and tanneries and upon public works ; but these manifestations have been promptly suppressed and denounced as uncivilized and dangerous to French working-people in other countries. POPULATION OF FBANOE. It is not probable that industrial depression will, in future, compel any important increase of emigration from this country. Besides the ingrained national aversion to wandering, there remains the fiact that France produces no surplus population. A comparative study of the birth-rate of this and other European countries shows France to be the lowest, except Ireland, in the scale of human production. While England has a yearly birth-rate of 35 per 1,000 inhabitants, Bavaria 40, Belgium 51, Scotland 36, Spain 38, Italy 37, Germany 38, and Sweden 52, France and Ireland have only 27, and even this low standard of fecundity is steadily declining. In Mjarseilles, for example, the birth-rate in 1866 gave 1 birth for every 30 inhabitants, but this has gradually fallen olf, until the average from 1881 to 1886 has been less than one birth to 35 of the registered i)opu- lation. This loss becomes still more striking when placed in contrast with the steadily increasing death-rate. In this citv the birth-rate dur- ing the decade from 1860 to 1869, inclusive, was 4.7 per 1,000 inhabit- ants »» exceta of the deaths, and this notwithstanding the loss of 6,000 lives by the cholera epidemic of 186j-'66. During the next decade, 1870 to 1880, a period which included no epidemics, the deaths were .83 per 1,000 inhabitants t» excess of births. Coming down to the past three years, a study of the vital statistics of Marseilles presents the following striking results : T«an. 1888 1884 188S Birtbs. Deaths. 0^189 9,183 8; 848 1,609 1,64B 1,564 d 10,7S8 10,778 10, 812 11,100 12,500 12^182 I 185 104 120 I S Si I Peret. 81.07 84,71 83,75 432 1.72S 1,240 2,793 2 704 2.9^ 4 18» No census has been taken since 1881 until Saturday last (May 30), the results of which will not be announced for some time, but it is be- lieved by those best informed that the population of I^Tarseilles, which was 233,817 in 1856, 260,910 in 1861, 300,131 in 186C 12,864 in 1872, 318,868 in 1876, and 360,099 in 1881, has not seusibh aoreased since that time. JMHHHHHIHHi ■■I FRANCE. 73 ho hold toward r to that of the sure economical that he can ex- competition of arts of this dia- ^tended in some rarm across the md opou public inppressed and trkingpeople in future, compel y. Besides tbe 18 the fiact that other European nd, in the scale birth-rate of 35 d 35, Spain 38, land have only 7 declining. In rth for every 30 B average from egistered iH)pu- ced in contrast ? birth-rate dur- :r 1,000 inhabit- he loss of 6,000 lich included no excess of births. Ital statistics of ^i ^£ 4 . * M 1 si s s. » S fl 432 2,793 1.72a 2 704 4 1,240 2.020 18» Tlieorists attribute the decline in tbe birth-rate of France, and also its increasing of death-rate, to the employment of married women in factories and mines instead of, as formerly, at home and in the fields. Tlie result of substituting this prolonged and excessive labor, instead of tbe natural domestic duties of women, has been to greatly increase the proportion of still-births and raise the death-rate of children to startling proportions. According to a recent writer (Mr. Pierre Roux), 50 per cent, of all children born in France die before the age of five years. Tak- ing at hazard two local and recent examples, we find that of 38 deaths daring the past week at Toulon24w9re of children, while at Marseilles, daring the same period, the proportion was 122 children in a total death list of 278, Morally the condition of Marseilles compares more favorably, its per- centage of illegitimate births being only IG against 23 in Paris, 25 in Brussels, 14 in Berlin, 24 in St. Petersburg, and 41 in Moscow. The remote causes of a physical decline which, according to published stati8tic8,now causes the rejection for disability of one-third of the 300,000 conscripts annually drawn for military service in France, are of course far beyond the scope of this report, but the facts herein stated will suf- ficiently explain theliraited and decreasing native emigration from this country, and the efiibrts of the national and local Governments to con- serve their physical resources by encouraging their people to remain at borne. FRANK H. MASON, Consul. United States Consulate, Marseilles, June 7, 1886. last (May 30), e, but it is be- arseilles, which 12,864 in 1872, noreased since ST. ETIENNE. SBPORT OF COMMERCIAL AQENT COLSMAJT. The information obtainedT from the prefects is contained in inclosure No. 1, which is a translation of the communications sent by the prefects of Loire, Haute-Loire and Is^re. From private sources I have ascer- tained that most of the emigrants are very poor, but industrious and honest. It is believed, but not known as a fact, that most of them, if not all, received assistance by having their passage to the United States paid by the manufacturing couipanies by whom they were engaged. Those employed in silk industries emigrated to Paterson, N. J. ; those engaged in mining and in the iron industries went to Pennsylvania. St. Etienne not being a seaport city, much of the desired information is di£Bicult to obtain. I can hear of no emigrants who have been assisted by the French Government. Indeed, the policy of tho<]lovernment seems to be to prevent emigration, and tbe French as a general thing seerr. very little inclined to emigrate, and nothing but necessity, poverty, and want of employment seems to move them. There seems to be no emi- gration from this district brought about by compulsory military serv- ice, onerous taxation, or strikes. The main cause of emigration is that tbe manufactures of silk, iron, and fire-arms, and the mining of coal do not afi:brd employment to the population. .Hence, a large uumb«>r of industrious, honest, ami hardworking people, skilled in ribbon manu factures, in steel works, and in the mining of coal, would gladly emi- mn u EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. grate to the United States if they had the means. The French are verv reticent, and it is hard to get the denired facts from them. DANIEL COLEMAN, xT„ o r^ Commercial Agent. United States Commercial Agency, St. Etienne, June 18, ]88C. French Eepdbuc, Prefecture of the Loire, _, , , ' 81. Etiernu, May 31. The prefect of tbo Loire has the honor of f >rwanling to the commercial an<1 con- snlar agent of tlje United States the inforraatiou a<,ked for in his letter of the 26th of May, on the subject of emigration from his department. LUt of emigrants from the Loire to the United Statenfrom the year 1873 to the year 1685. Tear. 1873 1874 1875 1876 187T 1878. 1879 1880 No. of emigrants. 2a 14 2 5 6 I 1 7 Tear. 1861 1882 1883 1^84 1885 Total No. of emigrantg. The calling which has famished mostemigrants is that of mining. There are also a certain number of mechanics, and some weavers, and smiths, &c. In all cases, em- igration 18 ftom the industrial classes. ' > Department of the Haute-Loire, First Division, Second Office, Le Ptty, June 8, 1886. «w iJ.®"®"" • ^?r?P'y to your request of the 1st instant, I have the honorto inform vou that the present lists at the prefecture of the Haute-Loire show, as follows, the per- sons who have, in my department, since January 1, 1873, asked for passpoits to the Uuited States of America, to wit: *-*-«' Land proprietors « Husbandmen ^J """"*!.'"! o Shoemaker "* * ' Theological student. Priest Watchmaker Miller-boy Joiner Total Merchants .'"""' Mining laborer ii".IIl""!I!""JII! i Membersof his family .l"".!ll!!".i""' " g Accept, sir, the assurance of my very distinguished consideration, 16 French Republic, Prefecture of IsisRB, Grenoble, June 15, 1886. Monsieur : I bave the honor to inform you that the number of emigrants from the Department of Isfere to the United States, since 1873, amounts to the number of 20. This is all the information I can give you on this subject. FRANCE. 76 French are very m. LEMAN, mercial Agent. ' THB Loire, Etiennt, May 31. immercial and con- etter of the 26th of 73 to the year 1685. No. of emigrantg. tg. There are also . In all cases, em- -LOIRE, »ND Office, ^y, June 8, 1886. lonor to inform you Eta follows, the per- ir passpoits to the tion, B OF IsiSRB, f«, June 15, 1886. migrants from the le number of 20. COGNAC. SEPOJtT OF COSSVL iniSB. There is no emigration whatever from within the bounds of this tlistrict and agency to the United States, and scarcely any to any other part of the world. The people seem contented to remain in their own land under the conditions in which they are During the period of time, now nearly two years, in which I have resided here, less than one- half dozen persons have made inqi :ries at this office with a view to a home in the United States. It is to be supposed that such a condition of affairs is unique for the continent of ^"™^'^" J. E. IRISH, Consul. United States Consulate, Cognac, France, May 18, 1886. N^ICB. ItEPOBT OF CONSUL BATBEWAT. Emigration from France, either iudividually, or in masses, for a per- manent settlement outside of its own dominions, has never been so marked as from other populous countries of Europe. The national tra- dition and race characteristics appear to have been distinctly at vari- ance with the idea of expatriation. Emigration to the United States from the extreme section of the French Eepublic has always been infrequent and inconspicuous. The narrow valleys and the hillsides of this region between the Alps and the sea sustain an agricultural population quite disproportionate to that of the city of Nice, and the towns of this district; and the conditions elsewhere of large divisions o* ownership in land, an overplus of de- pendent laborers, and consequent insufficiency of wages, do not, to so large an extent, here prevail. It is firom the rural classes, in all countries, that nine-tenths of emi- gration is drawn, but here the farms lie in small parcels, are cultivated, for the most part, by native owners and tenants, who find for their prod- uce in a market, compelled to seek its supplies largely from distant Piedmont and Lombardy, a ready and remunerative sale, and who, with the same tenacity with which they cling to inherited ideas and customs and to primitive implements and methods of tillage, remain habitually on the soil. There are many of course to whom emigration would be desirable, but these principally are of feeble industrial motive or faculty, or those who, without gnidanco, have insufficient enterprise for such an adven- ture, or to whom the means and opportunity are denied. Inasmuch as no Atlantic lines sail from Nice, there is no official reg- istration on the subject; yet, as the result of strict inquiry, I estimate that not more than one hundred persons of this country since 1873 have left this district for the purpose of settling in the United States. These were generally young mechanics and artisans, with enough money to enable them to remove. Some of them were alienated through labor strikes, others were impelled thereto by the rigorous conscription, which weighs so heavily on the youth and manhood of France, but more were led by desires for new experience, and natural hopes and ambitions for the improvement of their circumstances, prospects, and fortunes. ift'imi-wn-" -u?*-' " 76 EMIGRATION AMD IMMIGRATION. The department of Alpes Maritimes, within which this district is situated, has a surface of 925,000 acres, and a population, according to the official census of 1881, of 219,973 inhabitants. The city of Nice theu numbered 06,270, Cannes 19,385, Mentone 11,000, Grasse 12,087, Anti- bes 5,923, Yillefranche 3,489. In it also are comprised not le«H than 152 scattered villages. Nice, and the towns above named, ld. WAGES AND SUBSISTENCE. As illnstrating the economic condition of some of these, I give the following rate of wages, and the expenses of subsistence, possibly sug- gesting motives for emigration. Skilled mechanics per day.. $1 20to([ll 60 Carpenters do.... 90 1 00 Masons per hour.. 8 10 Farmhands perday.. !iO 60 Workmen on.roads and buihlings (usually Italians) do 30 40 To those accustomed to the abundance of America, the food of the ordinary laborer here appears meager and insufficient, although per- haps well adapted to his habits and the climate. He seldom eats meat, but lives principally on Indian meal, bread, vegetables, and wine. In consequence partly of heavy "octroi" duty, many articles of consump- tion are very expensive. Flour costs $10 to $15 per barrel ; beef, 25 to 60 cents per pound ; mutton, 20 to 50 cents ; ham and bacon, 30 to 35 cents per pound, and coffee, 45 to 60 cents. Meal is 3 cent« a pound, and wine of the country 6 to 8 cents per bottle. 78 KMIORATION AND IMMIGRATION. SOCIAL FEATURES. Of luaniages, divorces, births, and increase of population in Nice, I give the following statistics : MarriagcB, divorces, hirtlia, legitimate and illegitimate, and inoreage of population in JN'ici-. TMur. Marriages. liirttis. Divorces. Total. Legitimate. lUegitimate. populatiuu. 1880 1881 1882 525 540 504 508 655 455 2,318 2, 601 2,650 2.8.W 2, 945 2,003 2,027 2,2(i7 2,:j;i7 2, 484 2, 5118 2,200 201 324 3112 372 4U7 307 None. Nouo. None. None. Nunu. 17 80,279 «K,4(W 70,fi,-,7 1883 1884 1885 1880 77 'J;!0 Total 3,237 540 in, 033 2,672 13, 930 2,323 2,093 340 17 3e; ^;J2 Average for six years. 72,846 Marriage is contracted in proportion to the female popniatioli at an average of 5^ per cent, each year. Births are 34 annually to each 1,000 inhabitants, ^7 per cent, of which are legitimate and 13 per cent, natural children. It will be perceived that the proportion of illegitimacy is large. One explanation for this may arise from the fact that the city is a refuge to many from the closely bordering country of Italy, and also because of the number of its transient; visitors. Prior to 29th of July, 1884, absolute divorces were unknown under the civil law in France. A statute at the said date was enacted under which the marriage contract might bo dissolved for adultery, intolerable cruelty, and the conviction of crime entailing infamous punishment. The number of divorces as yet granted is quite unexpectedly small. In the criminal statistics of Nice for 1885 are noted 40 cases of con- viction, 11 of ^hich were for robbery and 8 for homicide. No decapi- tations were inflicted, forasmuch as, except in cases of premeditated or most atrocious murder, juries are inclined to mitigate punishment by discovery of extenuating circumstances. There has been no deportation of paupers, insane persons, or criminals from this district. Neither the city of Nice nor any corporations here have encouraged or assisted emigration, and the attitude of the Gov- ernment is nnprononnced on the subject. ALBERT N. HATHEWAY, Consul. United States Consulate, Nice, July 14, 1886. BHEIMS. BEPORT OF OONSVL FRISBIE, OF BHEIMS. DESTINATION OF EMIGRANTS. Statistics of emigration from this district aro not attainable. It may be said, however, that emigration from this district to all countries is light, and that in first im(M)rtance those who leave this section of France I FRANCE. 79 ulation in Nice, I of population in JVice. Divorces. Inorenfliiof populatiou. None. Nouo. None. None. Nuuu, 17 60,' ■•79 70,fl.'>7 "•-', m 75, o;ir. 77,^::o 17 3e;,232 72,848 popnlatioli at an illy to each 1,000 per cent, natural cj' is large. One ity is a refuge to 1 also because of unknown under 18 enacted under itery, intolerable au8 punishment, ctedly small. 40 cases of con- ide. No decapi- premeditated or 9 punishment by ions, or criminals irporations here tude of the Gov- BEWAT, Consul. tinable. It may ) all countries is action of France to find new homes >a loreign countries go to the French colonies, prin> cipally to Algiers; and in second importance to South America, ])rin- cipally to the Argentine Republic, where the religion, tastes, habits, aud manners of the people are more in harmony and keeping with the characteristics of their native land. I believe the emigration to the United States only ranks third in importance, a?ul that the number does not exceed an average of 40 or 50 persons in any one year. Inquiry among well-informed gentlemen leads me to think that even these num- bers are likely to exceed the actual average. The fact is, the people of this section of France are adverse to emigration. They seem to tbink tbere is no better country for them than France, and while there is a possibility for them to gain a living on their native soil they itre not likely to seek a new home under a foreign tlag. Perhaps the greatest hindrance to French emigration to the United States is the total ditter- ence in language spoken in the two countries, not one Frenchman in the middle or lower classes of this district, so far as my information teaches me, being able to speak or understand the English language, and they have a natural fear or dread of going to a country where but few of their countrymen reside and where they cannot make themselves understood in conversation. OHABACTEB OF E3IIGBATION. I have known of no agriculturists emigrating to the United States from this dictrict, and if such have sought' homes there within the last five years the number must be small. What emigration there has been Las come from the industrial and mechanical classes, mostly 8])innon- and weavers, who, I understand, have quite readily found em- ployment on their arrival. There have been a few emigrants from among other artisans, such as tailors, barbers, bakers, &c., who have emigrated to the United States during the past few years, but theiruum- ber has been unimportant. It frequently happens that these emigrants, iinding steady and remunerative labor in the States, soon accumulate money and send for some relative or friend to come and join them in their new home, aud these in their turn send for their relatives or friends, and it is in this manner that the small eihigration from this district is brought about and continued. CAUSES OF EMIOBATIOX. I do not think that to escape the compulsory military service de- manded of every Frenchman on his becoming twenty -one years of age, is a motive power inducing emigration. Every Frenchman is intensely patriotic, and he would almost consider it treason to leave his country before he had rendered his military service. I know of no one who has thus deserted his country. So far as I am informed, the sole cause for emigration is the low wages paid even skilled labor in France, and the hope which the emi- grant has of bettering his condition by receiving a higher wage and better subsistence in his new home. I know of no manafaotnrers or employers or other business men who have emigrated to the United States during my residence of five years at Bheims. The emigrants have been solely from the laboring or arti- san 01*^88, and these have been strong, healthy men, with only sufiicient money to reach their destination and to pay for their maintenance for a few days after arrival, and, therefore, immediate employment is al- 80 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. wa.VM a necessity for tbein, unless they are temporarily provided for by some fheud who has preceded them, and at whose solicitation they have been induced to emigrate, and this api>ears to be frequently the vase* SOCIAL CONDITION. There is not much to be said in favor of the social condition of these emigrants, except that they are industrious and steady and will be found to be willing wage-earners, and that they will most likely become good citizens of their adopted country, and will in a few years become inspired with much of that patriotic love for the land ot their adoption that they had for their native land. At first they will be somewhat at a loss to know how to grasp the meaning and to solve the problem of the new social conditions by which they will find themselves surrounded, but when they master the knowledge that in their new homes purity of thought is blended with liberty of action, they will respect themselves more and more and love their new-bom social status bettf^r and better, for in their old home social condition, liberty of action, meant immorality and promiscuous cohabitation among the sexes to a large extent among the working classes, and its inevitable demoralizing results ; a condi- tion which shows by the ofiScial statistics that of all the children born in the community from one-fifth to one-seventh are illegitimate, accord- ing to the location and conditions surrounding the particular commu- nity. Applied to the whole population it may be said that marriages are frequent, but as these marriages are nearly always based upon a monetary consideration among the middle and upper classes, it may not be surprising to be told that separations are also frequent, and that do- mestic life is not always as pleasant and happy as it might have been had Gupid, that angel messenger of love, been called in and consulted in the matter before the hymeneal knot was tied. A young man and woman of suitable age and mature judgment may indulge the "tender passion," and seek to bind themselves together in the holy bonds of matrimony, but if the parents of either of the would- be contracting parties object to the union of the twain, the loving couple must continue to live separately, or, if they live and cohabit to- gether, it must be without the ratification of the law and the holy sanc- tion of the church. This latter course is the one most frequently taken, but there is no criminality in it. So binding is this law requiring parental consent to a marriage that if the man find woman be oven forty years of age they cannot marry without the conseutof their parents, if living, and without this provision of law being strictly complied with, the French code* will not recog- nize the marriage as valid, although the marriage be performed in a foreign country where such parental consent is not required. If, how- ever, parents are unreasonable in refusing to grant their consent, the son or daughter, who has attained the age of twenty-five years, may take the matter into a ooui't of competent jurisdiction, and by judicial decree compel the granting of the consent prayed for. But as the principal valid reason on which a parent may rest his or her refusal to the granting of the consent is that the father or mother would not wish to live- with the proposed son-in-law or daughter-in-law in their old age or at the present time is sufficient to defeat the action in most cases, the courts are very seldom resorted to in such cases, and the marriage goes by default. This law requiring consent is said to have many times resulted dis- astrously to English girls who have married Frenchmen temporarily FRANCE. 81 provided for by Bolioitatiou tliey te ft«qneutly the ondition of these ady and will be )Ht likely become 3W years become >t tbpir adoption be somewhat at I the problem of Iveasarroanded, homes parity of ipect themselves ett^^r and better, leant immorality ge extent among esults; acondi- le children born ^itimat«, accord- rticular comma- 1 that marriages ya based upon a asses, it may not eut, and that do- aigbt have been u and consulted a judgment may Ives together in er of the would- rain, the loving and cohabit to- d the holy sanc- requently taken, a marriage that sy cannot marry ut this provision will not recog- ) performed in a uired. If, how- eir consent, the five years, may and by judicial ir. But as the »r her refusal to would not wish in their old age t in most cases, nd the marriage ea resulted dis- len temporarily residing in their conntry, without the authorizing consent of the French- man'a parents, demanded by the French code, being produced, and after a time the Frenchman has returned to his native country, and then it is that the English wife tinds out that she is only " wife" on tiie British side of the Channel. Fcweign girls marrying Fretichmen who are at nil likely to return to their continentnl Iionics afterwards .should always see that the ratifying (;on.sent of his parents to the mar- riage is duly furnished in legal, authentic form. But cue riiHO )i!iH been lirniiglit to my notico in which nn Aiiinrinim girl hnil Ween a victim to tliis conHOiit pro vision of the French marrifiKe crah). About four yearn* ngo I biul a corn-Kpundence with nn uttorney-ut-law of the Htato of lown, who'luul for a client ft widow with tliree minor children. It appeared from this correspondence that tills widow when a girl had contracted a marriage with a Frenchman who had lived in tho United States a few years, and had served as a soUlicr in the Union Army dur- ing the rebellion. That the hnsband died, Icaviu)^ his widow and children Init a guiall amount of property. Soon after his death, his father, who resided in France, also (lied leaving considerable property, but that the heirs in France refused to rec- ognize the claiuiH of the American widow and her children to any portion of the es- tate on the ground that she had not been married in accordance witli the French law, the husband not having obtained the reciuired consent of his father to such marriage ; and that, therefore, in France she would not have been considered as his wife, and that his children would for like reason be considered and heUl to be illegitimate, and not entitled to inherit iheir father's property in France, althouKh the mother was legally married, and tho children were born in holy wedlock according to the laws of the State of Iowa. This view being considered correct according to the French code regnlating marriages, I think the case was abandoned, and no further etfort made to secnre for the children their father's right of dowry in his father's property. it being in France, and beyond the jurisdiction and reach of the American law. At least I never heard anything further regarding the matter. ASSISTED EMIGRATION. I know of no deportation *of chronic paupers, or insane persons, with or without Government aid, or' of any pauper "assisted" emigration whatever, and I do not think that such cases exist in this di.striut. I have not been informed that the Government takes any interest in aiding emigration to foreign countries. My information teaches me that the French Government would prefer that its citizens should emi- grate to the French colonies, but I know of no special privileges or rates of fare offered by the Government or corporation to induce such emigration at the present time. JOHN L. FEISBIE, Conml. United States Consulate, Bheimt, France, May 26, 1886. NANTES. BEPOBT OF OOSStL aSACKELFORD. Fro>n information derived from various sources, no emigration has taken place from this consular district to the United States or any other country for the past twenty years. The better claes of -workmen, those having permanent employment in the ship-yards, iron-mills, and other works, are indnstrions and frugal, saving a few sous out of every frano tbey eari. They are naturally kind-hearted and fond of their homes and their children. The.'r wants are few, and they are contented and happy when these sim- ple wants <>rti siitisfled. Those residing in the cities have small ap'artmeuts adapted to their toeans and live with some degree of comfort- Many, however, live in the neighboriiig villages, owning or renting an acre or two of land and cultivating a few vegetables ror ID :«rket; their wretched one-story dwellings would not be considered H. Ex. 167 6 m^*^^^WS^&MM sw^KS W0Bi 9M EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. hal)itaMc by the unnip cIi»m of workmen in our oonntrv. Tliey liiivn no nrn)>ition, nu dettirtt to improve nitlier their inindii or iiioilen of life, lint urn content to follow in tln> footHteps of their anceNtorM. The laboring men, without (lermanent employment but pen(linK upon ilaily inlm for their support, chielly eoiiu^ from Low^er Hrittuny. They are innoriint, many i<|mh1<- ingonly the tmloi* of their country, anil can neither rend nor write; filthy in their habits and lulilieted to iuteniperanoe. They live fnun hand to mouth, iettiiiji toninr- row take cure of itself. Their fd is mainly bread soup and a kind of paneuke made of buckwheat. They are, however, hard workers, patient and obedient, ami crime is of rare oecurrenco aniong them. FiKhinK is a sonrec of induHtry along tho coast, the catching and curing of sar- dines atfording a partial livelihood to a largo nnmber of the poorer clanscs ; but as catch of this tish for the past two seiisoDH has been fur below tlio average, great dis- tress has existed among them. The best understanding exists between luastors and worknieu, and I have never heard of disputes or strikes occurring in this district. The following will give some idea of the morals of the city : Births in Nantes in ten months: Legitimate l.USS Illegitimate soji Still-bom : Legitimate , 109 Illegitimate 29 „ Total -a. 4:15 Deaths during th«< same time 2,';10 Decrease in population 29.') As the population of Nantes is l'.i5,000, there was but one birth to every 51 inhabit- ants, H. A. SHACKELFORD, Coniiil, United States Co.vsl'i.ate. Xantts, June2S, 1886. BORDEAUX. REPORT OF coy art RoossreLT. In reply to Department circular dated April L'7, 1880, I Lave tbe honor to submit the followinfr statistics, and, at the same time, hep to say that previous to 1877 no statistics of emigration were kept at Bor- deaux, and it is only since 1884 that a classified record has been kept showing the sex of people emigrating to the United States: Tear. Male. Female. ! Total. 1877 ' I 1704 "78 :::....::. :..:.::::;;:;:i im If™ 4,520 "8J 1 a,wfl 1881 ! a i;i4 JUS H043 IH* T.OrtO 2,264 I 0,3ffl 1888 : 8,149 2,839 j lO.OfS Total 15,218 3,103 i m 584 Agricultural, laboring, and domestic servant cla.s.se8 coatribute most to emigration. The principal ciiuses ot emigration from tliis department are, compulsory military service; prevailing low wages in all branches •Illegitimate, 338 or 14 per cent. FRANCE. 83 tve nil iiin)>iti(in, no ent to follow ill the iiK upon liiiily jolw oriint, ninny i<|i)'ak- ritp; tUtliy in tlicir ntli, li'ttiiiK to-inor- III of pancuke iimdi' L'divnt, and criim- Ik nml cnriiiK of gnr- iirer clarotcM ; lint an average, great iIIh- , autl I have never 88G, I bave tbc me time, heg to ere kept at Bor- (1 has beeu kept ites: Female. Total. I 1 1,724 1, 2110 4, 820 2,848 8, ;:i4 lU, 1143 14, niiu 9, a:!;) 10,«8S im " ' ' '2.'264 49 2, 830 18 5, 103 1 <» SM contribute most tills (lepurtment i iu all brauclies of tnule: nn overcrowded state of population, eflpecinlly in tbe 8outb> erii portion of tbis diHtrict; depleted vineynnKs, principally caused by the unremitting ravages of the phylloxera, and continued bad bur- vests. These people are generally of <|uiet babits, emigrating to better their condition in life, and, if ])ossible, iM'come owners of homes. Asa rnle, tbey are steady triistwortby, and economical. Their social condi- tion is such that, not luily are tbe moral obligations lightly considered, but it induces a loose manner of living among the unmarried of liotb Hexes. They are never landowners, but generally small tenants, who, through frugality and ^n-atest ecoiiDiny, succeed in amassing a small capital with wliich they emigrate. The working class "s, with nuc exceptions, receive a very moderate education ; some, besiuis general attainments, aretborougbly acquainted with tbe elements of some particular art of manufacture. Unmarried workingmeu living in the same city as their relativt*.'*, generally remain ill the family borne, however cramiied or poor, until tbey marry. The general living expenses, not including foo to 80. A family, however numerous, seldom rents more than two rooms, kitchen, and cellar. Tbe daily food consists of soup, vegetables, bread, and cheap wine. The expenditure for clothing is in(Hlerate, as a workingman can comfortably clotbe himself in a salt costing from $2.50 to $3. MARRIAGE. Early marriages are customary in this locality. The ceremony must be i)erformed by a mayor or dei)uty mayor. Previous to 1791 religious marriages were recognized as lawful, but since that date only civil mar- riages are legal. A minister of the gospel performing a marriage prior to the civil ceremony is liable to a line from $3 to $20 for the first oflense, from two to five years' imprisonment for the second, and a much longer period for the third offense. The law requires that a man shall be eight- een years of age and a woman fifteen before contracting marriage. In exceptional cases the Government permits marriage under these ages. A man not having attained his twenty-fifth year, or a woman her twenty- first, cannot marry witbontthe consentof their respectixo parents. If the mother refuses her consent, that of the father is sufficient. If the father is insane or dead, the consent of the mother is necessary and sufficient. If both parents are dead or deprived of their civil rights, the consent of the grand-parents must be obtained, and, as in the case of parents, the consent of the grandfather is sufficient to legalize the marriage. If pa- rents and grand-parents are dead, and if guardians or trustees have been appointed, their consent must be given. A man having passed his twenty-fltlth year, and a woman her twenty-first, can contract marriage without the consent of his or her parents, after having respectfully and formally made three demands for their consent, allowing a month inter- val between each demand. After having attained the age of thirty years for the male, and twenty-flve for the female, marriage can be con- tracted after having made one demand only for the consent of the par- ents. Marriage between direct descendants, legitimate or natural, brother or sister, legitimate or natural, between uncle and niece, aunt or nejihew, is prohibited. In certain cases the Government has allowed marriage between uncle and niece, aunt and nephew. In such instances the per- 84 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. mits are issued by the minister of justice, to whom the applicatiou must be addressed. Married couples are compelled to mutually aid and care for one au- other, and to properly rear their children, and to also aid and shelter their parents when the latter are in need. The husband must protect his wife, and she must ol)ey and follow him wherever he may select bis home. A maiTied woman cannot sign any act or documeni without the con- sent of her husband, only in such cases where the right has been re- served by a marriage contract ; she can then sign any document con- cerning the administration of her property, and also sign her will. Marriages may be contracted with or without a marriage contract. DIVORCE. Divorce was tirst established in France March 21, 1803; abolished May 8, 1816, and re-established July 24, 1884, in a modified form. Di- vorce in this consular district is of rare occurrence. When, however, divorce is granted, the husband may immediately marry again, whereas the wife must remain single for the period of ten months before con- tracting a second marriage. The law enforces this discrimination be- tween husband and wife to determine the father of children that may be born shortly after the dissolution of the first marriage. Illegitimacy is rarely known outside the working classes. PAUPERS. The French Government never banishes paupers or insane persons fi*om its territory. As far as practicable, such persons are assisted, and when utterly dependent and homeless are placed in proper asylums. The Government places no obstacles in the way of those wishing to emigrate ; still it does not encourage or favor emigration either to the United States or other countries. The emigrants leave voluntarily. CHILIAN AGENCY. The Chilian Government has established a general agency of coloni- zation at Paris, and agencies at Bordeaux and other European centers. A limited number of emigrants are permitted to enter the country yearly ; one of the essential conditions is that each family must have a small capital (in coin). The capital required shall be proportionate to the benefits conceded by Government. The agents are instructed to refuse as colonists all applicants not understanding agriculture, as well as those not having sufficient means to establish themselves after ar- riving in the country. Those having a small capital and not entering into an agreement with the Government agent before quitting France, but emigrate to seek work, a 6 domestic servants, general mechanics, or farm laborers, are designated as free emigrants, and consequently must pay fiill emigrant fare, emigrant fare being according to an agreement existing between the Chilian Government and certain steamship com- panies, half the regular fare, and is as follows: Second class per person, 626 francs } third class per person, 260 francs ; children, from 8 to 12 years of age, half fare. Each emigant is allowed 200 pounds of bag- gage. Free emigrants obtain their tickets from the general agent; the ticket entitles free entry of their baggage through the customs, and also free transportation of same on Government railroad from port of arrival r! f;tww i ii»jaiJ»ww.u i i,tij i ijwMjwit i ,u, I applicatiou must 1 care for one an- ID aid and shelter ind must protect he may select his 1 without the con- ight has been re- iij' document con- so sigu her will, age contract. , 1803; abolished Klified form. Di- When, however, ry again, whereas onths before cou- liscrimination be- shiidren that may ige. Illegitimacy 3r insane persons ions are assisted, D proper asylams. those wishing to bion either to the re voluntarily. agency of coloni- European centers, nter the country imily must have a i proportionate to are instructed to gricnlture, as well jmselves after ar- and not entering ) quitting France, iral mechanics, or onsequently must i to an agreement In steamship com- 1 class i)er person, ren, from 8 to 12 ) pounds of bag- eneral agent ; the customs, and also am port of arrival FRANCE. 85 to point of destination. The Government concedes the following bene- fits to emigrants satisfying Government conditions : ( 1) An advance of lUO francs per capita on the sum demanded as pas- sage money. The rate being 200 francs, the emigrant only pays 160 francs for the passage from Bordeaux to Talcahuauo. (2) Concessions of CO to 100 acres of land, the price of which is not yet determined by the Chilian Government. Free concession of woodland. (3) Free transportation and lodging in Chili from Talcahuauo to the colonies. (4) Gratuitous medical attendance for two years. (o) A pension of 20 cents per day per adult, from time of arrival until settled in the colony. (G) A pair of oxen, 1 cow, and 100 boards with which to construct a house, or 300 boards minus the cow, 92 pounds of nails, and seeds. The sums of money advanced, or articles furnished as above stated, are repaid to the Government, without interest, at the expiration of a stated term. Emigrants are prohibited from selling animals, tools, or implements furnished them, until the same are paid for. Until recently the Government of the Argentine Republic offered similar inducements to emigrants, but the abuse of the privileges decided the Government to discontinue them. The only inducements now offered by that Govern- ment are free lodging and food for Ave days after arrival at Buenos Ayres, and free transportation by rail or steamer to any part of the Re- public. These inducements, added to climate advantages, have influ- enced emigration to South America. Marriages, births, deaths, and divorces for the past twelve years ending December 31, 1885, iu the city of Bordeaux. [Popalatlou, 221,305.] Tears. 187* 1875 1876 1877 1878 1870 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 Total ^ S l,73fl 1,747 1,715 1,740 1,830 l,68d 1,847 1,863 2,014 1,807 1,968 1,880 6.324 5,123 6,273 6,114 6,237 6,831 5.258 6,060 6,820 5,777 6,973 6,056 Males. 1 3 1,968 1,932 1,959 1,957 1,966 1,973 1,928 2,135 2,199 2,195 2,206 2,196 1 a I 542 410 610 448 464 501 483 632 504 531 554 631 21,830 65,946 24,R-!1 ;g,200 Females. B 3 1,913 1,800 1,860 1,880 1,051 2,009 1,017 2, 038 2,015 2,006 2,221 2,208 23,983 a I 467 420 480 474 456 454 540 545 675 5.38 559 594 6,102 StiU-boni. c9 •3 a 226 214 240 184 197 220 227 228 256 2.34 236 227 208 248 218 171 183 174 103 182 181 213 197 200 2, 689 2, 338 Deaths of aU ages. I 2,229 2, 4.37 2,390 2,441 2,836 2,790 2,848 2, 852 2,759 2,838 3,148 2,940 32, 517 -a s 2,086 2,621 2, 6.-0 2,629 2,467 2,661 2,760 2,679 2,546 2,571 2,837 2,756 I ^ 4,816 5,058 4,970 6,070 6,293 6,851 5,608 6,531 5,305 5,409 6,985 6,706 31,083 63,600 s 8 108 lie GEO. W. ROOSEVELT, __ Consul. United States Consulate, Bordeaux, France, June 26, 1886. 86 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. HAVRE. SEPORT OF CONSUL DVFXIS. The emigration from this cousular district may be described us " nil.' Probably not an hundred persons have emigrated from it during the last t«n years. The French people are admittedly not an emigrating or colonizing nation. If a Frenchman emigrates his ambition is to amass some property abroad, and then, Cliineselike, to return home to enjoy it. The emigration from France, such as it is, is directed to ditfereut countries, to the United States, princii)ally from the eastern provinces, like Lorraine and the Vosges Mountains; from the Basque provinces, of which Bayonne is the chief town, to the Eiver Plate, and from the Pyrenees to Mexico; whithersoever they are attracted by friends and relations. The population of France is increasing very slowly, in fact slower than any other European nation, and the result of the quinquennial census, which took place on the 30th of May last, is looked for with much interest. Havre is expected to show an increase of about 3,000; Paris proper, i. e., the twenty wards which in 1881 had a population of 2,238,924 souls, appears with 2,254,55« souls in 1886, or an increase of only 15,032. The department of Calvados, situated across the river Seine, one of the richest in France, is actually losing population. The French don't like large families, and the consequent subdivision of prop- erty, which the laws of inheritance demand. From the tables which I have the honor to submit herewith it will be seen that of the emigrants who embarked from here during the last thirteen years, the French form a small proportion, the Italians, Swiss, and even the Germans, who generally use their own ports, largely out- numbering them. Answering the questions of the circular seriatim, I beg to submit a table showing the number, nationality, sex, &c., of every year's emi- gration from Havre since the year 1873 to 1885, inclusive. I am informed that, although skilled French workmen form a not inconsiderable proportion of the immigration, the agricultural laborers form a majority. Of course the continuous labor troubles in the United States, and the consequent insecurity of finding and retaining steady occupation, militate seriously against the movement of skilled workmen towards our shores. Enforced military service is not an essential stimulant to produceemi- gration. Although every Frenchman has to serve in the army or navy, when he becomes of age, the number of those who don't appear, when their time comes, is insignificant. Should the future recruit be in a foreign country when his number is drawn, his parents or guardian are informed that he is summoned, and if he should not appear (unless ex- cused by doctor's and consular certificates of his being disqualified for the service) he is inscribed on the list of deserters, and should he later return into France, he would not only have to serve his time, but be subject to punishment. Confiscation of property does not exist. Gov- ernment assists him through its agents to return homo for military serv- ice duty. The French people submit patiently to the onerous taxes the Govern- ment piles on them; of course there are loud complaints, but neither ex- cessive taxation nor over- population is to be considered a factor in emi- gration. FRANCE. 87 scribed us " nil.' ►m it during the au emigrating or ition is to amass II borne to enjoy uted to dittereut stern provinces, sque provinces, te, and from the I by friends and Tf in fact slower tie qainqnennial looked for with )ofabon6 3,000; I a population of }r an increase of icross the river opalatiou. The division of prop- herewith it will I during the last Italians, Swiss, •rts, largely ont- beg to submit a rery year's emi- ive. men form a not mltural laborers les in the United retaining steady skilled workmen t to produce emi- le army or navy, I't appear, when recruit be in a or guardian are >pear (unless ex- : disqualified for should be later his time, but be aot exist. Gov- or military serv- The number of workmen in the department of the Lower Seine en- gaged in the great industries are about 50,000, principally in cotton mills, weaving, printing, and dyeing establishments, machine and boiler shops, naval construction, &c. Tbey have found fair employment during year of nine to ten hours daily at average wages of about 3 francs (60 cents). Agricultiual laborers, where engaged by the day, receive 2.50 francs (50 cents), no board ; when bired by the year, about 400 francs (or $80) ; plowmen, 500 francs (or $100); and overseers, or managers of farms, from 1,000 to 1,200 francs ($200 or $240) a year, rent and board free. Farm laborers generally reside in some village near the farm tbey work on, but not on the farm itself, i. e., day laborers. The farms in Normandy are mostly owned by large and small pro- prietors or ^^ rentiers^', probably not more than 15 or 20 per cent, of the farmers own the land they cultivate. Land is a favorite investment with many retiring from business, not only on account of the superior safety, but also on account of the position it gives the owner in the country. As an investment, land is not productive ; some farms, particularly large ones, dp not give more tban 2 per cent., but the average may \t& called 2 J to 3 per cent. An average farm in Normandy is about 40 bectares or 100 of our acres. As to marriages, divorces, births, legitimate and natural children, I beg to inclose tables, as far as Havre is concerned, for the year 1886, and the first six months of the present year. It will be seen that tbe illegitimate children are about 13 per cent, of the births. The Government isentirely ne'^tral in the question of emigration, offer- ing neither an inducement nor impeding i t. Of course tbey would rather retain tbeir population, and tbey may influence tbe press, as newspapers are generally giving bad accounts of foreign countries. When a steamer leaves here witb emigrants, tbe ofBcer supervising the emigration, and who, since the abolition of the office of commis- sioner of emigration, is an employ^ of the Western Bailroad of France, calls all the Frencb emigrants, questions them whether they have suffi- cient means to live a reasonable time after tbeir arrival at their destina- tion, or wbetber tbey have any immediate prospect of finding work ; if not, tbe officer will try by arguments to dissuade them from emigrating, but he will not prevent them. All emigration agents in France (see tbe laws) are obliged to give ample security for tbe contracts tbey may make witb tbe emigrants, and should any one be convicted of misrepresentations, bis trade would soon be stopped. Government gives no assistance in any sbape or manner. For crimi- nals tbey bave tbeir own penal settlements. I beg to add to tbis report a copy of all the Frencb laws bearing on emigration ; also a translation of all tbeir principal provisions. F. F. DUFAIS, Consul. United States Consulate, Havre. ixes tbe Govern- , but neither ex- [ a factor in emi- 88 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION, Deaths, births, ^c, year 1885. [Popnlation of Havre, 105,867.1 Items. Males. Females. Total. Deaths 1.827 1,624 222 1,441 1,450 244 3,268 3,0R3 4(i6 Biitbs: Legitimate Natural Totol 1,846 112 1,703 81 3,648 Still-boru HairiageA 9V8 ■'>3 Divorces Translation of law of emigration, July 18, 1860. Akticle I. No one can engage in the business of soliciting or transporting emigrants \rithont the authority of the minister of agriculture, of commerce, and of public works. Article II. A regulation of public administration determines the conditions on which such au- thority shall be granted, and the mode and character of the guarantee to be required, the cases where the authorization can be withdrawn, and the obligations to which the aigent of emigration shall submit. Article III. Imperial decrees determine the space to be reserved for each passenger on the ves- sels carrying emigrants, the conditions of accommodations and supplies, the method of visiting the vessel before departure. The visit to a French vessel to be in con- formity with Article 825 of the Commercial Code. The fees of experts charged with the said visits on board French and foreign vessels, as well as the fees of doctors charged with making medical visits, and the other expenses, are fixed by ministerial decrees and orders, and are a charge on the vessel. Article IV. No ships carrying emigrants can go ont of port unless the captain is furnished with a certificate stating that all the conditions imposed, < hether by written law, decrees and orders of ministers, made for the execution of said laws in the interest of police regulations or of emigrants, have been fulfilled. Article V. Emigrants have the right to be received on board the day before the day fixed for the departure. They have also the right of remaining on board during forty-eight hours bfter moorage at the port of destination, except when the vessel is oblicedto depart at once. " Article VI. Every emigrant prevented tcom departing on account of a serious or contagious disease regularly verified, has the right to the restitution of the money paid for the passage. The price of passage is also returned to the members of the familv who re- main. . . ' Article VII. If the vessel does not leave the port on the day fixed by the contract, the respon- sible agent is boand to pay to each emigrant, for each day of delav, for his expenses on land, such sum as shall be fixed by law. If the delay exceeds ten days, and if in the interval the agent has not provided for the departure of the emigrant on another 'ii _,.. ■f^ jtumiimaiimJnUa-Mtiss i s f ^ i eHH k: ".' ; . hlm m iUIKUIitJ t.'!^tX' ' FRANCE. 89 Females. Total. 1,441 1,460 244 3,268 3,083 466 1,703 81 3,649 103 908 M imisrantB \rithoat )ublio works. on which such au- ee to be required, tionato which the lenger on the ves- plies, the method asel to be in con- erts charged with )f doctors charged linisterial decrees I is famished with itten law, decrees interest of police the day fixed for Inriug forty-eight issel is obliged to tUB or contagions iouey paid for the hu family who re- tract, the respon- ', for his expenses Bn days, ana if in igrant on another vessel, and according to the contract, tbo emigrant has tlie right to rfnoniKc tin- con- tract by a Himpio dccluriition made before the comniissiDuer of emigration, without prejudice to his riglit of damages that might be allowed to the emigrant. Always mulerstood that if the delay is unavoidable, acknowledged to, and aeceiitcd by the commissioner of oniigrntiou, the emigrant cannot rei.onnce the Kjntract, nor n-rlaiui indemnity from remaining on land, providi d ho is lodged and nourished, eitliir on board or on land, at the expense of the agent or his representatives. Article VIII. The agent is responsible for the transportation of the emigrant to the place of desti- nation fixed by the contract. The transportation must be direct unless stipnlaicd to the contrary. In case of a voluntary or forced stoppage of the vessel the enii<:rants are either lodged and nourished on board, at the expense of the vessel dm in, i,' the en- tiro atop, or indemnitied for their expenses on land. In case of shipwreck or any other accident at sea, which Iiinders the vessel from pursuing her route, (he agent is bound to provide transport to the place of destination tlxed in the contract. Abtiolb IX. In cases where the agent does not fulfill his contract with the emigrant after the departure of the vessel, the minister of agriculture, of commerce, and of public works pays and liquidates the indemnity, subject to appeal to the council of state. The aniount recovered of these indemnities, regulated and liquidated, is paid by the min- ister of finance. Article X. Every infraction of Article I to IV of the present law is punished by a fine of from 50 to 5,000 ft-ancs, and in case of a fresh offense during the year the fine is doubled. Every contravention of the rules of public administration; im)>erial decrees, and min- isterial orders, whenever they concern emigration, is punished as prescribed in Arti- cle 471 of the Penal Code. Article XI. The offenses and infractions can be established : (1) In France, by the commission- ers of emigration, in their capacity of officers of the auxiliary police of the procur- eurs of the empire, by all officers of the Judicial police, and by the agents established by an order or the ministers, either with a definite title or temporarily attached to tl^e commissioner of emigration. (2) On board the vessel in a foreign port by the consuls assisted by such learned men as they shall see fit to designate. [Decree of Msrch 9, 1861.] Conditions under which authority to undertake solicitation of emigration can he accorded, ' Article. I. Companies or agencies of emigration can be authorized to undertake the solicita- tion and transport of emigrants under Article I of the law of July 30, 1S60, only on the condition of fnrnishing security, that shall be fixed by the minister of commerce and public works, between the limits 15 and 40,000 francs. The secnrity shall be bona fide in coin, or by a recognizance duly secured by one who shall be obliged at any time to deposit on the order of the minister all or any part of the sum secured, with no more than fifteen days' delay. In case of partial or total non-performance of the surety an action for recovery will he brought uy the minister of finance. Article II. If the surety is deposited in money it will carry interest at the rate of 3 per cent, per annom, and it will only be returned six months after declaration matfe by the companies or agents that t£ey have renounced the right of exercising the industry, or after the retraction of the authority or decease of the person authorized. If the se- cnrity ii represented by a bond the sareties will only be discharged after the same delay. 90 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. AliTICLE III. The anthorization will be revoked by the minister in case of grave abuse. Article IV. The agents that the authorized cmupauies can employ whether in France or in for- eign countries shall be provided with au authentic power of attorney. The compunics are responsible for their agents. Article V. The companies or agents of emigration are obliged to give to the emigrant with whom they shall have contracted, whether in France or in foreign countries, in de- fault of a copy of his contract, a bulletin mminatif, indicating the nationality of the emigrant, the place of destination, and the conditions stipulated for the trans- portation. Within twenty-four hours after the arrival of the emigrants in the port of destination the companies or agents must have the contract visaed by the commis- sioners of emigration. Article VI. Every vessel that receives on board forty emigrants is considered as having assumed the business of emigration. In all cases the emigrant who is to be transported by a vessel having less than forty emigrants shall have the right to invoke the interven- tion of the comuiisstoner of emigration in regard to the quantity and quality of the food and the conditions of the contract. Article VII. Every passenger is considered an emigrant who docs not eat at the tables of the officers, and who paid a price for the passage and food included a sum less than 40 francs per week on a sailing vessel, or 80 francs on a steamer per week, taking as a basis of calculation the length of the voyage as may be determined by regulation. In case of doubt as to whether or not a person is an emigrant the commissioner will de- cide. Article VIII. Every vessel assuming to carry emigrants shall be furnished with a medicine chest, sufficiently provided, as well as instructions for the use of the medicines. Whenever the namber of emigrants embarked on board a vessel shall attain the number of one hundred sire shall carry either a doctor of medicine, an officer of health, or a naval surgeon. Article IX. It is forbidden to receive on board any passenger with a dangerons or contagious disease, or any merchandise that may be considered daiigeroiis or unhealthy. [Decree of March 15. iMl.j Execution of the law. Article I. There shall be established in such places as the minister of the interior shall judge necessary special commissioners, charged under his authority, of watching over the police and emigrants, and the French and foreign emigration. It shall be the duty of the commissioners and their delegates to assnre the performance of the measures prescribed by law, rules, and orders and decrees. Article II. In every city that the authorities shall direct, there shall be established, under the direction of the commissioner of < migration, a bureau of emigration, to which the emigrants shall be able to address themselves, to obtain, gratis, information relative to the journey across France, the sojourn on laud, and the drawing up of their con- tracts of embarkation, and to what country they should go ■■r^imimimmtmnmiietm DmOMSmtm^' FRANCE. 01 Article III. e abase. I France or in for- . The companies No emigrant will be admitted into Franco unless be bns in biit possession, when ar- riving at the frontier, goods or money to the value of '200 francs for eac h adult, and 80 francs for children between the ages of six and fifteen years, or when be arrives at the frontier at the sea, a sum of 150 francs for adults and (k) francs for children of from six to fifteen years, unless he is the Hearer of a regular contrnct, which attsumes to and assures bis transport across Franco and his passage for and to a country beyond the seas. If the contract contains the description of the emigrant as well as the necessary indications for establishing his identity, it will, after liaving been vis^d by the legation or consulate of France, serve as a passport, vis^ free. le emigrant with countries, in de- bo nationality of ;ed for the trans- [rants in the port d by the couimis- s having assumed transported by a >ke the interven- nd quality of the the tables of the sum less than 40 reek, taking as a y regulation. In uissioner will de- » medicine chest, ines. Whenever ie number of one ealth, or a naval ms or contagious tbealthy. Articlb IV. , The baggage and victuals belonging to emigrants brought into France bv rai1roa<1, unless under suspicion of fraud, will be freed at tho French frontier of all verifica- tion of customs officers. Baggage nut visited will be accompanied with a route drawn np by the administration ot the railroad, and vis6ed by the customs ofllcer. It will bo placed in a baggage van, and under lock duly sealed with lead, and at need placed under escort of customs officers. Emigrants are forbidden to take with them any trunk containing merchandise, dutiable or prohibited. On arrival of the train at the place of embarkment, the placing on board will be done without visit, and free from all customs tax. Article V. , Each emigrant is allowed on board a vessel (1) 1 meter, 30 decimeters square if the height of the deck is 2.28 meters and moru ; (2) I meter 38 decimeters square if the height of the deck is 1.83 meters and more; (3) 1 meter 49 decimeters square if the height of the deck is 1 meter (J6 centimeters and more. Children under the ago of one year are not counted in the calculation of the number of passengers on board, and two children more than one year and less than eight years will be counted as one pass- enger. Article VI. Tho vessels engaged in transportin'g emigrants must have a betwecu-decks, either stationary or provisionary, of at least 1 meter 66 centimeters high. Whenever ships recive a number of passengers sufficient for occupying tho space allowed upon the basis stated in the preceding article, 1.30 meters, 1.38 meters, 1.4'J meters per passen- ger, the between-decks willbe entirely free, except the parts ordinarily occupied by the captain, officers, and crew. Whenever the number of passengers shall be less than the vessel's capacity the space unoccupied can be taken for storing provisjons (meat and fish excepted), baggage and even a certain quantity of merchandise,* the wholo regulated in proportion to the diminution of the number of passengers who conld have embarke(l. Article VII. It is forbidden to take on board a vessel engaged in carrying emigrants all merchan- dise which may be condemned as dangerous or unhealthy, au:!, p* long other things, horses, cattle, gunpowder, vitriol, hides, iuflaunnuble chemicals, cheeses, except those hard and dry and carrying no odor. • Article VIII. ;erior shall judge ttching over the ihall be the duty of the measures lisbed, under the on, to which the irmation relative ; np of their con- The provisions, whether brought on board by the emigrants themselves or furnished by the captain of the vessel, must be sufficient for the longest duration of the voyage, calculated as follows : Days. For New York and other ports of the American Union situated on the Atlantic coast 55 Canad: 60 NewCtrleans 65 Antilles 55 Mexico and Brazil 70 La Plata 80 For countries situated beyond Capes Horn and Good Hope to the north of the equator 100 92 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. And for stonmsbips or vessels of mixed coiistructiou haviug at least 20 horse-nowcr per 100 tons: ^ NewYoik,&o «, Caiiudtt *? New Orleans .".'."..'."!."!'..*!."!'..'.".'!! 'r, Mexico and Brazil .,, La Plata '.!.!!"".."."!!". .'."!!!.".' 48 Conutries beyond Capes Horn and Good Hope to tbe nortboftbe equator 100 To the south J^ "" g^ The orders of tbe ministers of aKriculture, of commerce, and public works can modiJy th^se figures given above, fix a greatest length of voyage for a destination not provided for in this article. Article IX. The vessel shall be provided with cooking utensils, combustibles, and necessarv vessels. There shall be S3ale8 for weighing and measuring which shall be made use 01 at the request of the passengers. Article X. The qualities and quantities and kinds of food which the emigrant or contractor shall be obliged to furnish must be verified and fixed for each destination bv the com- missioner of emigration. Article XI. The beds must have an interior measurement of 1.88 meters in length and 50 cen- timeters m width. There shall be in no case more than two rows of beds. The bed shall be raised above the deck at least 14 centimeters, and never distant from the deck above less than 760 millimeters. Bedclothes must be exposed to the air everv day on the deck if the weather permits. The between decks must be purified with sugar of milk twice a week at least. The commissioner of emigration shall watch over the distribution of beds, and the beds in the rear shall be given to younjr irirls women alone. Those in the middle to families, and those in front to men. ' Article XII. The vessel shall have on deck, iu front, at least two water-closets destined for the use of the passengers. There shall be besides a closet for the use of the women. Whenever the number of passengers exceeds the number of one hundred a water-oloset shall be added for each fifty emigrants. «*"«.» • Article XIII. The vessel must be furnished with a steam launch proportioned to its tonnaee. and boats of sufficient number for the casualties of a voyage, having reference to the number of emigrants on board. There shall be provided water-tanks, air-funnels and other apparatus for securing ventilation. Article XIV. The owner or captain of every vessel engaged in carrying emigrants mnst irive notice of the fitting out and the date of departure to the captain of the port and the commissioner of emigration. r i.i.« Article XV. Before the departure, the vessel shall be visited in the manner prescribed by law of 13th August, 1791, to certify its seaworthiness, and determine the sufficiency of its equipage. The officers who shall be charged with these visits must be chosen by the minister of the interior, from among the visiting officers instituted by virtue of the law above mentioned. The commissioner of emigration shall always be present at these visits for the purpose of consultation, and should verify the condition of the provisions, &o., and that they conform to the requirements of the law. FRANCE. 98 St 20 hoTite-power Days. 33 3G 39 4-i 48 luator 100 80 public works cau ■ a destination not 68, and necessary shall be made use Akticle XVI. Tbe captain or owner iuunt remit to tho coniniissiouer of eutigriitiou twenty-four hours betore tho departure of the vessel an osuct list of the emigrants, with the'index of their ages, sex, nationality, and desliniition of each one. If alter the list bus been sent new emigrants prcsi'nt theniselvcs for embarkation, the cajitain or owner will address to the eomraissioufr of emijjratioii such asiipplemeiuiiry list as mav be neces- sary and in tho same form. Both lists, of which a copy nniint l>e attached to the ship's papers, shall be linally visited and sillied at the moment of depa.tnre by tho commis- sioner of emigration and the captain or owner. After the closing of these Unal lists, and before the vessel has cleared, the roll of the emigrants shall I "'.led, and no new emigrants shall be allowed on board the vessel. Akticle XVIL If the vessel does not leave on the day fixed in the contract, the responsible agent shall be hehl to pay to each emigrant for expenses on land an indemnity at the rate of 1.50 francs for each day of delay (see decree, January 15, 1868). mt or contractor lation by the com- mgth and ftO oen- fbeds. Tho bed distant from the d to the air every be purified with tion shall watoh in to young girls, men. i destined for the « of the women, red a water-oloset > its tonnage, and reference to the knks, air-funnels, p'ants must give the port and the [Order of the miniiter of the interior, March 20, 1861.] Prohibition of guiding or aoUciting emigranlt. Article I. It is forbidden any person not a duly authorised agent, or authorized by the local authorities, to guide or solicit emigrants in any manner during the transit across France and during the sojourn at the port of embarkation. f Decree of the minister of the interior, May 15, 1841.] Fi$it8 to vesaels bif officers of the port. Article I. OfBcera or masters of the port acting as commissioners of emigration are allowed the fixed sum of aO francs for each vessel visited in conformity to the rules and regulations. Article II. The certificates of visits signed by the oflScers of the port and visaed by the engineer- in-chief of the Government engineers shall be sent l>y these last to the preset, as well as the document in support, and addressed by the prefect to the minister of the interior. Article III. The orders for anms due to ofiBcers or masters of porta in virtue of Article I of the present order shall continue to be made on the first month in each quarter. Articlb IV. The expenses resulting from the execution of the present order shall be paid by a special appropriation. ' scribed by law of sufficiency of its st be chosen by I by virtue of the ys be present at condition of the I Urder of the minister of the interior, May 25, 1861.] Medical lervice. Article T. Vessels engaged in oarrving emigrants shall be visited fovthe purpose of executing the provisions of the law by a doctor appointed for that purpose by the commissioner of emigration or by the officers or masters of ports acting in his stead. mmm 94 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Akticle II. Fifteen frnncs are allowed the doctor for each visit to a vesael. Articlk III, I' rr [Oitler of the niinUter of the Interior, May 21, IMl.) FisitB to veKsels.—Pay of exptrta. Articlk I. Article II. exlJuX^of iiflcTe^Wt^S ^TTS^^ tarilTadopted .„ the ,H>rt for the Article III. vi«?erbft£i"u^iL'ou^^&^^^^^^ «;?-olice that esire to travel as IPS, provided the ig. Besides, the toreigu country, military duty." 1861. i increased from i 9 1 < B 1 1 i 1 Switzerland. 1 i i *> s 3 1 1 1879. MCA 0,770 2,611 014 663 827 800 6,013 4,708 2,837 10,520 8,310 5,041 5,004 2,870 2,137 65 01 62 028 20,375 2«0 24, 844 40,000 14,701 21»,767 46,707 1875.. 018 4,273 60 17,638 1870.. 61)0 600 801 1,078 27 1, 281 6,715 2,U01 80 146 12, 180 13, 470 1877.. 402 422 Ml 330 50 070 6, 705 1,050 4U 170 0,724 lU, 703 1878.. 734 6.'i7 1,801 250 47 1,205 8. 303 2,702 87 110 14,»tO 10,206 1879.. 1,155 1,321 1,020 103 1,781 0, 7:iii 6. •.'05 12 300 15,044 17. 725 188U. 2,637 8,250 834 193 055 2,015 7,071 8,1(K) 87 180 28. 222 30,807 1881.. 3,025 7,108 846 278 327 2,630 5,401 10,047 280 1,012 29,412 31,042 1882.. 2,310 0,21^ 000 5.™ 487 2,073 7, 220 U.U41 140 854 20, M7 3', 510 1888.. 2,010 4,830 020 404 85 2.400 5.48t 11, 382 9U 480 10,000 28,502 1884.. 2,037 3,350 684 387 00 2,231 4,190 8,2II« 144 301 10. 403 21,034 1885.. 1,283 1,607 072 lis 115 2,018 5,848 5,071 00 421 15,125 17, 143 Emigrants by tex. CTg g sa^g. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1870. 1877. 1878. 1870. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. Freocb. 3,790 2,830 1,834 817 628 rti 1,117 1,517 1,445 1,065 1,371 1,354 1,234 e I 1,444 1,220 070 321 250 S73 477 093 075 745 630 Odt 634 ^ Foreigners. I I 673 742 203 70 113 28 83 17 100 21 137 50 325 110 208 112 87!< 105 283 110 168 48 182 68 6,013 4.708 2,837 1,281 979 1,205 1,781 2,645 2,5.W 2.073 2.400 2,231 2,018 16,740 22.878 9,141 7,300 «, 342 9,798 10, 301 10, 7.10 10.0114 17,381 10, 442 11,006 0,784 5,230 11, 168 8,338 2,044 2.0U0 3,214 3,410 0. 179 : 0,700 I 6,568 ' 6, 715 4,960 I 3,304 2,808 7.4J3 1,665 1,510 O.'M 1,447 1,509 3,690 4, 3112 3.058 i a a 6.57 429 355 481 025 1, 703 1,710 1,630 3,922 11,423 2, 0H3 058 1,473 604 o For Hew Tork. 24,844 40,060 14,701 12, 189 ' 9.724 14, 910 1.5, 944 28. i22 2U. 413 20.f37 26. UflO 19. 403 15, 125 a 1 eg £ S' l<4 & 1,037 10,043 1,100 25, 571 084 0.013 680 6.825 578 5,211 000 8,000 i,:m 13. 7.58 2, 187 2U, 424 2, 182 27, 747 .', a«2 27, 309 1,872 24,472 ' 1,084 17, .538 : 1,348 12, 840 : i 20,080 20. 071 7. 027 6,505 6,789 0,806 1.5, 006 28,611 20,01)0 29, 671 20, 344 19,222 14,197 yiimher of emigrants carried by the General Transatlantic Company's steamers. Tears. Knmber. I Years. Number. 1880 1 26,363 : 24,871 26,120 23,054 1884 , 17, 252 11,553 1881 1885 1882 Totol 1883 107,812 1 H EMIORATIOX AND IMMIGRATION. Emigration from France by drpartmeiHB 1870 to 18(a. [From Annuktre •utlitli|ni> « a. 14 H u At ' HI, :> II'.' M ' 195 IKI m « If 1 19l 2(1 IS 6 »■ 84i 4f n 7 ( 2 II 1 14 3 1. 10 17 3J ft i: i li 4 4 1(1 ■ lu 11 a h: 3< 471 44 7 41^ s: ft( 311 «l 1-. 2- ' 25 IM », 3.1 13^ U » ■J H 71 1 8ft 83 V IK 61 101 -i!, 1 U 8 H'l H 3 li 11 21 4 7 W 101 47 40 3 » 11 38 22 1 11 1 82 15 4 { i 6 5 2 et 41 79 154 6j 202 181 2!n 110 tl 3( 2i 26 27 7 t S 7 3 3 t 4 10 c J 1ft m 2U 8 7 40 T. 3ft 62 5 IM 87 118 60 2 87 7f 97l 48 » M 71 07 77 8 28 2( It 26 1 10 IS 21 13 1 « U 10 ? 7 10 U 22 13 8 «7 67 4« Oft 1 2(< 8« St 23 8 27 U 29 11 7 12 6 10 11 1 87 41 64 83 1 « 1(1 5 21 1 20 < 21 24 1 15 1! a 17 > 4 7 a 80 2> 21 24 12 a 7 7 10 24 2Z 4a » ) 12 12 18 16 1 82 SO 25 40 r 2 11 6 la » « 6 5 06 »5 816 111 k 22 12 13 9 > « 10 18 4 1 20 19 17 « 79 82 7e 41 8 16 27 16 17 14 14 24 68 63 15 34 17 20 S 13 695 682 898 8A4 328 281 261 97 9 8 11 10 89 129 148 129 89 72 93 103 860 319 286 194 22 48 31 62 le 20 24 18 105 161 204 229 73 63 71 69 37fl 822 870 388 46 65 46 62 19 11 16 34 85 20 26 41 2 4 8 3 26 10 16 9 GERMANY. EmigraUon from F)-ance bjf drjmrlment* 1870 to 18^3— Continned. 97 Department Tim TArn-et-Oaronne . Var Vancloiie VcDiliie Vienae VIouoo (H«i I I 1881. 1881 12 4 6 4 13 89 84 87 6 8 8 7 9 32 191 188 21 10 4,4104,811 1 1 I88S. 10 1 37 n 4 18 14 77 36 S,MO De»Hiiation$ of J^-raok emigration. IFroiu Annnaire StatUqae de la FrMice.] Deitination. North America : Doited Slatca Canada Central America: AntlUni Mexico Suutb America: Argentine Kepnbllo Bnuil nm|{nay 1883. 1888. 2,787 6 2,298 31 67 13 18 6 1,189 36 683 1.116 i 106 i 60 i Deitination. South America — Contlnned : Colombia , Venezuela , Pern Chili Africa Other conntrtea Tottl 1881 4,868 1888. 83 20 1 3 10 16 116 178 24 160 17 1 4,011 GERMANY. BERLIN. BEPOBT OF OON8UL-OESERAL RAINB, OF BSBLIIT. STATISTICS. It is a noticeable fact that Oerman oft'cial statistics farnish no classi- fication of the occnpations of emigrants. Nor can a comparison be made with our own emigration statistics, as the latt«;i- are published for the fiscal year, while German statistics are based upon figures for the cal- endar year. The discrepancy in the numbers of emigrants to the United States between the statistics of the United States and Germany is ex- plained by the fact that the statistical bureau of the German Empire has control only over figures gathered in German ports since 1872 in Antwerp, and also using French sources in Havre, but has no control over the number of German emigrants embarking at Dutch and Eng- lish ports, though it may be conceded that a considerable number of Germans emigrating by way of the latter ports go to the United States. From the above it appears that our returns, generally, state the num- ber of German immigrants higher than German returns, of which I first inclose a table showing the number of German emigrants via German ports and the Belgian port of Antwerp, for the fifteen years from 1871 to 1885, amounting to 1,412,914. H. Ex. 157 7 98 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGBATION. To this number of emigrants must added \o the number of German emigrants embarking at Havre. But in this case the country of desti- nation Cannot be given. The total number of emigrants would now be as follows: Tean. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1879. 1876. 1877. 1878. e I s > 287 2,503 6,776 2,511 1,460 1,258 030 1,800 76,100 128,243 110, 414 47,628 32,262 20.626 22,003 25,616 Yeara. 1870 1880 1861 1882 1883 1884 1865 c( 2,485 10,757 10,251 0,580 7.455 5,803 2,780 • ■3 hi 35,812 116,1147 220,708 203. 459 17.1. 574 148, fl7» 106,432 Hence the grand total of all German emigrants within the said fifteen years (1871 to 1883) amounted to 1,478,887. A comparison of the Ger- man emigration with the oversea emigration of other countries is shown by the following table: Conntries. Oreat Britain and Ireland France lUly Switzerland 1880. 1881. 1883. 1888. 227,542 4,612 35,677 7,235 243,002 4,456 43, 725 10,035 270,366 3,848 67,632 10,806 330, 118 4,011 70,436 13,808 1884, 243, 170 3.7U8 67,094 8,075 Of every 100,000 in habitants, there emigrated in the years 1873, 1880, 1885, in which years the absolute figures of emigrants from the whole Empire were nearly equal : 1873 : » 103.638 1880 106.190 1885 103.64'.i The different parts of the German Empire lost the following numbers of persons emigrated " over sea : " Where tnm. 1873. 1880. 1 188Sw Where from. 1873. 18801 1885. Eaat Mad Weat Pmuia . . 402 125 «>» 702 57 7i z 70 253 156 184 281 86 857 134 691 601 li 68 560 350 153 268 231 183 368 130 720 168 762 586 71 87 661 421 120 2!ll 156 166 867 02 254 207 233 i,U85 868 143 64 16« 118 163 408 331 30 444 811 826 241 208 108 118 55 242 133 140 560 330 17 ms Brandenburg (ioclndiiig Bad«..::r.:::. ■.■.;::: 220 nCM6. 2S0 Pomeraniii Posen Mecklenburg (both) ... OldfiuburiF .... 303 40') Sileala Rrunswlok ... 76 SazoBT (proTinoe) Sleawlck-Holiitein Tburingian autes Auhalt 118 45 Hanover Waldcck 354 WeatpbalU Heaae-NMaan Lippe(both) 242 208 Hobeniollem Bremen . ... .. 6«D Bavaria (rigbtaide of the Rhine)..:. Hanibui'c ■••<•« Aiaace-Lorraue Total 306 48 Palatinate Saxon; (Kioiidoni) 251 236 :i24 mber of German iountry of desti- :s would now be • rs t. a S." B 1 IE- « .9-49 > > 2,485 35,gl2 10,797 116,1147 10,251 220, 7BK 9,590 203, 459 7,455 173,574 5,S«S 148,fl7'» 2,790 106,433 1 the said flfteen •ison of the Ger- untries is Khowii years 1873, 1880, ) from the whole 103.638 106.190 103.642 lowing numbers 1873. MM. 1885. 254 444 258 297 »n 220 233 828 2S0 1,085 241 303 MS 269 403 9:1. lOS 78 J43 118 118 61 55 45 i«e 242 854 118 138 242 16S 149 208 408 560 Kf> 331 839 SOB 30 17 48 251 230 :!24 OEBMANT. Emigration, by age a»d lex, in 1885. 99 Age. Under 1 year 1 and nnderO yean. . . 6 and under 10 yean . 10 and under 14 year*. 14 and nnder 21 year* 21 and 30 years 80and4eyeara 40 and nnder 50 years 50 and nnder 60 years 60 and under 70 years 70 years and over No age given Total Male. 2,243 4,949 4,772 3,269 0,788 KOtS 7,tKH 8,700 3,208 1,101 213 82 96,817 remale. 2,822 4,765 4,963 3,028 10,823 11,710 ^8•4 3,»1 3,31." 1.112 1V5 90 47,815 Totat 4,969 9,710 9,339 4,391 21,099 27,778 13 818 0,891 4,41* 3,218 388 181 103,643 OflOUPATION. As to the occupation of emigrants, no statistics are kept in Germany. 0. Herzog, late Imperial assistant secretary (for Alsace-Lorraine), in speaking upon this subject, referred chiefly to American estimates. Bemarkably low is, according to his statement, the number of emi- grants who have a professional occupation, about three or four per one thousand emigrants ; but he infers that the number must be larger, as many persons of this kind go to the United States as mere visitors, and change afterwards from visitors into permanent residents. Such per- sons, not arriving in emigrant vessels, are simply recorded as passen- gers. Musicians, authors, architects, apothecaries, and professors of graphic arts seem to be quite numerous. Within the group of skilled occupations, Germany is best represented in carpenters, shoemakers, tailors, blacksmiths, bakers, butchers,masons, and brewers. Among miscellaneous occupations, Germany furnishes a large per- centage of farmers (about 33.77 per cent.). From Exhibit A it appears that the bulk of Germans go to the United States ; only 3 to 6 per cent, are scattered in other directions. Of some note is also the emigration to Brazil. CAUSES OF EUIGRATION. The causes for emigration represent peculiar features. As Roseher, the renowned politicfd economist, says : Xo inoorrapt man will solve the tie Whioh binds bim to his parents, bis father's honse, his remembrances of childhood. Apart firom the few who have particular reasons of their own to see foreign countries, it can be safoly asserted that the true cause of emi- gration is dissatisfaction with the conditions under which people live at home, and the desire to improve their personal and material comfort. Roscber has condensed them, as follows : Surplus population, surplus capital, surplus of educated men not available ; finally, a certain polit- ical or religions discontent, hence disproportional relations to society (fifimily, state, church, and property). Regardless of the cause of surplus capital, or rather concentration of capital in the hands of a limited number of men, the fact stands forth that political and religious differences and dissensions in several epochs of history have resulted in extensive emigrations, particularly in times "f?*" Miiiiaiiii 100 EMIOBATION AND IlIMIOBATION. when either strong Governments were wanting or when Governments had been nsnnied by privileged classes. It may suffice to allude to the Greek colonies of ancient times; to the colonization of Iceland by the aristocracy expelled from Norway, and, especially, to the origin of our own country. Concerning modem emigration, it may be granted that, irrespective of those ][)erson8 who, in conflict with social and other laws, preferred to leave their homes, a largo number of persons went to our shores in order to find the " promised land" of liberty and equality, the land " where milk and honey flows." The incomparably rapid increase of the United States in population, wealth, and iiolitical power, which, since half a century, has raised them to the rank of the first nation of the globe, exercised, of course, a great attractive power, with their enormous extent of untilled fertile soil, a quick and clever utilization of modem traffic facilities and the expedi- ency of their political institutions, warranting to every one the neces- sary security for his person and property, and fair play to develop his individual faculties. Beligjous dissension is also one of the causes of emigration, as it was at the time of the Pilgrims, who first settled in our now so pros|Njrons New England States, and two hundred years ago, when the Huguenots sought new homes in England, Ireland, and Prussia (then an electorate, Brandenburg), where, especially in the latter country, they became the founders of silk and other now thriving industries. To what extent the recent Prussian church (May) laws (now about to be abolished) have led Catholics to expatriate themselves, is beyond my knowledge. But, combining all these motives, the object emigrants had in view can thereby be explained only of a comparatively small num- ber of them, but the matter standH different when we look at the surplus impulation as a cause of emigration. In my annual report* I gave a table showing the yearly increase of population for 1884 in several European countries, as follows : Conatries. iDonase, Period of donbling. Oermany Peretnt. l.SO 1.4a 1.85 1.28 I.U i.ia 0.8C Tean. 47 OrMtBritein 5t 52 VMimark 54 Aaatria 601 61 BeWam Tmm 200 And pointing to the necessity for Germany to extend her dominion, I continued to report that — Even if we place thennmber of emigrants on the average at 80,000, according to German statistics, or more (about 100,000, according to onrs), per annum, hardly 16 per cent, of the increase are absorbed by emigration. As will appear from a table here appended, the excess of births over deaths for 1884 in Germany amounted to 660,953 in number, leaving for this year 407,367 as surplus population, when 143,^86 emigrants are de- ducted from the total number of the excess of births. The number of marriages concluded births and deaths of illegitimate children will appear from the inclosed tables marked Exhibits Band C. * Printed in Consular Reports No. 61, page 507. Oovernments times; totbe Norway, aud, t, irrespective B, preferred to ihores in order land " where in popnlatioD, 18 raised tbem course, a great i fertile soil, a id the expedi- one the neces- to develop his btion, as it was so prosfierons ;he Huguenots 1 an electorate, ley became the (now about to (, is beyond my emigrants bad ely small uum- [ at the surplus [K>rt* I gave a 884 in several iDonwae. Period of donbling. PeretiU. Tean. l.BO 47 1.4a SI 1.88 52 1.28 54 1.16 sot i.ia 61 0.8C 200 her dominion, jOOO, according to annum, hardly 16 of births over )er, leaving for 1 grants are de- of illegitimate bibitsBandC. GERMANY. 101 These taoies compare the figures of the decade of 1875 to 1884, both in- clusive. Concerning the qur&tion as to the density of population, Di. Elreberg, professor, of Eilange , gave for the year 1880 the following percentage of men per 1 square kilometer : Oemany 83.7 France 70 Italy 95 Englapd 110 Netherlands 128 Belgium 186 If guided by these figures, it can easily be seen that, although Ger- many has not only a large population but also a large yearly increase of population, yet it must be conceded that there are other countries with a still larger population, but without an emigration that would reach even approximately the lowest number of German emigrants. Untenable seems, therefore, the assertion that Germany surors under an onerous surplus of population, since it is notorious that the provinces with smuller density, Pomerania, Prussia, Posen, &o., show the largest percentage of emigrants, and that national wealth is growing at the same ratio as the number of population increases. In those provinces exist very extensive landed manorial estates, where there is no chance for small farmers to purchase a homestead, or for the settlement of agricultural laborers in large numbers, as there is no full work for all of them throughout the whole year. In many instances those landed proprietors have resorted to machines to dispense with a sometimes doubtful class of laborers, who came from other German districts to find employment, for the different districts have different harvest times. But this migratory life, which large portions of such laborers are compelled to lead, lias a detrimental influence upon their education. Nor does there exist in those provinces any possibility for them to get employment in industrial works, as there is no industry or mining, excepting perhaps the salt works at Inowrazlaw in Posen. Thousands of working families pass through Berlin every spring to go to the sugar- manufacturing districts in the province of Saxony. In the fall they repass on the way home. Many of them use then their savings to found an undisturbed home in the United States. INCOMES ABE DISPBOFOBTIONATE. Though, as above stated, Germany's wealth, as a whole, increases with its population, yet the distribution of property is not normal and incomes are disproportionate. I give an example: In 1885, Berlin's population amounted to about 1,300,000 persons ; of this number about 200,000 were fi%e firom class-tax (the lowest tax col- lected), as their respective income did not reach the minimum of 420 marks, the limit for the payment of class-tax, as prescribed by law. One hundred and forty-eight thousand one hundred and twenty-eight had an income of 420 marks and upwards : 1 21 ,502 had 661 and upwards : 27,777 had 001 and upwards ; 21,632 had 1,051 and upwards ; 11,970 had 1,201 and upwards : 14,730 had 1,351 and upwards : 5,652 had 1,500 and upwards : 7,770 had 1,650 and upwards ; 5,721 had l,iB0O and upwards : G,667 had 2,100 and upwards ; 2,838 had 2,400 and upwards ; 4,221 had 3,000 and upwards. Taxes in Prussia'collected on incomes from 420 marks to 2,900, both inclusive, are called Klassenitener (class-tax), while taxes levied on in- comes of ftom 3,000 marks and upwards are called state income tax. agiiir' 102 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Still more instructive is a comparison of Berlin persons paying this latter tax. Of 1,250,000 inhabitants only 30,000 pay state income tax— 5,100 had an income of 3,000 marks and upwards; 4,000 hud 3,600 and upwards; 3,000 had 4,200 and upwai-ds; 2,700 had 4,^00 and upwards; 1,000 had 7,200 and upwards; 1,000 had 8,400 and upwards; 1 had 0,000; 1,100 had 10,000 and upwards; 820 had 12,000 and upwards; 101 had 18,000 and upwards; 81 had 54,000 and upwards; 81 had 00,000 and upwards; 5Ghad 72,000 and upwards; 52 had 84,000 and upwards; 43 had 90,000 and upwards; 23 had 100,000 and upwards; GO had more than 200,000; 8 had 240,000; 10 had 300,000; 5 had 300,000; 1 had 420,000; 5 had 480,000; 3 had 540,000; 4 had more than 540,000! It is stated that from 500 marks, in the year 1860, the average income per year and person in Berlin went up to 027 marks in tiie year 1874 ; from and after this year such income went steadily downwards, reach- ing in 1883 the amount of 499 marks. Since then it had gone up again a little, to 534 to 555 marks. If overcrowded districts, which are mostly those where nearly exclusively manufacturing is carried on, contribute the largest percentages to the emigration, Berlin would be such a place ; bat, on the contrary, it attracts every year thousands and thousands of persons born in farming districts, who seek and find employment as servants, day laborers, &c. The very same farming districts show also the largest number of emi- grants, viz: Diatricta. Inhabttanta per square kilomuter. Emiii^nts per 1,000. Meaklrnborg 43.4 01.2 S2.3 S5.1 S8.8 104.1 99.1 198.3 151.0 44.0 44 XMt PmMfai....* 2/t WMtPmwia SS Powii ...••••. ... ................................ U. 1 Baden 18.1 14.8 8.3 Khfn<e such a place ; id thousands of employment as uumberof emi- only as helpers at machines similar to those at which they worked at home. They would not materially change their condition in America PEASANT FARMERS. But those formerly large portions of German population, consisting of mechanics, artisans who work at home-and possess not only their own houses, but also small tracts of land which they till (in German also called AckerbUrger'^, being half farmers, half traders, were and continue to be fittest for emigration. The probability of getting along better, or to improve their condition in America, is' for them by far greater, as they are familiar with two branches of occupation. If farming does not pay or give employment, they resort to their trade. To a much greater extent, however, than those house manufacturers, farming classes share in the number of emigrants. They have, through friends already settled in America, information snflBcient to compare the condition of agriculture both here and in America. As already reported in my annual report (see page ISo. 204 of Con- sular Reports, No. 61, February, 1886), last year prices of wheat and rye, the chief breadstuffs, notwithstanding the repeated increase of Ger- man tariff rates, were lower than ten years ago. The present year, 1886, does not show any rise of prices at Berlin (the increase of duties took place in the years 1879 and 1885). iltanU quaro luter. Emi;;nnnt8 pcrl.WM. 43.4 44.9 61.2 44 62.3 3« S5.1 se 69. » S4.1 104.1 mi Ml 14.8 1M.8 «.3 1S1.0 4.S BTMdstnib. atrial districts, lumber of emi- loding Jane 30, ed States; 857 professional oo- re farmers, day farmers, 25,686 ligrauts had no [rate, and farm- l laborers, who one day's work ere in footories one-sided train- ent in America Wheat . Bye.... 18TS. Marti. 188.175 140. 170 1880. Marki. 812. 2M 210.213 1888. Marltt. 1BS.7S 186. 2S A farmer who thin ks of the future will have the conviction that, under the circumstances existing, he will be compelled to struggle for life, a struggle which perhaps it will be impossible for his children and child- ren's children to endnre. Also, freqnent cases may occur where agents, thinking only of their commission fee, depict to the German peasant farming life and other matters in America in a brighter light than they really are. ROMAN hthbritanoe law. In Germany the Roman inheritance law is in force, which allows, or rather prescribes, settlement of estates by partition, either in ntOura or in mon^. In the fbrmer case the dismemberment of even a large real estate makes a systematic rotation in farming impossible, while in the latter event the keeper of the estate may be involved in sach an amount of debts jthat he gets ripe for bankruptcy. (German states have no sneh law as the American homestead law to protect him from rain. The Palatinate in Bavaria, for instance, where the greatest dismem- berment of real estates is said to have taken place in Germany, oontrib- ates, therefore, large portions to the number of emigrants. The broth- ers and sisters of the keeper of the estate, instead of allowing them- selves to be lowered into the position of mere servants^ prefer to go with the money they receive as their shares to America, where to go they are often invited by former fellow-countrymen, who send them sometimes tickets or money for passage. s^^. 104 EMIGRATION AKD IMUIOKATION. One of the leaders of the German Oolonial Association was, some time ago, informed by a member of the North German Lloyd, BremeD, that for many a year about 60 per cent, of all emigrants forwarded ou board their steamers had gone to the United States at the inducement, and mostly with the assistance, of such meml)ers of their families as had already firmly settled in the New World. This and many other causes and reasons tend to prove why the main stream of emigration continues to go to the United States. Other reasons are to be found in the relative shortness, safety, and cheapness of the passage, as well as in the facility by railroads to enter the interior of the countrv; in the possibility to acquire there real estate at a cheaper lAte than in Getmanyj in the salubrity of climate, which is similar to that of Central and Northern Germany, and which admits of farming similar to the German; in the affinity of language and manners of the predominant Anglo-Saxon population with the German; and, above all, in the prospect to get an independent husbandry and homestead to live upon his own ground. PAUPERS, INSANE, ETC. It is conceded by parties familiar with the subject that persons hav- ing no such support emigrate only in a very limited number. It is even stated as a " deplorable fact" that the very classes of poenlation Germany could most easily dispense with, such as idlers, financial and moral bankrupts, insane, light-minded, and paupers, participate only to a minimum percentage in the emigration. And the latest measures taken by our Government against landing of such persons may have consid- erably reduced even that jiercentage. It could, however, hardly be prevented that scapegraces, provided with all the means required by our laws, are shoved over to our shores by relatives and parties beiug ashamed or afraid of them. Even during the short time that I have been in o£&ce I have had fre- quent occasion to learn from all sorts of letters and personal apiteals what mischief is done, for instance, by fellows, sons, and other relatives of high, respectable families, who, in spite of all their talents and attain- ments, had to leave here. They were sent by their families to Americ ^ and other countries for the reason that their morals had become a scandal. TESTIMONIALS OF FITNESS AND CONDUCT, ETC. Here in Germany it is universally customary before somebody is taken into office as employ^, into a situation or relation-inlaw, or any other close connection, to ask for proof as to his proper conduct during the last preceding year and bis fitness for position. This evidence is mostly rendered by testimonials officially legalized. No alien would be natur- alised here without such certificates of conduct For this same reason the German trade-regulating act provides for so-called Arbeit$bUeher (work-books) for laborers. No employer is per- mitted to take a workiuffman without calling for Jiis work-book. This book is kept by the employer and subject to the control of the respect- ive local police authority. From this book it can be learned where, and when, and how long the workman hitherto had been employed. But to recur to immigrants not desirable, it may be stated that, as a rule, by far the largest portion of persons above described, even if they H ' . ' j!st f gu'.'j!a ' ^M^iwiaftv GERMANY. 105 ktion was, some Lloyd, Bremen, « i'orwarded on tie inducement, heir families as > why the main Other reasons eapness of the ' the interior of te at a cheaper 3h is similar to lits of farming Banners of the and, above all, mestead to live it persons hav- anmber. It is of poifUlation I, financial and icipate only to neasures taken r have consid- er, hardly be IS required by parties beijg have had fre- "sonal appeals other relatives ptsandattain- ies to America bad become a TO. ebody is taken , or any other ot during the ence is mostly oald be natnr- t provides for iployer is per- kbook. This >f the respect- bow long the ited that, as a if even if they were available, do not possess the passage money. The less skilled and poorest classes of the proletariat remain at home and perpetuate in their children pauperism and misery. Oases, however, where communes, at their expense, might shift over to America such class of individuals, have, up to date not come to my knowledge, though I have but little doubt that, by some means or an- other, persons of their kind have been shipped to the United States. The b'^re resolution to emigrate on one's own strength, to defy the forther u> certainty, and to be willing in new foreign relations to fight for a bett«sr existence than he eivjoyed heretofore at his old place of domicile, pre-supposes a not ordinary degree of courage, self-confidence, energy, and vigor. Nay, it can be stated as a general rule that only middle classes can afford to emi([rate ; upper classes only exceptionally emigrating. It is even deplored in Oenpany that this diminution of the middle classes serves to enlarge unduly the gap between rich and poor, in the enlargement of which many other potencies are in AiU activity. It is further deplored that the very bejt industrial and productive classes, in comparatively large percentages, leave the ranks of German producers to enter the ranks of foreign competitors, taking with them millions of marks. Single statisticians estimate the loss Germany has thus far suffered (since 1820) at seven, others at twenty-two, others even at more milliards of marks. Another question would be to what extent the sum flowing back, un- der the laws of descent, to the old country, serve to balance the account between the old and the new country. MILITARY SEaVICE. If iu former years, say prior to 1860, the burden of military service was borne unequally by the several German states,* this was no longer the case after the war of 1860, and where the innovation was more sensibly felt, military service must be regarded as a cause of emigra- tion. After the war of 1870-71, this applies also to Alsace-Lorraine. In fact the latter country and, after 1806, Hanover bad long lists of young people who tried to avoid military service by emigration. But this state of things has much changed since the general introduction of uniform liability to military service in all states of the German Empire has become customary. Of course no rule without exceptions. Generally, (Germans are fond of military matters. From the oldest times, when they first appeared in history, to the lansquenets of the Middle Ages and down to the present day, Germans have been known as brave warriors. Throughout Germany there is now a well-connected net- work of so- called Kri9ger'Vere%ne (Warriors' Unions) of at least half a million in number, possessing a firm organization, with the express object of sup- porting order and the welfare of the « Fatherland." The influence of a military training is observable in Germany every- where. Everybody can make the same observation as reported by Consul Tanner. Chemnitz, under date May 28, 1886.t Generally three years' service influences, to a great extent the education of the people Eve^y able-bodied, moral young man, whether rich or poor, high or low in social standing, has to pass through the same school of strict obedience, order, pr omptitude, and faithful fulfillment of duties. How • The general liability to serve ia the army or navy existed only in Prussia, t Printed in this volume, p. 15f:l. rWl,.- lOfi EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. many un uncouth and feeble lad from the conntr;' has by such service become a manly, versatile, and orderly fellow. Convinced that there is no true liberty without order and subordina- tion, they transplant such principles into their civil life, into their fami- lies. The husband is in Germany the head of his house ; wife and children range according to their natural standing and duties. TAXATION. To what degree taxation induces to emigration can hardly be stated. If business is good and incomes are sufficient, of course the collector of taxes meets with but little difficulty, but if their suppositions do not hold true, the collector of taxes is to the common people a dreaded per- son, who appears often where there is no forthing in the purse. Then a notice is left that if taxes have not been paid within a short time thereafter execution shall take place. Prince Bismarck read some years ago an amusing number of such exe- cutions to the Beichstag, which had taken place, especially in the larger cities; and he did so to induce the Beichstag to decide in favor of indi- rect taxation, or, at least, of abolishing class-taxes collected on a lower amount of income than 1,200 narks. As all direct taxes cause much complaint and uneasiness, particularly among lower classes of people, the German Gtovemment has repeatedly declared that it is their earnest endeavor to gradually transform direct into indirect taxation by Increasing import duties, and taxes on tobacco and whisky, but these efforts have had as yet but little result, as such measures are much opposed by the Liberal and "Oentrum" mt^ority of the present Beichstag, which seems to fear that direct taxation would place a greater financial and political power in the hands of the Govern- ment than would be consistent with the rights of the Beichstag to pro- vide every year for the necessary appropriations of the budget. CLASS-TAX. In Prussia all persons having an income less than 900 marks ($214) are exempt from class-tax, while persons with an iooome of ftrom 900 to 1,050 marks, pay 9 marks per year; 1,050 to 1,200 marks, pay 12 marks; 1,200 to 1,360 marks, pay 18 marks; 1,350 to 1,600 marks, pay 24 marks ; 1,500 to 1,650 marks, pay ao marks; 1,660 to 1,800 marks, pay 36 marks ; 1,800 to 2,100 marks, pay 42 marks ; 2,x00 to 2,400 marks, pay 48 marks ; 2,400 to 2,700 marks, pay 60 marks ; 2,900 to 3,000 marks, pay 72 marks. Higher incomes pay a so-called state income tax. The in- come tax is levied on the income derived Arom (1) real estate; (2) capi- tal ; (3) trade, business, or fh>m any paying occupation. TBASB TAX. This is levied on (1) commerce ; (2) hotels, restaurants, inns ; (3) man- ufactories and trades employing a number of assistants ; (4) mill indus- try ; (5) navigation, freight establishments, livery stables, &o; (6) ped- dlers. In order to estimate the amount of trade tax to be levied, it is cus- tomary to suppose a medium tax ; thus, if there are 80 trade-tax payers in one class at a certain place, and the medium from the total of such tax hitherto paid is found to be 30 marks, the amount of the tax will be for the next fiscal year, 30x80=2,400 marks. GERMANY. 107 jy sncli service and Bubordina- into their fami- mse; wife and duties. irdly be stated, the collector of milions do not a dreaded per- B parse. Then n a short time }er of such exe- lyin the larger favor of indi- cted on a lower 88, particnlarly has repeatedly ransform direct txes on tobacco result, as such m" majority of taxation would of the Govern- lichstag to pro- budget. marks ($214) ioff)rom900to pay 12 marks; marks, pay 24 D marks, pay 36 i marks, pay 48 MK) marks, pay B tax. The in- state; (2)capi- inns; (3)man- (4) mill indas- 18, &o; (6)ped- evied, it is ons- ade-tax payers ) total of snch the tax will be In case the tax-payor is not able to pay the medium tax, a lower rate is granted him, and "the amount falling e*iort is added to the taxes of the other ratepayers, but the total of a,4«K> marks must l)e paid by all the 80 trade-tax payers, no matter at what |H*rcentage each of them shares in this total," i>revion8ly estimated and fixed by a committee of members, a moiety of which ischosen from the respective class of trade- tax payers, and the other moiety appointed by the Government. This system is rather complicated. TAX ON BUILDINGS. This tax is paid for all buildings, court-yards and house-gardens be- longing thereto, if their areal exceeds 25 acres 53 square meters (1 Prussian morgen equal to about 1 acre, 1 rood, 1 perch) in extent Exempt therefrom are all public edifices of state, churches, schools, Tax is paid at the rate of 4 per cent, on the premiums derived from rentals of dwelling-houses, while 2 per cent, is paid on revenues from buildings devoted to industrial and commercial purposes. TAX ON. LANDRD ESTATES. This (gronnd-tax) is paid in Prussia at the average rate of 0.60 per cent, on the net proceeds of such estates. Real estates belonging to the state and other commonwealths are exempt. In addition to these taxes coliected for the state, the communes are under law permitted to col- lect so-called municipal taxes to defray the expenditures for local par- poses. Many cities continue to levy an excise laid on articles of food (mill-ground artioles, cattle, meat), imported for consumption (mahl- nnd sohlachasteuer). In Berlin this excise is not collected, bat it derives its revenues teom three other kinds of taxes, viz, from — (a) House tax. — Paid by the owners of the houses, at present at the rate of 2^ per cent of the amount of rentals received, and (b) Bent (-owner and the ner of lodging, 'o.sbipping reg- t of admissibld parties do not tbe emigration cal superiority, naturally apon therefore rega- contravening, lined: Emigra- it enticements atment of emi- 1, where moral be taken care "sons of an age of from 150 to he payment of )f fine has been ice {Beurlaubt), ithonttheper- cities, shall be the provisions on emigration in 1874, un im- idence at Ham- ft report to the to questions of isels, improper , many laws of e. Their chief nigrants shall be ernmentB, and to deposit bonda to wamnt faithful fnlflllmeiit of all their llabilitlea to atat« aod emU grants. (2) Keeping o** ^ooks aa prescribed by law, sobjeot to the Inspeotioa of the anthorl- tics. (.1) A series of special quantities for a faithful perfomianoe of the contract, which ha» to contain certain articles prescribed by law ; for instance, that each party inter- ested baa to reoeivo nn exemplitled copy of such contract, liaiiility of the agent and his principal for nocidents during passage (delay, naufVage), and a corresponding se- onrity by special bond or insnraacc. r4) Taking care of cood and suitable condition and cnnipment (spaciousness, snf- Aeient and good supply of provisions) of emigrant vessels. In summing up this part of my report I wish to state that nobody is prevented from emigrating who has frce<1 himself, in the legal form, of all his liabilities to the Empire, state, and private i)er8onB. EMIOBATIOM TO THE UNITED STATES MOT LIKED. Complaints are raised that the stream of emigrants was not in proper times systematically directed to countries where they could have re- mained Germans and have become consumers and not producers of Ger- man commoiUties. The colonial iwlicy adopted in recent time is therefore intended to make up for tbe alleged loss hitherto sustained. As a rule, leading German circles are no longer in favor uf Germans emigrating to the United States and Canada. To what extent and by what influences emigration, as appears from incloaure A, in the last Ave years (and in each of these years more) was checked can hardly be stated, in 1885 the number of emigrants was 103,642, as against 210,547 in 1881. lu my last annual report I said: This considerable decrease in 1883 seems to show that either the economical oondl- tiou of Germany has improved, and that the attractive power of America, which here- tofore took the largest portion of emigrants, has diminished, or that the new colonial policy of Bismarck keeps many on the fence. This Still proves true. Since then a new measure was adopted by the Prussian Government relating to colonization at home. The eastern provinces of Prussia and Posen, especially in districts where there is a mixed population (Polish and German), showed not only the highest number of emigrants and thinnest t >pnlation, but also the lowest degree of industry and worst conditiou of farming, though they have a more fertile soil than many other provinces. The circumstances that the percentage of Germans, aa compared with Poles, diminished crmstantly attracted the attention of the authorities, and it was finally found that the impossibility of many sons of German farmers, &c., considering the many large manorial estates, to get an in- dependent husbandry and homestead, drove many valuable elements away, leaving behind a not desirable class of people. Recently Prussian legislative bodies have passed a law appropiiating 100,000,000 marks for a colonization of those provinces by Grermans. Large manorial instates shall be purchased and dismembered to be pre- pared for husbandries of fit and able small farmers to carry on a sys- tematic and paying farming. STRIKES. It could hardly be asserted that strikes lead to emigration, since the very best and mopt needed classes of artisans, for instance thost) en- gaged in the building trade, have been making efforts to raise their wages still farther by means of strikes, while the least paid are those m^tmrn 'sms0ms!--m;?»- '-.rt^r ■ 110 KMIOBATIOM VND IllMIOBATION. y f 'I workiDg olAjaes who can easily be aabstituted by otben. Those be- louging to the former classes reqaire a more robust constitution, and are not so nameroas as the latter, whose larger number causes a greater competition for work in certain branches, resulting in lo^rcring wages so much needed for the most indispensable necessaries of life. Thus the latter have no means to emigrate. Several strikes have this year taken place in Berlin, but they turned out only to a very inconsiderable extent in favor of the iitri^ers. Begarding the result of the strike of the Journey men masons in Ber- lin the organ of the Oerman builders (Baugewerbe-Zeituno) says: Their •trike ia at bu end, snd it hH not had tlie deaired effect of eatablialiioK the minlnnm wage* of 60 pfeoniga ( U. 9 oonta) per hour. In fact no roiDinnm wagra were eatabliahed at all, bat Joameymen receive pay according to their dbility. At present about 5 per cent, receive leaa than 45 pfenniga ( 10. 7 cents), per hour, 45 per cent, re- ceive 45 pfenninca (10. 7 oenta,) 45 per cent. 50 pfenniga (ll. 9 ccnta) and abont 5 per eent. more than SO pfenninga (11.0 centa) per hour. Theatriko waa IneffiBctive; there were alnraya plenty of Joameymen maaona ready to go to work on thebnildinga where the atriliiug workmen had qnitanU theae newly employed Jonrneymen received the protection of the police; conaeqnently the atriko waa in every case of abort duration. It haa alao been eatabliahed without a doubt that the largo majority of Joameymen maaona in Berlin care little for the continuation of atrikea or prolongation of neelcss agitation. The Journeymen have frequently expreaaod themaelvea aa thoroughly con- tented with the energetic nieaaurea of the police which enable them to workundis tarbod and to exeroiae their own inclinatlona. EPFBOTS OF EMIGBATION ON OEBMANT. Herzog, speaking on this subject, says: Xo doubt exiata that Germany thereby auatalna a heavy loaa of population. Another author, Soherzer, estimates the total emigration as follows: Petaona. 182l-'30 8,000 1831-'40 177,000 184W60 465,000 1851-'60 1,130,000 186l-'70 970,000 Total, 1821-70 2,770,000 According to official retuma : 1871-W 606,151 ISSl-'SS 817,778 Total, 182l-'85 4,188,929+63,183 via Havre. Heraog goes on to say: Daring the laat four yeara (1879-'83) alone Germany gave off more emigranta to the Uniud States than the number of her whole army on the peace footing amounts to ; the maiority waa of an age wbirh ia resarded aa the one of the higheat working power, and recruited out of tnoae claaaea of people, which eapecially are called the working claaaea, ainoe by their activity in farming and tradea anch gooda are produced aaconatitate the broad groandwork of national wolfkre. Their abaence iaaenaibly felt in the lack of handa In oonneotion with remarkable riae of agricultural waf;es, eapecially in thoae diatricta where farming ia the principal aonrce of income, and it i» here where at the time of barveating it opvducea to inconveniencea which are very oneroua aa long aa it cannot be afforded to have machines take the place of bands. I am informed that it has become customary in Germany during the recent years to give soldiers in actual service leave of absence to assist sueh fiarmers as make application for help during harvest. As for the favorable effects, Herzog says further : They are beat illuatrated by the aimile of a too-densely grown wheat field or fori'st pteaervatlon, In which, by removing part of ptanta, rnooi and light are created for tho ::g ! ^;^.iig& f i!to»p»w^i^ OEBMANT. Ill hers. Those be- DODstitution, and oaosea a greater lot life. Thus the but they tnrued iitrikera. I inaaons in fier- (Ni7)say8: of establiahiDK the liDiniun wagfiM were tbility. At present mr, 45 per cent, re- ita) and abont 5 per ymen maaons ready aitand these newly icqnently the atriko »rlty ofjoorneymen lonftation of ncelcss I a« thoroughly con- bem to work undis r. popniation. ttion as follows: h63,183 via Havre. more emigrants to ice footing amonnts bo highest worlcing ially are called tbo gooda are produced absence ia sensibly tgricultaral wa^vs, of income, and it i)» oea which are very place. of hands. nany daring tlie ibsence to assist iSt. heat field or fon-st are created for the remainder. If we bear in mind that the 4,000,000 who aince 1620 left Germany for tbo United Statea ahould have remained in the " Fatherland," and been fertile and iiica-ased in uumb^r, thn Oerman Empire wonld have at present moat probably a larger number of population than the United Statea, bnt it wonld nevertheleaa Im pniuable that the minority would have to conduct a mode of living under worae con- ditloua than they are at present. If this favorable efi'eot of emigration can but with ilitllculty b« ascertained in detail, another advantage can eaaily be recogniced, namely, th<* one which a permanent connection of the omigranta with the former home brings on for commeroi ttnd ioduatry. This connection ia atronger and more durable than generally aupposed. Even if the emigrant renouneea hia nationality ; nay, even if he iosea the uae of hia mother tongue, the economical relatione oontinne to anbsiet with (treat tenacity. The cooaiderable extent of the Oerman exporta to the United Statea, Urazil, and Chili ia in the main causeil by the larger number of Oerman immigranta. Knowledge of the locality where to buy gooda, national enatoma and habita^ and a predilection for their old home contributes to decide would-be purchasers in favor of the old native country. The wnyH once being opened to commerce the relations be- tween the two conntriea are eaaily maintained and strengthened. OEBMAN EMIOBATION TO SOUTH AMERICA DESIRED AMD FOSTERED. Great efforts have of late been made by German colonial and other associations to give the stream of German emigrants another direction than to the United States, where they say German nationality and language is easily lost in the intercourse with a kindred tribe and idiom. Great hopes are theretbre entertained with regard to the three southern states, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay, having vast fertile districts with a population next to nothing, situated under a temper- ately warm sun. The opinions of scientific explorers and practical men have confirmed that from the nature of agricultural produce ob- tained there, these statea, as well as Argentine, would not, like North America, serve to make German immigrants formidable comi)etitors in the production of breadstuffs, while, by and by, they would become valuable customers for German manufacturers. It is also claimed that the natives of South Brazil, with their idiom, their manners, and customs are more foreigu to German immigrants than the United States, retarding amalgamation with the native element. To prove this, attention is direct*'' I to the development of three Brazilian ))rovinces, Bio Grande do Sv\ i araua, and Santa Gatharina. Abont 200,000 Germans have settloa here, steadily increasing in number, both by births and new immigrants from Germany, but retaining their Ger- man language and manners in church and school. GERMAN COLONIES. German colonies have as yet, except perhaps the acqaisitions in the South Sea (New Guinea, &c.), not been deemed proper fields for German farmers; bnt as purveyors of raw material and colonial and such goods as are not produced in Germany, they are likely to prove before long an important factor in extending German trade, and in giving employ- ment to many thousands of persons in the lines of navigation, commerce, and industry. CONDITION AT HOME. The general condition of the German people at home, especially in ref- erence to those classes which contribute largely to the number of emi- grants, viz, farmers, agrioaltural laborers, and artisans, I shall attempt to state some other features in addition to the information above given. The decline of G«rman farming is a subject much discussed in Ger- many. 112 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. For a better niulerstandiag of the mode of farming, it may be well to say that Oermau agricultnrists make p distinction between large landed estates with net proceeds of at least 1,500 marks per year, consuming only the smallest portion of their prodoce; and Mittelguter (landed estates of abont 50 to 100 hectares) of arable land under cultivation, with net proceeds of at least 300 marks. Small estates, with 6 to 20 hectares, where the keeping of a plow oan still be affbrded, with lowest net proceeds of 00 marks, and dwarf (truck) farms {Zieergwirthschaften = spade husbandries) where the plow is replaced by the spade, or the work is done with the help of hired teams. Compound estates {Qiitergemenge) where a whole tract of land, under the superintendence of an official surveyor, was subdivided into a num- ber of triangles, the ownera or farmers of which constitute the inhabi- tants of a village. The term GUtergemenge is used in contradistinction to the old German Hofieirthschaft (domain husbandry), where the es- tate iorms a whole, in the center of which the husbandman resides, as it is still the case in Schleswig, Oldenburg, East Frisia, and Westphalia. Large husbandries, surrounded by smaller and spade husbandries, exercise a beneficial influence upon the whole development of culture of the surrounding population by their perfecting the cattle-breeding, by the introduction of better and newer modes of cultivation; by the storage of supplies, and, in many cases, by grand industrial tiades con- nected therewith (manufacture of spirits, sugar, starch, &c.), and by furnishing to manufacturers and cities large quantities of superfluous products and raw materials.* In time's of failure and death their usefulness is quite obvious. An agriculturist (Poussauie) says : With all the greater well-governed natioos of an old civilization, a gradation of buttbandries from the smallest tract of land up to the largo estate shonld exist every- wbere, so that every individual should have a chance of iniprovomcnt. For with maxims of an old civilization, a high degree of individual and general progress can exist only vrben they develop their forces harmonically, <. e., if they have fostered agriculture, indnstry, and commerce in reasonable proportion, or, in other words, if they have realized a subdivision of labor in the most perfect manner. THRIFT OF HUSBANDRY. Considering the heavy pressure, which, according to the same expert, for centuries, except in the Northern and Eastern Prussia, weighed upon agricultural laborers, and the present progress of transformation of all political, social, and economic conditions of Germariy, a reasonable and paying husbandry at times, when on the most estates cxi^enses have beeu in excess of revenues, could be carried on only where land owners succeeded in securing, or rather settling on or near their farms, a sufficient number of good and industrious laborers, and where in a truly humane manner they took care both of the physical and moral wel- fare of their employes. As means to settle firmly agricultural laborers are proposed : To help them to acquire their own dwelling, to get free tenancy of good arable land, cheap fuel; in case of sickness, medical treatment free of charge; sickness-funds; further life insurance, and insurance of chattels against fire should be provided for them. As already stated, the Beichstag has this year passed the bill to ex- tend the benefits of the so-called Unfallveraicherungs-Qesetz (insurance 'This snbjeot of German agriculture was I'ully described in Consul Potter's report printed i' Consular Reports No. 66, page 321, -i-W.^--4y^,.abty*--tj4;^»#-.T;:->tAr^katfeiBi:-H^^ — OERMANT. 113 it may be well to ween large landed T, consuming only ictares) of arable K) marks. Small plow can still be i^arf (truck) farms ow is replaced by teams. let of land, under i'ided into a num- titnte the inhabi- contradistinction y), where the es- man resides, as it and Westphalia, ide husbandries, pmeut of cultnre ) cattle-breeding, Itivation; by the istrialtiades cou- ch, &c.), and by !8 of superfluous ite obvious. An :iou, a gradation of ^ shonld exist overy- ivoment. For with eueral progress can ' tbey have fostered r, in other words, if iner. the same expert, >ia, weighed upon istormation of all ■y, a reasonable istates cxi)ense8 only where land near their farms, and where in a A and moral wel- oposed : To help 7 of good arable ; free of charge; chattels against ;d the bill to ex- Heaetz (insurance Dsnl Potter's report in case of accident), to agricultural and forest laborers. In other re- spects, the ideas above suggested have already found application on some of the larger estates. KIND OF INCOME OF AOBIOULTUBAL LABORERS, ETC. In (Germany there are three classes of them : Free day laborers, re- ceiving mostly wages in money, and partly conducting a migratory life according to season and place of employment found, while servants and contract day laborers receive compensation in laud let out, produce, and in money. They are engaged per year or even for a longer period. Gontract day laborers are mostly found on large manorial estates. Household budgets and rates of wages of such day laborers are pub- lished in the report of my predecessor, Mr. Brewer (see pages 210 and 211, Vol. I, Europe Labor Report, 1884). Wages have hardly much changed since then. The material condition of these laborers is stated to have much im- proved as compared with a state of things twenty or thirty years ago. The prices of so-called colonial goods (sugar, coffee, spice), and es- pecially of clothing material, have not risen in the same proportion as wages. Most of these laborers either produce themselves or receive wages in produce, namely, breadstuflSs, potatoes, milk, meat, fuel, and dwell- ing. Laborers owning land have generally houses of their own. On their land they cultiva:e potatoes, vegetables; produce in their own hus- bandly milk, me»£ (especially pork), eggs, &c. They mostly bring up more hogs, fed ly the waste produce, than they want for their own oon- sumption. Wh(«n fot, the hog is sold in the next market, and out of the money of sale they increase their live stock. It was especially in their favor that higher duties on imported meat and lard were introduced by the (German Government. The present price of pork is 60 to 70 pfen- nigs per 1 pound (^ kilogram) in Berlin (against 55 and 75 pfennigs in 1876), and for lard at present 33 pfennigs against 80 pfennigs in 1876. With all the laborers, also with those who hired only a tract of land, the wages in money serve materially to cover such necessaries of life where a rise of price' took place only in an insignificant manner. The condition of dwellings, especially on the manorial estates of Northern Germany, has much improved. As for morals, complaints are often raised of the laborers becoming less eoonomioal and more pretentious. Others have noticed in some distriots a greater propensity for spirituous liquors; in Posen, Prosaia, and Silesia, for brandiet*; in Southern Germany, for beer. In some counties, neighboring large cities, a spirit of opposition and discontent is noticed, mostly inspired by socialistic doctrines. Mental education is stated to be improving. The nnmt>er of persons not able to read or write is of very small percentage. Of 161,180 re- cruits lifted in 1884, 1,923 or 1.27 per cent, were unable to read or to sign their names. This result is due to the compulsory school educa- tion law. CONDITION OF INDUSTBIAL LABOBBBS. The recent riots and labor disturbances in England, Italy, France, America, and particulurly in Belgium, have again directed the atten- tion to we sooialistio problem still waiting for a solution satisbotoiy to alt parties concerned. H. Ex. 157 8 114 EMIOBATION AND IMMIOSATION. I>ti< It hM not eeoaped my atteDtioa tbat in Germany the sooialigtio agi- tation has been oomparaMvdy of a qniet character. This may be dae watlj to a more discreet leadership, partly to the vigilance of a stroug Government, partly to a regular employment, and finally to certain pro- tective meaanres inaugurated for the benefit of the workmen. In 1883 an act was passed providing for the inonrance of woricing men in case of sioknesa. Another act was passed in 1884 to insare in case of acci- dflnts indostrial woriunen (about 4,000,000 in number) ; this latter act has tiiis year been extended to agricultural and £(Mrest laborers (about 14^000*000 in number), while anotiier act was passed for indemnifioa- timi of oflBdals of the Empire in oases of accident. Besides this, a bill to pioteol all workingmwi in old age is under ocmtemplation. If praetioal means could be found to remedy all evils respiting from Juat grievances of laborers it would be au easy task to remove the effects. In many, if not in most of cases, it is tl:e permanent agitation of the so- cialistic leaders who make a living on the small contributions paid by the numerous members ni the Laborers' Union organized by them. Bat under the act against dangerous pursuits of soeial deraooracy^ the Ger- man Govemment proceeds energetically against the instigators, ex* periling them from places where, as in Berlin, Leipzig, Hambnrg, and recently in Sprensberg, the state of small siege has been proclaimed, itet sevens points of their complaint deserve, at any rate, oar attention. One aatiior, Schippel, speaking on this subject, says : A aarpliu of goods of all kinds beside a snrplus of privations — that is the sigoa- tun of tlie pment tine ; plaoad amidst an exuberant plenty of goods, t9M people laag wiAaoETOw for daily bread. Everywhere productivity or susceptibility of production hat; grown beyond the increase of pqpalataoa. Our for^lEitberB would have thought it impossible that overproduotion, even of breadstnflGi, could ever as- svne iBnch an extent on the wli«le globe. Another nnthor. Professor Benleanx, the wdl-renowned author of "B^ynematik)" in a very interesting tnatise on the "Macnine and the Soewl Qaestion," pointe to very notMeable teatnies of the question, some «f whion are herewith raklered in translation. Hagoe* «o to state Mat the took that industry steadily oreates a snr- pine of waaaftHJtarea is bat natond. The labor 4|nestioB owes its existence to the extraordinary amoant of trork that tan be done by machine with a eomparativ^y very slight consumption of human force. Bouse or home industry distributed over a eonntry disappears, and oonoentration ot labor, with all tools belonging thereto, ensues on oer- tata placet, aoenmnlating masses of peo]rie in a eondition gradinUy neg^ng into pauperism, witiii all ite physical and moral evils. The ovenrkelming afRBot of a madiine manifests itself in absorMng the small artisan or mechanic, who, in the immediate neighborhood of his fomily, did antU then his daily work. And this process of absorption directs nataMliy Itself towards the m, oar attention. that is the sign*- gooda, tbe people lion hat; grown d have thoaght oould ever as- rued author of aeiiiBe and the I qacsUoDf sooie sroraatosaanr- aary amoiiBt of ^y very slight lisappears, and ensues on oer- itioQ gradoally ml evils. The ii^^g the small 1 of his &mily, Kvptioii directs o is- less clever the iMstory, be ler. is akeady per- 8 a deplorable J every new in- orers sdll done o a petition of leertiUn, as the same oonid be easily filled by diildren. This serves, again, to iHreas down wages to a level hardly sufficient to live on. And while the machine* reqaires the laborer's full and close attention, he has no occasion to apply and exercise his natural gifts in producing, nor can he, under such circumstances, train and strengthen his physieal^ iotellectual, and moral powers, it is but an act of grace if employers allow him at times to change the kind of service or of the machine to be attended by him. Benleanx continues : The two sreat organizationa for horizontal trauaportation of gooda, ateam navioa- tion and railroading, exhibit applications of the steam engine which do not entail a snile of detriments to the laborers concerned; both instltutiona have rendwedto society the very greateat services. The brid«ing of the seas by steamboats, the oon- nection of conntries by raQroads, the speed of movement taking place on both ways, have entirely transformed the life of nations. To these institations of transportation serves a very considerable firaotion of the l&boring classes, and that nnder circumstances which, in the prinoiple, are not op- pressive, not degrading, not detrimental to health ; on the contrary, as a rule, are very favorable. Here there is no labor question, or, if same has been forcibly created, does not possess a like dark background of the condition of working men as in other branches. Like fikvorable, but at least not oafisTorable conditions are found in the line of large machine works, where locomotive engines, steam engines, railroad can, ship machines, boilers, vessels, dtc, are built. Here, on an average, the workman has a Tvholesome, though toilsome, not too monotonous and paying employirent in tha service of the steam engine. The readiness with which many German mann&otaren and managers have oome to meet any reasonable wants of their laboiefs, has bean attended with Missfnl results. It Would now be the task of mechanicians to approach question, how and in what manner machinery can contribute to a cure of evils which it has innicted upon society in additional to its good gifts. During the last decennial that kind of working machines and whole trains of suoh machines have been taken into use, which bring, so to say. the making of an artiela to a complete and full finish, in which the work of regulation for the most part is no longer done by human hand. The consequence is that for the production of an arUde of a very high quality only an inferior workingman is reauired. On the occasion of the Paris International Exhibition, Profiessor Beu- 'eaux M^Led attention to this kind of induction, oalling articlss exdn- avely made by machines, ** machinofootures," in oontradistinotion flmn "manufkctures," i. «., articles made or finished by hand, or where skill of the laborers in treating and using machhieB is still wanted to a great extent. Then Professor Benleanx goes on to show that where "ma- chinofaotures" are prodneed, it can especially be noticed how the la- borer is gradually surrendered to capital. A steam engine acts so much the mote favorably, i. «., more economically, as it is lamr. The same has, therefore, a natural tendency to ineieaae in bulk and affleien^. An industry fkimishing a simple product, such as calico, mus| therefore, of neeeesl^, fall to the capital, as this alone is able to establish those grand plants and works, the operation of which admits of producing an article cheap enough to be saleable in the market. It mav be granted that tne extent of cotton ana woolen milk at present may have reached nearly lk«( limit where control, aapervision, and manage- ment still remain itoeaible ; but around these limits capital is the abaolnte ruler. This latter has thereby been enabled to destroy the wealth or wel£ue of entire territwies, or to concentrate a whole industry exclusively in certain places. It is remarkable that in the domain of weaving or of fibrous BtnffiB indnstiy generally, the forcible means of strikes was of no good whatever to the strikers. Professor Benleaux says: If we, however, look somewhat more closely at this very question of weaving, we observe that not so much the tool, the loom procurable at lower rates, as the purveyor of force, the steam engine afforded the preponderance to the capital. Only tnis latter is able to procure and to run those huge and powerful steam engifies of our days, around 116 EMIGRATION AND IMMIOBATION. m which the nnudnder of the establishment or plant, thongh wanting capital, is gionped, thongh not in such a manner that these appendices could not he detached or ■eparated therefrom. From this very caase the weaving trade, thongh nnder hanger and ("irrow, has snoceeded for so long a time in standing against the competition of the steam engine. Here we stand evidently in the face of a principle. The working machine is, in a great many instances, not a dynamical unit, but di- visible, finding application in one and the same works in many equipollent repetitions, only looaeljr kept togetht. by the steam engine. llie single working machines have no exorbitant price ; on the contrary, the " ma- ehinofaotore " of machine builders is about to fhmish same in an increasing perfection cheaper and cheaper. Therefore, in cases where these nonditions meet, there !s a chance to militate against the undesirable preponderance of the capital that is to make force independent of capital. The small weaver wonld be saved ttom the over-pressure of capital if we could give him that portion of elementary working power necessary for his loom. Similar at- tempts could be made with regard to spinners, but much more to the trades of Join- en/looksmiths, tinsmiths, brush-makers, pump-makers, and the like. What these trades want is partly power, partly working machines: but these latter oould, even now, be procnied by the artisan, aa they can be had at really cheap prices, but what he wants is mot! re power for work at home. Then they could do their work at nome Just as well as in the factory, which at- tracted them, and in utilizing his train of machines in various wajrs he would retain or regain his skill. Able to compete, the small master would be, in spite of certain advantage which larse manufaoturera have, for the reason that when working at his home the mutual aasbtance of the members of his family in general, the moral ele- ment, will be added to his well-being as a most eiBcient factor. Thus the small manufacturer, with nis assistants and apprentices aronnd him, would form a closed working organism, with superior and subordinate forces, resembling the former mode of living of mechanics or artisans. And had these small mannfootnrers once become able to compete their qnalitv would quickly improve, as in the same mo- ment also the market for laborers wanted for large manufacturers, {. «., for the capi- tal, wonld experience an improvement. The capital would thereby cease to flow into those industries where the manufact- ured articles oould be easily supplied by small workshops. Thus the tendency of capital to concentration could be neutralised. What engineers and machine works have to do to remedy an essential part of so- cial evils, is the productionof cheap, slight working power, or, in other words, small power machines to be operated at small expense. Several ezoellent types of sach machines oap already bo found — ^gas- power machines, hot-air machines, small water-pressure machines, pe- troleum-gas machines, &c. Several days ago, one Julius Spiel, Berlin, appeared at this office, in a patent matter tbr petroleum and gas machines of that kind. He in- formed me that a large company is rorming to manufacture that type of machine. Professor Beuleaux's views, above given in substance, remarkably agree with a portion of a lecture delivered by I. O. Bayles, as presi- dent of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, at the meeting of Halifax, K 8., September, 1885, where be says : It is interesting to note in passing that in the city of New York, French mechanics are building up an industrial system very different fW>m anything previously known in this country. There are many hundreds of French artisans quietly working in shops of their own, using small steam powers and light machinery for the u>annfocture of specialties, in the production of which the great manufacturing establishments have not thus far been able to compete. These men live and work nnder one roof, and have their shops in all tmexpected places. They manufacture art works of varions kinds by eleotco-metallnrgical processes, small art objects for ornamental purposes, passe- partouts, and other light picture firamea, and fine confectionery. These men earn . more money and live better than they possibly could as wage-earners in the large manufacturing establishments of the city. HAND WBAYING V0rMttl HAOHINB WBAVINa. A noteworthy gathering of weavers took place November 1 in the oil^ of Blberfeld. The deplorable state of poverty among the hand inting capital, is lot l^e detached or igh ander hunger he competition of lioal unit, but di- oUent repetitions, mtiary, the " ma- reaaing perfection militate against » indepeuMnt of J if we could give Htm. Similar at- he trades of Join- :e. : but these latter 1 at really cheap iMstory, which at- I he would retain 1 spite of certain sn working at his Ell, the moral ele- round him, would », resembling the til manufacturers a in the same mo- i. 0., for the capi- ire the manufact- atial part of so- ber words, small K) found — gas- loachines, pe- b this office, in kind. He in- re that type of le, remarkably yles, as presi- b the meeting renoh mechanics reviously known wurkiujE in shops I ipjmuiactnre of kblishmenta hare ne roof, and have of various kinds [ purposes, paase- These men earn ners in the large 1. mber 1 in the ong the hand OEBMANY. 117 weavers, as well on the Lower Rhine as in the valley of the Wiipper, is well known. The introduction of machine weaving has greatly dam- aged the once thriving business of baud weaving, even to such au ex- tent that the Prussian Government has taken the matter into considera- tion. The object of this meeting of the weavers was to take measures which may improve this sad state of affairs. It was resolved to send a petition to the Beichstag with the follow- ing demands : (1) A taxation to be placed on machine-weaving under international treaties. (2) Limitation of the same through the fixing of a maximum time for such a day. (3) Abolition of married women labor, and prohibition of labor by children under sixteen years. (4) Abolition of prison labor and convict labor competition. It is a notable fact that Mr. Gebhard, a manufacturer and counselor of commerce, representing tlie Elberreld Board of Trade, accepted the demands of the weavers, provided they can be made an international regulation. WAGES. I am informed that, as a rule, wages have in recent years nearly kept on the same level. Efforts were made by laborers of the building trade, as hereafter will be more fully described, but with doubtful results. I inclose a comparative statement showing the average rates per week paid in Berlin during the years 1882, 1884, 1885, as far as a comparison was practical. No change has certainly been noticed with regard to unskilled day laborers in Prussia and the Hanseatic cities. I inclose a table showing their daily wages received at different cities, giving the average wages both for adult and young, male and female persons. These statistics are taken from the Conoordia^ published at Mayence, and are stated to be based on official publications. Able men do not laek employment, and, as already str.ted in my last annual report, their mode of living has not been worse^ on the contrary, the prices of provisions have since again shown a decline. A NOBHAIi BUDGET OF A BERLIN LABOBEB. According to a computation recently prepared by a social association of Berlin, a workman's family, consisting of husband, wife, and two chil- dren, keeping up quite a simple mode of living, and confining them- selves to the very greatest necessaries of life, consumed per year pro- visions to the value of 51.9 marks ($123.52) ; pai4 for rent, taxes, and fhel, 27.7 marks ($65.92) ; for clothing, shoes, and underclothing, 304 marks ($72.35) ; total, 1,100 marks ($261.82). Expenses for medical treatment in case of sickness have not been taken into consideration. Taking the average income of a Berlin un- skilled laborer at 2.40 marks (37 cents) for about three hundred work- ing days, w^iich is not always the case, this would make about 720 marks ($171.36): hence a falling short of 380 marks ($90.46), which mast mostly be made up by the earnings of the wife, and, if age permits, of children. For more example, I beg leave to refer to Report dated May 2S. 1884, of Mr. Brewer, my predecessor, where Berlin household budgets of 118 EMIOHATION AND IMMIOBATION. i!;i J diflfBrent kinds of working people have been reported.* No striking ohange in the mode of living has since bee n noticed. lu a report of the Proasian snperintendent over fieustories at Dnssel- dorf I found another statement, which I herewi th inclose, as to the weekly consumption of a workman's family during winter. He accom- panies same with some observations. He says : If we take into oouHideratiou that au operative eDgaged in ooaiae works wants for his own person per year at least -t blonses, eaoh 4S to 47 oentsj 3 pair of trousers, at 71.4 cents, |2.33; 8 to IG pairs of stockings, at 9».8 cents, 91.90 to #3.38; 3 to 4 pairs of wooden shoes (sabots), at 14 cents, 42 to M cents; 1 or 3 pairs of leathi i n tsr s ,btJek'nMthewi'd)M^mi>kiis!"!"ir"! lUaNs, loskmiths, blaekamiths, tsUots, ssddlen, rope-mskers Wsgssper VMk. irorto. UtoM 18 to 20 MtoU IS to 10 ntois lOtoll 9tol0 BqnlvslsBt laVnited States cor- renoy. |6 90to«TU 4 28to »71 4 28to 4 78 8 SOto 4 28 8 87 to 8 80 a 88to 8 87 8 88ta 8 85 3 14t0 3 88 THB DSMANDS OF BOOIAL DBMOOBATIO LABOBBBS. In a meeting of unemployed workmen in Berlin, on the 25th of January lasti (1886), which was attended by about one. thousand persons, it was * ''rinted in Labor in Europe, vol. II, p. 105. m^nMSm^u!, iivSti^.JtEliS^iSsi^^-^ OEBIIAMT. 119 * No striking tries at Dnssel- lose, as to the Sr. He accoro- I works wants for air of trousers, at 3.3H; 3 to 4 pairs leathtT shoes, at leys, school books irks per year for livinu at u larger B to inoar the es- le them. itatedtohlmthat Its) per day, could cents) Wiis would liat a little land is ywell along with vations bei^u lies Mcamples: lie family earning 8 (9lOi) per year. )re short of means 1 three little ohil- ted that since his I thooah his wife ires, fie does not laborers making e of the wages re- (|77.»),oonldnot use of the cottsid- e every fortnight, avinff become an omething besides, Its in the province in Berlin, showed Mt two years has mcy of onr Indus- sir highest mark. KqnlTalMit nper la United sk. States o«r- raney. rtt. toU le SO to 07 14 toJM 4 28to »71 to 20 4 28to 4 78 toU 8 Wto 4 28 to 10 ISTto S80 to 16 : 1 8Sto 8 87 toll S88ta 185 to 10 S 14 to 3 38 tEBG . >tko f January «r8o OS, it was greatly deplored that so many people in. Berlin were without work, and that their number was constantly increasing. One of the speasers, Ooerohi, a leader of Social Democrats, said some "bourgeois " claimed that the lack of employment was caused by " overproduction." *' This word 'overprodnction,'" he said, '' was an invention of those same bour- geois. The lack of employment was caused chiefly by the inability of the people to buy, and this was caused by a production at the mercy of capitalists." The natural consequence of such production mast of neces- sity bring about an ever recurring crisis and cause perpetnal poverty among the masses of workingmen. The tendency of present produetion is to cheapen all articles of manufacture, and still the people are for the most part unable to buy the absolute necessaries of life. The reduction in the price of manufectnres was brought about by reduction of the workingmen's pay. The reduction in the pay for work brought cheap female Tabor into prominence, to the detriment of male labor. Female labor was the principal cause of the present lack of employ- ment. For the sake of morality, household regularity, &c., femide labor in factories should be prohibited or at least restricted, &c. Female labor at night is employed in glass-works, mirror factories, in works manufacturing coal-dust, bricks, cement, cast iron, and zinc, por- celain knobs, paper, pasteboard, in wood-g) a< „ ?, spinning and weaving mills, doth, flannel works, in worsted spinni^^^, pet- work factories, chem- ical works, sugar refineries, starch works, newspaper press-rooms. In these branches of industry, where day aud night labor is carried on during the whole year, the number of females who work at night is about as ibllows in the different German states : PniMis Bavaria AVartemberK , Baden Bruuswicli r. !S«z«-Heisinfmn — Lippe-DetDold ^... Snze-A)tenbnrf{ Bremen Bambnrg. ., AIisce-Lansiae TotoU Naofes- Nafnnste tabUtbmeutii. employee. m 2 2 • I 2 S 1 2 2 6 8.161 l7l 80 40 120 61 20 8 4 8TR fftO 4,080 In branches of industries where only during a certain time of the year (campaign) business is earned on, but in this case regularly at day aud night, the number of females employed (in works manufacturing beet- sugar, sauerkraut, bricks and tiles, earthenware) were as follows: In tugar works. States. Kaofes- tabUehmeiits. KaCkmale employto. PmSdS..n...... ... n S86 80 28 1 *•« BsTsris Baden 60 HeokkubiiriK-Sehweiia..... , 10 Saxe-Weimtf ... 4^ Bruiswiek Saze-Meiningen 10 8axe<}obarK-Oo(lis 24 Anhslt 620 ^hwarsbanr-Sondenhsneen 28 Siih«nTffb4ri-Rn4ffIstii4 22 Total 806 7,786 120 EMIGRATION AND UIMIGBATION. ,1 \'"b m In the following branches of industries female labor is employed at night only in regularly recurring times (season work), while dnriu;; the remaining part of the year only day work is done: Works mannfact- oring articles of lead, wood, carving material, carpets, hosiery, um- brellas, toys, in dyeing works, cloth-refining and finishing works, works making ginger-bi'ead, preserves, and pickled meats. There are in Prus- sia eleven works, employing 515 females ; in Renss Gera three works, empoying 200 females. In the textile and z P«>^ industries females work only at night at specially urgent businesx times. nTSTBUCTIOVN 07 FAOTOBT OIBLB IN MANUAL LABOB, BTO Even DnceptiaoB and Leplay noted the ignorance of the wives of work- ing men regarding all kind of manual labor and household work as the piinoipal cause of the poverty, misery, and moral depravity which un- fortunately is so pTevale '^^ aiuung the laboring familes. And since the time when these great political economists first called the attention of an enlightened public to this deplorable state of affairs, matters have not improved. It is comparatively rare to find the wife of a workinpr- man able to cook, sew, knit, and mend torn garments, or to do such work as is of vast importence for the welfare of the poorer classes. The consequence is that the laborer who returns from his daily work finds, instead of n palatable meal some Und of mixture which it is hardly to be exiiected he will relish. A fbrther consequence is, that instead of cleanliness and order in their dwellings, filth and disortier reigns, which creates a distaste in the la- borer for his home, and he prefers to spend his evenings in taverns and drinking-places. A remedy against such evils can only be expecte'' ;n factory girls lire given a chance to acquire the knowledge througu ^ae necessary in- struction in house-keeping, &o., before their marriage. Such training cannot be given during their school term, but when they commence to work in factories. Of late such trials have been made in Baden. Under the protection of the grand duchess, an institution has been opened in a small town where young girls may acquire a knowledge of their ftiture duties as wives and mothers. Instniotions are given during evenings, so that those who work in fiaotories need not neglect their daily occupation. Similar establishments have been opened at Worms, in Hanover, and Westphalia. But success will be possible if they become general. It is not neces- sary thskt each employer establish auoh a school ; it would.be an easy matter if several employers create them jointly. It lies in the line of temperance nooieties to suggest and support these institutions, and ladies' societies will sympathize with their introduc- tion. This opens a vast field for the charity of high-standing ladies. A well-known political economist is of opinion that the wives of em- ployers can have the greatest influence in elevating the female working class. The instruction of girls in manual labor and other work of house- keeping would improve al«> the moral character of inexperienced girls who are at the mercy of so many temptations. Butthe benefits'of such schools would be universal. BEBLIN JOUBNEYMAN BUILDBBS FIGHT FOB HIOHBB WAGES. On the 3d of May last a long-threatened strike commenced. On the 9th of May a meeting of at least 4,000 Journeymen took place, in which 'lM^'''-&^¥ '" OEBMANT. 121 r is employed at while dnriu^ the Vorks maniitnct- ts, hosiery, um. ng works, works here aro in Prus- era three works, July at Might at ABOB, KTO le wives of work- lold work as the »vity which un- And since the the attention of rs, matters have fe of a workinp- i, or to do each poorer classes. his daily work tare which it is ud order in their staste in the la- s in taverns and m fiMstory girls ne necessary in- Sach training ey commence to r the protection in a small town atnre duties as renings, so that occupation, a Hanover, and It is not neces- nld.be an easy d support these their introduc- tding ladies, le wives of em- remale working r work of house- perienced girls (eneflts'ofsuch KB WAGES. snced. On the [>lace, in which it was resolved that sinoe 161 employers had conceded to their demand of 50 pfennigs (12 cents) per hour, the strike should not be general. Married journeymen who are at work agreed to pay 1 mark per week and unmarried men 1 mark 00 pfennigs to the strike ftands. A resoln- tion that unmarried journeymen, who came to Berlin f^om other cities, should leave the city while on a strike, was not adopted. On the other hand, the Berlin Union of Master Builders held on the 5th of May a meeting and adopted a resolution, the substance of which is as follows : The niMteis beins convinced that strikes, even if they resnlt in fsTor of one party or the other, are injnrious to both parties, have since the beginning of the year done everything in their power to avert them. They could not enter into any negotiations with the so-ciUled comutissioners of wages, beoanse, in the first place, this commit- tee waa elected by a comparatively small number of the Journeymen at work in Berlin ; secondly, beoanse this committee will not permit any contract work whatever ; thirdly, becanse all decisions of the committee are to be approved by the entire number of joomeymen, which is utterly impossible ; and, lastly, because this committee is influ- enced to a great extent by persons who are not Journeymen, and who were not in any way connected with the leading trade. To bring about harmony among masters and journeymen, the former deemed it expedient to organize a body of masters and journeymen to consult and arbitrate jointly regarding wages, the number of working hours per day, and all matters of their mutual interest and welfare, &c. This manifesto was adopted unanimously and 15,000 copies printed to be distributed among the journeymen masons of Berlin. It was ftir- ther decided to allow 45 pfennigs (10.7 cents) per hour as wages which can be increased to 50 pfennigs (12 cents) if the work done should merit such an increase ; bat that 10 hours should under all circumstances con- stitute a day's work. As already stated, the masters carried off the victor; in the meaning of the above resolutions. At Berlin there are at present, June 20, no strikes. PBOTBOTIYB MEA8UBE8 IN THE INTEBEST OF 'TOBKMEN. This question came up in the Beichstag. At the motion of the Social Democratic members of the Reichstag, a bill prepare!! by them, and re- cently submitted to the Beichstag, should be passed by the same, a committee was appointed to prepare the question. Their first report has recently been made. The same deals exclu- sively with the first point of said bill, viz, the organization of a board intrusted with the supervision over the execution of protective laws for workingmen ; such board to officiate in the name of the Empire, under the title Beieh$'Arbe%ts-Amt (work-office of the Empire), and to have control over the 200,000 working offices to be created throughout the Empire for every 400,000 inhabitants. According to the bill, as prepared by the Social Democrats, such " Im- perial work office" should consist of an Imperial council of labor, with the necessary assistants. Women should be eligible as such. But the imperial work office should have only the right to choose the members for the *< Imperial labor council" and of the persons presented by so- called Arbeitakammem (chambers of laborers). This chamber was the main object of the Social Democrats, which is to be a sort of ** parliament of laborers." It is to have a voice in all questions appertaining to the politic-economical life of the district con- cerned, co-operating with the work office in the same district. It should be especially empowered to thoroughly investigate the operations of trade and maritime treaties, duties, taxes, wages, provisions, rentals, competition, schools, poly technical institutions, collections of pattwns s 1» CinOIUTIOK AHD OOaORATIOM. dMigna, condition of dw«llinga« hygienic mattera, &«., of the labor- ing oImms, &o. The committee of the Beiohatag, after oareftal deliberation, was of opinion that theae propoaitiona were impracticable, and ao the same has oonoladed to anbatitota the following reaolutiona to be laid before the Beichstag for aaaent: (a) To reqaeot the Imperial chancellor to nae hie inflnenoe towai Uh inoreaaing the nnmber of fiMtory inapeetora and to decrease the extent of the preaent diatricta of factory inapeetora for a more thorongh saper- viaion of factoriea. (b) To reqneat the chancellor to irtroduce a bill in the Beichatag pro- riaing for the obligatory introdactiou of " trade oonrts," aaggesting that the Jndgea of the aame ahoold be elected by an equal nnmber of employ- era and laborera, in separate election bodiea, by a aecret ballot F. BAINE, Unitbd States Oonsulatb-Obnbbal, Contul-Oeneral. Berlin, June 10, 1886. Exhibit A. — Oermam tmlgrotkm via Oerman portt, cimI BelgUm port of Antvorp, dmrina the yean im-iaSb. * Mil I Parti of departure. Qaimui pwta and Antwerp. 74,813 130,080 108,888 «S112 80,773 28,308 31,884 14,217 88,837 108^ ISO 310^047 108,808 laOkllO 148,080 108,043 Bremen. 40,058 00,010 4HkO08 17,007 12,818 10,073 0,838 11,828 1^«^S 51,827 80^610 08,110 87,708 16, m 5% 828 Hamborg, 80^354 67,015 01,483 24,003 15,820 19.700 10,725 11,827 r^ 84,438 71,184 55,000 40^085 85,885 FinaaiM jwrK enlaAT Stetthk 1,530 308 "8 88 145 681 1,484 1.108 548 750 1,387 Antwerp. 1,116 8,6*8 1,ST6 2,066 4,488 1,836 076 4,080 11,224 10^178 34,053 18, 168 17,076 14,742 Deattaiatlon. TfMa. XJaltad Statoa. Britldl Verfk Aweria^ Vailoe and Central AMclan. Wait Ittdiaa. BnaO. Other •artaef Amariea AMeik Aeia. Aoatralia and Pidyneeia. wn um WIS liri ifii^.... 1878 IWT 1878 JS::::: JS::::: 1MB 1884 1888 00^041 43,408 %!» 18^918 20^878 80,808 108,118 188, 8n 168,884 188,838 08,088 8 818 48 188 88 11 U 80 44 m 681 7M OM 88 n 84 18 e 98 33 17 iS 05 08 88 88 87 3 88 47 35 *M 74 58 100 58 88 8% 810 8,008 8,048 1,018 1^887 tt& t^ 1^118 2,102 1,280 1,688 1,293 1.718 309 887 488 418 877 804 980 440 441 480 702 ;,ioi 1,341 1,270 1,878 18 I 5 1 54 750 384 80 37 814 386 772 280 284 U 11 88 87 81 Si 31 88 36 40 80 83 75 817 1,172 1,331 800 1.020 1,120 ],8«6 1,718 274 182 745 1,247 2,104 066 004 WiAin 15 yaara. 1871.1885, of arery 1,008 enditrtiito of the oonntiiei abara naaMd tbare went to TTnttadStUce,e65.0i BrittahKorth America, 2.8; JdexicoaadCential America, 0.3; Weetlndiea, 0.7| Braail, 30.8| otIierporUof Ameciea, T.l> Aftiaa, 1.8t Aaia, 0.4t Aoatnlla and Po^neaia, 10.8. "I &«n of the labor. iberatJOD, was of 1 so the «ame has laid before the nflaraoe towai Uh jreaee the extent thorough snper- e Beichstag pro- J suggesting that imber of emplov- 9t ballot lAINE, ^oHtul'Generat. "fo/Antim-p, during ymulaa ofilaflT Antwerp Statu*. 1,886 168 88 1.484 l.sa8 646 780 1,387 1,116 8,8(8 1,878 2,046 4,468 1,836 876 4,089 11,324 t8;i78 24, 853 tl;i68 17,078 14,742 ▲natnUls and FolynMU. u 817 M 1,172 6 1,831 88 800 87 1.028 11 1,186 » 1,8«« 1,718 81 «* 26 132 89 748 40 1, 847 SO 8,104 88 68« " 604 rt^ w^wwt to rnaiea, 0.7) l>VBMi% IttR^ Exhibit B.—Popi»laH)m, marn^get, hirikt, dmtlu, 4^., of Ike Utrman Empire durimg the l/eari 187.>-lHr4. oonelaoML S«.!?Ll •"««!•'• 8tlU.born 1,706,861 1,881,21S 1,818,850 1,788,080 1,606,741 1,764,066 1,748,686 1, 7«B, 661 1, 740, 874 1,703,043 1,246,873 1, 207, 144 1.228,603 1,228,607 1,214,648 1,241,136 1.323,028 1,244,006 1,286,177 1,271,880 blrtbtorer oUMren. 883,010 624,074 604,888 886,473 803,086 823,870 82^788 8^^486 403,687 832,088 650,068 18^HS 188, — 187,860 184,620 180,821 188,700 188,484 164,487 161,204 170, 180,068 74,170 78,817 71,187 70,647 70,870 67,011 66,887 67,188 66,178 88,880 60, 081 ExHUrr C— Number of marriofee, birth*, deatke, amd UlegiUmmte okiUrtm per 1,000 in- h«biiante in the yeare lH75-iee4. ■sMM of I lUeidttaDBtc I StUl-born Mttbi orer ohfldmi per I eliildreii per deatba. I lOObirtbi. | lOOblrtbe. 4.12 4.01 8.01 8.86 8 95 9.U 124 EMIGRATION AMD UfMIORATION. Exhibit T),— Comparative itattwent $kou)ing the average rate of wagei, #o.— Continued. Oooopation. Areragea wagta per week. '4- 1883. 1884. 188& i Btmri. 13 12 13 12 11 11 11 10 io 10 '11 n 11 11 11 11 \. 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 IS 13 12 12 13 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 12 IS 10 12 13 13 12 11 11 1 i "» Hi lit In porMUkln fkotoriM i 16 06 606 4 76 8 87 438 386 107 600 6 71 600 *6 66 388 Molden ii Caat«r« 84 38 385 1 00 438 4 63 438 •5 71 2 14 1 10 •6 42 •7 80 •7 80 Ooldmulthii •4 76 Female laboren c Apptentloea ■■••••••••••••.•■... ■•.... Ib ilWer gooda faotoitoai 6 71 5 71 8 Boilers \ Loten •••• ...••■•■•.•-■••.••••.•■.■••••■■■.• 1 Joarney men ailrer workers PoUshers, female Apprentloea ••...■■•..••.•....•..•.. 388 107 *4 38 In OermanaUver flMtorleat Otatllera •8 71 6 71 6 71 7 14 386 866 •4 04 107 438 438 I 20 428 4 76 4 76 4 28 85 8 35 6 71 668 4 78 6 71 1 Ortadera, workmen Tiiwkm1tha..........r- --,..-- .,,... .... Pneaera ,. Ontteia, female Foliaben, malo *4 38 •2 85 1 42 830 438 Poiishera, feuale Apprentlr^ workine'ii...... • Olrdlerai 488 Appranlioes Tinfonndeiaijimnieymen Braalera: JoomeTmeB........... ............ ......... 438 8 67 867 8 31 085 388 4 76 438 Fonndera •...■.*••■...•.....■....■.............. Xnraera ..........•.■■.•.■..•...........••....■ 1 10 385 Workmen In Berlin braaa workai Artiaane Foandera i'oi" 5 71 OperatlTea In Beriin copper and bnaa workai Artiaana.VT. 4 76 Workmen ..~ Copperamlcka : Jonmeymen 418 438 486 438 428 480 8 67 8 57 8 00 4 07 Laborera In metal gooda feetorleai Tomera ....................................... Loekamltha 428 OOO 600 606 4 70 3 21 4 76 6 71 400 606 480 4 38 Palntera Oirdlers "'.'.'".'.'.'.'.'.v. Poliahera Onerativea. male. 867 2 14 Operatlrea, female ,. .... ,,.,,, 2 38 A'pprantieea 05 285 8 57 3 61 3 67 143 888 6 71 388 A IK Oirdlera, female In fenndriea of artielaa of art i Foondera, moldeia Workmen Ifcedlo-m^ere, Jonmeymen........... 8 57 |lS8to886 867 887 867 FUe.ciitlar,Jonnieymen 4 28 ' 8 57 Tiooktmitht, JovmfjnHn ......w. 42e) 802 8 57 4 76 8 57 5 71 178 8 67 646 \\ 4 76 !* 4 53 1 438 404 438 438 438 Blacksmlt]i8,*JoaniayB«B.... Xoolamltba i Catlera ■ BUdeamitha 438 ■ Steel-pen workera : Jonmejmen 1 Girb *. ■ NaUamitba, Journeymen 8 57 438 4 76 ■ In enebeworka: Mf>"h*nl«t ..... *5 71 C»7 87 )t6 47 671 1 Blaokamitha........ . 1 Joinera .................. ...m...m....„.... 1 *Piaee-wwk. tPw day. 1 GERMAN r. 126 \eagt$, #•«.— Continued. M per we«k. £1. ! o*^ 7 1 ^m4 1 ~ •efe I 188& "Si Bauri. A m 8 00 12 4 It 13 13 8 87 4 28 84 28 11 am 285 u 1 07 180 11 BOO 438 10 ill 4 62 »00 428 l>8« •5 71 10 188 2 14 1 19 10 J71 •8 42 'U Wl •7 80 11 171 •7 80 11 14 11 11 11 1 M )M •4 28 04 •2 85 07 142 \. 38 820 28 428 13 m 13 13 28 4 76 7« «28 12 78 12 78 85 1 10 85 285 12 71 13 18 88 78 la 71 12 85 418 12 28 4M 12 87 8 57 12 00 4*7 10 28 4 76 10 VO S71 10 OU 4»S 10 US ' sas 10 76 i 480 10 21 ' 428 10 HH 10 95 : 142 10 85 388 10 57 5 71 9 !i 288 9 w 4 15 12 m 8 57 13 a 1 428 10 Wi 404 12 » 428 13 428 13 57 438 12 n 11 11 rn S7 8 57 1. IS 428j Ui ro 4 76, 11* 13 111 «rd Exhibit T).— Comparative $tatement thawing tht jveragt rat»i o/ tcagei, tj-c— Contiuned. OooupstloD. la «Di[in* workt-Continiud. Moldara Workman In unfflDg-maohlDe faotoriwi LnckainiUii Joinera Wiirkman, male Workmen, foiDale CvtwrtKlita, joDmeymen Telefnwon makera, joumeymwi. Mecoanlolana, Jonmeymen DurKlcal-iaatrameut mnkan Waii'hmakera, Joamey man la lamp (Itotorlea : Braiiera Uirdlara Tumara In » obamloal teetory i Foreman Laoorata LMla Women and eirla Workera under aixtaen yewa .... In to aoUlne color fkotory : Foremen . Artlaana Laborera OperatiTaa Soip-makera Divlabureta , Ethereal oUa fkctoiy, opaimtiTaa Aiphaltera ., Koolera . ▲Taraite wagaa par week. 1882. 1884. 18«S. $5 71 4 04 2 57 4 61 4 2H 4 28 to 4 90 4 28 •4 28 to 7 14 •4 76 to 7 14 4 76 to 8 33 8 57 In silk-sood* faotorlea (operatlTaa) i Female .""..".'...".".*.'!"' In wool millai WeaTera Sbewera Wiadera, female Hand-workara, female Machine- workera, female Warpara, famale Ribbon makera,Joame]rnen Weaverai Joameymen Warpera Windera, female . Carpet wearera I OperatlTaa Workera, female Weavera Clotb makera, Jonmeymen In a Berlin velreteen fkctory (maater). Operatlvea Apprenticea (loda) Women Glrla In nianlnff worka (dreaaing fabrioa) : Maatera Laborera, male Laborera, female Fnllera Csrdera, female 8Uk botton and trimming makera: Foremen Manaijer, female Journeymen Glrla..: Bope makera: Jonmeymen Lada... SUtnaiy (paateboard) fiMtoiiea: For'.men GUlera Joiiera 438 •8 87 •a'oi 285 8 57 170 490 1 00 2 88 'i'iY 1 60 7 14 8 67 1 eotol 90 ? 14 04 58] 372 j 1 •5 47 ' •5 23 •4 28 •3 33 , 3 57 4 61 I 4 28 4 76 4 28 j 5 17 ' 500 5 71 5 95 8 54 288 1 90 81 1 42 5 71 6 71 3 14 8 92 4 78 8 57 4 28 5 95 84 TO 3 80 •5 71 •5 71 •4 28 ••J 50 4 (M 4 til 28 W 3 92 2 14 •8 45 6 71 •2 85 2 86 2 38 3 Si !! 21 4 28 1 78 4 28 1 80 •7 14 286 8 87 3 21 849 2 85 1 00 to 2 14 5 50 2 85 1 90 4 28 4 28 7 14 5 86 "OO 1 00 8 67 1 78 7 49 6 71 600 4 28 4 8U 6 23 4 09 4 76 8 l!7 2 88 to 2 85 1 60 6 «» 6 iU 3 »r 4 U 3 67 4 28 6 42 6 47 880 S2S •6 18 •fi *! •2 !': a .i:i •4 28to7 14 •8 87 7 85 2 85 •2 01 •2 14 7 14 3 57 2 86to4 04 4 28 4 10 880 386 4 28 1 90 8 67to4 28 172 Hovri. 111 111 111 111 3 21 I 4 28 I 1 00{ 400 I 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 18 13 12 1(1 10 18 11 10 10 10 SltolOi 8ltol0i 10 10 14 14 14 12 12 12 12 12 13 12 13 18 18 18 13 18 11 11 11 11 13 13 18 18 18 •Piece-work. ite^fisisli*; 196 EMIOBATION AND IMMIGRATION. Exhibit D.— ContparaliM Btalement tkowimg the average rate* abor«r& female IStr-makersjoumeymen . Shoemakers, jonmeymen Hair-dresaars, joumeymsn Mfsons, jonmeymen .... Cariienta«, Jonmeymen Glaziers, Jonmeymea . . . Fain ters, Journeymen . Boofers, Jonmeymen. . Chimney-sweepers, jonnieymen Type-fouodcN, joorneymen Common day laborers : Field Factories Sculptors: Plasterers In wood In ((ypsum Molders: Journeymen Apprentices friutinx-office of German Bmpire Setter* teagm, .f-c— Coutiuued. 1 «jj 1 i«'r wet'k. a ': t. 1885. >*& Uoun. i VI «t OU 13 i 28 SIN) 13 1 HH 13 104 4 2H i U 3 80 a 104 3 67 12 IM 1 VU 12 17« 3 8 0(1 490 n i42 •4 28 13 28 4 28 ID IK> 2 83 I'J 1 ii7 3 57 13 1 67 4 28 13 I h:i 5 51) 12 1 5U 5 8U 12 i m 4 «• 12 !85 3 83 13 14 2 «] 13 78 1 Ml 13 14 2 14 to 2 85 ietoi7 tw 5iMl 12 5 30 12 67 3 87 Ui 4 04 12 78 t 78 12 37 :28 66 83 lOtoll 4a 2 88 28 2 85104 89 66 *2 14 76 4 89 u 38 285 II 57 3 57 to 4 7ti 12 67 •L' 5l> to 3 8« 12toU lU tl 9U 9» 550 Bi 21 4 80 9 •M .1 80 U> 4 28 10 28 4 «0to6 71 9 71 4 90 tu 5 71 10 16 5 47 10 28 4 28 10 85 •21 2 85 to 8 57| 10 10 23 3 80 Ui 4 04 10 76 3 57 10 23 3 67 to 4 76 10 87 3 80 12 83 63 12 75 8 71to 7 00 10 2« 6 1:0 t...•■■■■>■ 1,967 2,615 2,877 2.791 l^ 18,745 21,400 140,909 Marki. 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.70 Marki. 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.60 0.80 a8e 0.70 Markt. Mark*. WillnnhArtf pUl^n Hetiloaok XUtit ... ■ a60 L25 0.40 040 Avei«(E« - t»l 0.64 0.87 0.40 20,817 38,842 108,651 1.62 0.80 1,20 1.50 1.80 0.85 0.40 0.80 1.00 1.25 0.60 ao6 0.65 1% 0.59 Avera^ ...... ...... 1.38 0.86 0.63 ! 0.67 8,776 8,901 14,069 23,612 28,584 25,840 29,066 20,811 30,488 48,447 91,147 1,128,186 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.20 1.20 1.20 2.0# 2.50 2.00 1.88 1.40 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.20 1.50 1.00 0i90 1.00 llaArit&ldA nnat.rin T^ftAnhATir A. *» .. 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.00 80 0.75 0.00 0.60 LOO 0.60 COtttlQS. ■>> .•..■-••>■.•..■■■. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.50 OlW TP»Anlrftirt. *. O 0.00 Berlin 140 1.50 LOO AToniffB ....■.••.■•■•..•. 1.66 1.04 a77 1 0.70 OrpfiiWAld. . . . . . . .............. _ ^„.it- 19,924 21,591 21,816 29,481 U,756 1.50 1.00 gtolp rf. l.i!o 1.10 l.«0 8. to 1.10 1.70 1.00 1.00 LOO 0.50 0.60 LOO «« 0.40 Stralsund...... 0.40 8t«Uiu 0.00 AvAnge }.5« 1.60 1.80 1.50 1.M LOO 0.06 0.77 0.91 Pnum Kakel 6,036 11,558 11,«10 84,044 66,718 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 LOO 0.73 0.7S 0.60 Avera^ L82 1.00 0.87 0.08 ftllftalA. 1,260 7,956 12,628 211,507 22^811 22, 2M 27,683 87,15* 56,807 272,012 L<0 1.20 1.20 1.10 1.20 L30 1.20 l.BO l.M 1.60 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.85 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 KattnwitK a 70 0.60 0.70 AflO 0,00 0.80 0.80 0.70 0.00 &s EoetiiBahfitte LicBnitB ... 0.00 Q^^tZ 0.00 Br6slAn ........................ 0.00 Average 1.31 0.86 0.68 0.00 flttWMHW liftiiffenMlZA . • ■.....* 10,588 23,478 26,198 27,090 81,260 53,264 71,484 97,589 LOO 1.60 1..20 2.00 2.00 1.60 2.10 2.00 1 0.90 0.90 0.80 1.20 1.20 0.90 1.40 1.40 LOO LOO 0.90 0.70 L20 L20 0.90 v^ 0.75 Hftlheratadt ...... ............. 0.80 0.70 HaUo LOO LOO Avenge ^^ j 1.76 0.70 — — ! t 128 EMIGBATION AMD IMMIGRATION. EXBIUT E.— Daily wage$ of Oay laborers {unakilled) in Prutsia in 1885— Continued, Ptorlnoa. dlMwlff-Eobteia . Wartvhdto. BhMMtFnadA.. XhaHMMtowu. City. Flenaborg. Kiel ...... AltODk Avenxe. Meppen Hubnre Onwbnieok . Hildeshfelin ., Hanover Average wages. Number of Inhabit- ant*. Adnlte. JnTenilea. Hale. IFemale.; Male. JFemale Mark*. 80,088 2.00 48,594 2.70 01,047 2.80 2.40 Arerage. Hiddinicael Bnldem Botyenatrelcb ... Beoklinghanaen . Hamm Wltten Haften BMefeld Boohom Mtlnater Dortmund Avenge. . Hanan ■■ Wieabaden Kaaael Fraakftwta.X. Avenge. Prttm If&blbelma. B Vienen , Weael , MflbllMlm a.d. Bhnr. Trier BMnaeUd OoUeiu Bonn ]f.61adbaoh Doiaberg 8,417 10,071 22,884 82,812 122,848 2.00 2.40 1.80 l.«0 2.00 Markt. 0.80 1.00 1.00 Jfort». , llarkt. 1.80 ; 0.60 l-«0 0.80 1.80 1.00 0.08 1.57 i O.fi0 1.50 1.50 1.20 1.25 LAO 1.10 1.10 1.20 1,145 1,688 7,206 20,783 21,884 28,208 80,070 88,445 40,444 80,844 Ciefeld Aachen XtberfUd ... D&eaeldoif.. Barmen Cologne Average. Hecbingen.... Bremen ••••••, Hambnrg Average., Pmaaianatataa. HaaMtowna.... 28,088 80,288 88,814 188,810 1.02 1.82 1.10 0.80 1.00 1. 00 0.65 1.80 1.80 1.00 2.30 1.75 2.20 2.10 1.80 2.20 2.28 2.00 1.00 1.00 0.60 1.60 1.40 1.80 1.40 1.40 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.10 1.20 1.20 1.10 1.00 1.20 0.80 0.«0 I.OO o.eo 0.90 0.75 0.80 1.84 1.30 1.14 1.78 2.10 2.12 2.40 1.26 i L40 I 1.88 I 1.70 : 1.00 1.00 L22 1.40 0.85 0.70 0.63 0.80 1.00 1.81 1.30 1.14 0.85 2,178 20,420 20,007 20,508 22,146 24,200 80,020 30,567 31,514 87,887 41,242 56,857 78,872 85,651 08,588 08,450 08,041 144,751 8,687 118,114 410, m 2.00 ^50 2.00 2.00 2.50 1.00 2.20 L80 2.00 2.00 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.00 2.40 2.40 2.40 2L80 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.40 1.60 1.86 1.60 1.20 1.20 L60 1.60 1.50 L50 1.20 1.60 1.60 1.80 1.50 •I- 2.00 2.60 2.60 1.20 2.00 1.86 1.76 180 1.00 1.02 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.60 0,70 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.00 1.50 1.2S 1.00 0.87 0.98 1.00 0.80 0.80 1.00 0.60 0.80 0.40 0,80 0.60 aso 0.80 1.00 0.70 0.60 0.80 0.80 0.80 L25 1.00 0.60 0.72 GERMANY. 129 <« 1885— Continued. Average wages. nite. I JuTenilea. Female.; Male. iFemale. Marki. 0.80 1.00 1.00 Markt. , Jlarkt. l.SO ; 0.60 i-«o: 0.80 1.80 1.00 0.98 1.57 i o.«o 1.M) ' 1.50 1.20 1.25 L50 1.10 1.10 1.20 0.80 1.00 1. 00 1.30 1.82 1.10 0.85 1.00 1.00 0.60 1.60 1.40 1.20 0.80 1.50 1.10 0.M 1.40 1.30 I.OO 1.40 1.20 o.eo 1.60 1.10 0.90 1.60 1.00 0.75 1.40 1.20 0.80 1.14 0.85 1.S0 1.14 0.86 1.50 1.60 1.50 i.66 1.50 1.00 0.80 1.40 1.00 0.80 1.60 1.50 1.00 1.86 0,70 0.60 1.50 1.00 0.80 1.20 1.00 0.40 1.20 1.00 0,80 L50 1.00 0.80 1.60 1.20 a80 1.50 1.20 0.80 L50 1.20 1.00 1.20 1.00 0.70 1.60 1.00 0.80 1.60 1.20 0.80 1.60 1.00 0.80 1.50 1.50 0.80 1.20 2.00 1.2B L25 1.86 1.00 1.00 1.09 0.87 0,<» 1.92 0.98 0.72 Exhibit F. — Wetkly couaumption of a workman's familif in uinter. VlotaalR, fael, light, and lodging. Potatoes Vegetables Svo bread Wheat bread Beel (twice a week) Sonp, ingredients Buttci Lard and greaue oi' beef . Bacon Bape, seed oil Egiis, (1 pieces E>c flour Wheat flour Peeled batle.v Rice Peas, beans, lentils Salt. Spice Onions , Beev vinegar Coffee Parched barley . . . Sagar Crushed candy Currants Tobacto V . Cual nr.d matches. PetroleniA Soap : Black White Soda Rental Family living in the conn- tr^v (parents and 3 children ol between 7 and 17 years of age). Qaantlty, Cost. Marks. Equivalent in United States cur- rency. Family living in a larger city (parents and 6 children of between 3 and 17 years of age). Quantity. T Cost. Equivalent Mnrka '" United ^'*'^''*- States our. reucy. Kilogram 13.00 "io.66" 1.00 .87i .25 1.00 .76 1.20 '3.06 .90 1.00 LOO LOO .50 .50 LOO .50 Total . 1.00 .87J 26 .25 .124 .25 50.00 2.00 .75 .26 (*) 2.30 .35 L40 .53 .35 .36 .40 .13 .25 .40 .12 .15 .08 L28 .10 .20 .16 .25 .60 .80 .56 ! .86 .20 .05 3.00 Kilogram $0 28} I 40. no 71| 21 23| 54i 30 121 8 3 5g 20.48 2 4i tf 14 19 13 8 4 1 71 20.00 "".'56' LOO .70 2.80 L40 3.25 .60 .00 .16 3.15 LOS .50 ".'56' .50 2.00 .70 .50 1.00 4 87 .25 35.00 L75 .50 .70 (t) .10 .80 .21 .06 .08 .08 LOS .30 .08 .33 .20 .56 .06 S.S0 22.08 «0 601 33A 14 14 31 V4A 24ft 4 'si- ll* 23 3 l|jb 83A 525 * Three to four rooms. t Three rooms. FRANKFORT. XMPOBT or CONSUL-QENERAL MVELLEB. The lines of the Frankfort consular district are difficult to be exactly defined, the same stretching into three sovereign states and composed of parte of different provinces, of which no official statistics as to emi- gration exist. I shall therefore treat Hesse and Hesse-Nassau, the greater part of which forms about four-fifths of this district, as the basis of my observations on the subject. Hesse and Hesse-Nassau have a population of 2,500,000, one-eighteenth part of the German Empire* and during the last fifteen years contributed to the emigration approx- imately in the same ratio,*, e., 6 per cent., of the total transatlantic emigration from these provinces, which are situated in the heart of Germany ; and their population, partaking of the character, condition, H. Ex. 157 9 130 EMIORATIOK AND IMMIGRATION. and habits of the Soathern and Northern German people alike, may be presumed to retiect a fair average of tlie characteristics of the Geruiaa emigration. Number of emigrant$ from 1871 to 1886, exclusive of those which went by way of Havre and Rotterdam, Year. Ifmnber. Tmt. Namber. 1872 125,650 103, 0J8 45,112 30.733 28,868 21,064 24,217 1870 33.327 106, 190 210, M7 103, »ifl!) 166, 110 143,586 103 657 1873 1880 1874 1 1881 1875 j 1882 1876 1 1888 1877 1884 1885 1878 Sexof emiETBiits: Males, 56 per cent. ; females, 44 per cent. Age of emigrants : Under fonrteen years of age, 22 per cent. ; from fonrt<^n to twenty years, 32 per cent. ; from twenty to twenty-five years, 16 per cent. ; from twenty-five to fifty years, 23 per cent. ; from fifty and above, 7 per cent. During the first three months of 1886, emigrants numbered l2,44I, against, in the same period in 1885, 17,325 ; number of persons who emi- grated in April, 1886, 10,000, against in April, 1885, 20,000. The fluctuations of the transatlantic emigration from Germany are in- dicated by the foregoing tables, showing that the increase or decrease is largely due to greater or less business prosperity of the country to which emigration is directed. Neither good nor poor times at home stim- ulate emigration to the United States as much as reports from there, of the prevalence of prosperous times, will do. The inducements in shape of cheaper land and better wages, held out by one country to another, are the principal moving causes for people to emigrate thither. The desire to improve his condition in life is innate to man's nature, but nevertheless, a few only will risk the good for the better. The Teutonic race, wandering for the sake of wandering, has largely degenerated in that respect. No people cling more to their homes, their hills and val- leys, than the modern Germans ; but none also have a keener desire to possess a house and land of their own, and the absolute hopelessness to gratify this desire prompts them to emigrate to a country where they hope to acquire what is denied them at home. The gieat decrease of 100 per cent, of the emigration in April, 1886, as compared to that of 1885, may in a large degree be attributed to the violent character the labor strikes assumed in some cities of the United States of late. THE GLASS OF PEOPLE EMiaBATINO. The well-to-do and wealthy people do not emigrate and have not em- igrated much in the last ten to fifteen years. The emigrants of the pres- ent day recruit themselves from the following f^lasses andoccui>ations: (a) Forty-five per cent, of the emigrants are farmers. By this term I mean people who are the owners and cnltivators of small posse^tsions of land, and who intend to devote their time and labor to farming, In their new country again. The cultivation and working of smali holdings have ceased to be sufficiently productive for the maintenance of a fumily. The farm products are ruinously low, and the necessities in wear and tear, in fuel and light, unproportionately high. The small farmers and tillers of the soil are gradually reduced to render hired labor by the day. To evade this predicament and the poverty certain to follow, they will emi- OERBIANT. 131 lie nliko, may be a of the Geriuau iy way of Havre and Namber. 33 327 106, 190 210, 547 193, MO 1«6, 119 143,586 103, 657 to twenty yeara, 3S per Ity yean, 23 per cent, i umbered 12,441, )er8on8 who emi- ),000. Germany are in- 'ease or decrease f the country to lies at home stim- rts from there, of ements in shape ntrv to another, te thither. The laa's nature, but r. The Teutonic degenerated in eir hills and val- keener desire to B hopelessness to intry where they in April, 1886, ittributed to the ies of the United i^nd have not em- ran ts of the pres- md occupations : By this term I 11 possessions of farming ^n their lU holdings have fa family. The kvearand tear, in lers and tillers of )y the day. To , they will emi- grate. Many of them do so, for the sake of their children, who, should they remain, would have no chance to get above their pureuts' condition. This class of people take along with them more or less means to ' chase a homestead in their adopted country, or to start out anew iu .iC. They are an industrious i)eoplo, and will be a benefit to the country of their adoption. ih) Twenty per cent, of the emigrants are day laborers and factory help, people with moderate or no means, whose earnings here are such as to exclude all hopes of saving a dollar for old age. It is their purpose to obtain a home where hired work is fairly* compensated and honest work is not degrading. They come to their new homes with good hopes for the future, and all, husband, wife, and child, disposed to labor, save, and prosper. (o) Twenty per cent, of the emigrants are mechanics aud artisans, men who underrtand their trades, and whose wages are too much to die aud not enough to live on, and who have no prospects here ever to be- come masters of a business of their own. (d) Eight i>er cent, of the emigrants are mercantile men. {e) Four per cent, are architects, chemists, and physicians, &c. (/) The remaining percentage is made up by people whose motives for emigrating aie as various as their callings and stations in life. The intelligence of the various classes of German emigrants is fair, the humblest being able to read and write and understand the element- ary rules of arithmetic. The common-school education, made more ef- ficient by the beneficent system of comjmlsory attendance, is a good one, and their moral condition will compare favorably with that of any other people. Marriage life, although disregarding Malthusian theories, is pure, and I venture to express the opinion, that the moral status of the humbler classes of people is fully equal to that of the more refined aud privileged. In states like Bavaria and Mecklenburg, reputed for having an un- common number of illegitimate children, the |)oor iieople arc hindered from marrying, because they cannot show fair means for subsistence, and owing to which fact a goodly number cohabit, without legal sanc- tion. But it is safe to say that neither divorce nor illegitimacy plays a part in the causes for emigration. Instances of married men emi- grating and leaving their families behind occur occasionally, but not to an extent to command public attention. Paupers, in the full sense of that word, do not emigrate, having no means for that purpose. Formerly certain communities wonld rid them- selves of people, simply because they were poor, by sending them to America. Now this is seldom practiced, in consequence of the United States forbidding the landing of such emigrants. The watchfulness of consuls and collectors should, however, not relax to discover and pre- vent any attempt in that direction. No insane persons have been deported, nor did any assisted emigra- tion take place, except where the assistance came from relatives re- siding in the United States. The latter class of emigrants are by no means to be mistaken for paupers. They have the advantage of finding Iriendly aid upon their arrival. Not less thdn one-half of the German emigrants to the United States emigrate by the advice and assistance of friends residing there, and this fact is certainly not to the discredit of either party, nor to the disadvantage of either country. The great affection of German Americans for their relatives left behind is proof of their own worthiness and has contributed much towards enlisting true American sympathies among the German people. 132 EMIGRATION ANT IMMIGRATION. The general manner of living of the class of Germans in qnestion is simple enough. Their earnings and income forbid them to occupy com- fortable rooms, to wear costly clothing nnd to eat rich meals. With them the adage about making both enils meet has not liecome absolute. They appreciate the necessity of living within thei» means, and in ac commodating themselves to the existing circnmstances are conteiitod. It is a mystery to us how people can live and l>e satisfied with such lit- tle chance for the gratification of human desires. With the valuabU* faculties of accommmlating themselves and of being contented with lit- tle, tliey combine the qualification of ntilizing everything, that is liable to be used, to advantage. The Germans are known to be a conservn- tive, saving people ; but their greatest savings are made in not wasting anything. Land, of the same size as that lying idle iu other countries, would to them be suflicient for raising abundance. What, more than anything else, perhaps, enables the humble classes of Germans to stand their many deprivations is the satisfaction with which they enjoy enter- tainments of the simplest nature. Overpopulation is not to be assigned as one of the material causes of emigration. If it were so. Governments would rather encourage than impede It. As long as the necessaries of life are abundant all the world «ver, the argument of overpopulation will not hold. The plea of overpopiilation ii as fallacious as that of overproduction. Nature will take care to regulate these matters. Germany is densely populated ; but no person would be compelled to suffer from want of subsistence if the work and labor performed and to be {Performed were adequately compensated. Nor are onerous taxation and compulsory military serv- ice causes to increase emigration. The number of young men emigrat- ing to avoid the latter is probably not more than 1 to 2 per cent, of the whole number. The official attitude of the Government towards emigration is non- committal. The laws and regulations in reference to emigration are different, they being state and not national measures, all agreeing, however, in respect to emigrant agents. Such agents must obtain licenses from the Government before entering upon their business. They are subject to police and Government regulations, and strictly prohibited, by publication or oral efforts, to encoarage, to induce, or to persuade people to emigrate; even their "prospectus," giving prices of passage, names of ports, ships, &c., are, in some states, not permitted to be advertised or put in circulation. Agents from the Holland steam- ship lines are excluded from Germany. Young men, from seventeen to twenty-five years of age, liable to mil- itary duties, are not absolved from their allegiance and receive no per- mission to emigrate permanently. Others will get their permits after some difficulty and annoyances. No GU)vernment encouragement or aid is given. A quarter of a cen- tury ago Governments and municipalities favored emigration of people because they were poor, but that policy has since ^come reversed. Emigration in great numbers is looked upon as economic calamities, and consequently as much as possible discouraged. No inducements by way of cheaper passage and rates or increased weight of free baggage are o«l(Bred hy railro^s or shippers, except by Bhine steamboats and French <>r Belgian companies. While Governments will not officially do anything tending towards diverting emigration from our shores, yet a tendency to that effect is largely prevalent in Germany, especially among influential classes. The new German colonies as yet offer a verj' limited space and little at- GERMANY. 133 18 in qneation is I to occupy 00111- h meals. Witli ecome nbHolufp. cans, and in ac- aroi conti'iit«'(l. Hi with snch lit- til tlio valuable itente be a couserva- 9 in not wasting other countries, 'hat, more than ermans to stand hey enjoy enter- iterial causes of encourage than >nndnnt all the Id. The plea of n. Nature will sely populated; >f subsistence if vere adequately ry military serv- ig men emigrat- per cent, of the ligration is non- ) emigration are IS, all agreeing, ts mnst obtain their business. IS, and strictly to induce, or to giving prices of not permitted loUand steam - re, liable to mil- receive no per- r permits after aarter of a cen- ration of people come reversed, calamities, and es or increased pers, except by mding towards that effect is oential classes, use and little at- traction, and are not likely ever to become serious rivals of the United States in matters of emigration ; bnt those unfriendly to German emi- gration are doing their best by writing and lectnre to turn it into dif- ferent channels, societies being formed to direct it to Sduth Brazil. In order to show how this anti-American emigration feeling tends, I give here a few extracts from G srman papers : August, 1885.-rlt is true that the Uuitevl States and Canada oft'er great iudividiial success to emigrants, but the iiitluence of Geruiau emigration to these countries is pernicious to German products, since it aids only iu bringing about a reduction of their value. IFrom theColunial ZeltiinK. November. 1885.] The large increase of emigrants in Brazil in the year 1885 shows plainly how favor* ably the colonics of South America must be devolopiug. The propitious reports from there, increasing with each day, compared with the unfavorable reports regarding the emigration to the United States, demonstrate plainly that preference should be given by emigrants to the above iirst-immeectations, will soon assimilate and become good citizeus of the country they emigrate to. JACOB MUELLER, CoiiHul-Oeueral. United States Consulate-General, Frank/ort-oii'the-MaiH, June 10, 1886. AIX-IiA-CHAPEIiljE. SEI'OST OF CONSVL MESRITT. m CAUSES OF EMIGRATION. Since the reactionary period following the troublous period of 1848, there has not been a notable emigration from tbe district embraced in this consular district. This portion of the Bbine province has not contributed as many citi- zens to the United States as many of the provinces further east, like Pomerania, West Prussia, Mecklenburg, Posen, Pfalz, Baden, and otberts. This paucity of emigration from the Bbine province and Westphalia is largely attributable to tbe fact that the chances to live and improve one's circumstances are vastly superior here to those in other sections of the German Empire. There are no immense holdings of real estate requiring an army of tenants. On tbe contrary, tbe country is divided up into little holdings* which belong to those who work and live on them. Having a property interest involved and being comparatively free, there is a spirit of con- tentment prevailing which, coupled with the reluctance man always feels to leave his native land, prevents anything like an epidemic of emigration. Another great sheet-anchor which holds tbe population of this fa^ ed part of Germany comparatively intact as far as relates toemigratiun, is the ease with which an artisan can secure another situation if dissatis- fied with a place or out of employment. There is a chance for him to secure employment with another master, which is not the case in some parts of the Empire where tbe laborer must work for the lord of tbe district or not work at all. Here the equality of opportunity is more like the same in our own favored land, and the desire to go abroad is less developed. No statistics concerning emigration from this district are obtainable. Tbe class which has heretofore supplied the largest contingent is the farming element. Those engaged in industrial pursuits are not likely to leave here, because there is not as much of an inducement offered iu America to tradesmen as to agriculturists. At present there is a mild exodus of glass-makers from Stolberg to tbe United States, but that may be looked upon as abnormal and spasmodic. mm Mi m.. OERMANY. 135 [rove tbe same, of chronic in- emigratioii. \d to state tliat percentage of liH luude up ut I to destroy tlie ' their u(loi)tioii |iiie8» too luucli iHsitniiate uud ELLER, hHul-OmeraL period of 1848^ ict embraced in Hi as many citi- irther east, like deu, and others, wd Westphalia ve and improve a other sections rinfc an army of little holdings' ving a property a spirit of con- ce man always an epidemic of 1 of this fa' ed :o emigration, is tion if dissatis- inother master, ere the laborer all. Here the n favored land, are obtainable, mtingeut is the I are not likely ment offered iu there is a mild itates, bat that The hoiH) of bettering their condition is the chief motive felt by those nho leave here for going to America, and almost without exception tho.sc who emigrate intend when leaving to return. But it is a fact that cannot be successfully controverted that upwards of 93 per cent, of them are more contented and happy in the United States tluui here, and henco they never return. Compulsory military service may influence some, but they are few. Onerous taxation, strikes, 8uri)lus population cannot be said to cause many to go, if, indeed, any. SOCIAL CHABACTEB OF EMIOBANTB. The social condition of the people of this district compares favorably with that of the people of any country in Europe. It is true that class lines are more distinctly marked than in America, but this state of affairs does not appear to create jealousy or envy, and there is not en- genderey custom and tradition to their present mode of life, these poor creatuies will never know what it is to be spared the performance of heavy physical work, such as nature iu- tended men only should perform. Yet, hard as the unfortunate i)oor women of Saxony work, they are, to all outward appearances, patient plodders, cheerful, and at peace with all the world. GERMAN THRIFT. The working people of Saxony are famous for their thrift. They work for small wages, bear their allotment of a heavy burden of taxatitin, and still contrive to keep body and soul together. A great many of them not only do that, but they save money, and have the i>leasure of count- ing annually the accumulated interest on their savings, small though it be. How they can do this many intelligent foreigners have wondered. A week's sojourn at the house of ^the average Saxon workman would shed much light upon the matter and relieve these people of much of their wonderment. But still they would be at a loss to understand how it was all done. A few years ago the industries of this mountain dis trict were in a very depressed condition and labor was very poorly paid. Then there was widespread discontent and a promising field for the pro- lessioual agitator to work in. But better times have come and to-day there is employment at what here are called fair wages for every one who is willing to work. The Government, by its legislation for the regula- tion of child labor, the inspection of factories, and the insurance and pensioning of laboring men, has done much toward satisfying the latter and to bring about a better feeling between capital and labor. At the same time it has i)laced sham reformers, particularly those of the social- istic type, in much the same position as Othello once occupied, to his sorrow. INDUSTRIAL CONDITION OF SAXONY. In this consular district strikes aud labor disputes have been fjuite unknown. This is because the industry is almost wholly domestic. The "house-industry" of this region has already been fully described 188 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. iu reports IVoin this coii.sniate to the Department of State. Tliero nru more tbnii30,(M)0 persons eiipiKud in tbeMinuleimluHtry of making trini- mings for dreuHeH, cloaks, and furniture. I'heso goods are hand and loom made, the great bulk of them made by Inuid. The center of thi.s industry is Annaberg, and in it and its twin -i loi, Bucliholz, liaving u combined population of 2l,()(K), there are '. ' Jiiuis wiii .WV^KKt worth of them to the United States, Great Britain, Italy, L, .tit, Kussia, Mexico, the East Indies, and, in short, to almost every country on the globe, includ' log a large trade with Gernmny itself. There are b..t three or four factories in the two cities, and these are not large. These dealers sell mostly by sample. When a buyer has made selection from the samples, and a price per piece, generally of 12 yards, has lieen agreed npou, the dealer furnishes the materials, and has the order tilled where he can get it done the cheapest. The people work iu their own houses, frequently whole families — husband, wife, and five or six boys and girls — work un- der one roof. What is left of the lace industry in this district is also a house in- dustry almost exclusively, as is that of the manufacture of musical instruments. Attempts have often been made to ascertain the income of these workers npon pas<3ementerie, lace, and musical goods, but the matter isa complicated one, and no accurate result hasever been reached. The best that can be done is to give the approximate earnings of an adult male worker, which, by gootl authority, is put at from $160 to $1G5 a year. Men of average skill earn these sums in ordinary years, while women woikers in the same branches earn from 875 to $87 a year, and boys and girls from $o5 to $Gd. On these wages, by pulling together, the family not only exist, but get some pleasure in life, and save money every year. There are hun- dreds of instances of this in the Saxou and Bohemian villages, whose inhabitants are engaged in one or the other of these industries. Of course these families live in the plainest manner conceivable. They eat rice, potatoes, sausage, herring, and black bread, and thmk the einfach beer, ^hich is very largely water, and the cheapest beer in the market, and a poor grade of I'-oli'ee, which is in reality a good grade of chicory. The tare varies but little day iu and May out, but once a week me"t is served, and now and then a nourishing soup. The poorest class of working peojile, thove who are poor of purse and intellect too, scarcely taste fresh meat or butter from year's end to year's end. For meat they must put np with now and then a bit of goat's flesh or the coarser and cheaper cut from an old ox, or content themselves with the fearful and wonderful mixture contained in an Erzgebirge sausage. The higher grade of working people live better. They eat more butter and less lard; more cooked and less raw meat, and in these country villages, scattered over this consular district, they know the taste of eggs and milk. Speaking of the masses generally, it may be said that they are quite comfortably housed and clothed. The farming land is cut up into small holdings, and in most instances the owner lives upon it. There are but very few tenant farmers in this jiart of Saxony. It is also true that nearly all of the working families throughout this district live in houses owned by themselves, houses built and paid for with the money earned by the family. In the cities and larger towns of the district there is more jwverty than in the country villages, but at present there is no general distress nor much pauperism anywhere. Agricultural laborers employed by the day earn, on the average, males 50 cents and females GEKMANV. 139 ate. Tliere are ot'iiiakiugtrini- 8 are hand and ic center of this I'lholz, Imving a ch de'U in these l» worth of them 8ia, Mexico, the [ie globe, iuclnd- it three or four ie8o dealer» sell om the sampler, Kreed upon, the vhere he can get uses, frequently girls — work uu- ilso a house in- tare of niUHical •tain the income d goods, but the er been reached. earnings of an at from $160 to ordinary years, 75 to §87 a year, b only exist, but There are iiun- I villages, whose industries. Of rable. They eat drink the fiw/iic/i. ir in the market, ^rade of chicory. a week me"t is oor of purse and ar's end to year's )it of goat's flesh itent themselves I an Erzgebirge etter. They eat eat, and in these ;, they know the it they are quite }ut up into small ;. There are but is also true that ict live in houses le money earned district there is isent there is no cultural laborers ;uts and females 25 cents per day in siimmer, and W cen^d and I'l cents respectively ia winter. If employed by the year, males earn about i? 110 and board, and females about i!t75 and l>oard. The following tables show the wages paid for labor in this vicinity in I8«4 and IHrtO, and Hte prices of the necessaries of lite in the Manic years. It should Ixj borue in mind, how- ever, that some things that in America the average laboring man con- siders *♦ necessaries" are classed by his brother here among the unat- tainable '•luxuries," and the latter gets along without them. Wagei per week (twelve houm per day). OccapatloD. 18M. Blackuuithi : |3 33 i3ricklayeri | 4 2% MaMinii Hurdlers (with board). Oarpentera Huimu painterM 4 00 1 7S 3 8S 4 SO 1886. ♦2 85 to [ 3 65 ( 3 75 \ '° ( 4 00 a 76 1 75 4 L'5 I 4 28 Occupation. ! Day luborera t Lockmuithii TiillorH { Shnrniakera I Tluamitbs Type-nettera WiiKdn-iuukers narliiMH Wool-splnnera I Workers (male adultd) in factory 1884. »3M 2 85 *2 «H ♦2 61 3 00 4 23 3 SO 3 60 2 75 2 60 1886. 12 6S 3 00 '2 78 •2 75 U 25 4 00 tl SO 2 88 a 75 280 • Time work s they generally work by the piece and eara from 83.25 to 84.28 per week, t And board. -^ r Price* to the coiuitmer, of the iiecesmrks of life in 1884 and 1886. Articles. 1884. ' 1880. Articles. Black bread perpound.. $0 02 , Flour; Wheat 04 Kye 08J (♦U 20 Batter } to „ , ._ (»0 25 Fresh pork | 15 Bacon 24 Mutton 12 Peas, dried 05 Potatoes per 100 pounds. . ' 03 i $0 02 04i 02i $0 20 to «0 30 14 21 13 03} 73 Coal: Brown ... per 100 pounds . . Pit , do Ejrirs per dozen.. Milk per quiirt.. Beer do .. Petrolenm do Gas per 1,000 cubic feet . . Average rent per room, per month, for laborers Sagar Sirup Rice 1884. 188a $0 21 26 15 04 06 06 1 50 1 25 *0 20 28 o4 06 06 1 60 1 60 07 OSi 06 SAVINGS OF THE WORKING PEOPLE. In nearly every one of the small cities in this consular district there is a savings bank, and every one of them is reported to be well pat- ronized and in a prosperous condition. Without an exception they show year by year an increase in the number of depositors and also in the average amount of individual deposits. These banks now pay from 3 to 4 per cent, on deposits and otter undoubted security. The table below tells an interesting story, and I am indebted for it to Mr. Rudolf Mockel, cashier of the City Savings Bank, of Annaberg. There is also a private bank in town, which has been established for very many years, and which, like the city bank, is largely patronized by working people and others of small means, and has on deposit even a larger amount than the latter. The city savings bank pays 3g and the other 4 per cent, interest per annum on deposits. There are three other private banks which do a small business and are patronized by working people to some extent. 140 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. • The City Savings Hank of Annabcrg. .,'(»'!?■' Tear. 1880 1881 18M2 1883 1884 1883 Number of iiidirid- ual depos- itors. 6, 615 7, 185 «,854 7,301 8, 257 8,764 Nnmlifr Amount withdraw- deposited. ing de- posits. f,Ut. 462 100, 113 142, 443 142, 801 102, t<2(l 177, 024 Balance Amount on deposit withdrawn.! December 31. 4,012 ' 5,802 I 5, 072 fi, 070 I 6, 074 1 6, 240 «108. 133 141,184 125, 022 13.3,287 132,034 143, 041 »5ie, 455 653, .100 500, 040 020, fl3fi 073, 001 7ilO,102 -f, &f!l, , * »"^ I am also indebted to Mr. Mockel for a report of the condition of all the savings banks in Saxonj'. From this it appears that the deposits on the Slst day of December, 1885, amounted to $li5,459,435, a gain over 1884 of $1,251,023. In 1850 reliable statistics showed that in Saxony there were Ave bank-books in use for every 100 persons; to-day there are nine. This refers to savings-bank books, and does not include those of other banks. EMIGRATION. In past years emigration from Saxony to the United States has been considerable, and while the majority of the emigrants have been skilled artisans and the more industrious and intelligent farm laborers, it is notorious that many socialists, anarchists, and other worthless charac- ters, who toil only with their mouths and spin only with their evil tongues, have been among the number. Very few of the latter went from this consular district, however. They were denizens of the closely populated manufacturing places north of here, and the majority of them of the adjoining consular district. Chemnitz, Glauchau, Meerene, and fiome other places in that district have long been known as hot-beds for all the isms that cranks are heir to and that honest working people are deluded by. These posts of society were obliged to leave Germany in order to retain their liberty or their heads. They are utterly detested by the people of this mountain region, and by none more cordially- than by the honest toilers in the fields, at the loom, and in the workshop. One of these worthless characters, and the chief of them, is John Moat, who was born 35 miles north of Annaberg, in the city of Ghemnitz, and who is well known here and throughout the Erzgebirge. At the present time emigration from Saxony is light, and from this consular district so light as to be unnoticed by the casual observer. In fact there never has been a heavy volume of emigration from here. This district comprises five Amthauptmannschaften — those of Annaberg, Ma- rienberg, Oelsnitz, Auerbach, and Schwarzenberg. The table below, with one Amthauptmannschaft lacking, shows the extent and gives some insight into the character of the emigration 1880 to 1885, inclusive. Emigration from the consular district of Annaberg to the United States, I880-latriotic feel- youth, which triumph There exists here, as in all mountain regions, a ing, a strong love of home and the scenes ot over many circumstances that under ordinary conditions would lead to discontent and emigration. Although the people of this district pos- sess a more marked spirit of independence than do those of most Ger- man communities, they are yet to be counted for the Empire, first, last, and always. Many are Saxons first and Germans afterward ; but the great ma- jority swear by Bismarck and the Union, and have the profoundest re- spect and reverence for the Kaiser. I hear but little complaint of the compulsory military service, but more of the onerous taxation which is necessary to maintain a "splendid Government." The finest appearing young men in the country are those who have served the required three years in the army, and their military training is a benefit to them. Most of the young men who go into the service are positive enthusiasts when they first don the uniform, whatever they may be one, two, or three years later, and the most of those who emigrate to the United Stateslto avoid military duty are too lazy to shoulder a> musket. The Govern- ment keeps a sharp lookout for young men of about military age who would leave the country, and few of them escape if in good physical condition. No stumbling-blocks are placed in the way of the old men and women, or the lame, halt, blind, or foolish, who may wish to go to the United States or elsewhere ; on the contrairy the Government wishes them a hearty Godspeed. Fully 75 per cent, of the emigration from this consular district has beeu of persons having a fixed occupation, and whose only desire in leaving was to better their condition in life. Should they realize their hopes many will eventually return to pass their last days in their be- loved Saxony. Emigration from all Germany is now light as compared with recent years. The table below shows this : Emigration of Oermana from Hamburg, Bremen, and Antwerp for the first four months of 1686 and previous years. Year. 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 Number. 74, 787 55, 620 68, 173 37, 347 22, 683 Of this emigration 16,318 were fr-^m Prussia, 2,175 from Bavaria, 911 from Wurtemburg, 626 from Baden, 622 from Saxony, 424 from Ham- burp, and 374 from Hesse. Of the 16,318 persons who left Prussia 3,198 weut from Pomerauia, 2,896 from West Prussia, and 2,319 from Posen, these three poor and sparsely-settled provinces, having less than 10 per cent, of the population of the Erapire, contributing 37 per cent, of the entire volume of emigration. 142 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. ■; '».'' INCREASE IN POPULATION. A well-known American politician is fond of telliug bis audiences that the prosperity of a community is best shown by the size of its families and the frequency of additions to them. If that be true the Saxon Erz- gebirge is a very prosperous region, for in Annaberg and the surround- ing country there is an averageof six persons to ufamily, and the annual birth rat« is 70 per cent, greater than the death rate. In Annaberg, iu 1882, there were .317 deaths and 514 births; in 1883, 303 deaths and 505 births; in 1884, 331 deaths and 500 births ; in 1885, 312 deaths and 508 births. Of the average annual deaths nearly 50 per cent, are of children less than one year old, and 60 per cent, are of children under four years. This great mortality among infants is due to negligence and ignorance. The barbarous practice has a,H lys existed hereof strapping the infant's legs together and keeping them strapped from the day of their birth until they are four months old. This is done to keep the baby's lejgs straight, but in fact it helps to make them crooked. It weakens the muscles and prevents the bones from hardening, and when the little creatures try to walk they cannot support the weight of their bodies, and their little fat legs become pitiable wrecks. It is no exaggeration to say that 50 per cent, of the children of laboring people here are more or less bow-legged, and that very many of them will be cripples for lite. The practice of strapping the babies' legs is universal, but the mothers in well-to-do families have time to look after their offspring when the strapping period has passed, and with care and attention they succeed in straightening many a pair of crooked legs. Not long ago u c'uiiu was born here to an American mother. Its little legs were not strapped, aud it was therefore a great curiosity. The well-meaning dumes of the town flocked to see it, and were unanimous ill the ui)iniou that the child would wither away and die. Such are ig- norance and prejudice combined. MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE — CHILDREN, LEGITIMATE AND ILLEGITI- MATE. Marriages are not so numerous as in the United States, nor are they as lightly entered into. The statistics for Annaberg, which has 14,000 inhabitants, show 103 marriages in 1882, 107 in 1883, 113 in 1884, and 99 in 1886. The aveiage marrying age of males is twenty-eight, of fe- males twenty-five. Long engagement and late marriage is the rule, particularly among the well-to-do and wealthy people. Here, as every- where, the poor man mairies early, and before he realizes his situation has a-large family of childreu to supi>ort. Divorces are not nearly as common here as in the United States. They may be obtained aftsr a tedious process of law and for the saiue causes as in most of the States of the American Union. But society, the church, and the courts discourage, rather than encourage, would- be libelants. Engagements even are here looked upon as very serious and important events. The engagement is not a secret matter. Once made, the parents of both parties are bound to be proud of it, and often they make a joint announcement of It among the advertisements in the local papers. If they do not do this they send cards to all of their friends, who in return send congratulations and flowers to the <' bride," as the young lady is called the moment sbo becomes engaged. Then follows a long courtship, conducted under the eye of the bride's mother, who accompanies her daughter and her lover whenever they appear iu GERMAXY. 143 is audiences that ze of its families e the Saxon Erz- nd the surround- Y, and the anuual In Anuaber^, in 3 deaths an{' ;in i!if'>"ease, too, greater than that scored in the same period by the Rii',4 loif. of Bavaria and the 22 minor states of Germany combine*?. Sr.xouy has an area of but 5,789 square miles and over 3,000,000 of i iiu' !tant8 ; Vlai'sachusctts has 7,800 square miles of area and not over 2.0<>9,000 of in! r)»>itant8; New Jersey has 8,320 square miles of territcr.v ^nd not, more than ) ,300,000 inhabit- ants ; Rhode Island has nearly one-fonrtii the area of Saxony and only about one-twelfth of the inhabitants; Maine, with abotit six times Sax- ony's area, has less than one-fourth and hardly more than one-fifth as many inhabitants; Michigan, nearly ten times as large, has only two- thirds as many inhabitants, and New York, over eight times as large, has less than twice the population. Saxony has 050 persons to the 144 EMiaUATION AND IMMIGRATION. square mile, aud Germany has about 200, while the Puited States has but about 15, and Khode Island, the most thickly settled State in the Union, has but about 200. iSuch being the case, aud it being a fact that despite the emigration both Germany aud Saxony are rnpidly increas- ing in population, it is plain that there must be heavy euiigration in the future. The tendency of the steadiest and best people is to ding to Fatherland, and although thousands and thousands of honest and industrious persons will yet leave Germany lor the United States, the authorities will do well to look carefully into the character of those seek- ing its hospitable shores, as the scum of the country is almost certain to go thither, no matter who remain. GEO. B. GOODWIN, Consul. United States Consulate, Annaberg, June 20, 1886. mmii '"M BARMEN. REPORT OF CONSUL FALKEXBACB. I have been enabled to get the correct statistical tables and figures from the Imperial bureau of statistics at Berlin, showing the number of emigrants from the German Empire to the United States during a period of years beginning iu 1871 up to 1885, inclusive ; also the number of emi- grauts from this consular district, embracing the provinces of Khiue- land and Westphalia, the causes of emigration, aud the positiou of the German Government and of the commuual authorities towards emigra- tiou; the vocation, general habits, morals, and social condition of the classes of the population furiushiug the largest quota of the German emigrants to the United States. The statistical data about emigration, taken from the monthly statistical reports of the German Empire, i)ub- lisbed by authority and under the immediate supervision of the Imperial bureau of statistics iu Berlin, are based on official reports of the commis- sioners of emigration at Hamburg, Bremen, Geestemiinde, and Stettin- Swinemiiude, and on official researches about German emigration via Antwerp, Havre, and other foreign ports. The statistical data about the vocation of those capable of acquiring their own livelihood in the prov- inces of Westphalia and Bhineland are founded on extracts made by a confidante in the bureau of statistics at Berlin. Other Information I obtained from the annual reports of divers chambers of commerce, from communicatioii^ of professional statisticiaus, and from men who are competent to judge in the matters of social and political economy. *■ MOVEMENTS OF POPULATION. Concerning divorces and legitimate and illegitimate children in my con- uslar district, researchef* on my part led to no material results, because a statistical summary <;'; uld only be obtained by making inquiries among all commuual authorities in this consular district, and this, I believe, is not intended. However, I am able to give in the loilowing tables an accurate summary of the number of marriages, births, deaths, and legiti- mate and illegitimate children in the German Empire from the year 1875 to 1884, inclusive, in general, and for lihineland aod Westphalia in GERMANY. 145 lited States has led State in the L)eiiig a fact that rapidly incroas- y emigration in eople is to clinp; 8 of honest anti litetl States, tiie er of those seek- 8 almost certain ODWIN, Consul. ibles and figures ig the number of 8 during a period o number of emi- riuces of Rhine- le position of the towards emigr?- condition of the a of the German bout emigration, lan Empire, pub- n of the Imperial ts of the commis- ude, and Stettin- u emigration via al data about the lood in the prov- Tacts made by a ler information I ■ commerce, from m men who are ■al economy. lildren in my con- results, because ; inquiries among this, I believe, is owing tables an eaths, and legiti- re from the year and Westphalia during the year 1884 in particular, also in the city of Barmen during 1885: Tear. 187S 1876 ISIT 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884. Average popu- latton of the German Empire. 42, 510, 000 48,057,000 43,608,000 44,127,000 44,630,000 45,093,000 45,393,000 45,620,000 45, 862, 000 46,137,000 Year. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878., 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. Marriages. Births 1, 222, 9-J8 1,244,006 ; 1,256,177 , 1, 271, 850 ' 552, 019 624, 074 504,858 556,473 592, 098 522, »70 5i;5, 738 525, 495 493, 007 522,083 155, 573 158. 3U0 157, 360 134, 629 150,821 158, 709 I 158,454 164,457 161, 294 i 170,688; 74, 179 73,817 71, 157 70,647 70, 870 67, 921 66,537 67, 1!S3 66,175 68,850 Per 1,000 of the average populatior 1' each year in the German Empire. Out of 100 births were— Marriages. Ptreent. 0.10 &52 7.08 7.71 7.61 7.48 7.47 7.68 7.70 7.86 Births (inolnding still-born). Ftreent. 42.81 42.53 41.70 40.45 40.47 30.12 88.52 38.70 38.16 88.88 Deaths More { (including births than still-born), i deaths. I Illegiti- mate. Per e*nt 80.82 28.03 28.06 27.84 27.21 27.52 2&04 27.27 27.80 67.67 Per eent. 12.00 14.50 13.64 12.61 18.26 1L60 11.68 11.62 10.77 U.21 Percent. 8.65 8.65 8.65 8.66 8.85 9.00 0.06 0.20 0.22 0.S1 StUl-bom. Ptreent. 4.13 4.01 8.91 8.06 8.02 3.85 8.80 8.80 8.78 8.81 Marriage$, l>irth$, and deatht, kgiUmate and illegitimate children, in Barmen during the year 1885. * Bom.aUve. ^tiU-born. Daring the monttaa— Legitlmaf). Illegitimate. Legitimate. megitlmate. Hale. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. 188S. January 42 52 37 65 117 72 73 65 78 06 84 40 152 162 183 IDO 182 176 143 156 188 188 168 168 185 140 100 189 141 158 188 148 165 161 163 163 r.9 145 lo7 i;s \9fi 178 138 173 171 lar. 4 8 8 11 7 6 7 7 12 U 8 February .... 7 14 12 11 ' March April 8 2 2' 1 May 10 10 3 6 12 11 1 15,? i 1*^ July 140 16? 172 144 144 1?5 liJ4 154 149 154 150 August September . . . 3 October November — Deoembar — 1 Total 860 2,040 1,040 1,885 1,798 106 88 100 9t 8j 4 CAUSES OF EMIOBATION. About the causes of emigration nothing of importance can be ascer- tained. fcJome attribute the same to overpopulation and to a desire on the part of the emigrants to better their political, social, and material H. Ex.157— 10 146 i MIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. km i wm ''^<\'!i conditions, concerning their personal wants, comforts, and interests. The fear of conscription to military service, and the apprehension of another war with France, sooner or later, undoabtedly cause a great many young men to emigrate and seek new homes in foreign countries, especially in the United States. The opinion is prevailing in G«rmuii\- thatthe statistical reports of the Bureau of Statistics in Washington very materially differ from the pretended very accurate aad precise statisti- cal reports of the Oerman Empire, first, because emigrants very ofteu, after their departure, change their intentions as to their future home and destination ; second, because Germans who emigrated to the United States in former years are classed in the statistical reports in Wash- ington as Germans first after years dedato of their immigration ; and, last, because all emigrants who speak the German language are con- sidered Germans, while many of them are Austriaus and Swiss. The Imperial Government of Germany ha« caused no statistics to be taken, as to. vocation of emigrants, because presumably without interest. The citations made in statistical reports in this respect are said to to be taken from the monthly statistical reports of .the United States Govern- ment. For example, it is stated that during the years 1871 and 1872 about 13 per cent, of the German emigrants to the United States were farmers and laborers, about 63 per cent, women and children, 2.1 per cent, merchants, and the balance, nearly 7^ per cent, (a few hundred artists and &choi&rs not considered), mechanics and servants. The proportion among emigrants of men to women varies consider- ably. It was during the year 1873 about 5 to 4, in 1874 about 7 to 6, in 1875 6 to 6, in 1876 4 to 3. There are cited amoog the emigrants in the years 1873 and 1874 nearly 75 per cent, wtio are over ten years old ; in the years 1875 and 1876, 80 per cent., and upott an average in the sub- sequent years from 75 to 80 per cent. The now t'r<>quent return of Ger- man emigrants to their native country />om the United States, iiud the increasing emigration to other transatlantic countries are attributed to the unsettled soc' ^I and economic^tl conditions of the laboring classes in the United States. The statisticui data on emigration from Bbineland and Westphalia refer to all emigrants, not only to those who have chosen the United States as their future home. Official researches in this respect have not been made. The attitude of the German Government towards emigration is, I have positive reason to believe, not at all encouraging, nor is the emigration of criminals or chronic paupers in any way assisted or countenanced by the Government or by the communal authorities. When, not long ago, in a single instance, a criminal in this consular district received pecuniary aid for the purpose of emigrating to the United States with the countenance and co-operation of the communal authorities, this act had nothing in common with their official position ; they only yielded to the pressure and wishes of an association of well- to-do religious fanatics w]i3 thought that only in a foreign land a crimi- nal conld regain social position and esteem, while in his own native country' everybody looked upon him with sus|>icion and contempt. The right to remove without hindrance and with perfect freedom out of OTjft state ()f the German confederacy into the other is guaranteed by the }^v feral c tnstitutiou of the German Empire, and results in ait unre- straujud liberty to emigrate to any country, which llbertjy is only lim- ited by the compulsory lailitary service. It is strictly guarded against emigr^aion of male persons between the ages of seventeen and twenty- one who emigrate solely for the purpose of avoiding their military obli- m^ GERMANY. 147 8, aud iutercsts. appreheusiou of ly cause a great jreign countries, ing in Germany 'Washington very precise statisti- •ants very often, future home aud d to the United eports in Wash- imigration; and, luguage are cou- and Swiss. The jtics to be taken, out interest. The ire said to to be )d States Govern- rs 1871 and 1872 lited States were children, 2.1 per ;. (a few hundred rvants. I varies consider- 4 about 7 to 6, in I emigrants in the ten years old ; in erage in the sub- snt return of Ger- id States, nnd the are attributed to Aboring classes in 1 and Westphalia osen the United ;hi8 respect have igration is, I have s the emigration countenanced by in this consular migrating to the of the communal official position ; sooiation of well- eign land a crimi- his own native id contempt, rfect freedom out is guaranteed by isults in an unre- ber^ is only lira- r guarded against ;een and twenty- leir military obli- gations. Persons in active military service cannot emigrate, the reserve and landwebr always can, not, however, when they are cabled in for mil- itary exercises or a war is threatening, &c. On the part of the Government the greatest care is taken for the pro- tection aud security of the emigrants, the information and announce- ments of licensed emigrant agents are under rigid control, and every year at the instigation of the public authorities warnings are given in the public press of the country in regard to emigration to foreign coun- tries, but not especially as to the United States. Nevertheless it is a fact that hundreds of young men in Bhinelaud and Westphalia emigrate annually in order to avoid compulsory military service, as appears from official announcements of the penalties and punishment to which they bive been sentenced. Especially since 1873 has the German Imperial Government carefully considered the necessity of bettering the mate- rial condition of the laboring classes and of counteracting emigration by promoting industries, by building public streets, railways, and canals, by improving the condition of dwelling-houses for the laboring classes, by favoring and encouraging savings banks, and colonization, by form- ing and cultivating trade-unions for the assistance of sick and injured workmen, and by furthering guilds, industrial corporations, &c. WAOBS AND TAXATION. In the larger cities of Bhinelaud and Westphalia the wages of the mechanics are, as a rule, tolerably high. Good mechanics in the large industrial works are always in demand and receive good pay. Profi- cient, independent, and reliable mechanics in large cities stick closely to the proprietors of large manufacturing establishments, because there they can purchase and procure all necessaries of life easier and cheaper ; consequently there are but few master mechanics in smaller cities and towns who have employed journeymen in their respective business. The frequently high communal taxes are mostly levied on and paid by the middle classes of citizens and the retail merchants, while the capitalists and the lower classes of the population are proportionately taxed moderately. The condition of dwelling-houses for workingmen and their families are, as a rule, comfortable and healthy, and stand un- der rigid police regulations. There are in Bhinelaud and Westphalia any number of factories, which are models for the convenience, comfort, intellectual and corporal welfare, aud happiness of theirworkingmen and their families. So in Bochum, Lennep, Miinchen, Gladbach, Essen, Kett- wig, and various other cities. The consequence is that strikes among me- chanics, miners, and employes of large industrial works seldom, if ever, occur. The high communal taxes ir the large cities are principally caused by the great expenses for public buildings, for repairing and building streets and school-houses, and for school requisites. The farmers in Bhineland and Westphalie are almost invariably land-owners ; and in the neighborhood of larger cities they generally own land enough to make, by economical management, careful and alternate cultivation, out of the products of their small farras a frugal and comfortable living ; be- sides, there are many owners and tenants of very extensive land areas. The wages paid to farm-hands are moderately high. Statistical infor- mation about the approximate proportion of the owners of small farms and the owners of large land areas, as also about the number of ten- ants, I am unable to obtain. State and communal authorities care iu the most comprehensive man- ner for the wants and comforts of their paupers and insane persons ; de- ii'^. _*• :.i_^_ r^^. L48 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. portatiou of sncb, if tbey are German citizens, is by law of the Etupiio forbidden. Hhe following tables sbow the number of emigrants via Bre- men, Hamburg, Stettin, Antwerp, and Havre to transatlantic countries during the years 1871 up to 1886, inclusive : Qerman emigration. Team. 1871 1872 ma 1874 1876 1878 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1888 1884 188S Tstal Ports of departnre. Destination. 1 I n 78,912 125,850 103,638 45,112 80,778 28,388 21^984 24,217 38,327 108,190 210,647, 198,869' 166,119 143,586 103,642 45.668 66,019 48,608 17,907 12, 613 10,972 9,32e 11,329 15,828 61,627 98,510 96,116 87,739 75,776 62,328 s I 39, 2M 57,615 51,432 24,093 15,826 12,706 10,725 11,827 13,166 42,787 84,425 71,164 5^66e 49,985 35,835 1,616 268 202 75 85 245 552 1,434 1,936 546 750 1,237 09 I s p a 3 X PQ "I ■as si m 1,116 3,598 1,576 2,066 4,488: 1,836, 976. 4, 080! 11,2241 26, 176 24,668 23,168 17, 075 14,742 1, 412, 914 701, 258 567, 005,8, 866 185, 785 73, 818 119, 780 96.6411 42,492 27,834; 22,7671 18, 240 20, 378 30. 808 10», 115 206,189 169, 373 150,894 139,339 98,628 1,349,289 9 690 49 138 38 11 11 89 44 223 286 288 591 728 692 21 87 88i 61 82' 28 24l 83 261 47 8 35 251 243 22! 74 171 59 10; 100 66 5S 65 30! 1 s 2,981 483 9?n 3,508{ 5, 048 1,010; 1.3871 8, 432; 1,060 1, 048 1,630 2.119 2,102 1,280 1,583 1,283 1.718 iM029,117 261 387| 496 418 377 804! 2891 449 441 4201 7621 101 1,041 1,276 1,876 23 27 814 338 772 230 294 10,100;3,223 ts I 18 11 12 4 5 1 64 7.W M7 1,172 l.SUl UuO l,u:>u 1.220 1, 3(10 1,718 274 132 745 1,247 2,104 em 0U4 523.15, 268 !?'« In the foregoing table must be added in the second column the num- bers of German emigrants who emigrated, according to French sources, via Havre to transatlantic ports during the years 1871 to 1885 without giving any data as to their destination; it is presumed, however, that 90 per cent, went to the United States. Consequently the total German emigration fk-om 1871 to 1885, inclusive, is shown by the following table: Yean. 1071. 1872 . 1873 . 1874 . 1875. 1876. 1877. 18T8. Via Havre. 287 2,598 6.776 2,511 1,489 1,268 989 1,899 VlaOerman pofrts, Ant- werp aad Havre. 76,199 128,243 110,414 47,623 83,262 29,026 22,903 26,616 Tears. 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1886 Via Havre . Via Germau ports, Ant- werp and Havre. 2,485 10,757 10,251 9,590 7,458 4,893 2,790 35, 812 116,947 220, 478 203.439 173, 574 148, 078 106, 432 As stated before, statistical data in regard to vocation were not made prior to 1882. In that year, however, the Prussian Diet passed a law ordering statistics to be taken in the whole Prussian monarchy as to to employment, trade, and profession of all inhabitants able to sustain themselves and acquire their own livelihood. The following tables show the vocation in Prussia in general, and in Westphalia and Bhiue- land in particular, of all persons capable of self-sustenance in 1882. .,1S|,^l aw of the Empire emigrantflviaBre- latlantic countries atloa. •<1 i 1^ ^ ■S i * c 5 O < 11 ■< Ow' 26-» If) H7 M8i 38T 2 12 1,172 048 406 4 9 i.sai 010; 41{ S 37, l.OliU 3«7i 877 1 432 8M 84 8I! 1.2'JO 060 28( 7.-H1 81; 1,3(10 048 44i 394 60 1,718 eSO 441 29 81 274 119 42( 21 86! m 102 762 8U 85 74.) 28( 101 8« 40 1,'J«7 Sffi 1,041 77i SO! 2, 104 2K 1.27( ! 33( 3S| 80(1 711 1,67« 1 2«4 72| 604 117 10,10( .8.228 523 15, 268 I column the nnni to French sources, 71 to 1885 without aed, however, that y the total German he following table: 'la flaTre. Via Geimau ports, Ant- werp and Havre. 2,485 10,757 10,251 9,590 7,466 4,898 2,790 35, 812 116,047 220, 478 203,459 173,574 148,079 106, 493 bion were not made Diet passed a law a,n monarchy as to nts able to sustain following tables ;phalia and Bhiue- lenanoe in 1882. 0£RMAN\. Vooatlan in the whole Kingdom. 149 Vocation. AKrlcnUnre, hortioultnre, raising domestic animals, forestry, btutlng and fllhmg 4,692,848 ludtiHtrv. IncliKling milling and arcbitectare 8,050,626 Trade and commerce, i I lading hotels and restanrauts 911,706 Dav laborers of nil trades 278, 928 State, communal, and clerical offices, inolading so-called tree voc:ttion I 587, 210 Inilependent persons and inmatesof pnblio instttations I 705,405 Domestic servants '■■ 886,177 Nnmbar. Total I 11,712,485 Percentage. 40.06 81 18 7.78 2.38 5.01 6.02 7.57 100.60 Vocation in Weatphaliaand Bhineland, Westphalia. Rhineland. Vocation. Total. { Percentage of the , . total , [popnlation.: Total. .Acricoltnre, horticnlture, raising cattle and other (lumeatic animals, forestry-, banting, &o Industry, including mining and architecture Trade and commerce, inclnding hotels and res- taarants Dny-Iaborers for varions kind of work state, commonal, and clerical offices, including so- called free Tocation Independent persons and inmates of public inatltu- tions, &o... Domestic servants Total . I •i 273,585 , 356,785 I 86,874 ; 14,556 30,286 i i 37,673 i 66,712 I 82.77 42.73 6.63 1.74 538,522 73»,217 145,386 30,487 3. 63 I 80, 084 4.51 : 7.99 I 87,607 107, 164 884,965 100.00 I 1,723,367 Percentage of the total population. 80.96 42.89 8.48 1.77 4.65 &08 6.22 100.00 Emigration from BhineUindand Wettphaliaduring the years 1871 to 1885, r are a worthless irth Germans, are trious, and almost .merica who have liem on. ligrants from this ,T statistics of the year 1832 to 1885 OEBMANY. Emigration via liremen, 1832-'85. 151 Ye»r. 1832 1833 1834 1835 1*36 1837 1838 1840 1841 1842 1843 l«4i 1845 1846 1847 1848 1840 10,: 8,i 13,1 6, H, 15,' 0. 12. 12. 0,1 13. 9, 10,1 81, 32. 33. 20,1 28,1 ons. Te»r. Penonii. 344 1850 28,776 37,403 88,551 08,111 76, S-,'! 31,550 36. 517 40. 448 23, 177 22,011 80,206 16, 540 15,187 18, 175 27, 701 44,665 01, 877 73.071 »iOI 1851 086 18,'52 \M |8.'>3 137 087 1834 1838 31? 1856 412 18,W 806 504 010 9?7 1888 1839 1880 1861 8.17 822 372 082 047 629 1862 1863 1864 18(15 1886 1807 Year. 1868 I860. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873 1874. 1875. 1876. i;«7. 1878. 1870. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. PenoDt. 66, 433 •3,510 46, 781 «0, 616 80,418 68,241 80,633 24,803 2l,fl(l6 10, 170 21,488 26,684 80,330 122, 787 114, 085 109,881 103, 091 83,078 In the past fifty-four y«'ars the total emigration via Bremen to all countries amounted to 2,159,612 persons. Emigration via Bremen to the United States of America, from 1873 to 1885, inclusive, to the foUmeing ports. Year. -..York. Ba.Un.o«.lothe^J>o^|,^To^al^ I 1873 46,887 12, 030 1874 21.372 8,080 1878 ! 17,071 5,725 1 1876 18,302 4,444 1877 : 13,360 , 3,181 1878 1 16,037 3,049 1870 10,047 5,359 1880 92,600 24,858 1881 75,888 44,308 1882 77,947 34.777 I 1883 71,483 34.087 I 1P84 71,284 : 30,233 i 1888 74,889 7,620 i ' 3,400 1,135 918 880 836 760 944 2,788 1,097 1,610 2,013 912 883 62,912 3U,S96 24, S14 21.896 17, 376 20,746 26,250 70, 041 122, 10 1 114. 340 108. 433 102, 420 83, U72 The total emigration to the United States via Bremen for the past thirteen years amounted to 814,196 persons. I also inclose herewith a table, marked Exhibit A, giving the total emigration via Bremen for the past thirteen years and specifying the ]ilaees or countries where emigrated from. Of the 83,973 emigrants via Bremen in the year 1885, the sexes and ages were as follows: Emlgranta. Gennana (under twenty -one years) Others (under twent.T-one years) Oe'rmans (from twenty -one to fifty years). Others (from twenty-one to fifty years) ... Germans (over fifty years) Others (over fifty years ^ Males. 12,815 6,449 12,317 11,606 1,749 1,289 Total I 48,a7 Females. 12,922 5,894 10,649 5,645 1,876 7/0 87,758 The classes which supply the greatest number of emigrants from this consular district to the United States are the agricnltaial and working I'ft.'J;'! EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. classes, but many young men ander twenty-one years of age from all classes and conditions of life emigrate to oscape the compulsory military service. OAUSKS OF ET-l; ORATION. The immediate causes of emigration are various as applied to the dif- ferent classes, but it is universally an endeavor to better their condition in life. The farmer emigrates with his family because he is dissatisfied ; is afraid that war will break out at any moment ; sees no future for him- self or family but work, work, under a heavy burden of taxation, and no profit in his farm, and hears from his neighbor or neighbor's friend (who has emigrated to the United States) what a glorious country it is : that it is not only a land of present plenty, but of future prosperity and greatness ; that there is no born condition or class, but that industry and economy are the tools wherewith to carve one's future. The working and laboring classes emigrate because of low wages and want of work, but are principully indu^ to emigrate by the glowing reports of the New World that they hear, and the generosity of their relatives and friends over in the United States, who send theiu prepaid tickets. The yonng men, both rich and poor, high-born and lowly, emigrate to escape compulsory military service, which is considered by the rich as an inconvenience and by the poor as a Iiardship. Another hardship is the calling in of yonng men (who have served) for military practice of some fifteen days or more, and then from four to six weeks each yenr to the fall manoBUvers. The young man who has a position as clerk or workman often loses his position or job by beiuf called off to military practice in the midst of his work, or the young farmer is called off to the manoeuvers for a period of four to six weeks just at harvest time, when he least can afford to go. The two or three years of military service could be endured, and be, perhaps, beneficial to most of the yonng men, but the after interruption aforesaid bears serions consequences to their future. Most of this class of emigrants intend to return to Germany after they have beei! natui W:;ed as American citizens and can command the pro- tection of *lQiz ' ypteA country, for whicli, I regret to say, they give nothing ; ex. i little (adoptied) patriotism, and only claim to be America _ ^^.tizens whenever any duty or hardship imposed by the Ger- man rv u- rities can be evaded thereby. Th : 'I ^re all over Germany benevolent sooieties for the purpose of aiding discharged criminals or ex-convicts to lead an honest life, to ob- tain work, &c., but as the practical economy and foresight of the Ger- man predominate also in charitable organizations, they most fervently believe that the most potent aid is to send tbem to America. Some of this class are said to have tnrned out well, while others only leave one prison here to enter another in America. There is no deportation of chronic paupers or insane persons ttom here ; not only the authorities are very careftil about it now, but the steamship companies are afraid to take them. Another cause of emigration is the peculiar feeling and pride of class which is evident everywhere, and the unfortunate who is compelled by necessity, &o., to work at anything below his station in life or what he has been brought up to and accustomed to do, at once emigrates, as he of age from all ipulsory military Applied to the dif- «r their condition ia dissatisfled ; is lo future for him- of taxation, and neighbor's friend ouscountry it is: re prosperity and mt that industry itnre. of low wages and » by the glowing jnerosity of their end them prepaid owly, emigrate to ed by the rich as other hardship is litary practice of eeks each yeur to rkman often Iciaes ctice in the midst manteuvers for a le least can afford endured, and be, after interruption ermany after they lommand the pro- to say, they give only claim to be osed by the Ger- >r the purpose of honest life, to ob- sight of the Ger- •y most fervently aerica. Some of rs only leave one ne persons fh>m it now, but the md pride of class > is compelled by n life or what he emigrates, as he W 'l \^4Wii f ^U t li> i ^Jiig. l i!iU.tfWgA'KUii !i ^<^e4n«v, .r\ SU - n> iir 5, Pi, Si IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) PhotDgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRICT WnSTill,N.Y. 14SM (716) 172-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical MIcroreproductlons / Instltut Canadian de microreproductlons historlques GERMANY. 153 would rather starve than work here at what his associates would call disgiacefnl labor, «&c. The general saying here is that in America nobody should be or is ashamed of any kind of honest work. Thus the carpenter, who can find uo employment at his trade, emigrates to the United States, and drives a street car or chops wood if he can get no carpenter work to do ; or the German army olflcer, having to resign his commission on account of inability to pay a gambling debt or other cause, at once emigrates to America, and can be found there on the read to prosperity (?) tending bar in New York or herding cattle in Texas, which would be considered ill) eternal disgrace to his whole family should he do it here where he is known. Of the emigrants who go from here to the United States over 50 per tent, have prepaid tickets sent them by their friends or relatives, and all know exactly where they are going, what they expect, and what tliey are to do, besides having tickets direct to the inland point they wish to go to. The Germans are very cautious and do not emigrate blindly. The decrease in the emigration to the United States lately is chiefly cansed by the reports of hard times, strikes, and the labor troubles there. The hard times here also affect the better class of emigrants. I know and hear of many farmers who are anxious to sell their little farms and emigrate, but they cannot do so, as there are no buyers, and they do not want to sacrifice them, so hang on for better prices. SOOIAL CONDITION. As regards the social condition, morals, &c., of the people here, I can say that they are generally good. About 6 per cent, of the yearly births are illegitimate. All classes marry here, and I hear of very few di- vorces. The emigrants from here are very industrious and honest, are not vicious, but on the contrary very peaceful and law-abiding. Steady industry and economy are the great virtues of the German ; the rich and poor alike practice economy in its most rigid form, and this is the secret of their prosperity everywhere. The Germans of all classes live very simply and plainly, except when they have guests ; then they make a great show. The poor people hardly ever eat fresh meat ; even salt pork is considered a luxury. A meal is often made of potatoes and salt and a little weak beer. The clothing of the farmers and peasants and poor people is very cheap and plain, is mostly homespun. All the hosiery and underwear, linen, &c., are made at home. OBSTACLES TO EMIGRATION. The Oerman Government is doing all it iKMsibly can to stop the emi- gration to America, and lays every obstacle in the way. If it could it would prohibit it altogether. As it is now the emigrant has to run a gauntlet before getting out to sea. When a German wishes to emigrate he has to go through a lot of red tape before he is allowed to leave bis village. He must first get a statement from the tax collector that he is not in arrears for taxes ; then a statement from the military commander in regard to his military standing, whether he has yet to serve or not; then, with these papers, he goes before the Landrath (district judge), and petitions for a pass, which, after much delay, is granted to him if everything is satisfactory. 154 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION At the railroad station bere every emigrant must mIjow h\» ])as8 ur give a satisfactory account of himself ; if not he is held back. Then, again, as the emigrants board the steamer four Goveriiiucnt special agents stand at the gang-plank and examine eacn emigrant. Ais many as ten or twelve young men a week are caught trying to escaiK' from future military service, and held back. Therefore most of tLe.se young men go via Autweri> or Botterdam. fTo newspapers receive or accept advertisements of a nature to iu- duce or encourage emigration, and no posters or circulars of any kind whatsoever in relation to emigration are permitted by the authorities iu public places, &c. Even the sending of such through the mails is tu be suppressed. An emigrant forwarding agent here told me that the German Gov- einment will.not allow him to have agents in the interior of Germany ; that they refuse to grant a license to do business, sell tickets, &c., and that soliciting emigration is strictly prohibited. Tbe iTorth German Lloyd Steamship Company has only five agents iu tbe interior of Germany, and if one of these agents dies or is removed it is very bard to have another appointed in hie place. ALBERT LOENING, Cotisul. United States Consulate, Bremen, May 26, 1S66. Total emigration via Bremen for the past thirteen years, specifying the places and countries wliere emigrated from. Native coantriea. 1878. 1874. 1875. PraMiB: ProvlDoe Pmasia Pomeml* Brandeoburg Saxony Pomn SUesia Westohalia Rhlneland and Hohenzolletn Sohleawiok-nolstoln and L»uenbur/i. Hanover Hessn-Naama Bavaria: Palatinate Oti;o-countriea Saxony tVuTteniberg Baden Heaae. Alaace Mecklenburg Saxe- Weimar, MeininKan, Alteiibnrg, and Uoburg- Ootha Rensa. Sohwarzborg Oldenburc BmnawioK Anhalt Sobanmburg-Lippe . Lippe Wafd) Waldeck Lnbeok Bremen Haubnrg Luxemborg Aaatria : Hangkry Bobamia Otber oonntriea 8,328 4,703 802 615 4,8ff7 968 1,203 1,063 46 5,136 2,667 5,183 1,386 8, 115 3, 015 1,045 62 176 91 147 1.032 194 98 24 118 85 2 481 67 8 198 5,789 1,885 425 1,884 457 1, 1»9 1, 132 39! 29 59 301 57 48 527 115 40 24 53 80 1 331 37 6 226 5,439 1,517 187& i 1877. i 1878. 2,000 1,221 1,309 786 349 207 188 154 1,157 863 557 30a 79.'5 594 470 382 19 22 3,095 2,597 827 675 o,,4 1,203 351 662 018 247 27 68 196 64 42 820 62 I 4 . 82 i 15 I ^ I 2.18 I 24 1 7 ' 1,494 859 297 205 874 2C0 467 386 22 1,926 493 244 829 368 564 462 290 23 32 118 37 28 289 68 48 5 59 278 8,621 940 1,085 662 3U2 203 583 270 378 254 37 1,531 463 281 709 3*0 608 430 260 29 24 124 83 20 I 233 55 ' 28 < 1 ' 73 1 1,071 714 3M 300 609 28u 630 341 49 2,063 472 313 876 437 744 536 369 21 241 30 22 357 92 48 23 28 21 59 7 1 3 288 208 216 23 48 19 124 157 142 3,287 2,036 2,201 702 685 826 t show his pass or elil back. : four Government Jacu emigraut. As It trying to escape fore most of tLe.se of a uature to iu- culars of any kintl rthe antlioritiesiii gh the mails is tu the German Gov- sriorof Germany; I tickets, &c., and 8 only five agents lies or is removed ? LOENING, Consul. he places and countries 1876. j 1877. i 1878. 1 1,494 1,085 1 , 1, Oil 859 662 1 714 297 3U2 ZH 205 203 300 874 585 1 609 2G0 270 28u 467 378 530 380 254 ! 341 22 37 49 1,926 1,551 2,083 493 463 472 244 281 313 829 709 876 308 376 437 664 608 744 462 450 536 290 280 369 23 29 21 32 24 30 118 124 241 87 33 30 28 20 22 289 233 357 68 65 92 48 23 1 4S 5 1 i 23 89 78 65 28 21 69 7 1 3 238 208 216 23 1 48 19 124 167 142 3,287 2,636 2,201 792 635 826 156 EMIGRATION AXD IMMIGRATION. bresl.au. REPORT OF COXSUL DITIIMA.R. The number of emigrants to the United States, so far as officially known, from the provinces of Silesia and Posen, from January I, 1870, to December 31, 1885, was 113,790—61,891 males and 51,899 females. The contingent furnished by Silesia, which on the 1st of December, 1885, had a population of 4,111,411, is barely one third as great as that of Posen, with its total population of only 1,715,024. The following are the figures in detJiil : Year. SUesia. Posen. Males. Female*. Total. Males. Females. Total. 1876 4.M 432 *30 662 1,581 8,251 8,151 2,395 2,261 1,291 28» 257 250 576 1,001 2,042 2,082 1,783 1,783 1,068 740 680 680 1,237 2, 532 5,203 5,213 4,178 4,014 2,359 1,233 WO 708 1,304 5,646 ll,8h0 7, 051 6. 402 6, 014 4, 462 1,215 713 70! 1,104 4,247 9,363 6,452 5.584 5,872 4,517 2,448 1,430 1,470 2,468 0,KO;i 21,242 14 111 I(j77 1878 1879 1880 Iti81 1882 Igg3 11 086 Iggl r* 7f^0 1885 8,079 Totol 15,835 12.130 26,065 47,056 39,769 86, 8'.'5 The emigrants, both from Silesia and Posen, are m the main agricult- urists — small farmers and thrifty laborers who hope to acquire land and to gain a better living for themselves and their families than they can expect here, where the farmer is scarcely able to maintain himseif with the low prices obtained for most agricultural products. The Land- wirth, an agricultural journal published in this city, recently printed a number of communications from farmers showing that the cost of pro- duction in some instances exceeds the market value of the principal products. One of these communications contains the following table : Products. Onecwt. of wheat Oue cwt. of rye One cwt. of barley y One cwt. of potatoes Cost uf production. Market value. «t 79 i 1 ce 3 10 I » I «1 78 1 65 1 43 24 The results here given may be partly due to bad management or to poor soil ; nevertheless, the fact cannot be gainsaid that the agricultur- ists hereabout are in a bad plight, and that a larger exodus would take place if they could dispose of their farms. From Upper Silesia, where the percentage of emigration for tbe last ten years has been greater than from Lower and Middle Silesia, there is a larger proportion of factory laborers, miners, and iron-workers among the emigrants. Cigar-makers, shoemakers, tailors, and other mechanics form a large minority of the emigration from the Breslau administrative district. Among the causes leading to emigration, foremost is the desire of the people to better their condition ; this they consider impossible here, GERMANY. 167 far as officially 1 January 1, 187(i, id ol,J}99 females. >f December, 1885, s great aa that of Posen. leg. Females. Total. 23.1 1,216 2, 448 A'tl 7U l,43i) lUH 70! 1,470 ■.m 1, 1U4 ?,4tJ8 040 4,247 8, ton KM) 9, 303 21,242 CIl 6,452 14, lit 4(i2 5,S84 11,086 1)14 5,872 1-J, "1*0 46a 4,517 8,979 056 39, 769 86,8L'5 he main agricult- to acqnire laiul amilies than they maintain himself nets. The Land- , recently printed It the cost of pro- of the principal ' following table : anagement or to >t the agricultar- 9r exodas would ition for the last die Silesia, there i-workers among other mechanics u administrative is the desire of impossible here, while relatives and friends in the United States assure them that they cannot fare worse, but will probably fare much better there. Taxation is, of course, one of the many causes tending to promote discontent here. Working men and women with a hardly-earned income of even less than $100 a year have to endure the monthly visits of the tax-gatliei'er. Military service can be escaped only by emigration, and many young men to whom passports are denied leave by way of the western frontiers and emigrate to the United States from non-German ports. The larger proportion of the emigration from Posen and Silesia is com- ])08ed of families. Their social condition is as good as can be expected, and if they were not thrifty they would lack the means to emigrate. It is notoriously one of the reasons why the Prussian Government looks with disfavor upon emigration, that only the industrious and economi- cal among the population are able to turn their backs upon their na- tive land, while the idle, the shiftless, and brawlers remain. In cities, mechanics and laborers with their families usually occupy two or at most three rooms on the top floor generally of rear houses, cellar lodgings, or cheap tenements on the outskirts of the town. Their clothing, when not bought at second hand, is of the coarsest and cheap- est, and their food consists mainly of black bread, potatoes, vegetables cooked in fat, and a bit of meat or sausage. In the country the lodg- ings a« well as the food vary according to the occupation and condition of the workman, factory, or mill hand, miner or mechanic, farmer or laborer. Many factory and mill hands are tenants of their employers, and are comparatively well housed and well ted; others, on the contrary, occupy one room, and their fare is of the poorest, a bit of fat pork or bacon being a rare luxury. The small land owners manage to keep a pig or two, or sometimes a cow, and to live a trifle better than the ordi- nary farm hand or laborer, who receives the greatest part of bis wages in farm produce. No one can marry in Prussia without a license from the Standeabeamte or register of vital statistics. To procure this license the birth or bap- tismal certificates of the candidates for matrimony must be produced, and, if the couple are young, the written permission of the parents ; and a number of other formalities must be observed. In the case of one of the contracting parties being an alien, either by birth or naturalization, the aid of the consul of his or her country must be invoked (and not always with success) to remove the obstacles to the marriage. The civil marriage is suflBlcient in law, but nearly all whose means permit it also have the rite performed in church. For Catholics, of course, here as else- where, the civil ceremony is insufficient. The proportion of illegitimate to legitimate births is greater in Silesia than in Posen. Of 162,409 children born in one year in Silesia, 17,267 were born out of wedlock ; whereas in Posen there were only 5,049 ille- gitimate out of a total of 75,275. In 1882, 10.62 per cent, of the chil- dren born in Silesia were illegitimate. In the cities and garrison towns the percentage is much greater, the mothers belonging mostly to the servant and shop-girl class. In Bredau, from the 1st of October, 1885, to the 31st of March, 1886, the whole number of births was 5,229, and of those 871 were illegitimate. The divorce laws of Prussia permit the divorce of a married couple, when there is mutual consent and no children are in the way, for in- compatibility of temper or any other cause that may be urged, and both husband and wife have the privilege of marrying again ; but where one of the parties opposes the application a long and sometimes costly liti- ISE3^i!^^ 158 EMIGRATION AND IMMIORATION. gation ensues, aud the applicant for divorce must prove adultery, some unnatural vice, incurable drunkenness, practices endangering life or health, and the like, on the part of his or her partner. Divorces are of frequent occurrence, although they scarcely occur ofteuer than in some other Protestant countries. There are no printed statistics giving the number of divorces per annum in this district, and a written request to furnish the figures, addressed to the royal consistory over a fortnight ago, has so far met with no response. I cannot learn of any cases where tbe state or local authorities have deported criminals, pau])ers, helpless or insane persons to the United States, nor do I believe that any such deportation has taken place in recent years, if ever. The attitude of the Government is unfavorable to emigration ; but few obstacles, however, are thrown in its way. A passport to leave the country is easily procured provided the applii ant has served his term in the army ; aud if he has not, he sometimes receives a limited pass upon his i)romi8e to return within a given period, or to present himself at stated intervals to the nearest German consul. HENRY DITHMAR, -_ „ Consul. UNITED States Consulate, Breslan, June 12, 1886. 8AXONT. BEPOBT OF OONaUL TANNER, OF CHEMNITZ. In reply to circular from the Department dated April 27, 1886, 1 have the honor to submit the following table, which will show the number of emigrants from this consular district, their occupations, &c. Year. 1882 1883 1884 1885 1686 (to the prMent time) OccnpatioDS. I < 87 S3 13 9 4 CAUSES OP EMir RATION. 1 I 212 103 93 107 98 340 410 231 200 194 These causes are various; but in ray opinion "compulsory military service" plays a less conspicuous part in it than the Department has been led to believe. Compulsory service, though severe, has no terror to the average Saxon, who above everything else is military in senti- ment and taste. I know of many young men who have returned voluntarily from abroad to serve their time in the army, and who have quitted Saxony as soon as this duty was performed. GERMANY. 159 ►ve adultery, some idangering life or '. Divorces are of ener than in some atistics giving the a written request ry over a fortnight I authorities have ons to the United las taken pla<;e in D emigration ; but passport to leave ut has served his receives a limited iod, or to present IHUl. 5ITHMAR, Consul. rz. ril21 \ 1886, 1 have low the number of QS, &C. Occnpations. i • ! a f> ■a 1 ' li b J =" •«i a i^ 87 1 212 1 340 S3 103 410 13 03 231 9 107 200 4 88 194 npulsory military Department has ere, has no terror military in seuti- voluntarily from ) quitted Saxony Indeed the military spirit reaches its climax here, and the Spartan mother who accustomed her child at a tender age to the use of arms never inspired them with more military taste than does the Oermau uni- form, drill, music, and generally display the younger generation here. Boys wh<^e ages range from eight to thirteen may be seen forming tUemsclves into military companies, forming in Hue, deploying as skir- mishers, and closing in battle with stones and sticks, and displaying in such maneuvers a native military genius that is truly astonishing. With • the most rigorous of rigorous military discipline the military service is by 110 means distasteful to the average Saxon, and those who emigrate to the United States in consequence are exceedingly few, and would not average twenty persons in a thousand. In many respectt) such service, apart from securing the Empire at home and from abroad, is an incalculable benefit to the man, as it tames them down, and polishes them up, and makes them polite and respect- ful to others, while these qualities command the respect of others to themselves. The benefit derived in this respect is very marked, and a young man who has served his time as a soldier makes a much more law-abiding citizen than one who has not. A marked difference in the bearing of a Saxon who has served his term as a soldier and one who has not may be seen, and this difference is also perceptible in old age. This difference can be seen also between a man and woman, as a German soldier has better manners than a German woman. There are no socialists or communists from this class. The German armament, although a heavy tax, is not all an evil. The money spent upon it remains in the country; it relieves the field of oc- cupation and is a great and lasting benefit to the young man who has to endure the discipline. In my opinion the very best emigrants we could have are those who have served their time in the army. They are hardened for the rough usages of life and are strict respecters of law and society, and are more contented with whatever lot may fall to them than one who has not been a soldier. In my opinion the principal causes of emigration are failures and shortcomings of the person here, in respect to thrift and energy. In a country where each person must be the very genius of thrift and economy, with a balance of these virtues against one he is soon forced out of the race and gives way to those who possess them ; and most of the emigrants that we receive come unquestionably from this class. How many of them find their way to the United States is an enigmat- ical question that baffles their own parents. SOCIAL CONDITION. From what I have said above, it may be inferred lU^t the social con- dition of khe class that emigrate is very low. Many o^' them huddle to- gether in one room, which are full of lice and other vermin. Cleanliness is their worst enemy, and virtue is unknown and unpracticed among them. They live on nothing but a crust of dry, dark bread, and spend all they can earn on strong liquors. Apart from such drink they live ou about 7 or 8 cents per day. The better class of emigrants that we receive are those who come under the head in the table of mechanics j but even these are not the best artisans in Germany. 160 EMIGKATION AND IMMIGRATION. The better class of German workmen remain at home; that is a well known fact. They have comfortable f|uarter«, dress well, ami, by ibe very strictest economy, save money. Their repasts are simple, but nu- tritions and fortifying. Cheap portions of beef, stewed into a soup, and eggs form the principal midday meal for this class. CottejL bread, and artificial butter form the morning, 4 o'clock, and supper if past. This varies sometimes to salad and potatoes, with bacon for the midday • meal ^ the other meals never vary. This is the best living known to the laborers, and the cost will not exceed 15 cents per day for each i)ersonage, or less than $1 per week. These repasts are prepared over petroleum stoves, the petrolenm cost- ing about li or 2 cents. The greatest economy is used. Care is taken of the clothing, the garment used on the street immediately being taken oflF on entering the house and an inferior one substituted. Unnecessary stirring about is avoided, to prevent wear and tea^ of shoes, and other shoes are worn in the house than those on the street many going barefoot in the house to preserve shoes. ' A German dresses well on $12 a year, by the practic*^ of economy that it wonld require too much space to describe in full. A thrifty German laborer saves half of the small compensation he earns during the year. The percentage of illegitimate children among the laboring classes has been variously estimated from 15 to 45 per cent. ; it is my opinion that it will reach 33 per cent, of the births in this section. The only assisted emigrants I know of are those assisted by their own people, who send them away to be rid of them. GEO. C. TANNER, CoH$nl. United States Consulate, Chemnitz, Saxony, May 28, 1886. COLOGNE. REPORT OF C0X8VL WAMER, OF COLOQKE. Before I proceed to reply more directly to the interrogatories with reference to statistics and other information asked for in Department of State circular dated April 27, 1886, 1 desire to show the view taken of this matter in Germany, inasmuch as the discussion of this question here at the present day is considered of the utmost importance, more especially since the colonial policy of Germany has been inaugurated. One of the most difficult problems which the German Government has had to deal with in latter years has been the question of emigra- tion, and an earnest desire has been evinced to devise ways and means to check its course. For this purpose measures have been brought for- ward and submitted to trial, and although the exodus since 1881 has been less alarming, the emigration still continues on an extensive scale. POPULATION. The population in Germany in 1871 amounted to 41,058,792, and in 1885 to 46,840,587 ; showing an increase for this period of 5,781,795. During this interval from 1871 to 1885 the emigration of Germans fi-om OrKMANY. IGl ome; that is a well. 88 well, aud, by the I are simple, but nu. vedinto a soup, and Coffej^ bread, and upper rtpast. Tliis on for the iniddav id the cost will not than $1 per week, the petrolenm cost sed. Care is taken diately being taken tuted. t wear and tea^ of those on the street, ic«} of economy that A thrifty German ns during the year, le laboring classes :• ; it is my opiuiou jction. isisted by their own TANNER, Consul. iterrogatories with r in Department of T the view taken of >u of this question t importance, more been inaugurated, rman Government uestion of emigra- ;e ways an(>,(»()(». Ilcsides the lo8.s of so niudi bod. and iiu-ntal slicngtii, it is roinputed that in n'sjiect to ^Incation alone a capital of about 'ITt uiilliiiitls lias liecii lost to t!ie nation. In the year IS-i! the emiLtration reached its eliiiiax, amount in<; to l.'-l,.'?01, or about double the number «>f the pn'ces createil alarm, and the matter was rcpeatetlly referred to in the German Keiehstag. Tla^ G(»vcrnment, liavnig hitherto been lent;- ing rather than dealing jiraetically with the question, found it then necessary to devote special attention to the matter. Several remedial measures were proposed, but tlu'y failed to overcome the evil. COLONIAL rOLIOV. Under sueh circumstances the Goverinnent resolved to turn the ettlnx, if possible, into other and new channels, and from that date a colonial policy came into existence. The results of this i)olicy are sufficiently known, but it cannot be said that amongst emigrants these coloni/.ation schemes ever found much favor, as the new (rerman settletnents ottered hnt a poor trade and altogether tew advantages and inducements. Nevertheless associations have been formed in Germany lor advocating these colonial projects, their principal object being to divert the flow of emigration from the United States, and to direct the attention of emigrants to other countries, where, as it was hoped, they would do better and need not lose their nationality. One of these societies, the Kolonial Virein, held recently an important meeting in Karl-ruhe, on. which occasion one of the speakers made the following remarks : It is not to l>o (Iciiii'd that the 8,000,000 of Geriniiuaiiow living; in tlu^ Uuiti-d States, consiHting of emigrants of two geiicrutioD.s, will ho ahle to otliect much for the liitiire (leveloptiicnt of tho lliiiou, but still it is true as well that tho chances of iirosiirring in the United IStaies are not so favorable as they were twenty or thirty yearw ago. I» tho same measure as the chances become poorT wo ought, for sake of humanity aud policy, devote our labors toward tindinjj for tho German cniigraut other countries, where be will not only meet with a kind reception ond with fair means of exiNteuce, bat also be able to retain his (terman nationality, and likewiso the German language and his German habits, liy such means he keepo up his relationship with Germany. Look, for instance bow those three Brazilian provinces, Rio Grande do 8ul, Parana, and Santa Catharina, where about 20,000 Gerniaus are living, have developed them- selves. These Germans have not only retained their language and habits, their cliurch and school, but the trade is principally in tho hands of these Gerniaus, aud besides they exercise an important political iniluence over the provincial government. The emigration to South America, as compared with North America, is so far insigniticaut. Much, however, is to be said in favor of emigration to South America, and altogether the chances of prosperity are now greater, especially in South Brazil, than in North America. These societies may and do exercise some inflnence, but for the pres- ent at least the probability is but slight that the majority of emigrants will prefer other countries to the United States. The settled and com- fortable homes of so many Germans in the United States, and the free institutions of that country, form an attraction too powerful for the Ger- man emigrant to resist. H. Ex. 157 11 16S EMIOKATION AND IMMIGRATION'. STATISTICS or EMU4UAT10X. The followiujj statiKtics sLow tbe uumbfi- of emiprnnts that left Ger- many, via Geruiaii ports aud Antwerp, lUirins: the period from 1871 1885, inclusive, and to what country: Tahle a. to Tmm. I Total nn- I certuiDcil uuinber of I euilKmnt*. 1871 1872 18711 1874 1875 187fl 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 ToUl 75, 912 123, 650 103, 008 46,112 30, 773 28, 308 21, OM 24,217 33,327 106, IWl 210, 547 193,809 160,110 143, 580 103,642 Pott of departure. Bremen. Hambnrg. Stottln. j Antwerji 4\ 658 »0,UIO 48. tlOH 17,907 12, 013 10, 072 9, 3J8 11,320 13, 828 I .'■>1,«27 ' 98, 510 96,110 87, 7.1!) 75, 770 62, 328 30,254 57,015 51, 432 24, 003 15, 826 12, 706 10,725 11,827 13, lUd 42, 787 84.425 71, 1(M 6.5,660 49, 98,-) 35, 333 1,412,»14 701,268 I 667,005 1,510 I 208 I 202 75 85 245 5,->2 1,434 1,030 MO 750 1. 237 8,8«!1 1,110 3, :m 1,670 2,000 4,4>J8 ;. 8:10 1170 4. USD li.;;:'4 26, ITS 24. 053 22, lOK 17. 075 14,742 135, 785 Xvut. Destinatlun. TTnlted States. 1871 . 1873. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 73,816 119, 780 90,641 42, 492 27,834 22,767 18,240 20, 373 30, 808 103, 115 206, 189 189,373 159, 894 130, 3.!9 98. 628 Total.. 1,349,280 8,981 BritisU Me.8 1, 22ti 1,306 1,718 274 132 745 1,217 2,104 600 604 483 940 29, 117 10,100 I 3,223 613 | 15,261 Of 1,000 emigrants, 9.55 went to United Stntee ; 2.8 to British North Amciica ; 0.3 to Mexico and Cen- tral America; 0.7 to West Indies i 20.6 to Brazil ; 7.1 to other ports of America; 2.3 to Africa; 0.4 to Asia ; and 10.8 to Australia. The foregoing official figures do not include the German emigrants who embarked via Havre, Holland, and Great Britain.. Of the two lat- ter I could find no otticial report. As to Havre, the following are the official numbers of German emigrants from 1871 to 1885 : Tears. 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 Xo. 287 2, 593 0,770 2, .Ml l,.io'0 1,258 039 1,399 2,485 Years. No. ISW) 10, 757 10, 251 1881 1882 '• Antwerji. ^4 n Min n m i, MO 1,S7« M 208 2,Uflfl m 202 i.isa 15 75 i,h;i« i7 65 »7« 15 246 4.U()9 il 532 ll,;;j4 a 1,434 26. ITS » 1,930 24, «53 «i 540 2:!, 1«8 ii) 750 17. 075 ij 1.237 14,74-J )5 8,80!) 135,785 Africa. A«ift.L^X. 3 18 11 817 7 2 12 1,172 a 4 9 1, 331 8 5 33 900 7 1 37 1, 0:'8 i 64 31 1, 22li 1) 750 31 1,3U6 D 394 30 1,718 I 23 31 274 11 27 30 132 i 314 35 745 I 335 40 1,217 I 772 50 2,104 i 230 35 000 1! 294 72 604 J 3,223 513 15,268 icii; 0.3 to Mexico and Ccn- erica; 2.3 to Africa; 0.4 to Grermau emigrants in.. Of the two lat- 3 following are the 885: No. 10, 757 10 251 540 7,455 5,393 2,790 65,973 By atlding the nnmber of emigrants who went b.v Havre in the fifteen years to the nnmber who emigrated dnring the same period by way of Gornian jmrts and Antwerp, as given in Table A, the total is increased to 1,478,887. To every 1(K),()00 inhabitants the dift'ereut province.^ of Germany fur- nished the following < Brnnileubui;; witli Ueilin 125 Pdniineranio 059 I'nsi'ii 702 ISilesl.i 57 Saxony 72 Schlfswig-noliitein 590 Hanovpr 338 Wi'Btpliiiliii I 79 Ilenai'-.SuHiiaa 253 Uliini'lnml BO Ilolienznilern 150 llaviuiu I 18» Piilatiimte 281 1880. 1885. I 50 02 1: 837 720 134 100 flOl 762 601 686 1 70 "1 ; A3 87 ' 500 501 350 421 '■ 1.33 120 ' 208 231 , 05 87 ' 231 na 183 100 2H3 807 Province*. SnTony (Kingdom). Wuitfiuboia ILiiiiu IIl'HHC Mi't'.ldriiliurg 01dful>in'i{ IlriiuHWick Tliiirinjjia Aiiliiilt Waldeclt Lippo Lul)pck lireuien llnmlmri; Ainanc- Lorraine . . . (73. 1880. 1885. 96 KIO 92 2.')4 4U 258 2'.l7 311 220 235 3l!6 2.11» (183 241 398 3(13 2U0 402 93 103 78 143 118 118 64 55 45 166 242 354 113 133 242 103 149 20iJ 408 600 689 331 330 368 30 17 48 The following table represents the nnmber of German emigrants, ac- cording to sex, from the different states and provinces by way of Germaa ports and Antwerp during the year 1885, as also the respective popula- tion on the Ist of December, 1885 : Tadle c. Gi^nnan states and provinces. ■Number of einlgrnnts during i tlio year. Ea.st I'ruHsia .'I West PrusHia liruiiileiiburg witli Berlin I'limnifiania I'dftl'U Siltaia Saxony Sclileswig.Holstsin Ihinovi'r Wcstplialia II('!43 101 0,833 2, 6,35 4, 905 3,410 2, 489 2,163 306 389 1,347 252 German popula- tion. 1. 958, 858 1, 407, 000 3, 037, 892 1, 503, 795 1,71.3,024 4, 111, 3119 2, 4J7, 979 1,1. "ill, 233 2,1, -2, 294 2, 202, 726 1, 502, ltJ2 4, 344, 802 66, 709 5, 416, 180 3, 179, 108 1, 994, 849 1, 600, 839 956, 170 575, 140 313, 668 98, 371 341, 230 372, 580 214, 697 161, 129 198, 717 247, 603 73, 623 83, 939 56, .363 53, 787 112,118 37, 204 123, 2.i0 67,658 166,392 518, 712 1, 503, 145 98,628 46,840,687 ^mmm pmw* 164 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. It will be seen by Table A tbat tbo total number of emigrants who embarked from the ports of Bremen, Hamburg, Stettin, and Antwerp, amounted to 103,042 during the jear 1885. Of this number the age ranges as follows : Age. I Males. Females. Totul. ITiMler one year 2, 243 Fioni 0111! to sis years 4,m5 From Hix to ten years 4,77j' From icn to romteen years •.'. 'XS i From fourteen to twenty-one years lo, TIM i From twenty-ouo to thirty yeiirs 10,008 From lliirty to forty years 7, .lul From forty to fifty years o, 7iiu From fifty to sixty years 2,203 From sixty to seventy years 1, 101 Above seventy years 213 Age not ascertained l 82 A, 105 4, .'•.(« 2, OjS M,;!22 11,710 5, 304 3,191 2,213 1,112 173 50 4, .'lO.') II.TIU ». ;t:i.> 4. 31 21, (w5 27,778 12, 8(i8 B,H91 4,410 2, 213 388 132 Total. 55,827 i 47,815 103, 012 CLASSES WHICH SUPPLY THE GREATEST NU3IBER OF EMIGRANTS. The greatest number of emigrants is supplied by the agricultural class from comjiaratively thinly populated districts wiiere they have been able to save a little money. In referring to Table C, it will be seen that Pommerania, Posen, West Prussia, Hanover, and Schleswig- Holstein, principally agricultural sections, furnish the largest contin- gent of emigrants, while the industrial districts of Westphalia, Rhine- land, Silesia, and Saxony, with large populations, furnish less. CAUSES OF THE EMIGRATION. ' The chief causes of the emigration are not to be attributed either to compulsory military service or to onerous, taxation, strikes, or over- population. There are, no doubt, some instances where the compulsory military service has led to emigration, but generally speaking the mil- itary service is not objected to, but even liked by the majority of high- spirited young men. As a rule they take a pride in the service and are fond of military appearance. According to the opinion which I have formed, 1 believe that the service, severe as it may be at times, does the young men of this country good ; it gives them manly strength, teaches them to bo orderly and careful, and instills in them a respect for authority. The cause of emigration is not to be found in a love for adventure, but from a desire of the emigrant to ])urcha8e out of his small savings land on more favorable terms than he can do at home, and thus become owner of property — a position which he can very rarely ever hope to attain in his country. The percentage of emigrants from the industrial laboring classes is small, which is no doubt to be attrib- uted to their not being able to save out of their slim earnings a suffi- cient amount to allow them to emigrate. While they do not earn more than is sufficient for them to exist, they seem, as a rule, more contented with their position. It has always been characteristic of the German race that they enter- tained from the earliest ages a strong desire to possess land of their own, and at the Karlsruhe meeting (to which I have already called GERMANY. 165 r of eniigraiits who fttiii, iiud Antwerp, Ins number tlie ;\w Mules, i Ft'Diales. j Total. -h 2. 243 1 2, ;i22 4. ii-13 , 4,7«5 4,772 ■ 4, ,'1(13 2. 2i;:j 1 2, 0j8 II, 7.'!:i 1 10,1)22 n,«(i8 1 11,710 7. ', MA ;!, 7(10 3,191 2. 2U3 2,213 1,101 1,112 213 175 H2 ■ SO 4, m:-, 1'. 7IU 0, .'i;i,) 4,2ill 2l,(i.» 27,778 12, m 8,891 4,418 2,213 388 132 55, 827 47,S15 103,642 :r of emigrants, by the agricultnral ts where thev liave > Table C, it will be )ver, ami Schleswig- the largest contiu- Westphalia, Bhine- iirnish less. attributed either to on, strikes, or over- here the compulsory ly speaking the mil- the majority of high- 1 in the service and jpiniou which I have ly be at times, does era manly strength, Is in them a respect 3 found in a love for purchase out of his he can do at home, ;h he can very rarely i of emigrants from ) doubt to be attrib lim earnings a sufB- ey do not earn more ule, more contented "ace that theyenter- jssess land of their lave already called attention) Professor Eggert* made the following remarks on the sub- ject. I'roin the earliest ages the Germans have taken to wandering, i)artly because their own country did not ofl'cr them sulHcient means of existence, and i)artly from a de- .sire to become owners of land. This tendency exists to the present day. The agri- cultural interest Ims suffered more rhan that of the triiile industries, and conse- (pifntl.v tlie German, wear.v of waiting for better days, collects his savings and theu leaves his country sadly but hopefully in order to seek his fortune in tVireign lands, anil especially to realize the ideal wish of his life — to becouie owner of hind. These liiivf l)een and continue to be the reasons which force Germans to leave their country, iind in reconciling ourselves to this situation it is Itest to do all wn canto reduce tlie evil as far as possible, and to turn the matter to some practical good both for Germany and for those who take leave of Germany. Professor Eggert suggests, in order to ])revent emigration, the utili" zation of the woods and forests, which constitute a fourth part of the area of Gerniar-y, by turning them into arable land, meadows, and fields; but according to his own showing such a transformation would take a great number of years, and according to his calculation during that time at least nine-tenths of about the present number would be obliged to emigrate. As this plan would hardly recommend itself, he advises intending emigrants to turn their attention to the German col- onies for two reasons; first, lantl would eventually be obtained for very little outlay without the necessity of denaturalization ; and, secondly, such colonization would be uscliil to the German export trade, conse- quently a direct benetit to Germany. SOCIAL CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE. In my report sent with dispatch dated May 21, 18S6,t I gave a fair sketch of the social condition and manner of living of the laboring classes. With respect to thp latter, marriage, although contracted sometimes too early, is a great advantage, and it is here that I desire to speak in the highest praise of their industrious and economical wives. They not only attend to their household affiiirs, but in many instances do much outdoor work, and thereby aid in the support of their families equally as much as their husbands. Indeed, I do not believe that the wives of the work-people of any other nation toil as much as they do in this country. With regard to divorce and illegitimacy it cannot be laid to the charge of Germany that such evils are of any frequency. In this connection it may be interesting to give some information as to how the agricultural holdings in the German Empire are appor- tioned. The number of farms in the German Empire is given as 5,276,344, amounting to 31,868,972 hectares, or 79,672,430 acres. The sizes of these farms are classified as follows : rrom0to2are8t 66,143 2 to 5 ares 195,29(3 to 20 ares 650,193 20tolhectaro$ 1,40.5, 68-2 1 to 2 hectares 73^, .515 2 to 5 hectares 9«1,407 5 to 10 hectares 5.')4, 174 10 to 20 hectares 372,431 20 to 60 hectares 239,887 •The manager of the Colonization Society of Germany. t Printed iu Consular Reports No. f>o, July, 1886, p. 271. tOno are equals 0.0247 acre. $ One hectare equals 2.471 acres. 166 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. From 50 to 100 hectares 41, fi-^:; 100 to 200 hectares Il,0:f3 200 to 500 hectares !).h14 500 to 1,000 hectares :{,(i2<» 1,000 ami lip wards 51.") The above flgnres show that of the r),27G,344 afjricnltural holdings about 17i per cent, are from ().0247 to one half acre, 20 i)er cent from A to 2 J acres, 14 per cent, from 2^ to 5 acres, 18 i)er cent, from 5 to 12 acres, 17A per cent, from 12 to 50 acres, 5i i>er cent, from TiO to 247 acres, 0.40 i>er cent, from 247 to 1.235 acres, 0.07 per cent, from 1,235 to 2,420 acres. The proportion of fiirm owners to the renters is given as follows : Size of fariDB. Owners, j Renters. 1 Below to 2) ncres 2| acres to 247 acres 247 acres to 2,471 acres . . 2,471 acres and upwards 1,831,336 2, 157, 640 ' 638,414 19,817 I 691, 080 no,4JO 1.5, 527 5,174 These figures show that out of the 5,276,344 agricultural holdings about 15.7 per cent, are rented. In conclusion it may be said that while the number of emigrants to the United States of America is proportionately large it must not be overlooked that these emigrants are not such a great loss to Germany after all. The value of the exports from Germany to America in latter years amounts annually to an average of about $fi0,000,000, a trade which, I venture to say, is almost entirely kept up by the Germans themselves, and consequently it is obvious that Germany, on the other hand, is very materially benefited by their peojile in America. WM. D. WAMEK, Consul. United States Consulate, Cologne^ June 1, 1886. CUEFEIiD. REPORT OFCOXSUL POTTER. In compliance with instructions contained in Department circular dated April 27, 1886, requiring information regarding the " extent and character of the emigration from the consular district of Crefeld," I would report that careful inquiries at the offices of the local authorities and at the various chambers of commerce in this district reveal the fiact that no records or statistics are there to be found which exhibit the " ex- tent and character of emigration from this particular district," or which refer to the subject in any way. Records relating to emigration from the Kingdom of Prussia appear to be kept only at Berlin. The extent of emigration from the entire Kingdom may, as I am informed, be approximately determined there, but it is difficult to show the destination, or what number or proportion of the total emigration seek particular countries. A large number of .German emigrants embark at [(orts in Holland and Belcjium. but the German records follow them only to the frontiers of those ountries, and show them as having emigrated to Holland and Belgii >, while their ultimate destination was to lands that lay beyond the seas. GERMANY. 167 4l.m:'. 11,0:« !».8U :(,(«<) i')!.-. "icnltnral lioldings 20 per cent from ^ cent, from 5 to ]£> nt. from no to 247 cent, from 1,235 to ven as follows : Owners. Benters. ■■ 1,631,3.30 ■• 2,157,640 638,414 19,817 j 091, D80 nfl,4oB 15,527 5,174 icultural holdings er of emigrants to ge it must not be ■t loss to Germ aiiy America in latter J0,000,000, a trade ' by the Germans lany, on the other America. . WAMER, Consul. )artment circular : the " extent and ict of Crefeld," I 3 local authorities let reveal the fiact I exhibit the »ex- istrict," or which >f Prussia appear n from the entire letermined there, ber or proportion large number of Belc'ium. but the *s( ou II tries, and ?ii I, while their seas. It may, however, be stated that the number emigrating from this con- sular district to America id very small when compared with the number leaving other parts of the Kingdom. The class emigrating from the Crefeld district for America are mostly expert and reputable artisans connected with some branch of the great textile industry which centers in Crefeld. Persons of this class seldom leave this locality unless induced to do so by the certainty of higher wages in positions previously secured for or ofiered to them in similar industries. The causes of limited emigration from this district are to be found in the fact — many times referred to in previous reports from this consu- late—that the manufacture of silk goods in this locality is a '^ house in- dustry," carried on in thousands of little homes scattered over a broad district of fertile country of which Crefeld is the center or counting-house, from which work for the weavers is distributed and received, and paid for when finished. The maintenance of the weavers' " industrial homes " is encouraged and aided by manufacturers as a means of permanently retaining and controlling experienced and reliable employes. Though the earnings of the silk weavers are meager in the extreme, they love their homes and little gardens, and cling to them with a degree of attachment which threatening famine cannot sever. There are in Crefeld and surround- ing country between 200,000 and 300,000 of this class of artisans, in- cluding the numerous members of their usually large families. The social and moral condition of the " home workers" is higher than that of the factory hands in the city, and is widely diflerent in many ad- vantageous ways. There seems to be an element in the atmosphere surrounding " a home" that softens and refines the natures of the occu- pants and lifts them to a higher plane in social existence. They seldom express a desire to leave their homes and fatherland, and they are too poor to command the necessary means to emigrate, even if they desired so to do. The attitude of the local governments and the manufacturers in this locality is that of opposition to emigration. They would rather, for the reason named, assist this class of artisans to remain where they are. Deportation of chronic paupers, insane persons, or criminals to the United States from this district is not known to me. Had such events come to my knowledge they would, of course, have been immediately reported to tho Department. It can, therefore, in a general way be said that from the Crefeld district no dangerous class of emigrants have yone to the United States during the past five years. Instances worthy of mention and inviting ssome reflection are, how- ever, known where expert dyers and Jacqnard weavers, who appeared to be contented here with maximum wages of not more than $4 per week of seventy-two hours' labor, accepted offers and emigrated to the United States, witiere they earned from $15 to $18 per wtek of 00 hours, but who there soon became discontented and joined others in a strike for higher wages. It is known that a number of these persons have from choice returned and resumed their former situations at $4 per week of seventy- two hours, and again appear to be contented. Strikes are of rare occurrence in this district, and when one does take place it is usually confined to a single manufacturing establishment, and is not continued longer than one day. The fact is, as previously reported, operatives here cannot afford to strike. Their earnings are so small that savings are impossible, and they have no means with which to su])- port a strike. A fev days without employment brings them face to face with the skeleton of starvation. It is only in comparatively prosperous 168 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. i communities where an effective strike iu this conutiy is possibli-, nnU'ss one is undertaken with a view to a violent api)r()i)riiitioii or (U'stnuitioii of property belonging to classes of wealth. In Germany, whose army is so thoroughly in hand at all points, violence of tliat character is nearly impossible, and is not thought of or feared in any quarter. THE GENERAL AND L0C.4X GOVERNIIENTS AND THE WORKING CLASSES. After conferring with many intelligent representatives of the working people, the conclusion naturally arrived at is that the comparative de- gree of contentment which appears to prevail among the artisan classes of this district, and perhaps throughout ti.e Kingdom of Prussia, is due to their intelligence and correct comprehension of prevailing facts. They know that the fortunes of manufacturers are generally small and slowly accumulated. There is not iu this locality any sndden accumu- lations of wealth resulting from manufacturing operations. An interest of 5 or 6 per cent, on invested capital coupled, with the work, respon- sibility, and care of the manufacturer, will at this date correctly measure the limit of the capitalist's gains. It is known, too, that the extreme of economy and financial prudence is practiced iu the mauagement of the general and local governments, and that no great enterprises involving the expenditure of public treasure are undertaken unless in behalf of interests favorably atfccting the laboring classes. The imperial and state governments and the local governments in Germany, while work- ing under the disadvantage of overpopulation, appear to be ceaseless in earnest practical efforts to promote the commerce, manufactures, and trade of the country with a view of keeping its people busy. To ac- complish such an object seems to be regardeil as the very essence of the functions of Government. The public servants of Prussia, in all departments of Government, seem to realize that a busy people are contented, and that idleness breeds discontent and anarchy. The recent acquisition by Germany of territory in different parts of the earth was undertaken with the sole view of finding homes and busi- ness for her redundant population, and at the same time creating a market for the products of home industries. The emigration of certain classes to these localities under German control is encouraged, and, while no serious restraint is put upon emigration to other cuntries, it is not, 1 think, encouraged by the Government. The burdens of general and local taxation are heavy, but it is well understood that they are as light as it is possible to make them. No one complains of waste or extravagance iu public expenditures. Tbe army is enormous iu numbers, but it is maintained at a minimum of cost. The pay of its officers is in due proportion to that of the commou soldier, who receives but 5 cents per day, and with this sum he is obliged to keep his equipments in a condition of perfect order and neatness, and purchase for himself coffee, shoe-blacking, and the material with which he polishes the buttons and whitens the belt of his uniform. There are hardships connected with this enforced economy, but it is a rare circumstance to meet a complaining German soldier, or one who is not proud of bis connection with the army. Suppose, with a view of reducing national expenditures, it were pes- Bible, in the presence of jealous and rival neighbors, to abolish the army and send the soldiers back to the farms, factories, and workshops. The products of the farm would not be greater, because there is now more hands than are needed to draw from the soil, which is all under cul- tivation, its utmost yield. The product of the workshop and factory GERMANY. 169 is possibli', unless ion or (U'stiMUitiiin lany, whoso army ibaracter is nearly arter. THK WOBKING es of the working > comparative de- he artisau classes of Prussia, is due prevailiujf facts. uerally small and sndden accumii- 0118. An interest the work, respou- coriectly measure lat the extreme of magement of the srprises involving nless in behalf of ?he imperial and lany, while work- r to be ceaseless lanufactures, and >le busy. To ac- iry essence of the of Government, ud that idleness different parts of ; homes and busi- time creating a jration of certain L-ncouraged, and, ther c uutries, it vy, but it is well make them. No iienditures. The It a minimum of it of the common mm he is obliged er and neatness, le material with of his uniform. lom.N, but it is a er, or one who is ires, it were pos- ibolish the army and workshops, use there is now li is all under cul- hop and factory might be increased, but the present output is already larger than the market demands. It is, therefore, assumed that the five or six liiiiulred ilionsaud young men now in the army, if liberated, would add nothing as producers to the wealth of the oveipopulatcd country, while the Government can, by healthful training, iiiii)iove their iniiuls and bodies and give them a wliolesale sui>poit as soldiers iniicli cheaper than it could be retailed to them at home, where they can neither find room nor productive occupation. To the 8Uggesti(m that the men nh^lit relieve the peasant women of tlie masculine work now performed by them, the answer is made, " That would add nothing to the productive wealth of the country, and be- sides, what would the peasant women with good appetites do?" Such is the logic of intelligent workingmen with whom 1 iiave con- versed. They understand the inevitable industrial condition of their country, and adequately measure the relations of the Government to the working classes. The policy of the Governmi-nt touching import duties and systems of collecting revenue is sometimes questioned, but its ])iirpo8e to benefit the laboring classes and faithfully serve the pub- lic weltare is seldom doubted. While, therefore, the artisan class here may regard their lot in life as hard to bear, they do not trace the cause of it to rulers and politicians, or to laws and customs, nor to the inhumanity and imliiierence (»f so- ciety and the communities in which they live. They solve the difficulty with a shrug of the shoulders, and simply say, " There too many of us," and wisely conclude that complaints are useless when there are no vis- ible remedies to apply to them but emigration. For these reasons they resolve to bo contented and study methods of extracting from life all the iractions of happiness accessible to them. And the amount of jier- sonal enjoyment which a Gerpian artisau manages to secure by an in- genious use of his scanty earnings might furnish valuable suggestions to those who are uneasj' and discontented uutil they have attained the rank of " millionaire." The efforts during the last three or four years of the general and local governments to improve the condition of the laboring classes has had a tendency to check emigration to the United States. Satisfaction with the work of rulers has produced, in a degree, contentment and hope, and it is only the more undesirable classes who are now not unwilling emigrants from their fatherland. In further replying to the fourth inquiry of the circular, I beg to say, " the general manner of living, as regards housing, eating, and cloth- ing" of the artisan class in this district has been fully described and il- lustrated in several reports of recent date from this consulate, to which I respectfully refer as follows : Report on Labor in Europe, 1884 ; also to Eeport on Improved Ma,- chinery for the Manufacture of Textile Goods, 1885, pages 408 to 410; also to Report on Leather, Boots and Shoes, 1885, and to Beport on Agriculture in Germany, 188G.* The following tables give the latest accessible information regarding " marriages aiid divorce facts, children, ' natural' and legitimate, reli- gion, emigration, births," &c. J. S. POTTER, Consul. United States Consulate, Cre/eld, June, 1886. • See Labor in Europe, I, 324-353 ; Consular Beports No. 66, August, 1886, 287-339; Ko. 58, December, 18^5, 402. 170 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Number of marriagca, and the relu/ion of the parties, in the consular district of Crefeld dur- ing the year 1884 ; also the number of deaths and the number of divorces during the same period; also shotving the immigration into the district from all countries, including re- turned German emigrants who left the district with and without Government consent, and who were renaturalized after their return; also showing the percentage of illegitimate births and the proportion of still-born legitimate and illegitimate children. Marriages. Divorces. Percentage of il- Local districts Incladed in the consnlar dlstriut Religion. Nnmber It'eitinmte birtliH in total uaml>er Ijom. of Crefeld. Protest- ant. Catholic. Jews. Other denomioa- tious. Total i recorded ^°*»'- ! in the lyear 1884. Males. Females. Clere 31 133 117 140 204 15 107 13 285 269 777 101 231 729 853 332 6 4 11 3 2 2 7 3 9 40 138 108 23 4? 7 331 446 1,U43 421 5:.'0 751 1,074 375 3. 4 1'. .S Bees 5 3.1 3.7 3.3 3.9 3.6 Crefeld Diiisbiircp ............... . 5.4 2.4 ..'.".'. 2 ** 3.3 3.4 Gladbach 2.0 2.4 Oeldern 2 0' 2.4 Total ^9 3,657 38 377 4,961 5 25. 1 24. 3 Deaths (including still-born). Local districts inclnded in the consnlar district of Crefeld. Total. In public hos- pitals. Children one year i>l fi)io and undoi', leKitimate and illegitimate. If umber legiti- mate in 1.000 of still-born. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. CleTe 609 709 1,625 693 705 1,254 1,851 691 S42 716 1,397 573 730 1,160 1,649 33 71 128 68 9 38 17 20 27 60 75 306 407 1,194 18 26 114 23 2'* 44 74 14 1.3 1.1 1.6 2.4 2.6 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.3 Hees Crefeld 1.3 1.3 51 495 1.3 17 33 U 13 435 702 1,220 345 1.5 1.5 Gladbach 1.4 1.1 Total 8,229 7,428 404 1 287 i 6. 164 335 13.0 10.7 Local districts included in the consnlar district of Crefeld. Number ille- gitimate in 10,000 ofstill-bom. Hales. Clere Bees Crefi'ld.... Dnisburg . . Moers Kempen... 6la«lbaoh.. Geldem.... Total Females. 74 1 1 1* J. 6i Immigration into the consular district of Crefeld from all countries. Foreigners nat- nrnlized and returned German emigrants renaturalized. Males. 10 20 67 8 8 40 40 20 218 Females. 1 16 68 10 8 24 33 5 Number who em- igrated with consent of the Government. Males. 18 21 8 15 8 24 9 165 1 163 Females. 43 8 6 1 2 74 Number who em- igrated without consent of the Government. Males. 6 16 86 7 26 5 65 3 211 Females. GERMANY. 171 Ustrict of CrcfeUldiir- ■orcea during the same 'untrief, inclading re- iwrnmeitt consent, and inlage of illegitimate iildreu. Percontago of il- It'gitinmte birtim in total number born. mber iriled tlie I 18H4. Males. Fumales. .1.4 ?.5 3.1 3.6 5 3.7 5.4 3.3 2.4 3.0 2.2 3.3 3.4 2.0 2.4 2 2.4 5 25.0 24.3 one I aud imate aate. Tlumber legiti- mate in l.UOO of stUl-boi'D. Dales. I Males. Femalea. 18 1.3 1.3 26 1.1 1.3 114 1.6 1.3 23 2.4 1.3 f»'> 2.6 1.3 44 1.7 1.5 74 1.7 1.4 14 1.5 1.1 335 13.9 10.7 lar district of Crefeld ntries. oem- I eut snt. Number who em- ij^rated without consent of the Goverument. nales. Males. Females. 43 6 16 80 7 28 5 65 3 8 6 1 2 g 5 74 211 1 Xumber of inhabitants in the consular district of Crefeld in 1880, and the total number of births during the gear 18f*4. Lepitl- lUeKiti- llleRitf- Population, December ; 1, 1880. 1 Total births. LeRitimiite live-born. mate still- mate live- mate stUl- born. bora. born. Local districts. i s t i JJ 25,208 33,238 i H » A £ 1 1 Ijl 1 1 i £ CleTO.- 25,824 30,634 50,532 63,772 041 1,144 864 1,136 870 1, 060 808 1, 0.55 1 33 34 J» 40 \ 29 1 19 1 31 39 3 5 R Recs 3 Crefeld* 50,040 84, 672 1105,621 2,812 2,3.'>8 2, 420 2, 1.57 86 ! 73 1 91 122 6 Uuisburg 20, OOe 20, 244 41, 244 1, 127 1,078 1,038 1, 025 51 1 27 38 1 25 Mocrs 32,104 31,402 63,596 1,275 1, 124 1,141 1,030 84,40 47 23 3 Eempen Gladbach 45, 305 45, 159 90, ^M 1, 8U9 1,735 1,670 1,603 78 72 .50 56 5 61, 065 62, 420 123, 485 2,784 2, 702 2,577 2,522 100 01 i 77 1 66 3 .... Geldem 26, 621 26, 253 62. 774 007 903 937 8.52 40 1 29 1 lo ' 21 2 Total 295, 568 J2e6, 008 591, 576 12,689 11,900 11, 737 11,072 520 415 385 371 1 29 1» * Bom in public institutions, 3. t Present population about 120,000. DRESDEN. EEPOET OF CONSVL ilASON. The Saxons are not an emifrrating people, less so than any other Gennans. The country is fertile, the climate salubrious, the Govern- ment liberal and just, and all industries are represented, and moderately profitable. They are a happy, contented people, satisfied with little, which their own country affords ; their local attachments are as strong as of any people on earth. The causes of emigration aie as various as emigrants are numerous. I should say they are mostly due to the success of friends who have preceded them and write for them ; a dis- posi l'"Q for change, and a desire to see something of the outside world. The Government does not interpose or prevent emigration ; after one has performed his military service there is no hindniiice. I have never heard of any deportation of paupers or insane persons by the Government, as the most humane and liberal provision exists for such unfortunates, nor do I believe the Government assists any class of its population in emigration. Number of emigrants to the United States from Saxony. Tears. Male. Female. Total, i Years. Male. Female. Total 1871 1,114 1,534 1,468 628 474 469 447 770 W 957 439 271 216 230 1,884 1 2,441 i 2,425 1,067 745 686 677 1878 529 891 2,474 5,701 4,204 3,664 2,685 870 420 1,418 3,240 3,046 2,462 1,793 799 1872 1879 1,314 1873 1880 3,892 1874 1881 8,941 1875 1882 7,240 1876 1883 6,026 1877 1884 4,478 'MiiSS&. 172 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGHATION. I CLASSES WHICH SUPPLY THE GREATEST NUMBER OF EMIGRANTS. The classes to which the eiuiijfraiits belong, to be obtained only so far as they were inilependcut, or head of a family, and mnst be calcu- lated per 1,000 heads. Years. es"" X3 •9 a e Si a 1 <2a 1876 161 1877 1 142 1878 i i:i2 1879 78 1880 75 1881 74 1882 81 8A 10 •in •a 10 23 2a 85 11 65 18 48 204 217 225 140 246 11)2 IBO 43 10 8 23 17 32 22 S4 2H 31 23 2U 35 48 w i e a ■3 t o ! 204 271 320 314 317 208 n 32 11 11 28 q 10 1 8 ... 8 ' 31 30 81 23 20 11 23 ! 40 22 21 38 21 11 2 ' ri — e s B 32 04 54 23 18 37 87 123 1G2 217 08 175 70 Tmm. Indcpondents. "^1 •« a « . •r . a 1883. 1884. 58 54 §1. 23 27 :^4 I 563 568 S5 S2 •Q a o'B 5 s P.W 3 81 27 I 207 135 P. B O B .a 34 189 To ascertain the causes of the emigration is impossible ; principally, they are desirous of finding a better and easier life. SOCIAL CONDITION. Occupaiion in Saxony, as per census 1882. Professions. Male. Oardenera.. Breeders and fishermen Miners Smelters Workers in metals Manufacturers of machinery and implements . Chemical iudnstry Oils Textile indnstry , Paper and leather Woodenware Millers and bakers Tailors and shoemakers Architects Varions arts of printing Artists Tradesmen Inanrance companies Agents for importation of goods . Hotels and restaurants 3,603 214 31,012 20, 655 32, 110 41, 037 3,551 2,611 140, 504 21,600 37, 052 43,650 I 58, 103 I 63,181 I 9,564 ' 1,965 52, 056 , 1,047 11,160 I 14, 218 Proprietors . Female. Sinjile Societies. Govern- persons. ments. 823 026 8 8 fi 45 2 724 175 87 15 2,499 2,662 45 41 1,618 6, 721) 26 5 1,195 3,833 42 23 842 467 15 5 213 414 84 28 102, 166 22, 330 45 5 6,822 3,178 31 4 4,353 7.872 15 12 9,358 13,024 92 13 &8, 305 15,044 7 16 440 4,590 4 24 2,860 171 763 1 311 16,818 12,385 215 16 06 1,824 19 19 1.145 3 1 12,126 6,637 17 1 DF EMIGKAXTS. obtained only so d must be calcu- i 1 9 1 3 . 1 a E 1 5 a ! H a ' I i ^ — 1 11 32 32 9 10 tu ... 1)4 8 02 54 I 23 23 1 23 11 18 37 ... 37 18 OJ 53 87 2 : . a . B 3 % a 128 123 102 217 98 175 70 ible ; principally, Proprietors. (Tie )US. Societies. Govern- ments. 026 8 8 45 2 175 87 15 6B2 45 41 729 26 5 833 42 23 467 IS 5 414 84 28 830 45 5 178 31 4 872 15 12 (124 92 13 044 7 16 690 4 24 703 1 311 385 215 16 no 10 824 19 3 637 17 1 GERMANY. 173 Ahsiractof depeuilent people and persons with familiet in the Kingdom of Saxony in IdriO. Number of inhabit- ants. Dependent people. SnpportPil persons with fiiniUlrs. Districts. 1^ O u ■Bl It it Continually supported. >f, "Si a* H Bantzi'n Dresden Leipzig Zuricltau 351,, 320 WI8, 512 707, K20 1,105,141 3,8M 10, 4(10 0, 051 12, IK)3 1,207 5,901 5,977 4, 220 .'), 148 16,307 l!i, 028 17, 120 6,143 18,241 16,815 21, 070 1,908 11,155 10, 102 8,207 8,109 2U, 396 2(1, 917 29, 277 2, 972, 805 36,301 ! 17.371 i 53,072 02,200 1 31,430 93,090 Judicial divorces in the Kimjdom of Saxony, Number. Tears. Number. 472 482 1870 604 602 1874 628 1875 S09 1870 748 1877 1878 672 79» There are in the Kingdom of Saxony, per 1,000 inhabitants, the fol- lowing : Social condition. Single: Male Female In fnmllieB : Male Female In public institations Male Female In coon- try. 9 15 977 976 14 9 MABBIAGES, BIRTHS, AND DEATHS. Of 10,000 of the population of Saxony there were in the years 1865 to 1883 : Marriages.... - --• *" '' Births : .„ . Livins ~* Dead .^ Deaths ^^ LEGITIMATE AND NATUEAL BIETHS IN THE KINGDOM OF SAXONY. Of 10,000 married women between the ages of fifteen and forty-five, average yearly, legitimate born in the years 1877 to 1884, 3,170. Of 174 EMrORATION AND IMMIGRATION. 10,000 unmarried women between the ages of fifteen and forty-flve years average yearly, natnral born in the years 1877 to 1884, 314. Of 10,0()d births, average in the years 1877 to 1884, 872 legitimate and 128 natural JOS. T. MASON, Consul. United States Consulate, Dresden, July 27, 1886. DUSSELDORF. REPORT OF CONSUL PARTELLO, In forwarding to the Department my report upon the extent and character of the emigration from this consular district, I beg to state that I found it a difficult matter to obtain exact statistics from an inland pLxe. Very little is published by the local authorities reliable on the subject, the only means of information as to numbers being the i)olice departments of the diil'erent cities, which with the greatest reluctance, furnish data. Many whoso intention it is to emigrate leave the place without any record as to their movements, few taking pussporia to a foreign country, and often those asking passports for a limited time not returning, rendering it impossible for even the authorities to give actual figures on the subject. About the only place, therefore, where actual figures can be obtained are the harbors of shipment. In regard to the other general heads of inquiry aside from the figures given, I have visited the manufacturing towns 'and cities adjacent to this place, such as Kettwig, Werdeu, Kuhrort, Essen, Hamm, Dortmund, and others, and from personal inspection and inquiry within the district have been enabled to give the information embraced under the other heads following : &ENEBAL STATISTICS. According to information obtained here, the following tables are sub- mitted, showing, first, the total emigration from Germany during the years named : Total emigration. Tears. Komber. Tears. Number. 1871 76, 199 1 )'.'8,243 110,414 47,623 i 32,262 29, 628 < 22,903 , 25,823 1879 35,812 1873 1880 ](J81.. 110, 947 222, 598 203, 459 173, 574 148, 979 106, 432 1874 1((82... 1875 Iftss ■ 1876 1884 '.'..'. 1877 1885 1878 Of the above number it is safely estimated that 95 per cent, of the entire emigration from (Jermany is to the United States. GERMANY. 175 forty-flve years, 314. OtlO,0()0 and 128 natural. MASON, Consul. SPECIAL STATISTICS. Emigration from Duueliorf and the immediate neighborhood. the extent and I beg to state i from an inland rt'liable on tbe mug tbe jmlice test reluctance, leave tbe place pussporla to a limited time not '8 to give actual B, wliere actual From tbe figures ies adjacent to mm, Dortmund, :bin tbe district nder tbe otber ; tables are sub- any during tbe Number. 85,812 110,947 222 508 203 459 173, 574 148, 979 106,432 >er cent, of the Tmn. Xuinber. Year*. Nniuber. 1,530 18T9 701 'J, .ViO 1880 2,338 a/joH I8HI 4,450 0J2 1882 4,068 etu , 1883 2,470 600 i 1884 2, 930 460 , 1888 2,100 .'..'..'.'. '. 610 1 1871. 1872. 1873 1874. 1875. 1878 1877 1878. CLASSES WHICH SUPPLY THE GREATEST NUMBER. Fifty per cent, of all emigrants l>elong to tbe agricultural class ; 30 jier ceiit. to tbe industrial classes ; 10 per cent, from tbe loose straggling jiopulation of the cities, and 10 per cent, of persons 'ielonging to tbe better classes, such as inei'cbants, manufacturers, &c. Notwithstanding tbe above figures, some of tbe manufacturing com- panies that I visited, and employing, respectively, from five hundred to five thousand men, informed me that emigration was unknown among their people, work being steady the entire year, wages reasonable con- sidering the prices of living, and their employes seeming satisfied with their condition. CAUSES OF EMIGRATION. The principal causes of emigration may be classed in their importance as follows: (1) Tbe increase in the German population. (2) Fifty per cent, of those who emigrate have friends or relatives in the United States, who induce them to come, often advancing means sufficient to meet tbe necessary expenses. This, however, is regulated principally by the condition of afifairs in tbe States, causing correspond- ing changes with the financial condition of the country. (3) The inability, on account of general and local laws and agrarian circumstances, on tbe part of the poorer classes to acquire landed prop- erty, and their desire to have an inheritance of their own. (4) Military service has its influence in a degree, though it is not so important a reason as others given. Among the larger number of the Germans it is claimed and believed that compulsory military service is one of the best regulations of the Empire, on tbe ground of its being a sanitarj'' measure, besides teaching obedience and other good habits, to the under-classee that are subject to this duty and cannot escape it. (5) Female domestics, seeking homes in tbe United States, tempted by the great demand for services of that character, and tbe better com- pensation paid, which is 100 per cent, or more than prices here. (G) Some go with a moderate capital to better their condition and to enter into enterprises that offer better prospect of profit than in this country. DEPORTATION OF PAUPERS AND CRIMINALS. The German Government is bound by international treaties not to transport criminals or paupers to tbe United States, but it sometimes occurs that communities, private societies, or individuals have sent criminals and paupers to tbe United States to get rid of them ; but since it is now generally known that the authorities of the States send such niii D Wifrifriiqii %., 176 EMIGRATION' AXD IMMIORATIOV. persons hack, it liiis ti'ixlt'd in a incas-ut' t > pivvciit it. WIn'ii it is »Ii- wrtMl to yt't rid ofsncii pfrsoiis, tlii' town autlioiitios havi* in Mi.inycasi-M givon 11 sum of money witli Dnlcis to Iravf. not siicrifyinji «U'stiiiatiui; — the natural channel lias Iteen the Tniteil States. Tlie social contliliiui of such are naturally excec(|in;;ly below the avera.m'. ATTlTfDi; OF liOVKRXMKNT TOWARDS KMUaiATION. The (rovernment I>ehaves passively, except wlu're jiersons who are sub.jei't to military ilnty attenii)t to leave, when, if known, tiiey are peal. A single case came under my observa tion where two or three American and English students disturbed the peace by being noisy at night, ant y, liavi' liccn pni- liust tliis proiiilti. inlorniation run 111 tiiis coniji'c (I, yet it is kiinwn nt'Ut tliat its 1)111 )pp(>8ition ajraiiist y I'xists. A more anufactunTs, who c tlieCiovcrnriient oin its honU'is a irsidt'nt Con'igu- •f l)u»iiu'8.s arc ex enirucut, or its of- ble with lines and mder my obscrva- uts (listuibtMl the riuigc, which they iu America woiilll iprisoiicd for Iroia if not altogether, me, and the travel is could be offered the rates of fare, taucesto the sea- iglit. At the sea- id Rotterdam, the iits to emigrants. ) to $15, but the to $25, often with in the shipping 1 in a great nieas- ach of many who at classes, as fol- ed the officers of the army tmtl nnvy ; (1!) merclnintti, nianufacturers, nnd busiuesM men ; (,'t) the mechunicul and laboring 4;las8es. The liabits, niaiincrH, and customs of the lirst are as rutlned as those of equal degree in any part of the world. The social condition of the Hceond is good, with reasonably fair concr cent, coming from the lower class. Most all of tlie emigrants to Amerifii are eairied as steerage ))assengers, in the great ships that cross the ocean, and an examination of the steerage department of these vessels on tlio eve of sailing, with from 500 to 1,500 souls huddled togethe I will verity in a measure the statement made above. There is no doaibt in my mind that the best luioplu of this country remain, with few exceptions, at home, finding protitablo enterprises to employ their time and capital. Aniusetnents of various kinds are iu uhundanco in most of tbo cities, and considerable wealth and refiuo- uicut may bo found among the upper classes. JUit by reason of the overcrowded cities aud villages yearly increase in population, greater in proportion in the lower classes, America receives, in a measure, its annual increase in numbers. The standard of morality among the upper classes is excellent, but the contrary is the case among the lower. Females are not allowed to marry under existing laws without consent of parents until twenty-four years of age. Young men subject to military duty of three years are not allowed to marry while in service, and seldom do until after that period has passed. A custom of the country prevails in which it is ox- l>ectcd that th^ parties of one or both i>arts shall have, before marriage, a certain sum saved up, a regulation that may bo wise and founded uu good reasoning, but tending to keep the sexes legally apart, and, in my judgment^ not beneficial to morality. • ■ No doubt tuat illegitimate intercourse exists to a considerable degree among the lower classes, and particularly on the jtart of the soldier clo- tucnt and servant womcu of the large cities, in most of which military barracks are maintained, and consequently many illegitimate children are the result. These are cared for in the asylums when the parents are not able to provide. The clothing of tbo poorer classes is coarse, children and half-grown, under my observation, in many cases wearing wooden shoes, but they Mceni to be comfortable, and suffer no more from cold than others. The housing is comfortable. In cities they mostly dwell in largo houses, divided up to suit many families, on the apartment plan ; in vil- lages in small houses, one, one' and one-half, aud two stories high, but without what is known in America as modern conveniences, the mod- ern-bailt houses of the better classes mostly now having these comforts aud conveniences. The eating of the lower classes is what I consider coarse, the footl consisting mainly of beer, bread, and vegetables, meat only occasionally. Prices of meat, groceries, and other necessaries of life regularly used, in a majority of cases, especially meat, are higher than in the United States, in comparison for the same quality. The cities abound in beer houses and gardens and there is scarcely an hour when they are not filled, always crowded Sundays and holi- days. The beer is pure, good, and choap, as also tbo bread, and scarcely H. Ex. 137 13 178 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. a man or woman, and most of the children, but what indulge freely ami regularly iu its use, or the cheap wines that the country affords; still, it is not usual to see cases of intoxication on the public streets. Laziness is a characteristic, mechanics and laborers generally per- forming less in a day's work than the average American engaged in the same occupation. Schooling is compulsory to a certain degree, but still the general in- formation of this class is very limited. A good feature is their love for parents and children, such crimes as infanticide not frequent, and the general health good ; in appearance, strong and hardy looking. Large families are raised, and it is common to see numbers of children on the streets of all the cities and towns. To reach a conclusion as to the character of the emigration to the United States from Germany, with the exception of the small iiercent- age noted, it is plainly drawn from the lower classes of society. Thej are inclined to be orderly and obedient, brought up as they are under the strictest laws in their own country, and have habits of economy forced upon them by the circumstances of their situation. Among so vast a number finding homes in America are many skilled workmen and useful servants, with demand for their labor and a chance to put to better use what they have learned here. Their ideas are sharpened by intercourse and contact with our people, and after long residence among us many who come to our shores as emigrants with little or no start in life become useful citizens, and not unfrequently acquire large estates in both real and personal property. D. J. PARTELLO, Consul. United States Consulate, DusseMorf, June 25, 1886. EliBERFEIiD REPOrtT OF CONSUL fOestjuh. ELBERFELD DISTRICT. The consular district of Elberfeld, as well as that of Barmen, with its dependencies, embraces the principal manufacturing district of all Germany, as far as wool, silk, cotton, and the steel and |ron industries are concerned. The Elberfeld district comprises the city of Elberfeld, with a population of 100,346, according to tlic census of December 1, 1885 : the city of Solingen, with a population of 20,000, and in close proximity to Solingen the thriving towns of Vohwinkel, Ohligs-Wald, Graifrath, Merscheid, and Weyer, with a total population of at least 250,000 for the whole consular district. As I will show further on in th ?se remarks, which are based upon my own i)erBonal observation, guided of course by the official figures cf the last census, taken on December 1, 1885, the great bulk of the whole number is composed of weavers in silk, wool, and cotton (dress and piece goods as well as ribbons, hat-bands), and of steel and iron workers, while less than one-fourth consists of mechiinics and artisans of all other classes, supplying the home market with the productions of the several trades. GERMANY. 179 indulge freely und untry aifords; still, blic streets. )rers generally per- ican engaged in the still the general in- ure is their love for t frequent, and the dy looking. Large of children on the emigration to the the small percent- 3 of society. Thej ) as they are under habits of economy lation. ca are many skilled labor and a chance i. Their ideas are pie, and after long as emigrants with I not unfrequently erty. 'ARTELLO, Consul. it of Barmen, with ring district of all and iron industries 3 city of Elberfeld, !U8 of December!, 0,000, and in close nkel, Ohligs-Wald, Illation of at least are based upon my 3 official figures of great bulk of the , and cotton (dress i of steel and iron lanics and artisans the productions of The nature and character (topography) of the whole district being mountainous or hilly (a high plateau, with hilly ranges, valleys, and ravines, interspoised here and there with small parcels of arable land), there i.s no farming on any large scale, such as is witnessed in the east- ern parts of Germany or in the United States. The people's industries, then, were from the start turned to manu- facturing and to exporting their various articles of manufactures to other countries, but principally to the United States. The manufact- ures of the " WvpperthaV^ (valley of the river Wnpper) as this city and Barmen with her dependencies and adjacent country are called, oc- cupy a high rank in the commercial world in all Europe, and its articles nro distinguished by solidity, perfection, and cheapness. The character, then, of the whole population of this consular district is decidedly that of a manufacturing people, who for centuries have Ibllowed the various occupations or trades of their ancestors, thereby attaining a high degree of perfection in the various trades, especially weaving in silk, wool, and cotton, or mixed, of dress and piece goods, and ribbons and hat-bauds, and cutlery, knives, scissors, and blades of ail descriptions. The highly developed steel industry at Solingen enjoys the highest reputation in all Europe, so much so that even '* Old Eng- land" can scarcely check her .jealousy of the German steel blades when the English Government during this summer gave to the firm of Weyersberg, Kirschbaum & Co., of Solingen, an order of twenty-thou- sand cavalry sabers to be used in the English army. ■ No less a paper than the w^ell-known Iron-Monger, of London, in acknowledging the superiority of the Solingen blades as to tenacity and durability, or inflexibility, over the celebrated English blades, was loud in its praise of the workmanship, &c., of the German blades. STATISTICS. Judging from the fac<: that most of the working people at Elberfehl, Solingen, &c., engaged either in weaving, or as steel and iron workers, are employed nearly the whole year, which fact may be explained by the constantly increasing demand, at very low prices, for their article's of manufactures, there has been from this district a comparatively small number of emigrants for several years past. Although the wages of the working people are small, .:.nd although most of that class have to support large families, generally half a dozen children and more to one family, yet these people by strict economy in everything manage to get along tolerably well, nay, visit even, at least on Sunday, the public places of amusement such as beer gardens, concert halls, picnics, &c. ; wear better clothing, eat and drink (beer being cheaper than in America) and enjoy life better than their brethren in many of the larger cities in the eastern parts of Germany. The average wages per week for all classes of mechanics and skilled labor in factories, at Elberfeld, varies from 10 to 15 marks, being equal to $3 to $5 and $G American coin, from which the laborer has to sup- I)ort a family consisting of himself and wife and generally five to six children, one or two of whom are assisting the father in the support of the younger members of the family. Although the figures here given in reference to wages are not taken from official records, yet they are very near correct, and taken from actual life. The further fact that thesd people, as a class, are tolerably well in- formed about the higher wages paid in the United States, and also of the higher prices of articles of food, clothing, and luxuries, may explain I 180 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. ill 8omo degree tbeir hesitancy to emigrate to America, but rather pre- fer to stay where they are and content themselves with what they have for certain instead of getting something better, but which is uncertain and doubtful. Yet it would bo a grave error to follow from the above undeniable facts that they have not a longing for » better and happier future for themselves and their children if they had only the means to pay the expenses of emigration. And here 1 may be allowed to put in a paren- thesis, viz, " that the Government by no means wishes to favor emigra- tion of this class of people, but, on the contrary, is trying to impede the exit of these industrious and laborious classes, in warning them against ' the dangers of emigration and an uncertain iiituro ' which will over- take them if they should cut loose and leave their old homes," while, on the other hand, the authorities in common with some communities want to get rid of all bad characters, for whose emigration they even con- tribute, in some way or other, money and aiford them every facility to emigrate. The following table was, upon my personal request, given me by one shipping agent of this city, and although not by any means complete, may serve to enable the Department to test the veracity of my state ments concerning the small number of emigrants : Xumber of emigrants furntBhed pataage tiokeU by the general agent at Elbcrfeld, and their iwrta of departure. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1883. Porta of departure. 1 1 5 1-1 t S 5 1 H 5 s u H -** "3 ■a 2 1 o si 1 '3 o H o u 1 1 f5 1G4 84 U I 6 33 2 7 R 1 2 205 37 ]H 1 154 81 8 193 130 24 12 175 83 8 13 6 103 AmBtenlam Bromen 12 4 IS 8 3 23 4 21 15 12 15 IH 8 5 » ... .... Uottorditm 5 1 01 IE 5 Total 213 42 11 260 185 44 12 241 1C6 29 18 S08 111 In conclusion I ask to be permitted to correct an erroneous impres siou concerning the reasons which generally lead to emigration from Germany, and which is very common hero its well as in the United States. The most thorough-going investigation by the Reichstag (German Parliament) and a lively discussion by the press of Germany for the last three or four years, have Anally settled the question that emigra- tion from Germany to the United States is not regulated, strictly speaking, by the economical condition of the people in Germany, but is almost entirely depending upon the changes in the economical and social condition, the increase or decrease of business, in short, upon the rise or fall in the prosperity of the American people. The debates in the Reichstag, as well as the discussion in the press of Germany, have cl«arly and unmistakably demonstrated the fact that in years of great and lively business transactions in the commercial and industrial life ''wiiw' i ii ' .'i 'y ui' GEBMANY. 181 a, but rather pro- b what they have t^bicb is unccrtaiu ibovo uudeoiablc laiipier future for means to pay the to put in a paren- I to favor emigra- ing to impede the ling them against ' which will over- homes," while, on communities want in they even con- II every facility to given mo by one means coniplcto, acity of my state at Elbcrfeld, and their 175 1883. ao8 13 01 15 S 111 erroneous impres- > emigration from as in the United iichstag (German Germany for tho tion that emigra- egalated, strictly in Germany, but e economical and in short, upon tbe Tho debates in )f Germany, have in years of great lid industrial life of our nation, when the most lively activity prevailed in our worksbops, ship-yards, and factories, when good crops and remunerative prices en- iibled the American farmer to enjoy the luxuries of life, the emigration from Germany was highest ; while, on the other band, years of stagna- tion or depression of business in America invariably show a considera- ble falling oft' in the numl>er of those who were seeking new homes in the United States. On the whole, tlicre are numerous classes among the German people that aro always ready to emigrate, especially among the farming popu- lation in tho northwestern provinces of Germany. Bnt these classes are ill the habit of leaving their old homes only when, by the aid of their friends or relatives already in America, they receive the means to make tho change, and when they aro sure of easily finding employment, or a good chance to own land for themselves. In years, then, when busi- ness is flourishing, when railroad-building is alive, where new factories and sliops aro springing up, and general prosperity prevails, many thousands of the farming and industrial classes of Germany aro encour- aged by their friends and relatives to " come over," and very frequently those friends and relatives send the money to defray tho expenses. And these numerous classes have more faith in what their relatives write than in all the discussions in tho press and the debates in tho Keichstag for or against emigration. The correctness of the above assertion is fully sustained by the fof- lowing figures, obtained from official sources, viz: Emigrants from German sea-porti and Antwer2> (Belgium). Tear. Nnmber. 75,1112 1-.>5,0S0 10:i,U38 45, 112. 30,773 Yeni 1 i Number. Year. Kumlrar. ]871 1870. : ; 28,308 1881 1882 210, 547 IBS 800 1H72 18<7 1>I,704 1873 1878 Han 1883 100, iin 143,580 103,042 1874 1879 1880 .33,827 : 10C,100 ! 1884 1870 1885 By a comparison of these figures it will be seen thatemigration reached its climax first in 1872; it was a little less in 1873, for tho reason that many families who bad already made preparations for going over could not go back on them. But right on tho heels of tho great financial crash of 1873, commencing on the so-called " Black Friday," emigration began to sink lower and lower, until in 1877 it reached its minimum. After this great financial crisis, times becamo gradually somewhat better, at first, of course, hardly perceptible, but slowly business recovered from this blow, and the general x)rosperity of our jieople reached its climax in 1881, and in this ver.y same year German emigration reached tho enor- mous figure of 210,547. From this time on, as long as tho new crisis lasted, the figures of emigration ran down and reached in 1885 the com- paratively low figure of 103,G42. It will bo observed, however, that this last time the iigure did not sink so low as in tho years from 1870 to 1879, which may be taken as proof that tho last crisis, by far, did not last as long, and was not so general and pernicious as that of 1873, &c. From the moment, then, when better times in earnest will set in within tho United States, emigration will be on the increase again, and no power will be strong enough to keep the high tide back. 0HAKLE8 FORSTBR, Oanaul. United States Consulate, EOerfeUf September 6, 1886. ! ! 182 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION IIAMBUKG. REPOtlTOP CGKSUL LINO. Precise stntistical account of tlie number of emigrants tiepartiniv from Hamburg to foreign ports baa been kept since the year 1820, \m no emigration oflice or bureau, \vboi»e duty it was to take in band and control all matters and subjects relating to emigration, was established until tbe year 1874. Notwithstanding every effort is matle to have all statements relating to emigration as accnrato as possible, yet errors and inaccuracies frequently occur, principally traceable to erroneous state- ments made by the emigrants themselves. The time between their ar rival and departure is too short to admit of extended inquiry. The subjoined tables contain the official reports compiled at the emi gnttion office in Hamburg. From these reports it will bo seen that a large number of those who have emigrated by the way of Hamburg have refused to make declaration of their profession or avocation. From 1879 to 1883 the number reached .33,143 persons, or 23.1 per cent, of the total emigration. It will therefore bfe impossible to give a correct statement of the emigration as to their callings and professions Among those refusing to give full and correct information to Govern- ment officials arc embraced the worst elements, the criminals and refu gees from justice. The better and more substantial jiersoiis who emi- grate make no hesitancy in furnishing full and satisfactory information. During the year 1884 (to tliis date Government statistics have been )>ublislM}d) there have been conveyed from Hamburg to different foreign ports 91,003 emigrants. Comparing this number with the number con- veyed in 1883, there is an increase of 2.39 per cent. Kniigranta conToyed— 1884. 1883. IncroaHo-f ; decroaee-. Direct 70,264 10,330 70, 200 13,263 I'er cent. 1 ''I Indirect -.- -t -23. 19 .. . Total .... 01,003 80 403 ' 1- o qn ' The greatest number of emigrants went to > lie United States. CAUSES OF X^MIGBATION. . The inclosed statistical tables show that the emigration by way of Hamburg for the year 1884 numbered 49,985 souls of German birth. This is a large number of people, and it is not unnatural to inquire why so many choose to leave their native land. The causes are to be found ia tiie social conditions of the German population. The chief reason which influences so many, and especially those elements which are not impoverished bat may be considered the most energetic, to seek their fortunes in new lands, is overpppulation. Another cause con be traced to that old roving spirit of the Germans, which has carried thousands across the seas to improve their fortunes, and has established German habits and customs upon so many distant soils. This class, too, are by no menus needy. While we speak of overpopulation as a cause and principal factor in producing emigration, it must be observed that tbe most densely popu- OERMANY. 183 igrants dc/;arfinn, was establislied 8 inatlo to liavo all ible, yet errors and to crroneons statc- e between tlieir ar d inquiry, tmpiled at tlie emi nil bo seen that a way of Hamburg or avocation. ?r8on8, or 23.1 ])(.r impossible to give gs and profession.^ rination to Govern- 3riminal8 and refii persons who emi- ictory information, atistics have been to different foreign h the number con- 1. 1883. Incroa«o+; ileoroaae-. >64 130 70, 200 13,265 Per eenl. - 1.23 +53. 19 103 80,405 1 -1- 2.39 ted States. gration by way of of German birth, iral to inquire why les are to be found The chief reason uts which are not etic, to seek their ause can bo traced carried thousands tablished German 1 class, too, are by [xinclpal factor in 08t densely popu> 1 !i tod d list ricta do not furnish (he largest number of emigriints. Two tilings iuo to be eonsidoied, {jopulation and the natural resources of the coiintiy. The centers of the densest poi)ulation are also the centers of tlio most active comnieice and industry, where the resources afford a greater multiplicity of employment. Even in purely agricultural districts, thinly populated, there appears an overpopulation, for the lands are held by comparatively few, and with the exception of the denizens of the cities and towns, the popu- lation is employed as day-laborers, small tenants, and help upon lands that do not belong to them and which they never can hope to acquire. The largest contingent of emigration is drawn from the agricultural class. This is demonstrated in the case of Pomerania, the thinnest populated province of Prussia, yet it furnishes the largest number of emigrants, as is exhibited by inclosed table. In Pomerania the lands are in the hands of large land-owners. The condition of the tenants and day-laborers are not unlike those of Ire- land, where the popuUtion diminished during the period of 1845 to 1880 from 8,295,000 to 5,100,000, mainly through emigration. The decrease by emigration from Pomerania is not so large as that from Ireland, bnt approaches nearer these figures than any other Ger- man province. Before the year 1885 the two western provinces of Prussia furnished a larger quota of emigrants than the six eastern, but since that period the contingent of emigration from the eastern provinces has been greater than from the western. The movement of the tides of emigration has been from the west to the east. This no doubt is due to the development of Bhenish and Westphalian industries, which have furnished new employments to thou- sands of persons who would have emigrated, but have found in their homes the means of earning a livelihood. The new Prussian territories, Schleswig-Holstein, Hanover, and Hesse- Nassau, put forth a very largo emigration for a few years after 1860, and thongh it has diminished to some extent, it is still large, embracing a greater average than the other provinces. Political conditions have exerted some influence in promoting emi- gration. Doubtless many persons decided to leave their native homes through fear of the social consequences wrought by apprehended politi- cal disturbances and threatening wars, but the main and principal cause is to be found in the condition of the agricultural classes. OHABACTEB OF THE EMIGRATION. Bavaria, an almost entirely agricultural state, shows less emigration than any other state, which is quite certainly duo to the fact that the condition of the small farmers is more favorable and their prosperity more pleasing in Bavaria than elsewhere in Germany. The lands in Bavaria are parceled out in small properties to Xree- holders ; large entails do not exist, and the consequence is that the farm- ers are content, and unfavorable to leaving their native land with all its endearments. Of the whole emigration, 21,9 per cent, are from the rural districts. The i)ercentage, though large, can be easily accounted for. Not only the small farmers bnt also the agricultural day-laborers and servants, as well as agricultural artisans and mechanics, are included in these computations. Those constituting this class are the best fitted and , adapted to colonize new countries, but they, more than all others, are Wi 'wiSct>-.-j ' , r 184 EMIGRATION AKD IMMIGtlATlON. nrged by a direct wish and an implacable dv jire to become land- owners. Tliey compare their i>08ition in the old country to that of tlieir own masters, and go willingly to a country that offers them a hope, through diligence, perseverance, and patient labor, to acquire » honie with like comforts of those of their masters. If this be not their Bolt^ aim, the higher wages paid ^icultnral laborers in the United States tempts thousands to try their fortunes in America. This class of emigrants is the most beneficial to the now countries awaiting development, and it is therefore favorable to the United States that it constitutes such a largo proportion of German emigration. Persoqs belonging to the scientific professions and to commercial pursuits have not the same inducements to seek homes and employ- ment in new countries as those engaged in agricultural pursuits ; the prospects for ready engagement are not so favorable to them. If in their country trade and commerce are depressed, to them there is a hope left that a change may take place and trade and prosperity may be re- vived. To the tillers of the soil no anticipations of a brighter future can be entertained ; the lands are fully developed and occupied, and overburdened with teeming, patient laborers. The only bow of promise to them is in emigrating to more inviting fields. Here is a reason for so large annnal outpouring of the German agricultural population. EMIGRATION IS VOLUNTARY. The emigration from Germany is voluntary. By a law passed Juno 1, 1870, all persons who choose to do so can emigrate in times of peace except those who have not yet fulfilled their duty as citizens in respect to military service. Under the compulsory system of military service every able-bodied male Inhabitant of the Empire must serve three years, but under some circumstances this period may be reduced to one year. All those act- ively engaged in the army and navy and those belonging to the reserve (Landtcehr), and all parsons between the ages of seventeen and twenty- five years who have not produced le to them. If in ;hem tbere is a hope osperity may Ite re- a brigbter fnturo and occupied, and >nly bow of promise ere is a reason for ral population. a law passed June » in times of peace citizens in respect I every able-bodied rs, but under some ar. All those act- iging to the reserve enteen and twenty- By are not oraigrat- ligrating by tbe flf- , when recaptured, ban 1,000 marks, or emitted to leave the d. Ten years' vol- ' citizenship. The vice, yet there are emigrating, er, as tbe statistics srters, which is not from military serv- were agricultural gration ; all its or- id kind treatment It was indeed a conclusion. Pro- alts. It would be ~l«Ml.w.lu. impossible to check tbe tide of emigration without presenting through tbo industrial pursuits a more favoring prospect of a coming prosperity. Another cause promotive of emigration is found in tbe 8oeiwer of the police. Under tbe provisions of this law a person who is suspected of Socialistic views may bo banished from tbo city where he lives. Also by this law certain cities are placed partially under martial law, viz, Berlin, Hamburg, Leipsic, Chemnitz, and more recently Spremberg. As other German states pursue a like course tbe Socialist finds him- self forced to seek shelter and home in some other country. The greater number of Socialists who have emigrated have gone directly to the United States. This may be stated as tbo only way in which the Oer- m-ctn Government exerts an influence which would encourage emigration, and if it does this, it is indirectly. Criminals are never banished ; on the contrary, they are forbidden to leave tbo country until they have suffered tbe penalty which the law inflicts. If they escape, every eft'ort is made to recapture them. Ban- ishment has never been adopted by the German Government as a method of riddance of tbe mischievous and turbulent elements of society ; even penal settlements have ever been repulsive to the ideas of the Imperial Parliament. As tbe bulk of German emigration goes to the United States, so also tlie majoricy of tbe criminals and refuse of society that leave tbo country find tbeir way there. The freedom of our republican form of Government, the liberty of the press, and tbo right to bold ])ublic assemblies have proved to be a congenial encouragement to Socialistic agitators. An opinion prevails that leni^ling members of the German Socialistic party are going to the United States for the purpose of consolidating and molding into one solid, compact party the German Socialists who have heretofore emigrated there, and who are now acting in a separat4) and unorganized way. A natural sequence of the unmolested condition of tbe Socialists in America as compared with tbeir condition in Europe, and detailed in tbeir letters from banished co-laborers in the cause in America, is thought to be ibo leading reason for the large exodus of Socialists from tbe states of Europe to tbe United States. Anarchists are merely the radical elements of the Socialistic party. Every true Social-Democrat will become an Anarchist if he follows the rules, precepts, ideas, and teachings of bis party Socialism is the blossom and anarchy is the fruit from seed sown by Barleau, Lasalle, Marx, and other eminent Social-Democrats. Tbe strict police regula- tions of tbe German Government suppress Anarchism by sheer force, but it may bo a question pregnant with alarm that two-thirds of tbo Social-Democrats who have and are emigrating to the United States may not grow Step by step under our free institutions more and more radi- cal in tbeir views and demands, thus becoming Anarchists and the dis- turbers of tbo peace and order of society. A deportation of paupers is never practiced by the Government. The cmigrr.ats are by no means wealthy, or in many instances not even well- :o do citizens, but are not paupers. They have money enough to pay 1 heir passage, and not infrequently a sum to aid them in making a coiuiiiencemeut in their new home. Largo numbers are 'uduced to go over by friends who have settled in America and have succeeded, and they often assist them by sending a prepaid passage ticket. 186 EMIGRATION AND IMMIQRATION. The emiKrants from tlio uortliorii tlistrictH of Gernianj*, SchU'Hwis- Holstein, Hanover, Meeklcnlxirf;, Liibcck, sind tlio Ilnniburf; territoiy are sober, steady, imtient, and industrions people. Tiiey live plainly, having no pretentions in regard to the style of their honsen or tlieir inodea of livin;; and dressing;. They expect to find a reniuiieratioii lor hard labor such as they are acnustonied to, better living, and inon' agreeable conditions of life than they leave. Snch persons are riirely disappointed; they are generally contented and become vnlnnble citi zens. Iteligions proscriptions cannot be stated as a canse of emigriition. Nearly all the states of Germany recognize a state chnrch, yet all (mociIs of religions faith enjoy equal rights and privileges in worshiping. It has ever been a prominent featnro in the Hamburg Government to tol erate the largest religious liberty. The recent anti-Bcmitic niovonient may have indnced a ihw Israelites to leave the country, but as the pros- ecntion has l>ecn confined to a few individuals, it has not and cannot bi' assigned as a (;ause producing emigration. Insane persons iire only allowed to emigrate in company witli tiieir relatives and guartlians. The strictest regulations are observed to pre- vent the escape of nnfortnnato lunatics, who under the authorities ninst bo taken care of either in private asylums or in the Government sani- tariums, which are model institutions of their kind. Neither in Hamburg nor in the German Empire is emigration consitl- eretl as a fit or lawful method of ridding the country of the obnoxious elements of the population. There is no such thing as assisted emigration by the German Govern- ment, but by some foreign Governments, especially some of the South American states, which fldly realize the value and importance of the in- troduction of a laboring population, which with favoring conditions would develop into the best and most useful citizens. The efforts of these states to turn the channels of emigration from the United States have proven of little or no consequence. The only in- stances of assisted emigration from Germany are those of some membei or members of a family whose course of life would reflect dishonor to the family's name and social standing; to avoid this the relatives or friends ship him or them to the United States. The matter-of-fuct modus of life in our country, the dire necessity of working for a livelihood, the non -consideration of their former social advantages and privileges by the people, olten put such persons uiK>n their mettle, and the best clinr- acteristics of good citizenship are not infrequently brought ont. When this is not the case these persons become chronic growlers, join the bands of disaffected, and become Anarchists and disturbers of order and social quietude. From my knowledge of the character of German emi- grants that have settled in the United States the good largely predon;i- nate. Of course where there is much light there must be some shadow. Among the German element of our population there are to be found many emiueutand praiseworthy features that would honor and embellish the citizenship of any country. It is true, there have been some im- ))ortatious whose conduct would naturally array in hostility the senti- ment of all gooil and just )>eople, but we have the consoling reflection that by the force of sound and just administration of public opinion all disturbanctis produced by such persons will be quickly stamped ont and the actors consigned to an ignominious oblivion. The only method which suggests itself to my mind for limiting and restricting emigration to the United States is to place it under con- rerniany, Schloswig. nanibiirj,' teniioi y TJjey live plainlv, lieir Ltuises or tlioir a rumunerutioii tor ir living, and moiv I ))ur80U8 arc riirdy ecoiiio valuable cili anao of oiiii{»ratioii. mrch, yet all ('lociis I in woroliipinjr. It Government to tol i-8cmitic niovcnieiir try, but as the pros 9 not and cannot be uompauy with tlioir are observed to pre- the antboritioa must Government sani- } emigration consiil- ry of the obnoxious he German Govern- some of the South nportance of the in favoring conditions i. ?mi;;ratiou from tlio ence. The only in- jse of some membei reflect dishonor to his the relatives or latter-of-fact modes for a livelihood, the 8 and privileges by ^ and the best chnr roaght oat. When growlers, join the :urber8 of order and iter of German emi- od largely prcdomi- St be some shadow, ere are to be found lonor and embellish avo been some im- bostility the senti- eonsoling reflection f public opinion all ly stamped out and id for limiting and place it under con- OERMANT. 187 sulnr inspection at the port of embarkation. Let the vessels under- stand that they will not be allowed to land emigrants who have not passed the inspection of the consular officer of the port from whence the ship sails and who do not bear his certificate of inspection. This in spection should embrace bealthfulness, physical condition to earn a living, ability to support themselves until employment could be ob- tained, character for honesty and industry and obediirnce to law, &c. ^ ' * WM. W. LANG, Consul. Unitkd States Consulate, Hamburg, June 16, 1886. 188 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. I 1 .9 b •8 ■s m I s « « ■ '■S I I •wiM qjoq i«»oi "a 'i!||tMianv ■oi»V •naiJjV ■«a|«|f mrs} jam^ illiins 4aqio •iniD •njo,i •iinu9]x aii!)nn9JY •nmua I. cjtfrfrt'^" V« KMnci «n« oDcioe^i-i oii)p4me4r«^«t*^ ■■aipni^M^ P<4 innninmomsr-^eoo • MOinionp^oo citoudiOflQ^aqiococit* ^ »c.g«*g5{;go«5 ■oapcsif; pan vopomy iu)aaf) ■«3{jeaiy 'soijaiay JO BOWS paiinn Pm "»s«ss»gr,- In 'SSSSSftS I«-m i ■A ■CIM • Mm • ft no ■^•Mooxpe [nn }ce •e>»^ sfiiSiSSsSSsssssu' OERMANY. 189 S5lS8=?SRSSR2fi- ■-• :"> • •«»! • • • i * * * * I * I j Jciei ! i ! I " i**^ ;»ii» • Im : ! : ; ; :« • •Mfi ^ j« ; J j » ip^ I • i ; 5gSSg5SR5as"2« 5SSS§SSSS88SU" I r I 1 ! ! ' • * • S ♦» • I*c ; • • • • • •'92 ■ ^ :— : : : !5 '.So ! .'"S :S • • • :- :?'g : :<^ :^ I : S ^S -SiS ^ cf W^ ■ S ' s 1 sf ' S I 3 : a •CM r4 "5«s|P||a •r>no«xtiF> •r •IN 1 g"" : i-s- h ni • J j j j J jei i : TiT'S ! : : 1 • ; JM ; " ; 1 1 ;'*'' i i i i i ;•' i ;m j ; s i : i 5 : : i^ S- i I I»4 1 « :•: ■♦"* : ; J • J J •© ; : : : • -"a : 8 i i" ;** ! i 1 • ■ • • * • ;** ! : I 1 '• i i^a- a-^-"-- ;«l ; ;p^« ; »•« : i I'M::''' •Is i i i i i"*! : B : i : i :•» i •n e : i i- • M 1 I •« I • ;|5 ; i : ;,«5 : mm JMntHini-i . 1 . • : ■ grs •!•» 2 : :■" !«•< i is ; i i ; i 1 o , i • . * 1 ,^1 , , • Mi ■ s • *^ i— a i 2 r4 CI • • • ^ • • i -"S : ll^r^n JMMCin i 8 • ; 1 * It* • 1- : : ! :" : : : : : i S : M : : ":*" : : : i n 'M *eiMo * 9— i-N i i i i i : iiiisiM I j ;l- jfl j j : 8 • >wi * » tw4 * • nmco ;f | P4 ■ • 1 * ( ! •00 • I alii M'5 • • : : : i B ••4«H 9-t : : : ! ills 'Mi iil will llll inniii OB * • i :.2 ::.§!: ninin S|| = 3||| i 1 i •I EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. I lISs 8 ••MM moq I»|Oi ! f(jff^tf ■wiim—r •vr gssa •WWY wmy qinoj] jaqto Ski •mio •|U»rf •0|I ■qndau aaiiaglljy •n»WB ■•»ipai iwii Si IT J. I >ij aisas $;«•?! js acsa |§ P8"3 jg saa- saa!; r: 9i I s&;:s|s _^ |_|8|8|3 • ^••^ I n ■ao\x9ji pm «o]iitniy iu)iien a 1 St;""* 1 5! ■vajaainy qtioKI'ni'a ri I 8s8-!§ s^ I iS^S* ■vojjaay I i I OERMANY. 191 V«mftir of n»sth, nnd their deilinalion, fcy H-hkh ,mlgranl$ were conrrntd direct from ■ ■' Hamburg in IH84. DeiitlnatioD. v„,v '».«* ii»il , *««,i Wmt I,ii l'liilimti>l''» Went 1 oBdl >if Sotitli America AiiHirallft Varloim traiiHutlanlli; port*.. Kmi- grant*. Htmim- j Hailina- ■hlp*. vc«iwU. S20 708 1, lei lis IS 13 3 37 75,261 280 37 Direct from Uamburg to— tTnltrrt StntM Ilrn/.il 1 ,n riatii iitntcs Chill Wi'M Indies Africa Aimtnillii ; ,"".■■■ Vi'V Varioiii tran»ntl«utlc port* on Teuels not IntcDileU for paS' npnRcr traflic 1884. VeuoU. lis IS 13 Potaen- 71, SOB 1,014 530 BO im VcMels. Indirectly conveyed. Total T08 1,161 IDS 12 '0 .1 1 10 .1 Paaaen. gen. 78,827 1,145 343 ni 34 610 1,085 1,050 154 78,264 18,330 140 76,200 13,205 01,603 89,465 Emigrants conveyed via ffarnhnrg in each month during the years 1883 and 1884. 1884. Month. CanTeved direct "by- Packet ahipa. I I TotiU Shipa car- convcyoil I rylnK direct. Iraa than | 25paa. atngora. Jaijuary •>"9?? Kcbniary «.'« March ,?.J«7 April ".25« May W.«2 .Iiine J«* July 1 ».2S August ' 5'S?i Hontember *'5'™ October 0.0M! November V'^jt Ucccmbor l.iMt Total . 74, 103 I llti 86 74 C6 !)l 07 105 143 87 i\!i ; ion 105 I 1,101 Indirect- ly con- voyod. 3,202 r<, 250 0,101 11,322 10. 497 0,521 I (I, 373 5,837 4,026 I 0, Rir> 3,071 I 1,440 I 004 0.50 2,347 2, 468 4,338 1, 125 1,078 i,ir:< 733 730 743 340 75,264 1 16,330 Total. R,nM 5,000 11,448 13,700 14,835 7,040 7,451 7,020 5,650 7,545 4,714 1,780 Total 1883. 01,603 2,632 4,003 0,008 12, 815 12,637 7,837 0,602 0,860 7,835 11, 074 0,806 3,568 89,405 T'lvrt-nH '•■■*-*■ ■——-■■■ ~>'-~-* ■->■—*■ 192 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Sex and age of emigranie conveged, direct and indirect, from Bamhurg to foreign j:orli< during the years 1883 and 1884. f^ I k i> Adults. Total adulta. Children. Tear.. Male. Femalo. Leu tlian 10 years. Lpsa tiian 1 year. Total. Convoyed direct: 44,081 44,078 11,725 0,203 30,403 30,403 4,614 3,072 51,, 480 55, 748 13,804 11, 041 14, 000 14,280 1,800 1,832 4,031 5,104 555 392 7I>, 204 1883 75,141 10,339 13,285 Conveved indirect: 1888.'""".. !!!*.!.'"! '.!."!"!'.!!i '.'.". Emigranta oonvesed from various European ports to transatlantic places in 1883 and 1884. Conveyed from— Hamburg , Bremen Stettin ■- Antwerp HaTie Oreat Britain and Ireland 1884. 18£3. 01,003 80,405 103, 121 111,205 773 648 28,010 34,480 21,034 25, 502 303,901 301, 157 Emigrants conveyed from Hamburg to transatlantic ports since 1846. Tear. 184«. 1847. 1848. 1819. 18S0. 1851. 18B2. 1853. 18S4. 18SS. i88e. 18B7. 1868. 1859. 1860. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1864. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. ua%. 18TS. 1874. 1875. 1876. isn. 1878. 1879. 1889. 1881. 1881. 1888. 1884. TMia. Direct, by- Emigrant Tesaela. 4,857 7,028 0,665 6,620 7,205 12,005 21,345 18, 585 31,763 15,220 23,823 28,608 18, 473 12, 5:14 14,000 13,640 18,873 21,860 10,744 30,878 38,027 87,872 43,505 41,217 37,802 34,030 52,828 44,278 30, 162 21,501 20,015 18,673 19,082 17,030 48,360 74,400 80,003 7.5, 141 74, 103 Otiier veaaela. 135 184 571 381 657 437 464 .S26 340 210 223 184 187 104 213 334 413 208 123 ao7 60 504 :)0» 300 473 377 504 427 614 776 741 1,110 1,100 1,0.50 1,161 Total direct. 1,140,084 15,601 4,857 7,028 6,585 ^620 7,430 12,270 21,010 18,900 32, 310 15,003 24,286 28,804 18, W2 12,753 14,013 13,724 18,500 22,000 10,057 37,212 30, 040 38, 170 4-1,028 41,424 27,442 35, 143 53,223 44,678 30,625 21,038 21, 179 19,000 20,446 17,805 49,100 75,519 82,093 70,200 75,264 1,160,225 Indirect 1. 7,110 10,511 18,609 2,980 1,017 2,672 077 480 ..103 075 1,517 2,021 5,008 5,072 5,740 4,076 0.443 .5,870 M14 7,081 31,183 24,008 12,818 0,872 7,554 3,670 -4,367 7,060 10,787 47,612 31,128 13,265 10,839 Grand total. 4,857 7,028. 0,685 5,620 7,430 12,279 20,035 20,480 50,810 18,652 20,20:1 31,500 19,790 13,242 16,215 14,390 20,077 24,081 25,035 42,884 44,780 42,845 60,050 ,47,204 32,650 43,224 74,400 60, 170 43,443 31.810 28,733 32,570 24,803 24,804 6^,887 123, 131 118,221 80,465 91,603 816,112 1,472,367 imburg to foreign y.orts GERMANY. 193 Age» of cmigranta (Germans) conveyed via Hamburg to foreign porta from 1874 to 1UH3, Cbildron. iMthan years. Less than 1 year. Total. 14, 009 14, 280 1,890 1,832 4, ail 5,104 r.55 392 7.'., 204 75,141 ie,339 13,285 places in 1883 and 1864. 1884. 18£3. 91.603 89,405 103, 121 111,295 ........ 773 548 28,010 34,480 .>•..... 21,034 25, 502 303,901 301, 157 )rla since 1846. rotal liroct. Indirect Grand total. 4,857 4,857 7,028 0,585 5 620 7,828 0,085 5,620 7,430 12,279 7 430 12; 270 21,916 7,119 20,035 18,900 10,511 29,480 32, 310 18,000 50,810 15,003 2,080 18,052 24,286 1,017 20,20;) 28,894 2,072 31,600 18, f*2 077 19,799 12,753 480 13,242 14,913 1.303 16,215 i;t,724 675 14,399 IK, 500 1.517 20,077 22,000 2,021 24,081 10, 057 .^098 25,055 .17,212 5,072 42,884 no, 040 5, 740 44,780 .'18, 170 4,075 42,8t5 4'l, 028 0.443 50,050 41,424 5, 870 .47,204 27, 442 MU 32,550 35, 143 7,081 42,224 53,223 31,183 74,400 44,678 24,608 69,170 30,025 12,818 4.1,443 21,938 0,873 31.810 21, 170 7,664 28,733 19,000 3,670 22,670 20,446 4,367 24,803 17,808 7,050 24,804 49,100 19,787 66,887 75,610 47,612 123,131 82,093 31,128 118,221 IS- 229 13,266 80,406 75,264 16,839 91,603 160,226 S16,112 1,472, 367 Year. 1874 , 1873 1878 1877 1878 1870 1880 1881 1882 1883 Total rorcontago IjC«8 than 1 year. 2,671 1,003 1,082 1,210 1,397 1, 243 4,373 8,707 7,380 5,500 35,775 0.3 lto5 years. 3,666 2,678 2.197 1.824 1,921 1,602 .5, 105 10,830 8,482 0,752 44,823 7.6 etc 15 yoani. 7,580 5,150 4,615 3, 287 3,480 3,003 8, 024 ]«,005 15,884 12,406 80, 520 14.0 15 to 20 years. 5,981 4,408 3,710 3,049 3,043 3,780 9,704 14,968 15, 271 12,307 70,881 13.5 20 to 30 years. 11,770 8,920 8,300 0,791 7,382 8,503 2.1, 085 30, 959 30, 910 28,833 180, C17 31.0 30 to 40 years. 0,089 4,738 4,456 3. !).12 3,797 3,700 10,307 19, o:i5 17, 420 13,114 80, 170 15.1 40 to 00 years. 5,166 3,033 3.30O 2, 251 2, 757 2,553 0, 073 11, .'HO I 11, 024 0,250 00 years and above. 014 481 411 3.50 420 209 810 1,385 1,384 1,147 58,810 10.3 7,313 1.3 Between the ages of 15 and 60. Total. 20,012 21,999 10,928 16,884 15, 570 18, 628 40,760 ^,508 80, 025 63,804 402,406 70.6 Per. centage. 06.8 m.'i oas 70.4 70.9 74. S 72.2 H9.4 71.2 71.0 las Profeaiiont of emigrants conveyed from Hamburg, 1879 to 1883. Fmfession. Agricultnre, fishery, and forestry . Other indastries Oonimerco Workmen without distinct calling Different trades Laborers wltbont any profossiou . rrofession not declared Total 1879. 5,051 4,602 4,033 3,309 1,223 105 5,788 24,801 1880. 13, 701 14, 132 7,377 10, 330 2,074 340 14,801 1881. 68,887 20, 066 18, 912 7,041 4U, 020 2,520 330 20, 803 123, 131 1882. 19,660 15,000 7.009 .10, 180 2, 027 315 27, 808 113,221 1883. 14,648 12,191 6,814 30,848 2,316 203 23,548 89,466 Total. 74,274 66^737 32,834 86,763 10,666 1,060 98.894 319,564 liEIPSIC. REPORT OF CONSUL MILLAR. STATISTICS. A8 regards tbo uumber of emigrants, statistics for a series of years could be obtained only for tbo Kingdom of Saxony. The emigration from Baxony during the years 1873 to 1885 is shown in the following table: Tear. 1873 1874 1875 1870 1877 1878 1879 1880 Emigrants to the United ' States. Mole. Female. Total. 1,408 4)57 2,425 028 430 1,007 474 371 745 460 216 685 447 230 677 529 270 7on 894 420 1,314 2,474 1,418 3,892 Emigrants to tho TTnited States. Yoar. 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1880 (.Tanimry to June) Halo. 5,701 4,204 3, .104 2,086 1,482 Female. 3,240 3,046 2,462 1,793 1,173 Toi*L jasitS3R< GERMANY. 196 of the cini(;riints yo 11 show witli a very ixony and tlio Thii. into Americii. Kuii;;i'autH. Propnitiju of populatioa. 2, ^'8."• *'i 77 277 44 09 lUr cent. .i:t5 .048 .14 .S-'J .Ot«7 3,«05 .09 1U3,U42 .2i leiisity of the popu- u'siffo density of the is only two-flftbs of causes which induce sent in Saxony and dy with the normal ate, and the reasons kI with information nment, from the cnii- ^om the agents of the Netherlands- Ameii- p^ricultural laborers, dcs, tradesmen, and rom which the cmi- >f the North-German tative, the i)rincipal )articularly by those k-layers, carpenters, rnisiied by printers, ral classes emigrate ever, to the special on, it is very possi- a considerable uum- .*night be expected, the principal cause Tial classes, arising agricultural popu- acquisition of laud. Strikes and militiiry service have little or no influence, though the lat- ter cause is said to have been formerly very powerful, and, in the opin- ion of ]\Ir. Neuer, the United States consular agent Jit Geni, the cdass who emigrate to avoid military service is increasing. Considerable ii\- dncement is also oiferc by emigrants already settled in America, who not infrequently pay tin; passage money of relatives left behind. Among other causes, failure in life, fear of detection in some crime or misdemeanor, and political dissatisfaction influence individuals,but have uo effect on the character of the emigration in general. SOCIAL CONDITION OP EJnGBANTS. The social condition of the classes from which the emigrants arc drawn may be described us good. The stato of the agricultural classes in Sax- ony is depicted in an essay by He» von Laugsdorff, published in 1883 (Die hmicrlichen Zustande in Deutschland, Vol. II, pp. 193-22G). It ap- ])ears from this essay that the greater part of the farms in the King- dom of Saxony are of small extent, varying from one-half to 000 acres, not 10 per cent; exceeding the latter figure. They arc also practi- cally indivisible, owing to tho operation of laws passed to prevent the indefinite subdivision and eventual absorption of such small estates. Nearly all these small farms are worked by their owners, and descend in the family; but they do so burdened with payment of the share of the paternal property which, according to Saxon law, is due to every child. The younger agricultural population, therefore, falls into two classes, a smaller, which succeeds to the parental estate, and a larger, which has little prospect of acquiring land except by marriage, but has an easily realized capit .56 .40 Wlthoit food. Men "... ••..•.••■>•■■. ....>.■.>.......■. Mark. 1. .VJ WoiDon •..............•.>.••.... .flu Children - .!><« In addition to this, the laborer frequently possesses a small cottage and garden, or Uv^g ^t ?^n easy rent in quo of the ft^rmer's cottages, 196 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. receiving at tlio same time apiece ofgrouiul almost reut free. The '* laborers field," which is usually planted with potatoes, is also plowoil by the land-owner's team. The large towns exercise an attractive iiilliieucu upon the laburers also. This is traceable to their period uf military service which brink's them in contact with town hie and creates a dislasle for the country. The laborer then settles in the suburbs and swells the number of indus- trial workers. In the Thuringiau states, it appears from an essay in the nbovo mentioned collection {l>ie landtcirthschaftlich-baucrlichen Vcrhiiltnissc de» Wdmarischen Kreises), that the condition of the agriculturul ]iopu- lation is not so good. The comparatively high rent which is paid for small allotments induces many small farmers to underlet their land in small parcels. A class of agricufturists is thus produced who cultivate a small patch of ground, just enod|;h to enable them to pay their rent, and lead a miserable existence. A further evil is produced by the fiict that many artisans who cultivate a piece of ground in their leisure time, are led by various causes to neglect their handicraft for agriculture with- out being able to make the latter pay. They almost invariably fall into difficulties and frequently into poverty. The district to which this de- scription principally applies is Weimar, and it will be observed that* the emigration thence is relatively greater than in the Kingdom of Saxony. As regards mechanics and workmen, no statistics are at hand, but some idea of their condition may be found in the income-tax statistics. Of the entire population of Saxony, in 1884, 85 per cent, had an income of less than 1,100 marks a year; another 10 per cent, had an income up ' to 2,200 marks : and the remainder from 2,200 up to 1,000,000 and over. As persons with from 800 to 3,300 marks annual income are classed by the tax authorities above the "poor" and among the "middle "classes, we may infer that the average wages of a workman or mechanic w ill vary from 1,100 to 2,200 marks, according to his skill and the demand for his labor. At present the demand for labor in Saxony, although brisk, is exceeded by the supply. Prices accordingly have greatly fallen, and the majority of mechanics are unable to save, and have to spend the whole of their earnings on clothes, food, and other necessaries, it is, therefore, easily conceivable that these classes, with the small masters and manufact- urers, would feel the impulse to emigration more strongly than the ag- ricultural classes. This view, which agrees with the statement by Mr. Kohlmann, already quoted, receives confirmation from the statistics furnished by the statistical department of the Saxon Government, fh>m which it appears that workmen, mechanics, manufacturers, and tradesmen form more than 50 per cent, of the persons wuo have denat- uralized themselves between 1878 and 1885. The physical and moral condition o'c' both agricultural and industrial emigrants is usually good. From their mode of life they have but few wants; they do not marry too early, but their families are generally large. As a rule, they are people of resolution, ready to face hanl work , for it is now generally understood that, although the prospects may be better, the work in America is fully as hard as in Germany. In nearly every ca«e they are provided with enough capital to enable them tu look around them for some time before they finally settle. The transportation of idiots or paupers is unknown. Idiots are cared for in the asylums, which are cheap and easily accessible ; paupers are deterred by the strict enforcement of the pauper laws in New York Harbor. Even emigrants who are not paupers are sometimes deterred '-^H ~:::SS SmS > :» ^ -^-' GERMANY. 19t [>8t reut free. The oes, is also iilowoil upon the laborers jrvice wliieh briiips iJe lor the eoiintr.v. loiiuniber of iiulii's way ill the above "lichen VerMUimsc ngriculturiil popii t whieh JH paid for lerlet their Iniiil in need who cultivate I to pay their rent, -educed by the fiict I their leisure time, briigricnlturewith- invariably fall into it to which this de- observed that the iDgdom of Saxony. 3 .ire at baud, but jome-tax statistics. Mit. had an income '. had an income up' 1,000,000 and over, orae are classed by middle " classes, we lianic will vary from mand for bis labor, h brisk, is exceeded to, and the majority the whole of their is, therefore, easily ers and raannfact- •oiigly than the ag- e statement by Mr. from the statistics axon Government, lannfocturers, and 18 wuo have denat- iiral and industrial they have but few ilies are generally 'tofacehanl worli, 9 prospects may be ruiauy. In nearly to enable them to Bttle. . ^ Idiots are cared sible J pauper.s are aws in New York ometimes deterred by the belief that to land in America they will be required to prove tlieir possession of n larger sum than they are actually able to command. Very poor people, who are likely to become a burden on the community, are from time to time sent over by their town or parish ; but this is not (lone unless there ate relatives in America who can receive them or even pay their passage for them. In these cases the emigrants are su|>- plied with new clothes and a sum of money, so that they cannot strictly bo reckoned as paupers. Their character is, in general, not bad. They liave become poor, either through their own fault or from the conditions of life ; but they have mostly a desire to work ::heir way up again. To a special category belong those members of wealthy families who have recklessly got into debt and emigrate to America in the hope of re- covering their lost fortune. Officers and students form u large propor- tion of this class. Such persons are also sent for a trip to the States by their parents or friends in the hope of effecting a moral improve- ment ; bat the effect is generally the reverse. The small influence of these classes of persons on the character of the emigration is confirmed by the statistics of idiocy and vagrancy for the Kingdom of Saxony. The public and private asylums for the insane had a daily average in 1884 of 3,64G patients, of whom some were in- 8uue in the strict sense of the tern, others suffered from the effects of drink. In 1885 no less than 18,340 cases of punishment for vagrancy occurred, of which 11,995 were in the first and fourth, or winter, quarters, and .0,296 in the second and third, or summer, quarters ; of 49 the date of pun- ishment was not reported. Of the entire number only 701 were females. The large increase in the numbers in the winter quarters shows that a large number of men earn a precarioussubsisteuceduring the summer and exist by beggary during the winter. And oven allowing for the fact that these cases i)robably represent repeated punishments of the same indi- viduals, it is clear that no very large proportion of them swell the num- ber of the emigi^nts. This is especially noticeable in the case of the females. ATTITUDE OF THE GOVERNMENT. Theattitudo of the Saxon Government is neutral ; emigration is neither encouraged nor discouraged. The sigents of emigration companies are subjected to a very strict coutrol. They have to obtain a concession, deposit security, and keep their registers and contracts in a manner ap- proved by the Government. The conditions under which the business of an emigration agent can be carried on do not appear to be so mi- nutely laid down as in the free seaports and other States which have a greater interest in emigration ; but I am informed that in no German States are the actions of the agents watched with* greater vigilance than in Saxony. The press, however, is decidedly antagonistic to emigration, and the falling oft' in the number of emigrants in the last few years is attributed to the circulation of bad news from America in the newspapers. It is oven said that favorable reports tending to an increase of emigration have been refused publication. The bad condition of the labor market ill America has also had a direct eft'cct in the diminution of emigra- tion, from the fact that latterly much fewer prepaid tickets have been 8ent by emigrants to their friends hero than formerly. Good authorities are also inclined to attribute the decline partly to the natural reaction from the great wave of emigration in 1880-1883, and partly to the act- ual improvement of the labor market in Saxony since that period. 198 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Special privileges or facilities to emi(;raut.s do not exist in Saxony. On some Prussian niilwaya a party of not less than thirty emigrants, traveling by the same train, ciut, upon application to the manager, he carried in third-class cars at fourth-class rates, which is equivalent to a reduction of about 50 |)er cent, on tlje fare ; but this practice is unknown in Saxony. Societies for the facilitation of emigration have also been formed from time to time, but dissensions among the members of the committees have soon ended them. They have never had any perceptible influence oil emigration. The only real assistance ever offered is that already mentioned, where families are aided to join their relatives in America. SAM'L ROLPE MILLAK, Consul. United States Consulate, Leipaic, September 20, 1880. M MANNHEIM. BEPOST OF OOXSUL MOXAOnAX. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE OOUNTKY It may not bo without pertinence to this problem of emigration to add a wortl statistically, and otherwise, too, in relation to the social, moral, and economic condition of the people from among whose masses our stream of emigrants is continually swollen. " The ogre War," said a witty Frenchman, " requires as much for bis digestion as for his meals." The German military system, rendered necessary by her iiosition and France's continued menace, is eating up the nation's sustenance. Either of two things is certain : the greater inducements of America or statesmanship at Berlin has given the United States 3,000,000 intelli- gent German citizens, with $15,000,000 to each 200,000, or an aggregate of $150,000,000 in a single generation. In the Grand Duchy of Badenj during the year 1884, there was a total of births of 49,304, of which number 4,345, or nearly 10 per cent., were illegitimate, or happily called "children of chance." Of these 4,345 Heidelberg, with a population of about 25,000 and a student population of 1,000, is held responsible for 380, showing at least that students were not entirely inactive during the year: Frei- burg, with its 36,401 population, has 212 of these little people dotted off to its credit in the annals of state; Karlsruhe, the seat of the Badish Government, has found recreation in giving birth to 172 to a popula- tion of 49,301; Mannheim, a great business city, has not more than 103 to a population of 53,465. THE CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE. Happily, one does not have to reason from cause to effects or effects back to causes in these problems, for both lie upon the surfiice in full view of each other. Life among the lowly has been brought down to that happy degree of refinement where people get just enough to keep from starving, but not enough to injure their organs of digestion. The argument that people can live cheaper than in America has no founda- GERMANY. 199 t <\\i8t ill Saxony. tliirty emigiaiits, ) the manager, he is equivalent to a ractictiiHuukiiowti been formed froui )f tlio commirtei's •eeptiblo inllnenne d is that already tlves in America. MILLAK, Consul. COUNTRY emigration to add I the social, moral, whose masses oui es as much for his system, rendered jnace, is eating up ents of America or 8 3,000,000 intelli- 0, or an aggregate 1884, there was a early 10 per cent, ice." bont 25,000 and a ;• 380, showing at g the year; Frei- ttle people dotted seat of the Badisli o 172 to a popula- not more than 103 n effects or effects the surface in full brought down to (t enough to keep f digestion. The 3a has no founda- tion in fact. One or two rooms poorly furnished for a family, meals consisting of black bread, ])otutoes aiul potato-soui), meat on holidays, will hardly bear comparison with New England's* Ave and six rooms to a family, plenty of bread, butter, meat, and vegetables every day, with thousands of dollars in savings-banks, with land and honses built and owned in many cases by factory an»l farm operatives. When one lias to pay in, 10, and 17 cents a pound for beef; 50 cents for sliced ham, 25 cents for ham when you buy "bone and fat and all;" milk 0, 7, and 8 cents per lit ^{n tritlo over a quart); ApolUnaris water (and the springs 20 miles awa. ) 8 cents a bottle by the 100; poor coffee (the liest seems poor) 40 to GO cents per pound; chocolate 32 and 35 cents per pound: shoes from $3 to $0 per pair (ready made) ; straw hats (not near as good or handsomely made as American) 11 marks, or 83 (America's better ones tidling for $2); stiff hats (felt) $3 to $4 (usually $2 and $2.50 in the States); a jiair of decent pantaloons from §^» to $8 per pair, one fails to detect a balance in favor of Germany. In the matter of preparing food the (lermans arc more economical than people in America. There is absolute'y no waste ; even the bones are taken and crushed and broken to mix into stews and soups. They make stews of bones and meats, thus retaining the largest per cent, of tlieir valuable properties and rendering it easier of digestion. The close covered stew-pot takes the place of the American frying-pan, or " spider ; " hence more mitrition to a cubic inch of food so prepared than to a cubic foot of rump-steak fried into sole-leather by America's work- ing classes. vThere is something to be said in favor of the statement that one should drink but little at his ideals. The absence of drinks, especially hot ones, partly accounts for the German's red cheeks and flue teeth. Ue eats mostly bread and potatoes (rye bread). A young man seventeen or eighteen years old will pull a " chunk " of black bread, black pudding, and a jack-knife out of his pocket, eat a square meal in the cars or on the street, and as you look on and observe his red face, filled with the blood of health., you can't help remembering that many American boys would redden with shame if compelled to carry their dinner in a dinner-pail. A colored man once called at the office ; he had been trying for years to scrape money enough together to go pver with his little family to the States. He said ho could not li'-e as his German fellow- workmen live ; ho could not get used to it. He said, " I wish 1 could." Yet, as before remarked, they seem healthy. Among the explanations for this healthy api)earanco is that old saw, " It is not what one eats, but what one digests, that makes him strong." BEGGING. From the fee-system, which is carried so f^r that one is at a loss sometimes to know whether they shouldn't " tip " the proprietor, down to the regular systematic alms-beggar, one meets begging or signs of it everywhere. Largo plates on the street-eedom which is among the highest attributes of American citizenship. A band-master was severely punished by a heavy fine for buying one libretto of a musical composition (which the author had registered) and making copies therefrom with pen nnd ink for the diflTerent members of his band. Yarions are tlie methods of internal legislation that have been re- sorted to to make the people contented with their lot. Insurance of persons against sickness, the payment of certain sums quarterly by em- ployers to support hospitals, &c., the accident laws, are so numerous that they can be merely alluded to in passing. They illustrate the de sire of the Government to make the people feel that they have friends at court. The individual is lost sight of. Institutions alone are seen. The laborer who falls sick or meets with a severe accident is careil for, even to the limits of life. heavy. Girls lieiv most Iwys, eveu of t heavy hobnailed of men working in 3H of emigration, ns ?e duties levied on ;r cent, of the Eng- in France the nnm 1, notwithstanding that career of pros- ly bad followed the irough the gates of It often one finds in ;ry, liefore the front lure. For this tho it does everything • ing, drinking, and it is strictly forbid- ler; and not irifre- >ne tenement-houHc the best paying in little cousin, a lad Bim, withapopu1u- ) made for squnn^s, "ed that no city in asses to a degree to that individual lerican citizeuHhip. ine for buying one ad registered) and fferent members of hat have been ro- lot. Insurance of IS quarterly by em- I, are so numerous 7 illustrate the do they have friends 'US alone are seen, accident is cared i.MWftl.l.HrttfT't'^. OEBMANT. Table I. 901 Condition, uro, and wx. Immtgranta to Batlon. 1878. Pr. it SiuRlo i*>.a5 M»rrled 30.(0 WiilowR, and divorcwl . . :i. OL Otol4 vc«ni 27.60 14 to 20 .voaw j 7.33 '.'0 to 25 yean 0. 05 'J5to45 veara 47.41 45 and upward I 8.02 Male* 67.07 KemalM ;:«2.33 1879. 1880. Pr.cVPr.et. tX.M 102.05 aan;! 37.44 ^3 0.SI 35.80 0.H4 8.55 41.03 7.00 58.07 41.03 20.23 7.00 7. 09 4a 10 0.23 02.00 37.04 1881. IV. et. 01.73 37.45 0.82 33.74 9.06 8.04 38.27 10.30 58.85 41.16 1882. i3£ Pr.et. .58.00 35.:iO &04 ■>a52 0.70 10 2;i 41.40 12.00 07.44 32.50 Pr.et. 00.77 30.04 2.50 30.74 a 13 8.85 42. 71 9.67 02.01 37.99 EmigraaU to XJnltad StatM, *«. 1878. Pr.et 7^71 21.18 2.11 24.87 33.55 8.05 L>3. 82 8.82 08.82 31.18 1879. Fr. et. 77.31 20.02 1.77 25.54 31.54 11.16 24.03 0.85 10.00 31.00 1880. Pr.et. 7a 37 21.50 2.13 20.01 28.08 11.00 21.32 8.10 05.64 34.40 1881. Pr.et. 77.01 20.88 2.11 32.80 2a 00 0.81 21.42 7.31 04.82 35.18 1882. Pr.et. 70.08 17.80 1.40 24.28 3&00 11.30 20.00 7.83 00.07 80.03 4 Pr.et. 77.51 20.40 X08 28.74 31.20 10.80 2LS1 7. 87 08.00 83.81 Fifty-two per cent, of those returned to Baden were over twenty-five years old, while 70.92 per cent, of those who went to the United States were under twenty-ftvo years. The following table presents a review of the percentages assigned to various callings, trades, or professions : • Tabus II. Immigranta. Emigranta. Occopatlons. 187& 1870. 1880. 1881. 1882. Pr.et. 6.1 8.7 80.3 28.0 ao 1 1878. 1870. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1 Fannen Pr.et. 0.0 ao 4a 2a7 1.4 Pr.el. 11.11 4.7 43.2 11.5 3.6 Pr.et. 11.3 ao 4:1.7 20.0 a2 Pr.et. 1&5 a 8 22.0 42.8 5.0 Pr.et. 11.3 3.2 38.0 2a3 4.0 Pr.et. 2&0 1.3 37.7 14.7 75.1 Pr.et 28.0 7.0 83.4 14.5 11.3 Pr.M. 32.09 0.8 36.9 as 13.0 Pr.et. 29.7 13.3 31.0 ao la? Pr.et 24.0 ao 31.4 as 22.8 Pr.et. 2ao las 8X7 Morchanta.. .... AUotbera &3 lae — . — _ A glance at these tables presents the fact that the largest numbers of the emigrants are drawn from the farming population ; while on the other hand the largest number of those who return from the States to live again in .Baden are business men, men who return having acquired business skill and dollars, during years which, had they remained in Germany, would have been spent in the army. In the governmental returns one finds that the property of 93 persons who returned from the States and took up citizenship again amounted to 361,658 marks (a mark being eqrtal to 23 cents), and of 1,526 persons who went to tho States 055,904 marks, " So far as returns have been made," the report proceeds to say, " the emigrant from Baden carried with him 383 marks, or a little less than $100; while each person who returned brought 3,600 marks, or nearly $1,000. II 202 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. The following table presents a view of the amounts of money, au'6S 4,<10:i,MNI I8S0-'M 22,8ti- mated numbers not accounted for, basing their estimates upon conjec- ture, comparisons, &c., until the amount of money carried away amouiit.s to 63,624,600 marks, or over $15,000,000, for the Grand Duchy of Bnduii alone. CAUSES OF EMIGRATION. As causes of the emigration wo And, taking the first 287 persons, that 167 were induced by relatives and friends in America, 81 having had their passage prepaid ; 56 went filled with the hopo of bettering their own condition and the future of their families ; 46 went because of the unsatisfactory condition of their business or occupation here; 2 went because of small ainonnt of property possessed, and with desire to in- crease it; 13 weirt to other parts of Germany ; 1 went into Dutch mill tary service, and 1 w^ent because of marriage to a foreigner — 287. lu 1882 the emigration from Baden was as follows : Persons. By Havre 5,416 By Antwerp 2,71() By Bremen : ^ 1,93G By Hamburg (i38 Total 10. TOG If to this we add the number of persons who went without giving any notice, we get 12,000 as the number' of emigrants from Baden in tlio year 1882. Of the 5,290 that sailed from Antwerp, Brenien, and Ham- burg 3,048 were males ; 2,242 females. The destination of 5,229 out of a total of 5,290 was the United States ; among these were 3,027 males. In order to present a comparison with former years and to see Baden's relative numbers, compared with the Empire, the following table, em- bracing years from 1872 to 1882, is presented : OCRMANY. 208 lilts of money, atxl rrniit«outof Bmleii Nanber 1 . nrpen«>n« I wilbont K«tini;itr.| ■ money iii- «vnliii>. horitcil. Mart: r !'S' l.fllT.Wk) « .'•J*' l,H4mHHI S l,6H» l,)llll,4IMI R, 2MD I»,7U.u03,IIKI • 20,040 j 63,024,0110 marks were enrricd o the fact that oiilv Accordiiifi^ to defi- ave gone out to en- >ilers add thu (>8ti- nates upon coiijeo- Tied away amounts id Duchy of Undcii St 287 persons, that ca, 81 having had of bettering their rent because of tlio Btion here; 2 went I with desire to in- nt into Dutch mili •eigner — 287. Peraoni. 5.4IC 2,71(! J- 1.936 ■ IKW lO.TOG without giving any rom Baden in the Bremen, and Ham- ion of 5,229 out of were 3,027 males. >Dd to see Baden's •Uowiog table, em- Tear. By Uenoan ports mhI Antwerp. Eiuplru. Uwlen. By Harre. 1873 1874 ]»75 1870 1877 1878 1870 18t» 1881 188} Total 1873-'S3 103,638 4IS113 30,773 38,368 31,064 I 24,217 I 33,827 I 106, 190 310. M7 1 103,087 I 4,379 3,061 I 1,100 84.1 I 786 1 1,03-J I 4,867 ' ft. 82.'> .^SOU iplra. Oaden. 0,776 1 2,511 1,4(10 1,268 too 1,300 3, 48.1 10,757 10,251 0,500 6,7ii ThOM 0,410 Total ont uf Uoilan. IBM 1.257 , HI8 I 743 SOI 760 j 1,300 ! 3,888 4.415 3,405 Total oat of Badeu to United rtUtee. 2.255 887 aoj •.•75 101 363 780 3,302 3.060 9.077 707,133 37,596 47,455 10. M7 15,511 The following table presents a view of the numbers, by the tlifferent ports, who left Baden : Tear. . UaTTO. Antwerp. | Bremen. Uamburg. i ToUl. ! i 10,706 1 11,479 11.560 1 Wilh pap«r«. Per e«at of thane who took paper*. 1(182 5^416 5^654 (1.713 3,710 3,003 ' 1.746 . 1.006 1,807 2,387 688 1,016 784 3.077 8,090 3,8n 33 6 1881 3R7 IggO 33.0 I am informed by letter from the state department of Baden, as well as by the report, that many go' without giving notice either of intention or departure ; hence the small percentage of those who go with papers. After accurate observation and stady of returns made by the United States Government, also by reference to birth, death, and other returns, in Baden, the compilers express the opinion that the numbers given are i > lie increased fully one-half; or, more accurately, distributetl over sc- n js of years, the period firom 1840 to 1850 would be increased by one- fourth; 1850 to 1800 by one-third ; 1860 to 1880 by two-thi ds ; 1870 to 1874 by 1 ; 1875 to 1879 by 1*. * Thus added to, we have nir the years between 1840 to 1849 about 29,000 persons; 1850 to 1859, 95,000 ; 1800 to 1809, 33,000 ; 1870 to 1874, 19,000 ; 1875 to 1879, 5,000 ; 1880 to 1 882, 33,775. The figures increased by 38,000, those giving no notice, give a total of emigrants from Baden of 219,000 persons, or 85,000 more than returned, by statistics. The sum of money in marks carried away by these jtersons may lie distributed over the periotl as follows: 1840 to 1^0, 13,500,000 marks ; 1850 to 1859, 29,500,000 marks ; 1860 to 1860, 17,000,000 marks ; 1870 to 1879, 21,600,000 marks ; 1880 to 1.^83, 16,500,000 marks, or in all 99,000,000 marks. Of this vast sum (uearly $25,000,000) a part was spout in mak- ing the journey from the native towns and villages of the emigrants to the port of sailing. In conclusion the report draws attention to the report uf the Amer- ican Qovernmeut for 1880, in which it appears that 1,966,742 German- born citizens were to be found in the United States, of whom 127,885 were born in Baden; 743,227 in Prussia; 171,699 in Bavaria; 108,223 in Wurtemberg; 72,490 in Hesse; 48,708 in Saxony ; 45,050 in Mecklen- burg; 648,661 in parts not specified. Assigning 200,000 to the small S04 EMIORATION AND IMMIGRATION. I I « ; Oerman provinces, Baden ./onld claim of the remaining 460,000 ut lutHt aOjOOO, or a total of 100,000. So mach for the statisticH uf tlie Guycruuient. Every ott'ort wbm iiiutlu to secure information from the variouH emigration agents. On the main points the letters all agree. The only point of diflferunce is that one or two claim that there is but small opposition on the purt of the Government to emigration, so long as the parties leave every- thing all right at leaving. All agents are agreed that by far the greater part of ihn emigrantn are farm laborers; that tiio next in importance, as to numliers, art^ tliu day laborers ; that a few skilled niechanios, school teachers, &c., uihl ■mall percentages to mako out the hundred. They assign as causes (1) inducements held out by relatives and friends in America, tickets in many cases being sent^ (2) desire to avoid military service ; (3) bnrdonsomo taxation ; (4) desire for a better and ft«or form of citizen ; (5) restraint under forms of Government that pre- scribes almost the daily life of the governed ; (0) hoi>e to lift their cliil- dren from the horrible jdnin, on the dull wastes of which no oasis seonin to shine, to a ]M)8ition of security and happiness, free from the thought ofanoldagoin the poor-house or upon charity. They say that the strong, the hopeful, iudnstrious, and bravo " go down to the sea in ships," to leave home, friends, Fatherland, to build success and homes for their families. In a few cases men go because the withered dust of the dead hand holds lands and farms against the living. In conversation, in regard to socialism, I learned that it takes no stronger form than a desire for a republican form of government. This socialistic desire is shared by the business men, who give funds secretly, bat never come out openly as advocates. A change offers to them that official distinction now denied. Many editors favor it because of free- dom of the press, &c. ; the masses, biscause of its many advantages. Tiio number who follow the red rag are zero. The agents say the people are thrifty, otherwise they could not and would not go. Lazy, indolent people take no risks. Only thrifty, pur- IMMeftil people can save something out of 60 and 00 cents iter day to make such a journey. Xo governmental aid is given. In communities where certain property rights are held in common, a man will sell out his right to the others, and with what he obtains, emigrate. The French and Belgian railroads offer some inducements by way of cheaper rates and increased weight of free baggage. I take pleasure in submitting translations of two of the many letters received niion the subject. LXnuukUon of letten.] By fnr the largest part of the oniigranta are farmoni, while only abont one-ronith belong to the meohanioal atid mereantile olaas of inou. The canaea of emigration are manifold! The moans of earning a living among the farming class grows more and more dilSoult, while in America this work commands better pay and a beftor chance of working up is presented. Many persons, nsod to farm life here, accept in America the first kind of employmeu I that oilors, and inmost eases tliey remain in tho now occnpation. Skillful mecuauics omigrato, Inred by the higher wages paid in the Unitoil States; tho M,ma can also be said of female help. By far the greater nniitbor go on the advice of relatives and f rioiAls already settled in America, many having prepaid tickets scut to them. Tlio oiuigrunts, if not well to do, aro at least not panpers. There are families who carry pretty neat snms of money away with them. Only this very day we sent a family which carried 14,000 marks in cash, and in a short time will have as much more sunt to thoni when the property loft behind is disposo; (-)Ue8Jn) to avoid iiro lor a better und pverument that jirc- ^pe to lift their eliil- bioli MO oasiH aeoniH BO from tbo tliougijt TLey Hay that tlin I to the sea in ships," and homes for their "ed dust of Ihe dead i that it takes no government. This 'give funds secretly, ) offers to thorn that ■ It because of free- y advantages. Tiio they could not and Only thrifty, pur- 00 cents iMir day to u. In communities a man will sell out migrate. icemen ts by way of I take pleasure s received n|N)n the only abont one-ronrth ng n liviuff among tho a thiH work comuiandii Many pcraons, nami to tbntoftora, aiut inmost jmlgTttto, larctl by tho i Haiti of female buhi. oflUs nlroaily nettled in grunts, If not well to my with them. Only «h, ami inashort timu behind la dispoMMl of. rtably; their lodgings o family living in one pou air no evil results Dtvorci'it conples anil illegitimate ohildron aru iteldom foiinil among the emigrants, tliDiigli ogciitN givi) little attention to observing such matters. The authorities an) not ill I'livor of emigration and therefore try to make ditllciiltieii for thoMU who apply for paiiers. Married men are compelled toiirovo that their families, whom they often jcuvo behind until they earn money cnongli to Nend for them, are well provided for; (but all their taxes aro paid. Young men Heventeen to tweuty-tlve will not got jliMM-H, ns they are wantetl for service in the military. The Government of lifttlon forbids agents to forward passengers who cannot give a t'lear and Natisl.. tory acvonnt of themselves, and young lueii from seventeen to twenty- live years of ago have to prove most clearly that nothing us to military regulations vtands in tho way. Oerraan railrooids to liremen and Hamburg make no allowances to emigrants, but (lie Uelgian railroads grant half-rates and twice as much free baggage as tlie German lines, and this Is true also of tho French linos. From Avriuonrt to Ousel all pasoen- gviTH on Frenuh lines get 200 pounds baggage free. These allowances have but little weight, us the head of u family ehooHos tho cheap- est way. Most passengers will take tho line recommended by the agents. One may be permitted to remark hero that, despite tho agent's claim that emigrants take tho line advised by tho agent, the ligures in the Htatistical tables are explained, wherein it appears that Havre and Ant- wcn> carried more than Hamburg and Bremen. Extracts from letters rooelved flrom agents : Many Germans who have grown riob. in the United States send for {leople here, paying their passage to the States. Life of people in this ooautry is very moderate : Breud-sonp in the morning ; a piece uf dry bread at o'clock, sometimefl with a bito of cheese or bacon ; for dinner, potato- soup; at 4 o'clock, bread diT as in tho morning ; inthoeveningjpotatocs— if there aro cattle in the honse, sour muk and bread ; moat generally on testivals. The dross is plain also. The Rhine steamboat companies grant reduced rates to emigrants. Ameri- can companies offer no inducements, except those who would sell their lands. I have had many offers but never recommend them nnless indorsed by the American consul. During thirty-five years I have carried on tho emigrant busiucss, and I must confess that Brazil has made better offers by far than the United Htates. EMIOBATION TO THE UNITED STATES FROM RHENISH BAVARIA OR THE PFALZ. The famous Bhine Ffalz, or Palatinate of history, constitutes an im- portant part of the Mannneitn ' .isnlate, hence the i>ropricty of sub- ^ mitting a report of tho numbc of emigrants who have left its vine-clad ' hills, fertile valleys, and quaint old cities to build homes in the United States. The general remarks made as to Baden and tho statements of agents hold good for the Palatinate. The following table illustrates the movement of emigration during the period of years from 1873 to 1885, inclusive : Tear. Male. Female. ToUl. Bremen and HambnrK. Antwerp. To United states. To South America. 1873 1,741 707 408 843 201 844 502 1.768 3,235 2,008 2,068 2,204 2,067 ],6«1, 727 307 806 261 330 405 1,272 1,574 1,600 1,205 853 576 1 1 1,656 720 307 306 261 843 405 1,768 3,235 r^ 2,220 2,067 f 1874 } 1876...; 1876 J877 1 8 07 406 1,061 1,005 1,703 1,411 1,491 1878 230 201 1,055 1,013 1,580 1,746 1,858 114 211 713 1,299 1,130 1,222 006 2 1879 7 1880 1881 1882 1 1881 7 1884 83 1885 206 EMIGRATION AKD IMMIGBATION. There went to the United States from the German Empire a total of 105,709 persons during the year 1885. , By Bremen and Hamburg 81,581 By Antwerp 14,74a By Hovre 2,7!H) By Rotterdam 'i.i'M By Amatoidam ^ 1,105 Total 105/70!) I hnd in the reports for the PfUz that, in 1884, 1,253 emigrants went to Brazil and 680 to the Argentine Bepablic. J. C. MONAGHAN, Consul. United States Consulate, Mannheim, May 25, 1886. MAYENCE. SJSPORT OF COMMERCIAL AQEtlT SMITH. The emigration from the Grand Duchy of Hesse, in which this con- sular office is situated, is, in proportion to the population, larger than in the Empire at large. The emigration by years from the Duchy of Hesse* compared to the whole Empire was, from 1871 to 1885, according to official publications, as follows : Tears. Total nnmber of emisrants. Average for every 10(^000 in- habitants. Years. Total nnmber of emigrants. S verago for every 100,000 in- habitants. Whole Empire. From HeHe. Whole Empire. Hesse. Whole Empire. From Hesse. Whole Empire. Hesso. 1871 7N012 126,650 103,638 45,112 80,773 28,868 21,064 24,217 .1,281 8,678 2,021 008 531 536 500 605 185 305 2J0 107 72 60 50 65 385 427 233 114 60 60 55 73 1870 33,327 106,100 210,647 103,860 166, no I43,5t>B 103,042 880 3,032 4,173 3,430 8,680 8,175 2,603 75 235 464 425 362 311 224 00 1672 1880 324 1873 1881 441 1874 1882 358 1876 1883 371 1876 1884 325 1877 1886 259 1878 Total.... 1,412,014 32,806 • This exhibit, however, does not set forth the entire emigration, but shows only that from the German ports and from Antwerp.^ Some go fromBotterdam and from Liverpool, but the great body find it most convenient and cheapest for them to ship at the ports of their own country or from Antwerp. As to the emigration by way of Botterdam and Liverpool I have no statistics at hand. As is well known, the emigration is almost entirely to the United States. *Tho Borean of Statistics at Waflhington reported, I believe, 106,910 German immi- grants dnring 1685. The German authorities put the number of emigrants from Ger- man porta and Antwerp at 103,648, so that oompamtively a small number depart otherwise, ■^XmiA^^'^^'^\:yhi^:(i'LH^i^ ^ )N. GERMANY. 207 lan Empire a total of fe'l.wi i*,m !i, *!K) !i,J!U 1,105 10.^709 1,253 emigrants went MONAGHAN, Cotuul. The number of males who emigrated from Hesse to females in every 100 emigrants, was $» follows during the years in question, namely : Tears. 1871 1872 18711 1874 1875 1870 1877 1878 Males. Females. > 1 52 II 48 50 44 ni 40 50 44 54 40 50 44 02 38 60 40 i Tears. 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1871-1883 Males. 00 65 60 61 68 67 54 58 Females. 40 as 40 80 43 48 46 42 The average was thus 58 males to 42 females during the entire period from 1871 to 1885. In 1885 the age of those who emigrated from the whole Empire was as follows : Age. JITB. je, in which this con >pnlation. larger than •8 from the Duchy of 871 to 1885, according ol nnmber of A verago for every 100,000 In- babiUnto. smixrants. hole From Wbolo 1 ~ pire. Heaoe. Kmpire uesso. 1.327 880 73 06 MOO 3,032 23S 324 »,M7 4,173 464 441 1,860 3,430 425 358 UIO 3,580 302 371 ,Si>S 3,m 311 325 ,042 2,603 234 253 ,914 32,605 ntire emigration, but Antwerp.* t the great body find at the ports of their Liverpool I have no on is almost entirely 6,106,910 German imnii- r of emiffrants from Ger- n small DQinbfr depart Leris than one year old. ... One to six years Six to ten years Ton to fourteen Fourtoon to twenty-one . . Twenlv-one to thirty TMrty" to forty Forty to fifty Fifty to sixty Sixty to seventy Seventy and upwurd'i .... Without statement i,t ago Total Males. Females. 2,243 2,322 4,045 4,7a'; 4,772 4,563 2,283 2,028 10,733 10,322 10, 068 11,710 7,504 0,364 3,700 3, 101 2,203 2,213 1,101 1,112 213 175 82 00 56,227 47,815 Total. 4,665 0,710 0,836 4,291 21,065 27,778 12,868 0,801 4,410 2,213 888 132 103, 642 Thus six-sevenths of the whole immbcr were not yet forty years old ill id three-fourths not thirty, which proportion I presume is pretty much tbo same year in and year out. The number of families emigrating in 1885, and of single persons, was as follows, from the whole Empire, namely : Via— Number of families. Number of parsons. Single persons. Males. Females. Males. Females. Breraon 7,003 13 571 10, 304 11, 613 451 4,060 13,310 0,550 234 4,040 9 143 Hamburg I'niflfilAii Dort,a * 5,810 204 2,220 9,750 304 4,050 4,411 158 ) 070 Antwerp Total , 10, 102 27, 778 32,433 28,040 1 15,382 It would thus seem that about five-ninths of the emigrants go in families. The emigrants from Hesse go in the main from the country and from the villages, and are said to be mostly farm hands and village hiechanics. With respect to the mechanics, I am informed that they are mediumly good workmen, who are desirous of bettering their condition, and neither (he most sUilled nor the most unskillfal. EMieBATION AND IMMIGRATION. From the large towns bat few emigrate. The emigration is slightest from the neighborhood lying aroand Mayence, apd greatest from tIio< province of Upper Hesse, which is embraced within the district of tbo consulate-general at Frankfort. Almost three persons emigrate from Upper Hesse to one from this part of the Duchy, because in Upper HesHc the soil is much poorer and the country mountainous. The great body of them are in the active period of life, and go to America to work, I verily believe. The chief motive leading to emigration is the desire to better one's lot, and is due more to surplus population, I should say, so far as this part of Germany is concerned, than to any other cause. Those who emigrate are chiefly those who have a hard time getting along, and who think that America is a sort of El Dorado for them. A wieh to escape military service drives many away, but the great body who emigrate have already served their time as soldieis. Onerous taxation has little to do with the matter. I do not think that taxation is directly grievously felt by the emigrating classes. Strikes I should say exert no appreciable influence. It is the feeling of general inability to get along well, and the confident expectation of re- ceiving good wages on the other side, as well as tbo tempting induce- ments of relatives and friends in America, that cause people to emigrate. One-third of the emigrants, it is thought, are coaxed to America by friends and relatives there, who send the money to pay the passage thither. The great mass of emigrants, socially considered, occupy au inferior position at home, and in recent years there is not so gooil a class of persons emigrating as in former times; that is, not possessed of ho much means, and consequently of a lowei: station in life. There was a time when those who went sold land and house and took a good snm of money along, but now a few dollars is the emigrant's whole po8C6S9ion. Of the peasant classes the emigrants are mostly day-laborers who, when single, havA from $10 to $25 as a rule in their pockets beside their passage-money, while the men with families have more. Skillful work- men and well-to-do persons prefer to remain at home, and so do vaga- bonds and paupers. The first get along pretty satisfactorily, and tbo second see no good reason why they should go in quest of labor and travail. The general manner of living of those who emigrate may be said to be very plain. The ordinary laboring man and mechanic in this part of Germany live on very simple fare, though on better than his countrymen do in various other parts of the Empire. Bread, cheese, sausage, and pota- toes are the chief articles of food with the common workmen in the towns, and in the country it is about the same. Beer and surrogate coffee are the chief drinks, though schnapps and inferior wine are lH)th {>artaken of. A dish that is much eaten is a sort of stew, consisting argely of potatoes with thin strips of meat, and sometimes something green in it. The peasants or farmers get little meat ; the laboring peo- ple in the towns, however, some every day. The farmers and villagers seem to be very plainly but well and com- fortably clothed. Their habitations are small, containing usually about two to three rooms and a kitchen, and are generally furnished with severe plainness — a table, a bench, chairs, a olook on the wall, and good bods, being as a rule the GERMANY. 209 igration is slightest greatest from tlio< a the (listriut of tbo sons emigrate from luse in Upper Hesse IS. The great body America to work, I sire to better one's say, so far as this cause. Those who ting along, and who A wieh to escape jody who emigrate ;er. I do not think migrating classes. It is the feeling of It expectation of re- 10 tempting induce- I people to emigrate. xed to America by to pay the passage , occupy an inferior •t so good a class of ossesscd of no much and house and took s is the emigrant's 7 day-laborers who, pockets beside their ore. Skillful work- le, and so do vaga- ;lsfactorily, and the quest of labor and rate may be said to 8 part of Germany I countrymen do in sausage, and pota- 9n workmen in the Beer and surrogate erior wine are both of stew, consisting uetimes something ; the laboring peo- ' but well and com- t twoto three rooms plainness-~a table, being as a rule the furniture of a house, with a few flowens placed in the rooms in summer to brightea things up. The laboring classes in the large towns may be said to dwell in almost all sorts of ways, according to amount of income and size of family and moral character of its head. Farm hands earn about 30 to 50 cents a day, laborers and mechanics in the towns from 30 to 75 cents a day. The farm hand in Hesse is con- sidered to be well paid. It is also said that the workingman in this neighborhood is much better paid and much better situated in litie than his fellow-laborers in various other parts of the Empire. The women, it should beremarked,although they work in this vicinity a good deal in the fields, are not the beasts of burden that they seem to be in some other parts of Germany. As to morals, I understand that the emigrants are of fair morality, and industrious and thrifty in character. Concerning divorces, it may be said that they are few in number, the laws not being favorable to them. In five years, from 1876 to 1880, the average number of divorces per annum was not one to every 10,000 inhabitants, the rate being 0.44 a year. From 1871 to 1876 the rate was lower, 0.41 for every 10,000 in- habitants ; for 1866 to 1871, still lower, 0.35 ; and for the period from 1863 to 1866 it is put down at 0.35 also. The number of marriages per 1,000 inhabitants during the years 1872 to 1880 was us follows : 1872 9.7 1873 9.1 1874 8.9 1875 8.7 1876 7.8 1877 7.7 1878 7.3 1879 .• 6.8 1880 6.d Thus showing a gradual decrease of the rate. But strange to say, the whole German Empire, Austria, England and ales, and France exhibit a gradual decrease of marriages during the oame period. In 1880 the number of marriages per 1,000 inhabitants varied in Germany from 6.28 in Alsace-Lorraine to 9.29 in Hamburg. The number of births in Hesse, including still-births, during the years 1872 to 1880, per 1,000 inhabitants, was as follows: 1872 39.0 1873 ;».i 1874 :».5 1875 40.3 1876 39.4 1877 38.4 1878 37.2 1879.. 36.5 1880 34.7 The rate in the whole Empire was — 1872 41.1 1873 41.3 1874 41.8 1876 42.3 1876 48.6 1877 41.7 1878 40.4 1879 40.4 1880 39.0 The rate in Austria while lower than that of the whole German Em- pire, was higher than that of Hesse. In 1880 the lowest birth-rate in H. Ex. 167 14 ■JK'.-i-.-TsgnR^e EMIGRATION AND IMMIORATION. Germany was iu Mecklenburg-Scliweiiii, 32.11 per 1,000 inhabitants, and highest in Saxouj-, 43.42 per 1,000. The number of illegltiinatf birtht? in Hesse iu 1880 was pretty high, that is, 7.26 iu every 100 birtlis, but was lower, with two exceptions, than all other parts of the Empire, namely : Hli District. Namber per 100. District. Oldenburg Bremen Hease — Wuitemberg For theEmpire.... Hamburg Anhalt Saxe- Weimar Sase-Cobnrg-Ootha \27 5.57 7.26 a93 9.00 9. OS 9.:n 9.64 10.17 Alsace-Lorraiob Baden Prnuia Saxe-Meiuingeu B-rnswiclt Saxe- Altenburg Saxony Bavaria Mecklenburg'Sohwerin . Number per 100. 7.29 7.30 7.91 10.48 10.73 11.65 12.71 13.09 14.11 The number of illegitimate births in Hesse iu every 100 births was as follows, compared to the average rate in the whole Empire, during the years 1872 to 1880: Tears. In Heaae. In the Empire. Yeara. Heeae. In the Empire. 1872 7.84 7.80 7.82 6.97 6.89 8.90 9.23 8.67 8.65 8.69 1877 1878 6.97 6.94 7.08 7.26 8.65 1878 8.66 1874 1879 8.85 1876 1880 9.00 1878 The number of illegitimate births in Hesse was, however, much less during the period from 1872 to 1880 than during that from 1862 to 1870, as the two periods, placed in juxtaposition, show, namely : Tears. Bate. Tears. Bate. 1872 7.84 7.80 7.32 6.97 6.87 0.97 6 94 7.08 7.26 1862 17.28 1878 .... 1863 17.56 1874 . 1864 17.38 1878 1869 16. 7H 1876.; 1866 16.40 1877 1867 1868 14.38 1878 12.52 1879 1869 10. 42 1880 1870 10.03 The gradual decrease of the number of illegitimate births from 1862 to 1879 is gratifying, but it cannot be said that the figures, taken all in all, point to a high degree of morality. I have never heard of the deportation by the Government or by any of the local authorities of Hesse of paupers or criminals to the United States. The only cases of shipments of paupers or criminals to the United States by official persons which have come to my knowledge were those of Andreas Bausch (reported to the Department by my dispatch No. 137, of August 1'3, 1884), and Johann Moritz (not reported to the Department). Both these parties were sent from Bavaria in August, 1884, but as I advised the consul at Bremen and the legation at Berlin, as well as the proper collectors of customs about them, the|y were re- turned to their homes, I believe. GERMANY. 211 1,000 inhabitants, ber of illesitiiiiatc n every lOObirtlis, irts of the Empire, • Number per 100. 7.29 7 3u 7 91 10.48 10.73 11.65 12.71 13.09 14.11 y 100 births was as Smpire, during the Heme. In the Empire. «.97 0.94 I 7.08 7.26 8.65 8.06 8.85 9.00 liowever, much less ■j from 1862 to 1870, amely : Rate. 17.26 17.56 17.38 16.78 16.40 ■ ■..... ..... 14.36 12.52 10. 42 10.03 ^te births from 1862 figures, taken all in remment or by any iuals to the United or criminals to the my knowledge were ent by my dispatch not reported to the Bavaria in August, B legation at Berlin, them, they were re- They came from places not in my consular district, and I learned of their cases through the kindness of an acquaintance of mine. The sec- ond case I did not advise the Department of, because it occurred al- most simultaneously with the lirst, and I thought it would answer to simply report it to the consul at Bremen, sts the same otficials were shipping both fellows. The consul at Bremen subsequently verbally informed me that my information led to very good results. A very reputable shipping agent here, engaged in forwarding emigrants to the United States, a gentle- man whom I regard worthy of all credence, assures me that so far as his experience goes but few pauper or criminal individuals are sent from this part of Germany to the United States. He says that he knows of but one case of an assisted emigrant being sent to the United States during the present year, and that was a wo- man with a little child, whose husband is in America, and who sent her enough money to pay her own passage thither, but not enough for the child and herself, and that the burgomaster of the place, on being called upon for assistance, gave her enough to make the journey with the child. This woman came also from Bavaria. To say just what the character of the emigrants is is a i>retty hard matter for any one to do who has not lived among them as acquaint- ance with acquaintance, or friend with friend. All kinds are continu- ally going to America, good, bad. and indifferent, and many go, or are sent thither, because they cannot be tolerated at home. I think, however, that on the whole we get industrious, saving peo- ple, and that the proper kind of material drifts to our shores for iuser- tion into the great structure that is being built up there, for the forma- tion of a national type of character which shall embrace the good char- acteristics of the leading peoples of the globe. But there may be ma- terial enough at hand already for this purpose. Oue-third of the emigrants are said to be assisted to the States, but from the other side of the Atlantic, and not on this. Their relatives and friends in America send them the money with which to get there, but it is usually barely enough to pay the passage over, I believe, with ten or twenty dollars addition. A large number of the emigrants who now go to America from Hesse consequently have nothing or next to nothing in their pockets on reach- ing there. The emigrants from Hesse are said to be superior to their countrymen from various other parts of the Empire, and not to go by the ordinary steerage ships, but to sail with the better class of steam- ers ;• but if they are better situated in life, and yet one-third have to have their relatives and friends in America send them the money to pay their passage over, what must be the character of those who go with the more common emigrant ships! From Silesia, Poland, and Bohemia very poor stuff is going over, it is said, and these are the fellows who threaten our capitalists and throw dynamite. They are beings who live awful poor at home, and are not the material out of which to make sa- gacious, law-abiding citizens of a great Republic. It cannot be said that the government of this duchy throws obstacles in the way of emigration. Young men, of course, are as a general thing expected to fulfill their military duties before emigrating, and are not permitted to leave before doing so, if it can be helped. Steamship companies as well as railroad companies have been offer- ing very low rates to emigrants during the last three or four years, and * I mean that they go as steerage passengers, but with the fast steamers, vrhioh charge a little more. 212 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. the cheapness of fares has led or enabled many to get to America- Bad it not been for 'bad times in Amerioi), making many afraid to em- bark thither, tbe low rrttes wonld iiave h(u\ n mucli more marked offset. As it was,' many have been induced tiiereby to go. Low steumsbip and railroad rated are a call to t lie \'ery pooreist and least desirable to emigrate. During the lust two or tlireu .\ oars tbe fares to America have been ridiculously cheap, and $10 to $25 would take a person over. The emigration has fallen off in the last two or three years very much, dae to the business depression in the United States. The Hessians go much to Chicago, Wisconsin, and California. JAB. HENRY SMITH, Vommercial Agent. Umitsd States Ooumbbcial Agency, Mayence, June 7, 1886. I fig ^ • $ NUREMBERG. JtEPORT OF OOJfSXTL BLACK. The largest portion of the emigration from this consulate is composed of people from the country districts. They are rarely persons possessed of any estate, but may be classed as a rule under the head of farm labor- err ; some, however, have been the owners of small tillages, but having be- come financially involved disposed of tbeir holdings, and ^ith what re- mained emigrated to tbe New World, where to tbeir minds the power of recuperation is much more witbin tbe range of possibility, for bore the land is poor and unproductive, and even those in the best circumstances eke out but a poor living. Merchants from the cities often emigrate for the purpose of advanc- ing their business interests on tbe other side, prompted no doubt by tbe fact that ]iersonal supervision is better than an agency, and at tbe same time with an eye to no division, but a full realization of tbe profits. 1 think it will he found that in most cases this class of emigrants antici- pate but a temporary residence in our country, and when they have ac- camnlated sufficient money to give them a comfortable living at borne they are not long in again establishing themselves in their fatherland. Some clerks also seek to better their position in the larger field pre- sented to them in America, for that branch of industry is largely over- crowded here, and artisans for the same reason are often found turn- ing their face in the same direction. There can be, I think, no ques lion that the compulsory military service causes a number of young men to emigrate, who appear to prefer a separation from friends and old associations, rather than undergo the discipline it engenders for three years ; and, finally, there are those who are taken over by their more fortunate relatives in the United States in order to reunite a long divided family. The Government does not appear to be favorable to this emigration, and obstacles are thrown in the way ; as, for instance, passports are withheld where taxes are in arrears, military duty is unfulfilled, or some police action may be pending against them, and without permission the agents of steamship companies are strongly admonished not to sell tickets. The result is that many leave here unpossessed of this per- mission, as the inclosed statistics will show, and obtain their tickets on the seaboard outside the jurisdiction of the Bavarian Government. ffiiipiifjj^i^ ^^iB get to America- lauy nfraid to em- ore marked effect. very iioure»t ami ret'.\eaistbcl'art's $25 would take a I ye.irs very much, California. lY SMITH, tmmercial Agent. GERMANY. OHABACTER OF POPULATION. 213 sulate is composed persons possessed head of farm labor- iges, buthavingbe- ait'i "sith what le- iuinds the (tower of ibility, for here the best circumstances [>urpose of advanc- ted no doubt by the cy, and at the same II of the proflts. I >f emigrants antici- when they have ac- bble living at home iu their i'atherlaud. ;ho larger flelti pre- itry is largely over- I often founil turn- e, I think, no ques- number of young D from friends and 16 it engenders for aken over by their )r to reunite a long to this emigration, mce. passi>orts are unfulfilled, orsomc without permission lonished not to sell )esHed of this pei- 3tain their tickets irian Government. The peasantry of this part of Germany are, as a rule, an innocent people, meek and submissive, and considered by those who inhabit the cities as far beneath them. They are good subjects and devoid of wild theories. They live in small villages in the neighborhood of their little patches, and their homes ure so divided that one part is occupied by the family and the other part by the beasts, while the high, peaked roofs are utilized for the storage of the gathered grain and hay. Among the very small farmers the family is usually large enough to manage the work, but the more extensive ones employ yearly help and extra hands during harvest. Servants engaged by the year receive an an- nual stipend of from $12 to $50, according to the value of their serv- ices. Board and lodging are also supplied, and on Christinas a suit of clothes or something of that character is generally added. Day labor- crs receive, for males from 1 to 3 marks, and females an average uf about 2 marks. Beer and coffee are also furnished, but their eatables are at their own expense. The food of these people consists of vegeta- bles, such as sauerkraut, peas, beans, potatoes, turnips, &;c., together with pork or beef, the last two probably twice a week with some, but the employers who possess large estates generally supply it every day. Beer also is consumed in goMlly quant" ' is well as Siiusage and cheese; and black bread, which, by the wu. ..-i very good, appears to l>e a necessary of life. Some milk is also drunk, but very little, as the German sense of economy will not permit too large a consumption of an article which is so profitable and meets with such ready sale. The women, who do as much if not more work thau the men, are given largely to coffee drinking, but they do not by any means eschew beer. The coffee is, 1 am told, of a very inferior quality, and chicory is largely substituted for the article itself. Their clothes are comfortable, cut after a style that has been in vogue for many generations, and they act as badges for both men and women to designate the occupation they fol'ow. Their amusements are very simple, and when not eiqployed, as on holidays, they pass the time with their families at the inn, where the monotony of beerdrinkiug is sometimes relieved by dancing, teu-pius, card playing, and other innocent pasttimes. Not being of quarrelsome disposition, they are seldom troubled with disturbances ; and as they are possessed of considerable reverence for religious things, they generally attend church upon Sundays, and hold in high value the opinions of the village parson. Around Nuremberg the most lucrative croi) is- hops, in the neighbor- hood of Bamberg fruits and vegetables, and on the banks of the Main grapes ; wheat and rye are also raised, but of an inferior quality, and it is claimed that, regardless of the tariff, it is difficult to sell, as the mil lers much prefer the foreign grain. In fact, near the cities the straw appears to be looked upon as by far the most valuable. Even among the better classes the manner of living is very simple, and the lavishness of entertainment so common among the English- speaking people is here almost unknown. One reason for this may be the limited size of their apartments, which are almost without exception confined to one floor, but the probable truth is that their tastes have never been educated in that direction. A home-litie similar to ours no- where exists, but the common meeting ground forfriendly gossip is found iu the gardens in summer and the concert-rooms in winter, where each one gratifies his appetite according to his taste, and regulates its cost by the depth of his pocket ff i ' EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Id luercuntile imrsuits the sjsteiu of aiipieiiticcsbii* is still in vo;;n(', and all young men desiring to enter this hninch of trade ninst serve three year8 before being able to recnre a clerkship, for which time in lemling houses they are generally compelled to pay some compensation to the firm, and for the three years following this their revomiteuse is sf) meager as to bu insufficient to meet the expenses of board and lodging. The result is that such employment is only open to those who may be fortunate enough to have some one behind them to render assistance to enable them to bridge over the iirst six years of their business life. From $6U0 to $75U per an um, with from $26 to $75 on Christmas, is a large salary, and not moiu than 5 |)er cent, receive these sums. As a rule they marry when their income reaches $u(M) per year, and appear to get along comfortably. They arc, liowever, compelled to be exceedingly economical, and but rarely lay by anything for future con- tingencies. In actual money the wages of artisans and laborers are low, but measured by what their efforts brir.^ lorth, 1 believe them to Ihj fairly well paid. Their tooU -ue generally crude, and in many instances not conducive to rapid work, but they ]ierniit no change, and any en deavor on the part of a progressive master to introduce new inventions or improvements is met not only with opposition but an absolute refusal to use the same. They are entirely devoid of that energy born of am- bition, and the possibility of bettering their position does not appear to occur to them. If from their work they realize sufficient to put footl in their months, clothes on their backs, and roofs over their heads, to- gether with a small surplus for Sunday beer, they are therewith content. Bora and educated iu such a school, it is astonishing that any of the young men should be otherwise inclined, but uevertheless it is so ; and being unable to gratify their laudable desires at home, they seek more congenial fields in which to cultivate and develop the genius they niay have in them. From coffee, bread, cheese, sausages, soup, potatoto, ad cabbage, selections for their daily meals are made. Custom here grading these eatables, they are, by reason of their means, relegated to the lowest quality. Meat is seldom eateu more than twice a week, but frequent potations of beer are supposed to supply the lack of this nutritions food. Of necessity their lodgings are ver^t' plain, scantily furnished, and situated in some side street or alley in an indifferent part of the city, and a lack of cleanliness, for which there is but little excuse, appears to be a characteristic. Two or more single men generally occupy one room, and a man with a family from two to three rooms ; but iu order to ailord this luxury the wife And children must, by their labors, contribute something to the common fund, and when this work consists of stick- ing night candles, tying brushes, and polishing lead jiencils, it is usually done at home, but many are engaged in washing and house cleaning and some in factories; but few children, however, as the Ba- varian laws forbid their employment in such occupation under a certain age. The wages of many are also increased through the practice of giving *' Trihkgeld" or *' tips," which is of almost universal prevalence in this country. It appears to pervade nearly every class of business, and in many instances reduces the dignity of certain employments nearly to the level of mendicancy; and it is not optional, it is arbitrary — the unwritten law declares that you must pay. The better sentiment is, I think, undoubtedly against it, but customs which have been here rooted for ages appear as unmovable as the everlasting hills. By porters bring- GERMANY. 215 is still ill vo;;uc, 'must sprvc three li time in leailinf; |)eiisatioii to the tvuHvi 18 HT) uieager lodging. liose who may be uler aHsiatance to eir Im8iiie88 life, ou ChriHtma8, is Jiese 8I1UI8. lHH) per .year, and ', coini>ello(l to be iR for future con- iaborers are low, lieve tlieui to Ihj II iiiaii.v instances nge, and any en p new inventions n absolute refusal ergy born of am- oes not appear to )ut to put food iu • their heads, to- jerewith content. IT that any ut the ilessit i8 8o; and S tbey seek more genius they niay >t:o) ad cabbage, sre grading these fid to the lowest eek, but frequent of this nutritious ly furnished, and part of the city, xcnse, appears to occupy one room, iu order to ailbrd abors, contribute jonsista of stick- ad T>encil8, it is shing and house pever, as the Ba- 1 under a certain iractice of giving •revalence in this business, and in ments nearly to Is arbitrary — the ?r sentiment is, I been here rooted By porters bring- ing Dandles to your house, mechanics doing chores, servants paying your bills, or carrying your ortlers, or ushering your guests out of the door, the coachman on the box, the convej^r of a i)resent, employes at the station and on the trains, those rendering service in happy events and sad ones, and innumerable other occasions, the hand is held out to receive'the pittance you may have in store for it. STRIKES. During this year three strikes have occurred, one successful, one par- tially successful, and one a failure. In the tirst of these a furniture manufacturer endeavored to introduce into liis establishment now machinery, which would have done much to increase his output and to a certain extent wages, but this prospective increase he desired to deduct from the actual weekly compensation of employes in order that he might be remunerated for the interest on the money invested, not appearing to realize that the augmentation of his business would be full compensation for whatever outlay he had made. Objecting to this proposition, combined with their universal antipathy to anything new, his hands refused to use the machinery, ceased work for two days, and at the end of that time the improvements were laid aside, and nothing has occurred since in that workshop to interfere with the old-time ways of its German workmen. The second of these strikes was iu the shoe trade. It resulted from a refusal of a demand for higher wages and less working hours, and after twelve days ended in a compromise. The last, that of the masons, was the most formidable and involved to a greater or less extent from Ave hundred to six hundred persons, and it arose from refusal of demands similar to those of the shoe-men. It lasted for fourteen days, and although intimidation was freely used, and every device for their success was brought into action, they were unable to carry their point, and it proved an utter failure. VITAL STATISTICS. I submit herewith the following statistics : Tear. October, 18«6 to October, ]M7 October, 1867 to October, 1888 October, 1868 to October, 1860 October, 1869 to October, 1870 1871 1872. 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 lf«rri»ges. Births (dead-bom incloded), legitimate, fllefdti- mato. 48,578 88,077 60,726 43,232 40,707 62,045 48,024 45,886 45,014 42,012 80, 369 87,565 3^066 84,058 85,538 87,801 I 85,085 86,733 I 208,771 211, 207 216, 176 228,356 220,676 216,166 215, 173 200,668 204,088 202,170 197,027 211,527 I Q I J3 32,095 30,786 84,892 33,150 27,883 28,024 20,088 27,554 27,815 28,738 28,557 27,458 27, 743 27,437 27, 4.56 27,471 25,081 28,250 I. StJ 21.1 22.2 17.9 16.4 15.2 14.4 18.9 13.0 12.6 12.0 12.0 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.45 13.5 13.2 18.88 Marrtagea by whichfllesiti- mate children were legiti- mated. ^S jE-o I" 20,158 5,e09 7,705 5,181 6,656 4,803 6,185 6,604 7,105 4,782 6,084 4,706 5,881 4,195 5,243 4,078 5,130 4,240 6,445 6,238 7,078 4,712 6,184 4,685 6^073 216 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. ■w It will be seen by the above figures that in the year 1888 an uu nsnally large number of illegitimate children were legitimated. It is explained in this way : Pluvious to that period the marriage law of 1825 was in force, and by reason of its severe requirements, such as the necessity on the part of the male to be possessed of some trade or pro- fession which had been conceded to him personally— for bereft that time the number of people in any given calling was regulated accnnl- ing to what was deemed sufficient to the wants of the inhabitants — and from which he received an income which in the eyes of the commuiiity wa« tleenied sufficient to properly maintain a family, but few of the poorer clasKes were enabled to meet these conditions, and their uuiou.s were therefore only made by mutual onsent, but upon the repeal of this law and the enactment of the one of 1808, which is much more liberal, they were legally joined and their offspring thereby legitimated. h OEBMANY. year 1888 an iiu legitimaU'd. It is e marriage law of ments, snch a8 tln^ aome trade or pi o- — for here'bt that regulated accord- iiibabitants — and of the com muni ty y, but few of the >, and their uuiou.s ipou the repeal of ich is much more ereby legitimated. S18 EMIGRATION AND IMMIORATION. I • S4 Id tbf flguieg isaued for the Rlieuisli Palatinate no divisiou is iiiiiiU- between city and country, an... CppiT Palatinate Upper Franconia Middle Franconia Under Franconia Snabia 39 84 598 86 860 166 444 An 12 16 177 ;3 99 68 122 16 1 12 42 20 53 13 27 4 18 68 251 46 178 85 173 17 20 .lU 2U6 29 154 94 167 - . . "" 15 Total 1,711 S7S 8,168 1,827 M2 m 886 781 r. no ilivisiou is luade ; flection atulrr tbe 204 !W1» 1874. rmUnlon. ' Without i,«riiil«. (iun. GERMANY. Traitimariue emUjrnlion. 219 1 IR 20 12 68 ,10 42 251 206 20 45 29 53 178 154 13 83 94 27 178 187 4 17 15 172 8SS 781 Oovtrnmental dU' triot*. ufn. 1870. IMT. 1878. With prrmli ■Ion. Without I With Withontl With |withonti With permln- pftniln- iinrnilH peniib- peimln- lu-riiilK- ' "^ -I 1 -I I .!»« ■t..n ' ntoo. without lierni Ill- lion. Total CltlMi Upper Hiiviirl» Lower Biiviiria Bhi'ulHli I'HUtliiate Upi>*r ruliitlnate. Upii«r Fiaouonla Mlil(l1>- KmnconU UntliT FrsDConU Siialiia Total . . Comitr\Mli»trlct<: Upper Bavaria l..i«-i rTIiiNMila KbcnUh I'alatlonte Uppor Palatlnnle tipper I'ranconltt MiiiiUi' Kninoonla riiilor Krancunla Suabia Total Kingdom : iTppmHavariii l.owor llavarlft Rhi'iilxU Palatinate Upper Palatinate. Upper Krani'onia Mlildle Franconla llniler Franconia Suabia 220 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Trantmarine emigration. 1K79. 188Q. 1881. Governmental districts. With per- mission. Witbont permission. if Witii per- mis.siuu. Without permission. With per- mission. Without permission. 1 1 t 1 i •3 £ 1 i 1 i •a 1 Cities: Upper Bavaria Lower Bavnria "RliAniali' VnlatinnfA 1 12 1 7 1 15 3 6 44 IS Upper Palatinate — Upper Franconia — Middle Franconia Under Franconia... Snabia 3 2 25 13 16 ...... 2 1 8 2 24 22 5 3 I 17 4 3 7 10 51 10 10 "w 5 3 7 62 35 29 17 3 36 37 ... .... 18 Total 68 15 69 40 i 1 115 26 194 125 Conntry districts: Uppei Bavaria Lower Bavaria Bbonish Palatinate.. Upper Palatinate — Upper Franconia . . Middle Franconia — Under Franconia 4 6 150 13 32 22 53 18 '"l 25 3 6 2 13 7 IS 10 338 13 102 12 129 6 6 14 266 12 72 16 112 35 18 727 46 103 66 287 45 14 8 179 18 61 16 86 19 113 ()9 268 ' 181 2,610 2,153 164 110 771 f.v 132 1,569 88 11) 1, r'3 ... 32 Total 807 57 634 408 1,419 401 3,715 4,441 Kingdom : Upper Bavaria Lower Bavaria Kbeuish Palatinate.. Upper Palatinate ' Upper Franconia — Middle Franconia . Under Franconia — Suabia j 12 7 159 16 34 47 66 34 6 1 25 3 6 4 14 13 27 20 3:18 15 126 34 134 9 13 15 266 14 78 83 116 3 50 21 727 63 205 117 306 55 20 8 179 18 61 28 91 22 157 2C8 2,610 171 833 167 1,698 105 87 181 2,153 119 ......|...... 08iO 17,(100 16, m 10, 124 15,814 15, 7Uo 15,409 14,3.^ 14,0J7 WILLIAM J. BLACK, _ „ „ Consul. UNITED States Consulate, Nuremberg^ Bavaria, December 2, 1886. SONNEBERG. SEPORT OF OOySXfl, BISOBOFF. STATISflOS. » It is to be regretted that complete statistics on this subject, giving the callings, classes, social condition, &c., of the emigrants, are not ob- tainable. The cause of this is twofold. In the firbt place, the German Govern- ment has not attempted, until within the last few years, to obtain and record thorough information concerning its emigrants; in the second place, many of those emigrating from this country have found it conven- ient, for various reasons, to sail from other than German ports, and no accurate record of such parties has been kept. The tables of statistics, therefore, given in Appendix A, cannot be said to be entirely perfect. On the other hand, however, these statis- tics include by far the greater majority, fully four-flfths, of thos^e who have left Germany for transoceanic lands, and, on this account, tbey may be considered as entirely representative, and as such worthy to be taken as bases of calculation. In said Appendix A, Tables I to VI give the emigration from Thu nngia, for the years 1873 to 1885, according to states, ports of sailing, and countries of destination. Table VII gives the total German emi- gration for the years 1871 to 1884; also, the countries of destination, and the ratio of the number of emijjrants in each year to the total popu lation of the Empire. Table VIII gives the total German emigration for the years 1871 to 1881 according to the states and provinces of the Empire, and the ratio of the same to the population of each state or provinces. Concerning the general emigration for this year the followins; only can as yot be obtained. Of the 22,8«3 emigrants who left Gernuiiiy during the iirst four months of this year Prussia furnished 16,318; Bavaria, ^17fi; Wurtemberg, 911; Baden, 626; Saxony, 622; Hamburg, 421; Hesse, 374 ; the remaining 1,433 coming in yet smaller numbers from m "/ Havana. GERMANY. 223 ti<SwSJw*Sh»'«i'S^V(a"v ■/^■(^^■.f^S'**" ,,-^yj«*3««i\-i. GERMANY. 225 jiiiicrsand loumliy. Ir cent. ; incchaiiics lind servants, 39, (»r killings, 12, or 4 piT I cent. Tliese per- bf the geneialchar- Fall tlie Thurinftian I the inhabitants of found in the other Lis city of the North hajority of the emi- bgia to the United lartisans. jrred to, who is also raaiu causes of the 2) the condition of )ire. s,viz, want of labor, other inoautainous ut have as dense a 25,000 square kilo- wn as the " Thuriu- 1.7 persons to each from want of labor their dearly loved lauds, lu this coii- } of po|)uIatiou since lis of Germany, lu les greater year by ingia is not au agri- e general welfare of her factories. Now I, work "on orders." ■ of the countries to orders, and thereby out of employment. migration above as- lent, capital can, of » it pleases- -wages Lscuumlate and him- je textile industries iborer's family, con- ;ek, $3.93, this sum 7, upon reference to }4, on labor in Thu- earn on an average, this amount, some- times a little more. The com>^' ^ wages, then, of husband and wife in a factory would amount to $3.9u, possibly $4 per week, au amount which, according to the above estimate of expenses, would furnish only the bare necessaries of life. We need not be surprised, therefore, that this class of laborers, by desperate self-denial and exertion, scrape together enough money and leave the country, furnishing 47 per cent, of the emigration from this district. In this same report we find that miners and foundrymen, who, as shown above, supply 15 percent, of the emigration, earn on an average $2.86 and $2.94, respectively, per week, and that day laborers and servants, who form 13 per cent, of the emigration, receive per week the former $2.75, the latter board and 50 ceuts. At these figures, when both husband and wife have constant employment, it is possible to sup- port a small family, but the severest economy must be practised, and the hope of a comfortable old age can never be entertained. In connection with these stem realities, and by their striking con- trast thereto, the vivid descriptions and alluring pictnreer of America which are sent back to the Fatherland by those who have already found remunerative employment and comfortable homes on our shores, act as powerful incentives to these toiling sons and daughters of Germany. They love their country, but they are human, and to the hope of an easier life and the prospect of better social position they yield obedience . And when, in the annual report of the German Society of New York City, they read of men getting as wages from $8 to $14 per month with board and lodging, and women from $8 to $10 with board and lodging, and that employment at those rates can always be gotten for those willing to work, it is not to be wondered at that they gladly come to our countrj'. The following items, on the general subject of wages paid here at this time, may not in this connection be amiss: Day laborers for ordinary work, such as farm and street hands, begin work at 6 in the morning and stop at 7 in the evening, having two hours therefrom for meals, and are paid from 40^ to 43 cents per day. Brick- layers and masons must serve a three years' apprenticeship, receiving the first year 24 cents per day; the second year, 36 cents; the third year, 48 cents. As journeymen they receive 59^ cents per day; when work- ing by the piece, however, they earn from $4.75 to $5.95 per week, but in this latter case a man begins work at daybreak and works as late aa 9 in the evening. Journeymen painters and paper-hangers receive 71 cents per day; fresco painters and stuccoers from $4.75 to $7.16 per week ; whitewashers from 59^ to 71 cents per day. Master gardeners are paid from 48 to 71 cents daily; their assistants from 36 to 18 cents. Tailors and joiners must serve as apprentices for three or three ar^d a half years ; if for three years only, then the apprentice must pay the master from $11.90 to $23.80 as apprentice- money, because of the shortened term. During this apprenticeship they receive only board and lodging; as journeymen they are paid from $3.33 to $3.81 per week. Butchers serve as apprentices for two years, and pay from $11.90 to $23.80 as apprentice-money; as journeymen they receive from 71 cents to $1.19 per week with board and lodging. Bakers receive from $1.19 to $1.42 per week with board and lodging. In factories no children under fourteen years of age can be employed ; females receive from 71 cents to $2.38, and males from $2.86 to $3.81 per week. In merchant life the apprenticeship is, according to the nature of the business, ftom two to four years. Shipping clerks receive from $285 to $571 per year; ordinary clerks, from $143 to $571; bookkeepers, from H. Ex. 157 15 226 EMIGRATION AND IMMIOBATION. 1 $428 to $714 ; and chief clerks or managers, from $571 to $952. In ad- dition to these salaries, each employ^ receives at Christmas a gift in money from the Arm, the amounts of the same varying, according to the position and length of time in employ, from $12 to $48. In public offices the following salaries are paid : To clerks of courts, from $214 to $476 per year ; to district judges, $571 : tosuperior Judges, $1,190; to the highest provincial official, the " Landrath," from' $1,071 to $1,428 ; to pastors, from $357 to $571 ; and to superintendents of the church, firom $714 to $857. The mayor of this city receives as a salary a free dwelling and $857 per annum, having also the privilege of acting as notary public, but not of engaging in any mercantile pursuits. As to the pastors, it may be added that, although their salaries are small, they have one great comfort which all preachers, it is said, do not have, namely, that they are sure to get their money, since the same is paid by the Government. They receive, too, many gifts from their people, and also extra fees for performing marriages and baptisms. The third cause assigned above for German emigration was the com- pulsory military laws of the Empire. The laws of the Empire forbid emigration on the part of any youth between the years of seventeen and twenty-six who has not served his term in the army, and every youth of sound physical condition is required to enter the army at the age of twenty and serve there, with some few exceptions, for three years, and after that is subject during seven years to reserve duty. To escape this service many youths and young men leave Germany and go to the United States, going generally by way of Havre, Botterdam, and An^ werp. SOCIAL CONDITION. For want of information as to the social condition of the emigrants themselves from this district, I am forced to discuss this portion of the subject fix>m a general standpoint. The following remarks, then, may be taken as applicable to the people of Thuringia at large. Tenants or landroumera. — ^The common mode of possession of agricult- ural lands in Thuringia is that of small farms, seven-eighths of the whole area north of the Forest, and five-eighths of that to the south, being thus possessed. Under this definition of small farms are included all those containing not more than 25 hectares, or 100 Prussian acres — that is, 61.8 acres English. The tabular statement given in Appendix O shows, for the four duchies of Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Ooburg, Saxe-Meining:en, and Saxe- Weimar, not only the total number of persons engaged in agriculture, but also among these the number of property holders, lease-holders, do- mestics, and family dependents. From this table it will be seen that, out of an agricultural population of 192,986 in the said fonr dukedoms, 31,337 are domestics or servants, 120,103 family dependents, and, of the remaining 41,645, 34,003, or 82 pier cent., are property owners. Concerning the number of proper owners in the towns and cities, it is hard to obtain information. Sonneberg, which furnishes a fiair ex- ample of the average Thuringiitn town, contains 10,253 inhabitants; these are divided into 2,162 families and occupy 677 houses— that is, there are about five persons in each family and three families on an av- erage occupy one house. Of course it is fair to suppose that many property owners possess more than one house, but, on the other hand, it must be stated that many, im ii - i ^.Mi'.w iifiii ii iu i i i i. i iiiii GERMANY. 227 1 to $952. In ad- ristmas a gift in ■ing, according to |o$48. clerks of courts, to superior judges, ^ath," from" $1,071 irintendentsoftbe sceives as a salary dvilege of acting tile pursuits. As [salaries are small, said, do not have, le same is paid by their people, and s. ition was the com- the Empire forbid rs of seventeen and r, and every youth army at the age of )r three years, and ity. To escape this kny and go to the >tterdam, and Ant- a of the emigrants 8 this portion of the remarks, then, may i large. ssession of agricult- ^ven-eighths of the that to the south, all those containing -that is, 61.8 acres ihows, for the four iningen, and Saxe- iged in agriculture, rs, lease-holders, do- twill be seen that, aid four dukedoms, endents, and,ofthe ty owners, towns and cities, it amishes a Mr ex- 0,263 inhabitants; 7 houses— that is, e families on an av- ivners possess more stated that many, perhaps 15 per cent., of the houses are owned iu sections or stories by different parties. Taking the number of bouses, then, as representing the number ut owners, we see that one person in every 15^, or 6§ per cent., of the i)op- ulation, owns property. Well-to-do, or paupers. — In general it may be said, that, while the mast) of the Thuringiau workmen aro poor and hard-worked, yet the statis- tical returns show comparatively few paupers among the population of Thuringia at large. Of course the inevitable tramp is fonnd here, but not in such great numbers as in some otker parts of Germany. The greater portion of Thuringia is mountainous and wooded ; only » compardtively small area can be cultivated. The people, therefore, sup- port themselves mostly by work in the numerous factories and by the so-called *' house industries" — that is, by the manufacture in their homes of all sorts of articles of merchandise. In all these manufactures there is great competition, both at home and abroad, and some of the princi- pal ones, such as toys, dolls, fancy papier-macb6 goods, &c., being articles of luxury, are subject to great depressions in price. As a con- sequence, the wages of the masses are often exceedingly low and the struggle for life becomes severe. But the Thnringians are a patient, persevering, econoQiical people, and face dark days bravely. General manner of living as regards housing, eating, and clothing. — Sub- stantiality, simplicity, and convenience are the characteristic qualities of the houses of the Thuringiau people. Stone, or stone iind brick, or brick and wood, are the building matv^rials almost invariably used. Wood alone is rarely even used in building, except for sheds and bams in country towns, and although Thuringia is nearly all forest, yet timber- is comparatively high, for, with but little exception, the forests are do- mains of the respective governments, and consequently the sale of wood is a monopoly. Then, too, there are very stringent fire ordinances in the towns as'- to the erection of wooden buildings. Brick and wood (Fachicerk) are< used together by making the walls only one brick thick and strength- ening the same by upright, horizontal, and diagonal timbers mortised together. Slate, which is very abundant and excellent in these mount- ains, and old-fashioned red clay tiles are used ibr roofing. In many in- stances these brick and wood houses are stuccoed or slated all over — in the latter case the houses being, of course, first boarded over and then slated, and iu this slating great taste and skill are often displayed both in the ornamental designs and in the method of execution. Another mode of construction is seen in the so-called pis^ building, in which stone for the foundation, and for the walls a compoaition of earth and clay, sand, small broken stones, and chopped straw, are used. These buildings, which are usually only one story high, and are foand more frequently in villages than in towns and cities, are nsed asd well- iugs or stables. The mode of construction is as follows: Broad foundation walls of stone are laid, and upon these, by means of temporary uprights, wooden boxes or molds, measuring on the inside the desired dimensions of the walls, are raised. The composition having the ingredients above named is prepared near by, thoroughly worked, and then thrown into these wall molds and compactly mashed down. Upon the walls thus made cue br two layers of brick are placed, and on these the roof timbers rest. When the walls thus made are thoroughly dry and firm, the wooden molds or boxing are removed, and otie or two coatings of white- wash given. 228 EMIOKATION AND IMMIORATJOX. Mi m % ■'■■■ } 4' The roof is made to extend a foot or two ln'.youd the whIIs on every side in order to protect them from rain, for tlirongli dampness tiiey can of conrse be injured. Houses tbuo constnujted are comparatively clicap, and are comfortable l)otb in summer iind winter. Only the wealthy can aflbrd to occupy whole houses alone, and those are usually their own property. The middle and poorer classes live in Hats or rooms. A family, say of five persons, will occupy from one to four or five rooms, according to their means. The ordinary dwelling consists of the Wohmimmer, or living-room, two or three small bed-rooms^ kitchen, and pantry. The living-room, which is the largest iu the dwelling, serves as dining-room, sitting-room, work-room, and parlor. The bed-rooms are on both sides of this room and open into it. The kitchen is behind the '* ving-room, and the stove iu the same is so built into the partition wail that the greater portion of the oven extends into the living-room. By this means one fire is made to serve both for the cooking and for the heating, and this in most cases is the only fire in the house during the whole winter. The chief articles of food in use in Thuringia are black or brown (rye) bread, potatoes, meat when it can be aflbrded, coffee mixed with chic- ory, and beer. These, with the exception of cjiicory, are u.sed daily alike by poor and rich, but of conrse the latter* clais add thereto from the luxurie"? of life. The very itoorest have to content themselves with black bread, potatoes, and chicory, with now and then a glass of beer. In Appendix D is given a table Bhowing the retail |trices which prevail for articles of food in this market at the present time. From this it will be seen that all kinds of meat are comparatively high, and not often can the iioor indulge therein. The Tburingian peasants and artisans do not trouble themselves much about looks in the matter of clothing, except when Sunday or a holiday comes, on which days, when out for recreation, they must have on good, substantial, and very clean suits, linen-bosom shirt.s, and neatly blacked boots. On other days men, women^ and children wear the ])laine8t and cheapest, patched and repatehed, whether at work in the house, factory, street, or field. And even the middle classes, both male and female, iu their daily occupations content themselves with very plain clothing. With regard to marriage and divorce facts, and children, naturaland legitimate, I beg to refer to Appendix D, Table II. In this table are given, for the year 1884, the number of marriages, births, male and ^male, natural and legitimate, deaths, and excess of births over deaths, for each one of the Tburingian states. From said table it will be seen that the yearly number of marriages in Thuringia, at a iieriod wher Mie population was 1,520,000, was 12,163, or one marriage to every 12o n- habitants; the number of births was 56,925, or four and one-half times the number of marriages ; of these births, 29,298 were male, 27,627 were female, 51,347 were legitimate, and 5,578, or nearly 11 per cent., illegiti- mate ; the yearly increase of population, 16,823. PKPORTATION OF PAVPEBS, INSANE PERSONS, AND THE LIKE. As the result of mnch diligent inquiry on this particular portion of the subject on hand, I have to report that if the governments or local authorities of Thuringia have in the last few years deported chronic paupers or insane persons to our country, they have done it so secretly that it is not generally known. A member of the Sonneberg city council frankly told me that fifteen and twenty years ago the city occasionally sent some worthless persons mmmm GERMANY. 229 I the whIIs on ovitv JdaiiipnosNtlicyca'n |mpariitiv('l.v clicap, es alone, and those ^orer clasHes live in Bupy from one to \er, or living-room, The livinfj-rooiii, room, sitting-rooul, aides of this room »m, and the stove he greater portion means one fire is leatiug, and this in fholo winter. ►lack or brown (rye) PI mixed witli chic- ►ry, are used daily 18 add thereto from lut themselves with len a glass of beer. trices which prevail time. From this it high, and not often ►le themselves much lunday or a holiday must have on good, and neatly blacked 3ar I he plainest and a the house, factory, male and female, in y plain clothing. lildren, naturaland In this table are s, births, male and births over deaths, able it will be seen t a period wher Mie ge to every 12c i- and one-half times ■e male, 27,627 were 1 per cent., illegiti- AMB THE LIKE. articular portion of vernments or local ■8 deported chronic done it so secretly old me that fifteen ) worthless persons to the United States, and that the same was also done by other Thur- ingian communities, but that of late years nothing of the sort had been done. It is now pretty well known on this side of the waters that our Government does not propose to keep open house and Tree table for all the floating and worthless population of Europe, and the steamship companies have learned from experience that it doesn't pay to have to bring back such parties at their own expense. As a consequence, greater care in this respect is exercised by all parties concerned, and it may safely be judged that the steps taken in the matter by our authorities have had the desired effect. In this connection attention may be called to the fact that the Ger- man Society of New York City, in their annual report for 1885, state, and with evident satisfaction, that of the 98,111 Germans who landed (luring the year at New York, only 89 were sent back as paupers by the commissioners of emigration. It may not be amiss here to mention a new method which has recently been institnted in Germany of disposing of the tramps and paupers namely, that of settling them as ''workmen's colonies" on waste or v.n- used pieces of land. The plan was originated by a clergyman of Elber- feld, and is as follows: By contiibutions from rich and charitable per- sons, a tract of land is bought and dwellings and workshops erected thereon, and to this home all persons in the district who are out of em- ployment are invited, and the various local authorities urged to send such thither. The inmates are first put to woik upon the land, clear- ing, draining, and cultivating it, then gradually the different trades represented are developed, and the community made, if possible, self- sustaining. In the course of time positions outside are found for these persons, and they return, with self-respect restored, to take their places in society as self-supporting workmen. From a recent report on this subject I find that there are now fifteen such colonies in Germany, having in all 1,268 "settlers." During the month of April 696 received their discharge, 175 began work, 389 left the establishments at their own wish, 6 returned to their families, 49 had to be dismissed on account of bad behavior, 14 on account of unfit- ness for work, 4 at the requisition of the authorities, 14 deserted, and 1 died. ATTITUDE OF THE GOYEBIiMEMT TOWABDS EMIGRATION. It can be rightly said that the attitude of the German Government towards emigration is both favorable and unfavoiable; that is, favor- able when the emigration is to the colonies in East Africa and other places which Germany is now so earnestly striving to found, unfavor- able when to other landd. In a recent meeting at Munich of the '' As- sociation for the Protection of German Interests Abroad," at which the president of the German East African Company spoke, a resolution was adopted expressing the satisfaction of the association at the " far-see- ing, energetic, and purposeful " colonial policy pursued by the Imperial chancellor, and the conviction that the same would tend to the pros- perity of Germany. The chancellor has acknowledged with gratifica- tion the receipt of this resolution. There can be little doubt but that the German Government would gladly turn the tide of emigration away from the United States and into the channels which itself has already indicated. But the German is, so far as circumstances will permit, a man of his own head, and while in general he would like to oblige his superiors, yet when it comes to the change upon which the health, prosperity, and happiness of his futare 230 EMIGRATION AND IMMKiUATlox. veara dei)eud, be follows UIh own rciiHon and inHtiiicts and pteM to that laiid which be thinks is best for hiiu, which land in, in the niajotity of oases, the United States. It may be adders from Scbleswig-Holstein are going into these districts. The attitade of the Government towards any particnlar practice or .proposition can, in general, he pretty well judged of by the tone of tlie pablic p.ess, for the knights of the quill know that it is not safe to tilt with the " man of iron and blood." It is annising sometimes to see with what eagerness the colonies are written up and the United States written down. Lately they have been comparing the German emigra- tion to the United States of this year with that of the three precediug years, and rejoicing that the figures show a steady decline during tliese years. That, according to their statement, 2,500 Germans in New York City were out of employment was not long ago the reason urgently assigned for Germans not going to the United States. But the annual report of the German Society of New York City, showing the table of excellent wages obtained by Germa~ workmen, is carefully left out. In the last few weeks they have published the total amount of injury to life and proi>erty in the United States by windstorms during last year ; there- fore it would be far better to risk the dangers of African fever. And 80 on. MILITARY SERVICE. The laws of the Empire as to military service, so far as the same can be affected by emigration, are very stringent. The following synopsis of these laws, kindly prepared by a legal friend here, may not be out of place at this point : The constitution of the German Btatea of 1849 granted an nurestricted right of em- igration. The later laws also recognized the freedom of emigration as a fnudamental light, but many of (he states, as, for example, Prussia, added manifold limitjttions thereto, in order that the daty of army service might not be evaded. According to the laws of 18()7, the right of emigration can be refused to reserves, the militia, and the marines only when they are called into active service. The question, however, M to the len^h of time the authorities may delay a petition of emigration, when the sommoning of the reserves is already determined upon, remains an open one. Emigra- tion on the part of mfuors can be refused in all cases where by their absence or re- moval their civil obligations would be avoided. And unpermitted emigration hy per- ■ons subject to military duty is a penal offense: any one is subject to a fine of frora 130 to 3,000 marks ($36 to |714), or attachment of his estate to cover the highest iiue, who tries to evade entrance upon military duty by leaving the Empire.* A fine of 1 to 150 marks (24 cents to $36) is placed on any reserve or militiaman who, while on furlough, emisrates without permission. The law of the German Empire established in 1870 is as follows : Every subject of a state is granted release who proves that he has acquired citizenship in another state. In want oi' such proof it cannot be granted to— (1) Those subject to military duty who are between the years of seventeen and twentv-siz, unless they have furnished to the district indemnity commission proof that they do not seek the discharge merely with the intention of withdrawing them- selves from duty in the standing army or fleet. (2) Military persons who belong to the standing army or the fleet, ofiScers on fur- lough, and officials before they have been releasea from the service. (3) Those persons who belong to the reserve of the standing army and to the militia, also those persons belonging to the fleet and the marines who are not desig- nated as officers, after said persona have been called into service. On other grounds than those designated in this paragraph, a discharge in time of peace cannot be refused ; at the time of war or of danger of war the issue of special regalations is reserved to the federal court. * Or, after reaching the military age, by remaining ontside of the Empire. .-. . :ii-;iE»sici»5ai^V:^,?^iiS«^'*W'-'vi-#??E^t!i' GERMANY. 231 |ts and inteti to tliat in tbo nifyoiity of lit is making strong (lestitute districts iny young farnitrs fets. [rticalar practice or by the tone of the |it is not safe to tilt sometimes to see the United States German emigra- le three preceding lecline daring these 8 in New York City n urgently assigned the annual report of table of excellent eft out. In the last )f injury to life and «g last year ; there- African fever. And SPECIAL PRrVIL£OES OR RATES OP FARE OFFERED DY OOVERN' MENTS OR CORPORATIONS TO INDUCE EMIGRATION. So far as I have been able to learn, there are no special jtrivileges or rates of fare offered by the German Government or by Gennan cor|)o- rations in order to induce emigration; that is, emigration to the United States. There are too many steiiiiiship lines between this continent and America, and too much comiK>tition among the same, to admit of any special reduction in ocean rates. In the printed instructions to their agents issued by the North German Lloyd Company we find the following : The agent ia not called for the purpose of iuBpiriri^ his fellow-coantrymeu to emi- gration, nor to deHcrilie to them the ciroiimHtauceH cxiHtiug in foreign lands. The task of our agents is to recommend to Hucb itvrHons as have determined upon emigra- tiou the steamers of the North Germau Lloyd for the voyage, and to effect the coa> tract for the same. United States Consttlate, Sonneberg, July 31, 1886. OSCAR BISOHOFF, Consul. Appkmdix a, l.—Emigration from the ThurtngittH $1atet to traniattantie landt in 1873 and 1874 by way of Bremen and Hamburg. " far as the same can 8 following synopsis •e, may not be out of lurestricted right of em- rration as a fbudamental fed manifold limitjitions ' evaded. According to Bserves, the militia, and The question, however, Df emigration, when the IS an open one. Emigra- e by their absence or re- litted emigration by per- mbject to a fine of from cover the highest iiue, le Empire.* A iine of 1 ilitiaman who, while on lows : Every subject of senship in auother state. years of seventeen and unity commission proof s of withdrawing them- ;he fleet, officers on fur- orvice. iding army and to the rines who are not desig- ice. , a discharge in time of war the issue of special lide of the Empire. Thnrlnglan ttatea. 1873. Hewe-Nouau* Saze-Weimar Saxe-Melningeo 6axe-Alt«iibnrK Saxe-Cobnre-Ootba Scb warzburg-Budolstadt .'>ob warzbnrg-SoDdersbaaMn . KooM, Utere Lloie Total. 1874. Hesae-Kaasan . -. 827 Saze-Woimar 155 Saxe-Mciningen 103 Saxe-AltenbnTK 17 Saze-Coborg-Ootba I 26 Scbwarzbarg-RDdolatadt 20 Sobwarzbarg-Sondenbaneen 28 B«UB8, Utere Linie 28 Forts of depart- ure. DeatiBSUon. s I 2,007 807 212 168 224 93 64 22 8,732 Total il,204 I I 700 65 123 20 100 18 11 7 1,154 4,886 438 42 44 18 57 20 5 4 628 3,457 392 335 173 324 111 66 29 1,265 197 147 36 83 40 33 32 1,832 CO a 3,437 388 834 170 321 108 66 29 4,852 1,226 195 146 82 79 40 32 82 1,782 8 8 14 10 10 *The whole of Hesse-Kassau is not included in Tboringia, but the separate figures for that portion belonging to Xbnringia nnly could not be obtained. ^«*"Ea^;j 232 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. AvPfSVlX A, JI,—Emigraliott from Ihr Thiiriiiyian »taU» to traniaitanHo land* in W'^ and IMfi 6^ way of lirtmrn and Hamburg. %\ TlmrioglMi tUtM. Totol 1875. Hf«M-NMMa Baxe-Wplmar Saxe-Melningcn Saxe-Altrabnrn Sazc-CoburK-Ontbk Sobwariborg-IludoUtadt BchwnribnrK-BoDderabtnien BeaiM, ttltere LInie Total 1876. Heaae-Xnaaan Sase-Wrlmar Saxe-Mrluiogen Saxe-Altenburs Saxe-Cobiirg-Gotha Sehwarzbnrtt-Radolatailt Sohwarzbarit-Sonderabaaaeii KftuiR, Utere Linie APPBNriZ A, III. — Emigration from the Thuringian »tate$ to transatlantic land$ in 1878 and 1879, by ivay of Bremen, Hamburg, and Stettin, Narab«r of emig»nt8. Porta of departure. Thnringian atatei. Male. Female. Total. Bremen. Hambarg. Stettin, 1878. 444 08 89 20 86 10 8 804 91 26 13 12 4 6 5 748 180 66 42 47 28 14 18 472 145 56 19 21 13 9 9 276 44 » 28 2« 10 6 8 ftftTfl-'Meinlniren ...... ............ BcbwarabnTg-Sonderabaoaen Benaa, Utere Llnle 1 Total 681 460 1,141 744 896 1 1870. 021 122 66 22 49 23 7 7 895 78 38 11 28 14 8 8 1,016 200 104 33 72 37 15 10 719 149 86 19 41 17 13 6 297 . 61 18 14 81 20 2 4 Sohwanbnrg-SonderahanMn 917 670 1,487 1,050 487 Hiatlanilo land* in \^'T, DottlD.'UoO. j 1 1 e 1 1 i i 12 .. .. 1 .. 1 .i 1 a >< 7 1 ... .... 1 .. . 1 1 i 1 .... 2 1 18 .. 8 .. .. 2 .. 2 4 S r 1 ■ ••• 3 ~r 1 2 2 ansatlantio land$ in 1878 iteltin. Ports of departure. n. Hamborg. Stettin. 472 276 44 » 28 26 10 5 8 145 56 10 21 13 9 9 1 744 806 1 710 140 86 19 41 17 18 6 297 . 61 18 14 81 20 2 4 050 487 OKRMANY. 233 ,P„.o.X A. I"--..-.. A^-- JSttuT " '^""•-""""" '""" " "* HenseNamiaii Saxc-Welmiit Saxi'-MclDingrn SaxeAltenburjt Saxa-CobargGol ha ......... . SchwariburK-Budolgtadt ... SchwarzburK Son«lershausen Beuu, mtere Llnle --■-■sr.^rrx"^--*»f»-="=«^^^ Hesse-IfaBaaa Saxe-Weimar. Saxe-Meiniugen Saxe-Altenbarg 8axe.Cobnrg-G«tha Sohwariburg-Ruclolitadt Sohwarzhnrg-Sonaershanaen Beaas, Jiltere Llnle Hesse-Naasan Saxe-Weimar. Saxc-Meiningen Saxe-AUenbarg Saxe-Coburg Gotha Schwarzburg-Riidolataut SchwarEburg-Somlerahanaen Beaas, Wtere Linie m,i [«:> P |.,^»ili||E|| 1^*1 |l|«l ■ -sJfc 234 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Afpeneix a, IV.— Emigration from the Thuringian slates to transatlantic lands in 1881 and 1881, ^-c— Continued. Destination. United States. a H f d 1 |1 2 1 i H M 1 4 11 10 1 1 1 a 1 19 i 1 22 .a 2 ■0 a 5 1 1 1 -•I 1 Thuringian ttatM. i ^ 1 .2 1 e •< 1880. 2,660 205 217 49 148 104 35 25 1,603 122 123 17 68 47 12 26 4,072 327 340 66 214 161 47 51 19 Saxe-Melningen «.. 10 1 1 1 7 1 ... Sohwanbnrg-Budolatadt Sohwaribarg-Sondershaosen .. Beusft^lUtoreLinie 1 2 2 .... .. .. ... .... ... ... ToUl 3,850 1,918 6,268 26 4 ~r T 1 86 29 7 8 19 8 "25" 11 T 28 6 2 1|.... 1881. 4,921 469 348 148 247 99 117 50 3,376 315 237 79 ISO 8,297 784 585 227 aS7 1 1 40 10 1 12 ... S 2 .... .... ... 2 ... 1 .... 2 1 ... Sohwanbnrg-Rndolatadt Senas, UteieLinie en . 1R9 5« S4 178 84 6 20 ... — ... .... ... ... ... Total 6,899 4,310 10,709 4 ... 1 96 18 2 51 1 15 ... u — . Appendix A, V. — Emigration from the Thuringian states to transaflantio lands in 1882, by way of Bremen, Harihurg, Stettin, and Antwerp. ThorlnKian atatea. 1882. Heaae-Kaaaan Saxe-Weimar Saze-Meinlngen 8aze-Altenbnrg Saxe^obnrg-Ootba 8«hwarzbnrg-BndoIstadt Bobwanbnrg-Sonderabanaen . Beuaa. Uteie Llnie Total. NninaeT of emlgianta. Male. 4,850 517 860 129 830 79 124 44 6,438 Female. 8,464 887 224 82 215 61 96 81 4,680 Total. 8,814 004 6S4 211 546 130 220 76 10,988 Forts of departnre. Bre- men. 6,059 762 438 114 407 85 182 8,107 ^: Stettin. 1,229 128 137 89 125 28 29 6 1,770 Ant- werp. 1,026 14 9 8 13 17 9 10 "ijloi naattantic lands in 1881 1 ••1 1 1 8 1 19 i 1 22 .... 1 B "3 qCQ 11 5 1 1 "i' 1 -•I 1 .3 B 25 2 28 6 2 1|.... 11 1 1 40 10 1 12 ... 9 ■ •■' 2 ... 1 .... 2 1 ... 18 2 51 1 15 ... U iti8afIan(io landt in 1882, twerp. Forts of departore. in. Ham- bnrg. • Stettin. Ant- werp. 059 762 438 114 407 85 182 60 1,229 128 137 89 125 28 29 5 1,026 14 9 8 13 17 9 10 107 1,770 1,106 GERMANY. 235 APFBSDix A. V.-£«il»ra(io»/rom^tftejrftj.n^^^^^^^^ to iransatlanm landsin 1882, Destination. Ihnilngian states. 1882. HeBse-Nassan ' Saxe-VTeliiiar Saxe-Melnini;en --... Saxe-Altenburg Saxe-Coburg-Ootha Sohwarabarg-RudoUtadt — 8ch warzbuTg-Sondeishausen . Benss, Bltere Llnle United States. Is "3 a Total . 4,781 504 357 125 320 76 24 44 6,331 3,433 379 221 79 214 50 96 31 4,503 s 8,214 883 578 204 534 126 220 75 '- IS a to 10,834 62 17 o'B 20 < 12 18 12 1 1 14 APPRNDix A VI -Emigration from the Thuringian ttates to tranaatlantio lands in 1884 APPENDIX ^'^^^^^^^l^;i^y oy Bremen, Hamburg, Stettin, and Anttverp. Tbnringtan states. 1884. Hesse-ITaasan Saxe-Weimar Saze-Meiningen Saxe-Altenbnrg Saxe-Cobnrg-Gotha..... Schwaribnrg-Rndolstadt Sohwarzbarg-SondeTsnansen . Benss, Utere Linie Total. 1S85. Eeese-Nassan 8axe."Welmar Saxe-Meiningen Saxe-Altenbnrg Saxe-Cobnrg-Gotha . . . . - Sohwarzbnrg-Badolstadt Sohwarsbnrg-Sondersbansen . Beats, Utere tdnie Total. Number of emigrants. Male. 2,915 875 297 311 52 106 20 65 Female. 1,080 229 lei 47 143 44 78 27 2,709 Total. 2,335 286 215 239 36 93 12 36 4.141 8,251 1,686 195 128 30 134 33 67 17 2,290 5,250 661 512 550 83 198 32 101 Ports of departure. Bre- men. 7,392 424 289 77 277 77 145 44 8,786 476 431 431 65 155 29 47 w." St*"*"- 5,440 4,999 2,278 301 189 36 194 51 107 23 819 157 70 61 18 37 3 SO 1,215 8,179 811 103 80 40 66 13 85 20 1,168 Ant- werp. 645 28 11 38 5 6 737 676 19 20 1 17 18 8 1 "eUo 236 EMIGKATION AND IMMIGBATION. Appendix A, YI.—EmigratioH from the Thurinyian state* to tmnaatlantio landa iv 1694 and 1885— Continued. Degtination. XTnited States. 2 ii 1 1 1 ■5 s 11 i 00 IhnringiMi ctates. 1 4 -a 1 .2 = Central An and Mesi West Indies B .3 1 1 1884. Sfiflse-N^ahaAii ................. 2,841 361 202 298 51 104 20 62 2.287 283 5,128 Ai4 10 1 30 11 15 3 4 10 5 24 1 "i 21 IT ' Sftse-Meiiiiiiiren ............... 214 i .^nA 2 232 80 92 12 33 S30 87 196 82 OR 2 2 1 1 ... ^ Sohwarzbarg-RadoUtadt SchwarzbiiTK-Sondenbansen. . . Renas. ttltero Linie......... .... i ... .... ••• 1 4 48 40 11 10 7 2 IT 5" 26 1 5 23 8 ■"'I"'"' Total 4,029 f,189 1 7,218 13 4 1 1 24 1885. 1,901 210 153 42 135 44 74 23 1,652 iS6 12-i 27 131 33 64 17 3,553 1 1 23 j 1 1 14 1 ...1 7 1'> Saxe-Weimar 396 7 1 6b 266 2 fiAxo*Altfiiil)urir..... ........... ::::l::: ... ^ftxe OEBMANY. 239 ')uehy of Saae- Coburg. Afpbndix D, II. — Matriagei, births, deaths, and excess of births over deaths, in the Thiirin- gian states in 1684. 1 o '3 1 If T 1 8 28 2 2 4 1 1 T 2 2 r T ~i« and forestry in tht I Saxe- fVeimar, nlngeo. S. Weimar. 46,687 83, 178 235 471 2,U58 3,376 372 739 2, no ■ 1,892 51,472 8,933 89,156 17,135 135 166 10, 493 18,797 8,465 770 5,255 10, 152 27,269 60, 437 f-0. perowt. per quart. ......per pound. do... do... per pound. do... >.... ...■...Q0■*■ •..... a >>..U0..* do... do... do... per quart. per pound. ...........qo... . .....a... .UO. . . ..... ......CIO. ■• ......per quart.. ......per peek., per pound.. ....... ....(10. ... ....... ....do. ... do.... do..., do.... ...........do..., do.... do... per quart.. per pound., >»••••. per eord.. .....a. ..•■GO..... Price. 1 78 2 00 04 01 04 02 15 14 10 16 16 15 1» 04 03 12 81 21 05 07 05 02 M 02 08 03 07 08 13 OM 648 States. Erfurt (PnwBia) Saxe-Weimar Saxe-Meiningen Saxe-Alteubarf; Saxe-Cobnrg-Gotha gchwarzbnrg Sondersltanaon Scbwarzbnrg BudoUtadt Rensa, older line Total Birthaaltogethcr. Death. (i„olu..ing 3,090 2,449 1,641 1,440 1,675 62U 702 540 Male. 8,020 5,816 4,044 3,482 3,6«6 1,388 1,580 1,282 12,163 29,298 Female. 7,7.50 5,387 3,718 3,335 3,533 1,251 1,481 1,172 27,627 Male. 5,635 3,951 2,781 2,732 2,624 1,034 1,229 915 20,804 Female. 5,317 3,695 2,580 2,500 3,424 967 1,029 706 19,298 Excess of birtb* oTer deaths. Male. Female. 2, 385 1,H6S 1, 260 750 1,062; 354 451* 367i 2,433 1,692 1,138 885 1,109 204 452 37S 8,494 8,329 Llve-bom. States. ErfnrtJPmsBia) Saxe-weimar Saxe-Meiningen Saxe- Altenbarg Saxe-Coburg-Cotha SchTranburg Sondera. hausen Schwaraborg Rndolatadt Seuaa, oUar line Totkl 26,411 Legitimate. Illegitimate Total I 7.196 5,010 3,410 2,049 3,169 1,215 1,825 1,137 a 6,996 4,734 3,127 2,842 3,049 1,083 1,265 1,031 24,127 547 560 452 362 120 180 2,e'/7 534 7,743 480 5,570 473 3, 8B2 385 3,311 363 8,536 121 I6:t 113 1,341 1,503 1,220 2,632 28,088 I 7,630 5,214 3, 6(H) 8, 227 3,412 1,204 1,428 1,144 26, 759 Dead-bom. Legitimate. Illegitimate. TotaL S 254 210 ISU 154 130 41 64 55 1,058 •3 a -a a 202 23 1.51 36 101 32 00 17 103 20 89 6 41 11 24 7 761 162 117 i 277 246 ie'2 171| 150 47 75 62 1,210 220 173 118 loa 121 4T 63 28 868 STETTIN. REPORT OF VIOECONSUL DITTMBR. To make this report as detailed as possible and to supply the desired statistics respecting the emigration from my district, I applied to the royal Prussian governments at Stettin, Bromberg, Dantzic, Stralsund, Goslin, and Konigpberg, requesting them to inform me of the sources from which I might obtain the necessary intbrmation, but unfortunately without any result. With much pains I have succeeded in gathering from the books of the " Stettiner Lloyd " at this port the exact statements respecting the emigrants forwarded from this consular district in Stettin, which state- ;;) uts I have compiled in the inclosed abstract. By the royal statistical o^ce at Berlin, it is true, monthly and yearly statements are published respecting emigration, which state- ments, however, as shown by the inclosed extract, comprise the whole German Empire, and therefore no authentic materials could be derived for my special district. I have been obliged to reply to the questions contained in thj circular in general terms. The greater number of the emigrants leaving this consular district are, there is no doubt, agriculturists, although work that pays them is not wanting here. The owners of industrial establishments, of which there are, however, bat few of any large extent in my distriot, have 240 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. 1^1 4'"^ ample work for their mechanics and laborers and pay them good wages, and therefore not many of them emigrate ; besides which, these persons, living on their wages, possess seldom sufficient means to paj' the passage for themselves and their families. The reasons and causes of emigration must not be sought either iu the compulsory military service or in the onerous taxation, or least of all in the density of population. On the contrary, it may be asserted that these classes of the German population are not averse to military service ; a good many of them, after having served the three compul- sory years, remaining in the army for nine more years, during which time they are promoted to non-commissioned officers, and receive at tbe ■end of their time a petty Government situation as outdoor custom-house officers, policemen, railway guards, &c., with which always a small pension is connected when old age forces them to retire from the service. Besides which, these classes are entirely free from any direct Govern- ment or municipal taxes. The main impulse is given to emigration by the desire of the emi- grants to become with proportionately small means the owners of a pretty substantial farm, which desire they can realize in this country in the rarest cases; perhaps never. Another reason for emigration is the wish of the persons, having emigrated iu former years from the provinces of Pomerania and East and West Prussia and now living in what they consider rather favor- able circuAistances upon their own farms, to h» ve their friends and re- lations enjuy the same advantages, ajiU therefore use their best efforts to cause them to leave their old homes. For that purpose they prob- ably describe to their friends the general sltuaUou in America as much better and more advantageous than it is in reality, I siippose ; and some- times, influenced by the agents for the salo of uncultivated laud, pay the passage of the latter to America on certain steamers, sending them the tickets paid, and hereby, there i^ no doubt, influence them to em- igrate. This showK that mostly persons without any, or at least in pos- session of rather i^mall, meanirt decide for emigration. Particularly emigrate petty farmers and farm laborers, thinking to be able to purcha.se with the proceeds of the sale of their small piece of land and their personal property, which but seldom surpasses the amount to from 2,000 to 3,000 marks ($500 to $750), in America as mucb land as will enable them, although with hard labor, to live independ- ently with their families. The pretensions of these persons as regards sustenance, housing, clothing, &c., are but very moderate. From their earliest youth they have been accustomed to heavy agricultural labor, understand raising and tending cattle, grow besides grain and pota- toes, also their flax, from which they spin and weave their own linen clothing, &c., themselves. From all the foregoing reasons these people in general make at the other aide of the Atlantic a modest living, and the sense of possessing a small farm of their own soon compensates them for the loss of their old homes. Their matrimonial and family relations are, almost without any ex- ception, well regulated, and it may therefore with good reason be as- serted Mat t^r provinces of Pomerania and East and West Prussia have alwa;^'3, fS regards diligence, solidity, and morality, supplied the best part of the emigrants to America, as, generally speaking, the same testiuioiiy cannot be withheld from the whole population of the {fore- said provinces. GERMANY. 241 Ithem good wages, tcb, these persons, lo pay the passage sought either in cation, or least of may be asserted ■averse to military Ithe three compul- [ars, during which lud receive at the loor custom-house lb always a small re from the service, my direct Govern- desire of the emi- I owners of a pretty his country in the e persons, having imerania and East lider rather favor- eir friends and re- e their best efforts )urpose they prob- I America as much uppose; andsome- litivated laud, pay »ers, sending them nence them to em- ^, or at least in pos- • 'ers, thinking to be beir small iMece of lom surpasses the n America as much r, to live iudepend- pereons as regards [crate. From their agricultural labor, 8 grain and pota- re their own linen meral make at the «n8e of possessing 9r the loss of their )8t without any ex- irood reason be as- West Prussia have , supplied the best peaking, the same ation of the afore- Daring the many years I have been acting as vice-consular agent, vice-commercial agent, and vice-consul at this port, it has not come to my knowledge that a chronic pauper or an insane person was sent to the United States with Government aid, nor has, according to the most minute and trustworthy inquiries instituted by me, ever a case of such a deportation by the German authorities become known. By no means is emigration assiisted by either governmental or pri- vate means ; on the contrary, the Prussian Government is unfavorably disposed towards the same, and endeavors to hinder it in so far as this can be done without restricting the personal lilierty guaranteed by the constitution. The licenses in former years willingly granted to emigrant agents are now, if possible, canceled, and in the rarest cases new ones are granted. The Prussian Government has repeatedly, by advertisements in of&- cial and such newspapers as are read by the laboring classes, cautioned them against believing the seductive promises of German and ibreiga agent8, trying to persuade them to emigrate, and it seems that these gov- ernmental endeavors have not been without success, particularly the number of emigrants, at least in my consular district, having consider- ably decreased during the last months. I cannot give an opinion whether the commotions among the laborers in America have contributed to such a decrease in emigration or not ; however this is not improbable, the character of the laboring classes in the provinces of Pomerania and Prussia being of a rather quiet and peaceable mood. In my consular district no special privileges or passage moneys are being offered, either by Government or by a corporation, in order to en« couiage emigration. JULIUS DITTMER, Vice and Deputy ConsuL United States Consulate, Stettin, July 7, 1886. Emigration to the United States from the port of Stettin. [From the books of tbe Stettiner Lloyd.] Tears. Adults. Children under 12 years. Suckling babies. Total. Male. Female. 1881 684 liV) 42 135 30 54 110 776 1,845 460 760 1,801 1882 1,280 322 531 1,235 430 108 166 447 1883 1884 394 024 364 1885 877 Of the aboTe there were in 1884 520, and in 1885 746, ttom Poiaeronia anrl Frusaia. H. Ex. 157 16 «r:: 242 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Emigration to irausatlautio countries. Tears. VlaGer- i man ports and Aut- werp. Diapatcfaed Tia— 103, 638 45, 112 80, 773 28,368 21,764 24, 217 33, 827 106,100 210, 647 193, 860 106, 119 143, 586 103, 642 Bremen. Hamburg. 48,008 17, 70V 12, 613 10. 972 9,828 11, 320 15, 828 61, 627 98, 510 06,116 87, 739 75, 776 52, 328 "I Total ! 1,211,352 67£,681 51, 432 24, 093 IS, 826 12,708 10, 725 11,827 13, 105 42, 787 84, 425 71,104 55.606 49, 935 35,835 479, 136 Antwerp. 3,598 1,576 2,066 4,488 1,836 970 4,089 11,224 '.'B, 178 24, 653 22, 168 17, 075 14,742 To United States (about). 90, 041 42. 492 27,834 22,767 18,240 20, 873 30, 808 103,115 206, 180 189, 373 159, 894 130, 339 98,628 134, 669 1, 155, 603 To United States via Stettiu. 1, 6,36 286 202 75 85 245 652 1,434 1,938 S46 750 1,237 8,866 The above compilation is taken from the monthly number uf January, 1886, of the imperii statis- tical office at Berlin. STUTTGART. SEPORT OF CONSUL KIMBALL. The Kingdom of Wnrtemberg, containing a population of about 2,000,000 inhabitants, has at various periods contributed a large contin- gent to the number of emigrants to America. During the time from 1874 to 1879 the yearly emigration from this district, via Bremen, Ham- burg, Stettin, and Antwerp, did not reach the number of 2,000 ; it rose in 1880 to 8,692; in 1881, to 11,450, and although it decreased in the following years, it still amounted in 1884 to 7,697 persons. Workmen and employes in factories and commercial establishments, laborers, serv- ants, and small farmers constitute the largest part of the emigrants. Low wages, bad harvests, the wish to avoid military duty, and the con- stant growth of the population in the Kingdom beyond its power to fur- nish support are the principal causes of the emigration. In 1884, of 7,697 emigrants who left this district for the United States only 1,423 persons formally resigned their Wurtemberg citizenship before leaving. ()f those 1,42.3 persons about 20 per cent, were married, while in gen- eral the proportion of married persons in Wurtemberg is about 33 i)er cent. ; 61 per cent, had been employed in factories and commercial estab- lishments; 21.2 per cent, as servants and laborers; 9 per cent, had been engaged in trade, industries, and farming, while the occupation of the remaining 18.8 per cent, is not recorded. The property of those em igrants, as far as stated by them, amounted to 338 marks, or $80 per each person. In genernl men and women in Wurtemberg are steady and frugal, and divorces seldom occur, which observation will undoubtedly also apply to emigrants. During the period from 1874 to 1883 t he average yearly proportion of children of illegitimate birth has been 8.95 per cent. The average emigrant from this district is accustomed to the plainest sort of housing, eating, and clothing. The yearly expenses of a workman's familv of three to five persons may be stated to be $45 to $60 for Iious- ing, $170 to $180 for food, $40 to $80 feu- clothing. Especially in the rn. ral districts, meat is eaten only once or twice a week, while bread, milk, a #4? GERMANY. 243 To United To Unlte.1 — States Stttteg via >■ (about). Stettiu. 00,041 42. 492 7« 1, .WC 16 27,834 286 M 22,707 202 M 18,240 JO •a 20, 373 83 iO SO, 808 245 24 103,115 652 78 206, 180 1,434 53 189, 373 1,936 68 150, 894 546 75 139, 339 750 42 98, 628 1,237 69 1.155,693 8,866 1886, of the imperial itatls- jpul.ation of about mted a large contin- ring the time from via Bremen, Ham- ber of 2,000 ; it rose it decreased in the persons. Workmen aeuts, laborers, serv- rt of the emigrants. ry duty, and the con- tend its power to fur- jration. In 1884, of ed States only 1,423 aship before leaving, arried, while in geu- iberg is about 33 per nd commercial estab- irs; 9 per cent, had liile the occupation of property of those em 38 marks, or $80 per teady and frugal, and doubtetlly also apply \3 \\m average yearly u 8.95 per cent. The I to the jilainest sort BI18CS of a workman's J $45 to $60 for hous- Especially in the rn. }k, while bread, milk, cheese, potatoes, vegetables, and various dishes made of flour form the principal article of » on8umi)tion. The people here, especially the hus- band and the single man, are, as a rule, partial to beer, and the rest of the family often have to sufler from that predilection. They are fre- quently obliged to give up a substantial meal in order that the head of the family may not be curtailed in his accustomed quantity of beer, while he liimself will certainly ]>refer three glasses of beer to half a pound of meat, alth«nigh the latter would not cost him more. The ordi- nary German housewife has not yet learned to prepare for her family a welicooked meal, not even a piece of savory roast meat ; they gener- ally boil the meat till it gets as tough as leather, and put so much water to the broth that the husband's ])reforence for beer instead of the weak soup and tough meat is quite explainable. No case of de])ortation of chronic paupers or insane persons has come to my knowledge, and as to any '* assisted" emigration I know only of such cases where the assistance was offered by residents in America, who had emigrated in former years and later sent their relatives money or tickets for joining them. Those cases are very frequent, and show that many of the emigrants greatly mend their circumstances in America and wish their relatives to do the same. Male persons are not allowed to emigrate after the age of seventeen as long as they are liable to perform military duty. No other obstacle to emigration on the part of the Government is known to me. I am not aware that any governments or corporations have offered special privileges or rates of I'are to induce emigration ; if such efforts have been made, they do not seem to have affected the emigration to the United States, as for a number of past years about 99 per cent, of all emigrants from Wurtemberg went to America. The higher wages in America and the better opportunity to own and cultivate land constitute undoubtedly one of the principal causes of einigratiou to our country. I therefore deem it appropriate to subjoin a taUle of wages paid in this consular district to persons employed in various trades. 1 also add a list of the numl»er of emigrants from Wur- temberg who left by certain ports for America during the period from 1873 to 1884. Upon my application to the ministry of the interior here for later statistics on emigration I have been informed that during the year 1885, 4,612 emigrants from Wurtemberg to' America had been registered with the emigration agents. Bat as many emigrants leave Wurtemberg without registering their names at the offices of the agents, the whole number of emigrants from this district to the United States iu 1885 may be estimated to have been not less than 6,500 per- sons. C. P. KIMBALL, COMUl. United States Consulate, Stuttgart, Augutt 12, 1886. TABLE OF WAOBS. The average wages of ordinary day laborers in 1884 were as foUcws : Per day. Adnlt : Male „ 10 38 Female 26 Minor : Male 21 Female 16 s> 244 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. The following average wages per day were paid by employers in the following trades : Miners io h\ Dyers (ij Painters 5r> Hhop-keepers ',.\ Carpenters :,i i Tinmen, mechanics, brandy distillers 47 Masons 4ti Tanners 4:, Brewers, millers, stone-masons 43 Malt manufacturers, potters, post-boys 41 Bakers 40 Oil-millers, farriers, locksmiths, smiths, snddlerp. ^ilAooniakcrs, tailors. Joiners, waj^on-makers, turners, book-binders, barbers,brick-Mt«kers 39 Chemists' apprentices 24 ituhii 2f umber of emigrants from Wurtetnbei'g who tailed hy icay of Bremen, Ilamhurg, Stettin, and Antwerp to the United States during the years from 167U to IStii, inclusive. Xumbcr of emigranta. GREECE. SEPORT OF C0S8VL UOFFETT. I have given careful attention to instructions conveyed in Depart- ment's circular of April 27 ultimo, in regard to ''the extent and charac- ter of the emigratioi\" from this consular district to the United States. I have extended my inquiries to all parts of the Kingdom of Greece covered by our consular agencies, and find that the materials on which a report conld be based are extremely meager. From all parts of the Kingdom comes the same reply, " There is no emigration to the United States or to any other country." The Greeks in America are for the most part seamen, who are there, as it were, by accident, without any purpose of seeking or making a home there. A tew agricultural laborers, vaguely reckoned from forty to one hundred or so, have gone from this district within the past four or live years. Nine of this class, young men with a small capital which they hope to increase speedily and then to return, have gone from this port within tbe past month. I find no way to get at the exact numbers, as there are no attainable statistics. There has been no deportation of paupers, criminals, or insane; no "assisted" emigiation; no privileges ottered by Government aid, or otherwise, to induce emigration, and the requirement of a passport to show that tbe emigrant is not seeking 10 evade due military service is tbe only thing that could be construed as an " obstacle." The conditions under which the Greek peasantry and laborers live are not such as to excite the desire to emigrate. In a country thinly inhabited and un- developed, congenial employment is readily found. ITALY. 246 tyers in the following IgO HI tl'2 55 5:t . ., ,. .'n '.'.'.'. 4; 4t; 45 42 41 40 I, tailors, joiners, , 39 24 emen, Hamburg, Stettin, i to 1884, t»clM«ito. , Number of emigrants. 1,92« 8,602 11, 450 9,859 9 693 7,887 jonveyed in Depart- e extent and cbarac- o the United States. Kingdom of Greece B materials on wliich rom all parts of the ;ration to the United imen, who are there, seeking or making a reckoned from forty within the past four a small capital which have gone from this t the exact numbers, ninals, or insane; no GrOTernment aid, or nent of a passport to ue military service is icle." The conditions ve are not such as to ly inhabited and un- I. For the old and disabled there are charitable institutions, and the devotion of friends and relatives. Temperate in their habits; their de- sires for eating, drinking, and clothing of the simplest kind; used to a scale of living which would be intolerable to the American of the same class ; with a climate where all the necessaries of life are obtained easily and in abundance, where even fires, except for the most simple cookery, may be dispensed with at all seasouN; living, too, under a Governineut wliich allows the largest freedom of discussicm, hikI under which the rights of the Individual are sacred, the Greek peasant or laborer knows nothing of the desires and wants which in other countries lead men to give up home and friends in the anticipation of better things to be gained in a New World. WM. H. MOFFETT, Consul. United States Consulate, Aihent, June 28, ^886. ITALY. HO>rB, REPORT OF COXSCL RRAL AtDEN. In compliance with theinstructio: atained in the Department cir- cular dated April 27, 1886, I have un br)nor to report the following facts relating to emigration to the United States from this consular dis- trict, and also from the Kingdom of Italy to the United States, from 1876 to 1885, so far as they can be obtained. No statistics prior to 1876 can be obtained, for the reason that a differ- ent system of registry was adopted beginning with that year. I may here remark that the area covered by the consular district of Rome is roughly estimated to include nine of the sixty-nine provinces making up the Kingdom of Italy : this district may also be roughly es- timated to cover 17,398 square miles, having a population of 3,500,000 inhabitants. Emigrants are divided by Italian statisticians into two kinds, namely, permanent and temporary, the latter consisting of persons who leave the country for a period less than a year for travel or to seek work in other countries. This classification is made according to replies given to the passport officials, but is not accurate, as the object of the inquiries is not always understood, besides there is a certain number of emigrants without passports. According to the official statement of the Bureau of Statistics, the total nnmber of emigrants from the consular district of Rome (as nearly as this district can be defined for statistical purposes) to the United States from 1876 to 1885, was as follows: Tear. Total namber of emi- (trants. 1 Taw. Total number of emi- grants. ]87« 15 i 80 42 80 1 1881 324 1877 1882 561 1878 1883 581 178 187» 1884 !!III!iri!I!l".!lim'.II!!lI!!. 18M 1885 3M 246 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. I'Mfii The diminutiou in 1884 in thiH clintrict, ns well as in other parts of Italy, was owing tu the cholera epidemic. Emigrant* according to tex from the vontnlar dihictof Rome to the Vnitid Siateii,from inm to int: . Yewt. PennMient. j Temporiiry. Orand total. M«lM. r«m«lM. TotAl. 1 Mole*. 1 Female*. 1 Total. MalM. Femalr*. Total. 1876 iteri a 3 8 i 7 •1 7 18 , 3 1 2 12 ! 30 ' 18 5 7 26 2 40 7:1 13 88 270 23 sai 11 1 70 i 405 4 ! 23 ' 154 11 80 266 2 15 1878 18 12 16 5 4.'. 24 36 2» Oi) 30 187» 18M uai lua 1888 1884 1886 24 81 904 814 437 IBS 188 11 3 32 24 25 20 40 35 2 34 44 236 75 538 23 452 68 155 10 237 78 42 M 324 B61 532 178 m Ocoupation$ of emigrants from the coiiKular district of Borne to the United StdteH hrltcern IH^'i and 1885. [Proportion for every 100 emiftranta.l Oocupatlona. Haabandmen, peasants, and abepherds. Maaona and atooe-cnttera NaTvtea, purtera, and otbur day laborers Artisans and operativea Baainesa men and mannfaotnrera Liberal profesaiona Servanta All other profeasi:.« w. >.*»> ■ ■■ — ,■■ —■ iL i | i , ^|BWPi r ^ a 4^ ^^ ?7« IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) •T>8ilM»ii»«ii Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WBT MAIN STMIT WIBSTII.N.Y. USM (716)>72-4S03 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques )f ITALY. 247 )f Emigrants from Italy to the United States from 1882 to 1885. lemporary emigration: Fiedmont LiRui^ ■ - Lombaitly Venetia Emilia Tnacany Harotaes Umbria Latinm — - - - - - : ■ „, AbrnzriandMoUse.. 21 Campania | i""! PngUe BasiUcata. Calabria SlcUy armnla — Gtand total. c %4B EMIGRATION AND IMMIOBATION. Emigrants from Italy to foreign countries from 1876 to 1885. Districts. Femianent emigra' tion: Piedmont liigniia Lombardy Venetia Emilia Tuscany Marclies Umbria Latinm Abmzzi and Mo- Use Campania PagUe Basilicate*. Calabria SicUy.... Sardinia. 1876. 1877. 187a I Total. Temporary emigra- tion: Piedmont Lignria Lombardy Venetia Emilia Tuscany , Marches.. Umbria Latinm Abruzzi and Mo- use Campania Poglie Basilicata Calabria SioU] SioUT.... Sardinia. Total Grand total . 1,919 1,896 3,894 1,860 84" 1,209 69 5 10 68 918 92 845 470 HI 6 13,268 26, 461 1,830 13,338 29,664 2,796 4,878 842 61 160 269 1,476 157 04 801 712 20 61, 919 96,187 •a § 593 439 2,801 1,364 122 168 63 2 5 26 392 85 161 60 96 1 0,488 1 ! 2,542| l,885i 6,755 3,2331 460: 1, 377 15a 7 , 84 1,310' 177i 1,0U6, 630! 207' ^\■ 1,714 1,659 1,950 4,007 800 TOl 28 6 340 697 17 701 350 229 19, 756 13, 4C9 s 781 886 1,222 3,470 317 Vi-1 2S 2,495 2,525 3,172 7,53" 1, 1771 023 56; 1,721 1,752 1,476 2,507 785 82'.' 35 i» 76 830 11 210 55 173 1 419 1,027 28 911 405 402 1 7,678 21,087 2,670 852 1,001 1, 751! 1421 2901 11 2 49 22 879 6 32 71 809 1 29, 140 19, 579 1, 662 973I 14, 339 15, 442 31,315!25,273' 2, 223:21, 812 19, 786 270 1,240 728 620 16, 062 12, 701 3 373 1,015 85 1,203 347 327 7 12, 398 I a o H 695, 2,416 8221 2. 634 885 1, 924 24;t 142 20 2,3G1 4,431 1,028 004 55 8 466 680 1,601 17 42 353 1,556 62! 40& 2271 554 5 12 1879. I 3,657 2,382 3,003 3,438 972 1,197 1.498 5,092 38 4,00 2,975 331 1 1,591 1,194 1,304 2, 626 302 219 12 1 3 344 1,« 87 1,764 580 215{ 5 e H 5,248 3, 576 4,307 6, 064 1,274 1,410 50 1,842 7,091 75 5, 7ti« 3,553 546 6,1.1718,535, 28,63212,1921 40,824 7,096 18,684 2,938 6,106 353 53 209 ^ni 1,855 162 96 872 1,021 21 89,015 108,771 2, 208, 5, LWi 144! 23; 4 I 128i 1,414 256 176 716 2H1 16 71,790 85,199 1,71!) 100 401 23 5 1 27 450 121 38 145 84 3 26, 992 2,898 5,558 167 2i 5 155 1,884 877 214 861 865 19 24, 122! 1,927 4,957 151 11 7 818 2,117 324 603 1,455 402 6,336 78,12670,112 14,014;07,213 82,610 2,673|22,35g 10,752 ]95i 923 1,715 53213,2331 11,870 1.93620,0561 24,968 224 416 14 2 162 769 137 282 279 109 1 7,621 13,758 2,1.511 6, 3731 165 18 7 970 2,886 401 885 1,734 611 4 77, 733 96,268 6,639 6,770 186 17 7 264 1,607 307 158 201 8 71,540 100, 172 2,545 6U» 522 1,763 420 455 26 3 6 60 676 176 7,467 19,659 22, 207 2,3i8 12,392 26, 731 4,059 7,234 214 20 l:< 320 2,282 483 222 342 20 70, 007 119, 831 ITALY. 249 G to 1885. 1879. i a 1 Fh 3 2,416 3,657 1,591 5,248 1 2. 634 2,382 1,194 3, ,576 2,301 3,003 1,304 4, 307 4,431 3,438 2,620 6, m 1,028 972 302 1,274 064 1,197 219 1,410 55 38 12 50 ..... 1 1 2 6 6 3 9 466 1.4S8 344 1,842 1,601 6,092 1,»9U 7,091 42 38 37 75 1,556 4,00:2 1,764 n,7ti« ! 401/ 2,975 580 3,555 554 331 215 546 1 12 2 1 3 18, 635 28, 032 12, 192 40.824 22,350 19, 752 2,545 22, 207 1 923 1,716 6U3 2,378 13,233 11,870 522 12, 392 126,058 24,968 1,763 26, 731 2,liJl 6,630 420 4,050 6,373 6,779 455 7,234 165 188 26 214 13 17 3 20 7 7 6 13 970 264 56 320 ) 2,886 1,607 676 2,282 461 307 176 483 ! 885 ) 1,734 158 64 222 611 201 81 342 4 8 12 20 77,733 71,540 7,467 79, 007 ! 96, 268 100, 172 19,659 119, 831 Emigrants from Italy to foreign countries from 1876 to 18 85-Continned. Districts, FermnDent emigration Piedmont I.lpnria... Lombardy Venetia Emilia .. Tuscany Marches XJrabria Latium -- AbruzzlandMolise Campania Pndlo..-- Bnsilicata Calabria Sicily ... Sardinia .^.otal 26,285 U^m\^VS*_ mt-^ ^^ ^^^1^^^^ Temporary emigration Picdmnnt Ltpiria . . Lombardy Venotla Emilia Tuscany Marches Umbrla Latium. .r. Abruzzl and Molise Campania Puglie Basilicata Calabria Sicily... Sardinia Total Grand total 15,059 0',74» II 250 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Emigrants from Italy to foreign countries from 1876 to IS'iS— Continued. 1883. 1884. ! 1 1885. SUtricta. •a X 1 2,024 1,665 2,168 1,867 250 559 99 4 7 384 2,484 71 1,346 1,036 767 3 1 ^ « 1 S 1^ ^ ^ 1 a Fennanent emigration : 4,669 8,003 6,001 3,291 921 2,«87 1,825 20 4 4,853 11, 523 374 4,843 8,251 2,103 14 6,1)93 4,568 8,169 5,158 1,171 3,246 1,424 24 11 6,237 14,007 445 6,189 9,287 2, 870 17 6, 751 3,565 8. 261 3, 752 1.0,i3 1, 858 3,159 19 4 2,028 5.078 229 3,503 ,3,609 1,489 10 2,096 1,635 2.377 1,458 310 443 131 6 6 395 1,009 110 1,4.54 841 581 8,847 5,200 10, 638 5,210 1,363 2. 8U1 8.290 25 10 2,413 6,087 339 4,957 4,450 2, 0O7 7,830 3, 225 7,OT7 4, 403 1,246 3,081 1,636 2,727 2,582 422 10,861 4,861 9,804 Venetift ..---- 6,96.-1 Bmilia 1,068 2, 511 638 820 184 15 1 5 9 3, 942 903 8, 319 3, 390 532 124 7, 188 2, 808 7, 806 1, 920 1, 138 1 507 6 ; 3,149 MATohea 1,013 TTmhriA 16 Latlniu ............... 14 Abmzzl and Moliae . . . Campania Paffiie 4, 84,-) 11,715 65G Iliiailipiita 9,U9« 9,818 gicily 1,645 Sardtnia 2 I 12 5 Total 53, 782 It, 634 68,416 44,368 13,6fil 1 58,040 56.101 1 20,808 77, 029 Temporary euiigration : 19,972 1,400 18,545 88,197 2,811 6,815 264 8 3.638 1,371 1 437 684 245 968 1 107 2,854 250 586 2.340 344 659 20 3 ""m 525 139 185 14 202 24 22, 826 1,650 14. 13'. 40, 54(i 5,155 7,374 284 11 1 3,800 1,896 570 869 2.59 1,170 131 17, 355 006 11,816 38, 572 3,539 5, 149 159 4 1 2,347 6.S1 273 105 260 318 88 2, 794 20, 149 801 1,207 5U0 1 12,316 2,308 40,880 278 1 3,817 14, 906 2, 938 17,844 1,126 8,849 33,444 3,047 7,098 100 12 7 1,161 1,046 199 12 1,006 382 187 284 401 2,441 347 708 8 3 ""iVo 364 17 10 86 159 16 1,410 8,840 Venptia .........•■■■.• 35,885 Kmllla 3,394 T. uscany 628 20 2 1 215 102 40 10 13 95 10 5,797 179 6 2 2,562 843 313 124 273 413 107 7,806 Marches 108 15 7 Abmzzi aod Moline . . 1,371 1,410 Pnglle BasUicata Calabria Siollv Sardinia 216 22 1,092 541 203 Total Orftnd total ......... ; 92.463 146,245 ! ; 8.222 ; 22,856 100,685 169, 101 81,543 125,011 7,425 21,106 88,968 147,017 72, 08T 128,243 8,082 28,950 80,164 157, 193 ITALY. 251 S — Coutiuned. 1683. •a o 7,830 3, 225 7,077 4, 403 1,246 2,511 820 1 15 I 3,042 I 8,319 I 532 7, 188 7,896 I 1, 138 I 5 : 3,081 1,636 2,727 2,562 422 I 038 184 1 I 9 ! 003 I 3,306 124 2,608 1, 920 507 10, 861 4,661 9, 804 6,065 1,068 3,149 1,013 16 14 4, 84:. 11,715 65G 9,996 9,616 1,615 5 20, 868 77, 029 9 14,906 2,938 17,844 7 1,126 284 1,410 6 8,849 491 8,840 33,444 2,441 35,865 7 3,047 347 3,394 7 7,098 708 7,806 9 100 8 106 6 12 3 15 2 7 7 2 1,161 210 1,371 3 1,048 364 1,410 3 199 17 216 !4 12 10 22 3 1,006 86 1,092 .I 382 159 541 Yl 187 16 203 38 72, 08^ 8,082 80,164 17 128,243 28,950 157, 193 i|2|isssiriiii iSiSSSSSSSS?.??? t» r? r- 5o«^ ^Oi-io-^OOO'^® - • S2'5''-"- " - F » -t- CO in Ti a 2 y ig 2 g! SS O>!.lift- ci w 00 w* w w>** w if V I 2 ft. " § 03 S I |l4 iii iiHil ^ : :5S : : :-cio . ; o wg ; ; o* B • 'ana •■ •• s si coWidiN»id>HC>«5deJ» K » ifi w 5vi I- o »-'- •^ o *", ^ wt-:ramNd"dddMd ■•airf»ieJ<^i-id«>delo m u ' ^1 Hi •^^lil^ ilililiii^i iliitfli^ll B •a 252 I" 8 •I I K ■S i 1 Ph i 2 : I I i B a i i EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. pid^ o a L-j •- w riio o S> ri cod cJd t^vStfJ^d'vddd d dd s ;s^sr.ss?;s3 "¥3 s ssi^fnSSoriS s^ u{ xHdt/iddd'i dd«4 S3 = sss 'S8SI"2 13 ssnsr. 1 = ii e4 ^ -^ d tri 5^1 ^ 94iridui ^ b- n dS »i $ p) a6 ^•^dc'lri qC o o — — c4 ^ ^irid — oi !3 s ji ■ lis IIS Sll ^ s ! S »-« ifi ^W -i t- OCT O d -^jjdt^dddd od eoHdddddd t-j a <» o o 00 umiun^m ss CO s-^n-^-^ «^ 3(r ei Si 93 1- tA n n coS o ru"^ Jo !■- » -^ w .^ tfs tncS WX^WPJ § 2'S •»■-■ §S «0 <«it-i-*t<-^ piu) §5 S?S?2 dd r-i oSuS dd*^ 9eio e^ -^ d d -J i.'^ d d 1^ izl 2SS §i§ Mi %%^ ei ^^ U tnca r^ a o I 2 117 L2 SSI g' 5 S2S2SI QD CI -^ eo s ao d" ^d" jf w §^h- rt Til? ad" eo'd Vm" 5 aSBSi^gf i liSII-ll s ef ef r~ 1^ (M « cl s sss:2? sifss IS s ^ CD I' n f 3 ; ■gs : ; ; :.| ■ 1l ; i i^l I •g.2 3 ; >§ J « a s : a^ 3 b 3 s I (3^4 nuiSS 1 1 ITALY. 253 82338 ' = 51- r22S llll~S ■•* m' 6 — rj I |2!£!;3&>f;! IS I <« to 3* -i 1,'^ 3 11 n it- S? ■ =5 ri r^ . if 8 : >8 muMo :^ 3 „ II The greater number of einigruuts from this consniar district, an well aHi'rotn other parts of the Kingdom, is drawn from the rural diHtricta — they \mug farm laborers, shepherds, and peasants. A considerable proportion of the total number of emigrants to the United States leave the country in the hope of finding work on railway constructions and other public works. Emigrants from the highlands are sometimes small peasant proprietors, but from the lowlands they are generally farm laborers. In this district, as well as in other ])arts of the Kingdom, em- igrants for the United States rarely carry more than from $10 to $30 over and above their passage money, and in many instances it has been fonnd that this amount, including passage money, has been raised by loans at the rate of from 50 to 75 per cent, interest; this of course, is all to be paid from the prospective earnings in America. In 188li the Government issued a circular inviting the prefects of the Kingdom to furnish tuicurate information as to the causes of emigration from their respective provinces and its effect on the economical con- dition of the country. Categorical answers to the following questions were requested : (1) Are people driven from the country by destitution alone, or are thoyinflnenced by speculators interested in mariii'^ transportation, or by the paid agents of foreign Governments or emigration comi iries T (2) Is it true that iu many instances entire families of small peasant land-owners sell all their possessions to enable them to emigrate f (;)) What positive and practical e£fect has this emigration produced on wages, on the money value of land, and in general on the agricultural economy of the communes or provinces during the last ten years f (4) What changes in the direction of emigration have taken place during the dec- ade f (5) To what classes of society do emigrants from the several districts belong f Are they land-owners, farmers, or laborers who emigrate for want of employment f The answers of the prefects were nearly unanimous in ascribing emi- gration to three causes, namely, destitution, la«;k of work, and a natural desire to improve their condition. It appeared that daring recent years there have been various illicit means used for inducing persons to emigrate, sach as flattering adver- tisements, letters, offers, in the interest of persons or swindling com- panies, of from $4 to $G per emigrant to persons who can influence emigration. Changes in the direction of emigration have been slight. It was found that nearly nine-tenths of emigrants to all countries were drawn from the agricultural classes. Cases of laud-owners who sell their possessions to enable them to emigrate were found to bo comparatively rare, and it was found that emigration bad not produced any appreciable effect on wages, or on the money value of land, neither on the economy of the country in general. Compulsory military service, onerous taxation, and strikas have had practically no influence on emig^.'> tion to the United States. WAGES AND ( OST OF LIVING. As to the wages of agricultural laborers, from whom the chief num- ber of emigrants to the United States from this district and from Italy are drawn, I may say that near Bome and other large towns they receive from 20 to 60 cents per day, not including board and lodging, and in the purely rural districts firom 20 to 40 cents. Artisans are paid from 50 cents to $1 per day, and miners from 60 cents to $1.20. The cost of living is perhaps nowhore so elastic and variable as in Italy. Living may be had frc n 10 to 60 cents and over per day by per- sons of the laboring classes. S< ^ r^ j -'m ^M- ' ^ - ^.L- 254 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. The lowcHt cost of living to the laboring ultisses in the city of Gome and its environs would bo as follows : Breakfast. — A loaf of coarse wheat bread, uusalted, weighing 12 ounces, 2 cents ; fruit in summer and cured cheese in winter, 1 cent ; total, 3 cents. Dinner (at noon-day). — One-half loaf of bread as above, 1 cent; a stew made from scraps of tripe, lungs, and the like, or kou]> ]>repared with garlics or onions, pork fat, or lard thickened with garlics, olive-oil, or grease, 3 cents ; total, 4 cents. Supper. — Same as breakfast, or varied with salad and bread; total, 3 cents. Lodging. — Single person, at 60 cents i)er month ; per day, 2 cents. Grand total of cost of living and lodging per day, 12 cents. Clothing is a small item of expense, and laborers earning small amounts will always undertake odd jobs to procure extras or an occasional glass of wine. MORALS. The ci%'il marriage is the only marriage recognized by Italian law. The Pope alone can dissolve the bonds of matrimony, but rarely exer- cises this power. In recent yeais, on an average, out of the total number of children botn in the Kingdom, 02^ \)bx cent, have been legitimate and 7^ per cent, illegitimate. I am satisfied that there is no emigration to the United States of chronic paupers or insane persons, either from this district or other por- tions of the Kingdom, and also no assisted emi;;ratiou. The Government does nothing to prohibit or restrict emigration. Its attitude is simply that of watchfulness to prevent the swindling or de- ceiving of ignorant persons. No special rates of fare are oflFered by any company or companies in this district. The fare usually paid by third-class passengers from Italian ports to New York is the regular steamer rate of about $30 for each person. In the case of emigration to the United States, the large number of Italians who have there found what is for them lucrative employment has greatly influenced the current of emigration in that direction dur- ing the past lew years. The steamers of the Italian General Naviga- tion Company, known as the " Florio-Rubattino" steamers, now plying direct between Italian ports and New York, have also influenced con- siderably in increasing the number of emigrants, especially from the southern portion of the Kingdom. A proof of this may be found in the increased number of emigrants to the United States directly following the establishment of this line in 1879. Emigration to the United States from this consular district is chiefly through the port of Naples ; for other portions of the Kingdom it la through the ports of Naples, Palermo, and Genoa. A comparatively small number embark from France at the ports of Marseilles, Bordeaux, and Havre, and a few from the ports of Germany and England. As to the habits and morals of the emigrants to the United States from the northern and central portions of Italy, both men and women are sober and industrious, and as a rule trustworthy and moral. They aie generally strong, powerful workers, and capable of enduring great fatigue. A less favorable view can be taken of the emigrants from the southern districts and Sicily. These are the most illiterate parts of Italy, and in these districts brigandage was for many years extremely ITALY. 255 the city of Roiao Ited, weii?hiiig 12 lin winter, 1 cent ; Ae, Iceiit; a stew }n\} )>repared with "arlics, olive-oil, or laud bread; total, \)T day, 2 cents. 12 cents. ling small amounts In occasioual glass <1 by Italian law. , but rarely exer- umber of cbildreu teand 7^ percent. e United States of strict or other por- n. t emigration. Its e swindling or de- ly or companies in augers from Italian about $30 for each e large number of ative employment that direction dur- revalent opinion that tlu iouthern Italian laboring classes are lazy, they are, like the rest of the Italians, a hard-working and industrious people, and endure hardship and adversity with great i>atii'nro. WILLIAM L. ALDEN, United States Consulate, ConsulOeneral. Borne, Italy f August 2, 188G. CATANIA. REPORT OF COXSUL WOODCOCK. There is but little emigration from this district to the United States or to auy other i)art of the world. The few that do migrate go to Naples or Palermo and there take ship direct to America. Ships for America that touch at this port visit other ports of Sicily before taking their final departure. I have visited the various agencies of the ship companies in quest of information. The agents of the Florio-Rubattino line of steamers assured me that their records for the past ten years show that only four persons emigrated to the United States, that these were of the working classes and took third-class passage. The other agents told me that no emigrants to the United States had been shipped by their lines during said period of time. I do not believe that the number of persons that have migrated from this district will exceed half a dozen annually since 1873, and these, as above stated, have migrated mostly from other ports, and hence we have no record of them. During my consular service here (since October 1, 1882), I have been visited by about twenty difierent persons, seeking information relative to work, wages, expenses of living, &c., in the United States. They told me they intended to migrate, that they would take ship at Naples or Palermo. I believe that part of these emigrated. They were mostly young men of robust health, well dressed, and a majority of them were intelligent. They belonged generally to the laboring classes, and were gardeners, carpenters, bricklayers, blacksmiths, tailors, &c. One or two were book-keepers. None of them could speak English. They stated (in answer to my question,) they wished to go to the United States, be- cause there they believed they would be better remunerated for their labor, and they would stand a better chance of prospering in life. Two or three of them told me they wished to avoid the military service re- quired of them which would take from them a most valuable portion of their lives. Those that migrate (with very few exceptions) are of the working classes. The agricultural laborers receive the least pay, and they work harder and longer each day. They, however, are the most contented ' with their lot, and migrate less than other laborers. They receive on the average about 25 cents per day for their work, mechanics from 20 to 80 cents per day according to their skill in the trade. Common la- borers receive from 20 to 50 cents per day. They provide themselves with food and lodging. Strikes are almost unknown. A few have occurred lately in the sulphur mines under the leadership of some coming from other parts of Europe. a *M •a .! •it 256 EMIGRATION AND IMMIOKATION. The working classoa generally are ignoruut, very siipertititious, luul intensely devoted to ttieir religions faith (lloman Catholic). The chil- dren are far in advance of their parents iu intelligence and general in- formation, being educated under the present excellent school system of the Government. The working classes know but little of the comfort and beauty of home. They are generally crowded together in small, ill-veutilatetl rooms, where squalor and filth usually prevail. They are fond of dresM. On festal days they always appear neatly clad. Even their work-day clothes are usually in good condition. They are industrious, know but little of the use of spirits as a bev- erage, and drink only the native wines of the country. There is but little drunkenness among them. Their food consistH mostly of bread, wine, fish, and vegetables, with occasionally meat of the ])ooreHt. grade. The upper or "well-to-do" classes are generally intelligent, and some of them are finely educated. With few exceptions they are as a class irreligious. Though of the Roman Catholic faith they scout the Church, ridicule the priesthood, and tend to infidelity. Viewed from an American standpoint the morals of all classes are in a deplorable condition. The wife is not trusted by the husband. Especially is this true of the upper classes. He keeps over her a sys- tem of espionage. She has not the fi-eedom tliat American and English wives have. Un the other hand, the husband has unlimited license by society usage to do as he pleases. As a resnlt he is usually no promo- ter of virtue. Divorce is almost unknown. It is granted only for impotency, and where a party has been forced into marriage. For adultery the parties may have a decree of separation and division of property, but cannot marry again while they both live. During the past ten j'ears we have had but two cases of divorce in our Catania court. The one was for impotency, the other for coercion. It is believed that this rigid divorce law tends to the increase of crime, since the husband often (in case of infidelity) dissolves the marriage tie by murdering the wife. Rigorous punishment for this is seldom in- flicted. In fact, capital punishment is of rare occurrence. An effort ii being made to have the law pertaining to divorce amended. Catania is a city of 105,000 inhabitants. The official statistics show that during the year 1885 there were children born 4,418. Of these 263 were illegitimate, and 327 were placed in the foundling hospital ^their parents being unknown ; they were probably illegitimate), making a total of 500 illegitimate children. The Sicilians are very affectionate to their children, and the children are taught to respect and obey their parents. The Sicilian character is that of courtesy and kindness. They are very polite and obliging to strangers ; but in case of dealing with them it is necessary to be on one's guard. They will take the advantage if they can. There has been no deportation of criminals, paupers, or insane per- sons from Catania. The Government does not encourage emigration. It requires all who emigrate to have the Government passport. Young men who have not performed their military service cannot get this pass- port. I have been informed that the Government refuses its passport to those who are unable to support themselves in 'a. foreign country. No emigration corpoiation has yet done any work in this district ALBERT WOODCOCK, COIMUI. United States Consulate, Catania, Italy, July 1, 1886. ITALY. 257 superHtitious, and itholic). Tln' ("hil. lice anurage emigration, i passport. Young nnot get this pass- efuses its passport i. foreign country, this district )ODCOCK, Cowtul. GEXOA. REPOBT OF COSSVL FLETCHER. The first interrogatory, on which hinj,'es all, or nearly all, the other questions, has proven a most diftlcnlt cue to answer, and even at this date, notwithstanding much time has been consumed in careful research for reliable statistics, a satisfactory reply cannot be given. At the very outset of investigation the chief of police at this port in- formed mo " that noemigrants have ever left this city, either by steamer or by sailing vessel, bound for the United States. The departure of Huch emigrants takes place only at Naples and at Palermo." The officer referred to was consulted for the following reasons: All natives of Italy are supposed to have passports when they leave the Kingdom. To obtain such the applicant must procure from the mu- nicipality of his native city or town a certificate of birth, giving therein age, name, and names of the petitioner's parents. To this certificate is also added the applicant's liability for or exemption from military duty. Further, the court records are examined, and if any misdemeanors are charged against the man, a stateineut to this effect is forwarded to police lieadquarters. The petitioner must present his certificate of birth to the local chief of police, and this officer, on examination of all papers in the case, either issues or refuses a passport. For such a document the applicant is charged about $3.D0. But before the individual can sail for a foreign land, all his papers are again examined by the police at the port of embarkation. Without a passport, therefore, it seems impossible, except by great cunning, to leave Italy by sea for other countries. On studying the points just stated, and positively knowing that emi- gration is continually going on from Northern Italy to the United States, the question arose, How do emigrants go, say. to New York from a por- tion of this district, and from the provinces of Lombardy and Piedmont f For it is well understood that the financial conditions of the people who seek homes in the New World do not warrant them in journeying to Naples, much more to Palermo. Further investigation followed and all the shipping agencies of con- sequence in Genoa were either personally visited, or letters of inquiry sent to the managers, soliciting statistics on the subject of emigration. These inquiries brought out one point and another, all very slow in coming, which, summarized, is as follows : While the Italian GK)vernment is very strict in regard to its citizens leaving the Kingdom by sea without a i>a8sport, it is decidedly lax in enforcing this condition on its subjects who cross the frontier into France and Switzerland. In fact, few if any have to exhibit passports to the Italian authorities when going out of the Kingdom by railroad. Of the different agencies which answered my inquiries the statistics sent by Messrs. Goudrand Brothers are the most valuable. This firm represents the Transatlantic Company in Genoa, whose steamships ply between Havre, France, and the port of New York. On September 23, 1886, the Messrs. Gondraud informed me that they sold for their company, to Italians exclusively, 5,138 tickets, between May, 1885, and August 30, 1886 (see inclosure No. 2 for particulars), graded as follows: First class, 32 ; second class, 67 ; steerage, 5,039. Full advertised rates are paid foi' all tickets sold at Genoa, but the agents here furnish the purchaser a railroad ticket, good as far as Mo- dane, on the French border, where, on arrival, the traveler is met by a H. Ex. 157 17 258 EMIGRATION AND IMMIOBATION. special agent of the Trausatlantio Company and forwarded to Havre, where he embarks for New York. There is no redaction of fare on the. Italian railroads, but once on French soil special rates are granted emigrants. The Messrs. Gondrand have only a record of emigration tickets sold since May, 1885 ; all records of previous years are on file in the central office of the Transatlantic Company in Paris. 1. Question No. 1 can only be answered as above. 2. Emigration from this district is confined almost wholly to the la- boring classes. 3. The cause of emigration is iioverty at home and the hope of pro- curing xpoi"^ remuneration for honest toil in the Western World. 8m- plus population no doubt causes poverty here. It may be safely said of all the natives of this section of Italy that they toill work, no matter how low the wages may be, if they can find employment. Fear of com- pulsory military service, as far as this district is concerned, plays but a very minor part in forcing emigration. 4. The following table, copied and condensed from the latest official census (census of 1881), illustrates the social condition of the people of the province of Genoa : IMfltriot. Alb«ngu. ChiAYMi. Genoa ... SaTono . . ToteU. TTmnarrlfld. MalM. Females. 1«,8«4 82,647 119, «77 80,491 81,780 S81,7W 14,898 31,844 111,912 SO, 770 26,920 212,866 MuTied. Hales. Females. 10,485 18,009 68,809 16,681 19,716 129,149 10,874 19,869 66,943 17,214 20,708 134,628 Widows. 1,477 2,113 7,865 1,944 2,111 1^600 Widowers. 2,908 8,764 19.787 4,0«7 4,229 36,735 8UHHABY. tTnmarried. Harried an! 772 Widows and widowers S2,23S Total ; 760,122 The peculiar natural formation of the country comprising this con- sular district is such that few, if any, of the inhabitants can be called land-owners, as the term is understood in the United States. Probably not more than one-fifth of the territory of the province is tillable, and this fifth seems but a dot here and there on the sea-shore and on the lofty hills and hillsides. As a consequence the tillable soil is scattered and the little patches have as many owners. Like the surrounding country^ the real property in the city of Genoa is also divided, and very peculiarly, too, among what may be consid- ered well-to-do-people here. To illustrate : Several gentlemen will agree to purchase a certain building lot and erect a house thereon. Each man pays his proportion, of course, for the land, also for foundation walls and roof. It is then agreed who shall have first, second, third, and fourth story, and so on upwards. This decided, the parties flniish their apartments, or fiats, as the case may be, according to their own special tastes, and if the owner of said fiat has more space than his family requires, the surplus rooms are rented. Hundreds have followed this plan, and hundreds are doing so daily. The buildings, as a rule— ITALY. 259 brwarded to Havre [roads, but once on »tion tickets sold file in the central bt wholly to the la- Id the hope of pro- stern World. Sur- av be safely said of II work, no matter lent. Fear of com - Jcerned, plays but a m the latest official tlon of the people of i44,115 288,773 ■••' 62,285 760,123 iomprising this con- »itants can be called d States. Probably rince is tillable, and ea-shore and on the kble soil is scattered in the city of Genoa hat may be consid- rentlemen will agree ase thereon. Each also for foundation first, second, third, 1, the parties flniish ording to their own ore space than his [reds have followed ildings, as a rule— usi)e<;iully iu new Genoa — are very large, with an average proportion (jf say IGO by 70 feet, and from six to eight stories in height. Old Genoa is being remodeled, slowly however, and its marble pal- aces are nearly all rented for shops, offices, and to families. The per- centage of real estate owners cannot be given. Genoa has its paupers, but not to any comparison to those seen in cities of Italy further south. This may be accounted for, first, because of the immense maritime traffic at this port which gives constant employment to thousands of laborers, and at wages much in advance of the wages paid iu inland cities ; second, on account of the strict economy of all the people, amounting almost to parsimony. Nothing is wasted. It is said that even at the poorhonse here, a structure capable of accommodating fully thirteen bundrevemment or private aid. The only case of ''assisted emigration" on record here occurred about five years ago, and this "assistance" was given by the Mexican Gov- ernment, which chartered four steamers, loaded them with laborers, and * For rates of wages, cost of living, and all other partionlars called for in the fourth interrogatory, I respectAilly refer to Vol. 2, Labor Beport, published by the Depart- uieut early in 1885. To ray report thei«ln nothing of interest can now be added ex- cept what is given on precisding pages. ^^»'-Ui^viii*4iiitS^iS»*4»»:^*«J^ 260 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. landed them at Vera Cruz, after which it (the Mexican Government) found the emigrants employment. 6. The attitude of the Italian Government towards emigration is voiy simple and, I think, praiseworthy. It requires its people to procure passports and insists on good and wholesome food and accommodations on board ship. To enforce the latter reqjiiremeut government inspect- ors thoroughly examine every vessel carrying emigrants from Italian ports, and those inspectors have authority to correct any oversight ou the part of the officers or owners of sailing vessel or steamer. Question 7 can only be answered in the language expressed in first interrogatory. ^^^^^ FLETCHER, Consul. United States Consulate. Genoa, Italy, October 26, 1886. PliORENCE. REPORT OF CONSUL WEL8B. ' From this consular district emigration to whatsoever country is small, and to the United States of America, in proportion to the population of Tuscany, is almost nil, excepting only the province of Lucca, the in- habitants of which have been for centuries noted in Italy for their mi- gratory habits, but even of the Luccan emigrants the msyority, sooner or later, return to their native province. PASSPORTS. To a certain extent statistics of the emigration from Italy are correct, being derived from the applications made for passports, but in spite of all efforts manv persons leave without making such application, and others state their destination to be one country and from that country go to another, so that unless they return or are " wanted" all official trace of them is lost. , , , . , Every applicant for a passport is scrutinized and asked his or her oc- cupation and, when it is considered necessary, is obliged to give proofs of identity and respectability. Passports are issued by the minister of foreign affairs, and through his authority by the prefects or sous-prefects of each province, and by the delegate of public surety in each district. In other countries pass- ports can be issued to Italian subjects by ambassadors, ministers, charges d'aft'aires, consuls-general, or consuls. A. passport expires at the end of one year ftrom its date, but can be renewed by the payment of the amount of the original fee. Young men who have not yet done the military service required by law are refused passports unless by special permit of the prefect, and in case they desire and are permitted to go to North or South America or the West or East Indies, they arc required to deposit Government rentes to the amount of 200 lire. Passports are refused to criminals. To laborers and indigent persons passports are granted after proof is riven that the applicants have suf- ficient funds to carry them to their < stination, but no charge is made for this the third class of passports. ». passport of class No. 1 (or that issued to a well-to-do person) bears a red stamp, costing 10 lire. A pass- ITALY. 261 |xican Goverumeut) i emigration is very people to procure Ind accomraodations roveriiinent inspect- Igrants from Italian ■ct any oversiglit ou ' steamer. le expressed in first rLETCHBR, Comul. ?er country is small, to the population of 2e of Lacca, the in- n Italy for their mi- the m^ority, sooner 9m Italy are correct, jorts, but in spite of ich application, and d from that country wanted" all official asked his or her oc- Jliged to give proofs affairs, and through ch province, and by ther countries pass- assadors, ministers, passport expires at Jired by the payment lo have not yet done passports unless by e and are permitted ast Indies, they arc nt of 200 lire, nd indigent persons I'Pplicauts have suf- no charge is made class No. 1 (or that ng 10 lire. A pass- port of class Xo. 2 (or that issued to an artisan or better class of laborer) bears a green stamp, costing 2 lire, and that of class No. 3 is merely en- dorsed "gratis," and states the condition of the bearer. Without a vis^d passport system it is impossible to prevent immigra- tion of persons not desirable in the United States. Every immigrant should be required to identify him or her self before the consul at the place or port of departure. From the ports of departure but little opposition is made by the Gov- ernment to the emigrant or other passenger. Emigrant vessels are, however, all subjected to Government inspection. No emigrants are allowed to sail unless the ship's register shows their passage money to have been paidj and all passports delivered to Indigent persons or pau- pers are indorsed as before described, whilst their bearers are told that they will not be allowed Government aid by any official when abroad or for their return passage. STATISTICS. The statistics I am able to give date only from 1876, previous to which none were published, or if they were, are not to be found at the pre- fecture of this district. These statistics are to be found in the appen- dices attached, numbers and contents being duly described at foot. The classes emigrating from this district are almost entirely agricult- ural, viz, farmers on a small scale, husbandmen, and common laborers; of skilled laborers and artisans there are but very few among the few emigrants, of any sort. The minister of agriculture, industry, and commerce at Borne for- warded to the prefects of the different ])rovince8 in Italy a circular, written under date of the 10th January, 1881, to ascertain the causes of emigration and the classes which emigrated. In regard to the district of Florence and provinces of Gagliari and Sassari (both in the island of Sardinia), the sense of the answers given to this circular is as follows : Dutrict of Florence (population 790,776). — Province of Florence : A few hundred artisans and agricultural labors emigrate to France and Corsica, attracted by higher wages. Of these most return after the sea- son. A few remain in France, but very few leave Europe. Province of Arezzo (population 238,744) : Of actual emigration there is scarcely any, and the temporary emigration is small. During the past ten years only 161 passports have been issued, and of those ohly eleven to persons going to the United States. During this time, however, rail- road workmen mavvies) to a certain number and without passports went to Tunis and elsewhere for six months, but according to the local au- thorities all returned. Province of Siena (population 205,926) : In this province emigration is unknown, the people being averse to leave their homes even for a short time. Province of Pisa (population 283,563) : Emigration very limited, and what there is is composed principally of laborers leaving daring the winter to find work, and returning in the spring to cultivate the fields. Province of Lucca (population 284,484) : This province is over-popu- lated, and in many cases distress causes people to leave their homes,bat some of the family generally remain^ and their relatives, if successful abroad, remit theui certain sums, thus enabling them to retain the fam- ily land. The land is much subdivided, so that the owners, in most cases, can work it themselves without giving employment to others. o 1262 EMIGBATION AND IMMIOBATION. Provinces of Cagliari ofld Stuaari, island of Sardinia. — From tbese provinces there is no emigration, bat occasional departures of per8(< s on military service and laborers going to Algiers or Tunis. Of both classes, however, all living return. In connection with these last two provinces I beg to refer the Depart- ment to a copy of a letter written by Mr. Alphonse Dol, consular agent at Cagliari, under date of May 26, 1886. SOCIAL CONDITION. In regard to social cndition, tenants or land^owners, general manner- of living as regards housing, eating, and clothing, &c., I beg to refer the Department to my dispatch dated February 11, 1884.* Marriages in proportion to the population are very numerous, par- ticularly so among the lower classes. In 1885, 1,377 marriages were solemnized in Florence, or 2,754 persons from a population of 173,063 married. There is no divorce in Italy ; a legal soparation is granted should sufficient cause be shown, such as adnltcry, abandonment, drunk- enness, and brutality, but absolute divorce or remarriage, while botii contracting parties live, is forbidden. Legitimate children cannot be disinherit)^, as the law directs that at least one-half of tlio father's and mother's fortune shall be devoted to them. The law also directs that natural children, when the parents are known, shall be supported till the age of twenty-one, after which no responsibility rests on the parent or parents. In Florence, during the year 1885, there were 4,676 births ; of these 734, or 15 per cent., were illegitimate, and registered as follows : Claimed by one or both parents : Hales 67 Females 84 Foundlings and supposed illegitimate : Males 297 Females 28(5 734 In this district and in Sardinia there are no emigrant agencies, and the authorities are disposed to look with disfavor on the reuaoval of any of the population. Undoubtedly at times criminals do escape and find their way out of the country, but never with the knowledge or consent of the Govern- ment. The only instance I know of where a criminal was allowed to leave the country was that of (George Wilkes, the notorious American forger, which occurred in April, 1881, and in this case his action, after due Investigation, cost the prefect his place directly, and indirectly his his seat in the Senate. WM. L. WELSH, Consul. United Statbs Consulate, Florence, Itaty^ June 17, 1886. * Printed in Labor Beports, II, p. 1600. ITALY. 263 tinia — From these {tares of perai. ^on Of both classes, refer the Depart- )ol, oonsalar agent 's, general manDer- ic, I beg to refer 1884.« lery uumerous, par- 77 marriages were •ulatiou of 173,063 jaratioii is granted andonmeiit, druDk- arringe, while botii ihildreu cannot be of tlio father's aud fcw also directs that e 8upj)orted till the Its ou the parent or Mrths; of these 734, follows : Emigration from the proriuc* of Florence to the United Statei of America from the year ItiTd to the year 1885. Real. Temporary. , Tears. Beal. Temporary. Tean. 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 ^ jg70 1 1 1 8 1882 Men 2 1888 8 8 IJMfl ...,, 1884 1 5 1 mo 1885 1 Total 5 2 2 3 1M1 8 4 6 8 18 Emigration from tht city of Florence during 1885. [Popalation, December 31. 1885, 173,063.] Period. 1 Males. {Females. Total. Calendar year, 1886: TotAl emiizratioD .■.........■...->......•.■................•-....... 1,607 1,635 2,558 2,578 8,043 M36 TntAl ItntnlcrrftHnn ICtaami nf ItnmlffTfttinn . . 3,004 By emiffration is meant change of domicile, the transferring of Oovemment em- pIoy68 ana general movement noted in the record books of the population. It will be readily understood that this is slightly affected by actual emigration. 67 84 297 286 734 $rant agencies, and the reuaoval of any ad their way out of ent of the Govern- aal was allowed to lotorious American se his action, after , and indirectly his L. WELSH, Consul. BmigranU, ola»$\fled hy lex and age, from the Kingdom of Italy. [EVom the stati itics published by the ministry of agrionltore. industry, and oommeroe.] Emigrants. Popalation per 100 emigrants. Yean. Males. Females. Total. Of whom under 14 yean. Males. Females. Total. Of whom under 14 yean. 1876 18,368 13,400 13,808 38,632 26,285 80,201 40,780 88,782 6,488 7.678 6,137 13,102 11,640 11,406 l^e50 14,634 10,756 31,087 18,635 40,824 87,034 41,607 65,748 68,416 4,426 5,022 4,281 7,806 7,286 7,296 10.381 8; 705 67.16 63.58 66.80 70.14 60.20 72.58 75.73 78.61 32.84 36.41 38.11 28.86 30.71 27.42 24.27 31.89 100 100 100 100 100 100 lOO 100 22.40 1877 28.08 1878 33.00 1879 ia84 1860 10.31 1881 « 17.58 1883 15.70 1888 13.85 -^taij^Vd6^i^>'frtiiWft&i^-aiiil^fe~ I 264 EMIGRATION AND IMMiaRATION. Emigration ai reported 6y the authorities at the ports nomerf.* [From the »totl»tlo» pabUihed by the mlnUtry of agrloultnre, industry, and commerce.] Sea-ports. Emi|n'ant8, 187a Genoa JJ.JI' Naples J.*»5 Other Italian sea-ports 7, 957 MarseUles 2.2J5 HaVI'O ........••••••••-••••••"•"•"'•■ oWo Other French sea-ports 286 Trieste and other Austrian ports .... 4»5 HambniK and other German portt. - - 89 Antwerp •- ; * Other European sea-ports J-oo ToUl ; 88,084 1877. 1878. 1879. 19.978 18,420 23, 448 4,782 8,488 '*'?Si e,iso 7,220 7,864 1,29« 645 1,330 1,23« 1,011 1,232 444 372 457 S04 1,817 636 116 b^l 62 1880. 149 1 32 208 4 124 34,982 35,608 58,430 19, 305 16,008 6,244 1,212 2,182 25» 198 2 9 50 1881. 49,469 24,006 21.484 7,560 892 1,467 253 110 24 5 143 1882. 1RK3. 30,481 31,408 S.'i.Oie 40,012 10,771 11,832 735 1,922 3:io 48 205 3 78 798 ,505 194 40 7 12 40 55,944 79,589 85,849 S«a- porta. Proportion per 100 emigrants. Oenoa 6'"«pleg ther Italian sea-porta Marseilles . Havre ■ Other French sea-ports Trieste and other Austrian ports - . Hamburg and other German ports Antwerp .-• Other European sea-ports 1876. 1877. I 1878. \ 1879. ; 1880. 1801. Average. 68.90 57.11 12.46 13.61 22.09 18.46 6.22 3.71 2.49 3.93 0.79 1.27 1.87 1.49 O.ll 0.83 0.52 0.53 43.31 23.84 4 20.30 1.81 ! 2.84 1.05 5.10 1.07 43.88 34.18 14.72 2.91 2.31 0.85 1.10 0.12 42. 39. 13. 2, 4, 0. 0. 0.68 0.24 3a09 I 36.88 36.87 ; 44.99 44.96 42. 38. 13. 1. 2. 0, 0. 1883. : 1883. 88.30 44.00 13.58 0.92 2.42 0.41 0.06 36.58 46.61 13.78 0.93 1.76 0.22 0.05 0.81 41.18 0.36 0.07 46. fs ; 50.76 *!& the oase of foreign porto the reports are made by the consuls accredited thereto. i Italian emigranUfor non-European ooimWe*. [From the etatUtios published by the ministry of agriculture, induatry, and oommeroe.l Tear*. Total emi- gration fh>m the Kingdom. 1870. 1877 . 1878. 1870. 1880. 1881. 1883. 1888. 22,892 32,098 23,901 89,827 8^e77 48,725 07,682 70.480 To North America. Emigrants. Percentage. 1,«1 970 3',^ 9,796 11,868 18,669 21,887 6.44 4.30 8.34 8.09 1&13 37.08 37.00 30.80 To Central and South America. Emigrants. Percentage. 18,109 20,198 18,750 33,867 27,324 29,008 41,020 42,091 81.14 88.96 78.45 85.04 76.59 66.43 60.66 59.70 NTm-The It»UMi eenaoa, waAe on the Slat December, 1881, glvea 28.459,028 inhabltwita. ITALY. 265 rti named.'' latrr, and commeroe.] Ita. 1882. im. 80,481 31,408 35, 018 41), 012 10, 771 u,m 735 799 1,922 i.noR XW m 48 40 205 7 3 12 78 40 469 i 55,044 79,689 85,849 10 emigrants. 1882. 1883. 88.30 3«.M 44.00 4&m 13.58 13.78 0.02 0.9R 2.42 1.7fl 0.41 0.22 0.06 0.0S 0.07 50.78 a accredited thereto. (He*. liutry, and commeroe.] To Central and South America. 1. Bndgranta. Percentage. l«.l«» 81.14 20,198 88.96 18,780 78.45 88.867 85.04 27,324 76. S9 29,008 66.43 41,026 60.66 42,051 80.70 459,828 inhaUtanta. Desiinatioa of emlgranlt. (From the atati«tioa published by the miuiatry of affricultare, indnatry, and commeroe.] I Emigrants. DratlDation. 1877. 1878. I 1879. I 1880. , 1881. Tniti'd .Stntea nndCnuaila , Mexico, «;olombia, Venezuela, and other places of Central America i 14,238. 1.041 4,090 Bnizil 4,533 1 7,009 Chill nnd Pirn ' 222 440 270 Plata Kepul)lics 6,733 8,043; 14,160 America, without diatinctioo of states 3, 101 j 6, 442 1882. I 1883. 976 1,003 I 3,308 j 5,756 11,868 18,009 21,337 4. 850 1, 770 : 3, 741 I 4, ITS 8,080 6,700 0,074 7,590 18H 285 I 531 I 317 13,34,'S j 16,047 24, .WU 26,075 2,861 ] 3,220 3,154 3,891 Total 21,100 20,743 ; 37,075 3S, 080 40,871 59,605 63,388 Destination. Proportion per 100. 1877. 1878. I 1879 1880. 1881. i 1882. 1863. rnit«d States and Canada ; 0.98 2.07 Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, and other I places of Central America In at 2.02 Brazil J14.35 ^^^ ChiliandPera 0.23 ^ 0.40 Plata Republics ! 6.78 8.08 America, without distinction of states 3.81 21.34 21.55 2.68 4.16 6.07 0.23 11.82 5.38 4.80 4.05 !i.07 U. 16 11.13 I 2.38 : 8.74 11.56 1.31 1 4.08 I 0.21 12.48 . 2.37 i 2.31 5.62 0.83 1,5. 18 1.05 3U. 94 27. 59 I 30. 09 , 36. OS 12.62 2.47 4.49 0.19 16.42 2.30 37.49 Emigration J rom the Kin/jdttui of Italy. [From the statistics published by the miuiatry of a^irlcnlture. indiistiy. an'l commerce.] Months. Jannary.... February ., March April May June July , Auf^ust — September . October.... November. December.. Total 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1,174 1,984 1,726 2,854 2, 265 6, 124 6,086 1,849 1,818 2,337 3,307 2,4:3 6, 803 5,048 1,568 1.843 2,814 3,63H 3,4 7,609 8,351 1,648 1,626 2,482 2,950 2,702 4,350 8 444 914 1,075 2,154 2,638 2,007 4,261 4,314 738 724 2,050 1,70? 1,407 2,857 2,898 1,007 015 1,897 1,796 1,677 2,603 2,736 1,15*. 1,082 3,169 2,286 3,383 4,807 3,614 2,174 1,486 5,959 4,465 8,5dl 7,547 6,6.'>8 2,621 2,063 7,150 5,537 6,490 8,200 8,472 4,167 2, 325 5,776 4,387 5,108 7,889 8,020 2,58(i 1.594 3,806 2,301 4,062 5,439 4,776 21,087 18,535 40,624 37,034 41,607 63,748 68,416 Occupation* of entigrants.* [Prom theatatiatliM pabUshedby the ministry of agricnltaro, industry, and commerce.] Occnpatlons. Farmers and agricultural laborers Common laborers Masons and stone-ontters ' Artisans and skilled workmen Xradeemen Graduated ttom ooUegea, medical, le^ 4to Servants ,. Hawkers Theatrical artiste Panpers Without profession J Total 1878. 1870. 1880. 8, 175 1,233 605 2,131 649 208 327 266 46 66 428 204 21,168 3,216 1,283 4.081 879 331 879 211 88 77 966 314 18,082 3,979 064 4,141 788 416 388 801 76 5 936 488 1881. 19, 373 5,936 1,207 4,668 865 254 467 211 86 20 9,%5 268 1882. 18SK 32.765 8,441 3,784 6,035 1,3"0 708 819 466 115 63 1,550 342 14,254 82,928 30,648 84,312 55,867 50,621 37,864 8,301 2,711 6,099 1,361 463 646 807 60 9 1,628 252 * Tbe discrepancies In the totals of this and the tw o preceding statements exist in the statistics fur- nished mo b^ the prefect. r 266 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATIOK. Single or/amily emigration from 1878 to 1883. [From the •toUatlMpabUshed by the minUtry of agrloaltare, Indaatry, itnd oommeroe.] TMn. Tufc.; ,. Sardinia. Single departorM: 1878 731 1,06} 1,684 1,088 2,000 2,470 233 361 441 63U M4 776 1070 . ........ ... • 1880 1881 1882 'i2 1888 8 11 1879 3 1880 4 1881 8 1882 89 1883 9 COM8CLAR AOKNCT OP THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Cagliari, Maytia, 186G. Sir : In reply to the cironlar of the Department of State at Washington, underrate of the 37th ultimo, calling upon consular ofiBoers to report as to the extent and char- acter of the emigration to the United States, I beg to state that no cases of Sardes emigrating to America has ever come to my knowledge. The population of Sardinia is very sparse, and it is calculated that only a small part of the land capable of pro- duction IB cultivated, the rest lying waste for want of^hands to work it. About 20,000 miners and laborers oome over here during the healthy season flrom the Italiau conti- nent, all of whom find constant and remunerative employment at our mines and forests. ALPH0N8E DOL, Coneular Agent. Wm. L. Welsh, Esq., United Staiet Consul, Florence. LEGHORN. KSPORT or C0X8UL SABTORI. This consular district comprises the provinces of Legiioru, Lucca, Massa-Garrara, and Pisa. The last census, taken on December 31, 1881, showed the number of inhabitants in these provinces to be. respectively, Leghorn 121,612, Lucca 284,484, Massa-Carrara 169,469, and Pisa 283,563. At the same date the total populatiou of the Kingdom of Italy was esti- mated at 28,459,628. The appended tables will show some of the particulars of Italian emi- gr:ition. It will be noted that these statistics di£fer widely from those prepared in the United States, so widely, in fact, that it almost seems useless to quote them. To a certain extent this difference may be attributed to the clandestine emigration for the purpose of escaping the obligatory military or naval service, but it is probably principally due to the im- perfect methods heretofore adopted for the purpose of collecting such statistics. The Itelian Government requires that all Italian subjects wishing to leave Italy, either for the purpose of emigrating or merely for a tempo- rary absence, should have passports, and in oraer to obtain such pass- ports the following papers are necessary : A certificate of birth, which is granted by the priest of the parish ; penal certificate, showing whether he has ever been sentenced to any punishment, granted by the tribunal; a certificate stating whetiier he is married or single, and, if married, >^ certificate of the consent 6f the wife ; these papers are granted by the munioipality, and the latter must be made out and signed by the wife UliliH ITALY. 267 Ty, und oommeroe.) Tufc.; ,■. Sardlnk 781 l.WS 1,<84 I.B88 2,000 2.470 238 3S1 441 680 M4 778 •a 8 4 8 » _;h9 of America, agliari, MayiiS, 188G. W^Mhington, under date to the extent and char- tijat no cases of Sardes popniation of Sardinia ne land capable of pro- > work it. About 80;000 from the Italian conti- n our mines and forestN LPH0N8E DOL, ContHlar Agent [>f Leghorn, Lucca, I December 31, 1881, 8 to be, respective! V, 39, and Pisa 283,563. >m of Italy was esti- liars of Italian enii- rom those prepared »8t seems useless to •y be attributed to ing the obligatory ally due to the im- of collecting such objects wishing to lerely for a tempo- > obtain such pass- ite of birth, which >, showing whether Bd by the tribunal; and, if married, >» re granted by the igned by the wife at the municipality ; a certificate that the obligations in respect to the military or naval service have been fblflUed, also granted by the munic- ipality. (Should the man be a pauper, he also gets a certificate of pov- erty, and in this case the above documents and also those following are granted gratis.) When these ])apers, which cost in all about $1, are ob- tained, they must be presented to the chief of police (questore) who gives a certificate of nt<{/a o«to, and they are then taken to the prefect, who grants tlie passport. This costs about f 2, and sets forth the ftill description of the person, his age and profession, and must be signed by the person for whom it is made out. In case a person under age should wish a passport some responsible party must guarantee that he will return when called upon for military or naval service. The emigration fh>m this consular district is comparatively insignifi- cant, the provinces of Lombardy, Piedmont, and Venice furnishing the greater number of the temporary emigrants, while most of ^the perma- nent emigrants are from the provinces of Gosenza, Potenza, Salerno, in the vicinity of Naples. There is no emigration agency here, and most of the emigrants for foreign countries embark at either Genoa or Naples, though some go from Marseilles and Havre, and a few even from German ports. The laws of the mercantile marine provide both for the comfort and safety of the emigrants, vessels, either foreign or national, being only allowed to take a certain number, according to their size, and they pro- vide, moreover, a schedule of food for the passage, medical attendance, &c. As may be seen by reference to Table B, the agricultural class tar- Dishes the largest number of emigrants, and according to the statistics the proportion of indigent or paupers is very small. The heavy taxation, the difficulty of getting employment, the low wages, which barely enables a man, if he has a family, to obtain the necessaries of life, the obligatory military service, and the hope of bet- tering their condition are probably the principal causes of emigration. The people in this consular district are as a class industrious and frugal, and most of those who go firom here to the United States are iptelligent and able-bodied men. In many cases th^y have a little prop- erty, and it is quite common, particularly about Lucca, to meet men who have been in the United States, and, having made a little money, have returned to eqjoy it in their own country. The laws in regard to marriage are very simple. In Italy matrimony is a civil contract, and must be performed at the municipality of the district in which the parties reside. Any man over eighteen years of age and woman over fifteen may, with the consent of their parents or guardians, as the case may be, enter into the bonds of matrimony, provided there is no just cause or impediment, such as certain degrees of consanguinity, previous marriage, &o., to interfere. While serving in the army or navy a common soldier or sailor cannot marry, and an officer wishing to do so must deposit a certain sum of money, according to his rank, in the hands of the Government. As yet there is no divorce in Italy. On the 31st December, 1885, the city of Leghorn contained 100,459 inhabitants. During the year there were 757 marriages ; 2,703 births (of which 1,365 were males and 1,338 females), and 2,333 deaths (1,206 males and 1,127 females). VIOTOK A. SABTOBI, United States Consulate, Contul Leghornj June 25, 1886. fi'?£t>;iii^.-i*i._. '^ihaii'^kt*' 268 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. TaBLB a.— Italian emigration to all countrie*, l>olh permanent and temporary, according (, ItaliaH »tatitUc»,/rmH 1876 to lUSo, inclunive. [BmlKrants lepArAted In respect to lox and age.] Tears. PermaneDt emigration. Temporary emigration. I i lb i { I 1876 IB, 268 6, 488 19, 7«(l 4, 426 91, 910 187? 18,409 7,67H21,087i 5,92271,700 1878 12,308 6,18718,535 4,28170,112 1879 28, 632 12, 192 4(1, 824 7, 890 71, 640 1880 .. 126,28511,61987,934 7,28674,441 1831 ,30.201 11,40641.607 7,29586,841 1882 4», 789 15, 959 f 5, 748 10,38186,961 1883 53,78214,8n».68,41U 8,703 92,463 1884 -' 1085 ..144,368 13, 681 58, 040' 81,543 |3e, 101 20, 86« 77, 029* 72. 082 7,006 ^,015 6, 380 78, 120 7,021' 77,733 7.467 70,007 7, 526, 81, 967 7, 384 04, 225 8,851 05,814 8, 229 100, 685 7,42Si 88,1 8,082 80,104 an S a « 8,352 4,567 5,480 Total emigration. 5,4.13100, 4,703160, 4, 881 117, 5,231136, 4,244146, 1125, |J28. 18713,584 108, 100 14,0141 00, 6101.1,758 96, 172il9,e.^WllU, 726 19, 175 119, 042 18, 790 750 24,812 24522,856 9ir21, 106 24828,950 77ll 2I» 268 831 90l! 8i)2; 502 101 OI7I. 193i. 7,778 9,7«1 13,32» 11,089 12,178 15,612 I3,06> Tablx B.— Italian emigration to all countries, both permanent and temporary, classified aooordinfi to the various professions. •* OooapatloD. Permanent emigration. Temporary emigration. 187a 1878. 1880. 1 1881. 1882. 1888. 187& 1879. 1880. 1 1861. 1 1882. 1883. 8,175 1.235 SOS 2131 649 208 327 46 65 918 21, 158 18, 082 19. 375 32. 755 37. 864 27. 098 i ' : i 27, 41530, 332 35, 216 86, 645 40, 449 Common workmen 3,216 3,9T9 1,283 961 4.081 4,141 8791 783 5,036 8,441 1.207- 2,784 4.668 6,085 865 1,300 254 7UB 467 810 8,30114,138 2,71112.367 6,099; 0.421 1,361, 1,780 463; 764 646 1,358 80 436 9 291 18, 287i 19, 926 28. 515 28, 747 31, 173 13, 466 18.984 18. 212 12. 84714, 633 Artiaana 7,963 1,832 767 913 160 209 7,553 6,518, 0,931 4.058 1,294 1.332 1,471 1,123 Liberal profeMioDS 831 379 415 388 495: 509 631 983 626 499 980 865 Tli#atricAl ......•......■• 38 76 86 115 200 272 216 888 820 414 Indigent 77 5 20 68 409 12 ' """ * 80,648 1 Xotftl 14, 264:32. 928 34,812 55,367 50,62172.253 78,574 77.264 89,844 90.583 96.441 TaBLB C— Italian emigrants classified in respect to their destination, both tempwarij and permanent. Tew*. Europe. 1876 8^879 1877 76,815 1878 72.867 1870 80.004 1680 84,224 1881 92,107 1883 98.930 1888 98,668 1884 87.688 1885 78,282 AMciu United Statea. 2.544 1.818 2,944 2.679 2,559 2.702 7.858 6.838 8,764 6,217 1,441 976 1.998 3.114 8,711 11.842 18.893 21.286 16^882 12,488 Other r,n,«i. I 18. 20, 18, 83, 27, 29, 41. 42, 44, 1.19 108 I 750 I 961 369 I 029 1C2 182 888 008 216 214 78 42 62 82 218 338 284 ToUl. 108,771 99,213 96,268 ]19,t!31 119,901 188,833 161, 562 169,101 147,017 187.193 1878. 1879 . 1880. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. ITALY. ' S69 TaUI.k D. — Tola! emigralion from thii consular dlitrici to aU coMHtrien, both temporari/ and iwmxantnt, from lri7 11.888 00,107 18,880 8% 487 31,387 r'nifMl StAtffH HtAlllff/^ft .....a 30,387 It in evident from thitt comparison that only the statistics of recent years • an be acci )/fpd as of any value. In the MfHtistics for Ijombardy prtvious to the year 1880, emigrants to the United states and the adjoining countries, and to the South American States were all grouped under the heading, "America." The number of emigrants from Lombardy to the United States for those years not being obtainable, I give for sake of completeness the number of emigrants from Lombardy to America as a whole, and then, by way of comparison, the number from the whole of Italy to "America," and to the United States, with the jiercentage which the number to the United States bears to the whole number. This might afford some in- formation, if the comparison made above did not demonstrate the un« reliability of the Italian statistics for those years. T«m. 1878 1877 1878 1870 1880 LmaXmriy toAmorio*. 7,801 3,818 3,748 4,478 8,860 ItMiy to America. 10,610 31,180 20.748 87,075 83,080 Italy to United State*. Per cent to the Untted SUt«A 1,441 7.4 078 4.0 1,098 0.8 8,308 ao N758 17.4 Commencing with 1880 the number of persons leaving Lombardy for the United States, according to Italian statistics, is as follows: 1880.. 173 1881 636 18« 912 18:^3 778 1884 •240 1885 366 GLASSES TO WHICH THE EMIOBANTS BBLONO. In general, the largest contingent of emigrants is supplied by the ag- ricultural classes. Among these it is the class of small tenants and the small proprietors, when the products of their bits of land have become absolutely insofficient to support their families^ that emigrate to Amer- ica, more especially, however, to South Amenca. The day-laborer is usually unable to emigrate for lack of means. And, in general, the at- tachment of these poor people to their homes is so great that they en- dnre the utmost privations rather than leave them, and when persuaded or driven to emigration, it is usually with the intention of returning. 'First six months. 272 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. In addition to the a^ricalturnl classes which supply the largest uuui- ber of permanent etyigrants, is especially noticeable the class of stone masons. The records of the booking agents in Milan show that tlio mtgority of emigrants to the United States so far this year (1S86) be long to this latter class. They go to America in the spring luonths, and being excellent workmen find employment readily at good wage:^, and are able to return with their earnings, as a majority of them do, and spend the winter comfortably at their homes. The following spring very frequently finds them on their way back to America. The remainder of the emigrants consist of domestics, waiters, and operatives of the various tr^^s. CAUSES OP BMIGBATION. The general causes of emigration are, in a word, overpopulation and high taxes. As to compulsory military service, it is claimed that the desire to avoid it is not a strong factor. It is, however, by no means without effect in this direction, and the desire of the father to see his sons freed fi-om the great sacrifice which military service entails is doubtless often an additional argument in favor of emigration. The first impulse to emigration is the discontent among the lower classes with their own condition, which is steadily becoming worse. The cost of living has increased immensely in the last few years, with the great increase in taxes. Bents are higher, while the value of the prod- iice of the land is kept down by foreign competition. The large devel- opment of industrial interests in certain portions of Lombardy has not sufficed to remedy these evils, and the final resource is emigration. This takes especially the form of temporary emigration, one or more members of the family passing into the neighboring countries where employment is to be had at better wages. The discontent among these people is farther increased by the growing knowledge of thi. vastly better economic conditions in the countries of the New World, by the example of emigrants returning with comparative wealth, by reports and money sent from friends and relatives who have thus sought and found for- tunes, and also by the glowing and exaggerated descriptions of the agents of steamship lines, land companies, and similar interested parties. The immediate cause is usually the failure, more or less complete, of the crops for the year, and the consequent inability to pay the reut and the heavy taxes. It is noticeable, in this connection, that these people usually emigrate in the autumn months, when the contracts terminate. Among the operatives the emigration is determined by the want of occupation at home. In addition to these causes of general application, there are others of a local nature, varying with the different topographical and economical conditions of the different provinces. The northern part of Lombardy is mountainv'>us, sparsely settled, and less fertile. Thei inhabitants, for the most pa "t, are engaged in agriculture, and belong to the class of small proprie^rs. Other interests of some importance are quarrying, and, to a small extent, mining. The most important agricultural prod- uct is wine. There is a large temporary emigration to Prance, Switzer- land, and other neighboring countries, where the artisans and the sur- plus of agricultural laborers find employment. The permanent emi- gration was until lvS81 very small, but two or three seasons of inclement weather and the ravagea.of the peronospora made a perceptible differ- ence. Thus, for insttince, from the province of Bondrio, with a popula- ITALY. 278 |)ly tbe largest uuni- fe the class of stone tilan show that tlie Ithis year (1S86) be- the spring luontli.s, lily at good wages, hajority of them do, The foUowiug spring aierica. Iiestics, waiters, aiul overpopulation and is claimed that the wever, by no means le father to see his ry service entails is emigration. nt among the lower ecoming worse. The ; few years, with the le value of the prod n. The large devel- f Lombardy has not onrce is emigration. ration, one or more ring countries where icontent among these ;e of thi vastly better 'orld, by the example y reports and money >ught and found for- i descriptions of the ar interested parties. ) or less complete, of Y to pay the reut and on, that these people contracts terminate. ined by the want of D, there are others of hical and economical m part of Lombardy Thei inhabitants, for elong to the class of tance are quarrying, nt agricultural prod- 1 to France, Switzer- Ttisans and the snr- Dhe permanent erai- seasons of inclement a perceptible diflfer- idrio, with a popula- tion of 120,534, the number of permanent emigrants for the years 1880, 1881, 1882, and 1883 was, respectively, 1G9, 252, 324, and 810. The intermediate zone, consisting of billy country and the land slop- ing to the lakes, enjoys a favorable climate, is very fertile, producing wine, fruit, and silk cocoons in abuudance, and has large industrial in- terests, especially in the various branches of silk manufacture. Emi- gration is influenced by the causes which affect the crops, such as the diseases of the vine, which in the past years has done great damage ; further by the greater or less demand, and consequently higher or lower prices, for raw silk, the main article of export, and by the greater or less prosperity of the manufacturers. The southern portion of Lombardy consists of low, level land in the valley of the Po, is of the greatest natural fertility, immensely increased by tlie perfect system of irrigation in use, and sustaining a population which, for a strictly agricultural district, is probably the most dense In Europe. The crops, a complete failure of which is practically impossi- ble, are of the greatest variety, but consist largely of grain and Indian corn. American competition has caused a decided decrease in the value of these products, and the diminished sustaining power of the land, together with the comparatively large birth-rate, has brought about a decided overpopulation. This condition of affairs is by no means com- pensated by the growth of other industries, and a continuous aud in- creased emigration may be expected in the future. SOCIOLOGY. In Lombardy the most numerous and important class are those en- gaged in agricultural pursuits. Among these may be distinguished : (1) Laud-owners, very largely peasant proprietors; (2) metayers, who hire the laud on certain peculiar conditions, paying half the taxes and turning over to the owner half the products; other proportions than the half are also in use ; (3) tenants paying a fixed rent, including also a relatively small number enjoying hereditary privileges in this respect on certain estates ; (4) the agricultural laborers. The relative proportion of the first three classes is in the order in which they are named. The fourth class is more numerous than tbe other three combined. The pi-oprietors, metayers, and tenants all pos- sess a certain capital, however small. Tbe agricultural laborer is en- tirely dependent on the small wages he receives. Next in numerical importance are the operatives in the various branches of manufacturing, especially in the silk industries. The silk, cotton, an^ woolen factories employ largely female labor, the proportion being ove;* four females to one male. The competition of labor in these districts maintains low wages, but on the whole this class is relatively in better condition than the agriculturists. The food of tbe working classes consists mainly of polenta (boiled Indian meal) and bread of inferior quality, with rice-soup, and among the better classes, macaroni, with greens, cooked with butter, cheese, lard, or milk. Among the poorer agricultural classes, especially in years of bad harvests, tbe food is almost exclusively polenta, frequently made of diseased and inferior Indian corn. In this connection it is interest- ing to note that the peculiar disease, pellagra, which is only known to exist in certain jiortions of Southern Europe, and which the scientists are agreed to consider a chronic poisoning by a substance generated iu diseased corn, affects a greater proportion of the population, viz, iu 1879, 31.7 per thousand, than iu any other section of Italy. H. Ex. 157 IS 274 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. «1 #? ^ The clothing is made of the inferior grades of mixed cotton and woolen goods, which are to be had very cheap here, and underclothing of cotton. During the winter, which is more severe in Lombardy and Pieduiout than in any other part of Italy, the poorer classes suffer much from ex- posure. Fuel is very expensive, for woo(^ is scarce, and the coal used, being imported, and subject accordingly to the expense of transporta- tion and customs duties, is also very dear. The poorer classes accord- ingly go without tires, and it is customarj' even among classes of a much higher grade socially, either to dispense with Are entirely, or to coutine its use to the narrowest possible limit, and to live in imperfectly heated rooms. This is but one examido of the economies to which these latter classes — that is to say, the smaller Governifteut officials, the em- ployes in banks, mercantile establishments and similar institutions, in fact, that class wbo receive a small fixed salary within limits of which they must live — are compelled to resort to keep up ai)i»earauces. The dwellings of the pooi'er classes vary somewhat, in accordance with the particular conditions, but usually these people are crowded to- gether in damp, poorly- ventilated, and generally insalubrious quarters, especially in the larger cities. The standard of cleanliness among these classes, in regard to their dwellings as well as their persons, is decid- edly low. The morals of the peasantry are better than might be exi)ected from their manner of life, and will compare favorably with that of any simi- lar class in Europe. The great majority are married, and the marriages are at a comparatively early age. The number of illegitimate children is not large. As is usually the case, the morality of the rural districts is decidedly superior to that of the cities, the residence of the so-called better classes. Indeed, these latter seem to have a freer and broader conception of the marital relation than prevails in the United States, as divorce statistics would undoubteiUy show, if divorce were permitted here by the state and by the church. As it is, only legal separations are allowed. Statistics of Milan show that this was asked for from the courts in 1882, 1883, and 1884, respectively, by 240, 231, and 2-41 persons. The results in 1884, for instance, were : 22 conciliations, 79 separations by mutual agreement and conseiit, 98 separations in which the condi- tions were determined by the court, 27 cases abandoned, and 15 cases still pending at the end of the year. The number of marriages in the same year^ 1884, were 2,774, in a pop- ulation of 349,597, or 1 to every 122.30 inhabitants. Statistics of births show a total for the year of 11,496, of which 1.200 were illegitimate, or 10.18 per cent., which is about the percentage of the two prece4ing years. This is a low percentage in comparison with Lyons, Bordeaux, Brussels, Paris, with 24 per cent, to 28 per cent., to say nothing of Munich, Vienna, and St. Petersburg, where nearly 50 per cent, of the births are illegiti- mate. EDUCATION. A large share of the rural population is still in a state of almost ab- solute ignorance. A belief in witchcraft and the baneful influence of the " evil eye " still lingers, especially in the out-of-the-way districts. In this latter regard, ho\\'ever, the peasant population of Lombardy has made great advances, and in comparison with other portions of Italy is in a state of enlightenment. Education is making rapid strides, and the school system, inefid'cient and faulty as it is, is gradually making way against the obstacles and opposition it encounters. ITALY. 275 mixed cotton and 1 and underclothing irdy and Piedmont ififer much from ex- jind the coal used, [ense of trausporta- )rer classes accord- mioug classes of a |i Are entirely, or to live in imperfectly imies to which these 'ut officials, the em- [lilar institutions, in thin limits of which ai)i)earauces. hat. in accordance >plo are crowded to- salubrious quarters, nlincss among these ir persons, is decid- ht be expected from th that of any simi- d, and the marriages illegitimate children of the rural districts ence of the so-called a freer and broader :he United States, as orce were permitted y legal separations IS asked for from the 231, and 241 persons. itions, 70 sei)arations in which the condi- tdoued, and 15 cases were 2,774, in a pop- . Statistics of births were illegitimate, or two prececjing years. , Bordeaux, Brussels, ig of Munich, Vienna, he births are illegiti- a state of almost ab- baneful influence of ;-of-the-way districts, ion of Lombardy has ler portions of Italy Qg rapid strides, and is grnduall}' making nters. The following flgures, which 1 have computed from data furnished by the census of 1881, will give an idea of the condition of education in Lombardy as compared with other sections of Italy. The percentage of the population above the age of ten years unable to read and write was at the time mentioned 30.3 per cent. High as this figure is. Pied- mont is the only other division of Italy with an equally low flgure. The average per cent, of the population of the whole Kingdom of Italy above the age of ten, unable to read or write, was 01.2 per cent., and in the provinces of the former Kingdom of >.'aples, which included the greater part of Southern Italy, it was 78.9 per cent. These few tigures show that Lombardy is much further advanced than the remainder of the Kingdom, with the single exception of the neighboring province of Piedmont. To show 'the present condition of education in North and Sonth Italy, and what may be expected from the generation now arriv- ing at manhood, it is interesting to note that the proportion of the part of the population between the ages of ten and twenty years unable to read or write is, in Lombardy, only 21.8 per cent., while in the Neapolitan provinces it is 62.4 per cent. In general, the inhabitants of Lombardy are an industrious, frugal, and law-abiding people, and, with their neighbors of Piedmont, excel the other Italians in energy and perseverance. Drunkenness is an excep- tional occurrence, for the general use of the native wine, which is plenti- ful and cheap, seems to exclude the desire for distilled liquors. The prudence of the people is also evident, from the fact that, in spite of the exceedingly low reward of labor, they succeed in good years in laying up a little money. Thus the amount of money deposited in the savings- banks exceeds that of almost every other section of Italy. The prevail- ing religion is that of the Catholic Church. The Lombards are comparatively free from hereditary disease. The proportion of deaths from consumption is about the same as that of the United States. Syphilitic diseases occur in about the same frequency as in the middle European states, in contrast to Southern Italy, where the proportion is much higher. Of other diseases not hereditary, ref- erence has been made to pellagra, dependent upon an exclusive use of diseased corn. Two other diseases, or rather two manifestations of the same disease, which, like pellagra, occur in greater frequency than in the remainder of Italy, and in a very high proportion as compared with other countries, are struma, or goitre, and cretinism, a form of idiocy. Certain districts of the province of Sondrio, in Lombardy, give a propor- tion probably as high as is found anywhere in the world. It will be re- membered that this disease is held to be dependent on the geological formation and the condition of the soil and water, and that the children cf emigrants from the atfected localities remain free from the disease. In considering the Lombards as emigrants to the United States, with regard to the question of assimilation, a word as to their race and the climate of their country may not be out of place. It is to be remembered that the inhabitants of Lombardy and Piedmont are a mixed race, of Gallic stock, with an admixture of blood of the Italian tribes, and also a considerable admixture of Germanic blood. These Gallic or Celtic tribes, descending upon Northern Italy about the sixth century B. C, conquered and expelled the original inhabitants, oftered a stubborn re- sistance to the expanding power of Rome, and formed under the em- perors the bulwark of the Roman power. At the beginning of the Ger- manic invasions they were conquered, and their country taken posses- sion of by Longobardians, or Lombards, a German tribe, who mixed with and were gradually absorbed by the superior number of their sub- 276 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. ject people. The oveuts of the following ceuturies brought also a cer- tain proportiou of Geruiauic blood. From these facts it is apparent that they stand much nearer to the Americans, a Germanic people with a very considererable admixture of Celtic blomi, than the other iiiiiiibit ants of Southern Europe, and hence are more likely to be assimilated easily and to have no deteri3ratiug influence u])on the race. The climate of Lombardy and Piedmont differs decidedly from that of the remainder of the peninsula. Shut out from the sea and inclosed by the Alps and the Apennines,Northern Italy possesses a so-called cou- tinental climate, not unlike that of portions of the United States. The summers are hot and dry, the winters cold. The average temperature in Milan is: Spring, 59.38°, summer 71.42°; autumn, 47.82°; winter, 37°. More attention might be given to the climate to which emigrants are accustomed in directing the stream of immigation. A large num- ber of the immigrants land at Castle Garden wuth no fixed objective point, but follow the advice they receive from the officials there. Colo- nists of course will succeed better and also be of greater value to the country where the climate and consequently the products and condi- tions of life are similar to those of their native land. To send Scaudi uavians to Dakota is manifestly proper. The same cannot be said ot Italians. DEPORTATION OF [CHRONlC] PATTPERS OR [CHRONIC] INSANE PER- SONS— "ASSISTED" EMIGRATION. I have ii>>t been able, even through careful and cautious inquiry, to learn of the deportation of any chronic paupers, or insane persons, or of any " assisted " emigration, except where the assistance has come from relatives already in America. It is common enough for the head of the family to emigrate alone, and, as soon as he has established him- self, to have his family follow. Laborers, too iioor to emigrate, often receive help from their relatives in America, in which case occupation is frequently provided for them beforehand. These belong for the most part to the class of agricultural laborers, dependentT entirely upon their daily wages. I have called attention above to the unusual prevalence of cretinism in certain sections of Lombardy. In this resi)ect they bear a strong resemblance to certain Sw ss cantons, from which the attempted de- portation of cretins is notorious. It might be well to bear this fact in mind where emigrants land from this part of Italy. ATTITUDE OF THE GOVERNMENT. The attitude of the Government towards emigration is nominally in- different. Emigrants are expected to provide themselves with pass- ports, which entails a slight exiiense. Even this is avoided easily by emigrants from Lombardy, who leave by the St. Gothard^ passing into Switzerland, and thence to the United States, inasmuch as no passports are required in the former country. On the whole, however, it must he said that emigration is not looked upon with favorable eye by the Gov- ernment. Nevertheless, in certain districts the overpopulation is so evident, that the desirability of emigration is unwillingly admitted. Where emigration takes place the influence of the Government is used to dissuade the emigrants from going to the United States, anear in the great mass, and are completely lost to their *mbmn J WBIM'f - ITALY. 277 brought also a cer litisappareuttliat auic people with a 1 the other inhabit to be assimilated 6 race. ecidedly from that le sea and inclosed saes a so-called con - Tnited States. The rerage temperature nn, 47.820; winter, to which emigraut8 on. A large num- uo fixed objective Bcials there. Colo reater value to the rodncts and condi- To send 8caudi cannot be said ot )NIC] INSANE PER- cautious inquirj', to insane persons, or ssistance has come nough for the head as established him to emigrate, often ich case occupation lese belong for the ndentr entirely upon 'alence of cretinisui they bear a strong the attempted de- to bear this fact in r. :ion is nominally iu- smselves with pass- i avoided easily by )thard,. passing into luch asnopa88iK}rts however, it must he ble eye by the Gov- rerpopulatiou is so willingly admitted. [roveruuHMit is nsed States, an«l to turn ;U theUuiti'd States ipletely lost to their fel K DaW)!"-!'-^^ Jri-, K'. conntiy, whereas in South Americn, where the.v form a considerable part of the population, the nntionnl sentiment is prejierved, and the conimt rce with Italy extended. PRIVILEGES OFFERED BY GOVERNMENI;J. As hits been frequently said, the bulk of the emigration is towards the South American .stiites. 1 he inducements and conditions are as follows: For Brazil: A considerable reduction of fare is offered intending coloni.'^ts, Tiiey are received at Rio Janeiro, antl lodged free of expense until their dei)arturo for their destination, to which they are conveyed gratis. To each is assigned a lot containing 30 hectares, or 74.13 acres, for which they ])rty 01 cents to 83.07 per acre. Payment is made either ou taking the land or in installments, commencing not later than the commencement of the third year. In the latter case the price is raised 1*0 i)er cent. At t Ue end of the tifth year, when all payments have been made, full title to the land is jjiven. In the Argeutiue Ilepublic immigrants receive free lodging audi board for eight days, which is prolonged in case of illuess, and free transportation. Land is sold at the rate of Ironi ."»0 cents to 78 cents per acre. Payment is to be made in fifths at the end of each year, with com- plete title at the fifth payment. In UruguayandChili the conditions are .substantially the same. Chili offers actual .settlers a reduction of fare, and loans them farming uten- sils and bea.sts of burden. Thus the conditions, on the whole, are inferior to those ott'ered by the United States. Inasmuch, however, as agents of steamship companies, and of these governments have diffused a knowledge of these conditions, which to the Italian seem very lavorable, while the (conditions offered by the Uuited States with regard to htnd have remained uuknowu, the effect ou emigration nuist have been favorable to the former countries and unfavorable to the latter. In a.U<. Total . Xiimbrrof emiKrauts. 10, 081 11,008 Tl, 183 • October, Kovembcr, and December. t First six nioDths. Of this number 66 per cent., or 46,980, were men ; 23 per cent., or 10,392 were women ; 11 per cent., or 7,830, were children under 12 years of age The province of Basilicata funiished 15 per cent.; Salerno, 14; ijor enza, 14; Caserta, 12; Campobasso, 11; Avelino, 10 ; Beuevento, 6 ; Catanzaro, 4; Naples, 3; Reggio, Chieti, Foggia, Bari, Teramo, Ac- quiln, &c., 7 ; and from oirtside of the consular district 3 per cent. "- I 'i.TOBrfj strnim, (^*#i3V!aW^SIBW«™- - of hatred towjinls tanl <'OTifli<'ts iMiil r tin* Frcnrli Gov- t ItalJiui coii)|K>ri <'(l(tf tlio n'siiiuci' iiaiu'iit cniii^riitioii »te."> per cent. (2) Mechanics and artisans, 21 per cent. (3) Servants and laborers, exclusive of those working on land, 4 per cent. (4) Persons intending to embark in mercantile business, inclusive of those who have failed in business here, and those ready to take uj) any- thing exee[)t hard worU,o i>er cent. (J) Liberal jnofessious, including physicians, j liarmacists, engineers, teachers of music and languages, musicians, and jtriests, 8 per cent. (G) Ditterent classes, comiu-ising ])er- sons coming from other parts of Italy, and from other states for the pur- pose of embarkation ; they belong partly to the classes above enumer- ated and to others, aud include al^o those who have been abroad before, and having returned for some reason or other, leave Italy for a second time, 9 i)er cent. CAUSES OF EMIGEATIOK. The dissatisfaction of persons with their condition, 'Then their earn- ings are not in proportion to the requirements of life, partly resulting from the increase of population in a country not offering to every per- son aufiQcient and paying work. The liberal naturalization laws and free institutions of the United States. The facility of obtaining fertile lauds at low prices. The prospect of bettering aud improving their condition by receiving higher wages for their labor and permanent employment. The intention of establishing a traflSc in the production of their na- tive country. Economical and commercial crisis. The frequently much exaggerated success of some of their friends or acquaintances, aud also in some instances the return and reappearance of some persons who have really succeeded in their enterprise and made what is considered here a considerable amount of money. A very large proportion of the emigrants from the rural districts are proprietors of some i)roperty, if only an apartment or home of three or four rooms. Some of these do not go abmad with the intention of a permanent settlement in the United States, but leave their families hero and intend to return after they have accumulated a sutUcient amount of money to improve their property here. Many are persuaded to go by the glowing and frequently false state- ments of agents scattered over the country. There are no known cases of emigration to escape military service. Formerly the soldiers were taken from the poorer classes exclusively. Those who could afford it bought their freedom by furnishing a substi- tute, or by the payment of a stipulated amount. Now military service is universal, ani those belonging to the lower classes like to enter the army, because it brings them in close contact and on equal footing with those whom they consider their superiors socially. Besides, while in the military service they are taught to read aud write, aud they acquire some degree of general education. iSiiisUM^S'^' .■-^r'^».^^^74V^ii'Hilft^i^-M'«'Vf- 280 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATIOX. SOCIAL CONDITION. Of tbe peasauts, or those cultivating or working the soil, 00 per cent, are owners of some property, if only consisting of a small house. In comparison with mechanics, particularly those in larger cities, they lire in better ventilated and cleaner habitations ; their dress is also cleaner, though of the cheapest home-made materials. They subsist on farina- ceous and vegetable food, at a cost of 8 or 10 cents per day. They use little or no meat, perhaps not exceeding three times a year. The cli- mate is very mild. The houses have thick walls, mainly of tufa stone, being a i)rotection ns well against the heat of the summer as against tbe cold of winter. Fire is not used for heating purimses, and for cook- ing their meals they are entitled to a suDicient quantity of wood from the forests belonging to tbe state. In the provinces of Aveliuo, Terra di Lavora, &c., tlie peasants live on bread, vegetables, jmtatoes, chestnuts, dried fruits, peas, and beans ; they eat meat about three times a year. In place of tea and cofteethey use wine, but never drink to excess. In the province of Salerno peasants and mechanics live on bread, vegetables, dried peas, beans, a very large kind of chestnuts, of which there is a great abundance, potatoes, corn, macaroni, and fruit; meat perhaps two or three times a month. In the province of Basilicata they live on bread, vegetables, chest- nuts, macaroni, and fruit exclusively for three months. In this as in some of the other provinces the i)eople subsist on raw provisions dur- ing six days of the week, cooking warm meals twice a day on Sunday only. In Naples the poorer classes live on bread, macaroni, fruit, vegetables, and chestnuts. They generally use one liter (or quart) of the cheaper kind of wine, costing about or 8 cents per day. They live in wretched habitations, mostly in the lower story of houses from five to nine stories high, erected of tufa stone. Some of the streets are so narrow that the rays of the sun and fresh air hardly ever penetrate. Entire families of manj persons live in one apartment, receiving light and ventilation by means of a large front door, open during the day and closed at night, shutting out air and circulation. Shoemakers, tailors, and other mechanics ply their vocations in front of their habitations; on the sidewalk if there be one, else in the street. The average earnings of tbe people are about as follows: Agricultural wages paid to laborers and house servants in the provinces 20 cents per day, and breakfast and dinner of the provisions above mentioned, and one pint of wine, or from 30 to 40 cents per day without board. The earnings of mechanics are as follows: Cents per day. Carpenters 40 to 60 Carpenters, first clnsii r>0 to 100 Masons 50 to 60 Stucco- workers 50 to 75 Stone-cutters 50 to 60 Marble- workers 40 to 50 House painters 40 to 50 Bakers... 40 to 50 Blacksmiths and borsesboers 33 to 80 Butchers 40 to 100 Cabiuet-ninkers 50 to 100 Tailors, generally working by the piece at their homes 40 to 70 Shoemakers , 30 to 60 They work from twelve to fourteen hours per day. Wages of other mechanics are in proportion with the above earnings. e soil, 90 per ceut. small house. In er cities, they live ess is ulso cleaner, subsist on farina- er (lay. They use a year. The cli- nly of tufa stone, dimmer as against OHt's, and for cook- tity of wood from the peasants live peas, and beans ; tea and cofl'ee they ics live on bread, hestnnts, of which i, and fruit ; meat vegetables, chest- iths. In this as in iw i>ro visions dur- a day on Sunday i, fruit, vegetables, irt) of the cheaper ey live in wretched i Ave to nine stories 80 narrow that the Entire families of and ventilation by id closed at night, ' vocations in front S else iu the street, lows: Agricultural vinces 20 cents per >ve mentioned, and liout board. Cents per day. 40to 60 50 to 100 50 to 60 50 to 75 50 to 60 40 to 50 40 to 50 40to 50 33 t« 80 40tol00 50 to 100 40to 70 30to 60 Wages of other I. ITALY. 281 TAXATION. Taxation is very burdensome and the amounts exacted must be enor- mous. The system is very complicated. Land is divided in three classes. The tax per moggio, which contains about one sixth of aii acre, is as fol- lows: First class, 38^ lire ; second class, 25 lire; third class, 13 lire. The usual rate of rent for land is 170 lire per moggio for first-class land, 116 lire for second class, aud 02 l'.re for third class. These rates include the taxes. In most provinces tho iuhabitants pay in addition a tax called "/bcrtf/co," amounting tor »ant8 from 5 lire to 100 lire according to grade, and for mechanics 10 >e. There is, further, a tax per year on each animal as follows : Lire. Cow 6 Mule or horse 6 Hog 3to4 Sheep 4 Goat 1.85 Mechanics pay an iucome tax of 13.78 lire, also a tax of 3 to 18 lire for having a workshop or small store ; they pay a tax ior having a sign over their shop or store, and if they have signs along the sides of the door they have to pay separately for them. Government and municipal taxes or duties are '.-harged on every article of food brought into the cities. The following are a few instances of those charged by the city of Naples : DesciiptiOD. Each nx • Each cow Each heiler over one year Each heller nnder one year Eacli ho2 over lino year Fresh meat perlOOponnds Salt anil anioketl meat Laril Bread, rice. &.C Other articles of flour Oil, vegetable and animal Oil. mineral Coffee perlOOponnds. Tea do Chocolate do Sweets ami preserves do Fresh fish . .do.. . Cheese do Ve)tetables do Charcoal do Govern- ment. Lire. 40.00 •J5. 00 2:\00 12.00 1?. ro 2.00 8.00 i^.OO 4.00 Maniti- Pkl. Lire. 15,00 8,00 8,00 6.00 1(1.00 0. 2.) 2.V0O 25.00 •2 to 8 •4,00 •4.00 •2.00 20. 00 20.00 30.00 25.00 15,00 15.00 5.00 14.40 Total. Lire. 55.00 33.00 30.00 18.00 "18.75 * Per SO kilograms. In the city of Naples there is also a tax called ralore locativo on all rents over 500 lire of 2 jier cent and another of from 20 to 29 per cent, of the rents on real estate. There is a tax of 18 lire on each horse, 18 lire on a one-horse ce atlnaucial |>i-oliletu to make both eudH meet. Grain for bread and macaroni iM raised in different <|uaiiti tieH for home coumimption in the province of Pnj^lia in EaHtern Italy. In the city of Naples tiie cheapest kind of bread er kilo. These articles are conse queutly beyond the reach of the iKwrer classes, who live exclusively on bread, macaroni, fruit, and vegetables. The latter two articles are in great abundance and variety and can he l>ought at very low prices. The soil is very productive and many crops are raised on the same land in one year. We have had, for example, green peas continually from last November to the present time; they were to the last sweet and tender. Palatable, pure, and healthy wine is the daily beverage, and costs from 5 cents ])er liter to 10 cents. Dress is very cheap; the climate is so mild that even during the short winter months people are generally comfortable in their home- made clothing of cotton and woolen goods. Neapolitans in the city and provinces are physically strong, healthy, and well developed ; they are industrious and sober. The mechanics are skillful workmen and usually work fk)m twelve to fourteen hours per day. The people of Italy enjoy much liberty; their institutions are free and liberal. The law of January, 1882, extends the elective franchise (1) to all males of the age of twenty -cpe years able to read and write ; (2) to those who pay annually a direct tax not less than 19.80 lire ; (3) to all who work land on shares, or pa^ rent partly in kind and partly in money, and (4) to those paying real estate rents, rents of any kind, not less than 150 francs per year. The people are naturally iralite, good-natured, kind-hearted, and sim- ple. In many of their ways they are much like children. They are fond of gaudy dress and display, they like music, fire works, and holi- days, the number of the latter being almost withoutlimit. In addition to the regular Sundays, celebrated like holidays, there are annually about thirty Government and church festas or holidays. Some of these festas extend over a j -^riod of from two to five days. MORALITY. The moral standard of the people is not of the highest. In their dealings they do not display the same sense of honor and conscien- tiousness as business men in other countries. Many of them are not ashamed to take one-tifth or one-fourth of the prices they originally iisk for their goods and merchandise; nor are their promises to be le- lied uiwn, and they would consider it a ridiculous and absurd piece of credulity and simplicity if any person should place absolute confidence in their word. During the year 1883 there were 1,181 illegitimate children born in the city of Naples. It is frequently the case that the parents of illegit- imate children subsequently become husband and wife, aud in many cases the child is adopted and recognized by the father. Cases of divorce are not known in this country, it being contrary to the laws of the established church, aud no provisions are made in the civil code for divorce. rtA 283 itied to the clienp MI) to make Iwtli to i;{ rk is from 5o to .V) Weo from m to 100 larticles are conse Dive exclusively on Iwo articles are iu \t very low prices. I on the same land minually from last sweet and tender. Jfje, and costs fVom even duriu^ the de in their home- y strong, healthy. The mechanics to fourteen hours iitious are free and itive franchise (1) ;ad and write ; (2) 19.80 lire ; (3) to :ind and j)artly in 8 of any kind,' not -hearted, and sim- lildren. They are [« works, and holi- imit. In addition lero are annually rs. Some of these lighest. In their lor and conscien- y of them are not 8 they originally romises to be le- d absurd piece of )8o]ute confidence children born in parents of illegit- ife, and in many ;r. wing contrary to I are made in' the The people of Italy, partivu)M country and the mild and balm, in mode of existence, even with thun -< cial advantages, greater eai'iiini;>. living of other countries. ((•• no'Tb, ai'«' uuich attached to thid ' (iitifn and pictnii'H|ttc t' ji ii tl»«'i 'dolve far uiriiti" V II can*' supMort. to till' Ml superior dc and manuer of ATTITUDE OF THE GOVERNMEM . The Government of Italy takes no part in deportation ot and rouK' p0ti pers or insane ])eri:ons, ami sick pco]>le arc not ailowt-d > leave for foreign countries. The caiitain of the port, who jHT-sDiialh suj)!i vi,s»-» the (le])arture of all ])assengers of the hrst and second class as well as the emigrants in tbesteeiane, will not allow any jicisoii to depart who is not ])hysical!y and mentally sound. Ilesides, the appointment of a medical inspector at this port by the (Joveniment of the United States has proved of great advantage. There has been a very cordial co-oianatiou Wtween this officer and the captain of the port, and by their united efforts they have done much to prevent the departure of persons liable to become dangerous to the health or a burden to the people of the United States. The attitude of the Government some years ago was averse to emi- gration, and attempts were made to [)revent it, but they proved ineffect- ive and futile. Seeing that it was impos-sible to prevent it, the Govern- ment required every ])erson emigrating to give security, that is, he must have a person to be responsible for him and pay the expense of bringing back the emigrant to his native country in case his return should become necessary either from sickness, want of means of snpi>ort, or otherwise. No special privileges or rates of fare are offered by the Government or corporations to induce emigration. The Italian Government is uot in favor of emigration, and delays the granting of passports and permits as much as possible. There are com- panies of banking institutions in the United States who advance money or transportation to persons who agree to work for them, or enter into agreements with persons having contracts for the construction of rail- roads or other public works, to refund the amounts advanced to emi- grants out of their wages or earnings after their arrival. The agents of these banking institutions ship the emigrants from the Italian ports, guaranteeing them Avork for a period of six months after their arrival in the United States, at stipulated wages, and out of their earnings the company or banking institutions are refunded the amount of their ad- vance. These persons are of the same class and condition as the emigrants who have the means to |)ay their own i)assage, or those who receive money or prei)aid tickets, paid by their friends or relations in the United States. (Jriminals are seut to the prisons or mines of Corsica, Sardinia, and other islands. They are uot allowed to leave Italian ports. In very rare cases they escape to the adjoining countries, particularly to France, and sail from there ; but it is very difficult for them to leave Italy. ED^yARD CVMPHAUSEN, Consul. United States Consulate, Naples, July 9, 1886. -.5i".T>5P ^'^~^7::^,^^•:^■;Jr«^ :.--"v",~ 284 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Month AiMl yrar, Nanio I'lf stramrr. 1«80. Oolobi'f Cnntntla . Tyrinn . . M«Trmb«r Hr«Dillii»vl» ' do Sviloiiia 'lu Dereiubvr TtBlla «lo 18^1. January Cuittatia February Marob AprU. Hay Jone. July.... ▲ngnst . September. October November . December . Jauuary . 1882. Febioary . Macrilonia ! 'lo A»»yvln , I ilo Olynipla lo Italia I 'l'> Oalntea tjo Alrxamtrla '... KriHi'li .... Enisllsli.... du .... do.. do .. i'rt'urU . . Eni{li«l>'- del . do .. French . EukUsU. FrfUib . do. EubUhIi. do. Fremli Eugllab. French . EnjilUU. Freneb . .do do.. EukUsU.. do .. , French .. English . French . Eagllsh French . do . English. ...do . ...do. ..do .. ..do.. ..do.. ..do .. French . English. French . 285 Nnmber of •migrants. 877 WO 4«e 946 S4« 320 1,21)7 4,U88 68< W 490 182 100 0J3 2, 2«i ""347 345 lU 498 605 1,054 Tii 215 71 4i4 157 08 133 "388 "Si 245 109 117 37J 030 434 378 228 1,040 229 239 445 913 127 J27 654 246 336 68 273 873 lii 1,081 500 1,707 I 286 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Month and year. Name of steamer. 1883. March . April. Itnlin SydoniRn . Columbia. Utopia . . . Britannia. May. Jane. July. August . September . Triniicriii . F.lj-Mia Dorinn ... Alexia Assyrian . Olynipia. . T.vrian .... Birniimnia. Biirjinndia. Castatia ... Xationality. English. do . do . do. Froncli . Euglisli . do .. do .. French . . EngliHh.. do . do. Italian . . French . English. Britannia French . India English Italia ....r.do. Alesia , French . Burgnndia do . Britannia ' do . Tyrian I English. Acadia | do . Alsatia I do . Alesia French i Aiilaja A.U... Burgnndia ! French . October . Noyember. Britannia do. Ihisle A.U Caledonia English. .Scandinavia do. Mrlpumene , A.U. I Burgundia. December. Preuch . ludla I English. 1884. January . . Alsatia 1 »lo . i Castatia • jo , i Burgnndia ; '■ FVench.. February . Caledonia I English . Alesia I French . . Marob .. Elysia Britannia.... India Washington. Bnglisb. French . English. Italian.. Number of emigrants. :i. O'jfl (!47 991 2.58 1, 1«I 8;tl 4,788 203 938 927 558 2,086 420 158 359 208 3U3 567 129 291 184 1,448 ITALY. 287 onality. Nnmbirof emij^racta, :i. O'jO 847 U91 258 1, l(;i 8;tl 4,788 203 ....■..'.:.'■.:■ 927 558 2,6iJfi inu 157 73 420 48 no J58 35 228 40 S9 359 110 82 68 208 ".'""l.-J,. 104 97 104 305 24 3S3 170 114 567 1''0 118 S9 114 291 51 133 184 221 478 387 36*^ 1,448 Month and year. Name of steamer. Xationality. April . May 1b84. Columbia Viiieenzo Florio . Biirgin"!'" Arcblmi-«lo Alsatia Alenia (Jiittarilo CastatU Britannia — ; Italia — j WaHliington . Jnne Imlipenacnte . Arciiiiueile . . ■ T,,\.. Trlnacria '"* .Scotia iivrnat Svdonian ^"-"" Uottanlo .... Alexandria... Britannia — Beora. Encllsli-. Italian ... Frenth . . Italian ... Enslii*!'. Fri'ucii Italian .. Knjili»!i Fieni-li . EnclisU Italian . . .. ..do Enelisb Italian . Enelidb French Eusliah Italian . Eugli»h French do October Scandinavia : Britannia 1 I November Bnrssundia Dieember l?'""'. Kenstria •-• Vincenzo Florio. Britaouia January . 1885. February . Arcbimcde . . . Columbia Ale»ia Indipendente Scotia March . Britannia ... India Alexandria.. Arcbimede . . Aleaia Italia AprU. Tentoma AHsyria Gottardo Columbia Indipeudente. I Number of emigrants. 333 2!t4 811 301 2(10 2, 095 "in 228 204 284 82 211 1,226 171 ea 04 327 76 189 265 46 163 66 104 607 288 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. May. June Scotia French . Trinacrla i English. Brltonnia i French . Arcliiiuede Italian . . Germonia EuKliah. Nonstra French . India ! Eujjlish. Gotlardo j Italian.. Alesia French . 1,829 590 July. Aagost . Ootobijr. KoTember . December. Juraary . 1886. Olvmpla ; Entilish. ludipendente lialiau.. Scotia French . Tvrian English. Archimede Italian.. Nenstria French . Svdouian Enellsh Gottardo Italian.. Alexandria EngUsh. Alesia Irenoh . Neustria ■ •;;---,?9 India English. Burgundia French. Italia KngUsh. ElVBia .....do. Alesia E''^'}?'; • Utopia English. lieuatria French. February. Columbia Indipentlente. BniKundia ... Archimede . . . Olympla.. Oottatdo . Trinacria. Alesia.... EuffUsh. Italian . . French . Italian.. Enelisk. Italian.. English. French . 437 370 M4 50f 739 ioi 250 381 1,122 liarch. ▲prU. India ■ English. ChAtean TTonem Frciioli . Elvsia , English. Gcrgovla Fwnch . Indipcndente I Italian.. Utopia • English. Cilnmnm... Xeustria . . . Columbia . . Australia .. Archimede . BritauDia .. do French . Eugli«ii . ...T.do . Italian.. French . 2,499 3,206 ■ FaWiillKfi^ B*'l- ■ '--^jK^TC ^ ^-a*!^- ITALY. 28jr looaUty. Kumbor of emigrants. 1 517 205 333 451 258 1,829 ' 88 1 175 194 1 133 i 590 i 1 1 115 1 241 80 437 1 150 132 3 91 876 234 50f 739 491 250 381 1,122 197 187 230 40 122 776 51 93 149 100 393 122 12» 146 42« 825 549 171 318 385 435 641 2,499 «57 684 200 4Ui« 43G 731 3,206 Month and year. Name of steamer. May. Jane. Plata Aleaia Olympla Alexandria.... Assyrian Indipendente. Gericovia Trinacria Nationality. Iniziativa . . Bargnndia .. India Britannia ... Caledonia . . Arcliimede. Grand total. Italian... French .. English.. do . do. Italian . . French . English Nnmher of emigrants. Italian . French . English. French . English. Italian.. 476 682 570 253 180 497 343 242 3.252 157 474 72 1»2 134 404 1.433 71,188 PAIiERMO. SEPOBT OF OONSUL CABROLt. First. That during the years 1881 to 1885, inclusive, 8,860 persons ap- SSd?n 1885, 497, of which only 102 appear to have belonged to other 'X rSLtfion S''^o^S\t^ZM^e.er, that the data obtai. aWet?om official sources cannot wholly be relied upon, as there seems to Se no reeuSr system of keeping a record of emigration even now, and p?ev?ois to iSl no account thereof whatever appears to have J^e» kS It is understood, however, that emigration to the United States J&us to ?hat %rwa« much g^^t^';*^*^,;^ ^^^^^SS^^ Second As intimated above, emigrants to the United States trom tms disSbkong prScipallyto the laboring or agricultural classes, few of whom if anv, being able to read or write. k«~i«.. A^^arule^ previous to their emigrating, they live m poverty border- ins on the extreme, and in a manner not easily conceived by an Amer- iSfnSr other Son not conversant with the poverty-stricken localities o?Burope Their food consists of bread, macaroni, fish, fruit, and wine, ?n ! mTor S liberal degree, depending on the article i^ price, &c. \roa^ in them is a Kreat luxury and almost unknown as a diet. The L^ Si hovfls fn which they live and sleep, together w.th heir nigs goatV, anddonkeys, andpossibly any number of other ^ving things, SKt pleasant to loJk upon, nor is there any desire for a second in- hftlation of the odor which emanates from them. In the Sty of Palermo the class under consideration, as well as shw- n,ak«r« meohantos &c., live on the ground or street floor, ten t» flfteen o£^ap?1nTSe same room, with o^ curtain partitions, de- ?j«^«««n thft dftffree of taste or refinement of the occupants. ^X^STa^s%&r8 tSJu'y^ne large bed, which is plainly seen ^Tp^SguJort'wnTstreetm ant wSenSJe of the most common sights is that of seeing people JleiKoS steps and sidewalks, and people who are obliged to be on H. Ex. 157 19 . . !¥»«•» Wl^'Ui i»i™V'.""i--'*n'»SiiiPB!.'rt9iai^P5;^Ka(««^!i«r - 3^;W^ajr^^al cause of inducing emigration. Themorefnigal, thrifty, and energetic of the class adverted to are those who principally comprise it. Compulsory military service, it apiiears, has very little to do with it in this district; on the contrary the average SSicilian seems to long for the time when he shall be called upon to enter the service. This may be due to patriotism or their almost insane desire for show or oxhibition. Perhaps to both. Generally, however, the Sicilian is very patriotic and loves bis country, no matter bow high or low his condition may l)e. Fourth. Emigrants are ])i'incipaUy composed of farm lal)orer8 : ^ew, if any, are tenants, and none own land. They are all poor, but uoi, prop- erly speaking, paupers, and live in a wretched condition, as pievionsly stated. Excepting in cold and rainy weather, the open air is preferable to their habitations. Their clothing is generally of the roughest ma- terial, much like that worn some years since by the poorer colored farm laborers of the South, and their food is, generally, as previously stated. With reference to marriage in Italy, it is pi-oi>er to say that it is very complicated. It may take months under the laws to consummate it, bat when once accomplished the knot cannot be untied save, it i' ander- stood, by the Po|)e, who rarely or never does so. There are no divorce laws in Italy. Emigrants to the United States under twenty one years of age ai-e believed to be generally legitimate. Over that age it is impossible to tell as to whether they are of legitimate or natural offspring, as the institutions for the latter turn them loose at the age nametl. At the present time the foundling establishment in this city, with its branches, contains about 5,0(M) presumed natural children, and it is un- derstood that it often contains many more. , In Palermo the sexes are not allowed to mingle or be alone without a third, fourth, or more persons present; therefore the above statement of fact may seem strange. Fifth. As to deiM>rtation of chronic paupers or insane persons, it ap- pears no such custom obtains here ; nor does there appear to be any *^ assisted " emigrants by Government or other source. This statement is the result of careful and judicious inquiry. Sixth. The attitude of the Government toward emigration appears to be almost passive. Occasionally it is understood to issue circularif for the intbrmatiou of intending emigrants, to the effect that they will fare better at home, and reciting instances of great privations experienced by emigrants who preceded them, and consequently advising them to remain at home. This seems all, and appears to have little or no effect. Seventh. There are no special or other privilege^ ottered to induce emigration from auy source, save iierhans by some one who contracts to send a certain number of laborers to the United States or Canada to work on a railroad or other public works, when the passage may be paid and a certain sum given them to meet their immediate wants, which it is understood is afterwards deducted from their wages. Criminals, murderers, &c., formerly escaped to the United States with facility from this port, but of late years it has been almost im|H)8- sible for them to do so, as an efficient guard of police and detectives are " ."J'&'S.CS" ITALY. 291 ni]>le u]>oii tlioni. ortaMo as if tbpy 1 tliey could net an be little or no ■ft'eot npon tlieiii >rinci]inl caui«e of rgetic of the class npnlHory military s district; on tbe ue when he shall to patriotism or 'erhaps to both. oves bis country, 1 laborers : *ew, if oor, but uoi, prop- ion, as pievionsly It air is preferable the roufifbest ma- rwrer colored farm previously stated, my that it is very o consummate it, save, it i ander- kept on board of each vessel intending to leave the port for days before her departure, and indeed daring her whole stay in the harbor, looking out for such characters, among other things. Again reverting to marriage in Italy, it may be said to be dual, as each couple usually, though not absolutely necessary, are married by ecclesiastic and civil authority. PHILIP OAREOLL, Consul. United States Consulate, Palermo, Italy, June 14, 1886. TURIN. BEPORT OP VIOE-OONBVL TOUffAT. In my endeavors to procure the necessary statistics of emigration I Lave only succeeded for the period of five years embraced between and including the years 1880-1884. These figures, however, comprise de- partures for South America, as well as for the United States, and are consequently only valuable as showing the general tendency of those seeking new homes under more favorable conditions than those existing in this country. Emigration from the ooniular dittriot of Turin, 1880 to 1894, inclusive. V) years of age tii-e it is impossible to 1 offspring, as the named. this city, with its dren, and it is un- ' be alone without B above statement ine persons, it ap- appear to be any I. This statement ^ration appears to issue circulars for that they will fare htions experienced advising them to ) little or no effect, offered to induce me who contracts Stat4is or Canada ic passage may be liaro wants, which ges. he United States eeu almost imiws- and detectives are DUtricU. Alesaandrla Caneo Kovara Tarin Total for Piedmont 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 761 1,300 68 1,512 1,460 2,093 124 3,244 1,202 4,072 208 2,947 1,660 2,f'20 271 2, 128 8,073 2,056 444 2,863 3,601 6,606 8,519 6,079 e,445 The number of emigrants out of the preceding figures bound for the United States is very small, as, from all that I have been able to gather, the movement is directed principally to the Argentine Republic, where the affinities of the Latin race, as well as the conditions of climate, con- stitute superior inducements to the Piedmontese seeking new homes. Tbe entire emigration to the United States from this province, includ- iug the districts of Alessandria, Guneo, Novara, and the city of Turin, amounted only to 633 for the year 1884, and for the following year, 1885, the numbers did not exceed 767. It may be here stated that the male emigration predominates fully three-fourths over the female emigration. Taking as a basis the figures of these two years, 1884 and 1883, it may be presumed that the emigration from Piedmont to the United States has not at any time for the last ten years assumed important proportions. GLASSES SUPPLYING THE OBEATEST NUMBER OF EMIO.. .VTS. Owing to the agrarian problem, and the really desperate condition to which the farmers in this district are reduced by taxes, high rents, and, above all, competition from the United States in grain products (see my agrarian report, of November 26, 1885},* the greatest number * Printed in Consular Reports No. 69, October, 1886, p. 130. ' SiSSr •■.TasswseBfSTT 292 EMIQBATION AND IMMIGRATION. of emigrants are drawn from the agricultural class. Of tbesc tlie majority are farm laborers, abepberds, &c., who, for tbe most part tro to the Argentine Republic, where they have no diflQculty in finding eni- eloyment on tbe large sheep and cattle ranches. The remaining uuiii- era of emigrants are from the towns and cities, and are lay laborers, and individuals without regularly established trades, such as cafe waiters, domestics, &c.; but these latter (tbe waiters and domestics) are extremely few in number. CAUSES OP EMIGRATION. Some few comparatively speaking well-to do farmers having a little money, emigrate to South America, in hopes of finding land that will yield them a more satisfactory return than the soil ol this country, ex- hausted as it is by centuries of cultivation. Few, however, leave their homes with a view to escaping military service, as, from all that I can learn, this latter is regarded by all classes as so much time devoted to education, the soldiers being obliged to attend instruction for a couple of hours every day. Heavy taxation has much to do with deciding the country people towards emigration, but in the cities those leaving are Generally impelled simply by the hope of bettering their condition, labor difficulties and disputes between employers and their employes are rare, and never very serious, and although strikes sometimes occur they are of short duration, and are always settled by arbitration or by mutual concessions. SOCIAL CONDITIONS. In this particular I have judged expedient to submit the figures of the last two censnses of the district of Turin, giving tbe collective numbers of trade, professions, and civic condition oi the population. PopulatUm of Turin, eentiu of 1881, compared with census of 1871. ClMM*. Cenras of 1881. Censas of 1871. I ^ Affrionltarista Sulled worker* Commerotalltta Proprietors Domestios Olerki Piofesmm, lawyers, dootort, itio Selifrioni oImw* Teaonen Artiata, painteia, acnlptora, aotora, &G JcnmiUato and writeis Peraona without fixed oaUing Stndents Peraons ooable to provide for tbeir own anpport ArmyaDaiiavy 5,874 41,901 12; 747 ! S,61S 9,007 7,15« 2,086 ! 872 050 1,072 S3 886 14,295 16.235 7,486 4,364 ! 10,288 20,069 : 68,870 5,564 7,202 18,281 135 13.1 918 1,081 357 203 12, SM 53,305 11,311 13,007 23,038 7,201 2,219 1,787 1,781 1,429 S3 1,089 20,873 69,543 7,436 4.05 27.24 7.23 5.10 9.11 2.88 0.88 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.02 0.43 10.64 27.51 2.94 Total 126,685 126,147 352,832; 100.00 I I 6,858 1 29.165 10, 195 4,781 0,474 a, mi 1, 762 827 554 897 43 765 11,100 17,785 0,916 I 8,929 18, 710 :i,763 5,007 11,838 69 112 477 814 210 168 7,004 53.461 a 10,787 i 47, P75 13,058 9,788 I 21, 313 I 6,630 1,874 1,804 1,368 S I 5.07 22.51 4.S6 4.60 10.03 2.84 0.»» 0.61 0.64 1,110 0.S3 43 0.02 928 0.44 18,104 I &52 71,246 6,916 33.51 3.25 107,073 105,571 212,644 100.00 It will be seen from the. foregoing figures that there exists in this community a large number of people who are either indigent or are un- able to provide for their own support. It is tme that of these but a ITALY. 293 Of tbese tbe [the most part ^o )ty ill finding em- reinaiuing uum- are lay laboreivs, es, sucli as cafe and domesticH) 8 baring a little iig land tbat will this country, ex- e^er, leave their m all that I can time devoted to !tiou for a couple irith deciding tbe those leaving are their condition. id their employes i sometimes occur arbitration or by the figures of tbe ollective numbers ation. I sua of 1671, Cenraa of 1871. 1 3 . £ 10,787 & 58 3,929 5.07 85 18,710 47, 875 22. r,i BS :«,763 13,058 4.56 Ml 5,007 9,788 4.60 74 11,838 21, 312 10.03 m 69 6,030 2.84 K! 112 1,874 0.88 n 477 1,304 0.61 H 814 1,368 0.64 »7 219 1,110 0.53 iS 43 0.02 A 168 928 0.44 W 7,004 18,104 8.52 35 83,461 71,248 33.51 16 6,016 3.25 ra 105,571 212,644 1 100.00 very slight proportion could be classed as dangerous or criminal. Owing to the hard conditions of workingmen's lives in Piedmont, it is almost imiK)8sible for Ihem to make any provision out of their meager earnings for old age or sickness. Consequently, when disability does occur, tbeir only refuge is either public charity, or, as it exists in a large majority in Italy, in the solicitude of tbeir children, who, as a rule, devote them- selves admirably to taking care of tbeir parents in old age or sickness. As regards housing, clothing, &c., I beg again to refer to my agra- rian report of November 26, 18i85, in which I reported at length on tbe conditions of living of the agricultural classes. In tbe cities of Piedmont, particularly in Turin, the working classes are rather well off in these particulars. Owing to the system of building prevailing here, where families reside in flats, the workman has his dwelling, generally two rooms, on the top floors of the houses, where he has at least the advantage of good air, and little or no crowding. The Pied- montese are, as a rule, excessively neat and clean both in their persons and habitations, and ar') thrifty and moral in their lives. Indeed, they may be said to be the Kew Englunders of Italy, industrious, energetic, and well conducted. UABBIAOES AND BIBTHS. The following tables give the numbers of marriages, and births, legit- imate and illegitimate, for the period embraced between the years 1876 and 1885, concluding with the five months ended May 31, 1886. Number of marriages celebrated in Turin from January 1, 1876, to May 31, 1886. ' Tew. Marriages. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1870. 1880. 1881. 1882. HarrUges. 1.048 1,023 1,049 878 19,312 Number of births (live), legitimate and illegitimate, from January 1, 1876 to December 31, 1865. Legitimate. niegitimate. Total. Year. 1 £ 1 1 * ^ 1 6 1 i i i § 1876 2,903 8,060 8,079 8.048 8,095 8,260 8,107 8,417 8,446 8,451 2,844 2,950 3,000 2,919 2,919 8,237 3,100 3,309 3,200 8,408 5,837 6,010 6,070 5,067 6,012 6,407 6,216 6,726 6,736 6,868 566 508 518 552 647 55U 612 627 543 665 408 520 479 502 637 635 540 448 488 533 1,064 1,028 097 1,054 1,084 1,105 1,061 095 1,031 1,098 3,650 3,668 3,507 3,600 3,642 3,810 3,619 3,M4 3,080 4,016 3,342 3,470 8,470 3,421 3,4S4 3, j2 3,658 3,757 3,778 3,041 6,001 Ig77 7,038 187g 7,076 1879 7, 021 1880 7,006 1881 7,602 1883 7,277 1883 7,701 1884 7,767 1885 7,057 ere exists in this idigent or are un- lat of these but a :^My^jeijife .- wjai)i:i.HiWi?-s 5 s.jbamt;iS 294 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Xiimbtr of hirth$ ($till-horn), legitimate and illegitimate, from Januarif 1, \ifl6 to Dteem- btri). 1865. Lenitiniste. IltoKitimate. Total. TMr. i Female. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IfTd 245 8«3 200 M2 344 203 342 810 250 210 175 120 186 175 184 170 211 170 564 488 838 448 410 477 412 521 420 48 53 67 57 W 62 50 50 47 41 60 41 04 51 118 81 88 85 04 41 103 80 80 83 83 36 83 m 816 270 310 303 385 202 800 297 260 216 ir« 217 9.IU .♦oil 2<« 215 (133 1877 6.'I2 1878 4.'iO 1870 5:16 1880 .')13 18(1 .5(0 1888 Ml 1881 1885 , 604 412 TAUPEB EMIGRATION. Althoagh I have made careful iuquiries with a view to discoveriug if there should exist any deportation of paupers^ criminals, or insane persons, I have not found any traces of snvh action, either by the au- thorities or charitable associations. The only "assisted" emigration that I could learn of is that of persons in the United States who sent Ainds to their relatives in this country for passage to New York or Cal- ifornia. These cases are infrequent, however, and do not otter any fea- tures calling for a special mention. ATTITUDE OP GOVEENMENT TOWARDS EMIGRANTS. The Italian Government does not throw any obstacles in the way of persons expatriating themselves. The only exaction which the Govern- ment insists upon is the obligation of military service, which every male subject in the Kingdom is held to render if so required. But even this, I have been informed, can be obviated by the intending emigrant's mak- ing a formal renunciation of domicile before the syndic of his commune, coupled with a declaration of intention to reside out of Italy. This declaration can only be made by parents or guardians, with a view to exempting their minor children, or any future children they may have, from the necessity of serving in army or navy. On this point, however, I cannot pronounce authoritatively, as the question of military service is always construed in favor of the Government. SPECIAL PRIVILEGES IN RATES OF FARE. In this particular emigrants from Piedmont obtain no favor. Neither the Government nor the corporations of this district take any action to- wards facilitating emigration. Persons desirous of leaving this country have to do so at their own cost, and under the ordinary conditions es- tablished by the transatlantic steamship lines. I may say, however, in conclusion, that the general classes leaving this consular district for the (Jnited States, may be set down as worthy and respectable, and grave instances of crime in Piedmont arc notably rare. ST. L. H. TOUHAY, Vice- Consul. Consulate of the United States, rurtn, June 15, 1886. iarjr 1, 1S76 to Deem- ite. Total. !l i 1 1 80 388 ' 200 0.W 94 816 1 216 5.-12 118 276 no 4riO 88 319 217 S.-I6 94 303 ; ^lU 513 103 •355 ' Vm 5fO 80 292 m> ,101 83 860 2i< 604 88 297 , 215 512 ew to discoveriug iminals, or itisane either by the au- isted" emigration 1 States who sent New York or Cal- not offer any f'ca- [GRANTS. cles in the way of which theGovern- whieh every male d. But even this, igemigraut'8mak- uof his commune, It of Italj. This ns, with a view to n they may liave, is point, however, >f military service .RB» no favor. Neither ike any action to- iving this country firy conditions es- lay say, however, isular district for respectable, and b ►UHAY, Vice-Consul THE NETHERLANDS. 295 THE NETHERLANDS. AMSTERDAM. REPORTS or CONSVL ECKSTEIN. I. — Emigration from Holland to the United States. Prior to the year 1881 there does not ai>|)ear to have been any control held or record kept from which the number of Netherlanders from this consular district or from this country who have emigrated to the United States could be ascertained and reported. I am, however, in position to furnish statements showing the number of emigrants of all nationalities who have taken ship in Dutch ports from 1873 to 1885, each year, and their destination, as follows : N»mher of emiyranti. Total. Men. Women. Children. 1,123 818 1,926 316 220 600 1,175 536 399 1,220 603 480 1,190 606 517 1,436 770 568 2,347 1,186 1,131 5, 904 3,166 2.805 13,805 7,370 7,920 17.441 8.240 8,640 10,089 4.380 5,174 2,501 1,130 081 1,642 645 555 3,867 1,042 -.', 130 2. 402 2. 403 2,783 4,064 11,875 20,110 34, 321 1'.), 643 4.612 2, 842 * The flgnres oorerinK the years 1884 and 1885 In the above statement represent only the number of emigranta which took antp at Amsterdam dnrinK those years. DestiHation of emigrants. Tears. United States. South ^^ 1 AfHca. Total inclnsire of other conntries. 1875 2,091 2,344 2,252 2,671 4,529 11,605 28,782 84,157 19,354 13 13 31 21 25 34 77 31 81 17 21 53 67 83 115 83 74 15 9 24 46 24 27 31 158 59 59 2,130 2 402 1876 1877 2 403 1878 2 783 1879 4,664 11 875 1880 1881 29,110 34, 321 10,643 1882 1888 In 1381. a Government board for superintending the passage and car- riage of emigrants entered upon its duties at Amsterdam and Rotter- dam. It was in that year that regular direct steam communication was es- tablished between Amsterdam and New York. The objects of creating it were two-fold, firstly, to insure all required and necessary protection to emigrants in general, and, secondly, to in- vite and encourage foreign emigrants to come to and embark from 296 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. fei AmHterdani ami Rotteidain, and thus benefit the local ttteaiUMhii) cum* panies and otherwise foster the iuterestH of thoNe phices. The chief ofllcer of tlie board at Amsterdam, one I). Van Ketwich. is personally well known to me, and known to me as a most ettinient and conscientious person. Since then a very good control has been and is held, and statistics of en)ip;ration are kept and constantly improved. To Mr. Ketwich I am indebted for the information contained in the following statements; the figures in them arc extracted from the books iu bis office. Tabular statement exhibiting the numher of Nethcrlnndem who ttnigraitd from Amalerdam to Neiv York or to the United iilate» during the la»t five near*. Teara. Hen. 1,740 1,054 1,089 sse 372 Women. 1,000 1,105 735 353 215 Cbildrpn. ona to ten yean. 1,080 1,204 888 830 108 InflinU Total. 1881 275 802 107 •4 31 4,203 4,085 1 700 1883 1883 1884 1,353 786 1885 The number of emigrants as given in the foregoing table were not all from this consular district, but from that of Rotterdam as well, and on the other band it is most likely that about a similar number belonging and coming ft-om this district depart from Rotterdam for the Uuited States. The great falling off iu the number of emigrants from this country to ours during the last three years forms a noteworthy feature as relating to the matter in hand, and I endeavor to give in this place the best ex- planation for it that I can. I feel justified to say, iu the first place, that it has not been owing tu favorable surroundings or prosperous conditions prevailing in Holland during that period of time, but that, on the contrary, nearly all material interests were, and particularly in 1884 and 1885, in an exceptionally in- satisfactory state in this country. What, then, caused the decline in emigration f I answer, that tp me it seems to have been caused, in part, because that many parties anxious to come to our shores lacked the required means for accomplishing that object. The facts that less favorable accounts were received here during those years respecting the general state of material affairs in the United States, and that less substantial assistance reached here from relatives on our side to enable parties to come on, had also much to do with the decline in emigration frum this country. Again, the labor difficulties which iudaced our Government to adopt certain measures restricting indiscriminate emigration have not only had the effect of keeping really objectionable persons from coming to the United States, as certainly is desirable, but they have also had the effect of preventing quite a number of unobjectionable, perhaps desirable, per- sons to seek homes amongst us. I base this statement upon the fact of having been applied to for in- formation a number of times by intending emigrants, against whom there coald have existed no objection to be allowed to land, and who had been led to believe that certain obstacles would be placed in their way on arrival at our shores. ^^ j igg S a^felBlWraBPWH W THE NETHERLANDS. 297 Ul HteaiuHliip cuiir ees. Van Eetwicii, Ih I most efficient and leld, and stafiHtics li coutaiuoe placed in their This luaiter may deserve the special attention and consideration of ourOovernnient, as what I am saying about it may apply to other coun- tries as well as to Holland. My attention- has also been called to the further ra(;t of the great de- preciation in the price of land suitable for farming and dairy purposes during the past few years, which presumably led tt» purchases in many cases by parties wlio under ordinaiy or other circumstances would have einigrated to the Unitet a clac.s or decreases according as favorable or unfavorable news respecting the economical and social conditions of the United States is receiveil and circulated here, than it is affected by the local or homestate of att'airs. To a certain but only very limited extent other causes underlie the emigration lYom this country, but it can be said that neither military service, taxation, strikes, or even surplus population bring about much of it. IflLITAKY SERVICE. It would seem to show how little real compulsion there is or can be in compulsory military service in Holland, when, in this place, I give a translated extract from a war department circular, issueil in Febi nary, 187^, containing certain instructions to the military authorities, whieli arc still in force and carried out, and wherein the minister says as fol- lows: With rcf^anl to raldiero on fnrlongb who may clettire to emigrate with their faiuilifH to North America, and who, If they were oblised to remain uehind, might lose tlieir meaus of mibsioteDce, it appeorii to rau desiraljlu to deviate t'ruiu {he course hitherto pursued. I am the more induced to do this liecause, iu my opinion, such a measure cannot l)e deemed to militate against the interests of the service. BesiiU's, oxperieiicu teaches that those soldiers who find themselves in such » situation generally It-nve the country without leave. The consideration that they would consequently be re- garded as deserters would seldom deter them, as they would go without any intent ion to return to their fatherland. A great number owing military duty, now marked on the books as desitrters, belong to tliis category. I have, tliereforo, resolved for the future nut to refuse to soldiers ou furlough, who are not called for active service, and may be at any time situated as above stated, the permission to emigrate to North America ; with this proviso, however, that use shall be made of such permissio:), in each case, within one month of the dute of its having been granted, after which pericsd it shall be cousivlcred as lapsed. Nor shall such soldiers, before their departures, be exempted thereby from any obligations or duties towards the army. The law of Holland of August 19, 1861, which relates to the organ- ization of the army and i-egulates the military service is, it seems to mo, altogether very liberal. Here follow a few translated extracts from It: The strength of the army is not to exceed the number of 55,000 men. The army is to be organized, so far as possible, through the enlistment of volun- teers. In default of sufficient volunteers tor the army the same is to bu completed by conscription of the inhabitants who have entered upon their twentieth year. There is to be a yearly levy which is not to exceed the number of U,00O men. It is optional with every one either to render service personally or to furnish a sub- stitute. The term of the service is five years. Mnstered-in men are to be kept under arms for military exercise and duty during the whole of the tlrst year of their term of service, if found necessary. In ordinary times the army assembles once annually to receive instructions in the manual of arms and to be inspected during a period not to exceed six weeks, unless it be deemed advisable to dispense entirely or partially with snch requirement. Neither conscripts nor volunteers in the army can, without their consent, be sent to the colonies and possessions of the Netherlands in other parts cf the world. There are also exemptions from military service which may be char- acterized as very liberal, us well as the law and regulations relating to soldiers who wish to contract marriage and who are married, &c. s ?»«;iar\^E*s??«M.>*.i«»ClM^-r THE NETHERLANDS. 299 ll in, voiiHihtod mid jtionH im'Viiiliiijr j„ fp and ajjricultnn' |tlieru tor th« new Renerully tonsid r to what tbey an- btency or aecninu iced and inui'c>a8('.s lews respecting,' till' tes is received and kestate of attiiirs. pauses nnderlie tlie t neither military bring about nuicii there is or can be this place, I give u isued in Febiuary, authorities, whiiii inistersays ns fol- ate with tlielr faiiiilicM ?Liiid, might lose their nil the course hithirto linion, such a ineasnre ). Besiilfii, pxperieiiL'u lotion general l.v leave 1 consequently be re- without any iiiteutiou duty, now marked ou lUcrs ou furlough, who lated as ahovi- stated, iso, however, that use nth of the dute of its 1 as lapsed. Nor shall om any obligations or lates to the orgau- i is, it seems to me, d extracts from It: 00 men. enlistment of volnn- > is to be coaipleied by h'eutieth year, sr of 11,000 men. !ly or to furnish a sub- •cise and duty during Bssary. u instructions in the teed six weeks, nnless ich requirement. eir consent, be Kent to rthe world. lich may be char- lations relating to larried, &c. TAXATION. Conceraiug the matter of taxation iu Holland I Rhal) also furnish a few figures, leaving the reader to infer from them whether it is or ought to be considered onerous or otherwise as compared with what ta.xation is in other European countries and in the United States. According to a statement published last year by the Assoiuation for Statistics in the Netherlands, the p^oduc^ of the principal taxes per head of the population was at different periods, from 1H50 to 1884, both inclusive, each year as follows, viz : TMf. Florins per head. Tw. 1 1 TloriiM 1 par head. IgSO -- Kf.SOa. 18 73 18 08 18 30 1*70 1876 ' 20f. 32o. IgSS •>;i 94 Iggo IggO 25 20 IMJ 1WI4 51 it The foregoing statement comprises direct taxes, such as ground tax, personal tax, and licenses, import doties, excise duties on the articles of sugar, wine, spirits, salt, soap, beer, &c.. and certain indirect taxes, such as stamps, registration, and succession duties, &c. In a series of very ably written lengthy articles from the pen of a gentleman at Leyden, said to be an eminent authority, published iu the principal paper of this city, and upon the subject of, *' What tlie work- man of the Netherlands pays in taxes," a result is arrived at which' the author states as follows, viz : If we sum up what is said herein and in formerly published articles, then isshown, caleiilated for Leenwarden, what proportion of the taxes are borne and paid by work- men. It must not bo overlooked that the computation has been made upon low estimates, and ill more than one respect too low, as for instance import duties are taken note of only on the articles of tea and petroloiim, whereas other dutiable articles atv con- sumed by the working classes of the ^lopulation. Workmen v.'' j; from 5 to 7 florins per week pay exoise duty, 11. '^3 florins per annum ; imp' ituty, 2.67^ florins per annum, and personal tax, 3.28} florins ; total, 17.19 floriuh, beiuf; .'V} per cent, on their income. Workmen earning rrom 8 to 10 florins per week pay excise duty, 11.23 florius per annum ; import duty, 2.67^ florins per annum ; personal tax, 6.64| florins, and capi- tation tax, 5 florins; total, 25.7.5 florins, being 5^ per cent, on their income. Workmen earning from 11 to 13 florins per week pay exoise dnty, 11.23 florins per annum; import duty, 2.67^ florins per annum; personal tax, 14 9U florius, and capi- tation tax, 8 florins; total, 36.8(>i florins, being 6 per cent, on their income. Such is the result at which wo have arrived — 5 or 6 per cent, ou their income the workingineu pay in taxes. Few if any words are necessary to disapprove hereof ; the figures speak for them- aelve. We ought to let these dumb and yet eloquent witnesses arouse us to the ne- cessity of removing this burden from the shoulders of tho working people. There are those who are better able to pay than tho workingmen in these times. If we cannot make them richer, let us cease to impoverish them. STRIKES. As to the matter of "strikes" iu Holland it cau be remarked that, hitherto, they have been of rare occurrence. For detailed information on this point I would respectfully refer to what is stated thereon in my repot t on Labor in Holland, of July 16, 1884.» * Printed in Labor Report, II, p. 1288. 1 ■ •»aas^r5f-r,SEt*.>^: 300 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. The condition of most of the industrial interests of this country dur- ing the last two years, 1884 and 1885, has been such as to cause the workmen more generally " to strike for work," as it were, than to strike in order to compel an increase or prevent a reduction of wages, for shorter working hours or for anything else. The unfavorable and unsatisfactory situation iu which the working and laboring classes have been placed, their consequent discontent, aud such troubles and slight disturbances as have taken place, have all been caused more particularly on account of '' great scantity of work " than by anything else. I remember no strikes being reported in 1885. During the present year, 188G, I have heard of only two ; one at Ensched^ and another at Maastricht. Regarding the former, I quote from a letter to me received on the subject Irom Messrs. van Heek & Co., mill-owners at Ensched^, who say • We beg to say that the only strike that occurred in our town and neighborhood lu the textile manufacturing trade, during a great niauy years, has jnst taken place in a weaving shed in this town ; commencing on the Ist of April and ending, after four weeks' duration, on the 28th of that month. About 200 of the weavers out of a total of 250 struck for a re-establishment of their former rate of wages, which, iu consequence of the indifferent state of the cotton trade, had been reduced by about 10 per cent, in February last. The men returned to work without accomplishing their object. Those who were identified with being most active in bringing on the strike were not taken back. Respecting the other strike, which took place in the glass and earth- enware works of Tetrus, Regont & Co., at Maastricht, the firm wrote to me as follows : The strike was of no importance. Of the number of 2,800 people we employ, only 180 struck during four days, with the result that about 20 weut abroad, and when the others came back to work we admitted them, with the exception of about ;{0 of them, whom we would not have back. It is not the impression of those here well able to judge that Holland has any considerable surplus population, or is overpopulated. However, to afford an opportunity to the reader of this report, or to the student of social statistics or political economy, tor purposes of com parison with other countries in Europe and the United States, I add hereto several tabular statements showing the area of this country, its population, and the density of the same. The following statement shows the area of each province and of the whole of the Netherlands, according to the census of 1879, in hectares; Provinces. North Brabant 0«lderlan(l South Holland North Holland Zealand Utrecht Friesland Hectares 612, 832 608, 097 302, 163 276, 977 178,506 138, 402 332,044 Provinces. Overyssel Oronlngen Drentbe Llmbnrg Total area Netherlands Hectares. 334,515 229, 761 266, 268 220.426 3, 299, 992 »t' this country dur- Qcli as to cause the were, than to strike iction of wages, for which the working lent discontent, aud place, have all been itity of work " than During the present ied6 aud another at ne received on the Ensched^, who say • n and ueighborbood lu laa jnst taken place in i and ending, after four ^-establishment of their ?nt state of the cotton It. their object. Those iging on the strike ;he glass and earth- lit, the firm wrote to people we employ, only it abroad, and when the ion of about :!0 of them, judge that Holland populated. )f this report, or to tor purposes of com- f^nited States, I add i of this country, its province and of the 3f 1879, in hectares: lands.... Hectares. 334, 515 229, 761 266, 268 220.426 8,299,902 THE NETHERLANDS. 301 .„... .0... 'tJ7"S:^aC-?^J^^^-^^ Provinces., Population. Provinces. JJortli Brabant., (iclilcrlnnfl ■.-•• South Holland. Xorth Holland. Zcelanil Utrecht Fiiesland Woti'i Gron'.n;;c'n. 876, 81M Ureiithe. .. 7(1,772 1 UmbuiB- • lOH.ft'iR •im, 702 330,806 Population. 285, 280 265, 687 124, 100 240, 018 Total population JJetherlaods . . . ; 4, 278, 272 In I'^SO the population was.. In 1^40 the population was., lu lri49 the population was., lu 18r>y the population was.. In 1S(>9 the population was In lri7<) the population was 2, ()13. 487 2, 8G0, ;).")9 3,056,679 3,309,12fi 3,579,529 4,012,693 In the proviHce*. Population. Provinces. tares. North Brabant. Gclilerland . . . Snnth Holland. North Holland. Zoeland .--• Utrecht Fiiesland Ovcryssel Groningen Urentbo LimburK „ , I To each ^.°.^C° square goo- l.OOO hec I'^raphiSil mile. 5,009 5, 050 14, 64i* 13,518 5,810 7, 82B 5,470 4,512 6,069 2,458 5,982 In the Netherlands. Periods. December 31, 1879 December 1, 1869 . December 31, 1859 . November 19, 1849 . Decemlter 81, 1839 . December 31, 1829 . Population to each 1.000 hec- tares. 1,210 1,089 1,008 038 878 802 Population to cncb square gco- grapbic mue. e.coe 5,905 S,S48 4.165 4,838 4,415 30- EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. SOCIAL CONDITIONS. A coustilerable proportion of tlio eiiii;>rauts fioui this couutry to tbc United States are farmers, either land owners or teirants, whoy.1 am assnred, as a rnle, ro witb more or less means, in many cases sufficient to iinrehase some land or small farms when they get to our side. Such of tLem as have but little or no money, who are poor when they start, are hardly to be considered paupers, as they bring with thoiu strong arms and stout hearts, a firm will to work, and are imbued witb a spirit of manhood and independence. It ought, therefore, not to lie apprehended that such emigrants are ever very likely to become a charge on or a burden to any l^uevoleut institutions, or to any city, county, or State government, on arrival at our shores, but, on the contrary, they, it will appear to me, are just the sort of people who make good citizens. On this branch of the inquiry I am instructed not to confltie myself to merely the emigrants, but to extend it and give information as to the general manner of living as regards housing, eating, and clothing, &c., of the whole population of the district. In answer on this jwint I would state, in the first plac^, that the dis- trict which mostly contributes to the emigration comprises three prov- inces, those of Groningen, Frieslaud, and North Holland. As to the general manner of living therein, it may be said that there are no very marked distinguishing features on the part of their popula- tion as considered to what it is on the part of the inhabitants in all the other provinces. But if it is expected, as I doubt, that full and comprehensive informa- tion be given of the outside and inside of the palaces, residences, and villas of the aristocratic classes, the rich and upper middle classes, as well as of the plainer habitations, humble dwellings, and t^^n^ment houses owned or occupied by all the lower classes, including "nr r^nts in the city and country ; if it is expected to be fully and accui; - m- scribed how and what each of these different classes of the po- . i a eat and drink, and how they clothe themselves, &c., then, I i. ^ oj to say, my answer is apt to fall short of being satisfactory, and may disap- point the Department and the readers of this report. To accomplish such a task in such a way would necessitate a sort of census to be previously taken, as up to this time there exists no pub- lished data, material, or statistics from which any such information could be adduced. I trust, however, it will suffice when I state that the general manner of living, as regards bousing, eating, and clothing on the part of the population in the above-named provinces, as well as in all of Holland, presents as great and similar contrasts between the most and least favored classes as it does in most every other country in Europe. Side by side with ordinary comfort, great simplicity, and deprivation there exists the greatest comfort, elegance, and luxury ; whilst many a workingman's family lives at a cost of 500 florins per annum, there lire families whose yearly expenditures run up to 30,000 and 40,000 florins. For further information on this point, and more particularly as to the manner and cost of living of the working classes, &c., I beg again to refer to what is stated thereon in my rej)ort of July 10, 1884, published in Consular Beports, Labor in Foreign Countries, vol. 2. Being in possession of some statistics relating to the number of houses and families in the Netherlands in 1859, 1869, and 1879; the number IS eounlry to tlio iraiir.s, who^I am ly cases sutticieiit o our side, re poor wheu they bring with theiii are imbued with ich emigrants are to any benevolent ent, on arrival at me, are jnst the to confine myself information as to ing, and clothing, lace, that the dis- prises three prov- and. be said that there rt of their popula- abitants in all the eheiisive informa- 8, residences, and middle classes, as g3, and tenement Binding "n» -ants indaccui:' .; i- of the po' i rj a , then, I i.^.oj to y, and may disap- cessitate a sort of 're exists no {tub- such information e general manner n the part of the in all of eollanortion to the consuming ones, the standard of Mving will, of course, bo higher than in any opposite case or cases. It may further be remarked that " the act- .al condition " of most of the agriculvural laborers and their families is about " a medium," which lies between the extreme.^ of pinching poverty and deprivation and " comparative prosperity." In this connection I cannot well omit also to speak of a certain apeciea of drink, which, though it ought and cannot be classiiied under the head of this chapter, yet holds an important place among the beverages of the people of the Friesland, namely, "spirituous liquors.'' In general, however, the "abuse" of spirits is much less amongst the rustics thati amongst the inhabitants of the towns. The conanmption o f it in the clayey and fenny districts is greater than in the sandy districts. Ordinarily the peasant will seldom drink spirits at home, but confines his potations to the tavern. On receiving calls, and on visiting occasions, and when celebrating any domestic or public festivity, the use of spirits is never eschewed, not even by the women, who, when their husbands, sons, &c., drink gin, indulge in brandy aud sugar, or liquors of some description. The habit of using intoxicating drinks ^irevails mnch less on the part of agricult- ural laborers than on the part of the working classes in the towns. It is only on public and domestic celebrations and on holidaya that aome belonging to the former class are allured, forget themselves and drink to excess. From the ahove, however, no too favorable conclusion must be adduced concerning the consumption of spirits in ihe country districts cf Friesland, as certain parts are even notorious for the large quantities consumed therein. There are certain classes of the laboring population, especially those who have no fixed domicile, and move from place to place, whose earnings are precarious, and who usually work in the "polders'* and fens, so inured to the habit of "strong drink" aa to often ruin them, both morall7 and physically. Of late years the use of beer of various sorts has become more iu vogue as a sub- atitute for atronger beverages, and ita consumption is on the increase. ^ 310 ElflORATION AND IMMIGRATION. In conclusion of thU paragraph 1 wonUl ro*nark tUnt the rural population of all degrees are very foml of cake and ginger>)rec'', great qnantitles of which are eoten in all sorts of forms. CLOTBT' a. The clothing at present worn by the different classes of the popnlatiou differs but very little from snch as is in use by the corresponding classes of the inhabitants in the other provinces of Holland, and this is more particularly the case as resards men's ware. In the country regions it is, generally speaking, very simple. Underclothing consists almost oxclasively of some woolen material, and this, in the case of the workingmen, during all seasons of the year, as the climate of the country makes this most desirable if not necew ary. The country women still \Tear the time-honored Friesian head-gear, the so>oalled "oorjffw." In the towns the nse of this head ornament Is vastly giving way to the ordinary and fashionable head dress of the period. When, however, the ladies of the npper classes, and even many of those less favored by fortune, do wear the head-gear in qnestion, it is invariably made ont of gold. Others wear the silver article. The price of a heavy "ooryzer," made of gold, costs often ftom 250 to 300 florins, and as added thereto there are often jeweled bands across the forehead. The whole orna- ment flreqaently represents great valne. POPULATIOK, MARRIAOEB, AXD DIVORCES. The number of marriages during the last ten years has not kept equal pace with the increase of tho population. That this is not an evidence of increased prosperity needs no further elucidation or comment. In the years 1882, 1883, and 1884 there was, in the place of the former regular an- nual augmentation, even a falling off of the population. This did not occur in con- sequence of an excess of deaths over births, as in this respect Friesland is eeuerally the most progressive province in the Kingdom ; nor has it been caused by the '' rela- tive" mortality, but has been solely owinsr to the fact that a larger number of per- sons left the province than came to settle tnerein. It may be p.*unicd that amongst the first mentioned there wore many who were induced' to emigrate to tue United States, or leave for ond settle in other parts of the Ketherlands, especially the metropolis (Amsterdam), iu the hope of bettering their condition. In spite of the decrease of population in 1833 and 1884, the number of marriages was no fewer than in 1881. The number of divorces cannot be called large, but separations a nen$a et thoro occnr more frequently. The figures in the following statement illustrate what is written under the next- •bo.e caption, viz : Tears. Popriatlon on Jannary I. Msrrisges. Divorces. Tears. 1 Population on iTanasry 1. Uarriages. Dlvoroes. 1878 ...... 813, 815 817,405 820,160 823,872 828,877 2,765 2,765 2,724 2,052 2,448 11 10 18 10 s 1881 1 881,515 2.841 8 1877 1882 829,809 829,287 2,262 2.840 13 ims 1883 17 1878 1884 829,130 2,341 830,866 1 2.870 10 ItMO 1885 18 I flatter myself that by the foregoing I have satisfied your wish, but should yon desire further explanation or information upon one or another point I shall be ready and pleased to furnish it to you. The royal commissary in tne province of Friesland, Van HARINXMA Thoe Slooten. D. ECKSTEIN, Consul. United States Consulate, January 10, 1887. THE NETHERLANDS. 311 al population of all « of Tvbicli are eaten opnlatiou differs but tf^the inhabitants in sase as regards men's iple. Underclothing I, in the case of the 9 country makes this id-gear, the so-called war to the ordinary I ladies of the npper sar the bead-gear in I silver article. The to 300 florins, and aa id. The whole oma- cept equal pace with increased prosperity le former regular an- did not occur in con- ^riesland is generally caused by the '' rela- arger number of per- vere many who were ) in other parts of the pe of bettering their iber of marriages waa tiona a nun$a et thoro tten under the next* t Harriagea. Dlvoroes. 2,841 2,262 2.840 2,841 2,870 8 12 17 10 18 wish, bat should yon oint I shall be ready I A Thoe Slooten, CKSTEIN, Consul. ROTTERDAM. REPORT OF COyaVL STOCKTON. The foUowiug table gives the total u.imber of emigrants, Dutchmen and foSnersf to the ITnited States or other countries, from Rotter- dam, for the years 1862 to 1886 : Year. 1882.. 1888.. 18C4.. 1888.. 1886.. 1867.- 1888.. 1888.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1878.. 1874.. 1878.. 1878.. 1877.. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. i882. 1888. 1884. Total nam- berof emlgrauU. DotcbmcD 480 038 8,181 3,088 4,028 4,161 3,844 2,726 8,441 3,844 8,662 8,0014 3,341 2,000 2,396 2,878 2,781 4,603 11. MB 18,151 ' 17,822 13,002 0, 145 : 6,282 1 To tbe United SUtea. Korelgneri.' Direct. 1,060 1.776 060 1,452 1,128 1,802 2,176 3, 172 1,066 757 508 674 563 1,048 8,860 4,414 2,640 2,160 2,306 042 2,054 2,385 1,877 1,274 2,318 1.252 1,486 2,010 1,175 1,842 1,758 1,700 2,218 3,555 1 8, 180 13,737 14,682 11,442 0,740 6,340 542 792 886 678 Indirect. To other oottQtriea. 181 2,077 1,439 1,500 1,758 1,806 2,207 3,879 10, 181 16, 181 11, 916 8,868 6,741 4,808 384 616 2,604 8,202 8,110 3,607 2,641 2,729 8,431 3,818 8,480 3,064 788 960 640 462 462 508 1,188 1,642 9,968 ^022 3,186 1,771 148 2(8 15 30 18 16 9 1 10 13 67 60 18 80 68 109 112 189 180 828 288 212 218 118 TheNetherlands- American SteamNavigation Company was org^^^ in 1872, which explains the increase in the direct departures from Kot- '"fnTrdt^to^Snt afair example of the financial condition and classerofJheDEmen emigrating from the Netherlands to the United Stetn have taken the year 1882, when the total ""mbe': of jnen. wom?i and children was 5,797, of which 1,901 were men ; of these 9d weT n ^mfortable circumstances, 1,165 were with some means, and La were without, whilst the 212 of condition was "^known; 302 were 3lmen7238 w^i^ farm owners, 1,014 were farmlands, and 347 whose "^uSlS o3?^^?baUhe majority of emigrating Dutchmen belong to thlagrSultS dass^and that a comparatively large percentage are farm owners who are influenced in their determination to leave the SeSsbTthe favorable reports from their successfu countrymen, SCCrbeenSeatly benefited by seeking new homes in the Umted Sta?es%here th^fr uiiural industry and the liberality of our Govern- ment has combined to considerably better their circumstances. "^IfistliiscTlot the Dutch that,ui>on their «"««««« "^^KS not onlv advise their less fortunate connections to leave the difflcui- l\L they undergo here in their efforts to maintain large families meet {nations and high rents, but assist them by prepaying their passage iJJm tWs countr/to the United States, so fully one-third of the Dutch amiffrants are encouraged and induced to leave. WiTthe view to afl^ord an idea as to the social condition of the popu- laSiofthilconsular district, I have prepared the following statement 312 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. sbowiDg the uumber of luarria^es, divorces, births (legitimate aud natural) at Botterdam, from 188U to 1884 : MurUgea. DIvoKct. Births. TMIt. Levitt- mate. NatanL ItM 1,244 l.SM 1,263 1.2S7 1,278 33 36 30 40 22 S,497 5,880 5,277 6,725 5,040 337 lUi 290 im 334 1888 322 1881... 3^9 The above statement is an illustration of the social condition of those living in the larger cities of this consular district; however, the largest proportion of those emigrating to the United States come from the rural distnots, where the moral condition may be considered better, though their mode of living is not what it should be, a fact which should be attributed to their ignorant adherence to the customs of past years, in which they were taught to be satisfied with the bare necessities of life and in which they continue to find satisfaction. Their houses are poorly constructed, in bad condition, and scantily furnished ; their food is of indifferent quality, and themselves improp- erly clothed. These conditions arise chiefly from their own carelessness, absence of desire to benefit themselves in these progressive times by taking ad- vantage of the admirable free-school system provided by this Govern- ment, a lack of enterprise, and a contentment in the habits of genera- tions past. Before the year 1880 a number of fugitives from justice sought reftige in the United States, but since the extradition treaty between the Netherlands and the United States has been consummated, it has been an exception when persons charged with crimes of any character have emigrated to the United States. The Netherlands-American Steam Navi^iration Company, of Botter- dam, conveys, with a few exceptions, all the Dutch emigrants ; their rates of fare for steerage passengers amounts to $24 this year, (22 in 1885, and $19 in 1884. Tickets for prepaid passages, bought in the United States by purchasers wishing to assist persons from this side to reach that destination, have been sold at $22 in 1886, $18 in 1885, and $10 in 1884. The attitude of the Government of the Netherlands toward emigration must be considered favorable to the extent that it places no obstacles in its way and gives certain protections to emigrants, though its policy upon the matter is held as one of neutrality. I inclose herewith a translated copy of the law respecting the transit and conveyance of emigrants, together with a copy of the royal decree relating thereto. It will be observed that among the provisions of this law is one which provides for the appointment, at Government's expense, of commission- ers for the protection of emigrants. An outline of the organization of this committee at Botterdam, its duties, and the manner of their execntion is as follows : These commissioners ar&. divided into two subcommittees, A and B. Subcommittee A consists of three members, and is charged with the THE NEIHKULAXDS. 3ia (logitiiuate nud Binha. e*. Leffiti. mato. XataraL 33 36 30 40 22 8.497 8,890 ^^77 8,725 8,946 337 299 334 323 3M condition of those fever, the largest •me from the rural ed better, thongh which should be p of past years, in necessities of life tiou, and scantily lemselves improp- Bsness, absence of nes by taking ad- i by this Govern- habits of genera- m justice sought n treaty between isummated, it has J of any character apany, of Botter- emigrants; their this year, $22 in es, bought in the I from this side to 818 in 1885, and )ward emigration iices no obstacles thongh its policy cting the transit the royal decree law is one which ), of commission- t Botterdam, its tittees, A and B. larged with the following dutioH : To arraiigt' in a IritMuUy way the difl'crences between eraigvants and passage brokiTH, agent.s, or other persons ; to make iu> qniry of people who are in any way connected with emigration; to de- termine the amount of bail required by the Articles 7 iind 17 of the lawi to enforce its re T^ore than 10,000 guilders ($4,000) is required to be given by corporations undertaking the trans- portation of emigrants, as a guarantee for the fulfillment of lii< ' condi- tions which are binding upon them in virtue of the act. Another important duty of the commissioners is to inspect, from time to time, the lodging houses wbere the emigrants live during their short stay in this port, which inspection usually takes place in the eveuiugs when the emigrants are present, and it is then that inquiries are made as to their satisfaction. The result of my investigation upon this subject, which has been as thorough as possibilities would allow, leads me to believe that a large majority of the Dutch that emigrated to the United States from this consular district are of a class of people that are honest, industrious, and hardworking, well iuformed in their occupations, and calculated to make good and pea«. >u.^ citizens in the midst of the natural benefits and enlightening influeiu" u which they receive upon making their new home» in our country. BICHABD STOCKTON, Consul. United States Consulate, Rotterdam, May 26, 1886. 314 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Aotof the lit June, 1861, and loth July, 1869, reipecting the transit and conveyance of emigrants. Art. 1. Foreign emieraDtR shall be alloTred to pass throagh the NetherlaDds, el- though nuprovided yrnh passports or other safe conducts, upou simply presentiug themselves, provided the object of their Journey is satis actorily stated to the proper authorities on the frontiers or at the first place at which they shall arrive. Ari. 2. The examination required by article 1 shall be conducted by the chief of police on the frontier or at the first place of arrival. He shall be authorized to grant a pass to emigrants. This pass shall have the force of a permission to reside for the time of two months. He shall also afford them all the information necessary to facili- tate the Journey to the port of embarkation. Art. .3. Foreign emigrants who have not left the country within the term of two months shall provide tuemselves with a permit, according to the law. Should their departure have been delayed by unavoidable reasons the pass mentioned in the first flection of the preceding article shall be prolonged for a period to be fixed by the chief of the police at the place where the emigraut may be staying. Before the granting of the permit prescribed in the first section, foreign emigrants whoso presence may en- danger the safety of 1 he public may be sent out of the country upon our warrant, ac- cording to the law relating to aliens. Art. 4. Commissioners for superintending the conveyance of emigrants shall be ap- pointed by the government of the province in such districts as are indicated by us, in accordance with instructions to be given by ns. The commissioners shall, if pos- sible, include members of the chambers of commerce and manufactures and members of the municipal council, together with persons well acquainted with matters relat- ing to navigation. The necessary expenses of the commissioners shall be defrayed by a fixed annual payment out of the exchequer. In districts where no commissioners have been appointed the mayor and aldermen shall be instructed to regulate the con- veyance of emigrants. The stipulations of this act relating to the emigration com- missioners are made applicable to them. Art. 5. The police shall be bound to render every assistance to the commissioners in enforcing this law and the regulations that may be prescribed by us for carrviucr it into effect. At the requisition and in the presence of one of the commissioners they shall be authorized at any time to go on board of vessels indicated in article 14 as being ready for the conveyance oi emigrants, and also to enter the dwelling-houses where emigrants may be lodging, notwithstanding any opposition on the part of the inmates. A report of the execution of the warrant and of the causes which gave rise to the issuing of it shall be drawn up by the police within forty-eight hours. This report shall be signed by the commissioner who was present and then communicated to the parties whoso vessel or house may have been entered. Art. 6 Besides the powers, which by this act and by the general regulations, as detailed in article 24, are granted to the emigration commissioners, it shall form part of their dnty to offer aid and protection and give advice and information to emi- grants ; to use endeavors in arranging any differences that may arise between emi- grants and ppssonger-brokers or their agents, or between emigrants and the persouH mentioned in article 17 ; - o inspect or cause to be inspected all vessels whirh have been reported as ready for the passage of emigrants, m conformity with article 14, as also the houses in which emigrants may be lodging ; to superintend the sanitary condition of the emigrants. Art. 6a. The emigration commissioners shall also be empowered to issue oertifl- cptes on application : (1) To innkeepers for the board and lodging of emigrants. (2) To all persons who may be desirous of offering any services to emigrants. I'hese certificates shaU be issued gratis, and always for one year, and shall be sub- ject to revocation by the commissioners at any time. Art. 7. Any person undertaking, either on his own account or as agent, to convey Dutch or foreign emigrants from the Netherlands to a place out of Europe shall, whether the embarkation takes place in a Netherland or a foroigu port, previouslv provide real or iHTsonal bail as a guarantee for the fulfillment of the condition^), which are binding upou him in virtue of this act, and of the regulations which may be im- posed by us according to article 24 ; such bail to be placed at the disposal of the emigration commissioners in the district where the vessel for the conveyance of emi- grants is reported and inspected. The amount of the bail is to be fixed by the com- missioners and shall not exceed 10,000 guilders. In case any part of the bail should have been employed, it shall be made up to the original amount within the term to be fixed by the commissiouers. If personal bail be offered, only those who are estab- lished in the country, and who are approved by the commigsiouers, shall be accepted, and they shall become bound copjoiutly with the principal surety. Art. 8. The passage-broker shall be responsible to the emigration oommissionera for the due fulfillment of the obligations which, by virtue of this act, and of the regu- nait and conveyance of the Xetherlands, el- ou simply presenting y stated to the proper lall arrive. Incted by the chief of >e authorized to grant isiou to reside for the ou necessary to facili- ithin the term of two he law. Should their mentioned in the first o be fixed by the chief Before the granting of lose presence may en- upon oar warrant, ac- emigrants shall be ap- is are indicated by us, lissioners shall, if pos- factures and members ed with matters relat- rs shall be defraj[ed by liere no commissioners ed to regulate the oon- 9 the emigration com- ) to the commissioners ed by us for carry iag he commissioners they icated in article 14 as r the dwelling-houses ion on the part of the ;auses which gave rise rty-eight hours. This ad then communicated general regulations, as uers, it shall form part d information to emi- ay arise between emi- grants and the persouij all vessels whii-h have brmity with article 14, [)erintend the sanitary iwered to issue certifl- les to emigrants, ^ear, and shall be sub- or as agont, to convey I out or Europe shall, roigu port, previouslv f the conditiouD, which ous which may be im- at the disposal of the he conveyance of emi- 9 be fixed by the com- [lart of the bail should int within the term to y those who are estab- lers, shall be accepted, ety. [ration oommissioners IS act, and of the regu- THE NETHERLANDS. 815 lations to be enacted uv us according to article 24, shall devolve upon him. Should the passage-broker neglect to fulfill all theoblitiations which he has undertaken, the commissioners shall perform the same at bis cost, and, if necessary, at that of his co-sureties. If any action for neglect of duty, as mentioned in the preceding section, which the commissioners shall bring against the )>a8iiage- broker or his sureties, the commis- sioners be condemned to ]iay damngos and costs, such damages and costs shall be de- frayed by the state. In the abiu-ucc of any other proof, the pasKage-broker shall be considered to have fulfilled all the condilious binding npou him, in case, within a period of one year after the arrival of the ve^Hel at the place of destination indicated in article 1(>, no claim shall huve been brought in against him before the authorized -commissioners with reference to the conveyance of emigrants by that vessel. Art. 9. The passage-broker shall deliver to each emigrant whom he has under- taken to provide with a passage a written statement, signed by the said broker, which «ball contain : The emigrant's surnam«>. Christian name, age, profession or trade, and last place «f residence, and also the name of the place to which the emigrant is desirous of being conveyed : The amount of passage-money to be paid by the emigrant, including the cost of provisions, and a statement ot the amount which he may have already paid on ac- count of these charges ; The number of cubic meters to which the emigrant shall be entitled, free of charge, for the stowage of his baggage ; The name of the vessel and of the place where she Is lying, the name of the master, And the day on which the emigrants must be on board ; If during the voyaj^o a change of conveyance has to be made, either in Europe or elsewhere, tlieu, in addition, the name and address of the agents at that place who will have to provide tlio emigrant with the means of continuing his voyage to the place of his destination. These statements shall be written in Dutch and German, or in either of those languages which may be B])oken by the emigrant. Any altera- tions subsequently made in the statement and all receipts of imssage-money shall be entered therein. The said statements shall be produced and signed at the proper emigration o£Bce previous to the departure. Art. 10. The x>as8age-broker sbnll provide for the maintenance of the emigrants whom he has undertaken to provide with a passage. This obligation shall commence with the day on which, accordufgto the statement, the emigrant shall be directed to embark. This obligation shall continue in force for the period of forty-eight hours after the emigrants have reached the place of their destination. Art. 11. The obligation of the passage-broker enjoined in the ])recediog article shall cease in case the emigrants shall not be on board by the day specified. Emigrants who, through sickness, may bo unable to come or remain on board, upon produciuir a doctor's certificate to that efiect, and all the members of their families who may re- main ou shore with them, shall have their passage money or such portion of it which may have been paid on deposit returned to them. Art. 12. Should the ship not sail, or if, after having sailed, the ship be prevented from continui ig the voyage, the passage- broker shall provide for the board and lodg- ing of the emigrants, and for their passage by another ship. This obligation shall cease in case the non-departure of the ship, or the discontinuance of the voyage shall have been caused by superior power, accidents of the sea excei)ted. Art. 13. Before the departure of the vessel the passage-broker shall efiiect an in- surance by which the insurer shall bind himself in case of disasters at sea to make good all expenses for the maintenance of the emigrants while the ship is undergoing repairs, or for their passage to the place of their destination in case the vessel suould not be able to proceed on the voyage. Within three days after the clearing out of the vessel the passage-broker shall deliver in to the emigration commissioners, where bail has been given, tbo saia policj;r of insurance, which must be taken out for an amount not less than one and a half times the entire passage money of the whole number of emigrants. Should any part or the whole of the amount insured bo made use of, the passage-broker shall deliver to the commissioners, within a period to be specified by them, a new policy of insurance for the original sum, or for the amount necessary to complete that sum. The passage-broker shall be held personally responsible for the conveyance of the emigrants, if the amount insured be not paid. Art. 14. When the passage-broker shall have fitted out a vessel for the conveyance of emigrants, ho shall immediately give notice of the same in a written declaration, to be signed by him, to the emigration commissioners, in the district where the emi- grants are to embark. This declaration shall contain the name of the ship, the name of the master, the place of destination, and also the number of emigrants that he ud- ^ertalsee to convey. 316 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Art. 15. No ship bavins emigrantH on board shall be allowed to clear out lint on the exhibition of a eertiticaie irom the emigration coniniiasioners to tlie ett'ect tliiit there is no reason why snch clearance should not take place. The conimissionerH shall refuse to issne the said certiticate if the ship in unseatrorthy or not f.tVd out ac- cording to existino: regulations or not provided with the necessary accommodationa ; or should there exist any other reasons which may render the sailing of the ship nn- advisable for the welfare of the emigrants, the commissioners shall, without delay, inform the passage-broker of their reasons for withholding the certificate, and, if he thinks fit, he may appeal against their decision to the mayor and aldermen of the place where the emigrants were to embark, or in case they are acting for the commis- sioners then to the depnted states of the province. After having heard, if necessary, the passage-broker in his defense, the case shall be decided by them with the least possible delay, bnt, at all events, within eight days after it has been snbinitted for their decision. Should the sentence be in favor of'the passage-broker it will be held to supersede the certificate of the commissioners. The certificate or sentence referred to in this article is canceled at the last place of clearance, by the officials before whom the declaration is made, and retnrned to the commissioners from whom the certificate was issued. Art. 16. The passage-broker shall, three days after the date of clearance of the ship, send in to the emi((ratiou commissioners mentioned in article 7, a statement signed by him, and containing the surnames. Christian names, age, sex, profession, or trade, and the last place of residence of those emigrants who may be on board the vessel, the name of the ship, the master, and the place of destination. Should the ship, after having cleared out, hold any communication with the shore, the commissioners may require the passager-broker, within a period to be fixed by them, to confirm the truth of the said list, or to mention therein those emigrants who may have left the ship or who may have since embarked. Art. 17. Any person undertaking, either aa principal or agent, the conveyance of Dutch or foreign emigration from any place in the Netherlands to any other place in Europe, or taking any part as agent in promoting such con veyancej notwithstanding whether the embarkation may take place in a Netherland or a foreign port, shall de- posit with the emigration commissioners, or, where there are no such commissioners, with the local authorities of his place of residence, real or personal bail in a sum not exceeding fivethonsaud guilders, and nnderthe same conditions as those imposed by article 7. He shall not be allowed to nndertake the conveyance of emigrants to any Elace out of Europe. The conditions imposed by article tj are made applicable to im. Art. 18. The passage-broker mentioned in the preceding article shall deliver to each emigrant under his charge a written stateraent, si^ed by him, containing — The emigrant's surname. Christian names, age, profession or trade, and last place of residence; also the name of the place out of the Kingdom to which the emigrant is desirous of 1>eing conveyed; the amonntof passage money to be paid by the emigrant, including the cost of provisions, and a statement of the amount which he may have already paid on account of these charges ; the number of cubic meters to which the emigrant shall be entitled free of charge, for the stowage of his baggage ; the name of the vessel and of the place where she is lying ; the name of the master, and the day on which the emigrants must be ou board. These statements shall be written in Dutch or German, or m either of those languages which may be spoken by the emi- grants. Any alteration subsequently made in the statement, and all receipts of pas- sage money shall be entered therein. The said statements shall be prodnced and signed . at the proper emigration office previous to the sailing of the vessel. Art. 19. If the the passage-broker, described in article 17, also undertakes to pro- vide board and lodging for the emigrants up to the time of their departure, mention thereof shall be made in the statement described in article 18 ; and shonld the charge for board and lodging not be included in the passage money, bnt be brought into ac- count separately, this shall be done according to a tariff to be approved of by the emigration commissioners. In case the vessel intended for the conveyance of the emigrants should not be ready for their reception ou the date mentioned in the state- ment referred to in article 18, the passage-broker shall, nevertheless, be obliged to provide for lodging and maintenance of the emif^rants. Art. 20. The passage-broker mentioned in article 17 may not, nnder any plea, de- mand from the emigrants nnder his charge any higher remuneration than may be mentioned in the statement referred to in article 18. The conditions contained in article 16 are binding upon him. Am. 21. It shall be prohibited to sell or offer for sale to emigrants, before they have reached their port of destination, contract tickets, by which they may continue their Journey. The passage-broker, referred to in article 7, may, however, undertake the conveyance of emigrants beyond the port of arrival, according to a contract to be sabscribed by him. THE NETHERLANDS. 317 d to clenr out Imt on lers to the ett'eot tlmt The conimisoionerH y or not fitVd out ac- lary accommodationa ; sailiiiff of the ship nn- shali; withont delav, certificate, and, if he and aldermen of the icting for the coiniuiH- g heard, if necesoarv, ' them with the least anbeen snbmitted for •broker it will lie held te or sentence referred l»y the officials before oners from whom the f clearance of the ship, a statement signed by :, profession, or trade, e on board the vessel, Should the ship, after he commissioners may n, to confirm the truth f hare left the ship or !nt, the conveyance of I to any other place in ancej uotwithstandiug foreign port, shall de- lo such commissioners, rsonal bail in a sum not nsas those imposed by ce of emigrants to any •re made applicable to irticle shall deliver to y him, containing — trade, and last place of which the emigrant is pi paid by the emigrant, nt which he may have io meters to which the lis baggage ; the name of the master, and the ints shall be written iu be spoken by the emi- Etndall receipts of pas- be produced and signed essel. ilso undertakes to pro- leir departure, mention and should the charge mt be brought into ac- be approved of by the the conveyance of the iientioned in the state- irtheless, be obliged to it, under any plea, de- neration than may be inditious contained in rants, before they have ley may continue their twever, undertake the >g to a contract to be Art. 2*2. Persons who are not qualified, according to thio ersonB mentioned in article 17 and article 10, to a penalty of not less than ten nor more than twenty-five guilders for each day's delay ; articles 9, 18, and 22, to a penalty of not less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred guilders ; article 20, to a penalty of not less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred guilders for each emigrant from whom any remuneration may have been received ; article 21, to a penalty of not less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred '■ uildcrs for each emigrant to whom a contract ticket may have been sold or ofiered fo. sale. Art. 24. The regulations respecting the arrnngemonts to be observed iu ships em- ployed in the conveyance of emigrants ; the space required in proportion to the num- (>er of emigrants to be conveyed ; the requisites with which the said ships shall be pro- vided, auu also whatever may further bo required for the carrying out of tbia law snail be decreed by us iu a general enactment. Art. 25. In all ships which come under the restrictions of this act, copies of the same in Dutch, German, English, and French, as also of the general enactment mentioned in the preceding article, shall be affixed in places where the same shall be visible and of easy access. Art. 26. This act, unless where differing from it, makes no alteration iu any of the enactments of the commercial code couceming passengers on foreign sea-voyages. Art. 27. This act shall not apply to ships destined to a place out of Europe, carrying a less number of emigrants than twenty, besides the cabin passengers ; to ships des- tined to a place in Europe, carrying a less number of emigrants than ten, besides the cabin passengers: to all ships not being sea-going ships. Art. 27a. The local magistrate at the place of embarkation shall take cognizance of all personal actions, or actions having reference to personal property, to which emi- grants may be parties, so fur a» these actions arise out of contracts or things done at the place of embarkation, or as regards foreign emigrants with respect to their pass- age through the country ; with power of appeal in case the action shall be for a sum exceeding four hundred euilders. Should there bo more tuan one .magistrate at the port of embarkation the plaintiff shall have the power of selecting the one before whom the action is to be broneht. In the usual notice by summons, at least two clear days shall be allowed in whicn to enter nu appearance. In urgent cases the magistrate may grant summonses, return- able from day to day, or even from hour to hour, as prescribed in article 7 of the code of civil procedure. Article 152 of the code of civil procedure is not applicable to emigrants. In all cases the magistrate may order the provisional enforcement of the decision, according to the entry on the minutes of the court previous to registration, with or without bail. The documents exhibited in the case shall be free of registration. Art. 28. This law, together with the general enactment mentioned in article 24, shall come into operation on a day to be appointed by us, but previous to the 1st of Sep- tember, 1861. Decree of the 27tft November, 1865, 30s UttecTout for one huudred emigrants this place shall be at least 1.53 .neters iu height, with a surface of at least 8 square meters. For a larger number of emigrants the required space shall be pro- portionally increased. The restrictions embodied in article 8 shall . be applicable-to this apartment. The necessary medicines and surgical instruments shall be subjected to an examination and approval before the departure of the ship, according to the regulations of article 37 of the act of the 1st of Jnue, 186!. (^ Official Journal No. 61). The passage-brokers shall provide a competent doctor on « very vessel fitted out for the conveyance of emigrants to any port to the east of the Cape of Good Hope, or west of Cape Horn. His duties shall commence previous to the embarkation of the emigrants, aud he shall be present at the said embarkation. The master shall, so far as may be possible, follow the advice given to him by the doctor relative to the health of the emigrants. Art. 19. Emigrants who, according to a writteu certificate of a competent doctor, may be sufieriug from any disease of a dangerously contagious nature shall not be received on bo.%rd the ship. Should any disease of a similar nature manifest itself appropriated to the or uiB daily iiiio. Ho lere, once a week, tmigrauta shall bo iu meter. on what is called an issioncrs and accord- !r emigrants by lath- 's who hav vessel, those emigrants who, according to a similar certittcate, may be suffering from that disease shall be disembarked. The emigration commissioners shall not issue a cer- tificate declaring that there exists no reason against the clearing out of the ship un- less they are assured that the sickness on boardhas disappeared. Art. 20. Any merchandise which, according to the judgment of the emigration commissioners, may be injurious to the health or dangerous to the safety of the emi- grants shall not bo shipped on board. Should any such merchnndiao bare been already received on board it shall be immediately taken out of the ship by the passage- brokers, on the warrant of the said commissioners. The conveyance of horses and cattle shall lie prohibited, excepting such cattle as may bo required for consumption during the voyage. The emigration commissioners are anthorized to allow devia- tion of this enactment, for one voyage each time, after being convincecl that the wanted room is at disposal and the placing of the horses itnd cattle such as not to be a nuisance to the emigrants to bo conveyed. Art. 'il. There shall be on board at least one competent cook, v,'ho shall dally dis- tribute the provisions, properly cooked, to the emigrants at the hour to bo fixed by the master. Before they are distributed the provisions shall bo subject to the ap- proval of the master, and also of the doctor should there bo one on board. The passage-brokers shall, at their expense, see that the cook's room bo ]irovi(led with the necessary apparatus and utensils, as also with a pair of scales and the Netherlands weights 'anJ F . "i» .ji - NORWAY. 321 oat. The latter Hball mentioned iu article I of not leas than 0.75 ice shall be given by ers, of the uiiniber of he hours of 10 in the )re 10 o'clock in the the vessels mentioned Journal Ko. 53-124.) Stern Norway and contribnted by far 18, 1 shall not con- y consular district 'ation from its first laa contribnted so at sixty years ago, itern Norway, with iging to the Society 3d religions liberty n pioneers settled ers made their way )f Norwegians set- three States after- many thousands of wegians settled in ext decade the set- received ministers ider the Norwegian J,000. About two- Inhere they bought computed that in ,000; in 1870 about > 1875, the omigra- 11,G06 13,327 10,097 4,357 4,048 45,142 its in Norway and breaten to deprive e alarming number ', years it fell again 1880 shows nearly ,244, but it was the f 20,212 persons. The following table classifies the emigration from 1870 to 1880 : Te»rs. Men. Women. ^i"°™"' Toira*. : Total. Ib76. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 2,402 1,701 2, 713 4, 708 12,260 1,9152 1,SU.'5 2,130 2.00U 7,053 3.833 2,798 4, 309 6, 191 14,218 632 408 638 1,418 5,9U4 4,359 8,20« 4,868 7,808 20,212 Total I 23,784 16,4(10 I 31,335 I 8,009 | 40,244 It will be observed that the jiroportion between the peasantry and people emigrating from the towns remained about the same during the two last lusters, viz, four to one, though it has varied much in the single years. It may, however, be salel.v said that the emig>ratiou from the towns is increasing more rapidly than from the rural districts and they consist largely of artisans, clerks, and domestic servants. A very large proportion have been young people between nineteen and twenty years old. We have now come to the period 1881-'85, when Norwegian emigra- tion reached its climax and attracted general attention, not unmixed with apprehension of its possible influence on the population of the country. The official returns for this period give the following figures : Years. From mntl From ! dUtricta. towns. 1881. 1883. 1883. 1884. 1886. Total, 18,272 20,6g» 15,988 10,308 10, 079 I Males. Females. 7,704 8,206 6,184 4,413 8,911 14, 91' 16,538 12,358 8,044 7,272 11,066 12,266 9,800 6. 732 i 6,707 Under 15 Jrears. 7,182 8, 337 6,708 8,«18 3,477 Total. 25, 976 28,804 22, 107 14,776 13, 0(>7 105, 704 In 1882, when 28,804 Norwegians left their country, the whole popu- lation was estimated at 1,900,000, which gave about 1.5 per cent, of its inhabitants as emigrants to America. Not only the population received no increase by births during that year, but it really decreased by 4,000 individuals. Since 1814, when the country passed through the ordeals of war and famine, the country has been always regularly increasing. The large emigration in 1880, 1881, and 1882 may be expected to ex- ercise an unfavorable influence on the growth of the Norwegian popu- lation for years to come, as the increase by births was very small dur- ing those years. It can already be seen that the emigration in the [tresent year will show a marked increase on that in the two previous years. The cause of it must probably be found in the favorable reports of better times in America, while a great depression in many branches of trade and com- merce continnes to reign in this country. In examining which classes supply the largest ntnnber of Norwegian emigrants, we And that farm hands and agriculturists occupy the first place. The wages are but small and quite insufficient in the rural dis- tricts for a man with a family to support, and the prospects a young man has to become the proprietor of a farm through his own labor are so ilistant, if not quite unattainable, that he may well give them up al- together to join his numerous flriends and relations in America. These H. Ex. 157 21 1 822 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. friends, wbo iu muny cases owu farms in their new homes and need more hands on them, write tempting descriptions of their prosperity in America and the ease vrif h which a young man can improve his condition there, inclosing often prepai 1 tickets for the passage. The aunuul emigration statistics show that n j Icsh than about 00 per cent, of the emigrants are provided with tickets sent them from America. Traveling agents uf the difierent transatlantic steamship lines carrying emigrants encourge the country population to leave their homes, and a fresh impetiis has lately been given to emigration by the many Norwegian-Americans, who come to spend the winters with their friends in their native land. As a necessary result of the continued exodus of young and strong farm hands, there has been a serious lack of laborers in some of the country districts, and wages h".\e risen in proportion. In many places this loss has bee)k partially oalanced by the introduction of modern labor-saving machines, but the proprietors, finding so many difBculties to struggle with, often follow the example of their laborers ; for the Norwegian soil is not very productive, the summer is short, and the climate severe. Farming has, consequently, never proved a remunera- tive pursuit in these latitudes, and Norway, with a population of less than 2,000,000, is annually obliged to import cereals for about $0,000,000. The prospects of the farmers are just at present gloomier than usual, on ac- count of the large supply of cheap grain from America and other pro- ducing countries and the general depression in the prices of all agricult- ural products. Land is, therefore, selling at a heavy loss, while its former owners set off for the Far West. It is but justice to say that America has gained in the Norwegian contingent of its emigrants, as the race is on the whole distinguished for its intelligence, industry, and the frugality of its habits. They are commonly accused of being slow and tenaciously attached to old habits, a natural consequence of their secluded life in solitary valleys of their native land. But from old times, when they first settled in Iceland and established other remote colonies, they have always proved useful and valuable settlers, ready to assimilate with the people in the land of their adoption. Next to the agriculturists or ^^ bonder,^ as the peasantry are called in this country, we find artisans of all kinds strongly represented among the emigrants. The official statistics for 1882 report that 1,496 artisans left in that year for America, of whom 150 were blacksmiths, 341 joiners, 129 tailors, 230 shoemakers, 169 carpenters, 96 painters, 75 masons, 71 bakers and confectioners, and 52 mechanics. In the same year 876 sea- faring men emigrated, 167 fishermen, and 275 perHons who had been engaged as tradesmen, clerks, &q. It is not to 1 wondered at that Norwegian domestic servants go to America in increasing numbers, as their wages at home are very low, varying from $20 to $40 a year for girls in the towns, and in thecoimtry they are even lower; 896 serv- ants are thus reported to have left in 1882. Norwegians employed as servants prove generally honest, good-tempered, and trustworthy. They ought consequently to be espeoiaUy welcomed in American homes. The principal, and I may say almost dfie sole cause that Norwegians leave their homes, is the desire to improve their material condition. Hardly any other nation in Europe has for the past seventy years enjoyed more peace and continued progress under free and truly democratic institu- tions than Norway, and no political distorbonoes or other social causes of dissatiafiftotion have be^n determining influences in emigration. The military service exacted from every Norwegian male at the age of twenty-two has never been so onerous as in other countries of Europe, es and need more isperity 1» America coaditiou there, [annual emigration the emigrants are [raveling agents ut' [migrants encourge fresh impetus has egian- Americans, their native land. young and strong lers in 3ome of the In many places notion of modern » many difSculties laborers; for the is short, and the )roved a remunera- )ulation of less than ut $9,000,000. The than usual, on ac- rica and other pro- 'ices of all agricult- avy loss, while its in the 2forwegian rhole distinguished 3 habits. They are ached to old habits, ary valleys of their tied in Iceland and s proved useful and s in the land of their easantry are called represented among t that 1,496 artisans csmiths, 341 joiners, iters, 75 masons, 71 ) same year 876 sea- tons who had been wondered at that icreasing numbers, 1 $20 to $40 a year en lower; 896 serv- »gians employed as trustworthy. They erican homes. The ; Norwegians leave condition. Hfurdly years eiijoyed more demooratio institu- other social causes in emigration. Hie lale at the age of •ontiies of Eorope, PORTUGAL. 323 and I believe it has rarely been a motive for emigration. According to law, persons liable to military duty must apply for permission before emigrating, but I have never heard tiiat the Government has in any case refused it. If these emigrants should return to Norway while still within the legal age, they are required to otter themselves at once for service. As to the military qualities of the Norwegian emigrants, they were sufiiciently proved during the American civil war, when whole regiments were formed of Scandinavian volunteers, and many Norwe- gian seamen were found in the Navy. The tide of emigration, which has for years deprived this thinly populated country of so many able-bodied men, besides women and children, representing a very large capital of money spent on their sup- port and education, has been felt as a serious national loss. But the Government of this democratic land, where all political power has gradually passed into (he hands of the people, has never thought of putting any restriction in their way. Nor, on the t .her hiand, have the authorities encouraged emigration from the poorer districts, where the indigent are an excessive burden to the community. The taxes an- nually assessed for the support of the poor amoi'.nt to over five millions of kroner, two-thirds of which go to the poor of the rural districts and the remaining third to the towns. Emigration would indeed be a re- lief in many cases, but there is no reason to suppose that paupers have ever been shipped from this country to the United States, though the poor boards in the rural districts may, in some instances, have aided poorer emigrants who had friends in America with small sums to make up passage-money. Emigrant agents and shippers here are well informed of the American emigrant law, and know that their own in- terests are best served by paying full regard to it. No case has come to my knowledge of any released prisoner who has been sent to America from this country, either by the public or any so- cieties for the care of ex-convicts. Undoubtedly many such are to be found there, but there is at least a better hope of their becoming honest, self-supporting citizens under new conditions and away from the scene of their temptation and failure. GEBH. GADE, Consul. United States Consulate, Ohristiania, October 19, 1886. PORTUGAL. REPORT OP VIOE-OOSaUL-QBlTBRAL WILBOR. In reply to Department circular dated April 27 last, I have the honor to report that there is no emigration from the continent of Portugal to the United States of which official record is made. From this consular district, to which my attention is particularly called, there are no pas- sengers leaving direct to the United States, as far as custom-house and police records show. Persoualiy 1 have known of two or three only during the last ten years. The Portuguese G<)vemmeut does not encourage the emigration of its subjects, and from the adjacent islands they discourage it. There is no steam communication of a regular character between any of the ports of Portugal and the United States. Occasionally a steamer Mb 324 EMIORATION AKD IMMIGRATION. arrives with a cargo of (in^iu from an American port, but I have never known of an inHtanco where one of them retnrned dtrect to her port of departure, thns affording an opiwrtnnity for the cheap and 8i>eedy con veyance of emigrants. In case of deportation of any such persons, and nnder such circnni stances as thone alludeil to in the concluding paragraph of the circular above referred to, 1 will make known the facts to the Department if the manner prescribed. J. B. WILBOR, Vice and Deputy Consul- Oeneral. Consulate-General op the United States, Lisbon, May 31, 18S6. HUSSIA. ST. PETERSBURG. BSPORT or OONaVLOElTiiRAL YOUNO. There is b.t little emigration from Russia, more perhaps to the United States than to any other country. The Government of Russia does not encoarage emigration, on the contrary it prohibits all Russian subjects from leaving the Empire of Russia, except Poles and Jews. It does not encourage these in any tangible form, bat allows them to leave with written permission. The Mennonites have emigrated perhaps more ex- tensively than any other class of Russian subjects. The Mennonites came to Russia trom Old Germany, principally from Prussia and Hol- land, about the beginning of the nineteenth century, and settled in Southern Russia in the districts t / Berdiansk, Ekaterinoslav, and Sar- atov. There are about 50,000 in all. They are all industrious, thrifty, agricultural people, very quiet and peaceably inclined. They enjoyed comparative repose and freedom from interference till 1871, when it was ordered that the Mennonites should serve in the army. This they abso- lutely refused to do, not by violence or by any revolutionary means, but stoutly declared that they would not and they did not, but the Czar issued a ukase that all Mennonites should leave Russia within ten years and many of them lef<- under this ukase, but since then they have been relieved from serving in the army but prohibited from leaving the Em- pire, so that at ])resent no Mennonites can leave the Empire. I am led to believe that the Government is well satisfied and even anxious to get rid of its Israelite population, and when they go it is not with a blessing but with a kick and " glad to get rid of yoa." There is no register kept of persons who emigrate from Russia that I can get to examine. I think that none exists, and no idea can be formed of the number of emigrants for each year. A few Mennonites manage to ship out every year, and they make good citizens and generally leave this country with some means. Much cannot be said of their morality ; they marry, it is true, but are exceedingly loose in their habits of life. The Poles are i)erhaps a shade better in their private relations and are an industrious people. It is my opinion that compulsory military service is the cause of most of the emigration from Russia, and perhaps the objection of many to the form of government, which is rigorous, but generally just in the ad- ministrations ot the laws, i-ules, and regulations, for really there are raoit) roles than laws. The lowest classes generally form the greater KU88IA. 325 )ut I have never fct to her port of and si^eedy con er sueh circnm >li of the circular Department ii> WILBOR, 'omul- General. 1886. aps to the United f Bnssia doe« not Russian snbjects Fews. It does not lem to leave with perhaps more ex- The Menuouites Prassia and Hol- y, and settled in rinoslav, and Sar- dastrioas, thrifty, d. They enjoyed 1871, when it was . This they abso- )lationary means, not, but the Czar a> within ten years >n they have been I leaving the Em- Jmpire. I am led ren anxious to get ot with a blessing is no register kept examine. I think dber of emigrants b every year, and luutry with some marry, it is true, Poles are x)erhaps dnstrions people, he cause of most jction of many to lly just in the ad- • really there are form the greater part of the emigration. I might add that the manner of distributing the land is very distasteful to many people, and that is one cause of dis- cimtent. The land is let out in (;omnuinities and owned by the com- munities, but not by individuals unless they are able to purchase in cer- tain districts when land is for sale. The class that emigrate is very poor generally. Their general uuiuuer of living is tjuite primitive and plain. The majority of the poor people rarely have meat; they live on black bread made of r>*e, (piite sour, and cabbage soup, and in summer iitlier vegetables, principally cucumbers fresh and pickled in brine. In the winter they are clothed in slieep-skins mostly, and in summer cheap stuffs made of tlax and cotton goods. I know of no emigration of ''chronic paiipers or insane persons." As before stated, there is no aid given to any class of emigrants f^om Russia. The obstacles in the way uf emigration from Russia are the strict police regulations and the sys- tem of passports ; all snbjects, male and female, must have passports and renewed every year. The entire frontier is guarded closely. No special privileges or rates of fare are oflfered by tlie Government or any corporation for aiding emigrants, and these circumstances i>reveut emigration. There is no system of emigration — !">tie eucouraged or assisted — but Jews and Poles are allowed to go when ihey have proper passports. P. M. B. YOUNG, Consul-Oeneral. United States Consulate-General, St. Petersburg^ August 6, 1886. HBIiSIXGFORS. RSrORT OF YI0E-C0X8VL DONITER. An annual emigration from this country to the United States takes place, and amounts on an average to about 1,200 people, consisting chiefly of small laud-holders and agricultural laborers. They emigrate principally because there is not work enough for them at home and partly also in order to escape the compulsory military service. They are all strong and healthy-looking men, with means of their own to pay their traveling expenses and to support themselves on their arrival in the States. They generally leave for the Western States, where there is already a large colony of Finnish emigrants, and where they ei^joy a good reputation as industrious and well-conducted citizens; this is also proved by the constant remittances of money to their relations at home. This class of the population of Finland have their own wooden dwell- ings in the country, and live comfortably, chiefly upon bread, milk, and salt fish. The emigration is quite free, and is neither interfered with nor assisted by the Government or the corporation. There is no deportation of chronic paupers or insane persons, either with or without Government aid. The emigration from Finland has existed for the last twenty years at the average rate above mentioned. • HERMAN DONNER, Vice and Acting Consul. United States Consulate, Helsingfors, July 7, 1888. d 326 EMIUUATION AND IMMIUKATIO^; WAIWAW. ^^ r* m mi^ BEVORT OF "OysVL lUWWX. I hav<' been informed hj' c»-c')).^teiif Iwal atPiisticlaim that tbo eini- gratioii from this coiiHiihir (list • U* ;:.ii !Jnitrd States is so uiiinipur- tant that it in n«>t worth wiii'. to control it by means of statistical tables, and consequeutiy tliere is no eaii<::ration statistics being kept either by private oroflBcial i ■ ' n. Turning over all the details 1 have been able to collect, I believe that only the poorest .lews, carrying on a retail trade, emigrate from this country to the United States, being chiefly compelled to do so by the coiupnlsory military service, and particularly by the difflculty of earn- ing their livelihood, though they represent a sort of peoi)le of so lim- ited wants that they surpass even the Chinese in their extreme fn' gality, feeding merely on bread and onions. Yet these Jews when mar- ried rarely emigrate; and if they do so, they are then mostly childless. The peasantry being prosperous people, do not leave their lots of land ; the more so as the taxation is not too onerous, and as there is as yet no excess in the population of this country. The Government authorities of this country do not hinder the Chris- tian inhabitants, and especially the poorest Jews, from emigrating. Thej' do not aid or assist emigraots, and the latter, in order to avoid passport expenses, leave this country without passports. Within this consular district there exist neither official nor private emigration committees resembling those of Posen or Galicia. As regards the Government deportation, only convicted criminals and political delinquents are sent to Siberia and at the expense of the Gov- ernment. JOSEPH RAWICZ, Consul. United States Consulate, Warsaw, May 24, 1886. In his annual report Consul-General Mueller writes — Before, however, paasiiiK this subject, I may be permitted to refer to the ever in- creasing emigration from Ronmania, Qalicia, and Russian provinces, which I believe to be iiguriuus to the interest and to the development of our country. The class of people emigrating from said countries, with slight exceptions, are known to be men- tally and physically neglected, if not crippled, notorious invalids, unfitted to perform manual labor or to earn their livelihood bv honest work, nor is there any likelihood that th«)y ^ver become educated to American citizenship. These people, grown up under the vrcist influences, hated, despised, persecuted, and suppressed, lack man- hood, self-reliance, and ambition, are neither disposed to nor capacitated for work, and bare of almost any quality to assimilate themselves with American civilization. In absence of the nobler instincts of life will they ever prove a disagreeable burden to themselves and to their adopted country ? It is an open secret that organized and systematic efforts are being made in the above-mentioned countries to get rid of the poor and helpless Jews by forcing them to emigrate, by compelling them, if need be. From information I learn that this emi- gration will increase from mouth to month, soon to assume more formidable propor- tion, unless preventive measures are being devised — measures which will protect the United States against the exportation thither of paupers, criminals, and semi-bar- barians. Russia, Austria, Turkey, or any other country, should no longer be accommodated to rid themselves at the expense of the United States of the degraded products of their own make. December 31, 188C. SPAIN. 827 SPAIN. liiN that the eini- |8 is so niiini|)or- janii of statistical liHtics l)eiiig ki'i)t lect, I belit'vctliat piKrato from this to ain, and that yoa incle marryitg his a necessary, and I ioh have come an- lould prove an in- are plenty of nat- a stain on a nan's It instances of very I and establisbing I' mother. iSses, at from 13 to C is not expect^ klAESTON, Oons'tL le and Hnelva to ob- at Haelva writes that «, and fln^s there has ring that period. g requested the gov- this date, reoeived a is consular oolleagaes ond the sense of pro- tion. civil governor under ne month I sent him remor was appointed. MALTA. REPORT OF CONSUL WOBTBJNQTOir. Upon the receipt of said circalar I addressed a note to the chief sec- retary of the Malta government, asking not only for sach information on the subject as his ofBce might aflford, but adding : I suppose there ara published statistics and other information on the subject ob- tainable, and I will be very greatly obliged if you will put me in the way of securing them, as I desire to make my report as complete as exact. In reply to my note the chief secretary, under date of the 10th in- stant, writes : In reply to your letter of 3l8t ultimo, I am desired by his excellency the governor to inform yon that the government have no knowledge of any emigration hence to the United States of America. An occasional individual may have goue to that country ; but, if so, he has not gone direct^so that the Government would have no means of tracing bis destination. Such being th<; case, and as I do not find in the circalar instructions calling for information other than such as would apply to "those seeking new homes in the United States," there is, practically, nothing to re- port from this consular district in reply to the emigration circular. It is, perhaps, judging from the general condition of the Maltese who emigrate, or rather drift from this island to other countries, just as well for the United States that none of them come to our shores. They are not, I am told, desirable additions to the population of other states. They seldom have any intention to remain awa^ from Malta or become permanent citizens of another country. When they do emigrate it is only for a time, only long enough to accumulate means sufficient to enable them to return here and live on the proceeds of their foreign labor or speculations. I should be sorry to be instructed to promote emigration from Malta to the United States. There are possibly Maltese who leave their overcrowded island to better their conditions and fortunes in other lands who really become citizens of those lands, but my observation is that even the majority of those " permanent emigrants " return to live iind die in their native island. A case in point is that of a Maltese whom I chance to know. He left a young wife and his children in Malta, and after sailing on different ships settled in California. He prospered in that State, but neither wrote nor remitted money to his needy family here. He even married a California girl and started a second family of his own. After a' twelve years' residence in California he left the American branch of his family and returned to Malta and bis Maltese family with upwards of $25,000. He was a rich man for a Maltese. His return was as unexpected to his Maltese wife as his departure was to his California wife. Being rich, however, he was warmly welcomed 330 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. '*'»«. ^ here. He is now a prominent and respeeted citizen and proposes to live here till he dies. He left his California family poorly on\ He does not propose to support or assist it. I understand, he repudiates it. There are between 30,000 and 40,000 Maltese living in countries on the Mediterranean other than Malta. As a general thing they retain their native citizenship, and claim on occasion the protection of the British flag. ^, , ^ „ It has been a matter of grave concern to the Malta government tor some time, and annually becomes graver, as to how to provide for the surplus population in Malta. A few years ago a Maltese colony, under the auspices of the government, was sent to British Guiana, but it was an utter failure, and most of the emigrants died from fevers and, it is said, homesickness. Similar attempts have been made to send Maltese to Australia and other British possessions, but never, I believe, with favorable results. I saw an article in a Queensland newspaper not long since which regretted the introduction of Maltese laborers in that col- ony, where laborers were sorely needed. " The industry and frugality of "the Maltese laborers," said the newspaper mentioned, " may have been correctly reported. They will work for wages that a Queensland workman would not look at. It is the ' general cussedness' that per- vades the Maltese character to which we object and of which we have So long as the Maltese laborer can find work enough to support him in Malta he prefers to remain here, though he accumulates little or nothing and can scarcely hope to rise above his born condition. He is as a rule very ignorant, and he is industrious and frugal. I conclude' that the causes that lead to the very limited emigration of Maltese are not healthy causes. They are not compulsory, but they savor of unwillingness and a dread to enter new conditions. I have never heard of the deportation of paupers or insane persons, with or without government aid, nor of criminals. The Malta government favors emigration, and is wilUug to assist any legitimate movement to that end. And, indeed, it is one of the condi- tions of the Maltese emigrant that he shall be «' assisted " or he won't ™°^®* JOHN WOKTHINGTON, Consul. United States Consulate, Malta, June 15. 1886. SWEDEN. REPORT OF CONSUL ELFWINO. The emigrants from Sweden to America during 1851-'60 were 14,868, and during 1861-'65, 9,420. Tear. Emim'uita. Tear. 1 Emigranta. ; Tear. EmigTantK. 18t6 4,406 6,883 21,472 32,090 ;5, 430 12.885 11,838 IHT'l i 8.486 ii 1680 36, 20;( 1 18"('4 3,880 ll 1881 40,642 IflAB J87S ..; 3,091 1882 44, 35» i 1878 3,702 II 1883 25, 675 1 1877 2,821 1 1884 17,«(J4 1871 ; 1878 1879 4,242 1 12,791 1 lauQ SWEDEN. 331 d proposes to live off. He does not udiates it. g iu couutries on thing they retain protection of the a government for ;o provide for the ese colony, under aiana, but it was n fevers and, it is e to send Maltese er, I believe, with ewspaper not long )orers in that col- stry and frugality ioned, '< may have lat a Queensland edness' that per- of which we have ^h to support him nmulates little or condition. He is gal. limited emigration Qpnlsory, but they litions. 3r insane persons, illing to assist any 3 one of the condi- listed " or he won't tTHINGTON, Comul. »l-'60 were 14,868, Year. Kmignnts. 30, 2011 41,350 25,875 17, (IM During the first six mouths of 1885 there were 9,403 emigrants. The total number during last year is not yet offici.ally published. The first six months of the present year show a great increase in emigration, or, according to the newspapers, 17,693, but it is not all to the United States, and about 3,009 of these emigrants are foreigners, mostly Fin- lauders. Of the classes which supply the greatest number of emigrants the agricultural is probably the largest, if agricultural laborers are herein included. The servants' class, particularly among the women, is also very large. Otherwise every class is represented, and may be thus clapsifled : Servants, laborers, agriculturists, mechanics, engineers and architects, clerks, and merchants. The cause of emigration is the belief that they can better their con- dition, and probably also a fondness for an adventurous life. There are no political causes, nor is it onerous taxation, nor a surplus popula- tion. Here is, to be sure, compulsory military service, but as it amounts to only thirty days, or fifteen days of service at age of twenty-one years and fifteen days at twenty-two, this cannot be the cause, particularly as every one after twenty-two years of age, since the military service is finished, is free to go wherever he pleases. Next year, however, a law will go iu operation by which the time of actual service will be ex- tended to forty-two days for the two years. A main cause of emigra- tion is the fact that so many have emigrated, and these are constantly writing home asking their friends to follow, and also sending them tickets or money to go over with. The pauperism of this country is not excessively large. The number of paupers was, iu the year 1884, iu the country, 4.88 per cent, of the population, and in the cities 0.96 per cent., or for the whole country 4.87 per cent. The total population of the country was 4,565,668 in 1880, of which 1,238,126 were land-owners, and the total agricultural popula- tion was 2,342,994. The total of the indu trial population, or those that belonged to saw-mills, mines, iron works, textile-mills, &c., were 576,366. Those belonging to commerce, navigation, and transportation on land, &c., 222,291, and those to the administration, to the army and navy, clergy, &c., 206,693, &c. The total number, of marriages were, in 1884, 30,200, and those dis- solved through divorce in the same year 241. Number of children born in 1884 was 138,754, of which 14,183 were illegitimate. In the city of Stockholm were 29.3 per cent, illegitimate. With Government aid noth- ing has been done towards deportation of chronic paupers or criminals, but I have heard of a few cases where a community has given money to paupers to go off to Anj.jr'«. a and not be a burdea to them. Also phil- anthropic societies for t' c '•elief of liberated criminals have paid the passage to America for su^ h ^Q^' ^ ^o not think that such practices now take place any loh^'^i. T .Vv* 'iuo'ii societies have even asked me to help them to get the criminal y. si irt ia America. The law of reshipping ail such cased has undoi.-.'tec' ly put a stop to these practices. The Swedish Gove, unit nt has Joue what it could to stop emigration, iu that a law,whic1: eut in opera.i'~>n last year,decrees that no one can buy a ticket for America ov Australia v;ithout first producing a certif- icate to the effect that he does not leave a wife or children unprovided for or unpaid debts, but that does not i;rp.vent anyone from going to any other foreign place in Europe— to Copenhagen, for instance — and procuring a passage ticket. 332 EMIGEATION AND IMMIGRATION. I do not tliiuk that any special privileges or rates of fare offered by Governments or corporations to induce emigration have mach affected there the emigration from Sweden to the United States. NERE A. ELFWING, Consul. United States Consulate, Stockholm, August 18, 1886. SWITZERLAND. REPORT OF OONSVL-GENERAL WIN0BS8TER. Referring to the circular of the Department dated April 27th ultimo, and received on the 15th instant, this consulate-general would state that it is impossible to make a very full or satisfactory report on emigration and the various conditions relating to and affecting the same in Swit- zerland. The machinery of the Swiss Government, national and can- tonal, is very simple, limited, and economical. The investigation and statistics of the questions embraced in the circular do not approximate those of the United States in extent, detail, or accuracy. Emigration from Switzerland was for some time on the decline, but showed a steady and marked increase from 1878 to 1883, inclusive ; then a very heavy decline during 1884 and 1885. From 1873 to 1885 the emigration to the United States was as follows : !t| Year. Nnfflber. Year. If amber. Year. Nnmber. 1873 3,460 1,631 836 1,011 1,027 1878 1870 1880 1881 , 1883 1,602 1883 2,964 1884 11,619 8,539 5,934 1874 1878 5,792 1886 1876 9,996 U,069 < 1877 The number of emigrants from Switzerland to the United States from 1873 to 1885, both inclusive, was 65,332 ; emigration to all other coun- tries for the same period, 15,242 ; total, 30,574 — 80 per cent, going to the United States. From July 1, 1876, to June 30, 1884, the various classes were repre- sented as follows : Ooonpation. Farmers and laborers MUlers Bakers Batchers Brewers Oarileners , Tailors and ti'.luroases Shoemakers , Barbers Washers an'] washerwomen Stone-cutters Masons Carpenters, Joiners, and gladers Locksmiths Painters Harness-makers Jewelers Tinners Coopers Nnmber. Ooonpation. Xomber. 14, 410 234 635 666 209 245 ,241 607 77 "i 101 I 553 I ,585 i 401 i 383 I 153 187 100 K9 Printers Bookbinders ..'. Spinners and wearers Embroiderers Dyers Watctunakers MKchinn enjcincers and technologist . Mechanics Smiths Cai (Wrights Clerks Saloon-keepers Teamsters ^ Praacbers Teachers Wood-eniiraTeni Xui«es Servants Stndents 71 202 ."ifl 75 406 251 553 434 122 2,056 423 73 55 186 60 86 1,158 SWITZERLAND. 888 (8 of fare offered by mve much afifectecl ites. ELFWING, Contul. TJSS. I April 27th ultimo, ral would state that eport on emigration the same in Swit- t, national and cau- le investigation and do not approximate racy. on the decline, but 383, inclusive ; then m 1873 to 1885 the Tear. Number. 11,619 8,539 5,IKi4 United States from 1 to all other couu- per cent, going to classes were repre- ion. Number. 71 292 .'.8 75 406 251 553 434 122 8,056 428 78 1 d tecbnoloiciat . . . 55 188 60 86 1,1M 55 T ■ Au average year shows the percentage of the trade classes to be : Pro- ■ dncers, 50 per cent. ; industries, 20 per cent. ; commerce, 3.0 per cent. ; I personal service, 3 per cent. ; without specification, 22 per cent. ■ The causes of emigration from Switzerland to tbe United States are I to be found more in the latter than the former, aud are chiefly its cheap ■ aud fertile lands, high wages, and the broader field and superior oppor- I tauities for obtaining competence and wealth. H The masses of the Swiss, as the result of a very exi ellent system of S compnlsory public education, are well informed, observant, and sus- . ceptible to the influences indicated. There are contributory causes in Switzerland not to be overlooked In physical respects it is not a bountiful motherland. Neither the cli- mate nor the soil is good for agriculture. It is only by persistent, in domitable toil and strict frugality that the peasants can win a scant subsistence. Yet the best is made of it, aii«~ it is surprising how much the best can do. Everywhere are seen tl j prootb of active thought, method, economy, a ready hand, and all the evidence of prosperity in a frugal way. The area of the country is 41,488 square kilometers, or 15,992 English square miles, giving au average density of population of 177 per Eng- lish square mile. This density varies from 24 in the Grisons to 932 in the canton of Geneva, per square mile. Thirty per cent, of the area is occupied by mountains, glaciers, lakes, aud rivers. Of the total, only 51 per cent, is under cultivation. The population dwell mostly in small towns, hamlets, and villages, there being only five towns with more than 25,000 inhabitants. Of the » total population by the census of December, 1880, 2,846,102, of whom _ 1,394,626 were males and 1,451,476 females, there were engaged in agri- culture and dairy farming 1,138,678, in manufacturing industry 976,052, in commerce 206,003, in transportation 112,440, in the public service 42,879, living on incomes aud pensions 56,055, alimentation 86,837, and 24,926 without a calling, the remainder comi)osed of mining, silk cult- ure, the chase, and tbe professions. Some districts are entirely pastoral ; not a plow is to be found in them ; ° neither are fruits or vegetables cultivated. Whilst there is perhaps no country more carefully tilled, it has profited but little from modern in- ventions. The implements of husbandry in general use are of quite a primitive fashion. Labor is cheap, and results are obtained by a pa- tient expenditnie of manual toil. Great attention is paid to forest culture. The rocky monntain side is made to support as many trees as could possibly grow together on the space devo< 3d to them, and each individual tree is carefully looked after and scientifically pruned and trained, so that they shall not in- terfere with each other, but each has its fair share of space and light. In this work nature aids man's labor and thought by giving to the forests an abnadance of moisture, and between the frequent storms and ohowers abundant floods of sunlight and warmth. It is this that on the mountain sides enables trees to take root and grow to a considera- ble size on what apparently is little more than a uarren rock.* Emigration is of course stimulated to some extent by the activity and efforts of emigration agencies, of which there are 370 located in Switz- erland ; the pecuniary assistance doubtless extendeu in some cases by these agents and the special rates offered by competing steamship lines are additional inducements. * A series of reports ou Swiss Forestry is printed in Coudukr Reports No. 74, Feb- ruarjr, 1887, p. 4!i6. iry'i 334 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. The federal and cantonal governments do not interfere with emigra- tion either in the way of restriction or encouragement, and have uni formly declined to engage in any colonizing schemes. Previous to 1881 there was much complaint of objectionable and " as- sisted " emigration to the United States, but in April, 1881, there went into eflfect a law, passed by the Swiss Government, forbidding " agents to forward persons to whom the laws of the country to which they emi- grate prohibit the entry." It is gratifying to say that this law appears to be faithfully and en- ergetically inforced by the Swiss officials, and observed by the agents to an extent that promises to remove the evil entirelj'. No case of objectionable or "assisted" emigration has come within the knowledge of this consulate-general since July, 1885. Compulsory military service cannot be said to exercise any material influence on emigration from Switzerland. This service is not distaste- ful or burdensoifle, partly from the natural military qualities of the Swiss and partly from the instruction in the elements of drill in the va- rious national and pnblic schools. Stated as a broad principle, the liability to military service in Switz- erland commences at the age of twenty and ceases at the age of forty- four. The first twelve years are passed in the ^lite or first line, and the last twelve in the landwehr. Practically, the term of service in the first line has been reduced to eight years, and the men composing it are compelled to attend annually for a few days to undergo inspection and drill. The second line, or laitdwebr. Lave no exercises, but merely an annual in- spection of arms. Every Swiss who does not perform military service personally is subject to an aunuiil exeuiptiou tax.' This tax consists of a personal charge of 6 francs, or $1,10, and a supplementary tax in pro- portion to fortune or income. In no instance, however, is the sum total for which one individual is liable to exceed 3,000 francs, or $579; and nc .'ortane under 1,000 franco, or $193, is liable to the tax; and 600 francs, ov $115.80, is to bi) deducted from the net income of every person who is liable. lb is true that since the war against the first Napoleon, when the Confederation furnished a contingent of 15,000 to the allies, Switzer- land has not been called on to draw the sword, and there are some who protest against what they term an unnecessary waste of money and time expended on its armed forces; but it is believed that a very large ma- jority of the people are in favor of, and cheerfully comply with, the re- quirements of the military service, mindful of the warning contained in the reply of the chancellor of the German Empire, who, when asked in 1870 to what extent Swiss neutrality would be respected, said, *' To the extent to which you yourselves respect the device of the Scottish order of the Thistle — '■Nemo me impune lacesait.^^ The subject of military service has been dwelt upon at some length, for, as a rule, it is the most conspicuous cause of emigration generally from Euroije to the United States. Taxation in Switzerland is not onerous. The statistics as to marriage and divorce, children natural and legitimate, present no unusual or striking feature^. In 1883 the births were 81,974; deaths, 58,633; marriages, 19,695. Of the births 3.7 per cent, were still-bom, and the illegitimate an average of 4.5 per cent. The Ui>ws of Switzerland as to marriage, divorce, descent, and distri- butioa of property, and as to all social questions, are substantially of Federal enactment, are liberal, enlightened, and possess no element affecting emignvtion. 4.^:-^^ SWITZERLAND. 335 terfere with emigra- lent, and have uni fes. lectionable and "as- Iril, 1881, there weut jibrbidding "ageuts to which they eini- |e faithfully and en- jrved by the agents ;iy. |on has come within 1885. cercise any material frvice is not distaste- iry qualities of the Its of drill in theva ary service in Switz- at the age of forty- rst line, and the last rvice in the first line sing it are compelled Jtion and drill. The nerely an annual in- brm military service This tax consists of ementary tax in pro- >ver, is the sum total francs, or $579; and B tax; and 600 francs, of every person who first Napoleon, when ;o the allies, Switzer- l there are some who te of money and time ;hat a very large ma- comply with, the re- tvaming contained in who, when asked in >ectea, said, " To the >f the Scottish order pon at some length, smigration generally ti sties as to marriage sent no unusual or )74; deaths, 58,633; re still-bom, and the , descent, and distri- , are substantially of possess no element The majority of those euj^aged in agriculture and dairy farming are comfortably housed, and are able to furnish themselves with suitable clothing and sufiicieut wholesome diet, pork, fresh and cured, smoked beef, or sometimes called " mummy beef," potatoes, cheese, milk, butter, bread, and a thin wine of his own production, are the principal articles of food. The poorer classes of ])eopIe subHist on food of a much inferior quality and limited quantity. Meager cheese, the curd that rises on the heat- ing, after the first curd for the cheese has been removed, black rye bread, i)otatoe8, soup from rice or fionr, a very weak dilution of coffee, and potato sjHrits (a most i)ernicious distillation), constitute the normal fare of the laboring masses. Fresh meat cannot be reckoned as an ar- ticle of consumption. It is confined to a very small class; and the nu- merous large public houses are a great and growing source of revenue to Switzerland. The laboring man manages his scant and indifferent food to the best advantage, partaking of it frequently. In addition to the usual three regular meals, he has a lunch between breakfast and dinner, and dinner and supper, and then again before retiring to his slumbers. As to strikes, they have never had any organi^iCd existence or influence in Switzerland, therefore could not have entered into the question of emi- gration. With a few sporadic, insignificant symptoms, Switzerland has been exempt from the great, widespread labor unrest that has so alarmingly prevailed throughout Europe and the (Jnited States. The subdivision of the soil among a multitude of small proprietors, for the most part energetic, industrious cultivators of their own hold- ings, largely contributes to render the Swiss people a happy and con- tented people. The soil of the country is so extensively divided among the population that it is estimated there are nearly 300,000 peasant pro- prietors, representing a population of about 2,000,000. There is no country whose laws afiibrd greater facilities for the acqui- sition and transfer of land. The general tendency is to discourage the centralization or accumulation of landed property in a few hands and to promote small farming as the best parent of general public con- tentment, happiness, and thrift. This diffusion of landed property in Switzerland tends to give a great perfiection to many social arrangements. In the most insignificant hamlets and villages there will usually be found a post-office, a regularly-appointed watchman by night, public fountains, a market place, and a fire engine, in the use of which the peo- ple are exercised. There are in Switzerland no instances of great wealth, no appearance of great ease and luxury, no rich and splendid aristocracy, but almost every head of a family, however humble his circumstances, possesses a home belonging to him in fee,, with all of its civilizing influences. Pau- perism SLi an institution ia scarcely known. There is pinching, bat little actual distress among the industrious poor. As to those whose trade is poverty they are about the same everywhere, neither worse olx' or better off in any country. The absence of any grinding poverty is no doubt partly owing to the natural independence of the people as well as to their industrious hab- its, simple methods of living, and shrewdness in business. Then, their climate is one that tends to brace and nerve to exertion, while the long struggle which they have been forced to keep u^ in order to hold their own for centuries past has given the people a spint of self-reliance which ti-a"" 336 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. largely uaves tbem at least flrom pauperism. If they were as wasteful, careless, and improvident as onr wages supported class the ibex and chamois might soon return to the valley. The Swiss are known to be ingenious in many kinds of workmanship, specially in wood-carving clock-making, and embroidery. They are keen not only in getting, but in keeping their money. An old proverb says, ''It requires ten Jews to cheat a Swiss, and ten Swiss to cheat a Genoese." They present a remarkable and undisturbed type of old provincial life, with many curious survivals of customs and traditions, a deep distrust of innovation and what is new, adhering to a primitive way of doing the simplest things. Industry, forethought, self supporting energy, and reciprocal dispo- sitions to neighborly help pervade the population. Brave, enduring, patient, law-abiding, kindly contented in the practice of their simple forms of life and faith, it may be truly said : Yet still e'en here content can spread a charm, Redress the clime, and all its rage disarm ; Though poor the masant's hnt, his feast though small, He sees his little lot the lot of all. All the statistics in this report cover the whole of Switzerland. BOYD WINCHESTER. United States Consulate-Genebal, Berne, May 22, 1886. -?*■-■ BASLE. BHPOBT OF COXSUL GIFFORD. The movement of population in Switzerland is very active. With less than 3,000,000 inhabitants it has sent 234.000 of its children to other lands, while it has received almost an equal number from theat^oining countries in return. Thus the 7 i>er cent, of loss is compensated by immigration. The emigration is largely from the agricultural regions, the narrow but fertile valleys lying in the midst of the mountain chains of the Alps and the Jura, where the natural increase of population can find no adequate support on the rigorously limited cultivable land. Immigration, on the other hand, is industrial. The manufacturing towns are ftiU of Germans, who find here better wages and shorter hours of labor than at home. The Italian element of the population also increases yearly. According to the last census there were 83,821 persons of Swiss birth living in the United States, a number which has since increased, accord- ing to the emigration statistics, to over 120,000, children of Swiss parents bom in the United States not included. Three distinct nationalities are represented in this number : The French from the cantons of Wal- lis, Waadt, Xeueubnrg, and Geneva: the Italians from Tessin, and the Germans from the other cantons. The last generally predominate, and are for the most part Protestants, while the French and Italian speak- ing people are Catholics. Organized and successful emigration from Switzerland to the United States is comparatively recent. The colony established at Purrj-sburg, South Carolina, in 1731, found the climate unfavorable, and wholly disap- peared. From that time till the great famine in Switzerland in 1817 no effort seems to have been made to rid the country of its sorplns popula- SWITZERLAND. 337 were as wasteful, class the ibex and sof workmausbip, •oidery. They are An old proverb 511 Swiss to cheat a urbed type of old ims and traditions, ring to a primitive reciprocal dispo- Brave, eudaring, ice of their simple ugh Htnall, Switzerland. IWINOHESTER. 7 active. With less s children to other r from the ac^oining is compensated by gricultaral regions, the mountain chains se of population can Bd cultivable land, anufacturing towns d shorter hours of lation also increases rsons of Swiss birth le increased, accord- :en of Swiss parents stinct nationalities he cantons of Wal- -om Tessin, and the y predominate, and and Italian speak rland to the United bed at Purrj'sburg, e, and wholly disap- tzerland in 1817 no its surplus popula- i!on by eiiCouragiiig emigration to the United States. Many individuals ca.^e, however, and some of them, like Gallatin, a native of Geneva, who followed Lafayette, and afterwards Jacob Sutter, the discoverer of gold ill California, Hassler, of the Coast Survey, and Agassiz, from the canton of Neuchatcl, became distinguished men in their adopted country. Agassiz's canton is, in fact, renowned for the activity and succi'ss of its sons ill other lands, so that there is a huiuoi ous saying to the elleet that UDthiug of importance can take pluce in any part of the world without the presence of a represctative from this little state. The great famine of 1817 was the occasion of sending off tae first per- manent colonists. In this year was fouuded Switzerland, now called Switzer, in Mouioe County, Ohio, the inhabitants of which devote them- selves to fivrniiiig and stock raising, as in their old houies. Descendants of the members of an unfortunate colony which in 1820 was induced to settle on the Red River, in Canada, by the persuasion of Lord Selkirk, are still often to be met with in the Northwestern States, whither they fled alter suffering the greatest hardships. These colonists were from Rheinfelden, near Basle, and embarkeer8ons intending to em- bark at the former port, rniploy^'s of the agents accompany the trains, while other representatives meet the emigrants at Castle Garden. Formerly emigrant agoiiis were not in good repute in Switzerland, it being alleged that they took advantage of the ignorance of their clients to extort money and otherwise deceive and misuse them. They were even designated by the name of Seelenverkclufer mu\ Bauenif anger (soul- sellers and peasant catchers) ; but the Swiss Government having taken the matter of emigration into its own hand, so far as supervision for the purpose of protecting its citizens is concerned, complaints are much less frequently heard and the agents seem to be honorable men. OCCUPATION OF EMIGRANTS. So far as absolute numbers are concerned farmers and agricultural laborers constitute the largest class of emigrants to the United States; indeed, they outnumber all others taken together if the various branches of dairying be considered as belonging to agricultural production, as will be seen by the annexed table of occupations. On the other hand, considering the proportion of the number of persons engaged in the dif- ferent trades who emigrate to the United States, it is found that brew- ers famish the largest contingent. The following statement, prepared by James Duner, of the Swiss statistical bureau, shows the average number of emigrants who for every one thousand i)ersons engaged in the respective trades named repair yearly to the United States : Oocnpatlon. Beer brewers Butchers Bakers Painters Oardeners Barbers Saddlers Smiths Carpenters and Joiners Wood-carvers and sonlptors No. 12 I 7 I 7 6 6 6 6 6 Oconpation. No. Book-binders i Millers i 4 Coopers I 3 Masons 3 Printers 3 Shoem> \en I 3 Dyers 1 3 Cartwrights ! 2 Stone-masons | 2 Clergymen .' 2 It will be seen from the annexed Table III that the leading mechanical industries of this consular district, i. e., the manufacture of silk ribbons at Basle, and of watches at Chauxdelonds, Lode, St. Imier, and other towns in the canton of Neuenbnrg, furnish remarkably few emigrants. The low wages paid silk-weavers and their large families operate as a natural check on displacement. There is no disposition to aid them in this direction, as sometimes happens in reference to agricultural labor- ers and poor farmers, for their numbers are not sufficient for the de- mands of production, and large numbers of Germans come yearly into SWITZERLAND. 339 listri<'t tlic miiiib*'!' sle City, LS ; HunI.' t'lU'iilmift', ">; total. cantoiiM four vt'ais reseiitativt's of tin- otter facilities ami iilnisli the iiatural '> loufT a JouriK'v. i\ ,.' and Antwerji. he care of children s iutendiji}^- to em oinpaiiy the trains, astle (Tarden. e in Switzerland, it «ice of their clieiitis thein. They were Bauerti/iinger (sonl- nient having taken supervision for the aintsare much less »le men. rs and agricultural ) the United States; he various branches :ural production, as On the other hand, s engaged in the dif- is found that brew- statement, prepared , shows the average persons engaged in uit«d States : aiLltiOD. :K0. 1 4 ...:...;;:::. ::::;:::;:;i \ 1 8 1 3 3 3 1 3 1 o i 2 :::::::;:;;::::;::;:.:;:' t i e leading mechanical icture of silk ribbons St. Imier, and other cably few emigrants, families operate as a isition to aid them in to agricultural labor- aafflcient for the de- aus come yearly into Switzerland to lind ein])loynicut in the factories. The limited nnmlter of silk-weavers wlio have emigratt'd has been made up in some measure of skilled workmen, whose knowledge of the l)nsiiK'ss has been of great assistance in establishing that now nourishing industry in our country. CIIAUACTEU AND RKSOUKCES OF KMIOUANTS. As a matter of me so deeply implanted thai only al so- lute necessity, or an unusually strong tendency to wander, can tempt the l)eople to quit their native villages. Accordingly the emigrants from Switzerland are far often«;r than otherwise ])Oor and sometimes illil cr- ate, in si)ite of the excellent common-school system at present estab- lished in alnu)st all parts of the country. Cut in the latter respect they are far superior to i aiigrants from several of the surrounding countries. The small farmers, who emigrate in considerable numbers, possess small fortunes. The leading emigrant agentof Switzerland, whose head- (juarters are at Dasle, intorms mo that his house remits about M.lt)(),00«» yearly to the Uniteil States on a<;count of emigrants, some of whom t,' i e with them irom ten to twenty thousand dollars. As the agency in (iirc;- tion forwards emigrants from all the northern part of the coinitry, it may be assumed Ui.\ • the gross sum above mentioned constituttio no in- considerable i)artof ntirefortune of Switzerland's annual contingeut of settlers in Ame The comi)arativi , , .mall number of artisans who leave the country carry with liiem little more than is necessary to defray their expenses to their place of destination; and the same is true of the agricultural laborers. Here the former earn on an average $3.8fi a week lor Go hours of labor, and their ordinary diet is bread with coffee twice or three times a day, with meat only two or three times a week. The agri(uiltural laborers earn 30 cents a day with board and lodging, or, when hired by the year, $70 for the twelve months. For the women laborei s in the Uelds, who are numerous, the compensation is lower stiil, amoui.tiug on an average, when they are hired by the year, to only 77 cents a week, besides their board and lodging. The hours of labor for agricultural laborers of both sexes are of coarse indefinite. In respect to morals the people who leave the rural districts of Switz- erland for America are in general praiseworthy. Their principal vice, which they have in common with the artisan class, is intemperance iii the use of spirits. The country is covered with a multitude of dis; . leries, which afford an extremely cheap stimulant that offers an irresist;- ible temptation to poor people whose means do not enable them to pro- cure a sufficient quantity of wholesome nourishment. The schnapps pest is in this country an evil of extreme gravity, and one which is al- most exclusively confined to the class of the population from which em- i gration is drawn. The very women and children are someti mes addicted to it, in some cases from supposed necessity. No doubt the changed con- ditions of life on the other side of the Atlantic, where food can be ob- tained as a substitute for stimulants, may mitigate this unhappy inclina- tion. The clothing of the laboring classes in this district is decent, but is confined to the strictly necessary, both in quantity and quality. The blouse is the universal badge of the laborer, and only the fortunate few l^^ 340 KMIORATION AND IMMIGRATFON. cau afford a "Suiulaysuit." The expiMuliture in tins direcHon is reduced to a tniiiiinum for both sev' -,. The housing of the \v": kingnien's ftunilies in Basle is not always ade- quate to the requireuiei:! ■» of either comfort or health, as may be judged from the fact that 8,388 households ociuipy lodgings coni))os»Ml <»t' from one to three rooms, that nearlj' two-thirds of these families comprise four or more persons, and that several hundred of them are made up of from eight to tifteen members each. In short, the cases of extreme poverty are numerous, and are ])articularly noteworthy in these crowded homes where the housewife's absence in the factory during the greater part of the «lay, necessarily results in a stateof contusion and discomfort. The morals of the emigrants «lo not ditler greatly from those of the population at large, the character of the working people being in this respect as good as that of the commercial and cai>italist classes. And as compared with the inhabitants of otherEniopean countries the Swiss are a moral people. The somewiiat lower moral average of the emi- grants is accounted for by a cv.rtain luunber of vici(uis pc ons who, becoming burdensome either to their families or to the luii'ic, are shipped beyond theseas. The m.ijority of such individuals were jV, rserly sent to the United States, sometimes by tJie direct action and at \i\o- expense of the cantonal or communal governments. But the rec< i.;. vigorous protective action of the Ameri(;an authorities has apj)arently diminished the deportation of both criminals and paupers. Attempts of this kind which now occur are conducted with such circumspection as generally to escape attention until they have actually succeeded. The increase of emigration to Chili and the Argentine C«''.ifederatiou, else- where referred to, has also diminished these unwelcome additions to our population. In a recent aggregated case of deportation of a crim- inal by a comuiune, it was found on investigation by this co','>Milate that South America was the convict's destination. But this ontloi for vice will soon be closed, as the Government of Buenos Ayres has appointed emigrant commissioners to be stationed at Havre, Bordeaux, aul Mar- seilles, whose duty it will be to prevent the shipment of European in- valids, criminals, and paupers to that country. The elements of Swiss population which are most to be dreaded do Eot reach America as emigrants in the steerage, but as passengers in I ') ilrst cabin. They are men of means whose vices, sometimes of an ii;fi'Jjle type inconceivable in the United States, have subjected them to prosecution or punishment, and who fly across the ocean to escape the penalty of their crimes or the ignominy that awaits them at the expira- tion of their term of service. The corrupting influence of one such felon who has the means of business and social success at his disposal must greatly outweigh that of a score of ordinary thieves or vagabonds. Happily the class referred to is not numerous, the greater part of the Swiss merchants and professional men who settle in America being up- right and honorable citizens. MABBIAGE AND DIVOECE. ■i^ij- The statistics of marriage, divorce, and legitimacy in the canton of Basle, here cited as an indication of the social condition of the people in general, and so of the emigrants, with the modification above sug- gested, may be taken as fairly representative of the whole of Northern witzerland. The following statement classifies the Swiss citizens of the canton, comprising about two-thirds of the total population, accord- ing to their civil state, in the years 1870 and 1880: (lirecHoii is reduced i\ is not alwiiys ado- I, as may be .judged * coni])(»8e«l (»t' lium le families eomprisi' liem are made up of le cases of extreme liy ill tlieseerowded • duriii}; t!ie greater sioiiaiid discomfort, y from tliose of the people being in this talist classes. And countries the Swiss average of the emi- icious pc! Mins who, to the piui'ic, are duals were ii iicrly t action and at vho ts. But the receiiTj ities has api)arently lupers. Attempts of h circumspection as Uy succeeded. The Ct".ifederatiou, else- 'eloome additions to sportation of a crim- f this co';--tvlate that t this outlei for vice \yres has appointed Bordeaux, avil Mar- lent of European in- )st to be dreaded do »ut as passengers in 3e8, sometimes of an ve subjected them to i ocean to escape the s them at the expira- fluence of one such ccess at his disposal hieves or vagabonds. 3 greater part of the n America being up- acy in the canton of iditton of the people diflcation above sug- he whole of Northern the Swiss citizens of al population, accord- W ■ ■-at .' ai.< ! aiRi>iWW»i^!i^M^'** ^ — — miiaMvMiM ' 'i0MiA ' iii>u • r y yyg^___ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 435 ' >.^»R*?Tf*> .-« *!! T!F¥mtP««»?KfWE^ . 1 1 "i . 1 16 I 34 n 1 13 17 12 22 5 2tj 32 1 i:t l(i 20 21 13 15 4 7 4 30 37 a 12 14 in 22 3 n 12 11 14 17 10 .... 510 52 d incorrect, the num- small, but it is given teness of the Mormon roselytes have at one ;; out on their journey D EMIGRATION. le Swiss Government ough whose iuterveu- jpirit of iiraiseworthy who are eomjjclled to tweeti agents and em- rescribed by the Fed- ands of the emigrant, and enables him to maintain his rights and secure indemnity for fraud or ill-treatment. No direct obstacle is ]ilaced in the way of emigration by the Govern- ment. It merely forbids the agents to forward persons without the production of certificates showiug their origin and citizenship. Swiss between the ages of twenty and forty-four years must likewise prove that they have returned in good condition the arms and military effects which they have received from the state. PersoLS under 18 years of age are also required to obtain the written consent of their parents or guardians to their emigration. Substantially, therefore, emigration from Switzer- land is free. SPECIAL PRIVILEGES OFFERED EMIGRANTS. Chili and the Argentine Republic regard Swiss emigrants as partic- ularly valuable and otter them extraordinary advantages. The conse- ((uence is that the current has within the last few years been strongly turned iu that direction. The United States still receives the greater member, though the ettbrts of Chili have resulted iu its obtaining 2,1'44 .settlers from this country since Dctober, 1883. Free land, advances of money, and working animals are among the advantages offered. The Argentine Kepublic maintains immigrants free of expense at the port t»f arrival until they can be forwarded gratis to their destination iu the interior. The following statement shows the uumistaka4)le effect of the efforts of the South American Republics in reducing the percentage of emigration to the United States. Desiinaiion of Swiss emigrants. Year. 1882 1883 1884 1885 North America. South America. other countriea. 11, 060 11,610 8, a.-.o 5,834 1,832 1,193 1,608 115 31 56 41 There are in Switzerland several corporations owning tracts of land iu the United States, which they offer forsale to emigrants settling in colonies. There is one such corporation in Basle, but the number of settlers so far obtained is not large, but of the better class, all possess- ing at least means enough to purchase a small farm. » GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. Swiss immigrants, with exception of the Mormons and the limited number belonging to the pauper and criminal classes, are valuable ad- ditions to the population of the United States, if it be admitted that a further increase of the foreign population is in general desirable. In religion they are generally Protestants. They are of particular utility in improving and developing the various brauches of dairying and the wineindustrj', with which they are especially acquainted. Morally they are superior to most other immigrants, and they generally go to the United States for the purpose of becoming citizens and remaining there permanently. They are inclined to settle in colonies, but in spite of this tendency they are largely scattered among the English-speaking popula* 344 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. tion, and, like the Germans, arc easily assimilated, generally losing their identity as foreigners with the first generation of ciiihlren born on Amer- ican soil. The perfect political and civileqnality to which tliey areac- cnstomed in their native country nnder the thoroughly democratic Swiss constitution gives them an especial aptitude for the intelligent exercise of their acquired rights as American citizens. STATISTICAL TABLES. The statistical statements transmitted herewith are taken from the publications of the federal department of the interior. Before 1870 such information in regard to emigrants was not collected with much regularity, but during the two following years this service was per- formed by the several cantons, and since that time by the emigrant agents, under the 'direction of the General Government. The first of the three tables shows the emigration to all jiarts of the world since 1879, the second the destination, and the third the occupation of the emigrants of last year. In regard to the s'ge and sex of the new settlers it will sufBce to state that in 1885 4,716 males and 2,807 females emi- grated from Switzerland, and that more than half of the whole number of both sexes were between the ages of fifteen and twenty-nine. GEOEGE GIFIORD, Consul. United States Consulate, Basle, June 21, 1886. Table showing emigration from Switzerland in the last five years. Canton. Zurich Berne Luzerne Url Schwyz ITnterwnlden. Gliirus Zufi Freiburg Solothnrn Basle City BaHio Country SobafflianBen . Appcnzell — St Galle Orisons Aargau Tburj^au Tessin Waadt Wallis If enenbnrg . . . Geneva Total... Numbe r of emigrants. 1885. 1884. •■ 1, 2i'6 2,905 191 94 137 189 146 202 103 2>:0 404 201 206 96 477 423 641 85 667 181 2(16 240 108 1883. i 1,570 '- 4.667 1«0 , 135 186 129 312 80 126 340 407 310 381 133 520 407 1,271 172 531 808 705 263 125 1882. 1,440 3, 560 225 90 171 123 376 55 131 392 731 3)1 335 184 884 429 933 250 4.55 113 390 258 106 1881. ' ! 1880. 1879. 818 2, 106 167 81 04 08 204 55 83 180 374 130 201 80 303 256 424 128 691 3.55 337 289 141 1.320 3,079 225 88 304 248 408 5" 40 359 253 311 '300 103 1,061 101 1,010 271 ,589 112 140 l.'-.O llll ,540 1, 6)6 141 20 299 03 212 41 40 380 126 226 375 84 00^ f« 7!)5 131 6J8 H2 105 239 136 248 941 77 31 87 36 191 SI 221 246 231 104 35 204 31 3.59 78 667 lis 84 206 40 . 7,683 9,608 13,602 11,062 10, 935 7,255 4,288 eiieriiUy losing their ildren bom on Amer- o which they areac- ily democratic Swiss intelligent exercise are taken from the tcrior. Before 187!) t!()ll('cte(l with much lis service was per- mc by the emigrant umont. The first of of the world since occupation of the X of the new settlers il 2,807 females emi- of the whole number twenty-nine. IE GIFIORD, C07l8Ul. last five years. emigrants. 82. 1881. 1880. 1879. 440 l.S'J9 540 248 &t:o 3, 079 1,0:M> 941 •iJa 1 2.-5 in 77 !)0 88 20 31 IV I 304 299 87 I'.'S 248 ft'l 36 370 4U8 212 191 55 5'.' 41 rii 40 40 51 392 359 380 •-'21 731 253 120 246 3.tl 311 220 231 335 "309 375 104 184 103 84 35 m 1,001 UOi 2C4 421) 101 ffl 31 »33 1,010 7!).> 3.59 250 271 m 78 4.i5 .589 0J8 667 113 11'.; H2 lis 300 140 ]o-> 84 258 I.'pO 239 206 106 101 150 49 062 10, 035 7,255 4,288 SWITZERLAND. Deatiiiatioii of emigranU during the year 1885. 345 Can toil. Xoiih Amtiica. Ccutnil Amuiiiii. Soiitli Aiui-rica. AuHtralia. Asia. Africa. 010 1.742 121 81 94 5H 197 42 33 102 333 108 193 74 240 232 31U 113 574 191 118 250 87 ' 203 301 43 2 3 1 Xjii ' I'nti'i waldfin 10 7 4 50 20 39 24 8 63 24 105 14 109 203 219 38 52 Zhk 1 2 7 lianh: ( niintry SrliatVliaurtfU St Gallc 1 (Ti'i.soiis 1 1 6 1 Tlllll'MU TeS''iii 2 Wniiclt ■\ValliH 1 Total 5.934 7 1,008 24 1 » Occupation of peruana emigrating from Switzerland during the year IdSf). Producers. Occupation. Dependents. Agriculture and forestry: Agriculture, dairying, and gardening . Forestry , 2,130 5 a a S Total. 2i 370 415 970 3,900 5 Total IndUBtrv : Fooil , Millers Bakers Confectioners, &o Uutcliers Brewers Clothingand millinery Tailorti and seamstresses . Modistes Shoemakers Barbers Washers and ironers Building trades Uasonsand plasterers Painters Carpenters. , Joiners and glaziers Locksmiths TTpbolstorer* Tinsmiths Coopers Printers and compositors Textile industry Chemical trades Dyers Mechanical trades Watchmakers Machinists Smiths Oortwrights 2, 135 376 Total. 205 19 66 28 70 10 105 42 390 91 28 42 82 47 16 18 18 23 50 17 10 243 HI 49 35 29 1,033 415 : 979 { 3,005 109 79 12 1 16 81 22 22 162 20 4 7 2 4 2 15 8 13 11 3 8 17 6 1 2 3 Jl 1 112 22 40 18 8 6 2 ' 63 142 269 263 20 76 22 276 155 12 68 11 18 562 124 31 72 133 64 17 20 23 28 103 17 10 368 187 61 47 34 1,607 ( 1 1 346 EMIOKATION AND IMMIGRATION. Occupation of per; oil* emiyratiiig from SwiUerlaiid during the year Iri*') — Cmuimu'd. Occi^atioD. Trade: Trade proper Bnnkint; and inmiranco . Public-bouHe keepers . . Producera. DcponcleotR. 208 1 34 12 ion' a a -a a fa Total. 267 1 152 Total 243 121 2 I 24 1 20 ; 410 Transportation 4t 54 8 25 203 3 5 1 3 50 90 313 PerxonH without callin)!, or withont sufficient de- scription of tlie same : 16 2 132 17 3 IS 1 SI Students Workin jfrnon and factory hands 48 13 31 . 224 Total 150 65 i 16 46 277 Persons eivinn no information In regard to ciUlInK, Includlnj? 400 children i 1 922 Orandtotal I 8,687 | 1,042 1,343 7,583 GENEVA. SEPORT OF CONSUL ADAMS. It results from inquiries which I have made since the receipt of the Department circular of April 27, that the emigration from this consular district to the United States is hardly large enough to att'ord tlie mate- rials for a report. Unlike the ueighboriiig Savoyans, who are great wanderers, and the Germans, both of Switzerland and Germany proper, who furnish a continual stream of emigration, the inhabitants of French Switzerland adhere to their native soil with the proverbial teiirtcit.v of the race. Application has often been made to this office for informa- tion, and sometimes for assistance, by would-be emigrants, but never once, I think, by a native of Geneva or the adjoining cantons. There is an inconsiderable movement to the South American Eepublics, but of what extent or quality I am not informe-i. It is, however, interesting to notice that French Switzerland has always been represented in the United States by men like Albert Gal- latin and Agassiz, or by men who have become prominent in finance and commerce. On the whole, the emigration, what there is of it, is of the most desirable character and a valuable addition to our population. LYELL T. ADAMS, „ Comul. Consulate of the United States, Geneva, July 7, 1886. SWITZERLAND, 347 car IfJdV- Continued. DeppDilenU. — £ Total. 2| IS 17 267 1 162 1 3 2 2i 20 410 rl • !•' Hi) 9» 313 •• ■■"is j 1 IS : 1 """ ai SI 2 224 ■ ■1 16 40 277 ■ 1 922 =: --. ■ i i 600 ^ 1,343 7.683 ST. GALLE. RE POUT OF COSSUL 8TAUB. In obedience to the iust ruction containeil in your circular of April 27, 1880, relative to einijjration from this consular district to the United States, I herewith furnish the following: SlatMics of the number of emigrants who left th'm coitiitry for the United States since 1876, iiji to and inohidhiy li^<>. Stiite Statp I State ' Stnto (OnDliin)of (Cnnt()n)()f (Cnnt(in)of (Cniitnnlof St. Onlle. ' Appcnzcll. TliurKoviu. UriBonH. 2fi 31 20 23 22 26 21 50 74 122 158 250 18t 2.10 133 172 02 79 74 113 10 IS 24 16 62 170 420 4«7 870 232 The StnteH. ORlled Cantons in tbe Republic (if Switzerland, are sOTereiffn States, almilar to tfaoae iu tlie American Union. Percentage of the characters of the different vocations, trades, labors, verbial tenacity of s office for iiilorma- ligrants, but never ig cantons. There 3au Republics, but h Switzerland has en like Albert Gal- unineut in fiuance there is of it, is of to our population. T. ADAMS, Comul, Names of the States (Cantons). A2rl- ' Manu- cultnre. fa6S up to 1875, I am om this part of the statistics for those lumber of emigrants to North and South ^frioa, &c., which I bout the proportion 8VVITZKULAND. 349 Titldl fur all four »litli'in,cintoii") uf St. (ialh, Thitrgovie, firi8ons,and AppemtU. Tcur. T„ .11 ,T(>tll« I"t l-niti-.l Yfiir. puitB. sutok im ■ 709 IH«!» .. «•;« 1870 1 we lb71 6*8 PETER STAUB, Consul. United Statks Consulate, St. Galle, May 21, 18SG. ZrRICH. HE POUT OF COXSVL OATLIX. During the past forty years Switzerland has sent more emigrants to the United States than' lias Franco witli thirteen times her population. On the other hand, Germany with sixteen times and Ireland with scarcely twice as many inhabitants as Switzerland, have (luring the same periods sent us respectively twenty-one and sixteen times as many emigrants as she. The following table shows at a glance the relative rate of emigration from Switzerland, as compared with the three other countries mentioned, viz : Country. Population. Frnnce ^J'lSH*? Germany i^R-f^'a™ Iieliind 6, If>9,8.t9 Switzerland 2,848,102 13», 050 3,113,787 2, 355, 407 145, 936 3.7 68.8 4.56. 4 51.2 * This embraces the emiRration to New York alone, but the additional emigration to the other Amoii- cau sea-ports vrould not materially alter the ratio. Swiss transmarine emigration attained in 1883 its greatest propor- tion, or a total of 13.502, of whom 11,619, or 86 per cent., went to the United States, and of these 10,326 landed at the port of New York. But in the following, 1884, it had suddenly fell off about 25 percent., and in 1885 still 9 per cent. more. These fluctuations, however, are not un- common. In 1874, there was a sudden fiUling off of about 50 per cent, from the previous year, and the depression continued up to 1877, dur- ing which year the emigration was only one-third of what it had been in 1873. Then the tide steadily rose again until it reached its highest point in 1883, when it again began to ebb. These fluctuations are unquestionably ascribable to the variable con- ditions, whether agricultural or industrial, existing from time to time in either or both of the two countries. In Germany a good year in crops or vintage invariably means a larger emigration to America, as it affords in:.reased funds for the purchase of tickets and the other outlays inci- dent to a change of home. The patriotic Switzer, on the other hand, values a good year as the means of enabling him to avoid emigrating i isxn sg gr- 350 EMIGRATION' AND IMMUJKATION. ami to nMiiain all tlio l»>ii;4t'r anion;: the niotintain.s and vallt'.vs of liis lov«'(l tatlicrlantl. TlH>(reiinan, in <»tli«'r words, t'lniyrates wlii'ii hi; can; the Swit/A-r only wiu'ii hi' must. Oni' principal cause opcratiu},' to swell the tide of German omi};ra- tion is lacking in Swit/crhmd, viz, the ])ressure of conij)ulsor.v military service. lIow»ner persistently the ri^ht otexpatriati<»n may he denied to the youujj J^wi.ss who jjoes away to the United States, h'round on which to base the comparatively Idyh percentage of emigration from Switzer- laud, and It is to be found in the lack of employment resulting from in- dustrial depression, in the ditliculties of earninjj a subsistence, and in the iulioreut general desire on the part of every man to better his con- ditiou in life. Aud llrst in regard to lack of employment. To a considerable extent the substitution of machine for hand labor has, by reducing the demand for the latter, been for years past steadily augmenting tiie ranks of tlie unemployed. Hut, and especially at the present time, the indus- trial depression in silk aud cotton manufacturing centers has a still greater iutlueuce iu the same directions. Take, for instance, the pres- ent coudition of the silk industry of the cauiou of Zurich. During the last two years the number of tiiius engaged in manufacturing silk has falleu from 136 to 110, the number of employed from ;jO,;J9(> to;i0,08'l, and the amount of wages annually paid from •-'1,718,024 francs to 18,2.iO,877 francs. In 1881 there were 19,108, iu 1883 17,925, aud in 188euing of the Arlberg rail- way route, yet the deficit exists i»3verthele8s, and always will, no doubt, unless some means can be loiiad, which is not probable, of increasing the cultivable area of Switzerlaud. No w, with $30,000,000 to be sent away into other countries for bread, it follows there must exist great industrial prosperity to balance the account aud pay the bill. But where, as iu the present instance, industries are depressed, payment comes hard, and bread becomes correspoudingly scarce. Here is another great stimulant to emigration. RWITZKULASD. 351 iiiid vallt'.vs of Ills trates wIkmi lie can; nf (tt'i'iiiaii «'ini};ra. niiptilNory military tioii may Im' dtMiicJl States, Ik' is at all ,Maiit from over the iu'irlmnlcn is easy t) iiHliiccmciil what- u'r;>miiii(loii which ■ation from Switzur- it resulting from iu- siil),si.steii('e, aiul in III to better his con- able, of increasing 1),000,000 to be sent re must exist great pay the bill. But iepressed, payment 36. Here is another There is still another i)oiiit from which this (|uestiou may be viewed, viz, from that of the desire inherent in every man's nature to bettor his ]iosition where he can. To " better his position " consists, in the case of a young single man, in acquiring the means to marry ami found a home and family. In the case of the man already itossessing a wife and family, it consists in making sdiih^ better provision for their joint wel- fare and niaiiitenance. This leads us to a coiisideiation of th(^ preva- lence «tf marriage in Swilzerlaiid. Tlic aiiiiiial |ierccntage of marriages to every thousand inhabitants is somewhat lower than it was tifteen years ago. In ISTI it was 7.3, while from 1880 t«> 188i it was annually 0.8, the rate in (leriuany being 7.8, in England 7.7, and in France 7.0. Marriage is, consequently, less prevalent in Switzerland than in either of the thiv(i other countries named; the ratio of marriageable women to mairiagt^ablc men is that of .") to i. Of the men who marry (JO per cent, are between the ages of twenty and thirty, and 70 per cent, between the ages of twenty and thirty-five. This tends to show that as a rule young men in Switzerland do not defer marriage, awaiting a competency, as is the case in some other lands, it is also a noticeable feature of Swiss marriage that over 80 per cent, of the men who marry are drawn from the ])roducing and industrial classes. A study of these facts and ligures inclines iiie to theo])inion that the emigration of young men from Switzerland is no more iuduenced by the existence of hindrances to marriage than it is by a desire to escape military service. Industrial depression aud conseciuent lack of emi)loy- ment are the causes principally operating to send yearly so many thou- sands of Switzers to our shores. The series of tables, I to IX, ancum- panyiug this report, will be found to illustrate more fully, and by cantons, the various figures which have been adduced. Should the present unfortunate condition of Swiss industries continue, and there is no present prospect of any great improvement, and in ca3e no re- strictions are in the near future placed upon emigration by our own Government, it is probable that during the next ten years wj shall receive largely increased accessions of these hardy, thrifty, and indus- trious people, whose predecessors have already done so much to develop our resources aud populate our great West. In a recent report on the subject of Mormonism in Switzerland, I ad- verted at some length to the efforts now being made by missionaries from Utah to secure proselytes to their faith. There is reason to believe that within the last two months a considerable number of converts have left this country for Salt Lake, going by way of Berne (where they have their headquarters), and Basle. But their departure has been so sur- reptitiously conducted, even to the sending away of their baggage se- cretly, that it is said to have been practically impossible for even the local authorities to find a pretext for detaining them. In such cases preventive measures would seem to prove more effective if applied at the port of landing in the United States. I can see no means of pre- venting their departure hence so long as they have committed no oftieuse against the law and go of their own free will. Cases of what was known as " assisted " emigration were formerly frequent, but now, thanks to the energetic action of the emigration authorities at New Yor6, seem to have ceased altogether. During my service at this post only one case sufQcient to arouse suspicion has come within my knowledge, yet even then a rigid investigation dis- closed no grounds upon which to base a complaint or a demand that the parties be refused permission to land. 852 EMIGjtATION AND IMMIGRATION. Switzerland, moreover, sends ns few if any of the Anarchists and So- cialists who of late years have thonght to tind in our Kepnblic tl.e soil favorable to the propagation of their pestilential doctrines. Her sons, reared to liberty, are slow to abuse it, whether in tlieir own land or in that of their adoption. It has been stated that the man who threw tht* dynamite bomb in the Chicago riots came from the city of Zurich. I have no means at hand for either substantiating or disproving this statement, but if such be the case, it is quite possible that the person referred to is one of those hundreds of political refugees from (rfrinany, or elsewhere, who, like the convicted Anarchist leader, John Most, have found it convenient to make a shore stay here in Zurich, or some other Swiss city, before embarking for the United States. Tlie exclusion of such persons were an easy matter could each emigrant be reiiuired, be- fore landing, to produce tlocument.ir - proof of identity, place of origin, previous occupation, &c., sucii as umier the title of Legitimaiions- Pa\n€)\ is exacted by the police authorities here or elsewhere throughout the greater part of Europe, as a condition of residence. It is the absence of some such requirement as tiiis that has enabled thousands of irre- sponsible agitators and refugees to land unchallenged in the United States, and there with impunity, and without even the pretense of an acquired citizenship, to at once set about their work of subverting the priceless heritage of a Washington and a Jefferson. Happily, I say, for Switzerland, she sends us few or none of these firebrands. Her peo- ple are not iu sympathy with the doctrines of anarchy, and should a general social revolution ever occur it would find no support from a population who like the S>viss have always ui)held the principles of free government, and never tolerated the yoke of political bondage. GEORGE L. CATLIN, Consul. United Statks Consulate, ZuEiCH, June 5, 188G. Statement of transmarine emigration from Switzerland, by cantons, 1871-1S84. Cantons. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. Zurich 277 855 35 293 967 28 482 795 '43 144 457 23 95 258 3 124 458 32 134 380 17 Uii 302 36 2 215 9 19 106 69 3 259 5 44 60 2 314 5 07 31 4 144 11 28 8 23 12 18 Unterw,ii»leu» Upper. ....................... XJuttTwalden, Lower ....•■■••.............. OlHrii3 .. 43 4 51 3 60 Znjr 3 Solothiirn B.wd-Stadt 06 07 167 30 100 47 230 35 60 83 267 30 40 47 92 40 60 37 56 25 27 18 28 39 40 Schftfflijmsen 51 Appcnzell, ( Hiter Hhod6B 33 St.Gallo 310 211 420 97 644 353 300 425 70 889 301 3U4 434 80 1, 195 200 72 142 50 602 57 43 88 47 472 102 40 81 37 392 00 35 123 26 TcBsiu 550 Waadt WaUls 128 104 552 90 393 65 447 438 28 237 51 38 Nenfohatel 65 Geneva i 1 Total 8,852 4,899 4,957 2,672 1,772 1,741 1,601 ON. Hi Anarchists and So- oiir Rei)ul)lic tl.e soil loctiines. Her sons, their own land or in le nmn who threw the he city of Zurich. I i '3.0 4.5 3.5 4.!l 3.3 1 4.0 2.0 3.2 3.8 2.0 1. 2. 1.4 2.1 3.1 3. 3. 8 3 3.8 4.1 4. 2 4. 2 3.2 4.7 3,7 3. 4 3. 4 3 6 3.7 3 5 3. 3. 7 3.4 4.5 3.S 1. 2 3. 4 2.0 3.0 ,1,1 5. 2 5. 6 5.5 5.1 3.8 3.0 3.3 4.5 3.7 4 3 4.0 S.O 3.8 6.3 10.5 11.2 12.1 11.4 11.5 5.0 4. 8 .'.. 6.0 8.0 N^, 08 comparet I tvith other 1( i7ft-'80. 1881. 1882. 1883. 6.0 4.8 ' 5.0 6.0 7.0 7.8 8.1 8.1 12.9 13.5 13.0 13.2 12.6 12.8 13.2 12.0 1 8.3 8.0 • 8.0 8.9 8.8 0.1 ' 0.3 9.2 1 14.0 14.5 14.6 14.6 7.3 7.4 1 7.6 7.9 1 7.4 7.8 1 7.9 7.5 7.9 ' 8.2 8.1 <, 3.2 2.0 i 3.0 3.1 ^ 4.8 4.9 4.9 ! 4.8 » 10.2 10. U 1 10.6 ' A 10.1 10.1 1 10.3 10 2 2 1 8.5 0.4 ; 8.2 i 18 84. )88. Male. Fer aale. i Total. f ' 119 ' 40 ' 108 i 14 i 5 ! 10 1 4 ' 2 5 ' 251 ! 25 270 BR?.: 116 ! 3 110 23 4 27 5 9 14 15 1 16 3 3 0b2 !i50 07 64- i 2.2 to every 10,000 iDliabitauts. in Prnssiii, 1.0; in Frauce, 1.9; THE UNITED KINGDOM. ENGLAND. L,OXDON. REPORT OF C02fSVL-GESERAL WALLER. In no country in the world is there at present greater freedom of lo- comotion than in Great Britain. Subjects are not restrained ftom emi- grating, foreigners are not forbidden to come here, and the laws regard- ing the acquirement, alienation, and descent of i)roperty have been so modified of late years that now the rights of the alien in relation thereto are in every respect, except as to shipping, identical with those of the subject. , . , The policy of England undoubtedly is to direct and encourage colonial emigration,'buttheoidy pecuniary aid such emigration now receives comes from the colonies. There is, however, a strong growing sentiment in favor of assisting colonial emigration out of the treasury of the Imperial Gov- ernment, and this will, iu all probability, result before long in favorable legislation, the effect of which will obviously be to decrease the number and advance the character of emigrants to our country. Several of the colonies, through their agents in England, iu variou.s ways, now assist colonial emigration. New South Wales provides passages to that colony for female domes- tic servants at the rate of £2 ($10) each. Free passages to Queensland are granted to farm laborers between 17 and 35 years of age, and to domestic female servants. To Western Australia free passages are given to a limited number, nominated by residents in the colony, and approved by the emigration agent in England, viz : (1) Artisans, farmers, agricultural laborers, vinedressers, miners, shepherds, and gardeners, under 45 y<^ar8of age j (2) single'female servants or widows not over 35 years of age. New Zealand assists only nominated persons and farmers with small caoital. To the Cape of Good Hope, artisans, intended for the government employ, are assisted in their passage ; other workmen have their passage paid by their prospective employers. All emigrants must be seen and approved by the emigration agent before embarking. To Canada the emigraHon of artisans, farmers, farm laborers, and female domestic servants is aided and encouraged. Reduced rates on the railways are given to such emigrants to any part of the Canadian Dominion. Notwithstanding these and similar inducements, from time to time, offered to emigrants of British and Irish origin, about 62 per cent, of those who have left the United Kingdom for the last ten or twelve years in search of permanent homes and employment elsewhere, have located in the United States. For many years persons engaged in the transportation of passengers to places out ot Europe, have been required to report to the emigra- . tion bureau of the English Board of Trade statistics concerning the number, nationality and destination of such passengers, and, since 1870, MMiiiBg wsm iiHiwmiiTn^"-' 858 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. a Himilar report has beeu required regardmg immigratiou. These re- ports do uot, howt'ver, dcsiguutti the nationality of passengers not of British origin ; not- do the^' atteinpi to shovr ihe permanent change of population, except by the inference drawn from the difference of the annual interclianye of such passengers. For iuslauce, in the year 1885, 137,087 persons of British and Irish origin took passage to the United States, and 57,004 returned htr«'. The difference in the outward and inward tiow.of this population, 80,083, is the estimated permanent emi- gration. The uncertainty of this calculation is painfully oDvious, but it IS the neatest ai>proximation obtainable. The distinguished English statistician, liobert Giffen, LL.D., the chief of the bureau that deals with this subject, peisonally assured me that it was the onlj' method of calculation known to his dt-partment. In the study of the tables that follow, this explanation shoubl bn borne in mind. The theory is held here that t he annual tide of emigration largely de- pends upon the business prosperity of the country inviting immigra- tion. An analysis of the following statement of emigration for the years 1873 to 1885, inclusive, tends, it would seem, to conhrm this view: Statement showinrj the number and percentage of pernonn of British and Irish origin, who left the United Kingdom for Ihe United States, Briliih Xorth Jmeriea, Aiistriilaaia. and oH other pldcen, in each i/ear from IriTi to 188), inchmre; foreign emigrants en route through Kingdom not incUuled. Team. United States. X umber. I Per , cent. 1873. 10B,7H) 1874 li:i.774 1875 PI. 103 1870 5J.5.54 1877 4.". 481 1878 51.014 1879 1)1,800 ISfiQ ; lWi.."n 1881 170,104 1882 Hl.OO:! 1883 191,r,73 1884 Ii5,-..2f>0 1885 i;i7,087 Grand total \ 1. 617, 340 | British Xoiih America. Xnmli.'r. Australasia. Per CfUt. 73 29, 045 ,18 20, 7J8 S8 r.',300 50 0,335 48 7, 720 40 10,052 50 17,052 73 20.00.' 73 2.3,012 I 0.i 40.441 : fiO 44, 185 04 31,134 CO 19,838 02^ 288, 150 Per cuut. 1 N'nmbei-. 13 25, 137 10 52, f,»\ 84,7.W 3.', 198 8 30.138 no. 470 11 4U.0,59 j u 21,184 10 22, C82 15 37. 289 ' 14 71, 284 1 13 44, 2,->5 : 10 30, 395 I 10* 401. 300 All other places. Total. 11 e 13 22 18 19 Xumbnr. I Per , cent. 24 29 32 32 7, 433 3 i 228, 345 10,189 6 107, 272 12. <26 140, 675 13,384 12 100,409 ll,8.->8 12 '' 95. 105 1 1. 077 10 112,002 13,5.-)7 " i 164, 274 15,880 7| 227. 542 20, 304 8 1 243, 002 19.733 . 7 1 279, 380 13. 006 4 \ 320,118 11,510 5 1 242, 179 10, 724 5 1 207, 644 20 I 171, 175 j 7 i 2, 667, 083 The tabuhited statement, descriptive of the emigrants from the United Kingdom to the United States, to which attention is now called, has been carefully coinjiiled from the govcrnmnntal year books on the sub- ject, the issue of which began in the year 1876. From this it appears that Ireland, that has contributed sometimes GO per cent, of this emigra- tion, in 1885 scarcely furnished one-third of it. It is believed that the hope of the Irish people of the better future of their unfortunate country, is one of the strongest reasons for the lessening number of emigrants therefrom. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 359 igratiou. These re- f passengers not of jrmanent change of ie difference of the ice, in the year 1885, isage to the United in the ontward and ited permanent emi- infnlly oovious, but stingiiished English e bnreau that deals i the only method of y of the tables that nigration largely de- 'v inviting immigra- igration for the years utirm this view : tish and Irish origin, who America, Aiistrnlasia. and 'nreiijn emigrants en route All other places. Total. nt. '^ """""• cent. 11 7,433 3 228, 345 10. 180 5 197, 272 "4 12. 426 140, 67,5 ?0 13,38* 12 109,409 T' ll,g.i0 12 05. 105 3-> 11.077 10 112.902 ?.i 13.5.J7 8 I6», 274 11 i 15,880 7 227. 512 n ' 2U, 304 R 243, «02 13 1».733 , 7 279, 308 ?•> 13. one 4 320,118 18 11,510 5 242, 179 IB 10, 724 5 207, 644 20 171, 175 j 7 12,667,983 'cmts from the United m is now called, has sar books on the sub- From this it api)ears n- cent, of this emigra- t is believed that the r unfortunate country, number of emigrants 1 Deicription of emigrants from the Uniieil Kingdom to the United States. Description. 1878. Engliih. Adults: Marrleil : Males Females Single : Males Fenialea Coi^jagal condition not stated : Males Feniale.^ Total adults Children from 1 to 12 years and infants : Males Females 6,356 5,488 12, 876 4,028 4 1 27,753 1 2, 292 1 2. 0.54 1879. 7,602 ! 7,629 22 092 5, 852 6 1 43, 782 4,618 4,002 1880. 1881. 1882. 7,800 ' 10,335 28, 145 9,011 10,027 ' 12, 810 11, 078 13,770 ^589 : 36,511 11, 720 : 13, 389 1883. 11,504 13,081 36, 283 12, 759 1884. Ut^i. 10, 3.50 13,004 32, 788 11,833 8,125 11,203 31.444 10. 484 55, 297 7, 331 0, 433 71, 108 I 74, 750 , 74, 32 68,041 01.256 10, 203 0,1,50 10. 408 9. 3.51 9.995 8.870 8,234 7, 049 0, .573 .5.900 Total English. Scotch. Adults: Married : Males Females Single: Males Females Con.iugal condition not stated : Males Females 32,099 52. 402 69. 081 90, 527 94, 599 93. 392 j 83, 324 73, 789 366 043 1,7.54 592 Total adults Children from 1 to 12 years and infants : Males Females Total Scotch Irish. Adnlta: Married ; Maleii. Females Single: Males Females Conjngnl condition not stated ; Males Females 730 1.314 4,303 1,034 907 2, 131 6,047 1,904 1,180 2, 464 7,027 2,444 1, 166 2,031 8,498 3, 030 1,050 2, 04.5 0, 212 2, 205 8,355, 7,300 11,040 14,015 14,725 1 11,572 334 I 304 > 1,020 036 1,786 1,636 a,2?i 2, 002 2.267 2. 012 2,044 1,716 1,087 1.060 5.000 1.781 026 1,066 5.689 1,877 9,837 10,458 1,550 1,365 1,455 1, 328 3,993 i 9,346, 14,471 18,238; 19.0C4 1.5,332 12,752 | 13,241 1,319 1,695 6,434 7,015 Total adults Children from 1 to 12 years and infants : Males Females 1,938 2, 413 3,703 5,333 11, 272 83, 807 10, 636 29, 780 2,600 4, 328 27,840 23, 914 2, 538 4.167 28,440 ?4,227 4, 142 0,693 29. 8114 27,881 3,018 4,734 21, 240 '.'1, 123 1,977 3.401 19. 304 10. 823 16, 468 I 26, 259 72, 023 58, 751 ! 59, 372 ! 08, 520 5i', 135 44, 605 Total Irish Of British origin. Adults : Married : Males Females Single: Males Females CoivJagal condition not stated : Males Females Total adnlts Children from 1 to 12 year* and infants: Males , Females Total BritUh 1,049 1,085 18, 602 7,041 7,S20 21, 069 11,635 47, 576 3,676 8,448 64,694 1,027 1,872 5,243 5,152 4, 27!l 4, 309 4.440 4, 568 3, 065 7,101 I 4,501 3,087 30,0.58 83,018 67,339 68,300 82.849^ 50,204 50,057 10, 270 11,356 38, 267 17, 522 12, 470 17, 799 13,870 10, Oil 67,090 72,356 40,695 I 38,084 14, 782 19, 968 73,449 40, 646 16.606 14.461 i 11,028 22,710 I 19,778 , 16,670 72, 209 42, 905 59. 037 34, 737 56,437 32, 184 77,431 i 138,969 7,566 6 810 14, 380 13, 221 143, 934 16, 703 15, 467 148, 847 154, 619 128, 013 116, 219 17, 253 15,803 10, 207 17. 687 14,352 12.915 11,093 10, 376 91, 806 1 100. 570 ■ 170, 104 i 181. 903 I 191, 573 i 155, 280 137, 687 IHMi 860 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Description of emigranta from the United Kingdom to the United Statei—Continned. DescriptloD. Foreiffnert and natinnalily iuit diitinguithed. Adults: Married : Maleit I'>male8 Sinitlc: Uales Females Conjimal condition not stated: Xlale'< Females Children from 1 to 12 years and infants: Males Females 1878. 1879. I88O1 1881. 1882. 10, 081 11,402 32, 510 15, 189 103 1 6,135 5,434 Total forcianers and nationality not din- tingnishea 81, 557 Total emigration . . 136, 251 15, 055 22, 080 28,800 10,118 28, 141 35, 448 58.030 108, 051 127, 820 22,687 51,888 63,306 11,7.50 10,037 404 121 24, 3.10 I 21,240 ; 755 147 33, 321 28, 280 25,763 32, 031 125, 870 59, 373 345 108 30, 128 25,021 1883. 21,074 20, 337 09,880 52,003 25, 813 23, 125 1884. 188S. 19,027 25,200 81,277 41,823 10,460 16,732 19, 008 21,610 77,450 40.403 19,767 14,133 134, 590 I 257, 274 I 307, 07a , 205, 530 j 254, 220 | 203, 610 I 184,470 226, 396 I 423, 844 | 484, 0T7 I 477, 442 i 445, 790 ! 858, 799 ( 322, 157 The sex, conjupral condition, and number of children in the annual emi^'ration from the United Kingdom to our country being given in the foregoing statement for the last eight years, the following table has been arranged from authentic governmental statistics, showing the professions, trades, and occni)alions of such emigrants. There is, of course, no way of defining the actual social condition of the emigrants with which these tables deal, but it is submitted that the information they offer is valu- able and suggestive in relation thereto : OcoupatioHS of adiiH emigranta from the United Kingdom to (he United Slatea. OccapatioDS. Adult malet. AgricnltarallaboTera, gardeners, cart- ers, &o Bakers, confectioners, &c Blacksmiths and farriers Boot and shoe makers Braziers, tinsmiths, whitesmiths. Sic. Brick and tile makers, potters, &o — Bricklayers, masons, plasterers, sla- ters, &o Bnilders Batchers, poulterers. &c Cabinet-makers and upholsterers Carpenters and Joiners Clerks and agents Clock and watch makers and jewelers Coach-makers and trimmers Coopers Domestic servants Engine-drivers, stokers, &c Engineers Farmers and graziers Foanders, iron nnd hra^s Gentlemen, professional men, mer- chants, &c Laborers, general Mechanics Millers, maltsters, &c Miners and qaarrymen Painters, paper-bangers, plumbers, and glaziers Printers 1876. 1877. 73 59 90 47 49 21 79 47 9 9 9 3 413 171 7 7 47 89 16 9 1,242 825 312 324 12 4 1878. 1 1879. 96 38 26 i 4. 14i 61 75 77 26 1880. 1,007 127 86 102 34 38 1.014 37 102 16 1881. 8 22 62 5 1881 2, 383 77 10 130 1,419 2971 618 4 35 65 208 9 IS 652 1,130 li.isg - 741 13 4 40 79 38 304 6,596 399 674 It 15 4 11 13 32 59 114 8 20 145 337 3,008 3,186 4,535 12, 535 3,612 11 1,128 8, fi93 6, 485; 2, 32l| 10 735 31 336 96 78 94 37 33 761 31 103 37 1,372 847 26 7 31 110 62 287 3,186 1882. 1883. 1 1884. 812 160; 93 87 33 29* 052! 40; 91' 36 707 870 21 10; 46^ 142: 64! 2321 3,664 190 5,871 130 115 5,490 94 79 80 17 16 671 34 111 40 526 1,436 48 6 8 305 45 183 3,518 92 4,504' 4,282 .■>, 214i C,415: 7,872 0,909' 0,420 3,736 8, 960 18, 584 42, SOr. 50, 164 52, 10.) .">0, GSfi 3:1, 802 2.5, 506 81 88 33 26 857 31 113 39' 1,158 1, 335 19 11 83 121 46 184 4,363 67 70 15 28 524 33 73 10 572 1,138 45 8 44 205 44 180 3,023 1885. 1, 933 5, 472i 4, 948 4, 880 4, 066 3, 796| 3, 068 13 19 7671 3, 224 32i 37i 163 471 26 22 .331 2,44t 3,509; 2,690 205 76 25; 21 3,5901 2,832 199, 53! 240 41 355 46 282 44 3,731 40 2,257 814 68 THE UNITED KIXGDOM «l SfateB—Continnei, 1883. 1884. 188S. 21,074 20, 337 19,027 25,200 15,008 21, 610 00,880 62,093 81,277 41,823 77,450 40.403 4 25,813 23, 125 10,460 16,732 15,707 14,133 254, 220 203, 510 I 184, 470 I 445, 709 I 858, 700 I 322, 157 dreu iu the annual y being given in the wing table has been s'ing the professions, is, of course, no way its with which these n they offer is valu- J the United States. n. 1882. 1883. ' 1884. 1 1885. 336 812 190 5,871 5,450 96 160 180 115 94 78 93 81 67 79 94 87 88, 70 80 37 33 331 15 17 33 29 26: 28 16 761 052 857 524 671 31 40 31 1 33 34 103 01 113 73 111 37 36 30, 10 40 172 707 1, 158 572 520 M7 870 1, 335, 1, 138 1,436 26 21 19 45 48 7 10 11 8 6 31 46 83 44 8 m 142 121 205 303 62 64 46 44 45 287 232 184 180 183 186 3,564 4,363 3,023 3, £18 52 415 7, 872 0,909' 0,420 3,738 104 52, 10,1 r.o, rm 3:1, so2 25, 506 880 4,066 3,7961 3,988 3,731 22 .S3 25| 21 40 509 2,500 3,5301 2,832 ) 2,257 199 240 355 282 814 53 41 46 M 58 361 jpalhiis of aialt em(grant» from the United Kingdom to the United States— Cont'd. Occnpatlons. Adult »ia/(«— Contlnaed. RMldlors anil harDOM-makers SawyciH Sentiii'U 8hlpwriftlit« Sliopkee|iers, gbopmen, warehoufie- men, &o .Smiths, general Splnnprs and weaveig Tnllora Farmers and carriers Tnruers Wheelwrights anil millwrights Army and navy, otUcers Army and navy, men Other trades and professions UhIph, occupations not stated Adult femalts. Domestic farm servants, nurses, &c .. Uentlewomcn and govemesses Milliners, dressmakers, needlewomen, &c •. . Shopworaen Spinners and weavers Ot her t rades and professions Females, oecnpation not stp led 1876. 5 2 170 1 27 189 31 146 4 593 10,902 2,908 1877. 2 S 105 8 134 123 13 118 10 7 2 41 5 358 5,312 1878. 3 2 111 1 165 115 54 100 3 48 1870. 1 1880. 1881. 1882.1 igjK). 1884. 1885. 24 4 117 344 122 249 169 7 42 12 26 601 1,555 0,754 7,264 i 1 106 11 333 249 S08i 24U| 13 3' 12 3 2,201 9, 895 22: 21 14; 71 18 21 13 9, 11 15 10.'> !S6, 115 170 186 128{ 1 11 6 10 360; 201 472 no 8 16 14 25 1 383, 187i 329 140 lOj 151 lo! n; 1 2,220; 1.442 1,213 607 822 9. 662 11, 056 2, 967| 3, 803 5, 624,14, .356 14, 001 14, 340 117i 22; 33l 271 37 4~ 354 198 312 221 23 20, 14 51 2 421 123 271 110 18 16| 1 480 97 198 123 15 21 13 1 3 12, 120 12, 188 17, 303 194 1: 02: 2001 31 lor 4 153 2 37 36 57 156 174! 362 19, 482 14, 200 14, 915 25 24 52 322! 3< 612 3 334: 333 9 30 432, 210 357 23 78 83 21, 185 13, 158 15, 480 22, 854 43, 77242, 240 45, 507 46, 150 39, 607 33, 246 I A comparison of the outward and inward movement of passengers between this country and the United States, given in the following table, furnishes, as it has been alretidy said, the only accessible means of computing the permanent annual emigration to our countrv. It is pleasing to know that the well-kept customs statistics of the United States regarding this subject are open to the inspection of those who desire more accurate information than this table affords in relation thereto. Emigration and immigration compaied. Items. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1870. 1877. (') British and Irish emigrating from United Kingdom to the United Stotes ; 166, 730 British and Irish returning to the United Kingdom from the United States British and Irish who became permanent residents of tho United States Foreiimers and not distin- guished emigrating from ODiteliiiii fioij. tlu>Iii;teilSl.il.M 26, .')18 Dritl-ili mill Ii lull \vlinlii<:iim'|n'imnnent r.>BiH(iit« il who lii'Ciiiiio iiiiiimiicnf irniilcnts of tlic Unltcl Stiitis 71,7;i» Total uiui.iiirof llritiHli iiml IiihU, tor- t'lduris iuiil not ili!*tin;.'ulslieil, who became nrnnaui-nt renidcnta of the • rniti> liy no mcaiiN in atToidaiiit' with snl>si.i|iifiitly UNi't'iiaini'd lad!*. I'ri'NoiiM living; in London have, it i> tiiu-, liad iMttcropportiiniiii-.t otolitainiliK a t'aiily acciiiatt' knowli-(l}{f of \bv i'oii(liticiii.sof life wliicli awaiird them in any |iiirticiilar colony, for tlicy could always no to iju- otUccn of ilic ajiciit»-j;cnc'i'al, or oilier rcpi'cM'i.tativoN, and tlicre learn all that it wa.s necessary lor tliem to know. But prolialdy the linlk of eniiKiants, even from London, never tlioii^dit of rloiii),' tlilH, hut trusted implicitly to nnotliciul coinisel, and, in a wry larne nnnilier ol instances, have come to f;'''''f 'I' tonsef eiiiij;ratiuin need he at n loss to nhtain the fullest, latest, and most exacT siateinonts respecting tlio niean.s of gettinji to the colonies, the condition of the lahor market Ihcr ', and, what is of especial importaine, an iiiiliinHcd and diHinteresteil opinion respcetiiiK the ai)plicant's own individual t|iialilieiitions and i)rospects of siiecesM. Thu Kinigrunt's liifonuatiou OlUce, which has heeii estaldished at ;tl, llroudway, Wcstmiiistor, is tolio conducted under the snpervision of the colonial otUce. and it proposes to Hupjdy statistics anil facts of eveiy kitiil resiiectniK siieh of our poH.ses- hioiis as are suitalde for the averajre emipcraut, jjnarauteeing that all the infurmaticku KUjiplied is as exact and couiidete as p'lssihle. There is no more fruitful cause of the distress which exists amoiifjsT large classes ill the colonies tuan the fact of their ranks beiiij; constautly incn-ased hy persons who are totally uiilitted by training, profession, and habits for making their way iu the only avenues by which success can lie attained, and who simply leave this coiintry-to land, thousands of miles away, friendless, and perhaps almost penniless, to tiiid that they have come to a market iu which there is no demand whatever for the kind of service they are able to oti'er. One of the chief objects, therefore, of the new em- igration ofllce will be to issuu such inforiuntiou ami furnish such details as will at once enable any jiersou, male or female, to judge whether he or she ma.v leave home with any reasonahle Lope of doiii;; better beyond the sea. Circulars have been drawn up, givin({ in a brief and compact i'oriii the leading facts about each colony, which information about the rates of passage, the cost of provisions, house rent, and cloth- ing, the rate of wages, the conditions under which land is to be aciiuired for agricul- tural purposes, and so on. These will be sent out iu thousands to workingmeii's clnbs and kindred societies, and forwarded gratis to any one ap]>lying forthem. Be- sides the circulars, handbooks containing full iuforiiiation will be su]>plied at a penny each, and bills coutainiuj' a few leading items of general information respecting the colonies will be displayed in every post-otHce in the Kingo thiit imthdiis hiicIi its cIcrkM, fiictory opcrii- tivcN. mill urtinaiis ri'inIiiiK thin I'irculnr may U-nrii that, in tlio oiiiiiioii oftlioHO \n'n\ ii('i|iiaitittMl with tho cdinitry, Cumulii is no iiliire for thriii, IVniau-H uliovc fhts grnili' of Mfrviintt, c'lrrkn, Hho|inii'iii iiml jhtsohh liavinK no ]mrticiilar tra onicH ii liNt of thi< averaK'" itriot's of tlie j>rin{e» from which uuy iiian whoHt< ))iu'tii'nhir hanili- craft is nicntiontd in the list may ancerfnin at n j{hinco wliat an- liki'iy to Im his wi'okly or monthly cnniinj;s aft«'r lio has oIitniiKil ••mploynicnt. In the second part of thocircnlar istjivcn a liriif description of tho size, population, and neojjraphical »itnation of C'anailii, information resjiectlnK the length of tlic voyage, the cliinatf, products, edncational and relinioMs advantage*, banks, (mstal arrniiKenients, rail- ways, and enrrcney. Particulars are also given with regard to land grants. '1 liiis an emigrant lenrns that In the province of Queliec, npon eight of the great coloniza- tion roads, every iimle colonist and emigrant, being eighteen years of age, may obtain a free grant of 100 acres, on the condition that at the end of the fourth year a dwell- ing-bonse Hball have been erected and li acres brongbt nnder cultivation. The (onditions to be observed In the other provinces are also detaileecitic questions. It is, we believe, jiroposcd to work the otlice in conjunction with the newly-eiitablished labor bureau, and the information that both otifices should be able to furnish can hardly be otherwise tlian highly iinixu-tant, and, it is to be hoped, will assist in relieving the congestion of the labor market at home and in the coliniies. The committee, it may be luli'ed, will be glad to receive suggestions from workingraen and others which may tend to increase the usefulness of the otilce. BIRMINGHAM. REPORT OF COXSVL nVOHES. The question on which 1 am .about to base my remarks is one which lias occupied the attention of English statesmen as well as local govern- ors for some years past, and has been brought into considerabU' promi- nence by reason of the various causes which have brought about the existing condition of the artisan and agricultural classes of this dis- trict. These causes are so numerous that each one, if taken separately, might furnish sufficient material for a report in itself. So far as con- cerns their bearing at the present time upon the subject of emigration, they may be brietly statetl as congestion of the labor market on one hand, and strikes on the other, the one being incidental to the other. At intervals this consulate has furnished reports relative to strikes amongst the nail-makf rs and iron-workers, colliers and farm laborers, and theannual reports which have from tinie to time been forwarded have imparted information relative to the state of trade, and its effect upon the working poimlation of the district. At the present time I do not think it would be pos.sible to name any branch of the many trades car- Tin; rMii:i> kixokom 305 niiil rciiiiilc furm net- (■IitUm, I'ncfory n|ii'ri|. (< (IllilllOII of tllOM' l)«" |>iii-(i<'iilar liaiiili- arc likely to \w IiIh t. Ill the Hfcond piirt ion, mill Ki'o^rapliical voyant'i till! cliiniitf, il ai'i'iinKi'iiifntH, rail- to land ({raiitH. 'i liiis of tbe Kr*'at colon i 2a- nTH of afn>, may obtain t' I'oiirf h year it ilwi^ll- iiltivntion. lo lU'taileil, anil ailvico '(•esHary for n man anil rmini{ on n freti firant. , anil then liiicil tlicni- 3 time, and eiiiployiii)^ ' difflciillieH canHeil liy I to go to Mnnitolia or int'CH is now talton np, 1 opcratiouH to be mw- of th(> Canadian pirv,;- ro to be IhsiiimI in lon- (vlicrp. It « ill III) sn II ('X|)lirit and complciu tlii'y would bo wini- in till' penny liiindlimiks, -. .lolin I'lilkiT, iind liis , we believe, ]>roposed labor bureau, and the rillv be otherwistt tliiin ig tlie congestion of the may be ailiied, will be b may tend to increase marks is one which well as local goveru- considerabK* protni- brought about the classes of this dis- if taken separately, lielf. So far as cou- jject of emigration, bor market on one ileutal to the other. 1 relative to strikes and farm laborers, eeu i'orwaided have and its effect upon jseut time I do not le manj- trades car- ili'd on in this diNtrict which iniiy be siiiil to l>c tlniirisiiiiig, or even to bt' ill such a condition as to itfitnl lull cinplovincnt to the men engaged tlieieiii. This has been the < .it lor .seveml veins, more or less, and the ciinsei|Mence hits been, and IS, t lull iiioie penple have their minds di- rected to the siiliject ot emigtiitlDn lo il ly llian have been even in times past. The statistics winch an I'miiislicil i.idd |>erhaps not lead to tins conclusion, iiiasmitch as tin* niiml>ers going abroad duiiiigtlie past iwoor three years show ,i < "nsider.il li diiiiiniitioii as (ompared with the total returns of former .mm is, and that lact alsoapplus to my own consular district. A very substantial reason may be piviMi to account tor this tact. KXAMl'I.E OF NKW ZKALAND. Two years ago tin' colonial government of New Zealand, through the various agents in this country, were (aliiiig out Miyihle men. sncli as ltlaci;sniiihs, masons, bricklayers, carpentcis, tailors, shoemaUers, and in fact : Imost ever.\ kind of mechanic as well as farm and general iiborers, and fenmle domestic servants, at £1 sterling per head. The passage was an absolurely free one, the payment of the JCl being de- signed to pay for the ship kit, for u.sc on board. As may well be imag ineil, this arrangement was the means of elfciitinga very large exodus of people of aU classes named from this vicinity. From conversations 1 iiave had with those interested i)i carrying out this work, I have gath- ered that this i»olicy on the i)art of the New Zealand government was not an altogether wise one. Jt resulted in the deportation of large nam- liers of undesirable emigrants who were of little use when at home, and of even less use when landed as strangers on the shores of a foreign land. The terms were too cheap. It recjuiicd but little efl'ort on the jiart of the intending emigrant to raise so small a sum as £1, and as the passage would at least insure them three months' keep, in addition to the novelty of their changed situation, it reipiired but little induce- nient to persuade very tnany to invest this small sum in such a venture. This system, on the basis 1 have named, was continued for several years, and New Zealand is at the luesent time feeling the disastrous eli'ect of its method of dealing with emigration in the years that aie jmst. It was soon ibiind that the colony was overstocUeil and it had not the satis- faction of knowing that the crowds who were unable to liud employment were of that condition of intelligence and capacity that they could adapt themselves to anything that might otter itself in the way of labor. It is several years since this colony was closed as a tield of emigration, and I am informed on reliable authority that there is little or no ))ros- pect of an early renewal of operations in that direction. QUEENSLAND. Another colony which has drawn large numbers of emigrants from this district is that of Queensland. For some seven or eight years jiast there has been a steady stream of working population flowing from here to that conntry. The government of that colony adopted a wise course in making a large monetary i)ayment one of the conditions of eligibility. Each adult had to pay £4 per head and £1 for ship kit, children under 12 years of age having to pay half that amount. This applied to all conditions of mechanics. Agricultural laborers and female domestic servants were eligible on payment of 20j. each for shij) kit. The necessity for payment of this large amount led to the selection by local agents here of a much more respectable body of emigrants. 366 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. people who bad saviug proi)eusitie.s, ami the better qualities) which serve to make the worthy citizen as well as the useful worker. From some of the priucipal works here lar{;t' numbers of men, some sinyie aud others with their families, are known to have taken advantage of the easy facilities ailbrded them of reaching Queensland. I am credibly informed that it is a rare event to hear of a failure on the part of any one w ho has selected this colony as a future home. On the other hand the reports of success are ever being circulaied, and prepaid certificates are coming over in such numbers as to justify the prevailing idea that the many who have gone out have done well. NEW .SOUTH WALES. I need only to refer to New South "Wales as another instance similar to that of Queensland, the payment required l)eing about the same. It does not appear, liowever, that so many have resorted thither, a cir- cumstance probably owing to the fiict that not so much prominence has been given to this place by local agents as to those I have mentioned. AGENCIES FOR EMIGRANTS. . 1 have gone thus far into this question in regard to its relation to the English colonies, because I think that much valuable information may be gathered from the methods adoi>ted by colonial governments, through their authorized local agents, in regulating the general system of emi- gration to the United States. The plan adoi)ted by the colonials of having a depot for the recep- tion of arrivals is an excellent one, and to a very great extent much of the success attending the emigration to the colonies is due to this cause. There large numbers are engaged immediately on arrival, and they learu much that is useful for their guix. qualities which serve woriier. From some en, some siii<;le aud eu advantage of the and. I am credibly e on the part of any On the other hand d prepaid certificates prevailing idea that ther instance nimilar g about the same. It sorted thither, a cir- much prominence has se I have mentioned. d to its relation to the able information may governments, througli eiieral system of emi- i depot for the recep- great extent much of s is due to this cause, on arrival, and they I they are under safe cimsideration for the ants. imeut (Castle Garden) It from the many emi- be a well-defined feel- horror aud alarm, as a trmation is obtainable, jh surmises I shall not J ieeling is widespread eats get such informa- ascieutiously, they are ter's advantage. 1 regard to emigration jents indiscriminately a result is, in many in- Hich agents are misiu- 1 as the Unired States, instances which have show the advantages ibor bureaus could be irrival, and with some e agents to co operate THE UNITED KINGDOM. SKILLED LABOR. 867 The instances I refer to are those where special arrangements have been made at ditt'erent times for sending a given number of men engaged in some specific trade in Birmingham manufactories to works of the sanie chaiiicter in various partsof the States. Thishasbeen done with button- makers, glass-workers, silversmiths, and jewelers, and other trades, the men on arrival having engagements to go to direct. This may not in all cases be possible, but there need be no dilHculty in creating au arrangement whereby those incpiiring for information on the subject conld be informed of the proper center or locality they should go to, together with some, idea of the existing demaud for labor in such a ])Iace. STATISTICS. I have endeavored to obtain as accurately as possible the numbers going annually from this district. It would appear that from Birming- bam the average from 1873 was about 1,500. Of this number mauy were from outlying districts devoted to agricultural and colliery inter- ests. Of these fully two-thirds have, during several years, gone to the Australian coloaies and to Canada. The United States have taken the remainder, but at the present time the United States absorbs the greater numbers. CHARACTER OF EMIGRATION. By far the largest proportion of emigrants to the United States from this district belongs to the industrial or mechanical classes. They in- clude almost every branch of labor, for Birmingham is recognized as one of the great vi'orkshops of the world, but there are no established means of discovering which particular bianch of industry has con- tributed the most, although it is known that jewelers, brass- workers, iron-workers, fitters, and carpenters have figured very prominently. The cause for the continued desire on the part of the people of this neigh borhootl to emigrate may be distinctly traced to depression of trade and the overcrowding of the labor market. No workingman's cry is more common than that of '* This country is played out," or " There is nothing left for the workiugman." The shipping agent is as familiar with such utterances as he is with the inquiry as to rates of passage- money. There are plenty of willing hands here unable to find employ- ment, find still more who are but partially engaged. Less than a year ago the unemployed here gathered in their thousands and went in pub- lic assembly to agitate for means by which they might be sent away to other countries. Their deputations waited upon the mayor and city council to urge them to organize a system of state-aided emigration, bnt the consideration that was then given to the subject did not re- sult in any of the schemes proposed being carried out. Although work is now perhaps more abundant than it then was dur- ing the period of a long and depressing winter, there can be no doubt that there are far more workers here than there is work for them to do. Eents are high, the most modest abode of the artisan costing fully one- fifth of his entire earnings. Added to this, the tenant, as is often the case, has to pay taxes amounting to about 30 or 35 per cent, of the amount of rental he pays. If au ordinary mechanic, such as a smith or fitter, jeweler or brass-worker, or any of the men engaged in the building trades, could only secure full employment there is no doubt they could live in a fairly comfortable way, although in the majority of cases of families there is no margin left for putting by. In such cases,. Ill"' II iUHJWIHJ I 368 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. when emigration is finally decided upon, invariably the passage-uioney is only to be raised by disposing of the household furniture, and too often this is insufficient to defray the amount required. I have already remarked that large numbers of men from well-known works here have emigrated during the past ten years. J have also been informed that in a rural suburb some 5 miles from here a considerable reduction of the population has been eftected by means of emigration. Those who remain are chietly elderly people, or those whose families are too large for them to gain acceptance with, as is usually the case hereabouts, a livir s])rinkling of those who make the landlord of the "inn" their friend and banker. It will thus be seen that the bulk of those who have availed themselves of Government assistance are of the l)rovident class and thoughtful order of man. It is a fact beyond all dispute tliat the cream of artisan and agricultural labor has for some few years past been going away from this district, and it would have been greatly to the interest and advantage of the United States if the same means for attracting a large share of such skilled labor to Ameri- ean cities had existed as has been so long in force with regard to colo- nial government emigration. I have taken considerable pains to discover the comparison which may be made between those I'eceiving Government assistance and emi- grants of the voluntary order, and I am led to believe, from all 1 have been able to learn upon the subject, that as a general rule the former are entitled to perhaps a greater share of credit than the latter. LABOR IN THE DISTRICT. The general condition of the working population of this district is one that does not permit of as much saving of money now as was the case in more prosperous times. The workingman who has a family to main- tain finds the whole of what means he can command ab.soibed from week to week in obtaining the bare necessities of existence. Ko more significant jiroof of the ditficulty in carrying out this object may be found than in the fact that day by day large numbers of people are summoned before the local justices for the non-attendance of their chil- dren at school, and the i»lea is almost invariably the same — that the father is either out of work, or is so short that not even the small pay- ment required from each child may be spared from the little that is earned. This plea may not in all cases be justifiable, but the fact of his greater responsibilities goes to prove how much easier it is for single men to adopt voluntary means of emigrating. The latter too frequently prefer a career of indulgence, and it is a frequent occurrence amongst such as these to form a sudden resolutiou, perhaps the result of hear- ing of a companion who is going abroad or who has gone and is pros- pering, to set to work and save just as much as is required to pay for a passage out. I am referring more particularly to the unmarried class of emigrants. There is a large proportion, however, of young married people who are numbered among the emigrants of this district who have been found able, when from some unknown cause Government assist- ance has been denied to them, to command sufficient money to defray their own cost of passage, and to such as these lull credit may be given for the possession of those qualities which help to make the creditable citizen. I cannot, however, discover any general reason for supposing that the "assisted" emigrant is at a disadvantage, in respect to his moral and social qualifications, with those of the more fortunate and better provided emigrants, who can pay their own passage independ- THE UNITED KINGDOM. 369 s, the passage-iuouey furniture, and too ed. en from well-known 1 have also been here a considerable jans of eiui}»ratiou. ose whose families is usually the case he landlord of the n that the bulk of assistance are of the s u fact beyond all ubor has for some lud it would have uited States if the ed labor to Ameri- with regard to colo- comparisou which assistance and emi- !ve, from all I have ?ral rule the former u the latter. if this district is one low as was the case as a family to main- kind absorbed from existence. No more this object may be nbers of i)cople are ndance of their chil- the same — that the even the small pay- )m the littte that is ble, but the fact of easier it is for single latter too frequently >cci:rreuce amongst the result of hear- is gone and is pros- required to pay for the unmarried class r, of young married lis district who have Government assist- nt money to defray credit may be given nake the creditable eason for supposing fe, in respect to his more fortunate and 1 passage independ- ently of Government aid. This view perhaps gathers some strength from the fact that those Governments which have afforded assisted emigration have invariably favored such applications for assistance as have come from married people with small families of two or three children. There does not appear to be any disposition on the part of the Government of this country to favor what is termed state- aided emigration. The subject has been frequently discussed, and has been the theme upon which leading political speakers have dwelt at some length. I do not believe there is any probability of any such method being immediately resorted to. Only recently, upon the oc- casion of a visit to this town of the representatives from the English colonies, the question was referred to by one of the Crown agents, who deprecated the idea as an unadvisable one. I certainly think, myself, it is a question which paves the way for abuse in a far greater degree than the methods of emigration which have hitherto been in vogue. The English Government has, however, decided upon an arrange- ment which, in my opinion, will be of great advantage to the inquiring emigrant. I refer to the establishment of a Government department to which all applications for information may be directed, and from which such advice and o£Bcial facts as may be required will be issued. Such an arrangement as this must prove a great service to those desiring to emigrate to the colonies. This reflection suggests to my mind the ad- vantage that might accrue to inquirers on the one hand and to the United States on the other if the various consulates in Great Britain were made the medium for propagating such official reliable informa- tion as intending emigrants are always anxious to receive. INCAPABLES. ^ * It does not appear that there has been any deportation of criminals or paupers from this district calling for any special comment. There ean be no doubt that the third section of an act passed by the State of New York in 1851, which provides — That all passengers are liable to be rejected by the captain of the ship who, upon examination, are ibuud to be lunatics, idiots, deaf, dumb, blind, maimed or iutirm, or above the age of GO years, or widows with a child or children, or any woman without a husband and with a child or children, or any person unable to take care of himself or herself without becoming a public charge, or who from any attending circum- stances are likely to become a public charge, or who from sickness or disease exist- ing at the time of departure are liable soon to become a public charge — has had a salutary influence with local agents in dealing with those persons who apply for passage tickets to the United States. I have been able to learn of several comparatively harmless cases of young persons being sent away after a light punishment for a first offense against th^ laws, this precautionary measure having been adopted as a necessary means for the prevention of ftarther disgrace by withdraw- ing the offender from the influence of evil companionship. In such cases, however, Canada has usually been the chosen place of settlement. There exists at the present time in Birmingham houses for boys and girls, under the control of a gentleman named Middlemore. These chil- dren are chiefly picked up from the wayside and alleys of this great metropolis, and are taken into the house or home, where they receive a good training and education, are clothed and fed until they reach a certain age— I believe thirteen being about the age fixed — when au annual selection is made from the schools containing either sex, and a -certain number, according to the funds in the hands of the manager, are H. Ex. 157 24 370 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. taken oat to Canada, where they are received in a specially provided depot, and tvom thence drafted off into various directions, as they may be required. It would not be surprising if it were found that many of these young emigrants developed the germs of their earliest influences, received before the period of their rescue from the haunts in which they are usually found ; but reports speak dififerently, and tell of an amazing and most gratifying record of reforms, culminating in the development of worthy and prosperous young men and women, the adverse result being quite an exceptional circumstance. I may add that these children are always accompanied by their patron and a master, and are not left nntil each one has been placed either in a home or in a situation. I have little more to add to this report. This much, however, I may be I>ermitted to say, viz, that I have frequently heard American manufact- urers and dealers say that the English workingmau will never be able to compete in workmanship with his cousin in America until his bead is cleared of some of ihe beer and spirits for which he has so strong a predilection. I can, however, say from my own observations, made dur- ing the few months since I became a resident here, that the workmen of Birmingham form the body-guard in the mighty regiment of English artisans. It is to Birmingham that Visitors from all parts of the world come that they may inspect the show-rooms where are deposited the products of Birmingham workmen's hands. The cases sent from here have always figured prominently in any of the great exhibitions in which they have been placed, and I believe there is no manufacturing center where more medals and awnrds for skill in workmanship are held than in this town. If, then, this stream of gifted, cunning artificers is perforce compelled to seek fresh channels, and it is found the tide is not running toward the shores of the United States as it should do, if it is desirable that American manufacturing should further develop and become more and more perfect, then I respectfully suggest that the subject is well worthy all serious consideration, how best to promote the emigration to the United States of the most intelligent, best cultivated, and most skilled artisans %nd agricultural workers from this district. JAS. B. HUGHES, Consul. United States Gonsulate, Birmingham, July 19, 1886. BRISTOIj. JtSPOBT or CONSUL LATHBOP. A study of British emigration statistics shows that the ruling factor is the state of trade in the United States. Prosperity there largely in- creases emigration from Great Britain ; and this appears to be the case whether tra^e be active or not in Britain. In fact it must be thus, for prosperous periods in the two countries have been almost synchronous; and so emigrants have transferred their homes and their families more largely in those seasons of comfort and well-doing than when their cir- cumstances were depressed. In 1883, the last of a series of prosperous years, and in which there was considerable *' assisted " emigration, the number of emigrants going from the United Kingdom to the United Sttites was 191,573 — more than ever betbre were recorded ; though in 1853 the number exceeded 190,000, and perhaps would have reached THE UNITED KINGDOM. 371 % specially provided ctioDs, as they may found that many of readiest influences, launts in which they d tell of an amazing in the development I, the adverse result d that these children iter, and are not left in a situation. , however, I may be A.merican mannfact- u will never be able erica until his bead ih he has so strong a lervations, made dur- e, that the workmen regiment of English bll parts of the world 'e are deposited the sases sent from here great exhibitions in is no manufacturing in workmanship are is perforce compelled » not running toward if it is desirable that ^ud become more and ubject is well worthy le emigration to the ted, and most skilled 5t. B. HUGHES, Consul, hat the ruling factor rity there largely in- ppears to be the case J it must be thus, for a.lmo8t synchronous ; d their families more than when their cir- series of prosperous «d " emigration, the ^dom to the United recorded ; though in would have reached 200,000 had records been as perfect then as now. The number in 1884 was 155,280, and in 1885, 137,087, a falling oflf from the maximum year of 53,000 — 28 per cent. During the eight mouths ending August 31 of the current year, 107,000 sailed, exceeding the number recorded in the corresponding period of last year by 8,000. This increase was due to a general belief in a revival of commercial activity in the States. The number of native emigrants leaving the United Kingdom for all countries in 1885 was 207,6M : there were also 56,741 foreigners who sought new homes by way of Great Britain. There were in this year 85,408 natives who returned. Deducting this number from 207,644, we obtain the net emigration, 122,176, or a little over one-third of 1 per cent, of the population. Thernet emigration for the ten years ending with 1885 was 1,368,464. Says Mr. Gifien: It still remains true that the United States, one year with another, absorbs abont 66 per cent, of the emigrants from the United Kingdom, and that the proportion of Irish emigration to the total, which, in some years when Irish emigration was large, exceeded 66 ]>er cent., has again become about :S0 per cent. only. On this last point, however, it should be understood that the Irish flgnres, in proportion to the popula- tion of Iroland itself, remain very large. Ireland has less than a seventh of the popu- lation of the United Kingdom, but the Irish emigration is nearly a third of the total, and the lowest proportion it has reached was about a fourth, in the years ISTfr-'TQ. An attempt is yearly made by the Board of Trade, and with reason- able accuracy, to determine the respective occupations of emigrants over twelve. In 1885, 33,911 (16.3 per cent.) were children under twelve, leaving 173,733 so-called adults. Of these 69,512 were females^ leaving 104,221 males. Of these 26,479 are entered in Table V* as of un- stated occupation. This large number of unclassified male emigrants prevents the following remarks from being more than approximately accurate ; but the proportions given between the United States and the colonies are correct, though the figures may not be. I regret that the in formation of the Board of Trade as to occupations is not more full, a» It is of special interest to the United States. It appears from Table V that the number of British and Irish ag- ricultural laborers, gardeners, carters, &c., going to the United States was 5,450; to Australasia, 3,258; to British North America, 351; and to other places, 28. Sixty-six per cent, of all native emigrants, as I have before said, went to the United States, and 60 per cent, of the agricultural laborers ; but Australasia, which received 19 per cent, of all native emigrants, got 36 per cent, of the agricultural laborers. Free passages granted by West Australia and assisted passages by Queensland will help to account for this. British North America is credited with only 10 per cent, of all native emigrants, and with less than 4 per cent, of the agricultural laborer class ; but each of these figures obviously requires a considerable addition at the expense of the United States, though, after all, the report of the New York commis- sioners of emigration for 1885 shows only 2,200 emigrants whose des- tination was British North America. Most of these are probably reg- istered by the English Board of Trade as tor the United Staten. Making every addition possible for inaccuracy of returns, it yet seern^ to me that British North America is attracting an unaccdintably small number of immigrants, especially considering how persistently and ad- mirably some of its provinces are being advertised in this country. The cold winters are understood to be an effectual deterrent to many. Of general laborers the United States took 25,506 — 77 per cent. — or 11 per * Essentially the table printed in Conaul-Qeueral Waller's report, page 360, and in Consul Hale's report, page 394. m 372 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. ceut. more tbau its share, a result to be expected when we remember liow comparatively near it is to Great Britain, how cheap is the transit, and that tho class un tween amounts sent from the United States and from British North America, but it is safe to assume that 80 per cent, is from the United States. In the thirty-three years ending 1885, 3,868,141 natives left this country for the United States, while in the same period British JJorth America received 591,204, the former 86 per cent., the latter 14 per cent. It is more than likely that these latter figures represent more ac- curately the respective percentages of money sent from the two coun- tries than the SO per cent. I have assumed before, and for this reason, that while something must be taken from the 86 per cent and added to the 14 per cent, to represent those who have entered British North America via the United States, yet it is well known that the Irish have been the largest remitters by far, and they have all remained in the United States. Assuming, however, 80 -per cent., a most moderate as- sumption, it appears that within the past thirty-nine years $150,000j000 have been sent by residents in the United States to friends and relatives in the United Kingdom. EMIGRATION BUREAUS. And now, having glanced at the figures, let us turn to the machinery existing in this country for aiding such intending emigrants as may need advice or assistance, either pecuniary or otherwise. There is, at the present moment, in obedience to a long-expressed popular demand, about to be opened in London a governmental *' Emigrants' Information Ofidce." The oflBcial notice says : The office has been established under the supervision of Her Majesty's GoTemment for the purpose of supplying intending emigrants with useful and trnetworihy iu- formation reopecting emigration to the British colonies. The information insued by the office is mainly obtained from the various colonial governments and their repre- sentatives in this country. No pains are spared to make tbe information as accurate as possible, but the committee of management cannot hold themselves responsible for the absolute correctness of every detail. It is intended that two of the committee shall be workingmen, one of whom will represent the industrial co-operative movement, and that they shall work in concert with the lately established labor bureau. It is further intended to utilize various means of disseminating the informa- tion of which the office may become possessed. Circulars are to be dis- tributed to the various post-offices, labor societies, &c., relative to the conditions obtaining in the various colonies, their respective popula- tions, products, climates, religions, facilities for education, and land sys- tems; also, with regard to ocean fares, whether or not assisted passages are given, cost of living, wages, &c. More extended hand-books are also to be obtained upon application. The office is intended to be merely for giving information, and no pecuniary assistance will be extended. If properly managed it will undoubtedly be of much assistance to the intending emii^rant, provided the committee exercise a careful discretion in the issuance of information. If the rose-colored brochures of inter- ested partie I be accepted unquestioned and promulgated with the impri- matur of the Government, the emigrant will be injured, not aMed, though now, through experience, wary of sucb productions, his cautit;n will vanish before the indorsement of authority. There are important private organizations, mostly philanthropic, with extended aims and a broad policy. Such is tbe National Association for 874 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRVTION. promoting state directed colonization. Tbe society aims at the co- operation of the borne Government and tlie colonies, not for emigration bat for colonization, and proposes state advances of money to found extensive colonies. Tbougb some of the most prominent in the King- dom are actively connected with this organization, I doubt whether they will accomplish much on their present basis. Of the small charitable associations for assisting deservini; persons to emigrate I can say nothing bat good. It being necessarily an ex- pensive undertaking to send a man or a family abroad, the societies, not being over rich, exercise the most discerning soratiny into the character and habits of applicants for their bounty, in order that only the most deserving may receive it. There is a useful little organization of this kind in Bristol, which has been the means of aiding some who through misfortune have been reduced and who, in their new homes, have been able to find work at their respective trades and ultimately to repay the society. There is also here a school for boys, supiiorted by imiierial and local grants and gifts of charity, which takes boys, by magisterial sentence, from vicious parents, and for youthful delinquencies, such as not attending school, and trains them into good citizens. Within the last twenty years about one hundred of these boys, averaging fourteen years each, have been sent to the United States, principally to Kansas, to farmers who applied for them. They have been kept in view by the school here for at least three years after emigrating, and the larger number for a longer period. During these twenty years only one boy, so far as is known, has turned out badly ; the rest have turned out respectable and useful citizens, valuable to the Bepablic. I mention this Park Bow School at some length, as it seems to have been thought sometimes that the boys were entering the United States in violation of the law for the regulation of immigration. They are not criminals — no boy who has ever been in prison can be admited to the school ; they are not paupers, nor will they become a public charge, as each has a comfortable home awaiting him. It is obvious, then, that no law is vio- lated. Besides the smaller charitable organizations that exist throughout the country for the aid of emigration, there are numerous others, more ambitious, standing between the small charities and the great associa- tions like the association for promoting colonization mentioned above. Such a society is the Somersetshire and Bristol Colonial Emigration Society, ''formed," says the secretary, "to assist i)oor people of good character, of all religious denominations, who are desirous of leaving Great Britain, to proceed to other parts of the British Empire." All these voluntary societies, or nearly all, send their prot^g^s to the colo- nies not only from a desire to aid thetie latter and to retain the emigrants as British subjects, but also on account of the firm stand of the United States Government against emigrants of doubtful antecedents, or who come by questionable means. Many of these societies were begun dur- ing the present year owing to the influence of the colonial exhibition in London with its marvelous lesson as to the extent and resources of the British colonies. It will probably deflect somewhat the current of elhigration &om the United States. So also will the presence in Great Britoin during the present year of so many "colonials," each of whom holds a brief for his own home and helps consciously or unconsciously to disseminate a good opinion of it. The effect would probably be ap- parent in the returns of the current year but for the widespread im- pression that " better times" have begun in the States. Such an impres- II lu- » ■> mmmmmD^" THE UNITED KINGDOM. 375 ty aims at the co- ,not for emigratiou of money to found ninent in the King- , I doubt whether deservinfT persons necessarily an ex- A, the societies, not y into the character that only the most >rganization of this some who through (T homes, have been mately to repay the )IM>rted by imperial >oy8, by magisterial linqnencies, such as tizens. Within the averaging fourteen incipally to Kansas, kept in view by the ing, and the larger years only one boy, St have turned out ftpublic. I mention 9 have lieen thought States in violation are not criminals — [ to the school ; they arge, as each has a in, that no law is vio- lat exist throughout merous others, more id the great aasocia- n mentioned above, i/olonial Emigration poor people of good I desirous of leaving itish Empire." All prot^g^s to the colo- retaiu the emigrants stand of the United antecedents, or who ties were begun dur- colouial exhibition nt and resources of iwhat the current of le presence in Great ials," each of whom 3ly or unconsciously nld probably be ap- the widespread im- iS. Such an impres- sion was sufficient to nullify every attempt to turn the emigrants to- wards the colonies, and cansed a considerable and unexpectercial reports from across the ocean, but encouraged considerably in n.y opin- ion by the accounts ot great Svrikes occurring. As one artisan ^'fl^d to mo, "There must be plenty of work when men can attbid to st: ." ASSISTING EMIOBATION. Some account of the attitude of the British Government as to pauper emigration will be interesting. Their position is explicitly declared in a circular issued by the local Government board within the ]>ast two weeks. The circular reviews the history of legislation in reference to Government-aided emigration, and points out that the first law in 1834 allowed the taxpayers of a parish to deport paupers at the charge of the poor-rate, but that this power, by subsequent amendments, was transferred from the ])ari8h to the guardians of each ]K>or-law district, in whose hands it still rests. They-may deport any poor person, even though he may not have been in receipt of pauper relief, provided he is over sixteen. The circular continues : Tho local Government board have no winb to discourage boards of guardians in the discretionary exercise of tbeir powers of aiding tbe emigration of poor jiersons, provided dne rt>gaTd is bad to tbe wisbcs of tbe colonies, or of foreign countries, and Hucb arrangements are made ns are required for tbe welfare of tbe pro|M)sed emi- grants. Strong objections bave, from time to time, been urged on bebalf of tbe colo- nies against tbe emigration of adult paupers. Tbe colonies are unwilling thus to run the risk of receiving persons of bad character, or those who, from weak bealtb or other causes, might become bnrdensomo to them. In consequence of representations which bave been made by tbe Government of tbe United States, tbe board feel themselves precluded from sanctioning emigration to that country at tbe cost of tbe rates. Tbe only cases in which tbe board consider themselves justided in departing from their general rule in this respect are those in which tbo emigrants are going to join a relative who is in a position to assist in main- taining them on arrival, and who has given evidence of willingness and ability to eut of Canada, been sent to her at parochial expense. Few from this district possessed the francnise prior to their going. Some, who bad by economy and thrift become possessed of a freehold, were entitled to vote, but they were very few. A correspondent writes : Scarcely anv have posaossed the franchise, and I should think it would bo some years before they would esercise it in a foreign country with intelligence and honesty. Nevertheless, this same class, had they remained in England, would now possess the franchise, and their brothers who stayed behind have already exercised their new power in such a way as to forever dissipate the illusion that the agricultural laborer would ignorantly and irrespon- sibly deposit his ballot for issues he could not understand and for results he could not comprehend. He has proven that he has a mind, and he has made it felt. Despite the assisted passages to the colonies and the earnest co-opera- tion of the English Government and people with them, and notwith- standing their extensive advertising — especially that of British North America — the United States continues to receive two-thirds of all emi- grants. Not only is it more accessible than Australia or the Cape, and more mild in climate than Canada, but there is a general belief that individnal chances are better there, that the field is wider, that the re- wards of activity and energy are more valuable. And then it has so THE UNITED KINGDOM. nil *' nssisted pas- rrites me : 68 n prospect of doini; (jrateH. The ne'cr-(lo- lier to lead a lazy life iii8titiitiou8. )nii(l often preceden wife and children. wolf from the door scantily furnish a that he thinks the in average of $100, 0. Another writes lat only exception- •est carrying about e family possessed et started for Aus- emigrant may have, is bought with his lo it is believed, are ^hose contributions, ure and belongings, J until f'vployment ire office this year, lited Stages. from their iirevious the past yoprs large Canada and Aus- s at $10 and $35, re- vants, but they have wages, and in many les of emigrants. A f Canada, been sent prior to their going, lessed of a freehold, think it woukl bo some iitelligence and houesty, 1 in England, would stayed behind have to forever dissipate )rantly and irrespon- staud and for results ) has a mind, and he the earnest co-opera- them, and notwith- lat of British North wo-thirds of all emi- ilia or the Cape, and general belief that IS wider, that the re- And then it has so ninny already, each one of whom is a magnet, drawing fri(«1fikSMHl rela- tives after him. From Somerset and Gloucester the emigraiii.ortion of my rejwrt I am glad to Iw able to say that of all the mass of humanity that each year seeks a new home in the United States no part is more honest, none more industrious nor more peaceable than that that comes from the consular district of Bristol ; nor does there originate anywhere better material out of which to make homogeneous and appreciating American citizens. It has been suggested with force and frequency by the press of the United States that the present immigration dcts are not comprehensive enough to adequately accomplish their design ; that a criterion of char- acter should be established ; and that an immigrant should be required to show on entering the United States, not only that he will not become a public charge, and that he is not a convict, but also that his char- acter at his home was such as to guarantee his future conduct in his new abiding place. It has been further suggested that by means of our consular corps investigation be made into the character of all intending emigrants. I believe that this could be easily and effectually accom- plished by consuls, but I see almost insuiierable ditticulties in effecting the necessary supervision at the ports of the United States. In England, which is perhaps the only place for which I ought to speak, where every village contains a parish church and a clergyman who knows personally all inhabitants, it would be easy for consuls to obtain trustworthy information and to issue certificates based upon others procured from the clergyman or magistrate. But the system is avowedly organized to bar the Communists, the Socialists, the Anar- chists, the nihilists. These are not always to be found in the steer- age. A system to be effective against them must include all incomers. Would traveling Americans be reconciled to the necessity of produc- ing a passport to enable them to re-enter their own country! Or even if they would, how could we supervise the immigrants who might come by way of Canada f It is not a solid ground of objection to such a plan to say it is not in harmony with American institutions. Wenre justitied in taking such means as we may consider most effectual in protecting ourselves from the incursions of the abandoned and vicious of other countries, but I fear that any plan formulatee assisted by the va- any country. If em- be largely increased. 3 and female servauts lex form which an in- ittiug such assistance. a still greater extent, ■rom Cornwall, and I 1 government affects 3d States. 'e country and return lis. WARD FOX, Consul. E TO CANADA. tie doiDMtlo serranta.l omestic servaats, of good ktion made on this form is :, or through to any point ill f'liimtlii, at tbo Govcrnuirul iiNumtod rntos, wbicli include an anipU- siipply of pro- vision" (liiritig tlK' o.i'un puBHiigi- only, but not lioildlnj; >uid niewt ntensiln, wliicb can be olitiiincd for a Jt'w (ibilliui;» at port of fmhnrkuiion. an.l all paii«0D)ii«M i«r.< i.coniiiieu.lMl lo tiiki' tlinmj:h tlrkctn lo tlu.lr flnal diHtlnutlon Inmi tlie •tCiUn- ■blp ouuipaiiy.] K»mca in fali. Auo at U*t birth- day. State wlierc you h»vf b«cn eniploved. how lou|{. and lu what capacity. State if yjii have frienilii lu Cauada, and if ao, where they reaide. Nanietbeateam- uhlpby -.Tblobyoa wiHh to will, the date iiud place of embarkation. i ; ; i^ j ; iiS liill Oive your present ad DKCLAnATlON.— I berebv declare that I am going out to Canada with the full de- termination of settling there: and in the event of my removing from Canada within three mouths after mv arrivF.l, I undertake to refund t'jc amount of Government as- sistance which I havo'recei vedto such Government oP.cial as shall be duly authorized to receive it. „.,.,,.. Signed by the appucant, . NOTSl>.— If the avplicant cannot write, he muat attach his mark, which must be witnessed. Before a ticket can be issued at the reduced rate, the applicant must get the certifi- cate on the back of this form signed by a clergyman, minister, or a magistrate. CerHfioate of the Bteamihip agent by whom Hiepropo$ed emigrant is recommended. I certifv, to the best of mv belief, that the above-named persons have correctly stated their ages aud callings, and that they intend to settle iu Canada. Signature of the agent, . Residence, — . DoMiKioN OF Canada Government Offices, 9 Victoria Chambers, London, S. W., Mag, 1S85. Certijicate recommending the applicant for Govemmetit aB»i»tance. I beg to certifv, for the information of the acents of the Canadian Government, that the persons named on the other side are ofgood character, able and willing to work, and have expressed tome their intention of settling in Cauada. To the best of my knowledge their statements are correct, and I recommend that their application for the Government assisted passage may be favorably considered. Name Address ' Date — (This certificate should be signed by a clergyman, minister, or magistrat*.) 380 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION, LiEEDS. REPORT OF COXSVL WIOFALL. The consular dititxict of Leeds does not include witbiu its limits any port of shipment to the United States, and, as a consequence, greater diflBcnlty than would perhaps otherwise be the case is experienced in obtaining details upon the subject of emigration. As uu indication in a general way of the conditions existing in the territory tributary to this consulate, I annex a categorical query submitted to a leading emigra- tion agent here, with his replies thereto, and I would wish at the same time to express my aciiuowledgment of the assistance derived from Mr. Finder's kindness, and my thanks to him therefor. STATISTICS. Er Give any fli;nrc8 covering the period 1873 to 1880, both inclusive. If exact fipures are unattainable, approximations, or even averages, fur tbe several years, giving pro- portion of male and female, adults and cbildren. Having no general record to refer to, cannot give the numbers, or even appruxi- mation, only state that the numbers have been considerably less from 1881 to 1886 than in previous years. Classes which supply the largest number of inuuigrants, as agricultural or manu- facturing; proportion of skilled mechanics and ordinary laborers; whether any con- siderable number take money and to what amounts, if known. (i]^ I find emigrants to United States from this district booked by me are princi- pally ^he artisan class, such as masons, bricklayers, joiners, &c., belonging to the household trades; next, the manufacturing class, or those connected with mill work, and the least number fruin the agricultural classes. Au extremely small proportiou have any capital at all. (2) So far as my experience goes, I have found emigrants with capital have beeiv composed of the small farmer or tenant-class of farmers, and have, in nearly all oases, proceeded to the Dominion of Canada, and especially to the Northwest Province of that country. This I to a great extent account fur by the fact of a great (quantity of printed pamphlets, mostly illustrated, which have been supplied to emigration agents for gratuitous distribution to all parties desiring them. With reference to uny information respecting the United States, there is a great lack of facility for obtain- ing it, and especially with regard to any published with Government sanction. Causes of the emigration, such as trade disputes, depression of business, depression of agriculture, surplus population, &c. (1) Depression of trade, consequently difiBculty in finding work here, has in the majority of cases been assigned as the principal reason for emigrants leaving their native land for the United States and elsewhere, added to the prospect of receiving higher remuneration for the same amount of labor. (2) The reports received direct from tbe friends or relatives in the United States have always, I find from statements made and letters produced, been one of the prin- cipal motives that has promoted emigration. This may account for the great num- ber of prepaid passages that are sent over here to take out friends, relatives, and fam- ilies. There is a very large proportion of prepaid certificates issued in America, pos- sibly one-half of the gross amount so far as my experience has proved. Social condition of bulk of those whu go to the United States trom this district, ten- antt or land-owners, or in what proportiou where they go from the country; and where they are from towns, are they generally from the class of tradesmen or that of operatives f The majority of those booked by me are comparatively poor, with barely the means of paying their passage money. The few from the agricultural districts who come here are in almost every case tenants or farm laborers. The bulk are from the operative nnd artisan classes, few or no tradesmen. Taking the whole of what may be termed the emigrating class in this part of Yorkshire, what would you say as to their general manner ot living at home as re- gards housing, eating, and clothing ? Could you name any average income, say, for family of five (husband, wife, and three children), which would act as a bar to' emi- gration T For example, would such a family, with an income from all sources of, say, £100 per annum, be more likely to stay at home than to try their fortune in the United States T ' ttfB*J2V #'-.-" ION. THE UNITED KINGDOM. S%1 le withiu its limits any a consequence, greater n case is experienced in As uu indication in rritory tributary to this to a leading euiigra- Fonld wish at the same tance derived from Mr. or. inclusive. If exact fipures le several years, giviug pro- nniubers, or even approxi- rabiy less from IbSl to 1886 t», as agricaltnral or luanu- laborers; whether any con- uown. t booked by me are princi- ners, &o., belongiug to the e counected with mill work, extremely small proportion mta with capital have been, bnd have, iu nearly all oases, the Northwest Province of [ho fact of a great (quantity •een supplied to emigration hem. With reference to ti ay t lack of facility for obtain- Govemment sanction, ission of business, depression iding work here, has in the for emigrants leaving theii- to the prospect of receiving latives in the United States >duced, been one of the priu- f account for the great num- it friends, relatives, and fam- cates issued in America, pos- ce has proved, States trom this district, ten- y go from the country ; and class of tradesmen or that of ' poor, with barely the means turat districts who come here )nlk are from the operative [rating class in this part of ner ot living at home aare- any average income, say, for h would act as a bar to' emi- Bome from all sources of, say, a to try their fortune in the (I) I should consider, from a long persoiml experience in Yorkshire, that the work- ing I'lasscH who emigrate, at home here are, as a rule, well housed and clothed, with tiuusnal advantages, vir., low house rental, separate dwellings, provisions and cloth- ing at n very cheap rate, and full house coal at u very low price. (■J) Incomes being so variable could not give you au average income as a stand- ard, but am convinced thot none with an income of £100 per year would entertain the idea of leaving home to try their fortunes in a foreign country. There might be a k'W exceptions, but extremely rare. Does your experience indirato that many emigrants receive help from friends who have jirecedcd them to the United States, or is it usually with their own funds that they start out t Do they generally carry furniture, &c., with them f As a rule, does emigration take place by mmiliesor by single individuals? If the latter, what pro- portion of men to women f (1) Many emigrants arc assisted by friends or relatives who have previously gone out, and now reside in the Slates. (>2) They do not, us a rule, take out any furniture with them. The sale of their household goods here in many cases is the only means they have lo realize the neces- sary amount of passage mouey, (3) The greatest proportion are men, heads of families and single men, then fami- lies who, as a nile, fbllow some time, very often by prepaid tickets purchased in United States. Only a small proportion of single women go by themselves. Is there, from your observation, any uifference in the standard of morals among the emigrating class as compared with the rest of the community f For instance, as re- gards marriage and divorce, legitimate and illegitimate children, &c. So far as my experience and personal knowledge go, the standard of morality exist- ing among the emigrant classes does not differ from the general class. I should con- sider if any difference, that they had the advantage, so far as their general moral character, which is not at all affected by the circumstances of marriage, divorce, &.o, Do you know of any deportation of criminals, chronic paupers, or insane persons, either with Government aid, or by municipal authorities, or private uudertakiug f I have never known any emigration promoted to assist criminals or paupers, &o., either by public communities or private individuals. Do you know of any '' assisted '' emigration by the Government or any by private effort, as by means of benevolent societies or otherwise f Does any of tliis go to the United States f How do such " assisted " emigrants compare with those who go un- aided, with reference to moral character^ intelligence, &c. f I am not aware of any assistance or aid given by the Government here, hitherto, to the United Stat«s or elsewhere. Assisted passages are being granted to the Do- minion of Canada, giving the emigrant, if a farm laborer, a reduction of £ 1 per adult, or '25 per cent. This assistance is allowed by the Canadian Government, and certainly does encourage intending emigrants to proceed there in preference, in maujr cases, to other ports. There have been, and are, I believe, societies, but none in this district to my knowledge, organized to assist oiit to Canada "domestic servants" from time to time, but have been only to a limited extent. There would be no difference in their moral status in this respect. What is the attitude of the Government towards emigration generally, or to that to the United States in particular f Are any obstacles thrown in the way of ordinary emigration, any preference shown by the Government by way of inducing emigration iu one direction rather than another ? What facilities or attractions are offered to draw emigrants to the colonies, for instanc;^, or what, if anything, done to deter them from the United States t I am not aware of any action being adopted by the Government either to promote or obstruct any emigration. It is usual at all post-offices in Great Britain to allow printed notices respecting any assisted passages to the colonies to be posted ap for public inspection. What special privileges or rates of fare, &c., are afforded by Government or by private corporations or associations to induce emigration t How have these circum- stances affected emigration to the United States f The governments of Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, West Aus- tralia, and New Zealand have from time to time, according to the demand for labor in those colonies, granted assistance to eligible emigrants proceeding there often at very low rates. During a portion of last year the cost of man and wite from England to Sydney was £0 for Government assisted passage, single men £4, domestic servants £tsi per adult. W. H. PINDER, Leeds, Julif 27, 1886. The publications to which Mr. Finder makes reference and to which he attributes so decided an influence in serving to direct the atten- 382 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. tion of iutendiug emigrants towards the regions whose ailvantdges are thereby set forth, are many of them carefully prepared and widely dig- tribated. I have deemed it i)roper to give a list. No doubt the list by no means includes all the documents of this character which are in cir- culation ; but those which are sent will serve to indicate their nature and show how earnestly as well as how intelligently the field is worked. I summarize the titles and also the sources of issue : Sobject. Pnblishedby— Subject. Published by— The Inimigrant in Ontario. . . Dominion of Canada, a gnide book. SorcpRsfnl Emigration to Can- ada. Provinco of Britigli Colombia Personal Experience ; Cana- dian Northwest. Tentint Fanners' Delegates Report. Government of On- tario. Governmentof Can- ada. Do. Do. Do. Do. Free Homes, Manitoba Snccessful Emigration to Canada. Canadian Northwest Practical Hints; Canadian Northwest. Our Railway to thoPaoiflo.. Transportation Companies. Do. Do. Do. Do. Under the existing circumstances, and as has been already stated, it is difficult to do more than give generalizations ; for while much int«r- ' est is felt here on the subject of emigration, sources from which statis- tical information might be derived are very deficient. Ihave endeavored to supplement this lack by other inquiry, and I desire in this connection to express my most cordial thanks for the valuable help afforded me by Mrs. Thomas Fenwick, of AUerton Hiii, Ohapel-Allerton. Taking the whole of Great Britain, with a present population of 291 to the square mile, it is estimated as regards labor that the supply is gaining on the demand at the rate of 1,000 pairs of hands a day. It is considered that emigration, under private auspices, has of late years been going on at a rate greater than at any period since the Irish fom- ine : nor is it thought possible for the exodus to increase very largely in degree unless by the intervention of the state. The alternative re- sult would of course be a continually enlarging number of people out of employment, or only partittlly employed. Socially and politically this is regarded as an element threatening the public welfare. It is said that every ten years between three and four million souls are added to . the population, and it is further stated that the country now imports half the food it consumes. Nine hundred thousand paupers are in receipt of relief, while the total number of those who are more or less a burden upon the well-to-do classes amounts to between two and three millions. Mr. Samuel Smith, late member of Parliament from Liverpool, who is quoted as an authority, estimates the capacity of the land of England to support additional population to be equal to not more than 4,000,000 of people, even could they be placed upon it efficiently, and this number is said to be just about the present increase of the population in ten years ; while it is pointed out that this rate may be expected to grow larger with the broadening basis which time will bring. Mr. Smith is reported as saying that — Within the last ten years the islanil of Great Britain had added more to its popu- lation than it did in the six hundred years that followed the Norman conquest. Wo were adding to our population every year as much as we did during every century up to the close of the seveuteenth century. It rose from 5,500,000 to 11,000,000 during the eighteenth century, and during this century it had lurther risen to 30,000,000, and before its close it would apparently approach to 40,000,000. If the inciease of hose advantdges are >are(l and widely dig- No doubt the list by cter which are iu cir- indicate their nature ly the field is worked. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 383 population was to go on during the next centuryat the sanie rate, this island uld cent ' PubUshed by— »ba ktion to TraDBportatlon Companiea. Do. it lanadian Do. Do. Pacific. . Do. een already stated, it for while much inter- * !es from which statis- >t. I have endeavored sire in this connection e help afforded me by illerton. ent population of 291 >or that the supply is )f hands a day. It is jes, has of late years d since the Irish fam- increase very largely . The alternative re- number of people out •cially and politically blic welfare. md four million souls ited that the country [red thousand paupers those who are more or 8 to between two and rom Liverpool, who is he land of England to i more than 4,000,000 tntly, and this number the population in ten • be expected to grow bring. I added more to its popu- le Norman conqnest. We did daring every centnry iOO.OOO to 11,000,000 daring arther risen to 30,000,000, )0,000. If the inorease of woald contain 150,000,000 of peopre before the year 2000, and Great Britain would present the appearance of little else than one continuous city from Land's End to the Firth of Forth. Ko country had increased with such npidity as our on n, and that, too, iu spite of much emigration. During the present entury wo had parted with nearly 10,000,000 persons by emigration, and had these remaiued at home the overcrowding which we now deplored would h.tve been ten tiroes worse. * • • In Franco the population was almost stationary, while in England it increased about 15 per cent, every ten years ; and we could not disgnise the fact that this added not a little to the strain and difBculty of life. * • » He was in favor of all such legislation as proceeded upon a sound and just basis, but he would urge his hearers not to expect a panacea for their poverty in any changes it was possible to make in our land laws. The declining population of the rural districts was largely owinj; to causes which laws conld not arrest. They were, on the one hand, owing to the enormous importation of foreign food at extremely low prices, and, secondly, to the large adoption of labor-saving ma- chinery. We could not, if we wanted, arrest the action of free trade, nor could they hinder laud being turned from cropping to grazing when the latter was more profitable. The high ]iriue of butcher's meat and the low price of corn had done muoli to change the character of our rural life, and diminished employment for the rural population. It wns most difflcnlt to arrest the action of natural laws. Two-thirds of the population of this country now resided in towns ; and even if we could check the intlux of the other thitd part for the next twenty years by means of changes in our land laws, we could not hinder the vast increase of population which took place in our towns. In his opinion, no changes in the land laws conld do more than put 4,000,000 additional people into agricultural employment, so that even that would only carry away the surplus of onr population for another ten years. It would be wholly inadequate to deal with that continuons increase whichhe hadalroatly pointed out would bring onr population at the end of the next century to 150,000,000. The land of England, if divided equally among the people, would only give a little under 1^ acres to each person, and by the end of next century this would be reduced to one-third of an acre. By no pos- sible manipulation of our laws could we get permanent relief for our increasing popula- tion from the soil of this little island ; but, fortunately, we possessed a splendid safety- valve in onr prodigious colonial possessions. In Australia there was but 1 person to the square mile, against 450 iu.£ngland; and in Australia and the adjacent islands there were 704 acres to each person, while in Canada there were 482 acres to each per' son. Therefore, it seemed better that the surplus population should distribute itself through these wide and fertile regions. He conld not look with any satisfaction to the thonght of the cities of this country growing larger and larger until at last the land was covered with nothing but brick aud mortar. Huge cities invariably brought with them hnge evils. Therefore he thought it would be a far trner policy for patri- otic people to try and spread the Anglo-Saxon race more freely over unoccupied por- tions of the globe than to concentrate them in enormous cities. Onr nation was built up like a tower, tier by tier, to a colossal height, and to pull oat any rafter would cause the edifice to tumble down. He had no wish to see the tower grow much higher, and he would rather see dwellings of one story than dwellings of ten stories. He would rather see a thrifty and comfortable population spread over countries where there was elbow-room for everybody, than crowded together with a density such as had never been seen in the history of the world. • » * If the surplus of our unpaid labor could be drafted off to the British colonies, which offered au almost nnbonnded outlet, that might to some extent give partial relief to this country. The number of acres of land in these islands, " good and bad, rock aud marsh," is stated at 77,828,000, and the population at 35,246,000 ; aud at- tention is invited to these figures as demonstrating the impossibility of any partition of lands working a permanent cure to the evil of over- crowding. It is in view of this condition of afi'airs that organizations like the ^National Association for Promoting State-directed Colonization have been made, with the objefst of exciting public interest and directing at- tention to the emergency before more serious trouble shall arise. A set of publications has been begun by the association just men- tioned, and co-operation is invited by means of subscriptions in money aud also by the circulation of petitions for the purpose ut' inducing action by the home Government in conjunction with those of the various col- onies, in order to endeavor to effect a shifting of the center of popu- 384 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. lation at the lowest pecuniary cost aud with the least individual nud social friction compatible with the attaiunientof the proposed object. Contributious to the literature of the scheme are promised by Cardi- nal Manuiug, Lord Carnarvon, Mr. Froude, and others; and the list of patrons, vice-presidents, &c., embraces most comprehensively the va- rious interests of the Kingdom. The plan of operations contemplated by the National Association is briefly indicated in the annexed extract from the first pamphlet issued by them : All that the association desires is that the British Government shall, in co^janction with the colonial authorities, draw up a well-considered scheme of emigration and colonization, hy means of which able-bodied aud industrious men, who may not be possessed of the means necessary to enable them to emigrate, shall be provided with the means of colonizing or of emigrating, with thoir families, under the strictest pos- sible guarantee that the money shall be repaid with easy interest within a certain num- ber of years. The annexed editorial article from the Leeds Mercury of July 28, 1886, giyea a brief summary of facts bearing on the question of illiteracy in this district and taken from a recent parliamentary return : Though the general election of 1885 is now ancient history, the parliamentary re- turn Just issued, showing the number of persons who voted as " illiterates" on that occasion, contains some facts which it may be interesting to recall, notwithstanding that another election has taken place in the mean while. Both elections were on the same register, and the general facts may be taken as applying to both. The total number of electors on the register of 1885-'8ti was &,707,5:U, being au increase on the previous register of 2,485,6^. Of this total there were 4,391,i2tiO in England and Wales, 574,358 in Scotland, and 741,913 in Ireland. There were polled at the election in 1885 a total of 4,348,973, of which 3,705,103 yot«d in England and Wales, 192,964 in Scotland, and 450,906 in Ireland. Of those so voting, there claimed tu vote as "illiterates" — in otiier words, to have their papers marked for theui — 80,430 in Eng- land and Wales, 1,696 in Scotland, and 98,404 in Ireland. The percentage of " illite- rates" to the numbers voting, it will be observed, is the largest in Ireland, and the smallest in England. Tumins from the (general to the particular results, we find that in Leeds there were 898 illiterates to 43,9.59 voters, of whom there were in the eastern division 5'23 to 7,353 voters ; in Bradford, 379 to 26,183 voters; in Dewsbury, 8fi to 9,788; Halifax, 115 to 16,310; Huddersfield, 80 to 13,154; Hull, 225 to 24,484 ; Middlesbrough, 227 to 10,996; Scarborough, 78 tu 4,233; SheflSeld, 383 to 39,361; Wakefield, ^ to 4,423 ; and York, 172 to 19,580. lu the county divisions the propor- tions were as follows : Thirsk and Malton, 308 to 10,469 ; Richmond, 167 to 9,189 ; Cleveland, 101 to 9,793 ; Whitby, 248 to 9,758 ; Holderness, 135 to 7,703 ; Buckrose, '235 to 7,866; Howdeushire, 252 to 7,859; Skiptou, 169 to 9,328; Keighley, 174 to 8,462 ; Shiplev, 112 to 11,847 ; Sowerby, 75 to 9,387 ; Elland, 118 to 9,973 ; Morley, 203 to 9,8«il ; Normanton, 309 to 9,321 ; Colne Valley, 107 to 9,939 ; Holmflrth, 127 to 9,372 ; Bamsley, 211 to 9,427: Hallamshire, 139 to 10,905; Rotherham, 231 to 8,559; Don- caster, 66 to 10,380; Ripou, 118 to 7,805; Otley, 107 to 8,693; Barkstou Ash, 255 to 7,294 ; Osgoldcross, 335 to 8,206 } Pudsey, 116 to 10,402 ; and Speu Valley, 131 to 8,608. The proportion of " illiterates" in East Leeds was larger than in any other borough divisio in England aud Wales excepting the Scotland division of Liverpool, where there v re 423 Illiterates to 4,198 voters.and was only exceeded in some of the southern and eastern county divisions. In Birmingham the highest proportion was in the Bor- desley division, 191 to 9,381 ; and in Manchester Northeast, it was 189 to 7,234. The high- est proportion was in Norfolk (Northern), where it reached 1,281 to 8,370 ; and Eastern, 1,051 to 9,122. In Suffolk South the proportion was 781 to 8,374 ; and in the North- eastern and Western divisions of the same county the proprotions were respectively r>36 to 8,716, and 6.% to 8,081. In the Hitchin division of Hertford it was 600 to 7,288 ; in the Petersfield division of Hants, 534 to 6,846 ; and in the Saffron Waldon division of Essex, 734 to 7,761. It is evident that the ''illiterates" are not always the most numerous in the Irish quarters of English constituencies; but it is a notable fact that the highest proportion in the United Kingdom wa^ in county Cork, where it rose to 11,557 to 30,047 voters. Belating to the same subject, the following article, also from the Mercury, and of date July 29, 1886, may be of interest : The report of the committee of oonncil on education (England and Wales) for the year 1885-'8S, was issued yesterday, nuder the joint signature of Earl Speuoor and Sir '^tssssj:' THE UNITED KINGDOM. 385 east individual niul proposed object, promised by Cardi lers ; and the list of rebensively the va- ional Association is rst pamphlet issued mt sball, in coivjnnction leme of cinigration and men, who may not, be shall be provided with under the strictest pos- ist within a certain num- Mercury of July 28, juestiou of illiter?.cy »ry return : ', the parliamentary re- as "illiterates" on that I recall, notwithstanding oth elections were on the ying to both. The total 'beiug au increase on the ,391,'JtiO in England and ure polled at the election [land and Wales, 192,964 ihere claimed to vote as for them— t(0,4a0 in Eng- he percentage of " illite- gest in Ireland, and the articular results, we find whom there were in the 183 voters ; in Dewsbury, ,154; Hnll, 225 to 24,484 ; SheflBold, 383 to 39,361; inty divisions the propor- Richmond, 167 to 9,189; , 135 to 7,703 ; Buckrose, » 9,328 ; Keighley, 174 to ,118 to 9,973; Morley,208 ; Holmfirth, 127 to 9,372; jrham,231 to 8,559; Don- 193 ; Barkstou Ash, 255 to ISpeuValley, 131 to 8,608. ban in any other borough 'ision of Liverpool, where ad in some of the son them proportion was in the Bor- tras 189 to 7,234. Thehigh- ,281 to 8,37U ; and Eastern, > 8,374 ; and in the North- irotions were respectively >f Hertford it was 600 to ud in the Sa£fron Waldon literates" are not always lencies ; but it is a notable i in county Cork, where it article, also from the merest : Dgland and Wales) for the ire of Earl Spencer and Sir Lyon Playfair. As usual, it contains a mass of valuable information relating to the eciucationnl work of the year, and presents in u summarized form the means of com- paring the jirogress which has been made. On the 'Mat August, 1885, there were 19,063 day scbools on the list for exaniinntion, containing 28,650 doportments under separate head ti-achers, with accommodation for 5,061, .')U3 scholars. The number of ^inolars on the registers was 4,4(i5,818, and the average number in att(mUance 3,406,076. The actual number of schools, however, inspected, to which grants were made, was 18,895, containing 28,356 departments, with accommodation ior 4,998,718 Hcholars. There were on the registers of ibese schoolH 4,412,148 scholars, of whom 3,99*2,074 were present on the day of examination, the average attendance being 3,371,325. The number of older scholars presented for examination in Standards I- VII was 2,379,055. Of these, 1,617,243 passed the prescribed test without failure in any of the three subjects, 91.86 per cent, in reading, 83.83 in writing, and 79.74 in arithmetic, against 90.78, 82.42, and 77.59 respectively in preceding year. The in- ci'L'use of population during the year is estimated at 1.35 per cent. The accommoda- tion increased 3.56 per cent., the scholars on the registers 1.73, and the average at- tendance .3. The voluntary contributions dnring the year amounted to £756,828, the contributions from ratee advanced from £91.'), 474 to £1,140,946, the school pence rose from' £1,734,115 to £1,791,084, and the Government grants were increased from £2,7'?^ ^1 to £2,S67,653, or from 16«. 7^01. to 178. per scholar in average attendance. The scnool pence in voluntary schools have risen from 10«. 5}d. in 1874 to lis. 2Sd. in 1S85, whilst the volnntary coutribations have fallen from 7«. 9d. to 68. 7id. after reaehini; 8«. 8id. in 1976. In the board schools the school pence have increased from fit. 4d. in 1874 to 98. 4d, in 1885, and the contributions from rates have fallen from £1 Sid. to 198. Old, In the former the cost per scholar in average atendance has risen from £1 108. lO^d. in 1874 to £1 158. 9|d., and the grant earned from 128. 5d. to 168. Bid. In the latter the cost has increased from £1 158. 4jd. to £2 58. Ad., and the grant from lOs. lO-^d. to 178. 7d. In voluntary schools in Yorkshire the grants were pel Kcholar in average attendance last year, Bradford 168. "id., Hull IGi. Utid.. Leeds, 168. 8ia. and Sheffield 158. 2d. In the board schools the grants were : Bradford, 1H8. ba.; .all, 168. IHd. ; Leeds, 188. 4id. ; and Sheffield, 17e 4'i^d. Concurrently wiMi the advance made in these various directions the school accommodation has increatted from 8.75 per cent, of the population in 1870 to 18.18 per cent, in 1885, and ns a general fact it is now sufficient to meet the wants of the country, the actual provision (4,998,718 school places) exceeding the requirement (4,583,173) based on the estimate of population. The provision, however, is not equally distributed. The report dwells npon the fact that the attendance is lower than it ought to be, there being only 80 scholars on the registers and 62 in daily attendance for every 100 children of school age, and for whom 91 seats have been provided. In the opinion of the committee there ought to be at least 500,000 more scholars on the registers, and a rather large increase in the average attendance. The twenty-ninth report of the commissioners of Her Maiesty'.s inland revenue announces that the deciease under excise in the past six months' revenue is chiefly due to the falling off in spirits and beer. The London Telegraph, commenting on this report, says that — To somn extent this may be attributed to the uncertainty that prevailed as to the amount of the duties during the early months of the tinanclal year- and to the proba- bility that some traders may have reduced the strenKth of their goods in order to avoid tho augmented tax which was contemplated in tlie original budget. The com- missioners, however, add : "There can be no doubt that the tendency towards a di- minished consumption of excisable liqnors, which we have several times noticed, still continnes."- That is to say, the nation is steadily growing more sober, and, as may easily be proved, more thrifty. Turning to the statements snowing the total quantities of Bpirits, wines, and beer consumed per head by the population in the years 1852, 1862, 1872,1882, and 1885, we (ind a considerable increase in the first two decades, and thereafter a gradual falling off. In 1672 the consumption per head of foreign wines was .527 gallons, and in 1885 .379 gallons, while consumption per head of barrels of beer declined from .885 to .746 dnring the same period. English people — who, it should be remembered, have increased their numbers in thirty-four years — consume a vast deal more tea and cocoa than they did in 1852. In coffee, on the other hand, there is a slight diminution. Tea is now about half the price it was thirty-fonr years ago, whion probably may account for the increased demand : and cocoa is recommended by the faculty as a wliolesome, digestible, and nutritious beverage. Nevertheless it is a fact worth remarking that coffee would appear to be going very gradually out of fashion in England. Complaints of depression in trade continue to be made in this district, in common with the rest of the United Kingdom. The indications would H. Ex. 167 25 386 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION seem to give ground for hone, however, that the turuing point has been nearly, it not t'nllj', reached. This is particuhirly trne of the woolen and worsted niannfactnre, which constitutes so important a iiroportion of the in«lnstr.v of the section about Leeds. With so complete an industrial organization as that of Great Britain it is perhaps inevitable that,exceptiu seasons of abnormal excitement, there should exist more or less distress at all periods in some porti(Mi or other of its development. At the same time it cannot be doubted that for the last ten years great stress has been felt in nearly or quite every branch of trade in these islands Leeds, through the unusual variety of its industries, has probably suffered less than many centers whose manufactures tend more in the directiou of specialties, but this district has by do means been exempt. Conversion of raw material in excess of the immediate requirements of the world's markets for the manufac- tured product is perhaps as succinct a formulation of the condition as cau be made, and, if this view be correct, the evil is one which may coufideutly be left to time to find the cure. The weight of opinion would appear to incline towards the belief that, taking the wage-earn- ing classes of Great Britain as a body, a decided improvement in their material well-being has been established during, say, the last fifty years. Even where wages have been reduced from previous ruling rates, as within the latter half of the period instanced, it is thought that the co- incident decline in price of the necessaries of life has sufdced to pre- serve the general level at a satisfactory comparative height. It is hardly within the scope of this report to do more than to allude to this question. So far as concerns the Leeds district it may certainly be stated that at present there is no widespread distress among the laboring classes. The following list indicates the retail prices ir Leeds of some of the necessaries of life of the character usually consumed by the working people : HouHe rent, oay for a house containin); cellar, kitchen, livinK-room, and two bed- rooms, from 60 ceutH a week, iucludiug rates and taxes and water rent. Coal of serviceable quality, |3.63 per ton at yard ; hauliug, from '25 ceuitt per ton, according to distance. Flour, thoroughly good, 3*2 cents per stone of 14 pounds, or 2^ cents per pound (I barrel of liN} pounds, $4.48); bacon, 9 to 11 cents per pound; butter, 18 to 120 jeuts rr |M>und ; cheese, 9 to V2 cents per pound ; eggs, 18 cents per dozen ; sugar, from cents per pound; tea, 48 cents per iMund; golden sirup, 4 oouts per pound; lard, 10 cents per pound ; South American mutton, shoulders 12, legs 14 cents per pound ; American beof, rib roast, 12 to 14 cents per pound; sirloin, 18 cents; clothing, &c., corduroy suits lor men, fair ouality, S4.U7 to 96.08 ; woolen, t6.08 to 98.52: men's overcoats, fl.'T to $8.52 ; men's hats, 60 cents to $1.21 ; men's boots, nailed, |2.06 per pair. The i)opulation of this district is as a rule ordei ly and Iaw>abiding. Crimes against property and such as involve bloodshed are compara- tively infrequent. There is a painful contrast to this general condition, however, in the number of offenses ajjainst women and children, which have been brought to the attention of the courts at the recent terms. The late legislation on this subject is doubtless in part an accounting cause for this manifestation. The following brief abstract of a recent report from the Italian Sta- tistical Society may be not devoid of interest : Comparative criminalUn at home and abroad. — The Italian Statistical Society has re- cently published the following interesting figures concerning the number of criminals in every 100,000 inhabitants of the different Kurupeau countries. Of criminal!) con- demned for all kinds of homicide the proportions are— lu Italy, 8.12; Spain, 7.83 ; Hungary, 6.09; Austria, 2.24 ; Belgium, 1.78 ; France, 1.56; Germany, 1.11; British ::m^!^^s mmi^^-^imSk&mid:'j:> :~'^^-m'!:!TiTr;77!tZ -i ' siii^ tikfec ! THE UNITED KINGDOM. 387 ■uiiig point baa been le of Ibe woolen and t a proportion of the liat of Great Britain mormal excitement, Is iu 80uie portion or not be doubted that learly or quite every the unusual variety many centers wbose ties, but this district w material in excess ets for the mannfac of the condition as il is one which may le weight of opinion iking the wageearn- mprovement in their y, the last fifty years, ions ruling rates, as thought that the co- e has sufficed to pre- ive height. ) more than to allude linly be stated that at 3 laboring classes. Leeds of some of the imed by the working viDK-i'ootn, and two bed- water rent, ng, from "-JS cents per ton, i, or '2f cents per pound (I id; butter, 18 to *20 jents B per dozen ; sugar, from 4 cents per pound; lard, !, legs 14 cents per pound; 1, 18 cents; clothing, &c., en, t6.08 to 98.52 ; men's u's boots, nailed, $2.0C per leily and law-abiding. )odshed are compar^- this general condition, in and children, which at the recent terms, in part an accounting t from the Italian Sta- t Statistical Society has re- Qg the number of criminals iintries. Of criminals con- u Italy, 8.1'i; Spain, 7.83 ; 1; Germany, 1.11; British Isles, 0.60, Under the heading of " Wows and wounds" we And the following num- ber of persons condemned ont of 100,000 inhabitants : Austria, 248 ; Belgium. 177 ; Italy, 162; Germany, 129 ; France, 65 ; Hungary, 46 ; British Isles, 7.19. The statis- tics with regard to "crimes against morals" rniis thus— Belgium, 15.11 ; Germuny, I4.(i:{; France, 9.77; Austria, 9.18; Hungary, 6.25; Italy, 3.77 ; British Isles, 1.70. Tliitving of all kinds is carried on most frcqueiif ly iu Germany, which heads the list witli222 arrests, Italy follows immediately after with 154, then follow the British Isles, witii the remark >at to the average of 147, Scotland contributes 222 thieves in every 1(K),000 inhabitai. s. Next come Belgium with 128, France with 112, Hun- gary with 77, Austria w.ih 60, and Spain with 56. F. H. WIGFALL, Consul. CTnited States Consulate, LeedSf August 17, 1883. lilVERPOOIi. REPOBT OF OONHVL RUSSELL. In 1876 the number of emigrants embarking at this port for the United States was 53,327 ; in 1877, 43,6(12. In 1878 there was an increase of 12,947, and this increase continued up to 1881, the figures being, 1879, increase over the previous year, 38,422 ; 1880, increase, 63,032 ; 1881, increase, 38,974. The increase in 1881, as compared with 1876, amount- ing to 143,710. From 1885 follows a series of decreases; in J 882 the number was 189,141, a decrease as compared to 1881 of 7,896 ; 1883 showed a decrease from the previous year of 40,009 ; 1884, 19,983 de- crease, and 1885, decrease, 5,854. Decrease in 1885, as compared with 1881, 73,742. Statistics for previous years I have been unable to procure. Although the above figures show that from Liverpool more emigrants embark for the United States than from any other port iu the United Kingdom, only a comparatively insignificant proportion are from thj<) consular district. Exactly what this proportion is cannot be ascer- tained, for there is in this consular district no organized system of emi- gration or aid to it, excepting so far as it is emigration to the British colonies. The great bulk of emigrants embarking here are from Germany and other continental countries, generally shipped first to Hull, and sent here for final embarkation. Here they stop only until the steamers sail, usually but a few hours, and nothing can be learned, therefore, of their natural occupations, their social condition, or the causes which have impelled them to emigrate. MOBMONS. To one cla«is of these emigrants, however, I would call attention. I refer to the Mormons, 3,983 of whom have embarked at this port for New York from 1884 to the present time. The agent writes of them : They ar*^ as cleanly, orderly, respectable, and industrious a lot of people as we have ever had xo do witb, and conduct themselves on board the steamer more respectably than any other large body of passengers traveling. They have their police organi- zation, watchmen, and everything possible to prevent any one interfering with or molesting any of them. I ( t u 388 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Thej- have HiiflBcient moans to imy tht^ir farew riKbt tbrougb from point nftU-barka- tion to their arriving in Salt Lake City, and generally tAke their ticke's through in England. They have all a little money in thfir pocketn, and wo have never known one of tbeni become a charge on the United StateH an a pauper in all our experience. Their word is their bond ; M-ehuve never found them telling a lie at any time A better class of people for cleanlinoNH and good order we have never carried. EHIOBANTS FROM LIVERPOOL. So far as can be ascertained there are no paupers uuiong the em^raiitH from this district. They are generally small tradesmen or town artisans, who have accumulated some savings and start out with the intention of investing these as small laud-owners in the United States. They take with them their household effects, and from the invoices of these, which pass through this office, it seems that their owners are of a fairly pros- perous class. Referring generally to the laborers and artisans of the district, their condition is far from prosperous. A gent'eman of experience among the Liverpool poor has remarked, ''The gre^t bulk of the English people belong to the poorest class, and the gap between the starving laborer and the comfortable artisan is only to be measured by a few shillings a week." Strong as this is, in my opinion it is without exaggeration as to the urban population, and, with but few exceptions, equally appli- cable to that of the country. In my own district, however, in Cheshire and North Wales the rural population are in better circumstances than their town brethren, tliougii they are far from Iteing contented. The small farmer sees each year pass with no profit to carry him over a bad season. Still there is no actual distress either among the(u or the poorer agricultural laborers. The latter find steadier employment than the town laborers, and in hanl times have an advantage over them in that they are better known among their neighbors and find readier relief in case of need. They rent cot tages at an easy rental, dress in coarse stutt's, and are well' fed when they keep from drink. In the towns, however, there is much actual want and destitution. Over 3,000 people were relieved in the parish of Liverpool alone in the winter months of the present year. The destitutes are of course in the greater part from the dock and general laborers and cotton porters, of whom there are 20,000 in the city, but one relief society reports that of 739 assisted over 300 were from the artisan class. This latter class have, until recently, been considered to be in good circumstances. This, however, has never been true of them. The most industrious of them seldom earned more than 30 shillings or 2 pounds a week. Their rent costs them from 6 to 7 shillings a week, for which they get a house of but scanty accommodation ; their food costs them 20 shillings ; their clothing £3 a year, and for their wives and families as much more. They have ne >'er been able to save anything, and now are learning what actual poverty is. A leveling down process is go- ing on among them, which is bringing them rapidly towards starvation. If this is true of the higher class of artisans and laborers, what must be the condition of those below them, of the 40,000 people living in houses of £7 rental and of the two or three times that number being in houses of still smaller rental ? Much has been done for these in the last five years. Temperance public houses have been established in their midst to strengthen them against their bitter enemy. Streets have been re- built and houses demolished to improve their sanitary condition. Pri- THE UNITED KINGDOM. 389 from point of dt'barkn- helr tjcke'8 throiiRh in e never known ono of our exiierience. Their at any time A better iirricrl. vate and public efforts of relief have been active among them, bnt their condition calls londly for broader efforts and needed, bnt neglected, leg- islaMon in tlieir br-half. CHAS. T. RUSSELL, Consul, United States Consulate, Liverpool, July iiO, 1886. inoug the emigrantiii len or town artisans, nth the intention of States. They take »ices of these, which are of a fairly pros- >!' the district, their I experience among f the English people he starving laborer by a few shillings a )ut exaggeration as tions, equally appli rth Wales tlie rural ,vn brethren, tliougii mer sees each year II. Still there is no jricultural laborers, laborers, and in hanl better known amonj? jetl. They rent cot I are well fed when ant and destitution, verpool alone in the i are of course in the nd cotton porters, of (ciety reports that of idered to be in good Q of them. The most shillings or 2 pounds gs a week, for which :heir food costs them lir wives and families re anything, and now ; down process is go- y towai^s starvation. : laborers, what must leople living in houses mber being in houses these in the last five blisbed in their midst Streets have been re- litary condition. Pri- MANCHESTER. REPORT OF COXSUL BALS. STATISTICS. The i^tatistics of emigration from the United Kingdom are obtained by the Government i'rom records required to be kept by the emigration officers at the ports of embarkption. No effort is made to keep separate records for the movement i^omthe different counties or districts, other- wise than to discriminate between the three chief divisions of the Kingdom, England (including Wales), Scotland, and Ireland, and for- eigners, the latter meaning chiefly persons from the continent of Eu- rope who ship from British and Irish ports. Even this discrimination was not made until 1833 ; no record was kept of the return immigration until 1870, and no discrimination between nationalities in the latter until 1876. The statistics for this district, therefore, can only be inferred from those for the country at large, and these it will be necessary to consider first. The last annual report of Mr. Giffen, the statistician of the Board of Trade, made to that body in February, contained the following tables : I.— Account of the numbers, natioiialUien, and destinationg of pasaengem leaving the United Kingdom for places outof Europe, in 1885, inve»»eU under the pagsengera acta; including also passengers for places out of Europe, in vessels not under the acta, as far as the same have been recorded. Nationality. To United States. To Brit- ish North America. To Alls- traaslia. To Capo of Good Hope and Natal. 2 954 To all other places. Total. Total. 1885. 1684. EnRllah 73,789 13.241 50,657 14, 817 1 28, 380 2,345 4,731 2, 676 1 6, 284 n 390 1 126 200 1 147 660 Scotch 275 ' 775 •)| am , 91 0.W Irish 30 361 1 eb.OU i 72! 366 ' 1 • Total British 187, 687 46,779 4 IF, 838 ! 30, 395 3, 090 1 304 8, 268 7 4M 207, 644 242, 179 Foreigners 602 1,928 2,954 83, 783 57, 733 Xot atstiDgnisbed 2, 058 3, 989 Grand total 184,470 22,928 40,689 3,960 12,838 264.385 303.901 890 ZMIGBiriON AND IMMIGRATION. CuAn and atetrafie paMtvgtrt. liODduD Plymouth and Dart mouth Botttbaiopton OImkow aodOreen oct. Cabin. ^BtMrage. Total MO 2, Ma 3.038 43R 27, 031 •i». -.m 327 8,«24 8, «5I 8M M64 108 2«2 400 212, 957 264, 385 n.-Account 0/ the nnmher, of pa»enger»a, in the P;;'«f '"^ '«j;^*S:?fci'i; ^■"S!l port! of the United Kingdom from tehioh they embarked in lS8o, teiih their pnnupai places of destination. "Stmt of port. EDftliBh ports: Liverpool London • • • ■ v li.' Plymouth and Dartmontn. gontbamptou .........--••■ Other porta in England. . . . 1 e Total from porta in England . Scotch ports : Ulaxgow and Oreenoek. Other porta in Scotland . Total from porta in Scotland. Irlah port* : Belfiiat Qucenstown Londonderry Galway ......-■•- Other ports in Ireland Totd from porta in Ireland . Grand total I e H 123,295 1,761 110 887 237 126,280 17,480 883 93 19,264 10 "19^^274 2,728 28,074 7,260 864 88,916 141 Ta677 2,064 173 28,636 9,894 1,624 2,678 2,066 810 286 1,701 86,703 1,986 I 5| SB 1,064 4,202 9 1,986 44 278 1,886 03 1,748 678 1,634 il 1b e 5 o e 1,616 1,058 17 1,004 114 510 3 2,288 8 3,060 9 93 40,680 4,211 3,929 e H 145, 270 30. h95 1(1, 880 «, 'JW 389 2,(98 21 21 ItO, 735 23, 427 n 1.4/9 3,960 2,719 •.•:t, 4;i.'? :i, U38 2f , :!">9 8,051 804 ~- .'-■■•^^gz ■•' ■;?m?*' ;itl)lD. steerage. ToUl. 5cn 2, Sin 3,038 438 27, 031 2*t. ;).')» 327 8,824 8, 1».'>I KM MM 108 292 400 il,428 212,957 264, 385 tie, ih0H>ing Ihf principal 885, with Iheir priiicipal 8 II i 1 1 s* ^ H 1 1,616 1,058 145, 270 t 1,748 17 L,004 30. h95 678 114 1(1, 880 1 1,634 2,288 8 519 0, JBi 3 389 1 6 3,060 3,929 3,(98 1 11.0,735 = '■■ 1 » 21 23, J',27 It 3 21 •J3, 433 3, U38 28,359 8,051 ' 804 , ^" 41,212 /9 3,960 3,929 2,719 264,385 THE UNITED KIN(iI)OM. III.- JCCOM.K of the nttmher ofpa»»engtr» of each «m, a» in the fir»t table ,di»tiHguithing the nationame$, and the counlriri, to which they emigrated in It^Ti. 392 EMIGRATION AND IMMIOHATION. IV. — All account ill (hiail of the nitiiilifr uiid (Imliiiiitiuii uf jiumtcinnrn liuriiiy llic t'nilid Kingdom in lH85,a» /» thvfirnt table, nhntcintj the iiiiml)ri$ o/udiillii nnd children oj ci.ch lex, and the cimiiignl condiliom^ of the udullH ; Ihrte iitirtioiilarH hrinij stated for EntiH.h, A'co/tA, .i«rf Irihl'i punrntjrrH gejiarutrly and in the uijyreiiaie, and ahojor Jorrifinetg and Other pemonK who»e vationality *«» not been diminyuighid Mtparatrly. Destination. DMorlption ofiiinlgraDt. 1 M , D 1 S 1 i i 1; 1 • -1 * a>!: H til 1 all m S 1 a'C 1 •J 11 All other plafaa. Total. SnglM. Adnltii Mnrried- Males 8,125 1,630 11,203 1,842 < 11,444 6,548 10,484 2,049 ' 3,661 1 4,079 , 11,091 4, 201 390 ' am 665 , 334 1 231 201 604 ' 474, 963 1 442 2U2 824 230 256 187 420 15, 048 18,042 BiDile— • Males 62,207 Females 176 1 445 1 173 18,001 Total adults 61, 256 ! 12, 064 6, 573 , 1, 365 6,960 1,898 22,732 3,884 2.764 1,7S2 153 121 064 12,486 88 1 229 54 1 239 1,758 147 116 1.038 i lO»,078 Children frrm one to twelve years and Infants : Males Females 48 11,482 10, 700 TotslEngllsh 73, 789 ' 14, 817 \ 28,380 2,016 1, 101 |2, 954 2, 021 37 30 87 17 1,142 85 25 87 17 126,260 8eot«h. Adults: Married- Males 026 1,066 5,689 1,877 207 277 007 811 650 602 1,77S 829 114 67 71 84 14 14 44 8 86 60 1)1 34 1,938 Pnmales ....■..■. 3,021 «lni(le- Iksles 8,7«9 Females 3, 127 Total adults 10,458 1,455 1,328 1,708 865 278 3,764 526 461 276 6 14 80 250 7 12 9 13 171 14 18 164 7 16.855 Children from one to twelve years and infants : Males 2,304 Females 2,118 Total Scotch 13,241 1,977 3,401 19.304 10, 823 2,346 205 290 1,124 592 4,731 360 804 2,982 1,983 296 96 ! 275 203 180 21, 367 Irith. Adults: Married- Males 64 51 1 1 26 1 2T 1 6| 6 ' l| 14 1 4 I 6 16 10 1 «« 1 18 16 10 12 1 10 2,658 Females ....; 4,168 Sinijlo- ^alcs 23,811 22.463 ' 44, 505 3,065 2,211 261 5, 728 1 168 800 1 5 266 1 10 18 31 ! 2 ' 4 92 4 3 47 4 52,800 Children from one to twelve years and infants : Males 3.649 Females 3,087 1 204 2 ! 3,568 Total Irish 60, 667 1 2, 676 6,284 1 183 26 { 39 90 53 1 60.017 0/ Britith origin. Adnlts : Married- Males 11, 028 16.570 8,437 36,184 116,219 11,003 10,378 187,687 2.042 2,409 8,574 2,952 4,280 5,075 15,846 7,013 877 602 752 395 252 664 495 302 959 1 265 806 222 619 200 10.644 Females Single- ^ales 221 1 630 402 il,088 187 1 485 25, mi 84, 577 Females 43,681 Total adnlts 15,977 1,981 1,880 32, 214 3,710 3,471 2,226 164 145 1,002 2,767 96 i 245 65 { 256 2,021 165 137 1,247 71 67 173, 733 Children from one to twelve years •nd inftnts: Males Females 17, 528 16,386 Total British 19,838 39,895 12.688 1,223 13.268 2,828 1,879 207,644 'J" ~^;tr^ff -^ '" -,■*¥'-'H•?^^Si uiiijirn huiitiy Ihv I'liitid ttiitiK mill chifdrrn oj fi.ch I hfiii;/ ttnled for Engli.h, lid uhojiiv JurfiijHrrs (iN(i •atrlij. •1 i ^1 •9 , m I < JtS ;^J II »1 r5 I 604 474 063 44J 442 2U2 824 230 M 12, 486 1,758 i 256 187 420 173 15,048 18,042 52,207 18,001 13 220 147 r« M 230 116 48 ai 2, 054 2, 021 1,142 14 55 37 85 14 50 30 26 44 111 87 87 8 84 17 17 1,036 I 104,078 11,482 10, 700 U'O, 260 1,938 3,021 8,769 », 127 80 250 13 171 I 164 96 I 275 I 203 180 14 61 16 I 10 1 48 18 16.855 2,304 2,118 21,367 2,658 4,168 23,511 22.463 18 2 26" 31 92 4 3 47 1 1 4 2 52,800 3,049 3,568 39 90 1 53 60,017 S2 21 12 n 664 530 1,088 485 495 302 950 265 806 222 519 200 10,644 25, 8:n 84, 577 43,681 )2 W 9 2,767 245 256 2,021 165 137 1,247 71 87 173, 733 17, 525 16,386 8,2<8 8.828 1,875 207,644 THE UNITED KINGDOM. 393 IV — A* account 8 9 W " i" 16 3 J 80 2 8 1 "5 40 5 1 ■"19 "36 148 1 289 43 49 1 62 ■■■3 04 5 23 3 r4 19 )1 in 62 101 18 1 2 1 92 172 26 >o 1 8 2 6 80 3 23 174 15 1 12 10 2 1 1 )8 12 H 23 16 11 J7 r3 2S m u M 69 6 6 1,550 3 771 15, SU 821 36 711 62 12 1 ""i?' 2 773 91 8 4G 1,745 7 1,085 16,504 885 37 785 72 17 2 ]0 28 u 92 11 18 ?R 30 82 44 28 «8 4 6 22 16 2 8 8 10 61 1 ...... 62 100 47 31 78 4 m 5 so 2 2 w 1 1 17 99 70 93 4ft 182 4,173 8,070 6 flfi 3 3 36 10,065 1 728 177 24 102 114 90 667 99 6 2 246 6,656 3,460 11 37 4>S 1 88 3 9? 1 3 65 J5 "5M' 3 214 32 , 539 70 11,432 33 38,347 2,301 963 |2.191 J43,792 THE UNITED KINGDOM. V. — Statement of occupations, 'Tti°^= Another Good Hope „iano« and Katal. 1 »'''"^'"'- British and Irish Foroiiiuers....... 57,004 23,840 7,946 326 4,674 808 6,023 1,1TS 1,075 85,468 01,356 27, uCfl 32, 007 1, 075 103 Total 81.*50 10,070 8,272 6,472 8,276 1 113,549 12.S,466 9 and Britiak Xorth America MS (theflrat year for which eertained," Tear. Amount. 1876 £449,641 667,564 784, 067 855,631 1877 1878 1879 1880 1,403,341 1,505,794 1, 571, 552 1,611,201 1. 575, 766 1881 1882 1888 1884 1886 1.241 585 Total 31,018,587 Other placea to their friends or which there is any informa- Tear. Amount. 1885 61,324 Total 637, 259 >UKh the courtesy of banks and ; of money sent through private IX -Balance of recorded emigration and immigration to and from the following places in . ., , r. Comparing emigration and immigra- Comparing total emigration with ' tionof persons of British and Irish total recorded immigration. , origin only. Country. Tnited States Uritish North America . Ausirala-'ia • Ciipc iif Oood Hope and Natal All other places Total 184, 470 22, 928 40, 689 j 3,960 12, 338 Immi- grants. 81,450 10, 079 8,272 5,472 8,276 Excess of— Eml- Excess of— Immi- Eml- I Irami- | 8™"**- jg'""*"- Eml- Immi- grants, grants. I , B"»nt8. ^ grants. 103,020 137,687 12840 ' 19.S38 32,417 1 ! 89,395 4,062 1,612 3,268 7,456 264,385 : 118,640 150,836 I. 207,644 57,604 9,321 i 7,046 I 4, 574 6, 023 1 80,083 10, 517 31,449 1,433 85,468 122,176 1,306 S«?«?^«?FWw^¥^-;-. 398 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. 'X..— Account Bhoifitig the tex and naliotitility of the immiflrattls that arrived in this loiiiiinj from place, out of Europe in lidS, and the oountrim whtiice they came. Countries whence arrived Decoription of immiKrants. United States. BlitUh North America. Anitral- asia. CApeof Good I Hope and ^tal. All other places. Total Britith and Irish origin. Adnlte: Halea 33,878 16,008 8,457 3,271 5,653 2,456 648 564 4,565 2,229 593 559 2,535 1,098 1 451 470. 3,318 1,584 577 544 4a,U«J 24, 36 j 5, 7'J6 5,408 Fcm&los .....•..............•*> Children: Males FiMnalM ...... .n..-TT -T----T Total: Males 37,335 20, 269 6,301 3,020 6,158 2,788 3,ooe ' 1,56JJ ^ 3,895 2.128 55 69') Females 29 773 Total British and Iriah 67,604 9,821 7,946 4, 574 1 6,023 8.^ 468 Foreignert. Adnlts: Males .. FADiales 15,338 6,468 1,043 907 608 86 35 29 216 65 17 28 1 604 ' 166 ; 84 ' 54 . 717 359 63 ■M 17,483 7 134 ChUdren: Males 1,242 1,147 ToUl; Males 16, 381 7,465 643 115 233 93 688 210 780 308 18, 723 8 281 Femalea ' Total foreioiera .............. .. 2.3,846 768 326 898 1,178 27, 000 IfationaUty not dittinguiihtd. Adalte: Males 1 842 l.il 44 38 84L' 1 151 Children: Males ! 44 Females ............................ '.\v^'.'.'.'.x.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.. 38 Total: Males 1 886 189 886 18» Total nationality not distlngnished . 1,075 1 075 ■ Total Adalts: Males 40,216 23,466 4.600 4,268 6,261 ■ 2,542 683 503 4,7n ' 3,159 2,204 1 1,254 610 ' 535 587 1 524 4,877 2,094 684 621 68 "ni 31,650 Children: Males 7,012 Females 6. 593 Total: Males 68,716 27,784 6,944 3,135 5,391 2,881 1 3,694 1,778 5,561 2,715 75, 300 Females ...................... 38, 243 Onuid ti>t«l 81,450 10,070 8,272 5,472 8,276 113, 549 that arrived in this roiinlrn [•luiiie they cuine. Cape of ' Good { All other Hope and placeB, -Satnh 2,535 1,008 451 ' 470 3,006 1,568 604 ise I 84 ! 54 : 210 Total 3,318 1,584 577 544 3,805 2.128 4, 574 I 6, 023 717 359 63 39 780 308 898 1,178 27, 000 842 151 44 38 842 151 44 38 1 866 189 886 18il 1 1,075 1 075 ■ i ' 3, 150 1,254 535 624 4,877 2,094 684 621 68,201 31,650 7,012 6. 593 1 3,604 1,778 5,561 2,715 75, 300 38,243 5,472 8,276 113, 549 THE UNITED KINGDOM. emlRmtioii of persona of British origin only.) -, .. , BiitiHli United I jj„rth states. I America. 50,359 90, 801 308, 247 1, 094, 556 267, 307 244, 261 70,438 139, 269 322,485 429,044 42,603 32, 873 Australia. 1,036,714 I 159,807 I 195, 250 (*) *6, 417 67, sea 127, 124 21, .532 87, 881 310, 836 397, 389 280, 198 All other places. 2. 731 1,805 4. .'>36 34. 168 4,472 3,749 Total. 51, 461 41,054 67, 056 123, 528 247, 292 703, 150 1,084,802 333, 960 368.746 12, 227 13, 878 26, 42.S 53,958 35, 525 33, 191 31,071 37,214 42, 178 25, 438 8, 13. 385 13, 903 13,445 15,860 17, 171 1.-., 584 15,050 17,886 20, 242 3, 463, .'>92 1,582,475 1,967,570 ~ 2.VJ.135 2!i.i, 213 310.012 241,014 173, 809 138, 222 110,!»71 147. ti03 217. 163 332, 294 1, 228, 396 392. 514 413.288 397, 157 303, 901 264, 385 -The custom, returns do not record »»? «^?i;!'t'°Sr«*St^rt*in'}8'>f J^aS^ f^lfeWs^iu'lst'sis" i »l^''8?:i^d W^S^r^r'i^eLniSr^Sr^^^^^^^^^^^^ SuM'the totals of this 400 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION, Jill.—Stalemeni thoidng the number OMrf percentage of perioiis of British and Irith origin only, who left the I'liited Kingdom for the United Slates, liritish North America, Aiiitrah acid, uiid all other piarrt, in each year from 18ri3 to 1HI:*6, iiicinBive. [Prior to 1858 tbe nntionalities were not given.] 1 I Te«r». TTnited S'ates. Bi-itisb Nortb America. Australasia. All other places. Total. Number. 1 Per cent. Camber. '. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. 18A3 190,962 153,627 86,289 94,931 105, 516 49,356 57,096 67,870 69 68 57 64 68 62 50 71 81,779 35,679 ! 16,110 ; 11,299 1 16,808 1 6,604 2,460 : 2,766 1 11 13 11 8 9 7 8 3 54,818 77,286 47,284 41,3?9 67,858 36, 4.54 28, 004 21, 434 20 39 32 28 32 38 29 22 680 216 278,129 IBM 287, 047 186S 390 , 725 ' 874 j 1 2, 753 1 3 8,024 i 9 3,911 4 150, (123 1856 148,284 1887 .'.. 181, 051 1858 06,067 1859 97.093 1800 05. 080 Total, 1853- 1860 805,596 61 123,408 i 10 36.5,307 28 18, 372 1 4 1,812,083 1861 1862 38,160 48, 726 130, 528 130, 166 118,463 131, 840 126,051 108, 490 140, 787 153,466 68 60 68 70 68 77 80 78 79 76 8,953 8,328 9,665 11,371 14,424 9,988 12,160 12,332 20, 021 27,168 6 8 6 6 8 6 8 11 18 20,607 38,828 80, 1.57 40, 073 30,083 23,082 14, 023 12,832 14,457 16,626 82 40 26 21 21 14 9 8 8 2. 487 1,881 65,107 97,763 1863 2, 514 1 .5,472 3 5,321 , 3 4,543 3 4, 748 3 5,033 4 4, 185 2 5,351 8 192.864 1864 187, 081 1865 174, 801 1866 170, 0.53 1867 156, 082 1868 138, 187 1869 18',, :'K) 1870 205,511 ToUI. 1861- 1870 1,182,626 72 130,310 8 267, 358 17 41, 535 3 1,571,829 1871 1872 1873 150,788 161,782 166,730 113, 774 81,103 64,554 48,481 54,694 91,806 106, 570 78 77 63 58 .58 50 48 49 56 73 24, 054 24, 382 20,045 20,728 12,306 9,335 7,720 10, 052 17,052 20, 002 13 12 13 10 •1 8 9 'I 11,(J05 1.5,248 25, 137 52, 581 31,750 32, 196 ,30. 138 30, 470 40, ftoO 24, 184 B 7 11 27 24 29 32 32 25 11 .5, 314 3 », 082 4 7,433 3 10, 180 5 12,420 13,,t84 1 12 11,8.50 12 11,077 1 10 13, .557 . 8 15, 886 7 l!t2,7,M 210. 4!i4 228, 345 1874 197, 272 1875 14(l.r.75 1676 109, 4«U 1877 J878 05, 10.j 112,002 1879 164, 274 1880 227, 542 Total, 1871- 1880 1,087,372 65 177, 970 11 3(13, 367 18 110,204 6 1,678,019 1881 1882 176, 104 181, 903 191, 573 165,280 137,687 73 65 60 Si 23, 912 40,441 44, 186 31, 134 1 19, 838 10 15 14 13 10 22, 682 37, 289 71, 264 44,255 39, 895 9 13 22 18 19 20,304 • 8 10,733 i 7 13,096 { 4 11,510 ; 5 10,724 I 5 243, 002 279, 366 1883 320,118 1884 242, 179 1885 207, 644 Grand total 1868--85.. 1 8,868,141 66 691,204 10 1,160,917 20 1 246,478 4 6,855,740 '^■m... ^^-^^ifr"^* — T-'-rmM^ --SiM?^^"' THE UNITED KINGDOM. 401 of lirUish uml Irish origin »h North America, AiittraU 'Hiive, XIII. — Stafemrnt fho}rin(/ thf proportion to Ihv jiopulation of the emigration from the United Kingdom of ptrsont of llriimlt orifiin oiili/, Jor each ymr from 1853 to 1S85, inclusive, with the averages for each quinqntnnial unit decennial period. fThls table ebowg the groaB eni)(irntl(in only, nnrt isoubjcct fo tlie qnnliflffttion that recorded immigra- tion in recent ycnrs in much larger than tornierly.] All other placeg. Total Namber. Per cent. 980 278,129 216 267,047 890 150, 023 726 148,284 874 i 181,051 2,768 a 96,067 8,924 9 97. 093 3,911 ♦ 05, 080 18, 37i 1 1,812,683 2. 487 4 65,107 1,881 2 97,763 2,514 1 192,864 6,472 8 187, 081 6,821 3 174, 801 4,643 3 170. O.W 4,748 3 156, 082 5,o:» 4 138, 187 4. 185 2 W,, 2'\i 6,351 3 205,511 41, 635 3 1,571,820 5,314 3 102, 7,M 0,082 4 210. 4!'4 7,433 3 228, 345 10, 180 6 197, 272 12,426 , 140.r.7.'> 13, ,184 12 100, 400 11,850 12 95, lO.-. 11,077 10 112,002 13,557 . 8 164, 274 15,886 7 227, 542 110, 204 i « 1,678,919 20,304 1 8 243, 002 10, 733 i 7 279, 386 13,09« 1 4 320,118 11,510 ! 5 242, 179 10, 724 1 ^ 207, 644 246,478 4 5,856,740 Tearorqiiinqnenuial ' period. \ m 1 1' J ft 9-4 nil 1853 1 27,542,588 1854 ! 27,0.18,704 1855 i 27,821,730 p. a " ■Si?. H ir c » ^ - ^ •='"3 e - S. ? e P.CtM 278, 129 I 1. 01 . 207,047 I .07 150, 023 I . 54 Average, 1853-'55. 1 27, 674, 341 1856 i 28,011,0.34 1857 I 28,188,280 1858 ., 28,389,770 1859 28,690,224 1860 1 28,778,411 231, 733 I .84 Fear or qiiinnnenoial period. as -5 1=11 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 187.-). 31,553,604 31,874,183 32, 177, 550 32, 501, 517 32,. ' """ »• S "^ Vi " ■^ O M " i •2 « a t! C > e ^ cQ a.: .A i S us H a "I fit O Si I 192, 7,''>1 210. 494 228, :i45 107, 272 1,0,675 148, 284 181, 051 95,067 97,093 96, 989 Average, 18.'56-'60. Average, 1853'-60. 28, 391, 544 28, 122, 593 123, 497 164,085 .33 .04 .33 .34 .33 .43 .58 Average, 1871-75 : 32,1b- lU 1861 28,077,133 1 0^107 .22 1862 29,243,610 1 1(7,763; .33 1803 29,470,9fi9 1 19;',804' .65 1864 29.0^0,437; 187,081 .03 1805 20,025,177; 174, 801 j .58 Average, 1861-'65 ' 29, 4."0, 405 , 143, 530 i . 48 18G6 30,147,755 1807 , 30,409,1.12 18ti8 30,089,077 18G9 30,078,278 1010 31,250,535 Average, 1866-'70. Average, 1861-70. 30, 000. 333 30, 077, 900 170, 0.33 156, 982 138, 187 186,800 202, 511 X70, 807 157, 183 .36 .52 .45 .60 .65 1876 1 33,109,9(4 1877 33,57.3,941 1878 ....| 83,043,773 1879 84, 302, ,357 1880 1 ,34,022,930 Average, 1876-'80.j 33,929,030 Average, 1871-80.' 33 0,^i9,290 1881 1882 .' 1883 188t 1885 Average, 1881-85. Average, 1870-'85. 3», 952, 204 3.3, 207, 114 35,611,770 I 3.3,001,540 .36, 325, 115 ' 33, 629, 549 34,779,204 i 2.38, 462 200, 109 .78 .68 XIV.— Statement showing in detail the destinations of persons who left the United Kingdom for places out of Europe since the 1st January, 1853, distinguishing English, Scotch, Irish, and foreigners, TO UNITED STATES. Natlonalitiea. Of British otiKin: BngUah Scotch Irish Total of British origin ForeisDers Kot (QstinKQished Total I tc a I' 24,460 86,511 4,3831 7,667 71,85« 69,084 64,975 8,807 44,956 100, «99 113, 262 108, 737 12,060 22,8371 41,886 10,195 6,847 2,1 122,963 1880. 68,081 14,471 83,018 1881. 90.627 18,238 67,839 166,670 88,801 i.r- 142,446163,1861257,274 176,104 129, 701 2,168 807,973 1882. 94,699 19, 004 68,800 1888. 98,892 16,332 82,849 181, 903 191, 673 112,709 927 295,639 60,068 685 1884. 83,324 12, 752 69,204 166,280 48,206 1885. 73,789 13,341 60,667 >»« m 1,646,186 278,36(1 2,043,980 262,226203,619 H. Ex. 157- 137,687' 46,779j 4 3,868,141 1,141,168 174,302 184,47016,183,600 -26 402 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. XIY. -Statement ihowing in detail the destinations of persons who Uft far places out of Europe since the Ut of January, 18.>3, 4o.— TO BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. the United Kingihm ■Continued. NatioDalltles. i "•A IS Vi\ *:mii\ a^ei 4 «,589^ 12,038 13,841 17,164; 27,763 ./,»95 2 4il4' 2 581 3 '"1 ^, l"'-^ 4,630 3,871 NrdKaiVh^:::. \ im\ %m 89 4! i 23,483 14,817 333,8i)2 3, 103 ■-', 34S 95, Hi 4, 508 2, 670 161, aWi 31,134 10,838 5Ul,2li4 5, 860 3, 090 144. 7:i» 43 .52, una ToUl i 19.9"6i 19.»2*, ^'^^ ■'»•'"''. ^''^\ **•*", "'"* I I I ' ' I ! 37, 043 22, 928, 788, 843 TO AUSTRALASIA. Of British origin: English Scotch Irish ToUl of British origin X'OTeignairs •- Not diatingaished i 27 311 14,211 20,035 15,176 15,704,24,846,50,201 6 8«9 4 283 4 107 3 059 2,433 0,240! 10,976 11 6''3 8 2W 105 5 940 4,645, 6,704, 1U,088 45,663 1,077 2,934 ToUl. .40,674 26. 736 80, 8371 24, 184, 22, 082 674; 9281 1,2531 1,410 697 46 1 1 28,020l 81,811 25,438 24,093 37,289; 71,264 1, 3071 1, 753 8;.... 80,907 28,380 4,952 4,731 8,836! 6,284; 710, 542 167, 367 273, 008 44, 255' 39 305 1 1, 050, 1, ^"' 30... IJW. 917 ■1, 185 30,938 38,604, 73,017 45,944; 40,6891,213,040 TO ALL OTHEK PLACES. Of British origin: English Scotch Irish Total of British origin FoTolgners Not distingaisbed Total. 1.24li 3,205 9,408' 14,047 10,681' 16. 2B5 11,648! 9,906 "•428 '•i74, i;070 MOS 2,m 2,368 961, 1.080, 627 2,296 86 2,826 6,307 474 542! 534 4,158. ll,020i 16,886 1.028 2,122; 1,881 1,584| l,980i 2,475 6,765 15,122 20,242 487 518 9,274 1,050 400 199.747 27,314 18,417 20,304! 19,733 13,096 2,021j 2,979; 2,058 2,9021 2,968| 3,194 26,887 25,0701 18,848 11,510 2.002 8,883 17,395 10,724 2,620 2,954 16,298 245, 478 44,462 74,194 364, 134 TO ALL PLACES. Of British origin: English 8om 3, 4o."— ContimuMl. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 408 xy —Statement shntrin)/ the niinibtr of ptrsonM of Englhh, Scotch, and Irinh onghithat left the I'mled Kingdom for pltn en out of Euvofte, with th> proportion that the nnmherof each nathnatity in of thf< total of unch ptrsonn, in ravh of the ijtar»from X'fbW to Iddi, in- clngive. 1883. I 1884. 188:>. I i 13 .(,995 23,403 14,817 333,8(12 10 3,871 3,103 •-',345 95, T« 18 12,319 4,508 2,670 161, 0:.!) ii 44,18.5 31,134 19,8.18 591,204 t4i 9,381 6,860 3,090 144.7:111 ' 43 .52, Uii3 75 63,666 37,043 22,928 788,84:) 146 60,201 :40! 10,976 'U4i 1U,088 !89; 71,264 107, 1, 753 8i.... 80,967 28,880 710, M2 4,952; 4,781 167,867 8,836! 0,284; 273, 0«8 44, 255' 30 305 1. l.W, 917 1,650 1,^"' '1,185 30... 30,938 S04, 73,017 45,944; 40,6891,213,040 2R& 368 080 11, 648' 9, 906 901 1,086 487 618 733 070: 13,096 2,058 3,194 6701 18,848 11,510 2,002 8,883 17,396 9,274 1,050 400 199.747 27,314 18, 417 10,724 2,620 2,954 16,298 245, 478 44,462 74,194 364, 134 . 9921183, 236 147, 660 126, 260 2, 700, 276 248 31^189 21,963 21,867 568,790 :; 132|105, 743j J72>e _60^017|2^. W4 1,866,820,118:242,179 207, 644:5, 855, 740 832,397 7, 649, 680 1,0291 73,260; 67,733 68,783 1,8981 8,779 8,989, 2,958 i^288'897, 167 803, 901 264, 888 .-2t^ir::r:^is;is::5^ ED|{li«b Scotch. Year or period. 1853 •2.918 1854 W.0«« 1838 »T,132l ToUl,1853-'55... IrUh. Total I Britiab Percent- iinil NiiiiilxT. a(te of liUh. tntnl. 8 192, 600 I 10 l.->0, 209 ' j 78, 854 ! 00 50 .53 278, 129 267, 047 1.50,023 211,013 421,072 01 iQM 64,527 4» }i«' 78,t8() 43 liM ■.■.■.■.;■.'. 89,971, 42 tuM 33,030, 35 iMo.:::::: i 20,421! 28 12,033 10,2.53 11,815 10, 182 8,733 8 9 12 10 9 71, 724 48 «l, 238 48 • 43, 281 46 ,52,981 55 60,835 A3 (10.5. 199 "ili.lS 181,061 95.067 97,ug3 95,980 Total, 1856-'60 ,..! 243.409 39 50, 016 10 315,059 51 017.484 1861 22,145 34 ; 1862 3^487i 36, JiSS 1 61,243 32 iiu' 56,618! 30 lies fli.««' 35 0,730 12, 590 1.5,230 i 15, 035 I 12,870 10 13 ' 8 8 7 36,322 I 49,680 116,391 I 115,428 100.076 50 51 00 02 68 Total, 186l-'65 230, 838 33 02, 4C1 418, 497 .58 0.5, 107 97, 703 192,804 187,081 174,801 717, 796 1866 I M.;*? 1887 6.5,494 1808'. M.288 limn 1 90,410 Total, 1866-70 368, 327 35 35 42 40 62 12, 307 12, 860 14,954 22, 539 22, 036 7 8 It 12 11 98,800 »!>, 622 64, MI5 73, 325 74, 283 58 .57 47 39 37 170, 053 150, 082 138, 187 186, 300 202,511 1871. 187« . 1873. 1874. 1876. Total, 1871-76. 1876. 18T7. 1878. 1879. 1880. Total, 187«-'80. 1881. 1882. 1688. 1884. 1886. 43 85,621 10 400, 08.5 47 834,033 102,462 i 118, 190 ; 123,348 , 110,400 ! 84,640 68 I 66 ! 64 I 60 I 10, 232 19, 641 21,310 20,286 14,686 645,016 56 05,053 10 10 10 71,067 72,763 88,692 60,400 41,449 10 329, 467 78,300 63,711 72,323 101, 276 111,645 426,660 Total 1881-'85 Grand total, 18&V85 (88 yean) 180,076 162,092 188,286 147,600 136,260 760,124 2,700,270 67 67 04 64 40 68 38 57 61 61 60 48 10,097 8,653 11,087 18, 703 22,060 70,506 26,826 82,242 81, 139 21,968 21,367 188,627 808,790 10 10 25,970 22,831 29,402 41,296 93,641 213, 236 76,200 84,182 1CS,748 72,666 60,017 37 35 37 31 80 34 24 24 20 25 41 81 SO 88 80 20 i92, 731 210, 494 228, 345 197, 272 140, 676 969,537 109,460 95, 196 112, 002 161,274 227, S42 700,882 243,002 270,866 320, 118 242,179 207,044 808,668 3,400^074 31 42 1,202,300 8,858,740 v--T'C»wp">fr^ ">; 404 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. XVI.— Sitttement thawing in dttnil, fur Englinh, Scotch, Iriih, and foreign rmlgranU in each of tk* years 1877 to 18H5, the number and sex of adult emigrants, the excess of males over /emales, and the nnviber of children, compared vilh the total numher of emiyranln. NationaatlM. XnglUh. Booteb. IriA. Ailalta, Children nod iDfiiptH. Total i nnmlier of einigruiU. Males. , Females. I Excess of males (ivor ft'iiialrs. Proportliifl of Tiitnl I clillitreii tn niinibi-r. j total emij{rabti«. Total of British origin . VoMlgnen. 1877 187« 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1877 1878 1878 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 18;%! 1883 1884 188S 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 188S 1884 188S 83,711 72, 323 104, 275 111,845 139, 970 102.902 183, 82fl 147, eoii 120. 200 8.653 11,087 18,70:t 22, O'lfi 20, (<2H 32, 242 31, 139 21,953 ; 21, 307 , 22,831 ; 29, 492 41, 2M 93,041 7fl,2(K) 84, 132 i 105,743 I 72,666 60,017 95,195 112,902 I 164, 274 227 542 243,002 279,866 320,118 242, 179 207, 644 21,289 31,697 49,480 100, 869 144,381 180,029 73,260 57,778 BS,788 34,230 39, 872 59,007 50, 1,10 74, 227 84,170 92, 762 70,577 67, 345 4,547 5,756 0,805 11,047 13.814 10,316 14, .506 10. 561 10, 707 10, 313 13, ^•.■4 18,029 42,316 34, 027 38, 757 43, 6.36 80,040 26, 169 49,090 58,852 87,801 112,513 122,668 139, 243 150,994 117.778 104.22'. 11,649 17,948 29,320 56,668 78, 240 72,384 88,805 31,780 28,725 18,788 20, 721 20, B62 31,018 37, 424 4.5, 418 r> 1.800 42, 839 SO, 733 2,563 3,180 4,724 0,051 7,038 8,614 8, 822 6,341 6,148 9,820 12, 700 17, 046 39,368 31,098 .34, 126 43,020 30, 819 26,631 31, 1.57 36,601 48,432 76, 437 70,160 88,158 103, 708 ;e, 999 69, 512 5.895 8,157 11, 378 23,732 83,637 30. 882 19,167 14,969 1^067 15.462 10,718 19. 151 11,730 32, 345 18, 606 28, i:)2 21, 677 36, h(P3 28, 325 38, 7.52 3;i, 404 40,t<9e 38,608 33,7;i« 28, 244 30,612 ' 22, 182 1,984 1,643 2, 576 j 2,151 S, 141 4,114 4,906 i 4,958 6,770 1 5,074 7, 702 i 7,312 5,774 7,721 4, 220 5,051 4,599 4,512 487 2,002 524 3,568 1,883 5, 321 2,948 11,057 2, 029 9,875 4,631 11, 249 016 19, 087 *179 11,107 -462 7,217 17, 933 14,048 22, 251 17, 449 39, 300 28,041 36, 076 38,592 46,508 44,174 51, 085 61,965 47,286 65,414 37,779 44,402 34, 709 33, Oil 5,7o4 3,745 0,791 5,592 17, 042 8,782 32,936 19,969 44,003 82,504 41,552 26,813 19,638 15,288 16,761 11,034 13,658 9,991 Ptr cent. 10. P 16.2 17.8 19.4 30.2 30.5 31.1 19.1 17.6 17.8 19.4 32.0 23.6 32.3 22.7 24.8 23.0 21.1 11.8 12.1 12.9 12.8 13.0 13.4 18.1 15.3 12.0 15.7 15.5 17.1 17.0 18.2 18.6 20.4 18.3 16.3 17.6 17.6 17.7 19. » 22.5 20.6 20.9 19.1 18. S *Xxo«M of fenialM over inalM. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 406 d foreign vmigrantu ia eacK ((«, the exee»» of ma let over umher of emiyrantn. Children nod iDfaptii. .cesH Proportliin of vor 1 niinibfr. j total lali'g. eml^raiitH. 1 Ptr cent. ^462 10,713 16.? J. 151 11,730 16.2 i, :t45 IH, 0(16 17.8 i. 1 12 21, 677 19.4 6, h(P:t 28, 325 20.2 «, 752 3;i, 404 20.5 0,H96 38,608 21.1 3, TM 28, 244 19.1 0. 612 ' 22, 182 17.6 1.0f*4 1,M3 17.8 2, 570 ; 2,151 19.4 5, 141 i 4,114 22.0 4, 0116 4, 958 22.6 0, 770 , 5,974 22.3 7, 702 1 7, 312 22.7 5,774 7,721 24.8 4, 220 5,051 23.0 4,599 4,512 21.1 487 2,602 11.8 524 3,568 12.1 \,»»'i 5, 321 12.9 2,»48 11,957 12.8 2, 029 9,875 1.3. 4,631 11, 240 13.4 616 19, 087 18.1 *179 11,107 16.3 -462 7,217 12.0 7,933 14, 948 15.7 >2, 251 17, 449 15.5 0, 3(i9 28,041 17.1 6, 076 38,592 17.0 6,508 44,174 18.2 1, 089 61,065 18.6 7,286 65,414 20.4 17,779 44,402 18.3 14, 709 33, Oil 16.3 5,7o4 3,745 17.6 9,791 5,592 17.6 17, 042 8,782 17.7 12,936 19,969 19.9 14,603 82,504 22.5 11.552 26,813 20.6 19,638 15,288 20.9 16,761 11,034 19.1 13,658 9,991 18.0 XVII —Statement thouing the total ttumher of Britinh and foreign immigranli,fr 7«, 5flO 01,010 81, 4. W FROM imiTISH NORTH AMERICA. Britisli ami Irish.. ForeiniKTs . . Not dlKtint{uiihe0 47, (107 1881 B'J,7U7 18KJ M,711 188» 78. 804 1884 1 01, HSU 1886 ' 8,1, 4fi« ic:: 17,7.V. 1H78 'Si. <'II7 1».TU Hi, 037 IdWI •J 1,300 18H1 ■M. 308 181.2 •.'V, .-K-J 188a 26. 600 18C4 3'J, UU7 1885 i!7,006 3S, 408 31,343 21,035 2n, 1107 28, 71-0 ■M\ 277 4,"). 02(< 5.5, «•« 40, OOtI ll.lHl 14 373 (1,070 11,47.. ' 13,037 . 11,002 18,040 21,228 17,4Sa Jtalance of emigration, ihauoting total recorded immigratiov from Mai recorded '' emiijration. Years. 407 XsetM of idrIm over {euinles. ChlHrcD «nd ta- fiti.ts. Total nuiulwr. I'rnpor- tlou iif rliililren to total iinml- granU. r8 224,055 \ 04,420 •140 240, .114 ( ! 3.5.043 *1,207 160, 823 r 1 31,440 127 122, 170 I of his returns for the 8 accompany these re- auped, epitomized, and f. ade is good. to the United Kingdom e United States and North I. The pbeuoinenon may be given by some of the Aus- euH in years when iiiitnral intries, the How is to North I: at a time when emigration iiral inference from this cir- itive " emigration, and that ies to which they depart in the diminution of immigra- 1 which are likely to promote gration increases, immigra- uruiug, immigration will be 1 be a small excess of emi- I seem to be at th(> eompara- ) seen [see Table XXI, page a and immigration both in- of emigrants ; that in 1874 large increase of immigra- iuution, the exact contrary ire was a steady decliuo of than the latter, so that the that the present movement iy an increane of both enli- st emigration, and thereby ration. Of course I do not ect being to call attention ith those of former periods. How accurately, however, even at that early day, Mr. Gitlen discerned the rule, since more comjiletely developed, will be seeii by reference agiiin to the table indicated above between brnckets, viz, Table XXI, of this rei)ort. It has already been stated incidentally [coiitiiiii<>s Mr. GitVcii] that the itrioiciiial part of the increase of einigratioii, as was the caso last yrar, i.s lo tiic I'liiti'd States aud IJritish North America, in which, us I liail often ticcasimi to jmint out in ioriiier reports, the chief falling oil' in previous years oceurrcd. The point seems ileserviiig of t'niler Btatenieiit. The iiitoivuce from the I'oMini' tailing otf was that tlic natural .stream of emigration was to North America, and tlic i iiii;;ratii>u to Aii.'-tralia wasouly .steadier because it was not so comple'ely selt'-sii]>])ni-iiiiu'; an- l)ar('ntly supported by the direction of the stream ot emigration wln-ii tradi' lieromes good. Almost all the increase goes to North Ainenca and very lirile to Australia. Thus, taking all emigrants, including foreigners, we iiiid that out of a total increase of 70,(!00 in 1879 compared with iHTri, no less than Tjy.Ouo is an inert as4! of emigration to the United States and 9,000 to British North America, leaving oidy 8,000 as the in- crease to all other places, including Australia. The iiicvi'ase to x\.iiK-rica, moreover, is aliout fij per cent., whereas to Australia it, is very little over l:{ per cent. Dealing with the emigration of persons of British and Irish oiigin only, wi' lind that whil^^ thi' tota! increase as above stated is 51,37:;^ ])ersoi's, the ii.c ica>e to the United States only is o7,ll" the remarkable in- to the United States, rease of 240 jier cent. The increase in the . from 1S77 to 1878, and but 10 per cent, from 187S to 1S79. "In other words," says Mr. Gifteu, " the natural stream of emiftialiou to North America, which was almost wholly suspended in 1870 and 1877, and which began to flow a little in 1878, had once more swollen to dimensions greatly in excess of the comparatively steady emigration to Australia." REGULARITY IN THE OPERATION OF THE LAW. The regularity iu the '■ise and fall of emigration and immigration which had begun to be >b v rved in the report lor 1871). as quoted above, continued so uninterrui^'*^aly that, iu remarking upon the decline in iinniigration iu 1855, iVlr. Giffen, iu his report for last year, again dis- cusses the subject, as follows : The pecnliarity [here] is that whereas iu 1S81 there was an increase of inimigra- tion, which reached its ni:roceeding to tlie United States was oS»,000, while the number of English and Scotch proceeding to the same destination was M,000. In li^ir'.i. how- ever, the latest maxiiunm year, the total emigration was ;t5iO,01iO,und of this only lli.'>,000, or lt;ss than one-third, were Irish, so that although H3,000 of this number of 105,000 proceeded to the United States, the projwrtion proceeding to that destination was altogether not so largo as it had been in the years when the Irish element |ire- ponderated. The proportion of English emigrants now proceeding to the United States appears to be not four-hfths, as is the case with the Irish element, but only abont one-half, and it is thesainn with the Scotch emigration. In 1."!"'4 the proportion of English antl Scotch emigrants proceeding to the United States was somewhat larger, but still nothing like the proportion in which the Irish emigration has tbat country for its destination. In his report for 1882, however, Mr. Giflfen devoted more than usual attention to the subject of Irish emigration, and what he had to say then will be found of great interest : While the number of Irish persons emigrating, which shomred a decline of about 17,000 iu l-'Hl from the large total of 93,000 in IStiO, increased last year to 84,000 [said Mr. Giifen), yet the proportion of Irish to the total emigration from the United Kingdom is rather less than it was in 1^81, being nearly 30 as compared with 31 per cent.; it aii]>ear8, in fact, that the increased emigratiou of persons of English origin amounts to '23,000, the total being 163,000, and the increased emigratiou of persons of Scotch origin is about 5,400, the total being 3*2,000, so that last year there were about 195,000 English aud Scotch persons emigrating as compared with 84,000 Irish. The circumstances promoting emigratiou from the Uni.ed Kingdom must thus be consid- ered to nave been very general, and not very specially coqnected with the condition of Ireland. The sudden increase of Irish emigration in 1880 remains an exceptional phenomenon, but the total which has been reached iu 188'J may be considered as iu correspondence with the general iignres of the emigration from the United Kingdom. While the Irish emigration has thus come to be due to much the same causes as that of the rest of the United Kingdon, though it is somewhat larger in proportion to the population, it would appear from a new comparative tab^e which has been prepared, that there are interesting diU'erences between it and the English aud Scotch emigra- tiou, iu regard, first, to the proportion of the adult single female emigration to the total numlier of single adults emigrating; and, second, to the proportion of the num- ber of children to the total emigrants. Both in the English and Scotch emigration the excess of males over females among the single adults emigrating is very large. Among the English emigrants in 1882 thi!ri> were (53,99*2 adult single males, as compared with 22,519 adult single females, the excess being no less than 41,473, or nearly twice the number of adult single females emigrating. In the recent years of high emigration also, it will be seen, the proportions were much the same, the excess of adult single males over adult single feuiales emigrating being about twice the number of the fe- males. In 1879 the excess was nearly three times the number of females. The figures &i to the Scoth emigration are also much the same. The adult single male emigrants in 1882 of Scotch origin were 13,451, the adult single female emigrants 4,857, and the excess of males over females 8,594. When we come, however, to the Irish emigration, we find that the adult single male emigrants in 188°J were '34,937, and the adult single female emigrants were28,t)05, the excess of males over females Iteing thus (),332 only, or less than a fourth of the number of females ; similarly, in 1881 and 1880, the num- ber of adult single female e iiigrauts was '26,G44 and 33,269 respectively, the excess of males over females being In each case about 4,600 only. It is plain from these tigure 3, therefore, that while of the nnmber of single adults in the case of English and Scotch emigrants much the largest proportion are males, the proportions of the two sexes among the single adults are very nearly equal in the case of the Irish emigration. The inference would seem to be that there must be special causes attracting female THE UNITED KINGDOM. 413 B pupulutioii oi' Ire- nil a seveutb of the smigration is uearly 8 reached was about a certain degree of ish for America, as If (Miii^ratiun li-om tbp go ill the «lestiiiatiou ot" ■rageeiuigrafinu of per- IriNli,aiul of these Irish !),000, while the iiiiuiber IS ;4,000, lu 1H«}. how- •JO,0(iO,HU(l of this onlv 3,0U0 of this miuiljer of (liii^ to that (lestinntiou I the Irisli eh-iueut jire- oeeeclinir to the Uuited V Irish oTenicnt, but only . Ill lrt"'4 the proportion ;ecl Stntes was somewhat isb euiigratioii has that ted more than usual what he had to sav lojtred a decliue of about eased last year to 84,000 ligratioi) from the United lis compared witli 31 per lersons of English origin 1 emigration of persons of »8t vear there were about il with 84,000 Irish. The lorn must thus be consid- lected with the coudition 10 remains an exceptional 'ort for 1870 occurs the following observation upon the classifleation of the occupations of eniiprants, as piveu in the table under that beadfor that year, which, I take it, equally appbes to the tables of "occuiiations" in succeeding reports, including Table V, given on page 394 of this report: These figures as to occupiitinus are necessarily soinewlmt loose, ow ing to the f i'^^"''*''^^' Iji'^lM^ of the previous yearn. MONTH ENDED SEPTEMBER 30. I United States. British I ,1 Nortli AastralaBla.j America. All other Places. Total. NationalitleB. English. Scotch.. Irish ... Total of British origin.. Foreigners •■-• — .•V'i' Nationality not dlstlngaished 11 490 9,610 2,374 1,519 3,724 8,362 2^309 1245' '312 159 4151 859 6,766 4;763| SlSj 275; 680| 495 19,656 ll,-390 Total 3».»*5 16,608 4,157 3,004! 1,953| 4,8191 4,206 4611 121 70 92 1886. i 1885. 1886. 1885. 1,433 1,009 19,021 15,490 198 123 3,234 1.886 ", 6,818, 5,559 64; 1,695 1,168 29,073 22,935 267! 308 12,188 4,678 3951 369 398 309 19,765 3,465 2,074' 4,889| 4,2981 2,357, 1,845 41,656, 27,982 NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER, 30. iffi::::::::::::::::::::::. %\Z Irish ■ Total of British origin . Foreigners -..-,, , . . Nationality not dlstlngnished Total 45.976 126,696 70,188 196,883 69,592 10,585 44,591 16,717113,295 24,525 2,613i 2,197 3,102 2,532 2,417 8,920 20,454 7 8,672 4,784, 114,768 21,862117,909 39,888 4,9861 2,654 31, 547 674 154,16626,84820,663 32,221 184 803 268 28,8101 8,265 952 1,638 ... 2,102 6,229 682 270 7,181 1,844 1,764 29,76211,996 115,3831 20, 28o: 52,696 90,570 17, 036 62,062 10,789 188,359! 168,668 77,486 44,838 2, 102l 1, 764 267, 947 218, 270 no™ -The above flgnre. being made up at the earUest po«ilble date after tie clo«, of e«=h month, ,re subject to correction in the annnal returns. j^ (jn-pEN. COMMBBCIAI, DKPABTMBlrr, BOABD OF TBADK, OctobtT 6, 1886. 416 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. It will be observed that tbe total uninbci ofemi^Tiints of Driti.sh ori- gin to all places out of Europe, wbi(!b was l(i8,fl.S,S for tbe iiiue uioiitbs ended September 30, 18<5, i8 l.S8,359 for tbe saiuc period tins yewr — an increase of 19,691, or 11. G7 per cent. But wbile tbe t-olouies reeoive tbis year01,Cfi4 apaiust 53,900 iu 18»5,uu increase of 7,704, or 1-4.40 percent., the United States receive 120,09.") against 114,708, an increase of n,'.»:j7, or but 10.39 per cent. Separatinjj tbe colonies, bowever, I>riti»ili North America has 21,802 tbis year against 17,909 last year, an increase ot 3,953, or 22 per cent., while Anstrabisia has 31,547 against 28,81./ last year, an increase of 2,737, or but 9.5 per cent. Conibinin;.' the United States and British North America, the figures are 148,*. j/ tliis year against 132,077 last, an increase of 15,880, or 12 per cent. Or, following the method observed iu Mr. GiU'en's animal tables, the statement would show tbe relation which the British emigration to each country bears to the total British emigration in Table XII, page 400 of this report, as follows : XXVIII «. Date. United Stbtes. Nw't'h ' A""'"!- Another America. : ""'»• , P'»««»- 1886 Per cent. 06 07 Percent. Percent. Percent. 10 19 f Nine montlig of 1886 12 17 4 Again, the increase in the total English movement over last year's is 15.88 per cent. ; in the Scotch, 19.04 per cent. ; and in the Irish, 1.22 per cent. ; wbile the increase in the English movement to the United States is 12.36 per cent. ; in the Scotch, 30.01 per cent.; and in the Irish, 3.10 per cent. THE DISPERSED ABROAD. As an appropriate siipplement to the foregoing statistics, I subjoin a table, prepared by Mr. John O'Neill for the October number of The Nineteenth Century Magazine, which displays in one direction — the horizontal — the numbers of born natives of each country who are now living out of that country, ^viid at the same time in the vertical columns the numbers of foreigners who reside in each such country. Only the born natives of the parent countries, says Mr. O'Neill, have been consid- ered, descendants of such emigrants becoming absorbed among the nat- ural population of their adopted countries. Tbe compiler hopes in these statistics, admittedly imperfect but the best to be bad, to lay the foun- dation for those more elaborate and complete statistics which may be won at some future time, when advancing civilization shall give us, along with other international arrangements, the benefit of regulations for periodical and contemporaneous censuses, accompanied by uniform records of emigration, immigration, and re-emigration. >I. runts of liritLsh ori- tur the nine uiuntlis >eriod tins year — an j'olouies receive tlii.s >4,or 1-4.40 per rent., n increase of n.'.c'T, rever, llrititili North year, an inerease ot 7 against 28,81.- hl^t jnibinin;.' the Unitud 'e 148,'. j/ this year cent. Or, following: the statement woultl ach conn try bears to 00 of this report, as lea. AuHtral- aRta. All other places. mt. Per cent. 10 10 12 17 Per cent. nt over last year's is in the Irish, 1.22 per to the United States lud in the Irish, 3.10 tatistics, I subjoin a ber number of The one direction — the juntry who are now the vertical columns country. Only the ill, have been consid- rbed among the nat- npiler hopes in these lad, to lay the foun- bistius which may be ation shall give us, eneflt of regulations npanied by uniform on. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 417 XXIX —Ximhfrt ofhiym naiwet of each countrii notr living out of that country, together with the number of re»ident forHgnert, and the balance in favor of or agauwt each country. Nationality. 3 n I R46 . 616. 2, 272 3,H00 834 1,478. Anatro-llunxariana BelgianH (LnxeiDboiirg) Dai.eM, Swedes, Norwf glana KDKlisli OnlontaU ■ - - French 2,«05 52,189| 800 Germann i 08,702 4i,eil8j 37,912 Dnteh 266 41,430 13l| ItaliauH 144,724 219 33 Kiissinns and Poles | 11,904 1 7,7761 Spaniards and Portugnese . 131 Swiss Other Europeans Clilneeo Other Asiatics Africans Americans (United States) North Americans Sonth Americans J Australians, &n Not specified 488 8 2,913 2,S82 8,151 12,090 432, 265 2, 223 37.006 6.714. 12, 502, 8, 241 201 328 1,418. Total foreigners in each country Living out or their own country Balance in favor. Balance against . 182, 676 145, BOB 836, 7181496, 695 154,037 351,189 145, 863 . 1,5,725. 88, 228 5, 357 7,189 14,6661 1,858 4,311 1,503 484 258. 117,997 12, 235 34,946 11, 139 e I 18, 816 '1,614 I Si; 81,986 21, 232 240, 7:i3, 10. 489 74,633 60, 281 3,001 510 2361 S 18,496: 9,816|j 1,602 60,968 794,623 743,656 18,496: '26,124 8.225 293,7081,001,090 4,177,789 482,663 3,884,081. S18,427 17, 278 'i7,'698,. 7,115. 15,097,. 865 28, 241 1,040 63 •433 805 9,046 879 2,662 288 42,026 16,092 583 609306,500 7, 802 6, 007 'i,'866 10, 781 5,234 204 5,320 1,195 276,781: 68,971 1,387 998 12,104 1,963 810 1,381 547 461 l,P0O 59,956 314,307 2, 601, 166 148, 256|l, 077, 216 2,824,436 79,2841,017,260 NationaUty. Anstro-HnngaTlans . . Belgians (Luxembonrg)| Danes, Swedes, Norwe-j gians English Colonials Krenoh Germans Dutch Italians Bnasians and Poles — Spaniards and Poitn gnese Swiss Other Buropeans Chinese Other Asiatics "■ Africans Americans (United States) North Americans SoDth Americans 271 360 466 6,569 17,667 952 82 8.826 51 464 527 384 • 8 800 1,135 1,194 13,194 600 382 2,812 158,902 89, 923 488 41,645 1,285 268 "i64 a i ■ < 29,867 4,189 2,542 89, 328 74,693 101 93,652 7,625 119, 173 "8,666 82,191 '1,351,828 1,111 6,961 8 £ 1 H 8,022' 637 136,850 28,371 29 440,262 10,043 3,230,404 15,716 106,971 l,9481,8Jfl,r42 221' 58, 090 176, 103 » 84, 279 62, 203 533 625 412 88,579 "i,'l68 188 27,688 88,621 108,924 "*28,"698 794,967 4,666 Si "I •o -A I' a" .5 . * f€ a 836,713 496,695 639! ' 794,628 62,080678,463 4,177,739 145,868 181,6301 192| 482,668 109,974 8,206 408,232 837, 184 91 « 1,988, 117 •60,632 44,600 931 1*2,670,488 43,803 2,601,166 148,256 1,077,216 147, 671 2,877 9,877 '60,'693 2,0C6 463,127 207,430 2,268,250 1,611.742 60,620 69, 871 ^8,828, 67* ■ 6,339 Alsaoe-LorralneTS. ' Siam, Java, Madeira. '48,667 Poles. H. Ex. 157— * Mexico only. •Pern. •2,626,728 in Fern alone. ' Hawaii and Engllah colonies. -27 418 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. XXlX.—yiimher of born nativtt of each country, ^o.— Continued. Nationalltjr. AvRtraDant. Ice . Notspeclfled i Cfi I (A 1 2,017 8311 4,M1' fl,187 1 li 51 V?. I ? * 6 -25 -11 i; 79. 4,908. 183. « !,1M Tot*] forelinera iDeacbcooDtn-.i 41,706 211,035382,757 1, 648, 844 140, 883 7, 800, 942 «, 033, 105,789, 521 Llrinu lint of their' I ; , own country. . . 4S3, 1271207, 480| I Balance In favor 411,424 Balance agalnat.. I I 8,805 5,195 287,894 18, 740,803 The compiler makes the following cc° imenta on the above table, so far as it relates to America : The born foreigners who are now in the American continents, north and sonth, amount to more tiian 13,000,000 out of our gross totals of nearly 19,000,000. United States immigration, which first sprang into great activity in the decade 1841-'50, reached its highest point, 730,000—2,000 a day— in \S-ii. In 11^84 it had snnk tem- porarily, no doubt, to 461,000. At the same time it will be seen that these immigrant hosts have by no moans permanently settled down, for 3,.529,0U(i Americans now live outside their proper countries. It is to be regi'otted that the inconsistent modes of framing its statistics adopted by different countries preclude a complete analysis of the figures, which there was no choice but to amalgamate for the Un' ^«d States, Mexico, tiie rat of North Amerioa, and Sonth America. The mnigration from Canada to the States is noteworthy, 1,000,000 having crossed the fhmtier before 1884 and 46,000 more in that year. Forty -four per cent, of the Canadian immigrants of 1881-'8!2-'83 passed on to the States. There are, per contra, 78,000 natiyea of the States in the Dominion. It is a significant fact that Mexico now holds nearly 8,000,000 of bom Europeans, or 38 per cent, of her population. As regards South Amerioa, Brazil showed an immigration, at Rio de Janeiro, in four recent jean, of 93,000 Europeans, chiefly PortU|^ese, Italians, and Germans. But this \a lar snrpaaaed by the Argentine Republic, wUoh received in the same years 876,000 immigrants, mainly from Italy, Spain, and France. The numbers for 1684 were 103,000, whereas Brazil had only 16,000 in that year. 7a Uruguay the immigra- tion is abont 2,000 a ^ear. With the foregoing i^neral statistics before us, it is now possible more accnrately and nnderstandinpfly to consider the sabject of emigration in its specific relation to this consnlar district. For the reason, how- ever, mentioned at the ontset of this report, it is not possible to give statistics for the district of Manchester which approach accaracy nearer than may be inferred from a comparison (1) of the population of this district with that of England and with that of the United Kingdom, and (2) of the motives for emigration existing in this district with like motives in the country at large, eo far as I have been able to ascertain a difference in tiiem. MANCHESTER'S 8HASE OF EMIGRATION. The consular district of Manchester, a8 will appear from the map, embraces the greater part of Tjaneashire, a cou.sldei-abie part of Cheshire, and small portions of Derbyshire and Yorkshire. Practically it con- forms to what the laws of trade constitute " the Manchester district." This is the gi^at commercial city of Manchester i tself, whose population , including its suburbs immediately contiguous, the last edition of the ,0 -Contiuued. in :8a.s68 ^ 1 1: 9 Its S,1B5 2, 150 237, 394 fl,033.10»,78»,621 1 IH, 740,803 1 1 I the above table, so uentB, north and south, early 19,000,000. United y in the decade 1841-'50, lu l'^84 it bad sunk tein- leen that these immigrant ),000 Aam one to twelve years auil infaats : Males Females Total I a (9 e B 9se 1,322 8,710 ! 1.287 I 102 217 772 242 306 481 1,300 496 7,228 I 1,428 i 2,682 778 708 160 169 8,707 1,748 340 326 3,348 5 I 47 47 77 30 210 18 14 242 114 180 I 15 23 71 86 114 S2 293 27 28 348 11 1^ SS 81 97 87 i 22 50 ao 207 122 17 14 I 238 I 186 Totd. 1,774 2,200 6,171 2.134 12,270 1,855 1,262 14,886 * Salford is omitted, because included in Manchester. 420 EHIORATION AND IMMIGRATION. Again, combinitiK the totals of BritiHh (and IriHb) eDiipinvoid ns found in Mr. Gifl'en's tables of "occupations" tor each of^ tbe c; • /oar.* from 1877 (the first year in wbicb tbe nationalities and occupatic- • ' '"re ooiii distinguisbed) to 1885, 1 get the subjoined table, vhicb exuibits in its last column— 9 per cent, of one-ninth of tbe totalt" — the avrrage nu!ii- ber of each class proceeding annually from the Mauche.^ i ..istrict: XXJ.a,—yumhfr of aduUt of tach $ex of Britiih and Irink origin who t^t this United Kingdom for jilacis out of Europe in tach of the nine yeart beginning trith \817, and in all of laid years, and of the average pro rata ehare of the Mancheittr dintriet for each $uch year. Oconp>tt(io. AEiicnltnral laborers. K'rdeners, carters, fto. Kan Bakcra, oiinfectioners, Sio. Blafk8ni:tU* ami farriers Bool and sba« luakera Bratiers, UoRmithii, wbiteamltha, &o Btick and tile makers, pottera, lie Bricklayers, masons, plasterers, slaters, tie Builders Batcbera, poolterers, &o Cabloet-makera and opholiterera CaipeDtera and Jolnera Clerks and agents Clock aod wstch maker*, and Jeweler* Coacb makers and trimmer* Coopers Domeatic aervanta Bnnine drtTer*, stokers, fto Engineers Faimersand graaiera OentlemeD, professional men, merobanta, *o Laborers, general Lookamitba, gnnsmitb*, be llecbanios HUlers, maltsters, &c Miners and qnarrymen Paicters, paper-bangers, plamber*, and glailer* PrlKCera Saddlers and harness-makers Sawyera Seamen .. Shipwrigbta Shopkeepers, shopmen, watehoaaemen, fto Smiths, general Spinners and weavers Ta;lors Tai:nersand cnrrlers Turners , Wheelwrighte and mill Wright* AriET and navy : Offiuers Men Othe< trades and professions , Occapation not stated Femalet.* Domestic and farm servants, ntirses, fto... Qentlewomen and governesses Milliners, dressmskers, needlewomen, &o . Shopwomen Othei trades and profession* Occapation not stated 1877. 4,078 113 128 IBS 83 10 888 87 181 83 1,889 1,888 28 27 88 171 190 481 2,477 g,e!UI 9,810 15 a, 683 84 1,428 282 60 23 80 161 16 433 168 80 218 20 18 80 868 812 1,687 9,767 6,917 881 205 13 110 23,881 1878. 1879. 6,097 144 144 148 25 85 820 46 179 34 1,285 1,495 41 35 25 152 100 640 3,290 10,011 13,701 7 3,582 42 1,176 127 66 26 25 172 18 648 147 82 207 18 15 59 702 87 1,844 10,095 8,771 08 208 11 165 27.863 150 2'.'« 175 00 78 1,185 117 305 68 2, 002 1,941 48 87 53 185 145 703 5,883 10,785 28,504 14 7.515 59 8,983 309 93 59 27 229 37 1,298 168 300 289 26 58 511 79 3,082 13,353 10, 152 87 348 9 242 37,504 1880. 1881. 8,921 2,673 IBO 147 140 ISA 142 158 44 46 67 52 1,195 1,117 83 267 41 1,900 1,810 33 14 62 200 60 632 7,212 11,762 50,064 6,639 45 2,802 269 110 34 8 199 34 1,245 263 514 803 23 27 20 621 77 8,650 15, 783 18,767 96 277 14 318 66,875 63 147 68 1,792 1,470 54 17 44 200 92 5«4 4,174 11,648 59,833 10 6,820 41 3,878 264 89 44 82 190 147 1,312 238 601 277 15 28 53 1882. 5,138 281 215 83 Ol 1,069 119 193 112 1, 822 1,676 43 47 28 236 17H 960 4,866 13, 401 69,782 8 5,726 77 3,078 543 100 65 37 123 15 1,075 258 350 299 41 39 71 554 559 75 61 8,609 2,904 20, 496 22, 728 18,512 143 235 7 438 56,825 31,460 148 459 9 480 65.583 Total 80,247 95,453 136,233 188,950 108,828 227,401 * Or the " paaaenger* mU " all pwwm* tvdTe yew* of age and upwards are held to be adult*. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 421 enii?'.! Ij r? found thet; .oivM from capatio ■ rrf ooiii rbich exuibits in itH — the avrrnge nir ;• icbeou 1 uiHtrict: rtgin who li\ft the United •ginning icith 1877, and in nv.hrtUr diglrict for each XXXa.—yitmber of adiiltn of each *er of British and Irl$h origin who left the I'nited Kingdom for [ilacen out of Europe, ^c. — Continued. 78. 1880. 1881. 1883. 000 3,921 8,678 6,138 IMI 186 147 281 'J'JII 140 156 2n-. 175 142 158 215 00 44 46 83 78 67 62 01 1H5 1,1»5 1,117 1,869 117 83 63 118 aos 267 147 193 68 41 68 112 002 1,900 1,792 1,822 Ml 1,810 1,470 1,676 4tl 83 54 43 87 14 17 47 52 62 44 28 185 200 200 236 US 60 92 KB 7ea 632 564 560 ,882 7,212 4,174 4,866 ,786 11,762 11,648 13,401 ,604 60,064 69,828 69,732 14 4 10 6 ,816 0,639 6,820 6.«6 6I» 45 41 77 ,»88 2,802 3,878 3,078 SOS 269 264 643 03 110 89 100 69 84 44 55 27 8 32 37 229 199 190 123 37 34 147 16 ,298 1,245 1,312 1,075 168 263 233 258 300 614 601 35U 289 808 277 259 26 23 16 41 68 27 23 39 02 20 62 71 611 621 554 659 79 77 76 61 ,032 3,650 3,600 2,994 ,353 16,793 20,496 22,728 .162 18,757 18,612 21,460 87 86 143 148 348 277 236 459 9 14 7 9 242 318 488 480 ,594 66.976 56,825 66.683 ,233 188,850 198, 828 227,401 •rda aie held to be adalte. Occapatlon. J/alM* AsricnUnrnllnborxra, garclenen, cartera, Uo liiiktrii, cnnfectlonorB, Sco ninckiniitlm unil furrler.4 iXivn Kiid hIioo niHkcrH Ilrn/.U'iK, tlnBmitbr rbtteamlthi, Ito r.ric'k iinU tile makura, pottera, &c BricklBvnra, maaona, plaatnrera, alatera, fto Iliilltlira lliitcliors, ponlterera, *o ( '.iblut'l-niakera bdiI iipholaterera I 'ill peiitcra aiid juluera Clcrkaand agenta • ( '1(K' k uud watch makora, and Je welera Coacb inakera and trimmera ■ CoDpera ' Donicatio aerranta EnglnK driven, atokera, fto ■ Enitiueera FnriiierH and (iraziora ' Oentlemi'n, prufeaaional men, mercbanta, &o Lnb()rers, Renornl LockHiuitba, gunauiitba, &o Meohanioa Millfra. maltateia, &o Mlnera luid quarrymen Pnintpra, paper-bangera, plambera, and glaziera . Printora Saddlera and haraeaa-makera Sawyera Seamen ShipwriKbta Sbopkeepera, abopmen, warcbooaemen, &o Smftba, general Spinnera and weavera Tallora Tannera and cnrriera Tamera Wbeelwrigbta and millwrlghta < Army and naTy: OfUoera Men Other trades and profeaalona Occupation not atated Femalu.* Domeatlo and farm aerranta, nuraea, Slo .. Gentlewomen and soTemeaaea MUlinera, dreaamakera, needlewomen, Jcc. Sbopwomen Spinneraand weavera Other trudea and profeaalona Occapation not atated Total 284,702 I 187,777 178,783 1,653,324 ISO. 8,094 309 426 401 213 136 8,356 90 365 215 3,388 2,359 78 70 i;i6 231 286 780 6,258 13,740 70,834 15 6,009 84 4,519 1,351 201 89 66 197 3* 1,347 303 386 503 62 77 120 407 71 8,186 21,766 29,674 100 777 26 1884. 666 72,666 9,212 281 279 261 105 62 1,188 96 231 114 1,720 3,207 111 57 69 3:ie 100 705 5,126 12,933 48, 114 16 4,787 71 3,686 877 186 56 .S6 244 46 1,808 182 813 324 31 35 82 296 36 1,948 19,828 19,538 102 500 30 42 386 59, 407 1886 9,087 4:10 2.10 279 68 45 1,008 110 108 no 1,374 2,849 91 39 20 485 142 674 5,223 9,441 32,807 Total nine yean. 4,473 82 3,326 802 130 44 34 330 28 1,266 132 231 318 28 33 50 327 47 1,416 26,479 19,598 146 537 46 92 265 48,835 62,399 2,170 1,084 1,934 686 536 11,474 770 2,046 814 16,831 17,166 519 343 523 2,212 1.403 57,09 44,014 102, 840 383,305 80 47, 873 cm •«, 822 4,404 1,044 439 311 1,846 376 9,926 1,851 2,707 2,683 264 385 552 4,545 845 23,635 161, 204 163,368 1,295 3, .546 163 134 3,069 448,689 Manebea. ter'a aver- age per annnm. 524 23 20 10 7 « lis 8 21 S 168 178 6 8 5 28 14 87 440 1,029 3,834 1 479 6 278 46 10 4 8 18 4 90 10 27 27 8 8 6 46 8 236 1,618 1,533 18 36 8 1 81 4,487 15,638 ' By the " paaaengen acta " all peraona twelve yeara of age and npwarda are held to be adalta. So, also, it would appear (using Mr. Giffen's Table XV) tbat in tbirty- tbree years, from 1853 to 1885, the Manchester district has sent abroad 527,016 emigrants, old and young. But from this number must be de- ducted the number of those who have returned. This can only be esti- mated, as there are no records of immigration before 1870, and none of British and Irish before 1876. A more accurate estimate, however, than might be expected can probably be made, for, using the figures in Mr. Giffen's Tables XXI and XXII, and comparing different periods, I flod that in the five years — 1870-'75 — 30.85 per cent, of the total num- ber of emigrants, Including foreigners, returned to British ports, while only about 1 per cent, more, or 32.02 per cent., returned in the ten years, 1876-'85. But, daring the same ten years, 31.63 per cent, of the 422 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. British emigrants returned, showing a somewhat greater proportion of " tentative" emigrants among the foreigners. While, therefore, as Mr. Giflfen says, immigration has been increasing of late years, the rate of increase would, from these figures, appear to be very small, and 30 per cent, won Id doubtless be a fair estimate for the proportion of persons of British origin who have returned to their own land during the thirty - three years. Deducting this percentage from the number of emigrants as above, the net loss to the Manchester district would be but 368,911, or 11,000 per annum ; a small number when compared with a popnla- tion that has increased at an average rate of 40,000 per annum during the same period. LOCAL FEOULIABITIES. "When we come, however, to consider local pecjuliarities in connection with the motives for emigration, there are certain facts which would seem to qualify, in an important degree, the figures as given above for this district. For example, the Census of 1881 (page 43, Vol. IV) shows that there were, in round numbers, 500,000 persons in the Manchester - district engaged in the cotton industry, or 17 per cent, of the total pop- ulation of the district at that time, being just half of the r ,000 per annum during uliarities in connection ain facts which would ires aa given above for page 43, Vol. IV) shows sons in the Manchester sr cent, of the total pop- half of the r 'mber, 34 I every kind of industry, atly identified with the ' spinners and weavers," r to 1885 there were but lis district, and that all >n in excess of the truth, h persons out of a total icluding the females, an per cent. While, there- this report to have said, ipo.n the minute correct - lifference between the 2 17 per cent, above is so dl allowance for such of lose occupations are not the census as connected 3 the bulk of the popu- B, as is evident firom the KK) natives of the county II resident in the county, ngland and Wales none er 800 of such residents, f its population engaged ion in agricultural, than 1 — the percentage of the )m, and of the latter 1.8 rty-five registration dis- Jondon, the highest per- Bedfordshire, the lowest d it is the industrial and kws of England — which, r — most favor. »rovincial people as the per cent, of all the extra- ring settled in London — of the resistance which the advantages of life in this consular district would naturally o£fer to the inferior temptations of America and the colonies. The Census Re- port (Vol. IV, page 59-60) shows that Lancashire and Cheshire have contributed but 1 percent, of their natives to London, which is a smaller percentage than that contributed by any other counties. After explain- ing that propinquity is the chief factor in determining this migration from the counties to London, the report iwoceeds to say that the small contributions of Lancashire, Cheshire, Yorkshire, Durham, Derbyshire, and Staffordshire resulted not merely from the fact that " those coun- ties were far oft^ for there were counties quite as far o£f that made larger though still small contributions. An additional cause was that the counties mentioned had attractions of their own ; they were centers of industry and retained a more than average proportion of their natives at home." And, finally, the people of Lancashire have a greater pride in their county — without doubt renting upon more than a sentimental founda- tion — than the people of other sections of England, so far as my obser- vatiou xtends, and, other things being equal, would hesitate larger be- fore leaving it. On the other hand, the Irish resident in Lancashire constitute 6 per cent., and in Cheshire 3^ per cent., of the populations of these counties respectively, while the percentage of the Irish residents for the whole of England and Wales is but a little over 2. And the Irish, as we have seen, emigrate in larger numbers in proportion to population than the British. Such are the indications of theory, which, it will be observed, with ex- ception of the last mentioned, all point in one direction. Local information, so far as, by diligent inquiry, I have been able to command it, supports the theory. For example. Miss Emily Faithful, who has charge of the Manchester branch, for the northern and midland counties, of the Colonial Emigra- tion Society, writes in reply to my inquiries : I do not think the people of Lancashire emigrate in proportion [to those of the rest of the Kingdom], certainly not as far as the women are concerned. Miss FaithfuU's efforts, before coming to Manchester, had been chiefly directed towards the emigration of women, but the distinction she sug- gests is in harmony with the fact that while of the total number of adults emigrating from England and Wales 40 per cent, only are fe- males, 60 per cent, of all the persons engaged in Lancashire's chief in- dustry are females. Mr. J. T. Jordan, who enjoys opportunities for extensive and accurate information, writes : As regards LancanUire, the emigration of cotton-factory operatives has been very small daring the par(t two yeatB, owing to their being well employed and earning good wages, the low cost of provisions and low rents for their cottages, provisions being verjr much lower than ton years ago, and rents tally 30 per cent. less. The iron trade having been in a depressed condition the last two or three years, there has been a comparatiTely large emigration of operatives in this department of trade, and many of this class travel very often backwards and forwards according to the state of trad« in this department in the two cunntries. The same may be said of stone masons and builders. As regard paupers, you may put them down as & i unappreciable o^nantity, as they canuot go from hence if they wished. Farm laborers are an increasing quan- tity every ^ear lately as emigrants, and if the farming industry does not improve soon, of which there is no immediate prospect, the exodus will increase considerably. Trades people, capitalists, and gentlemen may be put down as almost nil, or rather to an extent not appreciable. As regards the silk manufacturing industry of Maccles- field, about 14 miles from here, concerning which yon iiKj^iiire, the operatives are con- stantly emigrating to Paterson, N. J., owing to the continued depressed trade in that district. Ot cotton operatives, calico printera, dyers, and bleachers, the largest num- ber of those who go make their way to Lowell, Lawrence, and Fall Biver, Mass. ; L 424 EMIGRATION AND IMMIQRATION. Philadelphia, Pa., and Cohoes, near Troy, N. Y. There has been no emigra'ioi. so far to the cotton-mills in South Carolina and Georgia, although I expect in the fnturn an exodus to some small extent in that direction. There is a sntUcient quantity o{ labor to be found at present among the poor whites in those two States ; yet it only requires a beginning to start the outflow in that direction, the operatives here being of a gregarious nature and only requiring a bell-wether to lead tne way. To measure the bearing of the foregoing statements upon ttie point under consideration, it will be necessary to keep in view the propor- tion of the population of this district engaged in the several i)ur8uit8 ;;numerated. As nearly all of the population of the district is com- prised within the Lancashire part of it, and the Lancashire part of the district is that part of Lancashire which is most densely populated and which otherwise, except, possibly, as to the commercial class, chiefly determines the i)eculiarities of Lancashire, the figures for the whole of Lancashire will be found to be as nearly accurate for the Manchester district as need be, the small Cheshire and Derbyshire rural contin- gents being thus more than offset. Taking, therefore, the flgures for Lancashire, the "unoccupied" class (largely composed of women having nodefinite "occupation", and of children under five years of age) is small- er in Lancashire, as has already been stated, than in any other county with the single exception of the small county of Bedford, being 53 per cent, of the total population. Of the remaining 47 per cent., 5 per cent, are enumerated in the "commercial" class, 4.7 per cent in the "domes- tic" class, 1.8 per cent in the "agricultural" class, 1.7 per cent in the " profession ui'' class, and 34 per ont. in the industrial class. Of all Ibis industrial army, between a third and a half (quite half in the MaLchestei consular district) are engaged in the cotton industry; while the iron a.id steel trade claims but one-twentieth part of it (Cen- sus, Vol. HI, p. 3o6) ; and, giving the silk industry the benefit of the addition of the whole number engaged therein in its stronghold, Che- shire, its quota is little over one-fiftieth part. It will be seen, therefore, that a comparatively large emigration from the last named two classes would exert but a small influence upon the general result. To take an extreme illustration : There were connected with the silk industry in Lancashire, Cheshire, and Derbyshire in 1881, 10,000 persons less than in 1871. If the whole of this loss, or 1,000 per annam, occurred from emigration (which of course is not the fact), it would make little differ- ence one way or another with the total emigration of 20,000 adults per annum from those counties, or with the 15,000 per annum firom the Manchester district. [It may be observed with respect to tho above calculations that the census figures for the four counties which contribute to make the area of this consular district could not be combined to any useful purpose, so widely do those counties di£fer in maiy characteristics and in the extent of their respective contributions to the total population of the district. The figures for Lancashire very fairly represent the district; for the district contains over three-fourths of the population of Lanca- shire, and seven-eighths of the population of the district are in Lanca- shire. The general effect of the ftgures, however, would be heightened were the same statistics accessible for the district. For example, there would be found more of the industrial elemeut here than in the Liver- l)Ool end of the county, and less of the Irish — the census showing that Liverpool contains 1,262 out of every 10,000 Irish persons enumer- ated in England and Wales, and Manchester (including Salford) but 686. I have used the figures for Lancashire, therefore, on the principle of a fortiori.] Finally, from a mass of letters and information in response to my letters of inquiry, given entirely without concert, of course, and yet all N. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 425 been no emigra'ioi so gh I expect in thefiitnro 8 a snlHcient quantity of two States ; yet it only he operatives here being sad the way. ents upon the jjoint in view the propor- the several pursuits the district is com- mcashire part of the msely populated and nercial class, chiefly ures for the whole of for the Manchester >yshire rural contin- fore, the figures for sed of women having :ear8 of age) is small- in any other county edford, being 53 per per cent., 5 per cent. cent in the "domes- s, 1.7 per cent in the ;rial class, a half (quite half in the cotton industry; tieth part of it (Oen- y the benefit of the its stronghold, Che- ill be seen, therefore, It named two classes A result. To take an the silk industry in KM) persons less than inum, occurred from lid make little differ- of 20,000 adults per [)er annum from the calculations that the ite to make the area > any useflil purpose, Bteristics and in the al population of the ipresent the district; )opalatton of Lanca- iistrict are in Lanca- [70uld be heightened For example, there % than in the Liver- ■the census showing rish persons enumer- ludiug Salford) but are, on the principle I in response to my f course, and yet all substantially to the same effect, I select a letter from Mr. Samuel An- drew, secretary to the Oldham Master Cotton Spinners' Association. Mr. Andrew gave evidence of very great importance before the royal commission on the depression of trade, and is probably the best au- thority in England on the subjects of which he writes as below : As to the condition of the people of the cotton spinning and manufacturing district of which Oldham is the center, it may be said that, generally speaking, during the last quarter of a century it has considerably improved up to the prebent year. The working classes have generally becon.9 better oil' on account of having regular work and receiving good wages. At present a dark cloud overhangs the cotton trade and this is cansing some irregularity in the working of some of the cotton-mills, but the amount of actual distress from lliis cause is only small compared with the number of people engaged in the cotton trade. The cost of living in recent years has been very moderate compared with that of former periods in the history of the trade. Add to this fact that the savings of the working classes have generally been invested in un- dertakings which as a rule have returned good interest, say in loans to cotton and other companies and building and money clubs. The iron trade of the district, though not so brisk as in some former years, has for the most part found regular employment for those engaged in it. To show the industrial nature of the ijopulation which sur- rounds Oldham, it has been estimated that the earnings of the whole population are about 7s, per week for every man, woman, and child, so that it may be said that every one gets his or her own living, and perhaps something to spare. The higher class of the population which lives on independent meau» seems to get ^imaller every year, while tne class which includes the working population, or what has been at one time the working population, seems to have taken the place for the most part of what was called the higner class of former days. In recent years there has not been much emigration among the working classes of Oldham. In former years, before the period I am now speaking of, there was con- siderable emigration, and the few emigrants who now leave Oldham for America do 80, as a rule, to join members of the family who have succeeded well in America and have sent for their relatives left here behind. The reason alleged why working people do not emigrate is that, as a rule, a workingman can do better in England than in America, taking cost of living into account. The few who do emigrate, otherwise than as above described, are chiefly of tho Irish eionient, many of whom are verging on pauperism and are neither weU'hoUBed, well fed, nor as a lule well clad, and for the most part are unskilled laborers. THE SMALL EMiaBATION FBOM THE MANGHESTEB DISTRICT. I 'Conclude, therefore, that emigration from this consular district is not so great in proportion to population as in the rest of England, and that the figures as given in my tables, constructed on the basis of Mr. Giffen's tables for the whole country, require reduction to a greater or less extent. The difference appears to be chiefly the result of the pre- ponderating influence in this district of the cotton industry, in which, it would seem, the laborer manages to extract a larger share of the joint earnings of capital and labor than his fellow in America. Inquiry into the cause of the difference which it would seem exists between the ratio of emigration from the cotton, irov;, ;;nd silk trades respectively — a subject too long for discussion here — may >^/ell engage the attention of students of political economy. Briefty, hovv >r, it may be pointed out that the agreement between the fn \;r v as ! ;! ty hp.^a been discovered to exist here and certain general facts well iir j-.vu to exist on onr side of the Atlantic is so obvious and comf/leu' Ihat tbey seem to bear the relation to each other of cause and eftlvt For oxa^ ipic, the cotton industry in America some time since reacfi^d ihe point ( " over- production—that is to say, we make more cottoa >iuOf\s than the people within our walls can consume. The strain of competition for possession of the neutral markets has begun, therefore, with England, which has long been manufacturing for the world. The statistics and iuiormation here gathered indicate that in such competition the English laborer is, thus far, left free to enjoy, and in an increasing degree, the benefit of the cheapening of the cost ot living, which is taking place, as well as the benefit of the increased power of ■-■^mtsmiis*^- 426 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. production, and therefore of earning, which constant improvements in the machinery he uses Iwstow upon him. Were it not so, the increase iu the pressure of population, strengthened yearly to an enormous degree, would drive him from home in numbers many times greater than at present. In the silk trade, on the other hand, American production has not yet caught up with American consumption, and emigration pro- ceeds in greater proportion from Macclesfield to Paterson — the prob- ability being that, except for the increasing ])re88ure of population, the laborer would not emigrate at all, whatever the capitalist might do with himself and bis idle looms.* So, in the iron trade, the correlated facts give even greater evidence of mutual sympathy, the fluctuations in that industry— overproduction in which in America is not yet a steady condition, owing to the vast and irregular demands of railway building — being in keeping with the passing back and forth of laborers in it, noted by Mr. Jordan. That is to say, ocean transit is now so cheap and easy that the laborer seeks work where he can find it briskest and has the world to choose from. I have, in one sense, given undeserved prominence to the silk indus- try, considering that, in a broad view, it can hardly be said to have emerged from the condition of an exotic ; for, while the cotton industry absorbs one-twelfth of the whole industrial population of England and Wales, the silk industry employs less than one-hundredth part of it. Bat nearly half of all those engaged in this industry in the Kingdom are in the Manchester district ; and for this reason, and because of the con- trast its condition offers to its huge fellow textile, I have given it a prominence not accorded to industries greater than it. CLASSES WHICH SUPPLY EMIGRATION. From what has been said, it is plain that iu a district like this, iu which the industrial element so largely predominates, and the agricult- ural forms such an inconsiderable portion of the population, it must be the industrial class which supplies the greater portion of whate'^er emigration takes place. So, also, Mr. Giffen's table of *' occupations '' of emigrants would indicate thc/ same fact — to a less degree, however — for the whole Kingdom. But it will be seen that the term *Mudustrial " should be taken in a restricted sense. Under the head ''concerning the occupations of emigrants," I have already quoted Mr. Giften's observation that '' the figures as to oc- cupations are necessarily somewhat loose, owing to the difficulty of getting the data properly registered in the first instance, and the num- bers from whom no proper record of their occupation can be obtained." "There seems no doubt, howevt^r," continues Mr. Giften, "of the broad facts that the majority of adult male emigrants are laborers, and of single adult female emigrants domestic servants." Following out this idea, I have sought to minimize the effect of the looseness referred to, and yet to secure a reasonably satisfactory deter- miQation of the ratio of emigration to population of each of the classes contributing to the sum totid of emigri'.tion, on the broader lines sug- gested. A table in the census of England and Wales divides the pop- ulation into male and female, and these each into six classes, designated as the "professional," "domestic," '° commercial," "agricultural," '^in- dustrial," and " unoccupied." In Mr. Gifi:«n's tables, on the contrary, the emigrants are classified under forty-nine different heads. These are all to be found iu their appropriate places in the census, under one or • . ..I, ,1.— . ..-I i».i. .1 ■■■ ■ _ . .. .1 ■■■-■— .^.M.IM. ■ III I BIM^ Ml BMBMI II I I II , ■■ *It is to be observed that the MaccIeHfleld silk emigrant does not go to France ot Germany, whose greater art and technical skill are tne chief cause of his own dis- placement, bnt to America as the newer country. N. lut improvements in lot 80, the increase in an enormous degree, mes greater than at American production , and emigration pro- Paterson — the prob- ire of population, the capitalist might do rade, the correlated thy, the fluctuations merica is not yet a demands of railway and forth of laborers in transit is now so he can find it briskest nee to the silk indns- rdly be said to have Ift the cotton industry ation of England and hundredth part of it. ry in the Kingdom are id because of the con- ;ile, I have given it a rn it. ITION. I district like this, iu ites, and the agricult- jopulation, it must be portion of whate'-ei' le of "occupations'' of degree, however — for ;he term "industrial" of emigrants," I have the figures as to oc- g to the difficulty of istanoe, and the num- ion can be obtained." Giffen, "of the broad are laborers, and of nize the effect of the jly satisfactory deter- of each of the classes be broader lines sug- i^ales divides the pop- ix classes, designated ' " agricultural," " in- les, on the contrary, )nt heads. These are census, under one or ; does not go to France or bief cause of his own dis- THE UNITED KINGDOM. 427 s>'imiw^^mws'fm other of the great clasges mentioned ; but, inasmuch as some of these subdivisions are aggregated iu Mr. Giften's taWes — for example, " gen- tlemen, professional men, merchants, &c.," include members or two at least of the census classes — I have chosen for tlie males (1) the "in- dustrial" and (2) the "agricultural " classes, iu which there is no con- tusion of classification as between the two systems; (3) "all other oc- cupied classes," in which I have aggregated the " professional," " do- mestic," and "commercial " classes of the census on the one hand, and all such of Mr. Giften's " occupations " as the census subdivisions in- dicate should be included under one or other of these three classes, on the other hand; ard (4) the " unoccupied " class of the census, with whom I compare Mr. Giften's figures for those whose occupations were not stated to the emigration officers. For the females I have made a somewhat different classification, substituting the "domestic" class (in which, of the " occupied " classes, the females predominate) for the "agricultural" (of which the females form practically no part). A careful study of the census report on the " unoccupied " class, in connection with the figures given in Mr. Giften's tables for those " emi- grants whose occupations were not stated," will show how closely the figures for such emigrants conform to what might be expected from the census analysis of the class from whom they would appear to have been drawn. Says the Census Eeport (Vol. IV, page 49) : The [unoccupied] class comprised 14,786,875 persons, or 57 per cent, of the entire population, the females in it being to the males iu proportion of rather mor6 than two to one. It included, in the first place, 8,930,851 children and young persons under fifteen years of age, most of whom were simply unoccupied in the sense that they were as yet preparing for the various businesses of later life. Secondly, it included 53*2,441 others who were fifteen but under twenty years of age, and of whom also a large pro portion were preparing for active life. Thirdly, it included 076,393 persons who were sixty-five years of age or more, and of whom a large number had been engaged iu business, but had retired. Excluding these three classes of persons there remained 4,641,190 who were twenty but not yet sixty-fivo years of age, that is to say, who were in the working prime of life, and yet were without special occupation. Of these, however, 4,4o8,908 were women, of whom by far the greater part were married and engaged in the management of domestic life, and who can only be called unoc- cupied when that term is used in the limited sense that it bears in the census returns. Many more of ihese women, thou^^h unmarried, were also engaged in domestic duties, or were assisting their fathers or other' near relatives in the details of business. Of the 182,285J males in the working period of life (a0-i5) without specific occupa- tion, a lar^e number, doubtless, were busily engaged in avocations which wore none the less serious or less important because not recognized in our classification. They were managing their estates and property, directing charitable institutions, prose- cuting literary or scientific researches, or engaged in other of the mnltifarons chan- nels by which unpaid energy finds vent. It these •vere deducted from the 182,ii88 unoccupied males, and a fur'tLur deduction wero also made for those who were iuca- pacipated for work by physical defects, the remair'ier, constituting the really idle portion of the community, would probably prove to be hut very smaTl. In close corfor-nity with the above it will be • een.; in the table given further on, < \"\i the male emigrants, whose occupations were not stated, formed but U.27 per cent, of tlie male " unoccupied " clabs of the census, whereas the female emigrants whose occupations wore not stated formed 0.44 per cent, of the female " unoccupied " class of the census, many of these female emigrants being doubtless the wives or adult daughters of male emigrants whose occupations were stated. Again, says the Census B^poit : In 1871 the class called the "indefinite and non-productive class" comprised not only persons without specified occupations, but also the considerable body of per- sons whose occupations were described in the schedule, in general or vague terms, such as general laborer, artisan, apprentice, &c., or in terms the meaning of which was unknown. These latter we have removed to the industrial class, and our unoc- cupied class comprises and is confined to all those persons who wero returned by rank, property, &c., and not by occupation, including all children under five years of age. 428 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. g This suggests au importaut restriction of the term « industrial," and I have accordingly subdivided the "industrial" class into "general la- borers," and the "industrial class exclusive of general laborers." And, finally, assuming that the Scotch and the Irish censuses would not strictly follow the same method of classification as the English cen- sus, I have added to the figures in the English census the percentage 35.7) by which the population of the United Kingdom exceeds that of ngland and Wales This is rendered necessary by the fact that the nationality of the emigrant is not distinguished in Mr. Giffen's tables of "occupations." Doubtless the relative proportions of the six census classes differ somewhat in Scotland and Ireland from those of the same classes in England and Wales. But the natives of the several nation- alities are intermingled to a considerable extent — Iper cent, of thepop- ulation of England and Wales being Scotch, and 2 per cent. Irish boru, while the English and Welsh boru supply 2 per cent, of the population of Scotland, Ireland, and the islands iu the British seas; and the popu- lation of England and Wales so predominate (74 per cent.) iu the total for the United Kingdom that the divergence from the actual facts can- not be very great. With this exception, and the trifling exception to be noted later in the report, the comparison shown in the following table is believed to be as accurate as the census and the emigration tables from which its figures are deducted : Si •■■if'-;* XXXI. — Bigirihution of the population of England and IValct, according to eex, in several classes as digiinguiahed in the census of 18:^1; the diatribution of the population of liw United Kingdom in the aamr classes reckoned upon the basis of the claanifmfion for Eng- land and Wales, and the amount and rates of British and Irish nine8. 1 1 eit.Zox.~> i^lilil A. Average number per annum during the past nine years of British and Irish adults emigrating. a 1.1 MALES. Indnstria) class (including general laborers) General laborers (iuclitded in industrial class*).. 4,705,178 559,769 4,235,400 1, 318. 344 1, 070, 124 4, 856, 256 6,505,080 759, 481 5, 740, 409 1,788,607 2,266,083 6, 588, 849 60.010 42, 509 17,411 10, 716 16, 150 17,911 Per ct. 0.02 5.01 0.30 Agricnltnral class 0.60 Another occupied cLisses 0.71 Unoccupied cinq's, or tliose t^ hose occupation was nut stated oaemigrat'.ug 0.27 Total 12, «:iJ,002 17, 149, rm 104,795 0.01 FEMALES. 1, 545, 302 1, 578, 180 2S0, 427 0, 930. 610 2, 000, 028 2,141.2)8 JeO, 478 la, 473, 021 17, 030 427 485 49,854 0.81 Industrial class 0.02 .Ml other oocnpied classes... Unoccupied class, orthose vr,,ii-;i)0ccnv^ on waa not stated on emigrating 0.13 0.44 Total 13, Si4, 537 18,001,973 17, 791 0.37 Grand total 25, 974, 439 35, 241, 482 172,501 0.49 ' The figures in this line of course are not to be included In the addition for the totals, as they are included in the figures for the industrial class. ^z^.^mm^i^^^s^'mm ON. rm "industrial," and ass into *' general la- neral laborers." Irish censuses would m as the English cen- seusus the percentage igdom exceeds that of by the fact that the Mr. Giften's tables of ons of the six census om those of the same of the several natiou- 1 per cent, of the pop- 2 per cent. Irish boru, ent. of the population ;h seas; and the popu- per cent.) in the total a the actual facts can- >n to be noted later in )g table is believed to tables from which its , according to flex, in several ion of the ["tpuluiion of iii^t if the chwniJimtitMi for Eng- Iriah aiuit emigration from THE UNITED KINGDOM. 429 lilll Average number per annum during the past nine years of British and Irish adnlts emigrating. 1! ■B.i Per ct. 6,805,080 60.010 0.92 759, 481 42, 698 5.61 5, 740, 499 17,411 0.30 1, 788, 667 10,715 0.60 2, 265, S83 16, 159 0.71 6,588,849 17, 911 0.27 17, 149, 509 104,795 0.01 2, OflO, 028 17, 030 0.81 2,141.248 427 0.02 JeO. 478 485 0.13 VJ, in, 021 49,864 0.44 18,091,973 17,791 0.37 35, 241, 482 172,591 0.49 lition for the totals, as they are This table briogs out very clearly the broad facts stated by Mr. Giflen, viz, that the majority of adult male emigrants are laborers, and of [single] adult female emigrants domestic servants. It also shows that »vhile the "industrial" class, including the general laborers, con- tributes, in proportion to its numbers, 60 per cent, more than the " ag- ricultural " class, it contributes, excluding the general laborers, but half as many in proportion ; and the general laborers not only con- stitute three times as many as either of the other classes of male em- igrants, but they contribute of their home population the great pro- portion of 6 per cent. Again, if the number of children under twelve years of age who emigrate (about 20 per cent, of the number of adult emigrants) be added to the number of adults, making the total 207,000, It will be seen that the general laborers constitute 20 per cent, of the whole number of emigrants. In conformity with this fact, the census shows that had the laboring class, including agricultural laborers, in- creased in the ten years ISTl-'Sl in the same ratio as the general pop. ulation, there would have been 239,000 more of them than were enu- merated in 1881. So, of the females, twice as many of the " domestic" class emigrate, in ])roportion, as of the " unoccupied " class, though the actual number of emigrants of the latter is three times as great as that of the former. As before suggested, however, many of the female emigrants, whose occupations were not stated, and whom I have compared with the "un- occupied " class of the census, are doubtless wives and daughters of male emigrants, and go to swell the number of domestic servants upon arriving at their destination. For those who care for a more detailed explanation of the classifica- tions in the foregoing table it may be added that I have grouped the subdivisions in Mr. Giffen's. tables under the larger classes of the cen- sus as follows: MALES. CeuiM olaMlflMtlon. iDdnttrial oUm. AgrioDltoral All otlier ocoupled claaaes tTnooonpied claaa . Claasiflcation in emigration tables. Bakers, confectioners, &c. ; blacksmiths and farriers ; boot and shoe makers; braziers, tinsmiths, &c. ; brick and tile makers, potters, &c; bricklayers, masons, ice, ; builders ; butchers, ponltercrs, &c. ; cabhlet-makera ana up- holsterers ; carpenters and Joiners ; clockiAnd watoh makers and Jewelers ; coach makers and trimmer.^ ; coopers ; en^iine drivers, stokors, &c. ; gen- eral lal)orers ; locksmiths, gunsmiths. &c. ; mechanics ; millers, maltsters, &o. ; miners and qnarrymon -, painters, paper-hangers, plumbers, sc. ; printers; saddlers and harness-makers; shipwrights; genetal smiths; spin- ners and wesTers: tailors; tanners and curriers; turners; wheelwright* and millwrlehtB ; other trades and professions. ARricaltnral laborers, gardeners, carters Ac. ; farmers and graziers. Clerks and agents; domestic servants; engineers; gentlemen, professional men, merchants, &c. ; lawyers ; seamen ; shop-keepers, shopmen, ware- housemen, &c. ; army and navy. Those whose occupations are not stated. FEMALES. Domestic oImb Indnstrial oUss AU other oocapied classes. Unoooupied claM Domestio and farm servants, nurses, Ae. Milliners, dress-ma'isers, needlewon 'tn.&o. ; shopwemen; spinners and weav- ers. Oendewomen and governesses ; other trades and professions. Those whose ooonpatious are not stated. The grouping of the emigration subdivisions, as above, follows the cen- sus classification, with the undermentioned exceptions : In my grouping for males, the "other trades and professions" are included in the "in- 430 EMIOEATION AND IMMIGRATION. Jii^! duHtrial" class, whereas the "professions" belong to the "all other occupied classes." On the other hand, " gentlemen " are included in the "all other occupied classes," whereas some of these may belong to the " unoconpied'' class; anr* ^shopkeepers" are included in the same class, though, if they had ueeu distinguished from "warehousemen" in the emigration tables, they would have been included, as the " gen- eral shopkeepers" of the census, in the "industrial" class. 80, of the females, " other trades and professions " are not separated in the emigration tables, and therefore the " other trades" do not go under the " industrial " bead, as otherwise they would. An examination of the relatively small figures for these mixed classi- fications, however, will show that the confusion in respect of them can have DO appreciable effect npon the result. CAUSES OF EMIOBATION. Having ascertained with suffloient accuracy ^the classes of the popu- lation which supply the greatest number of emigrants, the solution of the question of the causes of emigration is comparatively easy. And in considering the latter it will be seen that much light in turn is thrown npon the condition of the particular portion of the several classes which supplies the emigration. Of the four chief supposed causes of emigration — compulsory military service, onerous taxation, strikes, and surplus population — ^the first two in no wise affect emigration from the United Kingdom. There is prac- tically no compulsory military service here of any kind, the statute which authorizes the selection of militiamen by ballot, in cases where the mi- litia quota of a imrticular county or district is not voluntarily filled, being temporarily suspended, and the regular army being raised entirely by voluntary enlistments. 80, also, in the matter of taxation, the peo- ple of this country enjoy unusual immunity. Comparative tables* for tbe different civilized nations, recently published, show that the ratio of national and local taxation to gross earnings is less than 9 per cent, in England, considered apart from Scotland and Ireland ; per cent, in Denmark ; 10 per cent, in the United Kingdom, Holland, and Sweden and Norway ; 1 1 per cent, in the United States, Russia, and Belgium ; 12 per cent, in Germany and Austria ; 15 per cent, in France ; 18 per cent, in Portugal ; 21 per cent, in Spain ; and 25 per cent, in Italy. So that, if we consider England alone, taxation is here lighter in compar- ison with the earnings of the people than in any of the countries named ; while in the United Kingdom, considered as a whole, it is next to the lightest. Again, if we consider the incidence of taxation upon the <-lass which supplies emigration iu comparison with that upon the upper classes, it will be seen that the laws of this country very greatly favor the former. A table derived fiom t'ic same source as tbe figures just given shows the incidence of taxation in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and in the United Kingdom, upon the lich, the middle class, ami the work- ing claiss, respectively, per capita, and in comparison with income. Tbe numbers of each class, says the compiler, Mr. Mnlhall, are determined according to the results of legacy returns for 1877 iu the three king- doms, though the other figures are for 1881. * By M. 0. Mulball, Follow of the Statistical Society aud of tbe Society of Arts, &c'. N. THE UNIiED KINGDOM. 431 sr ig to the "all other are iuclnded in these may belong to iuclnded in the same om "warehousemen" eluded, as the " gen- 1" class. 8 " are not separated trades" do not go onld. or these mixed classi- respect of them can classes of the popu- rants, the solution of aratively easy. And igbt in tarn is thrown I several classes which —compulsory military nlatiou — the first two ^ilom. There is prac- cind, the statute which n ciifles where the mi- not voluntarily filled, y being raised entirely T of taxation, the peo- mparative tables* for , show that the ratio is less than 9 per cent. 1 Ireland ; per cent. , Holland, aod Sweden Russia, and Belgium ; nt. in France ; 18 per percent, in Italy. So ere lighter in compar- f the countries named; hole, it is next to the I upon the rla«s which on the upper classes, 'ery greatly favor the i the figures just given land, and Ireland, and le class, and the work- Bon with income. The nlhall, are determined (77 in the three king- >f the Society of Arts, &c'. XXXII. — Incidence of taxation in the Unilfd Kingdom on the three olaeiet qf the popu- lation. • Nnmberx. Taxes. Income. Batlotaze*. Clissei of popnlatton. PerbMd. On in come. Inridenre on tbe rich : 966,000 121,000 72,000 £14,100,000 1, 816, 000 1,176,000 £286,000,000 30,000,000 14, 000, 000 «71 S4 78 01 78 44 4.96 ScotlaiKt 6.05 8.40 Total 1, 1S9, 000 17, 181, 000 380, 000, 000 72 06 5.16 Incidence on middle oUtues : England 7,654,000 907,000 860,000 25, 324, 000 3, OSO, 000 8,405,000 881, 000, 000 49, 000, 000 84,000,000 IS 09 19 78 19 25 6.70 Scotland •• 8.02 Ireland.--*.>....*<>.a..>*> 10.02 Total 9,481,000 32, 6S0, 000 464,000,000 16 74' 7 03 looidenco on working oImms: 17.490,000 a, 646, 000 4,328,000 21, 802, 000 4, 244, 0«0 8,005,000 874, 000, 000 46,000,000 86,000,000 5 03 780 486 5.81 Scotland 9.23 11. 10 Total 84,864,000 80, 041, MW 466,000,000 5t7 6.63 STRIKES. Strikes affect emigration from this country to some extent, bat my information leads me to believe to a degree hardly worth taking into account. In the first place, as Mr. Giffen has clearly shown, it is not bad times (if we take strikes as evidence of bad times) in England which swells the tide of emigration ; it is good times on our side of the At- lantic. And, in the next place, as strikes, in this district at least, are merely business contentions betweeu two kinds of capitalists, the in- dividually big and the individually little, the effect of a prolonged strike is chiefly to shove down the upper classes of unskilled laborers, whose places are thereupon occupied by the lower classes of the laboring small capitalists, and the movement proceeds downwanls until a certain iK>r- tion of the lowest orders of the "general laborers" is driven from the field of labor and into the ranks of the paupers. The bulk of the strik- ers, on the contrary, are abundantly able to endure the consequences of their action, which after all is deliberate and generally not an altogether uniriendly passage at arms. To such an extent was this true of the great strike last year of the Oldham spinners, which lasted thirteen weeks, that a number of the strikers, as 1 am informed, took advantage of the holiday to make pleasure trips across the Atlantic to visit their less fortunate brethren in America. The statistics of emigration, it will be observed, are altogether in conformity with this statement of the case ; while the statistics of pauperism for last year show an increase of paupers throughout England and Wales as the result of the depression of trade which provoked the strikes. Again, as the benefits of good trade are disproportionately manifeaied in this citadel of trade, so it woultl be uatural to expect greater distress here when trade is bad ; and such, indeed, proved to be the fact, the returns showing a somewhat greater increase of pauperism in Lanca- shire and Cheshire than in the rest of the «!ouiitry. Whatever may be the -fluctuations in the nnmber of paupers from time to time, however, the bnrdeii of pauperism has steadily declined since 1850, being in 432 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION, 1880, in comparison with the national income, but 67 per cent, of what it was in 1850. PRESSURE OF THE POPULATION. The incidental pressure upon the laboring class, occasionally caused by strikes among those above them in the industrial scale, which I have just described, illustrates that irresistible pressure of increasing popu- lation which, after all, is botii the cause of modern Briish emigration and determines its character. The only wonder is that th> emigration is so small. For, other things being equal, the pressure of rapidly in- creasing population upon an area to which the sea sets immovable limits, wcnld increase, not in arithmetical, but in geometrical, progres- sion. A familiar illustration will nuike this plain. If there are one hundred vacant houses in the community and ninety-nine applicants for houses, the applicants command their own terms. But if the number of applicants be increased to one hundred and one, the increase of rental demanded is not as 101 to 99, but is abnormally greater. In such case, however, the building of two more houses relieves the pressure. In the case of the newly-born Briton, not an acre can be added to the land. The decrease in the emigration from Ireland is also in conformity with the view just stated, and the readiness with which the movement from the United Kingdom has responded to the influence mentioned, in con- formity with the varying degrees of pressure of population in its sev- eral parts, is — making due allowance for sufh disturbing causes as the continuing effects of the Irish tamine and the late war in our country— remarkably exhibited in the following table : XXXUl.—Batio to population of British emigraiion in the three past decennial periods, and the rate of increase of population in those periods. TTnlted Khi,s>• 640,000 183,000 1,231,000 660,000 971,000 Ptr cent. 8.4 6.1 a».i Ptr etnt. 3.0 4.9 15.6 Ptr etnt 4.0 Scotland 158,000 867,000 106,000 543,000 4.7 Ireland 10.2 Total 2,064,000 1 1,675,000 1.679,000 7.8 5.5 4.8 United Kingdom. Increaie of population. Inhabitants per square mUe. 1851-'61. 1881-71. 1871-'81. 1851. 1861. ! 1871. i 1881. i 1 Ptr cent. 11.9 Ptr etnt. 18.2 9.7 *6.7 Ptr etnt. 14.4 807 844 890 446 6.0 Ml. 8 11. 1 ; 94 { 100 I 110 •4.4 205 ' 181 I 169 122 Ireland 161 Total 5.6 8.8 10.8 227 240 1 261 289 ' Decrease. In the above table the figures under the first two heads are taken from Mr. Mulhall's tables. Those for the percentages of increase of 07 per cent, of wbat occasionally caused al scale, which I have e of increasing popn- n Brv;,i.di emigration that tl)> emigration res&ure of rapidly in- sea sets immovable geometrical, progre.s- If there are one ty-nine applicants for Bnt if the number the increase of rental reater. In such case, the i)ressure. In the added to the land. Iso in conformity with the movement from ice mentioned, in con- )opulation in its sev- turbing causes as the war in our countrv — past decennial periods, and periods. Batio of emiftratlon to popn- litlon. 1851-'60. 1861-'7C. 1871-'80. Ptr cent. 8.4 6.1 a».i Per etnt. 3.0 4.9 15.5 Percent 4.0 4.7 10.2 7.8 5.5 4.8 n. Inhabitants per aqnare mUe. l-'81. 1851. 1 1861. 1 1871. i 1881. tmt. ' \ 14.4 307 ; 844 890 11.1 94 1 100 110 *4. 4 205 ' 181 1 169 446 122 161 1U.8 227 240 201 289 two heads are taken lutages of increase of THE UNITED I. .,ODOM. 433 ])oi)ulation from the census ; those for the number of inhabitants per sciuare mile, for England, from the census ; for Scotland and Ireland, the census giving none, from Mr. Mulhall ; for the United Kingdom, II e census and Mr. Mulhall giving none, they are calculatioiis based ui on Table 47 of the census, Vol. IV, page 112. As will be seen, the ratio of emigration to population in the United Kingdom has steadily declined during the thirty years, notwithstanding the greatly increased pressure of the po]>ulation, whi(!h was 227 to the square mile in IHol and 289 in 1881. In the case of Ireland, the ratio of emigration to jmpulation fell off 50 i»er cent, in the thirty years. At the same time a reduction of only 2o per cent, in the apparent pressure of population took place — from 205 to the square mile, in 1851, to 161 in 1881. But this disparity is entirely in keepii •? with the theory of a disproportionate i)rogre88ion in the ])ressure, as already explained. When, however, the case of England is considered, whose area would seem long ago to have reached the limit of endurance, supporting a greater population to the square mile, twenty years ago, by 10 per cent, than any other of the nations of Christendom, except Belgium, supports to-day, and now containing nearly double that of Italy and more than double that of Germany and France, it is cause the rate at which it throws off its population ha' all. The laws of the land for the United King' overcrowded England, must have been adjust* laboring man with consummate skill to product fact, however, is altogether in conformity with the large number of like import to which attention has been already drawn. r astonishment that tt',ely increased at •ut especially for o the needs of the such a result. The DECLINE IN THE ATTRACTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES TO THE LABORING MAN. It is the unskilled laborer, as wo have seen, whom this country chiefly sends to us, the better class to the United States, and an inferior class to those colonies which And need for tempting immigration with as- sisted passages, the unskilled laborer who, within the limit of ability to transport himself, is furthest removed from partaking of the beneflts which the remarkable economic system of this country seems to confer npon industrial merit. Under the pressure of the overcrowded po[mla- tion it is the survival of the fittest in the struggle to stay at home, and yet not the unflttest leave. These also remain as paupers. Fortunately for the emigrant laborer, whatever be the effect upon those with whom he comes into competition, the laws of most of the lands to which he turns his face, unlike those of the province of Minas Geraes, in Brazil, which impose a heavy tax upon his tools of trade, welcome him free of duty. But so they do his superior in industrial skill who refuses to emigrate. That is to say, it is commonly supposed they do. Perhaps, after all, the spinners and weavers in America pay a duty without knowing it. Manifestly, either the profits of manufacturing in America are much less than here, which ought not to be, seeing it is the land of raw material, or something in the laws or other forces controlling the American laborer, keeps down his share of the ])rofits to such an extent that his industrial brother in England, though offered free entry, re- fuses to take advantage of it. The fact is the more significant when it is recalled that of all the imported elements which enter into the cost of the manufactui'er's product the human element is the onlj- one ad- mitted by us duty free. Yet it is only when the laborer's grade of skill H. Ex. 157 28 J 484 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. consif^DH him to work upon the crnder materials and in the (trader ways that the workingman can ever afford tc avail himself of the imitation, and we have seen liow even he would refuHe it were it not tiiat the fecundity of his race Homewhat outruns the fertility of its industrial resource. It will be interesting in this connection to compare the statistics of im- migration into the United States from the two nations which contribute two-thirds of all our immigration, viz, the United Kingdom and Ger- many, with the insignificant numbers contributed by another of the chief nations of Europe, viz, France. The subjoined figures, extracted from Table No. 22 of the report of the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics for the three months ending March 31, 1886, make the comparison very Btriking : XXXIV. — Summary of alient and imm9 4,655 4, .'1 13 5.227 e,Uu3 4. 8!;i 3,608 3, 41^3 3,318 40, 4.U 4,645 .rSE-i It will be convenient, however, to confine the comparison to that which is made in the table of double decades. There are three general conditions upon which emigration depends, under one or other of which heads all the specific causes of emigration must fall. These (of importance inversely to the order of mention) are: {a) Dissatisfaction of the emigrant with his own country, (b) Facility of means for relief from such dissatisfaction, chiefly the comfort, cheap- ness, and speed with which his destination can be reached, but, also, measurably, the attitude of the Government which he abandons, and that of the Government which he proposes to adopt, (o) The attrac- tions of the country of destination. Considered with reference to these conditions, the figures of the tabie- show a very remarkable uniformity in the response which the emigrant makes to the prevailing condition of the period, whether he be British,. German, or French. The uniformity, however, is not remarkable at all, but only natural, if it be borne in mind how universal is the applicatioa of the great laws which govern human action. The figures show that the Briton, the German, and the Frenchman instantly availed himself of tb& remarkable increase of the facilities of ocean transit which began to be developed in the early part of the double decade 1841-1860, in which l)eriod he found at the same time increasing benefit from the attractions of America. The figures also show that the Briton expressed his ap- preciation of the suddenly developed advantages of this period by in- creasing his emigration nearly 500 per cent, over his emigration in the preceding period 1821-1840. The German by increasing his emigration over 600 per cent. ; and even the Frenchman, whose emigration is so small as scarcely to be expected to sympathize with the general move- ment, by increasing his emigration 150 per cent. Ooming to the next period, 18G1-1880, the first two conditions of emigration — viz: (a) Dissatisfaction with home, arising, in modern times, as has been abundantly demonstrated, chiefly from pressure of population ; and {b) facility of transit— exist in this period with so mnc!i greater force than in the preceding period, that unless conditions (c) (ai - traction of the country of destination) be changed, it should be found that emigration from the United Kingdom and Germany, at least, had increased to an almost incredible degree. (a) With respect to the pressure of population, the following table will show how intensely that has increased in England; how greatly in "TT" 436 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. the United Eingdom and in Germany, and what contrast the iucreaise in these three presents to the almost stationary condition of France : XXXVII. — Inhabitants per square mile. Conntries. England and Walea United Kiugdoni ... Oermany ITrance 1820. 1840. 203 270 172 221 124 145 148 1«5 1860. 1880. 340 240 174 176 440 290 217 180 (b) With respect to the increase of facility of transit it is unnecessary to do more than allude to the vast changes that occurred during the period under consideration, 1861-1880; the greater speed and safety with which the ocean could be crossed as compared with the preced- ing period; the smaller outlay required, and the better fare in return, law-ordered comfort substituted for the ancient horrors of the steerage ; the arrangements for reception on landing in keeping with the advanc- ing civilization of the age. (c) But since, notwithstanding the enormous increase in the motives of emigration as dependent upon pressure of population and facility of transit, the figures show that the ratio of emigration, instead of greatly increasing actually declined, it follows that a great and unfavorable change has occured in condition c (the attractions of the United States). The figures further show that while the attractions of the United States had declined in the w.iys of both nations, the Briton was able to express his sense of the decline by decreasing the ratio of his emigra- tion 23 per cent., whereas some counteracting force in Germany com- pelled the German to content himself with expressing his sense of the decline by decreasing his ratio of emigration only 6 per cent. Why the United States should have become so much less attractive to the kind of people who emigrate, viz, the Liboring classes, in the period from 1861 to 1880, as compared with the period fi:^m 1841 to 1860, is a subject which need not be entered upon here. Attention be- ing called to the evident fact, the incentive to remove the cause will be greater to those who have the power to do so. It may be observed that " pressure of population," as used in this connection, is not altogether a uniform standard by which to draw com- parisons between different nations. For example, one nation may have greater natural capacity for supporting a dense population than another. But if a certain long-past period is taken as the starting point for ea«h nation, and the population of each increases in the same proportion, then the increase or decrease of the dissatisfaction of the laboring classes wilUdepend upon the capacity of the governing powers to on- set with wholesome laws the burden of increased competition. Some qualifications of this may be made, however. Thus, in the case of England, the same rate of increase would cause a much greater intensity of pressure (as more fully explained further on under the head of " health ") than in Germany ; for the density of popu- lation in England alone (446 in 1881 to the square mile) is almost at the limit of endurance, while Germany's (less than half that of England and 25 per cent, less than that of the United Kingdom) shows a wide margin still at its disposal. On the other hand, in comparing England alone, allowance would have to be made for the greatly increased per- centage of the total emigration from the United Kingdom contiibuted THE UKITED K1>GD0M. 437 itrast tLe iucrease iu tioii of France : 1820. 1840. I860. 1880. '.'.'.. 203 172 124 148 270 221 145 1«8 340 440 240 200 174 217 176 180 sit it is unnecessary occurred during the :er speed and safety ed with the preced- tter fare in return, •rors of the steerage ; ing with the advanc- rease in the motives lation and facility of on, instead of greatly eat and unfavorable of the United States). tions of the United ;be Briton was able to ratio of his emigra- >rce iu Germany com- ssing his sense of the 6 per cent. > much less attractive K)ring classes, in the te period from 1841 to i here. Attention be- iove the cause will be bion," as used in this by which to draw com- , one nation may have pulation than another, tarting point for each the same proportion, ction of the laboring erning powers to of^ 1 competition. 8ome increase would cause y explained further on )r the density of popu- ire mile) is almost at [ half that of England ngdom) shows a wide Q comparing England freatly increased per- Cingdom contributed by England. Again, the attitude of Government in Great Britain is most favorable to emigration, while the demands of great military es- tablishments in Germany and France permit emigration in a grudging way which finds its extreme manifestation in Eussiaand Turkey, where no s'lbject can emigrate without the Czar's or the Sultan's permission. The general conclusion from the foregoing is plain : That the popula- tion of France incr3a8es so slowly (it has been stationary since I860) that the law-makers of that country find no difficulty in meeting the small additional burden imposed upon French productive power ; and that the wisdom of the German law- makers in endeavoring to meet a much greater burden is vastly inferior to that of the law-makers of Great Britain, who more successfully dispose of a very much greater burden still. It may be added that the uniformity that characterizes the fluctua- tions of the emigration of different nations to the United States conflrms Mr. Giffen's conclusion that emigration depends not so much upon the state of affairs at home as upon prosperity or the reverse in the country of destination. SOCIAL CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE. The social condition of the people of this district is, in its general features, that of the people of England. The district contains its share of the upper classes, titled and untitled, and of the middle and lower classes. But, as would be anticipated from what has gone before, the predominance of the industrial and commercial interests tends to pro- duce a condition of society more like that of our Eastern States — other sections, particularly in the south of England, presenting many feat- ures in common with the Southern States as they were before the late war. Here, of all England, is to be seen the supreme effect of those extraor- dinary devices of economic legislation which have so changed in late years the relation which the income from trades and professionr bears to that derived from lands, tenements, and titles, public dividends and annuities, Government offices and pensions. And Manchester, which, in the same period, has come to' rank among the first cities in wealth and population, is the very embodiment of those forces which maintain this little island, against such odds, easily at the head of the world's commerce. As if to commemorate the triumph of these principles, the people have built them a great town hall at an expense of over $5,000,000; and in this, perhaps the finest municipal building ex- tant, the mayor of Manchester holds a sort of plutocratic court, more brilliant in some respects than that of some of the political capitals. Within the city are public buildings and private warehouses of huge proportions and great cost, and its wealth spreads out over the land for many miles around in the homes of its merchant princes. LANDLORD AND TENANT. The new Domesday Book, published in 1873, contains the following information, which does not appear in any later form : Lancashire in 1872-'73 was divided among 88,735 proprietors, possessing 1,011,7(59 acres with an annual valuation of £13,878,27'. Of the owners, 76,177 or 87 per cent., possessed less than 1 acre, and the average (annual) value, including minerals, was £13 14«. 4d. [$66.74] per acre. Nineteen proprietors owned upwards of 5,000 acres, the largest proprietor being the Earl of Derby, who possessed 47,260 acres, with a rental of £ 156, 73.^ [$762,750]. Among other large proprietors are the Duke of Bridge- water's trustees, the Duke of Devonshire, the Marquis de Castija, the Earl of Stam- ford and Warrington, the Earl of Wilton, the Earl of Sefton, Lord Lilfurd, and Lord Skelmersdale. 438 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. The annual valaation rose from the amount stated above to £1S,G23,910 in 1885, or about $90 per acre. During the past quarter of a century the number of owners of land in Lancashire, and especially within this consular district, has very con- siderably increased. There is an extensively prevailing custom by which buyers of land purchase in fee simple, but subject to the payment of a small rent (called a chief rent) to the original owner in perpetuity. This custom is peculiar to this part of England, the purchases in the south and other districts being affected by means of leases for long terms (usually 9^ years), the fee-simple remaining in the original owner. The purchaser under this latter system is to all intents and purposes the owner of the laud, but his property is personalty and not realty, as is the case with the Lancashire purchaser. The importance of this distinction will be evident when it is remembered that the English law varies very considerably in relation to the two classes of property. The purchase of small plots of land and the building of rows of work- men's cottages thereon has been a favorite form of investment with successful operatives and small capitalists. Large numbers of the dwellings of the working classes in the manufacturing towns are owned by their fellow-workmen or by small shopkeepers, working or retired ; and the assistance afforded by land and building societies, large num- bers of which have been formed, has contributed gi-eatly to this result. STATISTICS INDICATING THE SOCIAL CONDITION. The figures of the census of 1881 indicate the urban character of this consular district, which then contained five towns of over 100,000 in- habitants ; five of over 50,000, but less than 100,000 ; two of over 40,000 ; four of over 30,000 ; thirteen of over 20,000 ; and twenty of over 10,000. There were at the same time but twenty towns in all England contain- ing over 100,000 inhabitants. Taking the figures for Lancashire, which supplies nearly all the pop- ulation of this district, and which will in its general features pretty ac- curately represent the district, I find that the average number of children attending school last year was 465,656, or 12 per cent, of the population at that time— the proportion for England and Wales being the same. The number of paupers in Lancashire on January 1, 1886, was 77,287, or 2 per cent, of the population, the proportion for England and Wales being nearly 3 per cent. ; the cost of their maintenance per head of the population was 52 cents, against 82 cents in England and Wales ; and the proportion of such cost to the yearly ratable value of real estate was 2.08 per cent., against 3.8 per cent, in England and Wales in 1875, (the figures for the latter are not to be had for a later date.) The pro- portion of paupers would be smaller for this consular district, as dis- tinguished from Lancashire. For example, Liverpool and Manchester show one pauper to 28 of the population, whereas in the large industrial town of Oldham it is but one to 63, and so on throughout the district. Each acre in Lancashire supports nearly three persons — the density of {K>pulation being four times as great as in England and Wales, and more than twice as great as in any other county outside of London it- self. The number of illegitimate children in Lancashire averaged during the ten years, 1874 to 1883 inclusive, 4.5 per cent, of the births. In 1884 (the last return to hand) the i>ercentage was 4.6 in Lancashire and 4.7 iu all England. There are no returns of divorces in the different countries. The rato for England, which was 1 to every 1,000 marriages in 1870, rose to 2 to every above to £18,023,910 ler of owners of land istrict, has very con- revailiiig cnstoni by bject to the payment owner in perpetuity. he purchases in the ns of leases for long in the original owner. intents and purposes ilty and not realty, as e importance of this that the English law ses of property. Iding of rows of work- n of investment with arge numbers of the aring towns are owned ■8, working or retired ; ; societies, large num- gi-eatly to this result. CONDITION. irban charact«r of this urns of over 100,000 in- 00; two of over 40,000; 1 twenty of over 10,000. n all England contain- mes nearly all the pop- leral features pretty ac- tie average number of , or 12 per cent, of the 'land and Wales being lary 1, 1886, was 77,287, for England and Wales tonance per head of the gland and Wales ; and >le value of real estate and and Wales in 1875, a later date.) The pro- onsular district, as dis- erpool and Manchester 18 in the large industrial irougbout the district. ;e persons — the density igland and Wales, and ■y outside of London it- ashire averaged during jent. of the births. In i was 4.G in Lancashire ; countries. The rate for a 1870, rose to 2 to every THE UNITED KINGDOM. 439 1,000 marriages in 1880. In England 116 divorced persons were mar- ried in ISHU ; and the rate of such marriages to the total number of marriages was as 6 to 10,000. A statement of the present- divorce law of this country is transmitted hciewitb. Of the 192 verdicts of murder returned by coroners' juries in 1884,163 were for infanticide, against 87 in 1883 ; 45 per cent, of the number for 1884 were returned in tiie county of Middlesex, which contains two- thirds of London. There was no verdict of this character in 1884 in Liverpool, and but 3 in Manchester. The following comparative tables will further illust rate the several subjects to which they relate : XXXVIII. — Number of persons in chief Lancashire i»4usiries engaged in such industries in ld61 in England and Tf'ales and in Lancashire. Indnstriet. Cotton General laboren Coal and mining — Iron and steel trade . Makers of machines England and Wales.' Persons engaged. 630,261 650,769 407,878 861, 343 160,797 Per cent of popu- lation. 2 2.16 1.8 1.4 0.6 Lancashire.) Persons engaged. 432,146 74,050 64,546 65,728 86, 216 Pernent ' of popn- lation. 12 2.15 1.9 1.6 1 * Popalation, 1881, 25,974,489. t Popnlatiou, 1881, 3,485,819. XXXIX.— H0U8M and population of England and Wales and of Lancashire in 1881. Items. England and Wales. Lancashire. Eonses: Inhabited 4,831.519 386,676 46, 414 656,307 Uninhabited 68,929 Bnildine 5,697 Popnlation: Males 12, 639, 902 13, 334, 537 1, 669, 864 Females •• 1, 784, 677 Total 25,974,439 *3, 454, 441 'This is the population of the connty proper, as distingoished from the "registration county.'' The popnlation of the latter, as chiefly used in this report, is , as viU be seen, 31,878 greater. But the census uses the population of " registration coanties," for records of occupation, £0., while it uses the popalation of the counties proper for records of the character here tabulated. XL. — Average number of persons to a family, persons to an inhabited house, families to an inhabited nouse,persons to a square mile, inhabited houses to a square mile, andaeres to an inhabited house in England and Wales and in Lancashire in 1881. Political divisons. England and Wales Lanoaahire Area in statute acres. 87,239,851 1, 208, 164 Persons to a family (separate occupiers). 4.61 4.76 Persons to an inhab- ited house. 6.38 6.27 Families to an inhab- ited house. 1.17 1.11 Persons I Inhabited to a I houses square i to a square mile, i mile. 446 347 Acres to an inhabited house. 7.7 L8 \ 440 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. XLl.-Di$triluUon by sex and age of the population of England and Walei and of Lanca- ihire in 1881. AgM. Proportion, males to Proportion, female* to 100,000. 100,000. Enoland andwalei. Lanca- shire. England Lanca- and Wale*. shire. Under S yew* 5 to 15 year* 16to26yeara 25 to 45 years 45 to 65 years 65 years and npwarda Total 6,767 11,437 0,165 12,472 6,760 2,062 48,663 6,044 11,102 9,281 13,400 6,187 i,8r- 6,78B 11,461 0,605 13,455 7,514 2,614 48,336 51,837 7,030' 11,363 10,055 14,402 7,105 7,709 51,664 XLU—Unmarried, married, and icidorced in 100,000 o/ each sex, in England and fFale$ and Lancashire %n 1S81. Social condition. 100,000. Proportion males to Proportion females to England and wales. I^ncashire. Unmarried Harried... Widowed . 61,932 34,621 3,440 62,041 34,641 8,818 100,000. England andWalea. Lancashire. 59,226 83,282 7,492 59,255 33,066 7,679 XLllI.— Births, deaths, and marriages, 1884.» Popnlation, 1881 Births ".'". Deaths • Marriages *EeglBtr«r-general'e report <1885) for 1884. XLIV -Annual death rate per 1,000 living, afall ages, and at eleven groups of ages, in •*-^* ' • England and in Lancashire." Ages. All ages ,••-••.•-..••-. Under 6 years • 6to 10 years lOtoUvears ]5to20yean ' 20to25year8 25 to 35 years • 35 to 45 years 45 to 55 years 56 to 65 years 66 to 75 years ■-• 76 years and upwards- England. Lancashire. • Registrar-general's report (1885) for 1884. 21.27 63.12 6.43 8.70 5.83 7.04 &93 12.62 17.72 31.49 64.85 161.69 25.17 82.22 8.47 4.84 6.06 7.86 10.44 15.64 28.57 42.62 83.65 176.88 ^N. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 441 I and Walei and of Lanca- XLV. — Periona returned a» blind, deaf find dnmb, and insane in 1,000,000 of the popu- lation of England and n'alet, and of Lancanhire.' Bs to Proportton, femalei to 100,000. Dca- Ire. EngUnd and Wale*. lanoB- Dhire. 6,944 1,192 9,281 18,400 6,187 1,882 6,788 11,461 9,605 13,455 7,514 2,514 7,030 11,363 10,055 14,402 7,105 7,709 48,336 1 51,337 51,664 iieXfin England and fFalea lesto Proportion femalea to 100,000. oaahire. Bogland and Wale*. Ltneashire. 62,041 34,641 8,818 69,226 83,282 7,492 59,255 33,066 7,679 1884.' Endan \nd Wal* Lancashire. 25,974,439 908,084 531,961 204,205 8,485,819 129,815 84,808 29,869 884. Fhysloal and mental condition. England and Wales. Irfincashire. Blind: 75 804 79 Other* 654 Total 879 733 512 460- loBane: Idiot* 1,260 1,998 1,064 Lnnatio* ..... 1,573 Total 3,253 2,636 * Cenau* of 1881. It may be observed tbat the censas report points oat tbe unmistak- able general role, so fares it can be judged from tbe returns, tbat agri- cultural districts produ«je a mucb larger proportion of idiots and imbe- ciles tbau industrial districts. The manner in which tbe returns are made, however, is referred to as rendering such returns of much less value than in the United States, where specialists were employed in making them. XLWL— Public tchooh, 1885. Items. Popnlation, 1881 Kamber of scboola If amber of children who can l>e accommodated. Averaife namber in attendance Present at annnol in«p«ction England and Wales. Lancashire. 25, 974, 439 19,063 5, 061, 503 8, 406, 076 3, 992, 074 3, 485, 819 1,712 •630,571 466, eSO' 666, 62» * Number on the resistor. The cost per pupil in England, in the board schools, is £2 68. 2id.= $11.22. XhVll.—StaUatioa of crime in 1884. d at eleven groups of ages, in England. Lanoaahlre. 21.27 63.12 6.43 8.70 &83 7.04 8.93 12.62 17.72 31.49 64.85 161.69 25.17 82.22 8.47 4.34 6.06 7 86 10 44 15.64 23.57 42.62 83. 6S 17&88 B84. Item*. Popnlation, 1881 .... Committed for trial Male* Female* , Total , Conyicted , Acquitted England and Wales. 25, 974, 430 11, 952 2,455 14,407 11,184 8,220 Lancashire. 3, 485, 81» 2, OSS 703 2,786 2,242 540 442 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. XLVIII. — Savingi hanki (not includiny postal savings banks), 1884. Political dlTla Ion. England and Wale* Lancaahtre . . . > e^ 1, 370, 3«4 489, 678 1^ "8S els Hi I 839, 8S4,t21 S2!*87 27 «]8 2S 363, S81 19 16 29 40| 13 33 * For pnrpoMs of comparison with the population in 1884, per cnpita. It niny bo noted that the retp oMnoreaae of popnlation diirlng the deceDnial pttrloil, 187l-'81, wax 1 44 per cent, per annum for England 4ind Wales, and 2.2 per cent, per annum for Lancashire. t This represeota the capital of the banks. Besides tbe savings banks deposits, the last ])ost-oftlce savings bank return shows $207,099,212.76 to the credit of open accounts in England and Wales on the Slst of December, 1885, of which $14,335,682.10 was due Lancashire depositors. But tbe chief depositories of the Lancashire workingmen's savings are the co-operative companies, whose records are understood to show a very remarkable degree of prosperity on tbe part of the people of this district, and which, as further on intimated, will appear in a future report on tbe " co-operative movement " in Lan- cashire. MANNER AND COST OP LIVING. I am indebted to Mr. Samuel Andrew for tbe following account of the manner and cost of living of the average workiugman of this district. Housing. — The bousing of the average workiugman in Lancashire is good, cheap, healthy, and for the most part pleasant. Passing through Lancashire towns on tbe railway one is struck with tbe long rows of dwellings built of brick or stone, according as brick or stone may be more plentiful or cheap in tbe neighborhood. These are the bouses of tbe Lancashire workiugman. They are generally four roomed tenements built two stories high, with back and front door, back yard, and conveniences at the rear. The two lower rooms con- sist of a living part (fronting a main street) some 15 feet square, com- municating with a back kitchen some 15 feet by 12. The floors are flagged for the most part where the houses are not cellared, the stairs ascending from the back apartments. The living part is provided with fire-grate, oven, and boiler. The oven is adapted to general culinary purposes as well as for baking the household bread, for the quality of which the Lancashire house wife enjoys a high and well-merited reputation. The back room is used as a laundry and lavatory, being fitted up. with boiler, slop stone, and small pantry. The sleeping apartments up stairs are, as a rule, fairly lofty and airy. The rental of such a house, modern built, would bo 4«. to 4«. 6d. per week according to position and quality. Smaller cottages of an older type may be found ranging in rental from I 2«. M. to 3«., but they are fast giving place to the better class described. These rentals generally cover all national taxations and for the most part the poor's rate, but as a rule the cottager contributes to local taxa-l tion for lighting, police, road repairs, school board, &c., at so much iul the pound sterling on the annual rental, or a portion of it. In thel thriving town of Oldham, this rate is 2«. in the pound (10 per cent.) onl the rack rent, payable by three installments. The furnishing of the cot-T tages is neat and substantial, and in recent years tbe better class work-^ ■ '"'^as^jjri ON, THE UNITED KINGDOM. 443 ngt bank*), 1884. B L.- SB .2!? r«,2e4 19,675 S| He $ 9 I f' o «- O * •«l I --I -"I 839,894:921 S2|«87 27113 ii 2«2, 581 19 18 29 40l 13 33 ilta, It luny be noted that the rate I per cent, per annum for Englaoil l>o8t-oflice Miviups bank «u accouutH ill Euglaud bich •14,335,682.16 was itories of the Lancasbire mpauies, wbose records ree of prosperity on the 18 further on intimated, -tive movement " in Lan- rvsQ. following account of tbe (iugmaii of tbis district, ingman in Lancashire is easant. lilway one is struck with lue, according as brick or leighborbood. These are They are generally four ith back and front door, he two lower rooms con- some 15 feet square, com- 12. Tbe floors are flagged ared, the stairs ascending I provided with fire-grate, eral culinary purposes as the quality of which the merited reputation. The leing fitted up with boiler, Eipartments up stairs are, uf such a bouse, modern ig to position and quality, ad ranging in rental from the better class described, sations and for the most ' contributes to local taxa- }oard, &c., at so much in ' a portion of it. In tbe le pound (10 per cent.) on The furnishing of the cot- ears the better class work- man h : been able to posseHs himself of u piano-forte and to give his children somewhat of a inusicul education in addition to the ordinary schooling. The ordinary LaiicnHtrian luis ii great appreciation ot'innHic. Workmen's cottages, sucli as described above, of the better class cost £\'2() to £140 ]>er cottage for erection, but in most cases a cliief rent of 3d. to 4rf..per yard per year is ])aiad and butter, tea or cott'eo, sometimes with a couple of eggs or a rasher of bam or bacon. Ilis dinner, 12.30 to 1.30, is a wholesome meal, almost always ill part of meat and pudding or pie, his favorite dishes being a potato ])ie and a flesh pudding, which on working days form his alternate pran- dial meals, while on Sundays bis dinner is of l)eef or mutton with pastry. His third meal is generally his lightest, consisting of bread, butter, cheese, tea, salad, &c., while bis supper consists of oatmeal iK)rridge, milk, bread, jam, &c. He generally smokes or chews a vile strong to- bacco called " twist," and drinks beer sometimes brewed from harmless herbs, but generally from malt and ho])s. Since American beef and Australian mutton began to be so abundantly imported into England, tbe English workman has found more employ- ment for his knife and fork. There was at first a conceit against foreign meat, but it is generally dying away. Good beef can be bought at 6(2. to 8d. per ])ound, good mutton at 4d. to Id. A jireference is given to Euglisb-fed meat, and as a rule 2(2. per pound more will be paid for l>eef- and perhaps in some cases M. per pound more for mutton, than for for- eign meats. American h&roeed to the extent of one-half, and when it is conHidered that the machines have been increased in spindles and improved in structure it is doubtful whether he is not receiving more wages to-day than evi>r he did before. When the cost of provisions is taken into account, the l>osition of the factory operative in full work is .it least '20 ]>er cent, bet- ter than it was in 1870. This estimate refers to hands in full work. Many of those who have been thrown out of work hare suffered severely. There is not much short time in the mills. The idea seems to prevail that it pays best for a mill to run full time or to stop altogether. WEALXn AND THE LIBERAL ARTS. While Lancashire contains 13.3 per cent, of the population of Eng- land and Wales, the latest tax returns to be had {188.'J-'84) show that it pays 14.1 per cent, of taxes. The difference, however, is much more striking when the returns for the profits of business and industry only are considered, in which Lancashire's share is 10 percent. This will more fully appear from the following comparative table : XLIX. — Orots amount of property and profitt aiaesied, 1883-'84. Sourceii of income, &o. I EDsland and I I Walttt. i From tbe ownenhip land, t«nementa, and titles <1A4,044, 183 I From occupation of lands anil tcueiuents I 44,7^0,800 From trades and professions | 243,747,515 I Tax, 5d. inthepound i 7,830,816 Lanvaabire. £18, 706, 453 1, 857, 443 88, 9«i, 'Ml 1,107,073 IfOTB. — The Incomes from public dividends and annuities and from Government offices and pensions are not applicable to statistics of tbe separate counties. The difference would be even more striking if similar returns could be ha4l for the Manchester district as distinguished from the county. Very substantial people, therefore, are the Manchester men, as their general cbaranteristics, no less than their income returns, demonstrate ; yet they have not disdained those lighter accomplishments which follow in the train of wealth. In art,* architecture, music, and the drama they have poshed their city to tbe first rank in the Kingdom after London itself. What position they held in literature and science may be in- ferred from the establishment here, in 1880, upon the foundation of Owens College, of the only university in tbe north of England. This seat of higher education exercises academical jurisdiction over the " University College " of Liverpool, and will probably eventually ex-j tend over the " Yorkshire College " of Leeds. Naturally the first free library in England (1653) was established in Manchester, and the free libraries of tbe city (including Salfra) now contain 200,000 volumes! In the Owens College the department of physical sciences, under Si/ H. E. Boscoe (president of the British association for next year), probj ably supplies the best instruction to be hod in the (Jnited Kingdom i^ those branches of education which are the handmaids of industrial vancemeut. *It is nnderatood that leaving out the collectiona iu the Royal Academy (London] the country within a radius of 20 luiles from the town hall in Manchester contaii works of art of greater value than a similar area about the Mansion House in Loij don. ION. er of tlie optTiitivi' lias lie liaH III) allo\vniic(> tor u>n it 18 coiisideic'd that ul iinproTiHl in Htructuiu wages to-dny than evi'i- taken into account, tli& at least 20 ])er cent. bet- Many ofthose wlio have y. There is liot much ail that it pays best for a ARTS. the populHtion of Eng- atl (l88."J-'84) show that J however, is much more isiuess aume returns, demonstrate ; iinplishments which follow Qiuaic, aud the drama they le Kingdom after London 'e and science may be in- \, upon the foundation of north of England. This ical jurisdiction over the 11 probably eventually ex- I. Naturally the first free Manchester, aud the free contain 200,000 volumes, lysical sciences, under Sir iation for next year), prob- in the United Kingdom in mdmaids of industrial ad- u the Royal Academy (London), wn ball in Manchester contains oat the Mansion House in Lon- So much may be said for the greater folk. Under the same inflnencoB , that have produced this vast wealth for the wealthy, the middle and the humbler classes have advanced to a degree of comfort nevi^r known by them before. Indeed there is not the same difference iK'tween the very rich and the lower classes which exists in many communities of the same wealth in our own country. The " lino between the employing class and the employed " is perhaps ^'harder and sharper " than with us; but within the limits of this restriction, the great body of the people are more nearly on an equality than in similar communities in America, or, perhaps, it would be more exact to say that there is not so wide a socitil range as in such communities in America. Whatever may be the cause, the efforts of the laboring class to secure its share of the joint earnings of capital and labor, and of each class as against its su- perior in the social scale, so far as the capacity for earning a livelihood goes, seem to be more efficacious here than in similar communities in America. So evident to a transatlantic visitor who takes the pains to look be- neath the surface is the view 1 have expressed of this matter, that Prof. Ooldwin Smith, on revisiting England the other day, was led to say, speaking of the whole country: Nothing; seems more certain than tliat the lar^^est portion of the newly-niodo wealth haH gone to the class which lives by wages, and that this class has sutfored least by depreHsion. Profits have fallen and wages have risen, as political economy, now so iinicli despised, said that they would. Low profits and reduced rents to the people mean cheap clothing and cheap bread. Articles of popular consumption are very cheap, while the range of popular consumption is evidently growing larger. Eco- nomic laws have done, aud are doing, what the labor a{?;itator wants to do by indus- trial war. The thrifty artisan, so far as I can see, is juat as well off here as he is in the United States, saving that the linn is harder and sharper here between the em- ploying class and the employed. That " the rich are always growing richer and the poor poorer" seems to be the reverse of the truth. So, also, it is the rapid growth of population in the northern industrial centers which offers the one barrier to that sucking of the life of the provinces into London, which Lord Roseberry deplored, the other day, at Linlithgow. This industrial concentration, away from London, does not restore the English country life which Lord Boseberry lamented the decline of, but it gives many millions of toiling men and women better lives than otherwise would be ])ossible for them. The vast improveiiieiits constantly making in labor-saving machines, which have reduced the number of persons engaged in agriculture from 1,(357,138 in 1871 to 1,383,184 in 1881, have imposed an additional burden upon the industries, already sufficiently taxed, one would think, in sup- plying employment for the increasing i)opulation. A like decrease has occurred in the numbers engaged in the shipping business, notwith- standing an enormous increase in the carrying capacity of its fleets, and this adds still further to the burden upon the remaining industries. "A worklngman," discoursing upon last winter's distresj among the la- boring classes, recently wrote to one of the newspapers as follows : When I said that economic forces are operating against the unskilled laborers, it was meant that the rough work of the world is being put more and more upon the shoulders of machinery. • * • The constant stream of laborers which is flowing from the agricultural districts to the towns is due to the increasing application ot machinery to agriculture. Oar roads are kept in repair by machinery, aud the very stones are broken by the same means. Masons are supplied with mortar which was preparnd by machinery, and the manufacture of bricks is almost entirely accomplished by machinery. Mechanical contrivances for the loading and nnloadi'ng of ships are coming more into use, and an apparatus has been devised which performs the duties g . > - rer more than such forces >e found in the extent and movement in this district, re report I shall endeavor ce to learn in this respect IMPBOYEIUENT IM MORALS AND DECREASE OF PAUPERISM. The registrar-general's report for 1885 shows that in England and Wales a great and steady improvement is taking place in the percent- age of illegitimate births. In 1845 they were 7 per cent. ; in 1855, 6.4 ^ in 1865, 6.2: in 1875, 4.8; and in 1884, 4.7— the last being the lowest figure ever known. The following table is compiled, for the first four dates from Mr. Mul- ball's tables, for the last from the registrar-general's report : LI. — Decline in pauperiim lince 1850 in England and Wales. a Teus- Namber of paupers. 921, 000 851,000 1, 070, 000 803,000 818,000 Katioto popnlation. Ptr eent. 4.n «.20 4.69 3.0» 8.00 LII. — The deoreate in the burden of pauperism from 1702 to 1880. [At (hown iB another of Mr. HnlbaU's tables.] lore leisure than the same icreasingly heavy odds at those who live in newer his own labor is expended on, the heaviest handicap wanting, he scores a con- Comparing the condition e Manchester district, with Bright recently said that » week, aud a considerable Period. 1702-'14 . 1760-'75 . 1783-'93 . 1815-'20 . 183fr-'35 . 1841-'90 . 1851-'60 . 1861-'70 . 1871-'80 . Annual ex- Per in- penditure. habitant Pence. 4910,000 41 1,620,000 58 2,050,000 66 7,106,000 162 6,742,000 114 5,250,000 74 5,510,000 69 6,740,000 77 7,710,000 76 Natlonnl in- come. £65, 000, 000 122,000,000 145,000,000 22U, 000, OOO 385, 000, 000 490,000,000 580,000,000 720, 000, 000 935, 000, 000 Percentage ot° harden. 1.40 1.24 1.41 3.23 1.76 1.07 .05 .94 .82 ??? ANOB. his city abridges from the era the following tables : \d cocoa, per capita, in each of Jive 1852. Temper head. Coooa,per heaif. Pound*. 1.909 2.694 4.010 4.676 5.023 eople of England consume wine, tea, and cocoa, thaa Not less marked was the increase in thrift among the laboring classes as indicated by the increase in the deposits in savings banks since 1830, as shown (for the United Kingdom) in the following table : LUI.— Depodto in savings banks from 1830 to 1S81. Teara. Amount. Per in- hahitont. 1830 £12,600,000 30,700,000 27,680,000 36,700,000 46,230,000 69,000,000 «4S8 08 1840 1850 7 30 1860 1870 9 78 1881 18 18 PRISON STATISTICS— DBOBEASE OF CRIME. The Courier of this city prints the subjoined review of the official criminal statistics for England for 1885, just publisked (November)^ »>gJPSafe4BS'Si>Jfei^Vf,afew w SiSSd S^ ls»r.'.' 448 EMIOBATION AND IMMIGRATION. These give evidence of a steady decrease of crime, and recently of a greater proportionate decreujo in the number of female criminals: From the yearly reports relating to our convict prisons we are enabled to gauge witii considerable accuracy the amount of crime that from one period to another is prevalent in the country, and it is certainly a matter of no small satisfaction to learn from the report just published that the number of sentences to penal servitude in- flicted by the courts m England and Wales during the past year was 23 per cent. lower than in any previous year on record. This decrease in sentences for serious crime is, moreover, not of a temporary nature, owing to some transitory cause, but one that shows a continuous and progressive tendency. During the five years ending in 1864, the average number of persons sentenced to penal servitude in the year was 2,800, and whilst these figures had dropped to 1,622 ■8 the yearly average for the five yearo ending in 1874, a farther diminution has re- duced the average to 1,427 for the Ave years ending in 1884, and the actual number to 1,027 for the year ending iu March, 18H6 ; and this progressive decrease is all the more remarkable when we take into consideration that since 1864 the population has increased by over 7,000,000. Another matter to which attention is directed in the report is that the decrease in the nnmber of female criminals is in proportion larger than in the number of males. Of the total number of 1,027 males and females that received different sentences dur- ing the year, 70H were known to have never before been convicted ; and on analyzing the crimes committed by these last we find, as in previous years, larceny and receiv- ins stolen property still easily heads the list with a total of 219, followed by burglary, which accounts for 83 cases; rape, &o., with 74 cases, and wounding, shooting, .&o., with 48. During the twelve months there have been 25 murders, as against 38 in the previous :year, and under the beading of robbery with violence the figures have dropped to 26 from 106 in 1884, and an average of 82 for the three previous years. The actual pop- ulation in the pribons at the date of the last report is given as 8,:)9<), of which number €21 wore females, and of this total 3,344 were confined under sentences of five years. Some curious statistics are given with a view to point out at what ages criminal propensities are most commonly developed, and from these we learn that while a far greater preponderance of criminals are to be found amongst males at ages varying tvom twentv-five to thirty-four, the female criminal does not become fully developed 80 early iu life, and with that sex those at ages varying from thirty-five to forty-four easily bear off the palm of crime. To house our criminals twelve establishments were maintained during the past year, with a total staff of employes numbering 1,500. The gross total of expenditure in all these establishments amounted to £299,876, and b; eduotine fh>m them figures the value of the convict labor (which was estimated a( £164,271) and making allowance for some small sums obtained by the sale of olc( stores, &n., the net cost of our convict prisons last year amounted to £134,462. The not charge per prisoner was, therefore, about £16 2a. 6500. The s amounted to £299,876, and by 5t labor (which was estimated at ima obtained by the sale of old ear amounted to £134,462. It £lfi 2«. 6d. Thus it appears ery considerably reduced by the past a large number of convicta and, Portsmouth, and Chatham, it has been found ia making the rtment at Luton, near Chatham, lent in the convict prisons under and shows a great improvement ill over the previous year, when which are concentrated prisoners I, and not to belong to the crim- ry satisfactorily ; and so far as it Its object of preventing prison- ing under evil Influences while itisfactory to find that the Dis- rk, atad in the past year we learn rs liberated, 1,256 were taken in !54 women discharged 76 received ms also shows that whereas United Kingdom on the 3l8t on on the same day of 1886— ng the increase of population at the number of tenantless , the prisons of HuntiDgdon, 2losed; Pentonville convict THE UNITED KINGDOM. 449 prison was luade a local prison ; and a portion of the prison at Bodmin is .about to be transferred to the admiralty for naval purposes. Tbe following table, prepared from Mr. Mulball's tables and the cen- BUS, further illustrates this subject : LIV. — Convictions for crime in England and Waif a «incf 1840. Tears. 1840-'49 IWO-'fiO 18tilt-(i» lS7U-'70 Annual aveiaso. 21, 200 18,291 U,53U 11,720 PnpulAtion. lfl,7R2,0OO \S 888, UOO 21, 2(12, 000 24, 108, 000 BETTEB HEALTH AND LONGER LIFE. A prevailing characteristic of the inhabitants of this county, as will have been seen, appears to be an extreme manifestation in everything that tends to mark the individuality of a people. And even when we come, to consider some of the things over which the circumstances of life leave it least control, this unique community shows no deviation from the rule that seems to govern it. The statistics of lite and death show, unfortunately, that Lancashire stands at the head of the list of the counties in its annual death-rate, wbich, in the decennium 1871-'80 was 26.17 per 1,000 persons (20.09 males and 23.40 females), whereas the rate for England was 21.27 per 1,000 (22.61 males and 20.00 females). After Lancashire come Durham, 23.77 ; the West Kiding of Yorkshire, L'3.24; Uortliumberland, 22.74; Staftordshire, 22.44, and the city of Loudon, 22.37. If, however, we consider the decline in the death rate which 'las taken |)lace in Lancashire in the decennium 1871-80 as compared with the decennium 1841-'o0, it appears that the improvement in the health of its people has been scarcely less marked than their improvement in other respects — such decline being from 28 per 1,000 in 1841-'o0 to 25.2 per 1,000 in 1»71-'M0, or 10 per cent.; wuereas for all England tlie de- cHue is from 22 iu 1841-'50 to 21.3 in 1871-'80, or but little over 3 per cent. And this notwithstanding the fact that the breathing space or elbow-room of the average Englishman — which Mas 2| acres in the earlier period and something over 1^ acres in tbe later — has been re- duced only 30 per cent.; whereas, in tbe same time, the dwellers in Lancashire have suftered a diminution of these privileges to tbe extent of 40 per cent., their breathing-space and elbow-room having been a little under three-fourths of an acre in tbe earlier period, and in the later period not much over a third of an acre. Again, the full value of this disproportionate improvement in the health of the people of Lan- cashire, as compared with the rest of England, will be more strikingly illustrated if we consider the greater intensity of the effect of the presS' ure of population after a certain degree of density of population has Iteeu reached. In his official report to the registrar-general for last year, Dr. Ogle, summing up the results of a comparison of several groups of districts, says : It is not apparently until the density has reached a certain degree of intensity that it beeins to exercise any appreciable effect. This, indeed, might have been antici- pated. For though we can readily understand that in crowded commnnities it may >>« a matter of vital importance whether there are (iOO or 1,000 or 2,000 or more per^ H. Ex. 167 ^29 450 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. other coDditiont than aggregation. pomoarativelv high deatb There seem to be no natural cauBes^ort^^^^^^^ rateinthecaBeof Lancashim The^^^^^^^ ^^,,^ and the at- the drainage B^ood, the ^ater fup^^^ ^^^^^^^ generaUj% very tention given by ^^^..""^S^'^^Xchtoh^^^ a comparison in this re- irreat. I have no statistics »F" ^"f". ' , j. „aY. from the general char- f Jtct with therest of Engand ; Jut J «ho^„^S tSe'large proportion of the aoter of municipal ^^^^.^'^^fA^^^'pS of Lancashire are a* least as district which is urban, that *»« P^°>"^" „„ of their neighbors. The tell cared for, in the matter ot h^^th, as J^y^^tifleial conditions of lite explanation must be sought, theretoreju^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ of the people. 'Che density of population wn, ^^ ^^. j^^^^^^ SutVis twice as Breata« that of any other co^^ ^^^ ^ witkout doubt, one of the cl"ef^"«f • j^wer death rate than either o all the difrerence, for I^ond^n «hows » lo^l^j^^^^gver, are all industria the five districts ^^^J^^^':^fj\^lt\^^iX^^^^ iu the nature of districts, and it would appear th** J^«^ *' ^vor another; for exam ?ie work done which tnes the be*^^^ w^ng.; t,h, pie, the muscular strain '^e^l^"^,? "*= ° "ws of many kinds of mminj Sangers as well as the lung-destroying dusts mm ^^ ^^^ ^^^ aSd metal-working; the overheat of the^^^^^^ i„ which th, chimneys that fill the air. Speaking of the cotton industry, he says: compowd partly, of fllamento^^^^^^ use^for sizing, « stated to be a notaoi ^^^^ ^^^ In harmony with these facts, JJ« ^^jgSs^iid S^ of the rea thSthe deaths in I^anca«hire Jrom Pbth«i« JJ^ 3^ eent. of 1 ratory system averaged, dunng the 5 ears 'tJpMng dI Ogl?s rules, viz, that the direct consequences o^^^^ agt^^ffi are al nothing in compa"^^^^^^^ tints, and that n^<>^.t^*^2« \t d*uT^^^^ unhealthy indust CSVt?Se;^f--^^«i^^ K„ ».4^i>rii>kM are " abiect want, flltn, crime, »"""". „f iif„ >» These would douK be more effective. lATION. lany difference, bo far is health jicres on an average to oack in- Lopnlations are rtetermined by comparatively high death ikiug it all in all, is healthy, ,at and pure, and the at- J matters generally, very Ise a comparison in this re- 'say, from the general char- the large proportion of the laucashire are at least as of their neighbors. The . artificial conditions of life 'bich, as has been pointed junty outside of London, is, t this does not account for )r death rate than either of ), however, are all industrial something in the natnre of I way or another; for exam- and machine working^ the ts of many kinds of mining saving sheds and the cotton ise fog of steam in which the oxious fumes from the great probably as nothing in compari- * • " Moreover, and perhaps ibat almoat all the most danKerous 80 much the aggregation itself, aa igation that produce the high mor- 9d areas.* i: reaving sheds is described in a re- " tropical and relaxing," and dust, and partly of miueral substances . most of the sheds. C58 of the causes of death show sis and diseases of the respi- 1870-'80, 30 per cent, of the ) direct consequences of close m with its indirect concomi- all the other indirect effects 5U8 and unhealthy industries lot seem diflQcult to draw the a of the two causes, aggrega- i the forerunner and concomi- >m this quotation and represented kenness, and other exce<-w, keener >n8oflife." These would doubtless the other hand, London attracts » ag all urban, its sanitation shonlo THE UNITED KINGDOM. 451 tant of dangerous and unhealthy industries, which produces the high death rate in London and in Lancashire; and that it is the greater death- causing power of that element which predominates in Lancashire (viz, the industrial) than that which predominates in London (viz, excessive aggregation leading to commercial rather than industrial development) vbich produces a higher death rate in sparser-settled Lancashire. A new life table, based on the returns from 1871-'80, is given in Dr. Ogle's report, which 8'*ows the average expectation of life of a male English infant at birth to be 41.35 years, against 39.91 years by the old table (1838-'54) a gain of 1.44 years, or nearly a year and a half. For females the new table shows 44.62 years against 41.85 in the old, a gain of 2.77 years. In his inaugural address at the opening of the sanitary congress at York, in September, Sir T. Spencer Wells, the president of the con- gress, said: When they spoke of the prolongation of life, they thought chiefly of the advantage to individuals, their better healtb, and their augmented power of enjoyment. That was a threat deal, but it meant more for the state. During the forty-nine years that registration had been in force, about 8,000,000 had been added to the population of the United Kingdom. Tliey womd not be far away if they put the average duration of life in Great Britain before a century ago at about thirty years ; now, according to the healthy life table, it was forty-nine years, and each individual of the 8,000,00(rincrease in the population was worth to the state £150; and if only 2,000,000 of the increased number was the fniitof sanitary and medical work, their economical value was at least a clear gain of £300,000,000 since the foundation of the sanitary institute. INCREASED CONTENTMENT OF THE WOBKINO CLASSES. After writing the foregoing portion of this report it occurred to me that the conclusions to which the facts and figures therein contained had irresistibly forced me, were so completely at variance with infor- mation hitherto furnished to the Department that. I determined to test them by an appeal to eminent authority. I accordingly addressed iden- tical notes to Sir J. 0. Lee and Mr. Provand, M. P., containing a request for the favor of a reply to these two questions : (1) In yonr opinion, do not the people of the Manchester district emigrate to a less extent than those of the rest of Eneland in proportion to population t My investiga- tions lead me to believe that such is the case. (2) If BO, is it not doe, in yonr opinion, to the fact that such a large proportion of the popalation of the district is engaged in the cotton indnstry, ana t&at the opera- tives in this indnstry are increasingly contented to remain at home becaqao they are getting a larger shara than formerly of the Joint earnings of capital and labor f Following are the replies of these gentlemen : Sir J. C.Lee to Contul Hale. ' 56 MoBUET Striat, Manokeeter, November 12, 1686. Dbab Major Hale: In reply to yoor note of the 9th instant, I have great pleasnrv in making the following statements, from which I think yon will be able to dednce the information yon desire. I should class the variona grades of labor in cor oommnnity under five heads : Per cent (1) First-class skilled labor lu ('2) Second-class skilled labor 15 (3) Third-class skilled labor 25 (4i Uoskilled labor 40 ^5) Useless people 10 "mo EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. 452 Those iu the firnt and ^econj classe. «ve in re^eigof^^^^^^^^^ grate. Being good workmen they can »»**»" ^r food exc«i>tiourtlly cheap. Ily, '.heir house n.n| 1^'^'^^.^ vouiK^r meuN rrinolined to ramble. Ut not to a ^ tLow in the third class, »'«V"8 ^^.""^".'"sof their more skilled brethren, witU great extent, as they h*^"/" ^^^.^VneKon «.u h steady employment . ?he one exception t^^aVK^^y^^XtSies the largest qnota to the emigration lo- The fourth class is the «"« t^«* *Xvment thevdo not go awa^^^ Ke^"e!rurhStreKl\a tSr ^^^^^^ 'and in hSrd Umes they can get a. sistance from the union ajd^'P"" P"^7f "ngs'tsof aged and impecunious porsons- The fifth class does «ot emigrate J* ««7« « »*i^8 ^^^^^^,^1 ^^.„ .^^. „ n.^le oc- mostly paupers, m»ny of >^hom eke o.vt ^^^^^^^^^^ ,,y idleness or waut casional work, and are ™«'« «[ f " nTe,wurable .listance of starvation, of thrift they are l>'««?'»t7;*^'"n«trict do not l„ok upon emigration wi h favor, and As a whole the people o^ th.« district uom^ inproportiou I do not think we supply any large "";"HlancKr district are very varied, e 9., to our population. The »°f«'f "^« J"/5,\ie and there is always a good demand lor jS^wSeoSV^S'^- rrS of SMyhigheraverage wages than hasever H^uartMubrlefexpressionof my opinion on this point may be of any use to ^'"*' Believe me, very faithfully yours, JOSEPH C. LEE. ^fite/«tote« Con$ul, Mancheiter. Mr. A. D. Provand, M. P., to Consul Bale. 38 LLOYD'S House. Albert Square, Manchester, A'ovemier 12, lK8b. T.,.« MR Hale- On my return from London I received your note of the 9th i« «tfn"t^I bav?to%ly tojonr two c^^^^^^^ (1) It is the case that the Lancwhire iK>ople e^^^ increase of the population < other counties in England. ,.8«„**'Jf^eln added to by immigration, the increa«» J Lancashire has for a long »>«»«?!!* ^"ter than would have been the natural n shown by census returns ^^n^ZalfWl^he averag^^^ throughout Eng..H,i crease. For the ten years ending 1^,\ *5 the United Kingdom) was 15 per cent., 01 am not now speaking «f «°y «S «" cen\^ West Yorkshire, which is also a man the increase in L»nc»«l»*'*7fl:f*rLaSica8hiw, has likewise incr^^ m pojjulatu faoturing district, and contiguous \« J^f?^f "'"'^^hout immigration. The increa in Lancashire. .... .^^ *^„* nf the continued extension of the manufactun (2) The foregoing is due to tJ»e (act of tne connnueu ^^^ ^^^^ ^y^^^ , industries in Lancashire dnnng the past fig yea^^^^^ thatLiverp^ tension has taken place a^J^^y "XS t^e Stries are carried as in the interior is in Lancashire, almost t^e,!^^"^« "\ *J"„i of m^^^^ which lead to emig the county. ^ This.prevents the growing «P «^™»f" ^ „f the cotton operatives a,r€ tion. Another point to be "ot^VifalfLv ever were at any previous time, and in some departments higher today than they Y^^^^^^^rd '' earnings" and not wa ''^^^^^IT^^l^o.^^^r^^^ *i Vv ha^e ever been. cases ^ ^^^ faithfully, a. D. PROVANI ^'^'Cod^U^i F-itad ataU,, Manchester. It is not Becessary to point 0°.* *»!« ^Sot akSy m^^^^^^^ scope of the inquiry addressed to them. ATION. f good wageH, and rarely oini- imployinent, have few taxes to excoptioually chean. nclined to ramble, but not to u ir more Bkilled brethren, with steady employment. B8t qnota to the emiaration it- not go away in large nunibvrs. in hard times they can gut an- ged and inipecnnions piTsoim— a desultory way by a little oc- inion, when by idleness or want ce of starvation, pon emigration with favor, uiid nts— certainly not in proportiou district are very varied, e. ,li(l0 in Ij^-II, iiikI tHi,(Mi(i in l^'K'i. The (liiiilniHlicv llientHte of tlie lulior limikct nitroiul uikI iu tiie roj. oiiicn; liui. ho\ve\ ri' that uii^ht lie iuM'outen'i[iiiu'itioii and prospects of the colonies themselves." THE EMIGRANTS' INFORMATION OFFIPE. The flual result of the eftbrts cleHcribed above was the eatablishinent of au " einigrauts' inforuiatiuii oiticH" iu Lnudou, on the 1 1th of October. In the Guardian newspaper of this-city there ajipeared, shortly before, a history of state-directed euii$;ratiou froiu 1834 down to the establish ment of the "information offlce," and a statement of tlie character aixl functions of the latter, as follows : State interference in emigration began in the reign of William the Fourth, takinii the form of an act " to empower His Majesty to erect South Australia into a British province or provinces, and to provide for the colonization and government thereof." The preamble recites that "divers of His Majesty's subjects possessing among them considerable property are desirous to emiturk," and that " it is highly expedient that His Majesty's said subjects should be enabled to carry their said laudable purpose into ett'ect; " and the act provides that three or mord " colonization couimissionurM for South Australia" shall be appointed to provide for the sale or letting of waste lands*, and to apply all moneys so received to the purpose of au " emigratiou fund," to be employed" without any dtiductiun whatever "(exceiit for working expeusesand colonial charges) iu conveying " jioor emigrants" from the United Kingdom to'the colony. Then is little doubt that considerable jobbery took place under this scheme, aud a furtht development was forced on the Government six years later by the formation of tin emigration board iu 1840. This consisted of three commissioners with £1,0U0 each whose expenditure was met by an imperial "emigration vote" of Jtl,(iOO, su|ipleinentei by proportionate contributions from the proceeds of the sales of land in ttie seveta colonies. Reckless sales of laud aud an unwise policy of selection of " |)ooi' emigrants ' shortly reduced the majority of the colonial land funds to so low au ebli that in 184:{-'4' the tax-papers at home wore called upon to provide the whole cost ot the emigratiui board and itsstafFof agents at the ports. These latter were generally half puy officers aud their traditional bias to extravagance in expending public money may be tracei in the growing proportions of the vote of Parliament they administereil. It exceedei £25,000 for 18.'>l-'52, but appears to have gradually dwindled as the colonial govern ments showed a williugness to resume the expense of shippiug their own emigranti In 1B78 the old board of emigratiou disappeared, but £ lOO a year has since appeare LTIOX. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 457 Its wus jH.OOO iu lfi77, :!a,000 ii, liiiiuraiitH xvnn 'i'i.fHH) U- K;. InnitMT of cini^rHntii Innt y.ar liimrkct nltroml uiid in tlic'iHl. ligratioii liiiil not ull'urili>il iImi llf IrtlllllH I'fllltilli; to IK'f I'Mli- liiMt ri't»ri«'iug in our hour of »U|>pIyoiirncpil. This qnoNi inn liiHt twelve iiioiitliN. An ini- since then ilit* iiobli* t-arl wlm I im|)oriiiut ilcpiitutioii IicihIimI ',000 \vorknj<*ii, and tla.y ni.nN' ■utioii, \\i, Htat<'-])lnnnt'ii n<\v to ••nalile HftllerH to f{o out, rerert to uttu the rates for i-iin- r, and he would like to know opiuiou in favor of it. At all ion. The wcond Rrent jioiiit onld he given to every part oi' that the colonial otHce ahonlil o many centers throughout thii done if that HuggbHtion wero e8 we have heard of to be made tiuents, will not be limited to of thiH country, bnt that they be UHefnl, bringing before the and proMiiectH of the colouie!) )N OFFICE. )ve was the establishment on, oil the 1 1th of October. i appeart'd, shortly before, W4 dowu to the establisli- iiient of the character and of William the Fourth, takinjt t South Auatralia into a British ttion and goverumeut thereof." abjects possesHiug among them at "it is highly expedient that :y their Hai>:>» ^''o will have the ehief pliuie in the direction of tlie new otilee deteribed lielow. tiinee IHJn there Iiiim been an entire resKation m' action nn tln' part of the lioiiu- (iov- criiMieiit in aH.MiMiingeiniuratit>n, whetlieriiecuniarily orotlierwJHe. Stran«ely enough, lidWcvei, tlie I stabl'shnienf of the new " enilgnints intoriiiatioii otllce'' was dne to a iiiDve'netlf started ilnrinj; tli > ilistrcMS (•revaleiit last winter with it view in nlit.iili Ntiite help in Inrtheiiii;; a •ireat s( heme of eoloni/ation. It is true that the Nnlimial Association for StaTe-ilireeted Labor wonlil indignanlly repinliute any idea of Htale Ih'I|i, but after the intervi)*w of l.r)rd Hraba/oii ami his friends with Lord (iranville lit tlie etdonial otHce ill March Inst, the represeniat ive of the tax-payers eonbl linrdly hliare their views. Their scheme, briefly, was to establish a permanent eoloni/atirii lidiinl under the colonial office, on which Nhoiild serve, with oiher persoim. the avieut );eii ral of such colonial governinents as should be disposed to co-operate. 'I'll is boaid wiis to obtain grants of laud from those colonial governnients, and by loan iVom the Imperial Government to transport to such lands pioneer emigrants, at lixeil wa'^jeit, to prepare the soil for tho advent of the detachments of selected emii;rant coUiniHts, who were to be located (m 80-acro allotments, to be inortgageil to tho ctdoiii/ntion liiiard for the esiHMiditure to be incurred on behalf of the emigrants. In mlililioii to transport, this expendituru was to cover furuitnre, implements, and inainl>-uaucu, until tho first harvest, plus administrative and pioneer expenses. Tho mortgage was to be repaid within n maximum ]inrlotl of teu years, with 'I per cent, interest. It was esiiinated that two millions sterling would bo required in the first year. This scheme, so far as it was connected with tho direction of emigration on the eiedit of tho im- pcri.il excheouer, met with little sympathy from tho government of the day, even though it had the support of Mr. Froude and Mr. Arnold White, and was painted iu i;low i 11 g colors alike by Mr. Alfred Simmons, the socretarv to the Kent and Hnssex Laborers' Union, and by Mr. Maudsley, representing tho Manchester Trades Council, It was urged that there was no margin for possible failures, and there was neitlier a )irospuct that the colonies would contribute to the expenditure nor a certainty that they would allot the requisite l.inds to the proposed board. <)u tho other hand, it nwl long been ielt by successive Governments that adequate measures were not being taken to spread among the working classes trustworthy in- tiirniation on the subject of emigration. Laborers anxious to omigrnto were unable lor the most part to obtain a simple statement of the prospects open to them even in n single colony, and there nowhere existed a systematic digest, pi riodicnily issued, of the comparative facilities for emigration and of the tlemand for labor in the several coloniesi Whilst, therefore, a distinct objection was raised against pledtfiug the credit of Great Britaid^ in snpport of a scheme of state-directed emigration, Lord Granville readily adopted tho idea of an " emigrants' information office." Consider- able difficulty appears to have been experienced in overcoming the traditional reluc- tance of the treasury to incur new expenditure, l)ut iu the end the colonial otUce carried its point, anil the treasury consented to find the money required for the new niidertaking. The emigrant's information office thus originated is not a Goverment dc|iartment. It is merely a subsidized institution having relations with tho colonial ofljce. It is managed by an unpaid committee of management, to bo nominated by the secretary of state for the colonies, which will include Kentlenion prominent in pruuioliug emigration, together with representatives of the laboring classes. The committee will be responsible for their expenditure, but they will receive £650 a year as a grant from votes of Parliament towards such expenses, together with trnuking privileges fmm the post-office for all correspondence, whether to or from their office. The stationer.y otiice will also undertake tho committee's printing and sapply all stationery free of charge. Taking all these items into consideration, the snb.^idy from public fuuds may roughly bo estimated at £1,( 00 a year. Tho functions of the emigrants iuformation office will be to collect information through tho agents-geueral from the various colonies, and to tabulate the returns ob- tained. The publications embodying this information will be of three kinds, to be revised quarterl.v or more often if requisite. In the first place there will be u general circular, which will bo hung up in every post-office in tho Kingdom, containing gen- eral information for intending emigrants to Canada and tho Austra1asiaik.and South Afrie n colonies. This will give succinct particulars of the full cost of passage at steerage rates to the colonies in question, together with the length of passage iu each instance. The various rates of free and assisted passages will then appear, and the arrangements made for receiving and temporarily accommodating emigrants on land- ing. It would seem that emigrants' ' ' homes " exist at nearly all ports of arrival. The intending emigrant will next bo advised as to the time most favorable for his appeai'- ance in tne respective colonies, according to his occupation, and particulars are given as to the colonial demand for the several trades and occupations. It is interesting 10 note that agricultural laborers and female domestic servants are everywhere in * Mi^mii^^i^i^-} K'v..^t:„. ,'«*j|s^ 468 EMIOBATION AND IMMIGRATION. request, a* are faruierH with wtioe ca|iital ; wblUt New South WuIkm makeit ii N|M eral perusal by all interested in colonial matters, as well as by intending cniigriiiitit. The above two furinn of circular will be iiwned gratis to appllcantm, but tuu nioderutti Buui of a penny Is charKcablu for the third stries of the ooiuniittee's publlcntiouN, ■tylod " handbooks," hi whi(-h fuller attentiou will be uiveu to the puintH dealt with In the circulars. These handbooks will be procurulile through booksellers in the asnul way, or from the oiUce direct. It Is in conteiii|ilati(iii, it is understood, to UIh- tribnte the special circulars freely to all clubs and ossociatioLM of the working classeit, and to such pbilanthropio bodies as may seem likely to cin-ulute them among thoHu classes. At the head of each publicatlou issued will bo the notice that " the emigrants" information offlco has been established under the supervison of Her Majesty's Gov- omment fur the purpose of supplying intending emigrants with useful and trustworthy information respecting emigration to the British colonies. The Information issued by the oflBce to the piiblio is mainly obtained fVom the various colonial governments and their representatives lu this country. No pains are spared to n>ake the Informa- tion as correct as possible, but the committee of management cannot undertake to hold themselves responsible for the absolute correctueaa of every detail. • •••••• With such unrivaled opportunities of Information fhrnlsbed to them bv the two new departments, the wage-earning classes will be in a most favorable position to dix- pose of their labor to the best advantage; they will know where their services are iu request, and there will be no longer any reason why ignorance concerning England'ii colonial possessions should place intending emigrants at the mercy of the sharks whn have fattened on an earlier generation. The great difficulty experienced hitherto has been t» select suitable emigrants. Of the nnskllleaU with throagh booksullors in tku ion, it. ii« nntit>i-8toud, to diit- iatioLH of the working clttooeH, >o circulate thuni among thoNi< e notice that " tbo emigrants" ervisdn of Her MaJcdty^M Gov- ts with useful and trustworthy nius. The iulonuatiou issued various colonial governments "6 spared to ii>ake the iuforma- agemeut cannot undertake to IS of every detail. fhrnished to them by the two most favorable position to dlH- oow where their services are iu gnorance concerning England's I at the mercy of the sharks who ficulty experienced hitherto has nd of ue'er-do-woels there has at maud, but tbo men that a young > (iraotical — men aqnainted with ucilled artisan also, especially if 1 increasing demand. The emi- inu when we say men, it should ntly needed than male. in in tbe United Kingdom in ex- tbat even this immense nnmber the colonies. There is nothing, will Justify any expectations of will be A center of imparting in- y its title. BNMENT. sadily understood that tbe i preferentially to its own ," to which the display at iccentaates the preference. I of the law on the subject m issued in September hy I, become a common-fund charge, on emigration the written con- ny particular parish in the union leserted chil&en under sixteen y in tbe emigration of any poor of relief or not, bnt in cases of isary. The gaardians of a sep- arate parish can exp4>nd money in the emigration of any |)oor person residing in rach parish who is settle*! thi^rein, or irremovalile therefrom, wheth>end money in the emigration of orphan or deserted chiliL "U who have no settU-meul, or thn place of whone Hettlenient is not known, provided they are chargeable. The local government board biive no wish to dis- courage boards of guardians in the disfretuniary exerrise of their powers of aiding the emigratio.'i of poor- persons, providing due regard is ha4l to the wishes of the ('olr)tiii''« or of fori'ign r^tuutries, and such arrangements uru made us are retatutes of states and colo- nies with which the emigration of the United Kingdom is related," but I have failed to find any one who iK)8se8sed a copy, and Mr.Giffen writes me that "the board [of trade] regrets that they are unable to supply you f me] with a copy of the colonization circular referred to, every e£fort to obtain the required number having been without success." By the courtesy, however, of the officials of the new "information office" I am enabled to transmit herewith very late and complete statements con- cerning each of the British colonies, as regards passages, demand for labor, arrangements for reception on landing, cost of living, rate of wages, general description of the country, land grants, and cost of im- proved lands. 'i^^KS;'! ,ilI^SSS*j£^ 460 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. This information will be found in circulars ^os. 1 to 10, inclosed here- with. DIGEST OF EMIGRATION— -OFFICE CIRCULARS. The following is au abridgement of tlie information contained in the circulars : The time ordinarily- taken on voyage, and the lowest rate of unas- sisted passages to Canada and the Australasian and South African col- onies, is as follows : .LXIII. — Length and coat o/passatje. Colonies. By ateamer. By sailing vessel. ^rn;■»«'' ! "-jr-* ! Avenge «».«. ^Zl'' fare. Canada New Sooth Wales . Victoria South Anstralia . . . Que«usluud Western Anstralia Tasmiinia New Zealand Cape Natal Day*. 10 52 49 42 6.5 4B 40 to 50 45 20 26 to 28 & *. d. 4 10 16 16 16 16 16 17 16 16 16 U 16 16 15 15 18 18 i I. d. About 3 months 13 13 Nearly 3 months. 13 ti do 13 13 Abont 8 months. 18 13 do 14 14 do 15 do 18 13 ibdays*'.'.'.".!!!. "'*i8 io' 'SeoondKjlaaa. PASSAGES. Free passagea.-^The only colony to which free passages are given at the present time is Queensland, and the system in that colony applies only to single female domestic servants and to agricaltural laborers. Assisted passages, Canada. — Assisted passages cost £3 to each adult — the system applies only to agriculturists, farm laborers, and their fam- ilies, and to female domestic servants. Western Australia. — Assisted pas.sages cost £4 to each adult — the system applies mainly to farmers and agriculturists, and a deposit of £100 (to be refunded on arrival in the colony) is required before any assistance is ^iven. New Zealand.— Assisted pat^sages cost £10 to each adult — the system applies only to farmers and agriculturists with small capital. Before any one of this class receives such assistance he must show that he is possessed of £100, and an additional £50 for each member of his family over 12 years of age. No assisted passages are given at the present time to New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, Tasmania, or Natal; and in the case of the Cape they are given only to certain emigrants under contract with employers in colony. Nominated passages. — Queensland, Western Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. Eesidents in these colonies can nominate their friends for free passages on making payments in the colony, as under: Queensland. — Males, 12 to 40 vears of age, £2 ; 40 to 55, £4. Females, 12 to 40 years of age, £1 ; 40 to 60, £4. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 461 noN. 8. 1 to 10, inclosed here- iJIBCULABS. nation contained in the le lowest rate of uuas- aud gonth African col. ige. By sailing veaaul. »t i Average time. ^?^**' £ I. d. About s'moDths 13 13 Nearlv 3 months. 13 H do 18 13 About 3 months. 18 13 do 14 14 do 15 do 13 13 70day»"."' --■•■ **^' i* * se passages are given at m in that colony applies > agricnltural laborers. IS cost £3 to each adult — 1 laborers, and their fam- ,t £4 to each adult — ^the turists, and a deposit of j) is required before any o each adult— the system ;h small capital. Before be must show that be is ach member of his family isent time to New South Tasmania, or Natal ; and ► certain emigrants under Australia, Tasmania, and m nominate their friends Bolony, as under : 2; 40 to 55, £4. Females, Passages at low rates are also provided for laborers engaged by^ Qaeenslknd employer., for a term of years (for particulars see circular ''tX: SaS-Without payment, to a limited number of nomi- ne«»s approved by the Crown agents for the colonies. ^_ ^ , . r««Ha«'«.-Adult males, not over 40 years of age, £5j females, not above 40 years of age, £5 ; married couples, not above 4o, £b. XmZmlaHd.-i)%eT 12 years of age, £10. As a rule, confined to ag- ricultural laborers and female domestic servants. No nominated passages are at present given to Canada, New South Wales. Victoria, South Australia, the Cape, or Natal. ARRANGEMENTS ON LANDING. Canada.-Teraporary houses or stations for emigrants are provided at thrports of Quebec and Halifax and the other principal towns in the Dominion, and the arrangements made are very complete. Xetc South Wales.— At times when assisted passages are granted by the colonial government, a home is opened at Sydney for the tempo- rary reception of government-assisted female domestic servants on first ^''"oStond.-There are stations at the principal ports and in various parts of the colony in which government-assisted emigrants are received free of charce for a few days after arrival. . , ., x- wZurnlustralia—Thi^Te is a station at Fremantle for the reception of covernment assisted emigrants. , . ,. «„„ 4.i.„ „« New Zealand.— There is a station at every principal port for the re- ception of government assisted emigrants. None at present in Vifctoria, South Australia, Tasmania, the Cape, or Natal. BEST TIME OF ARRIVAL. Cowoda.— April to June (for agricultural laborers) ; not the winter ^^^New\uth TTa/M.— Any month; September for preference. Victoria.— Any month; September for preference. South Australia.— May to October. Qweetwton//.— April to October, inclusive. Western J.iMe altogether justified by the statistics, are to the effect that emigration to Australasia '^ varies not quite in accordance with the emigration to the United States, and appears to be less exclusively determined by natural causes." I have sought to follow out this idea and to ascertain the cause of the difference noted, in a more particular way, as a method likely to disclose also the measure of the effect upon emigration to the United States of the special privileges offered by other goveruments — chiefiy those of the Australasian colonies. By selecting from Mr. Gif- fen's tables of occupations from 1877 to 1885 the two classes of agricult- urists therein distinguished, and comparing them for the United States, Canada, and Australasia, with the number of " general laborers," and with the total number of male adultd emigrating to those countries for a series of years, a very fair idea may be had of the disturbing effiect of | the causes now under consideration. The subjoined tables seem to show very plainly in what direction the| effect is felt. LXIV. — Table showing the total number of male adult emigrants of British origin, and th« numbers nf several classes of such emigrants, who left the United Kingdom for the United States, British North America, and Australasia, respectively, in each of the nine years from 1877 (the first year in which nationalities and occupations were both diatinguishei) to 1865j and the average number per annum of each such class during that period. (U. 8. l8 used to designkte the TTnited States ; B. A., British North America ; A., Australasia and all other places, ' ' all other places " inoludiofc the Bast Indies, British West Indies, Cape of Good Hopel and Natal, and Central and South America. The uumbers fur all these, however, are amsU coni| pared with that for Australasia, under which general head it is convenient to classify them.] Tear. Pescription. U.S. A. 1877 Agricultural laborers, gardeners, carters, &o Fanner* and gtaiiera Total agrionltural olaa* Oenenu laborer* Total male adult* ^..^ .^,... 63 1,41S 1,470 6,48S 22,790 11 145 4.011 Oil IM •20 4,181 noN. talia, Nflw Zealand, the (rvants. oers with capital. United states. vileges or rates of fare colonies, materially af- States, except that ])or- ses. Under the heading in Canada to the United migrated to Canada, was 'eceived assistance in the T corporations, there is tion of the two conu tries rants, who |)a8s over the Jake it necessary, as will IS of emigration from tlie laterial error results from btion to the two countries la is so small in compari- variation in detail would ■al result. With Austral- red that Mr. Gitt'en's cou- report, which seem to be B effect that emigration to with the emigration to the ely determined by natural ilea and to ascertain the ticular way, as a method ct upon emigration to the il by other goverumeuts — 3y selecting from Mr. Gif- bhe two classes of agricult- hem for the United States, f" general laborers," and biug to those countries for of the disturbing effect of Eiinly in what direction the tgrants of British origin, and th« le XJniUd Kingdom for the United wly, in each of the nine years from » were both distinguished) to 1885, luring that period. tfa America; A., Australasia and all ish West Indies, Cape ufGood Hop«, )r all these, however, are small com- I coDTenient to classify them.] U.S. B.A. A. 65 1,41S U 145 4,012 817 1,470 6,48S 22,780 IW 920 4,181 4,828 2,411 S2kia8 THl^ UNITEDKINODOM. 463 LXIV. — Tabie shotHng the total number of male adult emigrants, 4ro. — Coutinued. Tear. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1888 1884 1885 Description. AKrlcnltnral laborers, gardeners, carters, &c . Farmers and firazlers Total agrionltural chua Oenerallaborers Total male adults A((ricnltaral laborers, gardeners, carters, &c . Farmers and graiiers Total aeriouUnntl class Gonerar laborers Total male adults '. Atrricnltnral laborers, gardeners, carters, ftc . Farmers and graaiers Total agricultural class General laborera Total male adults U.S. 881 2,008 I 2,104 1 8,960 I 28,114 144 3,186 3,330 18,584 48,552 1,007 ^586 Agrionltaral laborers, gardeners, oarten, 4u) . Farmen and graziera 6,603 42,805 80,473 I. 3,186 Total agricultural ohMS j 8,522 G«nerai laborers 50, 164 Total male adults i 86,239 Aeiionltnral laboren, gardenen, oarten, &o Farmers and grazien Total agricultural class Oenenl laboren Total male adult* Agricultural laborers, gardeners, carters, Ao . Farmen and graalera Total agricultural class Oenerallaboren '. Total male adults Agrlcuitoral laboran, gardeners, carters, 4co . Farmen and grazien Total asricnltnral class Oenerallaboren Total male adults Agricultural laboren, gardeners, carten, ftc . Farmen and grazien Total agrioultoiml class Oenerallaboren Total male adults ATBRAOl. Agricultural laborers, gardenen, carters, fto . Farmen and graaien Total agricnltnial olaas Oenerallaboren Total male adult* 812 3,664 8,876 62,103 88,288 190 4,868 4,663 60,686 86,995 6, VI 3,023 8,894 83,002 73,498 6,450 8,618 8.968 86,606 67,465 1.488 8,818 4,814 88,188 81, •» B.A. 65 221 286 1,828 5, on 32 256 0,261 10,060 1,214 428 1,642 6,0K5 11, 679 274 443 8,116 1S,2M 322 505 827 16,413 21,877 486 438 928 16,058 21,634 355 653 808 11,086 16^261 851 885 686 4,144 10,616 886 679 7,668 18^876 5,986 1,067 7,008 2,913 84,761 8.923 1,940 6,868 3,659 28,683 1,700 1.188 8,888 2,114 20,150 2,168 714 8,882 1,644 33,185 4,504 797 6,801 2,216 20,183 7,400 1,462 8,871 4,145 40,466 2,886 1,650 4,686 8,286 88,029 8,286 1,420 4,706 8,167 26,140 8,988 1,888 6,880 2,880 88^888 464 EMIGUATION AND IMMIGRATION. From the foregoiug table another muj' be coast nicted which will more completely define the difference between the emigration to North Aiikt- ica and that to Australasia, and servo to measure the effect of tlie causes which produce that difference, as follows : LXV. — Table showing the proportions which the " agrinultural lalwrers" the "farmers and grasierK," the " total afiriculltiral class," and the '^general laborers," severaltji conntihife of the total British male adult emigration to the United States, to British North Amiriia, and to Australasia and "other places," respectively, us averaged during the nine ijtars from 18V7 to 1685. Itema. Total nnmb«r of male adnlta Agrioaltnral laborera, Slo Percent, of tutal Fanners and craziers ..... Per cent, oftotal Total agricnltural class Percent, oftotal General laborers Percent. ot total Destidatiun. United StalcH. BrItUh North ' Anuricu. AnstralaHin uudothor lilacea. 64,029 12,875 ! 1,4M 335 2.U 2.0 3,8ie 344 5.1 2.7 4,814 670 7.4 5.3 32,123 7,K>« 40.6 50.5 26, »W 'i.mi 14 H 1,22,^ 4.'j h, 220 1ft. ;( 2,«2U 1U.4 It thus appears that agricultural laborers constitute only a small por- tion of the male adult emigration to the United States and Canada, be- ing but about i5j per cent, of the total ; whereas the emigration of the same class to Australasia reaches the large figure of nearly 15 per cent. But in the case of a better class, farmers and graziers, the proportions are quite different, being 5 per cent, for the United States, 2^ per cent. for Canada, and 4j^ per cent, for Australasia. But if wo combine all agriculturists under one head the proportions are 7 per cent, for the United States, 5 per cent, for Canada, and 19 per cent, for Australasia The general laborers, on the other band, show a very great preferenct for North America, constituting 60 per cent, of all the adult male ami gration to Canada, and '><) per cent, of that to the United States, whil< they contribute but 10 pur cent, of such emigration to Australasia. These figures, then, show a very marked difference between the chai actei of the emigration to the United States and that to Australasia, i: certain important particulars. By turning to the circulars of the in formation office it will be seen that there is a more uniform demand ii Australasia tor farm laborers than for other classes of emigrants, au( as these get good wages there, ranging from $200 to $375 per annun in addition to board and lodging, it would be reasonable to suppose tha they would be largely induced to emigrate by assisted or>'uoniiuated| •passages. The statistics are therefore in harmony with what might I expected. During the years when free passages or assisted passages were mod easily had it would be reasonable also to expect this class to contribn^ in an unusual degree to the volume of emigration to the countries oft^ ing them. I have not been able to procure reliable or complete info mation concerning such privileges during a series of years, but acompa^ ison of these with the fluctuations in the emigration of agricultttriu would doubtless be interesting. No inducements are held out to the general laborers and, these, as t| figures shoWf proceed in the natural way und seek the most accessil; countries. i ITION. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 465 [sti'iicted which will more li^ration to North Aiiier- ejisnre the eflfect of liie |\V8: lirat lahoi-erii" the "farmir.i ami \al lahiirem" MteraVji conntitnie Stati'8, to HritiBh North. Amiriia, averaged during th<- ninv iitari Destidatiun. llCH, BrItiKb tfurth I Anil ricu. AnatraUsiii uuil otiioi' |ilaci'». 64,029 12,875 1,406 835 2.» 2.6 3,318 344 5.1 2.7 4,814 670 7.4 5.3 32,123 7,6.'i6 49.5 S9.5 26,092 3,1)9:> 14 8 1, 22H *.:, 5,220 19.3 2,820 1U.4 ;onstitate only a sinuil por- ed States and Canada, be- reas the emigration of the ngure of nearly 15 per cent. [l graziers, the proportinns United States, 2^ per cent, ia. But if we combine all ons are 7 per cent, for the .9 per cent, for Australasia, ow a very great pretference , of all the adult male emi- to the (Jnited States, while gration to Australasia, liffereuce between the char- and that to Australasia, iu to the circulars of the in- a more uniform demand iu r classes of emigrants, and, n $200 to $375 per annum, reasonable to suppose that )y assisted or '^uomiuated'^ irmony with what might be ssisted passages were most pect this class to contribute ration to the countries oft^r- reliable or complete infor- ;ries of years, but a compari- migration of agriculturists 1 laborers and, these, as the id seek the most accessible 0ONCLU8ION. The information gathered under the foregoing seven ^itles of this re- |)ort has been freely commented upon as the instructions of the Depart- ment seemed to justify or require. It will hardly have esca)>ed notice, however, that there is a class of facts running through the whole, which point with such persistence in one direction, as to require a more seri- ous and comprehensive consideration. The question of the wages of laborers on the one hand, and of the amount of the necessaries and comforts of life which those wages can pur- chase, on the other, has long commanded the attention of economic writ- ers, '.vho seem by such a comparison to measure the relative advantages conferred by the laws of different nations upon the earners of wages within their resi^ective domains. Without doubt, in the absence of a more comprehensive guide, these factors are of great value in the solu- tion of the problem. There is no difQculty in bringing the onrrencies in which wages iu different countries are paid to a common standard, and the efforts referred to then proceed upon the assumption that if only the cost of the articles for which the wages are expended can be ascertained, the other factor becomes determinate, and consequently tlie value of the wages determinable. This, however, by no means ends the difficulty, for the different conditions under which wage-earners work in different countries, difference in the number of hours of labor per week, difference in the machinery and the speeding of machinery, dif- ference in the kind of housing, clothing, and food which supplies the greatest amount of comfort under the varying conditions of climate and other peculiarities of the places where their several lots are cast, so com- plicate the terms of this factor that the writers referred to are never able to write in the same language. The confusion is not less real because frequently it is not perceived that the language is not the same. On the contrary a much more perfect synonomy than is yet within reach is needed to reconcile the barbarous voices in which the laborers in widely separated countries describe what satisfies them in meat and drink, clothing and shelter, leisure and enjoyment. So it comes about that we are constantly multiplying oranges by apples, and never cease to quarrel over which kind of fruit rewards the effort. It has been said that the ablest commissary-general who ever lived could not feed London for a day ; yet the law of supply and demand, operating through the forces of individual self-interest, directed by no concert of action, but following the rut and concentrated in their final effect, delivers to the great city each day just what it needs of corn and meat and drink. By an unerring law of like kind the laborer who is able to avail himself of the opportunity to sell his labor in the market of the world, sells it where his wit, quickened by the first law of nature, tells him he can get most for it. It seems to me that the decision of many hundreds of thousands of such people, as arrived at by considering their action through long periods of time, and by a comparison of their action in different periods of sufficient length to remove the effect of transient causes, is not only the best, but a very perfect standard by which to determine what is best for those who render the decisiob. It is thus that the prices of commodities are settled throughout the world, which prices are what they are, and not what we might compute that they ought to be by reckoning the value of the elements that enter into their production. H. Ex. 157 30 ■'3S^Stefei 8 '4 7 8 13 9 8 12 2 8 15 9 7 10 12 11 11 19 10 7 16 7 9 9 12140 19 60 17 94 17 fe 18 43 84 26 6106 68 34 87 95 86 43 7,176,358 5 13 6 27 59 12,046,899 4 16 8 iM17 of recorded natioualities, lited States and British .£7,113,270, or $37.24 per 2,528,284 emigrants sent S4.17 i)er capita. An ex- end to heighten the con- ae of money between the hat whatever incomplete- ly diminishing as we ap he conclusion wonld seem been making such eztra- g;s contentment in life, my o^rading. Bat upon tarn- ind, on the contrary, that sod daring the very period twing his strange aversion has not been undergoing nd that it has gone into 3t and Mr. Giffen's tables been collected in this re- Department's instructions band that I am called upon oh have brought about a that in this so-called aris- from the few to the many, rter of a century, a move- been occurring. That, I teution to economic ques- L who, following the spirit ^ in behalf of the laboring E. J. HALB, Cotuul. 1886. NoTX.— It may be observed that in the note nt the foot of Table Vila, page — of this report, Mr. Uiffen calls attention to the necessary tncompleteness of these records, lu a tbrnier report ho also oalle«1 attention to certain denoiencies that would render a conclusion drawn from a comparison between pitrticniar years misleading, as, for ex- ample, a certain amount whicu shonld have appeared in a k> ven year whs not returned until the next, &,c, ; but error from this source is avoided by the agcregution of num- bers of years, and the measure of incompleteness, as already explained, cannot be variable except in an incrvasins tendency to gp>:.*->r fullness as the present time is approached. It may also be added that it wonl' year from this table that the em- igrants have sent back something more than tL mount which Mr. Wilson, of the Inman line, informs me they carry away, viz, £5 ^abont 935) on an average. EXPLANATION OF MAP OF CONSULAR DISTRICT OF MA.NCBR8TKR. Upon an English ordnance map circles were described about Manchester and the neiuiborina seats of United States consuls in radii uf multiples of 4 miles. Where the lines ot circles of eqnal radii met between Manchester and the other consulatea the boundary line of this district was set there. The result was a map that conformed to the law defining the " place of shipment," and was almost conterminous with this consular district as it has existed in years of practice. The map now iuclooed was constmoted from the map Just described by adding a little of the cotton portion of Yorkshire and yielding a little of the wool portion of Bradford, as m trade and prac- tice would be required. Again,. Warrington is Jnst within the Manchester boundary, bnt its population baa not been included in the estimate of population for this, district, beoanse Liverpool has long been the market town of Warrington, and there Warrington's invoices are cer- tified. NOTE ON TBS LAW OF DIVORCR. Previous to the vear 1857 all matrimonial suits came bofore the ecclesiastical courts. But a divorce could only be obtained by means of a private act of Parliament, the expense and trouble of obtaining which ma<.e divorce a luxnrj' of the opulent. By the act 20 and 31 Vict., c. 85, there was estsblished a civil court, entitled the court of divorce and matrimonial causes, since absorbed into the probate, divorce, and admiralty division of the high court of justice. The act provides that a petition for dissolution of marriage may be lawfully presented to this court by the nnsband on the ground that his wife has been guilty of adultery ; by the wife on the ground that her nnsband has been guilty of incestuous adultery, bigamy with adnltery, rape, un- natnral crime, or of adnltery coupled either with snou cruelty as wonld by itself entitle her to a judicial separation, or with desertion for t .vo years or upwards. If the hnsband be petitioner, he must, unless specially excused by the court from so doing, make the alleged adulterer a co-respondent. The petitioner, whether husband or wife, must prove that there has been no collusion on his or her part. The husband may, in a petition for dissolution of marriage, claim damages ii-om the adulterer, and the court has power to direct fu what manner the damages given should be applied. It may also order the adulterer to pay the costs of the proceedings, in whoIe*or in part. The court may order the hnsband to provide for the wife, by securing to her either a gross sum or an annual allowance or monthly or weekly payments, and may make his doing so a condition of its decree. It may also make such onlers with respect to the custody of the children of the dissolved marriage, and with reference to any property secured bv settlements made before or after such marriage, as it may think proper. A decree for a divorce is always in the first instance a decree niai, and cannot be made absolnte until three months have elapsed ttom the time of pronouncing it. Durins this period any person is at liberty, in the proper manner, to show cause why it shonld not be made absolnte, or to give information to the Queen's proctor of any fact material to the case. The Queen's proctor thus informed, and having reason to suspect that the parties to the suit have been acting in collusion, may, under the direction of the attornev-general and by leave of the court, intervene in the suit. The parties, or either of them, may insist on having the contested matters of fact tried by a jury. The damages to be obtained by a husband mnst always be assessed by a jury. PA88BNOERS ACTS. Craf. OXIX.— an AJT to amend the law lelatins to the carriage of passengers by sea. Ansait 14, 1855. Whereas it is expedient to amend ' ' the passengers act, 1853 " : Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's most excellent majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords spiritual and temporal, and Commons, In this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows : I. On the 1st day of October next, when this act shall commence and come into ii^SaJSi'I 470 EMIGRATION AND IMMIOBATION. force, "the pawengen act, 18B2," shall be repealed, except bo far as the said act tp- peals any former act or enactment ; and except as to existiDK passage brokers' licenAen, which ahall oontinae in force as mentioned in section 6t) of tnls act ; and except as to any ahip which shall have cleared out from any colonial port under the said act, and before tnis act shall have come into operation ^n such colony ; and except so far at may be necessary for snpporting or continning anv proceeding heretofore takpti or hereafter to be taken upon any bond given under tne said aoi, or upon any other civil process ; and except as to the recovery and application of any penalty for any offense committed against the said act before the commencement of this act ; and except also as to an order in conncil made by Her Mi^esty, with the advice of her privy council, on the 16th day of Ckstober, 1868, in pursuance of the powers given by the tIfty.fiAh section of the said act, which said order in council snail remain in force until altered or revoked by any order in council to be made under the provisions of this act. II. In citing this act in other acts of Parliament, or in any instrument, document, or proceeding, it shall be snflScient to use the expression " The passeneers act, 1065" ; and in anv process for enforcing the remedies or penalties given or imposed by this act it shall M sniBoient, without speoifring more particularly the cause of complaint or offense, to refsr by number, aooording to the copies of the act printed by the Queen's printer, to the section or sections under whicu the proceeding is taken. III. For the purposes of this act the following words and expressions, whenever they oocnr, shall respectively have the following significations, if not inconsistent with the context or subject-matter (that is to say) : Words of one number or gender shall import both numbers and all genders respectively; the expression "Her Maj- esty " diall include her heirs and successors ; the expression " consular officer" shall signify and include Her Majesty's consul-general, consul, and vice-consul ; the expres- sion "United Kingdom" shall sisnify Great Britain and Ireland and the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Aldemey, Sark, Soilly, and Man; the expression "North America" shall signify and include tne Bermudas and all ports and places on the eastern coast of the continent of North America, or i:i the islands adjacent or near thereto, or in the Gulf of Mexico north of the Tronic ot Janoer : the expression "West Indies" shall signify the West India Islands, tne Bvuynmas, British Oniaua, and Honduras; the ex- pression "governor" shall signify '.be person who for the time being shall be law- fully administering the government of any British colony in which he may be act- ing; the expression "statute adult" shnll signify any person of the age of twelve years or upwards, or two persons between the ages or one and twelve vears ; the expression "passage" shall include all passages except cabin passages; the expres- sion "passengers" shall include all passengers except cabin passengers, and except laborers under indenture to the Hudson's Bay Company, and their families, conveyed in ships the property of or chartered by the said company ; and no persons shall be deemed cabin passengers unless the space allotted to their exclusive use shall be in the proportion of at least 36 clear superficial feet to each statute adult, nor unless they ahall be messeti tbtonghont the voyage at the same table ^rith the master or first ofBcer of the ahiv, x.^ unfees the fare contracted to be paid by them respectively ahall be in the proportion of at least 30*. for every week of the length of the voyage as computed under the provisions of this act for sailing vessels proceeding ttom the United Kingdom to any place south of the equator, and of twenty shillings for such vessels promeding to any place north of the equator, nor unless they shall nave been ftimished with a duly signed contract ticket according to the form in schedule (K) of this act; the expression "npperpassenger deck" shall signify and include the deck immediately beneath the upper deck, or the poop or round-house and deok-house when the number of passengers and cabin passengers carried in such poop, round-house, or deck-house shafi exceed one-third of the total number of passenger which such snip can lawfully carry on the deck next below : the expression "lower passenger deck," the deck next beneath the upper passenger deck, not being an orlop deck ; the expres- sion "ship" shall signify any description of sea-going vessel, whether British or for- 1 eign; the expression "passenger soip" shall signify every description of such ship I carrying upon any voyage to which tne provisions of this act shall extend more than I thirty passengers, or a greater number of passengers than in the proportion of one I statute adult to every 60 tons.of the registered tonnage of such ship ir propelled by I sails, or of one statute adult to everv ^& tons if propelled by steam ; the expression I "master" shall signify the person who shall be borne on the ship's articles as master,! or who, other than a pilot, shall for the time being be in charge or command of anyl such ship or "passenger snip"; and the expression "emigrant runner" shall signifyl every person otn«r than a licensed passase oroker or -his oomafide salaried clerk, whol within any port or place of shipping, or mtbin 6 miles of the outer boundaries thereof,! for hire or reward, or the expectation thereof, shall directly or indirectly conduct J solicit, influence, or recommend any intending emigrant to or ou behalf of auy passage broker, owner, charterer, or master of a ship, lodging house or tavern or shop keeperj money-changer, or other dealer or chapman, for any purpose connected with the pre] aiiajMuin ii iiim ~>5K38!K3®S?'""^'"^ ITION. THE UNI-fEl .N'ODML 471 pt 8o far m the raid act n<- IDK passage brokers' licpiiMe!!. I of this act ; and except as to art under the said act, aud ilony ; and except so far ng oeeding heretofore taken or id act, or upon any other civil of any penalty for any offense lent of this act; and except rith the advice of her privy e of the powers given by the council shall remain in force nade under the provisions of any instrument, document, " The passensers act, 1865" ; ea given or imposed by this lularly the cause of complaint IS of the act printed by the "le proceeding is taken. and expressions, whenever iflcations, if not inconsistent ords of one number or gender y, the expression "HerMii^- wsion "consular ofiBoer" shall 1, and vice-consul ; the expres- id Ireland and the islands of e expression ' < North America " >d places on the eastern coast ocent or near thereto, or in the pression ''West Indies" shall fuiana, and Honduras; the cx- ' the time being shall be law- lony in which he may be act- person of the age of twelve or one aud twelve vears; the t cabin passages; the expres- cabin passengers, and except y, and their families, conveyed pany ; and no persons shall be their exclusive use shall be in each statute adult, nor unless ne table Mrith the master or first be paid by them respectively )k of the length of the voyage ag vessels proceeding ttom the id of twenty shillinffs for such lor unless they shall Iiave been ig to the form in schedule (E) Jl signify and include the deck nd-house and deok-house when 1 in such poop, round-house, or ' of passenger which such snip ssion " lower passenger deck,'' ling an orlop deck; theexpres- vessel, whether British or for- Bvery description of such ship ;hi8 act shall extend more than than in the proportion of one ;e of such ship ir propelled by )lled by steam ; the expression >n the ship's articles as master, in charge or command of any imigrant runner" shall signify lis bona fide salaried clerk, who >f the outer boundaries thereof, lirectly or indirectly conduct, t to or on behalf of auy passage lonse or tavern or shop keeper, rpose connected with the prep- aratiouH or urraiigpuientH for a passage, wfshai . ve' pretf "' .i give to such iutend- ing emisrant nii.v luforiuation or asHUtancc iii ,i,v \x . y rein i( to emigration. IV. Thisuctsliallestenil to every "paKwuji 4iip' jiroce. mk on any voynue from the United Kinudoui tu auy place out of Km Hnil not I •^ wittih' le Mediter- raueau 8«a, auaon every colouial voyage um turi'iiiat'tpr il' Im'.' u 'h»t par- ticnlursineiitionetlorrefi'rred to in actions liH). 101 anil lOU. ti> • v • r\ ~ •■ inirpas seuK^rs into the United Kingilnm from any place out of Enro|M' uud n- >i>;r witliii the MeUiterruueuu Hen; bnt Mbull not extend to any of Uei Mui)>itiy' ii|ir> of \\m uor to any i, and fur communicating with the paaaengera, and for ascertaining that the provisions of this act, so far as the same may be applicable to auoh ships, have been dnly complied with ; the master of any ship who shall omit or fail to comply with any of the requirements of this sectioii sball be lial>le to a penalty not exceeding £i>U. XI. No ship fitted or intended for the carriage ersons so ap^tointed shall grant a cer- tificate nnder their J.'«n\ hands to the purport hereinbefore required, snch certificate sball be held to be of tl j same efi'ect as if granted by the emigration officer of the port of clearance. XII. If any " passenger ship " shall clear out or proceed to sea without the master's having first obtained such certificate of clearance, or without his having Joined in executing such bond, as by this act is require'!, or if such ship after having sailed shall put into any port or place in the United Kingdom in a damaged state, and shall' pnt to sea again without the master having first obtained such cbrtiflcate of clear- ance as required by section uO of this act, svoh ship shall be forfeited to the use of Her Majesty, and may be seized by any oflHoer of customs, if found, within two years ftrom the oommission of the offense, in any port or place in Her Majesty's dominions; and such ship shall thereupon be dealt with in the same manner as if she had been seiied as forfeited nnder any of the laws relating to the customs for an offense in- curring forfeiture under those laws. XIIL No ship shall carry passengers or cabin passengers on more than two decks : Provided, That cabin passengers in a proportion not exceeding one cabin passenget for every 100 tons of the ship's registered tonnage, or sick persons placed in a hos- Sital, aa hereinafter provided, may be carried in a poop or deok-honse, notwithstand- ig that passengers are carried on two other decks, and if passengers are carried under the puop or iu anv round honse or deck-house, such poop, round-honae, ordeck- bouse ahall be properly built and secureil to the satisfaction of the emigration officer at the port of clearance ; for any breach of this enactment the master of the ship shiJl for each offence be liable to a penalty not exceeding £500 nor less than £W. XIV. For determining the number of passengers to be carried in any " passenger ■hip " the following rules shall be observetl : (1) No ship propelled by sails only shall carry a greater number of persons (in- olnding every individual on board) than iu the proportion of one statute adult to every 8 tons of h^r registered tonnage. (3) No ship shall carry nnder the poop, or in the round-house or deck-house, or on the " upper passenger deck," a greater number of passengers than in the proportion of one statute adult to every 15 clear superficial feet of deck al- lotted to their use. (3) No ship shall carry on her lower passenger deck a greater number of passen- gers than in the proportion of one statute adult to every 18 clear superficial feet of deck allotted to their use : Provided, nevertheleee. That if the height between such lower passenger deck and the deck immediately above it shall be less than 7 feet, or if the apertures (exclnsive of side scuttles) through which light and air shall be admitted together to the lower passenger deck sball be less in sise than in the proportion of 3 square feet to every iw) super- ficial feet of the lower passenger deck, no greater number of pasaengers snail be carried on such deck than In the proportion of one statute adult to every 25 clear superficial feet thereof. (4) No ship, whatever be her tonnage or superficial space of " passenger decks," shall carry a greater number of passengers on the whole than in tne propor- tion of one statute adult to every 5 superficial feet, clear, for exercise, on the upper deck or poop, or (if secured and fitted on the top with a railing or guard to the satisfaction of the emigration officer at the port of clearance) on any ronnd-honse or deck-house. noN. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 47» lip" or otlierwlMO, flftinn or Icftrry paMeii^era npon imy nigrntion iilHuer ai« ttfur«*miire required, sncb certificate he emigration officer of the id to sea without the master's rithout his having Joined in noh ship after having sailed n a damaged state, and shall ned such certifloate of clear- U be forfeited to tfae use of u,if found, within two years In Her Majesty's dominions; le manner as if she had been he customs for an offense in- fers on more than two decks : coeeding one cabin passenget lick persons placed in a hon- or deok-house, notwithstand- and if passengers are carried Bb poop, round-honae, or deck- jtion of the emigration officer ment the master of the ship ig £500 nor less than £20. be carried in any " passenger «ater number of persons (in- iie proportion of one statute ■ound-house or deck-house, or >er of passengers than in the a superficial feet of deck al- a greater number of passen- i to every 18 clear superficial 7erihtle»i, That if the height ik immediately above it shall live of side scuttles) through to the lower passenger deck qnare feet to every l«) super- er number of passengers shall of one statute adult to every space of " passenger decks," be whole than in tne propor- set, clear, for exercise, ou the m the top with a railing or cer at the port of clearance) (5) In the nieaHurruicnt of the passenger dfcks, noop, roiiiid-bouM>, ordeck-honM . the space for the hospital an«l that occupied by snch |M)rtiou of the |iersounI luggage of the passenucrs as the emigration officer may permit to be carried there shall be included. If there shall be on board of nnyship at or after the time of clearance a greaterunm- ber, iMther of |)ersous or puHseiiKcrs (except by births at sea) than in the nrtiportionx respectively hereinbefore mentioned, the master of such ship shall be liable to n penalty not exceeding £U0 nor less than £5 sterling for each passenger or person oon- stitiitlnii such excess. XV'. Provided, Htvertkttfu, That nothing in thisact contained shall extend to repeal or vary an act jiassed in the session of I'arlianinnt holdon in the xixteentL and seven- teenth yean ot the reign of her present Majesty, chapter 84, intituled, An net to amend the passengers net, 1H&2, so far as relates to the passagis of natives of Asia or Africa, and also passages between the Island of Ceylon and certain parts of the East Indies. XVI. The master of every ship, whether a " passenger ship" or otherwise, carrying passengers on any voyage to which this act extends, shall, before demandinga clear- SDce for such ship, sign two lists, made out aucoitling to the form containenger who may die, and the date of birth and sex of any child who may be bom on the voyage, and shall exhibit such last-uientioned list, wltb any additions which may from time to time bo made thereto, as hereinafter directed, to the chief officer of customs at any port or pluco in Her Majesty's posses- sions, or to Her Majesty's consular officer at any foreign port at which the said pas- sengers or any of them shall be landml, and shall deposit the snine with such chief officer of customs or such consular officer, as the case may be, ut t he final port or place of disobarBe, and such officer of customs or consular officer shall thereupon forthwith transmit the particulars respecting any passenger who may die, or of any child who may be born on the voyage, to the registrar-general of birth.i. deaths, and marriages in England, who shall tile the same, und enter a copy tbenvof uixler his band, in th» "marine register book," which entry shall be dealt with and b<^of the same value as evidence as any other entry made in such book .inder the provisions uf un act passed in the session of Parliament held in the siztlt and seventh years of the roign of her present M^esty, intituled. An act for refristering births, deaths, and marriages in England. In case of nou-complianee with any of the requirements of this section on the part of the master, or if such lists shall be willfully false, the master shall for each offense be liable to a penalty not exceeding £100 nor lesM than £5 sterling. XVII. If at any time after snob lists shall have been signed and delivered us aforesaid any additional passenger shall be taken ou board, in every such case the master shall, according to the form aforesaid, add to "the mw4fir's list" the names and other particulars of every such additional passenger, ands^iall also sign a separate list, made out according to the form aforesaid, containing the n'^nies and other particulars of every snob additional passenger, and such last-men.t^ivi^i'-d'riBt, when countersigned by the emigration officer, where there is one at the 6oit, ^all, together with "the muster's list" to which such addition shall have beeiT made, be delivered to the chief officer of customs as aforesaid, and thereupon such officer shall countersign " the master's list," and shall return the same to the said master, and shall retain the separate list, and so on in like manner whenever any additional passenger or passen- gers may be taken ou board ; or if no officer of customs shall be stationed at the port or place where such additional passenger or passengers may be taken un board, the said lists fhM be delivered to the officer of customs at the next port or place at which snch vessel shall touch or arrive and where any such officer shalf be stationed, to be dealt with as hereinbefore mentioned : Provided, that when any additional passengers shall be taken on board the master shall obtain a fresh certificate trom the emigratiou officer of the port that all the requirements of this act have been duly complied with before the ship shall proceed to sea : In case of non-compliauce with any of the re- quirements of this section, the master of such ship shall for each offense be liable to a penalty not exceeding £50 nor less than £5 sterling. XVIII. If any person shall be found ou board any passenger ship with intent to obtain a passage therein without the consent of the owner, charterer, or master^ thereof, such person, and every person aiding and abetting bim in such fraudulent intent, sbrbU respectively be liable to a penalty not exceeding £5, and in default of paymen' b-t imprisonment, with or without hard labor, for a period not exceeding. I ffmaii»x■:^lih 474 EMIOBATION AND IMMI6RATI0X. three calendar months ; and such person so found on board may be taken before niiv Justice of the peace, without warrant, and such Justice may bummarily hear the case, and on proof of the oflfense oonyiot such offender as aforesaid. XIX. No " paaaeuger ship " shall clear out or proceed to sea unless she shall Lave been surreyed, under the 4>i«ction of the emisration oflScer at the port of clearance, but at the expense of the owner or charterer tnereof, hy two or more competent gtir- veyors to be appointed b^ the said emigration commissioners for each port at which there may be an emigration officer, and for other ports by the commissioners of ens- toms, nor unless it shall be reported by such .snrveyors that such " passenger ship" is in their opinion seaworthy, and fit for her intended voyage. The survey shall be made before any part of the cargo is taken on board, except so much as may be nec- essary for ballasting the ship, and such portion of cargo if laden on board shall be shifted, if required by the emigration officer or surveyors, so as to expose to view succeseivel^ every part of the frame of the ship. In case of non-compliance with any of the requirements of this section, the owner, charterer, or master of the ship, or any of them, diall for each offense be liable to a penalty not exceeding £100 nor less than £5 sterling: Provided alwayi, That in case any "passenger ship" shall be reported by any such surveyors not to be seaworthy, or not fit for her said in- tended voyage, the owner or charterer, if he shall think fit, may require, by writing under his hand, the emigration officer, or in his absence the chief omoer of customs, to appoint three other competent surveyors, of whom two at least shall be shipwrights, to survey the said ship, at the expense of the said owner or charterer ; and the ssid officer shall thereupon appoint snob surveyors, who shall survey the said ship, and if they shall, by an unanimous report under their hands (bnt not otherwise), declare the said uiip to be seaworthy, and fit for her intended voyage, the said ship shall then, for the purposes of this act, be deemed seaworthy for such voyage. XX. In every "passenger ship" the beams supporting the '* passenger decks" shall form part of the permanent structure of the ship : They shall beof adequate strength in the judgment of the emigration officer at the port of clearance, add shall be firmly «ecurea to tho ship to his satisfaction. The "passenger decks" shall be at least one inch and a half in thickness, and shall be laid and flnmy fastened upon the lieams con- tinuously firom side to side of the compartment in which the passengers are berthed. The height between that part of any deck on which passengers are carried and the 'deck immediately above it shall not be less than 6 feet. In case of non-compliance with any of the requirements of this section, the owner, charterer, or master of the ehip, or any of them, shall for each offense be liable to a penalty not exceeding £50 nor less than £5 sterling. XXI. There shall not be more than two tiers of berths on any one deck in any "passenger ship," and the interval between the floor of the berths and the deck im- tnediately beneath them shall not be less than 6 inches, nor the interval between each tier of berths and between the uppermost tier and the deck above it less than 2 feet 6 Inches. The berths shall be securely constructed, and of dimensions not lesr than 6 feet in length and 18 inches in width for each statute adult, and shall be sufficient in number for the proper accommodation of all the passengers contained in the lists ol passengers hereinbefore required to be delivered by the master of the ship. No part of any berth shall be placed within 9 inches of any water-closet erected in the be tween-deoks. In case of non-compliance with any of the requirements of this section the owner, charterer, or master of the ship, or any of them, shall for each offense bt liable to a penalty not exceeding £50 nor less than £6 sterling. XXII. In every " passenger ship" all the male passengers of the age of fourteei years and upwards who shall not occupy berths with their wives shall, to the satis faction of the emigration officer at the port of clearance, be berthed in the fore par of the ship, in a compartment divided off- from the space appropriated to the othe passengers by a substantial and well-secured bulkhead, without opening into or com munication with any adjoining pooNonger berth, or in separate rooms if the ship b fitted with inclosed berths. Not more than one passenser, unless husband and wife or females, or children under twelve years of age, shafl be placed in or occupy th eame berth. In case of non-compliance with any of the reqturements of this section the owner, charterer, or master of the ship, or any of them, shall for each offense b liable to a penalty not exceeding £50 nor less than £5 sterling. XXIII. No berths in a "passenger ship," oconpied by passengers during a voyagi «hall be taken down until forty-eight hours after the arrival of such ship at the poi of final discharge, unless all the passengers shall have voluntarily quitted the shi before the expiration of that time. In case of non-compliance with any of the requir ments of this section, the master of such ship shall be liable for each offense to a pei alty not exceeding £50 nor less than £5 sterling. XXIV. In every "passenger ship" there shall be a sufficient space, properly divide off to the satisfaction of the emigration officer at the port of clearance, to be used e: olusively as a hospital or hospitals for the passengers. This space shall be under tl poop, or in the round-house, or in any deck-house which shall be properly bni lATIOX, THE UNITED KINGDOM. 475 loard may be taken before auv may bummarily hear the caw •resaid. ' to sea uuless she shall Lave ifflcer at the port of clearauce, 7 two or more competent stir- lionera for each port at which by the commiasioners of cng. » that snch " passenger ship" voyage. The survey shall le .xcept so mnch as mav be nec- krgo if laden on board shall be ■eyors, so as to expose to view lase of non-compliance with any T, or master of the ship, or an'v 'ty not exceeding £100 nor any "passenger ship" shall >hy, or not fit for her said in- ak fit, may reqnire, by writing jce the chief officer of customs, wo at least shall be ahipwrightsi van or charterer ; and the SKid ball survey the said ship, and if ds (but not otherwise), declare led voyage, the said ship shall ly for such voyage, ngtbe '• passenger decks" shall »y shall be of adequate strength }f clearance, add shall be firmly Ser decks" shall be at least one y fastened upon the le 5 sterling. by passengers during a voyage, arrival of snch ship at the port re voluntarily quitted the ship iplianoe with any of the require- liable for each offense to a pen- uffioient space, properly divided port of clearance, to be used ex- This space shall be under the which shall be properly built and secured to the satisfaction of such emigration officer, or on the upper passenger deck, and not ekewhere, and shall in no case be less than 18 clear superficial feet for every fifty passengers which the ship shall carry. Snch hospitals shall be fitted with bed places and supplied with proper beds, bedding, and utensila, to the satisfaction of the emigration officer at thu port of clearance, and throughout the voyage kept so fitted and supplied. In case of^nou-eompliance with any ofthe requirements of this section, the owner, charterer, or master of the ship t>hall for each otlenHu be liable to a penalty not exceeding £.'0 nor low than £5 sterling. XXV. No " passou<;er tihip" shall clear out or proceed to sea unless fitted, to the satisfaction of the emigration officer at the port of olearance, with at least two privies, and with two additional privies on deck for every one hnndred passengers on board, and in ships carrying as many as fifty female passengers vrith at least two water- closets under the poop, or elsewhere on the upper deck, to the satisfaction of such emigration officer, for the exclusive use of the women and young children ; all of which privies and water-clonets shall be firmly constructed and maintained in a serviceable and cleanly condition throughout the voyage, and shall not be taken down until the expiration of forty-ei<;ht hours after the arrival of the ship at the port of final discharge, unless all the passengers sooner quit the ship : Provided, That such privies shall ne placed in equal numbers on each side of the shipj and need not in any case exceed twelve in number. In case of non-compliance with any of the re- quirements of this section, thn master shall be liable to a penalty for each offense not exceeding £50 nor less than £5 sterling. XXVI. No "passenger ship" shall clear oat or proceed to sea without snob pro- vision for affording light and air to tho passenger decks as the circumstances of the case may, in the judgment of the emigration officer at the port of clearance, re- quire ; nor, if there are as many as one hundred passengers on board, without having an adequate and proper ventilating apparatus, to be approved by such emigration officer and fitted to his satisfaction. The passengers shall, moreover, have the nee and nuimpeded use of the whole of each hatchway situated over the space appropriated to their use, and over each such hatchway there shall be erected such a booby-hatch or other substantial covering as shall, in the opinion of such, emigration officer, afford the greatest amount of light and air and of protection from wet as the cose will admit. In case of non-compliance with any of the requirements of this section, tho owner, charterer, or ma8t«r of the ship, or any of them, shall for each offense be liable to a penalty not exceeding £50 nor less than £20. XXVII. Every " passenger ship " shall carry throughout the voyage a number of boats according to the following scale (that is to say) : Two boats for every ship of less than 200 tons ; three boats lor every ship of 200 and less than 400 tons ; four boats for every ship of 400 and less than 600 tons ; five boats for every ship of (300 and less than 1,()00 tons ; six lioats for every ship of 1,000 tons and less than 1.500 tons ; seven boats for every ship of 1,500 tons and upwards : PrQvideu, That no " passenger shin " shall be required to carry a greater number of boats than are sufficient, in the judg- ment ofthe emigration officer at the port of clearance, to carry all the iiersons on boara of such ship. One of such boats shall in all cases be along boat, and one shall be aproperlv fitted life-boat, which shall be carried in such a manner as to be, in the opinion of the emi- gration officer, most available for immediate service. Each of such boats shall be of a snitable size and description, to be approved by the emigration officer at the port of clearance, and shall be seaworthy, and properly supplied with all requisites, and kept clear at all times for immediate use at seu. There shall likewise be on board each " passenger ship," if proceeding to anyplace to the southward of the equator, at least two chi'onometers, and if to any place to the northward of the equator at least one chronometer, and on boaitl of all "passenger ships" at least three steering and one azimuth compass, four properly fitted life-uuoys, kept ready at all times for immediate use, and some adequate means, to be approved by the emigration officer at the port of clearance, of making signals by night and in fogs; also a fire-engine, in proper working order, and of snch description and power and either with or without such other apparatus for extingnishinjj; fire as such officer may approve ; and not less than three bower anchors of snch weight, and with cables in such length, size, and material, as in the judgment of such emigration officer shall be sufficient for the size of the ship. In case of non-compliance with any of the requirements of this section, the master ofthe ship shall for each offense be liable to a penalty not exceeding £50 nor less than £5 sterling. XXVIII. Every "passenger ship" shall be manned with an efficient orvw for her intended voyage, to the satisfaction of the emigration officer from whom a clearance of such ship may be demandetl, and the strength ofthe crew shall not be diminished, nor any of the men changed when once passed by such emigration officer, without his consent in writing, or that of the shipping master of the port of clearance, as re- hired by the laws then in force regulating the ahippiug of seamen on board mei> chant vessels. Where the consent of the ahippiug master is obtained, It shall, withia Xf 'MitMi MiikMiS'i 47G EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. .'#' twflntv.four bonre thereafter, be lodged with such emigration officer. In c•''^'■ "* T\, £Xn\tr.h\^S?siM^^^^^^^^^^ SS»r :??Seii^^sc^£^^»:nr=e;;:ss X«Sr?wo competent persons to examine into the matter, and the unanimous opinion of the JeXs so appointed, expressed under tbeir bands, shall be conclusive "Vxix" No "nassenger ship "shall clear out or proceed to sea if there shall be on l£t«d ^^oW of non-compliance with any of the requirements of this section, xh(» iwner, cLr?^e?,o?mi%r any of them; shall for each offense be „otexceemng£300norless^^^^^ prSinffJJm^thrured Kingdom to th^ under-mentioned places respectiveV &aU be determined by the following scale (that is to say) : Fo/swfc'S'^Xl«?w»emhd;:y^ T?MypIrt^"fXf«ici;irof-si\ith;AJie^^^ and tlietwenty-flftU degree of Bont^ latitude • To the weet coast of Africa north of tl»e «*'""l*'rAVi;; wilirlkWd iVbiidB* or to' To the coast of Africa south of the eqnatoi; or to the **5'''«"? ?!JJ°"?' .fliff any T»rtof the eaat coast of South America southward of the twentyinth Toti?Su(.riSSiLdto«.;weite^ To Ceylon .• '' , To Western AnstnUla -•.- ?2§'eVzJSwd'aSd^tonhfweste™'f>Sa^t-of To"tL*^e$^'*^«^?Al?S?i'n'SSk"^l thefoiiiet^ tnde and the ialands aAJ*"*"* *'»«»**'» Sao b.9, S>a « * o 9 Dayi. 70 ISO 182 For the like purposes, the said emigration <^^J^^«^'''f^Kf^}^«yi^f.^^l ?y ^ Siorlty of one of Her Majesty's principal secretaries of state, firom time to time, Dy a ■ ->-K^JT*^;itmi«»w*iT- LTION. Iration officer. In cnso of jion- In, the master of the ship shall 150 : Provided, That if the emi- ■the owner or charterer of tbo Juigration comiuissioners, such |appoint two other emigration e matter, and the nnauinions heir hands, shall be conclusive to sea if there shall bo on Bifer matches, gnano, or green 9r number of articles, whether I quantity or mode of stowage by the emigration officer at the 1 of the passengers or the safety Y luggage, or of the provisions, - crew, shall bo earned on the ; in the opinion of such emi- ight or ventilation nor inter- le same be stowed nnd secured space occupied thereby or ren- the accommodation of the pas- ) be deducted in calculating the number of passengers is regu- quirements of this section, the ach offense be liable to a penalty 5 voyage for a " passenger ship" mentioned places respectively say) : THE UNITED KINGDOM. 477 •Is S3 •g-a iia 3rs, acting by andnnder the aa- state, ftom time to time, by any uutice in writing issned under the hands of auy two of such commissioners, and pnb- lisiied in tli London Gazette, may nevertheless declare what shall be deemee provided and properly stowed away in accordance with the requirements of the twenty-ninth section of this act, by and at the expense of the owner, chart«rer, or master of the ship ; and if a clearance be obtained for any " passenger ship " which shall not be then stored with the requisite quantities of such wate]\ provisions, and stores as are required by this act, the owner, charterer, or master of such ship, or any of theu, shall for each offense be liable to a penalty not exceeding £'.\00 sterling. XXXII. If such emigration officer shall consider that any of the provisions or stores or water are not of a good and wholesome quality, or are not in sweet and good oon- ditiou, it shall be lawful for him to reject and mark the same, or the packages or ves- sels in .which they are contained, and to direct the same to lie landed or emntied ; and if such rejected provisions or stores or water shall not thereupon be fnrtuwith landed or emptied, or if, after being landed, the same or any part thereof shall be re- shipped in such ship, the owner, charterer, or master thereof or any of them, or if reshipped in any otner "passenger ship," the person causing the same to lie reship- ped, shall for each offense he liable to a penalty not exceeding £100 sterling. XXXIII. In every "passenger ship" the water to be laden on board as hereinbefore required shall be carried in tanks or in casks to be approved by the emigration officer at the port of clearance. When casks are used, they shall be sweet ana tight, of suf- ficient strength, and if of wood properly charred inside, and shall not be capable sev- erally of containing more than 300 gallons each. The staves of the water casks shall not be made of flr, pine, or soft wood. In case of noncompliance with any require- ments of this section the owner, charterer, or master of such ship, or any of them, shall for each offense be liable to a penalty not exceeding £50. XXXIV. If any " passenger ship " shall be i ntended to call at any intermediate port or place during the voyage, for the purpose of taking in water, and if an engagement to that effect shall be inserted in the bond mentioned in the sixty-third section of this act, then it shall be sufficient to place on board at the port of clearancd such supply of water as raa^ be requisite, according to the rate hereinafter mentioned, for the voyage of the said ship to such intermediate port or place, subject to the following conditions; (that is to say) — First, that the emigration officer signify his approval in writing of the arrange- ment, to be carried amongst the papers of the ship, and exhibited to the omef officer of customs, or to Her Majesty's consular officer, as the ease may be, at such intermediate port or place, and to be delivered to the chief officer of cus- toms, or to Her Majesty's consular officer, as the case may be, on the arrival of the said ship at the final port or place of discharge. Secondly, that if the length of either portion of the voyage, whether io snoh in- termediate port or place, or from such intermediate ^rt or place to the final port or place of discharge, be not prescribed in or nnder the provisiona of this act, the emigration officer at the port of clearance shall in every snob case declare the same in writing, to be carried among the papers of the ship : Thirdly, that the ship shall have on board at the time a clearance isi. 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 i IgiU. 6 Ot. 8 8 8 » 4 2 2 SUBSTITUTIONS. Sabstitations at the following rates may, at the option of the master of any " pas- senger ship," be made in the above dietary scales, that is to say : 1 ponnd of preserved meat fbr 1 ponnd of salt pork or beef; 1 pound of flour or of oread or biscuit, or half pound of beef or of pork for 1^ pounds of oatmeal or 1 pound of rice or 1 ponnd of peas ; 1 ponnd of rice for l^^iounds of oatmeal, or vice verta; i ponnd of preserved potatoes for 1 pound of jpotatoes; 10 ounces of currants for Bounces of raisins; 3^ ounces of cocoa or of coffee, roasted and ground, for 2 ounces of tea ; f ponnci of trea- cle for i ponnd of sugar ; 1 gill of mixed pickles for 1 gill of vinegar : Provided, That the substituted articles be set forth in the contract tickets of the passengers, case of non-compliance with any of the requirements of this section, the master of the ship shall be liable for each offense to a penalty not exceeding £60 sterling. XXXVI. The messes into which the passengers in any passenger ship may be di- vided shall not consist of more then ten statute adults in each mess, and members of the same family, whereof one at least is a male adult, shall be allowed to form a sepa- rate mess. The provisions accordins to the above scale shall be issued, such of them as require to be cooked, in a propeny cooked state, daily before two o'clock in the afternoon, to the head person for the time being of each mess on behalf and for the use of the members thereof. The first of such issues shall be made before two o'olocli in the afternoon of the day of embarkation to or for such passengers as shall be then on board. In case of non-compliance with any of the requirements of this section the master of the ship shall for each offense be liable to a penalty not exceeding £50 XXXVII. The said emigration commissioners for the time being, acting under thi authority of one of her M^esty's principal secretaries of state, may from time to timi bF Any notice for that pnrpose. issued under the haudd of any two of such oommis sioners, and pablished In tne London Gktzette, authorize the issne of proviaions ii t^S'iS'.lii'iV'WS!^ Sfi^SSST" ITION. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 47^ T ships propelled by sails otilv aid of sails, then accordii g to Jie voyage, computed as afore- ■by sails only, or fifty days lor I according to the dietai-y scule blnsive of the quantity herein- reinafter required to be issued Ion of the maitter of any " pas- is to sav: 1 pound of preserved p or of bread or biscnit, or half pound of rice or 1 pound of everta; iponnd of preserved its for 8 ounces of raisins ; ^ Dunces of tea ; J ponna of trea- ?ill of vinegar: Provided, That tickets of the passengers. In F this section, the master of the oeeding £60 sterling, ny passenger ship may be di- i in each mess, and members of lall be allowed to form a sepa- e shall be issued, such of them ally before two o'clock in the )h mess on behalf and for the all be made before two o'clock oh passengers as shall be then requirements of this section, > a penalty not exceeding £50. time being, acting under the jf 8.tate, may from time to time I of any two of snoh oommis- ize the issae of provisions iU' any " passenger ship " arrize:ed by them, as occasion may require. XXXVIII. Every << passenger ship '' carrying as many as one hundred ptuwengurs shall have on board a seafaring person, who shall be rated in the ship's articlos as pas- sengers' steward, and who shall be apitroved by tho emigration officer at the port of clearance, and who shall be employed in messing and serving out the provisions to the passengers, and in assisting to maintain cleanliness, order, and good disciitline among the passengers, and who shall not assist in any way in navigating or work- ing the ship. In ease of non-compliance with any of the requirements of thia section , the master of the ship shall for each offense be liable to a penalty not exceeding £50 nor less than £5 sterling. XXXIX. Every "passenger ship" carrying as many as one hundred passengers shall also have on board a seafaring man, or if carrying more than three hundred "statute adnlts " two seafaring men, to be rated and approved as in the case of pas- sengers' stewards, who shall be employed in cooking the food of tho passengers. A convenient place for cooking shall also be set apart on deck ; and a snUicieut cooking apparatus, properly covered in and arranged, shall lie provided, to the satisfaction of the said emigration officer, together with a proper supply of fuel aileqiiate, in hi» opinion, for the intended voyage. In case of non-compliance with any of the require- ments of this section, the master of the ship shall for each offense be liable to n pen- alty not exceeding £50 nor less than £5 sterling. XL. In every foreign "passenger ship" in which as many as one-half of the pas- sengers shall be British subjerts, unless the master and officers or not less than three of them shall understand and speak intelligibly the English language, there shall be carried, where the number of passengers does not exceed two hundred and fifty, one person^ and where it exceeds two hundred and fifty, two persons, who understand and speak intelligibly the langnage spoken by the master and crew and also the Englisb language, and snob persons shall act as interpreters, and be employed exclusively in attendance on the passengers, and not in the workinc of the ship ; and no snoh ship shall clear ont or proceed to sea without having snou interpreter or interpreters oa board ; and the master of any such foreign ship clearing ont or proceeding to sea with- ont having snoh interpreter or interpreters on board as aforesaid shall for each of- fense be liable to a penalty not exceeding £50 nor less than £5 sterling. XLI. Every " passMger ship" shall in the following cases carry a duly qnalified medical practitioner, who shall be rated on the ship's articles : First, when the dura- tion of the intended voyage, as hereinbefore computed, exceeds eighty days in the case of ships propelled by sails, and forty-five days in the case of ships propelled by steam, and tne number of passengers on board exceeds 5p ; second, wuenever the nnmber of persons on board (inolnding cabin passengers, officers, and crew) exceeds 300. In case of non-compliance with any of the requirements of this section, the master shall for each offense be liable to a penalty not exceeding £100 nor less than £-iO sterling. XLII. No medical practitioner shall be considered to be duly qnalified for the pur- poses of this act nnless authorized by law to practice in some part of her Mi^esty's dominions, or, in the ease of a foreign ship, in the country to which snch ship may belong, as a physician, surgeon, or apothecary, nor nnless his name shall have been notified to the emigration officer at the port of clearance, and shall not be objected to by him, nor unless he shall be provided with proper snrgical instruments to^the sat- isfaction of snch officer: Provided nmerthele»», That where the minority of the pas- sengers in any " passenger ship," or as many as HOO are foreigners, any medical prac- titioner who may be approved by such emigration officer may be carried therein. In case any person shall proceed or attempt to proceed as medical practitioner in any " passenger ship " witnout being duly qualified as aforesaid, or contrary t'^ any of the requirements of this section, such person and all persons aiding or abettip herein shall tor each offense be liable to a penalty not exceeding £100 nor less v...^n £10 sterling. XLIII. The owner or charterer of every " passenger ship " shall provide for the use of the passengers a supply of medicines, medical comforts, instruments, and other things proper and necessary for diseases and accidents incident to sea voyages, and for the medical treatment of the passengers during the voyase, inclnding an adequate snpply of disinfecting fluid or agent, together with printed or written directions for the use of the same respectively : and snch medicines, medical comforts, instruments and other things shall, in the Judgment of the emigration officer at the port of clear- »;®e3jr#r.%'rv?;™^?gf!»w»^ msimimis:;^imsi&-^-„^mmmimeamamuSa^ 480 EMIGRATION AND IMMI6BATI0N. ance, be good in quality, and sufficient in quantity, for the probable exigeucies of the intended voyage, and shall be properly packed and placed under the charge of the medical practitioner, when there is one on board, to be used at bia discretion. In case of non-compliance with any of the requirements of this section, the master of the sliip shall for each offense be liable to a penalty not exceeding £50 nor less than £b Kterlins. XLIV. No " passenger ship," except as hereinafter provided, shall clear out or pro- ceed to sea until some medical practitioner, to be appointed by the emigration offlcer ut the port of clearance, shall have inspected snch medicines, medical comforts, and other articles as are required to bo supplied by the last preceding section, and also all the passengers and crew about to proceed iu the ship, and shall have certified to the said emigration officer that the said ship contains a sufficient supplv of mediciues, medical oomforts, disinfeotins fluid or agent, instruments, and other things requisite for the medical treatment of the passengers during the intended voyage, nor until each medical practitioner shall have certified and tho said emigration officer shall be satisfied that none of the passensers or crew appear, by reason of any bodily or men- tal disease, unfit to proceed, or likely to endanger the health or safety of the other persons about to proceed in such vessel. 8uch medical inspection of the passengers shall take place either on board the vessel, or, at the discretion of tb 3 said emigration officer, at such convenient place on shore before embarkation, as he may ap)M>int ; and the master, owner, or charterer of the ship shall pay to such emigration officer a sum at the rate of iiOa. for every hundred persons so examined : Proviaedalto, That in case the emigration officer on any particular occasion shall be unable to obtain the attend- ance of a medical practitioner, it shall be lawful for the master of any such ship to clear out and proceed to sea, on receiving from tb° said emisration officer written permission for the purpose. In case any " passenger ship '' shall clear out or proceed to sea without having complied with all the requirements of this section, the master of such ship shall for each offense be liable to a penalty not exceeding £100 nor less than £5 sterling. XLV. If the emigration officer at any port shall be satiufied that any person on board or about to proceed in any " passenger ship " is by reason of sickncM unfit to proceed, or is for that or for any other reason likely to endanger the health or safetj[ of the other persons on board, the said emigration officer shall prohibit the en barkation of such person, or if embarked shall require him to be relacUed ; and if su 3h emigra- tion officer shall be satisfied that it is necessary, for the purification of -'^he ship or otherwise, that all or any of thepassengt.j or persons on board should be relanded, the said emigration officer may require the master of the ship to reland n\l such pas- sengers or persons, and the master shall thereupon reland snch passengers or persons, with so much of their effects and with such members of their families as cannot in the judgment of such emigration officer be properly separated from them ; and in case of non-compliance with any of the requirements of this section, the master, owner, or charterer of the ship shall for each offense be liable to a per dty not exceeding £200 nor less than £ 10 ; and any paa&enger or person, embarking after such prohibition, or refusing or neglecting to leave the ship when so directed to be relanded, shpll be liable to be summarily rempved, and to a penalty not exceeding 408. for each day which he shall remain on board after the giving of such prohibition or direction. XLVI. Any passenger so relanded on account of the sickness of himself or any mem- ber of his family who may not be re-embarked and finally sail in such ship, or any emi- gration officer on his behalf, shall be entitled to recover, by summary process, the whole of the moneys which may have been paid by or on account of soch passenger for bis passage, and that of the members of his family so relanded, from the party to whom the same may have been paid, or firom the owner, oharterar, or master of such ship, or any of them, at the option of such passenoer or emigration officer. XLVII. The master of any "passenger ship," fVom which tiie whole or any part ol the passengers shall be relanded on account of any of the reasons mentioned in Sec tion XLV, shall pay to each passenger so relanded (or if he shall be lodged and main tained in any hulk or establishment under the superintendence of the saidemigratioi commissioners, then to the emigration officer at the port) subsistence money at th( Tate of one shilling and sixpence a day for each statute adult until he shall he re- em barked or decline or neglect to proceed, or until his passage money, if recoverabli under the forty-sixth section of this act, be returned to him. XLVm. If any person by whom or on whose behalf any contract shall have beei made for a passage in any ship proceeding on any voyage to which this act extende shall be at ihe plaoe of embarkation before 6 o'clock in the afternoon of tie day o embarkation appointed in such contract, and shall, if required, pay the stipulate! passaoe money, or the unpaid balance thereof, and if from any canse whatever, othe than his own refusal, neglect, or default, or the prohibition of an emisration officei as hereinbefore mentioned, or the requirements of any order iu oonnou, snch passen ger shall not be received on board hefore that honr, or if from any anoh canse b aforesaid any passenger who shall have be^n received on board shall not' either obtai IITION. he probable exigeucies of tlip laced ander the charge of the used at bU discretiou. In ciise gectioD, the master of the Bhiii eeding £50 uor 1«8h tban £5 rovided, shall clear ont or pro. nt«d bjr the emigration o(nc«r liciues, medical comforts, und at preoediuff seotiou, and also ip, aud Bball have certified to Bufflcient Hupply of mediciues, Qta, and other tilings requisite be intended voyage, nor until said emigration officer shall be y reason of any bodily or uien- 9 health or safety of the other al inspection of the passengers isoretion of tb a said emigration kation, as be may ap))oint ; and 9 such emigration officer a sum ed: Provided aho, That in case be unable to obtain the attend- the master of any such ship to said emigration officer written ihip '' shall clear ont or proceed lents of this section, the master ty not exceeding £100 nor less be satififled that any person on 8 by reason of sickncM unfit to endanger the health o r ssfetjr of shall prohibit the en barhation I relanded ; and if su >b emigra- the puritication of '.he ship or s on board should be relanded, the ship to reland ull such pas- iand such passengers or persons, of their families as cannot in the rated from them ; and in case of s section, the master, owner, or ;o a pel uty not osceeding £200 barking after such prohibition, lirecteuto be relanded, shpU be xceediug 408. for each day which hibition or direction, sickness of himself or any mem- illy sail in such ship, or any emi- icover, by summary process, the ir on Srccount of such passenger nily so relanded, from the party I owner, oharterar, or master of inoer or emigration officer, which tiie whole or any part of f the reasons mentioned in Sec- r if he shall he lodged and main- atendence of the said emigration I port) subeistenoe money at the te adult until he shall be re-em- > passage money, if recoverable o him. f any contraot sball have been yage to which this act extends, Ic in the afternoon of tl e day of if required, pay the stipulated from any cause whatever, other ibition of an emigration officer, y order iu coauoil, such passen- r, or if from any such oanse as . on board shall not either obtain THE UITITED KINGDOM. 481 a ])awaN8age, and also such farther sum, not exceeding £10, in repect of each such passage, as shall, in the opin- ion of the Justices of the peace who shall at^ndioate on the complaint, be a reasona- ble compensation for the loss or inconvenience oceasioned to siroh passenger by the losHuf such passage. XLIX. If any snip, whether a "passenger ship" or otherwise, shall not actually put to sea, and proceed on her intended voyage before 3 o'clock iu the afternoon of the day next after tbe said day of eniberkation, tbe owner, charterer, or master of such ship, or his or their agent, or any of them, ar the option of such passenger or emigra- tion officer, shall pay to every passenger entitled to (I passage (or if such passenger shall lie lodged and maintained in any establishmeut under tbe superintondence of the said emigration commissioners, then to the oiuigratiuu officer at the port of em- barkation) subsistence money after tbe rate of 1«. 6d. for each statute adult in re- spect of each day of delay tor the first ten d ays, aud afterwards 'As. a day for each statute adult, until the final departure of such shipou such voyage, and the same may be recovered in manner hereinafter mentioned : Provided, That if the passengers be maintained on board in the same manner as if the voyage had commenced, no such subsistence money shall be payable for the first two days next after tbe said day of embarkation, nor if they shall be maintained shall such subsistence money be pay- able if the ship be anaToidably detained by wind or weather, or by any canse not at- tributable iu the opinion of the endgration officer to the act or deurolt of the owner, charterer, or master. L. If any " passenger ship" shalli after clearance, be detained in port for more than seven days, or shall put into or touch at any port or place in the United Kingdom, she shall not put to sea again until there shall have been laden on board, at the ex- pense of the owner, charterer, or master of such ship, such further supply of pure vrater, wholesome provisions of the requisite kinds and qualities, and medical com- forts and stores, as may be necessary to make up the full quantities of those articles hereinbefore required to be laden on board for the intended voyage, nor until any damage she may have sustained shall have been effectually repaired, nor nntil the master of the said ship shall have obtained from the emigration officer or his assist- ant, or, where there is no such officer, or in his absence, from the officer of customs at snch port or place, a certificate to the same effect as the certificate hereinbefore re- qnired to enable the ship to be cleared out ; and in case of any default herein the said master shall be lialue, on conviction, as hereinafter mentioned, to a iienalty not exceeding £100 nor less than £50 sterling: And if the master of any "passengeFship" so putting into or touching at any port or place as aforesaid shall not within twelve hours thereafter report, in writing, his arrival, and the cause of his putting back, and the condition of his ship, and of her stores and provisions, to the emigration officer, or, as the case may be, to the officer of customs at the port, and shall not produce to such officer the official or " master's list " of passengers, such master shall for each offense be liable to a penalty not exceeding £20 nor less than £2 sterling. LI. If any *' passenger ship" shall put into any port or place in the United Kingdom in a damaged state, and the master, charterer, or owner shall not give a written un- dertaking that the said ship shall be made sound and seaworthy, and shall within six weeks from the day of her so putting into such port or place again proceed with her passengers on her intended voyage, and if the said ship shall notaooordinglybemade seaworthy and proceed on her intended voyage within that period, or if any such ship shall after the commencement of her voyage be wrecked, sunk, or otherwise de- stroyed, or shall from any canse whatsoever not land her passengers at the place where they may have respectively contracted to land, the owner, charterer, or master thereof shall provide the passengers with a passage in some other eligible ship to sail within six weeks to the port or place at which they respectively may have originally con- tracted to land, and shall in tbe mean time, if the passengers be not lodged and main- tained on board in the same manner as if the ship were at sea, pay to such passengers (or if such passengers shall be lodged or maintained in any bulk or establishment under the superintendence of the said emigration commissioners, then to the emigra- tion officer at snch port or place) subsistence money at the rate of la. 6d. sterling for each statute adult in respect of each day of delay until such passengers ai j duly H. Ex. 157 31 482 EMIGRATION AND IMMIOBATION. forwarded to their destination ; and if defaolt sball be made in any of the reqnire- menta of this section sncli passengers respeotirely, or any emigration officer ou tlieit behalf, shall be entitled to recover by summary process, as hereioafter mentionud. all money which shall have been paid by or on account of snoh paasengers or any «f them for snoh passage, from the purty to whcm or on whose aooonnt the same may have been paid, or ffom the owner, charterer, or master of snch ship, or an^ of tlieni, at the option of snch passenger or emigration officer : Proeidtd, That the said emigration officer may, if he snaU think it necessary, direet that the passengers shall be removed from snch "passenger ship" at the expense of the master thereof: and If after snch direetion any passenger shall ref^ise to leave snob ship, he shall be liable ttt a penalty not exceeding 40«. or to imprisonment not exceedtog one calendar month. LII. If the passengers or cabin paasenKers of any '"paasengef ship " shaJl be taken off ftom any snch "passenger ship" or ahairbe picked ap at sea tnm any boat, raft, or otherwiae, It shall bo lawftil, if the port or place to whieh they ahall be conveyed snaU be in the United Kingdom, for one of Her Mtjteibj'B principal secretaries of state, or if in an ^ of Her Majesty's colonial possessions, for the governor of saota colony, or fof any person antbnriied by h'im for the pmpoae, or if In any fbreiffn eonntry, for Her lujMty'a oonsniar officer, at snoh port or place ttaorein, to defhiy all or any part of the oxpeasea thereby incurred. LIIL If any passenger or eabiu paeaenger of any passenger ship shall, without any negleot or fault of his own, find himself within any eolonial or foreign port or plac« oinar than that at which he may have contracted to land, it shall be lawftal for the Stvemor of sno\ colony, or for any person authorized by him for the purpose, or for er Mi^esty's consular officer at such foreign port or nlaoe, as the ease may be, to forward such passenger to his intended destinmion, unieM the master of such ship shall, within forty-eight hours of the arrival of raeh passenger^ ffive to the governor at consular officer, as the case may be, a written ondertaking to forward or carrf on wltUnaix weeks thereafter such pawenger or oaMn prassengcr to his original aesti« nation, and unless such master shall oeoordlugly forward or carry him oli Within that pwiod. LIV. All expenses inourred under the last twoprMCdingseotiono, or either of thefif, by <» by the authority of such secretary of atatA, governor, conMlM officer, ai afoTe> said, including the cost of maintaining the passengers until forwardod to tb^ destina' tion, and of Ml necessary bedding, ptovisiona, and stores, shall bMotto a debt to Her lf%ie8ty and her Staoeessora Atom the owner, ohartorelr, and maater of sneh ddp, snd sImuI be roooveiable from thcaas, or ft9m any one or mote of tbem, at tiie toit and fof tlie use of Her ]Ii^)esty in like maane* aain the eMe*f other Crown AeMs; and aeer- tifloate pnnerting to be ondei* the hand of any aoA aeoretin^ of state, governor, of oonsniar offioer, astiie case may be, stating the total omonnt of such expenses, shalf in any aoit or ottier prooeoding for the ieeovery of sooh debt be meeived in evidence without proof of tiie nandwrinnc or of tiie official ohaHMtet of sadb secwtoiy of state, govomor, or oonwdor offioer, and sludl be deemed safBoientevidodoeof the amount of snob oxpeoses, and that the same wore daly inonned : Pmkki, nmertkeltm, That in no case abaU anv huger som be reeovend on aoaomtt of such expoAsea than a sum equal to twice the toial amount of passenger mmisy received by tbeoWner, charterer^ or raaator of such "passenger ship,'* or any of then^ tnm or on aocdunt or the whole number of paasengera and eobin passengers who may hove embatked in socfa sUp. whioh total amount of passage money dbaU b« moved by the defendant, if he willl have the advantage of this limitatian of the debt ; but if any stioh passengers an forwarded or conveyed to their intended destination under the pirovlaions of the lastl preceding section, they shaU not be entitled to the return of their passage money, oiT to 1^ compensation for loss of passage under the provisions of this act. Jh V. No policy of assnronoe ensoted in respeot of any passage^ or of any passage or eompensotion moneys, by any person by this act maide liable, in the evratis aforeJ said, to provide sneh passages or to'pay sucn moneys, or in aoy reeqpeot of any other rietj under thio act, shall be deemed to bo invalid by veoson of the nature of the risk oi interest sought to be covered by snoh policy of assurance. r LVL £r any passenger in any ship, whether a " passenger ship" or otherwise, shaU "m landed at any oort or place other thm the port or place at which he mavhave con tradted to land, nhless with his previoas consent, or unless such landing shall be ren dored neeeasory by perils of the sea, or otiier unavoidable accident, the master shal for each oflfense be Bable to a penalfy not exceeding £50 nor less than £10 sterling.! LYII. Every passenger in a "passeager ship" shall be entitled for at least fortjp eight hours next after his arrival at the end of ois voyage to sleep in the ship. t>nd t be provided for and maintained on board thereof in the same manner as during Hb voyage, unless within that period the ship shall quit such port or ploee in the ftarthd prosecution of her voyage. In case of non-oomplianea with any of the rtoquirefnenj of this Becti«Hi the master shall for eaohoffense be liable to a penalty not exceeding ; sterling. ITION. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 483 made In any of the reqnire- ly emigration officer ou tbeir Ja« hereinafter mentionud. all Ich pawenaen or any •£ them p aooonnt the mroe may have inch ship, or any of tlieni, at fded, That the said emigration I pamengera shall be removed Her thereof: and if after snch lie ahall be liable t6 a penalty i calendar month. iget ship " shall be taken off it sea flrani any boat, raft, or Ih they ihall be conveyed shall Vdpal secretaries of state, or if Vemor of saoh colony, or for any fbieign country, for Her |, to deAray all or any part of nger ship shall, without any onlal or foteign pert or place nd, it shall be laWlbl for the >y him for the porpoee, or for >r place, as tb« ease may be, to nnleaa the maater of saoh ship aasengMy giro to the governor taking to forward or etatry oa saenger to his original desti- km or carry him oh within that lingseotiens, or either of theti, iraor, conMUtt offieer, aA afore- mtil forwarded to their deatina- irea, shall bMottie a debt to Her , and master of sneh ship, and are at them, at tiie anit and for fotiiev Crown debts; andaeer- MoretMry of staM, governor, or •monnt of soch expenses. snaO Bh debt be reeeived in evidence iMttet of saeb seotetary of state, MentevideAoeof the amount of I : PmkM, tiMtrilieUM, That in t of snob expettses thaii a som MOived by tbe owner, charterer, Iram or on aceOant of tbe whole y b«ve embatked in sacfa aUp, Bd by the deibMdant, if he win bnt if any saoh p a seentfers are ander the piovtaions of the last itom of their passage money, or ivisions of this act. ny passages, or of any passage laide liable, in tlie evmits afore- r in any respect of o^ other risk son of the nature or the risk or uiee. senger ship" or otherwise, shall alace at which be may have con- inlflss such landing shall be ren- lable aecident, the master shall £60 nor less than £10 sterling. U be entitled for at leaat forty- yage to sleep in the ship. t>nd to the same manner as dnring the soch port or place la the ftarther Bs with any at the itoqnirements tie to a pefislty not exceeding £5 LVIII. Nothiog hnrpiu contaiued idiall tnke nnuy or iibridgc any right of action which may accme to any passenger in any ship, or to any other person, In respect of the breach or non-performnuco of any contract made or entpred into Viet ween or on b(>balf of any snob pasMnger or other person . and the master, cliarterHr, or owner of any snch ithip, or his or their agent, or any pamage brolior. LIX. It shall be lawfal for Her Majesty, by any order in council; to prescribe saoh rnles and regnlationa as to Her Mnjusty muy sct-ni tit, for the following purposc>A ; that ia to say— 1. For pr^jserviug order, promoting healtli, and securing cleaulineits and ventila* tion on board of " paHHetiKcr idiipii" proceeding from the United Kingdom to any port or plocf in Her Majesty's posses^sions abroad. •i. For permitting the uHe on board of " passenger ships" of an apparatns for dis- tilling water, and for defining in imeh case the qnantity of (Vesh water to be curried in tanks or casks for tne passengers. 3. For prohibiting emigMtion from any port or ports at any time when oboleraio or any epidemic disease may be generally prevalent in the United Kingdom or any part thereof, or for rednciug the number of passengers allowed to lie carried in "passenger shlpa" generally, or from any particular ports nuder the provisions of this act. 4. For renniring duly qualified medical practitioners to be carried in " passenger ships" in cases where they would not be required to lie carried under the pro- visions of this act. Adv Biicb order in council may from time to time in like manner be altered, amended< and revoked, as occasion may require. Any copy of such order in conncil contained in tbe London Gazette, or purporting to be printed by the Queen's printer, shall, throughout Her Mi^esty's dominions be received in all legal proceedings as good and onflBcient evidence of the making and contents of any snch order in conncil. LX. In every snch "passenger ship" the medical practitioner on boird, aided bv the master thereof, or, ui the absence of snch medical practitioner, the master of sncn ship, is hereby empowered to exact obedience to all mles and rtgUlations Which may be prescribed by any such otder in coimcil to bo observed on board passenger ships a« aforesaid ; and any person ofl lioard who shall neglect or refttse to obey ally sUch mio or regnlation, of who shall obstruct the medical practitioner or roaster of such ship ih tbe execution of any duty imposed Upon him by any snch rule or regulation, or who ahull offeiid against any of the provisions of this act, or who shall bO guilty of riotous or insubordinate condU(it', shall be liable for each onlBnse to a penalty not exceeding £-i <4terIiAg, resa]d ; and fOni^ copies of such abstracts, together with a coMy of this act, shall, on demand, be snppllea by the principal officer of customs at the port of clearance to the master of every " passenger ship " prOoeedihg from (he United Kiu^dom to any port or place in Her Miqesty's possesdons abroad : and snob master shall, on request made to him, produce a copy of this act to any passenger On board for bis perusal, and, fhrtber, shall post, previous to the embarkation of the pasMngers, and ehall keep posted so long as any passenger shall be entitled to remain in the ship, in at least two consplcnons places between the decks on which passengers may be carried, copies of sncn abstracts ; and such master shall be liable to a penalty not ex* ceedinff 408. sterling for every c tltTiiuil concluHive evidence of the duo Msecntiou of the bondliy tliosaid ninnter and thudtbci obligor ; and it shall not be uecetwary to prove the handwriting of the otUcer of ciih- touiH who may have signed such certilicutu, nor that he was at the time of signiii); ii chief ofllcur of customs at the port of clearance ; Provided, That no snch bond Nhull !>« put in snit in any of Her Malesty's possessions abroa, in respect of any default in complying with the re(iuiremvuts of this act ; and that if anv such last-mentioned person shall pay any moneys hereby made payable to or on behalf of any such passengers as aforesaid, the person so paying the same shall be entitled, in the absence of any such agreement as aforesaid, to sae for and recover from the owner the amount so paid, together with costs of salt. LXVI. No person whatever snail, directly or indirectly, act as a passage brolier iu respect of passages from the United Kingdom to anyplace out of Europe, and not be* log within the Mediterranean Sea, or shall sell or let, or agree to sell or let, or be iu any wise concerned in the sale or letting of paasagea in any ship, whether a " uassen- ger ship" or otherwise, proceeding from the United Kingdom to any such place as aforesaid, unless such person, with two good and suflBcient sureties to be approved by the emigration officer at the port nearest to the place of business of such person, •ball have previonsly entered into a Joint and several bond in the sum of £1,000 to Her Mi^esty, her heirs and successors, according to the form contained in schedule (D) hereto annexed, which bond shall be renewed on each occasion of obtaining such Ucense as hereinafter mentioned, and shall be in duplicate, without stamps, and one part thereof shall be deposited at the office in London of the said emigration com- missioners, and the other part thereof with the emigration officer at the port nearest to tbe place of bnsinesa of such person ; nor unless such person shall have obtained a license, as hereinafter mentioned, to let or sell passages, nor unless such license shall then be in force ; and if any person shall offend in any particular against tliis enact- ment, every person so offendmg shall for each offense be liable to a penalty not ex- ceeding £50 nor less than £iM, to be sued for and recovered as hereinafter mentioned : Provided, That such bond shall not be required of any person who shall be one of the ■worn brokers of the city of London : Provided alto, That there shall be excepted ttom the operation of this section the said emigration commissioners, and any per- sons contracting with them or acting under their authority, and also any person act- ing as the azeut of any passage broker iu pursuance of an appointment made in tbe form prescribed by schedule (I) hereto annexed, signed by such passage bi ker and countersigned by such emigration officer as aforesaid : Provided further. That vhe acts and defaults of any person acting under the authority or as agent of any passase broker shall, for the purposes of this act, be deemed to be also the acts and defauita of such passage broker: Provided alto, That nothing hereinbefore contained shall bel held or construed to prevent the said emigration oflScer fron accepting the bond of n gnarantee society, snch bond and such guarantee society as shall nave been approved by the lords commissioners of Her Majesty's treasury, in liou of tbe bond of two gooii and sufficient securities as aforesaid. [ LXVII. Any person wishing to obtain a license to act as a passage broker in respecl of passages from the United Kingdom to any place out of Europe, and not being it the Mediterranean Sea, shall make application for the same to the Justices at tbi petty sessions held for the district or place in which such person shall have hil place of business ; and such Justices are hereby authorized (if tliey shall think fit) tl grant a license for that purpose, according to the form in the schedule (E) hereantl annexed, which license shall continue in force until the Slst day of December il the }ear in which such license shall be granted, and for thirt>-one days afterwardf unless sooner forfeited, as herein mentioued; and upon granting such license the juJ tioes shall cause a notice thereof, according to the form in schedule (F) hereto aif nexed, to be transmitted forthwith by the post to the said emigration oommissionei at their office in London : Provided aUrayt, That no such license shall be granted nil less the party applying for the same shall show to the satisfaction of the Justices tbJ he faas given suob bond to Her Majesty, her heirs and successors, as hereinltefure rj quired, and has deposited one part thereof {it the office in London of the said comml ■loners, or is a sworn broker of the .city of London, and has in either case gi'.'eu ul tioe to the said commissioners, fourteen clear days at least before such apphcatiou,! his intention to apply for the same, which notice shall be transmitted by the post f tbe office in London of tbe said commissioners, and shall be according to the form cr persons hereby made liaW.', emeutsof thisaot; and tlmt ii ■ hereby made payable to or ou Vj bo paying the same shall be bresafd, to sae for and recover ts of salt. Itly, act as a passage brolivr iu lace out of Europe, and not be- ll, or agree to sell or let, or be iu n any ship, whether a " uassen- kingdom to any snch place nit Solent sureties to be approved ace of business of such person, 1 bond iu the sum of £1,000 to he form contained iu schedule each occasion of obtaining such icate, without stamps, and one Ion of the said emigration corn- ration officer at the port nearest ich person shall have obtained a [es, nor unless such license shall ly particular against this enact- B be liable to a penalty not ex- >ver«d 88 hereinafter mentioned : y person who shall be one of the }, That there shall be excepted ion commisaioners, and any per- thority, and also any person act- of an appointment made in the led by such passage bi ker and : Provided further, That ^>he acts >rity or as agent of any passage to be also the acts and defaultt< : hereinbefore contained shall be ;er fro« occeptiug the bond of a iety as shall have been approved , in lieu of the bond of two good act as a passage broker in respect mt of Europe, and not being in the same to the Justices at the lich such person shall have his orized (if they shall think fit) to m in the schedule (E) hereunto il the 3l8t day of December in Ifor thirtj-one days afterwards, on granting such license the jus- form in sohednle (F) hereto an- ) said emigration commissioners nch license shall be granted uii- ') satisfaction of the Justices that 1 successors, as hereinbefore re- ;e in London of the said commis- nd has in either case given no- least before such application, of 1 be transmitted by the post to lall be according to the form con- d also, That any justices of the lis act, or on any breach or non- hereby authorized, if they shall THE UNITED KINGDOM. J85 think At, and the offender is a passage broker, to order his lici>nse to be forfeited, and the same shall thereupon be furfoiteu accordingly ; and the said Justices mukingsnoh order shall forthwith cause notice of such forfeiture, in the form contained in the schedule (H) hereunto annexeil, to be transmitted by the post to the said oommission- ers at their office in London. In Scotland, where any person wishing to obtain snch license shall make application for the same to the sheriff or steward, or sheriff an bsti- tnte or steward substitute, in placi> of to such justices of the i>euce as aforesaid, the forms given in the said schedules (D), (E), (F), (O), and (H), respectively, shall still be adhered to, with such alterations as may lie necessary. LXVIU. Every pasaenger broker's license in force at the commenoenientof thisaot shall, unless adjudged to be forfeited, continue in force until the 1st day of February, 1656, but no longer; and all acts done under such license while in force shall be aa valid as if done under any license granted under this act. LXIX. No paaaage broker shall einnloy as an agent in his business of paasage broker any person hot holding f^om him the appo'ntmeut of asent as bereinbcrore men- tioned; and every person holding such appointment shall produce the same, on the demand of any emigration officer, or of any person treating for a passage under this act. For any breach or violation of this euaotiuont in any iiarticular, the offender shall be liable for each offense to a penalty not exceeding £50 nor less than £'iO. LXX. If any person shall by false representation as to the size of a ship or other- wise, or by any false pretense or fraud whatsoever, induce anv person to engage • passage in any ship, the person so offending shall foreach offense be liable toa penalty not exceeding £20'nor less than £5 sterling. LXXI. Every person whatever, except the said emigration commissioners aud persons acting for them and under their direct authority, who shall receive money m)m any person for or in respect of a passage in any ship, or of a cabin passaee i n any "passenger ship" proceeding from the United KinKdom to anv place out of Europe, and not being within the Blediterrauean Sea, shall give to the person paying aucb money a contract ticket, signed by the owner, charterer, or master of the ship or "pas- senger ship " (as the case may be) in which the paasage is to be provided, or by aome person in their or his name, and on their or his behalf; such contract ticket shall be made out in plain and legible characters on a printed form, which in the case of cabin passengers shall be according to the form contained in Schedule (K), hereto annexed and in the case of all other passengers in tho form contained in Schedule (L), hereto Huuexcd, or according to snch other form as iu either case ma^ fl-om time to time be prescribed by the sara emigration commissioners in any notice isskied under their liands, or the hands of any two of them, and published in the Londo \ Gazette ; and any directions contained on the face of such form of contract ticket shall bo obeyed in the same manner as if herein set forth. In case of non-compliance with any of the requirements of this section, or of any of the directions on such form of contraot ticket not inconsistent with this act, the person so offending shall for each offense lie liable to a penalty not exceeding £50. nor less han £5 sterling : Provided alwaifi, That snch contract tickets shall not be liable to any stamp duty. LXXII. Any person who shall alter or cause to be altered, after it Is once issued, or shall induce any person to part with, render useless, or destroy any such contraet ticket, during the continuance of the contract which it is intended to evidence (except . in the case of cabin passengers who may have oonaented thereto), shall be liable in each case to a penalty not exceeding £20 sterling. LXXIII. Any qnestion which may arise respecting the breach or non-performance of any of the stipulations in any such contraot ticket may, at the option of any pas- senger or cabin passeneer interested therein, be heard and determined in a sommary way by the Justices ot the peace, magistrates, sheriffs, or other officers hereinafter authorized to acyndioate on offenses and complaints under the act, who are hereby au- thorized to try such qnestions, and if they shall find that a breach of contract has been committed, to award to the complainant such damages and costs as they may think fit, not exceeding in any case the amount of the passage money specified in snob con- tract ticket and £20 ; and if such damages and costs be not at once paid, payment thereof shall thereupon be enforced in the same manner and by the same processes as the payment of subsistence money or the retnm of passage money may be enforced nnder this act : Provided, That if any passenger shall have obtained compensation or redress nnder any of the other provisions of this act, he shall not be entitled to sne under this section for damages tor the (*ame matter or canse of comiilaint. LXXIY. If any cabin or other passenger shall, on demand of any emigration officer, refuse or omit to produce his contract ticket, or if any owner, charterer, or master of a ship shall, on like demand, refuse or omit to prmlnce to any emigration officer iu the United Kingdom the counterpart of any contrac ticket issned by them, or on their behalf, for tne inspection of snch emigration officer, and for the puiposes of this act, every person so oranding against the requirements of this section shall for each of- fense be liable snmmarily to a penalty not exceeding £10. ^■^ji'WfiS^^ ■""^ES^SrtWBESSSS^JS- ■.>iimi^,rm- 486 EMIUBATION AND UIMIOBATlUN. LXXV. Any |)<-ritou wUoHbttlluct ultBii "emigrant rnuiuT" M-ithuiU baviugprevinntl* been lireuHed and r<>giftrerf<| ah luTfiuufttir uieiitiiinfd. m wLo wLil«< ho acting Nliafi omit til wear oonHpicnniialy on Ills Itrcoitt aiich ItadKe nit hereinafte" mentiuntid, or \\ Im abail em|ily rnt au "emigrant rnnufr"a'iy iMrwiM uotdnlyliL sed aiul reuiitteri'd, ■ball lor I'Ui'b iiMeuM) btt liable to a punalty not t seeding Ji^t uor Ii>mi thun '.iOHiiilliiig*, LXXVI. Thu Juittivfit of the ixtucu at an> potty iteiwionH lield for tli*' dlNtrict <« place within wuioh any pi-rnoii wiHliing to uct oh an "emigrant riiuuer'' in to citiry ou bii buHiiiriH) may, upon the rruonunondation lu writing or an cmigratiou oQIciroi ot° the chief con»tabl« or oilu>r head nlHcor of |M)lire or nucli dietrict or place (Im, .lut otberwiau^, grant, if tbi-y ahall think tit, to HPch perHon Nvi^hiug to ait an rnuuer a 11- oenee for that pnritoae according to i he form in Ijclicdulo ( M ), hereto annexed, ami micb runner aball witnin forty-eight hourit tUercufter (under u penalty not exceeding 40 ■hilliugs for anv default) Imlge mich liconHe with the nearest emigration ofilccr, whu •hall regialer the name and alMNle of auob runner in a book to be kept for tliat ixir- poM, aud eball number each name registered in arithmetical jirogresaion, and Hliall aupply tu itiicb niuuer, ou hie paying a wum not exceeditig? Hhillings for the Name, a badge uf such form and deocriptiou aw shall bo appntved by the said emigratiou coui- misHioners. I. XX VII. Kvery such "emigrant runner's" license shall continue in force until the 3Ut day of December in the year in which it shall be granted, unless sooner revoked l>y uuy JUHtiiu of tbi- peace for any otfense against this act or for any other iuIhcuu- duct cuniniitted by the holder of such license. In cose of any renewed license it Hball lie NUfflcit-nt for the rnilgrutiou ofiBcer to note the fact, and the date of the renewal, in hiH registry bor wLo wLilt* no acting hIiaIi Ihoreinafte-mentiuiiml, nr wlm »t tlnly IIl «eflic<>r, whu la liflok to be kept for that imr- Qiuetieal i^rogrussion, uud ttliall p^ding 7 Hhillingg for the uamo, a 1 by the aaiu emigration com- ihall oontinne in forre until tlio grunted, uulesB ■ooner revoked i« act or £iir any other luiNCuu- 3 of any renewed licentie itobull t, and thit date of the renewal, of the name of the ninner bold- >r fail to produce, on deuiunil, tke the number thereof, or if he ation otUcer of t he port or jilace of any chantto in his plaooof T of the loss of hifi badKO, or i f be I whil.') unlicemted, or wuur uuy m otflcsr an aforesaid, or permit leh ottense be liable to a penalty !ie, if the convicting Justices or iuj{ or nsiug any " ouiigniut ruu- ot this act, or counterfeiting ur u liable to u penalty utt escued- lay, if be thinks 6t, on payment Icensed " emigrant runner " who 1 budge, or who shall deliver up recover fh>m any passage broker n of any service connected with Itten authority of such passage seding £5, shall take or demand for the prociuing of his paesage, >ep constantly exhibited in some correct list, In plain and legible if every person for the time being ;rant runner for him as aforesaid, k Sunday, on or before the fourth , duly signed by hiio, to the emi- siDessor such liobJised passage ivery discharge or fte^ engage- I twenty-four hoars of the same the requirement* of thin section, ice to penalty not exceeding £b r persons charged with the man- le United Kingdom from which t time to time alter, amend, or >r prescribing the docks, basins, ich ports for the purpose of emi- li^uded and embarked, and the ising port«rs to party their lug- he stpriog and s»ie custody of 4ipg persons ftoija access to sunh leding £& for the breach of any THE UNITED KlNODOM. 487 of Mnrli rules or by-laws, sncli p«*nalty to lie sued for uud recovered us other prualtinM are l>y this act dln-otetl to Xmk recovered, except that Instead of an finigrntlon oftlosr such tmst«es nr other iwrsonH mm aforesaid sliall sue for and recover the same ; and It •ball further lie lawful for suuh trnslees, by their (ittluers or servants, or by any lice nftlcer, to arrest and detain uny perwni charged with tlio lircucb of nuy such ruK; en'ed conclusive evidence of such rules and by-laws, nnd of the approval tliereof l>y su(!h secretary of state. LXXXIII. And whereas the said emigration eomniissinners and persons acting under their authority issue from time to time certain forms of application and other papers 1. r the use of persons desirous of emigrating bv their assistance; and whereas it is expedient to anord additional security ugiiiust tliu falsification or misuse of such forms and papers, and of any certitlcate^if marriage or of liirtli or baptism, or other docu- ment or statement adduced in sup)iort of any ap(>lication to the said oommtssioners for such assistance : Be U thwe/ore enacted, That if any person shall falsely represent himself to be or fulsoly ussiime to act as the agent of the said commissioners, or shall sell unv such form of appliration, pafier, oremliarkation order, or shall wii'fully make any false representation in any such fonu of application, paper, certiflrate, or docn- nient as aforesaid, or shall forge or fk'aiidnlently alter any signatui'e nr statement con- tained therein respectively, or shall |Hirsonate any person named therein respectively, or Khull aid or in any way aliet any person in any such false n^presentation, forgery, alteration, or personation, the person so offending shall bo liable for each such offense to a jienalty not exceeiling £50 nor less inan i^'i sterling. LXXXIV. All penalties and forfeitures imposed by this United Kingdom by any eini|f Her Majesty's cnstomB, and in any of Her Majesty's possessions abroad by anyOovemment emigration officer or agent, or by any sucii collector or comptroller of customs, or other oillcer of cnst'Oms so authorized as aforesaid, or by any officer authorized to sue for penalties and forfeitures under this act by writing under the hand and seal of the governor of any such possession; and the said emigration commissioners, and the commissioners of Her M^iesty's customs, and ever^y such governor, are hereby re- spectively empowei' t to grant snch authority as atoresitid; and all sums of money uiado reooyeral>> .. this act, as return of passage money, subsistence money, dam- ages, or compo' .ition, may be sued for and recovered by and for the use of any pussonger entitled thereto tinder this act, or by any such officer as uforesaid, for and on behalf and to the use of any such passenger or any nnmber of such passengers respectively, and in any case either by one or several informations or complaints. LXXXV. All i^enalties imposed and all sums of money made recoverable under this act, by way of passage money, subsistence money, compensation, or damages for the breach of any stipulation in any contract ticket, shall and may be sued for and re- covered before any two or more Justices of the peace acting in any part of Her Mi^esty'a dominions or possessions In which the offense shall have been committed or the cause of complaint shall have arisen, or in which the offender or party complained against shall happen to be, or acting in any county or borough, or place adjacent to any navigable river or inlet of the sea on which such offense shall have been com- mitted or oaase of complaint have arisen ; and upon information or complaint made before any one Justice of the peace acting as aforesaid he shall issue a summons, ao- conling to the form in the schedule (N) hereto annexed, requirins the party offending or complained against to appear at a time and place to be named therein ; and every such summons snail be served on the party offending or complained against, or shall be left at his last known place of abode or of bnsiness, or on board any ship to which be may belong; and if such party shall not appear aooordiusly, then (upon proof of the due serrioe of the summons oy delivering the summons or a copy thereof to the party, or at his last known place of abode or of business, or on board any ship to which he may belong, to the person in charge of any such ship) any two of such justices so acting as aforesaid may either hear and determine the case in the absence of the party, or either of them may issue his warrant for apprehending and bringing snch party hefore them or any two Jtutioes so acting as aforesaid; or the justice be- fore whom the charge shall be made, if he shall have reason to suspect, fnHu informa- tion upon oath, that the party is likely to ahaoond, may issue such warrant in the first instance, without any previous summons ; and either upon the appearance of the Jiarty oflendlng or complained against, or in his absence as aforesaid, any two of such ostices so aoting as aforesaid may hear and determine the case, either with or with- out any wri^t^ Information or complaint; and upon proof of the offense, or of the •'* <»aim,Mm ms'ZiJ^imsmimi- 488 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. complainant's claim (an the case may be), either by confe8arty complained against to pay to the party suing for the same the sum of money or damages sued for, or so niuca thereof as such justices shall think the complainant justly entitled to, together with, in every case, the costs of the proceedings; and if the moneys and costs mentioned in such conviction or adjudication be not paid immediately or within the time limited in the order it shall be lawful for any two of such justices so acting as aforesaid, by warrant (and although the written order of conviction or idl judication, or any minute thereof, may not have been served), to cause the party offendingto be committed to jail, there to be imprisoned, with or without hard labor, according to the discretion of such justices, for any term not exceeding thr^e calendar months, unless snch monies and costs be sooner paid and satisfied : Provided always, That in all proceedinEs taken under this act for which no form-is herein expressly provided it shall be law^l to nse forms similar, as nearly as circumstances will admit, to those contained in tho schednle to an act passed in the session of Parliament holden in the eleventh and twelfth years of the reign of her present Majesty, chapter 43. LXXXVI. Every police or stipendiary magistrate, and in Scotland every sherilf or steward and sheriff substitute or steward substitute of a county or stewartry, within his own county or stewartry, shall have such and the like powers, privileges, and functions, and be entitled to exercise such and the like jurisdiction under this act, as any justice or two justices, or justices at petty sessions, have or is or are entitled to exercise under the provisions of this act ; and all acts, matters, and things competent to be done under the provisions of this act by or before any justice or two justices of the peace, or justices at petty sessions, or otherwise, may be done by and before any police or stipendiary magistrate, and in Scotland by and before any sheriff or steward or sheriff substitute or steward substitute within his owu county or stewartry. LXXXVII. No objection shall be taken or allowed to any complaint, information, summons, or warrant under this act, for any alleged defect therein, either in sub- stance or in form, or for any variance between such complaint or information and the evidence adduced on the hearing thereof, but if any varianceshall appear to the justice or justices present and acting at such hearing to be such that the party so summoned and appearing has been thereby deceived or misled, it shall Im) lawful for snch justice or justices, upon such terms as he or they shall think fit, to adjourn the hearing of tbe case to some future day, and in the mean time to commit the defendant to such safe custody as the said justice or justices may think fit, or to discharge him upon his recognizance, with or without sureties, to appear at such time and place as may be appointed; no conviction, order, adjudication, or other proceeding under or in pur- suance of this act shall be quasheBn**«**-"*i'- •*^*--' nrag;r -,^ a aife:m "r?:g3g'5'r ""^^^mt./MMil'f'-^ ^.TION. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 489 ifession of the party offunding (jredible witnegs or wifneswn swear any witneweH wlio may ices BO actiug as aforesaid to nt (such conviction or adjiidi- if conviction or adjudication lereto as the circnmntances of order the offender to pay snclj enalties hereinbefore imposed, implained against to pay to the ) sued for, or so nmcii thereof .jled to, together with, in every J and costs mentioned in such jwithin the time limited in tlie acting as aforesaid, by warrant ication, or any minute thereof, lingto be committed to jail, .ccording to the discretion of lar months, unless snch monies I, That in all proceedings taken ■ovided it shall be law^lto nse those contained in tho schednle the eleventh and twelfth years nd in Scotland every sheriff or a county or stewartry, within le like powers, privileges, and e jurisdiction under this act, as s, have or is or are entitled to matters, and things competent re any justice or two justices of nay be done by and l>efore any id before any sheriff or steward wu county or stewartry. to any complaint, information, I defect therein, cither in sub- mplaint or information and the riance shall appear to the justice loh that the party so summoned t shall be lawful for snch justice fit, to adjourn the hearing of the a mil' the defendant to snch safe ;, or to discharge him npon his such time and place as may be ler proceeding under or in pur- at of form. len recovered.andnotwithstand- l to the emigration oflScer or o£B- en recovered, for the use of Her lonies shall be paid over by the id shall form part of the general Kingdom shall be paid over to >se suit the same shall have been to Her Majesty's commissioners ave been recovered be an officer and commissioners of customs, ties as may be recovered in the tses and iu such manner as the sty's treasury may from time to all be lawful for the justices of »me time t tiiuo hereinbefore limited, or shall be brought or laid in any other place thaii as aforesaid, then the jury shall find a verdict for the defendant therein ; and if a verdict shall be found for such defendant, or if the plaint- iff in such action or suit shall become nonsuited or suffer a discontinuance of such action, or if, upon any demurred in such action, judgment shall be given for the de- fendant thereon, then and in any of the coses aforesaid such defendant shall recover fall costs of suit as between solicitor and client, and shall have sach remedy for re- covering the same as any defendant may have for his costs in any other case by law. XClvT Where no time is expressly limited within which any complaint or infor- mation is to be made or laid for any breach or non-performance of any of the require- ments of this act, the complaint shall be mode or the information laid within twelve calendar months from the time when the matter of ench complaint or information respectively arose, or in case the master of any ship is the offender or party com- plained against, within twelve calendar months next after his return to the country m which tho matter of complaint or information arose. XCV. And whereas it is expedient to provide in certain coses for the carriage of passengers by sea £rom Her Majesty's possessions abroad : Be it therefore enacted as follows: For the purposes of this act the term " colonial voyage" shall signify any voynge from any place within any of such possessions (except the territories under the government of the East India Company and the island of Hong Kong) to any place whatever, where the distance between such places shall exceed 400 miles, or the durr.cion of the voyage, to be prescribed as hereinafter mentioned, shall exceed three dr.ys. XOVI. This act shall apply, so far as the same is applicable, to all ships carrying passengers en any such " colonial voyage," except as to snch parts of the act as relate to the following matters (that is to say) : (1) To passage brokers and their licenses, (2) to passengers' contract tickets, ^3) to emigrant runners, (4) to the giving bond to Her Majesty, J5) to the keeping on board a copy of this act, (0) to orders in council regulating emigration from the United Kingdom, or prescribing rules for pro- moting health, cleanliness, order, and ventilation: Provided, That if the prescribed duration of any " colonial voyage" be less than three weeks, then, in addition to the matters lastly herein before excepted, tho provisions of this act shall not extend or dpplyso faros they relate to the following subjects, namely : The construction or thickness of the decks, the berths and berthing, the height between decks, privies, hospitals, light and ventilation, manning, passengers' stewards, passengers' cooks and cooking apparatus, the snrgeon and mbdioine chest, the maintenance of passengers SS^KSSfR ■ ''!'WS«T!5itW5prTfflr,jv.';' m EMIGBATION AND IMMIGBATION. for forty-eight boars after «rrival : Provided aUo, That io the case of such "colonial Toyages" whereof the prescribed dnration is less three weeks, the reqnireiueuts of this act respecting tho issae of proTisious shall not, except as to the issue of water, be applicable tu auy passeuger who may have contracted to furnish his owu provis- ions. XCVII. It shall be lawful for the governor of each of Her Majesty's possessiouR abroad, by any proclamation to be by him from time to time issued for that purpose (which shall take effect from the issuing thereof), to declare what shall be ileemed for the purposes of this act to be the length of the voyage of any ship carrying pug. Bcngers firom suoh possession to any other place whatsoever, and to prescribe such Bcafe of diet for the nse of the pasHcngers during the voyage as he shall think proper, vid also to declare what medicines, medical comforts, medioal instruments, and other matters shall be deemed necessary for the medical treatment of the passengers during such "colonial voylige"; and the provisions and requirements of every such procla- mation c^all be enfbrced in all Her Majesty's dominions as if they were incor{>oratod in this act, and in like manner as the provisions of this act may be enforced ; and a copy of any such proclamation, purporting to be under the hand of the governor of the colony wh«rein the same may have been issued, and under the public seal of such colony, shall, in any part of Her M^esty's dominions wherein the same shall be pro- duced, be received as good and sufficient evidence of the due issuing and of the con- tents of such proclamation, unless it shall be proved that such copy is not genuine. XCVIII. It shall be lawful for the governors of any such possessions respectively to Authorize such person or personj as they may think fit to make the like survey and examination of "passenser ships" sailing from such possessions respectively as is hereinbefore required to he made by two or more competent surveyors iu respect of "passenger ships" sailing from the United Kingdom, and also to authorize in such oases, as to such governors may seem proper, any competent person to act as medical practitioner on board any " passenger ship" proceeding on a "colonial voyage." XCIX. This act shall not apply to any of the territories or places under the gov- ernment of the East India Coinpany. It shall, however, he lawful for the Kovernnr- general of ludia in council, from time to time, by any Ciot or acts to be passed for that purpose, to declare that this act or auy part thereof shall apply to the carriage of passengers upon any voyage from auy ports or places within such territories, to be speoifled in such act or acts, to any other places whatsoever, to be also specified in •uch act or acts ; and also in like manner to authorize the substitution, as respects i>uch voyages, of other articles of food and provisions for those hereinbefore enumer- «oh 7oyage rrrltories i'Viefore .« ' nited i uraoti- ated ; and t« declare the rule of computation by which the length of . u> shall he estimated ; and to determine the persons or officers who iu ju<. shall be entitled to exercise or perform the powers, functions, or dutit given to or imposed upon the emigration officers and officers of customr Kingdom ; ana te autnorize the employment on board any ship of an; tioner duly qualified by law to practice as a physician, surgeon, or apothecary within suoh territories ; and to declare for the purposes of this act the space neces- sary for paaaengers, and the age at which two children shall be considered equal to one statute adult, in ships that may clear out fh>m any port or place within such territoriM ; and »lao to declare in what manner, and before what authorities, and by what form of proceedings the penalties imposed and the sums of nioney made recov- erable bv this act shall he sned for and recovered within such territories, and to what uses such penalties shall be applied. And on the passing of such Indian act or acts, •nd whilst the same shall remain in force, all saoh parts of this act as shall he adoptee therein shall »pply to and extend to the carriage of paaaengers upon such voyages ai in the said Indlan'aot or actsshall be speoifled. The provisions of such Indian act shaL be enforced in all Her Mt^eaty's possessions in like manner as the provisions of this act may be enforced. Every suoh Indian act ahall be subject to aisallowance and re Seal, and shall in the same manner be traniunitted to England, to be laid before boti ooses of Parliament, as in th and marriages, wh rS3Si^'J'!sSi5jJJS5«5^>t-iM*-,-.i.TrvMi- "^S&iEa»Si5^95!R3K*SXISi8E3rK>.u,.i ITION. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 491 1 in the case of such " colonial ee weeks, the reqnireiueuts of kcept as to the issue of water, ^ed to furnish his owu provLn- of Her Miyesty's possessious ,0 time issued for that purpose declare what tihall be deemed age of any ship carrying pus- [tsoever, and to prescribe such lyaee as he shallthink pruper, edioal instrnments, and other ment of the passengers during irements of every such procla- ,s aa if they were iucori)orated is act may be enforced ; and a r the hand of the goTemor of id under the public seal of such 'herein the same shall be pro- he due issuing and of the con- bat such copy 18 not genuine, rach possessions respectively to It to make the like survey and possessions respectively as is ipetent surveyors iu respect of and also to authorize in such petent person to act as medical ng on a "colonial voyage." tories or places under the gov- rei, be lawful for the governnr- iMit or acts to be passed for that ' shall apply to the carriage of s within such territories, to be tsoever, to be also specified in jze the substitution, as respects for those hereinbefore enumer- the length of '11^ >oh royage officers who iu .^U' . 'rritories unctions, or dutit i r lefore officers of custom- " nited rd any ship of a n, ■' : practi- sician, surgeon, or apothecary >seB of this act the apace neces- •ea shall be ooosidered equal to any port or plqtce withm such before what authorities, and by the sums of money made recov- bin such territories, and to what ising of such Indian act or acts, :ta of this act as shall be adopted laMengers upon sncb voyages as rovisions of snob Indian act shall [iner as the provisions of this act iubjeot to oiiallowance and re- England, to be laid before both r made by the govemor-general othe United Kingdom ttom any n Sea, shall, witmn twenty-four or hia assistftot. or in their ab- ffrival, a ooneot list, signed by Uings of all the passengers eni- ntively may have embarked, rith the aappoaed cause of er aball fail so to daliver snob , on coDvlotion as hereinbefore ). Snob emigration or cnstoms pi^iouiars reapectintt any pw appoaed oaose of deaw, or beeu 18, dattht, and maniagea, who shall file the same, and enter a copy thereof under his band in the " marine register book," which entry shall be dealt with and be of the same value as evidence aa any other entry made iu such bonk under the provisions of an act passed iu the session of Parliament held in the sixth and seventh years of the reign of her present M^esty, entitled "An act for registering births, deaths, and marriages in England." CI. If anv ship bringing passengers into the United Kingdom from any place out of Europe shall nave on board u greater number of passengers or persons than in the proportions respectively prescribed in the foorteenta section of this act for ships car- rying passengers from the United Kingdom, the master of such ship shall be liable, on sucu conviction as hereinbefore mentioned, to a penalty not exceeding £10 nor less than £5 for each snob person or statute adult constituting any such excess. CII. The master of every passenger ship bringing passengers into the United King- dom i^om any place out of Europe shall make to each statute adult during the voyage, including the time of detention, if any, at any port or place before the termination thereof, bsuea of pure water and of good and wholesome provisions in a sweet con- dition, in quantities not less in amount than is pre8cril>ed in the thirty-fifth section of this alct for passengers proceeding from the United Kingdom; and in case of non- compliance with any of the requirements of this section the master of such ship shal! on such conviction as hereinbefore mentioned, be liable Cor each offense to a penalty not exceeding £60. CHI. The schedule to this act shall be det^med to be part of this act, and all the directions therein contained shall be duly followed and enforced under a penalty not exceeding £10 on the person failing to obey the same respectively. SCHEDULES TO WHICH THE FOBEGOINO ACT REKEBS. Schedule A. I Form of oertiflcate exempting a mail steamer from the provlRlons of the British pMsmger act, tSSS- N. B. — This certificate must be produced, on demand, to the emigration ofiQcer or his assistant, or if there bo no such officer to the chief officer of customs at the port of clearance or port of departure, by the master of an^ steam vessel claimingexemption fi'um the passenger act, otherwise the exemption will not be allowed. This is to certify that the steam vessel of tons, r^Utertd tonnage, be- longing to the port of , is duly authorized to carry mails under a contract with the Government of , between and , and is therefore exempt from the operations of the "passenger act, 1855," from the date hereof to the day of ,18-. Given under my hand at - , this ■ •day of- 18—. Po«tna»ter-6tneralofthe United Kingdom or hiadtputy, (or Governor or Po»tmaater-Oeneral, ^-o,, of British Consul's Certificate in the case of a foreign steam vessel. The above signature is to the I)est of my belief the signature of the — — the officer duly authorized by the Government of — — - to grant the same. Her Britannia MajeBty'a Conaul-Oeneral, or Vice-Contul of Schedule B. [Form of pMsengeia' list. J Ship's llMter's Tons per register. Aggiegato nambar of in- perpeiol fact in the sev- eral oompartmenta eet •part for passengera other than cabin pas- sengers. Total nnmber of atatnte * adults, exclnsive of mas- ter, orew, and oabln paisengers, which the ship can legally carry. Where bound. SSSSS3ES5S^CT®S* ■~sE«5jaKf 492 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. I hereby certify that the provisions actually laden on board the ship are sufficient, jcording to the riequirementB of the pasaengers' act, for statute adults for a »yage of days. ^ ^^^ aoco voyage Date, ' 185—. Namet and desoripUone of pat8engers. Ports of embarka- tlOD. Names of passeU' gets. Aije of each niliilt of twelve years iiud upvraTds. Married. •i Single. Children between one and twelve years. I § Infants. •I I Profes- sion, 00- cnpation or calling of pas- sengersc State whether English, Scotch, or Irish. Port at which paascn- gersha^e con- tracted to land. Summary. Number of souls. Equal to statute English. Scotch. Irish. Total. adnlts. Adnlts We hereby certify that the above is a correct list of the names and descriptions of all the passengers who embarked at the port of • -, Emigration Officer. -, Officer of Ctutmne at Date, ' -,185—. Schedule C. IForm of bond to be given by the master and by the owner or charterer of a " paasenger ship."] Know all men by these presents that we, — -- — —, "f « ^^l^fi^fA"*!,^ S unto our Sovereiini - bv the grace of God, of the United Kingdom ot oreat BritXaSXa ^Xfendef of the faith, in the sum of ^^-O^J oJ^SOod ajul lawful money of Great Britain, to be paid to our said -■ *•»« — T" « *„^ everv of ofissors- to which navment weJl and truly to be made we bind ourselves and every oi of^,"ointlv and ^s^Syrfor and in tie whole, our heirs, executors, and admin.s- tors, and every of them, firmly by these presents. Sealed with our seals. wtliMb7the*"pa"9le"^i^'aoM855,"it is amongst other things ««»a«t«d, thai before aS '' P^wnger ship " shaU clear out or proceed to sea, the master togethei with the oVner or cBarterer of the ship, or in the absence of ™»Jy„YZ °e,2n to b or if the master be the owner or ohMterer, one other good and snfacient person, to \y I.TION. I board the ship are sufficient f*"" statute adults for a I Matter, ngeri. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 493 hta. £ Profes- SioO, 00- cnpatioD, oroalliDg of pa*- Bengers. ! Port at State I which whether ! pauBpn- English, Scotch, or Irish. gershave con- tracted to land. iber of souls. Equal to statute adolta. ch. Irish. Total. the names and descriptions of — , Master. —, Emigration Officer, —, Officer of Cuetami at . jhartenr of a " passenger ship."] — , are held and ftrmly bound ihe United Kingdom of Great ihe snm of £2,000 of good and ■^— the heirs and suc- «re bind onrselvea and every of heirs, executors, and adminis- st other things enacted, that 9d to sea, the master together ice of snch owner or charterer, >od and saffloient person, to be approved by the chief officer of customs at the port of clearance, shall enter into a bond to Majesty, heirs and successors, in the sum of £2,000. Now the condition of this obligation is snch, that if the ship whereof the above-bonnden is master, bound to , is in all respects seaworthy, [and if the said ship shall call at the port of • ' and there shall bo shipped ou board at such port pure water for the use of the passengers, suiUcient in quantity to afl'ord the allowance of three quarts daily to each statute adult for tho period of days on the voyage from snch port to the final port or place of discharge of snch vessel ], und if (Dotwitbatanding any penalty by the said act imposed, and whether the same may iiavo been sned for and recovered or not) all and every tho requirements of the said passengers act, 1855, (except such of them as relate exclusively to passage brokers and runners) and of the emigration commissioners acting in the manner prescribed by the said act, and of any order passed by Her Majesty in council relating to " pas- senger ships" and now in force, shall in all respects be well and truly performed [and if the master for the time being of the said ship shall s'<'-.mit himself, in like manner as a British subject being the master of a British passenger ship, to the jur- isdiction of the tribunals in Majesty's possessions abroad, empowered by the said act to ad|jndioate on offenses committed against tho said act], and if moreover all penalties, fines, and forfeitures which tho master of snch ship may be ac\|udged to pay for or in respect of the breach or nonfulfilnicnt of any of such reqnirements as aforesaid shall be well and truly paid, and if all expenses incurred by the secretary of state or any governor or British consular officer under the provisions of this act shall also be well and truly paid, then this obligation to be void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue. Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above-bounden — ^— and in the presence of ■ . I hereby certify, that the above bond was duly signed, sealed, and delivered ac- cording to the law of Great Britain, by the said , master of the said ship, and by the said . Date- Chief Officer of Cuttomafor the port of- 185-. Schedule D. [Fonn of passage broker's annnal bond, tt 1th two sareties, to be approved by the emigration officer at the nearest port. 1 Know all men by these presents, that we, A. B., of , C. D., of , and £. F., of , are held and firmly bound unto our sovereign, , by the grace of God of the Uuited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, ■ , -( defender of the faith, in the sum of £1,000 of good and lawful money of Great Britain, to be paid to our said , the heirs and successors; to which payment well and truly to be made we bind ourselves and ever^r of ns, jointly and severally, for and in the whole, our heirs, executors, and administrators, and every of them, firmly by these presents. Sealed with our seals. Dated this day of , 185-. Whereas, by the " passengers act, 1855," it is amongst other things enacted, that no person whatever, save as therein excepted, shall directly or indirectly act as a pas- sagi' broker in respect of passages from the United Kingdom to any place out of Europe, and not being within the Mediterranean Sea, or shall sell or let. or agree to sell or let, or be in anywise concerned in the sale or letting of passages in any ship, whether a "passenger ship" or otherwise, proceeding from the United Kingdom to any such place as atoresaid, unless such person, with two good and sufficient sureties, to be approved by the emigration otHcer at the port nearest the place of business of such person, shall have previously entered into a joint and several bond to Her Majesty, her heirs and successors, in the sum of £ 1,000 j and whereas the said C. D. and £. F. have been duly approved by the proper emigration officer as sureties for the said Now the condition of this obligation is such, that if the above bounden A. B.. and every agent whom he may employ in his business of a passage broker, shall well and truly observe and comply with all the requirements of the said recited act, so far as the same relate to passage brokers, and further shall well and truly pay all fines, for- feitures, and penalties, and also all sums of money, by way of subsistence money, or of return of passage money and compensation, to any passenger, or on his account, together with all costs which the above-boundeu A. B., or any of his agents as afore- said, may at any time be adjudged to pay under or by virtue of any of the provisions v"iv»?iJK:i>aSS ""«!WMwe«ww=;~.»«sj 494 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. of the Bftid recitiHl act, then aud In such case this obligation to be void, ottetwis^ fo- "^B&t SlTand delivered by the above-bonaden A. B., C. D., and E. F., in the pTCsenceof • ^^^ ,„ duplicate, in the preiwnce of and to be at- terted bv an emigratiou ofiBoet or his assistant, or au ofllcer of cnstoms, or a n.agis- S or a^wtary imbllo. One part is to be deposited with the emigtation commia- sloieVs in LoS.^and the othefpart with the emigration offloer 't^^^^^^^'^^^l ?o thrplace of business of th» broker. Each ^e'S^F «' » A™ °' ?«***^P ^'"^ acts as a passage broker must give a separate bond With two »"«»««. The bond is exempt from staihp duty, bnt must be rentfw«Jd KnnnaHy with the liceiud. SCHBDCUC E. [Form of passage broker's Ucense.I . „ nt in the . having shown to the satisfaction of md (Or ns) ttwt nndewVgned, that'he tath given bohd to Majesty, (is by the lp4»en^ers act, A. B., of ?^*'j?=ed,':^dX gi^;^^^^^^^ «- j^*r ?""- Soti^ra of his intention iomake application for a license to carry on the business SfaTSS^ae broker iu respect of passages from the United Kingdom to any place out of IS^e^and not being within the sfeditertanean Sea, 1 (or we), the undersigned, havi^Xd no snfflcient cause shown to me (or us), and seeing no v^^lid reason why thJSid A? B. should not receive snob Ucense, do hereby license and authonze the sSfd A BTto car^ on the business of a passage broker «i aforesaid until the end of ?r«t»MseAtvearaud thirty-one days afterwards, unless this license shall be sooner deSS K forfeiture fo? misconduct on the «art of the said A. B. as m the " pas- •^gCi niS'haEd'Ll (or our respective hands and seals), this _ day of , 186-, at . ^ JueUoea of the peace, police or stipendiary magiatraU.or sheriff, or steward, w sheriff or sttaard substitute, as the case may ie. Schedule F. [VKm of noUce to be give" to the emigration commlssionera by justice. gr»ntii.g a Uoeiwe.l broker under the provisions of the «' passengers act, i855." ^ Jvstiees of theptaee, or as the vase may be. |*laoe, -, Date, — ^ — , — » ^~~' r J To ih» jErmij»ra«»r»08(»»f»'>»/«»?''»^*?' jiu ^»!f .Loll hnvictnailed daring the voyage and the lime of detention t **'^i:i£JL i^fnS, Ite terXSlon ™^^ to the subjoined scale, for the sut S^k'^^ncl^dtag G^verament dnw before embariation, «nd^f»d «;o°*^: f/.^riTthS nCs? of Umdlng. and every other, charge, except flight tor c: ^Ss'oVlug^gWondtheqS»"tity abo^e specified, and I fi.reby acknow edge to have received the .urn of * In | ^^ J poyment. The following quantities, at least, of water and provisions r Europe, and not beiuK withiu tliu nn scale for the voyage mnst be ap- 3 tickijt must be legibly sljmed with i»»iilng lh« same. s inserted in words and not In fljjnres 1 the passenger, nor any alteration or THE UNITED KINGDOM. 497 1 the day of - ■ 185-, m of £ I hereby agree with the I liereof that «nch person ithall lie pro- n pasKage in the above-named snip, to .for thf port of lu ■■ ' with feet of luggage for each jierson, and ictnated as clasH cabin pansen- the time of detention at any place be- engage to land the person aforesaid, aat-nientioned port, free of any cbarge aloresald ; aid I hereby acknowledge r £ *n{part}P»y"'*"* °' '"'*' agent-, state on whoae behalf.) here.) ■ -" • [if SfgS^ by S'bl^kTr oT;i;»t:'.^!i^i> whose behalf.) Deposit £ • . ,, . Balance £ to be paid M . Total i . MOnOU TO PAMIIIOBRS. N. fll-ihta oontraot ticket la exempt firom aUmpdnty. SOHEDUIS M. [Form of emigrant nmner'a aanaal Uosnae.] A B of in the having made application in wrltlnB to nB,t hennde r. A. -D. J" i . „„-ce aasembled in petty sessions, for the of — ■ to •'•^nftihhlTuceiStnSaWnhnto^^^^ as an emigrant mnnerinand C!i!l^ andthrMid[A?B ]h«^^ngal80 l^en recommended ••»P™P«'Rfn»P«" ^t^aif ri* ?s^"ciy r WsCs nllT^e^*^^^^^ I UT. form part of, and must appear on, each pasaenger engaging a passage fW>m the Ein the Mediterranean Sea. e body of the ticket. „.. ^ lUSt be legibly signed with the Christian I same. lark must be inserted in words, and not a the paBsenger,nor any alteration, addi- Bt for on the day of In the -margin hereof shall be provided be landed at, the port of- In -■—— en cubic feet for Inggage for each statute the voyase and the time of detention at rding to the subjoined scale, for the sum is before embarkation, and head money. very other charge, except freight tor cx- above specified, and I hereby acknowl. of water and provisions (to bo issued r of the ahip, aa required by law. vii, to daily, exclusive of what is necesanry for passengers' act to be issued in a co ence money, or of return of paoitaKe money, or oe daningeH for breach of Hnuh cuq. tract ait aforesaid, na the uuho may be) [and Hhail aJHu pay to the said A. B. the I'lir- jhersnm of£ asconifteuaation for thelowandiuuouveuienceoccaiiiouedto > by the loM of passage ii the ship 1. [And I (or wo) do also adjudge and order that the license granted to the said C, D. to aet aa m pMMge broker be forfeited. ] [And I (or we) do hereby alau adjudge and order that the sum of £ , being a part not exceeding one ntoiety of the said penalty <>f £ , be applied to conipvD- •ate ' for the wrong or damage which he (she or they) faaa (or have) 8ui> tained in this matter. And I (or we) do further adjudge and order, that the said C. D. shall forthwith pay to the said A. B. the further sum of £ for the costs and charges by him the saia A. B. incurred in the prosecution of this matter. Given under my baud and seal (or bauds and seal) this • day of • 18-. JtuHee of the Peace, Police, or StipeneHary Magistrate, or Sheriff or Steward, or Sheriff or Steward's Subatilute, a$ the case may be, for . [Form of coDvietlon snd order of a^Jadication where tbe defendant does not appear.] Be it remembered, that C. D. of • plaint of A. B. for a breach of the ' - being duly summoned to answer the com- — section (or sections) of the passengers act, 1866, in thttt, &o.,nr (as the case may be) for a breach of the contract contained in a certain contract ticlcet, dated ^— — and issued by to for a passage to in the ship , did not appear before me (or us), pursuant to the said Simmons. Nevertheless, I (or we) did proceed to examine into the com- plaint so preflBrred against the said C. D., and the same having been duly proved to to my (or onr) satisfaction by the testimony on oath of £. F.,a credible witness (or witnesses), I (or we) do, &c. (proceed as in preceding form of conviction according to the circumstances of the case). 1\-^'^ '% Chaf. LI.— an act to amend the pasMnfters aet, 18SS. July 13, 1863. Whereas it is expedient to amend "• the passengers act, 1855," in the particulars hereinafter icentioned, be it therefore enacted by the Queen's most excellent Mi^jesty, by and wi'^h tbe advice and consent of the Lords spiritual and temporal, and Com- mona, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as fol- lows: 1. This act may be cited for all purposes as " The Passengers Act Amendment Act, 1863." 2. This act shall come into operation on the Ist day of October, 1863. 3. The definition in the third section of "the passengers act, 1855," of the term " passenger ship " is hereby repealed, and for the purposes of the said aet and of thii act the term "passenger ship" shall signify every description of sea-going vessel whether British or foreign, carrying, upon any voyage to which the provisions of tht said " passengers act, 1855," shall extend, more than fifty passengers, or a greate; number of passengers than in the proportion of one statute adult to every 33 tons o the registerttd tonnage of such ships, if propelled by sails, or than one statute adnl to every twenty tons, if propelled by steam. 4. So mnch of the fourth section of the said "passengers act, IH.'SS," as exempts fron the operation of the act any steam vessel carrying mails under contract with the gov erument of the state or coiouy to which such vessel may belong, is hereby repealed and every steam vessel, whether British, foreign, or colonial, which shall carry pat sengers other than cabin passengers in sufficient number to bring such vessel wifhi the definition of a passenger-ship, asset forth in the third section of this act, shall b snbjeot to the provisions of the said act and of this act in like manner aa any passei ger ship not carrying a mail. 6. The first rule of the fourteenth section of the said " passongeis aet, 1865," whio limits tbe ntuubcr of persons to be carried in a passengu: ship by her registered toi nage, together with so much of the concluding portion of tbe same seotion ae relat( to sash rule, is hereby repealed, except so far as relates to any penalty iueoired legal proceedings taken thereunder. .;^^i^i^^gS!5i^5;wS!S"^'i3^^^i.-a^i^iss®ffi»s;^K!^^ itlON. THE UNITED KINODOM. 499 ■.Venn (or witneMeH), I (or wu) i) aforesaid; aud I (or wk] do A such (eiiiigrntioii ofllciT, or ' pamieuger of the Hhiu , wnalt; (or by way of miliHiiit- iittKea for breach of niich cun- pay to the said A. B. the fnr- mveuienco ocoasioued to cense gruuted to the said C, D. it the earn of £ , being a J , be applied to coiupvn- she or they) haa (or have) siis- said C. D. shall forthwith pay ita and charges by him the Haid I) this day of ■ -, 18-. • Sheriff or Steward, or Sheriff or a defendant does not appear.] lummoned to aDM'wer the com- seotions) of the passengers act, h of the contract contained in a to for before ine (or ns), pursuant to leed to examine into the com- ne haviuK been duly proved to of E. F.,A credible witness (or g form of couvictiou according Mt, 18SS. July 13, 1863. 8 aot, 1655," in the partionlars Queen's most excellent Mi^lesty, ritual and temporal, and Com- he authority of the same, as fol- Paasengers Act Amendment Act, y of October, 1863. asengers act, 1855," of the term rpoMB of the said act and of this description of sea-going vessel, ge to ^hioh the provisions of the I fifty passengers, or a greater statute adult to every 33 tons of sails, or than one statute adiilt i^ers act, 1855," as exempts from ails under contract with the gov- may belong, is hereby repealed, colonial, which shall carry pas- iber to bring such vessel withiu third section of this aot, shall be ot in like manner aa any pasaen- id " pasaongsia aet, 1866," which mger ship by her registered ton- on of the same aaetion aa relates latea to any peni^y iuenned or 6. In the pnNscngor llntit rcqiiirHl by the sixternthand Heventfentli i*rrtionHof " tho |iaMiieni(er8 act, iHofi," to b*'; delivered by the master of every ithip iMsfont demanding a ciruritnce, there shall l>e Met forth, lu addition to t?ngers act, 1855," on persouK convicted of getting on board any passenger ship with intent to obtain a passage therein withont the consent of the owner, charterer, or master thereof, antl on persons aiding or abetting in such fraudulent attempt, shall be extended from £5 to £U0. 8. Notwithstanding the prohibition contained in the twenty-ninth section of tho said " passengers act, 1855," hornes and cattle may be carried as cargo in passenger tbips, subject to the following conditions : (1) That the animals be not carried on any deck below the deck on which pas- sengers are berthed, nor in any compartment in which passengers are berthed, nor in any adjoining compartment, except in a ship built of iron, and of which the ctmipartments are divided oflf by water-tight bulkheads extending to the upper deck. (2) That clear space on the spar or weather deck be left for the use and exercise of the passengers, at the rate of at least 10 superficial feet for each statute adult: (3) That no greater number of passengers be carried than in the proportion of fifteen to every one hundred tons of tho ship's registered tonnage : (4) That in passenger ships of leas than 500 tons registered tonnage not more than two head of large cattle be carried, nor in passenger shi])s of larger tonnage more th.in one additional bead of such cattle for every additional tWIOtonsof the ship's registered tonnage, nor more in all in any imssenger shin thuu ton head of such cattle: The term "large cattle" shall include both sexes of horned cattle, deer, horses, and asses ; four sheep of either sex, or four female goats, shall be equivalent to, and may, subject to the same conditions, be carried in lieu of one head of large cattle : (5) That proper arrangements be made, to the sat if fact ion of the emigration offlcer at the port of clearance, for the housing, maintenance, and cleanliness of the animals, and for the stowage of their fo5," shall be and the same are hereby repealed, except as to the recovery and application of any penalty for any otFenae committed against the said act, and except so far as may be necessary for supporting or oontinning any proceeding here- tofore taken or bereat^r to be taken thereunder; and in lieu of the enactments con- tained in such sections the enactroenta in the four next following sections shall re- spectively be substituted ; (that is to say,) 13. If any pasaenger ship shall clear out or proceed to sea without the master hav- ing first obtained such certificate of ctei ance, or without his having Joined in ex- ecuting such bond to the crown aa by the said " pasaengera act, 1855," are required, 500 EMIOnATION AMD IMMIGRATION. or If Niiob Mhip, lifter having put to wn, ahall put into any port or place In thfi United Kinudoui in a lUniaKi'd Htato, and rliall |pav(< or attt^mpt tii Ifiavn hucIi port or \i\i\rn witu piuHMtHKcrH on hoard without th« niaater haviufi nriit ol)luinrd Much cortillcatn of oleuraiion wt Ih roiiuiifd hy M-ution tlCly of thn Huid " pHWHtUKorN' act, lHr>C>," mimIi ■hip hIiuII he forfeited to the utui of Her Mn.ji'sly, aud iiiny l)e M>i/,vd hy any olilccr of ouatoniH, if found, within two yearn from the conimJNMion o!' the otfeiiHe, in any |ir)it or place in Ilor MiiJeHty'H dnniiniotm; and nucIi nhlp Rhall thereupon he ni, or after tiie rmn- luoncement of the voyage, and if the paMengeni, or any of them, ahnll be brought bark to the United Kingdom, or if nuy pmsaenger tiliip Mhall put into any port or pliirt> in the United Kingdom in adannigedHtiite, the master, charterer, or owner tikall, wiiliin forty-eight hours tliereafter, give to the nearest umigration oflicer, or in the abiu'iico of auch otticer to the chief othcer of cuslonm, a written undertaking to the folliiwiiiK effect; that is to say, if the ship ahall have been wrecked or rendered untit as nfVint- ■nid to proceed on her voyage, that the owner, charterer, or muster thereof shnil em- bark and oonvev the paHsengem in some other eligible ship, to sail within six wt'ckn from tho date tLereof, to th» port or place lor which their passages respectively liiul been previously taken ; and if the ship shall have put into nort in a damaged state, « hen that she Nhali be made seaworthy and fit in all respects tor her intended voyage, niiil ahall, within six weeka from the date of auch undertaking, sail again with her ])aH- aengers ; in either of the above casea the owner, charterer, or master shall, until tlio passengers proceed on their voyage, either loilgo and li.aintain them on board in the Bttuie manner us if they were at sea, or pay to them subsistence money after the rate of one shilling and sixiience a day for each statute a.'«ii *t''4 ITION. ny port or pincc In the United it to Inavn micli port or (ilnrn lAnt olitniiipii mich certilii-atn " imHHunKern' act, Wti>," niicIi liny 1m! MPi/.rd Ity any otllccr of on oi the otr«iitH<, in any iinri hall therpii|)on he deiilt with MU',i\ for »>i ott'iintM) inclining m: l'r(tv\t' state to release, if he hMaII nre. on payment by the owner, y, of Much sum not excvi'ilni); iider hiM hanil upecify. wiHe rentfered unlit to nroci'ed :A Kingdom, or after the roin- of tbeu, Hhnll lie brouKht Imrlc I put into any port or place in liarterer, or owner shall, wiiliin ation uflicer, or in the ahiti'nco Ji undertaking to the follnwiiiK ;ke«l or rendered untit an nfnre- rer, or muster thereof shiil I eni- ^ ship, to nail within six wecIcK , in which case the ifficer at ancli port or ]ilace. It lay be, aball not siiil within the, lie in any of the requirenientH of ligration ofUcor on their beh:ilf, iu the said passeni^ers act, lK).'i, by or on account ot such pasHen- y to whom or on whoso acconnt larterer, or master of such ship, ligration oHlcer : Provided, That Bcessary, direct that the pusHen- ror ship," at the expense of the enger shall refuse to leave such rty shillings, or to imprisonment issenger ship shall, without any ' colonial or foreign port or place lund, or at which he or the emi- peraon on hia behalf, may have ' the goremor of anch colony, or for Her Majesty's consnlar officer o forward such passenger to his > shall, within forty-ei^rbt hours >r or consular o£Bcer, m the case >n, within six weeks thereafter, itination, and unless anch master tt period. section or nnder the fifty-second them, by or by the authority of r, or other person, aa therein re- ig the paasengora until forwarded 'Visions, and stores, shall become owner, charterer, and master of >m an^ one or more of them, at ler as in the case of other crown ereto annexed, or a« near thereto ;ing to be under the band of any (aa the case may be), stating the THE UNITED KINGDOM. 601 total nmonnt of snrh expenses, nhall in any suit or other proceeding for the reeovrrv of tnch debt l>e received in evidence without proof of the handwriting or of the ofil- oiul character of such secretary of state, governor, or consular othcer, and shall be (teenied sufficient evidence of the amount of such expenses, and that the same were duly incurred, nor shall it l>e necessary to adduce on behalf of Her Majesty any other evidence in support of the claim, but judgment shall pass for the Crown,' with costs of unit, unless the defendant shall specially plead and duly prove that such certificate is fulMC or fraudulent, or shall specially plead and prove any facts showing that such expenses were not duly incurred under tlio provisions of this net, and of the said' " passengers act. 185&," or eithei- of them: I'rotided,ner(rlheleii», Thutiu no case shall any larger sum lie recovered on account of such expenses than a sum equal to twice the total amount of passage money received or due to and recoverable by or on account of the owner, charterer, or master of such passenger ship, or any of them, for or in respect of the whole number of passengers and cabin passengers who may have em- barked in such ship, which total amount of passage money shall be proved bv the defendant, if he will have the advantage of tnis limitation of the debt; but if any ■ooh passengers are forwarded or cQUveyed to their intended destination under the provisions of the last preceding section, they shall not be entitled to the return of their passage money, or to any compensation for loss of passage under the provisions ot the said '' passengers act, 1655." 17. In the case of a passenger ship, of which neither the owners nor charterers re- itide iu the United Kingdom, the lioud required t« be given to the Crown by the sixty- third section of the "passengers act, 1855," shall be for the sum of £5,000 instead of £2,000; and an additional condition shall be inserted iu such bond to the oflect that the ubliKors therein shall.subjecttothe provisions and limitations hereinbefore contained. be liable for and shall pay to Her Majesty and her sue essors, as a Crown debt, all expenses which may bo incurred unt'er the provisions herb''ibefore and in the "passen- gers act, 1655," contained, in resc. ig, maintaining, ant'; t'orwarding to their destina- tion any passengers of such ships who by reason of shipwreck or any other oauae, except their own neglect or default, may not be ct aveyed to their intended destina- tion by or on behalf of the owner, onartorer, or m^.^ter of such ship. 18. The said "passengers act, 1855," a. ri this . jt,, shall be construed together aa one act. Schedule A. (Form of governor's or oontur* certiflcste of ezpendil ' <- the CMe of pasaeng' - tbipwreoked, iie.] I hereby certify, that, aoting under and i ) cot '^rmity with the provisions of the British "pasaengers sot, 1856," and of the 'passengers act ameadment act. 1863," I bave defhiyed the expenses incurred in. rescuing, maintaining, supplying witb u'' ea- tary bedding, provisions, and stores, and in forwarding to their destinatica - — > passengers [tnciuding cabin passengers], who were proceeding from — — - to — — in the passenger ship , which was wrecked at sea, &,o. And I further certuy, for the purpoaea of the tenth section of the said "passengers amendment act, lb63," that the total amount of anoh expenses is pounds, and that such expenses were duly incurred by no under the said acts or one of them. Given under my hand, this day of , 18—. 6ov0nntr of, .*■«. (or a$ th« oaie may (e), Her Britannia Mt^e$ty'$ oonaul at ■ Cr '.ONIZATION CXRCULARS. .DOMINION OF CANADA. PABT I.— FAS8AOB8 AND DEMAND FOR LABOR. i The following is tha present system of passages : Free passa^os, lone. Assisted passages : Assisted passages are granted at the present time by the Gov- ernment of Canada to agriculturists, farm laborers, and their families, and to .'.^male domestic servants, by the steamships of the Allan Line from Liverpool, Londonderry, Quoenstown, and London ; by the Dominion Line from Liverpool, Londonderry, Bel* ??^*; ':jmmi 502 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. fnBt,'aiu1 Bristol ; by tbo Beaver Lino from Liverpool ; by Mi^Mrs. J. nud A. Allau't Line from Glasgow ; by the Teinperloy Liiie from London ; and by tbe Groat Western Line from Urislo], at tbe following rateti : A|Q:ricnUiiral laborers, £3 each; wives of laborers, £3 each; children of laborers under twelve years, £1 10s. each; infauU under twelve months, IUh. each ; female domestic servants £3 each. Thefe rates include ronveyunco from the ports uamrd to Quebec and Halifax in Canada, and food and sleeping; accommodation on board ship. Ten cubic feet of lug. gage are allowed free to each statute adult. 'Reduced railway fares in favor of emi- grants are also iu operation from the ports of landing to every pan of Canada, and such )>ei sons are strongly advised to book through to their destinations. Full and reliable information can, however, be obtained from the Govemmrnt agents or from the steamship companies mentioned above. Passengers have to provide bedding and ebip kit as apecitled in the bills of the steamship companies. They can be purchased at the port of embarkation or hired for the voyage from some lines for a few shillings, leavin)^ bed-covering only (a rug or blanket) to ite provided b^ the passenger. Per- BODS eligible for these passages mast make application on the fonns prepared for the purpose, which can be obtained from the Canadian Government agent in Great Brit- ain. The names and addresses of these gentlemen are as follows : Londom. — The high commisaiouer, 9 Victoria Chambers, Victoria street, Loudon, S. W. UverpooL—tlr. John Dyke, 15 Water street. Giatgow.—iir. Thomas Orabame, 40 St. Enoch Square. Jie{fMt.—UT. Charles Foy, 35 Victoria Place. Dublin. — Mr. Thomas Connolly, Northumberland House. iJrittol.— Mr. J. W. Down, Bath Bridge. Unassisted passages to Quebec ; Fares : Adults : Steerage, £4 ; intemMdiate, £6 6«. ; first class, £10 10«. to £30 5«. Children under twelve years of age, half ocean fare. lofimts under one year, I0«. Nominated passages, none. Particulars as to the dispatch of vessels will invariably be found advertised in the newspapers. DepotA or stations for the temporary reception of immigrants are provided at Que- bec Halifax (Nova Scotia), Saint John (New Brunswick), Montreal, Ottawa, Kingston, Toronto, London (Ontario), Hamilton, Port Arthur, Winnipeg, Brandon, Qii'Appelle, Calgary, Dufierin, Emerson, and Victoria. Government emigration agents are sta- tioned at these and many other places, and they should be inquired for on arrival. They will furnish information as to free grants aud other lands open for settlement in their respective provinces and districts, farms for sale, investment of capital, de- mand for labor, rates of wajges, route of travel, distances, expenses of conveyance, re- ceive and forward letters ror settlers, and give any other information that may be required. These atations are fitted np^o as to a£Ebrd immigrants all necessary conveniences for cooking', sleeping, washing, and accommodation for luggage, &c. Medical attendan<'8 and hospital accommodation for emigrants are afforded by the Oovemment iu all ntses of sickness. Domestic servants are received at Quebec bv the lady superintendent of the Government female immigration department, who will give every advice and assistance until they are placed in situations. Every import- ant place in Canada is connected with the ports of landing by railway, a£fording cheap transport to every province. The classes which may be recommended to emigrate to Canada are as follows : (1) Tenant faniMrs in the United Kingdom who have su£Bcient capital to enable them to settle on farms. (2) Persons with capital seeking investment. (3) Hale aud female farm servants, and female domestic servants (to whom assisted passages are granted). Particulars as to the state of the labor market fnun time to time will be given in subsequent editions of this circular. Tbe best time for agricultural laborers to leave this country for Canada is from April to Jiiuo. There is always a steady demand for good farm laborers and fcmalt domestic servants, but mechanics, general laborers, and navvies are not so largely i demand this year as usual. The classes warned against emigration are females above the grade of servants clerke, shopmen, and persons having no particular trade or calling. Application for aseisted passages, and full particulars of the free grants of laud and other advan tages offered to settlers in Canada, should be addressed to Sir Charles Tupper, G. C M. G., C. B., t hehigh commissioner for Canada, 9 Victoria Chambers, London, S. W. or to the Government agents above referred to. ' ■« if-"*(i '^ i"r^^- '-'■ -%-> ■;ss.;€Tm ITION. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 503 by M«'88r8. .1. iiud A. Allan's J)D ; and by tbe Groat Western II laborers, £•^ each; wives of I years, £1 10«. each; iiilants Jnts £3 each. led to Quebec and Halifax ia Id ship. Ten cnbic feet of lug. I railway fares in favor of eni}. to every pan of Canada, And I their destinatiouH. Full ami bp Governuirnt agents or from « have to provide beddins and anies. They can be purchased n some lineufor a few Bhiliings Tided by the passenger. Per- i on the forms prepared for the ^yernment agent in Great Brit- Jas follows : Ibers, Victoria street, Loudoo, re. use. rage, £4 ; intennijdiate, £6 6». : '- years of age, half ocean fare. tbly be fonnd advertised in the nmigrants are provided at Qne- k), Montreal, Ottawa, Kingston, Hnnipeg, Brandon, Qii'Appelle, lent emigration agents are sta- lald be inquired for on arrival. Jther lands open for settlement sale, investment of capital, de- ices, expenses of conveyance, re- other information that may be ants all necessary conveniences for luggage, &c. >r emigrants are afforded by the ants are received at Quebec by migration department, who will id in situations. Every import- ling by railway, affording cheap ate to Canada are as follows: sufficient capital to enable them vestment. (3) Male and female 1 assisted passages are granted). 1 time to time will be given in his country for Canada is from good farm laborers and female id navvies are not so largely in B above the grade of servants, trade or calling. Applications rants of laud and other advan- >d to Sir Charles Tupper, G. C. oria Chambers, London, S. W., Co»t of living (rough estimate), [Rent : Generally apeakins abont the same as in England.] Articles. FroTisions: Beef perponnd.. Bread per 4 poamls.. Butter per pound.. Coffee do Flonr per barrel.. Mntton perponnd.. Potatoes perboahel.. Sugar perponnd.. Tea do Tobacco do Clothins, £o. : Coats, nnder, tweed Coats, over, tweeard. $1.25 per day teperday $8 per day Northwest Terri- tories. $8 per day. $8 per day. $80 per month, with board. $1.50 per day. $2 per day. -A.* 604 EMIGRATION AND IMMIOKATION. JRate of wages {rough eatimate) — Continued. Ooonpatlon*. Hill hands Saddleni Bbipwrlghta Smitha. Tailors Wheelwrights Female farm servants . Female cooks Female lanndn>«ses ... Female serrants British Colnmbta. $2peTday $2 per day $lperday 93 per day $2.S0perday •3.50 per day. .... 94 per montt, with board. $1.25 per day $15 per month . Manitoba. $1.80 per day. $l.SOperday. $2perday $1.50 per day $2 per day $8 per month, witli board. $15 per month $20 per month ... $8 per month Northwest Terri- tory. $2.25 per day. $2 per day. $2.50 per day. $2 per day. $3 per day. $20 per month. $12 per month. HOTE.— The flgares given for the cost of living and wases are taken from the Guide Book for in- tending settlors, published by the Canadian Ooyemment, 1886. They are the average wages actually paid In Uanadtt at the close of 1885. i- Jl PABT U.— GENEBAL INFORMATION. The Dominion of Canada, extending ftom the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, is nearly M large aa Earope. It ia divided into seven provinces, viz; Qnebeo, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brnns' viok, Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, and the Northwest Territories, and British Colombia. Of these Ontario, Manitoba, and the Northwest Territories are on the whole the best field for emigrants. The number of emigrants from the United Kingdom to British North America in 1885 was 22,938. The time taken on the voyage by steamer is abont ten days. The climate varies in different parts of Canada, bat, speaking Kenerall3r, the snm^ mers are hotter than in England, and the winters much colder; the severity of the winters, however, is teaipere I by the dryness of the climate. According to the census taken in 1831 the popalation of the Dominion at that time numbered £'324,810, viz, 2,188,851 males, 2,135,955 females. The population of the province of Quebec is mainly French and Roman Catholic. In the other provinces the population is mainly of English, Bcotch, or Irish descent. The Canadian products are of all kinds: Cattle, horses, grain, dairy produce, fish, timber, fors, minerals, &.o. The Dominion also possesses large and growing mannfactnries. All religious denominations have places of worship thronghont the Dominion. The educational system is under the control of the varionn provinces. Free schools are provided, and facilities are afforded to successful pupils for obtaining the highest ednoation. The system is mainly compulsory. There are a large number of banks, savings banks, and post-oiflce savings banks scattered over the Dominion. There is a mail to and from Canada three days a week. Letters to and fh>m Eng- land are charged 2id. the half ounce. Newspapers, id. per 2 ounces. There are several submarine telegraphs uetween Canada and England, and all f places of importance in the Dominion enjoy telegraphic communication. There are abont 10,000 miles of railway in work in the Dominion, while its rivers and lakes form a highway daring the summer months ftom the interior to the ocean. I The Canadian Pacific Railway, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, which is morel than 3,000 miles in length, passes through Manitoba and the Northwest. I The coins ased in Canada are dollars and cents, although the denominations of I pounds, shillings, and pence are legal. A comparison with sterling is subjoined, whiobl will at once enable the reader to understand in sterling values stated in dollars andl cents. I Bterliug into dollars and cents. — id, is about 1 cent; Id. is about 2 cents ; 1». is abontl 24 cents; £1 is abont f4.87. Dollars and cents into sterling. — 1 cent is about id.;l |1 is about 4a. lid. ; 94 are about 16a. bid.; $5 are about £1 Oa. did. T For small change, the halfpenny sterling is 1 cent, and the penny sterling 2 cents.] The poand sterling may be counted at $5. The land system in the different provinces is, roughly, as follows: Quebeo, — Upon eight of the great colonization roads every male colonist and emil grant, being 18 years of age, may obtain a fi-ee grantof 100 acres. The conditions arJ that at the end of the fourth year a dwelling-house must have been erected on tbJ land and 12 acres be under cultivation. Letters patent are then granted. Crown land| can also be purchased at 30 cents to (iO cents an acre. W&kiMii ^^^'S7r5?^"i^''?''ife'iM^S';'ni ■' '^"M^h!v^^. [■ION. hnued. Manitoba. Northwest Terri- tory. per day ♦2.25 per day. per day «2 per day. Brday ♦2.80 per day. >perday •2 per day. 93 per day. r day ........ >er month, th board. let month 920 per month. ler month ... er month 912 per mouth. ■taken fh>m the O-nide Book for in. ley are the average waxes aotnally ION. to the Pacific Ocean, is nearly rio, Nova Scotia, New Brans- west Territories, and British itories are on the whole the torn the United Kingdom to • n days. speaking generalljr, the snoi'. colder; the severity of the iiate. of the Dominion at that time les. 'renoh and Roman Catholic, glisb, Scotch, or Irish descent, les, grain, dairy produce, fish, ifaotnries. .hronghont the Dominion, arionn provinces. Free schools upils for obtaining the highest and postoifice savings banks ek. Letters to and &om Eng- , per 2 ounces. Canada and England, and all communication. the Dominion, while its rivers ftora the interior to the ocean. a Pacific Ocean, which is more id the Northwest, bithongh the denominations of ith sterling is subjoined, which ig values stated in dollars and i. is about 2 cents ; 1«. is about sterling. — 1 cent is about {d,; ud the penny sterling 2 cents. r, as follows; 1 every male colonist and emi- 100 acres. The conditions are aunt have been erected on the kre then granted. Crown lands THE UNITED KINGDOM. 506 Os/ario.— Every head of a family can obtain a free grant in the remoter districts of the province of 200 acres of laud, and any person eighteen years of agu may obtain 100 acresin the free-grant districts. The conditions are : 15 acres in each gran t of 100 acres to be cleared and under crop in five years ; a habitable house, at least 16 feet by 20 feet, built; and residence oii the laud at least six months in eacli year. The ]iatent is is- sued at the end of five years. The good lands in this province are to a cuiisiderable extont already taken u]i. New Brunmoick, — A grunt of 100 acres may be obtained by any person upon the fol- !"wiDg conditions : Ou payment of ^'.iUcash to aid in construction of roads and hedges .>; labor of the value of ^10 a year for three years. A bouse to be built within two ,dars. Ten acres to becleaied and cultivated in three years. Proof of residenco ou the land. Nova Scotia. — The quantity of land for disposal by the Government in this province islimited. The price is %M per 100 acres (about £9); free grants, however, beinggiveu tu bona fide settlers. Prince Edward Itland. — There is little or no free-grant land in this province, but improved farms can bo obtained from about £4 to £10 per acre. Britith Columbia (including Vawiouver Island). — Surveyed and unsurveyed lands can be purchased at fl per acre, payable over two years, and improved farms cost from £1 v> £8 per acre. Military and naval settlers may acquire free grants of land. Manilola and the Northuiest Territoriea. — Under the following conditions free grants of land, amounting to IGO acres, may be obtained: Residence on the homestead six months annually for three years, the erection of a house, and the cultivation of a reasonable proportion of the land. Patents or titles to the free grants are not issued before the end of three years, except by purchase. The amount of capital necessary for a man and his family to start farming on a free grant of land, inclnding passage and other expenses, is from £150 to £200. Many men have taken up the free grants, and then have hired themselves out to labor, cultivating their own land during spare time, and employing a man at harvest or when necessary. Improved farms can bo purchased from £1 per acre upwards. lutending settlers are recommended to go to Manitoba or the Northwest. The best land in the more eastern provinces of the Dominion is now taken up, and Brit- ish Columbia is too heavily timbered for agricultural operations to be successful in the absence of large capital. Intending emigrants may apply for further particulars either to the bieh commis- sioner for Canada, 9 Victoria Chambers, London, 8. W., or to the chief clerk at this office. NEW SOUTH WALES. FABT I.— PASSAQKS Ain> DEMAND FOB LABOR. Free passages, none. Assisted passages, none. Unassisted passages. Steerage, for men only Third class Closed cabin, four berths or more. Closed cabin, two berths Second class First class By sailing vesseL £13 18 to £14 H 25 47 10 By steamer. £16 IS 21 23 £38 15 to 42 62 10 to 70 Children ttom one to twelve years of age, half price i children under one year, free. Nominated passages, none. Particulars as to the dispatch of vessels will invariably bo found advertised in the newspapers. Any time of the year is suitable for arriving in the colony ; September for prefer- ence. There is a temporary home or depot at Sydney for governmeut-assisted female do- mestic servants on first landing. There is little demand for labor ; the best opening is for persons connected with the building trade, railway and agricultural laborers, and single female domestic serv- ants. 60f? EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Particnlara an to tke state of the labor market from time to time will be given in ■ubaequent editious of tbiit oironlar. FART II.— QENERAL INFOKMATION. This colony is situated at the southeast of Anstralia, anil is two and one-hulf tinieo the siz(^ of Great Britain. The time taken on the voyage is abont flfty>two days by steamer ; by sailing \eme\ about three months. The climate is somewhat hotter than that of England, but very healthy. The population is estimated at 980,000, of whom more than one-third are resident in Sydney and the suburbs. The males are in excess of the females by more than 100,000. The principal iirodncts of the colony are wool, coal, silver, tin, iron, copper, and gold. Every religions body is represented as in England ; there are some sixteen hnndred places of worship. Education is compulsory ; the fee in Government schools for those who can pay is 3d. per week. Banks have been established in all the principal towns, and savings banks, build- ing societies, &c., based on the English system, will be found plentifully scattered over the colony. The colony possesses fifty hospitals, besides eight benevolent institutions. A mail la dispatclied to and received from the colony every week. Letters to and from England are charged 6ound8 ; mntton, 4d. to 6d. per pound ; potatoes, 6«. per cwt. ; sugar, ^id. to Ad. per pound ; tea, from 1«. 6d. per pound ; tobacco, from 2». 6d. per pound. The cost of clothing is roughly 10 per cent, dearer than in this country. Suits, drill or moleskin, 21«. to 35«. each ; suits, tweed or cloth, 2l8. to 40«. each ; strong boots, €«. 6d. per pair ; print dresses, 28. 6d. to 7«. each. The rate of wages is roughly as follows: Bakers, 30«. to 608. per week; butchers, 308. to 608. per week ; blacksmiths, 1«. 2d. to Is. 4d. {ler hour ; brickmakers, 2*28. 6d. to 30«. per 1,000; bricklayers, 128. per day; carpenters, 98. to 128. per day ; carriage builders, Is. to 1«. 3d. per honr ; eoal miners, 108. to ISs. 6d. per day ; coopers, l8. 3d. pt>r day ; conn' try blacksmiths, £70 to £90 per annum, with board; engiuo-drivers, Ofd. to l8. 4d per hour ; cardeners, £40 to £65 per annum, with board and lodging ; gaslitters, 10« to lis. per day; plumbers, lOs. tolls, per day ; shipwrights, lis. to 128. perday; stone masons, lis. to 128. per day; shoemakers, 35*. to 608. per week; tinsmiths (10 hour per day), 98. to 148. per day ; married conples without children (for agricultural sta tions), £65 to £80 per annum, with board ; farm laborers, £40 to £52 per aunnni with board ; farmhouse female servants and dairy women, £26 to £32 per annum, witi board ; cooks, £45 to £76 per annum, with board ; general servants, £35 to £52 pe annum, with board; house and parlor maids, £32 to £40 per annum, with board laundresses, £45 to £52 per annum, with board ; nursemaids, £30 to £39per annna with board. The ordinary working day for artisans is eight hours. English money is nsed throughout the colony. The following is a short summary of the land systen iu New South Wales as regnn purchases for agricultural purposes : Crown lands may be bought for such purposes either by public auction at a reserve price of £1 58. per acre or by what is known as the " conditional purchase " systen Under the latter system the following quantities of land may bo bought : In the eastern district of the colony, 40 acres and not exceeding 040; mthecentn 40 acres and not exceeding 2,560. Application for purchase mnst be made in person. Toe price per acre is £1. Of this sum 28. must be deposited at the time of mabit the application, and It. must be paid in the third year and every sncceeding ye nntil the whole sum is paid with interest at the rate of 4 per cent, per annnm. The purchaser must reside continnonsl? for five years n-om the date of his grai and mast falflll certain conditions aa to fencing ; snch conditions being fulfilled 14TION. time to time will bo given in rioN. nnrt is two and one-Lulf timed Is by steamer ; by sailing vessel Id, but very healthy. Ire than one-third are resident 1 100,000. ll, silver, tin, iron, copper, and there are some sixteen hnndred bhools for those who can pay is wns, and saviuKs banks, build- be found plentifully scattered enevolent institutions, ny every week. Letten to and wsnapers. Id. juth Wales, England, and other extendt) throuubont the colony. 00 miles of railway open in the iburbs, three or four rooms and per week. !c>n, lOd. per pound ; beef, 4d. to ("fresh), 1«. (id. to 2». per pound ; flour, 13«. to 15«. per 100 pounds ; ; 6\i^aT, ^id. to Ad. per pound ; pound. han in this country. Suits, drill '2U. to 40«. each ; strong boots, 30«. to 60«. per week ; butchers, hour ; briokmakers, 8i». b'rf. to 30». 12». per day ; carriage builders, ly ; coopers, 1». 3d. pt-rday ; coun- d ; engine-drivers, OJrf. to l«. 4d. sard and lodging; gasfltters, 10». rights, lis. to 12«. per- lay; 10«. to lis. per day ; butchers, 30*. to •*»• Pf J '^J'^f ' ^8« ner day ; malsters, 45«. to coopers, 45." to 00«. perwe«k; ?,V*Zr ' fv • m nl« ^0. tHon^^^ painters 60.. per week: masons, 10.. to ^-^'^.^'J^^ ^r^^'^^^X ; plumbers, tioi. to 70«. and glaziers, 0.. to 10*. per day ; Pj»8t«rere, 10«. to i^. P«r"»> '^ '^ fpn,^,^ per week; shipwrights, 12.. to 13«. Pf 'J»y ' *'^S'to £36 per an^^^^^ gir s, 5.. to Sooks, £40 to £65 Pe^""""""' general servants. £^^^^^^ 8..peUeek ; honsema ds, £-A5to ^^0 per annum, laundrew^^^^ ^^^' nuiemaids, £20 to £35 per annum. Farm \"^ -J.^^'^^^^con^XeB, per annum to 25». : farm laborers, per week and found, 15«. to zos. ' ™*'J'.™ >"'«'. .t ' '^ Sdfoind^eo to £90 ; dairymaids, per ?nn«m and found, £.J0 to £35. The ordinary working day for artisans is eight hours. *'s1!'. muft' .Kw ™M. «. PW •"!•» the .«..».t of p.»h«» mo..?, Md «p«,d to an amount not exceeding 10«. per aof®' . 5™„-nw«i can alwava do bo from pri- the Boil and value of improvements effected. . , .4,^^, ^^ t^e agent-gen- olerk at this office. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. PAKT I.— PASSAGES AND DEMAND FOR lABODR. Free passages, none. Assisted passages, none. UnoBslated postages. By sailing vessel. By steamer. £ie u Steemge, formen only "'".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Closed ciibln.four berths or more 'Hi is 6 'not 33 0( «38 15to« 63 OtoTO Closed cabin Second class • ' " FiTstdass 20 00 60 00 CbUdieii under twelve year, of af^ half prio« » oliUdren under one year. free. noN. I laborers vary from 8». to Ifw. loiiae rent is, us a rule, biglier I lionses of their own. jIIows: Bacon, M. to 1». per her 4-ponn(l loaf; butter, U. I ponnd ; coffee, 1«. 3d. to U. to Ad. per pound ; potutoes, 1». Qd. to 2«. 6d. per pound ; |ob is roughly 10 per cent, ull Bakers, 85». to £3 per week ; o Us. per day; bricklayerH, peuters, 10«. to 12». per day ; l». per day ; malsters, 45«. to to 60». per week ; painters r day ; plambers, (>0«. to 70». .». to 60«. per week : female £36 per annum ; ((iris, 5«. to resses, £35 to £52 per annum ; men, per week and found, 20«. ; married couples, per annum and, £30 to £35. in Victoria : •locks of 1,000 acres each. not exceeding 320 acres, for ty years without interest at a is: her improvements to the value purchase money, and expend pier for pastoral purpows on a acre. At the end of the term mpensation for improvements red can always do so from pri- ) wards, according to quality of liars either to the agent-gen- street 8. W., or to the chief THE UNITED KINGDOM. 509 OB LABOCR. By saiKng vessel By steamer. £ie U £IS IS 31 23 20 00 60 00 £36 15 to 42 63 Oto70 me year, free. Xoniinated passages, none. Particulars as to the dispatch of vessels will invariably bo found advertised in the newspapers. The best time for arriving in the colony is from May to October. For laboring men and others without capital there is absolutely no,openingat pres- ent in tho colony, and clerks are specially warned ago.ust emigrating. There is, however, great siiarcity of female domestic ser\°ants. Particulars as ^o the state of the labor market from tiuie to time will be given in subsequent editions of this circular. PART II.— OKMERAL INFORMATION. Sonth Australia is bounded on the east by Victoria, Now South Wales, and Queens- land, on the west by Western Australia, and on the north and south by the sea ; it is in area more than seven times the size of the United Kingdom. The time taken on the voyage from England is about forty-two days by steamer, by sailing vessel about three months. The climate of the Bonthem portion of the colony is scmewhat hotter than that of England. The climate cf the north is tropical. 'nie population is over 320,000, of whom the males are about 25,000 in excess of the females. The population of the chief town, Adelaide, and its suburbs is estimated at about 100,000. The principal products of the colouy are grain, wine, wool, copper, and lead. There are over one thousand places of worship in the colony belonging to various denominations. Every facility is given for a ^ood sound education. The attendance of children be- tween the ages of seven and thirteen is compulsory, and a small fee is charged to those who are able to pay. In addition to the public library, &c., in Adelaide, there aro over one hundred and twelve mechanics and other institutions which have libraries attached to them. There were nine banks in the colony in 1884. Savings banks have been established since 1867 on the English post-oSBce savings bank system. There are agencies in ninety-six country towns. There are numerous buildine societies in Adelaide and its suburbs. The system is practically the same as that of England. A number of friendly and benefit societies have been established on the same {irin- oiples which prevail in England. Among them are the Odd Fellows, Druids, For- etsers, and temperance societies, &c. A mail is dispatched to and received from the colony every week. Letters to and from England are charged 6d. the half onnce, and newspapers Id. There is telegraphic conunnnioation between Adelaide, England, and other parts of the world, and a complete system of telegraphs extends throughout the colony connect- ing it with other Australian colonies. In the year U)84 there were 1,035 miles of railway in the colony. The following is roughly the cost of living in the colony : The rent of a dwelling suitable for an artisan and his family in Adelaide, or the immediate subarbs, varies from 6«. to 15«. per week, but in the country towns the rate is less. Large numbers of artisans, however, reside in their own freehold cot- tages. At private houses for single yonng men, shopmen, &u., 15«. to 18*. per week ; clerks, &o.. 208. to 30*. ; single females, 10a. to 15«. Tne price of provisions is roughly as follows; Baoon, 8d. per ponnd ; beef, 2id. to 7d. per ponnd ; bread, 3d. to 4d. 2-ponnd loaf; butter, from Is. 4a. per ponnd: cheese, from 9d. per ponnd ; coffee, 9}d. per pound ; flour, abont 1*. 4d. per stone ; milk, 4d. to 6d. per quart ; mutton. 2d. to 3a. per pound ; potatoes, 5a. per owt. ; sugar, 3d. per ponnd ; tea, la. 3d. to 2a. 6d. per pound; tobacco, 4a. to 4s. 6d. per pound. About 20 per cent, dearer than in England. The rate of wages in the colony is as tollows : Bootmakers : Piecework is the rule ; men on day work earn from 40«. per week. Bookbinders; From 45s. per week. Builders: For stone-masons, wallers, stone-cutters, plasterers, bricklayers, slaten, and carpenters, from 9*. per day. Laborers : 6a. to 7a. per day. Bakers: From £1 10a., with board and lodging, per week. Butchers : From 30a. per week, with boud. Cabinet-makers : From 7a. to 9a. per day. Coaoh-bnilders : Yarions, ftom £1 IDs. to £3 10*. per week. Coopers, gasfltteis, looksmiths and beUhangers, plumbers: 8a. to 10a. per day. 'V'f^'lS^f:'" T^&Wf 510 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Paintttrs und papi»»''>2nffer8: 7«. to 8». por day. Gratnors aiiil writera: la. to l^». per day. Satldlors: £2 to Jtl'A 5« per week. Tailors : From £2 iia. to £3 IOd. jier week. Tanneni and cnrrie''j : BcamHnien, £ii to £2 10«. perwoek; strlkt^rH and fliiiNhftn, 30«. to 40«. ; tannefH, 30*. to :)6a. per week. Wheelwrisbtti : 1«. to 1«. 2d. per hour. WageM at country stations: Drovers, £1 to £1 lO*. perwoek; shepbei-ds, l.'iit. to 80a. per week ; married couples, £^)H to £<5 per ani>nm ; bnsb carpenters nnd black- smitlis, 30a. pnr week ; cooks, 20«. to 30». per week ; 40«. tfl5()«. during slicarin^; iitw arrivals, £40 per annum ; married couples, £50 to £75 per annum. All the above are witb rations and expenses paid up to tbo station. Female Bervanta, per week with board and lodf^ing : General servants, 8a. to 14 general): Under the Crown Iniid act of 18H4 iiffriciiltiiral fiirnm in procliiiiiiod nfcriciiltural ureikM may be Hele.;tcd of uot uioro t.huii 1,WH0 acrcH ut a rent to Ite llxed by the luud board, uot beiuK lew than \id. per acre per unniini. A licetiae in iiwtued to tbe Hi-lcctor, who niiiHt, within Hve yearit, lence in the land or make f)erniHnfnt iniproveimtntx of u value equal to tho coHt of the fence, and iiiiiMt also live on the selection. If at the eud of that time be can prove that he baa p for each child over twelve years of age. The deposit will be repaid to the emigrants immediately after their arrival in the colony. lu addition to this, each adult emi- grant must pay £4 towards his passage money, and £2 for every child between one and twelve years of age, and in addition a sum not exceeding £1 per adnlt for ship kit. Each intending emigrant above the age of fifteen years desiring to obtain an assisted passage must undertake to conform to all regulations established on board ship dar- ing the voyage, aud to remain iu the colony for at least twelve months from the date of arrival. Special assisted passages : In addition to the above, the Western Australia Laud Company, Limited, Suii'olk House, Laurence Pountney Hill, £. C, are under contract with the colonial goverument to introduce into the colony a limited number of as- sisted emigrants belonging to the following classes: Farm laborers, blacksmiths, strikers, flttt-rs, carpenters, navvies, plate-layers, brickraakera, bricklayers, quarry men, laborers, &.c. ; married couples with their lamilies being prefeired. I'he rates by steamer are tlseid at £7 per adult, including £1 for ship kit. The number so as- sisted will not exceed one thousand per annum, and the contract will expire iu five years from the present time. Opportunities of work are given to many of tho emi- grants on the Great Southern Railway (244 miles iu length) now iu course of construc- tion between Albany aud Beverley. VHOMUted pottages. (1) At contract rate ; Any person in good health and not likely to become chargeabli to the colony, aud by whom or on whose behalf the contract rate of passage moneyl at present £14, shall have been paid, may be allowed a passage on board any emigrauf ship x'Toceeding to the colony on signiug an agreement to conform to the rules to b| observed on board ship. (S) At ordinary rate: By sailing vessel: Third class, £14 148. to £16 16*.; seconl class, £21 ; first class, £36 15a. By steamer : Third class, from £16 16». ; second olasf from £26 5*. to £31 lOt. ; first class, from £47 5a. Children under twelve years age half price ; infants under one year, free. A Une of steamers runs regularly between London aud Western Australia, and sai| ing vessels of a good class are also dispatched from London at frequent interyals. TION. THK UMlllU KINGDOM. 513 (for lnrtlMT '"'t»>'i>l rent to 1M3 llxeot Ih <'Hfiil)lisli)'il at Frcmantlo for tlm rcci'iition of t'liil^iauts upon landing. FaiMitTN, iigriniUnrnl labortTN, cariicutLMH, and female domentic servants are I qiiircil re- I'articularN uh to the state of t\w labor market from time to time will be given in gubNfiiiient editions of this circiilur. PART 11.— fiF;NKRAL INFORMATION. TIiIh colony consists of about oiii'-rhird of .\ustraliii, and is about eight times the size of the United Kingdom of Gnat Hritain and Inland. The time taken on the voyage from I'.iigland is about forty-nine days by steamer, and about three mouths by sailing ve.sMel. The climate is vory healthy ; the teniiierature in the south is somewhat similar to that (if England; the north is lioi but teuiiiered with eool breezes. The population of the colony i more than :ir),0()0. The males are in excess of thi lemales. Perth, the capital of the colony, contains C,0OU inhabitants. The chief products are grain, wool, timber, )>earl8, iiearl-shells, and minerals. New gold mines have lately been discovered. Places oi worship of all denominations are to be found throughout the colony. Education is compulsory. A small fee is charged in the Government schools to those who are able to pay. Mechanics' institutes, workmen's associations, and friendly itociutics are to be found ill the more settled parts of the polony There aro four banks in the colony and also post-oflBce savings banks. Letters are dispatched to and receive The lowest price of rural lam ' i raiuiple in 10*. per acre in the central ami Kim- berlev diHtricto, fw. per acre in ' tnti iisr .intf , and the itmalleMt auioiuit to \>e bought under ordinary ciroumstan • h ib, iu the central district, 40 acres ; iu tin- Kim- berloy district, 'iW acres; iu other districts, 400 ucrcs. Blocks, however, of not !««» thsTi ' i) acres in;y prlvatt- I'ontrmt r acre in tlie central auil Kiui- d tlio HUiuUeNt nuiount t« In- district, 40 acres; iu tlu'Kim- oaed of for plauting viiii-yiirdii, f patitoral aud mlueral IuiuIh; o iiaudbuok. andbook iuned by this otllce, ars eltJier to the Crown agi'uts clerk at this ofUce. THE UMTED KINGDOM. PAIIT II.— OINEHAL INFORMATION. 616 FOR LABOR. iluU. By Mil- loK sblp. By steamer. £16 17 2S SO £1« £21 Oto23 i 86 15 to 42 63 U to 73 10 je. B friends in Taamania. for thci- 'iends iu England by I In the colony and paying at the r each person ; adult females not rled couples not above forty-five alf the amount payable by a*lult». by their parents or parent, approved by the agent-general in lasaes of agriculturists, mechanics, with a special view to the indns- « join the ship and 20«. per adult llelboume take passengers to Tas- ariably be found advertised in the a Government. Emigrants having II landing. . , ^ *i„ )rer8 and also for female domestic from time to time will be given iu le minerals have also created a de- Tusmauia is an island at the south of Aiistrnliii, ;■ ">?'t I'^o miles fiuui Melbourne it is nearly the size of Ireland. The time taken on the voyuge (nmi Etiijland is from forty to tiftydays by steamer; by sailiuft vessel, about three months. 'The rainfall, un an average, is lesH than in Kngland, and it is never too hot iu sum* uier, nor too cold iu winter, for outdoor occupatn>ns to be carried on. The climate it exceedingly healthy, eni»eciolly for children. The ]iopulatiiin of Tasmania in 1H84 was lM().ri4I, of whom 09,140 were males nud 61,4U1 females. The |Hipnlation of the city of llobart, which is the capital, is about i!'i,UUO, and of Lauiiceston about 13,000. There are no natives now left in the colony. The principal products are wool, fruit, timber, tin, and uold. 1'lie number of churches and chapels Is about three hundred and fifty. Kiliication is com|iulMory ; a small fee Is puyaltle. There are five banks in the colony and two savings banks, one in Hobart Town aud the other iu Lauiiceston, besides {lost-offlce savings lianks iu most of the towns. There are eleven building societies in various parts of the colony. A nnuiber of friendly and benefit Bocieties have been established, such as the Free Masons, Od«l Fellows, ForestiTs, Druids, and temperance societies. A mail is dispatcliud to and receivetl from the colony every week. Letters to and from England are charged iUi. per half ounce, newspapers Id. Tbeio is telegraphic coininunicatlon between Tasmania and England and other parts of the world. The colony possesses more than 1,000 miles of iolaud telegraphs. There are upwards of 300 miles of railways opeu, and further extensions of the rail- vray system are in course of construction. The lowest railway fare in the colony is 'M. iier mile. The loads in Tasmania are amongst the best formed iu the colonics. Small cottages in the towns and suburbs, 3 rooms, pur week, 4«. to 6«, ; with garden, &e., 7«. to 8». The cost of provisions is roughly us follows : Bacon, 7d. to lOd. per pound ; beef, 4(1. to (id. per pound ; bread, ^id. to 'id. per impound loaf; butter, 1«. to U. 6d. per pound ; cheese, id, to 9d. per pound ; coffee, 1«. M. to Qt. per pound ; fiour. In. '.id. to 1«. 6d. per stone ; milk, 4(1, to 6d. per quart ; mutton, 'Hd. tobd. per pound ; potatoes, 3«, Kd. to 4«, tid, percwt. ; sugar, 3^d. to 4d, per pound; ten, !«, 6d. to:i«, per pound; tobacco, 3«, (id, to 4«. per pound. Clothing about 10 per cent, dearer than in England. The rate of wages in the colony is roughly as follows : Blacksmiths, 78. to ISs. per (liiy; bricklayers, 8«. to 10s, per day; carpenters, 7«. to 10*. per day; farm laborers £'2() to £45 per annum, all found ; gardeners, £'io to £45 per annum, all found; la- borers, ordinary, 5*. to7«. ])er day ; painters, 78. to 98, per day ; plowmen, 108. to 188, ]icr week, all found; plumbers, 88. to 108. per day ; quari;ymen and mini^rs, 68. to 98/ reapers, 98. to 188. per week, all fonnd ; shepherds, £30 to £45 per annum, all found ; wheelwrights, 88. to lOt. per day: cooks, £25 to £50 per annum, all found; house- maids, £20 to £35 per annum, all found ; laundresses, £20 to £30 per annum, all found. The ordinary working day for artlsana is eight hours. English money is ns^ tbrouebont the colony. To fanners with amsll capital and others the land system offers great advantages. A short summary of the land laws is here given. The reserve price of all Government land suitable for agriculture is £1 per acre, and of pastoral land 6«. per acre. Not more than 320 acres of land will be sold by the Government to any one person. With the view of facilitating the acquisition of Crown land by persons of limited capital it is also disposed of on deferred payments extending over fourteen years, bnt iu these cases continnous residence by the p'^rohaser, his tenant, or servant, is required until the whole of the purchase-money is \ Aid, and one-third of the purchase-money is added to the price of the land. Thus the cost of 100 acres on tb is system w :l be : *, a. d. 100 acres at 208 100 Add one-third for credit 3.i 6 8 133 6 8 But the payment of that sum may be made as follows: £ «. d. Payment at time of parohase 3 6 8 Payment first year 5 Payment second year 5 Each of the following twelve years at £10 per year ^ 120 133 6 8 516 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATIOX, Intending emip;rnnt8 may apply for further particniars either to tho agent jjeiioral for Tasmania, 3 Westminster Chambers, Victoria street, London, 8. W., or to tbe chief clerk at this office. NEW ZEALAND. PAST I.— PASSAGES AND DEMAND FOR LABOR. Free passages, none. Assisted passages: The agent-general for the colony will entertain applications for assisted passages for a limited number of farmers and agriculturiKts possessed of m\n\\ capital, who may be desirons of taking np land in New Zealand, at the followiu^' rates, namely, £10 for each adult, and £5 for each child between the ages of oue nud twelve years. Before passages will be provided, however, each head ot a family must satisfactorily prove in such way as may be required by the agent-general that he is poBsesGed of £ 100 in ctuth, and that he is also possessed of cash eciual to the snm of £50 for each member of his family over twelve years of age. Persons desirous of doing so, can arrange to come out in the second-class ou the al>ove terms by p'i additional pay- ment equal to the difiference between tJie cost of steerage and second-class passugt's. Unassisted passages: By sailin^, xhip: Steerage, third-class, £13 13». to £15 l.'it. second class, £iil ; first class, £3() 15«. to £45 38. By steamer, for men only, £16 lti«. each ; closed cabin with two berths, for married couples, £23 28. each person ; closed cabin with four berths, for married couples, £21 each person ; second class, £3G 158. to £42 each person ; first-class, £«« to £73 10«. each person ; children under twelve, traveling with their parents, half price ; infants under twelve months, free. Nominated passages: Persons in the colony who at-e desirous of nominating their friends in thn United Kingdom for passages by direct steamers to New Zealand, can do so upon IViims which will be supplied by the various immigration officers in the colony. Payment in cash must be made in the colony at the following rates, which will cover all charges for passages, outfit, and expenses in depot, namely : All per- sons over twelve years of age, £10; children under twelve years of af^e, £5; infants tinder one year, free. As a rule, nominations will only be accepted tor agricultural laborers and single women suitable for domestic servants. Particulars as to the dispatch of vessels will invariably be found advertised in the newspapers. Perhaps the best time for arriving in the colony is from October to February, in- clnsive. There is a depot at every principal port for the reception of emigrants npon landing. There is at present little of no demand for labor in New Zealand. Particniars as to the state of the labor market from time to time will be given iu subsequent editions of this circular. Jv ■' !&.<: PART II.— ORMERAL INFORMATION. This colony consists of a group of islands, of which the two principal are called tb| North and South Islands, and a third, much smaller, called Stewart's Island. Ney Zealand is a little smaller in size than the British Isles. The time taken on the voyage f ;om England is abont forty-five days by steamer] by sailing vessel about three mcsths. The climate of the North Island is much warmer than that of England. The olimatl of the South Island resembles that of England, bnt the winter is not nearly m cold J The popnlation, exclusive of the natives, is 678,000. The males are in excess of tq females. The principal products are grain, wool, kauri gum, and gold. There are over one thousand places of religious worship in the colony, all denoij inations being represented. Education is free and compulsory. Public libraries are to be found in the principal cities and towns. The colonv contains six bonks, with branches in every town and village, and all » large number of post-office savings banks. There are fifty-one building societies in the colony. Thereore a considerable number of firiendly societies regulated by act of Parll ment, contistinff of the Odd Fellows, Foresters, Druids, Shepherds, Ac, and a| temperance ■ooietiea. ▲ mail is diopotched to and ham. the colony every fortnight. Letters to ood : England 9d., and newqtapen 14. TIOX. a either to the ngent ^eiionil et, London, 8. W., or to the THE UNITED KINGDOM. 617 OR LABOR. will entertain applications for iriculturists possessed of sinall New Zealand, at the followiug Id between the ages of one nml ver. each head ot a family luiist )y the agent-general that lie is of casheiiual to the snm of £50 I. Persons desirous of doing 80, >ve terms by P'l additional pay- iirp and seconti-class passagt's. iird-class, £13 13». to £15 15*. steamer, for men only, £16 lti». les, £23 28. each person ; closed person ; second class, £36 V>a. person ; children under twelve, r twelve months, tree. ie desirous of nominating their steamers to New Zealand, can ions intmigration officers in the y at the following rates, which uses in depot, namely : All per- welve years of age, £5 ; infants ily be accepted for agricultural rants. . , . „ iably be found advertised m the is from October to February, in- ption of emigrants upon landing. 1 New Zealand. m time to time will be given lu MATION. h the two principal are called the r, called Stewart's Island. New lies. bout forty-five days by steamer; lan that of England. The climate the winter is not nearly ao cold. ». The males are in excess of the n, and gold. ■orshlp in the colony, all denom- iitie« and towns. . every town and village, and also sfies regulated hy »ot of Parli»- Draids, Bhepherds, &o., and also 7 fortnight. Letters to and ttm There is telegraphic coiumunicatiou between New Zealand, England, and other parts of the world ; the colony possesses over 13,000 miles of inland telegraph in operation. There are over 1,500 miles of railway. The rent of a four-roomed house is estimated at about 12«. per week. Board and lodging niaj' be had for 20s. per week. Tlio following IS roughly tho cost of provisions: Bacon, 7id. to 1«. ; beef, 2d. to 6d per]ionnd; bread, 4^(2. to7d. per 4-poiind louf; butter, same price as In Enj.^land; 'lieese, (id, to 9d; coft'ee, same price as in England; flour. Is. 7id. per stone; milk, id i>er quart; mutton, 2d. to 5d. per pound; jmtatoes, 4«. to 7s, per owt. ; sugar and tea, same price us in England ; tobacco, from!>«. 3d. per pound. Clothing is about 25 per cent, more than iu Engluud. The following is roughly the rate of wages: Farm hands, from £40 to £55 a year and all found; married couples, £60 to £85 a j'ear, and all found; plowmen, £45) to £00 a year, and all found; blacksmiths, bricklayers, carpenters, and masons, 9$' to 128. a day ; shipwrights, from 98. to 138. )>er day ; cooks and laundresses, 40s. to 528. per year, and all found: dairymaids and general servants, £26 to £40 per year, and all found. The ordinary working day for artisans is eight hours. English money is used throughout the colony. The average rate of wages in the various districts is given iu the Hand-Book, see page 18. Farmers, with large or small capital, are in demand iu the colony. The following it a short summary of the land system, for further particulai-s of which see Hand-Book, page 5. Crown land in the country districts is sold by auction at a reserve price of not less than £1 per acre, or by direct sale at a fixed price of not less than £2 per acre. There are also provisions for selling on deferred payments, and leasing with perpetual right of renewal, both agricultural and pastoral lands. The Government liavo also power to set aside blocks of Crown lauds out of which sections of land can be had without payment, but under conditions of occup^viilon and improvement under what is known as the homestead system. Small gru/.ing runs are also let on twenty-one years leases by public auction, the upset rent rojaging from l-^d. to Is. per acre. Intending emigrants may apply for farther particulars either to the agent-general for New Zealand, 7 Westminster Chambers, Victoria Street, London, S. W., or to the chief clerk at this office. CAPE COLONY AND BRITISH BECHUANALAND. A. — Cafe Coloxy. • PART I.— PASSAGE ASD DEMAND FOR LABOR. Free passages, none. Assisted passages, none, except to emigrants contracted to employers in the colony. Unassisted passages by steamers: Third class, £15 158. each; second class, £24 38. each ; first class, £36 158. each. Nominated passages, none. Particulars as to the dispatch of vessels will invariably be found advertised in the newspapers. The best time for arriving in the colony for agricultural laborers is about July. At the present time there is little or no demand for male labor, the supply on the spot being mnro than sufficient. There is an opening for farmers with some capital. Domestic servants are always more or less in demand in the colony. Particulars as to the state of the labor market from time to time will be given in $iil>sequent editions of this circular. PART II.— GENERAL INFORMATION. The Cape Colony with its dependencies is rather less than twice the size of the Uiiiti'd Kingdom. The time taken on the voyage from England is about twenty days by steamer. The climate is fine and healthy, and well suited to the European constitution. The summer beat is greater and dryer than in England. It is computed that tho present population of the colony caunot be less than a mill- ion and a quarter, including English, Dutch, and natives. The South African diflfer from the North American and Australasian colonies in the fact that the natives in South Africa largely outnumber the Europeans; of the latter 518 EMIGRATIOX ANP IMMIGRATION. \i:m.. %:^i the Dntch are more uiinierona in the western districts, -while the English are chiefly to be fonnd in the eastern. The principal products are wool, wine, ostrich feathers, hides, Angora hair, copper, And diamonds. The diamond mines of Kimberley have led to a large amount of emi- gration, and ostrich farming is a specialty of South Africa. Churches and chapels of all denominations are to be fonnd in the colony. Education is carried out nndertbesnpervision of local boards or in connection with missionary societies ; it is subsidized by Crovernment. There are over fifty libraries at the various country centers in addition to the library and museum at Cape Town. There are public hospitals at the principal towns. Banks and post-office savings banks will be fonnd at all the important centers of the colony. Friendly and other societies are established in the principal places, including the Odd Fellows, Foresters, &c. There is a weekly mail to and from England. Letters to and from England are charged 6d. per half ounce ; newspapers Id, There is telegraphic communication between the colony and otiier parts of tbn world, and the colony has over 4,000 miles of inland telegraphs. At the end of 1885, 1,599 miles of railway were open for traffic, and there are three different lines of communication between the sea and the Orange River. The cost of living varies considerably in different parts of the colony; as a rule it is not higher than in England. Wages and clothing are higher than in England. The figures given below for rent, provisions, and wages apply to Cape Town only. Laborers' cottages, withgarden, can be rented from 10». per month, according to the locality, and a town lodging for a mechanic's family from 408. per month. The price of provisions is roughly as follows : Bacon, 1«. '.id. per pound : beef, ^d. per pound ; bread, 4d. per pound ; butter. Is. M. to 'tis, per ]>ound : cheese, 1«. bd. per pound; cofiee, raw, lid. per pound; flour, 'Hd. per pound; milk, iifrf. pi-r botile; matton, 6d. per pound ; sugar, bid. per pound; tea, 3s. V^d. per pound ; tobacco, [)id. per pound. Tne rate of wages is roughly as follows : Bakers, from 25«. to 50». per week ; black- Bmiths, 4«. to 10*. per day; book -binders, 3'.is. to60«. per week ; bootmakers, 6«. to 8s. per pair; bricklayers, 6». to 10*. per day; Imilders' laborers, '.is. to 5«. per day ; car- nenters, 6«. 6d. to 10«. per day ; eoach-lmilders, from ;J0«. ].erweek; curriers:, 7s. to 6*. per day; farm laborers, 38. to 48. jterday; farm foremen, £6 per month and all found; farriers, 4li8. per week; gardeners, 208. to 408. per week ; turners and wcotl turuvrs. 8». to 98. per day ; painters, 5«. to 98. per day ; pluml)er8, lOs. to 12«. per day ; sad- dlers am! hamess-icakers, f> om 298. to 508. per week ; tanuerH, o8. to Us. per day : wheelwrights, G8. Gd. per daj ; cooks, from £4 to £8 per month and all found; house- maids, from 358. to 508. per month and all found. English money is used throughout the colony. It may be stated generally that waste and unappropriated Crown lands are leased or sold, subject to annual quit-rent, to bona tide residents in the colony by publii[ auction. B. — British Bechuaxalaxd. This colony affords no oiieniug tn persons without capital. The number nf uueiu ployed artisans in all towns of the South African colonies is considerable, and the cap ital required for cuttle raising and kindred industries renders Bechuanaland an unsaii able destination for the classes on whose belnilf this circular is more especiallf preppred. Intending emigrants may apply for fnrther jtartieulars as follows: For the Cap<| to th& agent-general, 7 AlLi^"t alaiisions, Victoria Street, S.W., or to the chief clerk j this office ; For British Bechuanaland, to the cbief clerk at this office. NATAL. PART I. — PASSAGES AKD DEMAXD FOR LABOR. Free jmssages, none. Assisted passages, none. Arrangements are being made by the government of the colony for the resumptil of free and as8ist«d emigration for Europeans, and regulatiouf for the colonisation f special settlements are being prepared. When these are completed they will be a vertised by the Natal government emigration agent whose address is given below. ITION. while tbe English are chieflj- •8, hides, Angora hair, copper, led to a large amount of enii- ica. found in the colony. 1 boards or in connection with nters in addition to the library ,t all the important centers of irincipal places, including the ters to and from England are lolony and other parts of tin- ilegraphs. for traffic, and there are three the Orange River, larts of the colony; as a rule it g are higher than in England, es apply to Cape Town only. 10«. perinonth, according to tlie rom 40s. per month. in. Is. :W. per pound : beef, fiirf. I. per ])0und : cheese. In. bd. per pound; milk, HJrf. per bottle: fl. a^d. per pound; tolmcco, !IW jm 25«. to 50». per week ; black- jer week ; bootmakers, 6«. to 9i. laborers, :1». to 5( y ope/) jn the colony. Board and lodging for niechaui ;s :i ti'e fowns, 4« to'4«. 6d. per day. Cottage and garden for mechrnvici?, £1 iO». to £2 10». per month. The price of provisions i'. Tu^iily as follows: Bacon, 5..i' i t ; mutton, 6a. '.o ))d. per pound ; potatoes, 5*. to 10<. per ewt. ; su^ar, 2d. to 3d. p«,r poind ; toba'-'-o (colu)iial), 6d. to Is. per ponnd. The price of clothing' is roughly l,*) per cent, higher than in England. The rate of wages iu the rolouy is roughly as follows: Bricklayers, carpenters, Nboeuiakers, smiths, and tailors, averuge rates of wages for all skilled artisans is 1>. to 1«. 3d. per hour; domestic servants, £18 to £24 per annum. English money is used throughout th'j colony. Crown lands in the colony suitable for ^ultivaticu. and exclusive of township and pastoral lands, are sold by public auction in lots varying from 10 to 2,000 acres, cer- win public rights being reserved. Tbe conditions of purchase arc — (1) That the purchaser pays the cost of survey. at^M'.^OmW 520 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. (2) That 1)0 occiiiucH tbe laud (luring nine routinnons nioutbs of each year, either in person or by nn agent, nniil tbe TTbole ))nrcbase money lias been paid. (;{) That he erects a suitable dwelling-house and cultivates not less than one in every 100 acres. (4) That be j)ay8 oiif-tentb of the purebuse-nioney within three months of tbes.ile, and one-tenth at the close of each year of occi«i)ation, until the whole pnrchnse money has been paid (no interest charged). Th(( reserve price of lands thus sold is lOs. per acre, or £!J0 for 100 acres. Tbe occupier has therefore to pay for a lot of 100 acres £5 per aunum until the whole Iiiis been paid. In the case of'bona fide emigrants from Europe, lauds may be sold by private cnn- tract, and in special cases portions of land not exceeding 320 acres may be sold in freehold by public auction to the highest bidder at a reserve price of £1 per acre the total amount of purchase money to be paid within three mouths. For further particulars as to the land laws, see Hand-Book issued by this ofHce, pnue 10. Intending emigrants may apply for further particulars either to the emigration agent for Natal, No. 21, Fiasbury Circus, London, E. C, or to the chief clerk at this office. !»*-;;^^ Jim NEWCASTIiE-UPON-TYNE. REPORT OF CONSUL SillTH. (1) There are no statistics of emijsrratioii from tbis district to the United States to be obtained. It may be said in peneral terms that there is no direct emigration from the district to the United States, as there are no lines of passenger steamer.'? from any port of the north of England to our country. There are steamers going from this and otlier ports of tbe district to New York and other places,bnt they are only freight steamers, which rarely carry passengers. The consequence is that all emigrants from the district go to Liverpool, Glasgow, or some other port to embark for America. You will, therefore, see that no account of the movement of emigrants to the United States can be kept here. That there is emi- gration to the United States froFn the district is well known, but to what extent it is not possible to ascertain for the reasons given above. (2) The classed which* supply the greatest number of emigrants are miners, with glass makers and ftuddlers and laborers. Many miners and glass-makers have left the district under contracts with Americau masters to serve for a stated time, say two or more years, at an agreed wage. Whether that system is still continued, I do not know. Since I laws have been passed in the United States making such contracts ille- gal, any agreements of that kind, if made, will be kept .secret. I tliiiik it probable that there are such agreements at the present time, but 1 1 have no positive proof of their existence. I am told that a large! number of those that have emigrated in years past could not liavef found the means of doing so unless under some such contra'' .> Iii| addition to ihe chusses above tiamed there have been sonie \\-, yoiiii men of wieans who have gone to the Western States and Territories t(| engage in the cattle business or general farming. There has a!so boeuj a. moderate number of tenant-farmers having some means, but I do iioti hear of any landed proprietors who have emigrated. There have alsnf been someyoung men brought up in oftices or stores who have gone to thtl United States with tlie idea of bettering their condition. I cannot heiif that any paupers have been sent to the United States from this district! There has been an ^exportation of paupers, but, so far as I can learn, ii« to the United States. Societies have been formed which have aiiletl young persons of both sexes to go to Canada. There have been partief of sixty or eighty of tht\<>e young unfortunates who have gone out froti h'* riox. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 521 niontlis of each year, cither ly has been paid. |ltivat("8 uot less tban one iu lliin three months of the wall', li, until the whole purchase I, or £50 for 100 acres. 'I"bp V annum until the whole '.ins* niay be sold by private con- ing 320 acres may be sold in |erve price of £1 per acre the months, iook issued by this ofhce, jinge lirs either to the emigration 1, or to the chief clerk at this TNE. n. roni tbis district to tbe 11 peneral terms that tbere Tinted States, as tbere are •f the north of Euglaiid to liis and other ports of tbe are only freight steamers, fiice is that all emigrants some other port to embark I account of the movement ; here. That there is eiiii- •ict is well known, but to r tbe reasons piven above. numVier of emigrants are I laborers. Many miuors ' contracts with Americau r iiion' years, at an agreed ed, I do not know. Since iiaking such contracts ille- II be kept .secret. I think at tbe present time, but I I am told that a large ears past could not have some such contraf",?. In lave been some tV , young States and Territories t(> ling. There has a!so been some means, l»ut I do not ligrated. There have alsn stores who have gone to the [•condition. I cannot hear ;d States from this district. it, so far as I can learn, tidt formed which have aiileil . There have been parties ;s who have gone out from the work-houses at times under supervision of benevolent persons. I believe tbe Canadian Government have heretofore encouraged tbis class of emigration, as the parties were generally young and able to earn a living in that colony. (3) The causes of emigration are various. There is throughout the country, and especially iu great industrial )!i in close alleys and louditious. These teiie- I workingman consists of of 85 cents to $1.20 per rate. Even when ilie let to lodgers. Over- the decencies of life are in a more respectable taxes and water rate in ed by the paid artisans, »p up in the social scale the poorer dwellings are hat an inspection is nee- en in the most straitened tidy and cheerful. But ; sadly wasteful and im- if what they have. They spend, and then exist on lies in, having the pawn- husband, wife, and three t week, would spend less I chiefly consumed by the r other things, bread, su- be $2. The remainder of , lights, clothing, school it, but by no means least, live largely upon bread eap tea, supplemented by f biicon from tlie corner le profits made in penny- 118 are cheaper than for ii hand to mouth, buy in juefit from the low prices. , and their few pounds of luiid in every street, and It at a ruinous rate above ?rty ; their poverty is due iprovidence is the result even when they may not on of their wages that. is rking people much better 98. There is one public house to every two hundred of the imputation of Sliettield. These are sui)ported mainly by the working classes. There are forty thousand workingmen in Sheflleld. Many a one spends more every week for his beer than on bread for his family. It is abundantly proved by statistics that if the amount that is annually spent for intox- icai.ng drinks were applied to the purchase of the necessaries of life there, there wouhl be comparatively little destitution even in these times of business depression. The great loss is not alone in tl-e amount of money spent, large as it is, but in the waste of time and consequent loss of wages. After receiving their week's paj' on Saturday noon the men, and too often the women also, throng the drinking places. The same occurs on Sunday during the legal hours, and on Monday also. Great numbers do not return to their work until Tuesday morning, or later. The public bouse has a strong hold upon its frequenters. Be- side an enslaving appetite, it fosters a ialso standard of honor. The man who will not spend his money freely in treating is looked down upon by his fellows. And th s influence is stronger in thousands of cases than their feeling of obligation to wife and children. But the Sheffield workingman spends freely for other things than drink. He is easily turned aside from his bread-winning by a game of cricket or football, and by less innocent )>astimes, such as pigeon slioot- iug, rabbit coursing, foot-racing, and other forms of gambling, which consume much time and money. Betting upon horse-raQing is common among workingmen. On rac- ing days crowds may be seen upon the streets anxiously awaiting telegrams giving the name of the winner. This is not wholly due to the drink babit, but in part to the example of those far above them in rank. Their early education led them to nothing better. The con- ditions of society are such, and the lines between classes are so sharply defined, that the workingman almost necessarily comes to have but little hope or desire to step out and up. He is bound to bis surround- ings, and must find his pleasures and associations on that level. He is too independent to be patronized by those above him, and he seldom comes under influences that might tend to elevate him. The church is too well dressed a place for him to go up to, and when the church comes down to him he sees, or thinks he sees, often erroneously no doubt, a spirit of condescension that repels. If any have lost this feeling of in- dependence, and have degenerated into servility, so much the worse for the influences that surrounded him. And yet, with all bis drawbacks, the workingman is free enough to be better than be is, more self- respecting and thrifty, and more alive to the claims of his family. CLOTHING. It is difficnlt to estimate the cost of the clothing of the masses of the working people. The pawnbroker and the second-hand dealer could give mach inter- esting information upon this subject. At their shops c»n be found an abundant supply of cast-off clothing of all degrees of cheapness, together with a better quality. Upon this soorce thousands of the work people of both sexes depend. Oreat numbers very rarely have a new suit. The first cost of such clothing may be small, but its frequent visits to the pawnshop, with its ruinous interest, make it expensive in the end. The average workingman of this district is a sturdy, unthrifty, inde- pendent, rough and ready, generous individual, with greater intelli- gence and refuly wit than his outward appearance would indicate. 526 EMIG3AT10N AND IMMIGRATION. 'M "MAEi:iAO^< AND DIVORCE FACTS." The uumber of marriages witbiu the borrout;hof Slieflleld during the year 1885 was 2,G»(), equal to a rate of 17.5 per 1,(KM> per anuuDi, or to one person in every 114 of the population. During th(^ Un\ yearn, liSTl- 1880, the marriage rate in the registration district of !Sh< tUehl was L'(l.30 per 1,(M)0 of the population. The marriage rate for i^ondou during 1885 was 16.9 per 1,000. Divorce statistics arc obtainable only in London. BIRTHS. The total namber of birthic. registered in Sheffield during 1885 was 10,739, a birth rate equal to 35.1 per 1,000 of the population. This namber consisted of 5,486 males and 5,251 females. The illegitimate births amounted to 530, almost 5 per cent, of the whole number. Of the illegitimates 294 were males and 242 females. The birth rate for 1885 is the lowest on record. In 1873 it was 43.2, and since that time it has steadily diminiHhed. The birth rate is held to be, in some degree, a measure of prosperity. So far as Sheffield's trade with the United States is an indication of the general prosperity of the town, the measure by the birth rate is con- firmatory of the theory. The total amount of gooils ex]>orted from Sheffield to the United States during the years 1872 and 1883, the latter being the year of the large birth rate, was by far the largest of any two years on record. And the amount exported daring 1885, which was the year of the smallest birth rate, was the smallest on record, with one ex- ception, and that an unimportant one. It ought to be said, however, that there was a revival of business in the years 1880-'81-'82, without a cori-esponding increase in the birth rate. The average birth rate for the twenty-eight large towns of England for 1885 amounted to 35.5. DKATHS. The death rate for 1885 was 20.6 iter 1,000 for a population of 305,870, the lowest on record for Sheffield. The deaths comprised 3,348 males and 2,980 females. The preponderance of the deaths of males over females exists throughout the country. The average death rate for the twenty -eight large towns in England daring 1885 was 20.5. The population of Sheffield, and the number ofhirlht and deaths for a mHm of years. T«M. PopnlatloD. 1878 1874 187IJ 1878 1877 1378 1A79 1880 1881 1881 I88S 1884 1885 Births. Oeaths. T 248, 9M 23S,<4S 257,827 262,080 288,401 270,791 275,350 279,800 284,608 290,516 225,497 800,568 806,870 Rate per l.OOU iperBonnin. 10,787 43.2 18,861 43.8 11,026 42.7 11,205 42.7 10,859 40.7 10,896 40.3 10,822 39.2 10,723 86.3 10,814 sao 10.8;.7 37.8 10, 812 86.5 11,272 37.5 10,787 85.1 Death*. Rate per Xumber. 1,000 per aDDuni. 6,658 20.3 7,009 27 6 6,642 26.7 6,568, 6,154' ftil 7,208 26.6 6,422 23.3 6,410 22.9 6.909 20.7 6,2m 21.6 6,765 23.8 6^832 23.7 6,828 20.6 riox. Iacts." I of Sheffield diiriiip the 1,00() per anuuni, or ro |iiiU tL«i Um jearn, 1871- Bt of Sli. ffleld was 20.30 ) for i^ondon during lare obtainable only in leffield dnriug 1885 was " the population. This lales. The illegitimate the whole number. Of les. The birth rate for .2, and since that time it a measure of prosperity. Jtates is an indication of I by the birih rate is cou- f goods ex)M)rted from 1872 and 1883, the latter ir the largest of any two ring 1885, which was the t on record, with one ex- ght to be said, however, •8 1880-'81-'82, without a average birth rate for 885 amounted to 35.5. • a population of 305,870, 8 comprised 3,348 males le deaths of males over large towns in England THE UNITED KINODOM. 627 For the foregoing table, and for the facts relating to marriuj^'c, chil- dren, &c., I am indebted to the interea ing report for the year 1885 of Dr. Sinclair White, medical officer of health for Sheffield, which I beg to forward herewith. DEPOBTATfON op PAUPERS. I fully believe that no deportation of piiuptMs, criminals, or insane persons takes place from tiiiM district to the United States. There is DO assisted emigration lo the United Stuti's from this country. The attitude of the Governuu'iit towards emigration is favorable rather than otherwise. No obstacles are thrown in its way. No "special privileges or rates of fare are ottered by Government or corporations to induce emigration,'' with the exception of some assist- ance to servant girls who etuigrate to the British colonies. C. B. WEBSTER, United States Consulate, Oonaul, 8heffiefd, July 30, 1880. TUX8TAL.L. '^I'ORT OF ooaauL BOHOEsaor. Emigration from . i ited Kingdom finds it-i high tide usually in the years of greatest bu.- . . ■. oss activity in tho United States, and conversely its lowest ebb in years of business stagnation ruling in the States. Like- wise is the back-current influenced, ■,.oderated,or intensified by the same causes, and the flow of immigrants to the mother country is heaviest in years ot depression, when trade and manufacture is equally stagnant in Great Britain as well as in other countries the world over. This is evident from the following tables, covering sixteen years for emigration and ten years for immigration, the period tor which separate lists of im- migrants of British and Irish origin were kept. A — Balance of emigration of pertont of Britiah and Irinh origin onhj, deducHmj recorded immigration from recorded emigration of Biith pireoHs. IFrom the board of trade returns. 1 f deathe for a series of years. ». Deaths. Rate ntr Rate per 1.000 Number. 1,000 terannau. per anDDDi. 48.3 8,588 26.3 43.8 7,008 27 6 48.7 8,648 28.7 4S;7 40.7 6,B6L e,iSr i:} 40lS 7,208 26.6 SOia 6,422 23.3 88.8 6,410 22.9 88.0 8.900 207 87.8 e,2 10, o:- 17, 052 20,002 23, OlJ 40, 441 44, 185 81, 134 10,838 18 16,526 18 ii,6n.-i 12 ir.,24H 13 25, 187 10 52, 581 34, 750 U 82, IIMI 8 30, 188 86, 470 It 40,050 24, 184 10 : 2.', 082 15 1 87, 280 14 , 71,264 13 44,255 10 1 30,305 8 6 7 11 27 24 20 82 82 25 11 13 22 18 10 » ■. 1876t 100,461) 1877t 05,105 1878t 112 U02 1870* 104,274 1880- 1881* 1882* 227, 542 248,00.; 270, 306 1883* 3'JO, IIH 18g4t 242, 170 188M 207,04* * Bn&ines S MtlTit y. t BnelneM decline. f '?'i'''' "^■^ C.—Nimher of Britith and Irish immigrants from various countries landetl in the United Kingdom in each year since 1876, the first year in which the nationalitii of the immigrants was recorded. Tear. ii<™«. From rfJwSi British ^°*"^ North St«te». America. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879 . . 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 54,007 44,878 84,040 20,048 26,518 20,781 28.468 46,703 61,466 67,604 6,629 .\687 6,004 8,497 4,688 5,701 6,007 7, 021 8,861 9,821 From From Anstral- all other Total asia. places. 2,570 7,499 ' 71, 404 4,687 8,688 63,890 4.207 10,403 54,044 4,067 9,424 1 37,036 5,010 9,891 ! 47,007 5,877 11,288 1 62, 707 6,871 13,275 1 54,711 6,844 13,236 73,604 8, 812 12,717 91,356 7,946 10,697 85,468 Years of business activity in the "United States, being the greatest percentage of emigrants to that country and the smallest number to Australasia, while in years of stagnation the reverse is noticeable. We observe the same fact in the emigration statistics of the anterior decade, firom 1861 to 1870. iniiiiT- "' ^"■"^' ■*•■"■■' Bj iiii*' II imm*' m TION. mil inly oxorcisod l)y flit' (.! Ih'Iow. H K'\ i"tr the 111 C the roiintiit's tioni pi'viml of yearn to tlif Iiluli origin otW.v, who Irjt tin- JmiHca, Autlralanui, uiiri all Imlniiin. Per cent. All other pllll'Vlt. Knin- bcr. — , Tothl. Per ni-Tit. 8 fi,3Sl .1 a MU ['. T 0,08-2 4 11 7, 4;i3 8 27 lU, 1H0 5 24 12.420 20 13, M4 12 •12 11,800 12 U2 11,077 10 25 13, 557 8 11 15,886 7 e ;!'-,804 8 13 n;,733 7 22 r,,ooo 4 18 It, 510 S 10 10, 724 8 decline. I countriet landetl in the United ie nationaUtu of the immigrants 1 h From From Anstral- all other Total .a. asia. places. 1 20 2,570 7,490 ' 71.404 17 4.837 8.688 : 63.800 )4 4,207 10.403 j 54.044 n 4,067 9.424 1 37, 036 18 5,010 9,891 i 47,007 Rl 5.877 11,288 { 62, 707 07 6.871 13.275 1 54.711 ^1 6.844 13.236 73,804 il 8, 812 12,717 91,356 21 7.946 10,697 85,408 tates, being the greatest the smallest number to le reverse is noticeable. statistics of the anterior r" v^ V^ ^i^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) Photograiiiic Sdences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STMIT WCBSTn,N.Y. 14SM (71«)S73-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical ISAicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques THE UNITED KINGDOM. 529 D. — Number and jjercentage of British and Irish origin only who left the United Kingdom for the United States and Australia in each year from 1861 to 1885. Tear. United States. Aastralasia. Number. Per cent. Nomber. Per cent. Total 1881*. 1863*. 1883 ♦, 1884 V 1886*. 1888*. 1887 t. 1888t. 1869t . 1870t , 1871 t. Is72t 1873t . 1874t 1875' 1878* 1877*. 1878* 1879 », 1880 1 1881 1 18f>2t 1883t 1884* 1885* 38,160 48,726 180, 528 130, 165 118,463 131,840 120,061 108, 490 146,787 153,466 150,788 161, 783 166,730 113,774 81,193 64,554 45,481 84,694 •1,806 166, 570 176, 104 181, 903 191, 673 155,280 137,687 58 50 68 70 68 77 80 78 70 76 78 77 78 58 58 SO 48 49 56 73 78 69 60 64 66 20,507 38,828 90,157 40, 073 36,683 23,682 14,023 12,332 14,467 16,526 11, «M 19,248 25, 187 52,681 34,750 32,196 80, 138 36,479 40,969 24,184 22,688 37,289 71,264 44,285 39,895 40 26 21 21 U 9 9 8 8 6 7 11 27 24 29 32 n 25 11 9 13 22 18 19 65,197 97,768 192,804 187, oai 174, 891 170, 0.W 166, 882 138, 187 189,800 202,511 192,751 210,494 228,346 197,272 140, 675 100,460 93,106 112,902 164,274 227,642 243,002 270,366 820,118 243, 179 207,644 * Bnsineu decline. t BnalneM activity. Emigration to British North America seems to run parallel with that to the United States, as in fact many emigrants take the way to the States via Canada, or change their residence from time to time after having found a first place of residence there. Furthermore, business aspects in both countries are usually subject to the same fluctuating periodicity. The relative respective attractive force as ttom centers of emigration is therefore best illustrated in the emigration statistics of Australasia and America. In the years of war, from 1861 to 1865, of a total of 717,796 to all countries, America absorbed 466,042, or 65 per cent. ; Australasia absorbed 186,338, or 26 per cent. In the eight suc- ceeding years of active trade in the United States, fh>m 1866 to 1873, in a total of 1,485,623, America absorbed 1,145,884, or 77 per cent., while Australasia absorbed 133,100, or 9 per cent. A yearly average of 37,267 from 1861 to 1865, against an average of 16,637, in the years of activity, 1366 to 1873, in the United States, looked for homes at the antipodes. That not extraneous causes, like goldfever, &c., influence this changing attractiveness of Australasia, but the business aspects of the Umted States, will be seen from the following transcript of succeeding business periods. In the five years of declining and depressed trade in the United States, from 1874 to 1878, inclusive, in a total of 6552513 to all countries, America absorbed 349,696, or 53 per cent., and the tide to Australasia rose again to 186,144, or 28 per cent, a yearly average of 37,228. In the three years of activity in the United States, from 1880 to 1882, inclusive, in a total of 749,910 to all countries America absorbed 524,577 or 70 per cent., while Australasia absorbed 84,155 or 11 per cent. ; a yearly average for Australasia of 28^052. During the last three years of depression in America, emigration to Australasia has been the heaviest yet recorded, to wit, 769,941, of which America absorbed 484,540, or 63 per cent., and Australasia 154,914, or 20 per cent., an average of 51,638 for each year from 1883 to 1886, inclusive. H. Ex. 157 34 530 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. OCOUPATION OF EMIGRANTS. Full lists of emigration statistics published l.y the board ottraie have been forwSd to the Department. I will only call atteutiou to Seeneraf deSs which will illustrate from a general point of view whatTSave taken as abasia of inquiry in "^yJ^'^fSeSSans o r* v««ni Q*^affnr THE UNITED KINGDOM. 531 Taking a year of general comparative prosperity, 1881 , and highest emigration rate, we find no material difference irn the relative grading of occupations of emigrants. B. — Oceupationt and general dettination of adult inu$enger$ in 1881. Oootipations. MAUCS. AgTionltnrei Laboretik gardeaers, &o , rarmen, gnslen, lie.... ToUl. Trades and profeaaiou : Gentlemen, profeMional men, merobanta. fto. Army and navy Clerks, agents, fto Domestic aerrants w. Shopkeepers, &c ^.. Seamen Itaborers. general Tot^l. Ueebanios, &o. : Bakers. Blacksmiths Boot and shoe makers . Brsxierv, &c. Brick-makers, potters . Bricklayers, Ice Bnllders Batchers Cabinet-makers . Carpenters Clock-makers ... Coach-makers... Coopers £nffineers I^ocksmiths Mechanics MiUers Miners Painters Printers Saddlers Sawyers Shipwrights Smiths Spinners, fto —. Tailors Tanners Tnmers Wheelwrights... Other trades — Total Ooonpations not stated. Domestic servants . Gentlewomen, fto .. Milliners, fto Shopwomen Other trades mt stated ~ Grand total. TJpitea States. 8.186 8.522 6,415 26 847 119 860 105 50,164 58.036 0« 78 94 87 88 781 81 108 87 1,872 26 7 81 840 8 4,872 22 12 190 68 22 21 128 189 472 179 8 16 14 2,220 11,400 0,682 07,605 British Korth America. 160 274 443 1,284 91 60 10 17 88 8.115 9,614 10 6 "27i' 780 1,005 2,060 1,200 27 9 17 4,560 6.810 Anstral- 2.150 481 2.681 1.182 16 842 23 270 34 827 2,652 88 48 51 18 US- IS 85 28 278 17 8 18 126 2 141 17 6 80 27 14 10 S 11 21 4« 7 5 10 420 l.« 4,242 2,167 2» 78 S 50 4,925 7,248 All other plaoes. 18 801 8,817 497 231 45 66« 13 717 4,976 1 187 14 4 110 11 2 1 170 1,080 2 B 2 40 8 8 280 1,051 4,512 844 00 8 8,001 6, SOT Total. 2,678 4,174 6,847 11,648 620 1,470 20O 1,312 190 50,823 75,278 147 150 158 4ft 52 1,117 ca 147 6» 1,702^ 54 IT 44 6Sft 10 6^820 41 IT 264 e» 44 82 14T 233 501 27T 15 23 35 8,600 16,174 20,400 18, 519 143 28*> 7 4'"S 6^825 76^160 w 532 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Not to weary with too lengthy a repetition of the same kind of sta- ti8ti?al tables7l bring a summary for the last ten years of classified occapations, as in Tables A and B of Part 11 : Ooonpations. MALM. Agrloaltiire: Iiaborers, gardenew, &• . Fumen, gtailera, &o ... United States. No. IS, 834 82,242 Total. ^^'^Gwi'awiSn. profM«ioiua men, merchaotk &o. Army and navy — Cletks and agenta. . Pomestio servants Sbop-keepera, Ac- Seamen •-■ Laboren, general . Total. If eohanlca, fto : Blaoksmiths, &o Bakers, &c Boot and eUoe makers Braziers, »c — .... - . - • • - - Brick-makers and potters . Brisk-layers, &o Builders ■ Batchers. ■• Cabine^maker8 Carpenters Clock-makers, to • Coach-makers, &c Coopers Engineers •• Fonnders Mechanics Locksmiths MlUers Hillwrighta Miners Painters Printers Saddlers, &o Sawyers....... Shipwrlghta, Ac Smiths ■ Spinners, Ao ■ Tailors Tanners, &o .....•.• Tnmera Wheelwrights other trades Total. Ooonpations not stated FEMALBB. Domestic servanto, &« . Gentlewomen, &o MlUinsrs, &o Shopwomon other trades, &c • ITot stated ■ British North America. 45,776 53,678 24S 8,082 1,283 3,001 1,250 301,640 A'o. 3,143 3,629 Anstral- asia. All other Tot^i countries. •"""• No. 38,067 9,660 6,772 48,627 369,180 19,988 644 300 193 150 186 71, 201 14,878 385 5,921 617 4,520 477 26,126 Ko. 183 2,10ft 92,754 62,874 8,289 24,744 8,681 5f>0 3,656 429 2,857 175 4,957 No. 55,827 47,637 103,464 U8,286 5,490 18,049 2,622 10,028 2,088 403,924 40,579 I 556,887 655 914 753 218 219 6,236 259 1,088 236 9,838 208 70 337 I 351 2,170 62 I 88,604 I 49 220 37 23,030 1,880 477 125 73 178 1,569 2,487 1,655 115 156 86 11,654 78 41 81 8 6 813 25 38 22 500 6 5 8 26 97 6,428 Total - 107.598 988 2,431 52 2,015 304,969 418, 068 23 3 107 88 30 8 5 27 26 60 66 6 4 4 2,067 1,374 1,297 1,218 493 332 4,402 446 993 603 7,745 285 260 215 779 2,211 62 3,120 46 318 64 4,891 2,636 668 326 263 162 878 250 1,104 167 181 367 8,246 0,140 650 49 70 47,074 45,783 "87,965 111 1 53 130 12 7 1,348 67 48 20 635 57 23 10 827 1.720 2 4,484 4 22 4 1,897 79 73 20 9 29 139 21 286 3 8 17 3,696 2,218 2,805 2,182 731 564 12,299 797 2,107 880 18,708 555 358 670 7,681 116 62, 726 SO 682 108 29,925 4,683 1,143 478 349 896 2,112 2,768 2,051 281 349 474 25,662 40,559 3,671 169,968 616 661 2,815 1,244 111 3,835 102 17 171 946 229 3,259 68,907 33,651 454, 001 112,873 37,340 624,649 THE UNITED KINGDOM. 533 Itbe a&me kind of sta- u years of classified w( during the last ten years, Aaatral- AU other aaia. conntties. Total. ITo. Ko. Ifo. 88,867 183 65,827 9,660 2,10fr 47,637 48,627 2,280 103,464 14,878 24,74i 118,286 335 J 8,681 ) 500 1 5,490 ) 5,921 3,656 18,049 1 617 429 2,&!f2 ) 4,520 2,867 10,028 1 477 175 2,088 26,126 4,957 403,924 1 62,874 40,579 856,387 B 1, 374 HI 2,218 1 1, 297 63 2,805 I 1, 218 130 2,182 8 498 12 731 6 382 7 564 3 4,402 1,348 12,299 5 446 67 797 8 993 48 2,107 S 603 20 880 K) 7, 745 635 18, 703 5 285 87 655 5 260 23 358 8 215 10 670 26 779 97 2, 211 327 1.720 } 7,681 62 2 116 28 3, 120 4,484 52,726 46 4 SO 23 318 22 582 3 64 4 108 n 4,891 1,897 29,925 B8 2,636 79 4,683 30 563 73 1,143 8 325 20 478 6 262 349 27 162 29 396 26 878 139 2,112 SO 250 21 2,768 S6 1,104 286 2,951 6 167 3 281 4 181 8 349 4 367 17 474 57 8,245 3,696 25,662 M 45,783 16,861 177,222 )3 37,956 25,236 177,741 U) 40,659 3,671 159,968 W 616 661 2,816 9 1,244 111 8,835 102 17 171 945 229 3,259 4 68,907 33, 651 464, COl 3 112, 378 37,840 624,649 Though it must be admitted that a percentage of skilled artisans may he contained iu "occupations not stated," yet it is presumable that those withholding their occupations are those belonging to that class of passengers who are classified as " cabin passengers," and among whom the artisan classes, as a rule, find no perceptible representation. In 1885 there were 51,428 cabin passengers. In 1881 there were 54,270 cabin passengers, and. iu the ten years, 1870-'85, there were 492,557, which, deducting gentlemen, professional men, merchants, ^hop-keep- ers, and clerks already enumerated, would pretty fairly absorb all "oc- cupations not stated," so that the classification of artisans and me- chanics would not be very materially altered by the residuum remaining over from a closer scrutiny of " occupation not stated." It is apparent from this that the manufacturing branches of the industries of the United States do not receive a very heavy contingent from the skilled labor of Great Britain. It would be premature to enter into generalizations on this subject. It may be said, however, that the English workingman is a stay-at- home body. He loves his surroundings, habits, customs, family ties, and the charm of the many festive occasions, which weave a garland of flowers into bis frugal and toilsome existence, makes him prefer the spot where he has been born and reared to many a land of promise from which he sees others not uufrequently return after a trial, glad to be back again among the old associates of their youth. Sentiment may have a great share in this phenomenon. Bat sentiment is one of the most powerful motors of human actions, wielding no small influence upon social dynamics, and is certainly able to explain many of the in- tricacies of the emigration problem. WAOES. Day wages, measured by the standard of the United States, are smaller in comparison measured by that of other countries relatively high. Con- sidering,bowever, the more evenly distributed work and earnings, coupled with the low cost of commodities and living expenses, a frugal, sober workman, assisted by a wife of like inclination, can eke out a fairly sat- isfactory existence. Statistics of wages exist to a large extent, but sel- dom have they been stated by workiugmen themselves. For the first time to my knowledge has a very extensive list been published in an- swers from secretaries of trade societies in the United Kingdom to questions formulated and sent out by the royal commission on trade de- pression. These answers have been published lately by this commis- sion in appendix to Part II of their report. I give a tabulated list of the most important ones. There being several hundred, and many be- ing repetitions in the same trade, it would uselessly fill space and time to reproduce them all : rr^-fei'sirc t v^'f^-tr'- •"> ■• ■ 534 EHIGBATION AND IMMIGBATION. Wagei andworhing-tiTMof Briti$h artisant/rom anncers/rom tutociationt r^retmting the intereiU of .the working oUutet. PbKwandiiuneoftnde ■00M7. i i s 1 i 1 1 1 1 "sl r Bemarka. Am^cMiktod Society ofKigtaiMn,BelflMt BlojoUnwkwt, Ooreii' ISklUed Ctntt. S4 54 |6n-«75 6-7 7 18-M * (0 8S-U14 S16-6 8« 21» ) In bnay montha ftom i 60toWboDra. UnakiUed. 08.66. VnaUUed FenMlM •• MMhiiM, making, Dun- 84 54 64 54 608 683 dee. Engineering tnde 1 Olasgow Hnrdepooi 14 18 766 085 8-5 7 6-7 6-7 ■"el7 InolnaiTO OTertime 68 bonra. London jTottinfdiun 827 803 754 719 Great activity in lace trade reported. OldhMn 64 64 54 54 64 54 54 54 64 54 54 64 54 54 54 64 54 TTlTentone 06 82 6 81 67| hoora in 1865. Wedneebniy BoUer-makeni HoM m 788 liirerpool 6 81-8 r 827 7 78-8 78 TTnakUIed,04.86 to 06.88. Average. Stockton on Leea . . 7 7 Xton-foanden: AoorinKton Barntley IS 820 Apprentice wagea com- mence at 07 oenta and riae yearly 24 oenta per week. Birkenhead . sr Cheater 15 m 820 688 7 Iron-molding i Ipawioh Iiimdon 084 728 7 Swanaoa Wolverton 788 688 8 10 10 fonndriea work 54 and 4 fonndriea work 60 bonra. Dundee. ........... 7 15-7 28 7 6 7 Some work 50 bonra at 05.88 to 06.82. 60 honn in ISBS. ShipwrighUi Ola^w ~... J? 788 6 01 8 76 Bilatol _.. Blackamitha : Ardroaaan 685-6 56 866-6 02 Bdinborgh u 13 11 666 686 686 U 64 64 54 68 67 6 7 4-6 6-7 7 Leeda-.T: Hottingliam Coaoh-bnUderai 728 682 4 86-7 64 4 86-7 20 5 88-7 78 r 60 bonra in 1866 1 trim- mere, 04.86 to 07.16 1 palntera, 04.86 to 07.16) body-makera, 06.82 to7.1iri caniaite- makeT8,05.6eto 10,67; Kailroad-ooaoh boild- era, Wolverton. Fattem-makera, Olaa- 54 51-64 7 5 7 6 8S-7 29 wheel-makera, 114.86 to 07.15: amitha, 05.85 to 07.64. Tln-plate makera, Wol. 7 20-10 22 HiOo'i^ piece-work. verbampton. Brick-layera: Boamemonth 18 18 14 181 16 7 18 885 704 778 8 76 Camberwell Cheltenham 66 Ml 688 roo hoora in 1865; aa- Kiddenuiniater .... I cribe poor building ] to land-lawB, leaae- l bold, &c. ;01.46 per day of bonra. 66honrlnl865. Lirerpuol Btonemaaona: BhMkpool 49i 80S Cheeterfieid 16 16-18 16 feindon 8 10 50 666 I (utociatUmi repre$enting the 81 5 10 8?6 L 5-7 5 88 \ In buiT moBtlu from ( 00 to W honn. UiMkl]led,|S.65. 8-5 7 6-7 5-7 BoBMrka. 0-7 7 InoluWe OTortime 61 boon. Gnat MtlrltT in Uoe tnde reported. S7i boon In 1865. TTnikUIed,$4.8eto|5.88. Average. Apprentice wage* oom- menoe at 97 oenta and rise yearly 24 centi per week. 19 fonndries work 84 and 4 fonndriea work OObonra. 7 Some work 69 boma at $6.88 to 16.82. eo6 00 boora in 1865. 60 boora in 1866 1 trim- mera, $4.86 to f7.16 1 pataitera, 14.86 to t7.1S; body-makers, $6.82 to7.16i carriage- makers, $5.i)e to 96,57; wheel-makera, $4.86 to $7.15: smitbs, $5.85 to $7.64. Majority piece-work. {60 boars in 1865; as- cribe poor building to land-laws, leaaa- bold, &o. ;$1.46 per day of 9 lionra. 66 boar in 1865. TUE UNITED KINGDOM. ITageg and working'tlme of Brilith artisans, ^-c. — Continued. 535 PUm and name of trade society. } Equal to week. 1 { 1 1 •si 1" Remarka. Carpenters, && : (knU. 1 60 M 81 I 13 14 ( 14i 15 14 14 16 13» 16 16-17 I $6 60 702 7 27 820 723 8 01 883 7», 8 91 •9 16^78 \m 54 DnndeA ............ 61 Ml 65 *? ,1 Rusby ..-..••..■•• $6 47 ManoneAter.... .. .. From Kovember to Fab- maty, only 47 iMHira. DeooratlTe paintora, Swan sea. Plumbers, Liverpool . . . Gilders, London Cotton-spinners, Uld- From Noyembar to If arcb, 47 boora. 7 889 $1 82-2 81 8 65-7 29 I Onelera, pieeera. ham. Boot and shoe makers. > J Aberdare. Letter-press printing: Cablln "... 14 802 64 54 66-66 ( Piecework IS to 17 cto. per 1,000: piecework, 1 lu to 21) cento per S 1.000 composition ; 6 oenta per boor for ez- I^eeds 6 81-7 78 8 75 5 10-7 20 tjalisbary 7 A vieabnrv 12 666 l tra work. Middle boTo' 729 8 27 486 6 81 729 $1 09-122 486-6 36 1 40-2 92 7 Soathport 31 16oento per 1,000 non- pariel. OOlioorainlOOO. Per day. 64 7 78 Mining, Tipton •81-80 Dressmakers. dtcLon- )••■■•■ 146-4 88 don. ! •Per day. The wages marked down in the first colamn are paid by the hoar ; those in the fourth column by the week. The proportion of hour pay is very large ; in fact, the by far greatest proportion of the two to three hundred trade societies reporting to the commission are paid by the hour. In most other trades, wherever practicable, piecework is the rule. So far as compensation is concerned, the eight-hour question can- not well be raised, and the demand for goods, more than any other consid- ereration, regulates the working time, which, howevpi , seldom exceeds tlfty-foar hours for the full week. Taking the year ' • .v ough, however, many deductions come off from this time, and I doubt « aether the aver- age for the year round, taking full and dull weeks and play weeks, reaches eight hours for each of the three hundred working days of the year. The often-raised question whether ten hours' work, or rather the work of a nation, can be done in eight hours' time, has therefore found its practical solution in the effective work of Great Britain. Many of the vexed questions which agitate our body politic now, working time, pay, and the mode of payment, &c., have by mutual concession become settled matters here, and so far as I can learn things work pretty smoothly, probably up to the time of a new revival, when undoubt- edly new demands will be raised ; but, judging from the past, it is not likely that they will be resisted if a new wave of prosperity should taf 536 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. bring higher prices. 1 hnve, even now, in this time of depression, found many regulations in force engrafted by trade societies, whicli would probably be resented elsewhere as an undue interference, namely, in the glass trade, which deserves mention here. The blowers work in shifts of six hours ; one man, however, is not allowed to do more thuu eight shifts a week and has a certain amount of work allotted to him tor his shift, and if be finishes this in a shorter time he cannot take up new work but has to wait until his turn comes round again. All such regu- lations are enforced by the trade unions and have, so far as I can leant, worked without much Jar for years without having disrupted the rel- ative industries, or caused cai)ital to remove its chattels to Utopia, where dividends and profits are guaranteed against the disturbing Influ- ences of agitation and varying trade aspects. OONDITIONS IN THE POTTEBIES. The trade of this district — North Staffordshire — is principally pottery, and the conditions, so far as illustrated by workin;^' time and M^ages, have been fully set down in my report on pottery, printed in No. 63 of consular reports. I have since collected some additional details which explain more fully the general conditions of time and earnings. I give here the estimate of a roannfactnrer of varied and long experience con- cerning the annnal wages of a hollow- ware presser in a year of trade de- pression, when not fully employed, and use his own words, fully illus- trating the meauing of what has been said above : A fair averaxe hollow-ware pretuier'a carmngs iiiigbt be placed at $7.78 (see page 75 of No. 63 of consular reports) for a week of stx days, but taking tbu present time it would be found that the four middle days of the week would fairly represent the time during which he would be employed, so that this $7.78 would from this reason be reduced to, say (15.83. This is higher than four days at $1.30 a day, the daily aver- age of $7.78 per week, but arises from the fact that the two remaining days, that is Saturday and Monday, are scarcely ever full working days. Out of this time we mnst also take three weeks as representing holidays and loss of time from occasional breakdowns, i&c, and then the sum would stand as follows : $5.83 X 49 =$285.47 per annum, or $5.49 per week. Now supposing that this should represent the earnings of a family consisting of father, mother, and three children, and dependent only on the earnings of the head of the house, then the income would be expended in the following manner : Item. Rent Taxes Fuel Oil and candles ..... Soap Sick club Scboolfees Trifles , Hedicsl attendance Newspapera, &o .... Bread Tea Cost $0 85 18 32 8 12 18 18 8 6 24 46 12 Item. Coffee and sugar Beef, 4 pounds, at 18 cents Butter, 1 pound Bacon Cheese Milk, Tpinte Pudding for Sunday Clothing apd Iiedding Shoes Vegetables Total Cost. 10 16 64 3I> 12 12 21 12 49 18 12 *6 32 * Which lesTes a balance of 17 cents. Here, however, no allowance is made for the wife's income, who fre- quently finds employment for part of her time at least in one of the works, elthiir as helper to her husband or in one of the decorative de- partments. But I will add the remaining part of the information from which the above is taken : If any exception must be taken to this table I shonld say it would be that on the average the allowance for the variotts items is rather too liberal, inasmuch as present CION. THE UNITED KINODOM. 537 lis time of depression, trade soi^ieties, winch |ue interference, namely, The blowers work m lillowed to do more than [work allotted to him for le he cannot take up new ll again. All sach regu- |ve, so far as I can learn, iving disrupted the rel- its chattels to Utopia, ^nst the disturbing luflu- tBIES. Je — is principally pottery, )rkiu};' time and ^Skgea, ;ery, printed in No. 63 of ailditional details which oe and earnings. I give and long experience con- sser in a year of trade de- » own words, fully illus- )ve : be placed at $7.78 (see page 75 ut taking the present time it : wouhl fairly represent the iii7.78 would from this reason at ^1.30 a day, the daily aver- e two remaining days, that is ; days. Ont of this time wo d loss of time from occasional lows : $5.83 X 49 =$285.47 per Ings of a family coDsisting of y on the earnings of the head le following manner : Item. gsr Is, at 16 cents, nd Cent. lOi Sunday . . beddiJDg. DtS. le wife's income, who fre- ) at least in one of the >ne of the decorative de- brmation from which the Id eny it would be that on the 10 liberal, inasmuch as presents juices are taken, nnuter, and this would be to Houio extent obligatory, as pruNtut euruiugs would bo below the given average. It would therefore follow that increased prices, which would accompany a brisker trade, would be met by a higher average amount of employment. A family of this kinii would be looked upon as a respectable one. You will see that in this table no allow- ance is made for either beer or tobacco, and the wife is supposed to be adding noth- ing to the family income, but wholly occupied with domestic per week. But they wonld not be able to appropriate the whole of this increase to purposes outside this table of expenses, as the children would cost more both to feed and to clothe. Still, with a family of this description, it is most probable that saving would now begin. This would as a rule take the form of, at flrst, one share of $3.43 per month in a build- ing society, which in this neighborhood is decidedly the most popular form of invest- ment among the thrifty working classes, and as this increased income advanced from the $1.22 level to the $3.65 level another share might be taken up, thus opening a little prospect in old age. Taking, however, a firm finding full employment as a rule for its work people, the average would be considerably higher, as may be seen from the information I hav e received on this item from one of the leading houses in Bnrslem : I have gone through our wage-book this morning, and And that onrsixteen hollow- ware pressors average per w-Jk, from January 4 to Saturday last (the 17th of July), $6.88 per man per week, I also find they only commenced full work on the 3d of April, but that during the last six Weeks a l.ttle overtime has been made. In answer to a request to state to me the actual payment made to these sixteen hollow-ware pressers in wages for one week of full em- ployment, within the period above named, I received the following reply : I find that the largest weekly payment to our sixteen iiressers averaged $8.65 each man, while individual men have earned as much as $10.95. This instance would alone show the impossibility of estimating the cost of production by the weekly wages earned. Here we have in one district, in the same industry and the same occupation even, the aver- ages of weekly earnings varying from $5.35 to $8.65, while the indi- vidual differences would be greater yet. The labor price paid by the piece, however, is for like work in the different factories the same. ENGLISH AND AMERICAN CONDITIONS. The low cost of living possible now under the rule of lowest prices of commodities ruling since a considerable time backward, coupled with fair employment the year round, makes life comparatively easy to the artisan classes, and they do not find cause for emigration unless oppor- tunities of extraordinary attraction are offered by foreign countries. The small number of potters quoted in the report leaving the United Kingdom for the United States and foreign countries speaks for itself. My personal inquiries among the people and authorities have not given me an intimation that any greater number are leaving than represented in the figures quoted. One meets with the remark, " Oh, yes ; a good many young fellows want to see the world, and are led over by expecta- tions and promises of high wages. But they always want to come back when trade is Slack in the States." " There are too many breakdowns." " Work is not so steady," &c. One who has been for several years a eight weeks in the year, getting on an average $7.29 per week ; 48 weeksa $349.93. Taking a man and wife with three children making a family of Ave persons. East LlTsrpooI. ItMM. Bread, perdsy Milk, per day, 1 qnart If est, per day, 2 poaada, at U cents • Per week :fliigar, 4poniida, atSoente Tea, (pound, atMoenta Coffee, i pound, at 29 cents Salt, 1 basof2m>noda Potatoes, I) peck, at SO cent* Piesh eiCK*, 1 doien Baooo, home cured, 2 pounds, at 15 cents. Cheese, 1 pound Butter, 2ponnda, at 2S cents Sago, I pound, at 15 cents Scotch oatmeal, Iponnd Spices Total provisions Bent Boots and olothlnfc TtuL blaoUnK, beer, tobacco, and other lu' Szpeaacs per year of S2 weeks Savings Earnings Cost 00 ow I 519 48 43 02 602 SO Staifordshlre. Items. Bresd, 4-pound loaf per day UUk,l pint per day Meat, 1 pound (English) Per week. Sugar, 4 pounds, atScvnts Tea, (pound, at 90 cents Coffee, 2 ounces, at 40 cents Salt..! Potatoes, I peck Bacon, 1 pound Cheese, 1 pound, at 0to 12 cents Buttbr, 1 pound Sago and rice, 1 pound Scotch oatmeal, ( pound, atScants , Spices ■ Total provisions Bent Boots and clothing Fuel, blacking, beer, tobacco, and other Incidentals Bates and taxes Expenses per year of 53 weeks Savings Earnings Cost. 10 08 03 2U fl7 20 80 OS 01 16 12 09 M 0« 03 01 3 56 1 20 72 22 48 880 12 839 02 The difference in articles and qnantities consamed in favor of an American potter consists in the following, per week : 6 pounds of meat, one-fourth pound of coffee, 1 ponnd of bacon, one-half peck of potatoes, 1 dozen fresh eggs, 1 ponnd of butter, and a few other unimportant items which, howev^could be easily supplied if needed without mud additional outlay. What the English potter or workman in general hat to forego is the more liberal consumption of meat and albuminous diet which gives the American workingman the greater stamina and work ing power, for which he is so j nstly celebrated. The meat price is quote* higher than in America. This is due to a certain feigned objection- gradually working o^', however — tx> imported meats. The men whom nave asked all pretend that they onl^^ use the best English meat, am that Australian and American meat are only bought by the " poore people," *' the colliers," as the potters say. If the colliers were aske they would probably say the same and refer to some other class. Wit all that, however, a great deal of New Zealand meat is sold in this ma ket, as I learn, of excellent quality and taste, at prices varying from 1 rrox. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 539 1(1 uow returned to liiii live earnings, both bore income : taking his average irorkiu); inolenienoy and severity of ting Indnstry throughout thu k being good wage* for a taffordahire, working alMul $7.29 per week ; 48 week8= making a family of five Staffordibire. It«BM. dlo»f perdsy srd»y (EnglUh) ds, BtSovnts At W cent* M, Bt40 cent* Id lod, •t0tol2centa ind 1,1 pound eal, Ipuand, ateoenU rovisiODt othlnK ng, beer, tobacco, and other I xe* iryearof S2 week* »• Coat. 6 4« "bmTm 12 96 339 92 consumed in favor of an r week : 6 pounds of meat, , one-half peck of potatoes, a few other unimportant Bd if needed without much or workman in general has neat and albuminous diet, Teater stamina and work- . The meat price is quoted srtain feigned objection — meats. The men whom I le best English meat, and ly bought by the " poorer If the colliers were asked » some other class. With d meat is sold in this mar- at prices varying from 10 to 16 cents per pound. If cheaper cuts are bought a more lil)cral meat diet can easily be indulged in. Still I hear it frequently mentioned by people who have an insight into the living methods of the working eliisHes that if they have the money they buy only the best pieces. Corroborating thiH, I have been told lately by one of the largest em- ployers of labor in Lancashire that the butchers in his town raised the ' price of ]irim« cuts lately a i)enny n pound, saying that the demand for Itest cuts by the working classes was so great that they find it difficult to dispose of inferior pieces. Bread and potatoes form a great part of the diet, and 1 peck of potatoes a week is undoubtedly under the mark. But it is important to notice that itotatoes and especially bread is so umch cheaper here than in the United States. Good wheateu bread is sold at 2 cents a pound out of the very flour brought from America from which the bread is maf'.e, for which an American has to pay nearly double the price. The weight and measure is everywhere guaranteed nud the sale of adulterated articles strictly prohibited unless sold as what they really are. Only the other day a dealer was heavily fined for selling ground coffee mixed with chicory, as pure coffee, although he pleaded ignorance and that the fault lay with the wholesale dealer who supplied him with the article as pure and unadulterated coffee. Nor is the difierence in the price of goods bought in small quantities so very great. In America this takes quite a good proportion out of the work- Higman's earnings. Among the prices given to me by one of my work- ingwomen in New York as what she pays for her provisions, 1 find S cents a quart for potatoes, which is 100 per cent, over i he barrel price. All measures are gauged. The full pint of the best ale is sold to out- door customers at 6 cents and in the bar-room at 8 cents, and the half pint, containing twice as much as our American beer glasses (half foam and thick glass bottoms), at 4 cents. In Germany a glass of beer con- taining nearly twice as much as an American glass is sold for 10 pfen- nige, or 2A cents. The dollar or two dollars of the workingman must supply him with all the means of subsistence for himself and family, and the sick fund and reserve fund for old age or incapacity. Every 5 or 10 cent piece saved to him a day from leakages created by private or public tax- gatherers mean to him either so much less comfort or so much more care and anxiety. It is therefore one of the most commendable endeav- ors of the British Government to bestow its care upon the enhancement of the purchasing power of the penny. So far as clothing and dry goods in general are concerned I find that cotton goods are fully m cheap in the United States as here. Shirtings and sheetings if anything are superior in quality for the same money with us, 80 far as I can judge from the articles exposed for sale in the retail stores. Articles of underwear for women, made of muslin, are far superior in workmanship and finish and cheaper in price ia the United States, counting the difierence in the price of imported materials. Nor can I find that men's shirts, when chiefly of cotton, are any cheaper here. Of boots and shoes, if factory made, the same may be said, though the leather of the better class of ready-made goods seems to be superior here, that is, better tauned. Custom-made boots and shoes, however, are considerably below American prices. A very good pair of gentle- men's laced gaiters, made to order, can be had at $3.89 and rising to $7.29, the difference in price being largely due to the so-called stylish* ness of the shoemaker. Everything made to order in the way of cloth- ing, excepting shirts, perhaps, is considerably cheaper here, while ma« chine-made or factory made goods show disappearing differences only. 1^ i 640 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Goods made of wool, linen, and silk are conaider.ably lower than o prices. A good suit of the best English tweed, worsted, or melton c; be had, made to order, at from $15 to $20, A spring overcoat of exc lent quality, with best silk sleeve-lining, I had measured for 818.: The same articles can be had for much less if made of inferior goods by cheaper tailors. The dift'erence in the prices of ready-made thinj as said above, is not so marked, however, and this is mainly due to t comparatively low price and superiority of tailor-made garments, account of which they are preferred by the working classes even, ai have not given the impetus tr I'le wholesale manufacture of clothii which is maintained and supported in the United States, principally the high cost of merchant tailor made articles of clothing. In woi manship and finish I fifld corresponding articles of the wholesale pi cess of manufacture superior in the United States. This is true clothing as well as of collars, cuffs, and like articles. Though not betl in quality, yet the latter seem to have a more merchantable appearan to the eye. In many articles, such as ladies' underwear of muslin ai linen, if freed from duties on embroideries and other imported ma rials, I have no doubt a good export trade could be established^ in c( sequence of the much greater perfection in workmanship and finish th what I find here. HOUSING. Much has been said in the United States at different times, and peated lately there, in quarters where full and reliable information the subject might be justly expected, of the degrading condition a the promiscuous herding, without regard to sex, age, or relationship the working potters in this district, of eight and even sixteen perso living in one room being the rule, &c., the papers brought reports representing the conditions here. The statement naturally found i way into the papers here, and I have made diligent inquiry, therefo from the vital statistics of the district with a view of getting at the ti facts. I find a population of 200,758 of the pottery district is supp with 37,803 houses, which gives one house to every 5.3 inhabitants. Dividing the total among each of the towns comprising the pottei of North Staffordshire we find in each one the same ratio maintain Ifumher of houses and inhabUanta and niimher of inhahitanta to each inhabited house in of the towns of the pottery disiriot of Xorth Staffordshire. Name of town. Homes. TunstoU ... Bnnlem... Hsuley Stoke Fenton Longton Newcastle. . Wolstanton 5,429 5,8S8 10, 17U 3,205 2,683 8,498 4,092 3,863 Inhabit- i ^^» ants. ?°i 29,673 28, 248 54. 274 17.274 14, 136 18,615 20,996 17,542 The average number of inhabitants to each inhabited house foi United Kingdom is 5.4. For the United States, according to the sas, 5.6. As these totals include agricultural population, where is naturally less crowding than in manufacturing districts, the 5.3 for the potteries oertt^inly shows no state of overcrowding what IRATION. naiderably lower than our ed, worsteil, or melton can A spring overcoat of excel- hail measured for 818.U5. [' made of inferior goods or ces of ready-made things, bd this is mainly due to the tailor-made garments, on working classes even, and e manufacture of clothing nited States, principally by lies of clothing. In work- ticles of the wholesale pro- id States. This is true of rticles. Though not better merchantable appearance is' underwear of muslin and and other imported mate- could be established^ in con- nrorkmanship and finish than es at differeiit times, and re- and reliable information on ;he degrading condition and ;o sex, age, or relationship of ht and even sixteen persons le papers brought reports as tatement naturally found its le diligent inquiry, therefore, ti a view of getting at the true he pottery district is supplied to every 5.3 inhabitants. >wn8 comprising the potteries e the same ratio maintained. Mtanta to each inhahited Iwuae in each North Staffordshire, THE UNITED KINGDOM. 541 each house. anta. 29,S73 28, 248 64. 274 17,274 14, 136 18,615 20,996 17,642 5.4D 5.27 S.liS 5.39 5.;!7 6.30 6.13 5.21 each inhabited house for the States, according to the Cen- tura! population, where there factnring districts, the figure »te of overcrowding whatever,. and statements such as those mentioned above, it must be clear from the figures, have no basis of facts whatever to stand upon. I have not been able to learn of many cases where more than one family inhabit one house. The workingmeu's houses are all built on the cottage system, and mostly have one large front room immediately opening into the street, which serves as sitting-room or parlor, a kitchen in the rear, one large bedroom upstairs, taking the whole fronting on the street, with two windows, and in the larger houses two bedrooms in the rear. The outhouse is always in the yard. There are few houses so poor that have no flower-pots in the windows, and many have a flower-bed either in the yard, or, where practicable, a little plot in the front. The people show a great interest in flowers. The ground floors are paved with bricks ; in the newer houses with tiles ; some of the larger ones hare boards. The sleeping-rooms are all floored with boards. Mattins or carpet of some kind usually covers the floors of the lower rooms. As the life is an outdoor life, and the doors are open in sammer time to the view of any passing visitor, it is easy to gain an insight into the home- life and habits of the working clases. The scrubbing and cleaning that goes on on a Saturday, and the general appearance itself of the rooms -does give a very fovorable impression as to cleanliness. Of course, there are exceptions to that to be found, especially in the poorer wards, but these exceptions make the generally favorable appearance only the more pronounced. MABBIAOES AND BIBTH8. Marriages here are contracted early in life. . The many young couples one meets in the streets with a baby carriage and frequently one or two little pedestrians trotting alongside demonstrates this fact ftilly to the eye, as also the innumerable groups of little ones playing in the streets whom one has to circumnavigate in the walks on a sunny afternoon in the neighboring towns and villages. Thus the loss sustained by emi- gration is more than supplied by the new crop of Britons coming up with unfailing regularity. To get at the facts of the average marriage age, I tried to obtain from the registrars of the district the statistics covering the case. I have succeeded in two cases, which, howeter, cor- roborating each other, give a satisfactory review of the whole situation. The registrar for Borslem, Tunstall, and Wolstanton, writes: I regret that it is not in my power to fnrnish you with any satisfactory statistics as to marriages for tliis district. I only attend and register at nou-conformist places of worship and civil marriages at snperinteudent's office, and I have also a colleagne who has perhaps aboat 10 per cent, more marriages in the year than I have, so that yon can only get an approximate estimate. Subjoined is a brief summary of mv marriages for 1884 and 1886, and I dare say it is a fair sample of the ages at which marriages are contracted in the district : Ten. Under 20 years. Over 20 and under 25. Over 25 yeara. Total. Conples. 1884 9 14 78 74 67 46 144 134 71 1885 ^ 4II.1....III1III." 67 For the Stoke district the following are the facts (copy of registrar's letter) : In reply to your letter of the 27th of May, I have to state that the total number of ummuges attended by the registrars of marri ages in the Stoke registration district 542 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Under the age of 20. •• — • OTer 20 and under 25 Oyer 25 years of age statistical authorities : JTumter of htrtht to 1,000 ♦«"«"'^jj^^g„t parts of Europe. nieglti- mates to 1,000 birth*. England ScoUand Ireland.. France ■• Germany Anatria Hungary Blrthato 1,000 inhabitanta. Holland ... BelKinm.. Denmark. Sweden. Italy Spain • SS.3 32.2 81.2 80.8 88.0 87.8 Illegiti- mates to l,000birthi I,. ^^ of ».yin.m«liat, disMot ehow thefoUo^ng da«.: Towna. Birtha. Legiti- mate. niefl niegiti- iobX Hanley Sbelton Stoke Fenton Iiongton.--. Total. 1,077 1,081 , 678 618 1 - 864 1 1,084 1,080 620 687 777 48 61 SB 81 87 4,318 4,048 271 WOLSTA^ON EKGISTEAXIO^ DI8TBICT. 1884. Wolatanton Tnnstall .•• Bnialeni .•• Iation. len, classified according to thn THE UNITED KINGDOM. 54a Males. Females. oil 62 and registered by registrars of rated in tbe English Chnrcli or pred by the o£Bciating ministers lebrated under twenty-five Jillegitimacy per 1,000 births trope, according to the best igitimate okildrm in 1,000 births in )e. Birtbi to lUegiti- matcB to 1,000 births. SS.3 82.3 81.3 80.8 80.8 87.3 35 70 112 102 • •• 68 55 how the following data : ite hirtht hi 1,000 Wrtt», in ike pottery 885. IIOK DI8IBICI. Biitha. mate. niegiti- mMe. niegia- mates in 1,000 blrOa. 1,077 1,081 679 618 804 1,084 1,080 620 687 777 48 51 69 81 87 40 47 6« 60 100 • 4,319 4,048 271 «3 r DISTBICT, 1884. 766 1,271 1,204 1,1. » 1,140 •4 02 64 44 n n 8,340 8,040 100 N CHABITABLE INSTITUTIONS. The charitable institutions of the district are in excellent condition. I have visited the North Staffordshire Infirmary, erected and supported by voluntary contributions, and cannot say that I have ever found an establishment better fitted up and kept in finer trim for its purposes. Tbe scrupulous cleanliness in which all wards and departments are kept is well worthy of mention here. The receipts are from private donations and income from investments. I inclose an annual balance sheet which gives in full all details of income and expenditure and the amounts spent for each item, as it may serve a valuable purpose to- compare with our cost for the maintenance of an average of about 17& patients and some 60 attendants : Statement of aceounti from October 2a, 1884, to October 25, 1885. RECBIFTS. £ e. d. £ 9. i. Subscriptions.. 2,226 3 6 Arrears of sabsoriptiona 77 14 Subscriptions to cbildren's wards 54 10 6 2,358 8 a Establishment snbBoriptionB 3,508 11 3^ Donations : The North Staffordshire Charity Football Association, per Messrs. Allen & Slaney 63 Mrs. Hitohman, Fen ton Honse, to the children's wards. 50 An unknown Mend, per Mr. C. Cooper, 8toke-on>Trent (6th donation, £275 in all) 50 The Sntherland Lodge of Freemasons, Newoastle-nnder- Lyme, to children's wards 5 5 Mrs. Allison, in acknowledgment of the kindness and attentions received by her son, the late Mr. F. Alii. son, formerly of Lannceaton , Tasmania 5 Miss 8. Ford, Chesterton, to the children's wards .... 4 4 Sundry donations 11 188 9 0^ Hospital Snnday and Saturday : Hospital Sunday collections, as per list 718 7 6 Children's collections in Sunday schools, &c., for the children's wards 17 1 3 736 8 * Hospital Saturday collections, as per list 155 17 3- MiscoUaneons : The managers of the North Staffordshire Infirmary coffee stall, per Mrs. Samuda 3110 Part proceeds of the Sir Moses Monteflore Centenary in the Hebrew Synagogue, Hanley 3 Fenton Ice Accident Fund, per the Mayor of Stoke- npon-Trent 2 7 6 Proceeds of concert at Hanchuroh, per J. Martin 2 3 Anonymous 2 2 Contents of charity box— North Stafford Infirmary. .. 17 4 Grapes Hotel, Stoke-npon-Trent, collected in smoke room ; 13 6 Payments with patients— children's wards 10 Payments with patients— Victoria wwrds 10 Acknowledgments, compromises, and fines 1110 8 A thank offering 10 Payment by a visitor 15 6 Dnppingsold 47 2 9 BonesBoId 3 3 7 Hay and grass sold 22 loe sold 18 9 Profit on pigs (besides 2,160 poooda naed for the honae, Talr^e £49 15«. 9(1.) 53 12 11 194 4 9- 544 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. £ 8. d. £ «• <1" Funded F0P«"^y', ^"■•=V5,ipnd on £B0 North StaflfordBliire ^Sr; C?^pany?T^^^^^ and Mersey Navigation ^ ^^ ^ T^LlirrnSrinVeVe^ron £V4;36^ ,,5 ,g 3 T»'iShri"BVonBi;i-4v;Yid7 ^ 5 T^e"lT^on?hrtividVndV£4i6-^^^^^ 13 13 3 Tllw^S;nTB'in^ron£9^W/6i;;MidiandRal^ ^ ^^ ^ T^S^e'SfflluSSt-onib^^^^^ 34 19 9 western Rail:!r^y***'^f^n'*/Ai "North Stifford- , ^ , Twelve monthrf interest on £588 iu«., «onu ov 22 14 4 Bhire Railway debenture Btook.......^--^-j^^^^^ Twelve months' interest on £7,1M& «•'»''•» """ ^_ 351 4 2 TS^m'o^frinte^"«-"^**"«^«"^*^^^^^^^ 208 13 5 TweCmoBU:s'Vntere;tVn£J5^^^^^ ^' ^^ [ Twelve months' interest on £3,645, Busnouneg™ ^^^ ^ g T^^?emoVths'Vntere;ron*H,Vi0 3;;M;;*Bi;0^^ ^gjg 9 T.h^Sfflnter;kVon£i;666,NVwZealliidGov^^^^^ ^.^ ^ 3 ment bonds 1.529 lu 4 8,670 9 4 Interest allowed by the treasurer, second half year - ^ J3 ^3 ^ '219 3 11 Balanoecarried down, deficiency ____-— KXFBNDITURB. Butcher's meat (exclusive of house pigs. 2,150 pounds) - » 1. 406 ^8 9 •Comedbeef V.. 5^ " 9 Potatoes "":.....> 5 ? ? Vegetables 316 1 1 Bread ' 249 6 6 Fishaid poultry :::::: le m MeaiandW ::v.v.::v. ::.....- *« ^ o ■Milk .. 65 4 2 chee«.. ::::::::::::::::::::: 359 10 2 Butter 52 17 8 Ebbs »3 7 10 vre» 3610 4 Coffee and cocoa *'":"""'."-. 36 9' 6 Moistsngar I"" ;.:'."■.'.:*. - ^ I « Lumpsugar ' — ^ 5^ f « saKo,'&c. :;: 29 n 2 Soap 8J 15 ,n Soft soap . : 5 9 10 Candles •"::.::. ?Sio S (jjy, - 127 12 Ale, porter, and beer "[\[, 36 13 6 Water . ....-— 30 5 6 Earthenware and glass ''''; 42I 8 Coals and slack \\ 220 2 8 Linendrapery ^ 59 8 0. Wines and spirits 125 19 3 Furniture " 117 7 I Upholsterer - 39 4 Beeswax and turpentine — " 5 15 Firelighters ....."-•- 11411 .Sundries ~ — 4.854 6 'ION. £ 8. d. e n 3 17 9 kt 555 18 3 m 28 5 3 13 13 3 il- 34 19 9 h- 34 19 9 rd- 22 14 4 ter 351 4 2 nd >• > 208 13 5 32 18 9 Lnd 167 5 6 im 78 18 9 >ni- THE UNITED KINGDOM. * ' £ ».d. Blspeusary: 633 19 9 Drugs...... • 10115 Spirits of wine - Till 4 Calico, lint, and cotton wool Jg ** J Earthenware and glass 75 3 7 Instruments 9 4 8 Labels and paper 75 5 Gutta-percha, jaconet, and gauze 9 5 Soda-waterand lemonade ofi 17 6 Water beds and waterproof sheeting r? il n Plaster, oakum, tow, and sponges °^ ^* ^ Carriage of goods 7 19 Sundries ^________ 545 6 8 ''' Lf 1,529 10 4 8,670 9 4 3 4 8,673 13 4 219 3 11 8,892 17 3 ,)... 1,466 8 9 .. 9 10 3 57 17 5 6 '.'.'.'.'. 316 1 1 249 6 6 16 1 11 412 2 65 4 2 359 10 2 "", 52 17 2 93 7 10 36 10 4 36 9-6 ■"'.*/.'. 20 1 6 * ... 20 8 « 70 1 6 *' .. 29 17 2 ■'.;... 87 16 8 ' 5 9 10 257 15 ■'."."" 187 18 35 13 6 30 6 6 ■■'.... 421 8 ■' ,. 220 2 8 "■■ . 59 8 0. 125 19 3 "1.... 11' '' 1 ., 39 4 6 16 114 11 Claries and wages : House surgeon, house physician, secretary »nd house steward, secretary's assistant, dispenser, superin- tendent of nurses, and housekeeper • - - • '^w lo 4 Engineer and stoker, gardeners, porters, nurses, and ^^ ^^ ^^ servants 1,764 16 6 lliscellaneons : „, . x , AdTertising, general account, £11 13«. 3d; hospital Sunday £id*Saturday, £6 16.. 6d •—-;;;-—:-;. g pSerBtati'<>nei7,"and printing'," general account, £^ 7«. lOd. ; hospital Sunday anS Saturday, £31 ^^ ^^ ^ Tinting;*plumbtaiVgia?i°gj»nd «1^^^ paiiting and whitewashing wards, &o ^ J* ^ Ice •- *' 6 8 Hay, straw, and corn rq iq r Engine and smith's work.... «mS0 Joiner's and bricklayer's work « ? Solicitors' charges and disbursements in Annual grant to medical library o q o Contract ticket, N. S. Railway m n 8 Garden seeds, plants, and manure l 15 Iiabor in grounds 4 10 Porter's uniform ;""." 17 11 Louvres to windows, ward 7, &o " ** " Eent and maintenance of telephones 25 Bentofhouse «» 1 Kew fire hose and fittings r 2 Hand-grenade fire extincteurs {W 4 6 Jlew kitchen range tk a Hot-water boiler and connections if» a « Wire mattresses to medical wards *"> » o Book cupboard for board room .—;.-"-^"'"' m n n Alterations to surgery, to form examination room .... tJ q « Lead coverings to ward lavatories *" » " Paving at ftont entrance, &o *• " " Saddler's work 4 8 Bnrial of patients 7 9 3 Sweep iy/.'.'.'.'.'.y.'.'.'.'.l'.""'.y.'. 3 18 Sund^paymrats ordered by tie committee jq 6 8 Sondiiea _ 1,873 18 9 8.887 8 9 Interest charged by the traasnnr, flnt half year ** ^ ^ 8,892 17 3 H. Ex. 167 36 _ 4,854 6 10 546 EMIORATIOS AKD IMMIOBATION. TTnd«,e.th I give tb. expenditure eioc 1875 and average per l«a and per patent: E^penaiture Ince 1875. and average, per led and per patient. Tmt. 187V- 15 : ... 7 40* lB7ft-77 ....". \b\w* lb77-'78 .8; 086 1878-;7» ■•"""■".■.. ...Um2 l87»-'80 .7,716 1880-'H1 : &0i2 1881-'8a ::".... B.OOB 1882-'88 7 988 i883-'84 •—••"•:::::'.:..U887 1884-'86 "^ The e„»^r.«veoo.t per h-»I^^^'»i;^Xw« Wf- tss^':^AS;?r?^'«SSis«eT.Siei.« jrioe'^^'^w-rgeoTjSnraver.ge aaUy .«^^ '«' *» same periodwas as follows: Children PatientB •• EstabUshment. Total... T.e ^of *e dai., »tt» w« di-^buted «noog the variooe vie. ual8 forming the ration, as follows . Coetper head per day in undermentioned item. Bi«ad, flour, and meal... Milk • Groceries - ••■■••• Cheimeana Wttar Butcher's meat. - - • •--•• FofaWes and Tegetablea Eggs ; : Beer, ale, and poiter.... Wines and sjdrito Soap and candies Fish and poultry Oaa Total 1884. 1888. ami*. OeiU*. 2.aB 2.40 2.M 2.4i 1.M 1.7( 2.74 2.6 0.64 10.3 .84 .7 .34 .3 .86 .8 .18 .5 .M) .i .02 .t 2.20 l.t .— — j 24.10 26. ON. ) aud average per hed id per patient. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 547 J5 ^5 n 112.8 115.7 143.6 IB4.08 146.5 186 188 1S3 140 162 48.0 49.7 54.6 66.7 67 57 I. 69 a?- K a It 36 31.78 38.75- 35.44 85.27 83.07 20.32 81.03 80.51 85.62 le month of January, in samed, was as follows : 24.46 cents: 1884, 24.10 >ws the smallest expendi- age daily number for the 1886. 188S. 1884. 1888. 8 176 62 IS 162 60 18 148 60 11 146 58 237 222 20S 204 The cost of a ration per bead is considerably in excess of wbat it would be to householders, as no meal or part of a meal which has ouce entered a sick room is ever used again on hygienic grounds. The cost of the principal items of diet to the infirmary are as follows : Bread per ponnd.. fO 02 Milk per gallon.. i20 Coffee perpoand.. '26 Tea do 42 Sugar do.... 4^5 Rice do.... 2^ Cheese do.... 10 Best batter do.... 26 Leef do 13 Mutton do.... 13^ Pork and veal do 13 Potatoes pflr252 ponnds.. 1 70 Fish per pound.. 5 Gas per 1,000 feet.. 73 This list of prices will give a fair comparison with prices paid in America by the quantity, and under like favorable terms and purchas- ing advantages. The directors are of the most prominent and wealthiest people of the district, and the personal care and attendance they devote to this char- itable purpose shows its fruit in the general appearance and favorable conditions of this benevolent institution. As to poverty, there was a good deal of suffering this last winter, but the cases mostly belonged to the building trades, which, on account of the long and severe winter, suffered great interruption. Otherwise I cannot find much in the queries sent out by the Depart- ment which is not covered by what has been said heretofore. Pauper emigration there is none, nor can I learn that the local or general gov- ernment are assisting emigrants. The few that go. go voluntarily. J. SOHOBNHOF, OonauL UNiTEii States Oonsulatb, lunatalli August 14, 1886. among the various vict- SCOTLAND. Im one occupation to another is not readily made and is hardly understood as practicable. The trade or occupation of the father still becomes that of the sou. Social lines are drawn hard and fast, and ho who is pressed upon by a social superior is left to find a salve, if at all, in his ability to press upon some one inferior to himself. To rise above the station of one's birth in any direction is not easily accomplished, and the way up is ob- structed. There is not standing room enough upon the upper crust, and to gain and maintain a foothold is an exception. The thrift of the Scotch ha« become proverbial, and thrift is adverse to change. It attaches the possessor of it to the place he is in, and makes endurable, if not satisfactory, conditions of life that otherwise are hard and repellant. Although the itch is said to be so far endemic iu Soot- land as to be a national affection, it is not the itch for novelty or for change for the sake of change. As his thriftiness has in it a large measure of foresight, he is apt, more so, it seems, than is his English or Irish neighbor, to avail himself of any prospect of bettering his con- dition ; but if other things are at all equal, he will make the best of what he has rather than seek new ventures outside of his native land. Between these two features of his character he becomes a slow and cautious emigrant. ^He is pretty well assured of where he is going and what he is to do, as well as what he is to get for doing it, before he de- cides to vacate his place at home. It is not to be doubted, however, that he makes an emigrant whom any country may welcome. He is sure to be industrious, ..nd intelligently so, and saving, with no small sagacity and aptitude. As with his ancestors, be is a believer in the gospel of work, somewhat pugnacious by heredity and tenacious of his own, but not unscrupulous of the rights of others, law-abiding, and he is I probably the only class of emigrant with whom the character-making principles of Calvinism are not dead matter. With such qualities he is I reasonably sure of success in whatever country he finds an opportunity.! The Scotch emigrant will, as a rule, be found to have some trade orl occupation which he knows thoroughly. He is a farmer or shepherd,! a weaver or spinner or dyer, a mill worker, or master of some kind oi handicraft. In this he differs from the ordiniary emigrant from Ireland,] particularly one from the south or west of Ireland. The north of Ireland, however, and especially the province of UlsterJ was settled largely by the Scotch, and the people there have more or lesC of the traits of their ancestry. Beceutly there has been some emigraj tion of jute workers, chiefly women, to mills in the United States, al of whom are understood to have obtained places before their departure and some of whom went as far as Oakland, Gal. With this class therj is an increasing tendency to emigrate. They are largely young ui married women. lox. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 549 I in high hitituiles, and )uptry is still so strcug emigration. On the Icotlaud he seUlom re- Impulsion, or unless he elsewhere an outcast, lans of all classes, and Id small farmers. Out- Botland is not crowded old, and are felt to be kith who wishes to im- |ge ftora one occupatiun ierstood as practicable. jes that of the son. who is pressed upon by , in his ability to press ove the station of one's d, and the way up is ob- 1 upon the upper crust, ition. I, and thrift is adverse to >lace he is in, and makes that otherwise are hard ) so i'ar endemic in Scot- le itch for novelty or for rtiness has in it a large ems, than is his English pect of bettering his con- he will make the best of atside of his native land, er he becomes a slow and of where he is going and for doing it, before he de- :; to be doubted, however, try may welcome. He is ad saving, with no small rs, he is a believer in the edity and tenacious of his ers, law-abiding, and he is om the character-making With such qualities he is y he finds an opportunity, [id to have some trade or B is a farmer or shepherd, r master of some kind of iry emigrant from Ireland, aland. klly the province of Ulster, pie there have more or less tre has been some emigra- in the (Jnited States, all ,ces before their departure, )al. With this class there ley are largely young un- Tho life of such a worker here admits of no change, and little pros- ^,ective advancemeut in wages when once the occupation is mastered. In 8uch cases the passage out is paid by the employer, and a rate of wages is agreed upon, it being understood that they will contract to work for a certain period, and that the expense of the passage out will be repaid from their earnings. Whenever such an opportunity is offered, it is said that more than the needed number is said to apply. As has already been said, no formal and exact statistics of the number of emigrants from this district can be had, but from those concerned in the business of sending emigrants abroad, whether to the British col- onies or to the United States, from whom I have sought information, the number can be approximately reached. For some years preceding 1873 there was a rapid increase in this direction, both to the United States and British colonies. In that year, however, the decrease was very great, ajs a consequence, it is said, of the financial depression and disaster at that time. Whatever was the cause the result was remarkable, and the emigra- tion continued only in diminished numbers until about 1878. It was noticeable that in that interval very few of them were destined to the Eastern States, to which under ordinary conditions there is a steady flow, but that those who left here for the United States went to the Western and Pacific States. These, however, were chiefly agricultural emigrants, while iuose who go to New England are usually artisans and mill workers of various classes. The improvement again set in in 1878, and went on until 1883, when a falling oS took place which has lasted up to the close of 1885. Dur- ing the current year the rate has again risen ; and of those now emigrat- ing a great part are .artisans, and particularly such as are connected with housebuilding, as masons, bricklayers, and carpenters. These have gone principallv to the Eastern States. The emigration of agricultural laborers and small farmers has not increased in a proportionate degree. In the opinion of the largest emi- gration agent here, who has been in the business about thirty years, the lowest number A-om this district for the depressed years of 1873 to 1877 was about eight hundred adults, and for the best years since and to the present year about three thousand a year. Of those that seek a home in the United States it is computed that one-third belong to the agricultural class and two-thirds to the various classes of tradesmen, including workers in spinning and weaving mills. The former class is made up both of farm laborers, and in a small meas- ure of those who have rented and managed small farms of their own. Perhaps there are few of the larger farmers among them, though some of these become emigrants, but they are rather of the class who have held the smaller farms of from 10 to 30 acres. In either case they bring with them means enough to start them in the United Statet ; and the farm laborers also have more or less savings, and are not in ignorance as to where they are to look for work after their arrival. Of the tradesmen, including those skilled in mill-work, a large pro- portion have hitherto gone to the Eastern and Eastern Middle States, bnt the tendency now with tbem is not so strong in that direction, and many are seeking the Western and Northwestern States and tbei Pacific coast. So far only a very few go directly hence to the Southern States. To an American there appear many adequate reasons why Scotland is a good country to emigrate from. The climate is cold and har^h, the winters long and the summers short, and the soil is sterile and unwill- ing. Life, for such as have their living to get and as are not bom to 660 EMIORATIOX AND IMMIGRATION. wealth, is narrow in the present and with scant prospect of enlarge- ment in the fature. The professions and trades are full. The chances of improvement in any grade of life or in change of occupation, or in the many ways that present themselves in a new country, are so limited as to offer little inducement, and few rise beyond the station to which they were born. It is not that taxation is so heavy, though heavy enough, or that the laws are oppressive, unless those relating to tiie ttinore of lands are excepted, but rather that in the towns and cities every trade and occupation is already crowded, and that in the country there is little to bo made by utmost industry beyond a narrow living; with savings disproportionate to the labor. Apart from factors such as these, special impulses to emigration have from time to time arisen as the result of strikes in the trades and mills, but more generally and petsistently through the influx of people from the country into the mannfacturing towns, which has oversupplied the market for labor and compelled many to seek a living elsewhere. It is also to be said that the laws regulating land tenures bear hardly upon the farming class, and of late signs have appeared of an increasing desire among this class to emigrate. Such of them as have gone have been inclined towards the Western and Northwestern States. They have, as a rule considerable capital, and make, as is said and no doubt truly, a respectable, industrious, and creditable addition to the country. The aristocracy and rich merchants and manufacturers remain fixed to the land, and have no permanent residence elsewhere. Not a few of the younger sons, however, are to be found in the United States in business, in cattle-raising or other pur- suits ; but their interest in the country is often more concerned with speculative ventures in land and otherwise than with such as connect them permanently with the country and involve a change of nationality. There ca^^ little be said in regard to the condition of the poor here that is not already known. Dundee is simply a large manufacturing town, and its population is chiefly made up of those who work in the mills or are in some way connected with them. A large surplus ard women. Wages are low, both relatively and actually, and with tb6 workers the range of living is very limited. Two thousand and mori were out of work the past winter, and were maintained by charity. Il is to be said, however, that generally speaking they are economical am saving when compared with the same class in England. This is showj by the deposits in savings banks. Among the very poor a certain selj respect is found, and an observer is struck with the absence of begginl in the streets. The open, ragged, and clamorous mendicancy, as it a][ pears in Ireland, is unknown here. The condition, however, of all the wage-earners in the factories, ai of other, workers, is one of much privation and often of uncertaintl At best but little provision can be made for the future, and the ftatuf itself holds out only the narrowest range of improvement The weavl or spinner obtains the highest wages when quite young, to which t| experience of years adds nothing, and as age comes on he is still in t| position in which he began. It may be doubted whether the laws of marriage and divorce in Sc| land have more than a remote effect on emigration. Marriage has be made easy, but when it has once been entered upon the escape from] bonds is beset with great difiSculties, and usually with much expei The poor in the towns marry fireely, and perhaps heedlessly ; the rij with caution, because they can allbrd it. But in the country the n of marriages among the laboring classes is not so high, and in the cf THE UNITED KIXGDOSI. 651 flON. t prospect of enlarge. are full. The chances ge of occupatlou, or in coantry, are so limited d the station to which heavy, though heavy those relating to the liu the towns and cities and that iu the country [beyond a narrow living part from factors such froiu time to time aritieu , but more generally and Jm the country into the the market for labor and [t is also to be said that upon the farming class, iasing desire among this ned towards the Western rule considerable capital, >ectable, industrious, and »cracy and rich merchants , and have no permanent iger sons, however, are to cattle-raising or other pur- ften more concerned with han with such as connect Ive a change of nationality. condition of the poor here ply a large manufacturing of those who work in the iem. A large surplus are nd actually, and with the Two thousand and more maintained by charity. It ng they are economical and n England. This is shown ihe very poor a certain self- (rith the absence of begging )rous mendicancy, as it ap- arners in the factories, and and often of uncertainty. • the future, and the fliture improvement. The weaver I quite young, to which the re comes on he is still in the larriage and divorce in Scot- ;ratiou. Marriage has been red upon the escape from its isually with much expense, irhaps heedlessly ; the rich, 3ut in the country ihe rate not so bigh, and in the class between the two n^otives of pnulence control, and they either marry late or not at all. Even among the reflecting i)Oor there are hesitation and delay. The usual and expectetl result is seen in the large families of the poor and in the high rate of illegitimacy. In Dundee this rate was 11 per cent, of the births in 1885; and while the average rate for all Scotland is 8^ per cent., it is as high uh 10 per cent, iu some locali- ties. Divorces are gmutetl for abandonment for a certain period, and, under some extreme conditions, for cruelty, apart from adultery as a decisive cause. But obtaining a divorce is exi)ensive, and the rate of divorce is not high. No restrictions are placed by law on emigration, while on the other hand it is not directly favored by the Government. The colonial policy in this respect appears to be cue of laUaez faitty so far as the British Government is concerned ; but, on the other hand, it is actively pro- motetl by some of the colonies, noticeably by Australia. There is no assisted emigration by state aid hence to the United States, but it is otherwise to the colonies, including Canada. Of this class a larmntfm- ber have gone to Queensland, and during the years 1883 and 1884 be- tween two thousand and three thousand a year received assisted pas- sages ; and in one instance some five hundred lett Dundee directly for Brisbane. This class of emigrants are considered exceptionally gdod. The eolonial Governments provide the means, by annual grants, and arrange for the emigrants' reception and disposition on arrival. A preference is said to be given to emigrants from Scotland. This course on the part of the colonies has no doubt diverted large numbers from the United States who would otherwise have settled there. It is a matter of fact that the British Board of. Trade officers have f^quently expressed approval of the class of emigrants firom Scotland to the colo- nies, including both the artisan and agricultural classes. There is no reason to believe that paupers, criminals, or insane per- sons are sent hence to the United States, either by private agencies or by public bodies. The watchfulness of the authorities at the large ports of entry in the United States, and the prompt return of any such who may have sought to land, has had a deterring effect; and if they reach the United States at all, or iu more than exceptional instances, they are more likely to pass through Canada than directly from this country. A. B. WOOD, United States Consulate, Dundee, May 31, 1886. DUNFERMIilNE. REPORT BY OOMMSRCIAL AOENT WALKER. " The prosperity or dullness of trade in the United States and other countries, but especially in the United States," says the report of the British Board of Trade, *' appears to be the operative cause which de- termines an increase or decrease in emigration." The force of this gov- erning cause of emigration is seen in the recent marked decrease iu the number of emigrants leaving the United Kingdom, and in this connec- tion flgures become eloquent. During 1885, as the official returns show, 261,986 persons left British and Irish ports for places out of Europe, a '**•.— •MMMMI H-J i 652 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. decrease of 38,015 compared with the previouM year. English euii- grants numbered 126,815 in 1885 against 147,(MiO in 1884; Scotcb, 21,411 against 21,053; Irish, (10,082 against 7:.',5tiG ; foreigners, 53,703 agr^iust 57.733 ; nationality not distinguished, 2,075 against 3,080. To the United States there went 184,540 against 20;t,510 in 188 » ; Itritish North America, 22,038 against ;i7,()13; Australusia, 41,212 against 46.044; and other places, I<:,20G against 17,305. Five sixths of the Irish emigrants proceeded to the United States, as did nearly two- thirds of those of Scotch birth, while England contributed nearly 74,000 out of a total of nearly 127,robably one- fifth of the district emigration to that country. The emigrants, so far as I can learn, are mostly coal-miners, and the chief cause of their leaving is the low price of labor. During the winter there was a general strike for better pay, bat it was a failure. The miner thinks pay is better in the States and work more easily obtained, aUhough he is in- formed concerning the labor troubles of our countir. Doubtless many of the emigrants have no intention of remaining per- manently in America. The^ may go and return for a trifle. Trans- portation across the Atlantic is cheap, the steamship rate being £4 sterling, which includes food for the voyage. After reaching New York, the emigrant may journey to his destination by rail at about one-third less than the regular rate. It is said that many laborers availing themselves of the inducements offered by the steamship and railway companies, go out to the States and remain a few months or u year or two, and then return home. It is quite the custom of skilled laborers, I have been informed, to spend their summers in the United States, where they get steady work and good pay. But of the truth of this statement I would not be understood as having personal knowl- edge, though I do not in the least doubt it. There is, however, no reason to believe that these visiting laborers go to the United States to fill special engagements. The general standing invitation to all peo- ples of all lands, with one notable exception, to come and abide with us so long as they chance to be pleased with the country, surely covers the case of the laborer who drops in freehanded, merely to pay us a visit. Such an invitation embraces the honest workingman no less than the mouthing socialist, and Bags little less than Moneybags. * I am indebted for these fisaren to Bailie Robert Steedman,of Danfermline, who- has been actively interestcxl lo emlgratioa for many years. IION. 18 3-ear. Eiigliab euii- 1,060 in 1884; Scotch, 1066; foreigners, fi3,:o.') "75 against 3,980. To );i,510in 188 f; Hritish tlasiii, 41,212 agiiinHt . Five sixths of the 4, as did nearly two- btribnted nearly 74,000' [migration in 1883 was >n the total of last year hity years — ftom 1 815 to Worn, of whom 7,063,780 [ug emigrants of foreign ntfl leaving the entire IS of one district. The t number a half-dozen a to give a fair and re- ct. The figures below te vicinity, and may be imbered only 12 : 1876, 1881, 245; 1882, 1-3; of 1886, 64». Roughly cinity, the above figures,. represent i>robably one- . The emigrants, so far ;he chief cause of their inter there was a general !he miner thinks pay is aiued, although he is in- untiy. tention of remaining per- tum for a trifle. Trans- teamship rate being £4 ;. After reaching New ination by rail at about said that many laborers sd by the steamship and emain a few months or a ite the custom of skilled r summers in the United pay. But of the truth of having personal knowl- There is, however, nO' o to the United States to ag invitation to all peo- come and abide with us 3 country, surely covers ided, merely to pay us a workingman no less thaa MX Moneybags. 9ednian,of Danfermline, who- ars. THE UNITED KINGDOM. OAUHEU OV EMIOUATION. 56a As ahready stated, the cbiet cause uf emigration from this district — and this applies to the entire country as well — is low wages, and, it may be added, the difil('l11^v of obtaining employment even at the low- est rates. In other wordu, the lack of remunerative employment, con- sequent upon density of |)opuliUion,* and, at present, depression itv trade, necessitate emigration. It being all the Scotch bread- winner can do to make both ends irnH't, or even keep body and soul together, at home, he is constrained tu m-vk better conditions elsewhere. It in purely a matter of bread and busiin sx with them. lie is not oppressed, unless it be by the inevu.ible conditiuiis of old communities, such us the rule of money and the slavery of labor. The privilege of l>elng in- dependent is not his, since he iniiHt ever depend n|K)n paltry pay — paltry always, whether the tide ot industry or trade be at flood or ebb. Chance of rising cannot be said to exist. The poor are very poor,, hopelessly so, and the rich are enormously rich. And between this poverty and this wealth there stretches wide aud deep a chasm that the common toiler knows he can never bridge. But, be it said, to the perpetual honor of the upper classes in this country — those who have led Britain to unparalled greatness — that they do more for the poor than is done by any other people soever. SOCIAL OHABACTEB. The social condition ef the classes from which emigration is most largely drawn is bad. They are tenants always. Land and house owners are few. One nobleman owns 390,000 acres of this great garden, and another can ride in a straight line 100 miles over his own land> The morals of the emigrant class would seem to be far from goo}ents a day. The latter sum repre8e:>ts the earnings of the miner, a NATION. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 655 births to the total births of the thirtythcee couu- late births exceeded 10 per [id two with 15.9 per ceut. . And it is interesting to rate do not contain any bral. The total birthrate llowest in the Insalar-runil lay and least in November, ine and least in May. The 1884 was 0.67—67 for everv 1,000 in 1883. Births were the proportion of boys to oos his lassie in vice and and of virtue there is not hour farce, albeit to obtain r regards either infidelity or se proceedings, bat no sbaiu )rought in the court oif ses- nrt in Scotland, and couse- >f that there is no collusion In the matter of desertion, four years, and the wife in St to stay with the husband. ise " woman is the weaker lut her lord is required to is usually je40 to £60 ster- ey are served by attorneys lies are not within reach of iiere, but I am assured that ly increasing. Five decrees r. »• lasses the royal commission \!he single-room system seems te working classes of Scot- iral districts as well as the to the great mining districts generally are in better con- her section of Scotland, and volume of emigration from are mostly owned by the stone structures. They are donbt^ to accommodate the le wolf is sometimes at the r bouse would make things in a mansion. What rent irporation has its own rules bor. In Edinburgh, by the houses, and in Glasgow 25 oms. IG. t ranges from 60 cents to 73 ) earnings of the miner, and a maueamingthat much must pay his taxes, as wellassend his children toschool. Education i^ compulsory till childrenreachtlu' agcuf thirteen, thv expense being met by a school rate tlxe-i by the authorities of each parish, and by fees. The women cf a fan.ily obtain employment in the great linen factories of the district, and thus materially aid in the fam- ily support. These peiiple do not live well, but they live ; it is some- thing to say they do not starve. The necessities of life are remarkably cheap, esjiecially clothing. A ragged man is rarer than a hungry one, in fact ; for laborers clothe th^'mselves quite comfortably. Of course their food is common ; but it is said the miner often lives bettor than his means would seem to allow.. The grocer anti the butcher trust him, and live to regret their folly. The better class of working people seem to live well. Before me is the fortnightly grocer's account of a skilled laborer who earns $7.3(1 a week. It includes flour, bread, sugar, tea, butter, barley, peas, raisins, currants, soda, baking powder, pepper, to- bacco, whisky, and wine, and calls for $7.: 5. This man's fortnighly account sometimes amounts to $10. He hits ten in family, two of whom are out at farm service. These two keep i he family supplied with oat- meal, potatoes, and milk, from their allowance at the farm. The man pays rent amounting to $18.60 a year. He and his family earn about $11 a week, out ot which tht^y save a little for the rainy day — sickness, and so forth. I also have before me the yearly clothing account of a better-class farm servant. The clothing purchased was all goovemment gave a grant to assist emigration from the "congested" or overpopalated districts of Conuaught, Donegal, and Londonderry, which was supplemented by the several poor-law unions in the counties named, and was applied by them to assisting the emigration of families whose, holdings were too small to support them, or who, having friends in the United States, desired to emigrate. These emigrants had to be inspected and passed by the Government emigration commissioners before being granted the necessary subsidy, or on proof being shown that they had friends who would receive them in the States, and would provide the necessary means for their support until they found em- ployment. There was also a private organization from the province of Ulster principally, under the management of Mr. Yere Foster, of Bel- fast, who, out of his own private means, and fix)m contributions which he personally solicited, assisted the emigration of young women to Oan- ada and the United States. This organization has been going on for many years, and is still in force, but at present only tea limited extent. Another organization,. called "Mr. Tuke's Committee," sent a number of emigrants fh)m the west and south of Ireland. CAUSES OF EMIOBATION. The chief cause of emigration was the lamentable condition of the small tenant farmers. The " holdings " of a large proportion of these did not exceed 2 or 3 acres, for which a rent was exacted averaging £1, or say $5 per acre. Many of these small farms consisted of poor and unproductive land, and, as might be expected, the condition of this class of agriculturists reached a depth of destitution unknown in our country. To these persons emigration offered the only chance for improvement of their condition. Their social condition was of the lowest order. Poverty and igno- rance were united, as they generally are, and the assistance was given to those who were selccteil because of their inability to support them- selves. This is the class which has supplied the larger part of the emi- gration, especially from the southern and western parts of this island. For the sake of classification they may be called agriculturists and laborers. The emigration fh>m the north of Ireland (province of Ulster) has gen- erally been of a somewhat improved class. The tenant farmers here have usually had larger holdings, and their rights as tenants were better protected. Legislation during recent years has sought to protect the entire farming interest firom the rapacity of landlords, and some imped- iments have l^n placed in the way of sudden and arbitrary "evictions." But the condition of the farming interests throughout the island has not improved. Tenants find it as hard to pay reduced rents as they •formerly did to pay higher rents. This is caused by American compe* I ^l^m^i^^^^ mmS 558 EMIGRATION AND IBIMIORATION. tition. Wbeat, beef, mutton, cheese, &c., can bo imported from tie TTnited States and sold at prices below the cost of prodnctiou of the same articles in Ireland. This keeps emigration in force, and were it not for the hopes entertained that proposed legislation will secure a greater measure of prosperity emigration would be largely increased. I think the British Government is not averse to emigration ; on the contrary, there is much to indicate that the desire of the governingclasses is that the majority of the population would leave the country. A nnm- ber of mechanics have left Belfast, and perhaps other places, being aided by trade societies of which they are members, such as the boiler- makers, painters, machinists, flax-spinners, &c. No statistics of the numbers who have received such aid can be obtained. The transatlantic steamship companies generally give special rates to assisted emigrats ; JS3 being the rate from the port of embarkation to the United States. I cannot learn of any general deportation of chronic paupers or insane persons. My inquiries on this point lead me to be- lieve that the steamship companies are restrained from carrying that claiis of passengers on account of the probability of their not being al- lowed to land them in the United States. GEO. W. SAVAGE, Ootuul. United States Consulate, Belfast, June 4, 1886. In the d«oennial period ending March 31, 1871, 768,859 Irish-horn persons emigrated from Ireland, and in the ten years from April 1, 1871, to March 31, 1881, 616,660 Irish- horn persons emigrated teom different ports. The year 1876 was the first year in which the destinations of Irish emigrants were given hi the emigration statistics of Ireland. ^ Number ofemigranUfrom each county in Ireland from May 1, 1851, to December 31, 1884. ProrinoM sad oonnUes. Namber of emigrMitt in each year. 1878. 1879. 1860. 1881. xm. 1883. 1884. unan-ga. 228 2,433 896 470 359 752 297 859 475 686 484 431 7,871 241 1,598 824 494 38t 743 249 878 454 576 409 281 764 2,496 1,115 1,516 1,409 1,047 736 1,676 1,802 1,133 1,226 672 1,862 2,832 1,604 1,181 1,608 1838 614 1,402 1,478 953 1,226 860 1,019 8,076 968 897 1,884 1,604 816 1.667 1,712 779 1,4a 1,000 889 3,480 1,822 1,866 1,921 1,878 963 1,848 1,759 1,814 2,829 1,150 686 Dablin 2,557 KUdftre 7?1 1,421 Kiiur'a 1,32; 1,13 T.nnrh ................ 60 He*th 1,01 1,40 1,27 \V6zrord •••.•••••-•-••«-••••••-••.•---• 1,57 Wloklow 42 Total 6,125 16,169 16,232 16,057 20,708 14,06 MintnaB. Ulore 1,651 5,69;^ 1,692 1,672 1,529 697 1,951 7,614 2,485 2,186 2,177 3,724 10,975 5,209 4,061 3.930 8,172 6,103 4,010 8,064 3,289 2,026 3,660 12,374 4,603 3,214 3,232 1,759 4,914 6,736 7,375 4,466 3,974 1,816 2, Of Cork 7 8( 6 2 »,4 Tlmmrarg . ....■..■••••.■•••■■■■•••>> 3,6 WAtarfora. ............................... 842 1 2,675 1,7 Totsl 12,838 17,256 1 80,664 21, 752 28,848 29,279 M.1 noN. bo imported from tie t of prodnctiou of the •n in force, and were it lej;islation will secure a " be largely increased. to emigration ; on the of the governingclasses .ve the coantrj'. A nnm- laps other places, being ibers, such as the boiler- c. No statistics of the tained. lerally give special rates e port of embarkation to al deportation of chronic this point lead me to be- lined from carrying that lity of their not being al- io. W. SAVAGE, Oonaul. >9 Irish-bom peraons emigrated ;o March 31, 1881, 618,660 Irish- lations of Irish emigrants \rere ray 1, 1851, to Deoemier 31, 1884. f emigrantt In eMh year. . 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 4 1,8S2 1,010 888 686 « 2,832 3,076 3,480 2,557 5 1,S(M 963 1,322 7?1 • 1,181 697 1,856 1,426 « 1,608 1,884 1,921 1,823 7 1,838 1,804 1,878 1,]37 S eu 81S 868 605 6 1,402 1,667 1,848 1,018 « 1,478 1,712 1,769 1,407 a 953 778 1,314 1,274 5 1,226 1.4« 2,329 1,577 2 880 1,000 1,160 423 9 18,232 16,067 20,708 14,063 4 8,172 3,666 4,914 2,988 S 6,193 12,374 6,786 7,800 « 4,010 4,603 7,876 6,277 i 3,064 3,214 4,466 8,476 3,280 3,232 3,974 8,614 5 2,026 1,759 1,816 1,710 4 21,762 28,848 29,279 24,863 THE UNITED KINQDOM. Xumber of emigrantt from each county in Ireland, tj-c. — Continued. 559 Provinoes and ooontiea. UUTEB. Antrim Armagh Cavan Donegal Down Fermanagh .. Londonderry . Mouaghan ... Tyrone Total... Number of emigrants in each year. 1878. 1879. ' 1680. 1881. 1882. 1883. 4,276 1,482 1,400 1,293 2,047 799 2,128 780 1,946 4,793 1.282 1,707 1,973 2,196 731 1,986 1,001 2,290 6.738 2,384 3,012 3,433 3,239 1,607 2,960 1,974 3,765 6, 173 2,552 2,137 3,118 2,805 1,043 2,619 1,470 3,184 COniAUOHT. Galway Leitrim Mayo Bosoommon . Sllgo Total County not atkted. Total 16,240 17,619 I 38,122 I 24,101 1,«8 765 1,122 897 473 4,680 1,768 1,027 1,606 908 706 6,066 41,124 47,066 4,887 4,458 8,077 I 2,668 e out ' A JdA 6,810 3,012 3,727 4,460 2,272 2,665 20, 619 16, 332 58 95,617 6,369 2,001 2,130 8,»46 2,952 1,000 2.078 1,849 3,367 6,964 2,875 2,843 4,790 3,101 1,231 3,320 1,527 3, 767 26,081 29,018 6,150 2,240 4,881 2,462 2,411 10,066 3,484 7.813 8,224 4,233 1881 6,61» 1,013 2,00» 2,58» 2,612 908 2,248 1,17» 2,787 21,704 4,214 1,788 4.982 2,494 2,265 28,150 78, 417 I 89, 136 28,819 108, 724 16,738 7^86S fkoTlaoM and ooontia^ UDnTBB. Caiiow Dublin Kildare ; Kilkenny King's Longford Loath Meath Queen's Westmeath Wezfoid Wioklow Total Mumm. Clare Cork Kerry Limerlek Tipperary Waterlbrd Total UUTKB. Antrim Armagh Ca;an Donegal Down Fermanagh Number of emigrants l£^,1861, to Decem- ber 81, 1877. 20.267 69; 262 23,681 82,016 80,656 86,646 81,626 46,808 88,723 84,714 64,021 10,697 Total number of emigrants from Hay 1, 1851, to Decemlier 31, 1884. 18,014 48,144 10,211 81,322 24,538 28,144 17,389 28,707 22,786 22,066 32,800 13,475 464,806 I 308,818 Females. 12,817 89,685 13, 725 29,238 28,396 22, 101 18,665 26,438 22,048 19,363 29,911 11,020 267,716 02,831 815,722 112,860 123,424 146,768 66,488 57,469 196,648 73,784 73,486 87,877 42,798 67,446 176,957 69,366 71,056 81,186 35,109 TotaL Per cent, of emigration in 1884 Awmeaoh connty to population orooonty. 25,831 87,720 20,036 60,660 47,034 46,245' 46,004 55,145 44,804 41,428 62,711 24,604 561,381 856,868 I 830,612 491,070 114,015 872,605 143, 100 144,542 168,518 77,067 1,021,583 175,717 j 61,007 j 71,647 ! 78,680! 00,231 I 85,488 126, 278 42,686 44,033 51,866 71,312 22,020 89,356 33,010 42,100 41,064 46,771 20,737 214,634 75,696 87,029 98,830 118,083 43,767 1.8 0.6 LO 1.4 1.8 1.0 0.8 1.2 1.0 1.8 1.3 0.0 1.1 3.1 1.5 3.6 1.0 1.8 1.5 L8 1.8 1.2 1.5 l.it 0.8 Ll --■■K?r.s<-fffi.V7,'.i'i j'-. £60 EMIOBATION AND IMMIGRATION. Kwmbtrof emigranU from each county in Ireland, fe. — Gootlnned. Prorliieea and eonntiea. uiaim— continued. lonaghaa Tynme ■ Total oomiAUcnT. strained by the consideration that the better class of the i^eople are those who seek to emigrate, and that the country is thus being sapped. It has not been found possible to learn with any degree of accuracy the amoant of the remittances from the United States in aid of emigra- tion from the United Eingdoiu. Estimates from imperfect data, how- ever, show that during the last five years about a million and a half sterling have been remitted for the purpose from the United States and British America annually. ARTHUR LIVERMORE. Consul. United States Consulate, Londonderry f May 26, 1886. QUEEN8TOWK. SEPOHT OP roseVL PIATT. The accompanying table, compiled by me from the " Emigration Sta- tistics of Ireland," published annually at Dublin from returns made to the Irish Government, for the ten years beginning with 1876 and ending with 1885, gives at one view the total emigration from Ireland, males and females respectively ; the emigration other than to Great Britain ; the emigration to the Unitcil States; the emigration to Canada; the emigration to Australia, New Zealand, and other countries ; and, finally, the emigration, male and female respectively, from the port of Queens- town, wb-.ch is presumed to be almost exclusively to the United States. From tbis table it will be seen that during the ten years reterred to, while ui wards of 80 per cent, of the total emigration has gone to for- eign countries, more than 83 per cent, of this strictly foreign <)migration has gone to the United States, with about 6.25 per cent, to Canada, and 10.25 to Australia, New Zealand, and other countries ^the other coun- tries, Buenos Ayres, South Africa, France, India, China, &c., taking but 3 per cent, of the latter), and that over 66 per cent, of the Irish emi- H. Ex. 157 36 if ; Bhi^H'iiU'MWWHWiWl^^' ~isiis^ar^TS!s^jir^ fi{»f»Me'.*'j ■!iePW«!HK^^r«i.r--=- ■ 562 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. gratioD to our coantry has been embarked at tbis port. The projwr- tion of male and female emigruuts in tbe total emigration from Ireland, as well as that to tbe United States by way of Queenstown, it will be perceived, is nearly equal, tbough with a small preponderance of inal(>s in tbe total emigration, and of females in the emigration embarked here. It is estimated that something over 10 percent, of tbe entire emigration consists of children. It is proper to add that the emigration from Qneenstown, indicated in tbe table, more than drains tbe consular dia< trict, though during several of tbe years referretl to in tbe table a small per cent, of the emigitition to our country has been embarked at other ports within tbe consular district — it appears to be impossible to give the figures with any assurance of accuracy. In my report on labor and wages (dispatch No. 73, dated June 12, 1884) I suggested briefly tbe causes of emigration from tbis country to the United States, and indicated also tbe class which has supplied the greatest number of emigrants. As Ireland is almost exclusively an ag- ricultural counti7 — nine-tenths of tbe inhabitants being engaged in ag- ricultural pursuits — it does not appear strange that tbe great majority of emigrants, including farmers and farm laborers, are drawn from the agricultural class; during the past ten years I am assured that only from 3 to 6 per cent, of the emigrants leaving Qneenstown have been of the skilled trades. It will be seen by the table presented that there was a great increase of emigration from Ireland to tbe United States after 187^— an increase continued until 1883, during which year aid to emigration was given by the Government, as shown in my No. 49, dated July 25, 1883. Such marked increases have been due in recent years, as in former ones, to exceptional causes — such as occasional failure of the potato crop, and temporary periods of famine, or scarcity approaching famine ; but the one chief cause which, with the absence of any considerable manufact- ures, includes all others, and which has made famine possible in a land I of great natural fertility, where plentiful harvests of all kinds should be the rule — ^bas been, it is claimed, tbe uiyust and oppressive system of land tenure which has so long prevailed in Ireland. Tbe soil of the United Kingdom is in fewer hands than that of any other country in Europe, and the soil of Ireland is in fewer bands than any other part of tbe United Kingdom. Of the 20,000,000 acres of which the entire sur face of Ireland is composed, 17 individuals are in possession of 1,400, 000 acres ; 107 have between them 4,000,000 acres ; and 6,470,000 acres or nearly one-third of tbe whole surface of the country, are owned by 292 persons. Taking all proprietors, small and large, the proportion o owners to tbe population is 1 to 20 in England and Wales, 1 to 95 ii Scotland, and in Ireland 1 to 79. The significance of these figures, drawi firom official sources, is increased when it is remembered that not mor than one-third of the English people is directly connected with lane while the entire Irish population, with but a trifling exception, looks tl tbe land for subsistence. In England there is a community of interestf between landlords and tenants, but in Ireland the land-owners, as | body, it is claimed — at least by those calling themselves Nationalista are alien in race, in religion, and sympathy to tbe great bulk of tl farmers. Tbe Irish land syst«m, founded, as they say, on confiscation and fo tered by penal enactments, took cognizance only of tbe landlord's ij terest, without the slightest regard for the interest of tbe tenant, nnf within the last sixteen years. Even up to a time so late as 1880, tl| Irish landlords had absolute power over their estates, and the firm B i Mu j MW M .w i aiiawiMt,' nimm l iU il BIWl l i t U B il noN. THE UNITED KINGDOM. 563 Itbis port. The propor- emigration from Ireland, ~ Queenstown, it will be I p'*epoDderance of mulos Hgratiou embarked here. of the entire emigration lat the emigration from ~ drains the consular dia- led to in the table a small been embarked at other to be impossible to give No. 73, dated June 12, tion from this country to which has supplied the almost exclusively an ag- ints being engaged in ag- ;e that the great majority )rers, are drawn from the I I am assured that only ; Queenstown have been ihere was a great increase «s after 1878— >au increase emigration was given by kted July 25, 1883. Sacb ears, as in former ones, to re of the potato crop, and reaching famine ; but the ay considerable manufact- e famine possible in a land ests of all kinds should be and oppressive system of 1 Ireland. The soil of the at of any other country in mds than any other part of es of which the entire sur- Eire in possession of 1,400,- acres ; and 6,470,000 acres, the country, are owned by md large, the proportion of land and Wales, 1 to 35 in ance of these ligures, drawn remembered that not more ictly connected with land, i trifling exception, looks to is a community of interests laud the' land-owners, as a : themselves Nationalists — i to the great bulk of the ay, on confiscation and tbs- B only of the landlord's in- aterest of the tenant, until a time so late as 1880, the ir estates, and the firm con- victiou iu their uiiuds that th»*y were in no sense trustees for the com- uiuuity ; "that they could if they like," to quote the wurdsof Oodkin,a Hturdy old Ulster Presbyterian uud land reformer, "strip the land of its human clothing and clothe it with sheep and cattle instead, ur lay it Imre and desolate, let it lapse into a wilderness, or sow it with salt." Tlicy could exact, and, it is claimed, they did for the most pi.rt exact, niuler the guise of rent, every penny the oppressed tenantry con'-' wrest from the soil over and above what was barely sufilcient to k body and soul together. The slightest failure in the crops in any ,. .ar put the tenants in arrears in the payment of their rauk-rents, and any (,'reat failure protluced widespread destitution and even famine. Once the tenants were in arrears their chance of paying up was small, so they re- mained still more at the mercy of the landlords, who, if their greed or caprice so willed, could, and did largely, evict their tenants, confiscate their improvements, without compensation, and throw them and their families on the roadside. Mr. Gladstone, the present ))rime minister of England, has described eviction in Ireland as " equivalent to passing Kentence of death;" but in this, nevertheless, landlords were strictly within their legal rights. Once on the roadside, the evicted Irish ten- ants must either starve, enter a work-house, or emigrate. No man can 8ee his wife and little ones starve before his eyes without a struggle ; human nature and a noble pride which is claimed to be inherent in the Irish people prevent them from entering a work-house (except as a last resort) where families are separated, and a wife is made to lend a widow's life before her husband's death ; so the only manly course is to emigrate. In addition to the powers given them by law, many Irish landlords made laws of their own for their tenantry, to which they gave the soft- sounding name of ^* Rules of the Estate." On the property of the Mar- quis of Lansdowne, the present Governor-General of Canada, for in- stance, the ^'Bules of the Estate" forbade tenants to build houses for their laborers, forbade marriage without the agent's consent, made it comi>ul8ory on a father to give up his farm to his eldest son on the lat- tei-'s marriage, and retire himself with the allowance of "a cow's grass" for his support; and also commanded "that no stranger be lodged or har- bored in any house upon the estate lest he should become sick or idle, or in some way chargeable upon the poor rates." Heavy fines and evic- tion were the {tenalties incurred by a breach of any of these rules. On some estates, the late A. M. Sullivan declared, it was a rule that the landlord should have the prettiest girl in any family on his estate, " the flower of the flock," as a servant at his great house. With such a state of things OS that I have shadowed above, it is not to be wondered at that so many Irishmen have thought with Punch that " Ireland is a splendid country — to live ont of." As long as the Irish landlords could obtain political iH>wer and oflBce for themselves and their friends by the votes of their tenantry they had an interest in keeping them on the land, but on the passing of the eman- cipation act in 1829 (which allowed Catholics to sit in Parliament and disfranchised the forty shilling freeholders), that interest was takeu away, and they began to consolidate their farms. The number of holdings "above 1 and not exceeding 5 acres" in Ireland diminished 79.4 per cent, between 1841 and 1883, and the total number of holdings I' above 1 acre" diminished from 691,202 in 1841 to 518,684 in 1883, show- ing a decrease of 25 per cent. The number of separate holdings in Ire- land in 1883 was 6,482 less than in the previous year, and a like decrease has been going on every year since. In 1880 a land act was passed which recognized the necessity of rooting the tenant in the soil by tak- ' AWL ' fV^ f l ' ■ •' » "-■^'Jt.' * "'" • 564 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. ing from the landlords the power of fixing arbitrary rents and givin;; to a 8i>euial land court the power to fix a *' judicial rent which dboaid Ito fair to l)oth the landlords and their tenantH. But since many of tliuso judicial rents were fixed the great fall in prices and the decrease of pro- ductiveness in the soil, owing to climatic changes, hare mudeeren tircse rents too high for profitable farming. The absence of any considerable manufactures in the coantr)' may be said to be a secondary general cause of emigration from Ireland. This has resulted, it is claimed, from the system of repressive legislation pursued in the last century by the British Parliament, particularly uh directed against the linen and woolen manufactures, because these had become, or threatened to become, formidable rivals to similar trades in England. In the annals of no other nation, it is asserted, is there to Ite found a parallel for the arbitrary decrees aimed at not only the extinction of the linen and woolen manufactures in Ireland, but also of its trade and commerce generally. England gained her point, it is claimed, and Ire- land's manufactures were in efllict suppressed by English laws for the benefit of English industry. Many of the largest land-owners of Ireland are absentees and spend their splendid incomes in England or on the continent of Europe, and invest their surplus capital in English stocks and shares. Capital iH scarce in this country, and the political turmoil, consequent from the education of the masses and the long-continued oppression of centuries, is just now and has tor a long time been fatal to that confidence which is the soul of business enterprise. The extent of the emigration from Ireland during' \he lant half cen- tury may be best seen by reference to the following table, bearing in mind that the popnlation in ISOl of England and Wales was 8,892,536 ; of Scotland, 1,608,420, and of Ireland, 5,395,456 : ConBtry. IMl. 1M>1. 1881. 1871. 1881. XneUnd SootUnd Iralmnd . 19,002,448 •11, 70S S, Sip, 184 8,1S8|697 16, 921, 888 1,006,721 .J.8i;U,74a i 74,271 18,964,444 1,111,780 8, 0S2, 294 6,798,907 31,495,131 1,217,138 S,8S0,018 5,412,877 24,813,926) 1, 8S0, 5iaf 3,78S,6;i 5,174,8 These figures show that in eighty years England and Wales have iuj creased their combined population by 17,U81,9(i3 ; Scotland has increases its population by 2,127,153 ; while at the end of the same period thj population of Ireland shows a decrease of 220,6l!0. Allowing for a likj proportional increase of population in Ireland as in England (and thi Irish are well known to be the more prolific race of the two) during tbi same period, a number equivalent to a, present population of ovel 10,000,000 souls have been lost to Ireland by emigration since 1847. bI far the greater part of these emigrants have gone to the United Statef and I copjecture that, as I have shown to have been the case during tl last ten years, nearly 60 per cent, of those' going to our conutr>' ha\| passed through Qneenstown. Land-owners in Ireland in the past had no occasion to emigrate, u{ indeed have they at the present time, although the incomes of mail have been reduced judicially by the land commission court as nin| as 50 per cent. The only Irish land-owner who emigrated to the Unit J States, whose name is just now recalled, is Mr. William Scully, of B^ lyoohey, County Tipperary, who earned an unenviable reputation an evicting landlonl in 1868, and has now transferred his system,! :iON. THE UNITED KINGDOM. rary rents and giving to I" rent which shoo id 1h3 Jut since many of tliesc md the decrease of pro- ^H, have made «ren tirese is in the country may igration from Ireland. of repressive legi«latioii rliament, particularly iim itures, because these liad vals to similar trades in is asserted, is there to l)e at not only tbeextinctiou , but also of its trade and it, it is claimed, and Ire- by English laws for the are absentees and spend continent of Europe, and and shares. Capital 18 loil, consequent from the d oppression of centuries, to that confidence whicli during' \he last half cen- bllowiag table, bearing in and Wales was 8,892,536 ; L56: 1881. 18,«M,444 l,in,TSO 8, oez, 2M 6,798,B«7 1871. 1881. 21,489,181 1,217,185 8,880,018 6,412,877 24,813,926 1, 860, 913 8,785,578 5,174,838 igland and Wales have iu- Ki3 ; Scotland has increased td of the same period the !0,G20. Allowing for a like nd as in England (and the raice of the two^ during the resent population of over emigration since 1847. By gone to the United States, ire been the case during the going to our country have occasion to emigrate, nor >ngh the incomes of many commission court as nuu-li rho emigrated to the Uuittil Iklr. William Scully, of Bat 1 unenviable reputation as 7 transferred his system, it ai)pears, to Texas. The agriculturists who are emigmtinf wiy V de- scribed as follows : 1. The younger sons and daughters of farmers for wfion 'here is no land at home. The dowry the elder brothers get with th wives it* often used to start the younger ones in America. This olasM (*ft«n tikkt as much as $250 eaith us capital. 2. Agricultural laborers. Those are occasionally assisted to emigrate by fhends and relatives already in America. They have no capital other than strong hands and willing hearts. 3. Evicted tenants and their families These poor people have usu- ally only sufficient to buy a few meals after landing in the States. 4. Tenant farmers who, finding their capital diminishing, soil out their interest in their holdings before it is too late. I have known more than one such case whore the eaiigrant had ever $2,500, and one who had $4,500. These are spirited and enterprising men. The houses of the Irish farmers are usually built of stone, of one story, with two or three rooms, thatched overhead ; many of those occupied by their laborers, being clay -and-stone built cabins, with single or double rooms, with earthen floors, and scarcely fit for brute beasts to dwell in comfortably. The staple article of food in the country is the potato eked out with milk, salt fish, and, on Sundays, occasionally, salt meat. Tea and inferior bread are taken at the morning meal. Irish frieze and cheap mannfaotured woolens are the common material for clothing. Marriage formerly was the rule at an early age. Of late years, however, I am informed, the peasants are beginning to see the evils of these in- jadicious marriages which only served to make them poorer, and keep them so; and now such marriages are growing less frequent, and it has been noted that many of the young men and women dally leaving these shores go with the intention of marrying (for they are often from the same districts) and beginning a new life together in the country of their adoption. Divorce is unkno\^n, or known only by name, among the Irish peasantry, who hold the marriage tie sacred and inviolable. It is claimed — and I believe it to be true — that the Irish are exception- ably moral ; the percentageuf illegitimate children to the population rang- ing from 0.7 in Connaught to 4.1 in Ulster. Young women who have made a false step oft;en prefer to hide their shame in a strange country, and emigrate. At present, the attitude of the British Qovemment towards emigra- tion is passive, though at one time emigration, no matter to what country or clime, was oonsidered by it to be peculiarly applicable as a remedial measure. The land act of 1881 contained emigration clauses, enabling boards of guardians to assist evicted tenants to emigrate, but the pow- ers have not been availed of in many unions to my knowledge. The action of the United States Government in sending back pauper emi- grants has put a stop to the deportation of chronic paupers, as mentioned in my dispatch No. 40, dated July 25, 1883, relative to the assisted em- igration. And there is no deportation of insane persona or oriminals with or without Government aid. The Government holds out indnoe- ments for emigration to the colonies of Canada and Australia, and gives assisted passages to Queensland to agricultural labors, artisans, and female domestics. These assisted passages are availed of to a very small extent, and only by those whose circumstances do not permit them to emigrate on their own account ; consequently it cannot be ex- pected that these pauper emigrants, as they are called in Ireland, will compare favorably with those who leave the country voluntarily. i_im> ji'C "li 666 EMIOBATIUN AND IMMIORATIOX. Tberu are no obstacles offered to emiRratiou, but the follnwiiif; classes of persons, unless tliey proiluce credfutials that they have frieiidH or relatives in the States able and williug to support them, are ineligible, and are not allowed to embark here : The lame, the maimed, the dent', tiie blind, women enceinte, and all i)erHous over sixty years of aue. JOHN J. PIATT, Conmil. QUBBNSTOWN, IRELAND, July 17, 1886. Iriih emigration, 1876-1685. Tmis. EmlgntloD. I i 187a 1877 1878 187» 1880 1881 1882... 1888 1884 188S Total 20,077 80,847 20,010 25,807 40,S3S 40,106 4fl,»78 S6,264 88, OM 80,873 848,807 17, 510 17,066 20,208 21,258 43, R82 38,311 42, 158 63, 460 87,809 31, 161 ! 87,687 ! 38,503 : 41. 124 47,065 1 95,517 I 78,417 ; 89,130 108,724 76,813 ; 62,034 20,800 18,232 22,476 31,507 81,903 67, 70» 78, 48U 08. 6.>3 66,873 56,205 325,118 678.070 543,018 14,887 12, 018 14,720 23,861 74, B36 61, 469 66,962 79,796 56,808 49,655 453,304 Binl;{rntlon ttom Qui'uiittowu. 877 490 660 l,b22 3,062 2.916 7,268 11,070 4,060 2,170 33,985 5,286 5, 724 7,096 0,584 4,280 3,419 6,930 7,755 6,006 4,880 3,970 2,817 3, 573 e,!;«7 21,057 10,657 19,413 ?1, 396 14,483 13,025 4,928 ■J, 03U 4,718 0, 7i)'.* 20.606 15,t<02 17, 738 20,705 15,1)03 14, 52.^ 8,907 tj. 7»fl H.293 13. •>&» 42. m 32, 51U 37, 1.M 42,101 30. 2'« 27, 577 55, 729 ; 123, 026 , 125, 616 24U, 542 I EMIGRATION, AND IMMIGRATION IN 1886. [From London EoonomUt, March 5, 1887.] During the three years ending 1885 there was a continnoua decrease in the volaiut of emigration hence; last year, however, this decline gave place to an increase, th< total nnmbei of emigrants leaving onr sliores being 330,801, as compared with !^,38. in 1685: and while the number of emigrants increased, the number of immigrnut dlminiahed, thus augmenting the net loss of population ; the excess of emigrants i eaoh of the past seven years being — Nmnber of •migrants in 1888 Immigrants Esoeas of emigranta in 1880 Corresponding excess in— l9at'"^"'^v/^\v/.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'." 1883 1182 , 1881 1880 Total, in- olnding for- eigner*. 830,801 108, 879 Per*oni« ot Britlsli am Irish origi only. 232,1 80,1 221,922 j 160,886 i 180, 436 296,654 880,484 ; 315,409 ' 263,978 i 122, 122,^ ISO,! 246,1 224,1 190J 180] lOX. lilt the following clnsscs they huvo frifinl(* or Irt theni, are itieligihlf, I, the iiiuiined, tho deat, sixty yoars of aue. ►UN J. PIATT, Coh«h{. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. Ml Kmi) 'rntlon from Qucuiiitowii . 1 i»^ 1 F 1 1 •a 77 6,286 3,070 4,928 8,90- IftI 6, 724 2.817 J, 939 u. :»fi MO 7,096 8, S75 4,718 8,203 m e,S84 6,M7 6, 7112 13,2U» m 4,280 21, 057 20.606 42. .WS MH 8,419 16,667 I.^M12 32, 51 'J '68 S,33U 19,413 17, 738 37, 151 1(70 7,755 21,396 20, 70.'i 42, 191 tm 0,005 14,483 15, i-OS ;jl», 2<« 170 oiT 4,880 13,025 14, 52.-. 27, 577 56,720 123,026 125, 616 249, 542 [ON IN la 36. B, 1887.] DtinuouB decrease in the volume e gave place to an increase, the 30,801, as compared with 5J64,3(?.') Med, the number of immigrnuts ition; the excess of emigrants in Total, In- clncUng for- eigner*. 830,801 108, 870 PerMiiH of British and IrUh origin only. 232.000 80, 018 221,922 ISO, 836 I 180, 435 296,654 880,484 815,409 263,078 122, 176 122, 176 I SO, 823 246, 314 224,655 190,205 180,635 Tht> incrnast) in the uuui))er of native emigrants last year wdm ulnioKt wliolly in those of F^iiKliih and Hcotrli origin, the oniigratTon fWim Irrland, as will he Keen tVoni the lulluwing Ntateweiit, having anguiented to only a trilling extiMit: Sumher and proportion of Englith, Scotch, and Irinh Urth, rt»pm'.tiv€ly. in the total emi- gration o/perioni of Bntisk origin tit different periods. Perioa. 1886 1885 1884 1883 18^2 1881 1880 Engllib. Bcoteb. Irlib. Total. Nnnbsr. Percent, of total. Namber. Pnroent. of total. Number. Percent, oftctal. 14«,S01 68 25,328 11 61,376 26 382,900 126,360 59 21,867 10 60,017 20 207,644 147,660 6' 21,959 72,566 80 242, 170 188, 286 ,',' 31,1110 1 10 105,743 38 820,118 162,002 o3 33, 242 12 84,132 80 279. 36« lilO, 076 58 26,826 It 76,200 81 243,003 111,845 49 23,066 1 10 03,641 *• 327,843 It iH to be remembered, of uonrtie, that in such years as 1883 emigration from Ireland wuH greatly stimulated by the action of charitable associations, and that when these orgaui/utions ceased to work there was necessarily a great decline iu the volume of emigration. As to the destination of emigrants the statement is : De»tination of emigranti of British and Irish origin only. Conntry. 1886. 1886. 1884. 1883. 1883. UnittHl States 153,710 24,745 80,764 13,860 137, 687 19,838 89, 895 10,724 155, 280 81, 134 44, W>» 11,510 191,578 44,185 71,204 13,090 181,008 BiitUli North America 40, 441 Anstrolaiila 87, 280 All other p'aoes 19,738 Total 382,000 207,644 243,179 320, 118 279,864 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. DOMINION OF CANADA. KSPORT OP OOr.aVL-OEliEJtAL ^yDEBSOy. The annual arrival of immigrants at the port of Quebec via the St. Lawrence Biver route hae been one of cousidoxable magnitude for over fifty years, the yearly average from 1829 to 1885 being 28,000, or a grand total in that period of over 1 ,600,000. A large number of these immigrants undoubtedly were destined for and settled in the Western States, although the exact percentage may not be determined. This tide of immigrants into and through the North Ameiican prov- inces received careful attention fh)m the provincial authorities, and efforts to secure the advantages of their settlement in Oanada were made, with the expenditure of considerable sums of money, prior to the act of confederation. Each province at that time acted, in a measure, independently of the others in endeavoring to secure the greatest bene- fits from immigrant settlers. After the act of confederation was passed, in 1867, the Dominion Gov- ernment assumed an active part in this work, although endeavoring to P 568 EMIQRATION AND IMMIOBATION. avoid any step that might benefit one province at the expense of tl others. Previous to any organized concert of action between the federal ai provincial anthorities, the total annual expenditures for immigratii purposes in the Dominion for four years, together with the number immigrant arrivals and immigrant settlers iu Canada, were as folUow 1 oTinceft. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. Dominion ..................... «86,M8 09 24, 38;i 05 10,851 00 868.796 22 29, 712 56 18,291 00 8126, 124 47 67, 678 64 80, 373 04 20, 504 57 8234,000 Ontario ,. 159, 178 Qiieb60 .-• 49, 681 Afiw Bmnswlck.... ............................... 360 61 37 Ui:i KftTB Sm>tto 3, 000 00 1 7, 772 1 Totals 97,281 14 112, 160 89 237,769 92 487, 735 TMra. Xomber of immigTant set tiers. Nnrober immigra arrival 1870 24, 706 69. 27, 773 65, 1871 1872 36, 5;8 89, 1878 50, 050 99. During the calendar year of 1874 the amount expended exccj^ded tb of 1873, the grand total being $529,000. Of this sum over $60,000 w expended by the Dominion Government for fireo transportation of ii migrants from Point Levis to different localities, the provinces of Qneb and Ontario having agreed to refund two-thirds of all moneys so e pended, provided the orders of their agents were accepted for flree trat port of their immigrants. In November, 1874, a conference upon the subject of immigration ys convened at Ottawa for the purpose of considering a proposition for t more satisfactory working of the emigration agencies abroad and bring them more in harmony with thoKse of the Dominion Govemme There were present representatives of the Dominion and of the pr inces of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, and it generally .admitted — that separate and individaal aotion of the provinces by means of agencies in United Kingdom and European continent led not only to waste of strength andl pense and divided connsels, out in some instances to actaal conflict, which had aif jurionsly prejudicial effect on the minds of intending immigrants. It was therefore decided to vest in the minister of agriculture for| Dominion, under the provisions of the act of confederation, tor a of years, the duty of promoting immigratibn abroad to the provit which had previously been exercised by them individually. The memorandum of agreement adopted at that conference, and w| has been in force since, having been ratified by the several provii is given in full as showing the general scope and intention of the thorities in carrying on this work : In order to secure united and harmonious action in promoting emigration frod United Kingdom and the continent of Europe to Canada, the following prot have been agreed to by the representatives of the provineial govemmenta now pre I.— The control and direction of all matters connected with promoting immign from the United Kingdom and continent of Europe to Canada shall be vested il exercised by the minister of agriculture at Ottawa. II. — Independent agencies for any of the provinces shall be discontinued. ni. — Eacn province shall be authorised to appoint a subagent and obtain] lATIOX. Inoe at the expense of the In between the federal and mditures for immigratioa gether with the number of Canada, were as folUows : BBITI8H NORTH AMEBICA. 569 1871. «8S,7M 23 29, 712 56 18,201 00 860 61 112,160 SO 1872 1126, 124 47 57, 678 64 80, 373 04 20, 504 67 3,000 00 1873. *234,000 0(' ISO, 178 a 49, 681 2i 37, 103 88 7, 772 M 737,769 93 487,735 92 Xamber ol Number of immlKntnt immigriknt getuers. arrlTalii. 24,706 27,773 36)578 50,050 69.019 63, 722 89,186 99,109 )unt expended excegded that If this sam over $60,000 was or free transportation of im- ities, the provinces of Qnebeo i-thirds of all moneys so ex- were accepted for ^e trans- 16 subject of immigration was isidering a proposition for the tion agencies abroad and to f the Dominion Government. he Dominion and of the prov- , and Nova Scotia, and it was nces by means of agencies in the t only to waste of strength and ex- ko aotaal conflict, which had an in- ing immigrants. minister of agriculture for the i of confederation, for a term bibn abroad to the provinces, hem individually, at that conference, and which Bed by the several provinces, sope and intention of the aa- 1 in promoting emigration from the x> Canada, the following proposals rovineial goyemmenta now present: aeoted with promoting immigration pe to Canada shall be vested in and a. ces shall be discontinued, [toint a snbsgent and obtain oiBce accommodations for him in the Canadian Oovemmeut offices in London ; and such Hubagent shall represent the special interests of the province by which he is appointed iu emifjratiou matters and generally. IV.— Ench province may employ any special agent or agents, or other means, for the encnuragemeDt of immigiation, snbject to the direction hereinafter stated. v.— The siibagents, placed ^y the provinces in the London office, or the special n);euts employed by them for promoting emigration, shall be under the direotion of the ugent-general, acting under instrnctions from the minister of agriculture. VI.— The salaries of subagents and special agents appointed by the provinces shall be paid by the provinces appointing them. VII. — T'he Dominion Gnvemraent shall take every means to promote immigration, and shall afford facilities for the transport of immigrants by partial payments in the reduction of ocean passage by arrangements with steamship companies and their agents, and by such other means as may be deemed efficient for the purpose of intro- ducing immigrants to each province according to its requirements. VIII. — ^The Dominion Gkivernment shall afford all facilities at its offices in London for giving information to the public respecting the Dominion generally, and the several provinces aud their resources in particular. IX. — For more effectually carrying out this project, all the provincial governments shall famish to the London office the statutes of the several provinces, together with all printed public documents and maps since confederation. X. — The London office shall be accessible to aud a place of reference for all persons from any of the provinces. XI.— The provinces shall respectively contribute towards the increased office ex- penses in London, arising from the proposed arrangements, the annual sums follow- ing: Ontario $6,500 Quebec 9,000 Nova Scotia 1,000 New Brunswick 1,000 In case the two last-named provinces unite in appointing one subagent, their joint contribution shall be $1,500; and in case British Columbia and Prince Edward Island choose aly> to avail themselves of the Canadian office in London, each shall pay to the Dominion Gk>vernment such snm as may be agreed upon with the minister of agriculture. XII. — A liberal policy is to be maintained by the Dominion Government for the settlement and colonization of Crown lands in Manitoba and the Northwest Territo- ries, and it shall disseminate such information with reference to Canada generally, and to Manitoba aud the Northwest Territory in particular, aa may be deemed neces- sary for the advancement of immigration. XIII. — The arrangement now maide shall last for five yearn, and afterwards con- tinue for a fhrther term of five years, unless notice is given to discontinue daring the ttrst term. XIV.— These proi^sals to be binding on the several ffovernmenta of the provinces which may confirm the same, but till then they are to be deemed only proviaional. Under the provisions of the foregoing agreement all arrangements in the United Kingdom for promoting immigration to the Dominion of Canada have been under the direction of one high commissioner, with headquarters in London and agents located at the principal sea-ports, vie, Glasgow, Dublin, Belfast, and Bristol. Agents have also been located at diii(Brent times at Paris, Hamburg, and in Switzerland. Traveling or lecturing agents have been employed also, and at one time, prior to 1874, it was reported that there were thirty -iive of these missionary agents in the field. Their services were not required continuously, however, and of late their number has been considerably reduced. It was stated in 1878 that the reduction in that force was made as a matter of policy, it not being considered desirable in the condition of poblie affairs at that time to continue immigration propagandism by that means. The immigration agents abroad are kept fully informed as to the classes of immigrants desired in the Dominion, and are supplied abun- dantly with all requisite maps and printed matter for free distribution. In the Dominion there are agents at the prinoipalrailway centers rep- resenting both the Dominion and provincial governments separately, from whom immigrants may obtain all information and aid within cer- *»• *-''*a^8tiSiilfc*Wi!i4iii«*r- 570 EMIGRATION AND IMMIOE/^TION. tain limits necessary to enable them to decide u|H)n a location or to reach the same if previoasly determined upon. LABOR MEEDS OF CANADA. A few years since an effort was made by the department of agricaltnre to- ascertain definitely what were the needs of different localities in each province in the way of agricultural laborers, workmen, and domestics. Oircnlars and blank forms were sent throughout the Dominion, and when the reports were tabulated it appeared that the number asked for was over 160,000, but it was found impracticable to complete the lists and have them acted upon in time to accomplish the desired resnlts. Consequently, the practice was not continued, but the agents in Oan> ada are now instructed to keep informed of the requirements tor differ- ent kinds of labor within their respective districts, by means of books for application and registration, and in this way are prepared to give immigrants proper directiona This method has proved reasonably sat- isfactory and effective. Especial efforts have been made at various times during the past ten years to have delegates, on behalf of intending immigrants from the Un.ted Kingdom and the Oontinent, visit the Dominion for the purpose of investigating and reporting upon its advantagf s. As instances of this work, it may be mentioned that in 1879, at the time when there was in England a great agricultural depression, dele- gates from the tenant farmers were invited to visit the Dominion for the purpose of investigating and report upon its advantages as a field for settlement A delegation of sixteen arrived in the country directly after harvest in that year, and it was believed that their favorable reports led to an increased immigration of a class of peopl<^, possessed of con- siderable mesns, who had not been influenced by an.v previous efibrts. The successful results of these visits in 1879 caused ftirther invita- tions to be extended in 1880, and in the followin;; year (1881) delegates were invited from Germany and Switzerland with a like ol>ject. In 1882 a delegation, representing the Irish emigration committee, visited Canada to arrange for settlement of families from the crowded districts in the south and west ot Ireland. This vfbit resulted in special Irish immigration of over six thousand, who were distributee over the Dominion, and snci-eded in doing very well, excepting a fe\ hundred, who were disinclined to settle in country districts and requireij aid from local charities in Toronto. Numerous visits with similar ot Jects in view have also been made by individuals and delegations sine the above date. 8TATIBTI0S. A tabulated statement of immigration statistics, marked A, is hi pended to this report, covering a period of ten years. In this table ai given, the number of immigrants arriving in Canada whose destinj tion was the United States; the number of immigrants reported custom-houses, with settlers' effects, who declared their intention of s^ tling in Canada; the number of immigrant settlers reported by Domil ion agents who were not in customs reports; value of settlers' goof and effects reported by custom-houses; value of settlers' effects af money reported by agents; total expenditure for immigration pi[ poses, not including quarantine or provincial expenditures; cost to Dominion for settlers per capita; rate of assisted passages to cert classes of immigrants. rioN. >n a location or to reach partment of agriculture flferent localities in each orkmen, and domestics, out the Dominion, and the number asked for le to complete the lists h the desired results. , but the agents in Oan- I requirements tbr differ- cts, by means of books ay are prepared to give arS proved reasonably sat- times during the past ten ng immigrants from the Dominion for the purpose tagcs. oned that in 1879, at the cultural depression, dele- to visit the Dominion for its advantages as a field •ed in the country directly ihat their favorable reports F people, possessed of con- ed by an.Y previous efforts. 879 caused farther invita- >win^' year (1881) delegates I with a like object, ish emigration committee, families from the crowded L. This vl^it resulted in a and, who were distributed very well, excepting a few in try districts and required rous visits with similar ob- luals and delegations since tatistics, marked A, is ap- Bn years. In this table are in Ganada whose destina- )f immigrants reported at slared their intention of set- settlers reported by Domin- of settlers' goods of settlers' effects and bare for immigration pur- \l expenditures; cost to the ssisted passages to certain BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 571 s; value lue la explanation of the two divisions in the table, of immigrant settlers and the value of their effects, as reported by the customs officers and by agents separately, the fol )wing statement was received from Mr. Lowe, secretary to the departiuent of agriculture, in response to an in- quiry as to what method was adopted to prevent duplication of the same between the agencies and the custom-houses. He says: The valaes which are reported by the agents have reference to effects and means brought by immiKrants who come by the ordinary passenger steamships, and whosa ba^^gage is passed at ports of arrival without any entries being made. The valnes ascertained (at custom-houses) are obtained by registration on certain forms by col- lectors of customs at all points along the frontier, and this class of immigrants do not, (as a rule) call at the immigration offices. A general classified statement of expenditures for immigration pur- poses for the year 1885 is also given. (See Table B.) COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN. As might be inferred from the statements already made in regard to location of agents abroad, the immigration to Canada is very largely from the United Kingdom, the immigrants being of English, Irish, and Scotch origin. The countries of origin of all settlers are usually re- ported by the district agents, but do not appear to have been given in any condensed form for the entire Dominion. A table (C) is given, show- ing the nationality of all immigrants arriving at the port of Quebec for the past ten years, bat this necessarily includes all arriving by the St. Lawrence Uiver route, many of whom passed through Oanada to the United States. Another table (D) is given, showing the nationality of arrivals at different ports, as reported in the custom-house returns for live years. The large percentage of Canadians given in the latter table i» noticeable, and is probably composed in a great measure of a class of French Canadians who migrate to and from the States with the regu- larity of the seasons, and who can hardly be classified as actual im- migrant settlers. REPATRIATION. Repatriation of Canadians from the United States has received con- siderable attention. In 1874 an agent was appointed to make inquiries into their condition in the Western States with a view to their repatri- ation, and in 1875 one was appointed at Worcester, Mass., for the New England States. The services of the latter are still continued, and although a fair degree of success has attended his efforts, the total number reported by him as having returned to Ganada to settle — ^less than 5,000 in ten years — is insignificant when compared with the num- ber of Canadians classed aa immigrants and reported annually by the custom-houses with settlers' goods. Reference to Table C will show, that while there has been an annual average arrival for the past five years of about 29,000 immigrants reported by the customs officers, an average of over 18,000 of these each year were of Canadian nationality. It may be stated, in regard to this particular field, that this Worcester agency has been maintained at an annual expense of over $-*,500, and also that special inducements, in the form of Government aid for trans- portation to Manitoba, were offered at first, with the privilege of having reserved townships of land to enable the New England emigrants to settle together, and the agent stated in 1884 that without this conces- sion the repatriation movement would have proved a failure. ■ -^uI5iS?^-.;?fWP3TT^ ""'•''bwI^wHBwPHpbs '■-- 572 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. A project of repatriation ou a larger scale has been iiuder cousideru- tion by individuals in the province for some time, and a tract of 50,000 acres is now selected for settlement In the valleys of the rivers Rouge and Lievre. It is stated that a colony of one hundred and three fami- lies has arranged to locate on these lands, and that preliminary ar- rangements for clearing the land, building houses, &c., preparatory to the arrival of the immigrant colonists and commencement of agricult- ural operations next spring have already been made. This movemeut will be watched with great interest, and although an experiment, strung hopes are entertained by the projectors that, once well started, there will be no difBcuIty in settling many of the vuciuit lands in the province of Quebec. SSTTLBBS IN MANITOBA. Measures have been adopted at various times to establish colonies of immigrants in Manitoba from different countries, and in 1878 it was thought that the efforts had been so successful that there would be no further need of direct Government aid in securing addition to their num- bers, but reference to Table B shows that this expectation has hardly been realized so far as it may have referred to the Icelanders and Meu- nonites, to whom generous loans had been made, the latter having re- ceived very nearly $100,000 to enable them to settle in Manitoba. Witli the exception of fourteen hundred Icelanders, who arrived in 1883, the immigration of these two races has been very small. In the year 1885 about one hundred and thirty families of Hungarians iVom the State of Pennsylvania were furnished with free transportation from Toronto to Manitoba and located on lands granted by the Government. This move- ment was inaugnrated by Count d'Esterhazy with the sanction of the Dominion Government and in expectation of securing as colonists in the Northwest a fair number of the two hundred thousand Hungarians residing in Pennsylvania. No reports have yet been published to show what soicoess has followed the original movement. GENERAL CONDITIONS. The general moral and economic condition of immigrants to Canada before and after arriving is very much the same as that of the settlers in the Western portion of the United States. The agents of the Gov- ernment have directed their agents to secure the immigration of agri- culturists, agricultural laborers, and domestic female servants, and special aid has been granted in the way of reduced fares or assisted pasj sages to these three classes for many years. [ In 1870-*80 the number of immigrants with means to purchase farra^ was observed to be increasing quite rapidly, and the large migration fh>m the older provinces to Manitoba in 1881 enabled such immigrant^ to obtain farms in settled districts where they would find the conditionJ of life much like what they had left behind. The immigrants to CanadJ may be said to become self-supporting and reliant quite rapidly. ThJ secretary to the department of agriculture, Mr. Low, says upon this sul ject: Tbe immlarantB who come to settle iu Canada from the United Kingdom or parlj of the continent of Europe brine with them the skill and education as well r tbe habits acquired at home, together with very considerable means, the average ( which per head is found to be about $60. People who emigrate voluntarily with tl motive of bettering their conditioo have naturally more than tbe average of energi It follows that immigrant settlement in Canada is, to a large extent, what mav ll called a natural selection of energy, and one of its effects is seen in the force of cna| aoter which is developed by the people. t^ IlTIOX. IS been uuder cousidera- Imc, and a tract of 50,000 Jleys of the rivers Rouge (hundred and three faiui- ind that preliminary ar- Jusea, &c., preparatory to |uiDieucemeut of agricnit- made. This nioveiucut [gb an experiment, 8tix)i)g once well started, there btint lauds in the province ix. les to establish colonies of tries, and in 1878 it was il that there would be no ing additiou to their nuni- s expectation has hardly > the Icelauders and Meu- kde, the latter having re- settle iu Manitoba. With , who arrived iu 1883, the small. In the year 1885 igariaus from the State of )ortatiou from Toronto to Government. This move- y^ with the sanction of the •f securing as colonists iu Ired thousand Hungariaim ret been published to show ment. NS. I of immigrants to Canada ame as that of the settlers I. The agents of the Gov- e the immigration of agri- istic female servants, aud luoed fares or assisted pas- ti means to purchase farms r, and the large migration enabled such immigrants Y would And the conditions The immigrants to Gauada Hiliant quite rapidly. The r. Low, says upon this sub- 01 the United Kingdom or parts ikill and education as well as sidei-able meann, the average of [o emigrate volnntarily with the ore than the average of energy, to a large esteut, what mav be eots is seen in the force of char- BBITI8H NOBTH AMEBICA. 573 * " * It has not b^en found that either poverty or large faniiliett are any hind- rances to the snccess of the immigrant. When there are ability and willingness to work, a large family, so far from being a weakness or a burden, is u source of Htreugth. The amount of wealth brought in aud created by immigrants iu Canada during ten years has beeu enormous, and the whole country owes very much of its prosperity to it. There are arrivals, a small percentage every year, of destitute im- migrants, as in the United States, but although helpless aud requiring assistance from the moment they are landed, there seems to be no pro- vision made for compelling steamship companies to assume any respon- sibility in the premises and thus guard against additional arrivals of the same character. It is the opinion of some that the practice of the Government in furnishing assisted passages and free transportation after debarkation tends to increase the number of the clbss above re- lierred to. The advantages of this system, however, are referred to here- after as represented by the Government. INDUCEMENTS OFFERED BY THE OOVEENMENT TO IMHIOBANTS — LAND SYSTEM. All the public lands are held by the provinces in which they are lo- cated, excepting iu the province of Manitoba, the Northwest Territory, and a tract in British Columbia ceded to the Dominion for the Canada Pacific Railway. MANITOBA AND NOBTHWEBT TEBBITOBY. In Manitoba and the Northwest Territory the lands held by the Do- minion are available to settlers on condition of three years' residence on the same and payment of an entrance fee of $10. They may also ob- tain a<^oining portions of sections by pre-emption or otherwise at the rate of $2 or $2.50 per acre. This privilege will expire January 1, 1887. The Canadian Pacific Railway grant of 25,000,000 of acres, iu alternate sections, is for sale at from $2.50 per acre and upwards, with a rebate of $1.25 on every acre sold at $2.50 and cultivated within four years. ONTABIO. In the province of Ontario 200 acres of land can be obtained free on condition of settlement by every head of family having children under eighteen years of age, and any male over eighteen can obtain 100 acres free upon the same condition. These lands are protected from seizure for any debt incurred before the issue of the patent, and for twenty years aftqr, by a homestead exemption act. In 1881, 122 townships were opened for location uuder the free and homestead act, each coutaining from 50,000 to 60,000 acres, making a total of about 6,710,000 acres. Uncleared land varies in price from 2 to 40 shillings per acre. QUEBEC. In the province of Quebec there are set apart for free grants on eight of the great colonization roads, 80,050 in lots of 100 acres each. The privileges of settling upon the Government lands are similar to those in Ontario. A permit of occupation for 100 is granted by the crown-land agents to any person claiming the same, upon condition that possession be taken within a month and twelve acres be put nnd^ cultivation and a house built within four years, when letters patent may be taken out free of charge. 574 EMIGBATION AND IMMIGBATION. No mortgage is valid on land thas granted, and it cannot be soil Jiuli- cially for any debt incurred prior to occupancy or for ten years follow- ing the granting of letters patent. The following property is also exempt from seizure for sale judiciiilly : Bed and betiding, wearing appand, stoves, knives, forks, and spoons ; spinning wheel and looms, fuel, meat, and vegetables for family use ; two horses, four cows, six sheep, four pigs, with forage necessary to support the stock for one winter ; ulso, vehicles and implements of agriculture. Certain of these cau be attached but only when the debt has been coii< tracted in purchase of the same. All aliens have the right to acquire and transmit by succession or by will all movable or immovable property in the province of Quebec in the same manner us British-born subjects. There are in this province about 6.000,(HNlacresofland for free grants and for sale. Prices range from L'O to GO cents per acre. If purchased, one-third of the purchase money has to be paid at the time of sale autl the balance in four equal annual payments bearing interest at G per cent. The conditions are that possession must be taken within six months and the land occu[>ied within two years Before the expiration of tiCn years there must be 10 acres cleared for each 100 held, and a habitable house, at least IG by 20 feet, erected. A foreigner can transact business and hold real estate in Canada without being naturalized. By residing three years in this country and taking the oath of allegiance he may become a naturalized British sub- ject. ASSISTED PASSAGES. It has been the practice of the Dominion Government to arrange witt the steamship lines running to Canada to furnish transportation to cei] tain classes of immigrants at reduced rates, the amount of assistanc thus rendered varying in different years, as given in Table A classes of immigrants to whom the assisted passage tickets are fnrnisbe are usually limited to agriculturists, agricultural laborers, and fern domestics. To obtain this assisted passage ticket it has been require that the immigrant should in person make a formal declaration of calling and where he has worked, and this declaration to be verified the certificate of a magistrate or minister of religion. The number immigrants assisted in this manner during the year 1885 was 7,819, a cost. Including commission to agents, of $36,748.33. It is claimed that the cheapened transportation is particularly use! in cases of families of agricultural laborers, whose earnings would otherwise enable them to emigrate. It is also said to be useful in affoi ing a differential rate to Canada as compared with the New York rou As mentioned for the year 1874, it has also been the custom of Government to defray transport expenses of immigrants without mea from the point of debarkation to points where work could be obtain In 1882, the province ot Ontario withdrew from the agreement by whi two-thirds of the amount so expended for the transportation of imi grants to that province was to be retiinded. The amountiS so expended during the past ten years vary from thi to sixty thousand dollars annually. As a rule, but a very small number of the immigrant settlers in Caui from the United Kingdom and the Continent ever return to their nat land. There are a large number, however, passing to and from the Sti seeking employment of different kinds who may have been enumera HMH ■fcnt^ts ITION. id it oaunot be soli Judi or for ten years follow- peizure for sale judicially : nives, forks, aud spoons ; cables for family use ; two {rage necessary to support nplements of agriculture, tlie debt Uas been con- [usniit by Huccession or by i« province of Quebec in resof laud for free grants 8 per acre. If purchased, id at the time of sale aud bearing interest at G per nust be taken within six ars Before the expiration 1 for each 100 held, and a d. old real estate in Canada )e years in this couutry and a naturalized British sub- rovernment to arrange with irnish transportation to cer- i, the amount of assistance as given in Table A. The )assage tickets are famished iltural laborers, and female 5 ticket it has been required a a formal declaration of his declaration to be verified by )f religion. The number of the year 1885 was 7,819, at ^36,748.33. rtation is particularly useful i, whose earnings would not 30 said to be useful in afford- ed with the New York route, blso been the custom of the >f immigrants without means lere work could be obtained, rom the agreement by which the transportation of immi- I. st ten years vary from thirty immigrant settlers in Canada It ever return to their native massing to and from the States ) may have been enumerated BBITISH NORTH AMEBIOA. as immigrants without properly belonging to the class of actual settlers, as in the case of French Canadians previously referred to. in addition to expenditures of the Dominion, the provinces of Quebec and Ontario each expend various amounts annually for immigration puriwscs. In Ontario for ten years the amount expended has averaged about $40,000 per yeai. with an annual average arrival of about 26,000 set- tlers. For the province of Quebec I have been unable to obtain the statis- tics. WENDELL A. ANDERSON, Consul- Oeneral. United States Consulate General, Montreal, December 15, 1886. Table A.—lmmigramt arrivals and Mttlert in Canada, value of effects, expendUnre for immigraUoH, cost per capita of settlers, and rate of assisted passages for ten years end- ing December 31, 1885 : o1 la ■■; a iai «aS8 aiCKS? 576 1858,957 344,508 434,663 335,612 835,899 487,425 925,612 1,158,632 1,085,564 l,08^^74 s. k It •287,776 763,000 817,000 956,666 3,751,500 2,245,889 1,681,249 3,729,808 8,068,592 11 is III lie 8284,065 1«3,672 183, 846 176,843 181, 532 206, :80 846,642 420,761 481,407 810, 271 Coitperoapite of Httlen. I I 5 i u . -I •3 a 111 12 6 78 23 4 35 4 71 4 80 3 08 3 15 4 15 392 $19 60 12 00 963 5 74 6 59 6 33 4 28 4 26 G 62 628 110 92 to 20 64 10 92 20 64 10 02 10 92 19 44 19 44 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 20 64 ■iO 64 24 30 24 30 19 44 19 44 10 44 14 58 *The lower nto is tuoally limited to female domestic senraDts. Table B. — Classified statement of the expenditure for immigration purposes during the year 1885. Items. OeDeral expenditoTe— Continned. Britisli Colambia boons Repatriation Meals sappUed to immicrants Ocean mail olerlis Delegates' expenses TraTellnK amenta Special agents Special serrloes Colonization Total Amonnt. $600 00 2,617 87 10,480 38 800 00 3,769 40 3,686 50 1,907 99 5,898 92 5,882 85 $810,271 67 576 EMIOBATION AND IMMIGRATION. Table C—Xatioualitji c/tmmigrantf arriving at the port «/ Qtubto (iueluding tho*e df$. lined for the tnited 8tatea)Jor ten yearn ending Deeember 31, li*iio. XatiiB I5U Kit 38 i 03 Meunomtefl RaiMftns 70 22 270 56 322 1 in Jews 1,375 30 67 Other origins 20 74 154 88 8 45 32 180 Totsl 10,861 7,748 10,285 17,251 24,907 80,288 44,850 45,866 81,520 17,030 Table D. — Nationality of immigranti reported at cuBtom-hoHiei- leilh tettkre' iffvctsfo* five feare ending Deeember 31, 1885. 188L 1882. 1888. 1884. 1885. Total for five yean. Enellsh 1,472 535 588 472 1,068 9,821 608 2,553 8.030 1,018 1,072 780 966 800 14,640 8,411 ; 1,708 90,857 ' 11,680 1,122 1 1,892 8,397 307 310 657 2,870 36,505 1,246 2,744 658 673 864 8,304 22,866 1,961 12,S05 Irish 8 TM Scotob 3 271 Qsman 17 112 XTnitsd Mates 13 246 01, u:'9 Otbers 6,5V T«U1 1^404 90,554 84,687 34,201 83,801 147, 237 ONTARIO. CMFTON. JtEPOST OF 00S8VL LOW. This is a thickly populated agricultnral district and no immigration lias taken pla within the last ten or fifteen years, other than the occasional coming into the districl of a family or part of a fsmily ftom Great Britain or Ireland, the relatives or friends a whom had previously settled here. These immigrants qnickly become self.snnportinl members of the communities where they locate. No statistics are to be found of sucl immigration. No Government luuds remain In the district, all such lands having beef sold, settled upon, and improved many years ago. JAMES LOW, COMNf.l UiriTBD Statbs Consulatb, ClifUm, September 21, 1886. FORT £BIE. RMPOBT OF OOySVL WBBLAN. The Oanadian Government has been, and is still, active in promotij immigration into its territory. The minister of afrricultnre has supervision of the department, aj to him are made annual reports by numerous agents. There are provincial immigration commissioners, and some twent more agents located in various parts of the dominion, besides tra^ TION. •/ Qtubee (iHolnding tho*t ii>. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 577 188S. 18K1. : 1884. B* 30,881 21,897 18. M8 88 8,195 12,085 I 4.473 4,617 I 8,08U 3,010 1,024 1,434 I 1,237 80, -. - 00 8,279 50 129 270 1,875 M 4,763 3.4.M 18«5. 10. sn 2. 11-7 2. (IWt 5111 l,4(iS 306 1,418 66 22 288 44,850 45,860 150 88 328 iso 1 S1,S2U 17,030 tH-hoii$e»- trilh Httlerit' tfrchfo^ 1885. 1888. IBM. 1885. Total for five yearn. 8.089 1,072 •66 1*.<40 1,798 ! 11,680 1 1,892 1 84,687 3,387 807 810 657 2,870 26,505 1,245 2.744 859 •73 564 8,804 22,260 1,961 12.KI5 3,7M 3,271 17. 142 13,24« B1,U2» 6,5M 34,291 83,801 147.237 ow. \ no immigntion liu taken place loosion*! ooming into the district reland. the relative* or friends of tn quickly become self-snnportiDR I statistics are to be found of such itrict, all such lands having been JAMES LOW, ComhI. iug ageiitH who uvcoiupaoy itumigruuts i'ruiu the port of lauding Honie distiiucH into tbe interior. In acidition to tboHC otncerH at home there iH an official located in the city of London, termed the high commis- sioner for Canada; and nnder him are agents at LiveriHH)!, Glasgow, Belfast, Dublin, ans, and other printed matter, have cauviiitHed not only (ireat Britain hut the continent of Europe, until, as one of them re- jiorts, " there are few villages from the Crimea to the North Cape of >^orway where the advantages which the Dominion offers to agricult- uri.Hts with some capital, and others, are not known." Tbe emigrants desired and sought after by these agents are tbe tenant-farmer class, possessed of some means, and who can buy and settle on improved farms or new land, skilled laborers, and female domestic servants. Besides tbe agencies in Great Britain and the Dominion, emigration offices have been established iu Portland, Uocbester, Chicago, Dulutb, and other cities of tbe Union. There has been a material falling off iu Canadian immigration for the last year, and it is attributed to tbe general depression in commerce and agriculture both in Europe and in Canada, as well as to the recent Indian and Half-breed outbreak in tbe Northwest. It is claimed, how- ever, that the immigrants of the last year were of a superior class and brought with them considerable money and personal eftieots. The following table shows the number of immigrant settlers in Canada from 1813 to 1885, inclusive, and including the arrivals reported uj cuittoms officers: Tears. Namber. TesTt. Nnmlier. Ig73 50,050 89,878 37,888 35,688 2/, 088 29,807 40.492 1580 38.505 47.991 112, 48e 183, 836 1874 1881 187J 1882 1876 1888 1877 1(84 108,824 79,19» 1878 1885 1879 Value of cask and ^tett iroMght into the DominUm hg eettUri litwe the jfear 1875, at nearljf a» oould be aaoertaiiud. T««. Valne. rem. Vslne. 1875 11.844,578 •881205 •83,388 1,302,568 1,183, US 1.385,585 1881 1888 H188k88S 8^171,501 2,784,881 4,814,a7S 4.14S,88> 1875 1877 1888 1878 1884 , 1879 1885 1889 tELAK. I is still, active in promoting ion of the department, and lus agents. isioners, and some twenty or he dominion, besides travel- Number o/kmrntframta, ehUffy ekUdrm, brrmgkt foto Canada under the autpieee of ehmri' t4iil» toeietiee and imdividuaU during the taetfhe gean. Tmh. Vusbm. Yem. KnlMr. upi 737 1.M8 1,SU IHI .„ m iS i::i "I" ::::::: : 1885 1888 H. Ex. 167 37 678 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Expenittunt o/iyedepa-tnuni, for immigration and quarantiHepnrpou$, from 1979 to X^W. Tam. Immignitloii. Quaraotioe. ToUl. 1870 $176, 343 18 181, 532 87 206, 180 HI 840, M3 -4 420,761 80 481,41)7 76 310, 271 67 $20,608 87 3t, 213 (12 3U.700 44 07, 309 43 AR. 746 8S 7S.839 87 62,0C0 04 $186 8''" ;3 18t0 21A, 74i; -.'U 243 14/*l "* IWi 1883 403 Vit^ 17 INS 470 5MK 74 1884 806,8.17 l: 872, 87'' 61 188A The provincial governnient of Ontario, for the ))urpo8(> of Hpecially farthering immigration to that province, has establisiied a departnieut of immigration at Toronto under the control of a commissioner of immi- cration, who reports to the lientenant-governor of the province. It nUo has special agents at Quebec and Liverpool. Ontario, as well as the Dominion, has assisted immigrants by procuring reduced ocean rates by furnishing them with tree passes inland and by supplying them witii meals on the way to their destination in the province. Jfitmbtr of immigrant! $ettled in the province of Ontario, with their nationalitiee, from 1676 to 1886, not including thoee reported through the cuitoma. Tear. U76 1877 1878, 1878 1880, un uas, 1181. U84 1888 SoglUh. Scotch. Iriab. Oemu. Otben. 5,722 l.OM 1,2«6 694 3.736 4.881 1,868 1,810 796 8,836 0,124 1,788 1,551 620 3,978 12,160 2,894 8,908 1,490 3,901 7,980 8,027 4,518 1,197 2,569 7,704 8,070 4,521 1,374 1.6«4 10,878 8,173 6.822 1,033 1,390 11,864 3,658 8,998 1,884 3,130 11.030 2,628 8,783 1,716 8,186 7,261 2,181 3,105 1,098 1,878 Totel. 11,4^2 11. «1 13.0.->i 24. 407 19.281 i«,23a 22,601 27,111 22, 2T 13.97 Immigr*»t$ reptrted through ouetome as having tettled in Ontario from 1879 to 1886, an the value of their pereonal ejfeetsfrom 1881 to 1886. ' Tear. Knmber. Valne o( effects. lITj 4,420 5,435 6,907 11,515 18,878 11,217 7,097 iggO •• 1BS1 . $314. 075 laag 503,032 1MB 588,295 Igb4 410, 424 18g5 880, 13< Number ofeMldren eettled in Ontario hy charitable eooietiei and individuals from 187( 1886. Teara. Nnmbar. 1 Tears. Mom j87(l 394 817 307 896 407 1881 1877 i 1882 ..;.;..-;;.. 1878 ........ 1883 IgM 1884 ;:.;.. ion 1889 rioN. tut pnrpoMi, from 1879 to \iO to 1880, iiioludiitg Europtan and Canadian agenei«$, 1884 80.414 67 |{ 1885 I, Amount. •47,764 41 48,869 91 19,088 n In this consular district there is no immigration agent located, and coDHequently no record of Euro]>eau immigrants who settle here, except such as is kept at the agency where they may have previously reported or been booked, and which would not show their final location. iSettleis coming into this disti ict (via United States) with their etft'ots make eutr}' at the port of Fort Erie or Port Colboriie, and there only are reo- urds kept of immigration into this consular jurisdiction. Immigrant* reported at the port of Fort Erie, their nationalitg, and the value of their tiffeete, for 1886. NatioMlitjr. Nambcr. EuglUh Irlsli Hootch. German Other uonntriea CauMliana Total Yalae of eflbota. •1,888 00 85 00 400 00 800 00 8.8(0 00 5,874 00 12,087 00 Immigrant* reported at Port Colbome, their nationalitjf, and the value of their ^ecte, during the year 1885. irationaUty. Nnmb^r. Yalneof efl'eola. ^AmHUMin 18 25 Othur aftnntrl— ToUl 4S •2,180 00 The industries pursued in this consular district are fftrmiuff and manufacturing to a limited extent, and consequently opportnnlties tbr very rapid advancement do not present tbemselves to immigrants. But those settled here are industrious and self sustaining, and I do not think that this section has had any burdens to bear on account of its immigrant population. The desire seems to be to make a home, and that is generally the result; those who return to their native land are the exception. JAMES WHELAir, (Jontul United States Consulate, Fort Eriej Ontario, Canada, Septmher 29, 1886. ^m fi>m!hmi^ f ifm%i:^^ST ' 680 KMIUKATION ANU IM.MIOUATION HAMILTON. JtEPORT Of VOXSCL UOIIERTH. The chief iiiHtnum'ntality for the infrodnctiun (»f forelf»ii imrnffjriitioit intoCiinada iu the Doiniuioii Depaitineiit ol AKrituiltiire, wliieh tli '(iii':li its efilcient Hiul indnHtrioiiH nKeiicieM at Quebec, Montreal, Ottawii. Hal- ifax, Torouto, ilauiiltoii, I'ort. Arthur, aii«( other pniuniieiit pointM, m UDceaHinp: and enerjjetJc in its endeavor to promote the devfh)piiu'nt of the va«t areas of fertile territory north anil west of tlie hike pioviim'H. Material auxiliurv Hupport to these efl'ortM iHfin-iii.shed by the hi^h eoiii- missioner for Canada in London and the acentH aetint; under his direv* tion ut Liverpool, Glasgow, Dublin, Belfast, and Ilristol. Considerable immigration, chiefly of children, has Ih-imi directed to Canada during the last five years under the ausiiices of charitable Hoeieties and indi- vidnals of proniiuenee in various parts of Cireat Britain. A88I8TED IMMIGRANTS. One method of encouraging immigration, not only from the United Kingdom, but from European countries generally, is by means of the assisted or cheapened passage arrangement, in which the immigrant pays the passage-money himself at the auvertised rate. (Jnder an agreement between the department and the steamshi]) cum- panies a cheaper ticket is furnished, to Xw obtained by the formality ot a specitied declaration of the immigrant himself as to bis calling and where he has worked, supported by a certificate of a magistrate or min- ister of Diligion. One alleged motive and advantage of this arrange- meot is to affonl a differential route to Canada as compared with New York, the attraction for which, as a route and field for immigrants, is thus sought to be balanced. Last year the chaplain of the port of Liverpool personally accompa- nied a party of colonists whom he located in the Northwe.st, and the Kev. Lord Archibald Douglas personally brought a large number of children from his home for a location among farmers in this province and in- that of Qnsbec. Count Paul O. d'Esterhazy is engaged in the settlemeutoll a colony of Hungarians in the Northwest, encouraged by the lieutenant] governor of Manitoba and the authorities of the land offices of the Ga| nadian Pacific, and Manitoba and Northwestern Railways. This cok nization scheme is farther supported by a species of immigration proi: agandism in Pennsylvania through the agency of a Hungarian assocj ate, Mr. Qese Saint de Dory, and uf Mr. Theodore Zboray, a Hnngariaj resident of Lnzeme County, Pennsylvania, who predicts a further mi( tion of Hangarians fhun that State into Manitoba. Of the 400,000 Hu^ Srians in the United States, one-halt are located in Pennsylvania, aii tm theae the selcctiona of liunilies are to be made which are to const] tate the nuoleaa of the Hnngarian eolony in Manitoba. LAND OBANTS. Still Another artifloial stimulns to an increased foreign immigration] the system of. land grants and pre-emptions of the Canmlian Gove ment. In sever*! of theprovinots £iee grants are given to immigranj and in almost all cases fn whidi Government land is for sale, it is f fared at prices which are merely nominal, and which really only amoo to settlemedt dntiea. In Manitoba and the Northwest Territories the J minion Qovemment gives a free grant of 160 acre* to every settier I ION BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 681 n of fon'tjTti initui«i!iti(>ir •ii;nltmt', wliicli tli'()ii;:li Moiitn'ul, OltJiwii. Hal- lier piouniii'iit poiiitM, is lH>t»' the (U'Vl'lopIIMMlt of •8t ot the liiko iiioviiK'cs. jiiislifil l»y tln> bj«li ooiii H nctiiijl un(UT his tUii't^ il Itristol. Cousideraldc ■eeteU toCaiiatlu during tuble Hociuties ami imii- at Britain. s. lot oiil.v ftoni tlie United erally, is by ineaus of tlie , in wliicU the ininiigraut tist'd rate. lit and the steamship coui- tained by tlie formality ot self as to his calliug and ate of a magistrate or inin- idvantage of this arrange- ^a as compared with New Dd field for immigrants, i» erpool personally accompa- he Northwest, and the Rev. a large number of children iD this province and in that D gaged in the settlement of conraged by the lieatcnant- f the land ofhces of the ea- stern Railways. Thiscolo- pccies of immigration prop- mcy of a Hungarian associ- Midore Zboray, a Hnngarian rho predicts a farther migra- itoba. Of the 400,000 Bun- tcated in Pennsylvania, and M made which are to consti- n Manitoba. eased foreign immigration is ns of the CiMiildian Govern- nte are given to immigrants, tent land is for sale, it is of- ud which really only amount !f orthwest Territories the Do- LOO acres to every settler on tbtf condition of three yearn' residence and the pavnieut oi an t-ntry fee of £'2 sterling ($10). The Canadian I'acitlc Railway grunt of 25,U00,waril8, varying an to position, witli a rebate of $1.L'.j (ol- ive shillings sterling) on every acre cultivated within four years. Free ^'rants and exemptions under trilling conditions arc ^iven in Quebec, and in British Columbia, and iu some portions of this province. The department publishcH numerous guide-books, and pamphlets, with maps and iu jrmation for intending immigrants; also abstracts from the laws regulating homesteads and pre-emptions and rights to timber, mineral, and grazing lands. Tlio immigration 'xpendituro by the Dominion Government duriug the calendar year 1885 amounted to $310,27 l.(S7, of which sum $G5,0.'t0.17 was appropriated to the London office, $(]l,009.3o to the Canadian agen- cies, $1,000 to the Women's Protective Society, and the remainder to general expenditures, including $36,748.33 to assisted passage and com- missions. The exi)euditures for the p"ol seven years were as follows: Tears. Agenoteaof Great Biltaln and Canada. HamUton agenoy. 1870 f 170, 343 10 IHl, 033 6i 206, 180 81 840, M2 74 420,761 89 431, 407 76 810,271 67 11,834 86 2,037 90 9, (Hll 02 1880 1881 1882 2, lO^ 28 1883 2,231 M 9,883 83 3,89107 1884 1883 The following statement shows the number of immigrant children brought to Canada under the auspices of charitable societies during the last five years: 1881 727 lc«2 1,048 1«83 1,218 1884 2,011 1885 K 1,746 The following table shows the number of passengers through Canada to the CTuited States and the number of settlers in Canada from 1873 to 1885, inclusive, including and excluding the arrivals reported at the custom-houses : Tmh. 11 11! lit •£ J M 1873 49,099 40,649 9,214 10, 916 5,640 11,226 20,500 47, 112 69, 0« 80,602 72,274 62,772 8^»27 41,079 25,268 19,243 14,499 16,828 18,372 80,717 27,644 82,687 81,904 98,637 «)),68<) 46,868 50,060 1874 39,378 27,883 1875 1876 25,638 1877 27, 082 1878 39,807 1879 40,493 1880.. 88,505 1881 , 47,991 1882 112,458 1888 133,624 1884 103, 824 1888 79,169 ws^ywwM8!v;jfi«*i.'.'?" "^"'a^sssm.'- 582 EMIQRATIOX AND IMMIOEATION. The origins of the immigrants who arrived in the Dominion at t1 pori; of Quebec from 1878 to 1885, as reported from that port, were i foUouvs : NktioiMUty. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1888. 1884. 188. English 5,850 1,042 1,077 288 1,638 155 418 10,395 1,543 1.448 349 2,872 149 6 200 281 11,059 3,183 2,875 307 7,402 27 71 70 3 13,164 3,786 2,800 630 9,600 104 118 22 45 20,881 8,195 4,617 1,024 8,270 50 129 270 *1,405 21,897 12.006 8,080 1,434 4,768 306 1,413 66 22 18,638 4,473 8,040 1,237 3,461 160 38 322 180 10 Infli 2 Scotch 2, G^nnuiB. ScuidinftyiAnfl •......••. ... 1 French Rnd B<>lf?iiiiiB Ocheroriidiift • 477 TottJ 10,295 17,243 24,097 30,158 44,860 45,96» 81,629 K. * Of these 30 were AastrisDS and 1,375 were Jews. Mr. John Smith, agent of the Dominion immigration bureau at Hai ilton, reports the following arrival of immigrants at the Hamilton b reaa settling in the district of the agency for the years ending June 3 1885 and 1886: NstlonaUty. 1885. 1886. Decrease. | Increaa BnoUsh 2,174 456 742 702 809 670 1,796 478 713 670 834 73 378 Sa .:;:;"":""ii"i™""":::::::::::"::::::::: Scotch 29 122 S5 497 Oennftn........ ......... ..•......-......■..•■.••........ TTni ted States OfchAr oonntrifia .. ................>■.................... Total 6,683 4,662 1,071 ba pi^ During the past two years the immigrants into this district been self-sustaining, with the exception of five cases, wbo have returned to Enrope, owing to inability from disease to earn their living. There has been no immigration into this portion of the ince direct from Asia, though a few Chinamen from cities in the Uuii States have drifted over the border to engage in the laundry busin in the principal towns. There is a demand for immigrant laborera street and railway building. There is also some demand for ski laborers, with the exception of fitters, vise and lathe hands. There now' on file at the Hamilton agency applications for several bund hands, and since the Istof April of this year the demand at the age has exceeded 8 per cent, of the supply. The applications include and common laborers, female servants of all kinds, factory hands, sans, and builders. It should be noted in connection with the marked decrease in the migration this year from the year preceding that the exodns to United States is continuous and increasing. Since the 1st of Sep ber, 1885, to date immigrants' certificates have been issued to 244 sons at tills consulate, against ru6 issued the year preceding. SuppI' mental to this report I transmit a copy of the "Domlnii Canada Guide-Book," just issued by the department of agricultn the Government of Canada, containing *' Information for inteii settlers," with numerous illustrations and maps. Also, under cover, a copy of the "Report of the Minister of Agriculture for thi minion of Canada for the calendar year 18S5," issued by the Gol •"W* ATION. 1 in the Dominion at the d from that port, were as 81. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 164 20,881 21,807 18,K!8 10,511 ,78S 8.19S 12,005 4,473 2,1«7 ,800 4,617 8,080 8,040 2,U99 530 1,024 1,434 1,237 510 ,600 8,270 4,768 ^•ii\ 1,48S 104 50 806 ISO 104 118 120 1,413 88 03 22 270 1 56 322 50 45 *1,405 1 22 180 67 1,158 44,850 45,96» 81,529 . 17,030 f5 were Jewi. nmigration bureau at Hain- ;rant8 at the Hamilton bu- r the years ending June 30, 85. 2,174 456 742 792 809 570 1886. 1,796 478 713 670 834 73 Decrease. Increase. 878 6,633 4,602 1,071 20 rauts into this district have )f five cases, who have been )m disease to earn their own into this portion of the prov men from cities iu the United gage in the laundry businew id for immigrant laborers for Iso some demand for skilled J and lathe hands. There are lications for several hundred 3ar the demand at the agency rhe applications include faru) all kinds, factory hands, arti- he marked decrease in the ini- sding that the exodus to the ag. Since the Ist of Septeui- s have been issued to 244 per- 1 the year preceding, it a copy of the "Dominion of ! department of agriculture of r "Information for intending nd maps. Also, under same ster of Agriculture for the Do- • 1885," issued by the Govern- BRITISH KORTH AMERICA. 583 nent at Ottawa last April, which contains an elaborate risumi oi the immigration work of the agricultural department of Canada. I would respectfully call your attention to those passages in the Guide- Book which treat of land grants and pre-emptions to immigrant settlers on the pages indicated by marginal marks, viz, respectively page 12, under the head of " Land System," in reference to free grants of 160 acres to every settler in Manitoba and the Northwest Territories j pages G5 and 85, under the heads of " Free grants and exemptions," givmg conditions, with directions for entry and settlement; and pago 97 et seq., giving the land regulations of British Columbia; also page 128, Chapter X, giving Canada immigration stations and information and advice for intending immigrants, and the appendix, page 143, containing the Do- minion lands regulations, homestead conditions, pre-emptions, and tim- ber, grazing, and mineral laud regulations, &c. I also invite your attention to certain portions of the exhaustive review of the operations of the immigration bureau, contained in the " Beport of the Minister of Agriculture," indicated by marginal marks, as follows : Section V, Immigration, page 22 to 44, inclusive, "Beport on Alleged Exodus on Western Frontier," from the secretary of the bureau of agriculture, page 45 etaeq.; "Annual Beport of Hamilton Im- migration Agent," page 33; "Beport on Hungarian Colonization," by Count d'Esterhazy, page 117; "Beport on French Canadian Bepatria- tiou," by the Canadian immigration agent at Worcester, Mass. ; and " Beports on Emigration from Europe," by the high commissioner for Cpnada at London, pages 291 to 358, inclusive. There are matters of interest in these pamphlets too voluminous to r.dmit of condensation within the limits of a convenient presentation in this report. ALBEBT BOBEBTS, Coiuul. United States Consulate, Hamilton, September 10, 1886. Seturn of immigrant arrivah and departuret in the diatriotof the Hamilton ageneif, in- cluding those reported by the custonuport of entry and the philanthropio tooietiee, for the year ending December 31, 1885. VktioniOitiM. English Irish Sooteh....^. German United SUtes oltlaen* . Other oonntrie* Philanthropio looietiM . Costoms retams , Total, 1886. Total, 1884. Deereas*. I.st3 lis 11 § 1.161 186 225 7 1,S78 436 2,004 8,312 1,808 II |5 ass 9i SexM. 8,834 8,467 2,226 9,028 1,057 7,900 27,511 087 28, 498 63,119 34,621 I ■a I 14,841 276 14,617 35,196 20,670 6,124 813 6,487 10,896 4,9W i 4,906 3,653 2,450 9, OSS 1,067 7.900 9, (24 426 398 29,089 426 987 10,448 ! 20,889 1 30,603 66,431 10,801 36,929 I I 584 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. «e*-m of iuuigrant arrivals «... ^^an^r^tUe aUirict of tke Ha.nUion ayeno,, ,..- DeoTMse Eoalteh Irish Scotch German --- United States citizens. Other countries Philanthropic societies Castoms retoms Total, 1885 Total, 1884 Bate of wages paid in the district of the namiUon agency. Per day. Bookbinder Mid printer »t 50to$2 00 jl Bakers Brewers Batchers Brick-makers Bricklayersand masons Boiler-makers Carpenters... Cabinet-makers Coopers. Fitters Laborers: j , (^ co»;^»" ::::::".::::: J oo Farm , ,. Railway i ij Lath hands i q« Moulders T ,; Millwright { LI Millers i SX Painters j 5„ 1 30 2 50 125 1 50 1 50 2 60 2 50 2 70 1 50 2 25 1 50 200 1 60 2 OU 1 60 2 00 1 50 2 25 Woolen mitU. Card-room Si>innevs Weavers Dvers Wool assorters Cotton millt. Card-room Splnnnr»... t Weavers j Overlookers Fanaletper month, withboard and lodging. Per day. $0 S0tO$l 25 1 00 1 50 75 1 25 1 00 1 25 1 25 1 75 60 1 UO 1 25 1 50 80 1 25 2 28 3 00 00 7 UO 10 00 7 00 8 00 8 00 12 00 10 oo ].i ot in Of fl( fl 0( rioN. )/ the Hamilton agenoii, ^c — BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. Articlea. Prices. Bacon i>erpound Shouidew ']" do.... do., do . do . do.. do .. do — ;; do... do... Cotlee do... Codflnh *"■•• Mugtani 5" ■■ Pepi>» 5„ ■■ nii« do... do... ■■■. do... Rice Soap Sugar Green no... Black do... Tobiicco "» :• Ciiiunieal percwi. Buckwheat 5° "' Oatmeal *"/•• Bread per4lb8. Milk P*V?li Herring* perbW. E„28 perdoa. pSutoii pereolba. ^ 09 to^ 10 08 OS 07 09 08 15 12 12» 10 20 05 20 25 04 04 05 20 20 3S 1 60 2 00 2 00 2 00 08 05 4 SO IS 30 10 14 ! 09 10 12 12 10 20 15 15 85 07 25 30 05 06 SO SO 43 175 2 50 2 50 2 SO 10 06 7 00 20 85 585 ist of retail price» of the ordinary articles of food a„d raiment required by the tcorking Artlctea. Salt pcr601b»., Firowood per cord. ConU per ton. CoatK : Over Under PanU Vests Shirts : flannel Cotton Underwear Drawers, woolen woven Hats, felt Socks: Worsted Cotton ;• Blankets per pair Rnss , Flannel pervard Cotton • do.. Double sheeting Canadian tweed cloth Shoes Prices. (0 50 5 00 to $6 00 5 50 6 00 Men's.. per pair. Women's . Boots: . Men's do... Women's "»••• Bnbbers : , Men's do- Women's do... 6 00 10 00 4 00 6 00 2 00 300 1 00 1 50 1 25 2 00 50 1 00 40 1 00 50 75 1 00 1 SO 25 50 10 8S 2 00 BOO 1 00 1 SO 25 45 05 10 20 30 40 75 1 00 1 SO 1 00 125 1 75 225 125 175 60 75 40 BO I,ONDON. [From report of the mlnlstnr of agriculture, 1886.] al return of immigrant arrivaU and departure, at London immigration agency for the twelve months ending December il, itsoo. I i e I -a a 21 30 18 37 20 31 18 23 56 26 21 14 98 88 ea 120 116 182 91 105 117 90 68 62 1.150 54 40 39 72 63 54 55 54 69 44 46 38 627 21 24 27 18 I 11 17 17 14 18 U 18 aoo 16 21 7 13 18 11 13 19 27 22 8 7 9 I B 8 16 3 9 6 6 i 3 182 M 12 4 8 8 8 8 40 3 2 1 1 ^^-,K^fi'®S«iS*5»'5S B EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Annual rei.rn ofin^.i^ani arH.aU a... departures at Lon^on^^^c^-C^^ »8,735 4,225 i, 330 5,430 4,750 S,350 3,875 4,75U 4,250 2, B50 2,700 1,800 86/145 Average rateof.vages'^n tke dUtrict of the London agency in 1880. Oooapatlon. Wages. Ocoapatlon. Wagea. Farm laborers: , „„.. »10 00to»I2 00 Femajecooks ; » g g(,j„ 1200 nnlaborers: . _, '*i nn toil 50 I Laanoi^^"" --.- Per day, without board 1*} m Jo 1 50 Female domestios ....... ■■■rv--; P«w^kandboaTd.....^.---U«Oto 1 ou q^„„^ laborers, per day, without boai'd 260 2 50 175 1 50 50 to 1 75 Oardeners With board, per month. 1 00 to Without board, per day 1 1 "« «• 15 00 1 SO board Miners Engine drivers. Saddlers ^ Bootmakers , jq^^ Tailois 7 OOto 9 00 1 OOto 5 OOto 1 OOto 1 SOto 1 37 7 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 175 if Beoord of immigramt PORT AR'T'TiUR. [From the report of the minister of agriculture, 1886.] arrivaU at Port Arthur agency during season of 1885. Whence. Ontarioi Men Women Children Quebeot Men Women I^w«"Snoard . Bngine driTera, per day, without board Saddlera, per day, without txtard. . Bootmakera, per day, withont board Tallora, per day, withont board. . . J. Wagea. 840 20 12 1 2 1 3 3 00to$60 OO OOto 35 00 OOto leoo SOto 1 76 25to 2 60 SOto 3 50 50to 4 60 2Sto 3 60 OOto a 7B I 60to 8 80 PORT HOPE. REPORT OF OOMMEBOIAL AQENT DUTOHEB. No register of iiumigrauts into this cooHular district is kept. England, Ireland, and Scotland contribute the majority settling in this district, whicn are, however, very . All that arrive here are a few agricnltnral laborers and domestic servants brought out here by aid societies from England. CHA8. B. J0H:,'S(T0N, Vice-consul. United States Consulate, Port Samia, October 11, 1886. TORONTO. REPORT OF OOSaVL WA6SER. Immigration into the province of Ontario was much smaller in the .year ended December 31, 1885, than in any preceding year since 1878. In the face of the general depression in trade, the decrease was not looked npon as a misfortune, as it was claimed that employment could not have been procured for any large number of immigrants. Even the | tiew men who did arrive, expecting to obtain clerkships or other kindred | employment, were in most instances disappointed. Farm laborers, however, especially single men, fonnd no difficulty iu I obtaining employment, there having been a steady demand lor that class I of labor from the beginning of August until the end of October, 1885.1 More than double the number who arrived could easily have obtained] employment by tue year at fair wages. Experienced men only, how- ever, are wanted by the year. It is stated that of one large lot t>f practical and experienced farml hands 30 reached Toronto at 5 a. m., and before noon all had been euf gaged at wages ranging from $144 to $150 per annum with mainte^ nance. During the last immigration season only a few domestic servantij came to Ontario, and not more than 88 reported themselves at Toronto These were employed in this city and in various parts of the countrj Good general servants readily obtain employment at wages rangiu^ from $8 to $10 pei ^ "th. '"^m ION. I HE 8. leini; an old sect inn ofcotin- pare ofl'ored c^inigrantH. party of immigrants into IT about (JO or GO, and were ' are working in factories, Inpporting. The only other ly engaged by I'uruiers here I and forwarded here. HENRY M. JAMES, CiMnmercial Agent, ETON. lonsalar diHtrict, aa this ia a Id land to be taken u]>. All imestio servants brought out CHA8. B. J0H:>'S(T0N, Yiet-Consul, EB. was much smaller in the receding year since 1878. de, the decrease was not d that employment could [>f immigrants. Even the lerksbips or other kindred nted. len, found no difficulty iu ady demand for that class the end of October, 188j. >ula easily have obtained terieuced men only, ho^v- cal and experienced farm ore noon all had been en- per annum with mainte- a few domestic servants :ed themselves at Toronto, ious parts of the country. >yment at wages ranging BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. OHABACTEB OF IMMtaBANTS. 589 Ttie class of immigrants arrived during tlie year 1885 are reported to have been superior to tliose of ♦•.nner years, and were with very few exceptions able to pay their way to their destinations, or to where work was to be obtained. They were also of an exceedingly healthy class, but little sickness having been reported, and that mostly among children. These immigrants, as a rule, become self-supimrting, and but rarely become a burden on the community in which they settle. They gener- a.ly remain in the country and but seldom return to their native land, ind if nnable, after a perio iug purposes. 9 LAND QBANTS. Free grants of land are made to actual settlers, but no such grant is made to males under eighteen, or for more than 200 acres. The head of a family, whether male or female, having children under the age of eighteen can obtain a grant of 200 acres, and a single man over eight- een years of age, or a married man having no children under eighteen residing with him can obtain a grant of 100 acres in the iVee grant dis- tricts. The settlement duties are to have 15 acres on each grant cleared and under crop ; of wheat at least 2 acres are to be cleared and cultivated annually for Ave years, to build a habitable hocse at least 16 by 20 feet iu size, and to reside on the land at least six months iu each year. Be- yond these free grants of land there are no other inducements offered to immigrants by the province of Ontario. Farm laborers arriving here are forwarded, at the expense of the pro- vincial government, to points where employment can be obtained. All other classes of immigrants must pay their own way to their destination or to where employment is to be found, although the immigration de- partment makes every effort to obtain employment for them. Every facility is afforded for the education of children in the rural districts, as well as in the cities and villages of the province. In rural districts the townships are divided into school sections of convenient size, so that pupils within the section may be able to attend the school, which generally occupies the central position. The schools are fhee to the pupils, and attendance at the public school, or at some private school, is oompulaoiy between the ages of seven and thirteen years, but the enforcement of the oompnlsory elanse is entirely optional with the authorities in ea«h locality. In this way is the immigrant, arriving with his ISunilyt given an opportunity of pro- viding his children witii a good oommonwschool eduoauon. Statements are attached, dMwhug the number of immigrants arrived and settled in the province of Ontario, through the Toronto immigra* '^^mmmm^^^ "^^^saasiK^ttsssr- 590 EMIGRATION AND IMMIOBATION. tion agency, daring the last teta years, with their nationalities, and other statistics. CHARLES W. WAGNER, Contvl. United States Consulate, Toronto, Ontario, 8'item.her 22, 1886. Immigrant arritah and departure* at Toronto for the tieehe months ending Dtcemhtr 31. 1885, and their nationalitiee, the number of free meali and free pat»f» by railwayior Other convey anoea, from thit agency to their reepeotive placet of deetination. Item*. Hs 1 650 288 1 ►» 1" i a ten 100 t 679 23 1 442 23 1 1 1 1 H Ifamb«T of arrlrala tU the St Lawrence and Hallfta Number of arrlTaU via the United State* 89 m 84 90 100 121 1,781 6 1,440 28 1,092 48 1,140 262 93 21 43 7.480 813 Total namber of 118 174 221 MS 1,787 1,468 •77 127 205 646 423 121 86 15 602 76 81 446 276 96 72 1 466 49 76 M 220 78 39 4 283 28 47 131 38 41 2 136 23 113 77 1: 13 8,304 Wentto the United 23 U 81 6ft 19 5 1 1 26 18 ISO 96 as 7 "4' 40 13 168 118 276 68 589 AM 617 298 872 481 168 21H 10 378 191 890 548 139 214 7 190 280 670 475 114 80 1,82S Went to Manitoba Bemained in the proy- Inoe of Ontario Kationalltlea of tmml- granta settled In On- terio: Enslith 1,313 5,166 3,200 Irish SO m 961 Sootbh 15 "2 3 Its S7 61 7 4 S80 t)3i 846 OemaD .•...■..•... 5.1 1 12 1 445 65 S71 394 4 3,807 mi Number of tne meal*. . Number of tne passea. . 189 274 14B 23 691 1084 412 1154 306 30 244 824 1*54 i48 154 18 Immigrant arrivaU at thit agency for the yeart 1876 to 1885, inclutive, and their nationali- tiet. Ymn. 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 188S , isaii IMS To«M Bemained in the province of Ontario aud settled through Toronto agency. 2,914 2,534 4,602 9,609 7,094 7,779 8,404 ll,23S 7,229 6,166 8«,4«4 Nationalities. iS 1,803 1,486 I 2,691 ; 6,743 > S,796 I 3,654 4,813 I 6,492 I 4,743 S,29a •c 581 S90 644 1,841 2. IS2 2,614 2,167 4,481 1,41S 961 3 I a 91, no 17,288 454 M 584 40 9H) 23 1,377 173 1,001 12 1,361 106 1,815 85 1,068 06 1,009 53 846 68 10,038 612 9 I 11 60 24 SI 12 88 87 179 127 257 a I 10 7 75 18 179 a is piON. Inationalities, and otber W. WAGNER, Con$vl, \relve vionths ending Decembtr I and free pattea by raiUrayaor lce« of deitinotion. J i i i 1 < 4 & 1 B 1 V s % 1 1 2 877 579 442 1 262 93 7,48» 9 100 23 33 21 { 48 81.-. •77 002 465 283 136 — --•' 8,30t 127 76 49 23 1,825 10 j 205 81 75 47 23 1, 31:) ro 645 445 M 113 5,166 75 428 276 220 131 77 3,290 14 121 96 78 38 17 961 80 86 72 39 41 13 84U 15 1 4 2 6 5:1 1 I'J 1 4 45 871 306 244 154 i48 3,507 65 39i 39 82i 151 IB «04i 385, inclueive, and their naiionali- Nationalltiea. i s a «) B . f 11 i II 1 1 C3 09 cc M » 88 10 7 40 87 7 82 23 .••-•*- 179 75 10 173 12 106 275 60 24 " 2 18 >>■ 35 81 43 96 53 <* 27 1 10 58 12 4 612 127 257 179 508 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 691 lMmigra»t$ lettled in Ontario through agenelei and reported through onalonufrom 1868 to 1885, ^\ Englith l.flTu Danish ttio Irish 5t)i:j ScandanAvian 110 Belgian 8 Swedish 7 French 6 Qermau 7 Xorwugiau 1 Rnaaian 3 The destination of these immij^rants was to the interior of the prov> ince. They settled mostly upon government lands. As a rale they are a thrifty ngricultaral class of people, of good morals^ hard working, and making good citizens, and of u great ad- vantage and benefit lo the province, and as far as can be ascertained are making good progress in building up for themselves good homes and farms, and seldom if ever do they become a burden on the uotU' munity. The opportunities an? fair, considering the rigors of the winter climate, for advancement and prosperity. Regarding bounties of land and other inducements to immigrants and settlors, I inclose under separate cover pamphlets which cite all the in- docements offered. It is claimed by those interested in the matter that immigration, es- pecially among the Danes and Scotch, would be greatly increased should the provincial government open up the timber reserves as an induce- ment to immigration, but the ^'alue of stumpage for timber privileges is held to be of more importar^ce and value to the provincial govern- ment than to turn it over to i'nmigration. I am informed that the immigrants remain in the country, and seldom if ever retnm to their native land, except to induce their fnends to join them here. The strong indacements held out to immigrants to settle in the north- west portion of the Dominion of Canada apparently offer greater charms and opportunities for immigrants than this section of the Dominion, and the province of New Brunswick has felt the loss ot many of its inhabit- ants on that account. The records of the immigration bnrean of this province have until few yeturs back been kept In rather an incomplete manner, bat the reX port now submitted is from the best information that can be obtained] JAMES MUBBAY, CwMuL nniTm> States Oonbitlatb, St, JokHf ITew Brwn§u>kkt November 20, 1880. ICK. fort from Enropoaii nii inclutiive, amoniiteil tu \.'il\ l.filit Wio 5()h no 8 7 C 7 1 3 the interior of tlie pruv- ands. class of people, of good sens, and of a great ad- far as cau be ascertaiiicd r theoiselves good botues le a burden on the coiu- gors of tbe winter cliiiiute, ementdto immigrants and hiets which cite all the iu- tter that immigration, es- )e greatly increased should )er reserves as an induce- )age for timber privileges to the provincial govern- in the country, and seldom nduce their fnends to join ants to settle in the nortb- rently offer greater charms Btion of the Dominion, and OSS ot many of its inhabit- tbis province have until a iplete manner, but the re- nun that can be obtained. AMES MUBBAY, f 594 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA. (From raport of tb« mlnlitor of •gricaltnre, 188S.] The total immigration for the year 1885 was 4,427, and classiflecl aa follows : Males !i,440 Famales 05S Children 1,W) Total 4,4-27 Average rate of wage* eau or Asiatic, countries. This fact, however, does noi necessarily signify that there have been no Huch instances. By way of explanation of this latter fact, it is pertinent to state that I immigrants coming into this province from European countries come as a rule, with but few exceptions comparatively, to some port <'f' tuel Dominion of Canada, whither there are direct lines of steamers from I European sea-ports. At esmh of such Canadian ports there is a Domin- ion immigration agent by whom the arrivals of such immigrants arui recorded and reported annually to the Government. In other words, a record of these arrivals is made at the port of first, landing and not of hnal destination, as in the case of intending settler.^! who subsequently reside inland. There are no points in this consular district at which European Steaml ers touch, and hence the only arrivals from Eurojiean countries to btf noted l»y the proper otticials in this portion of the province would b^ those of settlers who had coiiwi in by waj of the United States. ION. lA. I, 1888.] 1,427, and olassiflecl m 3,440 958 4,4!i7 URITISH NORTH AMERICA. 695 t{fax, in 1885. ttlOD. , per week ard, per weak . . . pur month ur week ioa, per month . . . ra. per day, with' month per month ay lt weok s«k Wagaa. II 00 00 8 GO 500 1 00 10 00 50 00 1 76 10 00 tl ili u un 12 w 5 0t' tne ct lines of steamers from m ports there is a Domin- s of such immigrants are iment. » made at the port of first case of intending settlers at which European ateam- European countries to bf of the province would be the United Strifes. Ah this last would be an unnecessarily circuitous route, the number of immigrants choosing this means of reaching the province would nat ura.ly be insignitlcunt. The only ports in this district having direct steamship communication with the United States are those of Yarmouth, Annapolis, and liigby. As al>ove stated, there is no olUcial record at either of these places of any intending settlers from the countries in question. The Dominion immigration agent for Nova Scotia resides at Halifax. OCCUPATIONS. These are various, embracing farmers, farm hands and general labor* era, mechanics, clerks, traders, and domestic servants. The greater uum- l)er of settlers become farm hands and general laborers. INDUCEMENTS OFFERED BY GOVERNMENT. Neither the ])rovincial nor federal Governments offer any induce- ments to intending settlers in Nova Scotia, in the way of land bounties or exemption from taxation. An assisted passage to the Canadian port of landing is given by the federal Government, and in cases of extreme indigence a free passage from the port of first arrival to the flna! desti- nation of the immigrant. STABILITY OF IMMIGRANTS. I am led to believe that the great majority of thepc. who *ir>,ve settled in this portion of the province of Nova Scotia pre self-reliant and self- sustaining, making good citizens, with occasional cases ;^v're and 'ere of reckless and ill-advised expenditure, resulting disastrously. There have been a few immigrants from Great Britain who ha v ;i ttled oil farms ; generally speaking, they have not succeeded, the gre.itor por- tion of them returning home, or in some few instar^ • f.'oiug to the United States. W. HENRY EOBxi)RlSON, Commercial Agent. United States Commercial Agency, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, November 13, 1880. WINNIPEG. [From report of the minister of agriculture, 1885.] NationaUtiet of immigrants accommodated at uie TVinnlpeg agency during the year 1885, K<»tionaUties. Xnrober. Natlonalitiea. Numl r. Enclisl 42S 49 : 152 ; 182 ■ 17 5!11 111 1 101 Italians 7 Irish 10 Scotch f lermnns Pullsh JloUanders V! Scime oo"^5 ^y lome under the notice of the agent nipeg agency in 1885. Occupation. nt board oka tea imeetics -v v : " 1' laborers, per day, without Wages. jr week, without board . $20 00 16 00 20 00 15 00 1 60 12 00 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. BRANDON. [From the report of the minister of agriculture, 1888.) Average rate of wages in the dUtrtct of the Brandon agency in 1885. 597 S^annlaborersi ^. , Per week, without boara . . , . Per week and board — ... • Female farm servants, with board, per month - — - • Masons, per day, without board, Bricklayers, per day, without board. .•••••^•A'""I' Carpenters, per day, without board • ;-■•:;••••;• Smiths, perday, without bparf.^ Wheelwrights, per day, without board $6 00 to $12 00 400 800 800 300 300 200 200 800 16 00 400 400 300 300 300 Gardeners t With board Without board Female cooks, per month Laundresses, per month ....... Female domestics, per month • ■ Oeneral laborers, per day, with' onttHMrd MiU hands 2nKine.driver6 Saddlers ■ Bootmakers • Tailors ■ $1 00 to «2 OO 1 60 2 60 IS CO 80 00 12 C- 18 00 8 UO 16 00 126 1 60 250 160 160 160 160 2 60 8 60 3 60 a 60 2 60 List Of prices of the ordinary artioles of food and olothing required by the working classes .per 100 lbs. per lb. do... do... do... .do... Flour Bacon T Tahi ........ Codfish Tea Sugar Pearl barley ao.... ^{(>e do -- Coal'oiV pergaU.. Dried apples per lb.. Soap do-- Canants do.... Kalsins .do..., Sirup per 5.gal. keg- Cheese per lb. Coffee do... Prunes "?:;• Salt perbbl. Batter per lb. Eggs perdoz. Bread per 20 loaves. Mlik. PS',?'- Potatoes per 60 lbs. Firewood per cord. Coals pet 2,000 lbs., soft. Coals per 2,000 lbs., hard. Tweed suits (man's) il 6t> to (2 50 10 12 15 10 12 25 50 7 10 7 7 85 40 8 10 6 10 10 10 16 250 15 35 50 10 2 60 16 25 25 100 6 7 35 40 400 660 860 960 11 60 760 25 00 Articles. Black worsted suits (men's) .. Tweed suits: Youths' Bovs' Children's Tweed coats (men's) , Worsted coats (men's) Tweed coats (boys') Tweed pants (men's) Worsted pants (men's) Moleskin pants (men's) Tweed coats (boys') Pants (boys') Men's woollen shirts Men's cotton shirts Men's undershirts and drawers, per suit Shoes : Men's Women's - ! Boots: Men's Women's Bnbbers: Men's Women's Prices. $13 00 to $30 00 . 860 16 00 660 13 00 3 60 900 460 10 OO 900 15 00 3 60 800 300 6 60 40C 800 800 450 1 75 3 60 176 400 100 400 75 150 90 460 125 175 116 3 29 360 BOO 22S 500 75 135 75 100 itiful. Appelle agency in 1885. Occupation. Wages. rs, with board looks sses lomestics • ■-• laborers, per day, witb- ard d« - Irivers $W 00 $20 00 to 40 00 12 00 1 60 lera 20 00 10 00 2 00 2 25 3 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 598 EMIOEATION AND IMMldRATlON. TOW- giving price-m of U«5er, #o., auring past season of 1885. Gooda. FrioM. Goods. Bo«Ai,D.S.t No. 1 .-.--••••' lfo.8 No.B...- StiaaaalMpiiW"' Simeiwlon •pntoe noorlnt! ^o. I ••••••••• lIw.S ••••••••• CtUing: No.l No. a Von>'^'^I>" aiiMn** perl,OMft. .......ae..> do— , do-" do... do... $2200 ^00 17 00 22 00 19 00 |«*?„'.l per 1.000ft. No.8..>>'. "Oil- 'Do 4»" do... do Do . Do .••-. U«0 26 00 LirthB. I Doors Windows T«rredpop«f •-- BIOwnp•p«^•••• Mob. ...do... .porlb. ...do... Ftioea. fSOOtO 100 135 00 25 00 2 75 3 50 400 400 (7 00 400 o« bMiMM doM 1* tW. br«oh during O* P-» Miion&tot*$lM.OOO. Itot 0/reteiIl.Hce. o/6««>W meat, j,ottMry. #o. 0«nt«. *^Byrido pwpomid.. ^,d quart;' 5" •, ,„t\uttter ::::"X.::: Boast do.. Bott^. •.•.•.■."■.dS... Corned... -•---••-• each. Baof, hew* indtonguo ««»"• Kutton ! ,^. sound . ■ ' ByoaWass perpoimu Bwast VAo.'... Chop *'''%c«cas. .:-:::SS-.::- Boast '•• 4 to 8 7 10 tol2i 7 to 10 8 to 10 m 10 to 12 12i to 16 16 ^^^^fk""*!""-. p«'PT* Baoaage °''" I'*™'*'- .do.... By carcass gj* Boast Jo' .. Chop PouUiy. Turkeys P*'?.T^. 10 10 to 12 121 16 16 Tuble giving prioe-li»t» oj ^fagriouliural inplmenU,; for tU year ending December 31, 1885 SIndetss ^ B.feetont •.feet out 7.feetcnt..... Binding matertui Wire Cord Harrows: Iron Disk Howers: Toronto .» ••• Massey Plows: . 12-it)ch breaker 14 ich breaker ..... Btt> 1 beam stubble Wood beam stubbie •per p<«nd. do... f215 00 226 00 285 00 12 , 16» 18 00 40 00 80 00 76 00 18 00 20 00 10 00 17 00 Plows— Continued. Oang plows Bulky plows "Rlket: . . Brantford Sharp's Seeders : 12.hoe 14-hoe ^'^taimum, horse-power ....•- Minimum, steampower IJ-H.) Minimum, steam-power (12-H.) Wagons.-.- Fanning mills Sleighs Cotters Grain crushers $100 66e 25 ( 30 ( 70 1 801 1,400 1,350 00 00 to 75 80 00to40 25 OOtoSO 60 60 00to65 The amount of business done during ^[;;;;;;;;;;:ron in this (Br«idon)dUtrlot is about •350,000 170.1 Ko. 3 No. 8 No. 4 No. 6 BBITI8H NOETH AMERICA. WJ Statement t^ <*« munioipaUty of BhineUnd. (MennoMte. ) Ward. Cnltirated Und. No.l No. 2 N«.8 • JS^A.- N*. 6 ....••-»•••••"--''•"■ No.6. ..w, X*tal ....<.k....-..i' UtnMpaltty of DomglM. 6nad total. 4,514 6,404 6,848 8,816 8,454 7J7 91,«a6 4i8k68» Total land. 22,040 29,840 80,720 90,4i)0 iS,«40 Real property. |»8,4ne 144,925 142,960 «7,766 102,560 46,085 H6,t20 622,685 9(4, M» 621, 885 Personal property. ^,698 12, 245 11,827 2,440 3,687 85 Total property. Statute labor days. 86,566 86,568 $164,848 157, 170 154,787 90,305 106,177 46,070 4,605 663,856 668,851 1,739 i,'729 Ward. Fopalation. Malec Femalea. Total HonloipaUt; of Douglas. Qraad total. 100 188 145 88 90 No.6 ?♦ 4 203 825 807 128 165 44 139 101 156 150 88 90 24 i I 155 291 261 128 132 16 I I 1,806 1,856 2,662 702 702 1,072 1,254 2,326 659 825 868 427 477 108 414 8,778 2,610 6,383 51 48 88 98 77 66 79 620 809 361 438 60 289 I m I » 66 823 118 608 46 692 8,249 1,068 1,111 4,307 44 19 2 80 824 675 856 411 63 310 8,656 1,620 4,178 320 461 «14 176 207 24 121 2,897 IMMIGRATION. [From report of the minUter of agricultore, 1886.] ^mital* of immigrant vauengera and immigrant settlers, who have entered the Dominion, ■' from 1877 to 1885, inoluswe. Diieotion. 1 1877. 187& 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 188fS. Via the St. Lawrence Via Saspension Bridge.... 7,748 13,040 10,296 15,814 17,281 80,071 24,997 47,296 80,288 61,823 44,850 90,393 45,066 66,179 86,045 14,721 9,000 31,529 68,119 16,627 12,130 9,000 17, 035 27, 511 •10, 633 Via inland porta Maritime province porta (6,463), Inclnding Fort- land (1,340), Boston (896), and New York (996) dl- reot British Columhla 2,749 3,488 3,955 8,809 8,836 6,715 18,426 13,927 9,693 8,023 Entered at nnatomhonses with settlelrs' goods.... 38,532 28,597 11,753 11,438 51,277 9,775 76,602 10,248 101,612 15,404 162,596 30,664 171,011 84,987 131,406 35,191 72,796 32,801 Total 35,286 40,032| 61,062 85,060 117,016] 198,160 206,898 166, 69« 105, 096 1 1 1 1 at Preaoott, nOi Port Arthur, 1,415. 1 1, (M I n ant r 600 EMIORATION AND IMMIGRATION. Arrivah hy the St. Lawrence route, both of immigrant paeteHgera and immigrant eeitlerf, from 1854 to liMS, inolmive. Tmn. 1854 1865 1866 1857 1868 1859 1860. 1S61. 18U. 1868 1864, 1865 1866 1867 1868. 1860. I 58,180 21,274 22,439 82,097 12, 810 8,778 10,150 10,928 22,176 19,419 19, 147 21,865 28,648 30, 767 84,309 43,114 Tears. 1870 1871 1872. 1878 1874 1876 1876 18n 1878 1879 1880 1881 18ti2 1888 1884 1885 a 44,47S 37,020 34.743 86, 901 23, m 16,038 10,901 7,748 10,295 17,251 24,997 30,228 44,850 45,066 81,620' 17,035 Immigranta arrived during the last seven years, reported by the agents of the department cm having stated their intention to settle in Canada. Where. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. ▲tOnebeo 11,017 7,565 3,480 14,859 5,770 2,265 00 124 15,614 5,466 948 86 848 31,032 6,779 1,431 664 4,369 8,424 14,625 12,862 86,084 7,247 7,484 29 4,456 21,019 9,000 6,185 479 U,588 876 4,260 26.490 8,049 6,187 1,085 8,245 12,657 9,000 16, 104- 4,412 6,092 1,085- Saspenslon Bridge Haluax, Ifova Sooti» St. Jobii, New Bmnswlok Portland, Me MoDtreftI yia Boston and Kew Tork. ■ 2,619 Manitoba and Northwest, settlers en- tering at ports other than those above enumerated, and other than those from the old provinoes, viz, Em- erson <3,189), Gretna (4,056) via Port Arthur (1,415)* 7,906 4,986 8,757 8,660 8,023 British Co lamb a Frem Uniud BtmUe. At Algoma. . . . . . . ........................ Coatioook 900 215 1,260 70 464 558 1,886 1,031 Ottawa 281 171 66 185 Toronto Kingston 1,843 London Prescott. 630 North of Lake Superior.... ' Beported with settlers' goods by oostom- honses 80,717 9,775 27,544 10,961 82,587 15, 404 81, oo; 30,654 98,637 34, 937 68,683 35,191 46,86 32,3o| Total tattlers 40,492 88,505 47,991 112, 45'i 133, 624 103,824 79,1 J *The total number of persons who went into Manitoba and the Northwest in 1886 was 21,946, asoel tained as follows : Reported at Emerson, 8,298: Gretna. 8,120; Port Arthur. 5, 628. The nationalitif were as follows: From Earope, 3,821; from Canada. 9.455; from XTnited States, 8,660. Of the toti number, 21,946, deduct those reported to have gone out via Emerson and Gretna, 14,706, maki'\g totI settlers in Manitoba and the Northwest, 7,240. We may safely add to the above, 500, as oo ing F •cross the frontier, west of Oretna. The numbers of immigrants reported as distribnted by the various agents may 1 found in excels of those above given, but this fact arises, as in previous years, ira movements of Immigrants between the stations, some of them beiug thus necesttaril twice reported, although not counted in summiug up the year's operations. The fif ores above are those given by the agents at the points at which tlie immigrants end the Dominion. There was a decrease this year in arrivals at Qnebeo of 14,499 ; there was also a c crease at the Suspension Bridge of 35,229 ; but there has been a general falling ofll emigration from Great Britain and Europe to all other countries as well as to Cana rioN. *gera and immigrant $eitlerBf Tears. 1 44,475 37,020 34 743 86,901 23,894 16,038 10,901 7,743 10,295 17,251 24,997 80,228 44,850 ' 45,066 31,529 17,035 the agents of the department as in Canada. 66 148 36 148 81,032 6,779 1,431 664 4, 8,424 86,084 7,247 7,484 29 991 171 66 185 14,625 12,862 587 404 991 900 215 1,269 70 464 81,004 30,564 112, 46'i IB Northwest Id 1885 waa 21.046, asoer- Port Arthur, 5,528. The nationalities >ni TTnited States, 8,660. Of the total erson and Gretna, 14,706, m»li)'>g total )ly add to the above, 600, a* oo Ing in id by the various agents may be arises, as in previous years, from e of them being thus necessarily > the year's operations. The fig- s at wliioh the immigrants enter BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. eoi Immigrant pas$enger$ through Canada to the United Statet, and tettlera in Canada, from 16o6 to 1885, inclusive, including and excluding the ariivals reported at the custom-houses, with entries of settlers' goods, which are reported elsewhere. TMrts. 1866. 1867. 1868 1869, 1870 1871 1872 1873' 1874 1875. •"I Settlers In Can- aila. Omitting via oastoms. Inclnd- ins via oualsms. 41,704 47,212 58,683 0/,202 44,313 87,049 62,608 49, 059 40.649 9,214 10,091 14,666 12,765 18,630 24,706 27,773 86,678 41,079 25,263 10,243 Years. 60.050 39, 378 27,882 1876. 1877. 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 Settlers in Can- Omitting via ou atoms. 10, 916 6,640 11,226 20,560 47.112 60,025 80,692 72,274 «2, 772 25,927 Includ- ine via onstiima 14,499 15,323 18, 372 30.717 27, 544 32, 587 81,904 98,637 e8,6.<» 46,868 25,633 27, 082 29,807 40,492 88,603 47,991 112, 45» 183,624 103,824 79,163' ' Prior to this date cnstoms retnms not made separate. Origins of immigrants loho arrived in the Dominion at the port of Quebec, from 1878 to 1885, as reported at that port. Nationalities. 1878. 1879. 1680. 1881. 1862. 1883. 1684. 1886. English 5,350 1, 042 1,077 238 1,538 165 154 418 323 10,395 1,543 1,448 349 2,872 149 83 6 248 200 11,059 3, 183 2, 875 307 7,402 27 3 71 13,154 3,785 2,800 530 9,600 104 45 116 20,681 6,105 4,617 1,024 8,279 50 *30 129 21,89? 12, 095 3,980 1,434 4,763 306 "Mis' 18,638 4.473 3,040 1,237 3,451 150 35 88 "822 10, 6U 2,107 2,099 510 Irish Scotch Scandinavians French and BolgiauB Otlier origins 1,48» 104 93 Mennonites 70 22 270 1,375 56 60 Jews Swiss .' 22 Ronman fans SO 95 Anstrians Ig Bosnians - 49 Total 10,295 17, 251 24,997 30,288 44,650 45,966 31,529 17,080' *Anatrians. Trades and occupations of the steerage adults landed at the port of Quebec, 1878 to 1885. Occnpation. 1878. 1879. 1860. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1866. Farmers 263 ^639 697 26 340 7,136 923 12 589 10, 164 003 54 310 n oan 3,295 14,253 1,872 29 2,669 9,194 1,911 13 1,061 5,44» 888 20 Laborers 13,890 1 16i629 330 1, 420 12 17 Clerks and traders Professional men 1 ! Total 4,045 6,411 11, 730 13,792 7,422 ' «02 EMIGRATION AND IMMIQBATION. ImnigranU, okiejiy ohildrm, brought to Canada under ike au»pU)e$ of charitable tocietiet and liir. Bernardo, London MobiU UoioD, Leitrim Presoott Board Onardtane, Liverpool Buys' Refuge, Itondon Bovs' Home, Southwark, London Coloninatlon Fund, Mr. J. F. Boyd, London ICedhill Reformatory Feltham Refonuatorr Mr. WbitewiU, Bristol Waifs and Straya AsMciation, London i. D. Shea, Birkdale Total 1881. 87 •e 61 117 88 35 U 727 1882. 70 304 74 121 88 44 82 80 118 1868. 1884. 8S 18S 187 12u 158 43 100 108 es 1,048 178 38 1,218 172 14« 108 22< 77 183 3S0 388 306 "45 33 187 SO 128 53 178 82 358 48 II '400 3,011 7 a 14 7 < 1,74« The immigrants by sea arrived only by steamers, sailing vessels being no longer used for immigrant transport. The average time of the Allan mail steamers fVom Liverpool was 10^ days, and from Londonderry, 9^ days ; that of the Dominion Line from Liverpool, 11:}, ).nd from Belfast, 10} days ; that of the Temperleys, fromLon- tlon to Quebec, 15 days ; Beaver Line from Liverpool, 11} days ; Bristol Line fron Bristol, 12i days. The immigration of 1885, although marked by diminntion of nninbers as compare^ with previous years, was still relatively large. The immigrants who came were of i good class. Those who sought for land or improved farms found them, and all thost who oame to seek for work were employed, the demand for farm laborers and femalJ domestic servants not having been saiisfted. Tlie breaking out of disturbances in the Northwest, of which the most exasijcrated and sensational reports were pubiishcdl both in the United Kingdom and on the Continent, had u very serious e£Eect in hiuT dering the immigration movement. And this was particularly the case as these dia turbances took place just at the time tho booking season for immigrants was about t| begin, and lasted during the whole of thu active or spring season. The effect. tlnJ produced was disastrous to the immigration interests of Oanada, as a whole, and war not by any means confined to those of the Northwest. A further cause of hindeiaud to immigration to Canada arose from a war of rates in tho United States transport!) tion interests, making dnring the greater {tart of the season a much cheaper imml grant rate from Liverpool to Chioaj,'o thau it was possible to obtain by tbe Canadiif routes. The general pievailiug inactivity of industries and commerce on both sidi of the Atlantic, also exercised a depreasing influence on the activity of the immigrl tion to this Continent. The position of Canada, however, was well maintained f comparison with the United States, a fact which is proved by the large nnmberof in migrants coming to Canada ftom the United States, as evidenced by entries of se tiers' goods at the custom-houses. The report of the high oommissfoner and thu of the agents acting under his directions, published in the appendices herewith, affoL a dear view of what may be called the European emigration markets, firom whi| 4he Dominion of Canada draws its annual aupplies. rioN. \aM$piee» of otMritahU locietlet year$. 1882. 1888. 1884. 1885. t 85 18» 197 la 160 83 r 70 904 74 121 I 7 172 148 1«» 22« 187 20 128 63 89 44 If 4 7 82 ai' 191 ra' 42 100 108 77 192 990 988 in 82 358 41 82 t g w «2 66 48 • e s 19 2 11 18 40 18 66 10 88 u 178 266 400 28 46 40 69 80 ■ ■ M 7 ... 25 14 7 4 727 1,048 1,218 2,011 1,74< sailing vessels being no longer if the Allan mail steamers from ^ys ; that of the Domiuion Line at of the Temperleys, from Lon- >ol, 11} *lays ; Bristol Line from nntion of nninbers as compared immigrants who came were of a farms found them, and all those nd for farm laborers and female breaking out of disturbances in laational reports were published, ad a very serioas effect in hiu- rticularly the case as these dis- sun for immigrants was about to spring season. The effect thus of Canada, as a whole, and was I. A fnrlher cause of hinderauce in the United Slates transporta- ) season a much cheaper immi- sible to obtain by the Canadian 'ies and commerce on both sides ion the activity of the immigra- owever, was well maintained in roved by the large nnmberof im- s, as evidenced by entries of set- te .high commissioner and those n the appendices herewith, afford emigration marlceta, from which BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 603 It is proper to report formally that the services of Sir Charles Tupper, the high commissioner for Canada, in London, have been most valuable in directing and guid- ing the immigration operations relating to Canada (Miring the past year. I also concnr with him in bis appreciation of the vaino of the services of his able staff of assistants, the Dominion agents in the United Kingdom. The later correspondence leads me to take a hopeful view of the prospects of im- migration to Canada daring the year 1886. The opening of the Canadian Pacific Railway ttom ocean to ocean in the sarly summer of 1886 cannot fbil to bo an im- Sortaut stimulus in attracting immigiation to the vast fertile areas of the Canadian orthweat and to the great undeveloped resources of the Pacific seaboard province of the Dominion, British Columbia. Although the immigration to Manitoba and the Northwest Territories was not nearly as large as it was confidently believed it wonld be, before the distnrbino causes to which I have refeired came into operation, it was marked by a hopeful feature, viz, the commencement of colonies of Germans, Scandinavians, Icelanders, avid Hunga- rians on nominal- reoerves, which, although not ezolnsive of anv other entries, have yet l)een found sufficient to furnish centers for infant colonies of the nationalities re- ferred to, and which, there is reason to believe, will be greatly strengthened during the coming season, the population of mixed European races being thus promoted. The number of immigrants who oame to Canada under the asaisted or cheapened patisage arrangement was very small in relation to the total number of immigrants, aud was confined to the classes of female domestic aervattta, agricultural laborers, and families of agricultural laborers. It is, perhaps, better to explain more particularly in relation to this kind of passage that the immigrant pays the whole of it himself at the rate advertised, the arrangement being that under an agreement between the de- partment and the steamship companies a cheaper ticket is furnished, and this ticket can only be obtained by the formality of a specified declaration of the immigrant himself as to his calling and where he has worked, supported by a certificate of a magistrate or minister or religion. The total number of those who availed themselves of this cheapened ticket during the calendar year was 6,694 adults and 1,125 children, making iu all 7,819 out of a total immigration of 79,169, and the net cost (out of a total ot $:il0,271.67 for immi- gration) alter deducting commissions, which are included in the item as it appears iu the accounts, was §24,398.89 ; the charge including commissions being $:U),748.33 ; the commissions really representing salaries of agents who worked for the departuient in distribnting pnblicationa and circulars, and otherwise advertising the attractions ofi'ered by Canada as a field for settlement. This cheapened passage has been found particularly useful in the cases of families of agricultural ialxtrers, whose services are in such decided demand, aud whose earn- ings in the mother country would notj otherwise, at all allow them to emigrate. This passage has also beeu found useful in affording a differential rate to Cannaa, as compared with New York, the attractions of which, as a route. and field for eniigr.auts, have been so much advertised. Cheapened or assisted passages were granted during the year to agricultural labor- ers, families of agricultural laborers, aud female domestic servants only, at rates va- rying from £2 10a. to £3. There is, however, a prospect that the rates will be some- what increased during the coming year. Mr. Stafford, the agent at Quebec, gives the total arrivals for 1885 at that port as 17,030, showing a decrease from the previous year of 14,499 souls. The usual detailed statements of nationalities, destinutiou, and occnpatiou will be found in his report. The immigrants of the season were of the usual classes, and all landed in a healthy condition. Those destined for Manitoba aud the Northwest were of a superior class, iind generally possessed of means. He further reports many families going to Join friends who h.id come out and settled Inst season. There was a large demand for farm hands and female domestic servants from all quarters. Mr. Daley, the agent at Montreal, gives a number of statements in his report de- scriptive of the immig/ants who arrived there via the United States, in addition to those entering his agency via the St. Lawrence. He states that 3,230 reached Mon- treal from United States seaports direct, viz, Portland, Boston, and New York, with a capital amounting to (327,800. Mr. Wills, the agent at Ottawa, reports 1,297 immifrrants arriving at his agency, with a capital amounting to $33,800. Mr. Wills speaks highly of the Germans and Scandinavians who arrived during the year. Mr. Macpherson, the agent at Kingston, reports 1,297 immigrants arriving there. They were of a superior class, and the amount of capital brought in by them Was ^5,G63. The demand for farm laborers and female servants was far in excess of the su; Air. Donaldson, the agent at Toronto, reports the total arrivals at his agency as 8,304, of whom 1,313 proceeded to Manitoba, and 1,825 passed through to the Western States. The class or arrivals was superior to those of former years, most of them ] 604 EMIGRATION AND IMMIORATION. I having ineiins to pay tlittir way to thefr destluatiouii. The amount of capital witi). ett'ects brought ia by tbeiu wait S'il'), ICO. Mr. Johu Smith, the agent at tlamilton, gives i ery exhaustive tables, showing nil details oonnocted with his agency, and some val'^abfe iuforiuation is also fiirnishuii b^ him respecting the agricultural and manufacturing industrlei of the Hamilton district. He reports considerable decrease in immigrants pas^ting through his agency to the Western States. The amount of capital brought into his district by immi- grants during the year was 9510,445. Mr. A. O. Smith, the agent at Loudon, reports the total arrivals there during the year as 1,1>'>0, and states that the demand for agricultural libureri wax greatly in ex- cess of the supply. The class of immigrants thai arriveil wa.i very good, and the capital brought la by them, as far as hu can ascertain, was 9.'>d,145. Mr. Clay, uie agent at Halifax, reports the total immigrati«m at hia agency fur the year as 4,4*27. A large number settled in Nova Scotia, eit'-'-.r purchasing or renting partly cleared farms. He reports the occurrence of sicuess during the vear, but nothing of a serious or contagious nature. The amount of capital brought by immi- grantslanding at Halifax was S.Jd:),b9?t. Mr. Oardner, the agent at St. Johu, reports 3'i5 immigrants at his agency, who brought, in cash and effects, $8,630. Mr. Tdtu, the agent at Emerson, gives tables showiuii the arrivals, both at Emer8>n and Qretna, daring the year asd,398 at the former, a.id 1,921 at the latter. He also enamerates those who left the province, this emigration being attributable to the completion of the Canadian Paoilic Railway. He reports the settlements in his dis- trict as prosperous, referring specially to theMeunonites, and hu gives some interesting ■tatistics respecting the wheat trade of Manitoba. Mr. W. C. B. Qrahame, the agent at Winnipeg, gives a number of tables respectiug the work of his agency during the past year, and refers to the various colonies that have been started in his district during that period, special attention being called tn the Hangarian element, the pioneers of which were located under Ciiunt d'Ester- hazy's auspices. Mr. MoGovem^ the agent at Port Arthur, reports a decrease in the arrivaln at hie station «n route ior Manitoba and the Northwest. This diminution he attributes to the exaggerated reports circulateighboring counties. The inivlority of these were United States citizens and European imiuigrauts who had lauded in New York, and gradually worked their way to the frontier, with a view of again reaching Hritish ))OHS>i8sions. Mr. John Sumner, who travels with immigrants from the place of their debarka- tion, reports the immigrants as of a superior class, and that the discouragement of mechanics and clerks from cominir to Canada has tended to keep immigration iu s more healthy state. He reports railway facilities and refreshments as being good. Mr. Kellam, Joint traveling agent with Mr. Sumner, reports the immigrauta as of a superior class. Ho reports the railway service all that could be desired, and the re- freshmenta asgiving satisfaction. Mr. Robert Pearce. of Bristol, England, representing an influential class of West England agrloaltarists, came out last aummer at his own expense to ascertain b^ personal oMervation what indncements Canada affords to the emigrating class. He visited Quebeo, Ontario, Manitoba, and the Northwest, the two latter especially claim- ing his attention. The report made by him of his observations contains a great deal of practioal information snitable for the class he represented. Mr. W. 8. Abel, correspondent of the German Press, also visited the Northwest for the purpose of ascertaining its advantages compared with those of the Western Rtat«!i and Territories, previously visited by him, as a field for German settlement. Hia it" port is a nynonsis of a series of letters ser t by him for publication in Germany. Mr. James Biggar, who visited Canada as a tenant farmer delegate in 1879, visited it again this year, stating as his reason that during his former visit he had not been able to devote as much time to Ontario as its importance required. An interesting account is given bv him of his observations. Count Paul O. d'Esterhazy, who has been engaged in the settlement of a Hunga- rian colony in the Northwest, gives an interesting acoonnt of his movements, and the Actions of Mr. Zboray, acting under him, in forming this colony, and the latter atatea that next season the movement of Hungarian immigration will be of much larger pro- portions, as the date of its inception aud the lateness of the season prevented many Hungarians from following the pioneers of the movement. Total «zp«adi(Mre o/ the department, hy calendar years, for the eerviee qf inumigraiUm and quarantine, from 1H79 to 1885, inoluHve. Asenoies. IMMiaBATIOlf. 'Opebeo agency MontTMl agency Sherbrooke agency Ottawa agency Kingston agency Toronto agency Hamilton agency London, Ont., agency . . Halifax, N. S., agency . St. John, X. B., ssency. Korthwest agencies : «54,M7 42 7,8M25 Winnipeg . Icelandic settlement Dnfferin (now Bmenou) . . Brandon , Qa'Appelle , Special agents with iminl- grant* on Intercolonial and rand Tmnk Railroads ... Portland agency (dosed) . . . . , - Chicago agency (closed) Detroit agency (close. «85,700S1 7,10e84 2, 732 25 2,014 58 8,504 71 1,834 36 1,6(M 18 •19, 838 M 1,000 00 8,253 88 a, 088 57 2,806 45 2,707 91 400 00 2,1M87 4,787 20 1880. 2,905 24 2,122 01 8, 185 88 2,037 00 1,587 98 2, 159 70 1,818 40 2,889 78 1,200 00 2,753 22 8,809 08 400 00 1,44100 8,056 56 6,068 84 2,124 75 2,172 84 041 73- 117 00 1881. $9,088 60 8^140 56 111,768 80 4,826 60 2,888 61 2,158 44 8,865 45 2,061 02 1,858 62 2,326 81 1, 142 82 3,811 45 1,200 00 2,815 73 8,454 84 80166 1,608 16 4,974 89 1882. *12,466 70 9,880 70 8,658 01 3,847 43 4,167 03 2,796 23 1,700 09 3,686 76 1,804 05 ",968 46 1,200 00 8,243 83 8,646 18 8,836 40 600 00 3,287 70 6,633 64 4,068 57: 8,356 93 1888. 111,933 68 4,798 40 8,645 96 2, 488 28 4,669 84 2,231 08 1,906 72 4,565 85 1,814 63 8,806 16 1,800 20 8, 869 16 6, 122 61 LM' 00 8,825 00 128 60 2,996 86 8,878 97 1884. 118, 030 U 6,665 58 2,985 08 2,322 71 4,875 68 2,882 32 1,913 90 8,894 60 1,836 28 8,707 76 900 00 3,991 04 4,048 14 1,714 28 8,565 70 2,611 00 2,968 98 1,069 80 7,408 101111,711 05 188& 8,184 83 3,091 73 4,657 47 2,891 07 2,246 18 6.686 11 3,431)09 6,701 08 8,854 49 8,843 41 1,618 70 8,685 80 2,617 87 2,479 46 1,088 61 6,883N mmmm'^^^^^^^'^i^- I 606 EMIORATION AND IMMIGRATION. Total erpendUure of the dnyartmeiit, bii raletidar j/eari, for the irrrice nf {mmigrafUm nnd q\iara»t\n«, from ViVj lo \>it&, inotuswe — Continnud. Agencira. IMMIOBATION— 4M)DUDIled. Optii>rnl lniinlin'ii*ioni'T|iencll- ture, IncliiiliuK l>(iiiuiH'>t and BDCllltetl Hieilllll li|l pilRMU- Sea, luiinigiutl.in iiiilillca- ons, auil (Hliice f88l) io- laiiil trunxport Brltlxh ui:i'leH' iialai iei and expuiiilitiiroit Wdiiivu'ii Protective Imnit- gratlon Society «53, 078 08 20, U7 02 Ia'*» Hinouiit of refanda for tinunpurt, Sio Paid In 1879, but belonfiiDK to 1878 Total. Vote uf Parltamant in aid of tlie pruvlnvi'S for enooar- aKeniuutof imulgrutiuu ins. 108, 706 87 13, 622 11 183, 144 86 8,801 70 178, 843 16 IWO. |H0, SOO 40 23, 636 23 1881. 205, 8,12 86 24, 319 80 IP' Ma 67 ;*20.40147 23, 247 01 206, e.'i3 IB 873 38 206, 180 81 1882. 188*. ■1884. 188&. 8243,64166 «2«e,2., quarantine . . . IiiapeotiuKpliyxiciau, Quul>eo. I'ictoii quarautlue Syiliiey t^hiirlottctown, P. E. I Viot«ria,ttO Piililioheultii (inokidlng cattle qiianintiut^s) Tracailiu lazaretto Piotuu cattle disease 8, 865 03 2, 537 87 1, 970 32 1, 524 96 70O0O ToUl Lesii amount of refunds . Total. 80S 00 3,187 69 tio.ooo ou 8, a->4 44 3,712 30 1,313 40 1,005 25 1,100 65 915 85 16, 765 23 656 50 20,609 37 8,488 07 2, 786 00 1, 900 15 958 97 731 00 840 23 H, 043 49 1, 9! 782 4! I 824 271 1,419 41 17, 106 00 1,042 49 20, 920 69, 35, 844 03 45, 635 14 §37, -Ji43 »( 21893 13i 3;4IO20j 31022 31j 81400 00|' 3,151 8 12,722 131 8,35108 1,676 50 1,K34 34, 213 62 36,700 44 59, KJO »4i 68, 033 98 76. 6U9 52 64, U02 3,455 51 ; 8S7 13 1,330 15 2,091 ' 57, 395 43 68, 746 85 75, 330 37 U2, 000 I ' lucladlnu Tntercoloniul Kailroad tran>tport. f To ruoo i-;) ininilgratiai expenditure In Xuw nniul wick. tli>l>"i'i tranxp'irt is cliarciMl in tliisiteni, ant to Qnelieo agencv, an formmlv. ^Slu'a sval). $11,040.20; iiublic luuiltli, $r.>,4.i3.nu i Wiiinipei; hospital, (11,940, and St. Boniface boapitil $1,243.80. II Includes repatriation, $1,163.75. Classified iiimnMry of the immigration expvnditure during the calendar year 1865. Items, Canailian agencies London nftioe : Staff Astencic.i Ueui'i'ul expeudituro. $fil, 900 35 Wonii-n's Piotectivc Souii'ty General expnnclitni'e, vvt: Printinc 5,5, e4 1 Pajier 19,;iHl Inland transport j *32, ,MH Assist^-d passage and uunimis^on . 3U, 748 Amount. Itams. Aiaounl 7, 223 21, Bl)« 3.5, 036 «,'), CW 1, UUO 06 ! 74 23 3:! Geueralexpenditure, vli. — Cont'd. ('oniniiHaiou ou children Rri tiHli Cnlnnibia Iwnus RcpaMiiition.. MenlH supplied to immlKrants Oci'an nmil cleric a DelPitates' expenxes Trwveliuu nKentn Special a^entM Specinl services Colonizatiuu $3, HI. 3. 3, l,f 5,* 5,; oo;l Olf 4:)' Sill Total Immixratien sxpendituro . 310, : ,*This amount i» largely compoHed of arrears to Intercolonial Railroad from XovemUer, lo-:i, lni;lU85, wag $5, 769.58. due in ISii, amounting U $10,851.76. and $15,889.8ll to .Vpril, 18M5. The actual cottef inland trausporti LTION. tkettrrice of Immiyration and -Continned. IStlS. '1884. UK. (M16O«2O»,2MO3«in,4O8SO|170.nj003 I74B60 M, 825 33 61,284 39 loOOOO l.OOOOOi 1,000 00 05, OM 17 1,000 00 340 29431,171 60 432,822 18ini0,'.>71 07 803 6.V 10,409 711 1,324 42 , .142 74 420, 761 89 431,407 76 810,27167 ), 043 49 f- ! 9, .309 28 15,733 72 10, an8 U5 i. 089 34 2, 622 02 2, o;i9 04 2,010 US 1, 9ti0 75 1,994 711 2, 124 44 2, 103 M 1,434 50 1, 450 00 1,600 00 1,709 13 727 8« 696 811 963 26 696 25 416 65 1,088 48 2, 101 63 1, 042 40 026 71 094 92 782 42 824 27 1, 419 4» !(1, KO 69 3^ 844 03 45, 835 14 §37, 283 00 3,410 20 12,722 i;i 1 3,022 31, 8,400 00| 3, 151 Ml •! 8, ;i51 08 1,676 60 1,834 03 59, H,J0 94i 50, 633 98 76. 6«0 52 64, UK 65 2,455 61 8S7 13 1,330 15 2,09171 57,395 43 58,740 85 75,330 37 «2,U00»4 mmlgratifln expenditure In New nniiis- 1 Quebfo ftsencv, »(i formerly. ^Slicep al, $11,040, and St. Boniface husyitol, (luring the calendar year 1865. Itams. Anount^ x|i»iiilitur«, Ti».— Cont'd. lUHniou on chililren
  • l HervicfB lizaliuu (3, 063 00 500 uo 2, 017 .t: 10. 4:10 28 80(1 00 3. 750 40 3, 885 .'iO 1, 1)07 99 5, 893 i)2 5, 382 3'> 182. 312 15 tallmnufr»ti«n«xpemlituro. 310,271 67 nounting i» »10,851.76, and »15,889.8» Jne Xheactdal co»t bfO 461 NpW lUuoawiok 108 NiivaSoolin 176 Ontailo 1,884 Manitoba 325 Priiire Kil vard laUnd. 43 BiitixliCuluuibi** Ifo. 153 40 3 68 39 8 Total. 1883. Qiii'lieo Ni'w limnswlck NovaHootia OntuHii Manitoba I'l men Kdward Island. Briiiali Columbia* Total. S27 137 203 1,868 162 43 319 248 IS 16 518 11 10 41 No. 82 17 sa 52 71 113 32 47 306 30 22 63 i e O JVe. 63 1 10 552 31 Xo. I So. 687 i 18, 633 101 82 1,045 101 4 .1(H> 541 6.686 143 04 85 8 804 16 1 60 583 147 87 !, 103 72 18 254 15, 824 608 &&3 5, .319 220 100 142 1 I No. 641 22 15 514 42 1 No. 20, 570 798 879 12, 101 648 186 I 1370,301 50 30,511 60 30, 423 ^^ 594,801 50 4.5, 543 00 4,983 00 39, 191 1, 085, 503 41 1,314 53 38 425 eM 15 58 18.154 002 952 10, 478 579 200 937 391,737 no 37, 020 44 32,871 OO 509, 07fl 42 50,344 10 4,013 00 69,812 OU 82,301 11,088,274 40 * TliK customs returns for British Columbia, appearins in the report of the agent for Victoria, Brlt- Isli Columbia, are omitted here, to avoid duplication. Immigrantt, by nationalitiet, teilhouBtomt ritunta. Province. QiU'beo N i>w llnmswlck Nova Scotia Ontario .Miiniioba i'iinc» Kdward Island . llritiah Columbia Total 2,744 I 8u0 673 564 3,204,22,266 1,00132,301 I 113 32 47 800 30 22 63 85 8 894 16 1 60 I a 623 15,324 147 608 87 553 2, 103 6,310 72 220 18 1110 254 142 I s 1,334 53 i 38 I 425 I 68 I '** SH e H 18,164 993 953 10, 478 57U 209 937 lilt! number of arrival! iu the above table, for the purpose of coiuparlsou, may be thus shown: Years. Cnntoms arrivals. Tears. CuRtoms arrivals. 1873 8,071 14,110 R, i;)9 ( 11, 134 U,7.-)0 11,435 9, 775 18(10 10 OCl 1874 1881 13, 404 30. .564 187:..... 1882 1HT6 1883..- 34,987 38,191 32,801 1877 1884 1878 1885 1879 This rtatemont does not tako into account tlio consiilorablerininbtiraof person8 who havi' coiiui acnwa tho frontier of whom it has not been possible to obtain any recorrt. Tliis inovcuioiit hansbKon si imulated by the <{n>ater depression which has bc.i UU (316,100 00 610, 445 UU 65, ur> 00 03,111 00 1,485,(MMIU0 lot going 8.720,808,00 8,720,8^8 00 1,086,664 00 8, 068, 6H-.> UO 8, 058, m 00 1, 08&, 274 40 4,814,873 00 4, 148, 866 4« n tOaab, •137,400) eff«ot«, $87,700. ih and vslue of effects taken to f which, however, it wan impoi- DomMon by $ettlen tiHiW the year Taan. Value. 4, 188, 925 3, 171, 601 3,784,881 4,814,872 4,148,866 tment in 1884 and 1885, r. 27,383 2ft, 833 27, 082 2D, 807 40, 402 38, 506 47, not 112,458 133,024 103, 824 70,160 T'xr capita. 1878 ](I7J 19, 343 14. 49U 15, 223 18, 372 .311,717 27, 544 32, 587 8I,U(>4 118. 637 68, «33 40,868 «14 00 10 80 12 no 63 ft 74 6 59 8 32 4 28 4 26 6 62 28 110 88 11 13 ]^77 6 71 JS78 6 23 j()79 4 8S 4 71 IKUl 4 80 3 08 lUg3 a 11 ]g|l4 4 1ft jjjj 3 93 The operations of the department have been carrietl on with a view to as rif^orous au economy as wa» compatible with the efficiency of tbo luimigration service. REPORT ON HUNGARIAN COLONIZATION. [Coonl Paul O. d'Esterbazy.] Ottawa, Ontaiuo. June 25, 1885. Sir: I have the honor to repoff the fullowint; remilts of ui.v visit to the Northwest Turritoriex in the interest of liuti^uriHii colonization. I hiivn lieen Htrongly pre- vaili'd upon by the bonoriibles tlio liouteniiiit };overm the original Hungarian.] Beport of Theodore Zboray, reaidini at Hashlox, Luierne Coinitii, PentiDiihavia. States, as agent of the co/oni/ of Huuqarians iwwuelilhig on lands in the Wrnt and\ west Territories, under the aninicen of She Oorernment nt' the Dominion of Canada^ an account of his labors performed from the ittth of August to the Srf of October With the sanction of the Goverument of the Dominion of Canada a movemcl inaugnrated iu the State of Peunsylvania, that bad tbe effect of inducing, aiT HiiM v-ri lATION. to the Goverumeut at Ottawa n their beiug located together, ds l)y others; anil I would now lu Biiy Couipaiiy's lands within inner which will secure them to Dory is now making ii selectioi; au8, 'and who will forui tlie nu- liau Pacific Railway and 100 on before mentioned, and who will dance of Mr. de Diiry, who will the Manitoba and Northwestern the other 100 families on the intention that they should ai- to build their huts and lay in lason for placing a batch of 100 toba and Northwestern Railway ,ter quantity of timber for builil- ' water than I have noticed else- ediate employment on the exten- at they will at once take up their itions of the Government, more accessible to railroad facili- pelle Valley. uff the approval of these reserves 1 land office of the Manitoba ami >r the village and lay out a trail delay to this important project inder ray auspices not to take more ly shall waive their claims to all ede to these terras, they must take a question of life with the settle- 1 means in the development of their oh they will not utilize fcr vears to •e open to concellation, I would re- ay as to the rest of the unoccupied te done in this connection, I would )oii the matter herein submitted at •ahzatiou of this important scheme eration and prompt approval. ^''"^"PAUL O. D'ESTERHAZY. awa. FORDHAM, N. Y., Octoher 16, 18H.5. V. at Hazleton, Pa., of his report, iu honor to submit herewith, together inguage, for the information and ta- iteT of agriculture of the Dominion. ^•^"* ''pAUL O. D'ESTERHAZY. al HuDgarian.] Luzerne Coi'ntt), Peun/inhania. Fnilff neliUngon landt in the fF.«* and^orlh- iment ih of AuguBt to the 2d of October, laft'. Dominion of Canada a movement was t had the eflfect of inducing, among a BEITI.SH NORTH AMERICA. 611 large number of Hungarians, about thirty-eight families to proceed to the Northwest Territories of Ca'iada, and tliey were named the pioneers of this emigration. They left Hazleton, Pa., on the \iOt\x of July, under the leadership of G^ze Diiry, and on their arrival at Wiuuipog, Manitoba, were received by the Manitoba and North westera Railroad, and located on homesteads situated about IS miles from the town of Minue- do8a;thesecondJ acres of Government land granted free to each settler, the Hungarians of Pennsylvania, without fear of the consequences of the lateness of the season, have promptly formed themselves into a third detachment, and, to the number of niuety-tivo faniilies, were placed under my personal leadership. On the '26r.h of August, Iti'tjo, we took leave of Hazleton and of the vaUeys " sabled all in black," known as the coal region, and after a most tedious jonrt'ey reached Toronto. Here the gracious care of a parental Gov- erniueut was soon felt by the immigrants, A spacious bnilding atforded our people shelter and excellent acuoininodatiou. In the evening a siibstautial supper, and the next morning u good breakfast, helped to refre.sh worn-out humanity and to puteach one iu the best of spirits. Our detachment was thereupon provided with free trans- |iortation by the Canadian Pacific Railroad, and taken in their commodious cars to Owen Sound, en ronte to Winnipeg. The Immigration House in Owen Sound is owned by the Canadian Pacific Railroad, and is managed by one of their olUccrs. Nothing could excel the comforts atibrded by this establishment nor the kind attentions showu ns by its manager. We were well provisioned until the 20th of August, the day of our embarkation on board the steamer Arthabasca for Port Arthar, where we lauded on the ;U8t of August. Wo arrived iu Winnipeg at 7 o'clock Tusday morning, the 1st oi September. Traversing a dintance of 1,U00 miles much useful information may be gathered by an observauttraveler. We, however, worn by the'ever-reeurring thoughts regarding the future, folt more like yielding to the necesitity of giving ourselves the reqnired rest. This wo enjoyed in the Immigration House 1«» Winnipeg, where we had leisure to ruminate on things we have seen and heard. Ou the 5id September thirty -s^ven men, four women, and four children left Winni- \ieg with Mr. Stewart McDonnell, a contractor of the Southwestern Branch of the Ca- luuliau Pacific Railroad. These families are now located at Manitou, where thoy are employed on the construction work of the said branch road. The men thought the Nciison too late for the commencement of agricultural work, and therefore accepted the employment olfered by the railroad. The remainder of the third detachment, and all sui'h who desired it, were taken in the employment of the Canadian Pacific Rail- road at Portage la Prairie, Sowoll, Whitewood, and Regina. Some of these men were also engaged by the Manitoba and Northwestern Railroad at Minnedosa. This ar- . raugement was effected with the distinct understanding, and on the condition agreed to l>y all parties so interested, that iu the early spring of next year each Hungarian ImMiigrant shall bo allotted a ''homestead," to settle thereon at once, either on lands witliin the grant to the Manitoba anil Northwestern Railroad near the town of Min- nedosa, or ou similar lands of the Canadian Pacific Railroad near Whitewood, or in any part of the Qu'Appelle Valley. With this end in view I was called upon by our people to visit and examine the before-mentioned railroads, and to render my report iu accordance with the facts. This seemed to be the more desirable, because it so haiipened that the flrot detachment of Hungarian immigrants, under the leadership of G^ze Dory, had been placed on lands of the Manitoba Railroad which were found to 1)6 too thickly wooded and too broken. To satisfy the wishes of our people I called, 7th September, on Mr. J. H. McTav- i!)h, laud commissioner Canadian Pacific Railroad, and requested him to detail one of his surveyors to dcoompany me on a tour of inspection of the Qu'Appelle Valley, es- pecially to that part of it which had already had the attention of Count d'Esterhazy ii few months previously. Mr. McTavish very readily gave mo the valuable aid of Mr.T. L. Peters, and on tha 8th of September we both set out, and selected townshigt No. 19, ran'»e % sections 4, 5, 33, and 34, for examination ts to soil, timber, water, and other conditions considered important to know and to make known to our people. flio result of ray examination, briefly told in this report, is this : That I found the Hoil and other natural conditions of tliis township about as good and desirable as that of the fertile districts of Hungary, and I came to the oonolosioa that these lands aie indeed well adapted for the ptirpose of our Hnngarian colonization scheme. On the 10th September I retnrned to Winnipeg, where Mr. Arthur P. Eden, land commissioner Manitotia and Northwestern Railroad, waited on me at the Immigration House. He asked me if I would visit the Hungarians settled near Minnedosa, on lands of his road, and at the same time would examine the condition, &c., of these lands allotted to my people. I felt pleased to be able to meet Mr. Eden's wishes, and left Winnipeg on the 17th September for Minnedosa, where, within 18 miles of this town, about thirty- 612 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. eight Hungariuu families have taken possession of tbeir homosteadq. It is an iiulis putable oircamstauce that extraordinary aid was rendered to these first settlers— o\ii pioneers — by the Manitoba and Northwestern Railroad Company, and especially b,\ the land commissioner of that road. By a combined generous rifort they have e.stali' lishedamostliberalcreditsystem, by the operation of which our settlers were pri'iiiiitlj put in possession of the necessary farming cattle, and of all snch requisites which nn are indispensable at the start of u new colony so far removed from the centers of civiji zation. It is readily admitted that without the aid thus afi'orded the Hungarian sett If mentnear Miuuedosa could not have been accomplished i;j so short a time. It sboiili also be remembered that these Hungarian "pioneers" had but vevy limited meannwlKu they reached Winnipeg, Mr. Arthur F. Eden succeeded in placing $4,0UU at the disposn of the settlers for the purpose of making the provisions before reterred to. And yet tin land selected for this settlement, and the character of the soil, &,c., seemed to uiu noi nearly as good and desirable as that; of the Qu'Appelle Valley on the Canadian Puciti( Railroad. This circumstance duly noted will sutiic'ieiitlv warrant aio to settle the iiexi expedition of Hungarian immigrantson lands of the Qu'Appelle Valley, located withii the grant to the Canadian Pacific Railroad. We must also consider the fact that the entire line of transportation, extending over several tuousabd miles, is owned and cou trolled by the Canadian Pacific Railroad Company, who may be inclined to enter upoi favorable arraajrements also nex£ year for the transportation to the Northwest of oui Hungarian immigrants; and then the soil of their lands, and the general condition o the same, is fur superior to others. There is a better supply of water, and less briisl and underwood. Timber i-, of course, an article of great utility and value to th< farmer, yet an overtimbered tract of land necessitates the costly process of cU-uriug and causes a slow advance of agricultural developments. These circumstances iiius be ?ci iouB'.;* considered by the beginner of farming iu the selectiou of his homesteiul Next year the movement of Hungarian immigration will be of much larger pr<>|)ui' ticir so commissioned to convey to your Government the assurances of this people of their implicit couti dence in and of their deep-ielt obligation to their benefactors. The Government of the Dominion of Canada's humble servant, THEODORE ZBORAY, By authority EnngarianH' Colonization A(jtnt. | Dated Hazelton, Luzerne County, Pa., U. 8. A., October \'i, IciciS. I certify the above- written letter to be a correct translation from tbe original Hni| garian. . PAUL O. D'ESTERHAZY, Agent for Hunyavian Colonization. \ FoRDHAM. N. v., January aJ, 18* Sir: I have already had the honor of submitting to the Government, on the 251 Jnne, 1885, immediately after my return from Winnipeg to Ottawa, a report of ; visit to the Northwest, in connection with a scheme for Hungitrian colonization. This work has sime then assumed important proporticms. It has been vigoruuJ pushed forward, and is now showing certain onconrngiiig results. I would beg leave to place before you, for the information of the GovernnieTit, scheme in its present shape ; but you will permit me to commence my report from t| beginning, only however giving you the outlines of the full sketch, which I ]i sented some time ago to the Hungarians residing iu this country and to many oth^ still at home. With the aid that was courteously afforded to me and to my assistant, Mr. do Dii by your Qovemment and the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, the visit to I Northwest territories of the Dominion, in the interest o^the Hungarian colonizatil was made to myself and Mr. de Dory a thoroughly instructive one, both of us havf had the advantage of personal observations and experience ; it proved highly kJ factory, considering the purpoNo for which it was uudertakcn and the reHnlts| tained ; in all other respects it was as interesting as it was enjoyable. I han- 11 this country an«l to many otlurs e and to my assistant, Mr. doDiiry, ailwav Company, the visit to tin rest o^ the Hungarian colonization, instructive one, both of us haviiij; sperience; it proved highly satis- 8 undertaken and the results iii- M it was enjoyable. I hatl stroiip: ,ce when I addret*ed my people, t In- . I have urged tiiem, it being ftm- emselves of w» propitiouB an oppor- BRITIPTI >ORTn AMERICA. 613 tuiiity as the one now offered to them and to accept, undaunted by malicious reports and evil influences, the favorable conditions under which' homesteads in the North- west of Canada may at once be acquired by them and their families. What I have said and written to this i)eoplo about what my experience was on the occasion of my visit to :he Northwest maj' be here, in a condensed form, with your jicrmission, recited, as follows: Not very far from the center of continental British North America and west of the ]\c(i Kive'r lies one of the most fertile and fortunate countries in the world. It cen- ts of immense plains, lying at different elevations. The soil of 1 his country, though vari'uis in its character, is everywhere \ery deep and rich; its prairies are composed (if iilliiviai deposits from :{() to 40 feet deep, in places so rich as to bear gosd crops of wheat for successive j-ears without manure. Others of nearly equal value are found rcsi iiig on red sandstone, trap, seriieutine, limestone, and other strata most favorable lor M<,'ricnlture ; its bottom-lands bordering its rivers lind their parallels only in the Hiiiij^ariaii valleys of our own country. In a land of such beauty and fertility husbandry is a recreation rather than a toil. I liavo seen at the farmers' the almost matchless agricnltnral products of that land; licsidcs wheat, barley, oats, rye, peas, turnips, potatoes, hemp, flax, hops, and other )ii():liU't», all raisoil in abundance, it grows tobacco, rioe, maize or Indian corn, and fiiiitsof warmer climes than the British islands. I was informed by an excellent aiitliority that the cause of this, I may call it, wonderfnl productiveness must be at- tributed to "the full and steady heat of the summer, that matures with surprising rapidity the most valuable productions, while the long i»eriod of repose of the Cana- dian winter is not only amply atoned for by the rapid and luxuriant vegetation of tlic summer, but no doubt contributes to such'results." As wo advance westward, through a region of innumerable plains and prairies and other open lauds, more than one-third of it, when its hills and mountains are included, is covered v.-ilh heavily timbered forests, which add greatly to its beauty and its wtaltli. In these forests flourish the majestic poplars of Canada, the many sorts of oaks and ash, the birches, together with butternuts and hickories, and many other trees iiiii>ortant in house nrcliitecture, in ship-building, and in all the useful as well as ornamental arts, furnishing one main elemeut of wealth to the Dominion. The jioorest inhabitant, who may not Su able to supply himself with coal, is everywhere surrounded by thrifty woods, and through the long evenings of winter can enjoy the "iixnry of a warm and high-blazing hearth. The animal life of its hitndreds of streams, great and small, seas and lakes, of its forests and prairies, is one of its great and inexhaustible sources of wealth How grossly has the character of t he Canadian winter been misrepresented ! I was told here, just before my departure, last year, for the Northwest Territories, that there i.'i liiit little doubt that the greater part of British America was doomed to everlasting sterility on account of the severity of its climate. But how great appears this ca 1 iiuuiy, touching the Northwest Territories, and how base and absurd such assertion, when one beholds a country with such fertility abounding with such a variety of resources, left to the industrial, unilisturbed and grateful task of developing and multiplying its own means of individual and social hu^]>iness. It would seem as if this land, instead of being "doomed to everlasting sterility," was marked out by the liaiid of God to l)econie one of the chief gianaries of the world. I have visited several larmers who for many years have lived through that " terrible" Northwest climate; rhcy all seemed to be of one mind in regard to the winter season, which they charac- lei ized as very agreeable and singularly steady ; th<'v -lid that the moccasin (acover lor the foot, made of deer-skin or other soft. IciUlior, x.iii.oiitasole) iscoinfortab]^ md dry ; there is no thawtill spring, even though tho %'■ ,.'>erbe mild. The snow-tiake is hard und dry. What the Canadian farmer learns v i ogard with dread are the spviiii; and antumn frosts, not those of wirt r Thj !■ ^^longed into the month of December. Cattle are turned out to graze in April. Ileforo the end of July harvest begins, and tht; hay, grain, and root crops follow in s"ii'r succession; the land thus cleared is jigain brought under the plow, and the autumn sowing of wheat is carried on. [Hie Canadian climate is marked by two seasons, summer and winter. That portion -jf the Northwest visited by me is pre-eminentlv iidaptod for mixed f.irtiiing. 614 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. f 1', The settler holds his land in possession and tills it on his own account. Every settler may become owner of a honse, and proprietor of whatever anioiin of land he ctia turn to prolitable account, if he is guided by patient industry au frugality. It is on the generally level couutry where the modern railroad — that iron and eve navigable road stretching xeross the prairie — is constructed without difficulty. Tb Canadian Pacific Railroad stretches ncrons the coutiuent. It now traverses, froi: the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, the most fertile land of the Northwest Torritorie.- The minerals of that country's mines, the wood on its thousand hills, as well as tli vast stores of i;oal deposited in its subterranean beds, furnish so abundantly material for the construction and euii)loyment of many branches of railroads that they cannn fail to crflss and recross innumerable prairies, run from valley to valley, and to weav the wholi' region toy;(!ther into a mighty wel) of business and prodt, scarcely to b parallek'ii iu any cliiiie or age. In my official report to the Government, dated Juno "i.'i, 1885, of my visit to tli Northwest of Canada, and especially of my examination of certain lands erabracci in townships located north of Broadview and Whitewood, and of the Qu'Appell Valley, within the grant of the Ciiuadiau Pacific Railroad Company, I have stated i substance that this largo tract, consisting chiettj- of timbered land, but intersperse with prairies clothed with natural grasses, and adapted by soil and climate for th growth of wheat, other grains, and root crops, and tho rearing of stock, witb its Iw hikes (Crooked and Round Lake), and its inuamerablo ponds, was well fitted, in ni estimation, for an Hungarian .settlement of mixed farming operations. I have, iu m report, submitted to the Government a ))lan for immediate colonization by Hungaria agricultnrnts, who are residing in the United States, of the townships particularize in my report referred to. I have to respectfully request that said report be made part of this letter so as to complete it in every respect of information and snggcstio concerning the scheme for colonization. Having, in tho sense of the language of this report, communicated my ])lans, in personal experience in the exaininationof the lands and other conditions — offftredfVi colonization purposes in the Northwest of Canada — to the Hungarians residing in tL Sta^o of Pennsylvania, and elsewhere, f he.\ have in answer to this, and to my ual favored me with an address expressive of their sentiments of implicit contideuco i this my work, and gratitude to tho Government of Canada, which document, date Jnly 15, 1H85, was translated into English from the vernacular Hungarian, and hot original and translation forwarded to the Department of Agriculture. A printe copy of the translation is herewiih submitted. I woulil also request that tho report of Mr. Theodore Zboray, dated October 14, 188; translated by me into Euglish and forwarded to your office, may be allowed ti company this letter. His report fully explains tho cin'.dmstauces connected with starting of tho first, second, and third detachment of " Pioneers" of the Hunga immigrants, numl)erlng iu alt about l.")0 families, and who proceeded, during months of .Inly and August last, from Hazleton. Pn., at their own exiiense, to Toron Canada, and thence received free transportation by t je Canadian Pacific Roil Company to Winnipeg, Manitoba. Of this number of immigrants the first colonv was established near Miiinedi Manitoba, and is now known as " Hungarian Valley." This was done nnder the spices of the Manitoba and Northwestern Railway Company, and under the persoi superintendency of Mr. do Diiry. From reports received to «late, the prospect this new colony are sufficiently enconraging. The results thus far attained by tho prompt inanguration of this scheme nni justly considered of great promise to the future cause of Hungarian immi;!ratio Canada's Northwest Territories. I have the honor to report further that active preparations are now be'ng mad secure u large uumberofdesiraole Hungarian immigrants, who are to proceed ea in April next to the Northwest, and to establish there tfie second colony, by sett on homesteads in the townships locatrd iu the Qu'Appelle Valley, as already pr< ously referred to. Only last voek I met. near Anburn, New York State, some w to-do Hungarian familiss, wlio have gladly pledged themselves to support the i nization scheme. They are now actively engaged iu r^*cruiting amongst their fri in the Stato of Ohio additional strength for our forces. I am iu correspondence v several highly intelligent yeomen — farmers in Hungary — who have already, on fo'- occasions, promised me their co-operation, and I have reason to believe that, iu f ' many of these])eople will ioinour new cohmles, leaving their homes direct for Can Whilst, on my part, I shall never waiver at the stand 1 h-ive taken, even if t burdens thau those of my sad experience of last year should fall to my lot : whilst I feel perfectly competent and cnnfld'^nt to make this colonization si-h< nnder the auspices of the Doraiuion GoveiuuieLt, in its own good lime, a success, accomplished fact, I feel, nevertheless, bound t.> ask now that the Goverunieut be pleased to treat with every possible indulgence atid forbearance any such uni ATION. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 615 1 his own acconnt. •oprietor of whatever amount ided hy patient industry aud n railroad — that iron and ever ncted without ditficnlty. The luent. It now traverses, from i of the Northwest Territories. .i thousand hills, as well as the 'urnish so abundantly materials is of railroads that they canuot II valley to valley, and to weave iness and prodt, scarcely to be ino 25, 1885, of my visit to tlie tion of certain lands embraced tewood, and of the Qn'Appello Iroud Company, I have stated iu timbered land, but interspersed pted by soil and climate for the 10 rearing of stock, witb its two do ponds, was well fitted, iu my ming operations. I have, iu my diate colonization by Hungarian , of the townships particularized uest that said report be made a ct of information and suggestion irt, communicated my plans, my and other conditions— olTared for to the Hungarians residing iu the I answer to this, aud to my call, timents of implicit confidence iu Canada, which document, dated I vernacular Hungarian, aud lioth nient of Agricnlture. A printed re Zboray, dated October 14, 18d.'), our otBce, may be alloweil ti> ac- oirenuistances connocteil with the of "Pioneers" of the Hnngaiian , and who proceeded, dnriug tho , at their own ex(iy the Canadian Pacific Railway was established near Minnedosa, y." This was done under the an- Coinpany, and under the personal eceived'to date, the prospects of lUgnration of this scheme may lie uiso of Hungarian immigration to eparations are now being made to igrants, who are to proceed early lere the second colony, by settlinn I'Appelle Valley, as already previ- iburn, New York State, some well- 3d themselves to support the colo- iu recruiting amongst their friends roes. I am in crrespondence with {ary— who have alreudv, on fovuier ivo reason to believe that, iu time, ring their homes direct for Canada, itand 1 htve taken, even if heavier year should fall to my lot : and, ;o make this colonization scheme, [1 its o».n good time, a success, aud ksk now that the Government may and forbearance any such uniuteu- tionai errors as rany occur in the course of the process of this scheme ; errors l)eing too frequently found beyond the control of the most honest and able management. It has re(iuired much time and labor iu placing this colonization scheme, in all its details, intelligently before my people, the Hungarians; but the result nhows that by this careful introdnctiou the subject has actually filled their minds with a spirit oi' high appreciatif^n of it — a spirit that will work out still greater results. May I be permitted, in conclusion of this report, to make a short allusion to the characteristics of the " Magyar," the people who desire with me to become honored citizens of your Northwest Territories. And I indulge the hope that even the most critical Canadian will not look down upon them from too high a standpoint. Prom the eleventh to the sixteenth century Christianity, as held by the Roman Catholics, was the religion of the Magyars; the writings of Martin Luther, however, carried the doctrines of the Reformation into HuDgary. As to religion the Magyar is " Ne se, bigot." His moral .sentiments are of the liighest order. He is too proud to be dis- honest, low. or mean. He is governed at all times by a high sense of what is right and just. As a master, he is careful, kind, and generous. As a sulvject, he is fixed, resolute, unyielding to what is wrong. If rich, he is profuse in his expenses, elevated in his tastes, liberal in his charities. If poor, his pride will not suti'er him to com- plain, while his general demeanor cannot bedistinfhe faithful supporters of your colonization project. Con- sidering that of the 400,000 Hunsariaus in the United States one-half of that nuini)or are located hero in Pennsylvania, and the rest are divided amongst the other '.17 St.iteu and 8 Territories, it is but just and proper for ns to say that we, forming the center ' of the Ilnnguriau element by a large majority, claim to be and are regarded the pio- neers of that nationality, and it is therefore for us to nsk redress of any wrongs, and wo shall demand it if wrong ehould at any time be done to one of us. It appears, however, as if the few Hungarians in New York City — some of them not even the best Hungarians, and too many of them being well known "loal'erM," who from personal animosity against you, honorable count, endeavor to injure you — are thus duinaj^int; also, without any just cause, the best interests of onr countrymen in the St.ates, We, Hungarians, associated in tho State of Pennsylvania, declare ourselves to oij in no ways whatever connected with the New York or other similar societies, and that wo are entirely independent of them. We have not authorized any one of theao so- cieties to institute, in our names, chaiges against you or to misrepresent you to the Government of Canada; they insulted you, because of some personal ill-fei'ling to- wards you. Wo honoryon because of your personal merits, and onr best wishes do now accompany yoa on the way to cousunimate the great work which your noble mind baa conceived. Be pleased to submit to the Government of the Dominion of Canada, beforehand, our grateful thanks for having graciously taken notice of our homeless condition here, and for having condesceudbd to receive us under its parental care. You, honorable count, kindly accept, in the name of the associated Hungarians in Pennsylvania, tho expressions of our humble tb.anks, atiir.iated by the ardent hope, that, after a short time, large masses of our ptiplo, to2;i'thcr with ourselves, shall meet you again to give you proofs of our love to ,vou in our new home, Canada. :MEXiCO. n^PORT OF CONSTTl GUXHJUL poscn. IMDIIGBATION WITHOUT GOVERNMENT AID, Immigration into Mexico is and ha.s been of two kinds, with and witb out Government aid The latter began with the Spanish Comiuest and is composed of various nationalities, and of course of the more .sul stantial and ])rosperou8 classes. They will be described in tho urc in which they come in numbers and importance : Si)aniar(l8. — These are the most numerous of all the foreign resident many arriviu? very young, even as boys, and are readily .assisted t procure ))ositions in lile by their fellow-countrymen. They engage ii most exclusively in commerce. In the capital they have almost mono olizcd certain branches of that industry. One of tho great advantagt in their favor, and which has largely eontril)uted to tht*ir suocess, is t f'.ict that they use the same language as the Mexicans. Another i* son of importance is that they jirofess the same religion as of some personal ill-feeling tn- (rits, and onr best wishes do now vork which your noble mind has iniiuiun of Canada, beforehand, of our homeless condition here, mrental care. )f the associated Hungarians in , aiiiiaiited by the ardent hope, jcilur with ourselves, shall meet r new home. Canada. MEXICO. 617 £ POBOB. 3ENMEXT AID. [)f two kinds, with and witb- R'ith the Spanish Coane of the great advantnges i)Uted to their success, i.s tlie ie Mexicans. Another n a- same religion as do flic niu- r-abiding, and hardworUin^r eery wealthy, acquiring real Their credit and l»u.siness xceptions Spaniai-Is marry lain. Numbers ot tbem be- uently sit as deputies in tbe tions of trust under the Gov- n numbers and importance, less and readily adapt them- selves to the country as well as to the people. In commerce tbey are the rivals of tbe Spaniards and Germans. Emigration from I''rance is comparatively small. Some French colonies established in Mexico at an early day liave d'ssolved and ceased to exist, a great many returning to tbeir native country. Tbe French are energetic and indnstj'ii>us. Tbose living in tbe city of Mexico esjiecially, a.s a rule, are very wealtby, tbe majority of whom came here during the time of Maximilian. Tbey rarely become Mexican citizens by naturalization. Their sole objecr and aim for staying in Mexico seem to be for tlie purpose of making money, Americans. — With the railways have come thousands of Americans to Mexico; but only a limited ntimber of tbem, comparatively speaking, have settled permanently in tbe country. Before the time of railroads Americans were conspicuous as dentists and missionaries; now they are largely engaged in mining and tbecou- .struction and operating of railroads. Very few are engaged in commerce, even including Americans of Ger- man Uirth. Some native Amerieanshave found their way into the Mexican army, and bave risen to the rank of general, but not one has ever become a member of the Mexican Congress. A few now hold positions under the Government, but tbe cases are rare where an American voluntarily gives up his citizenship. The American colony in Mexico Oity is as old as the Republic itself There is also a colony of American sugar- planters, mostly Texans, near Tuxpan, in the State of Vera Cruz. The name of tbe settlement is Tampiquillo, and is situated on a navigable river about 75 miles from Tuxpan. They have been d oppiug otf in numbers for years, and have now dwindled down to only a few. With the exception of Topolobampo in the State of Sinaloa, at which ptuut a number of Americans are now gathering for tbe purpose of colonization, about which I shall speak fully in the second part of tbis report, Tampiqnillo is the only American settlement in Mexico suffi- ciently numerous to be designated as a colony. Our people are scattered all over tbe liepublic. Italians. — These people have come to tbis country in small numbers until recently, when by contract with tbe Mexican Government they ]u^^-e been brought in 8bi]>-loads. Reference is here made to the same .subject under the second heading of this report. Gcrmam. — Properly speaking they cannot be called immigrants. Tbey mostly come here as merchants' clerks, consigned and warranted, many of whom in the course of time become wealthy business men. Some return to tbe "Fatherland," while others remain in Mexico, especially those who bave married in the country. Generally speaking, tliey take very little interest in the progress of Mexico, except in its Itearings upon commerce. The Mexican Government is fully aware of tbe fact that German immigration is highly desirable, but a's yet they have made little suoiess in tbis direction. English. — Their number is veiy limited. Scotch are fonnd in the eotton factories, and also in the mines. They aie most numerous m tbe mines near Pachuca, State of Hidaigo, and quite a number in the mines intbe State of Zacatocas. Jne of tbe solid banks of Mexico isan English institution, which has existed for thirty-two years. It is known as the Bank of London, Mexico, and South America. Its capital is mostly in Loudon, which in part accounts for its high liuancial standing here. Tbe English have fair prospects in Mexico, considering their numbers, and some of them have accumulated considerable wealth. They un- 618 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION, derstaiul pretty tborongbly ilui Moxiciiii character ai»l mode of doing buHinesH. Chinese. — The Celestial immigrants are conflned to the towns of the Pacific coast, especially Mazatlan, where they run laundries, shirt and shoe factories, &c. They will find it extremely ditlicnit to live in Mex- ico at all, us the natives do not take to them kindly. Representativosof almost every other nation are also found in Mexico, sach as Turks, Arabs, Greeks, and Swedes, but they are in small nnm- bers and scattered all over the country. laiMIGKATION WITH GOVERNMENT AID OB COLONIZATION. As long as the country was in a state of anarchy and revolution, with no money in the federal treasury, it was im|)ossible to make any at- tempts in this direction, but as soon as a stable povernment was estab- lished great ettbrts were at once made, and are still being made, to briny; immigrants into Mexico. It seems that the nationality found most suit- able and easiest to obtain were Italians. Notwithstanding all the etibrt'' put forth by this Government, the great stream of Italian immigration still Hows to La Plata, wliich a])- pears to be the new Italy socially, although in regard to climate and conflguration of the soil Mexico is a very suitable country for them to emigrate to. It appears that while the Federal Government does all in its power to promote immigration, it is not seconded in its eiibrts by the native ])opulation, except in some localities. The ttrst Italian immigrants brought in steamers were badly fed and cruelly treated while on board, and many died after their arrival. Ah soon as the Government came into ])ossession of these facts, it enlorced immediately better treatment. The Government paid their passaj^es on the steamers, as well as on the railroads, to the stations nearest to their destinations and idaces of settlement. It furnished them witb subsistence and lodgings, agricultural implements, plants, seeds, an mals, medicines, and medical attendance in times of sicknes.s. Tlu' were also informed that the constitution of 18."»7, now in force, per mitted them to worship in accordance with any religious creed thej might profess. The colonists were ma hectan Later, land has been surveyed in the States of Tamaulipas, Co.ihui Chihuahua, and Campeche: also on the highlands of Metlaltoyucaai the islands of Ceari and Sr. Ste|>hen for this purpose. From theverystarttheGovernment has taken measures to Mexican! these colonies, and to prevent their remaining exclusively Italian ; considerable number of Mexicans were settled among and close to tlie Thus the rising generations will gradually become Mexicans, an( -wn-^JilJ. |i^'Jl,J.,^ii iTION. Iiuter and ujoile of doing hio«l to the towns of tho run laundries, shut iind ty diHicnlt to live in Mex- indly. J iini also found in Mexico, |it they are in small nuui' OR COLONIZATION. rcliv and revolution, witlj lossible to make any at- le government was estab- still being made, to briny iitionality found most suit- by this Government, the s to La Plata, which ap- iu regard to climate and table country for them to ral Government does all iu 'conded iu its eHbrts by the earners were badly fed and ed after their arrival. As n of these facts, it enlorced unent paid their passajjes to the stations nearest to . It furnished them with lements, plants, seed.-', an!- 1 times of sicknesN. Tliev of 18;"i7, now in force, per ;h any religious creed they proprietors of the soil es- ree from yellow fever and to 18SL', inclusive, the Gov contracts for bringing iin- f these contracts were given 4U, published in the consu- awever, were ever actually the Covernraent purchased uebla, Sau Luis Potosi, and xpended $ '6(),00;> for 22,158 addition thereto it acquired Tiburou Island, and in the altogether l,(kJ(* hectares, js of Tamaulipas, Co.ihuila, :hlauds of Metlaltoyuca iind s imrpose. iken measures to Mexicanize ning exclusively Italian ; ii ed among and clorte to them. Iv become Mexiirans, and a MEXICO. 619 speedy fusion of both elements is certain. The Mexican element pro- tects the Italians largely agi'inst the prejudices of the ignorant class, while it is favorably aftected by its cont«ct with the Italian, who rep- resent a higher plane of civilization among a population who are for the most part semi-eivilized only. Generally speaking the Italians are.'* valuable acquisitiou, considering their practical knowledge of cultivat- ing the grape, olive, .>iid silk-worm, besides their notorious talent for the fine arts — nuisic, painting, and sculpture. These colonies will soon become thoroughly Mexican, and the immigrants will necessarily be- come self-supporting and self-reliant as the Government aid is with- drawn after two years. Their opportunities for bettering their condi- tion are undoubtedly excellent considering the advantages offered as above referred to. Much however depends on the action of the local authorities, who not infrequently commit abuses. The Italians in Mexico rarely return to Italy. They seem to feel very much at home. Those who do not like country life find readily the means of living in the city. The moral condition of these Italians before and after coming to Mexico remains ])robably the same. They agree and atB4iate with the uneducated Mex- icans iu religion and morals. The introduction of this element into Mexico is a step undoubtedly in favor of civilization, rendering the population so much the less Indian. They are exempt from federal taxation for a number of years, owing to the terms of the contract, but always required to pay State and municipal taxes, which are mostly indirect. Each colony has a physi- cian, drug-store, and printiugoflice sustained b^' the Government for two years. It is but reasonable to presume that the liberality of the Mexican authorities will gradually attract some immigration irom Italy without Government .aid. Respecting different colonies, the following information has beeD culled from Government sources: COLONY MANUEL GONZALES. This colony is the one established first. It is situated near Huetusco, 'in the State of Vera Cruz. The land is mountainous ; the climate damp and temperate. The colony has a machine for making bricks, pipes, and tiles, at which they are very proficient. The new colony suttered severely from the insects, especially fiom the "chigos" (Pulex pene- trans), a minute animal, which penetrates the feet, inserting itself with preference under the nails, where it deposits its eggs, which iu time develop a large progeny, and if not extracted result in disease and death. The plague of this and other insects, complicated with other disorders, were severely felt, and had not a little to do in retarding the progress of the colony. These e(\ pie. Strenuous efforts are being made to increase their number. '~ terras of their concession are similar to those mentioned later on in (hi| report. CHINESE. Over 200 Chinese have been recently landed at Mazatlan, brougl^ there by the steamer Sardonyx under contract with a San Francisq company. They now make complaint of having been sold for $60 m heatl, and lauded on a barren shore without employment. They dj covered upon their landing, to their great dismay and contrary to i>reV ous representations, that the natives of the country were opposed their immigration They have fully explained their deplorable concj tion to the Chinese consul in San l-'rancisco. The Government of MNT. luarez." It is near Ojinaga, composed of about 200 i)eo icrease their number. The se mentioned later on in this nded at Mazatlan, brought tract with a Sau Francisco lavlng been sold for $60 i)er jut employment. They dls ismay and contrary to previ- he country were opposed tt» ined their deplorable condi- ). The Government of Mex rary, areop* osed to Chinese ess lias i)raised the Mexican B Chinese, inviting them as the aid of the Chinese Mexi- United States. The short- sinlitcd policy of the latter has l)eeii critictised. The course of events now shows that, however niuoli the Mexican Govertiment may like the Chinese, the Mexican i)eo|)Ie do not and will not tolerate Mongolian itn- migration. Tlie so-called shrewilness of the Mexican Ooveniiiient has been utterly defeated by the strong <*onimon sense of the Mexican peo l)ie, who are willing to admit any civilizati .ii superior to the old Span- ish, but none inferior and Celestial. The few Chinese that have come to Mexico under inducements held out by the Mexican Government have been allowed to come more as an experiment than anything else. As it has proved so disastrous, a sec- ond attempt will probably never be made. FBENOH COLONIZATION. Small French colonies have recentl.v been established, with slight Government aid, at Jacoltepen and Sai. Rafael, in the State of Vera Cruz. A reasonable degree of pr<>.si)erity is re[»orted. The Territory of Lower California has attracted the attention of sev- eral foreign companies, who consider the same suitable for immigration. For this pur^wse they have been granted extensive concessions by the Federal Government, the principal one being that given to the Inter- national Mexican Colonization Compsn>v. This company now owns 180,000,000 acres of land, comprising the rthern half of the peninsula adjoining the United States frontier, n ■ ectors of the company re- side in the State of Connecticut. PUBLIC LAND. To give some idea of what Mexico is doing to encourage colonization it might be well to state that during the fiscal year 188.')-'80 the Gov- ernment sold for that express purpose about 2,796,200 acres of land for 8174,568, partly payable in Mexican Government bonds. No statistical tables are obtainable which show the number of immi- grants according to year.s and nationalities. This fact is vouched for b; an ofiicer of the Statistical Society. The information on this subject is more negative than positive — that is to say, it is easier to describe the many failures to attnact immigration to Mexico than to find a single in- stance of colonies consisting of foreigners who have been of great and lusting benefit to the country. It is even believed, by many, that the Italian colonies which have cost the Government considerable money are no valuable acquisition and are not liable to render an equivalent re- turn. Greater results are expected in the future from these numerous concessions, which have recently been granted. In order to intelligently answer Interrogatory 5, concerning bounties of laud, exemption from taxation, «&c., I have deemed it prudent to set forth in full three concessions granted under different conditions, which will show for themselves what may be asked of and granted by the Mexican Government to encourage immigration. THE TOPOLOBAMPO COLONY. The contract of the department with Messrs. Bice & Oweu was pub- lished in the Diario Ofioial of November 8, 1886. It affects materially the Mexican border States, and although radically a new departure in its management, may have a beneficial influence over the settlement, 622 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. 1.1 prof;res8, and i)ro8perity of the States soiitb 'it' the inteniatioual line and at the Maine time probably indirectly b<flt our border States am TerritorieH. The foUowinf; Ih au exact tran.-.lation of their concesNioi from the Mexican Government : AUTICI.K 1. Tlio Tnpulolmiiipo Hnilwuy and Telegraph Cnin|iaiiy in aiitliorixfd U Moliiiui|io Day and Mochis, i.luiig the ti'iinkanil liranch lincNorNaiil railway to an oxtfut of <>i)kih)rnp|<>ri on oftcV (tide. Tim nnrvov may he luirfornu-d liy said conipany, or otliorH orHani/iM for that ')nr))08e, and hIiuII not atfect thu titlrn of thotte «Htnl>liHhiu); hettt-r ri((htHo ownci'sliip. Akt. 'J. Witliont invalidating bettor titles, the company is antllori^cd to Hurvcytlx iiDcultivutcd landN of Hinaloa and Honora to an extent of *>0 kiloint'tiM-H on eachNidt «>f the track; alwi laiulH of the ttuuiuclaMH inChihuahna and C'oahnila to an extent o ^0 kilunieterH on each Hide. Akt. 3. The company may Holicit peruiiNMlon to make imeof itsrif^ht to Hiirvey Mali landH ait nooh aH each Hoction of the track linH been approved by the Oovernnienf nn(' the three months tlxed for the deNi);nation <\i uncultivated lands and coininencuinenl of Hurvey shall be counted from the date of approval of each section. Art. 4. The operations of survey in the State of Sinaloa must bet(in within tliret months from the date of promulKatiu); this contract in conformity with the coloiii/a tion laws now in force, no proluiij^ation of said periwl beyond three nmnths being a ment of the unviid inst i / iiiients by mortgages on the lands covered by the deeds, Art. 7. TV- <. ■'• :vaE.\ bound to establish agricultural, mining, and industrii colonies on tiv : . -saii; o-thirds of the lands surveyed without distinction of tionality amoL.-. ' lonistd. At least one-quarter of the settlers nuist be Mexican who must '■ ' .; ju the most perfect equality with the other settlers. If thecoiupai fails ^o oh <'i -^ citable Mexican settlers within the stipulated time, it is bound to serve the 1< i : r.at apart for them, and to report the fact to the Government, whii hereby reserves the right to furnish the Mexican colonists, who shall be subject all the obligations imposed by the company upon the other colonists; also, enjoy the franchises granted by the' company to foreigners. Art. 8. The companv, already in possession of coast lauds north of Toi)olobaui Bay and Mochis Raucn, agrees to establish upon them a model colony, both agric tnral and industrial, within two years, said colony to bo composed of at least families, whose chiufs must have some trade or profession. The company is furtl bound to settle 1,500 additional families on equal conditions within the five sul qudut yearij. Art. y. The company cgrees to settle one family for every thoiisaiul hectares it quires by grant and purchase. The settlementsof said families must be effected wit two years atter the company receives the deeds of each tract of laud. Art. 10. The company is obliged to supply the colonists with land at the rati nt least 40 hectares for each family. Art. 11. The lauds surveyed by the company shall be divided into three zoi The company shall select one of them in payment of surs'ey. Of the two remain the Government shall choose the one it prefers and the company will be obligee purchase the other. If, in order to facilitate colonization, the company should nn desirable to have all its lands undivided, arrangements can be made for a chang zones before the deeds are issued and after previous indemnification, if such be ranted. ni lATION. li tliu interiiatioual line, >tlt our border States and lation of tlieir concesHion jipli Ciiiniiuiiy In iiiitlioii/nl to ilou, winch ar« itittiiitoil in tliu limy at To|ii>li)liaui|)i) Uny ami iiy to (III extt'iit i)f ()0 kiloiiiotiTN |r()iii|>aiiy, (ir otIiHrH orHanucil h« t'HinltliHbiuf; Itettur ri|{btit of iiiiiy Ift niiThnriz«Hl to mirvoytlio It ot' til) klloiiii'tei'M oil each xldc la unil Coiibuila lo itii extfiit of I' use of Its rijflit to Hurvny naU\ provoil by tbo Oovcnminnt iiml 'iited lands and coniiiKMicmiicnt nf oacb section, lualoa must \n'nm within lliret^ n conformity with tlu' coloui/.a- bcyoiid thr»>e iimnthM being ad- daiiH, which lunnt lin Hiibiiiitted tion, xball be |iurl'oriiii-d by the I two yuars from the (U^HiKnutiou iHNUo deeds for the third part of eceinber 15, 16"'H, to comnenBttte e siirvoyH. Another tbiru of the uy iiiioii payment ol its value, at ent must be made as soon as each ity of the lands surveyed. The »y the tariff now in force for first- ) lauds exclusively to the Kettle- lird shall be made by aunual in- ;hase money iun»t be paid in cash, nent must be paid as soon as the if said tirsl installiiieiit the deeds ich in return shall secure the pay- he lands covered by the deeds, icultural, miuing, and industrial rveyed without distiuctiou of no- r the settlers must be Mexicans, lie other settlers. If the company stipulated time, it is bound to re- ) fact to the Government, which ;olonists, who shall be subject tu he other colonists ; also, enjoy all s. last lauds north of Topolobampo lem a model colony, both agricul- y to bo composed of at least TiUO fession. The company is further conditions within the Ave subse- for every thousand hectares it ac- id families must be effected within lach tract of laud, colouists with land at the rate of hall be divided into three zones, f survey. Of the two remaining the company will be obliged to satiou, the company should find it ents can be made for a change of I iudemnificatioQ, if such be war- $k J^ ^ -»-> ^^/ ^J^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) Itaographic Sciences Corporalion CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical MIcroreproductlons / Instltut Canadian de microreproductlons historlques MEXICO. 623 AisT. lii. Tho Oovermnent authorizes tlio compauy to tnko all tlio water it requiras for the doniestio wants of the colonists at Topntobampo, irrigation of lands, and siip- ])ly of the factories hereafter established, from the Fiierte andSinaloa Rivers, without iu'validatiug better rights to said water that may be established hereafter by any third party. The daily water-snpply shall be fixed at the rate of 100 cubic meters for every thousand inhabitants, and 8«i,400 cubic meters for every 1,000 hectares of land. The company may conduct the water to its destination by means of ditches, tunnels, pipes, aqueducts, or in any other mnuuer it may di^em most expedient, after having previously submitted the plans of the | rojected water-works to t lie department of public works for its approbation. Art. 1:J. The colony of Topolobampo Bay, established by virtue of this contract, shall be officially known as the Colony of the' Pacific. The company is hereby author- ized to make all necessary arrangements with every one concerned respecting the police iuid hygiene of the colony or the district in which it is situated. The company may, it' necessary for this purpose, survey a tract of land 50 kilometers square in k'ii)i;tli on all siiles of the property it possesses about said bay, excepting the coast licit, with the object of protecting eftoctually the hnntiug and fishing resoHrces. A thinl of said 50 kilometers square will belong to th« compauy conformably to the con- ditions of the aforementioned law of December 15, 1 883. The other two- thirds, which belong to the Qoverument, will be sold to the Government at the conclusion of each Hiirvey at the tariff rate then in vigor, according to the quality of the lauds. Said rate, however, can never exceed the tariff price now iii vigor for first-class land. The purchase- money to be paid by the company in four annual installments, 50 per cent, cash and .')0 per cent, in bonds of the public debt. The first payment to be made at tlio time of sale and the lands to remain mortgaged until full payment be effected. Art. U. Grantees agree to establish in said "Pacific Colony "elementary and high schools, also schools of crafts and trades for both e.exes, without distinction of na- tionality ; likewise to found elementary schools for both sexes in all other colonies it may establish, in all of which the teaching of Spanish will be obligatory. Art. 15. In compensation for services rendered by the company in establishing colonies, the following concessions will be granted it: (1) Exemption from duties for ten years upon all machinery for manufacturing purposes and all agricultural implements. (•i) Exemption for the same space of time from all taxes except municipal as well as free exportation during the same period of the crops of the colony. (3) Exemption from duty upon all goods broaghfc by each colonist at the time of imiuigration for his personal use. Art. IC. In order to avoid complications that might arise between the Govern- ment and the company respecting the classification and limitation in the introduc- tion of provisions for the supply of the colonies as well as that of other objects solic- ited by them and the company, it is hereby stipulated that the company shall receive au annual compensation from the Government for two years only of $150 for every fam- ily which has settled and continues to live in the colony from the time of arrival until the expiration of said two years, which fact must be established by satisfactory evidence. Balances must be struck semi-annually, in order to pay the company afore- .said sums, with the amount resulting from the duties upon the goods imported. Should there be a balance in favor of the Government, it will be paid by the com- pany, and to this effect it will give the necessary bond at the time of each importation. Art. 17. For every single person not belonging to any family that the company prove to hove established it will receive !$40 per annum for two years upon the con- ditions established in the preceding article. Art. 18. The company agrees to run a steamer belween Topolobampo and other ports of the Gnlf of California and the Pacific coast. Said vessel must be of at least 30U tons, mnst float the Mexican dag, and will be free from all tonnage and light- house dues. Art. 19. The company agrees to carry without any compensation whatever all public and official mails; also, to give passage at one-fourth rates to all Government enii)loy) Upon the non-settlement of the number of colonists within the period specified in Articles 7. 8, and i). (7) Upon the transfer of this contract to individuals or private corporations with- out the previous consent of the Government. Cases icsultiug from the intervention of Providence excepted when established by satisfactory evidence. Art. 32. The torfeiture will be officially declared by the Federal Executive. Art. 33. The forfeiture as specified in Article 31 relates only to the grants and frauchises conceded to the company, regarding their acquisition of unappropriated lands, and has no reference whatever to its lauds at Topolobampo Bay and the Mochis ranch, which are its own property. ox. MEXICO, 625 .1 of tlio fiihilltiiciit of tlio nuipiuiy aixl piiid to it ii.h iii t'oiiiplied with tlie coii- HiibiitioiiM, or other tiiXfs iriiig unilurstooil, howovti, th(< uUuvt--inentioiieil hits, till;; tho colonislH to their !<; use of the rivilwii.v lines lit the reduced riiteii Htipii- tueut will isHiie the iiecu.s- hall be understood to com- thout children ; ('4) falher, sisters, one of whom is of ill ho understood to mean tiviite its luud, or work at lonists are eoncerned, shall laviuK the same obli;ratioas linblic aud the States, with Ibrce. tall their differences to the lowever, among themselves ilitierences by means of ar- bo shall be duly authorized jity of Mexieo, with whom fultillmeut of the stipula- my aud the colonists must 18:!;j, and tlm bases of such ant of public works, as de- I law. d from private parties by t'l the department of piib- The Government reserves I lent. ;ever shall the coinpaiiy be tns ^rrnnted by the jiresent itorstato. Auy agreement The company shall in con- works alreaily constructed. with private corporations al Government, the company within three eneral federal treasury the lint, as well as the building it to the provisions of the cases specitied therein ecified time. le time specified in Article 4. 'acion of two years' period Ijudicated to the company, at Topolobara)>o Bay that • within the period specified private corporations with- lepted when established by ) Federal Executive. Bs only to the grants and uisitiou of unappropriated ibampo Bay aud the Mochis- Akt. 34. In respect to the latter, the company and the colonists are subject to the provisions of the law relating to foreigners and naturalization enacted May 26 of the current year and to those which may be passed in future in this particular. Mexico, July 2'i, lcW6. iwej.ii.o, J- , CHAKLES PACHECO. JOHN H. UICE. ALBERT K. OWEN. i CLOETE AND SYMON CONTRACT. On December G last a contract was ratified between this Governineut and Messrs. VV. Broderick Cloete aud Robert Symon to establish colonists to and develop the resources of the properties they own in the State of Coahuila. Article I. Messrs. W. B. Cloete and Robert Symou, and the company 4ir companies they may organize, are authorized to establish faruis and ranches on the lands they have purchased in the State of Coahuila, upon condition that within the first fifteen mouths from the date of the promulgation of this cou*ract they will introduce at least ."i.OOO head of cattle and horses, and in the eightei ibseqitent mtmlhs 5,000 head more, with the stipulation that they will import at leas a one-third part of these animals from England or the United States, or from both countries, and will fence their lands with wire fence to the extent of not less than 50 English miles squarr. Art. 2. Messrs. Cloete and Symou, and the companies they may organize, agree to place on said lands, within five years from the date of publication of the present con- tract, families to the amount of 200 colonists. Art. 3. Messrs Cloete and Symon, or the companies they may organize, will pre- sent to the department of public works the titles of the lands they now own, as also those they may acquire hereafter, in order that note may be taken of same. Art. 4. Should it happen at any time that of the lands, of which the foregoing ar- ticle treats, there should be any Government lands, the Government will cede to the company its rights to said lancis. Art. r>. In return for the services that the enterprise renders by the establishment of colonists, farms, and ranches the following concessions will bo granted to it : (1) Exemption for rtlteeu years from all species of taxes now levied or i hat may be levied hereafter except the iiinnicipal and stamp taxes upon all the capital that the company may expend upon said lands. (•i) Tiie fo'iiowing articles will be exempt from duties of all kinds for ten years, provided they be destined solely and exclusively to the use of the colonists aud the com- pany : (a) wire, posts, aud other articles necessary to fence in 20O English miles of land, for one single time ; (b) building materials; (c) furniture, necessary for four haciendas (farm-houses), provided it is imported during the first four years; (dO machines ; (e) 10 vehieleu; (f) liiO beasts of burden, and the harness and saddles necessary for' same; (g) 'H) camp-tents with their accessories; (h) animals of all kinds aud ages, for acclimation, labor in the fields, and propagation, to the number of 10,000. (3) The company will import besides, free of duty, in quantity suflBeiontly great that the duties upon them would amount to ^3,(K)0, plows, &c., farming implements, wind-mills, tools, and apparatus for sinking wells, and iron piping to convoy water. (4) Exemption for fifteen years from all taxes upon production, extraction, and transit of crops that may be raised and cattle jiroduced. Art. G. The department of public works and of.the treasury will dictate the rule* that must be observed in order to enjoy the exemptions, &c., mentioned in the pre- vious article. Art. 7. The company must give to each family of colonists that it settles, accord- ing to this contract, at least Snectares of land to hold and to own. Art. 8. The company will be free to make contracts with its colonists, which it will remit to the department of public works for approbation. Art. 9. As the colonists and ranches are to be established in desert regions, fre- quented by savages, the company will import, free from duty, the arms and ammu- nition necessary for its defense, having previously obtained the requisite permission from the secretary of war in order that he may indicate the quality and quantity of said arms. Art. 10. If, by any law, exemptions from export duty npon national goods and productions be granted, the company will enjoy these privileges in the terms that the law may indicate. Art. 11. All mines of metals, coal, sulphur, lime, salt, and all marble quarries that the company may discover on its lantl will be owned by it, provided it annoui.ce them and work them in accordance with the mineral code now in vigor. H. Ex. 157 40 626 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Akt 12 The conipauv cannot in iiny case uor at nuy time tniusfer, alienate, or mortcace'tho conceHsions of the present contract, nor admit as partner any govern- ment or foreign state or ngent of such. Any covenant made in a contrary sense wil be nuU and void, while the company will forfeit ts lands, propert.es, and the frn.t of the operations it may have undertaken, as w.'ll as the deposit whi.h lie lollow- ina article mentions. The company can of course transfer or niortfjage th.- comes, sionsof this contract to individuals or private ass».ciatioiis with the previous oon- **AR?KrTom"rantJethefumilment of this contract the companv within three months from tffe date of same will deposit in the feder.. treasury «.>,0(M) in bonds ..t XoMeVican Government, which it will forfeit in any of the cases of caducity men- tioned heieafter. Art. 14. This contract will become extmct: . . , ,. .. , m If the deposit is not made which is mentioned in the toregomg article. (2) If the 10,000 head of cattle or horses of which Article 1 speaks are not brought °(3) If the families of colonists mentioned iu Article SJ are not settled. (4^ If the lands are not given to tho colonists as specified in Article 7. (5) If ihis contract be transferred to individuals or private associations without the Drevior< consent of the Federal Executive. , .■ ^ » . ART? 15. Will be excepted all cases of Divine intervention lor which satisfactory proof is given. Mexico, October 8, 1886 CARLOS PACHECO. W. BRODRICK CLOETE. ROBERT R. 8YM0N, Per 8. CAMACHO. HULLEK CONTRACT. The following contract was ratified December 15 last between Louis HuUer and the Mexican Government : Article 1 Louis Huller and the company that he may organize are authorized to estabhsh farming and industrial colonies in the State of Chiapas in the proportion of 7«i nnr rent Europeans and 25 per cent. Mexicans. . , , ^, •» 75 per ^^""^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ company for the services it renders and the expense it incuw'in the foming of the colonies, the Government sells to it 75 per cent, of the Iwo-th ?ds parVs of xL public lands that the conipany in the above-mentioned Sta e aT« now snrvevintr or may survey hereafter, with the understanding that both in the «o?o^e^ ?hat the company may establish as well as in the other extensions of tern- ?oS he GSverameTwifh the consent of the company will take the 2.. P""" ceiit be- Sina: to it in alternate lots and that the payment of the lands that t^e Goyernmeut seuftlftlw company will be at the rate of |1.10 per hectare lu the terms that the laws Tb? a'^The^yvmenf "f which the former article refers will be made by tbe com^ Dan?^n four annual installments ; . he lirst, when the lapds are adjudged the deivery of which will be made at the termination of each survey either upou the petition of th« nomnauv or bv the disposition of the Government. ^ *i. Ar?™ The company agrees to establish, within the space of ten years from the datriiiat thev receive th^lands. at least ten colonies, with a minimum of tafiy fami- fiireachTKlaus and project ftf the establishment of the colonists will be sub- jectedpr^viously t* the Government for approval, to the eflfect that the lots belonging '^^rtln^^iluZl'^oS^^the company must settle one family to every '^'Kl* wfthin the space of two years after the lands haye been received by the oo^any that may be sSld to it, there will be at east two colonies established. ART 7. The grantee agrees to allow each family at least 15 hectares of laud and a thtuLd at thf maximum, according to the object to which *]>« ««1«°'«*« '^f^^"^,^* ^ aa also to furnish the agricultural implements he may judge necessary to the heads ot *^ARTa*The cost of transporting the colonists the company ^i" de^';*^-, '. ,„,^, Art. 9. lu return for the services the comt^any will render according to the terns nf thia i-rntract the foliowinjr concessions will be granted it : ... (1) UpSfon free ftou, §„ties for ten years of machinery for manutactunng pur- ^1) Itifi for ^reVa^S^Sfrom taxation, except municipal taxes and that of tte sSsV and exportation free of duty of crops during the same space of time. Ion. MEXICO. 027 Jiuif trausfer, alienute, or Jit as purtnur any govern- lle 111 a contrary seoHe will I. properties, aiid tlin fruii | colu■e^t' lis with the previous oon- plie coiiipanv witliiii three Jtreasury 8r>,(MHl in hoiids of Iho cases of caducity ineu- le loregoing article. Be 1 Hpeaks are not brought not settled. i in Article 7. Hvate aasociatioDs without tion for which uatisfactury IRLOS PACIIECO. . BRODRICK CLOETE. )BERT R. SYMON, CAMACHO. r 15 last between Louis r organize are authorized to [Ihiapas in the proportion of : renders and the expense it ells to it 75 per cent, of the the above-mentioned State, derstaudiug that both in the ho other extensions of terri ■ will take the ii^t per cent, be- i! lands that the Govemuieut ;re in the terms that the laws :s will bo made by the corn- is are adjudged, the delivery y either upon the petition of space of ten years from the ith a minimum of tifiy fanii- of the colonists will be snb- iffect that the lots belonging it settle one family to every I have been received by the colonies established. tst 16 hectares of land and a ]ich the colonists destine it ; dge necessary to the beads of paiiy will defray. nder according to the terms 1 it: nery for manufacturing pur- >pt municipal taxes and that ring the same space of time. (D) Free entry of tho goods that each colonist niny bring with him for his own per- floiial iiHo and that nrc ndapti'd to his social condition. (4) Free iini>ortation of carts with harnesses, one for each family thnt the company has settled in tho colony, as may bo proven, with the respective teams of imiiuals. AUT. 10. The dei)iutmeiits of the triiasniy and of pHl>lic works w ill establish the limits to be made in all justire as to the entries. AiiT. 11. To avoid any complieations that iul}»ht arise between the Government and the eoiiipany as to classiticatidii and liuiitiiti'>n of the etitries, il is agreed that said company shall not enjoy e.\cinption from duty u])on i)rovi8ions, or any other goods that it may iinp<)rt lor itself or its <'olonists except that mentinned in sections 1, a, and '1 of Article 9, but on the other hand an annual conipensaiion will be made to it ot ;*'.'l'0 for two years for each family that has settled anil lives in t lie colony, for which aii'ple proof must l>e furnished, from the date of its arrival to the teriiiinaiiou of tho said two years. A semi-annual balance innst be struck between the. amount of duties iijion tho goods the company- may have imported and tho aiuoiints duo it from the aliove-iri.'iitioued eoMi])ens.ition. Should the surplus be in favor of the Government, it will be paid by the company, to which ett'ect it will give the necessary boml at the lime of each im- poi'tatiou. Ai{i. I"-'. For every single person not jiertaining to any family that the company Hfives satisfactory proof to have settled in tb<' colony, it will bo credited with S4" per annum during two years upon the same conditions as are established in the preceding article. .\I!T. in. The company will give timely notice to tho department of public works ■whenever they may establish nuy new industry, that tho said department having elassilied it may tleelare if said inilustry shall enjoy the exemptions conceded by the above-mentioned law of December 15, ISfM!, in wliich case it will enjoy them for ten years from the datt> of its establishment, this being the period granted to the enter- prise to complete the colonization. AnT. 14. Every six months the company will inform tho department of public works as to the condition of the colonies, and the Government will have the right to name in8i>ectors to visit them when it may deem it expedient, while the com|)any must fnruish the information that may be asked of it by said inspectors, or the de- partment. AitT. ir>. The company will bo free to make cotitracts with the colonists, which, confonuably to the law, it will submit to tho department of public works for approval. Akt. Ifi. The unoccupied lands th.at it may acquire according to tho conditions (»f this agreement will belong to the company, as also those it may obtain irom private iiiilivitluals by purchase, exchangi", transfer, cession of any other title wlut.soever ; lik a utoa the non payment of the deposit of *50,000 meutioned u. Articlo 'M (2) ulion the non-establishment of the colonies, an.l fanulies ot which Article 4 *73)'lIP««tbe°"n-«»**''^'«'^™^"* "*'*''•' first colonies within the period specitted in ^'(4^ Upon the non-payment of the lands according to the conditions named in Arti- "%^) Upon the transfer of this contract to individnals or snroties without the prior ""aut"'^^' ^KSSew^lfbe'Scially declared by the fe.leral e.ecntivo. ART 26' The conSns to which this law refers will not be enforced in cases re- w?;iV.«n.nivine intervention. The suspension will continue in forqe while the suiting from D vine '"\«'^^,^»^'„",^- „' " „,t»„,rer a,o,,io proofs of the Divine iuterveu- iffioSe eLcu ve wu£ siTShTfrom the comme\.eomeut of the impeachment. Prom the simple fact of its not presentins said evidence within the specifled time Sromjany cannot at any future time allege the excuse of Divine intervention. Mexico, November 18, 1886. CARLOS PACHECO. LUIS HULLER. JAMES W. PORCH, Consul- General. United States Consulate General, Mexico City, January 12, 1887. MEXICO INVITING IMMIGRATION. IBeport by MlnUter Morgan. Reprinted from Consular Report. No. 32, August, 1883.] T think I shall better comply with the wishes expressed in your dispatch No. 369, iRth Kebruarv 18H3, by replyiiiK. as far as I am able to do so, to the questions pro- pounded by Mr. wl'D'oX^iuTlis letter to the Hon. 6. G. Dibrell, of the House of Vt'" rST^^^^^^^^ of Mexico to have immigrants!" LaWs intended to attract immigration to the country were passed at least as tar ^"rhe^'awtf the 27th of November of that year, which was published on the 27th of NovemW, 1846, provided for the appointment of a council of immigration to act under the sunervisionofthe department for foreign alfairs. ^, , • en :.•.„! The'^aw of the 4th December, 134G, attempted to regit ate the duties of the imm i- gration commi^ons, and to determine the rights and obligations of the immigrants. T believe that the effort of this legislation was not siicoesstul. WltWn a compart recentliate the attention of the Government has been again Hirpotprto the oestion and. by means of contracts with private individuals aitd cor- JoSnrefS.rt8 arer^n^lcle to supply what is considered the greatest need of the *"*T Wv« not been able to procure a copy of all the contracts entered into upon this BubiS ltiuThav?sLenTsufflcient^iumber of them to enable me to place before tnn Lrknera view of the question and how it is being handled, and which will give ?oparfesTut«rXl7orw2o propose to interest themfelves in the matter, some basis upon which to form their operations. v^,n,^nH riav Wise 1. On the 3l8t August, 1881, a contract was entered into Y**V ^i-T°a ,^'*y .^lfh4 a citizen of the United States, and his associates, for the colonization of lands in the ^ThefaSJl'^ere to be such as might be acquired by the companv.wbi^^^^^^ . form and represent, by contract, and "terrems haldm." Of these lands i snaii '^ThlSnaliiy of the oolonists is not prescribed in this contract. At least three hundred famfuM and tw« hundred colonists are to be established within six years ^Tont WM e*SZtinto with the "Meridional Mexican Railway Company" on the 16?h?fU^a??,S,foXcolonizationofland8sitnatedalong^ running through the States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Oaxaca, and Chiapas. The nation ality of the ooIoniBts is not h.' mded to in this contract. ox. from tlio diitf' of its imli- itioiied ill Article id. iiuilies of wliicii Artiuli' lin th« piTioil Hpecitind in comlitioiiH named in Arti- snrctifis without tlin prior ft'doriil esHcntivo. lot 111) enforced in cuhoh ro- Dtifiniio in forqe while the jofH of the Divine interveii- oniiMit of the impeachment. within thn specified time of Divine intervention. CARLOS PACFIECO. LUIS HULLEK. !S W. PORCH, Consuf- General. MEXICO. 629 ox. ortaNo. 32, Aagast, 1883.] 3d in your dispatch No. 369, do 8o, to the questions |)ro- . O. Dibrell, of the House of Co have immigrants t " were passed at least as far v'as published on the 27th of I of immigration to act under late the duties of the imiu i- ii^atious of the immigrants. isful. I Government has been as^aiii private individuals and cor- .ered the greatest need of the racts entered into upon this to enable me to place before andled. and which will give rei in the matter, some basis to with Edmund Clay Wise, colonization of lauds in the e companv\ which he should I." Of these lands I shall his contract. At least three established within six years n Railway Company" on the ed aloug the line of that road, a, and Chiapas. The natiou- :i. On the 21.st of Jauuiiry, 1881, one wns entered into with Robert R. Synion, a citi- zen of the United States, and Win associates, for the colonization of " terreuoa bat- dm" in the frontier State of Sonoia. The coloiii.sts lire to lie Europeans of the Latin race, and native-born Mexicans. i. On thelTthof Janiiury, lrtr!2, one was entered into with theMexiciiii Colonization ami Industrial Company for colonizing the islands of 'filiiiron and Angel de la (iiiarda, in the Oiilf of {Jortez, Lower (Jaliforniii, to which was iilterwards adrled the iMiaiid of San Estelian, with one Imndrcd fainilies. of whom two-thirds are to be Kiuiipeaus and one-third Mexicans, ."i. One was (Mitered into on tlui iilst of February, IS&i, with various parties (names not published) for tin* colonization of lands in the State of Morolos, district of Cuer- navaca. Nationality of colonists not nittiilioned, (■). One was entere, with Rafael I'ortas Martinez for colonizing lands iu the States of Yucatan and Campeachy. The colonists are to bo taken from the Canary Islands. 7. On the 4tli of December, IH8J, one was entered into wirli (teneral Jesus Alonzo Flores and Casti(do Zenteno lor the cnllivatioii of " /c/reiiud baldio»," iu tlie State of Tamaiilipas; nationality of the tuiloiiists not specilied. 5. On llie l"i h of UeceinlHT, IriS^, one was entered into with 5Ir, Daniel Levy for the colonization of lauds in the .State of Vera Crnz, canton of Zangolia, with Euro- jieatis, Canary Islanders, and Egyptians, 11. Oil the (ith of January, Irir*;!, one was entered into with Daniel Levy by which he wasanlhorized to form ageiier.'i' .jolonizatioii com|)auy, with acapital of $1,000,000, By this contract it is agreed that o.OOO families, to comprise •JO.OOO persons, are to be colonized; of these HO per cent, are to be Pliiropeaiis, the rest Mexicans, 10, Oil the 10th of January, IriS'.i, one was entered into with Mr, Isadore Epstein lor introducing into the country Gcnnan agriculturists. To this end lie has agreed to go to Germany and .Switzerland, there to lecture and imldish iianiphlets ni>on the advantages which Mexico oUcrs to uitiienllurists, 11, On the ITtli of January, HS^l. one was entered into with Salvador Malo to establish a colonization agency embracing Europe and the American continent. The agency is to bring, within the term of ten years, from 20,000 to 50,000 Euro- ])ean ancl American colonists, 7.) per cunt, ot whom are to be Europeans. 12, On the 2()th of January, ls<,\, a contract was entered into with Louis Verdier by which he was to go to Europe with the view of inducing Irish, German, and French to migrate to Mexico, i;i. On the :Jd of April, 1883, one was entered into with Ramon Fernandez with the view of colonizing lands iu the IState of San Luis Potosi. The nationality of the colo- nists is not stipulated. Other contracts have been made; one, notably, with Mr. Fulcheri. I regret that I caunot give you any of the details of 1 hese, as they are the most im- portant ones, seeing that they have been carried iutoett'ect. One was also made with Mr. David Fergusou for the colonization of Lower Califor- nia, but it has b(!en declared forfeited, I also understand that one was made with Mr. Samuel Brauuou, au American, for the colonization of lands on the northern frontier. I do not furnish you with a (;opy and translation of all these contracts. I do, however, send you a copy and translation of one of them, which, theoretically at least, appears to mo one of the most important, inasmuch as it gives iu detail the obtigatitms of the Governme' ' in the contractors; the obligations of the coutractors to the Government and the * '•'' t.'ists; towards the coutractors, and their statiis iu the country. It may not be uninteresting u. yon to have a general view of these respective obli- gations. First, as to the obligations assumed by the Government towards the contractors. In the "Wise" contract the Government agrees to pay iJtiO for each immigrant above tite age of fourteen years, and $30 for those between three and fourteen. For each head of a family (husband and wife, with or without children) a bonus of .^30; pay- ment to be liiado one month after the arrival of the immigrants iu the State -wA><»^T^^:: . 630 EMIGRATION AND IMMlrtRATION. The Martinez contract allnwH $35 for <>ach intmigrnnt above the uae of twelve years, and 915 each for those betwt^eii three and twelve. To ttacb head ot a family Hhnll Im advanced, for the period of one year, Hi per mouth for each person of over twelvu years of age, and $3 for those between three and twelve. The property assigned by the company to the immigrants to be mortgaged by hini in favor of the Government, to secure the advances made as above ; those advances to be paid in ten eqnal installments, to comuittnce two years after the innnigrant hiu been established. By the Flores-Zeutcno contract, the Government is compromised to pay $W) for each immigrant above tiie age of fourteen years, and ^'M) each for those lietween thrco and Ibiirtoen years. In addition a premium of tjiW to bo gi vcn to each family when es- tablished. These payments are to be made one month after the immigrants have been settled in Tamaiilipas. By the Levy contract the Government is to pay to the company 8315,000 annually for thirty years. Under the Malo contract the Government agrees to pay the company 8700 for each head of a European family of agricnltnrists; 8:)5(i for each memlier of his family of seven years of age and upwards; 8700 for each agriculturist; 85 each, 814,000. The Martinez contract calls for one thousand families, or four thousand immigrants, at $35 each, 8140,(K)0. In the Flores-Zenteno contract the number of immigrants is not limited. Assnme that the number will be one thousand above the ago of fourteen years. For these he is to receive 860 each ; total, 8(30,000. The Daniel Levy contract provides lor the introduction of five thousand families, to amount to twenty thonssind peraons. The money obligation on the part of the Qovernraent to Mr. Levy is to pay him annually $315,000 during thirty years, or '?9,450,000. The Malo contract provides for the introdu<>tion of from twenty thousand to iiity thousand immigrants. For each head of a family of agriculturists ho is to receive $700, and $3ri0 utr eacli member of his family above the age of seven years. For every farmer, .f700. There are other gradations which it is not necessary for me to recapit- 1 ulate here. Assume that Mr. Malo will bring into the country under this contract twenty th(nisand adults. The amount which Tic will receive will be $14,000,000. The Verdier contrs^ct provides for the introduotion of one hundred families, fori irhich he is to receive about $3,000. I There is no limit fixed to the number of immigrants to be introduced uuder thel Kamon 1-ernantlez contract; suppose that he brings one thousand adults into thel country, as he is entitled to $70 for each of these, he will receive $70,000. I The foregoing figures are, of course, in a great measure only approximative, hut ll believe that I have rather under than over stated them. They aggregate, as will be 1)0 IION. nvo tho ajre of twolvp years, Jh honil ot n family sh'nll ho lacb person of over twelvo pts to bo mortgaged by lilm at) above ; thoHu advanct;:* larH after tho immigrant Iiiin loinpromiHed to pny $W) for Jacll for those between thrco |v(>n toouoh family when i-s,- ] after tho immigrants hiive company piS.OOO annually |Y tho company $700 fur each nch member of his family of nrist ; $5 $;«t,000 ; for the second 501), family he is entitled to iJiJO ; ved in money, $5',J,.')00. ies. Assume a family to cou- rt eight thousand. I niuy as- 1 be above the ago of seven over four persons. For each Eight thousand imiiiigraiits, of which there will be 8,000, t limited. The number, how- Ired families of four hundred 14,000. or four thousand immigrants, rants is not limited. Assume [)f fourteen years. For these ;ion of five thousand families, abligafion on the part of the 5,000 during thirty years, or rom twenty thousand to iSity igricnlturists ho is to receive igo of seven years. For every )t necessary for mo to recapit- 3 country nnder this contract iceive will l)e $14,000,000. of one hundred families, for 8 to be introduced under the >ne thousand adults into the 11 receive $70,000. ire only approximative, bnt I I. They aggregate, as will be MEXICO. 631 seen, about $'24,000,000 of obligations which have been asAUiui'd by the M<-ziran Oov- emuient, the two largest and altogether the most important of which are to be paid within thirty years. They make an average of over $i:iiK),000 per annum for that jieriod. Other obligations have bci-ii assumed by the Government in favor of the contractors, hut they relate princinally to astiiring the possosMJoii of ''lerrenoit balilion" which In my opinion are of little importance, tor reasons wliiuli, wiu-n I come to the third of Mr. Gibbs's i|uestloiis, I shall tievelop. Ill the Levy contract, however, this obligation is a sia'ioiit one, inaMiniich as the (iiiveruuient lias agreed to si'll to the eoin|iany as niiieh uh eight liiinilred thousand lieetares of "Ivrrtiwt baldiOH," or other national property which has not been (les- Ijned to the public service. Oliligutioiis have also been imposed n|ioii the contractors in favor of the immi- grants whom they may introdnee into the country. These obligations dillur in the several contracts, and ure matters of agreement. I give you a synopsis of those contained in one of them, which will, I suppose, suf- tiee. In the Levy contract the comnany is obliged to erect for the use of each colony which it may establish, and without any compensation therefor, one forge, one car- iiimter's shop, a telegraph or telephone ofUce with the furniture necessary thereto. It is obliged to furnish, and without any compensation, four lots of from four to tive hniidred stiuare meters each, centrally located, for the erection of warehouses (o/J- cina«). It is obliged to establish, and to support for two years, two primary schools, one for boys and the other for girls, under the direction of Mexican professors. It is obliged to give to each colonist of upwards of seven years of age four hectares of land in the table land (tierrafria) or three hectares in the lowlands ((terra caliente), and in no ease shall a family of agriculturists receive less than twelve hectares on the table laud or nine in tho lowlands. It is obliged to furnish each head of a family, on arrival at the colony, a good bouse, sufficient for tho necessities of tho family which is to inhabit it, erected on a lot of 400 square meters, each house to consist of three apartments, one of which shall be 'iO meters square and the other 16 meters square. ISesides, the company is obliged to give to each bead of a family of agriculturists one pair of oxen or mules, one cow, one mare or she mule, one hog, one she lamb, two jiairs of fowls or doves, two plows, one of iron and the other of wood, with their ac- cessories; one ax, one large knife (machete), one wooden mallet, one paring chisel, and sufficient seed for the two plantings, suitable to the land to be cultivated, to the value of $20 each. The obligations to the company are: They are to pay for the lands which shall have been alloted to them, and for the ani- mals, utensils, and per diem which they shall have received: each head of a family $700 ; each member of a foreign family above the age of 7 years $350. Thus a family of four persons would pay for a house and lot and the animals and implements above named, together with about $:{00 advanced for their support and about :i5 acres of land, $1,050. They have ten years to pay this in, dating from the second year of their possession. The obligations of the company to the Government are : The colonies are to be established within live years from the date of the contract. They are to bring no colonists into the country who have been sentenced to punish- ment for the commission of a crime ; they are to be agriculturists and artisans. The company are to deposit in the Monte de Piedad, six months after tho signing of the contract, $50,000, to secure the performance thereof. These $50,000, as soon as the first colcny shall have been established, is ceded to the department of fomento for the development of agriculture. Upon the referment of the $50,000 mentioned, the Government will reserve $100,000 out of the moneys to be paid to the company to se- cure the performance of the contract. They are to pay to the Government — For each head of a family of foreigners $350 For each member of a family of foreigners above the a ge of 7 years 175 For each head of a Mexican family 250 For each member of a Mexican family above i'uc B.ge of 7 years 125 Total .J, 900 _ With these suggestions and the contract in view any person interested in the ques- tion may form an approximate estimation of tho advantages and disadvantages of the contract. The status of the colonists is that they are Mexicans in the sense that whatever difficulties they may find themselves in are to be decided by the tribunals of the Re- pablio and they are without any rights as foreigners. 632 EMIORATION AND IMMIGKATIOX. • NATURAUZATJDN.* ','(1. "How toil); iIdch it ri'i|iiir<< til Im'voihc ii iiatiiriiliz<-il iMtiznii of Mexico?" Nil tiiiii' in Hpt'citii'il liy tlitOiiw. Niitiiriiii/atiiiii iii Mttxico talvrit |ilaci< iu soveral wayit — (I) Ky till' ai't iif till- I'irsiili'iit, ii|iiiii a|i|iiicatiiiii iif llic |iarty, iiindo licfdrr tlii< Jnil^ri- lit' till' iilaci- III' Ills ri'xiili-tirr, I'riiiii wliii'h it iiiiiMt iipjii'ar tlint tlio npiilicaiit is It iii'iHiiii III' ;:iiimI rliai'iuirr aiiil Iuih an liiilirNt iiiiiili' ol' livi'lilmiMl. (•J) Wlifii tlm Niiii ot' a I'lirfiKiii'i' liiii'ii in Mrxirn, anil wIki Iiun Ih'cii (Miuiiiri|iati'il ' nia,jiirit\ witliont liavin;; i lor 1. 1 ml his inli-iilioii to I'ltain tlir natiunality iif liis latlu'r. (;!) WIk'Ii in tln^ art ul' I'liiaiiripiition nf llii' huh of a rorri){ii<'r it i^ nut ilri'larrd that lii> i-i-taiiis till) nationality of liis I'allirr. (I) II' liii arci'pts II pniilit' <>ni|iloyiii<'iit wliirli is rosi'i'Vfil In Moxii-aiiH (.'i) Manyini; a Jlrxiraii wiiiiian, rouplril witli tlio ili>rhiratioii of inti'iition to i-s- tulilisli liimsi'lt' in Mixiro with tin* i|inilitii'N iit' a Mrxiran, wjiiih ili-claration niiist l)r luaili' witlilii iiiir inontli t'loin thi-i'i'li-liratinn of tlii< inmria;;!' it' it took ]ilauu within till* K(>piilili<' ; witliiii one .vt'iir tlii>icat'li'i' il' it was ci'IfliratiMl oiitsiili' ut' ii, (ti) CdinitiK into lhi> I'oiintry as a ('ojouist iinihi' tht- pi'iitcction ot'thtt lawH which Bpi'i'ially i'(>};iihito cojoni/ation. (7) Wlii'ii II l'oifif;niT piirchascH rcnl estate in Mi'xiuo without rescirvinj;, at the time of his ]iiirehaHe, his nationality. (a) AVIit-n a son is horn to him in Mfxico, of a Mexican wninaii, iinh>ss he reserves his nationality. Natiirahzation confers upon the party uatnralized all the ri);htH anil imposes upon biin all the oblij^ations which helong to and devolve upon Mexicans, excejit those which are esiieciiilly reserved. For instance, Datiirali/atimi does not entitle a person of for- oinn origin to beiionm President of the Hepniilie, a inauistrate, attorney-general, jrov- uruorin many of the States, inihlic writer (notary pnlilic), &c. Xeitliercan they en- ter upon puhlie liinc'siu the Statesor Territories adjoining the country of their liirth or ia which they were naturalized. HOMESTEADS AND LAND OIIAXTS. 3d. "Are any iuducementB in the way of homesteads or land grants offered liy the Government to nctiiul settlers who hecimie citizens ; uiid if so, what" .' I believe the Mexican Governineiit has no ascrrtaineil national domain. I nnderstand that an effort is now lieiiij; made in that direction on the Pacific coast; in the neighliorhood of Acapulco, as well as on the northern frontier, lint without any pnlilished result so far. There is no national land oflBce, and so the Governmeut does not know what, if any, lands it possesses. There is, however, supjtosed to be a great qnantity of laud known as "terrvnoH htil- dioii." The literal translation of this term is, 1 believe, "uncultivated lands." In law it signities lands which have no owners. Article 'XXIV of the constitution of 1847 recognized the existence of such lands, and authorized Congress t<> assume control over them and establish rules governing their occupation and the price at which they might be sold. Congress exercised this right, by conferring upon the President of the Repulilie for the time being the jiower to regulate the matter. This successive Presidents have done. The liist time by President Jnarez, then by President Diaz, and last by President Gonziiliz. The price at which these lands may be acquired istixed by the President every two years, and it is a notable fact that the prices fixed by Presiilent Gonzalez is less than those fixed by either of his predecessors, from which it may, I think, be assumed that the attempts of the Government to get them occnpitd has not been successful. One great difficulty in the way is that the party who wishes to ;•« of iiiajiiritN lit.v (if liii father. iicr it is not ili'elai'ctl tliaf II .Mi'xicnim .'Itloll of illtl'lltioil to I'H- wliii'li (li'ctaratioii must iH' if it look pluue within il ontNiilf of it, itt'ctioii of tho hiwH which hoiit rumirviiij;, nt tliu tiiue woman, nnlcss In- reserves (• ri);htH and iin|ioHfH upon xifans, except tiiouc wliicli not I'lititlea person of for- ate, attorney-jfeneral, srov- «!t(:. Xeitlierean tih'v en- tile country of tUeir l)irtb land grnttts ofTered by the f so, what"? ational domain. rection on the Pacific coast hern frontier, but without does not know what, if any, lud known as "terrvnoH hiU iiltivatcd lauds." In law it ho exihtence of sucli lands, d establish rules jjoverninn Id. Congress osereised this \T the time t)einK the jKiwer I'e done. The lirst time by psident Gonzale/. by the President every two siileut Gonzalez is less than iiy, I think, be assumed that » not been succcHslnl. ishes to occupy these lands n he denounces tiiein to the jmlge then issues a proclit- )nHclaimin.u; title to them to time elapsed and no one a|>- i be put in possession. But, irgely {p-autcd, some of the d the ditliculty is in finding tention the Government has jublic lands, but the fact is, iiatnritlizntiou is printed ia MKXICO. 033 as I have before stated, the (loverni::i nf has no land-s wliirli it ran lUspo-e ol. The best evidence of which is, that it uas obli^'ed to purchase those ii)i>in whirh the innninrants under the t'ulclieri contract were located. And it is well to olisiTve in this connection that whereas Americans may obtain pcruilssioii lium the (iuvi'rnnienl to acquire lauds wiiliin v!tl JcaKiU's of the iinrlhern Irouiicr, they imihioI do so under the law in lespect of the '•Irrrtiion ImliHitH." I do not ^o into any fintln'r detaiU upon this point, because I think that no uniu in hissenart of the language of the coiiiilry ; to a ditlereiico in the habits of tlio people here fnnii those they have been reared amongsi; to a ditl'erenco in the methods of business, and to I ho fact that men fail here as they fail elsewhere. Upon principle, I see no reason why tlie Government or people should feel suspi- cious of or be unfriendly to Americans who come to Mexico with the solo piiriiose of bettering their fortunes at the same tiiin- that they are assisting to develop Mie re- sources of the country, thereby adding to itr. wcaltii and increasing its population. IJnt this can only be ascertained, in so fur as the Government is concerned, l>y actual experiment. The experiment would be ])riiiiarily tested by some citizen of the I'liited States proposing to make a contractsimilarinternis with "one of those I have referreil to. Its solution could only bo obtained after the coutiact with the (ioveriiiuent had been gi anted and after Aniericaim had been colonized thereunder. I do not very well see how the Mexican Government could object to enter into such contract with an American in view of the contracts which it has inade for obtaining a largo iiuinigration from other countries, for Mexico would, I should suiiii'isi', be slow to shut her doors in the face of Americans after having opened them so >vlde, and at such cost to herself, to other nationalities. Even should the applicaMon fiom any cause be refused (and I have no reason for saying that it would lie), immigration (if peaceful Americans into the country could not be legally denied. The refusal on the jiart of the Mexican Qovernmenfto make a contract for Atuerican iinmigrants wonld only atfect any subsidy which might be asked to assist in the colonization, for the laws of the country not only authorize but invite immigration, without respect to the na- tionality of the ininiigrants. I5y the laws as they now exist, foreigners are permitted to purchase lauds anywhere within the limits of the Kepublic except, iu so far as Americans are concerned, they be situated 20 leagues from the lio'indary thereof. I do not see, therefore, what could prevent a citizen of the United States from purchasing a tract of land in the country within' th« limits prescribed by law and colonizing it with Americans, if ho .sees fit and has the means to do so. Nor do I doubt that in such a case, if the settlers were attempted to be interfered with nnlawfuUy, the Mexican Government would attempt at least to protect them in their rights. It will not, however, have escaped your observation as regards the acts of the Gov- ernment, that with twoor three exceptions the contracts I have referred you to stipu- late that the colonists from abroad are to come from countries other than the United States ; and, as regards the views of the people upon the subject, it would not be at all surprising if they should prefer, for a time at least, to have immigrants come amoug them who are more akin to them in race than Americans are, and who, as a rule, are of the samb religious faith as themselves. RESULTS. It is quite impossible for mo to state what steps have been taken by the parties in interest to carrv out the greater number of the contracts to which I have referred you. Still less can I venture an opinion as to what they will result iu. Neither can I ex- press my opinion as to whether the Government is or will be iu a condition to comply ^ith the obligations it has assumed towards the contractors in case Miey should iii ffr i ^»J i " i»» J qiPi' i^lH ' G34 EMIGRATION' AND nnilORATIOX. good fuitli roiiiiily wit!i wliac tlicy luivi- uixlfrtaken to do. This is anmttcr whicli I 8uppoHu the contractors bavc RatiHllt>cl tlieaisclvcs about. Ncithorcan I say wbatwill be the result of the iuiuiiKiaiiou tu ibc iuuuif;raut8. This, I think you will agree with me, is the most important question involved in the whole subject. If they should arrive liere and tind that the Oovernnient ronld not comply with its engagements to the contractors, or the contractors unwilling to comply with their engagements to them, they would bo in a strange country, without raeaus and without friends. The nearest u;)pri>aeb to a practical solution of the present attempt on the part of the Government and contractors to colonize portions of the country witl' foreigners is to be fonnd in the Fnlcberi contracts, to which I have referred you. These im- migrants have been landed in the country, but with what success remains to bo seen. I have, heard, and from what I consider the best authority, that one colony was en- tirely i.roken up by death and desertion, the mortality among them having been very great As I have had occasion to state before, when they arrived in the country the Gov- ernment was obliged to, or at any rate it did, purchase lauds upon which to locate them. ^Oue colony was estoblished in the low country. Some were sent near San Lnis Potosi, others wer»i colonized near Puebla. • Some were established near this city. Some statements are to the effect that they are now contented and prosperous. Others, on the other hand, afflim that they are in a miserable condition. From the fact that I have seen the Italian minister's premises crowded with them, some seeking employment and others asking to be sent home, I should think that there had been a great deal of dissatisfaction among them, I inclose a letter which some of them published, which is descriptive of their con- ditiou as they see it. I also inclose an article from the Alonitor Bepublicano upon the gener.il aspect of the question. In considering the subject, however, it must not bo forgotten that the present ex- periment has not been fairly tried ; that the parties who originated it were without experience therein; that the immigrants themselves are far from being of the best class, and but little attention was paid in their selection with reference to the em- Eloynient to which they were to be put on their arrival in the country ; that they may ave come with hopes held out to them which they conld not have reasonably ex- pected would be realized; that they are in a foreign land — a land ditierent in almost every respect from the one whence they came, and that everything is new and strange to them. Such a condition of things would naturally engender disappointment and discouragement. Is not this the usual experience of persons who immigrate in large bodies from their own country, Inretl to another by the hope of bettering their fortunes and who listen perhaps with a too willing ear to the stories of apnareutlv well-to-do speculators who have no interest in them beyond the sumsr which they are to receive for taking them to the country where they have contracted to take lliem, and whose interest in them ceases when they have received the price at which they contracted to deliver them ? It may not be 'out of place for me to remind you that several attempts have been made to effect American coloniziitiou in M-xico. If I remember aright one surh was mdde some years ago in Lower Califoruia. The colonists had subsequently to be as- sisted back to the United States. After the war of secession a number of prominent citizens of the South came here. They settled near Cordova. Those of them who did not die returned home. LANDS AVAILABLE FOR COLONIZATION. 5th. " At what price can large grants of land be obtained, snitablefor colonization, in the provinces of Sinaloa, Durango, or Chihnahna f " There is little reliance to be placed upon theoretical an swers to snch questions, and I cannot answer them from my own observations, as I have never been in either of the States named, and practically I am far away from them — much farther than a person residing in New York is. Nor do I believe that any one could give such an an- swer to them as would justify action thereon. I have been told that )anul)lic. Twenty colonics, at least, are to be cstiil>Iished. AitT. !•. Eiicli colony shall consist of not less than llCty nor more tliai\ one hundred forcinn f.niiilies. Novertiieless, if it be the interest of the ni>!upaiiy to form a center (^oni|)osed of a larjjcr ininiber, say one thousand families, j)crinission to do so may be asked of the depart intnit cf foinenlo. which permission may be granted or refused us that departnii'iit may see best. The company will yive to the Mexican colonists, who may he designated by thcde- j>artnientof Ibmei'ito or admitted by the company, in the proportion of yo per cent, of the amount given to foreigners. AiJT. 10. The company agrees to fnrinsh, and without any coinpensntion therefor, in each colony which ir «'Htablishcs, the ncccss.'iry nniterials for erecting one iorge, a carpenter shop, and a telegraph or telephone otiice, as well as the necessary furniture for the same. Akt. 11. The company shall also furnish, and without compensation therefor, in each colony which it nniy <'.stablish, four lots of ground of from 400 to .''lOO stiuaro afters each ir. th(! most central position, for tln^ erecting of oOircs. AnT. Vi. The company cdjligates itself to establish in each of its colonies, and to sn]»i)ort the saiue, for two years from the establishing of the same, two prinniry schools, on<^ for nniles and the other for females, l»oth of whicli shall be under the direction of Mexican professors, gradnatcs of the capital or one of the States. Art. m. The company agrees to present to the department of foitiento the proper certificates showing that none of the coloaists which it brings fro:!i foreign countries has been sentenced for a criminal ottense, accompanying said documents with a list ijontaiiiing the, names of the colonists whom it brings into the country, which are to bu uwp.i:::r.e',l in th*? proper otllce. Art. 14. All the expenses of transportation, disembarkment, traveling expenses, and maintenance of the colonists to the point of destination, as well as of their ett'ects, shall boitaid by the coiripany, with the privilege, should It be to its interest to do so, to pay for the colonists to tbe Transatlantic Mexican Lino $3 for the passage of each colonist, besides tbe §'.25 as stipulated in Article No. *i7 of the contract of said line. Art. 1.'). On the railroad lines upon which the Government has a right of rebate on the transportation of colonists and their luggage, the company shall enjoy the same right by such orders from the department of fomeuto as it may deem proper to issue upon the application to that etfectby the compauy. Art. Hi. The company agree-t to give to each Mexican or foreign colonist of seven years of age and npward four hectares, if located in the cold country (t'lerra fria), or three hectares if located in the hot country (tierra calieufe). In no case, however, shall a family of agricalturists receive less than twelvt! hectares in the cold country, or nine in the hot country. Art. 17. The comtiany agrees to furnish each head of a family, Mexican or foreign, on their arrival at the point where they are to be located, a hous'i in good repair, and of sufficient c.tpacity for the family which are to occupy it, built in an inclosnre of 400 square meters, tlio company seeing to it that it be constructed in the 'jest manner, as well as that the town which they establish .shall be laidont in straight lines. Each house shall be composed of three pieces, one of which shall be at least 20 square mefers in size, ami the others of at least Ifi meters square each. Art. Id The compai^y agrees togivee.ach heailof a family of agricnltnrists, besides the ground, house, and its inclosnre, mentioned in the precedif.g article, one pair of oxen or innles, one cow, one marc or mule, one hog, one lamb, t\xf> (tairs of chickens or doves, two (ilows, one of iron and the other of wood, with their accessories, ono ox, one largo knife (machete), one wooden mallet, ono chisel, and seed sufficient for the first plantings, according to the cultivation to which theland where the colonists are located is subjected. The seeds for the first and second plantings shall bo of the value of $20. Art. 19. Besides this the company agrees to give to each colonist. Mexican or for- eign, above seven years of age, a daily subsidy of twenty-five cents during the period of one year from the date of their arrival at the colony, and one canvas bed when they are established in the hot count and a bed with one mattress to those who are established in the cold country. Art. 20. The company will be allo\\ i il to introduce into the conntry, free of duty, everything which may be necessary for the construction of the houses as well as the implements, animals, and seeds necessary for the nse of the colonists accc.rdingtothis contract. The department of fomeuto and hacienda will establish the rnles by which ^he company is to be governed in making these importations. MEXICO. 637 ■d lire to be well adaptefl steiH (listiiiit from a rail- tiueiit of foiiKHito, shall it ten of the States of the iiioro lliiin oiiP hundred )iii|i!itiy to form ii ci'iitcr rinission to do so may he he {^ranted or refused us he designated hy thede- oportion of 20 percent. of eompensntion therefor, for ereetiiiK one lorge,ii as the ueeesHury furniture inppusation therefor, in from 400 to TiOO siiuare ■ oHires. h of its colonies, and to ame, two primary schools, 1 he under the direction of Stales. snt of fomeuto the proper !<;» fro:!i foreign countries lid documents with a list the country, which are to rnent, traveling expenses, ition, as well as of their liouhl it be to its interest ■an Lino §3 for the passage ). 'i7 of the contract of said eut has a right of rebate company shall enjoy the as it may deem proper to ir foreign colonist of seven aid country (tierra fria). or te). In no case, however, utares in the cold country, lauiily, Mexican or foreign, II lions'! in good repair, and it, built in an iiiclosure of itiucted in the best manner, )ut ill straiglit lines. Each (hall be at least 20 square each. ly of agrioulttirists, besides uceilif.g article, one pair of amb, i\vf> pairs of chickens with their accessories, one isel, and seed auflicient for helatirt where the colonists d plantings n^M be of the li colonist. Mcxicai) or for- [Ive cents during the period and one canvas bed when le mattress to tliose who are the country, free of duty, if the houses as well as the le colonists according to this istablish the rtiles by which ons. Ai!T. 'il, Tho Government engages to sell to the company as mtich as eight hundred thousand hectares of vacant and uncultivated land {teirenoH baldios) or land belong- iug lo the nation which are not tlestined to any public servio, at the price fixed for (tirrciios huldio-^}, upon the api)lication of the company, which lands shall be desig- Uiited within i 1;ij term of throo years lixed from thu dato of this coutrucf, with the oli'.I.LCation that two thirds at least of such lands sliall bo devoted to the iiurpose of eoloiiizution according to the terms of this contract. Art, ~2. Assuoii as the Mexican Transatlantic Line of steamers shall be established, the eo;niiaiiy engages to transport on the steamers of that line at least CO per cent, of tho eoloiiists who come from EuroiK', giving notice to tho department of foinento six months in advance the exact number of colonists on each voyage, as well as the na:rie of the port at which they are to disembark. Tho proper department will at the same time be uotilied of tho voyages of tho steamers (jarrying colonists. AiiT. )i\i. Tho company will transport tho fumiiiesof colonists, proportionally, in the live years agreed upon, so that tho Government will be guaranteed tho auuaities which it gives, as follows: Tho company must in the first year establish three hundred and fifty families ; in the second, seven hundred ; in thethird, one thousand and fifty ; iu the' fourth, • no thousand four hundred; and tho balance in the fifth year to the com- pletion of the live thousand, the company Ixuug permitted to transport a greater number each year to the completion of the five thousand. Art. 24. Oii the voyages in which tho company, without previous notice, does not transport colonists by the Mexican Transatlantic Line or transports a smaller number thnii it has contracted to advise the department of fomento of, in conformity with section No. 22 of this contract, the company will pay to said line $25 for each pas- senger which it should have shipped, less than 10 per cent, which shall be paid to the Government. Art. 2.'i. The colonists brought by tho company shall enjoy all the privileges ac- corded them by the colonization laws now in force. Art. 2li. The department of fomeuto shall always have the right to visit the colo- nic'; \n.th a view of ascertaining the progress they are making, aud the order and sta;,- of morality observed therein. Art. 27. The company shall twice a year make a report to the department of fo- mento of the condition and progress of each colony, and the improvements introduced therein. Art. 29, The first colony is to be established, at the latest, within eighteen months from the dat« of this contr.act. Art. 2i). Tho colonist-* shall pay to the company in reimbursement of the daily sums given to them, including the value of the house, lands, animals, and imple- ments previously received by them, the snms following: Each head of a foreign family fl700 00 E:ich iiietnber of a Ibieigu family of seven years of age and above 350 00 Each head of a Mexican fami'y 500 00 Each member of a Mexican family of seven years of age and above 250 00 These payments the colonists shall make in ten years, commencing from second yenv of their settlement in tho colony, the payment to be made quarterly. Art. 30. To carry out tho preceding section the company is obliged to present to thi) colonists, before they engage themselves, the contracts which they must sign upon taking possession of their lands, houses, animals, and implements spoken of in this contract, which documents shall clearly express the rights and obligations of each colonist, as well as tho form in which the houses and lands are to bo distributed. xVrt. 31. DifUoulties which may arise between the colonists appertaining to ques- tions of dotnestio or administrative economy are to bo settled by the department of fomento. If these differences afi'ect the fulfillment of the respective obligations of tho company and the colonists arising under the stipulations of their respective con- tracts, aud those of this contract, then they shall be determined by the proper tri- bunals, to the exclnsion of every foreign intervention. Art. 32. The company has tho right to take back from the colonists who have not complied with their contracts the lands, houses, animals, aud implements which have been allotted to them, which it may dispose of as it sees proper; it may also suspend tho payment of twenty-five cents per day, taking care that this right is stipulated in the contracts. Art. 33. If within the Ave years mentioned in this contract the company desires to iutrodnce a greater number of colonists than that mentioned herein, the Government will not.be bound to pay to the company any sum whatever therefor; but the com- pany will bo entitled to recover from such colonists, according to the stipulations of this contract, the proportionmentioued in Article 29, the Government not being in any manner responsible to said colonists, except in virtue of a convention previonsly agreed to with them. Such colonists shall enjoy all the franchises to which they are entitled under the laws of colonization now in force. 638 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Art. 34. Tho Goveruuieut nt^reus to pay to the coninaiiy, in full aiitiiifuctiou of all of its oblifxatiiiDH thereto arising under this contract iliirin;j thirty yoars, the sum of thrive hundred and tifteen thousand dollars per annum, desiring to h.'ivo its aoconnt'< liquidutud at the expinitiou of the :!Oth year. Art. :i5. The first instuHiuent is to be paid within the year iu which the cotupauy is constituted. The iiistalluients succeeding are to lie paid quarterly. These ]iay- inents aro to he made from the general treiisury of the fvjder.atioii. Art. :S3. Should thiii contract liqMeat anytime between tlio lirst and fifth years (of its existence) by reason of the fact that the company has not established (in the country ) the number of families which it has agreed to, it shall pay a fine of one hun- dred thousand dollars, to be deducted from the sums due by the Govemuieut, the liquidation bfing made proportionately to tho annual installmoiits of three hundred and lifteon thousand dollars, according to tho number of families who have been col- onized in conformity with the* stipulations of this contract, which proportio:i shall serve as a basis for the installments which are subseqnently to be paid by the Gov« eminent to the company nntil the expiration of thirty years. In this c:ise tho company will rotarn to the Government the amounts specified in the following article, but only upon the basis of the colonists who have been estab- lished. Art. 37. The company will pay to the Government, within tho period often years, todate immediately following the location of each family, and in regular installments : For each head of a family of foreigners $:ioO 00 For each member of a foreign family of seven years and upwards 17r> 00 For each head of u family of Mexicans JioO 00 For each member of a Mexican family of seven years of age and upwards. .. 125 00 Art. 38. The company shall deposit in the National Monte de Piedad, within six months from tho signing of this contract, thesum of fifty thoiis ind dollars, which it will forfeit to the Government if the company is not organized within the eight months as stipulated in the second article hereof, or if orgauizoa, if it has not estab- lished the first colony thereunder within the term of eighteen mouths as stipulated in Article 28. Art. 39. The first colony established, the company shall cede to the department of fomento, in the interest and for the improvement of agriculture, tho fifty thousand dollars referred to in the preceding article, which sum the said department may at once dispose of. Art. 40. When the deposit of fifty thousand dollars shall have been retired, the company shall deposit of the moneys which it is to receive fi-om the Government one hnntlred thousand dollars, as a guarantee for the performance |^ itsobligatious under this contract. Art. 41. To insure the payment which the company agrees to make to the Govern- ment for each colonist as is stipulated in Article 37, it will at once exhibit to the Gov- ernment the one hundred thousand dollars spoken of in tho preceding article, as well as the property which it owns in the Republic, aU'i the credits which it has against the colonists. As soon as the Government is reimbursed the amount due to it by the company, the deposit shall be withdrawn. Art. i'i. An^difflcnlty which may arise between the Government and the company in respect of either of the clauses of this contract shall be submitted to the oourts of the Republic, the company or the colonists not being permitted to claim any of the rights of foreigners, even though the company be composed in whole or in part of foreigners. Art. 43. The contract shall lapse— I. If the deposit of fifty thousand dollars is not made within six mouths of the signing of the contract. II. If the comiiany should not be organized eight mouths after the signing of the same. III. If the first colony is not established within eighteen months of the signing of the same. IV. If four thousand foreign families, numbering sixteen thousand persons of over Beven years of age, shall not have been settled in the country within five years from the d'lte of the organization of the company. V. Should a foreign Government be admitted as forming a member of the company. VI. Should this contract be transferred to any company or individual without the pATmisKion of the Government. ART. 44. An exception is made with regard to Nos. Ill and IV of the preceding ar- ticle in case of superior force, properly proved and certified to the department of hacienda ; the suspension however may last only while tho in^dimeut exists. Art. 45. The lapse of the contract shall be declared by the Execntive. Transitorif.—The '^osts of the atampi to this contract shall be borne equally between the department of baoienda and Mr. Daniel Levy. Mexico, 6th January, 1883. CARLOS PACHECO. DANIEL LEVY MEXICO. C39 full satUfuction of all [lirty yi^ars, the sum of ig ti) iiJivo its aoconnt'i iu which the coiupuuy quarterly. These i)ay- tioM. lirst ftiul fifth years (of aot established (in the U pay a line uf oue huu- by the Govornmeut, the rneiits of three hiiudred ilii's who have heen col- whieh proportion shall to be p;iibIigatious under es to make to the Oovern- t once exhibit to tbeGov- preceding article, as well dits whioh it has against e amount due to it by the srnment and the company submitted to the conrts of litted to claim any of the ed in whole or in part of COMPLAINTS OK ITALIAN COLONISTS. [IiU'loBiirp 2 lu Mioiittcr Mur;:airn repiivt. Mexico, Ihcemlur si", 186'2. JJoiwrablf EilUitr of the Moiiilor UoitubVuuno, Mexico : My Dkaii Smi: In the inijdiriiHlcoliiiiiii.s of .Ymir journal, which defends with snob on, the barbarous and ignorant director of our ^'olony, ordered us, with arnm in liis hands, to leave. The (iisonlersof tliii colony are revolting to the heart. It in now tsix mouths that ihe colony has been idle, because only one Iiectare of laud li;iM been given to each family instend of six, which it .should have received according To the iMihiract above cited ; that instead of ijSJ.'i per hectare, in conlbrniity with the icrinsof the (lontraet, we have paid ^30 and ^lUO, according to the class of land; ;liat attor si.x mouths' residence, wo have as yet received no house to live in, nor ini- jvieuients or the necessary animals for the cultivation of our lauds. Fiually, we have to say that we have been lodged iu barracks like beasts of burden, instead of in houses. And this only for our colony. If we permitted ourselves to speak of the other colonies where we have members of our families and friends, we could say worse. All t'.iis is the result of the great expenses which this Government has undergone fur the iiurpose of establishing col >nies. CovetouHUess of large gain on the part of those who are iu high positions ; fellow- feeiing among the employes, who are sacrificing hundreds of families and despoiling the national treasury; the contractors— merchants of human fiesb — sit at the ban- quet like hyenas in the holy field devouring what is left of the abundance. In these last few days the famous Accini from Genoa made ns a visit, and -with a sardonic smile on his lips, indifi'ercnt to our sufierinj^s, told ns that he was a party to a contract made by the Government to tear away '2o,000 Italian families from their homes to sacrifice them iu this country. He moreover told us that he did not bother liiuiself about honor or glory, but only for gold, for which he was more hungry than Danti'swolf: tibe dopo il paste ha put fama di pria. Audit is supposed that this heinous trafiicof the trade of the Italians iu this Repub- lic will net to the said Accini a profit of $30,000, which, if it does not cause him to sweat, neither will it frighten his soul nor trouble his conscience. Ye iniquitous, who mock at the t'iars of your fellow-beings and who despise the indignation of God, your day will also come. In thanking yon fur ourselves and all the colonies, we accompany our signaturrs to the above, attested to by the Italian consul of this city for the purpose of verifying the same. Copy of this letter we ate also sending to the Italian )>rc8s, to the end that they may show the treatment which has beeu received by thO white slaves. We are yonr obedient servants, TERRARI QUINTO. ZABBRO DANIELE. within six mouths of the IB after the signing of the I mouths of the signing of I thousand persons of over try within five years from a member of the company, or individual without the ad IV of the preceding ar- ified to the department of ) impediment exists, he Executive. 1 be borne equally betweea CARLOS PACHECO. DANIEL LEVY Done in this royal consular agency, for the purpose of authenticating the persons who signed the present. Pnebla, December 21, 1882. LUIS CANESI, Italian Consul at Puebla. COMPLAINTS OF ITALIAN COLONISTS — COUtiuued. (Inoloaore 3 in No. 606. Article upon colonization.— Tranalatian of an article from the Monitor Repab- licano of 80th March, 1883.1 Notwithstanding that we may be accused of being long-winded, we propose to occupy ourselves to-day with the question of colonization, on account of a species of denial which the Diario Oflcial has made of certain siuuere observations wnicb we made to the department of fomento with regard to the manner in which certain col- onies had beeu established. 640 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. ^ We Snid that at the School of Ajjricnltare a colony which was expcctetl to nrrivo WBH to Im established, and we indicated that, uccordino; to the infonnation which wit hlld received, the land upon which we were to I'^iuldisTi onr ^{iieMtN is nnheaithy. The Diario replied with Home humor tlial, an ir ;jen('raliy liappenH to the lloiiilor, we had heen hndly inibriner having traversed some rongh roads and mnddy places between Taeuba and the house on the hacienda, he reached it, and there he saw a nnmber of Italians followed by their children, who appeared to be retnrning from labor, pass throngh a small door into a large inclosnre. Impelled by curiosity, our friend followed the caravan, and, ascend- ing a narrow stairway, he reached a sort of platform, erected on an immense gallery which was literally carpeted with mattresses made of corn shucks, attached one ti> the other on the floor or upon traveling boxes. In various directions women in the strange and bizarre costumes which distinguish the colonists, who wear stockings, were quietly conversinj^ with men. From various directions, also, the visitor made the following observations, which we repeat as they were given to us : In a narrow and ill-ventilated space were gathered together about fifty families, to whom had been promised land which the Government had purchased near the School of Agriculture, but which coald not be distributed to them, as the greater part of the land was under water, owing to which the colonists had sought employmeu in the capital, at San Cosme, and Tacnba, cither as domestics, or on the railroads, or in other occupations. Speaking afterwards of the matter to a resident of Atzcapotzalco, he informed us that the land which the Government had purchased was in the immediate neighbor- hood of a ranch which was called the Shrimp, and that it was overflowed by the waters from the Sancopnia, the engineers of the School of Agriculture having been obliged to go into the water in order to survey it. The department of hacienda knows that engineers are of the opinion that it will he necessary to drain this land in order that it may be used by the colonists, and for these reasons onr contemporary, the Diario, will see that if we fell into a slight error when we said that the colonists were to arrive, there was no error in the essential portion of our assertion in respect of the inappropriateiicss of the ground for the colony which was to be established there. Every day on the route to San Cosrae are to be seen a multitude of Italian servants on their way to the plaza to make purchases, accompanying children to school; in fact, doing the work of the households in which they are employed. Lewd Italian women running in the evening towards the marigcala [barracks] would indicate that up to date the definite establishment of this colony, an enterprise located, we repeat, near the School of Agriculture, has not been accomplished. It is not proper that these persons should receive a pension from the Government fordoing nothing, and on this ground we nrge npon the department of hacienda, if it intends impulsively to follow the colonization current, to intrust the examination of the land (upon which it is to be located) to persons of intelligence, that everything may be in readiness for the colonists on their arrival. If, for example, the attempt at colonization is to bo made in the neighborhood of Mexico, why not purchase the highlands north of the city, and avoid those to the west, which are almost always inundated, and which can only be drained at great expense. We also said in the article which is attacked by the Diario that the colonists were to be lodged in wooden houses which had been ordered i¥om abroad. The Monitor't information upon this jwint was not incorrect. The bouses have reached here, and, if we are not mistaken, are now at the model farm. ON. MEXICO. 641 •li was expt'otpti to arrive tho intoriiiiitinn which wr ' ^{iifMtH is iiuhcaltliy. lmp|ietiM to tUo iloiiitor, iis not a gravfjard. wo Hhall proceed to show e said, for exHiiipI)% that )liHhed on lands near tho )t to arrivo, but was thero who inhabit a larae ware- rell known, is only a step lot take away the force of I tlie knowled>;e ol the de- mployds give to the estab- to with the colonists they luplements, seed, &c , be- destiued, was aKricnlture, acienda of the Ascencion ; bo idleness. Dft excursion in the neigh- } him to visit the hacienda adel Farm." Aft»'r having 4inba and the house on the Italians followed by their irongh a small door into a [1 the caravan, and, ascend- :ted on an immense gallery rn shucks, attached one to 8 directions women in the nists, who wear stockings, ons, also, the visitor made given to us : ther abont fifty families, to purchased near the School I, as the greater ptrt of the sought employmuii in the on the railroads, or in other ;capotza1co, he informed us n the immediate neighbor- as overflowed by the waters ilture having been obliged if the opinion that it will be [ by the colonists, and for if wo fell into a slight error as no error in the essential of the ground for the colony nltitude of Italian servants r'ing children to school ; in e employed. Lewd Italian rracks] would indicate that terprise located, we repeat, nsion from the Government department of hacienda, if to intrust the examination itelligence, that everything f, for example, the attempt xico, why not purchase the ;, which are almost always ae. ario that the oolouists were "om abroad. The Monitor't les have reached here, and, We do not know whether at this date matters continue to be as we have described them. If they are, we do not consider it proiier that the colonists remain permanently .at the Ascencion in a sort of a hotel leading an easy life, and receiving a ])ensiou from the Qovernmeut for doing nothing. It is evident that they came to Mexico to work, to improve their conditiou and that of their families, and for this reason it is proper that thoy should be given the land which they are to cultivate. \Ve have thought proper to make these observations, as well for the purpose of showing to the IHario that the Monitor has not been misinformed, as to call the atten- tion of the department of fonieuto as to what is going on in the matter of coloniza- tion. If here in Mexico, in the sight of every one, such proceedings are being carried on by the high employfoof the colonization scheme, we may fancy what is occurring in places at such a distance that the eye of the press can with difficulty reach. We do not disguise from ourselves that the department of fomento has undertaken a work of great utility to the country, in giving an impulse to the agriculture of the •country, in introducing amongst us the best and most productive methods of culti- vation, in giving an impulse to our various mining interepts. Colonization is a mat- ter of the greatest possible importance to our countiy. It i^ indeed, the foundation, we may say, of our prosperity. For this reason we Bbonld give to it our greatest con- sideration ; and for the same reason wi< should at onoe remedy the defeota which ap- pear in the system lately adopted to attract colonists to our anil. We repeat that we have no desire to discourage SeDor Pacheoo in the work which he has undertaken. We simply wish to frankly oring to his notice facts of which he is perhaps ignorant, in order tnat he may find a remeay for them. The Diario QiMal states that the climate of Barreto was not suited to several of the colonists established there, from which it is natural to suppose that it disagreed with many of them. This is an indication that it is proper to take more care in the selec- tion of the lands which aie destined for colonists, to the end that there should be no repetition of tiiie occurrences at Barreto, where it is natural to suppose the number of the colonists will oontinne to decrease from the effects of the nnhealthiness of the •climate. MATAMOBOS. BEPOBT or OONBVL-QBIISBAL SUTTOIT. IMMIOBATION INTO MEXICO FBOM KUBOPBAN AND ASIATIC COUNTBIES. There are no statistics available. Immigrants have been fh)m Oer- many, France, Oreat Britain, Spain, Italy, &c., and a few lately from China. The destination of those brought in colonies has been to vari- ous locations selected in different States and Territories. They were mostly agriculturists. Other immigrants have come usually for commercial purposes and are now generally located in all the principa. cities of the country. COLONIZATION. As to the colonists. These have generally been brought in under subventions and special contracts. They have come largely from Italy and other European countries. They have generally Ix^n assisted im- migrants and of very little value to the country. As a rule they have been neither self-supporting nor self-reliant, and many have become a •burden on the community. There have been, I believe, one or two comparatively successM colo- nies, but ot these I have no definite information. Generally speaking, this class of immigration has proven a failure in JIAezico. H. Ex. 157 41 ^" • ^ 642 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. COMMERCIAL IMMIGRANTS. Gommeroial inimigranta are of qaite a different sort. Earopeau houses have been located here for many years. Yonnger relatives and friends are continually being brought out and set at 'work. Ohildren of these foreign merchants are sent to Europe or the United States for a few years' schooling and return to keep up the busi- ness of the house. Wherever there are new openings some of these arc ready to step in. The Germans take the lead in nearly every part of the country. Their patience and skill are known all over the world and have rendered them good service here. Kext to them come the Spanianls. They have very many of the Ger- man's most valuable characteristics, and have, besides, the advantage of the language from the very first. It is a saying in Mexico that Spanish children are thrown against a stone wall. If they fall to the ground they remain at home, but if they hang on they have force of character enough to make their way abroad. Next after the Spaniards are the English, including Scotch and Irish. Although I class them third in order, so far as regards numbers and commercial establishments, they are perhaps first In amount of capi- tal invested. They own the Vera Cruz Bail way, the Bank of London^ Mexico, and South America, and have large interests in the Mexican NatioBU. They own or control a large number of the best paying silver mines in the country, and are also considerable owners of haci- endas, stock ranches, &c. The Americans own the Mexican Central Railway, and manage and are largely interested in the National Railway. They also own the In- teniational f Huntington) and the Souora Railways. In Northern Mexico they own a large share of the mining properties and have considerable money in ranches aud stock. The French manage and are principal owners of the National Bank of Mexico, which has branches in every large city ; aud by its immense capital and intimate relations with the Government, largely controls the finances of the country. The Americans and French are about equal commercially, the former being more numerous in the northern and the latter in the southern parL All foreigners most of necessity labor under the disadvantage of for- eign birth. Besides this, the Americans and the Fiench have both in the past been at war with Mexico. The French troubles were the more recent, but nearness and constant friction tend to keep the American question well to the front. However, notwithstanding these conditions, all these nations have a fair field without special discrimination for or against them in their efforts to secure and bold a profitable commerce. Unfortunately for Mexico, her foreign commerce is to-day, and has been since she became a nation, in the hands of foreigners. Not only her foreign commerce, but the domestic, also, is almost entirely con- trolled by them. In some cases they marry natives of the country and become more or less identified with it politically. Usually the head of the house returns to Europe with a competence and from there controls the business of the honse, in which he has still an interest. Money made by trading aud thus taken abroad is a damage to the country. But there are manj other foreigners who open mines, improve hacien- das and ranches, aud in other ways develop the resources of the country. These are a positive benefit, and much of the increase of the ex,ports of (. iort. my years. Yonnger ight oat nnd set at ent to Europe or ibe to keep up the busi- jiugs some of these in nearly every purt rn all over the world fery many of the Ger- des, the advantage of are thrown against a at home, but if they ake their way abroad, ling Scotch and Irish, regards numbers and Ht In amount of capi- the Bank of London, erests in the Mexican r of the best paying Table owners of haci- vay, and manage and They also own the In- . In Northern Mexico md have considerable of the National Bank y ; and by its immense ment, largely controls mmercially, the former latter in the southern lie disadvantage of for- e Fionch have both in troubles were the more to keep the American tiding these conditions, il discrimination for or a profitable commerce. >rce is to-day, and has foreigners. Not only is almost entirely oon- ives of the country and '. Usually the head of and from there controls 1 an interest. Money image to the conntrj. mines, improve hacien- ■esources of the country, crease of the ex,port8 of MEXICO. 643 other products than precious metals during the past five years is due to their eflbrts. Jliich of the Innd in Mexico innst niitunilly be held in largo tracts for srock ranches, sugar and other luu'iendas. As by the recent law on foreigners such properties may now l»o purchased and held by non residents, this class of investments is likely to largely increase in the future. This will not be an unmixed benefit, for a largo portion of tho net revenues will annually go abroad. But by this law capital will I o encouraged to buy and develop large tracts which are now unproduc tive. , From the days when the Austins obtained grants for colonies in Texas 111 the '308 to the colonization laws of Conhuila and Texas, Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon, to the general laws of Mexico in 1845, nnd down to the present day, the general course of legislation and administration has been in favor of immigration. Within the last ten years a largo number of eontracts were made for introducing colonists. In No. 3J of Consular Beports for August, .1883, under head of " Mexico inviting Immigration,'' is an elaborate report by Mr. Minister Morgan on this suhject, and which will be found of much interest in this connection. 1 do not understand, however, that any of these colonies have been sue cessful. In the first place the class of immigrants has been of the wrong sort. Many of them were neither industrious nor self roliant. In some ca^es tho Government failed to provide suitable lands for them. Then^ again, it seems very difficult for some nationalities to successfully colo- nize. An Aniericiin colony might do well in some localities under cer- tain condit ions. They would neetl to be of the self-reliant, persevering sort. They would need considerable capital to enable them to get their industries fairly established. Besides this, and before they could be quite successful, they would require to have the privilege of local self- government. In spite of the theoretical fairness of the Mexican codes,, there is altogether too ranch star-chamber business aliout them to suit the American instinct. There are many fertile tracts held by the Gov- ernment or I y private parties on which apparently successful colonies might be established. It reaUy seems to me, however, that the United Stati'S is as yet more desirable as a )>Iace of residence than any [lortion of Mexico. When our country shall have filled up more than it now is, there will hf ample field for our enterprise in colonizing in Mexico and Central America. In this connection I beg to call attention to a proposed colony of Americans on a sort of communist basis at a place called Topolobampo, in the northwestern extremity of Sinaloa. As I have said, snitable im migrants under a good concession and in a favorable location may do well. I know nothing as to the above colony except what I have noted in the newspaiiers. From these it has seemed to me to be a highly visionary undertaking. Some of the assisted colonists, especially Italians, have walked and begged their way across and out of the country. WARNER P. SUTTON, Consul- Oeneral. United States CdNSULATE-GENEBAL, Matamorog, Mexico, October 30, 1886, 644 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. ACAPULCO. SEPOBT OF CONSUL SUTTER. which, as inducements, offered la"^, agricalturaMrap.uu .....Abcr of years from taxes rates, payable iu »P«t»»'n«"\»' »"* "1^"'"^;?^^^^^^^^ made in California by and military service, proved "J^^rt ve. Bad ""'""""^^^ ^j^^ ^id not succumb to Srl^^b^^d-^A^aSTain"^^^^^^^ IMcbarity. and had to be em- SedatTho expend of the'^few f"?- fc^ ";'",«J^^^^^^ «,ttlers in the State of Benito to make his report on the same. ^^ ^ SUTTEE, JR., ComhI. Unitbd States Consulate, Aoapuloo, September 20, 1886. GUAYMA8. BEPOBT BY OOJfBUL WILLABD. Th«e are no .tatisties regarding ISSierant. or «,i™i8te j«.bU.h^ by the Government, and no imimgrants or «''»°'«'J ",„"=' ttwn yLoi »h1e to obtain information, liave come to this yort oi raeiico uoiu tto entries namSd, either before or after 1873 aa imm.granu. KEIIOUI OOLOmZATION LAW. TheMerioan coloni^tion and '"'■»fe»°' '»T» "^ '? "^^eone^^ i»r.nCr^f^°(:is?re";b*.s:rttrti'^^^^^^ nizattorof the «ime by immigrants from foreign oonntnes m still an ""^S'e'ciC^-lo are here (some sixty In all) came from the United ^Tn'de"?trS.i"a.r,I^of''ffe"S^Pr^^^^^^^^^^^ Snd make payment in Government l>r ^I'-^Tn" .^S^nt a^e endTf nf the establishing of the colonist and making full payment at the ena oi SiSkte:re4'S;SSgSroi'S^. --'"?.S iSasWofes^irmn-risfctrjK^^ Iu order to be considered a colonist under the Mexican law the tor MEXICO. 645 rom European or Asiatio or future. iging to the Fodernl Oov- pices of the Government, ta, and cattle at nominal umber of years from taxen re made in California by who did not succumb to arity, and had lo be em- lan settlers iu the State of ur consular agent at Sau ^ A. SUTTER, Jr., COMUl. )r colonists published lists, as far as I have is port of Mexico firom as immigraDts. w. B are in many respects to) lands are concerned ite of Sonora), the colo- n countries is still an came from the United :s. }, which abrogated all ;omes to Mexico as a lication, a land bounty UO hectares (about 225 to him until after five th part of the same ; or Etres (about 6,000 acres) encing the second year 11 payment at the end of led. The price of land hers appointed for that onds, as mentioned, the » per hectare (2^ acres), le Mexican law the for- L the consular agent or aterprise authorized by the President of Mexico to bring colonists to Mexico, stating that be wishes to become a Mexican colonist tnider the laws of Mexico. The colonists shall enjoy for the period of ten years from the date of establishing himself as a colonist, the following exemptions and privi- leges, viz : Freedom from all military duty or service, and from all classes of taxation excepting municipal ; from all import duties on provisions of life where there are none ; on agricultural implements, tools, machinery, Garniture, materials for construction of habitations, household ware, and breeding animals; personal exemption from duties of exportation from the fniits which be harvests, and will bo granted by the Ck)vernment preminms, ])rizeH, and special prote<;tion for the introduction of new industries, inventions, and notable works. The colonist shall enjoy :ill of the before- mentioned exemptions, but in all qu' stions or difflculties wliicb trny arise shall be entirely subject to the tribunals and laws of the country, with the absolute exclusion of all foreign intt'ivention of the country of his origin. The Mexican Government In the last six years have made several colonization contracts with private individuals and corporations for the purpose of colonizing public lands in this consular district, none of which have been carried out Huccessl'ully. The one known as the Symon contract, ma«.le in 1881, for land along the frontier of Sonora, bordering on the United States; the national- ity of colonists to bo of the Latin raite, and of native-born Mexicans. This contract has been tleclared forfeited. The one known as the Andrado contract, made in 1882, for the col- onization of the islands in the Gulf of California of Tiburon and Angel de la Guardia ; the nationality of the colonists to be Euroi>ean and Mexican. This contract, 1 believe, still remains valid, but from its date no colonists have been ]>laced on said islands. Another contract made for the colonization of the lands along the eastern and western portions of Sonora, and also another in 1884, for the lands of the Yaqui Valley, both of which are still valid. In all contracts made by the General Government of Mexico for the colonizing of the lands in this consular district a discrimination is made in favor of European colonists; but up to this time no contract for col- onization of the public lands of Sonora have been carried out as per agreement with the Government. The time may come when it will be successfully accomplished. A. WILLARD, Conaul. United States Consulate, Ouaymoi, Mexico, September 24, 1886. liA PAZ. nSPORT OF aOKSVL rtOBOA No emigrants have as yet ever reached tnis country trom any part of the outside world, but prospects of an early immigration here have recently given place, as per tenor of the colonization contract entered 31areh SI, 1886, between the secretary of the interior and Mr. Luis A srS^^^^a^^xxSmsx- ■. 646 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. nailer, eranting the ezolasive risht of the flgberies on the coast of the Pacific Ocean and Oulf Islands, Kom parallel 22d up to the border be tween Lower California and the United States ; another contract en- tered into April 16, 1880. between the above-named parties is relative to the eHtablishment of a line of steamers to run from 8au Diego, United States of America, to the Gnlf of Oalifornia and Pacific coast ports us far as Gaatemala, the said contract being expressly intended for trans- portation of emigrants to this country in compliance with the meaning of the first-meutioued contract. Also the ^'Buleo" contract dated July 7, 1885, by the secretary of the interior and Messrs. Tinooo and Eisen- mann, granting them to work a certain large tract of mining ground in Lower California and for establishing mining colonies, which was after- wards transferred by the holders to the " Franco Mexican Mining Com- paay," now better known by the name of **fioleo Copi)er Mining Com- pany.'' 'Ibis is another of the proapeots for immigration in this country, all of which up to the present time simply remains in prospeotu. JAB. VIO80A, Oontul. Unhbd Btatbs Consulate, La Paz, September 20, 1886. MAZATLAN. REPORT or CONSUL KELTOJT. During the sixteen years I have resided in this district there has never been any immigration to this portion of Mexico until very recently. Some six months ago abont three hundred.Chinese immigrants arrived at this port under a contract with the Mexican Government and a com- pany which should have placed a line of steamers between China and the western coast of Mexico. The company failed to comply with the contract and it was officially declared annulled. "So Chinese have since been brought here, and of those already here about one-half have fonnd employment. As there is a great scarcity of laborers at the mines, should the Chinese prove capable at the work required of them, it is likely many will secure employment here. The wages obtained l^ them of f I to $1.25 per diem, in Mexican money having a discount of about 30 per cent., is the reason that probably only Chinese will seek such labor at such low rates. At Topolobampo, in the northern part of State Sinaloa, a few immi- grants have arrived during the month of November from San Francisco under a recent concession obtained from the Mexican Government, which as yet has not met my notice. It is reported that several thou- sand persons with families will arrive fh)m difi'erent parts of the United States. There has always occurred a certain movement of foreigners to this district, composed mostly of skilled labor, such as mechanics, black- smiths, and carpenters, finding employment at the mines or manufact- ories ; bat as the demand is very limited, the number is not considera- ble. They are generally engaged in the United States under special con- tracts for a fixed period, and few remain after their contracts expire. ►N. MKXICO. 047 18 on tbo coast of the up to the border be- another contract en- ed parties is relative m Ban Diego, United ^aoiflc coaHt ports us y intended for traus- ce with the meaning contract dated July I. Tinooo and Eisen- of mining groand in aies, which was after- 'exican Mining Corn- Copper Mining Com- ation in this country, 8 in prospecta. FAS. VIO80A, Oontul. his district there has ico until very recently. ;8e immigrants arrived l^overnment and a com- ra between China and ct and it was oflBcially [ of those already here tre is a great scarcity re capable at the work mployment here. The )m, in Mexican money reason that probably tes. e Sinaloa, a few immi- ber from San Francisco Mexican Government, :ted that several tbon- ent parts of the United at of foreigners to this 1 as mechanics, black- the mines or mannfact- imber is not considera- ites under special con- teir contracts expire. I am not iiwani of any inducements otfered Ity tUu Mcxicuii Govern- iiieut to imiiiii^rantM to this part of Mexico, otbtir than the conct>MMi(m recently gruiitod thn To|>olobampo c4)lony, the termtt of which I am not vet actiuuinted with. EDWARD G. KELTON, Consul. United Htates Coi,?ulate, Mazatlnn, Mexico^ Deoewber 1, 1886. VERA CRUZ. aapoBT OF ooyauL aorr. After making every inquiry that I could flrom the editors, the cus- toms, and the captain of the port, the last had the list of passengers, but not the immigrants separate, so I could not find out anything from that. They then told me that the minister of fomento at Mexico could give me the information that I wanted; but I thonght the consul-gen- eral could get that or part of it. Thus the five first questions are in a manner out of my power to answer only from hearsay. But as to the sixth question, I think I can answer that ftilly. There are a great many that do remain, but it is because they are too poor to get away. There certainly are at least three trying to get away where even one arrives, at least that call on the consul, and all are, or say they are, financially embarrassed, bnt if they once more could get to God's country, they would be but too happy, and never trouble Mexico again. There roust be a cause for all this. Agriculture, manufactures, and commerce are all neglected in this country. Commerce is not fostered but fettered ; to get a barrel of flour from Orazaba to the canton of Vera Cruz there are duties, taunioipal and federal. $2.60, and on soap 3 cents per pound only from, one country to another in the same State, and nearly everything in the same ratio. Thus trade is stifled and confined to the back of a mule. Through the politeness of Captain Powell, the manager of the Mexi- can Railway at this place, I find that they carried the immigrants from the ship to the interior, and that there arrived here and went over the railroad in 1881, 1,010; in 1882, 709; in 1883, 30; in 1884, 331; in 1885, 680 ; Rnd in 1886, none. Thus there arrived here in six years 2,760 in al), mostly Italian, and they had their passage and railway fare paid to t'ae interior. JOSEPH D. HOPF, Comul, United States Consxtlate, Vera Cruz, October 8, 1886. S'J 648 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. CENTRAL AMERICA. BRITISH HONDURAS. REPORT OF OOKSVL UORLAN. There is no immigration of any magnitude into this colony. ThI number of people who come to remain is very small, and does noti *^aro?IhrsrX^?om^%'otma^ aa clerks for a period of three to Ave years ; also laborers from Jamaica,, and "coolies" T^ latter are usually under contract to be returned ?o TamS 1 have also to note the arrival to-day of sixty men from BarbXs to serve as a police force on the frontiers when Her Majesty's teS^pf Se removed. The Barbadians are not looked upon as making ^he eSe'populatlon of the colony of British Honduras in the year i«7l was 24 701: in 1881, 27,452; an increase ot 2,7ol. -^^ *"'» ^<**^^ Server the natiml increase iil Population, it would seem tl^^^^ is an emieration from the colony, probably to Spanish Honduras. The prmXiopulation may be estimated at 30,000. It is undoubtedly the rnnst, mixed Dopulation of its size in the world. . NoTnducemSs are offered by the Government to encourage immi- ciSoHxcept that public lands are held at $1 currency (about 7o cents ImSanTper acre,lnd aliens have the same rights as citizens to hold '^Qu?t?fnnmber of the disaffected people of the South came here after th^wSaSd attempted to colonize the place, but the greater part of JSSse who had the means returned to the United States. There are m e- nr Hix families of them remaining in the colony at present. . FourTeais ago a colonv of Germans came and settled iii the soiuh- Prnnart of the colony, biit, like the American colony, they have dis- persed some going home and others engaging in mercantile pu-suits. ^ These fSluSs are owing principally to the climate, wh.di will not normit a white laborer from a northern clime to labor in the fields with- K^-ontractinff malarial and other fevers. The fliis and mosqmtots are To vSy bad, and the means of communication and schools are ^^&ot consider this a good country for a man without some means- to establish himself as a planter or «^erchan^.^^^ ^ mOBLAN, United States Consulate, Belize, November 10, 1886. )N. CENTRAL AMERICA. 64» CA. this colony. ry small, and does not en who are indentured aborers from Jamaica,, ontract to be returned liay of sixty men from rs when Her Majesty's loked upon as making Honduras in the year ' 2,751. As this docs would seem that there auish Honduras. The It is undoubtedly the ent to encourage immi- urreucy (about 75 cents ghts as citizens to hold ) South came here after but the greater part of [States. There are five- It present. nd settled in the soiuh- colony, they have dis- in mercantile pui suits, climate, which will not labor in the fields with- he flii's and inosquituts cation aud schools are m without some means- :t E. MOKLAN, Consul, COSTA RICA. BSPORT OF OOVaXTL •WIUQFIBLD. No Statistics of immigration have been kept here. A census was taken in 1883, and an official publication based on the census and data since collected shows that the total population of Costa Rica is at this time 213,785, of which 4,672 are citizens of other countries, as follows r Onatemala, Salvador, andHondnraa 413- Nicaragua 1,014 Mexico 31 Colombia 530 Venezaela, Ecuador, Pern, Chili 28 Cuba 89 Spaiu 570 Jamaica — mostly negroes 903 United States 13^ Germany 240 England : 195 France 19:) Italy 63 China 209 Scattering — Porto Rico, 8; Portugal, 1; Switzerland, 10; DenL.ark, 12; Hol- land,?; Belgium, 5; Ru88ia,'2; Hindostan, 5 50- Total 4,672 Those coming fiom Central American states. South America, and West Indies do so frqm contiguity and in a number of cases on account of political proscription. The most important elements come from the United States, France, Eugland, and Germany. Africans and Chi- nese are not desired by the Government and people here. The citizens of the United States, England, Germany, and France have been drop- ping in in small numbers for the last thirty years or more. They are engaged in all occupations aud professions, with the exception of law. I have not heard of any foreign lawyer. They are self supporting, and contribute largely to the progress and prosperity of the Bepublic. Most of them came expecting to stay only a few years, but they seldom return. They accumulate property, and after living in a mild climate, uniform the year round at about 70° Fahr., they would not be content elsewhere. The Government does not o£fer any special inducements to emigrants. Any one, native or foreign, can obtain public lands at about $1 per acre. It is probable there will be considerable immigration in the near future in connection with the building of the railroad. About 50 miles of new road is needed to connect the Atlantic division with the central division of road. This missing link is under contract. Some six hundred laborers at work now ; there will soon be two thousand or more. Eight hundred thousand acres of unappropriated lands have been granted to the railroad company, and I understand it is proposed by the company to get this land settled up as speedily as may be. J. EIOH'D W1N6FIELD, Conavl^ Utited States Consulate, Coata Rim, October 1, 1886. «50 EMIOBATION AND IMMIQEATION. HONDURAS. BSPOJtT OF CONSVt BEKBllTO. NoBtatistics of immignikion aw kept by this Government upon the """nSdai-fts posMsnes a territory of nearly 50,000 f^^^^J^^^Xf^^J^ population hSrdly reaching 600,000, givin«b«»e«»*»'a° *«^*"in^;*.* to the square mile. So it appears she has plenty of worn for imml- Sante, yet ahe has no bureau of immigration and »<> .fen««»l «**^*^» Bering special inducements to immigrants. Her constitution, however, profesSs the most liberal principles. The portion of f wje^ng to Foreigners Is translated and forwarded herewith, marked "Extract from the Constitution of Honduras." . ^ ,. ^ *».» /a^„»*« Bather than offer general laws to all, it is the policy «f. «»« ^^^^J; ment to judge each plan of immigratfon upon its own ments and grant or withhold concessions as It sees proper. 1*^^. „«*«vi Because no more effort has been made to induce them it does notfol- low that immigrants are not wanted Upon the «»*f»^' *"y ™*°* from the thrifty populations of other oountries would *>« ;«^e'««>°»f • . . The present enUiMened officials of Honduras, seeing the elements of auccess in the more prosperous Bepublics, and how much is due toim- Station, are anxioSs tTdo whatever is in their PO^« t««ef»^^; their own country the same conditions of success. And especially may the great influence of General Bogra-n, the present c»»»ef e^e?°Jj^!j *»* impUcitlv relied on by any legitimate enterprise, immigrational or other, ISMfeStsolgect the Essential development of the natural resourees "^H^nSsTs too poor in finances to advertise her latent resourees according to the custom of other countries desiring i^inig^pfs- f «' healthfhl cUmate, pure streams, fertUe soil, and varied vegeteble and mineral productions, not on paper, but as they appear m nature, are her InducementB to immigrants. . « j „„ :<, +v« ««.<■ These are as yet little known abroad, though Honduras is the flret <5oantrv discovered by Columbus in his explorations of the New World, and was known over a hundred years before the Mayflower landed at Flvmouth in the year 1620. _, . , „ ^ .lu Honduras, though right at the door of the United States, with unques- tionably gr^t natural advantages and her supenor cUmate, has been 4uring"all these long years waiting, longing, looking* and hoping for future greatness, until she may not be very inappropriately styled, Ihe land that never is, but always to he blessed." No tide of immigration has turned this way. There are no colonies in the Bepublic worthy of particular notice in this report, certainly none of any kind in this consular district. There are less than a hundred foreigners in this district, and these are scattered about, nearly all tem porarily here for prospecting or working the gold and silver mines. Sis stote of affairs cannot last always. If Honduras will bej^aje »»er^ self for a time, i. e., it she will maintain peace and show stability of irovernment fbr a while, the much-needed immigration wdl begin to pour in, and it is doubtful if she could keep it back if she were to try. There is too much healthful climate, too much even temperature, too much rich soil; there are too many valuable forests, too many flbrous and medicinal plants, too many streams calling tor the whirl ot ma- ohinery, and tw many mountains filled with gold and silver for the HMHWIlMMl' " >N. CENTSA.L AMERICA. 66t (Government upon the sqnare miles, and a i»tban ten inhabitants ty of room fbr immi- d no general statutes constitation, however, ion of it renferring to narked "Extract from policy of the €k>vem- own merits and grant Be them it does not (bl- » contrary, any inflax ould be welcome, seeing the elements of LOW much is due to im^ lir power to secure for . And especially may nt chief exeoative, be mmigrational or other, f the natural resources e her latent resources ring immigrants. Her 1 varied vegetable and appear in nature, are Honduras is the first ions of the New World, le Mayflower lauded at :ed States, with unques- erior climate, has been >oking, and hoping for ropriately styled, '*The There are no colonies is report, certainly none •e less than a hundred ed about, nearly all tem gold and silver mines, idnras will behave her- a and show stability of ration will begin to pour f she were to try. 1 even temperature, too rests, too many fibrous g for the whirl of ma- ;old and silver for the outside world to be kept back, wlieu all these elements of wealth shall become well known. Tbe time will come — it is bouuil to cuiiie — wlieu lluuiluras will lie tlllud with the bread-winuers and wealth-sei-kers of other lands. From whence shall it be? From Europe or Asia, or from where it ought to be — the iieighbi)riu}? Republic of the United States t If the I rade, profits, and ad vanta<;fes, arising from the development of this country y lands in Indian neighliorhoods or in unsettled districts ; all who inaugurate important works of general utility: those who bring fortunes into the country ; all who introduce useful inventions into the Republic, and all who procure natunuization papers from the proper authorities. No foreigner shall be entitled to more pririlegea than any other, bat all possess the same civil rights as native Honduraneans may ; in consequence, bay, sell, locate, ex- ercise arts and proi'essions, possess all kinds of property and dispose of it in the form prescritied by law, enter the country and leave it with their propertv, and frequent with their ships the ports and navigate the rivers of the Repnblio. Tney are exempt Arom extraMdtnary contributions and are guaranteed entire liberty in commertse, and may conMract temples and churches or establish cemeteries in any part of the Re- pnblio. Their matriage contracts shall not bo invalidated because not in conformity with certain religions beliefs if they have been legally celebrated. They are not obliged to become naturalized. They may vote for public oflBces according to law, which in no case excludes them on account of their origin. 662 EMIORATION AND IMMIGRATION. SOUTH AMERICA. ABGENTINE BEPUBLIC. REPORT OF OOmUL BAKER. POLITICAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY.* The sabiect ia one iu whicb the Argentine Republic is just now mani- festinji a special interest, and to promote which it is devoting no incon- siderable amount of attention. In former years the hard conditions under which the nation was laboring on account of periodical upnwnp of a political character, and the general uncertainty which attended the administration of public affairs, caused the people of overcrowded Europe who were seeking new homes to look with suspicion upon the Arccntine Republic, however great they may otherwise have conceded its natural advantages and opportunities to be. More recently, how- ever, the general government has not only been gradually strengihen- ine the bonds which hold the several provinces together, but has ex- erted such an influence over the widely-scattered people as to make them quite forego their periodical attempts at revolntiou and quietly submit themselves to the legally constituted authorities. The National Government is at length fully able to maintain itself against any attempt at its integrity, and, what is more 8»gniflcant, there ilmore and more a growing sentiment among all classes that the prog- ress and well-being of the Argentine Republic can m no way be so well assisted and secured as by cultivating the arts of peace and the indns- trial activities of dc mestic repose. The recent inauguration of Dr. Juarez Celman, after a quiet election, as President of the RepuWic, wa& eStirely peaceful, and is everywhere viewed a« full of political promise for the future advancement of the country. Under these flattering au- SDices it is believed that an era of great industrial development is dawning upon the River Plate, and that in the general prosper!^ which it will bring there will result a greatly increased immigration from the countries of Europe. CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES IN FAVOR OF FOREIONBRS. Like those of the United States, which up to the present time ha» been neculiarly the emigrant's home, the fundamental laws of the Ar- centine Republic offer the most abundant guarantees to all who come to its shores. Amo ng the provisions on this subject it may not be out^ " • A r.T«rt made bv me to the Department of State on the snbjeot of the'^oon- aitdrMfOTtee! o/labor in the Argentine Republic" of the date of September 4, Vsi^ f„^ SnWiTed in Nb 60 of Consular Reports, contains much information on th» Sw;^ofCS»tiontothis C0& t^e conditions of the foreign popcOatioji S tto iSrgSfR^pubUc, which for obyions reasons it is not necesswy to repeat i» the present report. ION. SOUTH AMEBICA. 653 if fA. ilC. )UNTET.* lablic is just now mani- it is devotiDg no incon- fs the bard condition» of periodical uprisings nty which atteuded the )eople of overcrowded vitll suspicion upon the herwise have conceded B. More recently, how- n gradually strengthen- ;s together, but has ex- ered ])eople as to make revolution and quietly ithorities. r able to maintain itself s more significant, there !ill classes that the prog- can in no way be so well of peace and the indns- Dt inauguration of Dr. ent of the Bepnblio, wa» full of political promise nder these flattering au- dustrial development is i:eneral prosperity which id immigration firom the t OF FOBEIONBBS. • to the present time has omental laws of the Ar- rantees to all who come ibject it may not be out. n the anbjeot of tlie*«oon- of the date of September 4,. insmnoli information on tb» ns of the foreign population is not necesaary to repeat i» of place to translate the following from the Declaration of Bights,* to wit: Art. 14. In pursuance of such laws for their regulation as may be enacted, all the inhabitaiitH of the nation shall ei^oy the following rights, viz : To work and oxer- else every lawful calling; to navigate and trade; to petition the authorities; to en- ter, remain in, pass through, and leave Argentine territory; to publiHh their opinions through the press free of all previous control; to make use of and dispose of their 'property ; to associate for useful purposes ; to profess their religions belief in all free- dom ; to teach and to learn. Art. 16. The Argentine nation does not admit of any prerogative whatever, either of blood or birth. There are no personal exceptions or titles of nobility. All its in- habitants are equal as regards the law, and are eligible for public offlces without any farther requisite than that of competenoe. Equality is the foundation foi* taxation and public charges. Art. 17. Property is inviolable, and no inhabitant of the country can be deprived 'Of his own except by virtue of a lawful decision of court. Expropriation on account of public ntilitv must be qualified by law and indemnity previously siven. Art. 18. No inhabitant of the country can be condemned to punuhment without previously being tried according to law enacted before the commenoementof the suit; neither can he bie Judged by special commissions uor transferred flrom the Jurisdiction of Judeea appointed bv law enacted previous to the trial of the case. No one shall be obliged to depose against himself, nor can he be arrested except by written warrant of competent authority. The defense of both person and rights before a court is in- violable. One's house is inviolable, as is also epistolary oorrespondence and private papers ; and the law shall determine in what cases and with wliat warrants the former may lie entered and the latter taken possession of. Art. 20. Foreigners on the territory of the Bepublic eqjoy all the civil rights of the citizens; they can exercise their calling, trade, and profession ; own, buy, and transfer landed property ; navigate the rivers and coast (ilong the shores : freely prac- tice their own religions ; make wills, and marry in accordance with the laws. They are not bound to become citizens nor to pay forced extraordinary contribntions. They can become naturalized by residing in the country two oonseoutive years ; but the proper authorities can lessen this term in favor of an applicant who has rendered services to the state. Art. 21. Every Argentine citizen is bound to take up arms in defense of his coun- try and this constitution, as provided by the laws of CoDsress and the decrees of the national executive. Citizens by naturalization are at liberty to serve or not, for • period of ten years from the date of obtaining their naturalization papers. Abt. 25. The Federal Government will encourage European immicration, and will not restrict, limit, nor tax in any way the entry into Argentine territory of farmen whose object it may be to till the soil, improve trade, or Introduce and teach art and -science. Art. 26. The navigation of the rivers of the interior is ftee for the flags of all na- tions, subject only to such regulations as the national authorities may make. MOBE FOBEION THAN NATIYB WOBKEB8. Under these liberal provisions of the constitution and the laws made in pursuance thereof, there are to-day more foreigners than natives en- gaged in navigating the rivers of the country : more foreigners than natives engag^ in commercial pursuits ; more foreigners than natives engaged in agriculture; more foreigners than natives engaged in handi- craft trades and mechanical pursuits; more foreigners than natives engaged in manufacturing establishments and works of internal im- provement. HISTOBIOAL BEVIBW OF DOnOBATION TO THE BITBB PLATX. I am unable to find any statistics of immigration to the Argentine Bepnblio earlier than the year 1857. During the troublous times which preceded the revolutionary war with the mother countiy, it is evident, however, that, except from Spain, there was very little organ- ized immigration. There were, of course, adventurers, traders, and for- *The present Argentine oonstitution was adopted on the 25th of ">ptember, 1860. i ' I'l lifiSitilliliftii' i' ajfiflri^'llliir ^'.■jw-'^'^^n— Eawvwyi*-'\-ii^— iyj^wiWi^|[BWgj 1^'' 654 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. taue-hunters from all couutries, who CHme without families, and re- mained or returned as they met with misfortune or success. Even at the very early date of 1807 there was a considerable leaven of Celtic and Anglo-Saxon blood diffused throughout the country, through the English armies under Generals Wliitelock and Beresford, which, after the surrender of the one and defeat of the other, were so scattered through the interior that but few of the rank and file ever got homo again, but married and settled in the country. After the war of independence, many foreigners, chiefly English, found their way to the countries of the River Plate, the treaty with Great Britain conceding to her subjects almost unrestricted trading rights, with full protection for their lives, their properties, their stock, and their merchandise, and complete exemption from forced loaiis and ill other exactions whatever. Many of the new- comers purchased landed properties and became cattle and sheep farmers, or entered into local trades and industries, or became engaged in foreign trade, and thus at once fixed and expanded the commerce between the two coun- tries. But the long dictatorship of General Bosas succeeded, and the Argentine States fell under a moral, political, and commercial depres- sion which put a stop to all progress, and not only cut off immigration, bat drove large numbers of tho best citizens into exile. During his despotic sway, the great artery of water communication, the Parana Biver, was kept closed to the world, and all trade and commerce with the interior were placed under the most vexa.ious restrictions and ex- actions. Upon his fall, however, foreign and interior commerce were at once thrown open and miide free to all, and there was a great rush of fortune-seekers and business men to Buenos Ayres. A new life seemed to dawn npon the country, a new order of things was everywhere manifest. The people entered once more with enthusiasm into all ques- tions of material progress. Railways, canals, and telegraphs were pro- jected and are now in operation ; steamers in quick succession coursed the rivicrs; foreign lines of steamships connected the Biver Plate with the different countries of Europe ; rural industries were prosecuted with eagerness and with marvelous returns upon the capital ; and men of all nationalities began to reach these shores and root themseves t o the soil. The progress and development which the country has made since the battle of Gaseros are known to all. AB RIVALS OF IMMIGRANTS SINCE 1857. Since the year 1857, when statistics began to be somewhat more ex- act, the yearly immigration by sea ^it is not possible to know the num- bers that came by land from the neighboring countries) is given in the following table : Year. Nnmbers. Tew. Numbers. 1857 4,931 4,638 4,785 6,656 6,301 6,716 10,408 11,682 11,767 18,686 1873 76,832 68,277 42,066 30,965 28,789 85,876 10,206 41.617 42,047 51,60i> 63,243 7t,80$ 108,722 1858 1874 186B , 1876 i860 1 1876 1861 1877 1862 1878 1863 1879 1864. 1880 1865 1881 1866 , 1882 1867 17,046 1888 1668 29,234 37,934 80,067 20,0«0 37,087 1884 1869 1885 1870 1886 (UP to AuiRMt 81) 58,846 1871 Xofad 1872 1,033,96» ION. SOUTH AMERICA. 65& loat families, and le- snccesH. Even at ible leaven of Celtic country, tbrongh the Jeresford, which, after ler, were so scattered [ file ever gofc bouie ers, chiefly English, late, the treaty with unrestricted trading properties, their stock, from forced loans and comers purchased rmers, or entered into in foreign trade, and letween the two conn- ms succeeded, and the ad commercial depres- ly cut off immigration, ito exile. During his innicatiou, the Parana kde and commerce with >U8 restrictions and ex- »rior commerce were at re was a great rush of res. A new life seemed hings was everywhere ithusiasm into all qites- id telegraphs were pro- lick succession coursed )d the Biver Plate with es were prosecuted with le capital ; and men of I root themseves t o the country has made since TOE 1857. be somewhat more ex- sible to know the nam- nntries) is given in the NATIONALITY OF IMMIGRANTS. STew. Kumbera. 76,833 68,277 42,066 30,865 28,788 85,876 (a,»» 41,617 42,047 51,60a 68,248 77,805 100,722 58,846 MtSl) 1.033,86» Since 1870 the statistics have been more detailed, and all the arrivals I'rom Europe at this port direct are classitlud by nationalities. The fol- lowing table, prepared by the director uf immigration, shows the per cent, of immigrants to each nation : NatlonaUty. ItaliAoa... Spnnlnrds Frunob .. Onrmanii.. BwiSH.... Percent. 70 10.25 7.78 2. .IS 2.35 Natloiudltiea. AnstriaD . KnKlisli ■ All other . ToUl Per eent 2. 27 •I 24 2.50 100.00 From the above tables it will be seen, if the total population of the Ar- gentine Kepublic is now correctly estimated to be 3,5U0,(KM), that iiearjy one-third are foreigners from Europe, and that of this foreign popula- lation ^not including the children born in this country) about 700,000 are Italians, 100,000 are Spaniards, and 70,000 French. NATIONALITY OP ABBIVALS SINCE 1881. Taking the returns for the last five years* the nationalities of the directly arriving immigrants will be seen from the following table : Kationality. Italian:) Spaniards.... Frencli Oormans Siriaa. ........ Austrtons.... £oi;Uab BelKiana Others Not olasaifled Total... 1881. 19,189 S,HI7 3,124 1,241 2,319 1.050 2,401 234 420 6,243 92,047 1882. 1883. 29,587 3,520 8,883 1,128 913 672 826 183 800 10,462 87,043 5,023 4,280 1,»04 1,288 1,057 ttOl 383 1,103 10,771 1884. 1885. 31,983 e,H82 4,781 1,261 1,359 1,320 1,021 175 932 28.182 51,503 63,243 I 77,805 63,501 4,314 4,752 1.426 1,094 1,962 1,1()4 013 I, 353 28,223 108. 722 FBOPOBTIONS OF MALEeen the case. It is true the Government has at dif- ferent times maintained a number of immigration agents in some of the countries of Europe, whose duty it was to direct the attention of volun- tary emigrants to the advantages offered by the Argentine Bepublic, but it has been remarked that^ As yet the activity of these agents has been of so little effect that of each one hnl> died immigrants who disembarked at Baenos Ayres, probably not ton had any know- -«dge of these immigration commissioners. )N. ;he number who could 1888. 1883. 1884. 1886. S,ll» 81,874 80,123 45,792 18,023 20, TUB 10,500 34, «S7 I0,49i 10,771 28,182 28,108 B1,M8 03,243 1 77,805 108,722 BANTS. he oooupatioD of those 1883. 1888. 1884. 1885. 28,124 85,814 32, 438 53,200 1,723 4,888 6,238 6,035 48a 583 685 1.127 048 788 876 807 385 480 664 507 3»4 537 85 892 848 628 03 723 173 326 184 192 10,800 8,096 0,062 1^866 10,482 10,861 28,182 28,103 51,503 1 63,243 77,805 I0.s,722 p; in the above table, I f immif^tints are disem- lyres in the river steam- ;ration department it is ■espect to nationality or inmber. lY THE UNITED STATES. respect to annnal immi- ixceeded by the United 1 exhibits from 4,931 in rty yearSj is a most sug- ire of this conntry. It srease was owing to the ent has in the past been in this direction. This, Government has at dif- )n agents in some of the t the attention of volnn- he Argentine Bepublio, ) effect that of each one hnl bably not ten had any knoW' SOUTH .\MERICA. 657 Aud it'ceiitly tin? Govt'iiiiiiont Iuih liatl to miiiiil the commitfNioiiH of out' or two of tlifMe afroiit«, wlio, iiisti'iul of beinj,' of asNiHtaiiee, wore found to be exnctiiiK ihtsoiiuI lees from the eiuigraiitH for the privilege of coming to th« Argentine Ue|HU>lie. 1NDUCE3IKNTS OFF. ^D TO IMMIGRANTS. The iudncemeiits to iiumii;;:raiitH offered by the Argentine tii)vern- ment consi.st itrincipally «)f a snoderate, healthy eliniiite, fair wages, and a good demand for employment. It offers nothing in the way of bouu- tieh ti> those who seek its shores. "The advantages," however, which the Argentine Uepublic holds out to the European laborer and " intend- ing emigrant" are fully given in a pamphlet, wliitdi has been prepared l>y >ir. Latziua, of the stati.-tiiral bureau, aud officially published by the Government.* I (juote from it as follows : Thti Eiiropeiiu luboror readily tindH work here, the reiniinoniliou fur which, in pro- ))urtiou tu uxpetiseu. is ho cciiiHiiUrable thut withiu a short time he is ubie to suvuuot II liillu withtitit haviuK to undergo uuy (treat privations. In tbo most civilized nnd freest conntries in the world, the immigrant will not nioet. with greater personal liberty and u more effective secnrity for life and property than tliori' are here. The most absolute freedom, as reganls his religion and the exprcssioa of bis opinions, the exercise of his calling, and everything connected with his move- ment, is enjoyed in this free country. Tl'.e immigrant is not obliged to serve the state in any way or form ; and the taxes he has to pay conjointly with the native inbubitunts, are far below those that over- burden bim in Europe. Here, by the exercise of the smallest thrift, the European laborer becomes owner of the laud be desires to cultivate; and thus instead of being a day laborer, a mere drudge, as he was previously, he is converted into an indeiien«l- int proprietor, \Vha»evcrhis n.ationaM'y, the European will find his countrymen scattered all over tile vast territory of the Uepublic, and tUus has no cause to fear that owing to igno- rance of (lie language lie wiU be obliged to suffer a painful isolation. So healthy and mild is the climate of this country that the European cau contiuue the liubits acquired at home without any fear on the score of health. Hero earth, water, and air are propitious to cultivation in all its branches; and the agricultur- ist has only to select the locality to have his exertions rewarded by splendid vintages and crops of sugar-cane, wine, oil, cereals, and vegetables. The European peasant, together with the air or liberty he breathes here and his ]H>cuniary and phpical well-being, learns to develop his self-reliance, and thus the lucre tool he was is very soon changed into a man who thinks and acts for himself,, and who promptly throws off' all bubjection to the disposition of another. DEFECTIVE LAND LAWS. It must be confessed, however, that the legislation of the conntry is yet very defective on the score of the proper settlement of immigrants. Thus far but little of the great extent of the public domain fit for agri- cultural purposes has been divided up into suitable tracts, and it has been necessary to pass special laws for the planting of what are called " colonies "t each time that it was deemed expedient to found an agri- cultural center, and in all these cases the lauds were put in the bauds of private speculators, whose interest of course it was to make the best terms possible with the immigrants. The nature of these agricultural settlements will be better understood when it is borne in mind that nearly all the lands ot th^ Argentine Bepublic, at least this portion of it, are devoted exclusively to grazing purposes, and that the great * La R^pnbliqne Argentine relativment k I'^migration Europ^enne, par Francois Latzina, 1886. t This is the term applied here to agrionltaral settlementa, principally peopled by foreigners. H. Ex. 167 42 iiiwifffii>iLiMiiwi«ii/ .^mssmmm 658 EMIGRATION AND IMMIOliATION. eatanoieros, occupying leaRuos upon Ieague> of wild ^rnHftes on which their flocks aud herds roam at pleasure, do not occup)* tiieniselveH at all with agriculture, very few of them even having so much as a gar- den patch. Such a thing as subdividing the public lands into small lots, as is the case in the United Stsites, has never been attempted by the laud laws of the Argentine Republic, nor are there any pre-eni])- tion laws in favor of actual settlers on the public domain. But when the Argentine Government or any one of the provinces otters its public lands in any particular district for sale, it is done by public auction of the highest bidder, and the parcels are put up in lots of 1 to L'O leagues, thus making it utterly impossible for poor men or impecuni- ous immigrants to become purchasers, but ottering opportunities tor men of capital to acquire great tracts of land for comparatively snudl sums of money. They in turn hold for a rise or sell in smaller tracts for speculative purposes, sometimes realizing great fortunes on their purchases. It is thus the case that a large part of the outside avail- able lands of the nation is now in the bands- of a com])aratively snudl uumbf r of owners. It is an every-day occurrence to note the reports of sales of 12 to 25 leagues of land in a body, and there are many men in the country who are the ov^ners of upwards of lUU leagues each. These they can afford to hold or transmit to their children almost undivided; while small farmers aud agriculturists are looking in vain for a few acres where they can plant their homesteads. The tendency of this unequal land system is to create a landed aris- tocracy, and already there is not a little of this element visible in the country; it is true that, now and then, these great landed estate?*, either to meet debts or legal distributions to heirs, have to be divided up and sold in smaller parcels, but the process is slow, and the number of land owners in the Argentine Republic, in proportion to the extent of the territory, is exceedingly small. What greatly tends to keep the land in the hards of the few, is the fact, already mentioned by me, that this has alway i '^een and must continue to be for many years, an almost en- tirely pastoral country, an industry which requires great breacoiiia, an hereby declared to be arable, and their transfer will be carried cut on the followin conditious: (1) Upon the approval of the surveys, which in accordance with the provisions Article 9 are to be drawn ap by the bureau of engineers, they will be published t * Ley de Ootnbre24, vm. ati mwM ■kMBMOMMH ION. AM KRtC/ wild yraHses on which oMMipy thtMU»elve« at kiuK so much »« a gar )ul)lic himlH into Hiimll vcr be«Mi atteui|>te«l by aro there any i»re-einit- lie, domain. But when >vinceH offers its public lone by public auction ; ui» In lots of 1 to 'JO poor men or impecuni ering opporlnnities lor for comparatively small or sell in snniller tracts great fortunes on their irt of the outside avail- . a comi)arat«vely snnill ice to note the reports of I there are many men in 00 leagues each. These ildreu almost undivided; ng in vain for a few acres 8 to create a landed aris- lis element visible in the 16 great lantled estate:^, irs, have to be divided up slow, and the number of oportiou to the extent of tly tends to beep the land entioned by me, that this nany years, an almost en • squires great breadths of Fortunately, however, the n is becoming, too valua- » of one bullock or three yield a larger profit than 'latter industry. SITOBIES. undertook to remedy the )f a law* setting aside oer ;riciiltural purposes. But centers of population and cases so unprotected from ,w has not thus far, to any ving immigrants. For the ion of the law entire: J, M also Boch partB as may be set , the Chaco, and Patft)joiiia, are be carried cut on the following jcordance with the provisions of leers, they wil l be pablUihed to- m. Ii*tril>iit*'il .outehwiif Hfimhlir id in iiitr III- >e (.'bii'f of ll> '|H' .,,■■ lilUII •ff InihI I Moll, ml or ?;etber with the rospectivf ri'|Mirtii an oreJKii foniitricK. ('i) Olli* Hili^lf IhTmoii or I'liiiipjiiy I'llllliol buy leHt tliiltl 'J.'> 4 lotM, or, «uy, -tliu het'tntiH in onr Niii;;li- Hrctliin. (:i) TIk* |tiiri'liiiM> will III' niiiilf liy ii|i|>li('ittion in wrii mv; i liiiifun, wlio will enter in ii N|i)-rjal ri'^JHicr tlii< ) 'I'lm 5>nynu!iit will be mad' in t'le rollowin^ tonii : A liftli part eanli and the re- iiiainiler in four ei|iiiil pariH |iayiililii in one, two, iliiee, and four yeurw. (()) I'lirehiiMeiH will nijin U\\\h for ibe portion of the prire to be paid by insliillineutti, wliuh may be diheonnted at tin- plea-nre of the piirelianerK at Ii per eeiit. oil', (7) The chief of the land linreaii will fiirniNJi eaeli imrchaHer with a ]iriiited certiti- cate wilh a '.i'l-eent Miaiiip, which certitlcate Ih not trannferable. (ri) The lanilM i Iiiih itet apart can only become (lie lu-opert.v of Htich perMoiiN lu Hhall )'ii per rent, iiitereitt, after which, upon default in lliv payment, the land biirenii will (iroceed to itell the laud at piihlii; auc- tion for account of the buyer after fifteen ilayn' ailvertiseiuent. (10) Upon the tnllillnn-ut of all (he condilionN and iipou payment of the whole atliouur of the land, the executive will direct the chief (Soverniueut notary to draw lip the requisite deed of sale. (II) PiirehiiHerH of land aio bound to pay income and the other taxes on landed ]iroperty the year after the piitcbaNe of the same, even though the title deed of the transfer iino' not have been executed. Owing to the reluctance of immigrants to undertake farming so far from the centers of population and so utterly beyond the reach of inuikcts for their crops, but few of them have yet taken advantage of the terms of the above law ; and, in other cases, where they have pur- chased under this law, they have become discouraged at the prospect and have given up their purchases before completion of the term of li.yment. As a general thing, the newly arrived immigrants, even on harder terms and at higher prices, piefer to take farming lauds from private hands, in most cases renting what they have not the present means to buy, or they purchase very small tracts on time from those who have organized '' agricultural colonies." PBICE OF FARMING LANDS. Of course the value of land in private hands varies very greatly in different parts of the Argentine Kepublic; and ith price depends as much on its position as on the quality and water supply, whether it be by irrigation or rainfall, as also on many other circumstances which concern those who are interested in buying or selling. In the province of Tucuman, in the neighborhood of the capital, a hectare of arable land (2J acres) is worth from $60 to $150, while in the rural districts it is worth from $12 to $15: in the sugar plantations it is worth from $30 to $40. In the province of Cordoba, near the city, a hectare of good land ih worth about $60, and it decteases in price the farther it is from the city. In the province of Entre Bios the price of farming laud varies from $10 to $40 per hectare. In the province of Santa F^, the great center of agricnitare, the price varies considerably. Near Bosario it is worth fi-om $60 to $100, while farther out it sells for $12 to $20, unimproved, i>er hectare. MM 660 EMIGRATION AND IMMIORATIuN. In the [.roviiice of BueiioH AyirH the iivenijje price of funniiif,' laiulH HI the central |mrtiilo.s, or tliHtriutH, In from $5 (in Lincoln) to ilT.'i (in Merceden); nearer to the city of ItuenoM Ayren anil other uenterst of i>t»ii- Illation, the price iH niach greater per hectare. AOUICULTURAL COLONIES. While some of the imniigrantH Hcatter over the Republic whi'K Au-y chance to And eligible locatiouM anil satisfactory pricca, the great iuiik of thoHe newly arrived proceed at once to the '• agricnllural coltinieN" for employment and for a permanent Hettlenient. Tlie moHt of thcHe col- ouies are in the province of Hanta Fe, each one of them being the nu- cleus of small agricultnral eKtablJHhments, where the immigrant farmer and his family at once meet with every facility for either renting or pur- obasiug land, and find implements and aninmlsfor farming as also food and other articles of prime necessity until the next harvest comes around.* In Santa F6 there are now upwards of sixty of these "colonies" with a population of over 7(>,(NH) inhabitants, the larger portion of whom are foreigners. They now cover a total area of upwards of 750,0(H) hectares, of which about 300,000 are in cultivation. As the lands composing these colonies are taken up, new colonies are opened monthly in the hands of private speculators, who sell them at the rate of from ^5 to $10 per hec- tare. It may be said of these colonies as well as those in the provinces of Entre Bios and Buenos Ayres, that they are generally in u satisfac- tory condition, and that with one or two good harvests the newly ar- rived farmer finds himself quite properous if not independent. PRICE OF PASSAGES FROM EUROPE. The price of passages firom Europe to Buenos Ayres varies according to the place from wbicn the immigrants embark, and in some cases ac- cording to the number of steamers at the same time ottering pas- sages. 'All these coloDiea form compact indnstrial comniunitieH, and are almost exclu- sively engaged in tillage, their farms ooveritig one-third of the total area nnder crops in the Repnblio, viz: ProTlaoe, Colonie* in Aorea. Not In colo- nies. Total Bcre.H, Buenoa AyiM. SMitoFi Entre Bio*.... Cordoba Mendosa San Jnan Tuonmao Otbera Totd. 20,000 040,000 110,000 12,000 44,000 1,126,000 1,623.000 180,000 15, QUO 10S,000 805,000 216,000 166,000 465,000 8,184,000 1,043, COO l,12U,0Wi 125,000 117,001) 365, UUd 215, 0(KI 166,000 470. 00i> 4,260,000 The variouB oolonies anm op a total popalatlon of 83,000 sonls, the ratio of cnlti- Tat«d land being therefore aooat 15 acres per head; the agricultural lands not in oolonies may be sappoaed to show 10 acres per head, say, 300,000 inhabitantb. This would ffive m total of 38(2,000 maintained by agricoltare, or 13 per cent, of the whole population. TBS'lBWBEsS! riuN. pri(;e of fiirniliig laiuln (in Lincoln) to $75 (in iiul otiier ci'iiters of imp- IS. he Repnblic wiu'n tlifv y l>ri<'«'8, tlie yrciii hulk " ii^ricnltnrul colonios " Tlie most of tiu'He col- le of tlioni being the mi- ne tbe imuiigrnntfarmt'i' for either renting or ])ur- for farnting as hIho food tlie next harve«t come.s of these " colonies" with rger portion of whom are vardH of 7oO,(MM) hectares, be lands composing these monthly in the bunds of )f from f 5 to $10 per bee as those in the provinces e generally in a satisfac- d harvests the newly ar- lOt independent. EUROPE. OS Ayres varies according uk, and iu some cases ac- same time offering pas- unitieH, and are almost exclii- rd of the total area under crops niei in crea. Not in colo- nies. Total aoren. 20,000 040,000 110,000 12,000 1, 623, 000 180,000 15,000 105,000 365,000 215,000 166,000 486,000 1,043,000 1,120,0011 125,000 117, 00(1 365,000 315,000 166,000 44,000 470. 00b ,126,000 8,184,000 4,260,000 82,000 sonls, the ratio of cnlti- ; tbe agricultural lands not in lay, 300,000 inhabitantb This re, or 13 per cent, of the whole .jaiwssw'iAjWiuwuw'. «"*■ SOUTH AMKKICA. 661 The tlgnrcH are about iis follows: Uy the Norlli (ixriiiiin Lloyd, from Itivniun |:(G UU Hy t lie North Ocrinun liloyd, from Aiitwrrp 112 50 Hy lli<< Lamporf mid Ilolf, from Llv<>r|iool uiid London,... 40 (K) liy tlin French Litic, from Havre and Itordfaux 40 U<> lly th<' 'I'ranHport >likritiincM, from ItiiiTclonii ^W 00 to X> 00 Ity the TraiiHpiirt MaritinittN, from MarxvillcH It.') 00 to ir> 00 llv thi! Italian Line, lroin(iciioa 4:» 00 to .^0 (H) llv th<' PiiiffK'" I''"«i ''roin Ocliort M) 00 to »i0 00 lly t liH Havurillo Line, from Genoa 32 TtO to 47 50 The immigrants upon their arrival at Dnenos Ayres are landed, to- fli'ther with tiieir Inggage, at the expense of the Argentine Govern- iiuMit, which lodges and boards them at the "ImmigrantH' Home" for live tiays gratis, and longer if sick. During this interval eitiier work is found for them here in IJueiios Ayres without the charge t)f any com- ini.ssion; otherwi.se, they are sent up Into tlie ngiicultural colonies for ]HTinanent location. They are, however, at liberty to select both the locality and the kind of work which tliey prefer. The passages also fi'oin the Immigrants' IIom(> to the ])Iaces selected by the immigrants for location are entirely fiee,or rather furnished by the Government. ABaEi IN THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE. The Arcentine Government, fully impressed with the immense value wWch ^eSnSn derives from' the tide of immigration which is netting mte and mofeTwaV^^ Kiver Plate, has just issued a decree creat- wfnCmSn bureaus in Europe and the Uniied States, with a view KiTSSfon gratis to* all applicants desirous of being ac- onSXkhTe cSSdftions, resources &c., of the Argentine Repub- 8c The matter seems to be one of so much importance that I give the decree entire, viz: , T J.U ^„r.th. «f Pnhrnarv 18^7. at latest, public offices of intonna- tio^rifbloJenJSlX'Ltnfp^^^^^^^^^ New W, Bru.sels.and Berne, -^^J^iSiyKformalionresp^^^^ rrri^ ^'ritLrinVrc^Enllit G^^^^^^^ SP-i-'^. or PortUKuese. as *'"r2)"To"ofle'^t*^and note all data respecting the Argentine Republic, and send sn.,.- mary of same fortnightly to the fo^^'K"^"*?^*' .,„,„_ „„„„ Bank and carry out such orders as these banlis may »>d»^ fi*.. „^,„ "lE'S i. .«h o«l=. tl.™ .h.11 >» . p.™.n.»t „Mbltl.» of th. .ple.U«r.l 3:^Stss^J^."2rorir«c-rjs:x^ro^'r *^1bt.T Mn'peter Lamas is hereby appointed inspector-general of the information "*Abt'S \"Xy of 8300 monthly to be granted to each director; Mr. Lamas, more- ''"ISxT FSy^lm'n^^^^^^^^^ to receive J.OOand «150 per month, ''"Zrio! t£ dSrortCiSector-general shall be to sunerint^^^^^^^^^ dir^tors and enforce a strict compliance with tbeir respective duties. ''rrlfLot mXc^feZ made known to all concerned. That wortion of the duty of these commissioners which looks to sup- pi J^Sg iff matL by publications and addresses in regard to the Ar- SSe Republic, and keeping for ready reference a library of such ftocnmlnts? books, maps, &c.T as exhibit the physical, economica^ aSdTolSl condition !)f the country, cannot but have a very salutarr ION. SOUTH AMERICA. 663 le construction of suit- If, as we say iu the to the country, it is this money to a very E UNITED STATES AND rith the immense value ^ration which is netting issued a decree creat- led States, with a view desirous of being ac- the Argentine Bepub- portance that I give the t, public offices of infonua- iw York, BriiBsels, and Beriie, to individnals, corporations, H information to be given, I, Spanittb, or Portuguese, as line Republic, and send siun- Sce. Bank and National Mortgage nk fit. >nal railways. mediate reference to the Re- 1 of the public in each office, rspapera of Buenos Ayres and exhibition of the agricultural B Republic. Dies to be annnally forwarded 8 such erroneons ideas of the ; also to give lectures on the Paris office, retaining his post >ffico ; Mr. A. Gonzalez to the Ice ; Mr. Richanl Napp to the ) ; and Mr. Edward Meber to tor-general of the information h director; Mr. Lamas, more- :eive $100 and $150 per month, I superintend the efforts of the peciive duties. the several offices. 1 necessary publications at the med. oners which looks to sup- sses in regard to the Ar- ference a library of such he physical, economical, hut have a very salutary effect in illuminating the general ignorance and correcting the many blunders and misconceptions which everywhere exist in regard to the Argentine Jtepublic ; and thus it may indirectly tend to attract public attention to the many advantages it offers to those who are seeking new homes, but I doubt very much if it does more than this. The class to which the immigrants from Europe to South America belong are not, as a general thing, of a literary turn of mind, and would hardly be in a way to take advantage of the facilities thus offered to them either to study statistics or attend public lectures. CONDITION AND THRIFT OF IMMIGRANTS. Injustice, however, to the immigrants who during the last few years have been arriving in this country from the overcrowded centers of population of Europe, it must be sai*! that tliey are a great improve- ment on the class that formerly reached these shores. I have taken the pains to " post myself on this point, and I find that they are generally clever mechanics, hard-working iarmers, and faith- ful day-laborers, of good character and temperate habits. They arrive, it is true, for the most part, without any means whatever, except a few articles of household economy and, iu some cases, a kit of tools; but they are at once ready aud willing to work, no matter how menial the employment may bo or how comfortless may be their surroundings; and with few wants and the strictest economy it is only a short time before they show the effects of their thrift. They not only become self-sup- porting and self-reliant, but they soon begin to open bank accounts of their savings, and not a few of them are ultimately numbered among the wealthy men of the country. It is the rarest thing iu the world that the immigrants from Southern Europe become a burden on the community, and this is especially true of the Spanish and French Basques and the Italians. Indeed, they have their societies for mutual protection and assi.stancc, aud no countryman, if be is deserving, is allowed to suffer, should a temporary pinuh occur. I am not able to say quite as much in regard to the immigrants here from some of the countries of Northern Europe. In too many instances they come out to the Kiver Plate under a vague impression that every road leads to suc- cess, and that they have only to step from shipboard to step into a fortune, ready made for them, without any inconvenience and without any hard work. They come expecting too much, and they are not will- ing to take what offers or put up at first with small thiugs. Such as these soon get discouraged ; they then take to drinking and finally *' go to the bad." Instances of this kind are occurring every day, but, of course, they are not the rule. PROPORTION OF RETURNING IMMIGRANTS. In former years it was quite the custom for the immigrants fh)m Europe, after having with years of toil aud labor acquired a. comi)etency in this country, to return home to enjoy it. The return was made easy from the fact that in most cases they were not accompanied by their families. This is to some extent still the case with the Italians ; but the great majority of arriving immigrants now bring their *' household gods" with them, and they come to stay. The statistics show that those who arrive herewith their families are every year becoming more numerous. Not 10 per cent, of them ever expect to return to Europe. 664 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. THE IMMIGRANTS NEVER BECOME CITIZENS. And yet it is au anomalous fact that, as a rule, the immigrants to the Argentine Kepublic never become naturalized ; and hence take no part in politics or in the government of the nation. No matter what length of time they may live here, they decline to become "citizens," but to the last retain their old nationality, in this respect differing entirely from those who emigrate from Europe to the United States. The rea- son for this is supposed to be that naturalization ultimately carries with it the obligation to do military duty, though the Argentine constitu- tion openly concedes that •' citizens by naturalization are at liberty to serve or not for the term of ten years." Heretofore, however, it has been flrequently the case that the "national guard," or militia, were called out to suppress rebellious and uprisings against the Government, that foreigners preferred not to assume the responsibility of citizenship. It may be said here, however, that the peace and quiet, which have ex- isted in the country for the last six years, are all that could be desired. NO PLACE FOR AMERICAN IMMIGRANTS. It will be understood that in mentioning the advantages which the Argentine Kepublic offers to immigration I have only had reference to Europe. In my reports to the Department I have invariably expressed the opinion that to the people of the United States, except, perhaps, in certain exceptional cases, 1 do not consider that the Argentiue Republic offers any inducements w hatever. To capitalists, who propose to engage in commercial pursuits, or in sheep an«l cattle farming upon a large scale, or in the planting of new industries, there may be found promis- ing openings ; but for poor men, who expect to earn their living by man- ual labor, or the mechanic arts, or ngricuitural pursuits, I do not think the country at all suitable for North Americans. Their i gnorance of the language of the country, and the difference in the customs of the people, would at once and for many years place them at a disadvantage, no matter what occupation they might undertake, while it would quite un- fit them for dependent or inferior positions. I repeat here, what I said on a former occasion, that — TLe uieclianics aud laboriug classes of the United States, no matter how reduced may be their circnumtauces iu life, are altogether better olf than even the prosperous of the Bauie clatiHes iu this country. Their wages are better, their social condition is better, their educational advantages are better, their habitations are better, their home comforts are superior, their food is cheaper, their civi* rights are more carefully guarded, and their political status is far in advance of that of the laboriug men of this country. Last year there was quite an exodus from certain parts of the United , States to the Argentine Republic, occasioned by some flaming announce- ment in American papers of the magnificent openings which were of- fered here for sudden fortunes, but I believe the last one of the comi)any has at last had his passage paid to ^ew York by his countrymen here, and I presume they are all now " wiser if not richer men." THTS IS THE COUNTRY FOR THE PEOPLE OP SOUTHERN EUROPE. But for the laboring populations of the countries of Europe, and especially of those bordering on the Mediterranean, there is no doubt that the Argentine Eepublic presents more than ordinary induc ements.* • In my report on " The condition and prices of labor in the Argentine Republic " published in No. 60 of Consular Reports, I discussed to some extent this subject of immigration, aud made use of the following language: "To the surplus populations )N. ilTIZBNS. the immigrants to the id heuce take no part o matter what length )me "citizens," but to >ect di£fering entirely ted States. The rea- iltimately carries with Argentine constitu- atiou are at liberty to , however, it has been >r militia, were called the Government, that ity of citizenship. It quiet, which have ex- that could be desired. EANTS. advantages which the I only had reference to e invariably expressed tes, except, perhaps, in he Argentiue liepnblic who propose to engage farming upon a large may be found promis- irn their living by man- )ur8uits, I do not think Their ignorance of the i customs of the people, at a disadvantage, no vhile it would quite un- epeat here, what I said teH, no matter how reduced iff than even the prosperous ittcr, their social condition abitatious are better, their via rights are more carefully ;hat of the laboring men of ;ain parts of the United some flamiug aunounce- penings which were of- astone of the comj)any y his countrymen here, her men." SOUTHERN EUKOPE. ntries of Europe, and lean, there is no doubt ordinary iuducements.* n the Argentine Kepnblic " some extent this subject of To the surplus populations SOUTH AMERICA. GG5 e/gm mamttDSsm Indeed, with the most of them any change is for the better, and 1 believe that their immigration to the River Plate would be, in every sense of tiie word, to their material advantage. Being so similar in origin, cus- toms, and language, their transition to this country is easy and natural, and they readily adjust themselves to the change and at once assimilate without diflBculty or .jar with the people of the country. In my opinion, there is no better place for the surplus ]>opul»tions of Italy, Spain, or France than the Argentine Republic, witli its leagues upon leagues of virgin soil and the wonderful possibilities of its undeveloped resources. I think that those populations are also fully beginning toundei'stand this, ami the presentexodus from those countries, which in 1857 wasonly 4,931, and in 1885 had increased to 108,722, will in the coming years be annu- ally counted by hundreds of thousands. They furnish the new blood, wliich, infused into the veins and arteries of every department of indus- try, is to give a new departure and a grand future to this foremost country of South America. E. L. BAKER, United States Consulate, Contul. Buenos Ayres, November 30, 1886. BOLIVIA. REPORT OF OOXSUL-OEyERAL SEAT. The immigration of persons for the purpose of agriculture is scarcely known in Bolivia, notwithstanding the vast amount of fertile lands lying idle. The minister of colonization, in a note to me lamenting the fact, attributes it to the want of the proper means on the part of the Government to attract immigration. Ue says, however, that since the peace with Chili, the Government has turned its attention thitherward and is devoting itself to the study of the question of colonization, such as surveying the lands, exploring those that are little known, analyzing their products, and making known their resources to the people of other countries. The influx of a number of laboring men to work in the mines at dif- ferent times constitutes a species of immigration which is limited by the wants of the owners of the constituted companies. In all the towns may be found foreigners who devote themselves principally to mercantile pursuits. In this city there are at least one hundred, from different countries. In other cities there are numbers in i)roportion. of Southern Earope I consider that the Argentine Republic nffon a wide field and a prosperous future. The best proof of this is the fact that they are already here in large numbers and are fully in possession of all the aveuaes of labor and enterurise, ready and ea<;er to occupy every available opening. It is hardly like leaving liome for them to come here, Tor they immediately find themselves in the midst of their own friends and countrymen, and, without delay or difficulty, take their chances with them in the battle of life. While, under favorable circumstances, immigrants from other roni\tries may succeed and do succeed here, those from the Mediterranean especially meet the requirements of the River Plate.and, in my opinion, it is from them, when firmly settled and established in the country, tliat the Argentine Repnblic is to receive the new blood which is to build its cities, develop its resources, and open up to agri- culture its illimitable pampas. It is to their strong arms and energies, more than to the immigrantH of any other countries that the Argentine Republic must look for the work and labor which are to give her that wealth aud power and political position which are in store for her." -r?&ISmiSaSS£mm^l 666 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Startiuc out, tben, with the assnmptiou that there is scurcdy any immigration to Bolivia, there can be bnt little said in the way ot a.aswers to yoSr specific questions. I will proceed to them in their order: mThere are io statistics, either in the hands of he Government or of private persons, out of which to constitute a table of the kind re- ferred to^ more from Germany than from any other country, though there are English, Spaniards, Italians, and others to be found. (sf The most of them are destined for Bolivia, but they will go to the most favorable place for makiugn.oney. A majority are merchants, *^?4rThrr gene"?!? and economic conditions are about the same as those of aVerage imSants. They generally do well. I have never heard of one being a burden on the community. (SrThe Government offers homesteads, both to its own "eedy citizens and to foreign immigrants. Lands are granted to them out of the " com- m6ns"or»coloDizablelands,''eithergratuitously or atpricestobefix^^^^ by the executive, in accordance with their quality. These grants are not to exceed three lots of about sixty-one acres each of one measure, to each father of a family, and one more lot to each male child over four- teen vears remaining under paternal authority. These concessions are Se^on ?he conS!S?n of cultivating at least the fifth part of each lot within the first three years. . , m.^r- (6\ I cannot sav that the immigrants are at present very stable, iuey are benron makUig money, andSf they fail here they are ready at a moment to go elstwheie Of the merchants many have prospered, JJared families, and seem content to stay. Others failing have gone iwa? A iSer of these are Hebrews, with their Proverbial nomad^ traits The miners, engaged as they are m disagreeable work, do not Sem contJSt to stay any longer than they prosper The more ind^^^^ Sous ones often succeed in becoming members of the large stock com- P»^^««- WM. A. 8EAY, Consul- Oenerah United States Consulate-General, Im Paz, January 27, 1887. BBAZIL. BAHIA. BSPOBT OF OOITBUL ViEA.VSB. After diligent inquiry I am unable to find that any immigration is coming to this consular district. „. ' , u;-i, ;» A^Tr^taii I have seen a iourna) published in Rio de Janeiro which is devoted to the TevSment of emigration to Biuzil, but as far as I can learn nothing practical or substantial hajs so far resulted from the effort, at K in tS province, and no emigration of foreigners is coming into this city or consular district. ^ , • <• i-ujo „str tnui The great bulk of the export and import business of this city and provTnffiu the hands of tbreigners, and these foreign merchante send hoJi for many of their employes, and these employes or clerks always ^_j^ -,y^«^'- -'j/ - .r;w. -S<; ,T ^afaSiS'tS )N. bere is scarctly any u the way ot'a.aswero in their order: >f the Government or table of the kind re- any other country, 1 others to be found, but they will go to ajority are merchants, )ont the same as those I have never heard its own needy citizens them out of the " com- or at prices to be fixed ity. These grants are each, of one measure, h male child over four- These concessions are B fifth part of each lot sent very stable. They re they are ready at a many have prospered, lers failing have gone eir proverbial nomadic agreeable work, do not jper. The more indus- of the large stock com- WM. A. SEAY, Consul- General . (7. bhat any immigration is [ineiro which is devoted t as far as I can learn lilted from the effort, at reigners is coming into isiness of this city and foreign merchants send ploy^s or clerks always SOUTH AMERICA. 067 hold themselves, and are regarded by Brazilians as foreigners ; thig is the only emigration thot now comes to (his city or province. There was an effort alraut eighteen or twenty years ago to induce foreign emigration to this empire, but on the arrival of the eiiiigranta they found no provision to take care of them and they returned to their native lauds in destitute circumstances, aud consequently greatly dis- natisfied with Brazil. As far as I can learn, of all the emigrants who came to this province from the United States, just after our war, only two families have re- umined here until the present time. The others have all returned whenever a favorable opportunity pre- sented itself, and one of these wt^s speaking of returning only a short time ago. A number of German emigrants who came about the same time to the south of this province are said to have returned in like dissatisfied condition, although I think a few are still there, and some of these are said to be doing very well. I do not hear that the government now gives any substantial aid to emigrants, but am informed that the government did give rations to the emigrants before mentioned, after their arrival. JOHN B. WEAVER, United States Consulate, Conrnl. Bahia, December 18, 1886. parA. REPORT OF OONaOL OLATTOIT. There is a very strong desire on the part of the provinoial govern- ment, and many public men in the Amazon Valley to attract to these vast and thinly settled regions part of the ^urreut of European immi- gration. This desire first took an organized shape in a meeting held at tiie provincial palace, called by the president of the province of Par4, November 19, 1885, the result of which was the formation of the Par& Immigration Society, with the president of the province as the ])resi- dent of the organization. Later the society elected as president the present incumbent, the Baron of Igarape Mirim. Shortly after the orga< nization of the society, the provincial legislature voted an appropriation of 10U,000 milreis, to bo used by the society to promote Eurojiean im- migration to Pard. The site selected for planting the new colony was a place called Apehu, which is the present terminus of the Braganza Bailway, at a distance of about sixty-one kilometers from this city. Lots of land were marked off, and shanties built for the immigrants thatmight come. To each family was promised steerage passage to Par4, a shanty, 50 acres of virgin forest, and about fifteen cents per d'^v for each indi- vidual during their first three months at the colony. he immigrants were to reside at the colony, and clean and plant their land, as their part of the contract. If they failed to stay at the colony they were to return to the society the price of the steerage passage. With these attractions the society has made various attempts in dif- ferent European countries to attract their immigrants hither. A party of about twenty Scotch immigrants were bargained for, but for some reason (fuller information, perhaps), they changed their minds aud re> fused to come. I €68 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. The only immigrants that have thus far been induced to come to Pard by the imuiigration society are 108 ]>er8ous (counting men. women, and chihiren), who were contracted for in the Azores Inlands and reached Pard in June, 188U. When they arrived at the site of tlie new colony they were very much disappointed with their surroundiuj^s, and refused to remain there. As yet the colony at Apehu is without a single in- habitant. The immigrants all returned to this city, where they imme- diately found employment as laborers and servants, for such are always in good demand here. In this way the society has already spent 36,U(M) miireis. To attract immigrants the society has published a map and descrip- tion of the agricultural colony of Benevidi'S, including also the contig- uous colony of Apehu for distribution in Europe. This map, a copy of which accompanies this report* is published in the Portuguese, French, German, and English languages. PBOPOSKD HOMESTEAD LAW. At the recent session of the national '»gislature a "homestead" bill 'was passed by the House of Deputies, but it is still waiting the action of the Senate and the Emperor. The terms of the bill are very easy for actual settlers, but Government land in any part of the Amazon Valley can now be obtained on still easier terms than the proposed law provides. Arnon;*: .the principal obstacles to immigration to the Amazon Valley are. flrst, yellow fever, which selects its victims from the recently- arrived; second, the special difficulties of beginning agriculture in an almost impenetrable forest ; and thirdly, the ill-concealed desire of msiny who favor immigration to make as much gain as possible out of the necessities of the poor immigrant. There are no statistics of immigrants to this port obtainable. The greatest increase of population recently has been by the immigration from the province of Geard. Of foreign immigrants, the only ones that have come in sufficient numbers worth mentioning are from Portugal or Portuguese countries. Very many of them come, intending not to re- main, but by far the larger i>art settle here permanently. They are generally ignorant but industrious, energetic, and hardy. A large pro< ]>ortion of them have trades, and work at the same, but more work as boatmen, carriage drivers, water carriers, &c., owning their outfit and working independently of employers. In all classes of commercial life thePortugueseelementpredominates,aud it may becon»idered themuscle and brains of both the trade and the industry of Pard. About twenty years ago, soon after the close of the civil war, a num- ber of American citizens from Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, and other Southern States, founded a colony at Santarem, 300 miles above this city on the Amazon Kiver. About two hundred people came out, only u part of whom remained. Many of them in great poverty and distress ap- pealed to the United States Government for assistance, and were aided to return to their homes. At present, the colony nambers not far from fifty persons, grouped into about a dozen families. Most of these are farmers, whose principal production is sugar cane. Some of them have distilleries, and most of the sugar cane is made into rum. Among the number of colonists there are two or three merchants, a dentist, a doctor, and a minister. There is a saw mill, with machinery also for huiling rice, and various other purposes, a blacksmith shop, a factory for making wagons, steam-launches, &c. The members of the colony have learned to * It has uot been deemed necessary to reproduce this map. N. uced to come to Par& Dg meu, women, ami iMlaiids aud reacb«>d te of the new colony mndiugs, and refused without a 8in{;lo in- ty, where they imnie- .8, for such are always already spent 36,0()0 ;d a map and descrip- udiiig also the contig- This map, a copy of Portuguese, French, .^^ aOUTII AMERICA. nr,» iuliipr thcinselves to their surroiiiidiiigs an«I arc doing fairly well in busi nt'ss matters. On account of their Lsolation and fewness, there is no Eng- lish school in the colony, and tiinseofthi'in'hiidren who get any education are sent ^,o th(^ I'nited States, wliere a nnnibcr (»f them are now at scIhmiI. The place is very healthy, but* the history of the twenty years has been one continual strr.ggle of pure grit against the almost iiisuiM'tabh; ob .stack's arising from the untametl wilderness and the unenterprising Oov- ernment and society in which they are ]>laced. An extended an(i very interesting accountof the colony is given in Herbert H. Smith's " Brazil^ the Amazon and the Coast.''* ROBERT CLAYTON, United States Consulate, Consul. Puru, December 0, 1880. T. re a "homestead " bill 11 waiting the action of bill are very easy for of the Amazon Valley )ropo8ed law pro»-ides. to the Amazon Valley 18 from the recently- luing agriculture in an ncealed desire of many as possible out of the port obtainable. The m by the immigration ints, the only ones that ing are from Portugal me, intending not to re- ermaneutly. They are d hardy. A large pro- line, but more work as >wuing their outfit and Lsses of commercial life )e considered the muscle • Pard. )f the civil war, a nam- a, Mississippi, and other 00 miles al)ove this city le came out, only a part tverty and distress ap- istance, and were aided 7 numbers not far from es. Most of these are le. Some of them have into rum. Among the wts, a dentist, a doctor, lery also for huiling rice, I, a factory for making e colony have learned to luoe this map. PERXAMBUCO. REPORT OF COXaUL ATHEBTON. There is no inimijrratiou tbut amounts to anything in my consular district, fh>in Macei6 to Crarii. They kavu lawn tbut appear to favor immisration, but I am told in practice they do not. The Parliament in tbissePBiou have discussed some changes in thexe laws. HENRY L. ATHERTON, ■Conral. United States Consulate, Pemamhwso, October 15, 1886. 8AXT08. REPORT OF OOHaUL BROAD. PEOVINOE OF SiO PAULO. The province of SSo Paulo lies between 18° 45' and 25© 15' 8. latitude, and between 45° and 10° 19' W. longitude of meridian of Rio do Janeiro, extending on the sea side from the month of the river Picinguaba, 23° 21' 50" S., to the Bar of the Village, a small port of Ararapira, 25° 17' 1(»" S. latitude. The entire superflce of the province (estimated), 312,283 kilometers; population, about 1,400,000 inhabitants; of these 200,000 arc foreigners, nearly one-half Italians; for each square kilometer 3.7 in- habitants; comparing with the province of Buenos Ayres iu territory of 310,307 square kilometers, with a population of 526,581, equals 1.7 per square kilometer. Relative size to some other countries : Square kilometers. Province of SSo Paulo 312,233 Province of Buenos Ayres and Republic Argentina 310, .T07 Austria S99,!)84 Italy 296,323 Paraguay 238,290 Denmark 2:i2,B79 Uruguay 186,920 Portugal 92,346 Greece 61,349 Switzerland 41,346 Holland 32,999 Belgium 29,455 *See also '< Commercial Relations of the United States with Foreign Countries, lti84-'85,» p. 748. •'*WaBB8Siw*iii£«fe.-;5taii6^^ ■ ■•'■ht^';J!^?^MiisiSi^SlSSSW:'^ 670 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. The abovo will sbow what a noble future is iu store for the province of S9o Paulo. Taking as a base tbo actual proportion of Italy, wbicb i.s 98 inhabitants for each square kilometer, Silo Paulo ]>rovince could ac- commodate a population of 30,603,734 souls. , POLITICAL OUGANIZATION. The province of Sao Paulo is ])art of the Empire of Brazil, which is compossd of tweut}' provinces, besides the capital. Bio de Janeiro, whose population amounts to close on 400,000 inhabitants. Each prov- ince elects a certain number of general deputies and senators, the num- ber of each being in relation to the number of inhabitants of each province. SSo Paulo elects nine general deputies and four senators ; the sena- tors are elected for life, the general deputies for four years. Each province is administered by a president nominated by the Geiiiiul Gov- ernment. It has also a provincial assembly for voting taxes and ex- penses, and each town has its municipality, who also vote the municipal tax and expenses. The taxes are general, provincial, and muuicipal ; the first goes to the General Government, the second to the jiroviuce, and the last to the towns. CLIMATE. The province of 85o Paulo, situated, more or less, 1,968 feet above sea-water level, extends to a ridge running obliquely 2,760 feet, only 30 kilometers, say 18f miles, distant from the port of Santos. The sea side is hotter than the interior, not exceeding 25° on an average, whilst on the summit of the range of hills it averages 21° to 28° centigrade. Meteorological observations regularly taken from 1860 to 1875 at the city of feSo Paulo, by Father Germane d'Armecy, give the average tem- perature at midday, 19°; atmospheric pressure, 700 meters, not passing 10 millimeters the annual variations of the barometer. The highest temperature observed by him during the time above mentioned was 30° in the shade, and the lowest 3° ; the amount of rainfall annually, 1.50 meters. The ruling winds southeast and northeast ; northerly winds generally bring rain. The difi'erent seasons are well noted in all the province. The natural humidity of the soil and the regularity of the rains favor the development and production of plants, coffee being in the first posi- tion, and at present brings wealth and riches to the province. Besides vegetables common to warm climates, in different points of the province wheat, vines, and a large number of fruit- bearing trees of the temperate zone of Europe cultivated. Indian corn, potatoes, beans, rice, all grow rapidly, and could be grown in abundance, but at present only enough for present wants supplied, the culture of coff'ee requiring at certain times of the year all the hands possible. Even so the manufacture of wine absorbs the attention of numbers, and is yearly increasing in quantity. During the winter the wind suddenly changes to the east, causing the temperature to lower in anight so that frost manifests itself; but this only occurs about once a year. The frost rarely attacks vegetables, the coffee plant being the greatest sufiierer. Bain and thunder commence in No- vember and over in March, thus dividing the two seasons — a rainy and dry season. Winter is generally dry, with fogs occasionally, preserving the ground humid. Storms are very rare. The entire province is healthy, not existing any epidemic of bad character. The only illness dreaded is k;*:-sS??«#PSE wmmm ^ii..xMg^:^t:J:i^8t8 itself; but this only :s vegetables, the coftee nder commence in No- seasons — a rainy and ccasionally, preserving ire province is healthy, only illness dreaded is SOUTH AMERICA. G71 8aiall-iK>x, which attacks natives (not vaccinated) in preference. Yellow fever never passed the high lands running ])arallel to the coast, callod the " Serra de Mar," an«l even in Santos rarely does it apiiear, except brought from liio de Janeiro or other northern ports of Bnizil by foreign sailors. In Santos, the principal port of the province of Sao Paulo, 1 atllrni that the yellow fever does not exint as an epitii'inic. Since Sat) Paulo has commenced to receive European immigrants — sny a period of eight to ten years — not one has died of this disease either on shore or in the harbor uf Santos ; also, as all immigrants at once on their arrival are sent up to the interior, less risk is run of their being attackeer cent, yearly. Statistics of ditt'erent countries show that the death-rate of cities is superior, one-litth part, to those in t ho country. Taking for base the percentage of the capital, and deduct- ing a fifth part for the interior, shows a percentage of 1.7, much less than any European country, as shown in the following table : Percent. France 2. ,10 Spain 2.97 riolland 3.r.5 Italy 3.0*1 PortUKal 2.31 Pruiisia a.fl9 The following table shows that the climate of S3o Paulo assimilates to the southern countries of Europe : I Province of Sao Paulo, average, centigrade 19 05 Portngul 23 00 .Spain Ifi 37 Italy 15 07 During the winter season of the present year the thermometer fell in different parts of the province 4P below zero. Under Table A is a table showing the annual temperature of different parts of the i)roviuce. CHIEF TOWNS OF THE PBOYINOE. S3o Paulo, the capital, contains about 50,000 inhabitants, 22,000 being foreigners, say 12,000 Italians, 6,000 Portuguese, 2,000 Germans, the remainder diftierent nationalities. It is situated thirteen hours distant by railway from Rio Janeiro, and is increasing in importance in a most notable manner, being the center of the following railway lines : En- glish, Sorocabana, Paulista, Ituana, Rio Olaro, and Mogyana, in daily communication with all parts of the province, up to 417 kilometers with Bibeirao Preto and 496 kilometers with Rio de Janeiro, so that at 7 p. m. passengers who in the morning were 917 kilometers distant meet. It is the only city in all South America capable of boasting such a thing. The president of the province and the bishop of the diocese reside there, and the provincial assembly, imperial and provincial treasuries, law schools attended by upwards of 1,000 students, cotton mills, punt and ice manufactures, and iron foundries are in the city. The cartage com- prehended in carriages, tramways, and carts is extraordinary. The city is well lighted by gas, and an abundance of water brought from a dis- tance and well dispensed tbronghoat. There is being built a very fine edifice for public instrnction, to cost about $1,320,000, foreign masons being engaged. This edifice is intended to commemorate the independ- :4iS*iTjfi .1#r)i-"^' ^iSSSiSf^i" -W^T^i - r 672 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. ence of Binzil, wUicli wm acclaimed at ii hiuuII Hpot called Ypiraiii;!!, Hoiuo G kilometers diMtaiit from the city, on tlie 7th September, 1802. SantoH is the comiiierciai ])ort of the iiroviiict*. Jundiah y.—Tho Engli8li rail liue eiids at thiH town ; it has a cotton mill. ItH haH two large public schools, under contiol of the Jesuits; u|»- wards of 1,000 scholars atteud them; it has also three large cotton fx^tories. Capivary. — A large central sugar refinery. Piracicaba. — Noted for its natural beauty, situated on the bank of the river of same name ; it has factories of cotton prints, lace, and embroid- ery, all having the latest perfected machinery ; this city being the terminus of the Ituana Railway, and also the point of the river steam- navigatioD, extending far away through most fertile lands. Campinas is the most noted city after the capital, being the center of the agricultural districts, owning several factories and iron foundries, where upwards of 2,000 workmen find a living. The larger portion of the inhabitants are Italians and Germans. Sorooaba boasts of a cotton factory, and close to it is the town of Ypanema, where I may say the richest iron mine in the world exists ; it is worked by the Government, which is to be condemned, as in the hands of a company it could be made very productive and lucrative. Tieti is noted for its wine. Lorena. — A large central sugar refiney. Tubatek — An important city, noted for its mineral oils and sulphuric aoid, belonging to a company. Tatuhy. — A large cotton factory. There are other large towns, and in all will be found churches and public schools for both sexes, also a post-office. BELIGION. Although Soman Catholic is the state form, yet the Government has given grants for houses of prayer to non-Catholics, subsidizing minis- ters of different creeds. Marriages of non-Catholics are respected iu all legal questions. INSTEUOTION. In all towns and in all parts of the province where a number are con- gregated a school is at once opened and paid for by the provincial gov- ernment; at present there are in the province of SAo Paulo 1,039 schools, frequented by 22,244 children, who receive gratuitous instruction, cost- ing the provincial government $142,200 annually. BAILWATS. Table B shows a list of the railways, their distance, and capital of each company. With the exception of the English line, all are national and constructed with national capital. The English company has its direction and head offices in London. This company gives its shareholders a dividend of 12 per cent, per annum, th3 Mogyana gives 14 per cent, per annum, the Paulista gives 11 per cent, per annum, the other lines 7 per cent., proving the richness of the province. rm^m&is^:^"' ' ■ Aiv^n-? ION'. SOUTH AMERICA. 673 spot called Ypiniiifjit, th SepteinlMT, IHOli. tv)wn : it lias a cotton ol of the Iho three JeHuitH ; u|)- hivge cotton ated ou the bauk of the intH, lace, uiid eiubroid- this city being the 3iut of the liver steam- rtile lands. tal, being the center of es and iron foundries, The larger portion of to it is the town of ne in the world exists ; condemned, as in the uctive and lucrative. leral oils and sulphuric t)e found churches y^et the Oovernment has olics, subsidizing minis- holies are respected iu where a number are Con- or by the provincial gov- [ Sao Paulo 1,039 schools, tuitous instruction, cost- ly- distance, and capital of lish line, all are national head offices in London, end of 12 per cent, per num, the Paulista gives it., proving the richness BIVER WAY. Two companies of steamboats exist on the rivers, say the Mogy Gua< son, with 305 kilometers, and the Piracicaba, with upwards of 400 kilo- meters ; these have only lately commenced running ; their future very promising. AGRICULTURE. This province produces nearly everything. It ^ould be difficult to say what the climate is unsuitable for. The principal article of produce is coffee ; sugar was formerly cultivated largely, but has been neglected for coffee : cotton supplies the manufactories ; tobacco has a large local consumption ; wine forms part of consumption ; beans, Indian com, rice, ]>otatoe8, and all vegetables, a large (juautity of medicinal plants, and India rubber. This last is taken from the mangabeira tree, but the <]uality found very poor, and consequently neglect^. Immigration has opened out new industries. In relation to its superficies the cultivated part of the province forms a very small proi)ortion. NATUBAI.IZATION. All foreigners of twenty -one years of age and upwards, after residing two years in Brazil, may become citizens without payment of any fee. It does not require two years' residence to be naturalized under the fol- lowing circumstances: (1) If married to a Brazilian; (2) when landed property is owned or has interest in any industrial establishment ; (3) inventor, or introduces any now industry; (4) shovi ing professional talent in any branch of industry ; (5) son of naturalized parents, even when born out of the Empire and before naturalization of the father. To prove these it requires certain certificates or a simple statement from a magistrate or wellknowD persons. All foreigners naturalized can exercise all public and politic. \ positions, ^ith the exception of min- ister of state or regent of the Empire. IMMIOBATION. In the city of SOo Paulo exists a society of important provincial men, with a capital of $220,000, called " Society for Encouraging Immigra- tion," its aim being to assist immigrants from Europe to this province, paying their and their families' passage from any port in Europe ; but they must remain in the province. The immigrant is free of any con- trol and has the liberty to please himself as to his occupation in life. The society will allow no contract. Any family wishing to come to SSo Paulo should address ^' Sociedade Promotora de Immigra^So, Provincia de S3o Paulo, Brazilj" stating and giving a list of those wishing to im- migrate, and the society will arrange passage, &c. MOVEMENT OF IMMiaBANTS. Only after the year 1883 was commenced a regular statistical service. Table shows the number of immigrants, and their nationalities, re- ceived at the society's depot at bdo Paulo, commencing the year 1883 and ending 22d June, 1886. These are noted in the statistics, but in reality a much larger number exists in the province. Of Italians there are 80,000, Portuguese 50,000, and Germans 25,000, &c. There are numbers who are wealthy, gaining their fortune in different industries. In relation to the immigration for all Brazil, the province of SSo Paulo H. Ex. 167 43 674 EMIORATIOM AND IMBflOHATION. receives about one-balf. For the pt i>Heut year the ) are 14,000 iiiimi grants expected, coimistin); of PortUKuose, Italians, and OeruianH. lliif; gage and tools, also everything used by the imiuigrant in his prot'osHiuii, are entered tree of duty. ASSISTANCE TO IMMIGRANTS. According to the provincial law uf the province of Sflo Paulo, certain favors or assistance to iuimigrautH are allowed, say as follows: Immigrants from Europe, Azores, or Canary Islands who come to live in the province of 8&o Paulo shall receive as follows : I3U.80 for each person over twelve years of age, $15.40 front seven to twelve yeurH, and $7.70 from three to seven years. Only those can receive whose fum- ilies consist of (1) husband and wife, with or without children ; (2) hus- band or wife with children ; (3) widower or widow with children; (4> grandfather or grandmother with grandchildren; (5) uncles or aunts with nephews and nieces ; (6) brother or sister with their brothers uiul Bisters. To obtain money according to law, it is necessary, when they arrive at the provincial depot, to prove their parentage by passpor^, or, in de fault of these, documents from the authorities of their native countries, but these most be vi»M by the Brazilian consul. Immigrants arriving at Sflo Paulo are received and accompanied to- the provincial depot, where they receive room, bed, meat, and medical assistance, being able to stop there eight days, until they obtain work,, which generally takes place a few hours after their arrival. The depot has accommodations for 1,000 immigrants; there is a new depot being bailt to accommodate 1,500 : they have a free pass by any of the rail- ways for any place they wish to make their residence, with their bag- gage, &o. ; the same also in the river steamers. Single men haye only the right to board, lodging^ and free passes on the railways, when not accompanied by any of their relations. From the 6th March, 1885, to 10th June, 1886, the provincial government paid immigrants, married and those forming families, $133,791.46. Immigrants arriving have three ways of engaging themselves : (1) In colonies opened by Govern- ment ; (2) in privatehouses ; (3) for their own account. COLONIES OPENED BY GOVERNMENT. These are situated on the lines of railways, where lots of 10 hectares^ or about 24| acres, of land, with a house built, and are sold at the fol- lowing prices : 1. If cash, bouse, $88; land, $132; or $220 for house and 10 hectares, or about 24| acres land. Should the purchaser wish more land it can be purchased. 2. If not cash, then can purchase, payment to be made at not more than four years, for house, $88 ; land, $170 for 10 hectares. 3. If part payment given, then the proportional abatement on price allowed ; in these lots the immigrant can grow Indian corn, beans, rice, potatoes, vines, dngar-cane, cotton, &c. All do well and are sold at once, being close to the railway and near to some large town. PRIVATE HOUSES. The married immigrant with a large family will find at once engage* ment with the large agricultural holders ; these give a house to live in .".-;„ ;,*15^-,wkk:;3k: -:5jsa^isj^sss -:mi^sRsm;rrc::u; m; (5) uncles or aunts rith their brothers and mry, when they arrive by passport, or, in dc their native coautries, ed and accompanied to* jeA, meat, and medical until they obtain work,, leir arrival. The depot e is a new depot being' pass by any of the rail- idence, with their bag- Single men have only the railways, when not the 6th March, 1885, to id immigrants, married nigrants arriving have )nies opened by (Jovern- account. ;nmbnt. rhere lots of 10 hectareSr and are sold at the fol- )r house and 10 hectares^ r wish more land it can to be made at not more 10 hectares. >nal abatement on price Indian corn, beans, rice, do well and are sold at me large town. will find at once engage* le give a house to live in free, land to plant vegetables, say 4,000 square metres for each family, free ; if more land required it is generally obtainable, at times free, and other . mes with an annual payment of $1.32 for each lot of 4,000 square meters. POB OWN ACCOUNT. Immigrants not oaring to accei)t either of the above conditions can purchase land where he considers most convenient, but the prices vary very considerably and cannot be exactly given ; all depends on the po- sition antl the quality of the soil. There is a great want of general servants of both sexes in the cities. In the interior there would be no difficulty in obtaining employment for 30,000 immigrants constituting families, agricultural laborers being most in demanu. Table D shows the wages given, more or less, in the province, for l&bor Table E gives the prices nf necessary articles of consumption. To sum up : The province of S^ Paulo is the most important province of the Empire for immigration, not only in its mineral development, also in material, and has a splendid future in prospect. It is indus- trial, agricultural, and pastoral ; its inhabitants active and willing to progress. The foreigner who places his foot on its soil is always wel- comed, and the kindness of the natives, clemency of the climate, and immense fertility of its soil will afford to him a new home. HENRY BKOAD, Vioe-Cofuul. Unitet> Statbs Consulatk, Santos, November 12, 1886. Table A.— Annual temperature of different parts of the province of Sio Paulo. PlMM*. Santoa , Sio Paolo Jondiahy Ito Indaiataba CapTlary PiraoicaM TIeM Camptnaa Limeira ItioClaro Araraa PiraMimanga Araragoara Amparo Mojjymirim Caaa Branca asimao , Ribeirao Preto Batataea Fnmoa AtibaU S.Roqne Sorooaba MoRy daa Cmiea. Jacareby TaabaM OnaTatiDgneta SUtanoe ATerage from port of Altltade. tomper*' Santoa. tore.. KUomtttn. jr«(«r«. 0<*fll. 80 1.1 769. 22.78 19.00 140 747. 19.06 210 192 618. 647. 20 22 20.04 282 488. 20.43 278 517. 20.19 2M 498. 20.28 18S 694. 19.82 240 642. 20.06 270 614. 10l71 , 270 611. 19.72 820 687. 19.60 402 642. 19.57 260 06a 18.47 201 614. 19.71 868 720. 19.10 440 66a 19. 6T 682 620. 20.17 680 eoa lasi 642 960. 18.01 180 800. 18.80 147 800. 1&80 181 658. 20.01 129 748. 19.06 172 566. 19.96 234 580. 19.88 284 527. 20.14 —^imtmuammt, WMtSC-.. ,;76 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Table B.-U,t of railways, distance, and capital of the province of Sio Paulo. NBme of railway. DlBtai ce. t«rt. Capital.* ._ Kilonu 139 $10,864,574 00 EneHshLine '']',',', 242 8,800,000 00 PttullBta ft)8 6,754,000 00 WJSfoiidKiodeJMei^;"""!'.'.:"-"."- •;" 231 4,692,60; 00 200 8,520,000 00 gorooabana Itaana 162 206 2,616,814 00 2,815,084 00 EloClaroandAraraguara •;•" 62 1,036,000 00 Bragantina 72 638,000 00 ajortdeRioPardo | 'Exchange 44. Table C.-Immigrants and nationalities received at the depot at SOo Paulo. Nationality. 1888. 1884. 1865. 1886.* Itallana '. 2.999 1,432 2,215 2,211 3,836 2,234 984 Fortngoeie apanlSi '.: Germana 829 168 1,471 29 111 166 130 54 2 52 106 89 Anstrians 20 82 6 8 French ['/, 8 27 EnsUah ," 10 3 Dutoh • .......——.•..•• 4 81 6 3weue» "." 2 i Dane* 16 1 Tarica -,...••-.••.•-•-••■•••••-•■"■•■■"•'"* ------ 1 Poles ..■---.-••.--••••••-••■-•••••••■•' " -----.---•-- 11 Totia 4,906 4,897 7,680 8,441 *Xo Jane 22. Table B.— Wages paid for labor i» the province of SOo Paulo. Occupation. Uarket gardener (with honse and board) per month. Tudw (tardener: With lionse and board do . . . Finding hlmaelf . . .per day . Gardener (home and board found) per month., Cook: . Male do.-- Female •• do.-- Serrant: . Male do.-- Female do.-. Child's maid do... Wages. #17 60 to $26 40 18 26 22 00 22 00 17 65 13 26 1100 17 60 17 60 88 80 80 85 26 26 40 22 00 17 60 22 00 Occupation. Boy per month Coachman do.. Carpenter per day.. Shoemaker do — Stone-cutter do — Mason do.-.. Mason's assistant do.... Blacksmith do .. Saddler do..., Machine workman- .per year. . Baker per month., Gartman, with cart and mole per day. Prcins makflTH ..... per month . Wagea. $6 60 17 60 1 10 1 32 1 76 1 10 88 220 00 22 00 164 18 26 to $8 80 26 40 2 20 2 ao 264 2 20 88 264 1 76 628 00 44 00 17 SO ,. r i v t rT^« t yr i.i rii l y^ ^ g% l lwfflerrft1^Wu'lt ^ ^^ ►N. n-orince of SAo Paulo. Distanoe. KUotnet»r$. 139 242 838 231 200 162 2«6 62 72 Capital.* $10,884,574 00 8,800,000 00 6,754,000 00 4,6»2,60C 00 8, 520, 000 00 2,616,814 00 2,315,084 00 1,036,000 00 638,000 00 SOUTH AMEBICA. Table E.— Average price of articlei of oontumpHon. 677 Artioles. Bom pet If pinto.. gagar per 83 pounds.. Lime per 70 pinto- Coke (wood) per 88 pinto.. Hoar per 2poands.. Egga perdoren.. Bacon perSSponnds.. Coffee ••- do • Rico per 88 pinto Potatoes per 125 pints Sweet potatoes per 88 pinto Farina no- Price. (0 13 2 20 66 22 14 22 8 08 1 78 3 08 3 08 1 10 1 10 Articles. Farina of Indian com .... per 88 poouds . . Beans do... Indian com do... Cornflour do... Ctieese per each. Ducks io... Turkeys do... Fo^Is do... Tobacco perSSponnds. Sucking plsa per each. Ooau do... Sheep do... Price. 11 45 220 88 88 53 22 1 98 23 660 1 S3 1 82 176 e depot at SOo Paulo. 1888. 1884. 1885. 1886.* 2.999 1,432 329 111 2 20 9 i' 2,215 2,211 168 166 52 82 io 81 2 15 3,836 2,067 1,471 130 106 5 8 e' i' 2,234 984 29 54 89 8 27 3 i 1 11 4,906 4,897 7,680 8,441 Be of 8tUt Paulo. ktion. ...per month.. do.... per day.. , do.... , do — .do.... Dt do — do .. do...< aan-. per year.. per month.. ith cart and per day. ...per month. Wagea. $6 60 to ^SX 17 60 26 40 1 10 2 20 132 290 1 76 264 1 10 2 20 66 88 88 264 88 1 76 220 00 628 00 22 00 44 00 164 18 26 17 «0 BRITISH GUIANA. BEPOBT OF COSaVL FIOTBLMSBT. I send a statemeDt showing the introduction of immigrants into the colony of British Gniana from 1835, being the year in which immigra- tion commenced here, and state that the East Indians, Chinese, and im- migrant laborers from the West India Islands, as a rule, reside either on the sngar plantations or in the villages on the coast line, and are em- ployed as agricultural laborers. Many engage in trade and cattle farm- ing ; a larj.e number are employed in the interior of this colony, cutting and squarng timber, making shingles, and burning charcoal. The Portuguese immigrants hold all the retail-spirit and the greatest portion r .f the provision trade ; they are also extensively engaged in the timber trade. Many, in the course of time becoming very opulent, settle, and make this colony their home, and rank in good society here. Chinese, Portuguese, and West Indians are self-supporting and self- reliant. Thrift is little practiced among the immigrants of African descent. The East Indians on arrival here are placed under indenture for five years, during which period they are under the immediate protection of the immigration department. Under an ordinance of this colony, firee grants of land can be made by the governor and the court of policy to immigrants coming here at their own expense. There are no exemptions ftom taxation. The East Indian immigrants introduced at the expense of this colony have a right to demand a return passage to India on the completion of a continuous residence of ten years here. Since the year 1838 the arrivals of East Indian immigrants have been 147,588, 01 whom 23,154 availed themselves of the return passage. No record exists prior to the year 1854 of the amount of earnings taken firom this colony by immigrants, but since then $1,852,483 have been remitted by them, exclusive of jewelry, which has been estimated at about one-fifth of the amount of money already stated. PHILIP FIGYBLME8Y, Consvl. TJmitbd States GoNsuiiATE, Demeraraf October 9, 1886. i i iJlBW 678 n-UTOHAT TftX AND IMMIGRATION. ImmignmU Uirod»ced M0 ih, ^^/j/^^^^^^'''' ^"^ *^""''*'* *' ***' ^ Tmt. Wlwnoe. Wett Xndte UUnda. 188B..... UM..... ISDT.... 1838.... 1838.... 1840.... 1841. .~ 1842. ... 1848 vm".".". la4o> •••■■■ lo4v> ••■•■• 1880 1851 1858 loOv • ■••■•< 1854. ->•>•< 1855 18H> •■■■•! 18BT 1858 1880 1880 1801 1808 1808.*>>>» 1885.'."" 1880 1887 1888 1800 18T0 1871 1878 U78 1874 1876 1870 lo77. .••■< Aoi w. .... I 1870 1880 J881 1888 1885!"" lotd. 157 1.487 &150 1,800 182 8,800 8,745 600 180 856 721 488 deii*. IndiM. 4,287 2,482 767 356 650 080 081 501 3,007 4,104 080 414 000 1,000 i,ie» 087 028 880 876 1,001 1,188 608 490 4,287 432 45 140 008 6,075 8,701 800 88 1,040 1,101 1,000 .8,680 1,058 1,055 180 842 1,484 084 185 86 20 118 184 304 218 340 464 200 807 284 104 100 00 208 308 348 310 183 88^888 Amim. AMo*. 810 4,018 8,401 8,645 617 3,805 3,031 1.502 2,842 1,258 2,500 1,404 8,420 6,450 3,737 6,025 3,854 3,700 8,210 3,520 8,800 3,528 7,108 4,048 2,700 8^650 11,867 8,887 8,884 8,083 8,118 0,420 4,500 4,856 8,100 8,010 2,781 0,208 4,788 •0^045 147.188 101 Un g. iMd. 104 OhtiUk Ospe de Verde. •1 J* IS 1,828 825 588 1,425 1^087 606 1,007 HI 468 208 ro 281 40 558 878 880 42 31 Sbltik «•••■•>• ■■•••••* 647 ooe 1,043 8,808 2,600 880 608 1,081 788 308 United States Total. 700 "68 70 1«,8S6 616 31 18,684 810 308 S88 1,427 2,150 1,703 400 2,870 8,144 018 8,881 11,510 7,787 6,542 187 2.250 2,250 4,082 5,483 2,020 8,8117 2,208 2,d38 8,222 4,808 8,152 7,180 8,802 8,192 7,00S 7,549 4,200 4,608 8,308 8,888 0,028 8,557 8,020 10,688 5,041 8,848 4,878 0^887 8,603 6,370 6,194 8,074 8,891 8,702 7,382 6,805 70 240^348 )N. SOUTH AMERICA. 679 i rom «7iamiary 1, 1836, ^ Jape de •rdA Ifalte. TTnlted Statea. TotaL 886 1,427 2,110 1,763 908 TO 400 2,070 8,144 "•Z 018 8,681 11,510 7,787 '■S? \.l^ 4,082 6,483 2,620 8,807 2,260 766 8,038 SB 8,222 4,800 8,152 7,180 8,802 8,188 7,005 7,540 4,206 4,568 . . £806 8,888 S028 8,657 &620 16,688 6,041 &M8 4,678 •^887 8,503 8lS76 M04 8.674 8.881 8,702 7,882 6|805 819 ao8 70 246; 348 Report of the immigration agent general of British Ouiana/or the year Immigration Dbpartmemt, Georgetown, April 30, 1896. Sir: I have the hoaor to submit for the infunuation of yoar excellency the follow- 'ing report of the immigration department for the past year : ARRIVALS. Twelve ships arrived daring the year, with the following Indian immigranta, olaaai- "fled according to the Indian emigration act as follows : 8hip. Date of arriTaL Embarked. Bon at aca. Diedataea. iMded. H. ■w. a O. L. M. F. M W. B L '8 8 6 4 '4 8 12 45 » '2 M. W. B. 0. 94 25 14 24 35 7 80 81 33 I. nomCalontta! S. S. Newnham 1885. Jan. 3 Ftob. 8 Feb. 12 liar. 5 Apr. 7 Apr. 27 Oct. 12 Nor. 6 Not. 33 846 254 857 846 847 8S3 822 128 125 160 126 ISO 103 ini 28 86 21 81 20 11 41 80 87 24 27 16 24 26 7 20 81 33 24 17 24 80 18 '84 87 28 "4 i 1 8 12 14 8 12 2 5 1 "s 6 11 8 2 2 i ] 2 " 842 242 852 840 848 880 821 861 804 128 118 167 121 188 108 166 17* 156 27 84 16 80 10 11 40 80 87 15 17 Bann ■■• 10 Britiah Peer, 20 Grecian .«••...... VI Boyne.....* ....*• 4 Fovle 41 Alunshaw 870 181 408j 182 11 n Total 3,1421 9IMI 255 207 213 6 6 11 23 "2 2 1 58 8 '2 R4 1 1 3,084 1,265 244 202 mn Kay 26 Not. 17 Dee. 20 26 24 21 VtemHadraa: The Brnoe 207 324 858 125 133 146 23 28 81 204 324 857 124 132 146 20 28 81 11 31 ft Bayaid 9 Hereford 12 Total 060 404 82 71 23 2 4 5 2 8 2 8 875 402 78 68 26 BBCAPITULATION. Items. Fram CaloatU. From Kadiaa. Total aoale embarked 5,116 83 158 ^01S 1.860 Total aonls bom Total aonla died IS Total aonls landed 1.B61 The classification of these immigrants according to-ordinance 7 of 1873 is as follows : Conntilea. Adults. Minors. InflmU. Souls. Adnlta M. F. K. F. X. r. 'Caleatta 8,045 047 867 80 38 88 83 854 01 812 84 6,016 1,550 « Madna Total 8,883 1,504 67 71 44S 886 6,666 6,665 Daring the voyage 153 deaths and 52 births ocrnrred among the immigrants ttom Calontta, giving a percentage of 8.9tt and 1.01, respectively, and IS.deaths and 6 births among those flrom Madras, eqnal to a percentage of .93 and . !8. The mortality was somewhat higher than last year, owing to an outbreak of cholera on board the' John Davie and of oerebro-spinal fever on board the British Peer, Allanshaw. and Jorawnr. On some of the ships, however, the death rate was very small. mm 680 EMIGBATION AND IMMIOBATION. on or ^ PAID PASSAGE. arrival as casnala. RB-EMIQRATtON. Among the nnmber Intiodaced were 308 immigrants who had previously emigrated either to this or other colonies, Az : 207 British Oniana loi Other colonies __ 90» Sums amonntingin the aggregate to Rs. 16,p were remitted to the colony thro^^^ the emigration agent in Calcutta by these return immigrants. CASUALS. Including those mentioned in the-4th paragraph of this "P«'*.183lEMt Indian* and lOhlnfse came to the colony at their own expense and were registered as casuals. IMMIGRATION PROM BARBADOB8. The numbers and classification of the immigrante introduced ftom Barbadoes were as follows: ,^ W.-. O* >•• • G H. I.. P. I... ■ ■••••«••* •• Souls Total. 100 18 16 IT 18 693 640 This aBency was closed in December last, in consequence of a^jesolution of thfr NON-EFFECTIVES. ral laborers. The reduced charges were as follows . Fee*. Three-fourth fee*. . . . One-half feea One-foartb fees Vefeea Total. 88 37 18 lie W. 1» 53 » 101 T„ .vi^Sfinn tft the above one male and one female were not allotted to any estate on L^JnSThSii SinV'unfit for any labor, and it was decided to send them back to India. INDBNTCRE FEB REFUNDED. Indentured fees were reftanded to the employer under section 53, ordinance 7, 1873, in the case of 58 immigrants, for the following reasons; Ckiue. H. W. 11 M T Death DlaabiUty 11 40 1» Total >N. SOUTH AMERICA. 681 itistios 42 oame from Cal- Msage were registered oa had previously emigrated 207 101 30& ited to the colony through Its. s report 123 East Indian* were registered as casuals. aced from Barbadoes were 522 100 18 18 IT 18 693 64a nee of a resolution of th& wsary. It is, however, ex- island and this colony will employment, the indnce- ell known. 373, in the indenture fees of leir usefulness as agricultn- M. W. 88 V7 18 28 1» 62 » Sft- lie 101 e not allotted to any estate i decided to send them back ection 53, ordinance 7, 1873, M. W. 11 M T U 40 1* HARRIAOE8. During the year 337 couples from Calcutta and 72 from Madras were registered on. arrival as husband and wife under section 2, ordinance 10, of 1860, and 93 couples resident in the colony were married under the provisions of section 3 of the same ordi- nance. Attention has been often directed to the necessity for amending this ordinance, and I trust that measures will ere long be taken to introduce such provisions and moditi- cationa as are necessary to render itof more practical value to the immigrants. The required modifications were, as stated in my report for 1884, brought under notice in a special report on the subject, which was submitted for the information of the sec- retary of state for the colonies. SAVINOS BANKP. The following amounts were lying in the government savings banks at the credit of East Indian and Chinese immigrants on the 31 st December last : iDdisn ImmlgTuits. OUnese immignuits. Townti Amoant. £58,407 e 84 2,478 1 10 17, 187 15 6 9, 758 11 a No. depos- itors. 8,42« 144 1,030 811 Amoant £157 6 1 .,.,,,, No. depos- itdrsT 2^ Belfleld Berbice... 185 S 7 1 11 10 1» Eueqnibo b Total 87,839 16 5 5,401 344 4 6 49' These figures represent a decrease over those of last year of £20,078 19a. Hd. This, however, may to a great extent be explained by the fact that large sums have been invested in provision grounds and cattle. In the county of Berbioe alone, in the grand Savannah, I am informed that there are cattle to the estimated number of about 10,000 belonging to East Indian immigrants. In regard to the cultivation of provisons, Mr. Gladwin, subimmigration agents Esseqnibo, in his report states as follows : " The long drought also caused the restriction of the number of hands employed in field-work. The efiect has been to turn a considerable amount of labor into the pro- duction of provisions for local consumptiou. In consequence, vegetables have be- come very much reduced in price ; and plantains, which would previously have been worth 24 to 32 cents per bunch, have been sold at half those rates. Large portions of the North Coast lands where the water of the Tapacooma Lake is available for irriga- tion have been rented by Indians for rice cultivation, and the enterprise appears to lie giving a fair return. The ' Creole ' rice at present sells at a higher rate retail than that imported from India." Extensive rice farms and provision-grounds have been established also in all the other districts, and there can be no doubt that if encouraged by increased facilities for the purchase or rental of land, the immigrants will con'inne in still larger num- bers to devote themselves to the cultivation of the minor industries, and thereby not only benefit themselves but add materially to the prosperity of the colony. The depression which has so long existed, resulting from long droughts and the low price of the principal staple, will thus have been the means of creating a class of tenant farmers and peasant proprietors who will not improbably be induced by the favorable conditions surrounding them to make this colony their home, instead of withdrawing from it both their labor and capital by returning to India. UCEN8E8. The following statistics show the number of shop, huckster, and cart licenses held by East Indian and Chinese immigrants on the 31st December last: Description. Indian. Chinese. Shops 480 880 52 149 41t Hneksters 22' Ualeoarts 21 Donkey carts.... 83;^ ■• ■ym m (r:: 682 EMIORATION AND IMMIGRATION. The number of shops kept by Indian immigrants is 78 in excess of last year's re- tnm, bnt the nnmber in the hands of Chinese is 34 less. There is a decrease of 236 in the nnmber of hnckatflrs' licenses and of 62 in the number of cart license amongst the Indian immigrants. The licenses held by Chinese show little difference in these items. TIIAKSPORT8. the paid Dnring the year 168 transports were passed in favor of 204 East Indian immigrantR, le total value of the property amounting to £6,784 7«. 6d. The highest amount lid was £513 10«. lOd., and the lowest £1 11*. 3d. OORRBSPONDBNCB WITH INDIA. The increased facilities allnded to in last report for correspondence with India, and tiie distribution thronghont the colony of copies of the regulations, printed in Persian, Nagri, and Kaithi, have been attended with marked results, the number of letters forwarded, post tree, to the agent at Calcutta through this department hav- ing risen fit>m 1,4^ in 1884 to 1,839 in 1886. The following statement of the num- ber transmitted thron/^h this office during the six years It^ to 1885 affords satis- factory evidence of the growing appreciation on the part of the immigrants of the advantages afforded them by the system introduced for this purpose : 1880 511 1881 591 1888 785 1883 1,220 1884 1,439 1885 1,839 The opportunity of purchasing Indian stamps for prepaying the inland postage fh>m Calcutta, and also for the purpose of inclosinff stamped addressed envelopes to insure replies, has also been an unquestionable benefit, of which the immigrants gladly avail themselves. On the iid December, 1884, the first supply of stamps was obtainM from Calcutta, viz, 1,000 at 1 anna and 850 at 4 annas, and on the 8th September last a fur- ther supply of 1,660 l-anna and the same number of 4-anna stamps was procured. In addition to the letters transmitted through this department, a large and increas- ing nnmber are forwarded by the immigrants themselves direct through the post- omce. The nnmber of letters received from India has also increased. BBMITTAKOBS. A large amount of money was remitted by immigrants to their firiends in India, ▼is, £1,308 3$. 6id., being £117 I2<. fUd. in excess of the remittances in 1884. The hignest and lowest amounts were the same as in 1884, viz, £41 13«. M. ($200) and £1 lOd. ($5) respectively. In addition to these remittances, a sum £146 12*. 8d. was aent to India by the administrator-general, to be paid to the heirs of deceased immi- grants. On the 1st July last arrangements were made for the issue of post-office money orders payable in India and China, and in order that this might be fully made known and explained to the immigrants, a notice was printed in English and Nagri, and copies were distributed to allthe estates, police stations, and post-offices. The following is a copy of the notice : " The immigration agent general hereby makes known to the East Indian and Chi- nese immigrants that the postmaster-general has given notice that money-orders payable in India and China can now be obtained at ttie money-order offices in British Guiana. " The commission payable on every order is 3 cents for every 10«. or portion of that sum, and there will be an additional oharee (which will be added to the amount of the order to cover charges in London) as follows : Ceotii. 'Tor sums not exceeding £2 6 exceeding £-2, bnt not exceeding £5 12 exceeding £5, bnt not exceeding £7 18 exceeding £7, but not exceeding £10 24 "No order can be obtained for a larger sum than £10, bnt more than one order can be obtained for this amount. "The money-order must be kept as a receipt by the person to whom it is issued, as en the receipt of the letter of advice of the postmaster-general of this colony a fresh order is issued and sent to the payee from London. 3^Sg5E^l®^!7SSw!SS2S^iJ:;^*si?iS M^:®5P'5J^~ ION. in excess of last year's re- There is a decrease of 336 « number of oart license linese show little difference 204 East Indian immigrantB, , Qd. The highest amount I. correspondence with India, the regulations, printed in rked results, the number of rough this department hav- wing statement of the num- '8 1880 to 1885 affords satia- Tt of the immigrants of the lis purpose : 511 591 785 1,280 1,439 1,839 lying the inland postage from addressed envelopes to insure I the immigrants gladly avail of stamps was obtained from the 8th September last a fnr- nna stamps was procured, lartment, a large and increas- res direct through the post- Iso increased. tts to their friends in India, he remittances in 1884. The viz, £41 13«. 4d. («200) and nces, a sum £146 12«. 8d. was o the heirs of deceased immi- lie issue of post-office money is might be fully made known Bd in English and Nagri, and IS, and post-offices. n to the East Indian and Chi- ren notice that money-orders money-order offices in British jr every 10». or portion of that 'ill be added to the amount of CentH. 6 12 18 ".'.;*'. 24 ), but more than one order can person to whom it is issued, as r-general of this colony a fresh SOUTH AMERICA. 683 " The fnil name, description, and address of the payee must always be furnished ; r instance, in the case of a money order payable in India— [for instance, i "Name or payee, " Fn.ther's name, " Caste, . " Zillab, . " Pergnnnab, ' Tbanah, " Villaffe . " It will also be necessary for the remitter to write to the payee, informing him of this (remitter's) name as entered in the money order. ^ "A. H. ALEXANDER, " ImmigratUm Agent Oeneral. " IMMIORATION DkPARTMBMT, Juljf 1, 1885." From the Ist July to the Slst December 33 post-office orders were obtained by East Indian immigrants, representing a sum of £89 7«. 5d., and 9 by Chinese immigrants, for a total amount of £58 10«. bd. I have beey informed by the postmaster-seneral, to whom I am indebted for the above figures, that there has been an increase this year An the number of such applications, 36 orders having been Israed dnriig the four months January 1 to Ap'''< ^ TRAMSFBRS. The number of Indian immi^ants removed by transfer firom the estates to which ■they were indentured was 135. Six were removed by order of the magistrates, un- der section 62, of ordinance 7, of 1873, to prevent violence on the part of men towards their wives or reputed wives on account of infidelity ; and 23 other transfers were effected under the authority of the governor for a similar reason in cases where jui'icial proceedings could not be taken in consequence of no threats having been used, there being, nowever, sufficient cause for apprehension as to the safety of the women. The total number of transfers, therefore, on account of Jealousy was 29, a considerable reduction over the number in 1884, when there were 55 such cases. Of the other 106 transfers, 50 were made by mutual consent on the part of the em- ployers and immigrants, and 56 on account of insubordination. COMMUTATIONS. Twenty-two immigrants paid commutation money to their employers and reoeived certificates of exemption from labor, being 20 less than last year. SUMMARY PROCEEDINOS. The following tabular statements show the number of charges brought before the stipendiary magistrates, and the manner in which they were disposed of: Items. Indentared popnUtion December 81, 188i -Complsinto ' Withdrawn ■ Struck out ' DismlMed 'Convicted Percentage of complaints to popnlation . . Employers •galnat immigrants. 17,267 2,820 S20 2M 258 1,S48 1&12 Igranti agamtt employers. 17,2VT 14 This retnm exhibits a very large reduction in the number of complaints on the part of employers against immigrants under the immigration ordinance, the percentage of compUints to population being 15.12 against 22.84 in 1884. Prosecutions under the labor laws will naturally be less frequent during a time of long-continued drought, when various forms of shovel work are rendered impracticable, and there ia conse- •qnently less necessity for enforcing regular attendance on the part of the immigrants. DESERTERS. During the year 427 men and 83 women deserted fh>m the estates to which they were indentured. This a slight decrease in comparison with the number of deserters nn 1884. In ray report for 1^ I mentioned that on several occasions parties of im> 684 EMiaRATION AND IMMIGRATION. migrants bad deserted from an estate in Essequibo, having been deluded into the be- lief that after travelint; through the forest they would find a road leading to Calcutta. Cases of a siuiilar nature, I regret tu say, also ooeiirred last year. Tr lay 5 immigrants indentured to plantation Chateau Margot were induced by a man uamed Thaknr to leave the estate by the represeutatiou that he Icnew of a road by which they could reach Calcutta. After wandering in the bush for a few dav» they were found by some people who had been sent in search of them and brought back to the estate. They were then charged before the magistrate as deserters, bat the case was not pressed by their employer, and they were accordingly merely repri- manded. Another snoh instanne occurred in June last, when 5 immigrants indentured to Bel Air, under the indneuue of an immigrant named HnnsraJ, who subsequently deserted them ' ^ft luat estate^ and some days after were found by the ranger of the Laraaba Canal up the Hoornbia Creek, and were brought to town. They nad suffered groat privations from exposure and want of food, and when discovered were in a very pitiable condition. This experience, however, did not prevent another similar expedition in September last on the part of one of these same men and eight oihers fh>m an adjoining estate, Tnrkeyen. Information was given by the overseer of the Lamaha Canal that some immigrants had been seen wandering in the bush, and a relief party was consequently dispatched by orders of yonr excellency, consitting of Mr. Lennox, of this Depart- ment, and Mr. Menzies, overseer of the Lamaha Canal, with the necessary number of Indian guides and portei4. After following the track of the immigrants for twelve days the search had to be abandoned, as an extensive tire, which was raging^ in the ■avannah, prevented further progress. Eventually, however, all these immigrants fbnnd their way to settlements on the Deraerara and Berbice Rivers, and were safely returned to their estates. It is to be hoped that the experience of these men, and the privations and snfferings they endured in their wanderings through the forests and savannahs, will prevents others from ^ ' ^ led away by such fiKilisn representations. MU.(TAUTY. The mortality on estates durlug the year was as follows: nondition ftr iilAaa. East IndisBS. Chinese. Hale. Female. ToUl. Hale. Female. Total. 2S8 4M 267 110 IK 270 803 682 687 TTnindMittired .......................... 48 2 8 86 OhlMntn ■ 2 Totsl 1,010 S72 l,fte2 80 8 88 Jdortalitjf in public inttituHon$, villagn, ^c. Clsss. East Indians. Chinese. • Hale. Female. TouJ. Hale. Female. Total ▲dnlts 487 86 84 44 881 80 74 2 S 1 7» 8 Ohildren r-- ToUl ... 838 188 671 76 6 a These figures exhibit a deoreaae in the number of deaths as compared with 18E1, when the total deaths on estates numbered 1,730, and in the public institutions and villages 687. The following is the comparative rate per 1,000 of the mortality on estates: Conditiott. 1884: 1888. Indsntwed IS.T4 a 41 M.8S ION. ig b«en deluded into the \m- t h road leading to Calcutta. Mt year. 11 Marsot were induced by a tion tnat he Icnew of a road in the bnah for a few davit earch of them and brouubt magistrate as deserters, bnt re accordingly merely repri- iimigrants indentured to Bel I, who subsequently deserted y the ranger of the Lamaha n. They tiad suffered groat discovered were in a very ilar expeditiou in September en) from an adioinins estate, ;be Lamaha Canal that some ■elief party was consequently Mr. Lennox, of this Depart- vith the necessary numbier of of the immigrants for twelve dre, which was ragin^^ in the wever, all these immigrant* rbice Rivers, and were safely lerienoe of these men, and the -ings through the forests and ' such foulisn representations.^ ws: SOUTH AMERICA. G85 tal. CbiMM. Male. Female. Total. 843 682 &S7 48 a 8 M 3 .M2 50 8 58 lagtt, #0. Chinese. >tsL Hide. Female. TotaL Ml 80 74 a 5 1 8 871. 76 6 8a leaths aa compared with 18E1, , in the public institntiona and per 1,000 of the mortality on 1884: 188S. UK 1S.T4 a 41 iuss This is the lowest mortality on record in this colony, and it miut be accepted as affording gratifying evidence of • the continued care and attention bestowed on the immigrants. DISTRICT HOSPITALS AND DISPEMSaBIBS. For years past the necessity for the establishment of district hospitals or dispensaries has been urged by this department in nrdertbat unindentnred immigrants and others not resideut on estates might have the means of obtaining medical care and attention at all timea, and at a moderate cost ; bnt no steps have an yet Ix-on taken to carry out this uuggestion, although it is no necessary, not only for the welfare of the uuinilent- nred immigrants, bnt also for all other classes of the laboring po]tulation. Instances of persons dying without medical attendance will continue to occur until some such facilities are provided, by which the services of a mem village wno are really not cases for the wards of those in- stitutions, but are brought there in the absence of any other place where they might be attended to." In his report for 1879 Dr. Watt again drew attention to this matter, and after re- ferring tothe suggestions contained in his previous report, remarked, " Nothing, how- ever, has as yet Men done in this direction." In forwuding this report for 1879 to the governor, the immigration-agent^general represented the necessity that existed for carrying out the system proposed therein, pointing ont that the establishment of reatly conduce to 'the Creole labor- ing population of the colony. In his report for 1880, the medical officer to the department mentioned that, in one hospital alone, in Essequibo, eight oases had been aidmitted during one quarter, de- scribed as having been " picked off the public road," all of whom dfod, and he further stated as follows: " I regret to observe that the number of such cases appear to be on the increase rather than otherwise, and I can attribute the fact to no other cause than the absence of public dispensaries in the more scattered villages and cottage hospitals in moro populous looalities, where ftee medical aid and medicines might be within reach of all such indigent sick and at a moderate charge to others." On my arrival in the colony this was a matter to which my attention was very soon direeted, and in my letter forwarding Dr. Watt's report for 1883, 1 stated as follows: " Dr. Watt again brings under notice his opinion, expressed in former reports, with reference to the establishment of village dispensaries and cottage or district hospitals for the benefit of the unindeutured immigrants who reside elsewhere than on sugar Slantations, and also comments upon the serious results which may occur fhim the ispensing of drugs by incompetent and unqualified persons. '* Both these matters are of great importance, not only as far oa immigrants are con- cerned, but for other classes ot the community, and will, I feel confident, receive da* «ottage*hoq[>itals in the rural districts of the colony would very greatly conduce to the health of the immigrants not under indenture of service, and (mT ttmam isiiiaiitiiwsn MM ^Wfasfev'**'^'" 686 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. ultenlion at the hands of his uxcellency the aduiiuistTator, and the luouibera of the honorable the court of policy." I have coniiidered it necessary to enter at nome length on this subject, not only ou account of its tCfut iaiiiortauce, but also tu point out the urgent necessity for soniu action being taken in regard to the suggestions which have so frequently been uiatlo by the niedleul ottlor to the department and the agent-general. The interi'stsof all classes are at stake ia this matter; and that it was the intention of the Government, when the new medical service was established in lij73, to muko proper provision for securing medical care, not only to iho indentured immigrautu anil others resident ou estates, but also to the general population, is evident fruui the circular dated 3<1 July, 1871), issued by the Government secretary to the district medi- cal officers, conveying to them instructions as to their duties under the new system. The following is a quotation from the paragraph above referred to: " I am to inform you that in addition to the services required from you under the immigiatiou ordinance, it will be your duty, so soon as the contemplated local dis- pensaries can be eHtublished, to visit and supervise those institntions, at some of which the medical otiicer will have to attend at stated periods to meet patients who may asHcnilile at them, for his professional advice and medical treatment, and at others he will have the assistance of aresidentanddnlyqualitieil dispenser, who will, nnder the medical ofiScer's instruction and supervision, treat common ailments." An the cost of medical assistance is now wholly beyoud the means of a large portion of the poorer classes of the community, his excellency proposes that rules should b& laid down hereafter for your observance in the treatment of patients at these dispen- saries, and that there should be a fixed scale of fees to bo received by yon, for advice and medicines, for patients in the humbler walks of life, who, while capable of de- fraying some small charge for medical treatment, are unable to pay the customary professional charges." Tbe recommendations made by Dr. Watt with a view to carrying into effect the policy of the Government in this respect, acquire all the more weigbt,from the fact that by reason of the periodical visits paid by him as medical officer to the Depart- ment to every diMtriot, he was specially fitted and qualified by the experience and knowledge gained in those journey!), and by his observation of the reauirementa of each locality, to deal fully with questions affecting the general medioal snperTision of the colony. BIRTBB. The mombw of birtlu dorlug the year was : On ettate$. SstloiiaUty. Bsat Indians . Chinase Totsl. OBMtat«s. VillaCM, *o. M. F. H. T. 1,024 17 1,023 11 ISl 12 173 » 1,nlation, is evident from tlio eoretary to the district uiedi- iitiea nndcr the new syHtoui. referred to : equired from you under the the contemplated local dis- lose institutions, at some of eriods to meet patients who medical treatment, and at ]ualiHed dispenser, who will, reat common ailments." the means of a large portion iroposes that rules should be ,t of patients at these dispen- )0 received by yon, for advice fe, who, while capable of de- inable to pay the customary V to carrying into effect the e more weignt,from the fact ledical officer to the Depart- lifted by the experience and vatiou of the reauirements of I general medical snperrision OnettstM. VUISCM, He. iL P. K. F. 1«024 17 1,022 11 ISl 12 172 » 1,041 1,088 163 181 immigrants show an increase at in this respect the statistics len the excess of births waB706. in the three following years es. smales to males on 31st Decern- igrants residing on estates the ;ured and unindentnred immi- arded as a very favorable feat- ing indentured, nnindeutured, lales. As stated in my last re- imongst the Indian immigrants >n regarding the population of it the proportion of females to MURDER AND MANHLAUOUTXR. There were nine murders committed during the year by Indian immigrants. In six of them the victims witre women ; three being the wives or reputed wIvch of the pt j «47,«80 68 j 84,617 80 j 82,640 46 114,708 03 7,000- 6,600 28,000 The ayerage amount remitted per adult was £15 2*. 5d., the highest sum being £291 13«. id., which was deposited by a man named Bambnroye, who came to the colony in 1865. This man was the owner of a farm near Batli. A further sum of £ 103 6«. 8d. was deposited in the name of his wife. Another large remittance, viz, £208 1><. M., was made by one Dookhit, who arrived here in 1675. His two sons, who accompanied him, took with them £19516*. tOd. These savings were accumulated partly by their earninm in the field and partly by the sale of confectionery. It ap- pears that they worked regularly, finished their tasks early, and then went to their tiouse to make sweetmeats. The following is an analysis of the deposits by the three return ships : Depositors. Under $100 654 $100 and under 1500 411 $500 and under $1,000 24 $1,000 and under $1,500 2 One of the immigrants, named Cheeton, who returned in the ship Grecian, and who^ had been head boilerman on plantation Melville, was presented by the manager with a silver cup, and another, named Hurpersand, who had been the head man at planta- tion Ilamburg, received from the manager a parchment certificate of good oondnc1>^ and a gold coin of the value of $20. They seemed highly gratified at these marks of appreciation of their conduct during their terms of service in the colony. PASSPORTS. The following passports, 218 in number, were issued during the year : NationaUty. M. F. £a«t Indians 8« 104 19 Chinese 89 Total 180 68 ' •**ll*H!63EaS35ESSJi; " -r:»; ^88 EUIOBATION AND IMMIGRATION. Thin shows a decreaae nn previous years of 8^. Of the Indiftu immisrants UO weut to Trinidad, 38 to Bnrlnain, 4 to Cavenne, and 6 to Calontta by the Joun Davie; of the Chinose, bl left for Triuidad, 28 for Surinam, 17 for Cayenne, 6 for Colon, 7 fur Jamaica, and 31 for China. MONTHLY MUttTBRS. The sub-agfluts have attended the monthly mnsters held by the district medica officers under ordinance 1 of lH7r>, and there cun be no doubt thut their presence has been of great advantage. It has at times been impossible for thorn to be present on these occasions, either on account of the changes in the medical staff, and consequent alteration in tue hours of visiting, or other unforeseen circumstances; but notwith- standing these iutermptions the system is working well, and the immigrants daring their first year's residence are under closer and more immediate sntMrvision by the 40iMurtment thaa coald be obtained w ithout the adoption of this arrangement. HUia t'durbm. There were 7 onltivation and 7 village lota applied for and sold daring the year, making a total of 1424 onltivation and 124 village lots occupied, including 69 cnlti* vation and 40 village Iota granted in lien of back passage. The total purchase money of the lots sold amounts to £638 6«. 8d., of which the sam of £292 14<. iid. has been paid np. Towards the close of last year an application was received fh>m several immigrants for the purchase of 30 cultivation lots, equal to about 60 acres, for the purpose of es- tablishing • rice farm, to be irrigated from the Itnribisci Creek. The terms of sale, however, nave not yet been arranged. A commission was recently appointed by yonr «zoellencT to inqnire into and report on all the affairs connected with this settle- ment, and to make snch ■ugKestions as might appear desirable for its future manage- ment. While their report is under consideration it ia anneoeaaary for me to deal itirther with this aubjeot. PUBLIOATIOir OF KOTICE8. The dissemination thronghout the colony of information affecting the immigrants 'has been mnoh facilitated hy the enterprise of the editor of the Argosy, who imported type in the Nagri character, and afterwards succeeded in obtaining the services of an immigrant qualified to act as comi)08itor. The opportunity thu<4 afforded of making known to the immigrants matters in which they are interested has proved a source «f great convenience and advantage both to them and to this department, and we have thus been able to circulate notices in regard to the departure of return ships, the regulations as to post-o£Bce money-orders uayable in India, and also the regnla- tiona aa to the celebration of the Ta<1jah festival. MADRAS. In last annoal report I stated in reference to the reopening of the Madras agency that Mr. Swan, who had been sent to Madras as the special agent for this colony, had anggnsted that at the termination of his mission the two agencies of British Oniana and Mauritius should be amalgamated and placed under the charge of Dr. Conran, the agent for the latter colony. This suggestion, which was made in order that, while continuing immigration from that presidency, the expenses should be reduced as much as possible, was brought before tne court of policy in September last, and was approved. Mr. Swan accordingly left Madras in October last. Much credit is due to Mr. Swan for the very sncoewful manner in which he estab- lished and conducted the agency, surrounded as he was by so many obstacles and difBcnlties. Three ships were dispatched by him during the vear, with a total of 1,&51 souls, equal to 1,'iMi statute adnlts. The immigrants by the first ship unfort- unately suffered during the voyage from an epidemic of chicken-pox, and did not present a very favorable appearance on arrival. Those introduced in the other two .ships, however, in which there was very little sickness and an exceptionally low rate of mortality, were a remarkably fine body of people. BARNmaS AND WAQBS. The unfavorable influences which, commencing in 1884, combined to produce a gen- «ral depression, affecting the agricultural interests of this in common with other col- onies, continued, I regret to say, during the year now under review. The prevalence ON. rinam, 4 to Csvenne, and 6 ' Triuidad, JM fur Surinam, held by tho district medica ubt that their presence ban 3 for thoni to be preient od ledioalfltaff, and consequent ironnistanceit; but notwitb- and the imiuigranta during imediate sniiervision by the of thia arrangement. : and sold during the year, >cvupied, including ttO oulti- . The total purchase money im of £*29S 14f. '24. has been ived fh>m several immigrants acres, for the purpose of es- i Creek. The terms of sale, as recently ap()ointed by your connected with this settle- sirable for its future manage- B unnecessary for me to deal ion affecting the immigrants rof the Argosy, who imported lu oljtaiuing tbei«ervicesofan inity thn<4 afforded of making torested baa proved a source d to thia department, and we le departure of return ships, n India, and also the regnla- pening of the Madras agency >oial agent for this colony, had 'b agencies of British Guiana der the charge of Dr. Conrau, hich was made in order that, le expenaea should be reduced policy in September last, and )ctober last. ul manner in which he estab- was by so many obstacles and iring the year, with a total of rants by the first ship nnfort- 10 of chicken-pox, and did not 90 introdnoed in the other two less and an exceptionally low lie. )84, combined to produce a gen- this in common with other col- under review. The prevalence SOUTH AMEBIC!. 689 of drought naturally resulted at times in the scarcity of work, which more especially nfl'potedtbe unindentured ImniigranU, and on a few estates it was even dimonlt to tiiiil l\ill occupation for those under liulnnture. As already stated, aomo descriptions of Nhovcl work were, on aooount of tlie condition of the ground, quite impracticablu, while other agricultural operations, which can only bo proceode«l with in s« ''ieriS'"cSris>op.rs we« sent to E^^^^^^ sratlon into *» Araaraniao eoontey. and eo^edeom ^^^ a.e extent of the Mttlmgm that won^^me 1^0 ,y_^,,'^ ^^ .^, mosUy Germans, Swiss, and '">"" '7, "Sff ""i , „„e: ''r,%*Si?SSsirr=|a"'™^^»- »"" -'' ^"-"^ *iri'r«>S Kt^htt^-Stb acres of land hy our meas- "fSToeaeh son between the ages of fourteen and twentyfivo, if un- mliraed, a tract of »?»*»!' *»«.«^?°Lter unmarried, 150 acres. It! S I f£ :;S^ S^n^fti'^i^J^e? V5 .c«s,'to each son 375 acres— 225 acres. ^gj^ g^w, one liuiuhed h5j,j, j,^i,_ Consul. United STATES CONSULATE, Valparaiso^ October 30, 188b. DUTCH GUIANA. BEPOST OP yiaE-aosavL barnett. I famish herewith tbe-»exed tabular ;:SS't:^,t;eT'^rtSS thenumber of immigrants for a senMMJ«>re,fc ._^ ^ into this colony from IS^toend ol ]J«» (wn^ 8„„i.,ro,,ieal coui l^ i:SH??ilm^?rhlt'«™ptiJr^l«ultural laborers. th» ■ VCW«HJIMH^^^i' ■' I ?ION. t literally nothing, cer ;he inducenienta or eii- tt Government, ave prodnced a good rc- »88 in the more southern insular district of TaU-ii 1 the circular referred to or means of replying to), ; for immigratiou, I may irope to encourage imnii- eeded in their purpose to le 1,500 to 2,000 iMjrsons, ). The conditions or in- force) were: rami grant and his family icres of land by our meas- m and twenty-five, if an- mmarried, 150 acres. r 75 acres, to each son 3«.V le milch cow, one hundred value of $5, and in money B paid for by the settler in ind the money ad vanced is five years. AS. W. ROMEYN, ConauL lABKETT. Statement A, which shows ' years, together with tbeir xplanatory remarks in cou- al idea of the movement as 5,275 immigrants introduced wrhich is the latest date olli pical or semi-tropical couu- agricultnral laborers, those SOUTH AMERICA. 691 from China, the West Indies, and British India being entirely of this class. Americans and Europeans are decidedly in the minority, not averaging 1 per cent, of the whole. For several years back, with the exception of a few casuals attracted by the gold fields, immigration has been solely from British India, consisting of laborers for the estates under conditions imposed by the British Government highly favorable to the welfare of the coolie. On arrival these people are indentured for a term of five years to serve as agricultural laborers on the sugar and cocoa estates ; at the end of which term they become entitled to a free return passage, which they may commute for a sum of money, and are then entitled to a gratuitous grant of land under certain conditions. The supervision of the stipulations ot the convention under which they emigrate is intrusted to the British consul ; at the same time the coolies themselves are fully aware, and some become quite competent to avail themselves, of the privileges and immunities secured to them by the terms of the convention. While under indenture they are ex- empt from all taxes and imposts whatever. That these immigrants derive benefit from their sojourn here will be easily seen from the statement B, showing the "registered" amount of property carried away by them on three occasions on their repatriation. This can only be an approximate estimate, as it is well known that a considerable amount of their savings, particularly in jewelry, is con- cealed. On the 31st December, 1884, there was in the Savings Bank here the sum of 200,045.60 florins, equal to $80,018.24, to the credit of seven hundred and ninety-nine coolie depositors. By the latest official statement, 31st December, 1884, there were re- maining in the colony 6,254 British Indian immigrants, the majority re- siding in the rural districts. Some of them have invested their savings in shcp keeping and carry on a profitable retail trade, while others ex- orcise their difl'erent callings of barber, jeweler, &c., and some few have settled as small farmers. That their condition in every respect has been materially improved by their sojourn here the most critical cannot but admit. With regard to Americans and Europeans — whites — the usual objec- tions to manual labor in the tropics apply here. In fact, there is no opening tbf this class of immigrants, unless, ijerhaps, the gold fields may be called one ; but for new arrivals, and particularly for any en- gaged in the real manual labor required, gold seeking is anything but beneficial to health, the majority of the few that have braved the hard- ships and privations incidental to such a life having succumbed to the pernicious influences of the gold bush. Unless a man has capital to tmploy labor, &c., it is almost useless to depend on this only opening; but, with capital, combined with energy and the right sort of common sense, ho ought to do do well, as has been proven by a few Americans and Europeans who have been successful in the gold fields. HENRY BARNETT, Vice-Consul, United States Consulate, Paramariboy Dutch OuianUf November 2, 1886. I 692 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Statbmknt a.— /mmiyranto arrived in the colony of Surinam from 1853 io 1884. Conntry of origin. Ymn. 1 1 1 "3 1 1 1898 to 1882 8 2t 81 18 276 106 487 2,015 770 1808 to 1872 3,882 111 2 ?» 8 2,*4i» 1,384 4.625 1873 2, 7:0 1874 .'. 1,4CS 1875 43 43 14 43 187G 43 1877 827 700 Sll 1878 7(10 187» 1881) 8 776 460 484 856 2,061 778 1881 450 1882 4S4 1883 8S{ 1884 2,001 Total 123 480 2,602 2,80« 80 0,485 13,276 Statement B. — JmmigrantarepatriattdwUh ihe regitUrtd amount of aavingt carried awajf by them. Date. Deo. 10, 1878 Oot. 30, 1878 Aug. 10, 1884 KMBOOfvOMd. PhiloMpher. SaintKUd*., SUlMt 476 333 537 221 112 420 I SB a riorint. 46,801 22,712 124,605 |S 11 $18,361 0,t-85 40,842 ECUADOB. RBPOBT OF aONBVL-GESSBAL MtQARR, There are no oflQcial records of statistics of immigration into Ecaadorl for any series of years, either before or since the year 1873. Bat nponf inquiry of private persons Ilearn that the immigration from Gbiiia- tbe only immigration from any Asiatic conntry — since 1S73 has unmj bered about 50, and that during the same period some 200 Chinese, origj inally imported as coolies into Pern, have come frrim that country anil settled in Ecuador. Of the whole number, 150 are employed as tradesl men and cooks in Guayaquil, 50 as agricultural labv^rers on neighboring plantations, and 50 in similar pursuits in the provinces of Monibi an^ Esmeralda. They are industrious, frugal, and entirely self-sustainini and, in most instances, they remain in the country. Since the year 1873 about 1,000 Europeans have come from Eurof and settled in Ecuador, and of that number about 600 are now employel in mercantile pursuits and occupations, and some 50 in the various mc HI m mm:- 'ION. rinamfron 1853 to 1884. Country of origin. SOUTH AMERICA. 693 1 1 i 1 i •a "3 » a, US 770 3,888 m 8 i^ 4,K>6 2,7:o 1,4C5 43 43 14 fi 43 827 700 811 700 8 776 460 484 856 2,061 778 450 4S4 flS5 2, Ml Uo|2,B02 2,806 80 0,485 13,275 [ amoHnt of aavingt carried amy m Flcrin§. 46,004 22,712 134, SOB 118,361 40,84.! , MtaABJt, immigration iato Ecnador ) the year 1873. But upon immiKration tcom China— Qtry— since 1S73 has uum- riod some 200 Chinese, orig- ome frrim that country and 50 are employed as trades- rallabi^rers on neighboring e provinces of Monibi and ind entirely selfsnstaining, oantry. as have come from Earope ibout 600 are now employed some 50 in the various me- »liauical arts and trades. As a rule they are self-sustaining and remain [lermtiiiently in the country. No bounties of land, exemption from taxation, or other inducements arc offered by the Government to immigrauts. There ia a vast area of nnoccupted land in the Uepublic for sale both by the Government and by private pcrsont-i, which land can be purchased at from 25 cents to $1 ail acre, and it can be owned by immigrants upon the same terms and conditions as by citizens. Tiic only attempt by this Government to 'ndnce or promote immigra- tion was a concession or contract made in 1884, l>y the terms of which the jiersons contracting with the Government undertook to bring im- migrants from Europe to people t!io Galapagos Islands andtbeGovem- uietit agreed to pay the cost of their passage there and to furnish land and a cow tocach immigrant. This scheme, however, ended in nothing, the contractors having failed to bring any immigrants, and the time under the concession having expired. OWEN MoGARR, Consul-Oeneral. United States Gonsulate-Genebal, Ouayaquil, Sqttember 29, 1880. PEBU. BEPORT OF CONSUL BBENT. In 1873 the last cargoes of Chinese laborers contracted for under the CQoly system arrived at Callao. The number of coolies brought over in that year is officially stated at 7,500. Efforts wore then made by the Government of Peru, through diplomatic representation at Peking, to establish free immigration from Cliina, the former system having been forbidden by the Chinese Government, and a treaty was negotiate pro- ' viding for the introduction of free Chinese into this Bepublio on equal terms with all other immigrants, and guaranteeing them fbll protection under the laws. But the plan failed, owing primarily to the collapse of the business house (Messrs. Olyphant & Co.) which had undertaken the contract for transportation, although it was evident that few Chinese would volun- tarily try their fortunes in this country. iSince that period the only Chinese arriving here are merchants of capital and standing, who have established commercial houses in the principal cities of the Republic, and who are regarded most favorably by all classes. Their business re- lations are extensive from China; they import silks, teas, food, and clothing for their own people and remit gold or silver coin in return. In 1877 it was estimated that there were forty thousand Chinese rasi- dent in Peru. The coolie contracts have long since expired, and the Chinese are self-supiiorting and self-reliant; they labor on the estates, but the majority are to be found in the cities and towns, where they enter domestic service, often little shops and eating-houses, where large numbers of the lower classes provide themselves with food. Many of the Chinese have embraced the Roman Catholic religion, and many of them have taken to themselves Peruvian wives, the union almost always resulting in mutual content and happiness. Very few of these Chinese return to their own country. They are treated now with con- sideration, for their usefulness is beyond question. 694 EMIGBATICH AND IMMIOKATION. From Europe we have had no immigration worthy of tbo u amo. There are in Lima, Oallao, and other large cities many foreiguers, principiilly Italians, French, and Spaniards, who are mainly shopkeepers and arti- sans. Bat these come individually to the conntry, and gencrnlly brin^ capital with them. Immigration, us in the United States and the Ar- gentine OonfederatioD, where great steamships arrive crowded witli families seeking labor and fortune, is as yet withheld from Pern. At- tempts have been repeatedly made, under the sanction and with tlio pecuniary aid of the Qovernment, to induce the tide of immigration to set this way, but the results were costly and unsatisfactory. A small colony of Germans ^as established twenty years ago at Pazazo, six days' journey inland from Lima, but remain stationary. The bucccss was not brilliant enough to induce others to follow from the old country. There are no specific laws granting laud bounties, exemption I'rom taxes, &c., to immigrants, bnt the subject has been brought particu- larly before the Gougress now in session, and I am confident in assert- ing that, if some definite system of immigration could be adopted, tbo inducements offered would be liberal in the extreme. The poverty of the public exchequer at present, however, preclndus the possibility of any moneyed assistance, such as providing for trans- portation, &c., which, of course, is one of the main incentives to be employed. From what has been stated the Department will perceive thnt immi- gration, taken in its broad and usual significance, does not exist in Peru. The Ghinese laborers were kidnaped, so to speak ; the Europeans who are in this country are not numerous in comparison with the general population ; they came with a specific object in view, and most of them were provided with funds or relations for the attainment of such object. The large mtgority of these marry into families in Peru and remain here. With ii period of guaranteed internal order and an opportunity given for remunerative labor it would be difficult to find a country ofleiiu;; greater inducements to immigration than Peru, with her inexhaustible mineral and agricultural resources, her varied climate, and the iinmcnso field open to enterprise and perseverance. It is to bo hoped, after so many years of disaster, that such a period has arrived. H. M. BRENT, Consul, United States Consulate, Oallao, October 6, 1880. tTNlTED STATES OF COLOMBIA. I SEPOBT OF COySULQENEB.' , ADA3IS0X. No statistics of immigrationhavebceu published within this liepublic, so far as I can discover. It may be said timt there is no immigration into this consular district from either European or Asiatic countries, or in fact from any other. It is true that a considerable number of £)uropcaus arrive bore an- nually on business connected with the Panama Canal, but none of these expect to become residents of the conntry. A few Ghinamen come by almost every steamer from the west coast of America, attracted by the opportunities for making money afforded '~%p-.'-''b^^-:ii(i-'V' --.- *.-*&i4'rr.ii-;^iT.T tON. yof theoamc. There Iforeifcuera, priucipally shopkeepers and arti- y, and generally brinj; ed States and the Ar- arrive crowded witli held from Peru. At- anctioii and with the ido of immigration to satisfactory. A small rs ago at Pazuzo, six tionary. The success from the old country, aties, exemption from been brought particu- am confident in asscrt- coald be adopted, tho 9me. nt, however, precludes as providing for trans- main incentives to be (vill perceive that immi- ;, does not exist in Peru. 3k; tho Europeans who firison with the general view, and most of them itaiiuuent of such object. n Peru and remain here. nd an opportunity given I find a country ofi'eiing 1, with her inexhaustible limate, and the immense is to bo hoped, after so arrived. H. M. BRENT, Cotuul, LOMBIA. }A3rsox. tied within this Ui^pnblic, there is no immigration an or Asiatic countries, iropcana arrive here au- I Canal, but none of these >mer from tho west coast making money afforded SOUTH AMERICA. 695 indirectly by the works of tho canal. Nine-tenths of these Chinese be- come shopkeepers. Tiiere are no bounties of land, exemption from taxation, or other inducements odered by the Government to immigrants, so far as I can learn, and I know of nothing to attract immigration to this consular district. It might bo said that tho works of the canal were an attraction. To this I would say they can only attract the very lowest class of laborers, and the circumstances under which laborers exist here are so fatal to health, that tho wage offered can only be an inducement to persona coming from countries where labor is exceedingly cheap. THOMAS ADAMSON, , Oonsul-Oeneral. United States Consui/Ate-Genebal, Panama, November 6, 1886. BARRANQUIIiliA. REPORT OF CONSVL TIFQUAIN. This is not the land of statistics, I mean official statistics; hence I (iannot give you any. However, public writers of great renown agree as to some facts, to wit: In 1883 the population of Colombia was 4,000,000, of which 3,780,000 are civilized, so called, and 220,000 In- dians, decidedly not civilized, since among them are several tribes of cannibals. Tiie same writers agree as to the fact that immigration has not in- creased the population of Colombia at the rate of 200 souls per annum since 1861, while emigration, on the contrary, has reached 2,500 per auimm from the same date. They attribute this to the civil wars that prevail with rather remarkable regularity in these latitudes. There are foreigners here, not so very many, but they cannot be held us immigrants, for the reason that they oome here simply to make a fortune in the shortest time possible, and then leave for their former or native homes. Without exception they remain aliens. I do not know of a single foreigner who has become a Colombian citizen. The foreigner here in this city, the commercial center of the Republic, is cither German, French, English, American, or Curagoan ; the latter I>redomi nates. Cura9oa is a Dutch possession in the Caribbean Sea, north of Venezuela. The occupation of all these foreigners, except the Americans, is mercantile. The American as a rule is engaged in steamboating on the Magdalena; I speak for this consular district. Such foreigners as are engaged in basiness here are among the most successful men, with the Germans in the lead. If there were American ships plying between the States and this \wtt I dare say that Americans would have a chance to compete with the Germans; but as there are none, they have not. No bounties of land are offered to immigrants, and none are neces- sary, since land can be had for a song. As to taxation, it is no burden here ; the Colombian does not as yet know what taxation as an ' art" is, unless it be custom-house taxation; in this branch he is a . aster. However, there is a statute in existence allowing the immigrant to bring all that is needed for his establishment free of duty, i>rovided he 696 EMIGBATION AND IMMIGRATION. m 4 % can show to the oastom-bouso autboritieH tbe certiflcatH fruiii a Colum bian consul stating that be has emigrated with tbe iut.eution of settling in Colombia. No citizen of tbe United States need emigrate from his gifted and boantifal land to immigrate into this, unless it is as a member of a colony of not less than one hundred families. There are rare occa- sions here for such a system of immigration ; no other country can procure better ones, either for agricultural or mineral resources. Lund is cheaper here than in the States, and no naturalization papers are necessary to secure a tract of land much larger than tbe United States homestead for less money than that homestead costs. As to the mineral regions, 10 bols will procure a square league (3 miles square) of land, provided 40 grains of the metal, whether platinum, gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, tin, or what not, all except coal and salt, taken from the place selected, be exhibited to the governor of tbe province ; he then puts you in possession. I do not mean grains in weight ; 1 mean grains at random, regardless of size. Of course under sucb » system much fraud is possible and no doubt practiced; but the Govern ment does not seem to care, there being such a vast amount of mineral lands in this Bepublic. Colombia contains 298,000,000 acres, 200,000,000 of which are either lode or alluvial mines. VICTOR VIFQUAIN, Consul, United States Consulate, Barranquillaj October 17, 1885. URUGUAY. BEPOBT OF OOmVL BBIDOBMB. Very little can be said in regard to immigration into the Bepublic of Uruguay, although the climate is excellent, the soil producing every- thing found in the semi-tropical regions, yet the immigration is small, as will be seen by the annexed tables, extracts from the oiflcial statistics. This can readily be aoeoanted for by the unsettled condition of the coun- try and the small quantity of Government lands available for immigrants, agricultural purposes, or colonies. In the Argentine Bepublic these lauds are abundant, to be obtained at low rates and on easy terms of payment, advantages to the immigrant impossible for this Govt:rnment to offer. No immigration agents, and no particular inducements are offered beyond that of providing for a short time for those who arrive in a destitute condition. There are several prosperous colonies which have been established by prirate companies formed both here and in Europe, all giving satis- factory results in the production of wheat, corn, oats, lucern, butter, cheese, &c. The inhabitants of these colonies are principally Europeans. The immigrants established in this country, as a rule, are a hard work- ing, self supporting, and honest people, and rarely, if ever, become a burden on the community. While some after gaining a competency return to their native land, the majority remain hiere, although lew ever beeome naturalized citizens. The opportunities for advancement, especially when accompanied with ION. 'tiflicato fruiii sv Colom- le int.eutiou of 8ottliiig te from his gifted and iti as a uieinber of a There arc rare ocna- no other uouiitry can ueral resourcBH. Lund uralization papers are han the United States sosts. square league (3 miles whether platinum, gold, ept coal and salt, taken 'ernor of the province ; an grains iu weight ; 1 f course under such a sticed; but the Govern vast amount of mineral 00,000 acres, 200,000,000 OB VIFQUAIN, Consul. IMS. ion into the Bepublic of lie soil producing every- ) immigration is smallj as >mtho official statistics, led condition of the coun- available for immigrants, rgeutino Bepublio these tes and on easy terms of ible for this Government 'tioular inducements are ime for those who arrive li have been established Europe, all giving satis- orn, oats, lucern, butter, ce principally Europeans. I a rule, are a hard work- 'arely, if ever, become a r gaining a competency Q here, although lew ever y when accompanied with SOUTH AMBRIUA. 697 a small capital, are unexcelled. In few parts of the world has intelligent labor a better field or more certainty of a profitable return. 1\ L. BBIDGEBS, Consul. United States Consulate, , Montevideo^ October 21, 1886. ImmlijranlH Mo the port of Montevideo during the years 1873 to 1877, iMolH««r«. 1H7:{ 24,339 ltl?4 13,767 1875 6,298 lH7(i 6,570 1877 0,168 Total 55,132 No HtatiaticB as to oniigratiou during these years. ImmigratttB into the port of Montevideo during the years 1878 to 1884, incluHive, and their respective nationalities and professions. Conntriva. 1878. 1870. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1888. 1884. 180 2.541 1.759 2,700 473 820 165 346 66 20 7 68 1 4 18 85 17 4- 6 66 15 211 4,048 2,208 727 800 277 187 542 76 40 46' i' is' 6 1 J07 63 7 4 92> 205 4,170 1,740 100 82S 261 111 682 67 23 11 41 1 400 8,686 1,374 215 844 6:11 134 685 65 62 IS 40 1 453 4,045 1,006 521 978 &.-il 122 910 48 60 61 47 892 4,573 2,410 Ml 872 473 84 781 72 83 U 65 437 lt(^y 5,364 3,819 67 991 830 144 Brazil 619 70 96 14 Chili 14 Ilollaud 8 163 13 6 4 9 143 36 8 8 8 152 23 201 32 • 18 163 ITniteil KfcaUm 84 Peru 11 1 38 2* 184 43 4 1 491 89 71 18 3 Bolivia 21 Others • 486 616 It •68 Total 9,895 10,829 9,203 8,336 10, 116 11,086 11,954 ProfeMions. 1878. 1870. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1888. 1884. 3,795 851 748 443 88 180 83 105 S;781 421 3,278 1,320 706 788 39 650 15 00 8,801 649 1,757 797 600 641 81 137 84 218 4,634 874 950 624 516 374 17 178 6 140 5,362 169 1,195 8b7 430 244 45 280 11 108 6,642 814 1,120 805 413 277 28 233 36 101 7,468 465 1,307 1,486 576 Mbl'CllBDtB ..•..••.••••..••••■.•.■..-•...... MecliHuics .....•..........••■••......••..•. 410 33 I^iIhtuI proferffllooft 100 Kccl(«iaBUos,prleBU,and8iateiiiorC]i»rity 84 278 7,378 389 Tot»l 8^895 10,829 9.308 8,386 10^116 11, 086 11,95A 698 EMIGRATION AND IMMIQHATION. Emigrants from the t'Jrt of Montmideo durlug tht ^tart 1878 to 1884, iHoIii«ive, and Ikeir mpeotive natioHalitiM audpro/utiont. Conntiiea. Qemuuiy Italy HpalD Canary Island* FrancH EuKland PortuKal Bru«H Argentine Kopnblle . . Auatria Belsinm ChlU Oreece Holland Uroaoar United bUtes Peru'. Paraeaay RuMUt Switierland Sweden and Norway , BoUvia Others Total. 187a 160 2,144 1,8KI 7 7S3 241 178 612 81 10 22 4 6 SS 14 S e S7 32 408 6,024 1870. 122 8,234 i.aos 24 643 2IW 121 512 26 4 U 29 1 8 572 O^MS 1880. 20S 3,876 1,471 80 656 106 112 564 27 5 12 1 282 18 5 3 18 '267 6,840 1881. 106 3,805 1,007 23 671 888 82 638 25 4 17 12 6 •86 43 24 1 S 6,339 1882. 245 2,360 1,206 571 32U 67 768 ■iW 12 £1 31 10 464 27 11 M7e lti83. 250 2,4-.'7 1,213 3 610 ■^64 56 SI6 74 18 4 23 3 2 332 15 221 6,088 Profeaaiona. bamers and shepherd* Day laborers Merchants Mechanics Proprietors Liberal professions Eoclesiostios, priests, and Sisters of Charity Sorrants Witfaont profession Other professions Total. 1881. 353 2,740 1,068 1 M:> •JW 01 388 41 2.') 7 2U 14 331 21 10 6 10 107 6,040 187& 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 240 172 105 121 05 113 1,864 3,686 1,916 1,266 1,264 875 1,056 822 764 720 678 720 3S6 313 106 07 84 79 10 14 16 7 28 33 107 113 116 141 130 178 14 13 11 82 •a 87 79 61 100 165 40 no 1,700 2,568 3,338 3,434 3,626 3,721 438 305 878 877 243 278 0,024 6,965 6,840 6,339 0,179 6,088 1884. 163 1,063 006 08 20 431 28 47 3,04C 245 0,040 Jixceaa ofimmigraUon over emigration during the jfean 1878 to 1884, ineltuivt. 1878. 1879. 1880, 1881. 1882, 1883. 1884. 3,371 .3,864 1,997 3,937 4,997 5,914 VEIfEZUELA. liA OUAYBA. XBPOBT OF OOITSUL BIRD. The law in Yenezaela in relation to immigration is comprised in a de- cree issued by the President, Antonio Gazman Blanco, dated January 14, 1871, the essential articles of which are as follows : (1) The passage money of the immigrant from the point of departure, his subsistence, medical attendance, and board until employed are paid by the Government, for which no remuneration is required from the immigrant. )N. ■ to laM.ineluiite, and Iheir 1881. 1883. 1883. 1881. IM 345 2m 2X\ 9, 80S 3,360 2,4..'7 2.740 1,007 1.306 1,218 1.06tt 23 3 1 671 571 6IU BO.-. 888 32U 264 UOU Vi 67 IW 01 638 768 CM 388 its 20 74 41 4 12 18 2r> 17 3:1 4 7 12 31 23 2U 6 » 10 3 14 186 464 332 331 43 27 1& 21 X4 8 10 1 3 6 S 1 11 15 10 1 6 7 4 14 321 107 6,339 6,179 6,060 6.040 • 1881. 1883. 1883. 1884. S 121 Wi ll» 182 6 1,2S6 1,264 876 1,063 4 720 678 720 006 S 07 84 70 08 « 7 28 23 20 « 141 120 178 431 1 82 -a 37 28 « 16S 40 no 47 M 3.424 3,626 3,721 3.04C 78 377 243 278 245 to 6,380 0,170 6,069 0,040 11878(0 1884, tnotiMirr. 3,371 3,864 8,36:J 1,997 3,937 4,997 6,914 ion is comprised in a de- Blanco, dated Jannary bllows : 1 the point of departure, until employed are paid n is required from the SOUTH AMERICA. 699 (3) The Government guarantees to the immigrant religions liberty, public education, and equal rights under the law. (3) The clotbiug, furniture, tools, and other personal effects of tlio iniinigrant are admitted into the iiorts without payment of custom.s •liity. (4) Passports are issued to immigrants nt the port or place of de- juirture without charge. The guarantee of equal rights, as above enumerated, implies the right to free homestead on the public lauds, though the limits of tracts held under old Spanislt grants and Venezuelan concessions are so extensive and ill-defined tbat actual settlers are generally in a state of perpetual doubt over tbe question of the genuineuess of titles to realty. No gov- ernmental survey of the public lands has been made, and hence no home- stead can be accurately located on the map or concisely described by definite metes and bounds. An inspection of the reconls of the commissioner of immigration bus been refused upon tbe ground that officials are prohibited by law from furuisbiug statistics u[)on any subject, and therefore it is impracticable to otter exact information of the character and volume of immigration for a series of years. Tbe official figures for the period flrom May 26, 1874, to December 31, 1874, have, however, been casually obtained ; and during that time, which marks the inception as well as the greatest influx of any real immigration, there arrived 3,086 souls at this port, comprised of 1,242 Irom Spain, 1,115 from France, 435 from Italy, and 244 from other coun- tries. From that date forward immigration to Venezuela rapidly de- clined, so much so that during the past five years there have been scarcely 1,500 souls landed here, and for the present year there have lieon none. From knowledge and information it is believed that scarcely 15,000 immigrants have arrived in the country since January 1, 1874. Much the largest portion of immigrants to Venezuela have beea Span- iards from the Canary Islands. Tbey arey as a rule, ignorant, indigent, and without trade or profession. In religion, language, and customs, they are quite identical with the natives, and rapidly assimilate with them. The climate of their native islands is also similar to that of Venezuela. Some go into the interior to settle upon the public lands, but the iniyority prefer to remain by the seaside and follow their traditional occupation of boatmen and fishermen. They are frugal and industrious, 8oon become self-supporting, and generally acquire a modest compe- tence; about 20 per cent, of them finally emigrate to Ouba and other West India islands, and a few return to the Oanaries. They are con- sidered, for all purposes, the bAt and most desirable class of immigrants that come to Venezuela. Immigrants from Italy generally engage in the occupations of shop- keepers, clerks, waiters, and coachmen. The many itinerant peddlers that wander over the country with packs on their backs are almost all of this nationality. Those who succeed in business finally return to their native land. The German immigrants are all tradesmen of good education, and come prepared to establish themselves in business. They are active competitors in every branch of trade, and adopt some unscrupulous methods to gain it. They generally succeed, intermarry with the na- tives, and spend their lives in Venezuela. The immigrants from France are tradesmen and artisans of the mid* die classes, appl^ tl^^giselves assldaously to business, are nsoally quiet 700 EMIGRATION AND IMMIOKATIOM. 'f^ and onlerly, and Keoerally acqairo a littlo meaiiM, alter whiuli tlioy gladly sail for their native land. Tlioro are no EnKliHhmeu in tlie country except those 8ont from lOii;;- land to manage railroad and other enter|>riHeH. Of all the immigrants to Venezuela it is Mate tonay tiiiit not 1 per cent, renounce their citizenship to become VenezuelatiH; for, pniuticully, they have all the really valuable rights without incurring any of ti'ie serioas resiionsibilities of citizenship. Americans find the country, the people, and their language mid cun- toma so different from their own that life here has no charuiH for thetii. Occasionally a stray American drifts in on the wave of vircumHtuu<;eH, but he invariably floats out on the tide of opportunity. Thei-u lias been only one case of a bona flde American immigrant, wiio, ulthou^^li fully advised upon the subject before leaving home, came down to hi-c for bim'^elf. lie returned to New York by the next stuanjer, resolved to 8pe4.dhis life in the hills of Tenusylvania. To a reflective and appreciative mind, accustomed to tlio social and domestic facilities of American homo life, nothing can be more bitter than the idea of enduring existence in a country where everything e::- cept the skies above him is so radically different from all that charac- terizes life in his native land. The people of Venezuela are, it is true, very hospitable and charitable ; yet the moral and social cast of society is essentially European, and lacking those charming features that adorn home and social life in the United States. Hence a ty]iical American who settles here finds hims. if truly a stranger in a strange land. A personal experience of some years of absence warrants the obser- vation that the ordinary American does not fully appreciate his own country until he leaves it. After contrasting a foreign country with his own, and comparing the moral, social, and religious character of other people with Americans, he will do his own country and his own people the justice to say that no climate or soil is better, no laws are more equitable, no liberty is so real, no language is more expressive, no men are manlier, antl no women are more virtuous. WINFIELD S. BIRD, Consul. (Jnitbd Btatbs Consulate, La Ihtayra, September 28, 1886. MABACAIBO. t-', « BBFORT or AOTJNO OONgCL FABER. In this section of Yenezaela no system of immigration has ever existed. It is true that there are many foreigners uf difl'erent nationalities scat- tered throughout this district, bat in no case can they be properly de scribed as immigrants. lU' the center of the Republic, comprising the agricultural regions which radiate from Cartas, various attempts have been made by the Government to organize a system of immigration, with two objects in view^ first, to establish colonies of foreigners by grants of land with certain immunities and privileges, and, second, to furnish to the largo estate owners a reliable class of labor. In several looalities these colonies were established, and for a short time apparently proe>*;)ered, but soon fell intn 4QQ4denn« trough the ina- .,i,^*4eA:?--W^'' Ion. |an8, Ht'ter wliicli tlicy I those 80iit I'roin lOti;;- to 8iiy that not I per [iuIuiih; for, iirauticully, iiicuriinK uiiy of t\w. kioir lungiii)|;u aii by grants of land with 1, to famish to the large kblisbed, and for a short iQ^denn^ through the ina- bility or unwillingness of the Government to extend them the cxiwoted aid and protection. This caused much suffering among the colonists and their ultimate dispersion, and up to the present the scheme of colonizatiou may be said to have failed completely. The second object of the Ooveruaient, that of supplying labor to the estates, met with soinewhat better success, and numbers of immigrants from the Canary Islands wore introduced and contracted for by pro- prietors. These have given much satisfaction, being constant workers, though not remarkably active, and their docility and general steadiness make tliein valuable in a country where the native laborers are uot uoted for the ]>os8essiou of these (]ualities. I purposely touch but brietly upon this subject, as it is entirely con- iiected with the consular district of La Guayra and uot with this sec- tion. I may note, however, that for years any systematic introduction of immigrants has entirely ceased, although it apiiears that President Guz- man Blanco is again abont to take measures to attract foreign labor. There is no doubt that organized immigration, properly protected and fostered by the Govemmcut, would have a most I)eneflcial effect upon this section, but until the national authorities learn that their duties to- wards the immigrants do not cease with their mere introduction, no suc- cess can be expected. The policy heretofore seems to have been that once on Venezuela soil the newcomers should shift for themselves even in the face of previous dazzling promises of assistance towards a brilliant future. In the United States, where society is thoroughly organized, indus- tries developed, and where there is a constant market for labor, any industrious immigrant can make his way, but in this country the ob- stacles are of such a character that a helping hand must be extended. It is very well to assign grants of land to a newly arrived, would-be settler, l)uk that is not sufficient. He ilnds himseltin an undeveloi^ed, sparsely populated couutry, his neighbors, for the most part, submerged in ignorance, with no roads worthy of the name, implements of the most primitive character, iso- lated from the world, ignorant of the laws and the language, and en- gaged from the hrst in a hand-to-hand straggle with nature. As the greater part of the immigrants are without resources, what is our ])oor settler to do while clearing and preparing bis land and await- ing bis llrst retunisl He must not only have the means to support life, but he needs also implements, animals, seeds, and has a thousand other wants which, in his case, are impossible to supply. Agriculture in Venezuela must ultimately reach a high stage of suc- cessful development, as nature has been lavish in her gifts, and this development must come through foreign immigration, as neither the number nor the disposition of the natives is equal to the task, but should the Government desire to effect this result it must adopt a very different system from that heretofore practiced. OTTO FABER, Acting Consul. United States Oonsitlate, Maracaibo, October 30, 1886. BMtOnVi.OK ANT) IMMIOBATION. It'. jJPTO CABELLO. REPORT RT riOrOONBUL KOLSTEIt. «iuire» quite another kind of ftgrioultarol labor. kICHARD KOLSTEU, f'it'L Conml. United Statks Consulatr, PHWto Cabello, Venezuela, October fl, 1880. WEST INDIES. BERMUDA. KEPORT OF COyaOL ALLEN. There has been no immigration into this colony for the past fifteen yeara Occasionally a few Portuguese from the Azore Islands desert from whaline vessels touching here. , , , i Tt The present time there are not exceeding one hundred such persoiiR inthe islandf; most of these are tilling the soil on «Sa««va°f °H^ themaccumulate any considerable amount of property. In 1870 this Snv^St an agent to Sweden, who returned witli about one hundred SSrandterfants, male and'female,nearlyequally divided. The. r transportation was paid by the colony. They c..ue under contract for tS??eara; the women were to receive 12*. per month, and the men 32*. Zr month, and a bonus of £4 each at the end of two years lor the men ; bSt few reSed to claim the bonus, as almost ajl who were of any vSlue left for the United SUtes as soon as they could, where they could ^'Tret>rt^w*k*s a'VSe, and no further inducements have been offered to immigrants. ^^^^ ^ ALLEN, Consul. United States Consulate, BermuAa, September 20, 1886. MARTINIQUE. REPORT OF aONBUL QARESOBt. I have the honor to report in reply to circular from tbe Department of State dated August 25, 1886, that there is no Immigration to th.a «o°^*^y- WM. A. GARESOHfi, C,t» ll.fiSl 22,700 8,647 9,783 18,430 St TbomM: Charlotte AmiUia ..... 4,754 1,177 6,027 1,149 11,681 2,326 4,477 1,2I)U T.287 1,345 11,764 Coantry 2, 025 Total ^93t 8,076 14,007 6,757 8,632 18,415 14,380 Orand total 10,800 19,««7 86,767 14,404 32,819 Per cent Kate of deoreaae in Santa Crni In tbe towna 5. 9 1 Bate of decreaae in Santa Onis in the country 27.61 Bate ofdeoreaae throughout the ialand of Santa CniB 19 , Bate of inoreaae in Charlotte ▲inaUa,to«rn in St. Thomae • Bate ofinoreaae in country diatriota of St Thomas..: 12. VI BalMofincreaaethnmRhoat tbe ialandof St Thomas ^Tl TRIKIDAD. BBPOBT OF OOKSUL BAWTES. Since the emancipation of the slaves of the West Indies, in 1834, little dependence has been placed npon the negroes to work the plantationsJ and, as the Cancaslan race cannot do much physical labor here becantHi of the enervating effect of the climate, the planters (aided by the Oovf emmrat) have resorted to the coolie labor of the East Indies and else] where. ION. »f procreation, the slight lue to the uautical chnr- ading islands, who coino them. grant of the agricultural d in cultivation, and in- nducemeut, as the ship- havo been declining for there is more than sufU- ig iiito consideration the isary to reply seriatim to ircular reterred to. BB A. TU&NEB, Consul. WEST INDIES. 705 Hta Cruz, We»t India, for the 1880. tax. KaJea. Females. Total. 6,127 3,817 a, 810 1,091 1,382 r.,274 2,948 2,098 4,737 4,»39 »,48U . 10, on 2,7fl« 8,647 9,783 18,430 1,081 2,326 4,477 ],2l!0 7.287 1,345 11,704 2,025 4,007 6,767 8,632 14,389 16,767 14,404 18,416 32,819 rEB. West Indies, in 1834, little » to work the plantations, bysical labor here because laoters (aided by the Oov- f the East Indies and else- Peport of arrteaU and departnrea of East Indian immigrantt at Trinidad, Britith Weit Indies, from the year 1871 to 1886, inclusive. rCompiled by Herbert Stone, eiq,, acting protector of immigrants.] Tears. Imuiisrants arrived i 1K71 1872 1873 1874 1876 1876 1877 1878 1879 , 1880 1881 1882 Kumber. 1,608 3,007 3,210 1,713 3,266 1,816 1,696 8,036 2,103 3,106 2,689 2,6 ally they were ignorant, jealous, avaricious, dishonest, and untrnthful. Poor, half-starved, and half-clad, neglected, discouraged, and hnrail iated, it is not surprising that they were faulty and degraded to the lowest possible condition. It is therefore charitable to remove them to any land of plenty wanting population and laborers, and especially where they are to be placed under the influence of Christian civilization. INDUOBMENTS. In the early efforts to induce immigrants to enlist the Government gave to each immigrant, wlio had served ten years iu the colony, two acres of land ; but theexperiment having proved more than satisfactory to tbo immigrant (those returning to Calcutta having taken with them of earn- ings more than £18,000 sterling annually, besides much value in trin- kets of remelted gold and silver money), bounties are now no longer necessary, the only inducements required being the privileges contained in the following contract : THE CONTRACT FOB TRINIDAD. p>ia«i ^ii Terms of agretment which recruiten for the colony of Trinidad are authorized to offer to intmiing tmigraats. Period of service. — Five years from date of arrival in the colony. Nature of labor. — ^The onltivation of the soil on sngar, cocoa, and other plantatinuR, and all work connected with the manafactnre of the products of snch plantations. Number of days on which an emigrant is required to labor in each wefA;.— Five dayn, ex- cept daring the gathering in of the crop, when he will be required to work six tltiyH, Sundaya and authorized holidays excepted. Number of hours in eaoh day diring whish an emigrant is required to work without extra remHtierafMn.— Nine, inclnsi ve oi half an hoar for rest and refreshment. Monthly or dailJ wages or taslMBork ratet. — The daily wages for adnlts over ten ycnra I of age (for nine hoars' work) is 1*. id., which is eqnal to 10 annas Ij pie, |)iiy»l>li!| fortnightly. Task or ticca work is, however, nsaally preferred by both einigran t und I employer, and the payment for such work is regulated by the wages paid to nuin-l dentnred laborers resident on the same plantation ; or should there, in the opinion I of the protector of immigrants, not be a saflSoient number of nnindentured lahorcral to form a standard, then the indentured immigrant ia paid at the same rate as uu-l indentured laborers on plantations in the neighborhood, snch rate being not Ibhs tli.iiil the minimum rate paid for timo work. r Conditions as to return passage. — An emigrant on completing n residence of ten yeuM in the colony, five having been passed under indenture, will be entiMed, touethed with his family, to a return passage to Calcutta at the expense of the Triuidatl Govl ernmest, but this arrangement does not preclude an emigrant returning to Calciittil at his own expense after completing five years of industrial residence on a plantationf Other oottdituMM.— Bationa will be provided to all emisranta during their first yeal under indenture, the coat of anoh rations (4etween the ages of five and ten will be provided with half ratioii| firee of charge. Suitable dwellings will be assigned to emigrants free of rent, and snch dwelling will be kept by the employer in good repair. Hospital accommodation, with medloal attendance, comforts, &c., will be providc| free or charge to all emigrants nnd^r indenture and their families. .;^jSC •w rioN. virtues of the female , India for nrnuy ceiitu- J other men of the hipber Ist century, still lulhere mected of the ijj;noraiit Ixig ago accumulated in [populated, and millions le condition therefore of lorable. Characteristic- [honest, and untruthful. )uraged, and h u mil iato* 1 , degraded to the lowest to remove them to any ts, and especially where kristian civilization. o enlist the Government rs in the colony, two acres '6 than satisfactory to tbe taken with them of earii- lides much value in trin- mties are now no longer J the privileges contained AD. Hnidad are autliorieeft to offer to 1 the colony. r, cocoa, 8iiy return of Kev. I'. M. I'drtrand. 8. O. P., su^m'm vof the Dominicans and cur, Cathedral 2,418 Ily return of Rev". J. M<- .o.. auu K. I. Grant, of the Canadian Indian Mis- sion 1,1»7 Total 4,015 The Bight Ilex . Richard K.'? wie, Bishop of the Episcopal Cathedral ; llev. P. M. Bf :- ind, 8. O. P., ji.ro of the Boman Catholic Cathedral; Kev. John Morton, of ihe Cauadiaa Mission, and the Hon. Herbert Stone, protector of immigrants, treated me cordially, and gave me much valnable information in K'gard to iut migration. The ])osit{on of the he&then hoolie on his arrival at Trinidad is vt«-a- viH to the Chri!4tian. Buddhism here is at a disadvantage. The cathedral, church, university, school-house, and press are in ftill bloom. Barbarism meota civilization, and as in the course of time one Zu S :Bm ' 708 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. ■:j* must overcome the otlier, civilization, having au indisputable advan- tage, barbarism must gradually disappear. Kot only are those benefited by the contact with civili^atiou who em- brace Ghristianity, but all others are more or less improved mentally, morally, physically, and financially. One thing first noticeable is a change from his former humiliated, cast-down, slavish a])pearance to the independent attitude of a free man. To be sure there are some imped- iments and many evils under civilization, and it would be strange if the koolies did not, many of them, fall by the way. The right reverenu bishop complains of the liquor-saloou system as being very injurious, as the adulterated liquors drank, by the koolies oftentimes produce insanity. Being naturally jealous they becoruu guilty of wife-murder, as shown by the criminal re«»rd ; but this ap- pears to be their only great crime, for which the liquor sellers are largely to blame. As proof of the thrift of the Hindoos, or their descendants, after liv- ing a number of years in Trinidad they are found in nearly all the oc- cupations. Some own lauds, sugar and cocoa estates, and other pro|>- erty ; others are book-keepers, clerks, mechanics, servanth, *&e., and many hire small patches of land that they till. They partake of the British sentiment of loyalty to the Crown, and following English customs in business and trade. They believe in a free exchange of commodities between nations, and in this they are right, for, ne jamais, has any nation ever grown wealthy by the opposite the- ory t They seldom marry with the negro race, but generally multiply with their own race. As the heat of the torrid zone is their natural elcmcut, and they increase rapidly, it is self-evident that the Malay and Cauca- sian races will eventually control the future destiny of Trinidad. MOSES H. SAWYER, Consul. United States Consulate, Trinidad, Nc member 20, 1880. NEW SOUTH WAIVES. BSPOBT or CONSUL OBIFfm OF SXDIfET. The history of immigration to Australia is a very intei jng one. The /growth of the various settlements in the great island continent hns i been so rapid and of such recent date that it is almost impossible not to thirik of it without feelings of a toDishment. Whilst the growth of some of the younger colonies — for instance, Victoria or New Zeahuid — has, I perhaps, been more rapid than that of New South Wales, the sources ulj ]>rogre88 can^ I think, be better illustrated in the history of the iatterl colony than lu any other of the group. New South Wales being (hcl elder or parent colony, this would necessarily be the case, for whatev(;i'[ is characteristic in each will be found to have originated in New Suiith| Wales. ION. NEW SOUTH WALES. 709 u indisputablo advati- th civiliisatioii wbo em- 2S8 improved mentally, ig first noticeable ih a Avisb appearance to tlio there are some imped- would be strange if tbu 10 liquor-saloou system ors drank, by the kooUes y jealous they Iwcomu tl reiuord; but this ap- quor sellers are largely ir descendants, after liv- lud in nearly till the oc- estates, and other prop- nics, servantb, &c., ami yulty to the Crown, and 8. T hey believe i n a free 1 in this they are right, thy by the opposite tbe- t generally multiply with I is their natural elemeut, It the Malay and Cauca- estiny of Trinidatl. ES H. SAWYER, Consul. LES. • srDNBT. 8 a very inter, ing one. 2:reat island continent has k almost impossible not to W^liilst the growth of some •la or New Zeahvod — has, )uth Wales, the sources of 1 the history of the latter nr South Wales being the ' be the case, for whatevei- ) originated in New South It would, perhaps, be difficult to imagine a more gloomy prospect than that which opened before the colonists who landed in the harbor of Syd- ney on the 2tith of January, 1788, nnder the command of Cant. Arthur Phillip. The place chosen for settlement was never intended for the establishment of a colony, in the common acceptance of the teem, but was looked upon simply as a place set apart for banishment of some of the worst criminals of Great Britain, whoso further residence at home, even with such restraints as could be imposed ujion them, was looked upon as incompatible with the peace and good order of society. These exiles numbered in the aggregate 1,030, of whom 775 were men, 102 women, and 18 children. These unfortunate people were put upon prison fare and subjected to the strictest military discipline. They were com- pelled to make their homes upon barren rocks, from which there was no escape, save to the haunts of the most degraded savage races by whom they were surrounded. The death rate amongst Captain Phillip's colony was at first appalling, and at one time it was feared that not one would survive to tell the story of their sufierings. It is worthy of mention here that the first foreign trading vessel that arrived in New South Wales after the establishment of the colony wa« an American brigantiue called the Philadelphia, commanded by Captain Patrickson. This ves- sel came into the harbor on the 1st of November, 1702, with a full cargo of provisions, which were speedily absorbed by the half-famished colo- nists. In 1703 the first immigrant ship arrived with free settlers. The immigrants were furnished with agricultural implements, two years'pro- visious, and grants of land to be selected by themselves. They were also given the gratuitous labor of a number of convicts. In 1830 New South Wales, which then included the colonies of Vic- toria and Queensland, had a {wpulation of 46,312. In 1831 the Govern- ment-assisted-immigration jYolicy was inangnrated, and from that time to the present has been a popular measure with a large section of the community. In 1851 a separate government was given to the colony of Victoria, and in 1S50 a like privilege was extended to Queensland. Whilst the colonists from time to time have encouraged the assisted immigration measures, the transport of convicts to these shores by Great Britain has always mot with the most determined opposition, and in •June, 1840, the opposition to this course grew so iutense, that when the ship Qashemy arrived with a nnmber of convicts aboard, an attempt was made to prevent them from landing. Shortly after this exhibition of dis8ati\>faction t'je order for the transportatiou of convicts was re- scinded by the British Government. It is estimated that before the order was repealed fully 50,000 of the criminal classes of Great Brit- ain had been sent to Australia. The evil effects, however, of the crim- inal cInsBOs upon the population it is believed have long since disap- peared UG'.ler the reforming institutions of the various colonial gov- ernments. The rapid progress of the colonies is said to be largely due to the supoiior class of people that have been selected by the immigra- tion authorities in London. In 1873 f^be people of New South Wales began to \f'eary of the assisted immigration policy, and ouly 140 arrived during that year. The voluntary immigratiou, however, showetl no signs of falling off, for during the same period 23,742 immigrants arrived at their own expense. The largest nnmber of asnsted immigrants who arrived during any year was in 1883, when the number was 8,307. The number of immigrants who paid their own expenses here during the same period was 49,088. 710 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. !«iil I give below a table showing the nutul)er of immigrants arriving in New South Wales at the public expense, and tli(»s«3 paying their own expenses, for each year from 1873 to 1885, inclusive: Immlgmita at ttaepablio expense from the Unitud Kingdom (ooder the assisted Im- Immigrants at their own expense from all conn- trios. migralion regaUtions). Ymn. Adults. Children. 3 Adults. Children. •^ 4 ^ 1 1 "i i pi 3 1 1. 600 i a ■3 "3 1 £ H £ & ^ ^ & .? & H u ^ 1878.. Vt 110 W2 3 n 8 140 15, 610 4,751 20,302 1. 514 3,114 1 40823,»-2 1874.. 427 411 838 100 I3:i 242 1,U80 10, 242 ^ 301 24, »io;i 1. v;i8 ],47ii 3. 2UH hO.') !:«,«;« 1875.. 89i 8,24 719 135 110 254 073 10, Sf) 6, 014 2.'>, 729 2, 033 1,007, II.OKi; 02.") •;», !I14 187«.. 642 420 1,071 208 181 802 1.403 20,614 6, S4S 20.050 2.150 I.CUh] 3.8-.>li 690 ,31,4,9 1877.. 2,802 1,627 4, MO 743 7aO; 1,490 6,018 ,!0.74e 7, 020 27, 780 •J. ir,j l.HOK 3, »Uli: 884 32, 010 1878.. 2,001 1,734 8,845 690 640 1,345 5,100 20, 700 7, 427 28, 108 2. 17:1 1, 833 4,008 2,48.-)34,lif0 4,431' 1.97938,770 1870 .. 1,004 2,141 4,0>7 810 Mt 1,081 5,731 23.832 8.62832.300 2. 207 2. 134 1880.. 1,1.>M] 1,105 2,845 414 87.T 789 3,134 ■^^ 744 0. 804 35, 048 2. 51H 2, 228 4.740 2,»J2 42.7;ifl 1881.. 021 1,021 1,058 31.7 2t>2! 610 3, 577 25.783 9,74135.524 2.089 2,40i< r., ir.7 4,46.V4M':fl 1882.. l,20t 001 2,2U0 5U0 624! 1, 0:«; 3, 2as 27,207 10. 542i37, 740 2. 7 j.-i 2. utS 6.;,0U 1, 007,44. «.« 1883.. 8,870 2,718 6,088 1,154 1, 127 2, SHI 8, 300 30.B78 18,412 49, 988 3. 507 3. 4UU 0,1)13, 1.030 ,-8, KI7 1884.. 2,785| 2,606 6, -m 1,005 1,()« 2,177 7,508 40. iU 15. 244 ,>i5.4!i8 3.687 3,582 7.200 2. 101«4.«IH 1886.. 1,871 2,211 t, OS- 73« 730 1,472 6,554 1 ta, U47 16,«1H 01,060 4,200 3,780 7,090 2,9:!9i;2,5>4 The preceding table do«n not sliow the number of persons leaving the colony during those periods, and I find after a careful study of tlio statistics for a term of year» that the excess of immigration over cini- gration will avera.&o about 4i.04 per cent. In ISTO the uuniber of de partures was 21,923 against 31,470 of arrivals, a gain for the latter of 9,050. In 18S5 the excess of the arrivals over departures was 34,12(i, the groHS arrivals being 72,534, and the departures 38,455. No account is kept of arrivals and departures by land, and as largo numbers are constantly arriving and departing from the colony in that way, the returns are necessarily imperfect. I give below a table showing the number of immigrants who departed from the colony by sea for each year from 1870 to 1885, inclusive : Deeemnial retKrtt of the number of miigraHtt who departed from tl^e tolony teawurd. Twirt. 1876. 1877, 1878. 187B, 1880. 1881. 1882 ll>83 1884 UH6 Adults. Children. 1 Maletk Females. Total. Males. Fvmales. Total. 14,989 4,946 19,031 1.102 787 1,949 12,908 6t]50 18,058 980 616 1,620 13,691 ^89S 19,084 1,409 860 2,260 1 12,838 ^4I& 18,268 1.215 6.V> 1,870 161270 7,051 28,324 1,012 747 2. 330 15,101 &7fl4 21,805 1.424 007 2,001 17,688 7,080 24, 7M 1.547 67>> 2. 32.-. 21,039 &845 S9,&84 1.845 i,2a-> .S.110 25,008 10,890 35,483 2,173 1,500 s, 7:1:1 83,885 10,136 88,531 1,883 1.313 3,208 '■ 1 Chinese. 040 4U0 1,'iCO 5.57 870 929 MK4 1.40 J 1,03»* 1,7^:6 Grneral tolul. 21,02: 20.1(- 2J.0i: 20. flit; 2(i, ."i.!! 2».H-.r 27. mi 31,: 4i>.: 38. 4i' The largest) number of departures occurred in 18S4, when it wu 40,254, of whom 1,038 were Ohineee. The arrival of Chinese durinj the same period was 2,101, au increase of 1,153. The immigration au ^horities do not note the exact ages of persons arriving and departing out chMsify all those over 12 years of age as adults and all under tha ATigN. f iinmi^ruiits arriving in those paying their own ihisive: t their own expooHo from all conn- trios. NEW SOUTH WALES. 711 Children. J ^ «t i ^ •3 g ♦; n d D,302 1,000 i.au H 3,114 406 2.1. 8>2 4, iiu:i i,n» 1,47(1 :i, 20H «fl.'>l!H,«7B 5,728 2,0;)3 1,607 :i,04u 025'il»,m4 6, OM 2,1m 1,008 8, 824 69031,4,0 7, 76« 2, 15J 1,80K 3, Olid 884 112, 010 B,]IK) 2. 17.1 l,8:i5 4, 008 2, 4H."i ;i4, !> 11 2, 300 2, 207 2, 134 4,431 1, 079 ;iH, 7Tl( 5,048 2, 61H 2. 228 4, 74(1 2,»lL'42,7:.(i 5. 524 2,080 2,40;< 5, 157 4, 46.1 45,1 ;fl 7,740 2,75.5 2,5»5 n,:.oo 1,«0 2.', 013 ftVi 1,870 6.57 20, 605 747 2,3J0 876 2(i, 5.)n 067 2,001 929 2».8V5 678 2, 32.-> 881 27, »i2 1,20.-| 3,110 1,40J 3»,:ili(i 1,560 3, 733 i,o:b> 411, -.'.M 1.313 3,208 1,7:6 38, 4.-.5 red in 18-n4, when it was arrival of Chinese during 153. The immigration au- ns arriving and departing, adults and all under that age as children. The number of persons introtluced into New South Wales at the public expense since 1832, when the assisted immigration policy was inaugurated, to the close of 1885 was 207,044. The following table shows the number and sex of the assisted immi- grants arriving in New South Wales for each year from 1876 to 1885, inclusive: ITiMir. 1876.... isn.... 1878.... 1879.... 18tlU .... 1881.... 1883.... 18KI.... 1884 .... 1885.... Adults. Hales. Females. Total, 612 2.802 2,001 1,906 1,150 029 1,209 3,370 2,785 1.871 420 1,027 1,754 2,141 1,105 1,029 •91 2,718 2,606 2,211 1,071 4,510 8,845 4,047 2,845 1,958 2,200 6.088 5,301 4,082 Children. Hales. Females. Total 208 743 699 840 414 327 509 1,164 1,005 736 184 756 046 844 375 20J 624 1,127 1,082 736 892 1,409 1,345 1,684 789 610 1, 033 2,281 2, 177 1,4:2 Total. ^1 1,463 6,018 6,190 5, 731 3,134 2,577 8, 233 8,309 7,668 6,554 COUNTBIBS OF OCIOIN. In the government returns no mention is made of the nationalities of persons arriving in the colony other than those brought here at the public ex})ense. A s^parat^ return, however, is kept of the Chinese ar- riving, partly because there is a poll tax of £10 ($48.60) per head upon overy Chinaman an-iving in the colony. The estimated population of New South Wales at the close of the year 1886 was 1,850,412, of whom 05.80 i^er cent, are of British and colonial origin, the colonies furnishing (18.12 per cent; England,- 14.31 ; Wales, 0.41 ', Scotland, 3.34; Ireland, !).21, and ether ^British possessions, 0.47 per cent. According to the hmt census (1881) the population of the colony was given at 751,408, iuitl of these 720,422 were British subjects, 28,519 foreigners, 830 per- sons who.se nationality was not stated, and 1,691 born at sea. Of the British subjects 384,001 were males and 335,521 females. Of the for- eigners 24,098 were males and 3,821 females. Out of the total foreign ]iopu1ation the United States furnished 2,518; France, 1,497; Belgium, !»7; Holland, 279; Germany, 7,521 ; Denmark, 1,069 ; Sweden and Nor- way, 1,755; llussia, 322; Austria, 327; Switzerland, 482; Italy, 521; iSpain, 120 ; Portugal, 165 ; Chinese, 10,141 ; PaciQo Islands, 1,641 ; born at soil, 1,0!)1 ; countries not named, 836. Of the assisted immigrants who arrived in the colony during 1885, England and Wales furnished 3,249; Scotland, 96:) ; Ireland, 1,207 ; other countries, 129. The following table shows the nationalities of the assisted immigrants arriving in New South Wales for each year from 1876 to 1885, inclusive : Tear. 1876. I8V7. 1878. 1«9. 1880 1881. 1882 1K83. 1884. 1833. England and Scotland. Ireland. Wales. 841 188 407 3,68b 418 1, 440 2,864 .304 1,840 2,808 700 2,125 1,205 213 1,048 006 211 1,889 2,017 408 764 5,382 037 1, 903 4,62H 1,314 1,603 8,240 86» 1,207 other countries. 27 465 182 98 68 71 44 147 125 12» i^i ^i .. , ,-. ^'■• m ilkf'r^-^J ■ 712 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. Tbe average cost of pasaage for an adalt assisted immigrant during the last decade has been abont £11 ($53.63) to the colony. The compara- tively isolated condition of Anstralia and its remote distance from Earope seem to have required special efforts on the part of the Govern- ment to obtain suitable immigrants for the colonies. The long sea voyage, lasting by steamer from forty-flve to fifty days, and by sailing vessels from seventy to one hundred and twenty days, and the far greater attractions offered by the United States have deterred many from com- ing to these shores. About one>balf of the assisted immigrants were selected by the agent-general in Europe, and the remainder were nomi- nated in the colonies. The authorities have always paid attention to the nationalities of the immigrants, and have taken pains to see that each division of the United Kingdom is properly represented. After a fair proportion is accorded to tho English, Welsh, Scotch, and Irish, about 10 per cent, of the remainder are taken from other than British sub- jects. I will mention as a singular incident in connection with the sub- ject, immigration to Anstralia, that in 1877 fourvessels arrived at Sydney, bringing 834 immigrants ft'om the United States. Tho first vessel the Ann A. Boyton, brought a number from New York Cit>'. I take the following extract from the report of the agent for immigration of May 27, 1877, in which reference is made to this class of immigrants : Tho immigrants thus introdnoed appear to be of A nioBtuHufiildescriptiou, and, oh far as information can bo obtained, the greater portion have readily found occupation in Sydney. In 1873 the colonial government required all applicants for immi- gration to New South Wales to make a deposit of £5 ($24.33) for each adult and of £2 10a. ($12.16) for each child, but under the regulation of 1876 these deposits were reduced to £2 ($9.72) for adults and £1 ($4.86) for children between three and twelve years of age. DESTINATION OF IMMIGRANTS. By far the greater portion of immigrants arriving here usually linger abont Sydney or some of tho adjacent towns, showing in tbe strongest possible manner a fondness for city life. The truth is, nearly one-thin of the whole population of the colony reside in Sydney and its suburbs ; at all events, more than one half of the population live in municipalitici) or incorporated towns. The proportion belonging to the agricnltura or pastoral classes is not as large as many would expect fh>m the vast pastoral interests of the colony. The censns shows that only 54,484 persons belong to the agricultural classes, and these include all persone engaged in farming, freehold proprietors, leasehold proprietors, tenant formers, persons assisting, not being hired servants, and hired farm servants. The number of sheep farmers was given at 17,110, of whoit 16,725 were males and 386 females ; the number engaged in horticultun was 4,820, of these 4,798 were males and 122 females ; the wine growei> numbered 266, sugar growers, 120; making a total of 76,792 of all tbt farming classes. The total number engaged in commercial pursuits wu: 22,901; distributors of drink and food, 12,822; law and other learue« professions, 10,184; Government service, 6,787 ; miners, 17,700; skillei workers and artificers, 50,680. These include master workmen, apprcMi tices, photographers, printers, coach-makers, Jewelers, cabmen, Imat builders, book-binders, brick-makers, carters, shoemakers, hair dressers &0. Of the 60,580 belonging to the preceding classes 7,030 were fern al v.> Those classified as nnskilled laborers were 38,984. Seafaring personi v«. ^TION. listed immigraut dnriDg le colony. The compara- s remote distance from n the i»art of the Govern- colonies. The long sen fty days, and by sailing ; days, and the far greater deterred many from com listed immigrants were e remainder were nomi- AvayB paid attention to - taken pains to see that •ly represented. After elsh, Scotch, and Irish, •m other than British sub- connection with the sub- vessels arrived at Sydney, fttes. The first vessel the iw York City. I take the b for immigration of May ass of immigrants : It useful flescriptiou, ami, oh far ve roaIony. By far the most numerous class in the colony is set down in the census under the head of domestics. This included all persons en- gaged in household duties, infants and children not attending school, (lomestio servants, persons of independent means, uursos, midwivos, &c. This class comprises about one-half of the total population of the colony. The subjoined table shows the total population of New South Wales for each year from 1874 to 1885, iuclusive, together with the number of males and females, the number of births, deaths, and arrivals and departures by sea: Teari. Persons. 674, 043 604,207 614, 1 HI 643, 707 071,888 700,460 741, 88a 778, 600 810,633 867, 744 003,068 867,014 M»Im. 312,843 823, U80 3.13, 615 350,320 866, «2& 886 826 406,277 426, 044 44.3, »I4 470,000 486,681 e.>7,533 Females. 262,100 271,217 280,606 203, in» 806,203 822,633 836,616 861,746 307,618 887,785 408,877 430,381 Births. 22,178 23, 628 2.1,208 23, 861 26,388 26,033 28,162 28,003 20,702 81,281 83,846 85,043 Deaths. 8,652 10,771 11,103 8,800 10,763 10,700 11,231 11,630 12,816 12,240 14,220 16,282 So*. Arrivals. Departures. 20,760 80,007 82, 042 88,028 80, 870 44,601 45,870 47,723 47,280 «7,20« 74,480 78,138 18,278 20, 850 21,823 20, 174 22,013 20,006 26, 6611 24,825 27,027 34,806 40,264 88,456 It will bo seen from the foregoing table that the number of males in excess of females shows a heavy increase for each year, and that at the close of 1835 the number of males exceeded that of the opposite sex by 97,152, or about 10 per cent. UOOUPATION OF IMMIOBANTS. I am indebted to Mr. O. H. Weir, the government agent for immi- gration, for the followiug table, showing the tntdes and callings of the iMsisted immigrants who have arrived in New South Wales in 1886, to- gether with their nationalities, &o. : Train and callings. OccupaUon. UAIMB. Pastoral, farming, and general laborers. Mining : General miners Coal Iron Total BuildiDK trades Builders Carpentora and ioiners MiMons Bricklayers Briolcmalceni Plumliers ^ PainUrs Plaaterors Totri England. Snotland. Inland. other countries. Total 884 M2 474 14 1,324 48 18 1 27 4 1 4 80 17 2 63 S2 4 08 1 1«7 44 64 16 38 80 31 1 88 85 4 1 6 13 8 14 4 2 4 224 83 60 16 2 5 8 45 8 1 107 4S 436 105 80 8 678 714 /.'•I UMIGUATION AND IMMIQRATION. Trade$ and caUings— Continued. Oooapfttlont. Enaloiid. Scotlanil. Ireland. Othrr couutrl«a. Toliil. Iron tradeii : 1 1 1 8 4 7 20 5 2 4 1 16 1 MitlHnrtt - ^ g Fitters BlookRinlthA •.. 8 3 1 ;ig 7 Total 30 23 6 68 Clothlns trades : Tailors •.... 20 88 8 7 1 H 5 43 to Total 68 14 8 13 0.1 ProTision trades: 11 S n 17 2 1 •2 16 Bakers Grocers 2 41 1 Total 87 20 5 2 61 Tarions manafSMtaring trades : 16 14 4 13 8 6 3 2 a 8 Ci IH 4 7 1 Vl 1 u Total 64 14 6 4 77 Hiiico11«n«onR trade*, incladtnff malca above twelve yeare of age, accompanied by or com- 8M Vt 47 6 4HI arand total of male* 1,«87 60S 1 870 40 2,785 nVAUM. 1,05.-1 S4» 80 188 10 010 15 20 5 1,48'.! Other callinKH* inclndln(( females above twelve years of age, aooompanioil by or comlDg to rel- 60 ArAHil tnial of fAmalea ..................... U8 108 031 81 2.000 . The following table shows the trades and callings of the Govern- ment-assisted immigrants for each year from 1877 to 188r», inclusive: Oooapation. 1877. 1878. 1870. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1889. Pastoral farmtng.and general laborers Miners 1,2»5 887 8»4 820 110 00 73 288 1,218 114 170 101 68 88 4S 187 1,820 83 2K( 72 87 15 88 180 893 20 84 30 28 7 70 090 19 85 82 20 7 66 602 85 297 60 60 33 20 117 1,608 48 800 140 100 JiNi lie 864 570 68 03 04 77 481 1,047 ll-J Itiillillnir trades .-.-.- 2H2 ir *< a 4'. MUcellaneona trade*... 18: Total 2,803 2,081 1,900 1,U0 029 i,aoo 8.870 3,785 1,871 OENEBAL MOBAL GOMDITIOM. The immigration aathorities in London have, it is said, always en- deavored to select only those of good moral character. lATION. Uii. ODll . Ireland. Othrr countries. TolBl. ••■ 1 1 1 H IS 3 1 7 23 08 1 * ' 8 6 7 1 8 5 4.1 (0 14 H 13 U.I » 2 16 41 7 17 1 2 2 20 S 3 2 3 2 61 » IH 4 '.'I U 7 "iT 1 1 S 4 77 OT 47 S 481 S0S| STO 40 2,7g» 1,05,5 l,48J 69 188 10 010 15 20 5 108 031 81 2.000 I callings of tbo Govern- 1877 to ISa"), inclusive: 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1889. 19 85 83 28 7 S5 802 9i 207 SO 80 83 1?? 1,806 48 M» 140 100 Jim ll« 8S4 1,824 00 870 08 03 04 77 481 1,047 112 283 1.1 44 2« 4'; m tag 1.300 8,870 S,78S 1,871 rioN. >ve, it is said, always en- iaraoter. NEW HOUTII WALES. 715 Tlio following table hHo'iVh tbo religious perHuasions of tlie tiHsi^ted ImuiiKnintM wlio arrived in New Soutb Wales during tbo year ended Do- eeniberSI, 1881 : NnlioniilU.v. KnaliRh IriHlt ... Sciitcli . Olhiirs . ^1 I,M2 ."0 1 1,711 1,308 l-.'7 61) 17 M art 01 601 3 1,001 008 88 01 48U 2 887 II "a X. 874 17 401 ^9 F. M. ■i'M 303 10 3 11 27 3 3«d 335 r. 207 4 2.5 1 327 U. M2 40.'> 1.1 6 MS F. 86 600 17 8 720 M. 20 47 it .a ■ F. if. 23 05 10 2U 44 m F. 36 H 1 M. I F. 2, 4'.'.'. 2, 201 1,126 703 60 817,1,103 «nii,ai4 601 vr 53 3,880.3,088 7,6118 Tbo subjoined table sbows in detail tbeir educational attcitimeii!' Under twelTc rear*. Over twelve yifti,?. NatiaDK Cannot read. 1,100 138 818 28 Rend only. Road and wnto. Cannot rood. Read only. RciwI Biul write. rotal. Knuliiiliand Welsh 2' 1 800 44 03 8 80 60 7 10 10 10 3,o;i6 1,2I.'5 HI t-'s^^ IiUh Si'olcli .. l.SU 125 Total 1,644 3 534 107 20 5,260 7 508 Tbere is no reason to doubt tbat tbe greater port ion of ^ow Soutb Wales immigrants make good citizens. It is certain tbat after a time tbey become attacbed to tbo country and are Hclf-reliant and self-sup- porting. Tbeir opportunities for advancement are not so great as in tbo United States, but tbere can be no question about tbeir condition being mucb better than tbat of similar classes in European countries. It sbould also be remembered tbat New Soutb Wales, and indec' all tbe Australasian colonies, have institutions in many respects like > iioso of tbe United States. For instance, tbe system of public education is ])ractioally the same in both countries. Moreover, tbere are no class distinctions in the colonies, no union of church and state, and no laws of primogeniture and entail. Tbey have also tbe right to regulate tbeir institutions in their own way. BOUNriES OF LAND, EXEMPTION FBOM TAXATION, ETC. The laws conferring upon the New South Wales immigrants grants of land have long since been repealed. At one time large tracts of land were conferred upon certain officers and soldiers of the British army who settled in tbe colony. Every non-commissioned officer was entitled to 130 acres if single, and if married, 160 acres; privates, if single, 80 acres; if married, 100 acres, and for each child, at tbe tinse of granting allotments, lOacres. These grants were freeof taxes, quit-rents, and other payments for five years. A.11 such privileges bavo been repealed, nor Is there any exemption from taxation of any kind in New South Wales. The land laws of the colony are very voluminous and complicated, but 716 I.MIORATION AND millORATION. ':m- perhaps throw no moro obstacles in the way of pnruhiiKorN thiin Mio IuihI laws of other British colonies. Tlio Crown lands net of 1H81, now in force hero, divides tlie colony into throe great divisions, viz, thci (>a.st ern, tlie central, and the western. The intending laniier, luiwt'vi r, cannot hope to obtain land after the practice in vogue in the iertile aid off. In iuMition to this, the adjoining land, if available, so as not to exceed in iii aggr ■•;at( 1,280, may be taken up, as a conditional lease, at a roininh>: > < .irl.> /( nt at 2d. (4 cents) per acre, and at the end of five years the .^vu *( ti- tn ) v purchase lYom the Grown the leased part of bis holding, ami bivnino a land-owner to the extent of 1,280 acres, as a maximum, or ho iiiit.s ut tlu: end of five years renew his lease without the rightof purchase. Tliecuii ditions imposed on the purchaser are those of residence and icncin<>. The residence must be bona fide, and extend over the first live ye:irs, The fencing is to be of a special kind, and to be rooted on tlio oiitsidr boundaries of the holding within a period of two > oars. In Iho central division a person may purchase hind conditionally from <>40 lu res tu 2,560 01 H^s upon the same conditions. In the great vcstern division, which is so well adapted to sheep-farming, and whi'')i ineliuloH (he famous Biverina district, the Crown lauds are not oii; :!i to ])urcli:isi' except in the neighborhood of towns and in areav< ospeciaC.v i)i'()claini('(l for the purpose of alienation, but large tracts, consisting of the resiitncd halves of the old runs, are open to lease in blocks of from 5,7(iO to i0,l.'4(l acres, called homestead leases, at a minimum rental of If/. (2 cents) \w\ acre. To renew a homestead lease an application muse l)o lodged with the laud agent of the district in which the land is situated. Care ninst be taken to see that the land has not already been taken up. Tlio con ditions prescribed are fencing around the outside boundaries with two years, and residence for at least six months of each year diirii the first five years of the lease. Should the intended purchaser fail comply with the conditions he will be liable to certain penalties. V instance, all classes of Crown land will be liable to forfeiture lor ai breach of covenant or tbr non-payment of rent, but rentals may be pu within three months of due date, with the addition of a lino ot 5 \w cent, or within six months with a fine of 10 per cent. Forfeiture wi not relieve a lessee from the debt due, the unpaid rental accrued, prio to forfeiture. THE CHINESE. It 01 im The only tax levied npon any class of immigrants is the poll-tax £10 ($48.66) per head on the Chinese. The wisdom of this class d crimination has been seriously questioned by colonial statesmen, bii there can be no doubt that pablie opinion favors the measure, and tha the prejudice against the '* Celestials " is becoming stronger from ye to year. Their want of proper knowledge of the requircroentH of higher civilization and their ignorance of sanitary regulations have it tensified the opposition to them. It is said that they are all of one so and hold themselves apart from the community and quit it altogetln for iheir own country after they have secured a competency. It is sai farther that they are never really free, but are bound to some unkuow VATION. . pnruliHMcrs tliaii tlio IiiihI aiids net of 1^)84, now in it divisions, vW., tint ca-st tcnditifi^ fariin'r, liowj'vcr, in vot^uv in tlio iertiic iji.s- tract8ot'c(>iiiitr,v Huitalilo satitcrQ division alon^ liu^ aying a doposit of l'» (IS and tlio balance of l.s«. (24contH) lu'rncru, witli 4 il ofr. In r.Mition to tliis, exceed i u i i ; a gjj ri •,i,'at(i ,atarainini.!: ' early ;t nt ve years the M'U;rt'.»i" iiniy biH holding, and brrmiu' si maxiMium,or he nnt.\ ut the ightofparchase. Thoeuii- of residence and fcncin;;'. i over the first live years. I b(j ■ reotcd on (he ontside two years. In the centnil itioniiSly from <»40 acres to the great, western division, J, and whirh includes (he are not oi*', :j (o iturchasc areas especially j)rochiiniiMl il, consisting of the resumed locks of front r>,7 to 10,L'40 a rental ofUI. (2 cents) per nation must be lodged wi(li ind is situated. Care must y been taken up. The con outside boundaries within lotiths of each year during ) intended purchaser fail to ) to certain penalties. For liable to forfeiture for any It, but rentals may be paid I addition of a line of 5 per > per cent. Forfeiture will Lupaid rental accrued, prior migrants is the poll-tax of > wisdom of this class di^- by colonial statesmen, but ivors the measure, and that coming stronger from year ) of the requirements of a mitary regulations have in- that they are all of one sex uity and. quit it altogether 3d a competency. It is said ire bound to some unknown ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) > 1.0 ^ ■•JO ^^= lu Hbi 12.2 I.I - 114 7— IE ll£ ilJ4iy4 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WeST MAIN STRIET WIBSTER,N.Y. MS80 (71«)t7a-4S03 ■ rf«tJSW*'WnW"^W«' C!HM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques ^ NEW SOUTH WALES. 717 or mysterious authority, aud consequently are a constant danger to the state. The number of Chinese in New South Wales at the close of 188G was estimated at 14,136, against 10,205 for 1881. The number in Victoria in 1881 was 12,128; it is now estimated at 15,160. The to- tal number in the whole of Australasia at the last census, in 1881, was given at 43,706, of whom only 362 were women. The number of Chi- nese in Queensland was 11,227 ; South Australia, 4,151 ; Western Aus- tralia, 145; Tasmania, 844 ; New Zealand, 5,004. The total number in the whole of Australasia for lastj'ear (1886) is estimated at 56,113. The Chinese began to immigrate to Australia in 1853. At the census of 1854 there were 2,000 in Victoria, and in New South Wales 3,110. Steps were taken in Victoria as early as 1855 to limit Chinese immigration. All act was iia-ssed by the legislature of that colony putting a tax of jCIO ($48.66) per head upon them aud forbidding vessels to carry more than one Chinaman for every 10 tons burden. Although the strong- est measures were taken to enforce the act, the law was evmled by large numbers pouring in from the neighboring colonies. In 1859 there were over 42,000 Chinamen in Victoria alone. In the following year there was a great influx of Chinamen into New South Wales from Victoria, aud Mr. Hayter, the government stiitist, of Victoria, says that as many as 11,000 left that colony in one year for New South Wales ; so that in 1861 the census showed that there were only 24,732 in Victoria. In 1865 Victoria repealed the restrictions against the Chinamen, but the law was revived again in 1881, and about the same time similar laws were adopted in all the other colonies. The New South Wales law now in force was passed on the 2d of August, 1881. It provides, among other things, in addition to the tax of £10 ($48.66) per head, that no ves- sel shall bring more than one Chinaman for every 100 tons burden, un- der a i)eualty of £ 100 ($486.60). There is also a penalty of £50 ($243.33) for neglecting to pay the poll-tax. A certificate is given every China- man upon the payment of the tax, aud there are no exemptions to the operation of the law except for those who are bona fide residents or Brit- ish subjects. The following is an extract tvom the statute 14-5 Victo- ria, No. Ill : Tlie iiiasteT of every vessel sball upon arrival, and before making entry at thecns- tnm-bouse, deliver to the collector -or other principal oflScer of the customs a list of Chiucse on board (either as passengers or crow), Bpfloifyingtuthe bpst of his knowl- edge the name, the place of i>irtb, tbe.apparent age, the ordinary place of residence, the ])lace aud date of shipment, and the calling or occupation of each such Chinese, under a penalty for not delivering such list not exceeding £200. The master is required to pay i^lO for every Chinese before entering at the customs, aud before any Chinese shall be pbrmitted to land. OPPOSITION TO IMMIOBANTS. The immigration policy of the government has met with the most determined and persistent opposition on the part of the various trades and labor organizations throughout the colony. The war against it was not only kept up vigorously here, but agents of acknowledged abil- ity and energy were dispatched to Europe, at the expense of the labor council of Sydney, to warn all intending immigrants against coming to Australia. Mr. John Norton, one of the most prominent of these agents, has recently created quite a sensation in London by his vigorous at- tacks on the government. In a series of powerful speeches and papers he charged the immigration authorities with deceit and falsehood in holding out inducements for persons to come to the colonies where the labor market has for some time been overorowded. Mr. Norton's efforts, i 718 EMIGRATION AND IMVlQRATION. it is said, have been the means of compelling tlio itnmigration author!- ities to snspend their operations in London. According; to a recent cablegram received from there he recently addressed a large meeting, and said, amongst other things, that there were over 40,000 unem- ployed in Australia, and that over 0,000 wore in the vicinityof Syd- ney. The authorities, however, ridicule Mr. Norton's statements, and assert that the colonies are in a fairly ]>rosperons condition, and that those actually in search of employment have no trouble in finding it, They also cite the fact that many thousand pounds are sent annually to Europe by the colonists in order to bring out their friends. Jt is cer- tain, however, that the New South Wales authorities have closed the immigration bureau at London and issued an order for the abolition oi the agency iu Sydney. The latter order will go into effect immediately upon the arrival of the immigrant^) that have already been shippoil here. Tho news of the closing of the bureau was received hero witli great rejoicing by all the various trade and labor organizations. At a large and enthusiastic meeting on the evening of the 15th instant, at which representatives were present from 25 or 30 associations, includ ing the coach-makers, iron-workers, engravers, operative stone-masons, wharf laborers, coal-trimmers, amalgamated engineers, plumbers, wheel Wrights, brick-makers, carpenters, plasterers, &c. Resolutions were passed conveying the thanks and grotitude of all classes of working men worthy efforts in their behalf. in New South Wales to Mr. Norton for his vigorous and praise- WAGES AND COST OF LIVINO. It is believed that the depression now existing in the colonies is of ii temporary character only, and that within a very short period there will be a general revival of trader The copious rains over a vast area of country which heretofore suftiered from drought, the decided ad vance in the price of wool, and other signs of progress make the out look for the future much brighter than the present depression in tlu labor market would seem to indicate. In a former part of this report have directed attention to the heavy disproportion of males to fe males in the colony. This surplus of single men is not confined to Nev South Wales, but extends to every colony in the Australian group. Ii Victoria the percentage of tiemales was at the last census 90.05; it Queensland it was 70.28; south Australia 88.07, and New Zealant 82.07. The estimated number of single men in New South Wales a the close of 1886 was 100,213. A large proportion of the single mei of Australasia are of a nomadic character. They seem to travel fron colony to colony without a desire of securing permanent homes. Thes men invariably gravitate at certain periods to the large cities, and ser onsly disturb the labor market, which may also at those periods be e fected from other causes. In 1884, after a heavy increase of immigra tion,a serious disturbance arose in Sydney, which speedily attracted tb attention of the government. Belief works were established, princ pally around the capital, and a labor bureau was opened, for the pnrpos of ascertaining the amount of distress alleged to exist, and if possibl the causes of the distress. I learn from a carefully prepared report c the officer in charge of the labor bureau that the number of single me who sought work was 365 against 228 married men, and that many < the former were unskilled laborers and had been iu the colony only few months. On the relief works the men received 58. ($1.21) {ler da^ and were supplied with free cooking and tents to live in, together wit Ution. tlie itnmipfrution authori- . According to a recent IdreRsed a large meeting, were over 40,()00 unein- re in the vicinityof Syd- Norton's statementH, and (erons condition, and tbat, no trouble in llnding it. unds are sent annually to their friends. Jt is cer- buthorities have closed the order for the alwlition of go into eflfect immediately ave aln-ady been shippeil a was received hero with kbor organizations. At a ing of the 15th instant, at or 30 associations, includ- ps, operative stonemasons, mgineers, plumbers, wheel- rs, &c. Uesolntions were e of all classes of working- ■- his vigorous and praise- nriNO. Jting in the colonies is of a a very short period there ous rains over a vast area drought, the decided ad- of progress make the out- I present depression iu the former part of this report I >roportion of males to fe- men is not confined to New the Australian group. In ; the last census 90.05; in I 88.07, and New Zealand n in New South Wales at portion of the single men They seem to travel from r permanent homes. These CO the large cities, and seri- ilso at those periods be ef- leavy increase of immigra- hich speedily attracted the \ were established, prinoi- vm opened, for the purpose )d to exist, and if [possible irefully prepared report of I the number of single men ed men, and that many of been iu the colony only a jceived 5«. ($1.21) per day, ;8 to live in, together with NEW SOUTH WALES. 719 free railway passes to and from their work from Saturday to Monday, Laborers were engaged from 6«. ($1.4G) to Ss. ($1.94) per day. After a period of four months it was found very difficult to obtain workmen for In. Gd. ($1.8L!) per day. The following is an extract from the report of the ofliccr of t!ic bureau: Muflt of the prnanut appllcaiitH on tbe labor oxclmuge nre unwilling to proceed into the country dtBtricts. The chisa of men who will take the current rate of w.igca in a country township, iu which the cost of aubMiBtenoe in leas than iu the nietropolia anolitical events and by the development of industrial enterprise which have had so powerful an effect in modifying the commercial currents of the world.. Among the chief factors which have been instrumental in determining the volume of emigration generally may bcBnunierated the following: The recognition of the Bepublics of Central and South America by England, which was the first country to benefit by the opening up of new commercial centers for her produce and manufactures ; the policy of the restoration, which caused a vast number of Frenchmen to leave their native homes and settle in foreign lands ; the rapid strides which have been made in the improvement and perfection of steam naviga- tion and the extension of the railway system, by which the conditions of transport have undergone so complete a change, and which have brought about in the movement of goods and passengers, as well as in the conditions of wealth, a more general revolution than was even effected in the sixteenth century by the conquest of America ; the dis* cover}' in 1848 and 1850 of the gold mines of California and Australia; the abolition of slavery in European colonies, inaugurated by England in 1834 (and completed by France in 1848), this nation being the first to proclaim the principles of freedom in 1793, and followed by the United States in 1863, and Brazil in 1871; the opening of a certain number of ports in China and Japan to European trade, and the construction of I the Suez Canal, the effiect of which was to considerably augment the volume of European and American trade with the East, and the cause indirectly of greatly facilitating Chinese emigration ; and, lastly, the complete suppression of the colonial pact, first by England and later by France, and the substitution of IVee trade for protection, a change I which has been of substantial advantage to the commerce of both] countries. It would appear that during this period, which may be characterized! as the commercial period, though the term voluntary emigration isl equally applicable to it, everything which had been favorable to thel expansion of international trade al^o exercised a favorable infliiencol on colonization. In past ages the impulse given to emigration gei.crally| came ttom the mother country; it was then that arrangements were made for supplying the colonial possessions with inhabitants as well a^ with goods, either by purchasing blacks from Africa or by compelliiiii shippingcompanies, in consideration of various concessions being grante(| to them, to carry on board their vessels on every voyage they made ; certain number of colonists, a system formerly much in vogue in FranctH In the nineteenth century, however, a totally different order of thingJ appears to prevail, and the mother country does not play the same r61^ 720 EMIGRATION IN THE MNETKEM'H CKNTUKY. 18^ [TH CENTURY. r and October 4, 1881.] id to (lato from tlie treat- id by ini])ortaut i>oIitical terpriso which havu had ial currents of the world. Tumental in determiiiiu^ imerated the following : and South America by fit by the opening up of lanufactnres ; the policy tr of Frenchmen to leave the rapid stridcH whicii rfectioD of steam naviga- by which the conditions change, and which have passengers, as well as in evolution than was even iiest of America ; the dis- California and Australia ; I, inaugurated by England is nation being the first to id followed by the United ig of a certain number of ?, and the construction of ionsiderably augment the h the East, and the cause >igrati(m ; and, lastly, the St by England and later ) for protection, a change to the commerce of both lich may be characterized t voluntary emigration is ad been favorable to the sed a favorable intliience en to emigration generally that arrangements were rith inhabitants as well as ) Africa or by compelling I concessions being granted )very voyage they made a ' much in vogue in France, y different order of things >e8 not play the same r61e iu emigiatiou as toriiierly. At the pr«.seut tluy it is left to agencies and wocieties of a private uuture, and more or less of a eouinieicial or relig- ious character, to take that part in promoting and fostering emigration Avliich had hitherto fallen to tho uictber eouiitry. it ai)pears to bo the excepticm for European Governments to populate their (nvu eolunial possessions, us Frauce at one time colonized Algeria, and tli«^ onus is now laid upon tho colonies. It is they who, recognizing that to 1 he wholesome and i»rosperous progress of a colony iu anew country llie constant accession of new settlers is indispensable, (in«l themselves f()iee«l to take such measures as ujjpear to them to bo the hot, and either parcel out their laud, otter it for sale at very reduced pri<;es, or even make tree grants, and take every advantage of publicity to attract immigrants. The l.itter system would appear to be the most logical, since it is essentially the colony which Is materially benefited by immi- gration, and it should undoubtedly be encouraged, more especially as the present system of voluntary emijrration is characterized by many features which dittered from those distinguishing the colonization of ])a8t ages. There are many influences at work which determine the volume of voluntary emigration, and among others may be enumerated the follow- ing: (1) Overpopulation, arising from iiu excessive -birth-rate; (-) in- sutUcieucy of the means of subsistence in tho mother country, which is the natural result of an excess of population, an'«4. Emigrants. 6.200 18,670 15,580 21,450 Periods. 1805-'«9. 1870-'74 . 1876-'70 . 1880-'82* Emigrant! 63, 64, 23, 74, * The flgares for this period represent the whole nf the emigration from Norwegian ports, but it t be taken tliat nine-tentmi of the emigrants sailed for America. The director of the Italian statistical bureau, who has succeeded making his department one of the most useful and important of statistical bureaus of Europe, has lately produced a most valuable wd dealing exhaustively wit>: the question of the movement of emigratl in the principal European niautries. Although the list of oonnt^ enumerated in this volame is somewhat incomplete, and the infori ;noN. EMIGRATION IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 723 Ind that it is of very nm the current of eniigni ral iufluence over it. lore importaut fact ttiiiu statistics show us how facility iu means of com- 5 the case of the United [be Kingdom a constant tsh — flows towards remote been prepared showing I year 1815 being the first have been available. A will show the number of leach of the quiuquenuial dl8«3: Periods. Namber of emigrants. 1,638, 94 J 800, t)40 774, 111 1,064,088 1,856,214 796, 8':8 nr yoftTH) ..•.......--■■ 1, 635, 353 Ortion at the ports of Haw- rwegian ports exhibits the 11 be seen by the following >f emigration at the various inality, for each qninqueu- FeriodB. Bmigraots. 638,362 544,098 247,133 624,533 ian ports was as follows : Perioda. Emignuita. 88,647 64,487 23,920 74,793 . ration from Norwegian ports, but it may areau, who has succeeded in iseful and important of tlie )duced a most valuable work i;he movement of emigratiou hough the list of countries Qcomplete, and the informa> tion K'^'t'i'i certainly ii« regards the majority of the eountriey, only refers to offlcially recorded emigration, yet a (M>nipan.son of the total shows very clearly, in s])ite of some trifling tluctnatioiis, how very nniPked is the tenilency to an increase in the niunbers. A reference to tlie following table will show the number of emigrants who, according to M. Dodio, left those countries in which ofHcial records of emigration are kept: Conntrirs of origin. Einiuranta I Tmph li'rtvliitf for *""' iion-Kiivdiicaa I'oiiuirleH. Fnitcil Kin((<1oiii, Xorwiiy, Austria i 18fi;i Hiiitfii Kinuilnm, Norway , Aiixlriii ; 18'."i IJiiiti'il Kiiiuiloni. Noiwiiy, AiiNtvin, Fniiico I IHilO I^iiiliil liliiKiloiii, Norway, Austnii, Kruuco Uiiiturt Kliijjiloui, \orwiiy, AuMliiii, Krnnce, Switzorlund, Swi'rton, Dt-nmark I'liitfil Kingilom, Norway, Aiictriu, Friiiicit, Switzerland, Swedttn. Denmark, (ieniiiiuy rnltcii Kiiisidoiii, Norway, Aimtiia. Vt-\ .e Swit/.orlnud, Swi-den, Denmark, (itirmaiiy, Italy .! T'liiteil Kiuj^dom. Norway, Switzerland. Denmark, Germany. Italy lHii,5 1870 1873 1880 1882 2811, 000 1. ■!.•>, 000 lUI), IHH) 1I-6, UOd 250,000 212.000 471, 000 ."■oi, uua It will be observed tliat the total of 591,993 emigrants for the year 188li, as furnished by six couiitwos only, is very much below the actual ilumber of Europeans who in that year left their native homes to settle in foreign lands, for we find on referring to the returns of the United States statistical bureau that 603,000 immigrants were recorded in that country alone as coming fnmi Europe during the year 1882, and similar returns for the Argentine Itepublic show a total of 59,843 immigrants, while in the Australian colonies 157,128 emigrants landed during the year 18H>. We find, therefore, that excluding Canada and Uruguay, whose im- migrants may be considered as being embraced in the total immigration into the United iStates and the Argentine Republic, and also leaving out of the question Brazil, whose immigration is greatly on the increase, we have an aggregate of 8.0,(>00 persons who left Europe to settle in the United States and Australia And, again, the fact must not be lost sight of that the total of 591,993 shown in the above tabular .statement is exclusive of all emigration from France, where there is no regular or established system of registering the number of persons leaving the country ; and that this emirr-'^^tion must be considerable there can be no question, as it appears tj.. I during the year 1882 nearly 8,000 per- sons of French nationality Ia< ded in the United States and La Plata alone. It is evident, moreover, that this general movement of emigra- tion would assume much vaster proportions if the emigrations from one country to another in Central Europe were taken into account, as in ex- amining the whole question of emigration in its entirety we ought first to consider the emigration to the interior of each country, then the emigration from one country to another in Europe, the emigratiou from Europe to other quarters of the world, and lastly the emigration which takes place from extra-European countries. In this review, however, we can do no more than carry our inquiries over the question of European emigration to non-European countries. The following table, which has been taken from returns published by the United States and the Argentine Republic statistical bureaus, shows the extent of immigration into these countries during the year 1882; and it will be seen on comparing the statement with the table given above, oo.'apUed from the returns of the Italian statistioal biueaa, — T«eswsw»SR«ffi« 724 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. that the actual number of persons there given as representing the tota emigrati<^n for the Huuie year is cousiderubly uudereHtiniated : Countries of orlglii. Oerauuiy Anntrta-Hnogary BelKinm Uenmark Spain And I'ortugal Francn Unitoil Kiniidom Itoly Ketherlnnda BOMltt Sweden and Norway SwltxerUuid ^ ImniixTslioo ImnilKrHtinu intothuUulitMl into tliu Aitfi'i States. tine Krpulilii' Numbtr. Ifumbtr. 232, 'jeg l,Vi 2U, ltl7 o; 1, v:9 Ih 12. 7U» 1 417 5. B'J 5,fMI0 3, ax l«l,428 ti:; 29,437 29,68 7,680 22.451 2 87,010 11,839 W i If we examine the sources from which this constantly increasing stream of European emigration flows we are enabled to form an ap proximate idea of the powerful causes which operate in intiuencing 8( vast a number to abandon their habitations and seek their fortunes ii foreign lands. And the following return, which has been compiled from the oflicia statistics of the various countries, will throw considerable light upoi this question : CoonUiea. tTnit«d Kingdom. Korway , Aobtria Franco Switzerland Sweden Denmark Germany ItiUv- ITetherlands Portagal 18S3. 1865. 1860. 1865. 1870. Numbtr. yumbtr. Ifumber. Nutiibtr. yumbtr. 278,129 150,023 95, 989 174, 8S1 202,511 6,050 1,600 1,B00 4,000 14, 830 4,048 4,005 2,032 2,954 6,020 (*) (*) 9, 6.12 4,489 4,et5 1 *) (*) (*) •) 3,404 (*) (*) *) 15,508 (*) <*i ::{ 8,525 1 *) (•) (*i 75,012 ^\ (*' *) (') ^l (•) (♦) (*) <*) (*) (*) 17,284 (*) (') (•) (*) (*) 1875. Number. 140, 076 4,855 10,012 9,418 1.772 3,689 2,088 30,773 (•) 2,130 1^440 6,752 i 1880. t yumber. I 2;!7, 542 I 20,212 I 10,146 7,255 36,398 6,068 106,190 35,677 11, 785 12, C97 6.162 yumbti 27U, 30 2»i,»iU 45. Ill t7,u: 103. fi 07, 0:| 34, ;i] tl4,C * No retnma. tXheae flgnrea refer to the year 1881. The following tabular statement will show the extent of the imiuigrl tion into the United States, Canakla, the Argentine Republic, Brazif Australia, and New Zealand, the same years being taken as were givt in the previoos tables: Tewi. United Stotea. Canada. Argentine Bepablic. BraiU. AoRtrall and Nel ZealanI U6S 185S 1860 1885 1810 1875 1888 1888 yumbtr. 868,646 200,877 158,640 248.120 878,798 191,231 503,703 780,340 yumbtr. 86,696 21,134 10,322 18,628 24,708 27,882 .y«iiit«r. 6,6Se 11,167 60,815 47,364 60,859 67,000 yumbtr. 6,952 9,123 22,860 yumba 63.1 5r>J 24] 40l 18| 1841 1671 \.TION. EMIGRATION IN THE NINETEKNTH CENTURY. 726 ns representing tlie total imlereHtiniated : 1 IiniulKratiou Imtul^ riitiou ! IntothuUuliutl Into tliu AiiJi'u- I 8UtM. tine Kr piililli'. ! number. Xumbtr. ....1 232, •-'BO i,i:;4 •jo.itn 6;!i 1, liO m 12,769 11 ....: 417 8,628 5, 560 a.iii<2 161,428 »M 20, 437 20, W7 7,880 ,t 22.451 2« 87 010 11,839 043 ;his constantly increasing re enabled to form an ap- operate in intiuencing m and seek their fortunes in compiled from the official w considerable light upon 1S70. yumber. 202,811 14, 830 ^020 4,8(5 8,404 18,508 8,523 75, 912 (') (*) 17,284 <*) 1878. Number. 140, 078 4,885 10, 012 9,418 1.772 3,689 2,088 30,773 (*) 2,130 1^440 6,752 i 1880. ' Jfumher. I 227,542 i 20,212 I 10,145 7,258 36,808 8,088 106,100 35,677 11, 785 12,597 5.162 1882. Xumber. 27U, 3no if, Mi 45. Wi t7,«.i8 103, H(]» 87, o:)2 34,;il!l tl4,o;i7 refer to the year 1881. «r the extent of the imiuigra- Lrgentine Republic, Brazil, :8 being taken as were given •. Arnentlne BepabUo. BraiU. An«tralia and New Zealand. rr. 1)08 Wumbtr. Aunivff* Number. 63.21' n4 85,403 B?' 6,656 11,167 60,815 47,364 60,880 67,000 24,783 628 70S 6,052 0,123 40,115 18,397 184,091 22,860 187, 128 For many years the United Kingdom lias not only been a country t'nim svhHsh immense supplit's botli of nu*ii and mercliandise have iH^eu ill awn to provide for the wants of noiiHuropean countries, but it may be considered as the greatest emigration depot of the world. It has a dense i>opulation, which is rapidly increasing, and is therefore well able to witlistand the drain of a considerable portion of Iter virile population ; a.s regards her trade, shipping, and colonial possessions, her commer- cial relations are more extended than those of any other country. Her dominions extend over an area of I3,0<)U,UU() s(piare miles, and her sovereignty is exercised over 300,U(N),(M)0 subjects; thus it must at once be apparent that England is well able to spare a considerable num- ber of her working ])o[Sulation, and her emigrants carry with them to their new homes their language, national customs, and spirit of social organization, thus beneUting to a verj' considerable extent the country in which they have decided to establish themselves. It was only in the year 185.3 that the English emigration statistics for the tirst time distinguished the nationality of emigrants — that is to say, the proportion coming from England, Scotland, and Ireland. Our- lug this year wo find that the total emigration, which consisted of L'78,129 persons, was composed as follows: English, 6J,0I5; Scotch, , 2li,(i05 ; and Irish, 192,GU0, while in 1882 the total number of emigrants amounted to 270,30U, made up of 102,902 English, 32,242 Scotch, and 84,132 Irish, and the annual emigration has never during the last thirty years fallen below 05,000. The numbers have risen each time that there is a period of depres- sion. For example, the bad harvests in Ireland in 1854 and 1855 and the industrial and commercial crisis of 1857 impelled many to resort to emigration, and on this ])oint it may be ob.served that a period of in- flation and prosperity in the country of immigration exercises a marked influence over the number of emigrants to that country, there being im- mediately a very rapid increase. As a case in point, we may refer to the vast influx of alien passengers into the United States at the close of the war of secession. Germany also as well as England has a population both numerous and prolific, though the stream of emigration flowed at first more slowly from its shores than was found to be the case in England, one reasou for this phenomenon being that she had not the same facilities of com- rainiication with the New World. But with the development of steam navigation and the extension of the railway system this volume of emi- gration rapidly assumed gigantic dimensions, until at the present day we find the Germans overrunning the New VVorld as of old the hordea of barbarians overwhelmed the Soman Empire. The movement extends to the north and the east of Europe. Scan- dinavians, and particularly the Norwegians, familiar with the sea as the English and as poor as the peasants in certain districts of Ger- many, Poles, Bungarians, and even liussians, whose emigration has been greatly augmented by the emancipation of the surfs, generally set out for America, which they look upon as an El Dorado. In Austria and Hungary the returns of emigration show a considerable increase during the last twenty years, and Holland, who sends her merchants and Government officials to the East Indies, and Belgium, who, pos- sessing no colonies of her own, yet is enabled to carry on through the port of Antwerp a very extensive maritime trade, also contribute their quota to swell the volume of European emigration, although the part taken by these two countries is not of any great importance, and as re- ! ■ -v^ **' ^ i; ff.' (iBCWByWvRWH^^*' 726 EMIGRATIOX AND IMMIOKATION. sards tbc latter the iinmigration into the country amply coaiponHateK for tbu migration from it. France, whicli \» a densely populated country, oiiglit to count Tor fai more than Hhe does in this movement of Eiin)i*ean emigration; but tho French as a race are not infected with the eagerness of change; in fact, there appears to be a rooted auti|)athy on their part to expatriation. On the question of emigration a Frenchman is apt to observe that he finds no inducement held out to him to leave his native country, as tli*' conditions of life are most favorable to him there, and lie is not disposal to leave bis home and seek in foreign lands what is so easy to obtain in his own country. He does not object to an (Ks^asional migration from town to country, but he is altogether averse to settling in lands where the manners and customs are generally so entirely different to those tti which be has always been accustomed, and where the language spoken is totally unknown to him. France may be considered us the countr,\ rather of immigration than of emigration, for two reasons, the first bo ing that the birth rate is exceedingly low, and the second that wealth is relatively abundant. The question then arises, is this condition ot things to be regarded us an evil or a benetit to the country at largo, though this is a subject to whi<;h we can do no more than merely retei' as time and space will not permit of our exhaustively discussing it Though the fact remains that French emigration is uudoiibteilly very limited in extent, it is made to appear even more so thaji it really is l^y reason of the fitct that there is an absence of any otUcial )iublicatioii.s giving any informa'ion as to the actual number of persons leaving tli*' country to settle abroad. It is only by reference ti» foreign statistical data that we learn that during the year 1882 8,000 French emigrant.-* landed in the United States and La Plata, and although we are told in the returns of the census of IH81 that ii27,3li3 jiersons of French nation ality were «stablished in Algeria, including 38,929 belonging to tlu naval and military forces, yet we are left in total ignorance as to tli»| average annual emigration; it has however been estimated at abou 5,000 persons; and this estimate would appear to be approximately coi rect, as we find by the census returns of 1876 that 194,772 persons French nationality, exclusive of naturalized French subjects, were tablished in Algeria. Comparing this number with the returns for 18S1 we find an increas of 32,551, or an annual average of 0,510, and the excess of births ov deaths being less than 1,000 (40,191 in the period comprised betwee 1876 and 18«1 ), it results that the colony must have benefited by imm gration to the extent of 5,500 persons annually, and this of course nui be understood as including the augmentation of the military forces, Spain and Portugal, in spite of their colonial possessions and the lations which they mti^tain with foreign powers, only furnish a ve small contingent to swell the volumeof European emigration. In sout em Europe Italy is the only country of any coiisiderable importance regards emigration, and there has been for many years past a vast at constantly increasing stream from her shores to Africa or South Ameri Since Italy has become one of the chief powers of Europe a great stimulus has been given to emigration, as in 1S82 we find tbat the nu ber or' Italians who left their country exceeded 160,000, more than h of whom sailed for countries out of Europe. The Italian Government commenced to view this excessive migrati with some apprehension when they discovered, frou) a comparison the census returns of 1871 and 1881, that while in the former year th were approximately 476,000 Italians resident out of Italy, in the lat ITION. EMIGRATION IN THK NINKTKKNTH CENTURY. 727 [ntry amply (rouipetiHutcH y, ought to count for far »(.'an umiifrivtioii; but th(« nieHSuf cliiiiigu; iu frtcf, eir part to uxputriatioii. is apt to observe tUat he lis uative country, as tlii> I'e, and ho is not disponed at is so easy to obtain in <;CAsional migration from > settling in lauds wlieif irely different to those to jere the language spoken onsidered as the country two reasons, the first be- d the second that wealth irises, is this coudition of t to the country at large, lo more than merely rel'ei', sxhaustively discussing it. ition is undoubtedly very lore 80 than it really is by )f any otUcial publicf)roximately coi- i76 that 194,772 persons of I French subjects, were es- )r 18S1 we find an increase id the excess of births over period comprised between 1st have benefited by imini- illy, and this of course must sn of the military forces, nial possessions and the re- )Owers, only furnish a very pean emigration. In south- considerable importance as many years past a vast and I to Africa or South Aineriea. (owers of Europe a greater 1 1882 we find that the nnm- ded 160,000, more than half I. ew this excessive migration ered, from a comparison of liile in the former year there It out of Italy, in the latter 1 the number had more than doubled. At the present day the rage of emigration is such that every year a swarm of more than half a million ))ersons leave Europe, and through the exodus countries hitherto but little known and uncultivated have become (topulated and develt)ped, and this flow of emigration, far from being immaterial in its efl'ei^t.s, as some assert, has influenced in a very marked degree the manners, cus- toms, habits, religion, and even language of the various countries to whicli it has been directed. In Oceanica at the present day there is almost a rivalry between the white and the yellow races. The Chinese, a race of people hardy, sober, industrious, and prolifl(!, who are inured to extremes of heat and cold, and are equally at home in the severe climate of North China and the warmth of Canton, have caused their influence to be felt both econom- ically and politically on the eastern border of Asia, in the Malayan An;liipelago, and on the heights of the grand central plateau of Asia. It was owing to the combined action of Europe and America that the l)orts of China and Japan were thrown open to trade, and although iliese nations were the first to benefit materially by the establishment of new markets for their i)roducts and industries, the Japanese and Chi- nese also gained considerably by their action. It was not long before the former attempted to remodel their social constitution on a European l)asis, and the latter first on the European steam vessels leaving their own ports, and later on their own steamers, shipped a considerable num- ber of their redundant and starving i)opulation to (Jceanica. Chinese immigration, however, has not always been well received, for while at Saigon, Singajioie, Batavia, the Malayan Archi|)elago, anu at Lima they were enabled with but little difficulty to establish them selvfcs either in service or in trade, positions which no one in the trop- ical zone appeared todispute their right to hold, it was very difl'ereiit ill California and Australia, where they had to contend against the op- position of the whites. In these countries it became in fact a war of races. Contractors and large employers of labor were disposed to re- gard their imiui^rationverj favorably, as the Chinese are not only good workmen, but they ofl'er their labor at a very cheaji rate, and for this reason European and American workmen became violently opposed to them. They viewed with the greatest apprehension the introduction of rivals who offered their labor at a price considerably below the market value, and thereby caused a fall in wages, and they' endeavored by all the means at their disposal, in many cases resorting to actual violence, to discourage Chinese immigration. This immigration i-er- tainly labors under one serious disadvantage; ii is composed almost exclusively of males, and can never become productive of good results as far as colonization is concerned, as the Asiatic element holds itself distinctly aloof from other races, and can therefore have no part in effecting an increase in the population. China, however, is nevertheless destined to play an important rdle in determining the future of Oceanica, and the day is probably not far distant when her children will return and be welcomed where previously they had been repulsed, and colonies may be established in the Oceanic isles with a Celestial population far exceeding that of the Hawaiian Islands, which now numbers over 12,000. There can be no question that if emigration in China were as favorably regarded by the female as the male portion of the community, it would assure for the near fut- ure the preponderance of the race in the greater part of the tropical zone of Oceanica. 728 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. The Celestial race is not so largelj" represented in the Indian Ocean, which is more remote, and in which but few inducements are held out tu^ attract immigration. There is certainly a field for their labor in the cultivation of the sugar-cane in the Antilles. But this emigration, torpid as the persons of which it is composed, has nowhere created an original type of civilization, and labors also under the disadvantag«i of being unproductive of good results as far as colonization is concerned. We win now look into the question of the benefits which have accrued to those countries to which immigration has been mainly directed, and on this pi int we may observe that they have been direct gainers by the movement of European immigration, for through it their lands, which were lying waste, and either sparsely populated or inhabited chiefly by savages who lived on the produce of the fisheries or the chase, have been brought under cultivation; they have supported a more numerous population, their mining industries have been developed, their rivers and streams rendered navigable, and railways constructed, thereby greatly facilitating commercial intercourse. As a remarkable instance of the complete transformation which has been effected by immigration, we cannot do better than take the case of the United States. From 1820 to 1822 this country has benefited by immigration alone to the extent of 11,907,000 persons, and the following table will show what has been the movement of this influx, taking each decennial period, commencing from 1820 : Periods. If amber of immi'^ants. Periods. Number of immigrants. 1820-'29 143, 438 509, 125 1,713,251 2,698,214 1860-'69 2,466,752 2 954 605 1830-'39 ]870-'79 1840-'49 1880-'8l(three years) 2, 044, 907 1850-'59 And the fact mast not be overlooked that the great m^ority of im- migrants into this country are composed of persons of a productive or marriageable age, and therefore tlie value of this immigration Is not to be measured so much by its numbers generally as by the number of strong and healthy adults, who are a direct addition to the producing and wealth-increasing elements of the country. In the winter there is generally a diminution in the number of arrivals, but during the spring,] and particularly in April, May, and June, there is an enormous influx of alien passengers who cross the Atlantic and land at New York, Bos-j ton, Philadelphia, or in the Oanadian ports, whence they arrive by rail] The countries from which the immigrants are chiefly drawn are the BritJ ish Isles, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries. On landing, the immigrants are dispersed throughout the length aiul breadth of the Union, but a preference is undoubtedly shown for thtf Northern States, where the climate is more favorable and greater seci rity for life and property is found than in the South. It api)ears froc the census returns of 1880 that to the north of the basin of tiie Ohi| and the Missouri the density of the foreign population was at the rati of five per square mile, and south of this limit it was established at th| rate of one: while the proportion of aliens to i:he aboriginal populs tion in the Southern States was found to be at the rate of 1 per cent and in the far west it was as high as 50 per cent. It is chiefly from tl Irish race, who settle for the most part inthelfortheastern States, thij the class of domestic servants are recruited. noN. id in the Indian Ocean, lucements are held out tu^ [d for their labor in the But this emigration, [has nowhere created an |der the disadvantage of )lonization is concerned. Refits which have accrued ien mainly directed, and feen direct gainers by tbo igh it their lands, which Id or inhabited chiefly by jeries or the chase, have ipported a more numerous developed, their rivers 'S constructed, thereby ansformatiou which has ttter than take the case of ountry has benefited by )erson8, and the following of this influx, taking each EMIGRATION IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 729 Periods. Ifnmber of immigrants. 2, 466, 752 2, 954, 895 2,044,907 Be yean) ..., the great majority of im- >ersous of a productive or this immigration is not to srally as by the number of addition to the producing [•y. In the winter there is '^als, but during the spring, lere is an enormous influx ml land at New York, Bos- whence they arrive by rail, chiefly drawn are the Brit- nntries. throughout the length and adoubtedly shown for the avorable and greater secu- e South. It api>ears from I of the basin of the Ohio [K>pulation was at the rate it it was established at the to vhe aboriginal popnla- at the rate of 1 per cent., lent. It is chiefly from the I Ifortheastern States, that The Germans are generally to be found in Ohio and Minnesota; the Hcandinavians establish themselves in Minnesota and Iowa, while the French have a decided preference for the State of Louisiana. A regular current of emigration is directed towards Canada, and it varies in intensity according to time and circumstance, generally flow- ing more strongly during a period of industrial crisis or de]>ression in England, and more particularly in Ireland. For example, during the year 1847, when there was a total failure of the potato crop in Ireland and a general commercial depression, emigration received a great im- petus, and as many as '17,032 alien passengers landed in Canada. The Irish, of whom the majority of these immigrants were composed, com nienced about the year 1854 to emigrate to the United States in prefer- ence to Canada, and the e£fect of this deviation in the current of emi- gration was plainly shown in the number of Irish settlers in the latter country, the number falling to less than 8,000 iu the year 1859. This diminution, however, in the tide of emigration was regarded with con- siderable apprehension by the Canadian Government, who, recognizing that to the wholesome and prosperous progres.s of a colony in a new country the consbint accession of new settlers is indispensable, com- menced about the j'ear 1870 to encourage and attract immigration by the construction of railways and the sale of public lands, with the re- sult that a decided improvement set in, and the number of immigrants arriving iu the country iu 1873 had risen to99,00<*, of whom rather more than 35,000 came from the British Isles. In 1882-'83 121,019 persons landed in Canada, of whom 7-','281 came with the intention of estab- lishing themselves permanently in the country, while the remaining 48,(100 only passed through en route for the United States. It is to Upper Canada that the immigrants generally turn their steps, as the climate there is more temperate and there is a greater abundance of fertile laud, and we find that the population in this quarter of the Dominion, which had risen in 1S51 to six times the number existing in 1825, doubled itself during the period 1851-'81. The province of Lower Canada, which, though less favored by immi- grsition has nevertheless a very high birth-rate, also exhibited a rapid increase in her population, the numbers being 890,201 in 1851 and 1,319,027 in 1881, while the numberof colonists of French origin, which at tlie period of the English annexation did not exceed 65,000, had in- creased when the census of 1881 was taken to over 1,298,000. It is generally at Montevideo or Buenos Ayres that emigrants leav- ing Europe for South America prefer to settle ; in 1820 they commenced to flock to these places when the peace had thrown open the seas to them, bat it was only ufter the fall of Bosas in 1853, when the security for life and property hud become more assured, that any considerable number of immigrants established themselves here. The annual average number of arrivals in the Argentine Bepublic, which amounted to 5,000 during the period 1857-'60, had increased to 38,000 in 1871-'80, and to 59,843 in the year 1882. To this immigration the countries of Southern Europe, Italy, France, and Spain have largely contributed, and this may in great measure be due to the fact that the manners, customs, and the language itself of the emigrants from these countries are more akin to those of the country of their adoption. Taking the total number of immigrants who landed in Montevideo between the years 1801 and 1880, amounting in the aggregate to 215,000, we find a preponderance of Spaniards, Italians, and Frenchmen, and though it may be objected that the whole of the passengers landing in Uruguay do not remain in the country, but that at the lowest compu- 730 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. tatioD half of them either push on to Buenos Ayres or return to Europe, Btill there can be no question as to the material advantage accruing to the country by the acquisition of the productive forces placed at its dis- posal by the remaining moiety. Brazil also must certainly take rank among those countries to which a constant stream of emigration is directed, as we find that during the thirteen years ended 1880 as many as 172,000 immigrants landed there, drawn chiefly from Portugal, Italy, France, and Germany ; and as re- gards the latter country it is very largely represented in the southern districts of the Empire, where her children possess many flourishing commercial establishments, and their numbers^ are being continually re-enforced by fresh supplies from the mother country. German emi- gration indeed is conducted on sogigantic a scale that the mother coun- try is well able to supply any lands in want of agriculturists, artisans, or clerks. The Central American republics are so remote from Europe, and they labor under the additional disadvantage of being so frequently convulsed by civil wars and internal dissensions, that little inducement is held out to attract immigration, and the only nations which appear to be represented there are the English and American. The inter-oceanic canal, when completed, will materially affect these countries and benefit them to a very great extent by the increased facilities for the stream of emigration and the transport of the products and industries of the country which must inevitably result from it. If wo take, then, into account the residents in Canada, amounting to be- tween 4,000,000 and 5,000,000 of people, those in the United States^ exceeding at the end of 1883 53,000,000, the European colonists in the Antilles, that portion of the population inhabiting the Spanish Repub- lics and Brazil which may be considered as of white extraction, and the 5,000,000 inhabitants of La Plata and Chili, we find that the American continent contained no less than 80,000,000 representatives of European races. Africa may be considered to possess an alien population of more than 2,500,000, who have established themselves in the most favorable positions as regards trade and climate, chiefly in Algeria, Egypt, and the Cape. In Asia, Europe is represented chiefly by traders and Government ofdcials, and she is mistress of the two extremities of this quarter of the globe, Kussia having supremacy in the north, England ruling in the south, and France in the French Ea«t Indies, while un the eastern bor- ders both European and American interests arc largely represented. Notwithstanding the vast extent of the Asiatic territory, it is a curious fact that there are fewer Europeans in this part of the world than in any other, the census returns of 1880 only showing a total white popu- lation of 121,000 for the whole of the Indian Empire and tne Russian dominions. In Oceanica the population appears to be more evenly distributed, and although in the Mala;ir Archipelago the Dutch and Spanish devote more attention to matters 'commercial and administrative than to agri- culture, this is by no means the case as regards the English settlers in Australasia, for they having first 1 en attracted by the gold fields, soon turned their attention strictly to << iculture, and their numbers accord- ing to the census of 1881 amounted to 1,800,000 persons. At the end of the last century the country was lying waste and over- run by savages entirely ignorant of the principles of agriculture or trade ; at the present day we find it rich, powerful, and occupying one of the chief places among the civilized nations of the world. h \ ION. EMIGRATION IN THE NINETEENTH ('ENTURY. 731 88 or rcturu to Europe^ ' vantage accraing to forces placed at its (lis- ise countries to which find that during the Imigrants landed there, Germany; and as re- lented in the southern [ssess many flourishing are being continually lountry. German emi- that the mother coun- agriculturists, artisans, remote from Europe, ;e of being so frequently that little inducemeut y nations which appear erican. materially a£fect these xtent by the increased ansportof the products tably result from it. If nada, amounting to be- 3 i!i the United States, iropean colonists in tlie iug the Spanish Bepub- vhite extraction, and the ) find that the American resentatives of European alien population of more es in the most favorable in Algeria, Egypt, and Taders and Government ties of this quarter of the 1, England ruling in the while on the eastern bor- are largely represented. B territory, it is a curious trt of the world than in ving a total white popu- 5!mpire and tne Russian Dore evenly distributed, utch and Spanish devote ninistrative than to ugri- Is the English settlers in d by the gold fields, soon nd their numbers accord- 10 persons. as lying waste and over- ciples of agriculture or erful, and occupying one of the world. Much the same measures were adopted in Australia t3 attract emi- gration as were taken in the United States and the Argentine Re- public, every advantage being taken of i)ublicity to direct attention to the success awaiting the intending colonists ; free allotments of land were made, aud various systems were employed to obtain the necessary labor to aid in clearing the waste laud, with the result that immigrants began to pour into the country. Up to the year 1837 the average num- ber of arrivals, which had never exceeded 5,000, rose during the next three years to 15,000, while in 1841 the number of alien passenger re- corded as landing in Australia amounted to 32,000. After this year there was a considerable falling off, and it was only in 1848 and after the discovery of the gold fields in 1850 that immigra- tion increased in intensity, for we find that in 1852 as many as 89,076 persons landed in Australian ports. The numbers again fell off con- siderably as the supply of gold became scarce, but it increased with the advance in the industry of sheep-farming and stock-raising, and the official returns have shown that since 1874 the average annual number of arrivals has never fallen below 100,000, while in 1881 it amounted to 106,000. It may approximately be estimated that the number of representa- tives of European races, pure or mixed, at the present day living out of Europe exceeds '85,000,000. For the most part either they or their fathers were originally attracted by the prospect of gaining higher wages than they were receiving in their own country, or of receiving a free grant of land that they might cultivate and call their own ; in a word, it may be said that they have yiehled to the inducement held out of ameliorating their position, and of obtaining under more favorable conditions the means of subsistence. Events have shown that taking this emigration en masse their anticipations have been more than real- ized, and the countries to which emigration has been mainly directed have vastly increased in wealth, this augmentation being indirectly due to the labor of the inhabitants of the country, aud remaining to benefit them. On leaving the mother country emigrants have been influenced in their choice of the land in which to establish themselves by affinities of climate, religion, race, and language, as well as by the natural re- sources of the country. We have already called attention to the fact that the number of rep- resentatives of European races distributed in various parts of the world, exclusive of Europe, at the commencement of the nineteenth century may approximately be estimated at ten millions, and it may be asked what causes have contributed to so enormous an increase as has taken place diiriug the last eighty-four years. Is it to be attributed to internal generation or foreign accessions i This is an interesting question, aud one worthy of some consideration. We are already acquainted with the general causes determining emigration, one of the principal being the difficulty of procuring the means of subsistence in the mother country f but though this is undoubtedly a very important factor in determining the volume of emigration, it had not so powerful ^^n effect in past years, and we are therefore forced to the conclusion that there are other and special influences which have been at work in inducing so enormous an exodus. The most powerful of these influences is unquestionably liberty. It is owing to liberty, both political and commercial, which has super- seded the prohibitive regime of past ages, that the population of the United States rose from 3,036,000 in 1790, to 50,155,000 in 1880 ; that ■ « t^l iiiiiii I J- n il I ii i m » _L I I 732 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGBATION. the i)opulation of Canada has been quadrupled, and that che inhabit- ants of the old Spanish colonies have increased from fourteen to about twenty-five millions. The second in importance is the increased facility of communication, the extension of steam navigation, and the railway system having brought distant continents in closer proximity ; railways have pene- trated into the interior of countries previously but little known and al- most unexplored, and at the present day the iron road often precedes the settler ; transportation may be effected both rapidly and economic- ally, and regions which had been to a great extent inaccessible, and of little or no value in the past, are now brought within the reach of all, and have become a source of wealth to the present generation. A third cause which has also led to an increase of emigration is the existence of human currents, which are the natural sequence of the two first causes we have enumerated. Emigration may be said to have induced emigration. The positions attained and the fortunes made by the first settlers fired the imagina- tion of those who remained in the mother country, and operated power- fully in inducing many to leave it; and the relations maintained between the colonists and their friends at home also materially contributed to this end. Representations more or less true that have beenresunied that this construction will be accepted by the other powers which have not in terms aunouuced their assent thereto. The treaties referred to generally contain a i>rovi8iou that "the dec- laration of an intention to become a (;itizen of one or the other country has not for either party the effect of naturalization." But, aside from the treaties, the issuing of passports to any other ]>er8ons than citizens of the United States was, as it still remains, prohibited by act of Con- gress. It is also to be observed that, as stated in the diplomatic in- structions of 1885, these provisions are not to be "contUrued as in any way abridging the right of persons domiciled in the Uuitrd States, but iiot naturalized therein, to maintain internationally their utatua of dom- icil,and to claim protection froifi this Government in the maintenance of such status.'" The treaties in some cases provide that if a subject of the respective powers who has been naturalized in the United Stat<^s renews bis resi- dence in the country of his original allegiance, without the intent to re- tarn, he shall be held to have renounced his naturalization in the United States. It has also been repeatedly held by tbe^epartment of State that a residence in a foreign land, entered on and continued in as a per- manence, without the intention of returning being showDj precludes one who is technically a citizen of the United States from obtaining the inter- position of the Government of the {Jnited States in his behalf in a claim against a foreign state. It has also been held that an avoidance in such cases of taxes or other obligations due in the United States is a fact from which an abandonment of allegiance may be inferred. The inten- tion not to return is assumed in some of the treaties to be established when the person naturalized in the one country resides in the other country more than two years, but this presumption may be rebutted by evidence to the contrary. Several of the treaties farther provide that a naturalized citizen of the one party on return to the territory of the other party remains lia- ble to trial and punishment for an action punishable by the laws of bis original country, and committed before bis emigration, saving, always, the limitation established by the laws of his original country; some ol them, for example, Baden, Bavaria, and Wartemberg, add ' be "conafrned as in anv I in the United States, but pnally their utatus of dom- ^iinent in the maintenance subject of the respective fed tstates renews bis resi- "; without the intent tore- ituralization in the United the^epartment of State and continued in as a per- >eiug shown, precludes one 38 from obtaining the inter- tes in his behalf in a claim that an avoidance in such le United States is a fact ly be inferred. The inten- treaties to be established iintry resides in the other nption may be rebutted by »t a naturalized citizen of e other party remains lia- iishable by the laws of his migration, saving, always, original country; some of ortemberg, add "or other or of the North German lable action committed by n not be made the ground such person to his former re years and his naturali- tioii is declared in thb ex- with Bavaria, and it may with whom we have treat- B same liberality. *> discharge military obli- prehension to naturalized owing provisions, in snb- lot regarded as material^ MEMORANDUM. 787 are contained in the treaties with Austria and Hungary, Baden, Hesse Darmstadt, and Wurtemberg, or in the explanatory protocols accom- panying the t>ame, viz : A naturalized citizen of the United States is liable to trial and pun- ishment for the nou-fulUllmeut of military duty according to the laws of those countries respectively-— (1) If he haa einigritted nfter h^, on the oocusion of the draft from those owing mili- tary duty, has been enrolled as a recruit for service in the Htanding army. (jti) If lie hus emigrated after Le stood in service under the tlug or had a leaTe ot absence only for a limited time. (!{) If, having a leave of almcnce for an unlimited time or belonging to the reserve or to the militia, he has emigrated after having received a call into Herviue, or after a public proclamation re(|uiring his appearance, or after war has broken out. With these exceptions the powers last enumerated have in effect pledged themselves tliat their former subjects, naturalized in the United States, will not, on visiting their original country, be held to military service, nor remain liable to trial and punishment for uon-fultillment of military duty. . While this Government can give no guarantee on the subject, it may reasonably be expected that the other powers with whom we have treaties will be desirous of conforming, so far as practicable, to the rule last stated. It must be remembered that an alien ^s bound to local allegiance as fully as a citizen; unless, it may be, when he is acting under his sove- reign's direct command in a warlike attack, in which case the liability is shifted to the sovereign. This principle has been adopted in numerous cases by our courts, which have recognized it as a rule of the law of na- tions, as well as of our cummoii law, subject to the qualification just* stated, that under the cloak ot this rule wecau permit no unjust dis- crimination against citizens of the United States. In respect to those conntries with which we have no treaty stipula- tion on citizenship and naturalization, it is necessary to speak with greater reserve. It would not be possible to give an interpretation to joreign laws, even if the entire text of them were in our possession. The construction of those laws belongs to the judicial tribunals of the conn- tries in which they are promulgated. It must be understood, therefore, that what follows is collected from authors of good repute and other unofficial sources, and is given only as probably authoritative, but with- out afiirmiug its accuracy. With this qualification the following state- ments may be made: France. — By the laws of France a French citizen cannot expatriate himself and change his allegiance without obtaining the consent of his Government. He may lose his national character, iiowever, by doing several acts, among which is the unauthorized seeking or acceptance of foreign citizenship. By such a transfer of allegiance he loses his claim to French citizenship, and subjects himself to certain disabilities. Un- like any other foreign citizen, for instance, he cannot take up his resi- dence in France without the authorization of the French Government, and if he attempts to do so, he may be expelled. No foreigner can serve in the French army. A Frenchman, therefore, who has been naturalized in the United States cannot be held to per- form military service in France. But this exemption can be secured only by administrative or judicial act. The son of every Frenchman is registered at the place of bis birth, if born in France, or at the place of his family's residence, if born abroad, as liable to military service. This registration forms in each commune a recruiting list, and when the time : 788 EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. comes cucb pcrHon on that list in iiotifled to presont liimHulf at u tlosi iiated jilacp. If hu failn to roport liiuiHcIf wlieii (nillcd upon, lu; (tliar^ed with iiiHubini.sHioii (di^lit WinHoumission), and hiH nainu and ( Hcription are givi-n to tli« police authorities, witli the order to arrest lii when found. If he haslu'en naturalized aliroad, heiH8till liable toarri imiuediutely on his return to France. If he pleads that ho has renonnc his original nationality, he is required to go before u civil tribunal, ai show by properly authenticated papers that his naturalization was conformity witli the laws of the country in which it was ett'ected. the tribunal is satislled on this point, it adjudges him to have lost *' t quality of a Frenchman"; and the defendant then goes back to the conn ot war. Uere his name is detinitely erased from the military rolls, li he is nevet tlieloNS tried for the offense of insubmission committed bef( he could legally have thrown off his original allegiance. If three ye: have elapsed since the day ho was fully naturalized, he is discharg( If such a period has not elapsed he falls under the operation of the li l>unishing insubmission, and is^sentenced to a fine or to a fow weelcs' months' imprisonment, |)erhaps to both, according to the circumstauc of the case. Whether ])uni8hcd or not, he is turned over, after his i lease, to the civil authorities. If he is supposed to be a bona Me citizi he is not interfered with ; but if suspected of having acquired his forei citizenship to escape military service, he is at once ordered to leu France. (See dispatch of MnTignaud to Mr. Freliughuysen, No. (Ji November 13, 1.S84.) In anj' event he may be subjected to the costs the proceedings. Spain, Norway, and Greece treat nationality as lost by natun «zation in a foreign country, or by entering without license into its ci or military service. In the ultramarine iirovincesof Spain no one c< sidered as a foreigner by Spanish law is saliject to military servi Foreigners are also exempt there from personal service in the mu cipal guards. But domiciled residents who have their own houses j subject to charges for furnishing lodging and transportation. Italy still holds to the indissolubility of natural allegiance, unl the consent of the sovereign be obtained to the renunciation, {i Bel. U. S., 1878, pp. 458, 459, 4G9.) Hence naturalization abroad,wi out the King's permission, does not exempt from conscription for itary service. lu Switzerland it b&s been held that naturalization in the Unil States, when preceded by an accepted renunciation of Swiss allegiaij dissolves such allegiance. (For. Eel. U. S., 1879, p. 973.) A Russian subject cannot emigrate nor become naturalized in a eign country withaut the permission of the Emperor. If he docs ao| commits an offense for which he may be subjected to a flue or bani^ forever from the Russian dominions. The application of this pen! is his only gurantee against being compelled to stand the chanc(f the lot for the annual supply of recruits. By a law of January 1, 1| Russian subjects are forbidden to throw off their allegiance until have performed their military service. This law applies to all sub| above the age of fifteen. A subject of the Ottoman Empire cannot divest himself of that > actor without the authority of the Imperial Government. If, witj such authority,. he accepts a foreign naturalization, it is regardel of no effect, both in reference to himself and to his children. El person who obtiiins naturalization abroad, or enters a foreign mil] service, without the permission of the Emperor, may be declared to ■MMMa RATION. Ipresont himself at a (Icsi;;. If wlieii (!allc>(l iiputi, hv. is \ion), mid lii8 iiaiiiu and dc- kvith the order to arrest him J)ad, he iH Htill liableto arrest |>leadH that he has renonneiMl before u civi! tribunal, and It his naturalization was in II which it was ettected. It Judges him to have lost " tlio (then goes back to the council from the military rolls. But liubmissiou committed before \l allegiance. If three years ituralized, he is discharged, ider the operation of the law I a flno or to a low weeks' or cording to the circumstances is turned over, after his re- osed to be a bona Me citizen, f having acquired his forei;;ii is at once ordered to leave Mr. Frelinghuysen, No. COJ, be subjected to the costs of tionality as lost by natural!- ', without license into its civil roviucesof Spain no one con- 8 suliject to military service, lersoual service in the mnni- lo have their own houses arc and transportation, of natural allegiance, unless nl to the renunciation. (For. e naturalization abroad, witli- npt from conscription for luil- uatnralizatiou in the United unciation of Swiss allegiance, 3., 1879, p. 973.) become naturalized in a for- ) Emperor. If he does so, he lubjected to a fine or banished le application of this penalty )elled to stand the chances of By a law of January 1, 1874, 9ft' their allegiance until they his law applies to all subjects ot divest himself of that char- rial Government. If, without uralization, it is regarded a» and to his children. Every 1, or enters a foreign military leror, may be declared to have MEMORANDUM. 730 forfeited his Ottoman character, and in that case is altogether inter* dieted from returning to the Ottoman Empire. A naturalized citizen desiring a passport may address the State I)c- partiiicnt. Passport liureau, Washington, D.C., transmitting his certili- ciite of naturalization (which will be returned with the passport), and lie must state under oath that he is the identical person described in the certificate presented. The application should bo accompanied by a description of the per* .son, str>tiDg the following particulars, viz: Age, years. Htature, feet, inclu's (English measure). Forehead, ; eyes, ; nose, . Mouth, Complexion, chin, face. hair, When husband, wife, and minor children expect to travel together, a single passport for the whole will suiUce. For any other person in the party a separate pasiiport will be required. An oath of allegiance to the United States is required in all cases. It may bo taken before a notary public under his signature and official seal. In the United States, however, if there be no notary near, the oath may be taken before a justice of the peace, or other officer author- ized to administer oaths. -i INDEX. Actpuloo, Immtgrallon UUi, «*• Adams, Lyell T. (Genov*), M«- l^f ImmlgwuU Into the UnluU BUtM. 1IW6. 8. ▲genolM, emmraHon, colonial, 860. AgenU, emlgraUon. France. " Oerroany, 108, 132. tomlgraUon, Argentine BcpubUo, 681. Canod*. Mexico. New South Walea. Alila-Chapelle, 1S4. character of emigration, wo. general condltlona, 185. n:arrlago and divorce, 186. Alden, William L. (Home;, 245. Allen, Charle* M. (Uermnda), 702. AmerlCMi Ideae In Au»lila, 53. Amsterdam, emigration from, 285. Andenon, W. A. (Montreal). 667. Annaberg, 130. megltlmaoy, 143. industrial condition, 187. Uoe industry, 138. marriage and divorce, 142. mUlUry system, 141. population. Increase of, 142, 143. MTings of the working people, 139. eooial condition, 138. statistics of emigration, 140, 141. thrift, 187. wages and subsistence, 130. Antwerp, emigration ftoni, 57, 50. AibelUbUcber, 104. Argentine Kepubllo, 652. American Immigration, 0*4. bureau of iiuailgration, 661. colonies, 057, 660. condltlim and thrift of im- migrants, 603. history of Immigration, 653. inducements to immigration, 277, 657. land laws defective, 057. prices of farming, 659. political condition, 652. returning Immigrants, 603. Tights of foreigners, 652. small farms, 058. statistics of immigration, 1857-'80, 654. nationality, 655. occupation, 656. sex, 655. Assisted emigration from England, 357. 879, 875. 455. Hungary, 53. Atherton, H.nry L. (Peroambuco), 660. Australia, Immigration Into New South WlM, 708. Austrla-nnngary, 40. character of emlgranU, «, «■• passport system, 46, M. •Uttstlcs, 48, 57. skilled labor ftom, 1878- 86, t. Bahla, immigration, 606. Baker, Edward L. (Uucnos Ayres),6IiB. Barmen, 144. causes of emigration, 146. vital sUtUtlos, 145. wages and taxation, 147. Bamett, Henry, (Paramaribo), 691- Basle, 836. causes of emigration, 837. character of emigration, 889. marriage and divorce, 840. Bavaria, emigration from, 205. Bayard, T. F., letter to the President, 1. Belfast, emigration from, 657. Belgium, 68. agrlonltnral laborers, «(. attitude of Oovemmeat, 68. causes of emigration, 68, 02. character of emigration, 02. emigration by age, 60. destination, 59. occupation and sex, 60. of skilled labor, m8-'86, 9. societies, 65. illegitimacy, 05. immigration, Ott. marriage and divcrce, 64. miners, character and woges, 68. population, 61, 02. surplu(,68,62. sUtistlos of emigration, 60, 60, 66. subdivision of the soil, 82. Bermuda, emigration, 702. Bird, Winfleld S. (LaGuayra), 698. Birmingham, 364. character of population, 867. iucapables, 300. skUled labor, 307. 8tatirUc8,867. BIschoff, Oscar (Sonneberg). 222. Black, WUliam J. (Nuremberg), 212. Boat-builders, immigration Into United States, 12. Bohemia, 55. . :.ai^is»; 742 INDEX. Bohemia, character of emigration, 47, 65. ■tatUtics, 66. BoUer-makerg, immigraUon into United SUtes, 12. Bolivia, immigration into, 865. Bookblndere, immigration into United States, 12. Bordeaux, 82. canees of emigration, 82. character of emigration, 82. Ch&ian agency, 84. niattlage and divorce, 83, 86. paupers, 84. Btatifttios, 82. Brandon, Canada, 697. Brass workers, immigration intoTTnited States, 18. Bra«l,e66. homestead law proposed, MB. inducements, 277. naturalization, 673. Bremen, 160. causes, 152. social condition, 168. statistics, 1832-'8S, 161, 161. Brant, E. H. (CaUao), 698. Bredan, 156. ohaiaoter, 166. marriage and cUTorc«, 167. statUtios, 156. Bridgers, Preston L. (Montevideo), 688. Bristol, 870. character, 876. distribution of emigration, 876, 877. franchise, enjoyment of, 876. British Guiana, immigration into, 677. British Honduras, immigration into, 648. British Korth America, 667. Broad, Henry (Santos), 669. Bmch-makers, immigmtlon into United States, 13 Brussels, 61. , ,^ ^ ,« Button-makers, immigration into United 8totes,13. Oagliari, 266. Calico printers, immigration into United States, 18. Camphausen, Edward (ITaples), 278. Canada, 667. assisted passages, 378, 601, 674. colonization circular, 601. conference on Immigration, 568. general conditions, 672, 699. Hungarians, «Xi9. immigration report, 599. inducements to immigration, 678. labor -leeds, 670. repatriation, 671. statlstioi, 670, 676, 677, 699. wages and cost of living, 608. Cape Colony, colonization circular, 617. Cap-makers, immigration IntotheiUnltedStates, 14 Carders, immigration into the United States, 14. Carroll, PhiUp (Palermo), 280. Catania, 265. social condition, 266. Catlin, George L. (Zurich), 849. Chili, 689. Inducements offered, 277. agency at Bordeaux, 84. Chinese in Mexico, 620, 646. New South Wales, 716. Chinese in Peru, 693. Circular to consular ofBcers, 45. Circulars, colonization, 501. Citizenship, memorandum on, 785. Clayton, Kobert (Par4), 667. CUfton, Ont., immigration into, 676. Cloete and Symon colonization contract, 625,645. Coal miners, immigration into the United SUtes 14- Coatloook, immigration, 691. Cognac, no emigration flrom, 78. Coleman, Daniel (St. Ktienne), 73. Cologne, 104. Colonization, BriUsh, 884. German, 109, 111, 161. circulars, 601. Colonies, British, and assisted emigratton, 867, 365, 376, 882, 460. German, 85. Consell de flimUle, Belgium, 64. Consular supervision proposed, 46, 186, 877. Coolies, Indian, 706. _ .. , „w Coppersmiths, immlgtation into United States, 14. Costa Blca, Immigration into, 649. Crefeld, 167. character of emigration, 167. iUegitlmaoy, 170. immigration, 170. labor legislation, 168. marriage and divorce, 170. military service, 188. social condition, 167. taxation, 168. Crime, Nice, 78. Criminality, comparative, 886. Criminals, deportation of, 41. Crouch, Henry C.(MUan), 270. Cutlers, Immigration into the United Btotes, 18. Depression of industry. United Kingdom, 888. Denmark, skUled labor fkom, 1878-'«6, ». Dispersed abroad, 416. Dithmar, Henry (Breslau), 166. Dittmer, Julius (Stettin), 289. Divorce. {See Marriage.) Del, Alphonse (CagUari), 266. Donner, Herman (HelslngfSrs), 82fc Dufikis, P. P. (Havre), 86. Dundee, 647. Dunfermline, 651. causes, 668. chsracter, 652, 568. wages and living, 664. Dtisseldorf, 174. causes, 175. character, 175. social condition, 176. statistics, 175. Dntoier, James C. (Port Hope), 687. Dutch Guiana, immigration, 690. Dyers, immigration into the United States, M. Eckstein, D. (Amsterdam), 296. BouadoT, immigration, 602. Blberfeld, 178. industries, 179. population, 178. INDEX. 743 >ra, eau. inBular ofBcers, 45. onization, 501. gaemorandam on, 785. ert (Par4), 667. I Immigralion into, 676. fmon colonization contiaot, 625,645. immigration into theTJnlted BUtea amigratlon, 691. migration flrom, 76. niel (St. Ktienne), 73. , BriUsh, 884. German, 109, 111, 161. oironlan, 501. •itiah, and aaaiated emigratton, 8OT, 165, 376, 882, 460. erman, 85. mlUe, Belgtom, 64. peryision proposed, 46, 186, 877. ian, 706. IB, immigtation into United Stotea, Immigration into, 649. iraeter of emigration, 167. gitlmacy, 170. nlgratiOD, 170. or legislation, 168. rriage and divorce, 170. lltary service, 188. lial condition, 167. cation, 168. e, 78. r, comparative, 886. deportatiou of, 41. snryC.(MUan),270. imigratlon into the United Stotea, 15. 1 of industry. United Kingdom, 886. skUIed labor from, 1878-'«6, 8. abroad, 416. lenry (Breslan), 186. ttUns (Stettin), 288. (See Marriage.) DDse (CagUarl), 266. Lerman (HelsingfSrs), 828. F. (Havre), 86. 47. ine, 651. canaeR, 658. character, 552, 55S. wagea and living, 554. f, 174. canses, 175. character, 175. social condition, 176. statistics, 175. Tames C. (Port Hope), 587. liana, immigration, 690. imlgration into the United Statei, M. D. (Amsterdam), 295. immigration, 692. , 178. indnstries, 179. population, 178. Elberfeld, statistics, 180. wages and subsistence, 179. Emigration societlea of England, 374. BngUie-makerB, immigration into the United States, 16. England, decline of agriculture, 445. Intemperance, 446. decrease of pauperism and crime, 447. Ueiklth and longevity In, 449. honse population, 4J9. machinery In, 445. morals, 447. BkUled labor from, 1873-'86, 8. vital statistics, 440. Esterhazy, Count. Hungarian colonies, 609. Europe, emigration, 1884, 3. Faber, Otto (Maracalbo), 700. Factory Inspection in Germany, 31, 118. Falkenbach, Joseph (Barmen), 144. rix.dressers, immigration into theUnlted Statea, 16. Fletcher, James (Genoa), 267. Florence, emigration, 261, 263. social statistics, 262. Ford, Worthlngton C 2. Forster, Charles (Blberfeld). 178. Fort Brie, immigration, 676. Fox. Howard (Falmoath), 878. I'w""'®'*'- i ™ M a» atUtnde of the Government., 70, 78, «• ^ birth rate, 72. emigration, general, 88. and popnlation, 484. industrial situation, 71. Italians in, 71. law of emigration, 88. military service, 79, 86. population, 72. slow growth of, 38. Btetistics, 1878-'83, 89. by departments, 1870-'88, 96. destination, 1882-'83, 07. of skUledlaborftom, 1878-'86, 9. Frankforiron-the-Maln, 129. cansea and character oi emigration, 130. ooonpationa, ISO. social conditions, 182. Friesland, 807. Frisbie, John L. (Rhoims), 78. Gade, Gerhard (Christlania), 820. Gareschfi, ■Wllll«m A. (Martinique), 702. Geneva, emigration, 846. Genoa, 257. class of emigrants, 258. housing, 258. pauperism, 258 social condition, 258. Germany, 83. Arbeitabflcher, 104. Oemuny, attitude of the G"'*""^"*'**!?' "'^ ^^^ 136, 146. 163, 176, 1«4, lOT, 229. 241. causes of emigration, 99. colonUation. 35, 109, Ul, 161. dUtributlon of wealth. 101. effects of emigration, 110. emigration, constitutional provUlona, 107. in the civil law, 108. agents, 108, 132. law, 107. factory Inspection, 31. farmers, aid to, 112. couditiou of, 32, 112. terming districts, largest emigratton, 102. female Ubor, 110. hand and power weaving, 116. Ulegltlmaoy, 123. inheritance law, 108. insurance, accident, 112, 114. labor, migration of, 101. sklUea, 9. legislation, 168, 200. proposed, 122. laborers, agricultural, 113. induBtrial, 118, 117. land-holdings, 165. machinery, Influence of, 114. nMuraal instruction of factory glrU, 1». marriage and divorce, 123. mlUtary aervlce, 105, 141, 158, 168, 280. passport system, 163, 241. paupers and insane, 104. peasant farmers, 108, 180. population, 88, 86, 160. and emigration, 484. wagea, 85. density of, 101. occupation of, 149. prices and cost of Uvlng. 43. 128. of iron, 87. wheat, 103. Social Domoomoy, demands of, 118. socUHstlo law. 185. South America, ImmigratUm into, lU, 133 atatUtics of emigration, 86, 98, 122, 180, 148, 162. byageandaex, 98.149,164. occupation, 90,102. •tateB,S4,88, 163, 387. atriket, 100, 120. taxation, 101, 106, 168. teatimonUU of fitness and conduct, 104. vital statistics, 123. wages, 117, 127, 123. factory inspectors on, iw. work-office, Empire proposed for, 121. Q\Sen, Eobert, 408. Oifford, George (Basle), 886. aiaagow, emigraUon from, 656. ^^' 744 INDEX. GloTe.m«kew,tmmtgr«tion Into the United Stotet, 10. Goodwin, Goorge B. (Annaberg), 188. Gieece, emlgntion ttom, 244. Gtlfan, O. W. {Sydney), 708. OnnHnlthSilmmtgniUon of, Into the United State*, 17. Hale, K. J. (Uutcheater), 389. Halifax, inunlgnUon, 604. Hamburg, 182. causes of emigration, 188. oharaoter of emigration, 188. •tatUtios, 182, 188. by age, 103. profeaalon, IBS. Hamilton, immigration, 580. aMisted immigration, 680. land grants, 680. statUtics, 683. Hartnxma, Baron Van, 307. Hatheway, Albert K.(Nloe), 75. Hatters, immigration of; into the United States, 17. Haute Loire, emigration tcom, 74. H»Tie,86. farm holdings, 87. labor emigration, 86. popnlatlon, 86. stetlstios, 1878-'86, by nationality, SS, sex,95. Tltal,88. wages, 87. Herring, D. W. (Tegucigalpa), 660. HoU Joseph D. (Vera Croi), 647. Homesteads in Mexico, 632. Honduras, Immigration, 650. naturalization, 651. Honse population, England and Wales, 489. Hughes, Joseph B. (Birmingham), 370. Huller, colonisation contract, 628, 645. Hungwian colony in Canada, 609. Hungary, 48. assisted emigration, 53. attitude of the goyemment, 63, 66. causes of emigration, 48. oliaraoter of emigration, 48, 60. deaths, 52, 55. Ulegltimaoy, 52, 55. Jews, 64. Ubor, skiUed, emigration. 1878-'86, 10. marriage and divoroe, 52, 65. population, 55. Slovacks, 60, 54. social condition, 51. Hilning, ■William (Prague), 65. Hlegltimaey (««« under each country). Illiteracy, in the United Kingdom, 884. Immigrationiutothe United States by age, 8. occupation, 8,5. •ez, 7. 'Inoapables from England, 369. Income tax, (Germany, 102. Ingraham, Darius H. (Cadis), 828. Inheritance law, Roman, 103. Insane, immigration of, into the United States, 42. Ireland, 557. sUUedlaborflrom,187*-'8e, 8. Irish, J. E. (Cognac), 75. Iron StatUtics of Germany, 86, 87. workers, immigration into the United States, 17. 18. 19. Isire, prefecture, immigration trom, 74. Italians in France, 71. Mexico, 639. Italy, 245. attitude of Government, 254, 280, 276, 283, 280,294. causes of emigration, 263. illiteracy, 270, 275. labor, emigration of skilled, 10. passport system, 257, 260, 266, 270. social condition, 254. statistics, 245, 248, 262, 263, 268. by occupation, 240, 251, 665, 268. sex, 246. James, Henry M. (Port Kowan), 588. Jewelers, Immigration into the United States, 19. Jews, Hungarian, 54. Johnston, Chories B. (Port Samla), 588. Jone^ Wallaces. (Messina), 269. Jussen, Edmund (Vienna), 46. Eelton, Edward G. (Mazatlan), 646. EimblOl, C. P. (Stuttgart), 242. Klassenstener, 101,106. Kolster, Bichard (Puerto Cabello), 702. Labor, mobility ot 2. legislation in Germany, 122, 168, 200. Lace industry of Annaberg, 138. manufacturers, immigration of, Into th United States, 19. La Guayra, immigration, 698. Land grants, Canada, 580. • Mexico, 621, 632. system in Ireland, 562. Lang, W. W. (Hamburg), 182. La Pas, immigration, 643. Lapidaries, immigration into the United Statei Lathrop, Lorin A., (Bristol). 378. Laws, divorce, England, 469. emigration, France, 88. Germany, 107. Netherlands, 314. Lee, Sir J. C, EngUsh worklngmen, 451. Leeds, 380. assisted Immigration, 381. causes and character of Immigration, 380 condition of industry, 386. rent and cost of living, 386. social condition, 381. statistics, 380. Leghorn, 266. social condition, 267. statistics, 266, 269. taxation, 267. Lelpslc, 193. causes and character of emigration, social condition, 195. Levasseur, Emlle, emigration in thy ninetee century, 720. Levy colonisation contract, 635. 1 labor from, 187S-'88, 8. pognoc), 7S. Is of Oermany, 88, 37. 1, immigTatioii into the United SUtea, ■tare, immigration from, 74. Irance, 71. lEezloo, 639. de of Government, 2M, 200, 278^ 283, 204. of emigration, 268. ly, 270, 276. (migration of akilled, 10. >rt system, 257, 280, 268, 270. condition, 254. Itloa, 246, 248, 252, 263, 288. by oooapstion, 240, 251, 66S, 288. aez, 248. iry M. (Port Bowan), 588. imlgration into the United States, 19. ipirian, 54. harles B. (Port Samia), 588. laceS. (Messina), 260. mand (Vienna), 46. ward O. (Hazatlan), 846. . P. (Stattgart), 242. ner, 101, 106. ichard (Paerto Cabello), 702. illltyoC 2. slation in Germany, 122, 188, 200. itry of Annaberg, 138. ifacturers, immigration of, into the lited States, 19. i, immigration, 698. ts, Canada, 680. # Mexico, 621, 632. «m in Ireland, 662. W. (Hamburg), 182. imlgration, 645. ) immigration into the United States, roe, England, 469. gratlon, France, 88. Germany, 107. Netherlands, 814. C, English workingmen, 461. sted immigration, 8SI. MS and character of Immigration, 380. lition of indastry, 886. i and cost of living, 386. ial condition, 381. istlcs, 880. 166. locial condition, 267. itatistlcs, 266, 260. »xatlon, 267. 13. lases and character of emigration, 194. ictal condition, 106. , Eniile, emigration in the nineteenth 720. ilzatlon contract, 636. INDEX. 745 Llcgo, CO. agrlouUnral population, 67. Intelligence, 67. marriage and divorce, 66. population, 66. Llvermore, Arthur (Londonderry), 860. Liverpool, 387. Iioenlng, Albert (Bremen), 180, Loire, emigration, 74. London, Ont, immigration, 588. Londonderry, 660. Low, James (Clifton), 676. Machinery, inflaenoe of, 114. MachinUU, Immigration into the United Stitea, 20. Malta, 329. Manchester, 418. causes of emigration, 4S0. character of population, 422. classes which emigrate, 438. consular distriot daflned, 418. crime, 441. divorce, 498. emigration small, 423, 43S. house population, 48111 landlord and tenant, 487. Oldham cotton mills, 4S& pauperlam,4>8. aavlngabanka,442. schools, 441. aooial condition of people, 487, 44>. aUtUtloa.419. by oooupatlona, 420. strikes, 481. " unoccupied," 437. urban population, 488. vital atatlatlea, 440, 44«. wases,448. wealth, 444. working olasaea, Improvement In, 44S. ]Iannheini,lt6. eauses of emigration, 203. l]legitimaoy,198. social condition. 198. aUtUtio8,201,30>. Manual inatnotton to ftotory girls, Oermany, 120. Maraoaibo, emigration, 700. Marriage and divorce. (SMundereaeheoantry.) of French with fortignats, 80. Mar8etUea,6e. oansea of emigration, 00. •Utisttes,«9. vital statistics, 73. Marston, H. C. (Malaga), 827. Martinique, 701 Mason, Frank H. (Marseilles), OB. Mason, Joseph T. (Dresden), 171. Mayenoe,306. causes of emlgratlMi, Md ■oeial ooadiUon, 308. staUstios, 306. , Tital,808. wiCes,SOII. Maiatian, ImmigratiMi IntOk 646L McOarr,0wen (Guayaquil), 602. McLain,Thomas J.,jr. (Nassau), 703. Mechanics, Immigration into the United 30. Mennonites, 324. Merrlam, J. W. (Iqulque), 680. Merrltt, Henry F. (Aiz-la^Chapelle), 184. Messina, 260. Metal-rullers, immigration Into the United StatM, 20. Mexico, 816. Americans in, 833. assistifld immigration, 618, 828. Chinese in, 620, 646. colonbation, 810, 628, 6U, Uw, 644. oolonists, privUeges, 646. commercial immigration, 642. homesteada and landgrants, 683. Italian colonists, 639. lands, pnbUc, 621, 684. Levy colonisation contract, OSS. Honnons,020. naturallaatlan, 632. Topolobampo oolony, 631, 643, 648. Migration in Germany, 86. Milan, 37L oansss and oharaeter of emigmtion, tTl, 373. soeial oonditiott, 278. aiilltaiy system, Austria, 40. France, 70, 86. Gerwany, 105, 141, 188, 188, 388. Millar, Samuel Bolfe (Leipaio), 188. MlUwrigbts, immigration into United States, SL Minora, immlgraUon Into United States, 31. of Belgium, 68. Mobility of labor, 2. Molfott, WiUlam H. (Athens), 344. V^y .gh«i,, J. C. (Mannheim), 186. Montevideo, ImmigraUon, 007. Morgan, P. H., Mexico Inviting Immigrattai, OH. Morlan, Albert B. (Belise), 648. Mormons, 387. in Mexico, 820. Mueller, Jacob (Frankfort^n-the-Maln), 138. Murray, Jamea (St. John, N. B.),S03. KaU-makars, immigration into United Statoa, tt. Nantss, 31. Naplss,378. eauseaand character, 379. ■ooial oonditlon, 280, 283. statuses, 378. taxation, 281. Hatal, ooUmlaatlon oiieulars, 518. Naturalisation In Brasil, 873. Hondni*s,6SL Mexico, 683. United Stataa, 683, 7«k Ketherlands, 295. area, 800. attitude of OovemineBt, 805, HI. osas causes and olaasea, 300. social condition, 280. atati8tios,288. Paper-makers, immigraticm into the TTnlted States, 32. Partello, O.J. (Dosseldorf), 174. Passengers act, United Kingdom, 460. Passport system, Anstria, 46,68. Gemany, 158, 341. Italy. Pattani4iakers, immigration into the United States, 22. Panperism in Manchester 438. United Kingdom, 888. Panpers, deportation of (Sm in each report.) Pemambuoo, immigration, 660. Pern, immigration, 603. Piatt, John J. (Qaeenstown), 561. Pinder, W. H., emigiatitm from Leeds, 881. Platers, immigration into United States, 28. PoUshMTs, immigratloa into United Kingdom, 28. PopolatieB, increase ofi 84, note. in Franoot 88. Qemany, 83. « Bobertson, W. Henry (Tarmontli, N. S.), 584. Soman inheritanoe law, 103. Bomeyn, James W. (Valparaiso), 602. Boosevelt, (George W. (Bordeaoz), 88. Bope-makers, immigration into the United States, 24. BottwdMn, 3U. emigci^ifm oommiasion, 812. social condition, 812. statistics, 811. Bussell, Charles T. (Liveipool), 887. Bussia, 324. attitude of GKivemmont, 83^ 8^^ 386. causes of emigration, 324. Jews, 826. Mennonites, 834. occupation of emigrants, 10. Saddlers, emigiwtion into the United States, 24. Sail•maker^ emigration into th» United Statet, 24. San Domingo, immigmtion. 708. Santos, Immigration, 674. BBo Paolo, 668. INDEX. 747 Qennany, 160. AnnabcTg, 142,148. Elberfeld, 178. Skxony, 172. StnttRKt, 242. Hnnsary, S6. Italy i Turin, 292. awnre of; In Vnmoe, 488. Oennany, 436. Cnlted Kingdom, 883, 482,486. Ont, ImnilgTattoii, 8M. it, immigration, S87. mmigntlon, 688. nmigration, 688. led labor from, 10. tioa firom, 166. CreMd), 160. gtMioD Into the United States, 23. X, Maneheater workman, 452. tter, 1. in Oermany, 87. at in Qennany, 103. icdony of Oermany, 83. lo,702. iolonizatioB,8«6,510. 561. land system, 662. soeial condition, 66S. statistics, 584. triin), 87. ph (Warsaw), 826. Maohlnery, 114. itad emigration, 81. les and ciiaraoter, 78. il condition, 80. migration from, 148. Mrt (HamUton), 580. nlc W. (Coaticoolc), 59L ^. D. (Verriers and Liege), 6S. V. Henry (Tarmoath, N. S.), 684. ritanoe law, 103. mes W. (Valparaiso). 682. feorge W. (Bordeaoz), 88. s. Immigration into tlie United Statns, 311. emigtatiim oommisaion. 813. social condition, 812. statiaUos, 8U. krleeT. (Liverpool), 887. tude of Oovemmont, 824. 82B, 886. ses of emigration, 824. rs,826. nnonites, 834. npation of emigrants, 10. aigtwOon into tb* United States, 24. I, emigration into th» United States, go,immigistion,703. iigration,674. Sao Panlo, assistance to immigi«nts, 674. climate, 670. naturalization, 673. poIiUoal organization, 670. railways, 672. territory, 669. wages, 676. gwtorl, Victor A. (Leghorn), 266. Barage, George W. (Belfast), 557. 1^^, Moses H. (Trinidad), 704. SaxeXktbnrg, emigration, 237. Baiony,143,i7i,l93. causes of emigration, 158. iUegltimaoy, 173. incomes, 196. marriage and divorce, 173. population, 172. social condition, 159. occupation of emigrants, 158, 173. population, 172. statistics, 171. vagrancy, 197. Bchoenhof, J. (Xunstall), 627. Scotland, 647. skilled labor from, 8. Sex of emlgranta into the United St^M, 7. ShaakeUord, H. A. (Nantes), 81. '''""''*'«u«««dch.«cter,523.528. • social condition, 522. vital staUsUcs, 526. „ ,. a Bhlpwrlghto, immigration of, into the United States, 25. Silesia, emigration, 166. Simpson, Thomas, 703, Slade, vrmiam (Benssels), 61. Stovacksof Hungary, 60. Smith, Goldwln,445. Smith, James Henry (Mayence) , 48, 206. Smith, Jasper (Newoastle.npon.Tyne)j620. Smith, Samuel, on British population, 882. Socialistic law of Germany, 185. Sonneberg,222. » ~» wu. causes and character, 223, 224. land holding, 226. paupers and criminals, 228. social condition, 226. statistics, 231. wages, 224. South America. German emigration to, HI, 189. Australia, colonisation, 608. Spain, 327. occupation of emlgranta, II. Splmiers, immigration into the Y'^t!*,f*^***,'»- Splrita and beer, consumption In United King- dom,S85. Stanb, Peter (St. Galle), 847. .^.„„,t^ Steel manufacturers. Immigration Into iheUnlted States, 26. Sterne, Henry (Budapesth), 48. St Etienne, emigration. 78. Stettin, emigration, 289. Stsuart, John H. (Antwerp), 67. St.6«lle,847. ■tttUttos, 849. Bt.John,lm, 149. a Oemumy, 108. I (Fort Brie), 576. (Leeds), 880. LUbon), 828. naymaa), 644. ay A (Reme), 832. I. (Coste Rloa), 640. ligration, SOS. I, immigration Into the TXnlted Dundee), 547. I>ert (Uatanla), 959. I, immigration into, the TTnlted r German Bmpiro, 133. John (MalU), 330. (Ste StattgMt) S., immigration, BH. B. (St Petertlratg), ML I ■«■ ,»x„Oo»«»«l,. UOnaB OFUEPBESBNTATIVUa { B^x. Doc. 2dSe$»Um. i EMIGBATION AND IMMIGBATION. REPORTS or THE CONSULAR OFFICERS OV THB UNITED STATES. "♦-^ . WASHINGTON: OOYBBHMBN'r PBIHTIHO OPPIOB. 188?,