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SMI riisoMAN INSI 1 n riox. 
 
 l.INITl^lJ STAT[£S NATIONAL MUSEUM, 
 
 HROWING-STICKS IN THE NATIONAL 
 
 MUSEUM. 
 
 i;Y 
 
 OTIS T. MASOiV, 
 
 ('»',, .'.<>■ •'/ .'■':/■ I <,■/•.! r!iii,-i:t \/ / t/'il,'/,' 
 
 tlic Ri-pnit ol ihe Sini;lis(ini;ni Institution, ic;S3-'3i, I'art 1 1, |iat;o^ 271) 2S1), :nul pliitt-s 1 X \ 1 1 
 
 WASlIINOroN 
 
 iluNI.KNMKN 1 rUlNllNt; 1 ilI'irK 
 
 I S90. 
 

 J 
 
I -THROWINrrSTICKS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
 
 Bv Otis T. Mason. 
 
 Col. Lane Fox tells us there are three areas of the throwinjj-stick : 
 Australia, where it is simply an elongated spindle with a hook at the 
 end ; the country of the Conibos and the Purus, on the Upper Amazon, 
 where the implement resembles that of the Australians, and the hyper- 
 borean regions of North America. 
 
 It is of this last group that we shall now speak, since the National 
 Museum possesses only two specimens from the first-named area and 
 none whatever from the second. 
 
 The researches and collections of Bessels, Turner, Boas, Hall, IVIintz- 
 ner, Kennicott, Ray, Murdoch, Nelson, Herendeen, and Dall, to all of 
 whom I acknowledge my obligations, enable me to compare widely sep- 
 arated regions of the hyperborean area, ami to distinguish these regions 
 by the details in the structure of the throwing- stick. 
 
 The method of holding the throwing-stick is indicated in Fig. 1 
 by a drawing of H. W. Elliott. The E^Aimo is just in the act of 
 launching the light seal harpoon. The barbed point will fasten itself 
 into the animal, detach itself from the ivory foreshaft, and unwind the 
 rawhide or sinew line, which is securely tied to both ends of the light 
 wooden shaft by a martingale device. The heavj ivory foreshaft will 
 cause the shaft to assume an upright position in the water, and the 
 whole will act as a drag to impede the progress of the game. The same 
 idea of imT)eding progress and of retrieving is carried out by a multi- 
 tude of devices not necessary to mention here. 
 
 The Eskimo spend much time in their skin kyaks, from which it 
 would be dithcult to launch an arrow from a bow, or a harpoon from the 
 unsteady, cold, and greasy hand. This device of the throwing-stick, 
 therefore, is the substitute for the bow or the sling, to be used in the 
 kyak, by a people who cannot procure the proper materials for a heavier 
 lance-shaft, or at least whose environment is prejudicial to the use of 
 such a weapon. Just as soon as we pass Mount St. Elias going south- 
 ward, the throwing-stick, plus the spear or dart of the Eskimo and the 
 Aleut, gives place to the harpoon with a long, heavy, cedar shaft, weigh- 
 ing 15 or 20 pounds, whose momentum from both hands of the Indian, 
 without the throw-stick, exceeds that of the Eskimo and Aleut dnrts 
 
 279 
 
280 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MU8KIJM, 1884. 
 
 and harpoons, with the additional velocity imparted by the throwing- 
 8tick. It must not be forgotten, also, that the kyak is a very frail, nn 
 steady thnig, and therefore not much of the momentum of the body can 
 be utilized, as it is by the Northwest Indians in making a lunge with 
 a heavy shaft. The throwingstick is also said by some arctic voy- 
 agers to be useful in giving directness of aim. Perhaps no other savage 
 device comes so near in this respect to a gun barrel or the groove of a 
 bow-gun. Its greatest advantages, however, are the firm grip which 
 it gives in handling u harpoon or dart, and the longer time which it 
 permits the hunter to apjdy the force of his arm to the propulsion of 
 his weapon. Having practiced with a throwingstick somewhat, I have 
 imagined also that there was a certain amount of leverage acquired by 
 the particular method of holding the stick and straightening the arm, 
 as in a toggle joint. That implement, which seems so simple, and which 
 is usually mentioned and dismissed in a word, possesses several marks 
 or organs, which help to distinguish the locality in which each form 
 occurs, as well as to define the associations of the implement as regards 
 the weapon thrown from it and the game i)ursued. These marks are: 
 
 I. iShape, or general outline in face and side view, and size. 
 L'. Handle, the part grasped in the hand. 
 
 3. Thumb-groove or thumb-lock, i)rovi8iou for the firm and comfort- 
 able insertion of the phalanx and ball of the thumb. 
 
 4. Finger-grooves, provision for each finger according to its use in 
 the manipulation of the implement. 
 
 5. Finger-pegs, little plugs of wood or ivory to give more certain grip 
 for the fingers and to prevent their slipping. The devices for the fin- 
 gers are the more necessary where the hands are cold and everything is 
 covered with grease. 
 
 G. Finger-tip cavities, excavations on the front face of the implement, 
 into which the tips of the three last fingers descend to assist in grasp- 
 ing and to afford a rest on the back of these fingers for the weapon 
 shaft. 
 
 7. Index-finger cavity or hole, provision for the insertion of the in- 
 dex finger, which plays a very important part in the use of the throw- 
 iug-stick. 
 
 8. Spear shaft groove, in which the shaft of the weapon lies, as an 
 arrow or bolt in the groove of a bow-gun. 
 
 9. Hook or spur, provision for seizing the butt end of the weapon 
 while it is being launched. These may be ridges left in the wood by 
 excavation, or pieces of wood, bone, ivory, &c., inserted. The size and 
 shape of this part, and the manner of insertion, are also worthy of 
 notice. 
 
 10. Edges : this feature is allied to the form and not to the function 
 of the implement. 
 
 II. Faces: upper, on which the weapon rests; lower, into which the 
 index finger is inserted. 
 
 Ill 
 
 til 
 eil 
 lif 
 
 oi| 
 re 
 
 bJ 
 Pi 
 
THROWING-STICKS. 
 
 281 
 
 The tigiirea illutstirttiiij; this article are 'Irawn to a Kcale indicated by 
 inch marks in the niar{;in, every dot on the line Htandinj; for an inch. 
 
 By the presence or absence, by the number or the shape of some of 
 these marks or structural characteristics, the type and locality can be 
 easily detected. The Eskimo have everywhere bows and arrows for 
 land hunting, the former made of several pieces of bone lashed to;j;ether, 
 or of a piece of driftwood lashed and re-enforced with sinew. The ar- 
 rows are of endless variety. 
 
 It should also be noticed that the kind of game and the season of the 
 year, the shape and size of the spear accompauyiug the stick, and the 
 bare or gloved hand, are all indicated by language expressed in various 
 parts of this wonderful throwing-stick. 
 
 GREENLAND TYPE. 
 
 The Greenland throwing-stick is a long, flat trapezoid, slightly ridged 
 along the back (Fig. 2). It has no distinct handle at the wide end, 
 although it will be readily seen that the expanding of this part secures 
 a firm grip. A chamfered groove on one side for the thumb, and a 
 smaller groove on the other side for the index finger, insure the imple- 
 ment against slipping from the hunter's grasp. Marks o, G, 7 of the 
 series on page 280 rae wanting in the Greenland type. The shaft-groove, 
 in which lies the shaft of the great harpoon, is wide, deep, and rounded 
 at the bottom. There is no hook, as in all the other types, to fit the 
 end of the harpoon shaft, but in its stead are two holes, one in the front 
 end of the shaft groove, between the thumb-groove and the flnger- 
 groove, with an ivory eyelet or grommet for a lining, the other at the 
 distal end of the shaft-groove, in the ivory piece which is ingeniously 
 inserted there to form that extremity. This last-mentioned hole is not 
 cylindrical like the one in front, but is so constructed as to allow the 
 shaft-peg to slide otf easily. These holes exactly fit two ivory pegs 
 projecting from the harpoon shaft. When the hunter has taken his 
 throwing-stick in his hand he lays his harpoon shaft upon it so that 
 the pegs will fall in the two little holes of the stick. By a sudden jerk 
 of his hand the harpoon is thrown forward and released, the pegs draw- 
 ing out of the holes in the stick. At the front end of the throwing-stick 
 a narrow piece of ivory is pegged to prevent splitting. As before inti- 
 mated, this type of throwing-stick is radically difierent from all others 
 in its adjustment to the pegs on the heavy harpoon. In all other exam- 
 ples in the world the hook or spur is on the stick and not on the weapon. 
 
 UNGAVA TYPE. 
 
 One specimen from Fort Ohimo in this region, southeast of Hudson 
 Bay, kindly lent by Mr. Lucien Tuiner, is very interesting, having little 
 relation with that from Greenland (which is so near ^'•eographically), 
 and connecting itself with all the other types as far as Kadiak, in 
 
282 
 
 UEPOUT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, IH84. 
 
 Alsiska (Fifj. 3). The outlinii of tho iini)h'nuMit is quitts elaborate and 
 Nyininetrical, leHeiiibliii^ at the liook end a h(hUe]iead, and wi(huiin^ 
 continuously by hiteral and lacial curves to the Iront, where it is tiiin 
 and ilat. A sligiit rouiuUMl noteii for the thumb, and a ionpa- ciiainfer 
 for three lingers, form the IianiUe. Marks o and are wantinjj;. Tl»e 
 cavity for the index tinffer extends (juite throujrh tii<5 iniplenuait, as it 
 does in all cases where it is on tlie side of the harpoon-shaft groove, 
 and not directly under it. The shaft groove is shallow, and the hook 
 at the lower extremity is formed by a piece of ivory inserted in a par- 
 allel groove in the fiddle-head and fastened with pegs. It is as though 
 a aaw-cut one-eighth inch wide liad been made longitudimdly through 
 the tiddle-head and one-half inch beyond, and the simcehad been (llled 
 with a ]date of ivory pared <lown tiush with the wood all round, except- 
 ing at the ])rojection left to form the liook or spur for the harpoon shaft. 
 This peg or spur fits in a small hole in the butt of the harjxwn or spear 
 shaft and serves to keep the weapon in its place until it la launched from 
 the hand. The Ungava spear is hccavier than that of the western Eskimo, 
 hence the stick and its spur are i)roportionately larger. It is well to 
 observe carefully the purport of the spur. A javelin, assegai, or other 
 weapon hurled from the hand is seized in the center of gravity. The 
 Greenland spears have the pegs for the throwingstick sometimes at 
 the center of gravity, sometimes at the butt end. In all other uses of 
 the throwing-stick the point of support is behind the center of gravity, 
 and if the weapon is not fastened in its groove in cannot be hurled. 
 This fastening is accomplished by the backward leaning of the peg in 
 the Greenland example, and by the spur on the distal end of the throw- 
 ing-stick in all other cases. 
 
 CUMBERLAND GULF TYPE- 
 
 The Cumberland Gulf type is the clumsiest throwingstick in the 
 Museum, and Dr. Franz Boas recognizes it as a faithful sample of those 
 in use throughout BafiQu Land (Fig. 4). 
 
 In general style it resembles Mr. Turner's specimens from LTngava ; 
 but every part is coarser and heavier. It is made of oak, probably ob- 
 tained from a whaling vessel. Instead of the fiddle-head at the distal 
 end we have a declined and thickened prolongation of the stick with- 
 out ornament. There is no distinct handle, but provision is made for 
 the thumb by a deep, sloping groove ; for the index-fluger by a perfo- 
 ration, and for the other three fingers by separate grooves. These give 
 a splendid grip for the hunter, but the extraordinary width of the 
 handle is certainly a disadvantage. There are two longitudinal grooves 
 on the upper face ; the principal one is squared to receive the rectangu- 
 lar shaft of the bird spear ; the other is chipped out for the tips of the 
 fingers, which do not reach across to the harpoon shaft, owing to the 
 clumsy width of the throwing-stick. In this example, the hook for the 
 
 end of 
 into the 
 
 In Pal 
 
 Igloolik,! 
 ing a sJ 
 for the til 
 probal)l>i 
 and Capl 
 Parry, ii 
 having nl 
 Museum I 
 Uecla Stl 
 
 The A 
 
 kenzio R 
 being on 
 4, 5, and 
 and furn 
 not over 
 inserted 
 which fui 
 one specil 
 seum; thi 
 that it is 
 simplest 
 It is as y 
 A rude f 
 barbaric 
 that whi( 
 great foi 
 ocean at 
 and the I 
 tions as 
 
 Throu 
 from thi 
 Ray, U. 
 line the; 
 the mid 
 while in 
 the bod; 
 very lar 
 
TIIK()WL\(;-STI(KS. 
 
 'JH.'i 
 
 
 tMul of tho biidspt'iir sliaCt is tli(^ ciuiine tootli of noiiui iiniiiial (Irivoii 
 into tho wood ut tlu'distJil viu) of tho lon^-slinft groove. 
 
 FURY AND IIECLA STRAITS TYPE. 
 
 In Parry'H Second Voyage (p. 508) is described a throwing stick of 
 Igh)oliiv, 18 inches h)ng, grooved for tlie shaft of thcs hir<lsi)ear, ami hav- 
 ing a spike for the liole of the shaft, and a groove for the tliunih and 
 for the lingers. Tlic index-linger liolo is not nientioiu'il, l>ut n>or«i than 
 probably it existed, since it is nowhere else wanting between IJngava 
 and Cape Ronianzolf in Alaska. This foiin, if properly described by 
 Parry, is between the Ungava asid the Cnniberlund (Inlf specimen, 
 having no kinship with the tlii'owing-sticik of (Jreenland. The Natiomil 
 Mnseum shonid possess an example of throwing stick from the Fnry and 
 Uecla Straits. 
 
 ANDKIISON niVER TYPE. 
 
 Tho Anderson River throwingstick (and we shonid include the Mac- 
 keuzio Rh'er district) is a very i)rimitive aflair in the National Museum, 
 being only a tai)ering dat stick of hard wood (Fig. 5). Marks 2, ',i, 
 4, .'), and G are wanting. Tln^ index-finger cavity is large and eccenti ic 
 and furiushes a Arm h(»ld. The shaft groove is a rambling shallow slit, 
 not over half an inch wide. There is no hook or spur of foreign niateriat 
 inserted for tho spear end ; but simply an excavation of the hard wood 
 which furnishes an edge to catch a notch in the end of the dart. Only 
 one specimen has been collected from this area for the National Mu- 
 seum; therefore it is unsafe to make it typical, but the form is so unique 
 that it. is well to notice that the throwing stick in Eskimoland has its 
 simplest form in the center and not in the extremities of its whole area- 
 It is as yet unsafe to speculate concerning the origin of this implement. 
 A rude form is as likely to be a degenerate son as to be the relic of a 
 barbaric ancestry. Among the theories of origin respecting the Eskimo, 
 that which claims for them a more southern habitat long ago is of 
 great force. If, following retreating ice, they first struck the frozen 
 ocean at the mouth of Mackenzie'i.^ liiver and then invented the kyak 
 and the throwing stick, thence we nniy follow both of these in two direc- 
 tions as they depart from a single source. 
 
 P<HNT BARROW TYPE. 
 
 Through tho kindnessof I\Ir. John jNIurdoch, i have examined a uuiuber 
 from this locality, all alike, collected in the expedition of Lieut':nant 
 Ray, U. S. A. (Fig. 6). They are all of soft wood, and in general out- 
 line they resemble a tall am|)hora, bisected, or with a slice cut out of 
 tho middle longitudinally. There is a distinct " razor-strop" handle, 
 while in those previously described the handle is scarcely distinct from 
 the body. Marks 3, 4, 5, and G are wanting. The index-finger hole is 
 very large and eccentric, forming the handle of the " amphora." Tho 
 
284 
 
 RKPOKT OF NATIONAL MIJMEUM, lH-14. 
 
 groovi* for tilt' Imrpoon or si»'iir-H|iaft ('oiiuiu'iiccs <)|)p()Hite tho in«l«.\ 
 flii{;«'iriivity us ii wliallow (U'pivs.sioii, iiiitl tlt'cpcns ^riuliially to itHotlici 
 tixtrcmit.v, where the li(Mik for tlie Npeiir-.sliaft is forined by an ivory 
 peg. This form is Htnictiirally almost the same as the Aiulerson Ki\»'r 
 type, only it is mneh better linished. 
 
 KoTZKntlE SOUND TVPK. 
 
 The Kotzel)ue Hound typo is an elon{,'ate<l truncated pyramid, or obe- 
 lisk, (lilted on all sides {V\jX. 7). The handle is in the spiral shape so 
 fre(jneiit in Kskiino skins<!rai)ers from Norton Sound and vi<'inity, and 
 exactly tits the thumb and the last three lingers. Marks 5 and (J are 
 wanting. The index (cavity is a cul (h'Hnt\ into which the foretinger is to 
 be hooked when the implement is in use. Especial attention is called to 
 this «hara(!teristi(! because it occurs here for the tlrst time and will not 
 be seen again after we ])asa (^ajie Vancouver. From Ungava to Point 
 Barrow the index-tinger hole is ec(!entric and the linger passes (piite 
 through the implement and to the right of the harpoon or spear-shaft. 
 In the Kotzebue type the index flnger cavity is subjacent to the spear 
 Hhaft groove, consequently the forefinger would be wounded or at least 
 in the way by jiassing through the stick. The spear or harpoon shaft 
 groove is wi, ■ and shallow and passes immediately over the index 
 cavity. The h)ok is of ivory and stands up above the wood. It needs 
 only to be mentioned that this type, as well as those with eccentric 
 forefinger perforations are used with the naked hand. 
 
 In the quarto volume of Beechey's Voyage, page 324, is mentioned a 
 throwing-stick from Eschscholtz Bay, with a hole for the forefinger and 
 a notch for the thumb, the spear being jdaced in the groove and em- 
 braced by the middle flnger and the thumb. This last assertion is very 
 important. When I first began to examine a large number of the im- 
 plements, I could not explain the cavities for the finger tips until this 
 note suggested that the shaft rides outside of and not under the fingers. 
 To test the matter I had a throwing-stick made to fit my hand, and 
 found that the spear could get no start if clamped close to the throw- 
 ing-stick by all the fingers; but if allowed to rest on the back of the 
 fingers or a part of them, and it is held fast by the thumb and middle 
 finger, it had just that small rise which gave it a start from the pro- 
 pelling instrument. 
 
 In the national collection is a specimen marked Russian America, 
 collected by Commodore John Rodgers, resembling in many re8i)ects 
 the Kotzebue Sound type. The handle is of the same razor-strop shape, 
 but on the upper side are three deep depressions for the fingertips. In 
 several of the objects already described provision is made for the tips 
 of the last three fingers by means of a gutter or slight indentations. 
 But in no other examples is there such pronounced separation of the 
 fingers. In very many of the Norton Sound skin-dressers, composed 
 of a stone blade and ivory handle, the fingers are separated in exactly 
 
1444. 
 
 TIIUOVVINC.-STICKH. 
 
 285 
 
 oppoHJto the iiulnx- 
 
 fiiidiially to itH other 
 
 tonniMl hy ati ivory 
 
 the Anderson River 
 
 ited pyniniid, orobe- 
 the Mpiral !shaj)e so 
 id and vicinity, and 
 MarlvM 5 and «i are 
 di the tbreli lifter is to 
 attention is called to 
 'Ht time and will not 
 )in Unj^'ava to Toint 
 t tinger passes (juite 
 •poon or si)ear shaft. 
 >Jacent to the spear- 
 wonnded or at least 
 ar or harpoon shaft 
 ely over the index 
 the wood. It needs 
 hose with eccentric 
 d. 
 
 324, is mentioned a 
 ir the forefinger and 
 the groove and ern- 
 ast assertion is very 
 ; number of the im- 
 inger tips until this 
 )t under the fingers, 
 to fit my hand, and 
 close to the throw- 
 on the back of the 
 thumb and middle 
 start from the pro- 
 Russian America, 
 ? in many respects 
 e razor-strop shape, 
 the finger-tips. In 
 is made for the tips 
 ilight indentations. 
 i separation of the 
 Llressers, composed 
 iparated in exactly 
 
 I 
 
 i* 
 
 the same nninner. These skin dressers an> from the area just south of 
 Kotzebue Sound. Th(^ back of tlH> Kodgers specinu'ii is ornamented in 
 its lower half by nu'ans of grooves. In its upper half an^ represented 
 the legs an<l feet of some animal carved out in a gra(!eful mannei'. The 
 index-finger <ravity is central an<l is seen on the upper sidii by a very 
 slight rectangidar perforation, which, however, does not admit the extru- 
 sion of any part of the index-finger. The upper surface is formed by 
 two incliui'd planes meeting in the center. Along this (leiitral ridge is 
 excavated the groove for the spear-shaft, deep at its lower end and 
 <linte running out at its upper extremity. The hook tor the end of the 
 harpoon shatt in this specimen resembles that seen on the throwing- 
 sticks of the region south of Cape Vancouver. Th<! whole exe<'ution of 
 this specimen is so much superior to that of any other in the Museum 
 and the material soditl'ereut as to create the suspicion that it was made 
 by a whire man, with steel tools (Fig 8). ^ 
 
 EASTERN SIBKUIAN TYPE. 
 
 The National I.luseum has no throwingstick from this region, but 
 Nordenskjold figures one in the Voyage of Vega (p. 477, Fig. o), which 
 is as simple as the one from Anderson Kiver, excepting that the former 
 has a hook of ivory, while the latter has a mere excavaiion to receive 
 the cavity on the end of the weapon. Nordenskjold's bird-spear accom- 
 panying the stick has a bulb or enlargement of the shaft at the point 
 opi)osite the handle of the throwing-stick, which is new to the collection 
 of the National Museum. Indeed, a systematic study should now be 
 made of the Siberian throwiug-sticks to decide concerning the commer- 
 cial relationships if not the consanguinities of the people of that region. 
 
 POUT CLARENCE AND CAPE NOME TYPE. 
 
 The specimens from this area are more or less spatulate in form, but 
 very irregular, with the handle varying from that of the razor-strop to 
 the spiral, twisted form of the Eskimo skin-scraper (Fig. 9). On the 
 whole, these implements are quite similar to the next group. A section 
 across the middle of the implement would be trapezoidal with incurved 
 sides. In two of the specimens not figured these curved sides are 
 brought upward until they join the upper surface, making a graceful 
 ornament. The handles are not symmetrical, the sides for the thumb 
 being shaved out so as to fit the muscles conveniently. Places for the 
 Angers are provided thus : There is an index-finger cavity quite through 
 the stick indeed, but the index-finger catches in the interior of the wood 
 and does not pass through as in the eastern Arctic types. The middle 
 finger rests against an ivory or wooden peg. This is the first appear- 
 ance of this feature. It will be noted after this on all the throwing- 
 sticks as the most prominent feature until we come to Kadiak, but 
 the Unalashkans do not use it on their throwing-sticks. Cavities for 
 the three last finger-tips are not always present, and the hooks at the 
 
286 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. 
 
 distal ends for the extremities oftbe weapons are very large plugs of 
 wood or ivory aud have beveled edges rather than points for the re- 
 ception of the butt end of the weapon to be thrown. 
 
 NORTON SOUND TYPES. 
 
 These types extend from Cape Darby around to Cape Dyer, includ- 
 ing part of Kaviagmnt, the Mahlemut, the TJnaligmut, and the Ekog- 
 mut area of Ball, and extending up the Yukon Eiver as far as the Eskimo, 
 who use this weapon. The characteristics are the same as those of the 
 last named area, excepting that in many specimens there are two finger- 
 pegs instead of one, the first peg inclosing the middle finger, the second 
 the ring-finger and the little finger ^Figs. 10-13). A single specimen 
 collected by Lucien Turner at Saint Michael's has no index cavity, the 
 forefinger resting on the first peg and the other three fingers passing 
 between this and the outer peg (Fig. 14). Another specimen of Nelson's, 
 marked Sabotinsky, has tl'e index-finger cavity and one finger peg. The 
 finger-tip cavity on the ui)per surface of the handle forms the figure of 
 a water-bird, in which the heart is connected with the mouth by a 
 curved line, just as in the pictography of the more southern Indians. 
 
 The Yukon River Eskimo use a th rowing-stick quite similar to the 
 Norion Sound type. The characteristics are very pronounced. Thumb- 
 groove deep, index-finger cavity so long as to include the first joint. 
 The hook for the spear-end formed by the edge of a plug of hard wood. 
 The middle finger is separated by a deep groove aud peg. The ring and 
 little finger are inclosed by the peg and a sharp projection at the upper 
 end of the handle. 
 
 tlH 
 
 8ti( 
 she 
 the 
 see 
 wo 
 me 
 
 NUNIVAK ISLAND AND CAPE VANCOUVER TYPE. 
 
 In this region a great change comes over the throwing-stick, just as 
 though it had been stopped by Cape Romanzoft, or new game had called 
 for modification, or a mixing of new peoples had :;iodiii«3d their tools 
 (Figs. 15-17). The index-finger cavity and the hole for the index finger 
 are here dropped entirely, after extending from Greenland uninter- 
 ruptedly to Cape Romanzoff. The handle is conspicuously wide, while 
 the body of the irnnlemeut is very slender aud light. The thumb-groove 
 is usually chamfered out very thoroughly so as to fit the tiexor muscle 
 conveniently. There are frequently finger-grooves and finger-tip cavi- 
 ties in addition to the pegs. The cavity for the index finger having 
 disappeared, provision is made for that imjjortant part of the hand by 
 a separate peg and groove. The middle finger is also pegged off, and 
 the last two fingers have to shift for themselves. The hook for the 
 shaft of the weapon has a fine point like a little bead, the whole imple- 
 ment being adapted to the light seal-harpoon darts. Mr. Dall collected 
 a large number of two-pegged stick from Nunivak Island aud four 
 three-pegged sticks labeled the same. Mr. Nelson also collected four 
 three-pegged sticks, but labels them Knshiinuk, Cape Vancouver, on 
 
TIIROWING-sriCKS. 
 
 287 
 
 the mainlaiu'. opposite Nunivak (Fig. 17). In these thi'ee-pegged 
 sticks the riug-tinger and the little linger are inclosed together. This 
 should be compared with Mr. Turner's Saint Michael specimen, in which 
 the last three fingers are inclosed together (Fig. 14). It remains to be 
 seen and is worthy of investigation whether crossing a narrow channel 
 would add a peg to the throwiug-stick. One of these Nunivak speci- 
 mens is left-handed. 
 
 BRISTOL BAY TYPE. 
 
 The tliruwingstick from Bristol Bay resembles in general character- 
 istics those from Nunivak Island and Cape Vancouver. In outline it 
 has the shape of the broadsword. Its cross-section is bayonet-sliai)ed. 
 It has no distinct handle beyond a slight projection from the end. The 
 thumb groove is shallow and chamfered on the lower side to tit exactly. 
 There is a long, continuous notch for the four Angers, in which the index 
 finger and the middle finger are set ofi' by pegs. There is a dei)ression, 
 more or less ]>rofouud, to receive the tips of the fingers. The groove 
 for the harpoon or spear-shaft is at the lower extremity and runs out 
 entirely near the iiidex finger. The ivory plug at its lower extremity 
 is beveled to receive a notch in the end of the spear or hari)oon shaft 
 (Figs. 18-19). 
 
 A freshly-made implement, looking as if cut out by machinery, re- 
 sembling closely those just described, is labeled Kadiak. The con- 
 stant trafiic between Bristol Bay and Kadiak, across the Alaskan pen- 
 insula, may account for the great similarity of these imi)lement8. Fur- 
 thermore, since the natives in this region and southward have been 
 engaged for more than a century in fur-sealing for the whites, there is 
 not the slightest doubt that implements made by whites have been in- 
 troduced and slightly modified by the wearer to tit his hand. 
 
 KADIAK oil UNALASHKA TYPE. 
 
 In the National Museum are four throwing-sticks, one of them left- 
 handed, exactly alike — two of them marked Kadiak and two Unalashka 
 (Figs. 20-22). They return to the more primitive type of the area from 
 Kotzebue Sound to Greenland, indicating that the implement culmi- 
 nated in Norton Sound. In outline this southern form is thin and 
 straight-siued, and those in possession are all of hard wood. The back 
 is carved in ridges to tit the palm of the hand and muscles of the thumb. 
 There is no thumb-groove, the eccentric index-tinger hole of the North- 
 ern and Eastern Eskimo is present in place of the central cavity of the 
 area from Kotzebue Sound to Cape Vancouver, and there is a slight 
 groove for the middle finger. Marks 5 aad 6 are wanting. The .shaft- 
 groove is very slight, even at its lower extremity, and runs out in a few 
 inches toward the handle. The hook for the end of the weapon resem- 
 bles that of Nunivak, but is more rounded at the point. Of the Eskimo 
 of Prince William Sound, the extreme southern area of the Eskimo on 
 the Pacific, Captain Cook says, in the narrative of his last voyage: 
 
288 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. 
 
 *' Their longer darts are thrown by means of a piece of wood about a 
 foot long, with a small groove in the middle which receives the dart. 
 At the bottom is a hole for the reception of one linger, which enables 
 them to grasp the i)iece of wood much firmer and to throw with greater 
 force." Captain Cook's implement corresponds exactly to the speci- 
 mens just described and renders it probable that this thin, parallel- 
 sided, shallow-grooved throwingstick, with indcx-flnger hole placed 
 at one side of the spear-shaft groove, extended all along the southern 
 border of Eskimoland as far as the Aleuts of Unalashka and Attoo. 
 In addition to the information furnished by the specimens in hand, Dr. 
 Stejneger describes a S)imilar stick in use in the island of Attoo. On 
 the contrary, Mr. Elliott assures me that Aleutian fur sealers of Priby- 
 lov Island use throwing-sticks precisely similar to those of Norton 
 Sound and Nunivak. 
 
 This list might be extended further by reference to authorities, but 
 that is from the purpose of this article and the series of ethnological 
 papers commenced in this volume. The most perfect throwing-stick of 
 all is that of the Mahlemut, in Norton Sound, in which are present the 
 handle, thumb-groove, finger-grooves, and pegs, cavities for the finger- 
 tips, index finger cavity, shaft-groove, and hook for the harpoon. In 
 short, al) the characteristics present on the rest are combined here. 
 
 Classifications of these implements may be varied according to the 
 organ selected. As to the hook for the attachment of the weapon, in 
 Greenland this is on the shaft, in all other parts of the world it is on 
 the throwing-stick. As to the index finger, there is for its reception, 
 troui Point Barrow to Greenland, an eccentric hole quite through which 
 the finger passes. From Kotzobue Sound to Norton Sound there is a 
 central pocket on the back of the weapon, dii*^ctly under the groove, 
 for the shaft of the weapon to receive the index finger. From Cape 
 Vancouver to Bristol Bay an ivory or wooden peg serves this purpose. 
 At Kadiak and Unalashka the eccentric index-finger hole returns. 
 
 It is more than probable that further investigation will destroy some 
 of the types herein enumerated or merge two more of them into one ; 
 but it will not destroy the fact that in changing from one environment 
 to another the hyperboreans were driven to modify their throwing-stick. 
 
 A still more interesiug inquiry is that concerning the origin of the 
 implement. It is hardly to be supposed that the simplest type, that of 
 Anderson Eiver, was invented at once in iti present form, for the Aus- 
 tralian form is ruder still, having neither hole for the index finger nor 
 groove for the weapon shaft. When we recall that the chief benefit 
 conferred by the throwingstick is the ability to grasp firmly and launch 
 truly a greasy weapon from a cold hand, we naturally ask, have the 
 Eskimo any otl) r device for the same purpose? They have. On the 
 shaft of the lig t-seal harpoon, thrown without the stick, and on the 
 heavy, ivory- weighted walrus ha. pooii shaft an ivory hand-rest is lashed 
 just behind the center of gravity. This little object is often beautifully 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
THROWING-STIC.':S. 
 
 289 
 
 )d about a 
 the dart. 
 b1i enables 
 tb greater 
 the speci- 
 , parallel- 
 )le placed 
 southern 
 nd Attoo. 
 hand, Dr. 
 ttoo. On 
 of Priby- 
 )f Norton 
 
 ities, but 
 nological 
 g-stick of 
 esent the 
 le finger- 
 )oon. In 
 here, 
 ig to the 
 sapou, in 
 it is on 
 eception, 
 ?h which 
 liere is a 
 groove, 
 om Cape 
 purpose, 
 ns. 
 
 oy some 
 ito one ; 
 ronment 
 ig-stick. 
 u of the 
 that of 
 lie Aus- 
 ger nor 
 benefit 
 launch 
 ive the 
 On the 
 on the 
 lashed 
 itifully 
 
 I 
 
 carved and prevents effectually the hand from slipping on the shaft, 
 even with the greatest lunge of the hunter. From this object to the 
 throwingstick the way may be long and crooked, or there may be no 
 way at all. So far as the National Museum is concerned there is noth- 
 ing to guide us over this waste of ignorance. 
 
 THROWING-STICKS IN THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
 
 No. 
 
 32995 
 3U0i:! 
 311942 
 33897 
 33960 
 24336 
 24337 
 24338 
 4C052 
 46053 
 49036 
 38849 
 38«0r) 
 30014 
 36018 
 49001 
 49002 
 73327 
 
 2207 
 90407 
 44392 
 72519 
 16242 
 16238 
 74126 
 12981 
 89901 
 38069 
 24335 
 33914 
 
 7933 
 36013 
 72398 
 16244 
 11346 
 16235 
 15641 
 16237 
 10239 
 10076 
 15647 
 15645 
 16236 
 15642 
 15U46 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Collector. 
 
 Norton's Sound, Alaska , 
 
 (^nmberlaml Gulf 
 
 Norton's Sound, Alaska 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Saint Michael's Sound, Alaska 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Port Clarence, Alaak.i 
 
 do , 
 
 Rasbonisky, L. Yukon 
 
 Yukon River 
 
 do , 
 
 KuahuDuk, Sabotnisky, Alaska 
 
 Kuskunuk, Alaska 
 
 Sabotnisky, Alaska 
 
 do , 
 
 TTnalashka , 
 
 Anderson River . . . 
 
 Ugashak 
 
 Cape Nome, Alaska 
 
 Cook's Inlet 
 
 Nuni vak Island, Alaska , 
 
 . ... do 
 
 Uolsteinberg, Greenland 
 
 Unalasbka 
 
 Point Barrow, Alaska 
 
 Chalitmut 
 
 Saint Michael's, Norton's Sonnd, Alaska 
 do 
 
 Kadiak Island. Alaska 
 
 Sabotnisky, Alaska 
 
 Bristol Bay, Alaska 
 
 Nunivak Island, Alaska 
 
 Bristol Bay, Ala.ska , 
 
 Kotzebue Sound, Alaska 
 
 Nunivak, Alaska 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Unalashka, Aleutian Islands 
 
 Nunivak, Alaska 
 
 do 
 
 .do 
 do 
 .do 
 
 i 
 
 E. W. Nelson. 
 
 W. A. Mintzner, U. S. N. 
 
 E. W. Nelson. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Lucien M. Turner. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 W. H. Dall. 
 
 Do. 
 B. W. Nelson. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Catlin. 
 R. Kennicott. 
 William J. Fisher. 
 E. W. Nelson. 
 William J. Fisher. 
 W. H. Dall. 
 
 Do. 
 <3r«orge Merchant, Jr. 
 W. H. Dall. 
 Lieut. P. H. Ray. 
 E. W. Nelson. 
 Lucien M. Turner. 
 E.W.Nelson. 
 Dr. T. T. Minor, U. S. E, M 
 E.W.Nelson. 
 Charles L. McKay. 
 W. H. Dall. 
 Vincent Colyer, 
 E. P. Horeriden. 
 W. H. Dall. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Sylvanus Bailey. 
 W. H. Dall. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 S. Mis. 33, pt. 2 19 
 
I 
 
PLATE 1. 
 
 (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Eskimo himichiug a seal harpoou by meaDs of the tbrowiug-stick. Mr. John 
 Murdoch ntates that the hand is held much lover by the Point Barrow 
 Eskimo, the harpoou resting as low as the shoulder, and that the move- 
 ment of throwing the harpoim is quick, as in casting a fly in fishing. 
 
Keporl Nat. Mus. 18M.— Mason. Thiowiijg-sticka. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ig-stick. Mr. John 
 tho Poiut Barrow 
 md that thn iiiove- 
 ly ill Hshing. 
 
 '* 
 •w 
 
 
 
 
 
I 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 (Mason. Throwing-Hticks.) 
 
 Fig. 2. Greenland type of tlirowinK-stick. The specific characteristics are the broad 
 form; the scanty grooves for thumb and fingers; tlie absence of pegs, sepa- 
 rate tinger grooves, or index perforation; but the most noteworthy are the 
 two grommets or eyelets to fit ivory pegs on tlie harpoon-shaft. The pecul- 
 iar method of strengthening the ends with ivory pieces should also be noted. 
 From Holsteinbiirg, Greenland. 1884. Catalogue ii'imber, 74126. 
 
 
 
 -V 
 
Report Nat. Mii.t. 1«84.— Mason. 'l'lirowiu«-8tlck8. 
 
 PLATE IL 
 
 1 are the broad 
 ) of pegs, sepa- 
 ivorthy aro the 
 ft. The pecul- 
 [ also be noted. 
 126. 
 
 
 
 ' liii' 
 
 ':i, 
 
 WVl i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Fig. 2. Greenland throwiug-stick, back and frnnt. 
 
U»'|H)it N 
 
 PLATK III. 
 
 (Mason. Throwing-Hticks.) 
 
 Fig. 3. Uiigav.a tyj)e of throwing-stick. The specific marks are tlie gmieral ontline, 
 especially the fiddle-head ornament at the bottom ; the bend ujiward at 
 the lower extremity, the eccentric perforation for the index finger, and the 
 groove for three fingers. Collected at IJngava, by Lncien M. Tnrner, 18ri4. 
 Museum ntimber, 76700. 
 
It«-|iiiit Nat. Mils. lt<M.— MuNuii. Tliiuuiii^.Hiit bi4. 
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 I '>l 'I ' > 
 
 iVi 
 
 \\ ' 
 
 !, I 
 
 
 , 
 
 i:w 
 
 7i/ 
 
 % 
 
 Fig. :?. UngavatlirowinK-stick, front and hack. 
 
f 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
 (Miison. Tlirdwiiijj-HtickH.) 
 
 FlO. 4. Cninberland Gulf type of tliro\viiij,'.Mti(k. Tlie Hpcoilic iiiarkHan- tlic bniad 
 clumsy form, tlie Hcparatw jirovi.sion for tlu> thuiiil) and each liiiKir, the 
 hfiit lower extremity, and the liroad furrow for the hir(l-Mi)ear. Aecidental 
 marks aro the menditi); of tlie liiuidl<', tlie material of the stick, and the 
 canine tooth for the spur at the bottom of the 8<|nare groove. Collected 
 in Cumberland Gulf, by W. A. Mintzer, in 1H76. Museum number, :50013. 
 
4 
 
 'I 
 
 s an' tlic liroad 
 lU'Ii liiij^iT, tlie 
 r. Accidentiil 
 .stick, imil the 
 ve. Collected 
 inhor, :{0013. 
 
 Ki'pori Nat Ml" iHh*.— MttiKin ThKiwIiin »Iuk«. 
 
 -"miiw/iii/ i«i»^ii^ ■^'"«fliii"''fwn)in, 
 
 ' .„ ' 
 
 I I 
 
 1;-' , ' . 
 
 w 
 •fe 
 
 PLATE IV 
 
 .-*»W*i*' t"iliiMpnim^»njr' 
 
 
 '■■I I,' 
 
 • / 
 
 -\m\\ 
 
 
 il I 
 
 M 
 
 '^u 1. 1 
 
 Kk;. 4. Cninberlaiul Gulf thi()wiii;j;-stick, back and front. 
 
■!'% 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) 
 
 Fi^. ') Anderson River type. The speciHe marks are tlie extreme plainness of form, 
 the lack of aceomniodatious for the tlmmbaud fing-^rs, excepting the eccen- 
 tric index-finger liole, the poor groove for the harpoon-shaft, and the ah 
 Hence of a hook or 8j)ur at the bottom of this groove. The accidental markc 
 are cnts running diagonall.v across the back. In another si)ecimen seen from 
 the same locality the shaft groove is squared after the manner of the Cum- 
 berland Gulf type. Collected at the montli of Anderson River, by R. Ken- 
 nicott, in 18(16. Museum number, 2267. 
 
 Fig. 6. Point Barrow type Thespecitic marks are the distinct handle without finger 
 grooves, the very eccentric index-finger hole, the method of inserting the 
 spur for the shaft, and t\w harpoon-shaft groove very shallow above and 
 d'^ep below. In the specimens shown by Mr. Murdoch there is great uni- 
 formity of shape. Collected at Poiuf Barrow, by Lieut. P. H. Ray, in 188:^. 
 Museum number, 89902. 
 
Kf|i(Pll Nil! .Mils. l6Ai. — Musdii. ■riil(i\viii;i-.sti('k.-<. 
 
 PLATE V, 
 
 iK'NH of form, 
 iug the eccen- 
 , ami tlio all 
 idental marks 
 men seen from 
 r of the Cum- 
 r, by R. Ken- 
 
 vithout finger 
 inserting the 
 iw above and 
 18 great nui- 
 Ray, in 188a. 
 
 ~jr%, 
 
 Ml 
 
 I i 
 
 ill, 
 
 I 'I 
 
 \\i 
 
 1 ' 
 
 I'k;. '). Anderson Rivt r tlirowing-wtiek, front and back. 
 Fu;. (i. Point liarrow tlirowing-stick, front and liack. 
 
Ko 
 
 --?t^. 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 (Mason. Throwing-aticks.) 
 
 Fig. 7. Kotzebue Souucl type. The Hjjecitic marks are the twisted handle, the broad 
 shallow shaft groove, and, notably, the pocket for the index-finger tip- 
 visible on the lower side, but nearly absent from the upper side, and lying 
 directly under the shaft groove. In the examxdes before noted all the holes 
 for the index finger are to one side of this shaft groove. Collected in Kotze- 
 bue Sound, by E. P. Herendeeu, in 1874. Museum number, 162:55. 
 
 Fig. 8. The Rodgers type, so called because the locality is doubtful. In specific char- 
 acters it resembles Fig. 7. The differences are the three cavities for finger 
 tips in the handle, the shaft groove very shallow and running out before 
 reaching the Index-finger cavity, and the delicate hook for the spear shaft 
 resembling those farther south. Since writing this paper two throwing- 
 sticl a from Sitka have been seen in many respects resembling this form, but 
 covered all over their surfaces with characteristic Thlinkit mythological 
 figures, and having iron hooks at the lower end of the shaft groove. Col- 
 lected by Commodore John Rodgers, in 18C7. Museum number, 2533. 
 
 ■m 
 
 "M 
 
Report Xnt. Mu«. 1^84.— Mason. Tlirowiug-stieks. 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 ile, the broad 
 ex-finger tip. 
 ide, and lying 
 lall the boles 
 cted in Kotze- 
 2:55. 
 
 specific char- 
 ties for finjtjer 
 ig out before 
 e spear shaft 
 vo throwing- 
 this form, but 
 mythological 
 jroove. Col- 
 r, 2533. 
 
 ■'/>■ 
 
 '■«■•.: 
 
 4 
 
 i,%' 
 
 :iM; 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 j, 
 
 !'. I ill 
 
 \ 
 
 % 
 
 Fiu, 7. Kotzebue Sound Ibrowingstick, from and back. 
 
 Fid. 8. The Commodore Kodgers throwiug-stick, front and back. 
 
 ^■^ 
 
Ktp' 
 
 
 
 ۥ 
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
 (Mason. Throwing-gticks.) 
 
 Fig. 9. The Port Clarence and Cape Nome type. The notable characteristics are the 
 occurrence of an ivory peg in the handle for the middle finger, the very 
 small size of the handle, and the central index-fiuger pocket central in po- 
 sition but quite piercing the stick. Collected by E. W. Nelson, at Cape 
 Nome, in 1880. Museum number, 44392. 
 
 J 
 
 M 
 
 „l^' 
 
7*V Report Nut. Miis. 1«84.— Mason. Throwiua-sticks. 
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
 M 
 
 istics are the 
 ?er, the very 
 antral in po- 
 ison, at Cape 
 
 
 
 hii 
 
 M 
 
 k 
 
 Fir,. 0. Port Clarence and Cape Ninno tlirowitig-stick, front iuid hack. 
 
Eepoit 
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 
 (Maaon. Throwing-stioks.) 
 
 Fio. 10. Norton Sound type, single-pegged variety. Except in the better finish, this 
 type resembles the one last described. Collected by L. M. Turner, at Saint 
 Michael's Island, in 1876. Museum number, 241^38 
 
ReiMMt Nat. Miis. IdHl.— Mason. TlirowingstickH. 
 
 PLATE VHL 
 
 finish, this 
 er, at Saint 
 
 
 '\\ 
 
 iri: 
 
 I 
 
 (. i: \\ 
 
 II 
 
 Fig. 10. Norton Sound throwing-stick, fro.;t and buck. 
 
Keport N 
 
 w 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) 
 
 Fig. 11. Norton Sound type, two-pegged variety. In all respects, excepting the 
 number of peys, this resembles Figs. 9 and 10. In all of them the peg at 
 the bottom of the groove is very clumsy. Collected in Norton Sound, by 
 E. W. Nelson, in 1878. Museum number, 32995. 
 
 Fig. 12. Tlirowing-stick from Sabotnisky, on the Lower Yukon. It belongs to the 
 Norton Sound type. The cavity on the upper side of the handle for the 
 finger-tips is remarkable for the carving of a bird resembling figures seen 
 on objects made by the Western Indians of the United States. Collected 
 by E. W. Nelson, at Sabotnisky, in 1879. Museum number, 36013. 
 
 11 
 
I 
 
 Keport Nat. Mum. Ih84.— Mawou. 'riirowing-HtiukH. 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 Ptiuj? the 
 the peg at 
 Sound, by 
 
 ugs to the 
 die for the 
 gures seen 
 Collected 
 3. 
 
 \J> 
 
 :i\M 
 
 Fig. 11. Norton Sound throwing-stick, front and back. 
 Fig. 1'3. Sabotnisky tbrowing-Htiek, front and back. 
 
f 
 
 Kcport 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 (Masou. Tlirowiug-nticka.) 
 
 Fig. 1;<. Specimen from Yukon River, belonging to the Northern Sound one-pegg»d 
 variety. Collected by E. W. Nelson, in 1879. MuHenm number, 38849, 
 
I 
 
 Kt'port Nat. Mud. 1884.— Mitituii. Throwisg-ittlckii. 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 ™ 
 
 oiie-peggM 
 er, 30849, 
 
 si 
 
 '¥ '} '» 
 
 :<,l' 
 
 I rev 
 
 ll 
 
 .•i| hTTil 
 
 Fig. 13. Yukon River tlirowiug-stick, front and biuk. 
 
R.liiirt 
 
 PLATE XI. 
 
 (MaHOii. Throwinn-Bticks.) 
 
 FlO. 14. Throw iiiy-8tick Iruiii Saint MiiliiU'l's. TIuh Hpeciinen Ih very notoworthy on 
 Hcconnt of Mio absence of the index-linger iioeket, a mark eliaraeterlHtit 
 of the Vancouver type, Fig. 17. If the inid<lle peg of tlie Vancouver ex- 
 ami)ie were removed the reHenil»lan<'e would be dose, l)nt the clumsy npni 
 al thfi bottom of the nhaft groovt^ iH Norton Sound rather than Nunivak. 
 Collected by LucienM. Turner, at Saint Michael's, in 187(5. Museum num- 
 ber, 24;}:}r). 
 
1 
 
 i 
 
 
 ItMvorthy on 
 iiiru('ti'jiHfi( 
 iicoiiver «'x- 
 clmiiisy Hj»iii 
 n Nuuivak. 
 useiini uum- 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 Ri|Mirt Nat. Mil*, t^(t4.— Maxoii riiiitwIiiK.Ntlcki. 
 
 k 
 
 'III' 
 
 \ : * 
 
 I /], 
 
 ff 
 
 / / 
 
 X 
 
 PLATE XI. 
 
 Fig. 14. Saint Michael's tbrdwing-stick, front ami back. 
 
PLATE Xll. 
 
 (Mason. Throwing-sticks.) 
 
 Fig. 15. Nunivak type. The chaiatterlstic marks are the absence of any cavity for 
 the index fiugor, the uicely-fitting handle, the disposition of the linger- 
 pegs, and the delicate point on the ivory spnr at the bottom of the shaft 
 groove. Collected by W. H. Dall, at Nunivak Island, in 1874. Museum 
 number, 1G239. (This specimen is left-handed.) 
 
 >^. 
 
Kti)oit Nat. MiiH. 1884.— Mason. Tliiuwing-stkks. 
 
 PLATE XII. 
 
 
 cavity for 
 
 he liriger- 
 
 the shaft 
 
 Museum 
 
 
 'm 
 
 ^/(.• 
 
 Fig. 15. Nunivak Islaml throwing-stick, front and back, loft-haniled. 
 
PLATE XIII. 
 
 (Masou. I'hiowingsticks.) 
 
 Fig. 16. Six'ciuieu from Nuuivak, right-haLiiled. Tlie 'jiits on the front and back are 
 noteworthy. Collected by W. H. D;?!!, <ii Nuuivak Inland, in IS* < Mu- 
 seum uumber, 1G238. 
 
 
 L^L 
 
Roll 
 
 ort Nat. Mu8. 1884.— Mason. Throwing-«tii. k.s. 
 
 J 
 
 ud back are 
 13- < Mn- 
 
 
 I Kv, 
 
 '\ \i 
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 FIG. Ui. Nuuivak IslaiKl tlirowins-stick, front an.l Luck. 
 
 \ 
 
PLATE XrV. 
 
 (Mason. Throwing-etickB.) 
 
 Fig. 17. Specimen from Cape Vancouver. In all respects it is like those of Nunivak, 
 excepting a peg-rest for the little finger. Collected by E. W. Nelson, at 
 Cape Vancouver, in 1879. Museum number, 38669. 
 
Keport Nat. Mus. 16S4.— Mason. Thniwing riiitks. 
 
 PLATE XIV. 
 
 'ii 
 
 Mr ' 
 
 I '. 
 
 '[ {; 
 
 \-\}-\ 
 
 % 
 
 Fig. 17. Cape Vancouver throw in<;-stick, front anil Itack. 
 
lie 
 
 PLATE XV. 
 
 (Mason, 'iii. owing-sticks.) 
 
 Figs. 18, 19. Bristol Bay type. In no esseutial characters do these sticks differ from 
 those of Nunivak. The handle is smaller, and they appear to have 
 been made with steel tools. Fijj. 18 collected by C. L. McKay, at Bristol 
 Bay, Alaska, in 188:^. Mnseum number, 7'<i398. Yi^. 19 collected by 
 William J. Fisher, at Kadiak, in 1884. Museum number, 90467. 
 
Kepurt Nat. Mils. l«.->4.— .Mason. riir(nviiii;.stir'k;4. 
 
 PLATE XV. 
 
 S 
 
 /)1 
 
 1; 
 
 ill II 
 
 I'l'i'l 
 
 Fig. 18, Bristol Biiv throwing-stirk, lh)iit and liack. 
 Fu;. 10. Bristol Bay tlirowiiig-stick, front and l)ack. 
 
Ker 
 
 PLATE XVI. 
 
 (Mason. Tbruwinfr-sticks.) 
 
 Fig. 20. Uualasbkau throwing-stick. It would be better to call this form the 
 Soutbern type. The noticeabli! features iu all our specimens are the 
 parallel sides, the bard material, thinness, the carving for the fingers, but 
 above all the reappearance of the eccentric cavity for the index finger. 
 This cavity is not a great perforation, as iu the Point Barrow type, but an 
 eccentric pocket, a compromise between the Northeru cavity and that of 
 the East, Collected by Sylvanus Bailey, at Unalashka^ in 1874. Maseum 
 number, 16076. 
 
Report Nat. Muu. 1884.— Mason. Throwing-sticks, 
 
 !l;il 
 
 'i'lli 
 
 PLATE XVI. 
 
 Fig. 20. Uualashkun throwins-stick, front and back. 
 
Krpdit Nat. MiiN. !>■> 
 
 PLATE XVII. 
 
 (MaHiin. Throwiug-8tickH.> 
 
 FlGB. 21, 22. TLiowiiig-KtickM of the Southeni ty\n\ Fig. 21 is Ifft-haiiiU'd, tolloctcd 
 l>y Dr. T.T. Minor, at Kadiak, in l&tii*. MiiHeuni number, 7{)3;{. Fig. 
 22 collected by W. H. Dall, at L'nalaMlika, in 187:5. MiiHeuni nninl)er, 
 ]2ityi. At 8itka two Mjieciniens were collected, unfortunately not <in- 
 ured, with the following cliaracter.s laid down in tlie beginning of thin 
 pajier: 1. Short, very narrow and deep, and carved all over with de- 
 vices. 2. No handle distiuct from the botly. H, 4, .'»,<!. All wanting. 
 7. The index-linger cavity is near the center of the buck, very like a 
 thimble. Indeed this is a veiy striking feature. 8. The shaft groove 
 occnjjies only the lower half of tlie upper surface. D. The spur for the 
 end of the weapon shaft is a long piece of iron like a knife-blade <lriven 
 into the wood, with the edge toward the weapon shaft. 
 
 i,'l!i 
 
 1;'' 
 
 I 
 
 Fig, 
 Fig, 
 
l;i'|inii Niii. MiiN. IKM — Mastiii. 'I'liripwinn HtlckM. 
 
 PLATE XVII. 
 
 "r I i 
 
 m 
 
 ' n 
 
 ';li: 1 
 
 Vji 
 
 \" 
 
 I' t 
 
 I I 
 
 21 
 
 Fig, v!l. Kadiak thmwiiig-stick, front ami liack, left liaudcd. 
 Fig. '22. UnahiHlikan throwiug-stick, front and back.