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Un des symboles suivants apparaltra sur la darnlAre image de chaque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — »> signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols y signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in tho upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, 9s m.^ny frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de rAduction diff Arents. Lorsquc le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, 11 est filmA A partir de I'angia supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas, an prenant la nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammM suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ) k I THE LUMBER TRADE ) k OF THE OTTAWA VALLEY, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURING ESTABLISH MEN TS. THIRD EDITION. , , . • ...... . , ' , • ' » ' . 1 ' . ' 1 111- ^ f 1 , 1 « ' . . * . '', •• it>l «.•• • (&ttmu : PBUfTEB BY THE TIKIS STEAX PBIKTIKO ASH FUBLISHHTO COMPAKY. 1872. > h 7 # • THE "V I A short preliminary description of the course of the noble river which gives its name to the principal lumbering region of Canada, will not, we hope, be uninteresting to the general readers of this little work. Although few adventurous tourists have / \> traced the Ottawa to its source, amidst the forest soli- J tudes of the far northern wilds, from all such travel- lers we hear glowing accounts of the magnificence of the surrounding scenery, and the vastness of the dense, primeval forests which clothe its banks. The Indians, in their harmonious language, named this beautiful stream the Kitche-sippi, or Grreat River ; and when we contemplate the mighty cataracts, and sleeping lakes, the foaming torrents and furious ra- pids, the gigantic clifFs, and monster boulders which distinguish its rapid journey towards the sea, we cannot but be struck with the appropriateness of such an appellation. The other name, Ottawa, is also In- dian in its origin, and is pronounced Ot-taw-wagh ; the word signifies the " human ear," but in what con- sists its appropriateness as applied to either river or city, is a mysiery that has never yet been solved. Probably some mighty chief, of the ancient tribe of ,9303 Indians who dwelt in this region ,was so named as a compliment to his excellent oral qualifications, and bequeathed his name, not only to his descendants, but also to the river in whose waters they Rshed and upon whose banks they raised their wigwams. This tribe, theOttawas, were driven from their hunt, ing and fishing grounds in the Ottawa valley by another tribe, the Iroquois, and retired to the district bordering on Lake Huron, and to this day a few des- cendants of the once numerous and powerful tribe are still living on Great Manitoulin Island. The valley of the Ottawa, i. e. that portion of country which is drained by the Grrand River and its tribu- taries, contains an area of about 80,000 square miles most of it good land, capable of improvement when brought under cultivation, and producing in its wild state, some of the finest and most valuable timber in the world. Although this region furnishes so large a portion of our Export trade, and contains some of the grandest and most picturesque scener^^ on this continent, it is but little known to Canadians, and still less to English people, with the exception of those immediately connected with the lumber busi- ness. Few, save the hardy raftsman, steering the fallen kings of the forest to the distant markets of the Old World, and the adventurous trappers in search of precious fur-bearing animals, have ever seen the full magnificence of Nature's charms in this untrodden region. Now, however, the time is coming when the Ottawa Valley will be opened up to the world ; railways are projected, and some in the course of construction which will bring the splendours of its scenery within the reach of all ; and soon the tourist will wander where formerly "human foot hath ne'er or rarely been;" and the pencil of the artist will repro- 6 dnce for distant lovers of the beautifnl, many a glori- ous scene whose loveliness has long been hidden from the enchanted eye of man. This beautiful river then, whose course to the sea, or rather to its confluence with the St. Lawrence, we wish to describe to an indulgent reader, is called indifferently either the Ottawa or Grand Riv^er, and is supposed to take its rise in some lake or lakes, situated about the forty- ninth degree of North Latitude, and seventy-sixth of "West Longitude. During the first three hundred miles of its course it receives many tributaries and expands into large lakes only two of which, however, have been surveyed, called respectively the Grand Lake, and the Lake of Fifteen-Portages; the forest soli- tudes which border on its banks, have been rarely in- vaded save by Indian hunters and a few wandering trappers belonging to the Hudson Bay Company, and are uninhabited save by deer and other wild ani- mals. If Indian tradition may be credited, one of the numerous lakes into which the Ottawa expands in this wild region, is nearly equal in size to Lake Huron, but its w ^ters have never been navigated by white men. About three hundred miles from its source the Ottawa becomes better known to us, having been explored so far by Government survey- ors, and here it expands into a long and narrow lake bearing the Indian appellation of Temiscaiy>.ingue. This lake presents more than one hundred and twenty miles of unbroken navigation, and receives the drain- age of a region containing an area of upwards of 30,000 square miles. Amongst the chief rivers which flow into this great basin, may be mentioned the Blanche which enters the lake at its northern ex. tremit)'^, being navigable for more than sixty miles beyond, and draining a level country with very good land ; the Nippawa which flows from a large lake to the eastward; the Montreal and the Ottertail which How from a north-westerly direction and communicate also with Lake Tomangamingne which in its turn is united to Lake Nippissing by Sturgeon River ; nnd the Quinze which sweeps from the north- oast where its tributaries intermingle with those of the St. Maurice and Saguenay. The scenery on the shores of this great lake is exceedingly varied, in some places the country being level as far as the eye can reach and well suited for agricultural pur- poses, whilst in other parts it is rugged and barren, ris- ing abruptly from the water in vast granitic cliffs. The region around Lake Temiscamingue, and on the l^orders of the numerous rivers w^hich flow into it on either side, abounds in the red and white pine timber so valuable to the lumbermen, many of whom have already established themseh''es here, and as their numbers increase, when the best lumber has been removed from the country lower down, it is probable that the agricultural districts situated at the upper and lower ends of the Lake, will be brought under cnltivition to supply them with the necessaries of life. Settlers and colonization invariably follow in the wake of the lumbermen, who may indeed be styled ihe pioneers of civilization and development We must not forget to make particular mention of the River Keepawa which here flows into the Ottawa on its lower shore ; it proceeds from a large lake of the same name, is remarkably deep and over three hundred feet wide, and empties itself into the Ottawa over a series of cascades 110 feet in height, but so noiselessly that at the dis- tance of half a mile from its mouth, nothing is heard of the roar which might have been expected from r \ r \ the fall ol' so large a body of water. After leaving Lake Temiscamingue we desceiid the Long JSanlt Rii- pid, which is about six miles in length with u fall of forty-eight feet, and enter another beautiful expan- sion of the Ottawa, called the Seven League Lake, into which the small river Anthony empties itself on the south side. This Lake is about seven miU\s long, and is followed by two formidable rapids called res- pectively, Les Montagues, and Les Erables. Imme- diately below the last named rapid the Ottawa re- ceives on its north shores the waters of the river Not- tawissi which pours itself over a fall fifty feet in height, with a body of water nearly equal to that which forms the famous Montmorenci Fulls below Quebec. After passing another rapid called the Cave or Cellar, the Ottawa receives the river Mattawa, which has a course of about forty miles from a wester- ly direction and is divided by only a short portage of three-fourths of a mile from Lake Nippissing. The voyageurs and trappers of the Hudson's Bay Com- pany made use of this route to the far West, ascend- ing the Mattawan to its source, thence by portage to Lake Nippissing, crossing w hich they entered French River, which, after a course of fifty-five miles, drop- ped them into Lake Huron r the distance of this route between the Ottawa and Lake Huron being about 120 miles. Below the mouth of the Mattawan the Otta- wa flows in a narrow and rocky bed with strong currents and frequent rapids and falls, the most re- markable of these is called the Eocher Captaine, where the River descends over three distinct falls ; the central rock is forty feet in height and the velocity of the current, impetuously bounding over the dark masses of rugged rocks which impede its progress, renders the scene strikingly grand and picturesque. Below the Rocher Oaptaino I'alls, tht^ Ottawa re- ceives two tributarioH on its northern, and two on its southern shore, of which the River ])ii Moine on the north is the hirgest and most important, and we then arrive at the tremendous rapids Les Deux Goachims. These rapids have a descent of about twenty feet and havi^ been made navigable for timber by extensive slides and dams, erected by the (rovernment at very considerable expense, ('lose l)eside these rapids on a point which projects into the River and commands one of the finest river views in Canada is situated a most com- fortable Hotel ; and here the first sign of approach- ing civilization is found in a regular distribution of the mails. The river below the rapids is about a mile in width, and runs so perfectly straight that a ball projected with sufficient force would fol- low the water for a distance of twenty-five miles. This splendid reach of the Ottaw^a is called Deep River, because rafts with 100 fathoms of chain have been unable to find anchorage in it, and much re- sembles the Saguenay in its scenery. The southern shore has high, but sloping and well- wooded banks, while on the northern, a bold and lofty mountain chain rises 600 to 800 feet above the water ; one re- markable rock called the Oiseaux, towers bare and perpendicular to a height of nearly eight hundred feet and gives back a magnificent echo to the lively boat song of the Canadian voyageur. The topmost peak of this rock is called by the Indians, the Squaw's Leap, and tradition tells us of a despairing maiden who threw herself from it, hoping thus to rejoin more speedily the object of her love in the happy hunting grounds of the Indian spirit-land. The lower end of that part of the Ottawa, called Doep River bears the r»> ■' name of AUumctio Lake. It receives the waters of the i.*otawawa, one of the hirj^est and most import- ant tributaries of the Ottawa, being one hundred and forty miles in le)igth and draining an area of two thousand two hundred square miles, all which coun- try is productive of very line and valuable timber. The waters of AUumette Lake are studded with nu- merous beautifully wooded islands, and the scenery much resembles, though it surpasses in beauty, that of the St. Lawrence at the well known Thousand islands. At the lower end of this Lake, near the mouth of a small stream called Indian Kiver, is si- tuated, on the Ontario side, the thriving town of Pembroke, which is growing yearly, in size and im- portance, owing to its extensive trade with the lum- bermen of the surrounding region. It is sometimes called the capital of the Upper Ottawa, and is an active, busy little town. After passing the short rapid of AUumette and the island of that name which is fourteen miles long and eight wide, we arrive at the beautiful expansion of the Ottawa called Lake Coulonge, altogether a navig- able reach of water, fifty miles in length. On the north- ern shore of the Lake, the mountains rise to a height of 1600 feet, and the scenery is very varied and beautiful. Two important tributaries here enter the Ottawa on the north side, viz : the Black River which is one hundred and thirty miles long, and nine miles lower down the Coulonge, which is one hundred and sixty miles in length, both %ese rivers pass through a district producing the ^nest pine timber. At the foot of Lake Coulonge the channel is again divided by Calumet Island, which is about twenty-five miles long. The principal rapids on the northern side of the^ island, are called the G-rand 2 10 Calumet, the Derange, and the Sables, whilst those on the Soi]ithern side bear the name of the Rocher Fendn, they are about seven miles in length but a portage road and slides f'^r timber have been con- structed at great expense and in a very substantial manner. From the head of the Calumet falls to the pretty village of Portage du Foit the river falls over a hundred feet, and the scenery around is exceeding- ly beautiful. The Rocher Fendu Lake, where the two channels which form the Islands re-unite, is surrounded by lofty banks, and beautified by numer- ous thickiv wooded islands ; here there is scarcely a ripple on the surface of the water, and its quiet picturesque beauty presents an admirable contrast to its impetuosity up above, where after passing over the Calumet falls with a furious leap, it descends a series of rocky terraces and dashes itself against the granite boulders that impede its progress until its waters are converted into milkwhite foam. At Por- tage Du Fort there are some fine marble quarries and collectors can obtain some beautiful specimens of mica combined with feldspar and quartz, and lovely pink and white statuary marbles. About six miles below Portage du Fort we come to a series of rapids called Les Chenaux ; the river is here studded with small wooded islands between which the water rushes with great impetuosity, but excepting in very high water when some of the eddies become perfect whirlpools, these rapids are navigable for st^^amers. Passing les Chenaux, we arrive at Lake les Chats, a beautiful expanse of water about sixteen miles long and varying from one to four miles in width. A number of small islands are scattered over its sur- face and as the lake is perfectly straight, the placid beauty of the scene is preisented to the eye in unih- ^id^'^0ii^m0isei^j^^MjkJiLift^'l''^^ 11 terrupted loveliness. The origin ot the curious name of this lake and the rapids which succeed it has not been determined with certainty, some ihink that the Indians named it after the wild cat which was so fre- quently found in the neighboring forests, and that the early French settlers merely translated into their own language, its Indian appelation ; others suppose that the name is owing to the fanciful resemblance between the rapids and the extended claws of a cat, whilst others again think it was named after the blossom of a shrub growing on its banks which is somewhat like the * catkin' of the Old World . Among such various opinions our readers must judge for themselveu the most probable derivation of the name les Chats. Three large tributaries swell the waters of the Ottawa at Lake les Chats flowing from the Ojitario side, viz. the Bonne Chere which is about one hundred and ten miles long. The Madawaska two hundred and ten miles in length, and the Mississippi over one hundred miles long, and each of them drain- ing a vast area of excellent timber producing land. At the mouth of the Madawaska is situated the im- portant village of Arnprior, where there are extensive saw mills and also marble quarries. Immediately below the Lake occur the remarkable rapids of the same name. The river hero is not far from a mile wide, and its course being barred by a huge ledge of limestone nearly three miles in extent, it pours its vast volume of water over the obstruction from a height of fifty feet by a series of falls ; in high water as many as thirty-three distinct falls may be counted, separated from one another by islands. Over each of these cata- racts falls a body of water equal to an ordinary sized river, and their picturesque beauty would attract crowds of delighted visitors had they occurred in l,.^S^bj^^^ _.ui^ 12 i if ^ any country of the Old "World. The rocks between the cascades are clothed with trees whose branches and foliage overhanging the water add greatly to the beauty of the scene. Tourists ^re conveyed past the interruption of navigation produced by these falls by a horse railroad, of rather singular construction and quite one of the curiosities of the Ottawa. It is three miles long and its commencement at Lake Chats being fifty feet higher than its terminus at Lake Ohaudiere or Desch6ne, the latter is rather elevated and has to be approached by a lofty staircase. The rails are laid on piles of squared trees and as the ground is frequently very uneven, being sometimes a swamp and sometimes a ridge of granite, it has been necessary at times to pile the timber over twenty-five feet from the ground to maintain the necessary level of the rails. There is no fence or railing of any kind at the side, and the whole seems rather a dangerous route to an inexperienced passenger, but we believe no accident has ever oc- curred though it hai now been constructed for a number of years. After passing the Chats Kapids, the Ottawa receives on the South side, the waters of a small stream called the Carp, and almost directly opposite on the North side those of the Quio, also a small river, but one which drains a country produc- ing some of the most valuable white pine timber in the world. We now arrive at Lake Deschftne or Chaudiere, a lovely expanse of water, about thirty miles long, and from one to two in breadth. The land on either bank is remarkably fine, and in gene- ral, well settled and cultivated ; and as we approach Ottawa, we meet with fine farms, and handsome houses and grounds in abundance. The pretty town of Aylmer is situated at the lower end of the lake, 18 about eight miles from Ottawa on the North side, and just above the succession of rapids which pre- cede the grand falls of the Chaudiere. The rapids continue for about five miles, and have altogether a descent of about sixty miles, and are immediately fol- lowed by the magnificent falls which form one of the loveliest views on the Ottawa. These falls are second only to Niagara in height and extent, the ledge of rock over which they fall being only sixty feet in height while the river above them is five hundred yards wide ; but the volume of water is nearly equal to that of Niagara, and the surrounding scenery, with its magnificent view of the Parliament Buildings of Canada, is far more varied and beautiful. Immediately below the falls on the north side of the river is the village of Hull, the great lumbering depot of the Ottawa, of whose immense and flourishing mills and factories we shall have more to say in an- other place. Opposite Hull on the south bank of the river, stands the City of Ottawa, whose site 30 years ago was an unprofitable farm; at present the political metropolis of Canada; it numbers 25,000 inhabitants, contains many large factories and important buildings, and is yearly growing in size and importance. At New Edinburgh, a suburb of Ottawa, lying in an easterly direction, the river re- ceives the waters of the Eideau, a large stream having a course of one hundred and sixty miles ; its mouth is divided into two distinct falls by an island ; the river falls into the Ottawa over a perpendicular rock of blue limestone, a distance of fifty feet, and from the peculiarity of its fj^Jl, which is supposed to resemble a watery curtain, it derives its French name of Bideau. About a mile lower down on the north side is the mouth of the G-atineau, the largest of the tri- 14 butaries of the Ottawa. It has been snrTeyed for over three hundred miles from its junction, and there is a large river supposed to proceed from some large inland lake in the unknown forests of the North. The Gatineau drains a vast area of fine timber-pro- ducing land, and on its banks have been erected some of the largest saw -mills in Canada. A few miles below the mouth of the G-atineau the waters of a small river, La Blanche, are discharged into the Ottawa, and soon afterwards those of the river Aux Lievres, which has a course of about two hundred and sixty miles. Next comes the mouth of the North Nation, and nearly opposite, on the Ontario side, that of the South Na- tion, each of which is about one hundred miles long. Below the confluence of the North Nation the Ottawa receives the river Rouge, which has a length of about ninety miles, and below that again the river, Du Nord, which is about one hundred and sixty miles long. After these two rivers the Ottawa re- ceives no other large tributary until close to the junction of its southern Branch vTith the St. Lawrence. Below Montreal the River L' Assumption flows into it after a course of one hundred and sixty mfles. At its mouth the Ottawa forms the island upon which stands the city of Montreal and the rush and volume of its waters is so great that it drives its larger but quieter sister, the St. Lawrence, completely upon the south bank, while the difference between its placid blue water and the dark and turbulent tide of the Ottawa is clearly discernable. The Island of Montreal and Isle Jes^is divide the mouth of the Ottawa into three branches; in two of these the channel is interrupted by rapids, but by the north branch the lumber of the Ottawa region finds its way to the St. Lawrence and finally Quebec. The waters of this grand river are not merged in those of the St. Lawrence until near 16 for over there is ae large North, ber-pro- ;ed some js below all river, md soon lich has Next i nearly )uth Ka- les long. 5 Ottawa ngth of tie river, id sixty tawa re- I to the iwrence. TTB into it I. At its ^h stands me of its i quieter he south cid blue 3 Ottawa treal and ato three errupted )erofthe Buce and river are ntil near Bout de risle below Montreal Island, one hundred and thirty miles from the city of Ottawa, and about six hundred from its source. From Ottawa to Mon- treal the river, with one interruption, is navigable for steamers, and the trip, in its varied beauty of river, lake, and lorest scenery, is unrivalled in G anada or on this continent. In the passage from Ottawa to Grren- ville, a distance of fifty-eight miles, the views are those belonging to a noble river passing through a richly wooded country, where dense forests, smiling farms, and busy villages succeed one another on its banks ; at Qrenville commence the Longue Sault Kapids, and the interruption of navigation is overcome for the tourist, by a comfortable railroad twelve miles long to Carillon, where he again embarks and almost im- mediately glides into the beautiful Lake of Two Mountains, so famous for the loveliness of its scenery ; then passing the rapids of St. Anne by a short canal with one lock, he arrives at Lake St. Louis, and the St. Lawrence Kiver, having spent exactly one day in the transit between the two cities. In this short sketch of the course of the Ottawa many of its smaller tributaries have been omitted, but enough have been mentioned to show the vast extent of country comprehended in the broad Valley of the Ottawa. The river, as we have shown, like the St. Lawrence, consists of a series of wide expanses or lakes con- nected together by rapids of greater or less length and its prominent characteristic is its great volume and the impetuosity of its course. In ascending it we meet with every vaiiety of river and lake scenery and the tourist is never fatigued, for the constant variety makes every view, from rugged grandeur to placid loveliness, appear novel and delightful. Hav- ing given this general view of the Ottawa river and 16 -, ' I' l'^; \ its surrounding country, before we enter upon the drier details of the lumber trade which is carried on upon its banks and those of its tributaries, we will strive to bring before our readers an interesting sketch of the course of a lumber raft, from its forma- tion until its final departure at Quebec for the distant markets of the Old World. As the principal timber producing districts of Canada are in the possession of Government, the first step of the manufacturer is to obtain what is called a timber berth or limit. These are sold by auction to the highest bidder, the price ranging generally from one dollar to a dollar and a half per square mile. Theoretically the limit is ten miles square, or 100 miles in extent, but owing to the topographical features of the country they are of all sizes, from 24 square miles and upwards. The limit holder becomes a yearly tenant of the Grovern- ment at a fixed rent, and in addition pays a duty of one halfpenny per cubic foot of square timber taken out, and of 5d. on each standard log of 12 feet long and 21 inches in diameter. 31,600 square miles of forest were rented in 1867, from which the G-overn- ment derived a revenue of 361,670 dollars. Having secured the limit the next step is to dispatch a party of experienced scouts, generally Indians or half-breedsi to examine the land and seek out groves of valuable timber. The skill of these self-taught surveyors is sometimes very remarkable, they will explore the length and breadth of the unknown territory and re- port upon the value of its timber, the situation and ca- pabilities of its streams for floating out timber and the facilities for hauling and transportation. They often sketch the surface of the country, showing the position of its streams and lakes, its groves of timber and its mountainous or level appearance, with a skill and ac- i i « VJ curacy which is truly marvellous. Having, with the aid of these scouts, selected a desirable :jfove, a shanty is constrncted ot the simplest description, being generally built of rough logs with a raised hearth in the centre for a fireplace, and an opening in the roof for a chimney. A double row of berths all round serves for sleeping accommodation, while from a wooden crane over the perpetual fire swings the huge kettle which, with the accompanying pot, serves all the purposes of cookery. The domestic economy is conducted upon strict temperance principles ; tea is the constant beverage of the lumbermen, and they consume it in quantities, and of a strength which would effectually destro^^ their nerves if they possessed those delicate organs. In point of fact the beverage of the woodman ought to be called Uasoup it being an infusion entirely different from that of our city drawing rooms. They place a couple of handfuls of tea in. a kettle of cold water and hang it over the fire till it boils and attains a strength and fullness of flavor only palatable to throats which admire body in the fluids they imbibe. Many of these hardy men drink a pound of tea per week, and some of them double that quantity of the Chinese shrub, and without feeling any ill effects either from that or the salt pork which is the other staple article of diet. Perhaps the strong tea counteracts the fat pork, and vice versa. The stores of the lumbermen are usually carried up to their forest shanty late in the autumn, and all pre- parations are made to commence the work of felling the giants of the forest. White pine is generally found on undulating ground, mixed with other tim- ber, and has to be selected with considerable care — none but a lumborman being able to detect sound from unround trees. Red pine, on the contrary, 3 18 :) ' grows in unmixed groves, and among thousands of trees there will not be found one diseased trunk. Around you stretches a vast sandy plain from which thousands of smooth straight trees spring to a height of forty or fifty feet without branch or leaf, then spreading out into the magnificent evergreen foliage, which distinguishes what is commonly called the Norwaypine. In connection with the lumbermen there usually works a cheaper class of men, who cut roads and haul the levelled trees to the stream or the main road from the forest. Having worked in the grove of trees all through the winter, at cutting down and then squaring the selected trees, the lum- bermen next proceed to draw them to the nearest branch or tributary of the Ottawa, and great activity is displayed in getting ready for the start or drive when the ice breaks up, usually about March or April. If the stream is not large enough for cribs i. e. small rafts containing about twenty sticks of square timber fastened between two round logs, called floats, it is drifted down separately, the lumbermen keeping up with it either along shore or in canoes, and keeping the stragglers well together with long poles. "When the larger stream is reached cribs are formed, the round logs at the sides and heavy transverse pieces on the top keeping the enclosed square timber from in- jury, and the stream carrys it down with its gang of men and provisions to the broad bosom of the Ottawa. This river from Lake Temis- camingue to its mouth, is navigable for cribs and rafts of timber, though it is sometimes necessary at rapids or falls where no slides are yet constructed, to break up the crib and remake it after the separate sticks have floated over the falls. A boom is usually thrown across . the stream below the rapids to prevent the timber 19 floating down too far. In places where the width of the river will admit it, many cribs are fastened to- gether forming a raft, on board which with plenty of provisions, sail set and a fair wind, the lumberman enjoys some rest after his previous toils. If the sea- son has been favorable and he has a prospect of speedy payment for his labor by a good market of his timber in Quebec, ^his part of his journey must be a very pleasant one, The life of a lumberman is full of adventure and peril, but they are a hardy vigorous race, and seem to enjoy the most robust health, and care little for the fatigues they undergo. The trade in timber, is yearly becoming more ex- tensive and the following statistics will convey some idea of its importance. Durmg i^^e last few years over 80,000,000 cubic feet of timber have been cut down in the forests of Canada, 13,000,000 dollars worth of which wa.5 exported to Europe and the United States, G-rea* Britain alone taking 8,000,000 dollars worth. To cut down and prepare the timber, 15,000 men are employed in the forests, and in saw and plaining mills where it is manufactured for exportation there are 10,000 men employ- ed. In the transportation of that portion of the timber which leaves Quebec, over 1'200 large ships and 17,000 seamen are engaged, and if we add those employed in the navigation of the rivers and lakes, and in the transit of partialy manu" factured material to the United States, there would be 26,000 men engaged in transportation, or a total of 50,000 men employed altogether, its freight for shipment is over 1,500,000 tons, and its accessories half as much more, and for the supply of this great industrial army, 26,000 tons of agricultural produce are annually required. As we have before stated, the so , ■■ i;. trade which has already reached such large dimen- sions is annually increasing — the lumbermen are yearly advancing farther and farther up the Ottawa and its tributaries, in search of the timber wh^ch has grown for centuries to maturity on their banks ; and every year many of these men settle on the lands which they have observed in their wanderings, to be favorable for agricultural purposes. Thus the coun- try of Upper Ottawa is becoming rapidly opened up for settlement and civilization, following the ad- venturous footsteps of the lumber merchant and his sturdy workmen. Many improvements have been made of late years by the Government in the navi- gation of the Ottawa and its tributaries, by the con- struction of slides and booms to facilitate the passage of timber past the frequent rapids and falls, and the following list of such works taken from the last Re- port of the Minister of Public works may not be uninteresting in this place : — THE OTTAWA DISTRICT. The G-overnment works connected with the de- scent of timber in this district are on the following rivers : — On the Ottawa, main river, 11 stations ; on the Gatineau, 1 ; on the Madawaska 15 ; on the Cou- longe, 1 ; on the Black, 1 ; on the Petawawa, 31 ; on the Biviere du Moine 11. List of Slide and Boom Stations on the Ottawa River. The distances given are measured on the latest maps, following the channel through which lumber is floated down the river : ,„ ,, Distance from mouth of Nhmes of Stations. Ottawa, at St. Anne. 1. Carillon 27 miles. 21 I>1mI:iiu'(- form inciitli of Name! of StatloiiH, oitiiwii, at Mti>. Ainu', 8. Chaudi^re (north side, Hull, south side, Ottawa) 98 miles. 8. Chaudi^re (Little) 100 " 4. Remous 102 " 5. Desch6nes Rapids 104,f " C. Chats Station 131 " 7. Head of Chats 134 " 8. Chenaux 162 " 9. Portage du Fort 150 " 10. Mountain 161 ', 1. Calumet 163 " 12. Joachim Rapids 249 " The works at these twelve stations consist of : — 8,000 lineal feet of canal ; 4,834 do. slides ; 20,855 do. booms ; 826 do bulkheads ; 1,881 do. bridges ; 52 piers ; 8 slide keepers, houses' and 8 store houses. The necessity for the construction of dams to certain additional points on the Ottawa, so as to afford the means whereby a more abundant supply of water can be obtained for use in the slides, is again urged by parties interested. The lumber trade of this district has now attained such increased proportions that the works on which the supply of water to the slides is dependant, which answered their purpose tolerably well while the trade was in its infancy, have become inadequate to perform the services required, the result being that during dry seasons the passage of timber through the slides is difficult, owing to the scarcity of water. His Excellency the Governor Q-eneral was pleased, by Order in Council, dated the 18th May, 1870, to authorize the Incorporation, by pa- tent, of the * Ottawa River Improvement Company,' a society formed for the purpose of effecting improve- , ^ 1 1 I : ments on the upper waters of the River Ottawa, to facilitate the descent of timber, the Company binding itself to adhere to certain specified conditions. Gatineau River. — In ascending the Ottawa, the G-atineau is the first tributary possessing Govern- ment works. These works are all at one station, about one mile frem its confluence with the Ottawa. They consist of: — 3,071 lineal feet of canal ; 4,188 do booms; 62 do. bridge; 10 piers, and one slide keeper's house. Madawaska River. — The Madawaska is the second tributary in ascending the Ottawa, on which the Government has provided works for the descent of lumber. List of the names of slide and boom stations on the Madawaska, numbered from the mouth of the river upwards :—l. Mouth of river. 2. Arnprior. 8. Flat Rapids. 4. Balmer's Island. 5. Burnstown. 6. Long Rapids. 7. Springtown, 8. Calabogie Lake. 9. High Falls. 10. Ragged Chute 11. Boniface Rapids. 12. Duck's Island. 13. Bailey's Chute. 14. Chain Rupids. 16. Opftongo Creek. The works at these stations consist of: — 1,760 lineal feet of slides, 18,179 lineal feet of booms, 4,080 lineal feet of dams, 182 lineal feet of bridges, 48 piers 1 slide keepei's house, and 1 work shop. The slide ut High Falls sustained considerable damage in the spring of 1870, in consequence of the unprecedented height of the river, the water of which passing over the Nagle dam, caused a breach in that work through which the debris, mingled with large quantities of logs, escaped. This mass, on coming in contact with the slide, tore down five hundred feet of that structure. EflELcient measures were taken for n nl;iM'. I 28 the reconstruction of a portion of the damap^ed work, so as to admit of the season's lumber bcin^ patisod through. This accident and the generally decayed state of the slide, will, it is feared, necessitate its be- ing entirely rebuilt before the beginning of another season. The Ooulonoe Rivkr. — The Coulouge is the third tributary in ascending the Otttwa, on which the Government has placed slides and boomb. The following is a list of the Government works on this river : — Boom at the mouth, 800 feet long, and one support pier. Boom at Romain's Rafting ground, 400 feet long and three support piers, Booms at Head of High Falls Slide, 1,848 feet long and six supi)ort piers. Blaok River. — Ascending the Ottawa, the Black River is the fourth tributary upon which works have been placed. The Vorks consist of: — 1,189 lineal feet of single-stick booins. 873 lineal feet of slide. 346 feet of glance pier. 185 lineal feet of flat dam. The Petewawa. — This is the fifth tributary in ascending the Ottawa, upon which Government slides and booms have been made. Seven miles from its mouth the Petewawa sepa- rates into two hx anches. On these seven miles there are five stations ; on the north branch there are eighteen stations, and on the south branch eight sta- tions. List of the slides and booms on this river, in the order in which they occur, from the mouth up- wards : — 1. Mouth of River. 2. First Chute. 3. Second Chute. 4. Third Chute. 6. Boisdur. North Branch. — 1. Half-mile Rapid. 2. Crook- lii 1 1: \ 1 1 ii I ' I i i' 'il I 24 ed Chute. 3. Between High Falls and Lake Tra- verse [a slide and a series of dams and Booms]. 4. Thompson's Rapids. 6. Sawyer's Rapids. 6. Meno Rapids. 7. Below Trout Lake. 8. Strong Eddy. 9. Cedar Islands. 10. Foot of Devil's Chute. 11. Devil's Chute. 12. Elbow of Rapids. 13. Foot of Long Sault. 14. Between Long Sault and Cedar Lake (south shore). 17. Between Long Sault and Cedar Lake (north shore). 18. Cedar Lake. South Brakch. — 1. First slide. 2. Second slide. 3. Third slide. 4. Fourth slide. 6. Fifth slide. 6. Sixth slide. 7. Seventh slide. 8. Eighth slido. The works at these 31 stations are as follows : — On the Main River. — 2,363 lineal feet of slides, 8,469 lineal feet ;>f booms, 2,077 lineal feet of dams and 7 piers. On the North BiCanch.— 380 lineal feet of elides, 2,671 lineal feet of booms, 1,1*81 lineal feet of dams, and 23 piers. On the South Branch. — 2,134 lineal feet of sHdes, 388 lineal ieet of dams. Riviere du Moine. — The sixth and last tribu- tary of the Ottawa upp, and naking 5 larger saws, ig and STankee iployed nd one mploy- ion for id one tie ma- oys 12 ed the >ui the Harris, vn the dmself >int. at the are of >ns in, sawing pine lumber. His mills arc situated on the south shore of the Ottawa, just below the falls, and manufacture annually from 26 to 80 million feet of pino lumber, of which 12 to 15 million feet are always on hand on his piling grounds, which cover a space of about 10 acres of land. These mills are fitted with gang and circular saws as follows ; — Three gangs containing 40 saws; 8 slabber gangs containing 18 to 20 saws; 1 Yankee gate con- taining 86 saws ; 1 large circular saw for dimension timber ; and a large number of circular saws for butting and edging. The power employed is derived from the waters of the Ghaudiere, assisted by 14 Rose's improved waterwheels, 2 for each gate, and upright and central discharge wheels. This establishment gives employment, in the winter time, in the woods, to about 850 men and 800 teams, and in the summer time, at the mills, to 400 men and 40 teams. Mr. Booth gets out 8 or 4 rafts of square timber in the season. E. B. EDDY carries on the largest business in the manufacture of the products from our forests on this continent, con- verting the timber of his enormous estates into every description of useful article, from saw logs and lum- ber to wooden ware and lucifer matches. The business was first established in 1854 when Mr. Eddy commenced his operations in this section of the country, by manufacturing matches ; and such are the resources of the valley of the Ottawa, and the immense advantages of the water power of the Ghaudiere, that he, with the characteristic energy of 80 \U I,- » •II :ll,l i r his race, has been ablo to build up a busiuoss on a gigantic scale, the productions of which are of vast utility to the people of this continent. "We give here the annual productions of those mills, and will speak more fully of the processes of manufacture hereafter. Eddy's mills and piling grounds, cover a large tract of land on the north shore of the Ottawa, at the Ohaudiere falls, and extend from above the falls to the Island opposite the Parliament buildings. They consist of one large Pail Factory built solidly of stone ; a Match Factory also ot stone ; four saw mills of great extent,buili principally of wood, and numer- ous other buildings, offices &c., necessary to such ex- tensive operations, including a sash, door, and blind factory, and a general store. In addition to these mills, Mr. Eddy has built a double track railway of over a mile in length which runs from his mills to the further extremity of his piling grounds, and enables him to distribute and pile the enormous amount of lumber produced, most expeditiously. These mills manufacture annually about 40 million feet of pine lumber, of which there arc al- ways from 8 to 10 million feet on the piling grounds. They also manufacture annually 600,000 pails, 46,000 wash tubs, 72,000 zinc washboards, and 270,000 gross of matches, besides the productions of the sash, door, and blind factory. - The saw mills are fitted with gang and circular saws of all kinds and sizes, and the whole establish- ment gives employment to from seventeen to eighteen hundred persons, many of whom are girls employed in the manufacture of matches. In addition to these there are about four or five hundred men employed 87 in tho woods, whoro Mr. Eddy riwrn "limits"— a tract of land of about 500 Nqiiave miles in extent, tho greater part of which is Ibrest, but there are also some cultivated lands, and a growing village called Fort Eddy. The force employed in driving- tho mills, is de- rived from the unlimited water power of tho Ottawa, assisted by mechanical agencies of modern invention, and is equal to about 600 horse-power. THE MATCH FACTORY Consists of a range of buildings containing two machine rooms, two dipping rooms, two large pack- ing rooms, a warehouse and shipping office, besides engine house, drying rooms, &c. In the machine rooms, the wood is cut up by two different machines. The one, which is employ- ed in making the best matches of seasoned wood, cuts up the blocks, already prepared, by means of fifteen small knives, which divide the wood into pieces the exact size of the match and then pass them through groves into the separate divisions in the racks placed ready for their reception at the rate of 4000 per minute from each machine. These racks are pressed so as to place the small pieces of wood firmly in their position, and are taken to the dipping room. Each machine employs one man and one boy. The dipping room for this class of match is divid- ed into two compartments, in the first is a chaldron of molten sulphur, into which the racks are passed, each piece of wood receiving a certain quantity of sul- phur. The racks are then taken to the other racks and dipped into the final preparation of phosphorus, &c., and then placed in iron safes built into the wall 88 ■:;i ;« ' I- r I wt- :i ■'. ' ; [ i m \l9 all around the room to dry, which takes about two hours, when they are ready for packing. In the other machine room wood is cut up on another principle by a machine which contains 9 knives, and cuts the match into double the required length, at the rate of 340 strokes a minute, making 9 at each stroke, or 18 matches, equal to oyer six thou- sand a minute. These sticks being of green wood are then placed in open boxes, and taken to a drying room heated by steam ^ipes. When dried they are rolled up in circular form between bands of wadding by machines which distribute each separate piece of wood into equidistant parts. The rolls are then taken tc the dipping room, where they are dipped on each end in the preparations of sulphur and phosphoiious and hung up on racks to dry. They are then cut in two by another machine, and 8':e ready for packing. The packing rooms are divided into several com- partments, and occupied entirely by girls, who are employed in packing the matches first in the small paper wrappers, (which they prepare from material supplied them in their homes) and then into boxes of I gross each, which are taken to the warehouse and shipping room. This factory gives employment to about 50 men and boys and about 90 girls. THE PAIL FACTOBY Is a large stone building of three stories high near the principal saw mill, where pails are manu- factured at the rate of 2,000 pails and 150 wash tubs per diem. Every part is made by beautiful machi- nery. In one room the staves are sawn into regular 89 sizes, in another the bottoms and hoops are manu- factured, in another the handles are turned, and in another the various parts are joined together, planed and finished. The pails are then taken to the painting room, where they are painted and grained by patent India rubber rollers. They are then finished off and fitted with handles, after which they are packed in hay and made ready for shipment. THE SAW MILLS, Which are four in number and of great extent, contain every description of gang and circular saws, numbering in all 243 saws. The capacity of the saw mills is equal to the sawing of 20,000 logs per annum. PERLEY & PATTEE. This firm was established in the year 1857, and has very extensive mills on the Chaudiere Falls, with large piling grounds, through a portion of which are laid lines of rail for distributing, piling and ship- ping the lumber. They get out annually about 150,. 000 logs ; producing 30 to 40 million feet of pine lum- ber. They employ a large number of men through the year ; on an average over 800. Their mills are furnished with 2 slabbing gangs of 20 saws each ; 2 stock gangs of 40 saws each ; 2 Yankee gates of 32 saws each ; 1 single gate and 1 re-sawing gate, with the usual complement ©f circular saws for butting and edging. The wheels employed are Hose's im- proved, 1 pair to each gate ; and centre discharge for circular saws. This firm ^et out 500,000 feet of square timber per annum, making altogether about six rafts. !^"1f 40 LEVI YOUNa. First established his business at the Ohaudiere in 1854, and owns one saw mill, getting out and saw- ing about lOOjOOt) logs in the year, producing about 20,000,000 feet of pine timber. He employs one slabbing gate of 40 saws ; one stock gate of 40 saws ; one Yankee gate of 32 saws, and the necessary edging and butting saws. The wheels employed are Rose's improved, 1 pair to each gate. In addition to this, Captain Young gets out annually about 3 raits of square timber, employin > ' • « • > > I * • • « » , * t * • * t , V • • B 18713.. ft. %mtmu & #tt«wa itailw^S. O THE OXiID iaEriI-A.BXiE IjIITE. BY 35; 3!Ciles, AND TO BBOCEVILLE AND ALL POINTS WEST BY O l^ilesi. i^6^ UE TRAIJ^SEACH WA YD AIL Y MAKINO CEBTAIN C01T17SCTI0NS with those on the aSAlTD TBUNZ BAILWA7. GOING SOUTH . Total Dlstonce . STATIONS. No. 2 Express. No. 4 Express. No. 6 Accom- moda- tion. No. 8 Express. Ottawa A.M. 980 11 10 12 15 12 26 P. M. p. M. 1 00 240 350 400 A. M. 10 30 U65 240 260 P. M. P.M. 10 00 31J 52 51 Kemptville 11 40 Prcscott Junction Prcscott Wharf. 100 1 10 A. M. r T T? ? Toronto Arrive. ^•^•"M Montreal do . A. M. ISO P. M. 'ii86 P. M. 1 30 1 00 GOING NORTH. Total Dlstflnce. STATIONS. No. 1 Express. No. 3 Mall. No. 6 Express. No. 7 Accom- moda- tion. n rr T> Toronto Deprt. ^•^•"•5 Montreal do . A. M. "866 P. M. 7 30 A. M. 6 10 P, M. Prescott Wharf. P.M. 130 . i 45. ^ : 1 10 J A. M. 7 15 . 7.30 , 8S5 ■ ; ia20' P.M. 660 j8'J5 ,' 8:25 A. M. 2 00 2 22i 51 Prescot/.tTrnctlon.. . .v.. . Kemptville . i . ,'. Ottawa.'.:. ..'.1. ...'.:: 220 4 06 6 15 Comfortable SOFA CARS by Night, and PALACE CARS by Day. ' ' * - l—L. 20 Minutes ailometl nt F'^eioak ^FiMdUok-fe^ MEALS. AND Connection witli all Grani TrnE Trains, Certain. ASK for TICKETS via PRESCOTT JUNCTION, To be had at the principal Agencies ar.d Stations of the Grand Trunk Railway. BAGGAGE CHECKED THROUGH. Shipper;; can have Freight sent Through to Ottawa by this Line WITHOUT TRANSHIPMENT, in CHANGE GAUGE CARS. Application for Cars to bo made to Agents at Principal Stations on the Grand Trunk Railway. R. LUTTRELL, THOS. REYNOLDS, SuperUitendent, Prescott. Managing Director, Ottawa. l3t February, 1872. < \ V ■* \ f y Grand Trunk Railway OF CANADA, IMPROVED SERVICE OF TRAINS. Acceleration of Speed. NEW CARS ON ALL EXPRESS TRAINS. PORTLAND TO MONTREAL IN 13 HOURS. MONTREAL TO TORONTO IN 13 HOURS. The Steamers "Carloita" or '•Chase" will leave Portland for Halifax, N.S., every Saturday afternoon at 4 o'clock. They have excellent accommodation for Passengers and Freight. The Intercolonial Company's Steamers runnmgin connection with the Grand Trunk Railway leave Portland every Mond »y and Thursday at 6.10 p.m., for St. John, N.B., &c. GREAT FREIGHT ROUTE BETWEEN EQROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. TJie Montreal Ocean Steaw-hip Company & Line Of Powerful Screw Steamers will, during the Summer, make Semi- weekly Ti-;<3 between Liverpool and Montreal, ;ind also will form a weolly L{ne between Glasgow and Montreal, iliere connecting with the GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY, thus formii % the MOST DIRECT ROUTE TO AND FROM ENGLAND AND THE WESTEHN STATES OF THE UNION. Only Two Transhipments between Liverpool and Chicago or Cincinnati. thr Goods sent through in Bond. C. J. BRYDOES, Managing Director. ^ v 18 73# Through Broad Gauge Route BETWEEN THE n-:- Capital of tlie Domimon ALL POINTS EAST AND WEST, wm'jjTR^^ ^raraB * t'^^rr fif ■f,-i_ K- *«f AND .•jt AN ADA CENTRAL • ■' . ,-,1 I ■•f. .j'.;,r.v;i >^,#. .;^/ TO to OTTAWA, without change. ^ GRAIN and other FREIGHT sent THROUGH between OTTAWA and ALL POINTS on therx GRAND TRDNK RAILWAY without transhipment .,.; ' >^r ^:" ■ ■".'^ -rD^cTM' '^xyy h. abbott, '?- 40^-'^^'^ ^''^i ^iii|5ifc»i|f ■' '^ Managing Director. ^'^ "tw E¥! T ti { /• M^ * '.:^