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WIBSTIR.N.Y. MSU

(716) S73-4503

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32X

f— V

NATION A L flBSARV
(' ^ N A D A

vrto » jj%LB

lotoer0—|ittltoark0— Strong pi«ce«.

AN ADDRESS TO THE CONGREGATION

OV THE

Cl^ttrc^ of % Poly Crinttg,

TORONTO,

UKLIVBRED OOTOBBR 27, 1884, ON THB OCCASION OP THE UNCOVERING OP A

MEMORIAL BRASS PLACED ON THB NORTH-WALL OP THE SAID

CHURCH, IN HONOUR OP ITS ANONYMOUS POUNDER.

•7<

HENRY SCADDING, D. D.

CANON OP Toronto:
Vrom 1SU7 to 1875 Incunibmt of Ou abov<-nam<d Chureh.

TORONTO :
OOPP, CLARK h CO., PRINTERS, OOLBORNE STREET.

1886.

lotoers— f ttlluarks— §vrong ^Inus.

AN ADDRESS TO TUE CONGllEGATION

OF THE

dT^wrc^ of tbf Jjol^ Cnnitg,

TO RON TO,

DKLfVHJUED OiJTOBBIl 27. 1884, OS THB OCCASION OF THE UNCOVEItINO OP A

MEMOKLAL IJUASS PLACED OX THB NottTH-WALL. OP THE SAID

OHUIICH, IN HONOUR OP ITS ANONYMOUS POUNDER.

-«l

HENRY SCADDING, D. U.

CANON (IK Toronto:
From m? to WH Inc^iinJmnt of the. nbove'iuimed Church.

TORONTO:
OOPP, CLARK & 00., PRINTERS, COLBORNE STREET.

1886.

-^w -

^mmmmmmmmgmr 'm

{Copy of the IiMcription on Uw BniHH Afeinorial Tablet,
referred to in the following AtUireas.]

THIS CHURCH

DEDICATED TO

THE HOLY TRINITY,

Was erected thbocuh the mdnipicencb* of a lady
resident in enoland, who, a. d. 1845, through the
Bishop ok Ripon placed in the hands of the Bish-
op OF Toronto, Five Thousand Pounds Sterling,
wherewith to erect a Church in his Diocese
upon the express condition that the sittings

therein SHOULD BE FREE AND UNAPPROPRIATED

FOR EVER. With that sum the fabric was erected

UPON A site given FOR THE PURPOSE BY THE LATK

Lieutenant Colonel John Simcoe Macaulay
and an endowment provided.

The focndation-stonb was laid on the first
DAY of July, A. D. 1846, and the Church was

OPENED and consecrated BY THE RiOHT REVEREND

John Strachan, Bishop of Toronto, on the eve
OF THE Feast of SS, Simon and Jude, A. D. 1847.

This Tablet was placed here by the congrega-
tion, A. D. 1884, as a mark of gratitude to
those through whose liberality they enjoy
the privileges which this holy place affords.

^'STatDcrs — 6ultoarks — Strong jSlaccs.

"Walk about Sion, and go round about her ; tell ye tht towers thereof ; mark well her
bulwarks; count up her strong places, that ye may tell them that come after."— Ps, xlviii.,
12, 13.— {Rev. version: Golden Treasury Psalter: 1870).

Tlie towers and spires of a great modern city tell of the existence
of a Christian Society within its bounds ; but a Christian Society
very different from that which was indicated by the towers and
spires seen rising f.bove the roofs of a city in former times. In the
modern city towersj and spires have come to be outward symbols of
a variety of moral, spiritual and intellectual developments resulting
from the eai*nest reception of the fundamental truths of Christianity
l)y several distinct classes of minds, which developments have had
the effect in tb.ase latter days of breaking up the homogeneousness of
Christian Society. Not many centuries after its first promulgation,
Christianity, as we know, became for the most part, set, so to speak,
in rigid form ; and when the practice of adding tower and spire to
places of worship came into vogue at perhaps about the beginning of
the fifth century, these conspicuous architectural objects, however
varied might be their shape and style, indicated only one fixed idea
of the religion of Christ — that which, as a rule, prevailed down to
about the end of the fifteenth century.

I am not now concerned to pronounce on the comparative good-
ness or badness of the two conditions of Christian Society indicated
by the external signs of spires and towers at two eras of Christian
history. I simply refer to them ; to the one as having once existed,
but likely never again to exist ; and to the other as existing in our
midst and before our eyes, and likely to continue increasingly to
exist throughout the coming time. More or less over the whole of
the old continents, distinctions to the popular eye arising out of
towers and spires and a certain contour of building, are being
broken down. In the British Islands, and wherever the British
rule extends, it is being more thoroughly and more rapidly broken
down than anywhere else as yet. On this continent it has been
wholly broken down ; and all who profess and call themselves
2 iu

(Jhristians, have assumed for rei»resentative purposes, the tower and
spire and the arcliiteeture generally of the middle ages ; so that no
conclusion can any longer be drawn from such outward tokens, as to
anti({uity or priority of origin, or character of tenet.

On a view of this reniarkaltle change which has come over the
face of Christendom, does not the (piestion suggest itself, whether it
may not possibly be the design of Divint^ providence to recall to
men's miuils with force, a recollection of the fact that the City of
God. of which such excellent things have been anticipated and
spoken in the ages all along, the new Jerusalem, the Mother-state of
Christians, is something which transcends considerations connected
with the style and adornments of human architecture however
exquisite ; and that its perpetuity ami oneness are secured by atti'ac-
tions and cohesions less |)alpable. Iiut more real and more crust-
worthy I Is it not jterhaps the Divine intention that henceforward
the sim[»le private Christian, when anywhere in Christendom, he
counts up in a city the customary symbols of diversity in Christian
views, is not to vex his righteous soul overmuch, as he is tempted to
do, at the s[)ectacle before him ; })ut that he is to summon up the
thought, and permit it to have due weight within him, that the
human design, at all events, of such conspicuous structures is in
every instance the same, namely, to do visible honour to the name of
Chriiit ; autl to make it manifest to all beholders, that so many
schools, so to speak, have, in human intention, V)een opened for the
j)romulgation ot Christian doctrine and the moulding of human
character after the pattern of Christ. What was the determination
of ai) Ai)ostle in presence of phenomena somewhat analogous, which
it was out ot his power to control .' Was it not v "s < " Some indeed
preach Christ of envy and strife, and some also of good will ; the
one do it of love, knowing tliat I am set for the defence of the
Gospel ; but the others proclaim Christ of faction, not sincerely,
thinking to louse u]) atHiction for me in my bonds. What then?
(he say.s to his Philipi)ian friends) only this : that in every way,
whether in pretence or in truth, Christ is proclaimed ; and therein I
rejoice ; yea, anil will riyoice." The tinge of personal feeling which
is iliscernible in 8t. Paul's words was transient : such feeling was
natunil in one whose hands were tied ; one who was actually in
bonds at the moment. When free, and acting under happier condi-
tions, the same St. Paul decrees on this wise : " Let not him that

eateth set at nought him that eatetl» not : and let not hiui that
eateth not judge him that eateth. Who art thou that judgest the
househohl servant of another ( to his own lord he standeth or
falleth." Doubtless then the inhaVjitant of the moilern city or town
has reason to deem himself at libeitv to look calmlv on the symbols
of religious divei-sity which force themselves upon his notice, as
being symbols of a diversity which is divinely permitted at the
present time for a purpose ; and in this spiiit, as 1 judge, the citizen
of Toronto, for example, may make the circuit of his j)leasaut home
and tell the towei-s thereof, with charitable reijards extended to all.

I have been led to thoughts like these from the circumstance that
I have undertaken, at the reque.st of fn>»>':Ls. to give on the present
occasion a narrative of the origin and r ■ ■' start of one, and not
the least im[tortant one. of that promise ;o.is assemblage of ecclesias-
tical edifices, which to a stranger tirv i-sin:; the stKets of our city,
always seems so striking, a feature ot the pi ice. With this preamble
i now proceed with the t?.sk which h;ui 5*f.i .issigned me.

This Church of the Holy Trinity, iu •.vbich we are assembled, has
now been in existence thirty -.seven years. Pi-ojected in 1845, it was
commenced in 1846, and tlnishetl and conseciated in l'^^". It was
the result of a munificent gift to the then Bishop of Toronto, the
Right Reverend Dr. John Strachan, by an anonymous donor in
England.

In 1845 a memorable church i-evival was in full [irogress in
England .• one of its jjhenomena was a greatly increased activity in
the building of new churches and the enlargement and renovation of
old ones, throughout the length and breadth of the land. At the
same pei-iod, and springing out of the Siime revival, special attention
was turned to the numerous growing colonies of Great Britain. The
duty of the National Church of Britain to provide, as far as was
possiljle, for the spiritual well-l>eLng of its sons and daughters dis-
persetl abroad throughout the habitiible globe, began to Ije more and
more felt and acknowledged. Hence bishoprics and a legular organi-
zation of the scattered meml»ers of that church, after the ancient
manner began to be establishe<l in the colonies to a greater extent
than had ever been the cas • before. These two circumstances — the
newly awakened zeal for the erection of additional churches, and the
increased interest felt in the spiritual well-being of the colonies — led
incidentally, so to speak, under the guidance of God's providence, to

fr^

the founding of this import \nt church. Its presence here, is in some
sense, a standing monument of a revolution in church-life at a centre
far away. In 1845 the diocese of Toronto had been constituted for
about five years. The energy and organizing power displayed by its
first Bishop, the Right Reverend Dr. Strachan, throughout the vast
extent of his jurisdiction, then embracing the whole of the Province
of Upper Canada, was noted and admired. His name became a
household word throughout Great Britain and Ireland, and the
noble thought of founding a church in his diocese, came into the
mind of the unknown benefactor to whom reference has been made ;
a noble thought instantly followed up by a noble deed, the gift of
the sum of Five Thousand Pounds sterling for the purpose, amount-
■l:.^ ing to about Twenty Thousand Dollars in our money. The Bishop
of Toronto himself gives a narrative of the incident, and of the
manner in which he first became apprized of it, in a subsequent
address to his clergy. " On my return from visiting the missions
west of Toronto in September, 1845, I found a letter (the Bishop
says) from the Lord Bishop of Ripon, the perusal of which dissi-
pated in a moment the continued fatigue I had been enduring for
several months. His Lordship (the Bishop of Ripon, Dr. Longley,)
stated that he had the pleasure to inform me that some munificent
individual, entirely unknown to him, had deposited in his hands the
sum of £5,000 sterling, which the donor wished to be appropriated
to the building of a church in the diocese of Toronto, to be called
the Church of the Holy Trinity, the seats of which wei-e to be free
and unappropriated for ever, the patronage to be left entirely to the
Bishop of the diocese, as well as situation."

After detailing how reports in regard to the progress and circum-
stances of the church when erected might be brought to the
cognizance of the benefactor, the Bishop of Toronto then goes on
to describe his own proceedings on the occasion : '' After consulting
with several of my clergy (he says) and other friends of the Church,
all of whom (lie adds) wei'e filled M'ith joy and admiration at this
noble manifestation of Christian charity, they concurred with one
voice that the free church should be built at Toronto, by far the
more populous city in the diocese, and in a locality most likely to
embrace the largest portion of the poor." The free gift of a most
eligible site for the churcli was immediately made by a retired
Colonel of the Royal Engineers, John Sinicoe Macaulay, of a family

connected with Toronto fro i the earliest period of its history. The
work of erection was at once begun ; and the building was com-
pleted and consecrated on Wednesday, the 27th of October, the Eve
of St. Simon and St. Jude, 1847, in the presence of a numerous
concourse of clergy and laity.

Previous to the consecration, several additional gifts arrived
from the unknown donor : fine silver sacramental plate for use in
the Church, and a smaller set for use in private houses with the
sick ; a full supply of fair linen, and a rich covering of Genoa
velvet for the altar ; likewise surplices for the clergy. At the
Communion on the day of Consecration, besides £50 in gold, £50
were offered for a Font ; and £50 to furnish " gifts and rejoicings "
for the poor on the occasion, a request carried into effect by the dis-
tribution of articles of clothing to a number of persons into whose
necessities inquiry had been previously made. The Consecration
Seruion was preached by the Bishop. The morning sermon on the
following Sunday was preached by the Rev. Dr. Scoresby, an English
clergyman eminent in more departments than one, of research and
thought, who happened to be in Toronto and expressed a special
interest in the new Church and the circumstances of its foundation.
In the evening the sermon was delivered by myself; on the text :
" We preach not ourselves, but Christ Jesus the Lord ; and our-
selves your servants for Jesus' sake."

The Bishop had apjjointed me to the general oversight of the
congregation which might he gathered in ; and with tmvh fear and
trembling I undertook the work. He associated with me in this
duty, a friend, the Rev. Walter Stennett ; and togethej- we jjroeeeded
in fraternal harmony to order everything here, so far as seemed
practicable at the time, in accordance with the rules of the Book of
Common Prayer. Althovigh for some time, Holy Cojumunion was
administered only monthly as in other churches at the period, yet it
was through an understanding expressly originating here that not
long after October, 1847, there was a weekly Communion within the
limits of Toronto : At St. James's, the Cathedral, it was on the
lirst Sunday in the month ; at this Church it was on the .second
Sunday, and at Trinity in the East and St. Paul's, or (a little later)
at St. George's, successively on one or other of tlie remaining
Sundavs : and visitors to the city from the country parts were
informed of this arrangement. For a time there was no organ to

add dignity to the services of the Church : its place was temfK>rarily
otherwise supplied. But from the day of the Consecration down-
wards there was a very considei-able choir always in existence here,
which sat in two divisions at the head of the congregation as now,
and sang responsively. They were led and instructed by friends,
enthusiasts in music and apt to teach, who were never wanting
among us. And from the very first the congregation became
exemplary for its hearty, united participation in the Psalmody, and
all the other portions of our common worship,

The Bishop himself took part in the first house-to-house visitation
of every street and lane then laid out in the vicinity of the new
Church. At his desire I accompanied him in these excursions at
certain houi's on certain days in each week, in order, as he said, that
I might see and hear his method of holding converse with plain
Christian folk ; and while thus affording me instruction by precept
and example, in this respect, doubtless many a happy recollection
was recalled to his own mind of hours passed in the like work dur-
ing the eai'lier part of his previous five and thirty years' ministry in
Toronto. In like niunuer, during the formation of the first Sunday
Schools hei'e, wliich soon became large, the Bishop was again and
again to ))e seen with a class of little ones standing in a semi-circle
of large radius before him, just outside the railings of the chancel,
all interested in his words and kindly manner, and all under the
spell of magisterial authority which never left him. In the puljlic
services of the Cliurch the Bishop, of course, took a frequent part ;
from the cii'cumstances of its foundation he regarded this Cliurch as
a charge peculiarly his own, and he never let go his hold and personal
control of it and its affairs, while lie lived. So well did he husband
the gift of the Donor, tliat by means of it he not only built tlie
Church, but established some revenue for the maintenance of Divine
worship within it, in all future time. As to the architecture of the
building : as I have already said, the Cliurch was an outcome of the
groat Church movemcn'. vdiicli was in progress in 1847. The
renascence of taste in Cliurch architecture which acconii)anied that
movement had then only reached a certain stage : and the style of
many buildings founded then at home, as well as here, was less pure
and less noble than it would have been had they been erected a few
years later when a Gilbert Scott had appeared.

It does not come within my purpose on the present occasion to do
more than narrate the circumstances of .'he foundation of this Church.
Beyond the threshold of its history, therefore, I shall not pass. It
will be sufficient to say that since the day of its consecration, many
have been the admissions into Christ's flock by Holy Baptism here,
many have been the young of both sexes who have been trained up
here in the nurture and admonition of the Lord : trained in the
classes of the Sunday School, and under the immediate care of the
clergy preparatory to Contirmatiou, and afterwards by special regard
being had to them in the pulpit and elsewhere : many have been
the maturer Christians who have learned here to worship God in
spirit and in truth ; to confess themselves constantly to God ; to
hold communion constantly with His Christ ; to yield honour and
thanksgiving to those sacred Names in psalms and hymns and
sjuritual songs, singing and making melody in their hearts unto the
Lord : many who in sickness, as well as in health, have been helped
forward in the Christian life by ministrations emanating from this
Church.

There have thus been many in the past — and there are many
in the present, but disjiersed about now in various parts of the
earth — ready to rise up and call this Church blessed under God :
ready therefore, as we may believe, to call its unknown founder
also blessed under God : ready, had it been possible for the question
to Vje put to them, to add their hearty suifrages with ours in setting
up, as we have felt bound in gratitude to do, in that founder's
honour, the inscribed Tablet of brass which we unveil to-night.
May that memorial long remain where it is placed, undisturbed :
a standing testimony to a good deed : a standing incentive to good
<leeds. And may the Church itself where it is seen, long endure,
and be a blessing to future generations : repaired ; restored from
time to time, as decay or damage may re<juire, until it shall be gray
and venerable with age like many an ancient Church which our
minds readily recall in the Mother-land. Let its twin turrets
bo to future generations as to our own, a type of the Two
Witnesses so often slain, or supposed to be slain, yet so often
rising again and standing on their feet and delivering their
appointed message, the Two Testaments — the two groups of written
testimony contained in the Two Testaments : each of them so human,
yet each, when iuterpi-eted in acodrdanco with the mind of the

»i

Testator, so Divine ; so adapted to the longings and wants of man's
compound nature. In harmony with the witness of these Witnesses^
when duly analyzed by those competent to analyze it, may this
Church ever continue in reality as in name, a Church of the Holy
Trinity. For is it not most acceptable to human reason, does it not
harmonize with what multitudes of men have desired — to have
assurance given that at the heart of the whole of this mysterious
Universe there is the heart of a Father 1 — to have assurance given
that when a visible manifestation of that Father took place on earth,
the abode of man, it took place in the form of a Son of Man, using
man's speech, and by mighty works attested Son of God likewise 1 —
to have assurance given that, although this manifestation ceased
after the expiration of the time appointed for its continuance, yet an
instantaneous communication with that Father and that Son was
forever possible through a Spirit proceeding from them both^ a
Power instinct with life and all-pervading, Avliose pi'esence is in
effect and in very truth the pi'esence of God I

As to oneself — it is permissable on an occasion like the present to«
say — it is with a certain awe and amazement that one looks back
over the past and recalls his apprentice days in ministerial effort.
But one can discern now, that amidst innumerable short-comings
and mistakes, a something was effected, or lielped to be effected^
which was diticrent indeed from what one had foreseen, and of more
importance than he knew. At the university whither one was dis-
patched by good friends at a plastic age in great crudity, for the
purpose, as the expression was, of preparing for the Church — during
the whole time of one's career there, two great movements were
simultaneously stirring thoughtful minds, both of them to a great
extent, under a ban, so far as tliey were recognized by the authorities,
and both of them perhaps acquiring on that account all the more
force. First, a revival was in the act of taking [)laco in the souls
and spirits of a great many, of a strong desire, for the actjuisition of
general knowledge as distinguished from the sjjecialties which at the
time were chiefly pressed on the attention of studious youth : and
secondly, a revival was in the act of taking place, in the souls and
spirits of a great many, of a strong desire for the acquisition of
knowledge of a theological cast ; ecclesiastical knowledge, acquaint-
ance with Christianity in its historical aspect, ami a better under-
standing of the real meaning oi its existing institutions and rites.

Cheap books written by the most; competent hands associated
together for the purpose, came forth in quantities for the use of those
who became seriously awakened in the two directions ; and their
contents were devoured, and in numerous instances assimilated.
These publications, made attractive by beauty of style and accuracy
of illustration, had a moulding effect almost as powerful as that of
the ordinary studies, mathematical and chi&sical, of the place.
Accordingly, one returned to his former home with a quenchless
thirst set up in the two directions indicated ; and without design or
pre-arranged plan, one became in the humblest way, a means of
j)assing on to a new i-egion, and handing down to a second generation,
the twin torches, or rather, as it seems to me. the one torch with
double but homogeneous flame, of secular and sacred science, in
these latter days so rtti.arkably rekindled. Dimly one was led on
like others, acting in sincerity and truth. And one can see now
that all was well, and I am thankful to Almighty God at this
moment, that the Book of Common Prayer, read in the light thrown
upon it through the great revival of theological study in England in
1833 and downwards, furnished the lines on which this Church and
congregation were organizetl from the very first. All the allegations
of that well known manual — so convenient for the guidance of clergy
and laity alike — can, as I believe, be scholastically and historically
maintained. (Appendi.x, ^ 2.) Its principles of order and doc-
trine are time-tried principles ; and institutions based upon them
and not controlled by the caprice of individuals, are likely to be
permanent. From this cause it has come to pass that from the
period of the consecration of this Church, thirty-seven years ago, to
the present time, there has been so little to uidearn, so little to
undo.

To revert now, very briefly, to the metaphor of the Psalm which
I quoted at the outset, the 8ion. or as we more usually write it now,
the Zion, which we Christians have in imagination to go about, is a
spiritual Zion : it is tlie new Jerusalem which came, as it were,
down from heaven, when the old literal Jerusalem was destroyed
and taken out of the way. It is the City of God— ** City " in the
sense, not of a collection of material buildings, but in the sense of a
Body Corporate of Citizens ; the Boily Corporate of all those who
have pleased God, who now please God, and who shall please God,
in all time. This Corporate Body has a distinct history : it creates

for itself a distinct history in every age : it passes through many a
crisis in its individual members, and in itself as a whole. It
developes from itself continually men who undertake its record ;
who undertake its defence and its consolidation, so far as it is lawful
to say that human hands perform such work fpr the City of God.
This they are moved to do in the form of written documents of
various kinds. And these are the towel's, these are the bulwarks,
these are the strong places, on which we may, with advantage, fasten
our eyes as we mentally go round about Zion now. I had prei)ared
a brief synopsis of several of such works, great and small, which
from the Apostolic! days of C!hristianity to recent times have api)eared,
and which, as it seems to me, intelligent men amongst us ought to
have some knowleilge of : but I tiud it expedient to omit it hei'e,
and to ofier it in another way, for your use. (Appendix, § \.)
There was, as it seems to me, in 1847. when this Church was conse-
ci'ated, a warmer and more wide-spread interest in such works
manifested amongst us in the ranks of clergy and laity than there is
now. Among lay friends wiioni I can recall who heartily rejoiced
in the foundation of this free Church, and who, some of them, helped
to make up the first nucleus of its congregation, there were several
not unfamiliar with the works to which I have alluded, who were
not uninfluenced in faith and i)ractiee and whole character by them.
I know that since 1847, new eoutiovei'sies have arisen or obsolete
ones revived, in the Christian world ; fresh issues have been pre-
sented ; fresh feai-s ; fresh di.scouragenients : and according to the
accustomed wont, in Providence, able champions have appeared,
whose defences must be, and are respected. The productions of a
Farrar, of a Liddon, of a Goulburn, of a Kiiigsley, of a Milman, of
a Stanley, of a Maurice, of an Alford. have ilone good service, and will
be added to the list hereafter of such works as those which I have
glanced at; but nevertheless while we use for immediate purposes these
more recent V)ooks, we are not to leave the others unu.sed. If we do,
as I think we are doing to too great an extent, it nnist be expected
that old adversaries — ol)Surantists on one side, and destructives on
the othqr — will take advantage of the fact, and renew assaults
wherever the defence is intermitted. (Ai)pendix, § 3.) Hence
it is that I have desired to recall, so far as 1 may, attention
to the class of Christian lit', ratu-^ of which I have spoken, and in
particular to the grand books which have been evolved from our

own British Zion : the works of such nen as Hooker, and Jeremy
Taylor, Bishop Bull, Beveridge, Barrow ; and for the sake of being
specific in one case, at least, I will name Jewell's Apology, so easily
accessible, yet as I imagine so little studied now as it would be
advantageous to do. If err we must, as some say we must, from
insufficiency of light and knowledge, let us err with such men as
these who were no contemptible chamcters, either in point of intel-
lect, in point of education and logical perception, or in point of
nobleness of life.

*' It is a pleasure," says the great Lord Bacon in his Essay on
Truth, adopting, but improving on, the words of the Latin Poet
Lucretius, — "it is a pleasure to stand upon the shore and to see
ships tossed upon the sea ; a pleasure to stand in the window of a
castle and to see a battle and the adventures thei'eof below ; but no
pleasure is comparable to the standing upon the vantage ground of
Truth (a hill not to be commanded, and where the air is always clear
and serene), and to see the errors, and wanderings, and mists, and
tempests, in the vale below ; so always that this prospect be with
pity, and not with swelling or pride. Certainly it is heaven u])on
earth (he adds) to have a man's mind move in charity, rest in
Providence, and turn upon the poles of Truth."

To this state a man approximates, as it seems to me, in proportion
as he becomes intelligently conversant with such works as those to
which reference has been made, and which woidd appear to be
expressly provided for his instruction ; and in pi-oportion as he
incorporates their arguments, their reflections, and their facts, into
the substance of his own thoughts and convictions ; and regulates,
by the help of God, his faith and his practice accoi'dingly.

APPENDIX.

§ 1.

The City or Commonwealtti of Gofl, the Body Corporate of the Just, of
those who have pleased God, who do please God, and who shall please God, —
one in one degree, and another in another— from the beginning to the close of
the parenthesis in eternity which men call Time, is also spoken of, in mystic
language, as the General Assembly and Church of the First Bom, who aro
enrolled in heaven ; expressions not to be taken in any necessitarian sense, but
smiply as inuioating the whole company of those who, among men, happily
submit themselves in spirit and in truth to the Divine Will so far as it is dis-
covered by them. The formation, the quiet growth, and the continued con-
nected existence of this Body Politic, appertaining to a sphere above and
beyond the common sphere of Earth, can be discerned and traced, notwith-
standing many obscurations and disturbajices . Discerned and traced they are,
as facts in history, by those who are qualified to undertake the task ; by men
who make it almost the sole business of their lives to investigate the pas. '■ and
understand the present, in each age. An English poet (Isaac Williams) has
finely expressed this :

Th. (jughout the older word, story and rite ;-
Throughout the new, skirting all clouds with gold-
Through rise and fall and destinies manifold
Of pagan empires ; through the dreams and night
Of nature, and the darkness and the light,
Still young in hope, in disappointment old ;—
Through mists which fallen humanity enfold,
Into the vast and viewless Infinite
Rises the Eternal City of our God.
Her towers, the morn with disenchanting rod
Dimly and darkly labours to disclose,
Liftmg the outskirts of the o'erniautling gloom ;
Bright shapes come forth, arch, pinnacle and doma-
in Heaven is hid its height and deep repose.

A peculiarity of this complex Incorporation of human souls and spirits
approved of God, is, that it flevelopes from itself from time to time in the
successive ages, a certain percentage of men who feel themselves stirred up to
the composition of written works which their spiritual fellow-citizens do not
willingly let die, on account of tlie intrinsic value, interest and utility of the
books produced. These consist of liistories, biographies, treatises, comment-
aries, imaginary conversations, discussions rhetorically put forth, sometimes
under the sliadow of great names without any notion of deception, poems,
hymns, manuals, brief tracts : all having in view some worthy object ; such
as the building up of the character which is pleasing to God, the elucidation of
peculiar truths, or the vindication of peculiar truths when impugned by the
gainsayers of the passing tlay.

When we walk in imagination about the transfigured, spiritualized Zion,
these written productions of Christian men in past and present times are not
the least significant and noteworthy of the towers and spires, the bulwarks
and strong places which we are called upon to consider and reckon up. Th^
Man of God, that is to say, the Public Teacher, who would be thoroughly
furnished for his office ; the Scribe, that is to say, the liberally educated man,
whether in an official position or not, who would be conversant witli the
special lore of the body-corporate of which he is a member, acquaints himself,
so far as he may, with these works ; he makes their matter and contents more
or less a part of his intellectual and spiritual equipment, desiring to be himself
a living stone of sound substance, well-shaped and polished, in the wall of
some one or other of the many spiritual structures of which the City of God
consists ; desiring also to be able to give some effectual aid in the dressing,
fitting into their places, and cementing together, of other living stones, the
handling of which in some way may chance to become his lot and personal
duty.

The writings thrown off from the Christian Body in the course of its descent
from age to age bring into view, when studied, the essential unity of faith
which has subsisted in religious men, and the great similarity of their spiritual
experience, without any communication, one with the other, in localities and
at periods far apart. These works thus contribute to the moral proof of the
reality of Divine influence over men, and the verity of the common Christian
doctrine on that point. But further : they constitute a defensive armory, a
deposit of weapons skilfully fashioned to turn aside objections, which though
again and again fairly met, are nevertheless always again and again urged, as
though they had never been met.

Although composed in various dialects according to the nations of the respec-
tive writers, these works are for the most part now easily accessible to us in
English versions. I shall name first aa being perhaps most familiarly known,
and at the same time the most ancient, the Epistles of the Apostolical Fathers,
that is to say, the literary relics of Bishops and others, who lived immediately
after the Apostles. These Epistles which are comprised in a moderate-sized
octavo volume, and have been rendered into English by an Archbishop of our
own (Wake), are always found by thoughtful Christians to be of great interest
and value. Of course in the perusal of these, as of all other documents handed
down to us from a high antiquity, we must occasionally sift and discriminate,
for which purpose we may thankfully make use of the numerous aids given us
by men who may be more skilled than ourselves in ancient tongues. (In the
Ante-Nicene Christian Library of the Messrs. Clark, of Edinburgh, an excel-
lent translation of the "Writings of the Apostolic Fathers " has also appeared.)
I name next, the Remains of Irenteus, Bishop of Lyons, in France, which
abound in edifying and instructive matter. (The most important portions of
Irenaeus may be read in a translation by a learned presbyter, not long since
living among ourselves, the Rev. Dr. Beaven.) I name the extant writings of
the Christian Apologists, as they are called ; that is. Constructors of defences
against the early objections of the heathen to Christianity ; as, for example,,
the Apology of Justin, addressed to the emperor Antoninus Pius , and a second

one by the same writer, addressed to the emperor Marcus Aurelius ; also that
of Tertullian ; and Origen's against Celsus the physician. It is of great interest
to observe how these writers dwell upon the reasonableness of their faith, and
prove the folly of the then prevalent beliefs and the iinworthiness of the
heathen deities ; how they refute the false accusations of atheism, of immor-
ality and sedition which were then commonly brought against Christians ; how
they hold up to ridicule the absurdities of the popular superstitions ; how they
appeal, exactly as we do, to the singular prophetic utterances to be met with
so often in the Old Testament ; to the astonishing miracles wrought by our
Lord which were indubitable historical matters of fact ; to the rapid growth
of Christianity ; tt) the constancy of Christians so often put to the extreme
test ; to the strict and self-denying lives of Christians and their peaceful
obedience to the laws. I will name the interesting and quite brief Eccle-
siastical History of Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, in Palestine, in A. D. 313,
Father, as he is styled, of ecclesiastical history ; his Life of Constantine^
and his works on the "Preparation" of mankind for Christianity, and his
" Demonstration " of the fultilraent in our Lord, of the Old Testament descrip-
tions of the Messiah. I should add many portions of the interesting and
popular homilies and comments of Chrysostom, Bishop of Constantinople, in
397, a name so familiar to us from the collect in the Prayer-book. I will name
three works of the great Augustine ; his little treatise on the * ' Method of
Teaching " Christianity ; his Confessions, and the grea^ and curious treatise
entitled the " City of God," drawn forth from him by the breaking up, before
his eyes, of the Roman Empire, and the occupation and sacking of the city of
Rome ])y Alaric and his Visigoths in 410, the blame of which disasters to the
empire and its capital had been cast upon the Christians because they had
induced the abandonment of the ancient gods. In this •' City of God," Augus-
tine defends the Christians against their caluminators ; but he declares his
conviction that God was ' ' drawing His Hock and family by kttle and little
out of all places of a declining world, to make of the company an eternal
celestial city, not by the applause of variety, but by the election of verity "
— ^to adopt the words of an old translation.

Productions of less note, but of much general interest and value, appearing
in the centuries as they pass, might be named. We have remains that deserve
examination of our own Venerable Bede, a presbyter of the English Church in
the eighth century. We have the treatise of Bertram or Ratram on the Holy
Eucharist in the next century, in wliich is combatted a materialistic view of
our Loril's presence in that rite ; and in the next century a dissertation called
an Easter Homily, by another English ecclesiastic, Elfric of St. Alban's,
wherein the same thing is done ; and in the following century again a work
on the Holy Eucharist, by Berengar of Angers, a presbyter of the Church of
France, maintaining also the primitive, non-materialistic view which we have
been taught to|fhold. As we come down in time, we have presented to us a
wholesome commentary on parts of the Sacred Scriptures by Anselm, an
Archbishop of our own Church ; and then a commentary of great value on the
whole of the Latin Bible, by Nicolaus de Lyra, a presbyter of the French
Church, In 1354 we find a translation of the whole Latin Bible into English,

chiefly by Wycliffe, a presbyter of our own Church, " the morning star of the
Reformation in England."' The leading works of the Reformation era,
appearing alike in various ciuarters of the Continent of Europe and within the
limits of our own Church, will of course engage the attention of every Christian
man who would be well informed, and they will richly repay the pains taken
in mastering them. Select works of Erasmus, of Lxither, of Melanchthon, of
Calvin, and many others might be named.

When we come into the region of English Divinity, the very richness of the
field creates embarrassment. Every crisis in the history of Religion from the
era of the Reformation to the present hour has given rise in our Communion
to solid and convincing treatises, which it is the duty of every f>ne who bestows
attention on such subjects to consult, at least, if not wholly to master. Works
of this character are suggested by the names of Jewell, Chillingworth, Usher,
Barrow, Jeremy Taylor, the judicious Hooker, the witty South, the humorous
Fuller, Pearson — of whom a great scholar (Bentley) said that "his very dross
was gold " — Beveridge, Stillingtieet, Bull, Sherlock, Warburton, Butler, Paley.

§ 2.

That the matter and method of the English Prayer-book are capable of being
sufficiently maintained, historically and scholastically, is shown in detail in
the late Rev. J. H. Blunt 's " Annotated Book of Common Prayer (Rivingtons),
The sub-title of this work is "A Historical, Ritual and Theological Commen-
tary on the Devotional System of the Church of England." Being a volume
of six hundred royal octavo pages, it is expensive, but it ought to be found in
libraries. A smaller and vei-y useful work on the same subject is Campion
and Beamont's " Prayer-Vjook Interleaved, with Historical Hlustrations and
Explanatory N'otes arranged parallel to the Text " (Rivingtons). Bailey's
" Liturgy Compared with the Bible" is a convenient book for popular pur-
poses, the confirmatory texts being given at full length. I suppose this book
is still on the Christian Knowledge Society's list. It shows, as the compiler
says in his preface, that the English Service Book speaks "as the oracle of
God ; and is, in effect, the Bible condensed into a smaller space, being collected
under a different combination." As to certain strong expressions in the
"Confession of our Christian Faith, commonly called The Creed of Saint
Athanasius," it is to be remembered that they mean exactly whatever the
corresponding strong Scripture expressions may mean — no more, no less. This
document is to be i-egarded prfiperly as a hymn in rhythmic prose. When
grandly sung, with appropriate instrumental accompaniment, or when taken
as so sung, it is felt at once to he an outburst of impassioned didactic
utterances, in tone and style somewhat like those of the ancient Hebrew
prophets when they "took up their parable " and spoke. It is not a Creed in
the technical sense of the term, not beginning with "I believe" (Credo), and
not running throughout in the first person, and in not being the product of a
Council of the undivided Church. It was written originally in the Latin
language, and can be best understood when reail ni that language. The
received English rendering curiously exaggerates the supposed sense here and

there. Clergy and laity in the present day enjoy a great advantage in being
supplied with revised versions, which oftentimes bring modem readers much
nearer the true meaning of very ancient writings than the old versions did-
The change which always takes place in the popular acceptation of words in
the lapse of time renders such improvement periodically necessary. It is to be
expected that the turn of the Quicunque vult, the Te Deum, the Benedicite,
ard other prose hymns with Latin headings in common use, will one day come.
It is, in some points of view, to be regretted that the document in question
has by some chance been made amongst ua on certain days, in public recital,
an alternative for the "Apostle's Creed." The custom has, in appearance,
elevated it to a rank which it was not intended to occupy ; and moreover, it
has thrown us out of harmony, in this particular, with the usage certainly of
the Oriental Churches, and, so far as I know, of the Western ones also.

The authorship of the Quicunque vult has been assigned to various persons
but it is certain that the great Bishop Athanasius of Alexandria had nothing to
do with it. At p. 610 of J. H. Blunt's Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical
Theology, it is attributed to a Bishop of the Church of France, Victricius of
Rouen, A. D. 401. Mr. Ffoulkes, in his work on the subject (Hayes, London),
makes it not improbable that Paulinas, Bishop ;f Aquileia, in Italy, A. D-
800, was the author. According to the first authority just named, it was a
document presented by Victricius, when cliarged with heresy, to the then
Bishop of Rome, Anastasius, as an exposition of his views. Anastasius
approved, and his name became associated with it. In an ancient copy it is
styled the Faith of Anastasius. By tlie carelessness of a transcriber Anasta-
sius became Anasthasius, which error wa> subsequently "corrected" into
Athanasius. Accortiing to the second authority just named (Ffoulkes),
Paulinus, on a visit to the Court of Charlemagne at Aix in A. D. 800, had the
name Athanasius academically given him, according to a well-known fashion
prevalent at that Court ; and hence this exposition of the Faith proceeding
from his pen was styled the Exposition of Athanasius, without meaning any-
thing else than that it was the composition of Paulinus of Aquileia.

For the general historical status of the Anglican Church, which is taken for
granted in the Book of Common Prayer, and which must forever essentially
diflference it from the numerous communities which have departed from its
pale (the Latins included, throughout English-speaking Christendom), Hore's
"Eighteen Centuries of the Church in England" (Parkers, London,) is a con-
venient book to have at hand. (Jeremy Collier's Ecclesiastical History of
Great Britain, and Bishop Stillingfleet's Origines Britannicte, are larger works
which may be consulted.) To meet the exceptions popularly taken against
the Anglican practices in Holy Baptism, the standard works of Dr. William
Wall (1646-1728) supply all that need be said. In this respect, a little book
published in Toronto, "McKay on Immersion," may, with discrimination,
be utilized.

§ 3.
The break-up of the ancient Jewish system legitimately prepared the way
for the introduction of the Christian system ; but within a few years a

remarkable corruption took place, in the form of a partial reviv^il of the Jewish
system within the pale of Christendom — when Christian th' ught and practice
became unconsciously tinged with Judaism. With this may be matched
another corruption which came in some years later, to which the revived
Judaism contributed. The break-up of the old Roman imperial system bene-
ficially prepared the way for national life everywhere, and the enjoyment of a
just moral and political freedom. But a partial rc\'ival of the old Roman
imperial system took place throughout a onnsideraV>le portion of Christendom,
tending to destroy the new-l»orn national life and to abridge everywhere moral
and political freedom. That the removal of the Imperial T'ourt from Rome,
and the confusion conseiiuent upon the successful assaults of the l>arbariana,
should have had the effect of adding to the t-onspiciousnesa of the Bishop of the
old imperial city, ami iucreasing the imijortance of the Christian organization
over which he presided, was natuial enough But the temptation came to
grasp as much as was possible of the secular power which the (^a'sars had
wielded, and to assume as much as was possiVjle of the secular pomp and cir-
cums^ i.i^e with which the throne of the C;tfsars had been surrounded. That
temptation was successful ; and titles, paraphernalia, arrangements and prac"
tices, greatly at variance with the genius of Christianity, were adopted and
propagated far and wide from what ha<l lit-en the imperial centre. Thi';, as it
would seem, was really a primary fultillm^nt of the falling away or defection
from the normal standard of Christianity which had been anticipated by St.
Paul and St. John ; by the former, under the figure of one allowing himself to
be deified, as the old Csesirs were ; and the latter, under the image of a power
which had " received the death-wound of the sword and yet did live ;" a pv wer
which "was and is not, and yet shall be present.' (2 Thes. ii., 3 ; Apoc. xiii.,
3, xni,, 8.) Churches also came to be called basilicas, a term applied by
the later Romans to court-houses, where a praetor or high magistrate, virtually
a representative of the Caesar, ^t for the administration of justice. First,
it would seem, some of the disuse<l basilicas were turned into churches, the
bishop occupying the curule chair of the praetor, and the presbyters arranged
on his right and left, in the places of the praetor's assessors or coadjutor
judges ; and then, afterwards, churches generally were built on the plan f)f
the secular basilica. The obscuration cf '."hristiauity which had already begun
became more and more intense as the ages went on ; under protest, however,
all the while on the part of not a few individuals and schools. The ingrained
spirit of the old Judaism gave rise to an "undying hate " for progress and the
advocates of progress ; and by making it a principle that bygones shall never
be bygones, it is without doubt the source of a great deal of the misery which
afEicts nations at the present moment. The process of okscuration, originating
in the early centuries of the Christian era, is to this day steadily maintained,
and in every community men and women are liable to have tlieir eyes moie
or less blinded by its influence. Therefore it is that I now aim to put friends,
young and old, on their guard. I sincerelj believe that there is not a point
on the obscurantist side of the question which has not been honestly discusse<l
and solidly met by men intellectually, scholastically an<l spiritually com{)etent
to the task. I have already named, in a previous section of this Appendix,

many whose writings will satisfy the candid incjuirer. Ooljbett's " History of
the Reformation " is a work industriously circulated by the anti-reformation-
ista. As issuing from the pen of a nominal Protestant writer, Cobbett's book
is supposed to be a confession of the complete failure of the Reformation in
England and Ireland. I think it, therefore, a duty here to add that to this
production the "Reply" (.S. W. Partridge, London), by H. S. Collette, will
be found a sufficient one. In this reply it is shown that Cobbett's work is
"the most untruthful book, passing under the name of 'A History,' which
has ever emanated from the British press. " Mr. (Jollette has written another
book which it is advisable to possess, " Ijuther Vindicated " (Quaritch, Lon-
don). Ill it the stereotyped calunmies against Luther are refuted. For a
fuller view of Luther, read Julius Kostlin's " Life of Luther" (Scribners, New
York). An excellent general account of the l!eformation itself is given by
Professor Fisher, of Vale, in the volume entitled " Tlie Reformation " (Scrib-
ners, New York).

§ 4.

The time seems to have arrived when some judicious means should be devised
for imparting to the young, in the course of home or school education, such of
the general results as are suited to them, of motlern research and scholarship,
in regard to thf dates, authorship, composition and contents, of the several
books of the ( >ld and New Testaments. There is, in these days, an extra-
ordinary malignity exhilnted against (Jhristianity "in season and out of
season; " and a great use is made of tliese results, or supposed results, by pre-
senting them in a distorted and often caricatured form, to the minds of the
young and others, who are wholly incapalile of judging aright on any such
matters from an absolute lack of knowledge on the subject, the objectors
themselves at the same time usually making it pretty evident that they too
"understand neither what they say, nor whereof they confidently affirm,"
being for the most part under wrong impressions, deriveil from fallacious
sources, of what (,'hristianity really is ami as to what was tlie original import and
drift of the several books, looked at independently, of the Old and New Testa-
ments. It were surely better that such of the generjvl results of modern research
and scholarship in this department of science, as are suited to capacities yet
immature, should come before the minds of our youth from the lips of
adequately informed, friendly instructors, than from the lips of such persons as
these or from tlie pages of books written l)y such iiersous as these. In the
religious training of the young it seems (juite improper now, and unfair, to
wholly ignore the peril which is threatened from the ()uarter alluded to.

For practical teaching puqioses at the present time, the recently completed
"Speaker's" Commentary will be found of much use- -" The Holy Bible
according to the Authorized Version (A. D. IGll.) With an Explanatory and
Oitical Commentary and a Hevision of the Translation, by Bisht)ps and other
Clergy of the Anglican Church," 10 vols. 8vo. (Scribners, New York). It is
inevitable that such a work sbouhl be voluminous, and costly ; and so, out of
the reach of many of those who greatly rc(|uiro its aid. A ci^iy, however,
might be secured for every school library by a uojiunittee. A study of the

various parts of this commentary from time to time, as occasr n may require, will
prove more and more fascinating to the anxious teacher of ' ,oly Writ. Another
work, also too costly for individual purchase, might li cewise be placed with
advantage on the selves of the school library for consultation by teachers : "A
Dictionary of the Bible, comprising its Antiquities, Biography, Geography, and
Natural History, edited by Dr. William Smith," 3 vols. 8vo. (Little, Brown
& Co., Boston.) Dr. Kitto's "Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature," 3 vols. 8vo,
(Blacks, Edinburgh), is another most interesting work of this class. For any
one who desires Sunday after Sunday to follow with the understanding the
Old Testament lessons appointed in the I'rayer-book Lectionary, Benham's
" Companion to the Lectionary, being a Commentary on the Proper Lessons
for the Sundays and Holy Days " (Macmillan, London), will be found very
convenient and valuable. The Introductions pretixed to the several groups of
lessons in this book are full of modern information. Cross's " Introductory
Hints to English Readers of the Old Testament " (Longman's, London), may
afford some help. Maurice's " Prophets and Kings of the Old Testament "
(Macmillan, Loudon), and Plumptre's '• Biblical Studies " (Strahan, London),
will repay examination ; as also will Kurtz's " Manual of Sacred History "
(Lindsay, Philadelphia). "The Golden Treasury Psalter" (Macmillan, Lon-
don), is an excellent vade-mecum for use in connection with the daily reading
of the Psalms. It is an edition with briefer notes of ' ' The Psalter chronolog-
ically arranged by Four Friends. " The Psalms have herein been grouped, not
by the common numbering of the Psalter, but according to the periods of the
history to whicli they seem to belong ; and the aim has been to put the reader
as far as possible in possession of the plain meaning of the writer. — The student
having recourse to these, as t(j a great many other instructive works, will of
course be required occasionally to suspend his judgment for a time, and make
all reasonable allowances.

As has been already remarked in this Appendix, modern clergy and laity
enjoy a great advantage in having placed in their hands revised versions of tlio
Scriptures. For self-instruction and public didactic purposes, such lielps are
most valuable. It is not to be expected that the revised version of the Old
Testament, just about to appear (I'laster, 188.")), will l)e hailed with the
enthusiasui wliioli welcome<l the revissd versiou <if the New Testament, the
latter appeiiiiivg to wiilor popular symjjathies tlian tlie foritier. NovertheleHS,
the revised Old Testament will be to many the more acceptable and the more
practically iisct'ul, of the two piililicatiituH, U>v the reason that the ditliculty of
indepenileiitly cliaring up obscurities in tlie OM TcstauR'nt is greater than it
is in the New, from the less acquaintance which most scholars have with the
Hebrew than with the Greek. It may be added that it will l)e quite worth
the student's wiiile, not tit overlook tiic preferences of the American Revisers,
which are appeniled to the English editions, as it is not improbable that in time
a gooil many of them will be generally adopted.

)

still some, perhaps, like children say,

With all this learning hence away !

No need of varied lore for us !"

To whom I say in answer thus :

Without some learning judgment lies,

When it assents, or when denies.

All at the mercy of each chance,

When any one will words advance.

As Bassus said of it of old,

(Which only shews the ancient mould).

Their "judgment then is divination,"

In private men, and in a nation.

Historic facts being unknown,

Mere guesswork it becomes alone.

A false translation then befools

E'en Romans, till they're Fortune's tools ;

While learning and linguistic lore

Would keep them happy as before.

Khnklm Henry Diomv. Ouranogaia. Canto xv., vol. ii., p. 101.

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