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 MAD 
 

 P' J W i'nr « w.> < 
 
 
 
 REPORT 
 
 ON THE 
 
 WAVERLEY GOLD DISTRICT, 
 
 WITH 
 
 GEOLOGICAL MAPS AND SECTIONS. 
 
 Br 
 
 HENRY YOULE HIND, M.A.,F.R.G.S. 
 
 (Formerly of Trinity College, Toronto.) 
 
 MADE UNDER INSTRUCTIONS FROM THE HON. R. ROBERTSON M E C 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF PUBLIC WORKS AND MINKS. 
 
 HALIFAX, N. S., 
 
 PRINTED Br CHARLES ANNAND, 
 
 1869. 
 
/ 
 
Hon. RoDER'i Robertson, M. E, C, 
 
 Commissioner of Public Works (Did Jl/tMM. 
 
 Sir, — 
 
 I hav^o the honor to submit to you my report on tho 
 Waverlo}' Gold District, Avith accompanying Geological Maps 
 and Sections, made in accordance with vour instructions under 
 date October 14th, 1868. 
 
 I have the honor to be, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 IIEXRY YOULE HIND. 
 Windsor, January, J8G9, 
 
 MAPS AND SECTIONS ACCOMPANYING THIS REPORT. 
 
 1. Geological Map of Waverley Gold District, on a scalo of 200 feet to 
 
 the inch, shewing out-crop of the leads. 
 
 2. Reduced Map of No. 1 on a scale of COO feet to the inch. 
 
 3. Vertical section of the District, from East to West, showing disloca- 
 
 tions, «fec., &c., on a scale of 200 feet to the inch. 
 
 4. General Section, showing structure of the country, on a scalo of 1600 
 
 feet to the inch. 
 
 6. Vertical cross section through East Waverley, on a scale of 100 feet 
 to the inch. 
 
 C. Nos. 1 to 5, Cross Sections in West W.averloy, on a scalo of 400 feet 
 to the inch. 
 
 i 
 
 ■M: 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 I. Gcogi'aphical Features. 
 II. Geological Features. 
 
 III. Dislocations. 
 
 IV. Disposition of the out-crop of tbe strata. 
 V. Characteristic rocks of the District. 
 
 VI. Probable identiflcation of gold-bearing gi'oups of leads in dif- 
 ferent Districts. 
 VII. Section on Range V., West Waverley, showing the diflferent 
 groups of leads, with some of the characteristic rocks with 
 which each gi'oup is associated. 
 VIII. General structure of the leads. 
 IX. Waverley leads. 
 X. The " Gold Streak." 
 XI. Gold at different depths. 
 
 XII. Comparison between the (leological structure of Waverley 
 and Mount Uniacko. 
 
 XIII. Comparison between Waverley and Lawrcncetown. 
 
 XIV. Mining economies at Waverley — Mill work. 
 XV. System of Mining. 
 
 XVI. General observations. 
 XVIT. Ago of the Gold-bearing Rocks of Nova Scotia. 
 
M- 
 
 ^L 
 
REPORT. 
 
 T.— GEOGIlAnilCAL FEATURES. 
 
 Waveri.ev Gold District is fourtoen miles from ITaliflix, 
 eleven of wliicli are by rail to Rocky Lake station, iiiicl three 
 from the station to the villa,t,^o situated in the centre of the 
 district. The western boundary of the areas sliown on the 
 plan, is, however, not moi'e than a mile and a (juarter from 
 Windsor Junction station, thirteen miles from Ilalifax. 
 
 Two well marked chains of lakes traverse the district from 
 north to south. These lakes lie on the course of two nearly 
 parallel dislocations or lines of disturbance, about 5,000 feet 
 a])art, and oH'or a fine illustration of the dependence of geogra- 
 phical outline on geological structure. The westerly chain 
 embraces Third Lake, Three ^lile Lake and Fishing Lake, with 
 their coiuiecting streams, in the aggregate two miles and a half 
 long. Tlieii- waters flow from north to south to the vicinity of 
 Fisln'ng Lake, they then strike across the country to Lake Wil- 
 liam, wliicli, witii a large sheet t)f water named Lake Thomas, 
 belongs to the eastern chain, whose waters (low from south to 
 noi'tli, and ultimately reach the T5ay of Fundy by the Hhuben- 
 acadie River. 'i'lie eastern shores of Lakes Thomas and 
 William are bold and abrupt, having a mean altitude of 200 
 feet above their surface, and when viewed in comiection with- 
 the low country uccu])ied by the lakes named, at once suggest 
 to the observer a disturbance of considerable magnitude in 
 geological structure. The district is divided into two por- 
 tions, called East and West Wavorley. East Wavin'ley lies to 
 the east of Lukes William and Thomas ; West Wavorley to the 
 Avest of those lakes. 
 
 No surface within the limits of the district is elevated more 
 than 3o0 feet above Lake William, or about ;]80 feet above the 
 sea. The highest point is on the north boundary of East 
 Waverley. The summit in West Waverley is on the outcrop of 
 the Union or Taylor lead, and is IIG feet above Lake William. 
 
8 
 
 On a line of section running nearly due east and west, along 
 the axis of the Anticlinal in West Waverley, the highest point 
 is 98 feet, while east of Lake Thomas on the continuation of 
 the same section, the land rises abruptly to 200 feet above the 
 lake. 
 
 Subjoined are a number of longitudinal and transverse sec- 
 tions, which may bo found useful. 
 
 SECTION FROM LAKE THOMAS TO WEST MAIN DISLOCATION — AREAS 
 181 TO 211 — WEST WAVERLEY. 
 Distance. 
 
 ''^ I 1- 
 
 200 
 
 South line of Range VIIL, ) 
 Level of Lake Thomas . . . . j 
 
 100 
 250 
 400 
 550 
 700 
 850 
 1000 
 
 American Hill 1150 
 
 On axis of anticlinal. North 
 line of Range V^III. . . 
 
 1250 
 1300 
 
 Muddy Pond 1450 
 
 1670 
 1720 
 1750 
 1840 
 1900 
 2050 
 2200 
 2350 
 2500 
 2610 
 2650 
 2680 
 2800 
 De Wolfe's Engine Shaft 2950 
 
 Ofeet 
 
 Altitude. 
 
 feet. 
 
 30.95 " 
 47.90 " 
 49.30 " 
 41.90 " 
 38.85 " 
 43.05 " 
 55.30 " 
 86.10 " 
 
 69.60 " 
 
 50.50 " 
 32.15 " 
 2.50 •• 
 16.85 " 
 34.20 " 
 40.00 " 
 38.00 '^ 
 36.45 '• 
 42.60 
 58.65 
 53.45 
 57.80 
 76.30 
 82.20 
 93.35 
 94.65 
 98.35 
 
 ■i • 
 
ii 
 ti 
 u 
 ii 
 li 
 ti 
 ii 
 ii 
 
 ii 
 ii 
 ii 
 ii 
 ii 
 ii 
 li 
 ii 
 ii 
 ii 
 ii 
 ii 
 ii 
 ii 
 ii 
 ii 
 
 Burkner's Crusher 
 
 West Dislocation. 
 
 Distance. Altitude. 
 
 3100 feet 96.50 feet. 
 
 3250 
 3400 
 3550 
 3700 
 3850 
 4000 
 4150 
 4300 
 4450 
 .4600 
 4690 
 4750 
 4900 
 5050 
 . 5200 
 
 li 
 a 
 
 SOUTH LINE OF RANGE VIII.— EAST WAVERLEY. 
 
 Distance. 
 
 Lake Thomas feet 
 
 Barrel Quartz 850 
 
 1000 
 1150 
 1300 
 1450 
 1600 
 1750 
 1900 
 
 a 
 a 
 II 
 it 
 a 
 a 
 a 
 li 
 
 89.45 " 
 
 78.60 " 
 
 68.25 " 
 
 62.00 " 
 
 52.25 « 
 
 41.25 " 
 
 34.55 " 
 
 33.00 " 
 
 43.30 " 
 
 30.25 " 
 
 48.70 " 
 
 53.60 " 
 
 48.90 " 
 
 45.70 " 
 
 53.70 " 
 
 :y. 
 
 Altitude. 
 
 feet 
 
 131.40 " 
 
 169.60 " 
 
 184.35 " 
 
 180.80 « 
 
 195.15 " 
 
 187.55 " 
 
 191.45 " 
 
 200.15 " 
 
 CROSS SECTIONS FROM NORTH TO SOUTH— EAST WAVERLEY. 
 
 Commencing 150 feet south of the north line of Range II., on 
 line between areas 170 and 171. 
 
 Altitude above 
 Distance. ^ake Thomas. 
 
 feet 238.85 feet 
 
 150 " 238.05 " 
 
 400 " 236.55 " 
 
 650 " 221.30 " 
 
 900 " 204.95 " 
 
 1150 " 200.90 " 
 
 let station 
 
 iii 
 
■ 
 
 10 
 
 Di^tanco. Altitn.l.; mI.ov<- 
 
 J.llkC lIlDIIIIIS. 
 
 Brook from Willis' Lako UOO feet U)2.-20 lect. 
 
 Cross east and Avest line of) . . ,, ,, 
 
 section f ^^'^^ -'^^•'•> 
 
 Aniiclinal axis 1000 " 210.10 '• 
 
 2150 " 220. -K) •' 
 
 2400 " 2 lO.fJO " 
 
 2650 " 252.00 " 
 
 2000 '' 258.75 '' 
 
 3150 '• 200.55 " 
 
 Commencin-;- on north lino of Ran^.; IF., on lino botweois 
 
 areas 177 and 178. 
 
 Dislimoc. Allilu.loalH.vo 
 iiiikc llioinufs. 
 
 1st station feet 203.30 feet. 
 
 250 " 278.05 '• 
 
 500 •' 203.40 " 
 
 750 '•' 25 4.80 '• 
 
 1000 " 2:15.05 " 
 
 1250 ■' 207.00 " 
 
 1500 " 177.30 " 
 
 1750 '' 104.30 " 
 
 2000 '•' 1G0.80 " 
 
 Brook from AVillis' Lake 2250 '' 131 .40 '- 
 
 2500 " 131.50 ■' 
 
 2750 " 148.75 '^ 
 
 3000 '• 100.30 " 
 
 3080 '' 188.75 ^' 
 
 3110 " 204.05 " 
 
 3103 '' 222.05 " 
 
 CROSS SECTION FROM NORTH TO SOUTIi — WKST \VA VKliLKY. 
 
 Commencing- on north boundary of District, on line betwoen 
 
 areas 221 and 222. 
 
 North line of District feet 05.05 feet. 
 
 200 " 00.80 " 
 
 250 " 44.30 " 
 
 450 " 41.00 " 
 
nurkiier's pumping shaft 
 Axis ol' iuiticliual 
 
 11 
 
 liistnncc. Allitiulc. 
 
 070 ibet 58.0") feet. 
 
 700 '• G8.00 " 
 
 050 '• 83.15 " 
 
 1200 " 01.45 " 
 
 ..1450 " 84.;)0 " 
 
 . 1700 " 78.00 •' 
 
 10.50 " 77.;')0 '' 
 
 •J200 '• 83.00 " 
 
 2450 '' 70.55 " 
 
 2400 '•' G7.27 " 
 
 2570 " 52.25 " 
 
 2700 " 55.80 " 
 
 2800 '' G0.75 " 
 
 2050 " 51.00 " 
 
 II. GEOLOGICAL FKATUHE8. 
 
 Tn West Wavcrlcy there are few rock exposures ; coarse 
 drift varying from tliree feet to fifty in depth, and in great 
 part composed of gravels and clays, enclosing unworn masses 
 of local origin, covers the surface. A few boulders of granite, 
 derived from a range some miles to the north, are scattered 
 here and there. In l^last Wavcrley, rock exposures are nu- 
 merous, and in general the drift is shallow ; it contains com- 
 paratively few detrital masses until the summit plateau is 
 j^ttained near and beyond Lake Willis. 
 
 The strata at Waverley are arranged in tlio form of an 
 elongated elliptical dome, whoso longest axis is from East to 
 West, or more correctly on a course N. 85 ° E. 
 
 The first movement which led to the i)resonfc attitude of the 
 (Strata was from South to Nortli, by which the beds were 
 thrown into a huge anticlinal fold or undulation, one of many 
 parallel and similar undulations which traverse the country. 
 
 A very feeble conception can now be formed by superficial 
 observation, of the original enormous magnitude of these huge 
 waves of rock which ridged the surface of the Province^ 
 Whether denudation took place as fast as the uplift, or- 
 
 a 
 
12 
 
 wliothor the uiululations attained their niaximnm altitude, par- 
 tially or wholly undenuded, it is certain that not less than 
 9000 feet, in vertical thickness, belonging to one rock series, 
 have been removed from the present surface of Wuvorley 
 Gold District. 
 
 The direction of the orest or axis of this undulation is 
 from the east to west, and the force which occasioned it, 
 operated sufficiently long to throw it over towards the north, 
 hence on the south side of the anticlinal the dips are much 
 less than on the north side, and at the depth of four or five 
 hundred feet, the strata on the north side of the anticlinal 
 will have an overturn dip, and a vertical section from north to 
 south would show the beds to have been thrust over in the 
 form of a pot-hook or letter S. 
 
 Long subsequently to the operation of the force which oc- 
 casioned the east and west anticlinal, another movement from 
 west to east produced a low north and south anticlinal, whose 
 axis appears to lie near Lake Willis. It is this movement 
 which has been the cause of the enormous breaks or disloca- 
 tions already alluded to, as affecting the geographical outline 
 of the country. The result of these anticlinals, crossing one 
 another nearly at right angles, is seen in the long elliptical 
 dome-shaped form, tilted over to the north, which the strata at 
 Waverley now exhibit. 
 
 « III.— DISLOCATIONS. 
 
 If no break or fracture had taken place in the strata, when 
 the low north and south anticlinal was in process of folding, 
 West Waverley, as part of a Gold District, would remain un- 
 recognized. At the east dislocation or line of fracture, an 
 upthrow to the extent of 570 feet took place, and five thou- 
 sand one hundred feet west of this the upthrow at the west 
 dislocation was upwards of 750 feet. Nor were these the only 
 movements which resulted from the fracture, the entire coun- 
 try between the great dislocations, comprising nearly the 
 whole of West Waverley, was moved as it were on a pivot or 
 1 centre of motion ; the thrust being to the north on the Lake 
 
T 
 
 ;ude, par- 
 loss than 
 ^k series, 
 kVuverloy 
 
 iliition is 
 ionod it, 
 ho north, 
 TO much 
 ir or five 
 i\nticlinal 
 north to 
 or in the 
 
 vhich oc- 
 ont from 
 il, whoso 
 lovemont 
 ' disloca- 
 \ outline 
 ising one 
 elliptical 
 strata at 
 
 13 
 
 Thomas side for about 520 feet, and on the west or Pishing 
 Lake side, 180 feet to the south. The pivot or centre of the 
 twist lay between areas 200 and 221. 
 
 Siuiultanoously with this oscillatory motion, the strata were 
 squeezed from west to east in the form ot an arch, causing an 
 upthrow of the crown of the arch about areas 222 and 223 to 
 the extent of fifteen hundred feet, and bringing the walls of 
 the dislocations three hundred and seventy feet nearer to one 
 another ; that is to say : if no squeeze from west to east had 
 taken place, the walls of the break would have been 370 feet 
 further distant from one another than they now are. 
 
 The several movements which have led to the present struc- 
 ture of West Waverley may be recapitulated as follows : — 
 
 1st. The great East and West overturn anticlinal. 
 
 2nd. The low North and South Cross anticlinal, which pro- 
 duced a fracture in the strata 5100 feet from one wall to 
 another, as well as — 
 
 3rd. An upthrow of 570 feet on the east side, with a shove to 
 the north of 520 feet, and on the west side an upthrow of 
 780 feet, and a shove to the south of 180 feet. 
 
 4th. A squeeze ot the strata between the walls of the break to 
 the extent of 370 feet, by lateral pressure, probably from 
 west to east, and causing — 
 
 5th. An upthrow of the crown of the arch, resulting from the 
 lateral pressure, to the extent of fifteen hundred feet. 
 
 ta, Avhen 
 folding, 
 main un- 
 •ture, an 
 ve thou- 
 the west 
 the only 
 iro coun- 
 arly the 
 pivot or 
 the Lake 
 
 The west dislocation is sharp and well defined, the line of 
 fracture dipping easterly at an angle of about 60 degrees. 
 The east dislocation is distinguished by a broad belt of dis- 
 turbed strata, the rock having a brecciated structure. The 
 Barrel Quartz of Laidlaw Hill, if it had maintained its dip 
 undisturbed to a point 600 feet west of the centre of the 
 bridge, ought to be about 500 feet below the surface on the 
 axis of the anticlinal, and dipping westerly at an angle of 
 25 degrees ; it is, nevertheless, found at the surface in a ver- 
 tical position, or nearly so, with a strike S. 79 E. Throughout 
 this broken belt, which may be 200 feet broad, the rock 
 is much disturbed, the irregularity being caused by the grind- 
 ing effect of the combined upthrow and shove to the north. 
 
u 
 
 It iniiy l>c (Icscrihcd ii?» a " Iiioceifi " or rock coin[)08eil of rtn- 
 giiltir IVi\;;'UiL'ntH cemciitcMl t();j;otlier. 
 
 Ill otlicr (!ol(l Districts (lisKiccitioiis exist of great in;»};iiitn<le. 
 At Slicrl)r()()U(j tluTc is iiii cnonuoiis dislocivtion rmmin;^' up 
 Ht. Miiry'rt Kivor, l>iit no accurate dciails arc known rcsp(M;tiiig 
 it. Us coHr.se is iVom uortii to south. At ^lontagne^ there is n 
 dislocation also running nearly duo north and woutli thiougli 
 areas 1247, 1 !'>;>, 1047, Ac, 'I'tils has becu accfunpanred by n 
 shove to the north of to leet. At rjiiwrencetown there ap- 
 pcur* to have been a dislocation of considerable magnitude^ 
 which has thrown the leads on the east side about 10 dtigrecH 
 .^out of their original course. At Renfrew there is a eonsider- 
 ;able twist in the leads on the Free Claim, occasioned by a 
 <crush or H«[ueeze from west to east, throwing the leads froim 
 30 to 50 feet out of their course, and producing fissurea in the 
 etrutii which were subsecjuently filled with auriferous (|uart& 
 and carbonate of lime, forming nhort segregated veins. All 
 of these great movements may have been cantomi)oraneons, 
 and all connected with the system of cross ov north and south 
 anticlinals, which has so remarkably all'ected the Waverley 
 District. 
 
 In East Waverley, minor faults, probably upthrows, are 
 numerous. The fracture dips to the east at an angle of 60 
 degrees, and they preserve nearly the same course as the 
 great dislocations. Small shoves to the north are also visible, 
 and just beyond the limits of the District there is a good illus- 
 tration exposed in the bare rock forming the snmnn't of the 
 highest escarpment, and about one hundred yards to the cast. 
 Here, between belts of quartzite, having a course N. 85 E., is 
 a broad band of slate, twisted so a& to luive a strike N. 45 E, 
 
 IV.— DISPOSITION OF THE OtJTCROF OF THE STKATA. 
 
 All the so-called worked " veins " at Waverley have a beddecl 
 structure, and are interstratified with the slates and (juartzites ; 
 consequently the outcrop of the strata, which must necessarily 
 be symmetrical with that of the interstratified "veins," is of the 
 first importance in endeavoring to obtain a knowledge of the 
 structural geology of the District. 
 
 •I ' 
 
(mI nf an- 
 »^'iiitii(le. 
 
 tli<!Ki! irt a 
 tlll'ougll 
 iiiod by a 
 tli( ro u[>- 
 figiiituilcy 
 ) (Ui^rccH 
 considor- 
 icd by a 
 iiids from 
 ea in the 
 iH (luartz. 
 :ins. All 
 ^riiMoons^ 
 mil suuth 
 iV'averley 
 
 ows, arc 
 glo of 60 
 50 as the 
 lo visible, 
 :oo(l illus- 
 lit of the 
 the cast, 
 . 85 E., is. 
 . N. 45 E, 
 
 RATA. 
 
 a bedded 
 lartzitos ; 
 3ce8sarily 
 ' is of the 
 Ige of the 
 
 15 
 
 Witli Iho oxcoption of tin' small fault.s, to which allusion has 
 ?)t,'cn made, (Ik^ .strain in Kist Waverloy aro perfuctly .syinniot- 
 a-ical. and the (tnti-rops of the ([nartzitos, tho I)!Uids of slato 
 and thu leads, asstuue the iurin t)f conr-ontric Indvos of ollip- 
 SOS as nhown on tho plan. This disposition of tho outcrop is 
 <lno to tho an;j;lo of donudation boiii^- less than tho angle of 
 dip. It may be readily illustrated by means of a number of 
 thiek sheets of pa|)er bent iu an arched form, slightly flattened 
 at the snnnnit to reiiresent the east and west anticlinal, then 
 tilted westerly at an angle of 25 degrees to represent tho 
 north and south anticlinal. Tho upper portion being now cut 
 cle^iu off horizontally, the exposed edges of tho leaves will re- 
 present tho outcrop of tho strata, and have tho form of con- 
 centric Homi-ollipses. 
 
 IJctwecn the west dislocation ajid the railway the rocks aro 
 dso symmetrically arranged, and a num1)er of observations 
 taken in tho railway cuttings showed that the axis of the cast 
 and west anticlinal at P^'ast Waverloy, if prolonged, would 
 meet and coincide with tho axis o** i^ anticlinal whore t 
 crossed by tho railway. 
 
 In West Waverloy, bevU'Jen the dislocations, tho axis is 
 twisted as represented on tho plan, and tho outcrop of tho 
 strata and leads is that of a series of concentric semi-ellipses, 
 much flattened or compressed at tho sides, and with a north- 
 ei'ly bend at its western extremity. 
 
 V. CHARACTERISTIC ROCKS OF THE DISTRICT. 
 
 The lowest or oldest rock seen within the present limits of 
 the district is a thin bed of Argillite, or Clay Slate, dark 
 greenish -gray in colour, but weathering reddish-brown in 
 patches. This rock occurs 24 feet below tho Barrel Quartz. 
 The highest, or newest rock, is found on the east side of tho 
 West Main dislocation, and ia 1500 feet vertically above the 
 thin band of Argillite. 
 
 The known gold-bearing beds of quartz lio in a belt eleven 
 hundred feet thick above the Argillite. But these numbers 
 are ftir from representing the actual thickness of the aurife- 
 
16 
 
 rous strata. Several gold-bearing leads liave been found 
 within a distance of 4600 feet from the axis of the anticlinal 
 showing a known thickness of an rife rous rocks exceeding 
 three thousand five hundred feet. At Renfrew the thickness 
 of the known and worked gold-bearing belt is about five 
 thousand feet ; and at Mount Uniacke it is certainly not much 
 less. At Lawrencetown the thickness of the known belt is 
 about 1800 feet; but the country to the south and north of 
 the worked or discovered leads is still unexplored in this 
 district. The anticlinal hero involves a shallow synclinal 
 near it-: summit. The entire thickness of the auriferous 
 strata in Nova Scotia is stated by Mr. Campbell to be far in 
 excess of the dimensions given above. (1.) 
 
 From what is known of the distribution of gold in the leads 
 in diflFerent districts, it appears probable that the richest 
 auriferous zone lies near the base of the series, and thus 
 
 so ' 
 
 fi affords encouragement to the expectatica that districts will 
 
 be discovered where the base is brought to the surface, and 
 
 f that far richer deposits of the precious metal will eventually 
 
 be worked than have hitherto been met with. (2.) 
 
 ^ It appears to be a common feature in most of the districts 
 
 that some of the richest mines are located near the crown of 
 the Anticlinal ; consequently in the lowest accessible strata. 
 Hence, other things being equal, it is always advisable to sink 
 a main shaft near the axis, because lower beds in the series 
 may be thus reached than by placing the main shaft in any 
 qthe position. 
 
 In the Waverley series, eleven hundred feet thick, are com- 
 prised missive beds of '' Whin " and quartzite, interstratified 
 with thin beds of clay slate, which sometimes assumes a mica- 
 ceous form. Under the general name " Whin " are included 
 
 1. Mr. Selwyn estimates the auriferous strata in Victoira (Australia) to be not less 
 than 35,000 feet thick. 
 
 2. This generalisation -will be better understood when it is known, as stated sub- 
 sequentlj in the text, that probably many hundred feet of strata are exposed, and 
 the leads in them worked, at Mount Uniacke, which lie underneath the Barrel Quartz 
 at Waverley, If it should be proved that the richest beds lie at the base of the series, 
 cross sections on the course of the great anticlinals may lead to the discovery of the 
 upturned and denuded edges of these lower beds, where in all probability leads of 
 
 || unusual richness and equality in the distribution of the precious metal may bo 
 
 disooTored, 
 
17 
 
 a found 
 iticlinal, 
 :ceecling 
 hicknoss 
 ont five 
 lot much 
 n belt is 
 north of 
 I in this 
 synclinal 
 uriferous 
 be far in 
 
 the leads 
 e richest 
 and thus 
 tricts will 
 rface, and 
 eventually 
 
 3 districts 
 5 crown of 
 ble strata, 
 ble to sink 
 the series 
 laft in any 
 
 are com- 
 rstratified 
 les a mica- 
 e included 
 
 to be not less 
 
 as stated sub- 
 exposed, and 
 Barrel Quartz 
 of the series, 
 iscovery of the 
 )ability leads of 
 metal may bo 
 
 u variety of rocks wliicli are correctly known as Dioritc^, 
 Diabase, Dolorite, <tc. ; but for the sake of siinplicitly these 
 will all be coniprolienrled in the general description under the 
 term ''Whin"; tlic difl'erent strata in Nova Scotia Mining- 
 Districts being divided popularly into " Slate " and '' Whin." 
 Very considerable differences exist between the several 
 beds of " Whin," Quartztie and Slate, and as it appears to be a 
 characteristic feature of some gold fields in Nova Scotia (Wa- 
 verley, Lawrencetown, Mount Uniacke,) that certain groups of 
 gold-bearing leads are associated with particular varieties of 
 Whin, Quartzite or Slate, it becomes a study of considerable 
 importance, not only to distinguish carefully between the 
 different beds, but also to group them accurately according to 
 their position. Tiie possible results of this discrimination 
 may bo estimated by the following considerations : — 
 
 VI.— PROBABLE IDENTIFICATION OF GOLD-BEARING GROUPS 
 OF LEADS IN DIFFERENT DISTRICTS. 
 
 There is strong evidence to prove that the Gold-bearing 
 rocks of Lawrencetown, Waverley, Mount Uniacke, as well as 
 other districts, are not only of the samo geological age, but of 
 the same geological horizon, and that the so-called " veins," 
 " leads " or '' lodes," in which the gold is chiefly found, are 
 true beds of quartz of aqueous origin, and formed by deposi- 
 tion in the same manner as the associated quartzites and 
 slates, with which they are interstratified, and indefinitely pro- 
 longed in all directions.^ For instance : a lustrous, curly 
 plumbaginous slate, is found at Waverley associated with rich 
 gold-bearing beds of quartz. A similar slate, so closely re- 
 sembling the Waverley rock, that hand specimens cannot bo 
 distinguished one from the other, is found at Lawrencetown, 
 also associated with gold-bearing leads, and with " Whin " 
 like that at Waverley. Li a less marked degree, a 
 plumbaginous slate is found at Mount L^niacke, preserving a 
 certain vertical distance from a very characteristic coarse 
 quartzite. This coarse quartzite is also found at W^averley in 
 
 1. Sec an article on this subject by the writer of this Keport in the Ap*'"' "upple- 
 mciit to the Mining Gazette, Halifax, 1868, 
 
 2 
 
if 
 
 18 
 
 the same relation to tlio plumbaginous slate as at Mount 
 Uniacko. The probable inference from tlieso facts is that 
 the groups of gold-bearing veins worked at Wavorley and 
 Lawrencetown in connpction with the plumbaginous slate 
 are identical, and may be found at Mount Uniacke ; also, that 
 any group of leads found at Waverley at an ascertained dis- 
 tance from the plumbaginous slate or coarse quartzite may 
 bo searched for with success at Lawrencetown or Mount 
 Uniacke, and vice versa. 
 
 Hence the information acquired in one district becomes 
 available in another district, provided it is judiciously ap- 
 plied, with due precautions as to variations in the thickness of 
 the slaty and quartzose beds. In one part of Mount Uniacke 
 the bed of coarse quartzito was found to be 380 feet thick, in 
 which no parting of slate was seen where the section was 
 made, but the gradations from coarse to fine quartzite were 
 very distinct. At Waverley the supposed same bed of quartz- 
 ite has one known lead and two partings of slate, which were 
 seen on one side of the anticlinal. On the other side several 
 thin partings were recognized. These sections are given in 
 detail under the head " Barrel Quartz Lead," where the infor- 
 mation they convey is discussed. 
 
 Another reason why special attention should be given to the 
 mineral characters and order of occurrence of different strata 
 is to be found in their disposition in the form of anticlinal or 
 synclinal folds. The auriferous quartz lodes on the north side 
 of an anticlinal will be found in corresponding positions on the 
 south side, proper allowance being made for difference in dip. 
 The form of the anticlinal at Waverley being that of a slight 
 overturn to the north, the quartz beds on the south side will 
 Ibe further from the axis than their continuation on the north 
 ■e»de, the difference being dependant on the dip, or the tilt to 
 the north. At Mount Uniacke, where the overturn is to the 
 south, the reverse of this will be the case. 
 
 To enumerate and describe all the different beds at Wa- 
 verley, would be at present impossible, as no complete section 
 lis visible, but sufficient can bo seen in different exposures and 
 shafts to permit an approximate grouping of the leads, for the 
 sake of convenience, and a brief description of the charac- 
 teristic strata with which each provisional group is asso- 
 ciivted. 
 
 
, Mount 
 is thai 
 loy and 
 us slate 
 ,lso, that 
 noil dis- 
 ;itc may 
 * Mount 
 
 becomes 
 usly ap- 
 ;kness of 
 Uniackc 
 thick, in 
 ition was 
 ito were 
 f quartz- 
 ich were 
 e several 
 given in 
 the infor- 
 
 en to the 
 jnt strata 
 iclinal or 
 lorth side 
 ns on the 
 ce in dip. 
 f a slight 
 1 side wilt 
 the north 
 he tilt to 
 I is to the 
 
 Is at Wa- 
 te section 
 snres and 
 da, for the 
 le charac- 
 > is asso- 
 
 
 19 
 
 In using the conventional term " lead," the so-called ''veins," 
 '•lodes" or "leads," arc regarded as thin beds of quartz of 
 aqueous origin, and for the most part deposited under similar 
 conditions as the strata with which they are interstratified. 
 This interesting and important subject will be discussed at 
 length in subsequent pages. 
 
 VJI.- SECTION ON RANGE V.. WEST WAVERLEY, SHOWING 
 THE DIFFERENT GROUPS OF LEADS, WITH SOME OF THE 
 CHARACTERISTIC ROCKS WITH WHICH EACH GROUP IS 
 ASSOCIATED. 
 
 Roclcs in ascending order — Thickness of seciion 1290 fed,. 
 
 I. — BARREL QUARTZ GROUP. 
 
 1. Whin — thickness unknown. 
 
 2. Slate approaching argillite. greenish grey internally, 
 weathering ferruginous brown, with purple patches. 
 
 I. Lead 4 inches. 
 
 3. Whin. 
 
 4. Argillite — greenish gray. 
 
 II. Barrel Quartz Lead, 6 inches to 16 inches. 
 
 5. Whin, passing into fine micaceous slate, interstratified 
 with bands of slate. 
 
 6. III. Slate Lead. 
 
 7. IV. Lead. 
 
 8. V. Slate Lead. 
 
 Total thickness 120 feet. Dip horizontal, or at very low 
 angle. This group forms the flat crown of the anticlinal. (1). 
 
 11. — ROSE GROUP. 
 
 1. Whin interstratified with thin bands of slate. 
 
 I. DeWolfe Lead. 
 
 2. Greenish gray banded slates. The bands or stripes \ a 
 line to 2 lines broad, and enclose brilliant crystals of arsenical 
 iron pyrites. 
 
 (Is) The names given to the difterent leads nre those by which they are generally 
 known in the district. As certain leads have tha same name, or are differently named 
 by different miners, their idoatiHcation can only bo established by reference to the 
 plan. 
 

 mi 
 
 
 20' 
 
 3. Dark bluish gray slate, loaded wltTi ciystaTs of fron- 
 pyrites. In some layers the cryj^tala are very minute, and 
 weathering brown, give to the mass a speckled appearance-. 
 Interstratified with No. 2. 
 
 II. " Large Lead" holding " nnggetty gold." 
 III. Rose Lead, 4 to 6 inchei?. On area 193 dips N. W- 
 angle 60; on area 256 dips S. angle 21 deg. 
 
 4. A fine-grained Whin, holding a few pebbles of the dark, 
 bluivsli-gray slate. 
 
 5. Dark bluish.-gray slate. 
 Thickness 60 feet. 
 
 III. — TAYLOR GROUP. 
 
 I. Concretionary Quartzite upwards of 70 feet thick. Th& 
 concretions are very marked in the exposures of this rock in' 
 East Waverley. They frequently resemble fossil forms, andj 
 it is subsequently shown that this quartzite is fossiliferousv 
 
 Number of Veins. Thickness. Remarks. 
 
 1 , . 4 inches 
 
 2 H " 
 
 3 1 " 
 
 4 4 " 
 
 5 16 " No. VI. I.ead on Plan, 
 
 6 ....... . 4 " 
 
 7 2 '' 
 
 8 6 '' 
 
 9 2 '" 
 
 10 9 " 
 
 11 . 4 '* 
 
 12 9 ■' 
 
 13 I '' 
 
 14 14 "^ 
 
 15 2 '^ 
 
 16 4 " 
 
 17 18 '' 
 
 18 3 " 
 
 19 2 " 
 
 20 1 " 
 
 21 5 « South Taylor, 
 
 22 16 " 
 
•21 
 
 :!S(uiiil3er of Veins. TLicknoss. RenmrtEa. 
 
 23 2 inches. 
 
 24 10 " North Taylor. 
 
 25 3 " 
 
 26 3 " 
 
 27 4 " 
 
 Breadth of this section, IGO feet. Total thiclcness, 320 
 
 I'Cet. 
 
 The Taylor Group is distinguislied by the occurrence of 
 thin bands of plumbaginous slate, interstratified with gray 
 Whin and ferruginous slate. The plumbaginous slate is some- 
 times curly, and of a brilliant metallic lustre ; streak ash gray ; 
 splits into numerous fine layers, with smooth brilliant black 
 •surfaces. 
 
 It occurs 120 feet south of Xo. 12 lead ; also at leads Nos. 
 10 and 11. At and near lead No. G is a banded slate with 
 plumbaginous surfaces or partings. The dark blue portion is 
 compact, hard, and holds minute crystals of arsenical iron. 
 The lighter coloured stripes or bands contain much silica, and 
 are from half a line to two lines in breadth. 
 
 TV. — TUDOR GROUP. 
 
 1. Ilcavy-bedded gray Whin, containing large crystals and 
 ^jodules of arsenical iron pyrites. 
 
 I. The Tudor Load. 
 ir. The North Lead. 
 
 2. Heavy-bedded gray Whin, holding pebblos of blue-black 
 bla-te, and thin bands of blue-black slate. 
 
 IIL Twin Leads. 
 Thickness, 190 fcct. 
 
 V. — SOUTH LEAD OTJOUP. 
 
 l. Thin banded slates, with dark-gray slates loaded with 
 small crystals of arsenical iron pyrites. Massive beds of Whin 
 '■vvith small crystals and scales of arsenical iron pyrites, inter- 
 rstratified with bkc-black slate. The blue-black slate is also 
 seen in position on the north side of the anticlinal on the road. 
 L South Lead. 
 IL Numerous leads lyijig south of the South Lead. 
 Thickness, 600 feet 
 
r 
 
 i. 
 
 11 
 
 I 
 
 22 
 
 RECAriTULATIOX. 
 
 I. Barrel Quartz Group, with 5 known loads, 120 feet. 
 
 II. Rose Group, " a '' " 60 " 
 
 III. Taylor "27 " " 320 " 
 
 IV. Tudor "4 " " 100 " 
 
 V. South Group "7 " " 600 " 
 
 1290 " 
 
 VIII.— GENERAL STRUCTUIIE OF THE LEADS. 
 
 When loads are worked in Whin, tliey are almost always 
 found to be bounded by distinct walls: when Whin is on one 
 side and slate on the other, the wall on the Whin side is gen- 
 erally well defined, while on the slate side it is not only irre- 
 gular, but the slate is frequently seen interstratified with the 
 
 lead. 
 
 The popular impression that all quartz is of igneous origin, 
 and was injected from " below," is common among miners in 
 Nova Scotia, and much loss of capital has resulted from this 
 mistaken notion. No evidence has yet been mot with in any 
 district to my knowledge Avhich give the faintest color to this 
 view as far as the loads in Nova Scotia are concerned. 
 
 It is often urged that the well-delined Whin wall is a proof 
 that the lead is not a stratified bod of quartz of contempo- 
 raneous age, but an injected or segregated vein, either filling 
 a fracture or replacing other strata which have been removetl 
 in a state of solution. It may, however, be remarked that 
 the line of demarkation between slate and Whin often exhibits 
 a true wall, and that if quartz be substituted for a thin band 
 of slate, an exact reproduction of a lead in all its details is 
 effected. Hence, what is true of quartz, as far as the wall is 
 concerned, must be true of the slate under similar conditions 
 ■ but no one suggests the subsequent introduction of thin bands 
 of slate, much less their injection. The wall in both instances 
 often gives proofs of movement. 
 
 Among the most remarkable peculiarities of the leads are the 
 markings on the quartz and on the enclosing rock, whether 
 Whin or hard compact slate. These markings vary from 
 
23 
 
 feet. 
 
 (( 
 
 u 
 a 
 u 
 
 [ always 
 
 1 oil OHO 
 
 3 is gen- 
 nly irre- 
 witli the 
 
 3 origin^ 
 liners in 
 rom this 
 ;h in an}' 
 V to this 
 
 s a proof 
 ontempo- 
 ler filling 
 removed 
 keel that 
 1 exhibits 
 hin band 
 details is 
 e wall is 
 onditions_ 
 liin bands 
 instances 
 
 ds are the 
 , whether 
 ary from 
 
 slickcnsidcs to luige rolls, several feet apart, and sometimes a 
 foot in the swell. They are found in the slates, remote from 
 leads, and often resemble ripple marks. To ^Mr. Campbell the 
 credit is due of first calling particular attention to tliese mark- 
 ings, and Dr. Hunt, likewise impressed with their importance 
 in regard to the structural geology of the Gold Districts, 
 says : 
 
 '' Mr. Campbell has called special attention to what he has 
 called the grain or reed-like marking often impressed on the 
 surface of the beds in a direction parallel to the east and west 
 axes of folding, and he points out that the angle of dip, east- 
 ward or westward, of these markings on the crown of the 
 great anticlinals enables us to detect tlie transverse or north 
 and south lines of undulation, which have at a subsecpient 
 period disturbed the horizontality of the east and west anti- 
 clinal folds. The markings in qiiestion often appear as rib-hko 
 ridges or fiutings, which are most conspicuous on the surface 
 of the auriferous quartz layers and the enclosing beds. On 
 the summit of the anticlinal folds tiiey are sometimes so large, 
 and so well defined, as to give to the layers a wrinkled or cor- 
 rugated form, producing what is designated in the region as 
 barrel quartz, and has b}^ some observers been compared to 
 the ripples on water, and by others to that parallel arrange- 
 ment of logs which is seen on what is called a corduroy road. 
 The best known samples of this is at Waverlcy, but it is also 
 seen at Montague, Oldham, and at Upper Stewiacke." 
 
 xV few yards west of the West main dislocation at Waverley, 
 a fine illustration of these corrugations is visible in the slates. 
 The resemblance to ri[)plo marks at the first glance is very 
 striking, but a closer examination shows that the corrugation 
 is not on the same })lane as the bedding, and consequently the 
 force which produced it must have been other than water. 
 
 The direction of the axis of the small undulations is such, 
 that they might well have been produced during the folding of 
 the greater or east and west anticlinal, but the occurrence of 
 similar corrugations in other districts, at angles nearly ap- 
 proaching forty- five degrees, where there is no evidence of a 
 cross anticlinal of such magnitude, gives colour lo the suppo- 
 sition that these markings wera not necessarily associated 
 with the' first folding, and that th'oj'. are untrustworthy guides 
 in relation to that movement. 
 
 At ^lontague and at Mount Uniocke, there are small and; 
 
24 
 
 
 
 largo undulations and ni'irkin;:>\s, wliioli tlo }i.jl appear to have 
 had any connection with the cast and west folding, but it is 
 very probable that they were connected with local disturb- 
 ances in tlioso districts, and may form valuable assistants in 
 discovering the displacements. Under all circumstances they 
 arc well worthy of study, and such distinguishing characteristics 
 may eventually be found as will enable thoui to be separated, 
 and referred to the force which produced them, whether occa- 
 sioning ii fold or a dislocation. 
 
 They liave, however, an especial bearing on the structure 
 of numerous leads, which give indisputable evidence of mo- 
 tion, either in their body or at one wall. The coincidence 
 between the direction of the ripples on the slates at Waverley 
 and the dip of the rocks resulting from the cross anticlinal, is 
 so marked that in this instance they may with [n'opriety bo 
 referred to the first folding ; and the force which occasioned 
 the ripples caused also a bodily sliding to a small extent 
 of one bed of strata over another, and the production of 
 a fissure which was subsequently filled with quartz 
 and carbonate of lime constituting a segregated vein. — 
 Sometimes the fracture and sliding took place in or near the 
 middle of a bed of quartz. At Mount Uniacke, for instance, 
 there is a four-foot lead, which has a fracture near the centre, 
 partially filled (subsequently) with arsenical iron pyrites, and 
 in the cavities the crystals of quartz are seen with their 
 apices pointing towards each other. The same peculiarity is 
 not unfrcquently observed in large leads. At Waverley the 
 movement has occurred between the quartz and the Whin, or 
 between the quartz and hard slate, or in bands of slate, and in 
 all cases slickensides, rood-like markings, ripples and small 
 undulations have been produced. In the Barrel Quartz no 
 sliding motion is distinguishable, for the corrugations extend 
 far into the overlying Whin rock until they assume the form 
 of a series of connected arches five, six and even seven feet in 
 width. The corrugations are by no means coidined to the 
 quartz lead, but spread out, fan-like, into the overlying rock. 
 At Montague the ripples or swells are at an angle 
 of 45°, and are frequentl}'l)from five to eight feet apart, and 
 the swell rises as much as .six inches above the plane of tlio 
 bedding, the lamintu of the wall rock conforming to it. 
 
 \l)\ 
 

 At Lawroiicotown tlicro are similar larpjo ripples, but at uii 
 angle of about 30 degrees. The leads in question, both at 
 Montague and Lawrencetown, are synclinal forms. It is a 
 popular belief that in tli? vicinity of these swells the load is 
 more productive than between them. It appears to bo well 
 established at Montague that the nodules of arsenical iron 
 p\Tites containing free gold, are more numerous and of larger 
 proportions close to the swell than at a distance from it. IJut 
 lenticular mast;-cs of arsenical iron pyrites are found in the 
 Whin, remote from any visible vein, unconnected Avith one 
 another, and sometimes lying at right angles to the bedding. 
 
 At Hammond Plains there are immense beds of feebly 
 auriferous quartz, as much as 20 feet thick, and in tlicfse crys- 
 tals of oxide of zinc are numerous, besides numerous cavities 
 lined with crystals of calcareous spar ; the surfaces of the crys- 
 tals are s[)angled with cubical iron pyrites. At Renfrew, 
 where the strata have evidently sbd over one another, crystals 
 of calcareous spar are common, and sometimes form as much 
 of the lead as the rich gold bearing quartz itself; these occur 
 on the Free Claim, Avhere a considerable twisting of the strata 
 has taken i)lace, and short unconnected, but thick auriferous 
 veins lill the cavities formed by the movement, which are 
 newer than and wholly distinct from the bedded leads, con- 
 temporaneous with the strata. While the gold which the 
 bedded loads contain, in connnon with the other metals, was 
 most probably derived from the oceanic waters from which 
 the quartz was deposited, the gold in the short segregated 
 veins of subsequent origin was transferred from the bedded 
 leads or auriferous interstratified slates. 
 
 Dr. Hunt expresses his opinion somewhat decidedly respect- 
 ing the origin of the quartz leads. He says, — " So far as my 
 present observation goes, I think that to describe them other- 
 wise than as interstratified beds, would be to give a false 
 notion of their geognostic relations." (I). 
 
 )f the 
 to it. 
 
 (1.) GOLD UEGION OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 "Tlin Iiiiuinatod structure! of man}' of the lodos, iind tlie intorcidiitioii between their 
 la3ers ol' thin conliiuious films or layers of iu'{;illite, can Imrflly bo expluiiipd in any 
 other way than by supposing these lodes to have been formed by successive d('|)osition 
 at what was, at the lime, the surface of the earth. There is, moreover, eviilence that 
 these laniinie wore formed before the lodes were folded and contorted ; this is fur" 
 
2G 
 
 Tho onisli or sqiioejco rosultinji; from tlio folding of tin; cross 
 auticlinals have occasionally produood a])i)arent jogrf in the 
 leads 'vvliicli at the lirst glance snggest the passage of the 
 lead from one siile of a hed of slate or whin to tho other, after 
 cutting obli(iuely or at right angles across it, but without its 
 continuity being broken. Two well marked instances of this 
 form of disturbance came under my notice at Mount Uniacke. 
 In one case,' the lead after descending as a plain sheet of 
 quartz several feet at an angle of Go® H., abruptly takes a 
 horizontal course northward for the space of four feet, not, 
 however, in a plane sheet of quartz, but in corrugations like 
 barrel ([uartz, it then assumes a course parallel to its original 
 direction, and as a plane sheet plunges downwards at the angle 
 of 65 ® S. 
 
 In another instance tho crush, instead of throwing the load 
 out of its course by a horizontal thrust, has acted in a direc- 
 tion from east to west, and the corrugations between the two 
 planes in which the dillerent parts of the lead are found, are 
 vertical instead of horizontal, as in the first-named case. The 
 first illustration may have taken place during the east and 
 west folding, the latter during the north and south folding, for 
 at Mount Uin'acke as well as at Waverley there is very low, 
 but distinctly marked cross anticlinal. 
 
 The effect of the movement is also seen in the remarkable 
 bulging out of leads. Huge lenticular masses of quartz, pro- 
 bably of subsequent origin, are not unfrequently found asso- 
 
 iiishod 1)}' soinn remarkiiblc spcciuioiis of the so-ciillcd barrel quartz which I took 
 from a lock; at LTpper Stewiacke, niul whwh consists ol" a bluisih quartz in thin i)late» 
 sometimes not more than one-twcntietli of nu incli in thickness, and i)rescnting in 
 some instances glazed siirfi'ce.s coated witli thin argillaceous films, and in others, 
 pellicles of argillite liaving the thickness of paper. Tlio surfaces of all tlie.se layers 
 are deejily striated or furrowed at right angles to the axis of the larger con\'oliitions 
 of the lied, a result evidently due to a sliding of thelay(!rs of the quartz lode over one 
 another during the corrugation of the strata wliich has liero taken place neartlie summit 
 the anticlinal. It seems not improbable that tlio cornig.itcd structure of the lodes, 
 which gives I'ise to the barrel quartz, is due to tlie diU'tu'ence in texture, and to tlie 
 greater resistance to lateral pressure offered by the quartz layers than by tiio enclosing 
 bods of clay and sandstone, which by their consolidation have given rise to tho argil- 
 
 f! litcs and quavtzites. There is, moreover, evidence that during the movement of tho 
 
 jjj, strata, op(Miings and fissures were in some eases formed in these quarJz lodes, giving 
 
 rise to joints in which gold, metallic sulpluirets, and carbonate of lime were after- 
 
 i!i|! wards deposited, apparentl}' by solution and segregation from tho adjacent parts of the 
 
 * lode." 
 
 iiiiil 
 
27 
 
 ciatcd with a thin k^ad not more than a fvw inches in thick- 
 11088. A mass 10 leot in diameter at the surface lias been 
 ibnnd to diminisli at the dejoth of 18 feet to 2 inches. 
 
 Surface indications are not to be relied on as deternn'ning; 
 the number of loads in a given space. Like the thin beds of 
 slate with which they are frequently associated, the aurifer- 
 ous quartz beds " give out" and '' take up" again at inter- 
 vals, not unfrequently constituting very thin and broad lenti- 
 cular sheets ; many leads, however, preserve tolerable uni- 
 formity for miles. 
 
 Hence it is impossible to speak with certainty of the num- 
 l)er of leads in a given space, for purfaco indications do not 
 always allbrd the requisite means for obtaining correct infor- 
 mation. 
 
 In a shaft at Sherbrooke,at a depth of 90 feet, a tunnel was 
 driven at right angles to the strike of the leads (across the 
 metals) for a distance of 80 feet. Twenty-throe leads were 
 intersected, from 3" to 12'' in thickness, whereas at the sur- 
 face only ten had been discovered by costeening. 
 
 At Lawrencetown nine leads had been discovered within a 
 space of 00 feet by costeening; a quarter of a mile to the 
 east seventeen leads were exposed on the continuation of the 
 same group, and within the same horizontal distance. 
 
 In a space of 120 feet at Waverley, twenty-seven leads, 
 varying from one inch to twenty inches in thickness, were 
 found by careful costeening. ]3road bands of (piartzito or 
 Whin are frequently barren ; and tlie association of leads with 
 special rock species aflbrds a convenient method of grouping 
 them. 
 
 Where slates abound the leads are very numerous ; and no 
 true estimate of the auriferous value of a slaty series of beds 
 can be formed except by tunnelling at right angles to the 
 strike. 
 
 In Australia " the (juartz veins occur througiiout the lower 
 pahuozoic rocks, from the size of a thread to many feet in 
 thickness. They have mostly a nearly true meridional direc- 
 tion, and are inclined either east t)r west, at angles varying 
 from horizontal to vertical ; occasionally they occur between 
 the planes of the strata, more frequently those of cleavage, 
 and they often intersect both. They are true mineral lodes, 
 
28 
 
 •and ]>eiroctly aimlai^oiH in their niodo of occnri'onco to all 
 <«tlior niinonil voiuH, wliotlior of HJlvcr, k'.ul, tin, ci»i>[>or, or any 
 other crystiilliuo niinerah" (I) 
 
 Voina fr(j(j[UontIy occur between planen of cleavage in tiie 
 Nova Scotia districts; thoy aro very numerous in one part of 
 Mount IT^niacke, and also in the country west of West Waverley. 
 No instance of a cleavage vein having been Avorked in Nova 
 Scotia is known to mo. 
 
 In North Carolina the gold belongs to four dillerent geolo- 
 gical positions : — 
 
 Ist. Drift gold. 
 
 2nd. " In stratified layers which aro contemporaneous with the 
 
 rock." 
 l^v^\. " In connection with seams and joints of tlie rock, and 
 
 probably diffused in the mass." 
 ith. *•' In regular veins associated with quartz and the sul- 
 
 ])hurets of iron and copper." — (Emmons, Geology of 
 
 North Carolina.) 
 
 Dr. Ennnons lays stress upon the discovery first made by 
 liim in 1856, that the gold found in the bedded strata in North 
 Carolina is of contemporaneous age with the rock. " If this 
 view is correct gold is a sediment ; and belongs, as I .shall 
 show, to the Pahcozon period." 
 
 The rocks of North Carolina are of especial interest in con- 
 nection with Nova Scotia geology, for it will be shewn in the 
 sequel that the strata at Waverley are very probably of the 
 ^amo ago as the gold bearing beds in North Carolina, and lio 
 near the base of the Lower Silurian Series. 
 
 5ii' ; 
 
 I 
 
 CROSS LEADS AND TRUF. VKINS, 
 
 Everv district has its cross leads. These occur in fissures 
 produced by dislocation, or in some quartzites or Wliin, pos- 
 sibly as shrinkage cracks. The first named may be very 
 valuable, from their great depth, and possible accumulation of 
 rich deposits of mineral in the fissures they fill. Thoy aro all 
 HOgregatod veins, no instance of an injected vein having been 
 discovered in any district. 
 
 {I.) Selwjn— Geologj' of Vi' loria. 
 
20 
 
 TIio truo voiiw uro not jumiorous, but HomotimcH tfioy nrcf 
 oxcoeclingly rich. Nuiio of tlio veins cutting tlio ntrnta at 
 Wtivorlcy liavo boon worked. Ono side of tlio p'osit disloca- 
 tion at ]\Iontag'uo is tlie Huat of a true vein, loaded with 
 arsenical pyrites; it is auriferous, hut has not been worked. 
 At Lawrencotown the vein lillijig a crack cutting the strata at a 
 very small angle, presented prt)n)ising a})pearances. At Mount 
 Uniacko a small vein cutting the (juartzite yielded several 
 ounces to the ton. At Oldham true veins aro nuuHirous, and 
 in some instances promising. 
 
 IX. — WAVERLEY LEADS. 
 
 Rejecting insignificant returns from trial assays of other 
 loads than those enumerated below, the aggregate quantity of 
 gold yielded by five leads at Waverley during the years 1862 
 to 1868, inclusive, has amounted to 45,000 ounces (estimated). 
 
 The Avorked leads are in ascending order, 
 
 1. Barrel Quartz Lead. 
 
 2. No. VI. 
 
 3. South Taylor or Union. 
 
 4. North Taylor. 
 
 5. Tudor. 
 
 6. Brodie or North Lead. 
 
 From these leads there has been extracted, according to 
 official returns, the quantities of quartz and gold shown in the 
 subjoined table during each year. The average yield being 
 10 dwts. nearly. 
 
 Yeab. 
 
 Quartz — ^Tous 
 crushed. 
 
 Total yield 
 in ounces. 
 
 Aremgo yield 
 per ton. 
 
 Avcrngo 
 per man. 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 (9 mo's). 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1868 
 
 3,741 
 
 6,754 
 
 6,979 
 
 10,709 
 
 17,286 
 
 11,289 
 
 8,401 
 
 1,507 
 2.380 
 4,491 
 13,102 
 10,486 
 4,134 
 3,242 
 
 oz. dwta. grs. 
 
 8 
 7 1 
 
 12 17 
 
 1 4 11 
 12 1 
 7 7 
 7 22 
 
 $258 40 
 297 80 
 895 87 
 584 31 
 422 63 
 
 Totals 
 
 65,159 tons. 
 
 39,342 oz. 
 
 10 dwt. nearly 
 
 
30 
 
 IJARREL QUARTZ GROUP. 
 
 The Barrel Quartz Lead. 
 
 In the early liiritory of Gold Mining in Nova Scotia, the 
 Barrel Quart>5 wa.s suitposed to be a distinct mineral develop' 
 uient, and as sncli the record of the yield of gold from this 
 lead was distinguished from others. The following table 
 shows the amount of quart/ crushed and gold produced dur- 
 ing the years 18G2 and 18G3 from the " Barrel Quartz :" 
 
 Tons of Quartz Crushed, Produce in oz. Average. 
 
 18G2 3592 1360 7| dwts. 
 
 1863 2370 471 4 " 
 
 Total 5952 tons. 1831 ozs. 5 dwts. 16 grs. 
 
 At Oldham there is a " Barrel Lead," which dips to the 
 north at an angle of 60 degrees. It yielded in 1862 a minimum 
 of 14 dwts. to the ton. The highest being 1 oz. 10 dwts. to 
 the ton. The depth to which it was mined in that year 
 reached eighty feet. In 1867 several corrugated leads were 
 exposed at Oldiiam, and indeed in almost all the mining dis- 
 tricts modifications of the Barrel Quartz of Waverley have 
 been discovered, being doubtless in all cases originally hori- 
 Koutal beds of quartz, which have been subsequently corru- 
 gated during the process of the folding of the anticlinals or 
 synclinals in which they are found. There is no reason to 
 suppose that the peculiar corrugated or barrel formation has 
 any influence upon the richness of the lead. 
 
 In East Waverlc)"^ the Barrel Quartz Lead has a large ac- 
 cessible development. Its form there, to the depth of several 
 hundred feet, is that of the rind of half a lemon, slightly com- 
 pressed at its north side, flattened at the top, and cut clean 
 and square oflT at one extremity, where it meets with the great 
 upthrow running in part through Lakes William and Thomas. 
 
 There are several faults intersecting the barrel quartz on a 
 course north 6 degrees east. Some members of this system 
 of faults can be seen in the bare rock on area.s 5, 4 and 3, they 
 are from 4 feet to 40 feet between the walls. 
 
 The Barrel Quartz is cut clean off by a fault at the eastern 
 extremity of the present workings. The displacement docs 
 
31 
 
 not appear to exceed a low foot, but it would require specia 
 examination to determine tlic extent of the movement. 
 
 An excellent guide is alFordcd by the appearance of the 
 Barrel Quart;c, on the north-east corner of area 310, West 
 Waverloy. ITerc in tlie disturbed belt the lead is vertical, 
 with a course S. 79 E., and the following section is visible: 
 
 Whin. 
 
 Barrel Lead G inches. 
 
 (Slate) Argillito 3 feet " 
 
 Whin 21 " G " 
 
 Lead " 4- " 
 
 Slate 3 to 4 " " 
 
 AVhin. 
 
 In West Waverlej the Barrel Quartz lead lies nearly hori- 
 zontal, and but a few leet below the surface, (dependant upon 
 the undulations,) forming the flat compressed crown of the an- 
 ticlinal. It plunges ratliv^r suddenly to the south and north, as 
 shewn on Section No. V. On area 189 the Barrel Quartz load 
 will dip gently to the west, and before it reaches the west 
 main dislocation with gradually increasing dip, it will be about 
 1800 feet below the surface. 
 
 Below the Barrel Quartz there are four leads known to exist: 
 that there are very many more accessible there can be little 
 doubt. In subsequent pages a comparison is made between 
 the Waverley anticlinal and the Mount Uniacke anticlinal, in 
 which it is shown that great probability exists that below the 
 barrel quartz a considerable number of gold bearing leads will 
 be found. 
 
 THE ROSE GROUP. 
 
 No returcs from this group. A few shallow shafts have 
 been sunk on the Rose Lead. 
 
 THE TAYLOR GROUP. 
 
 The following leads have been worked in this group :— 
 
 1. No. VI. Lead. 
 
 2. South Taylor or Union. 
 
 3. North Taylor. 
 
 From the manner in which the accounts have been kept by 
 the different companies working in these leads, it is impossible 
 
32 
 
 to obtain any correct information respecting the average yield 
 of gold. 
 
 The following tables have been kindly furnished by W. II. 
 Clarke, Esq. 
 
 Leads tuorked hy Taylor, Waverley & Boston and Nova Scotia 
 Gold Mlnimj Companies, the number of shafts and depths, 
 and the aggregate yield. 
 
 Name of Lead. 
 
 Shaft. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Load. 
 
 Shaft. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Leal. 
 
 Shaft. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 N. Taylor. 
 
 1 
 
 135 
 
 S. Taylor 
 
 1 
 
 130 
 
 No. VI. 
 
 1 
 
 150 
 
 <( 
 
 2 
 
 100 
 
 ii 
 
 3 
 
 150 
 
 
 2 
 
 90 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 100 
 
 ii 
 
 3 
 
 220 
 
 
 3 
 
 90 
 
 (. 
 
 4 
 
 75 
 
 li 
 
 4 
 
 175 
 
 
 4 
 
 280 
 
 (( 
 
 5 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 361 
 
 li 
 
 6 
 
 110 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 187 
 120 
 135 
 
 1. Aggregate yield, 7,903 ounces. 
 
 2. Dip of gold streak. East to West. 
 
 3. Shafts numbered from Muddy Pond east to Lake Thomas. 
 
 Leads loorked hy North American Gold Mining Comj)any, the 
 number and depth of shafts, and the aggregate yield. 
 
 
 Shaft. 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 Depth. 
 
 
 Shaft. 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Depth. 
 
 North or Brodie vein . . 
 
 ti ii it 
 
 U « <1 
 
 • • 
 
 Feet. 
 
 GO 
 120 
 105 
 
 Tudor vein. . 
 
 • • 
 
 Feet. 
 
 120 
 140 
 
 1. Aggregate yield, 670 ounces. 
 
 2. Dip of gold streak on North vein, West to East. 
 
 3. No visible gold streak on Tudor vein. 
 
 4. Shafts numbered from East to West. 
 
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34 
 
 
 THE TUDOR GROUP. 
 
 Tlie following tables havo been supplied by ^Ir, Burkiicr, 
 showing the yield of gold iVoin the Tndur Lead at diirerent 
 depths. It happens, unfortunately, that quartz from tlio North 
 Lead was crushed simultaneously with (piartz from the Tudor 
 Lead, so that it is impossible to construct a diagram shewing' 
 the position of the rich auriferous zone of gold-bearing quartz 
 Avith accuracy on either lead. 
 
 As a general fact it may be inferred that the zone of richest 
 quartz lay between fifty-five and one hundred and ten feet 
 from the surface. That on area 1G2 it descended to nearly 
 200 feet in dei)th, and that below 200 feet the avcraa-c vield 
 obtained in the crusher did not exceed 8 dwts. per ton. Mr, 
 Burkner estimates that not less than from two to three thou- 
 sand ounces were stolen by the miners. 
 
 It must not be supposed that eight penny weiglits represent- 
 ed the average total amount of guld in a ton of quartz at a 
 depth of 200 to 300 feet, that quantity having been obtained 
 by the process employed at the mill, and it ia safe to state, as 
 shown subsequently, (Mining Economics at Waverley) that it 
 does not represent the actual amount of gold which might 
 have been obtained by at least 33 per cent, or one-third. 
 
 The average yield below 200 feet may be put down as be- 
 low: — 
 
 Gold obtained by crushing 8 dwts. per ton. 
 
 Escaped in the tailings (35 p. c.) 4 '' *• 
 
 Total average yield per ton 12 dwts. 
 
 Monthly lieturns of L. Burhicfs Mill at Waverley, of Quart:, 
 from about 150 feet along the Tudor Lead for the year 18G5. 
 
 ■ ■„ oz. dwt. oz. dwt, 
 
 Januarv. . 110 tons of western 300 feet. .. . 153 3 
 •' ' 305 " of eastern 450 " .... 288 13 
 
 Total for January 441 16 
 
 Febr'y ... 210 tons of western 450*^feet 190 2 
 
 Western 360 ft. drowned this month. 
 March ... 272 tons of western 300 feet . . . . ()05 6 ' ■'- ' 
 " 382 " of eastern 450 "... 427 8 
 
 ■': ' '^: Total for March 1032 U 
 
 '■r<r 
 
 
 
 
 iT^,- 
 
.^.:.M 
 
 ,. :a 
 
 3ii 
 
 April ... 205 tons of wcfefern 300 foot .... 482 9 
 • 298 " of oiistcrn A')0 '' .... 320 1 
 
 Totul for April 802 10 
 
 May 172 tons of wostern 300 foot. . . . 384 10 
 
 '•' 307 " of oastorn 450 " 379 
 
 Total for May 703 10 
 
 June 2G0 tons of wot^torn 300 foot .... G45 17 
 
 " 440 " of oastorn 450 " .... 554 4 
 
 Total for Juno 1 200 1 
 
 J'lly 220 tons of Avestorn 300 foot 445 
 
 '< 358 " of oa.'itorn 450 " 343 19 
 
 Total for July 788 19 
 
 August . . 300 tons of wostcrn 300 foot 501 4 
 
 " 476 " of eastorn 450 '' .... 473 15 
 
 Total for Ano-ust 974 19 
 
 .^opfr. . . . 237 tons uf wostcrn 300 foot .... 358 14 
 " 358 " of castorn 450 " .... 3G3 19 
 
 Total for ,Scptcnil)or 722 13 
 
 Oet'r 220 ton.s of wostorn 300 foot 300 1 1 
 
 ■■' 548 '' of eastern 450 " 480 15 
 
 Total for October 853 G 
 
 Nov'r . . . 270 tons of wostorn 300 foot ... 201 3 
 '• 530 '' of eastern 450 '' . . . 358 5 
 
 Total for November 559 8 
 
 Dec'r 111 tons of western 150 feet 99 11 
 
 " 383 '' of eastern 450 " .... 298 2 
 
 Total for December 397 13 
 
 G972 tons. 8727 11 
 
 oz. dwt. oz. tlwt. 
 
 2377 tons of western 300 ft., 4243 8 Average, 1 14 per ton. 
 4595 " of eastern 450 '<. 4484 3 " 19 " 
 
 G972 tons. 750 " 8727 11 " l' G " 
 
 ^Besides this amount of gold, at least $50,000 to ^^'00,000, or 
 2500 to 3000 ounces, if not more, were stolen by tlie miners 
 (luring the same year. 
 
 The yield of gold during the last six months of 1864 was 
 nearly the same as tlio average of 1865. 
 
 The yield during 18GG and 1867 gradually decreased (in the 
 most western 150 feet of the lead rapidly,) until it did not 
 cover the expenses. 
 
 The total working expenses (crushing included) have been 
 up to 1,8()G, about ^10 to $12 per ton on the eastern part of the 
 lead, and about $12 to %H per ton on the western part. Since 
 1.8.G6 the lead has been Worked $3 to $5 per ton cheuiter. . 
 
 'y \^ '- *'i' .*-V' - , -^ * - 
 
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 m-t -••■■■,'■ - m V . 'W. 
 
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37 
 
 X.— THE "GOLD STREAK." 
 
 In every district in Nova Scotia it is remarked tliat the 
 gold tVeqiiontI}' "runs in streaks;"' that is to say a J^ono of 
 rich auriCerous qnart^^ occupies a certain breadtli in the liMid, 
 while to the east and west of that /one the quartz is compara- 
 tively poor in the precious metal. It i^ also f(»nnd that in 
 dill'ei-ent districts the " Uold Streak" has a dilTerent nnglo 
 with the horizon, and tJiat sometimes the course of the rich 
 '/one is coincident with the ripples or swells in the leads, — 
 also that the Uold Streak varies in direction in dillerent leads. 
 
 At Montag-ue the Cold Streak dips at an angle of 4a degrees 
 to the west, so also do the corrugations in the lead. 
 
 At Sherbrooke in some mines the Gold Streak on the south 
 Bide of the anticlinal di[)s to the east at a high angle, and on 
 the north side to the west at about the same angle. 
 
 At Lawrencetown the dip is westerly at a low angle. Tho 
 dip of the corrugations in the same. 
 
 It is probable that in each lead the Gold Streak has a course 
 pecidiar to itself, with an easterly and westerly trend. Known 
 facts resi)eeting the Gold Streak are too few and too indelinite 
 to permit of any conclusion being drawn for any number of 
 leads, but where one lead is taken into consideration, much 
 useful iidbrmation may be obtained by studying the structure 
 of the lead and the direction of the '* Streak." 
 
 In the shallow synclinal at Lawrencetown for instance, the 
 dip of tlie Gold Streak being westerly at a low angle on tho 
 f^outh side of tho synclinal, its dip will jjrobably be easterly at 
 the same angle on the north side. On an anticlinal if tho 
 streak or zone dip easterly on the south side, it will be found 
 dippiug westerly on the north side, in the continuation of tho 
 same lead or sheet of auriferous quartz. At Montague there 
 arc two very rich zones on the same lead about 520 feet apart, 
 dipping west at an angle of -15 degrees. The breadth of one 
 zone is about 300 feet, of tho other 250 feet; the yield of gold 
 in each has been tolerably uniform, and averaged 3^- ounces to 
 tho ton. On the west side of these zones the yield diuiinishcs 
 abruptly to 5 dwts. x^er ton ; on the other side it shades off to 
 3 dwts. per ton. 
 
 i 
 
38 
 
 Tlic (listril)iition of tlio zonos at Slicrhrooke loads to tlie in- 
 foreiico that tlio gold wan. originally deposited in belts from 
 the oceanic waters, whether influencod by accumulations of 
 organic matter or othorwiso. It would bo a simple matter to 
 explain the structure of the Gold Streak, on the supposition 
 that organic matter determined the deposition of the metal in 
 belts or xones, for it is easy to oonceivo accumulations of 
 stranded organisms on subaqueous beaches in a shallow sea in 
 the form of long narrow bands. Organic msittor determines 
 the deposition of most metals from solutions, and whatever in- 
 termediate combinfitions and decompositions took place, ac- 
 cumulations of organic matter may have boon the ])roximato 
 cause which determined the distribution of the gold in zones 
 or belts. According to this view the direction of Gold Streak 
 will probably differ slightly in each lead, but tlioro will be a 
 general parallelism in a considerable number of adjacent leads^ 
 and the direction of ono zone will be a clue to several. 
 
 But other and more important deductions may bo drawn 
 when attention is given to ono particular load. The course of 
 the Gold Streak being once known, it can bo traced through all 
 the deviations produced by anticlinals, synclinals, dislocations, 
 and in general almost all varieties of disturbance. 
 
 From Mr. Burkner's table on page 36 it appears that the aver- 
 age yield of the Tudor Lead, between the depths of 55 feet and 
 100 feet from the suriace, was as follows, from east to west : — 
 
 Breadth of Zone, 55 feet. 
 
 Mean yield on areas 165, 104, 163. . . 
 
 " " area 162 
 
 161 ] 
 
 And one-third of 160 [ 
 
 Mean yield of two thirds of area 160 . 
 
 450 foot. 
 
 22 dwts 
 
 150 do. 
 
 36 '• 
 
 200 . do. 
 
 24 ''■ 
 
 100 do. 
 
 3S " 
 
 The falling off in the west 100 feet of area, 160 is not only 
 sudden but extreme. But it must be remembered that on 
 this area the work Avas stopped at a depth of 110 feet. It is 
 worth while to consider what probabilities exist of discovering 
 the rich zone at a greater depth. 
 
 An inspection of the section showing the form of the east 
 and west anticlinal, points out the remarkable coincidence that 
 in area 160 (or more properly area 201, where Mr. Burkner's 
 
 1 . 
 
 f^t^t?(iVto 
 
 ''iiiW**!- 
 

 slmUs arc really situated, as t»liown on the large i)lan in the 
 Mines' Department), the strata dip suddenly to the west at 
 an anj^'le ofabout 50 (le,yjrees. At Mr. IJurkner's last shaft 
 they dipN. GO W., and are already to the west of the crown 
 of the arch, produced by the lateral crush or squeeze between 
 the walls of the great dislocations. 
 
 Hence the zone of rich auriferous quartz, dipi)ing with the 
 strata, has already begun to plunge to the west at an angle of 
 about forty or fifty degrees, and must bo sought for below the 
 depth of 110 feet, at which depth the work was stoi)ped. 
 
 The course of vhc rich zone west of area 201 will be nearly 
 parallel to the axis of the anticlinal, throi)gh areas 202, 20;}, 
 south part of 157, 15G, 155, &c., but descending westerly at 
 an angle of about 45 = , in a word being roughly parallel to 
 the intersection of the Tudor vein as shown in the east and 
 west section. 
 
 Mr. Clarke states that no visible Gold Streak was met with 
 in that part of the Tudor Lead which passes through some of 
 the properties east of Mr. Uurkner's areas. But the " Streak" 
 on the North Lead dipped from west to east, and the '' Streak" 
 on the North Taylor, South Taylor and No. G Leads, dipped 
 from east to west. It is much to be regretted that no reliable 
 data exists from which diagrams showing the auriferous zones 
 on these leads can be constructed. The circumstance of the 
 quartz from all being mixed before crushing makes it impos- 
 sible to collate the necessary observations. The general fact 
 is stated as the result of ubservations during the time the work 
 was going on. 
 
 XL-GOLD AT DIFFERENT DEPIHS. 
 
 The evidence now supplied by the California mines, which 
 are generally situated on leads similar to those of Nova 
 Scotia,^^> that is to say ori beds of quartz, but of Jurrassic ago 
 instead of Silunan age, tends to disprove the supposition that 
 the quantity of gold per ton diminishes as the depth increases. 
 *Some of tiie deepest mines in Grass Valley do not become 
 
 (1.) Hunt, pngc 11, Geld Eogioiis of Nova Scotia. 
 
49 
 
 sensibly finiioverislied m dopth, '-'a?, in common willi all tlie- 
 mines oCtliut (listririt, tlioy are at the present time (piiti; as 
 prodnetivo as tlioy have ever been at any period since tlie 
 commencement of opoi'ations.''(-) 
 
 Ainonj2,' tlie instances cited by Phillips, in l8GtJ, are tli(> — 
 
 1. North Star, worked on its intilination to a depth of TOO leot. 
 
 2. Eureka Mine, sunk to the 400 foot levol. 
 
 3. Hay ward's Mine (Amador County) worked on its inclina- 
 
 tion to a depth of 1250 feet, and increasing in richness. 
 I. Allison Branch, 500 feet. 
 
 Dr. Hunt quotes Mr. Micliol's opinion on this important 
 point. Mr. Michel says:-- 
 
 " If the resTdts obtained during the last few yen-rs in Nova 
 Scotia show that the veins are irregidar in« ri dmess, thev de- 
 monstrate their continued ricimess in depth. 1 saw specimens, 
 ricji in visible gohl^ extractiul from depths uf 105. 150. 180 and 
 215 feet respectively, in the districts of Mount Uniiicke, llen- 
 frew, Wine Harbour, and Sherbrooke, and 1 am aware that a 
 shaft on the Tudor vein at Waverley yields at the depth 
 of 185 feet quart/ allbrding more than an ounce of gold U> the 
 ton. Such veins as these just mentioned, which, with a great 
 regularity of form and position, have presented alternaticins of 
 poor and rich quartz to the depths aireaily cited, will pro- 
 bably bo found to offer similar variations to mucii gn-ater 
 depths. _ To abandon a working on acc(Viii;t of a nuJUK-ntary 
 impoverishment of the lode, as lias too often been done in thiV, 
 rog-ion, is therefore unwise ; and in a large eiit(.'rprisc, where 
 mining is carried on in several veins at a time, the richness of 
 some of these may always be counted upon to compensate for 
 the temporary poverty of others. 1 am of opinion that an un- 
 necessary discouragement has had as nvuch to do with the 
 failure of certain, gold-mining enterprises in Nova Scotia as 
 the want of s(m\ .iific knowledge and the neglect of pro|)ei- 
 preparations, and that many of those now abimdoned as un- 
 profitable, null he again taken np with advantage. "~6^o/c/ lie- 
 glons of Nova Scotia. 
 
 At Waverley, Mr. Clarke found rrcli quarti*; at the depth of 
 361 feet in No. VL Lead, and the work was sto])ped on ac- 
 count of the expense of hoisting the v/ater with horse whims. 
 
 The origin and structure of tiro auriferous leads is wholly 
 opposed to the supposition that any diminution m richness is- 
 
 02.) Pliillips.— The Jluiingtun} Mefedliirgy of Gokl and ,Silyei.v 
 
41 
 
 likely to tiike pfaco. Tf'tlio loads arc, as already stated, nitor- 
 ntralifiod aiu'ifoi'Diis bods of (|Uiirt/, of coiit(!mf»()raiieoiis 
 ago with tlio Slates, Whin ami Quart/itos, aitd depositod like 
 those from ocoanio waters lioKliiiij; goh! ii> solution, toiirothor 
 with most of the other metals, it ibllows neo(>ss;irily that un- 
 less a snl)so(iuent movement of the ^oU] took place, whieli is 
 not g'cMierally prohid)ie, except where sogropjated veins occur, 
 there Ciui hi no valid reason for the assumption thai the rioli- 
 ness oi'the leads diminishos with tins de|)th. On the contrary, 
 the probahiiity exists that the sheets of quart): constitutint^ 
 the leads, will bo auriferous all the way from one district to 
 another, altiioiigh they may not bo accessible. The Tudor 
 load, as well as all the other Wuverley loads, ai'o indefinitely 
 prolonged in all directions like the interstratitied slates and 
 Whin. They may " thin out." as before stated, but they " >vill 
 take up again." lioneath the railway, west of Wavorley, the 
 Tudor Orou)) no doul)t (^xists at a def)th between two and 
 three thousand feet, and il'it woi-e [xissible to reach the leads 
 there, they would bo found to be aui'iferous. The gold do-- 
 ])osits of Nova Scotia are only limited by the area of tho 
 Province, but they are accessible only when the auriferous 
 rocks are exposed on tho eroded summits of anticlina.ls or tho 
 eroded edges of svnclinals.^^) 
 
 XII.— co:MrArjs()x rktweex the geological structure 
 OF waverley axd mount uxiacke. 
 
 A section in detail across tbreo thousand ^oot of tho strata 
 at Mount Uniacke, made last summer, enables me to institute 
 a con)[)arison with tho Wavorley beds, and to draw some gen- 
 oral conclusions which show a remarkal.ile similarity bot\voor» 
 the structure of those districts. 
 
 (1.) The rollowing ai-c some of the mitielinals ;iiitl synelinaLs wheit) the iuiritlTOiis rock.s 
 roiriu to tlic Hiirl'ace. 
 ANTK I.INALi* : 
 
 1. Linviviieotown (Double or Twin Antieliiinl.) 
 
 2. Wuverley. 3. I{enfV(!w. 4. Oldliuin. 
 
 . Mount Uniiickp. 6. Sherbrooke. 7. Wine Harbour, &c. 
 
 SVNCLINAI.S : 
 
 1. Lawrencetown between the Twin-anticlinals. 2. Montague. 3. Isaac's Harbour, 
 (west side, Lone Star Mine.) 
 
42 
 
 Tlio o;ist and west antirliiiiU iit Mount Uiiiacko U similar 
 ill form to that of Wavorloy, and may l>e doscribed as a sharp 
 Told witli an overturn dip on the south side. Tho sunnnit has 
 not been flattened or compressed, and it is j)robaMe .Iiat the 
 overturn is greater than at the last named district, — and bends 
 over to the south instead of to the north. 
 
 The rocks arc generally similar in composition, and arc ar- 
 ranged in alternating beds of Whin and slate, with a bed of 
 gritty ([uartzito nut less than 380 fiM;t thick where tho section 
 was made, and without visible partings of slate. Succeeding 
 this enormous band of quartzite are alternating beds of Whin 
 and slate, the first named greatly prei)onderating. 
 
 The strata at Mount Uniackc, from tho axis of the anticli- 
 nal, in which direction the section was made southwards, may 
 be re})resented as given below. 
 
 The cross anticlinal appears to bo very gentle, so that tho 
 outcrop of the band of (piartzite, and consequently of most of 
 the leads, if no great dislocations have taken place, will bo 
 that of a very long and narrow ellipse, much Ilattoned on tho 
 south side and bulging out on tho north side. 
 
 SECTION AT MOUNT UNIACKK. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Rocks. 
 
 M 
 
 Axis of anticlinal to arseni- 
 cal group of loads ilo Alternating beds of Whin 
 
 and slate with leads. 
 Arsenical group to centre 
 
 of Twisted Slates 200 Alternating beds of Whin 
 
 and slato with leads. — 
 , j: . ; Twisted slates about 50 
 
 feet thick, and micaceous. 
 
 Centre of Twisted Slates to 
 base df Great Quartsiito 
 Band 110 Whin and slato. 
 
 Great Quartzite Band.. . 380 Very coarse at base, in fact 
 
 a grit, with grains gener- 
 ally as large as a mustard 
 seed, then gradually be- 
 coming finer as it ap- 
 proaches the summit, 
 where it is a very fine 
 light-coloured rock. 
 
4:5 
 
 Dark foloiirod nliitos with 
 I)liiinl)a^iii<»ns siirfiiccs, 
 intcrstnitilieilwitli hiiiul.s 
 of " Wl.irj." 
 
 20 
 
 Whin with thin hands of 
 nlato — in tlio contro tho 
 slatc3 arc twi.stoil 775 
 
 Dark coh)iivc(l rilatos with 
 phinihaginou.s surfaces, 
 with thin hands ot Whin. GO 
 
 Heavy hod(hMl " Whiti " 
 witli a tew tliin hands of 
 slate 750 
 
 Leads. 
 
 fiOads. 
 
 Leads. 
 
 Loads. 
 
 Tutal thickness measured.. 2770 feet. 
 
 A coarse ^rit or quartzito, much resomhling tho coarse grit 
 at Mount Uniacke, has heen ah-eady descrihed as occurring- at 
 Waverloy, where it is especially distinguished hy concretion- 
 ary forms, and fossils supposed to he tho Paliootrochis of 
 Emmons. ITence it has heen marked on tho map as Concre- 
 tionary Quartzite. 
 
 In the following section made hy Mr. Clarke in the spring 
 of last year, the concretionary quartzite occurs in that part of 
 the section enclosed within hrackets, and it is tho 431 feet of 
 strata at Waverloy composed of 421 feet of " Whin," und \) 
 feet 3 inclics of slate, whicli I propose provisionally to place 
 as the equivalent of the 380 foot holt at Mount Uniacke. 
 
 3Ir. Clarl-c's Section on Areas 370, 315, 304, 249, 238 a7id 183, 
 on North and South Course. 
 
 North. 
 
 Whin, 
 Slate. 
 Slate . 
 
 Whin. 
 
 Slate . 
 
 Foct. Iiichos. 
 
 51 
 
 1 
 
 G 
 1 
 5 
 1 
 30 
 26 
 
 Load. 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 Lead. 
 
 G 
 
 Lead. 
 
 6 
 
44 
 
 *W1iin, 
 Slato . 
 
 Whin. 
 Slato . 
 Whin. 
 
 Sliito . 
 Whin. 
 Sliito . 
 Whin. 
 Sliite . 
 Whin. 
 
 Whin. 
 
 Whin. 
 
 Whin. 
 
 Slato , 
 Whin , 
 
 Whin , 
 
 Whin 
 Slate , 
 
 Foot. Iiiclii'S. 
 
 1 
 
 IGl 
 
 8 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 3G 
 
 35 
 
 80 
 
 5 
 
 i ( 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Pi'oh.'iblc oqiiivnlont. 
 (il'tlic j^ii'iil blind of 
 ' (juarl/iti' lit Mount 
 Uniiicke. 
 
 3 Load. 
 
 G 
 
 2 
 
 G 
 1 
 
 Lead. 
 
 2 Load. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 10 Lead. 
 
 2 Lead. 
 
 I 
 G4 
 
 90 
 45 
 34 
 41 
 
 3 
 
 Lead. 
 Concealed. 
 
 Prubable equivalent on the north side of the anticlinal (area 
 185 W. W.), consisfino- of 110 feet of strata north of (Jraluun's 
 Lead, of 132 foot of the Whin ?>and 178 feet thick in Clarke'^ 
 Section, on areas 238 and 240 W. W., and marked with an ^- in 
 the section above. 
 
 Whin 
 
 Whin 
 Slate. 
 
 Noirni. 
 
 Foot. Inchc'S. 
 
 .8 8 .. 
 
 Whin 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 Slate 2 
 
 Whin 5 
 
 9 
 1 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Load. 
 
 Lead with Slate. 
 
 . Lead. 
 

 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 Fcc't. 
 
 liidic's. 
 
 
 Whin . . 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 Wliiii . 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 3 ....... 
 
 1 
 
 9 ... 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Wliiii... 
 
 
 G 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Shite.. . 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Wl.in . . . 
 
 
 11 
 
 a 
 
 
 Whin . . . 
 
 lin . . . . 
 
 G 
 
 22 
 
 .... .103 
 
 7 
 
 . J 
 
 Loud. 
 
 Whin . . . 
 
 4 
 
 G 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Total Wl 
 
 5 
 
 
 '' Sla 
 
 ty ... 
 
 .. 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 " Quartz and Slato 2 15 
 
 Total Kock 110 1 
 
 The (lirU'ronco botwcon 110 foot 1 inch and 137 being duo 
 to (lillbi'eneu in dip. 
 
 T\\v. season of the year lias provonterl anr searoli ^loin"' 
 made for lossils or coin'retions at Mount L'l'niackc resomliling 
 those ill the concretionary (iiiartzito at Wuverloy, for it was 
 not until after the snow had fallen in November last that the 
 identity was suspected. 
 
 Tlio "'dai'k colored siato witli pliimbio'inoiis surHicos," occur- 
 ring above the quartzito at ]\Ioiint Uniacke, agrees in position 
 with the i)luuibaginous slates ot the Taylor group at Wa- 
 verley. 
 
 Slujuld the identity between these strata in the two districts 
 be establislicd, the folK>wing conclusions will lie reasonable : — 
 
 1st. That a large number of gohblieaiing quartz; leads lie 
 underneath the lowest hiad known at Wavcrley. 
 
 2nd. That on the assumption that no very consideralihi difTer- 
 eiiees in the aggregate thickness exist between tiie strata 
 at Mount Uniacko and Wavcrley, there is a licit of aurif- 
 erous strata about si.\ hundred feet thick concealed 
 bc'iieath the Barrel Quartz at Wavcrley which is ex- 
 posed at Mount Uniacke. 
 
 3rd. That the Taylor Croup may bo identified at Mount 
 Uniacko associated with the "dark colored slates with 
 plumbaginous surfaces." 
 
4G 
 
 4th. That the equivalent of tlie rich Tuclor group may l»e 
 
 found at Mount Uniacke. 
 5th, That tlie majority of Avorked mines are on leads which 
 
 ■will bo found below the barrel quartz at Waverloy. 
 There is no reason to suppose that the great quartzito belt 
 at Mount Uniacke is destitute of leads or slate partings in 
 other parts of the district. It has been already observed, that 
 both slate and leads not unfrequcntly " thin out '* ami " take 
 up" again ; that they often form thin lenticular sheets, where 
 Whin occurs in massive beds. When leads arc found in slate 
 they are generally persistent. 
 
 It is this intermittent form of some leads Avhich has led to 
 the opinion that they are segregated veins lilling longitudinal 
 cracks produced by the folding of the strata. It must be 
 borne in mind that independently of the slaty strueture of 
 many leads as described by Dr. Hunt, the pressure to which 
 the strata were subjected during the folding, could not have 
 been less than diat of a mass of nine thousand feet in thick- 
 ness, and, possibly, an incumbent ocean superadded. Under 
 such pressure the formation of fissures would bo problematical. 
 
 XIII.— COMPARISON BETWEEN WAVERLEY AND LAWRENCE- 
 TOWN. 
 
 The structure of liawrencetown is that of an east and west 
 anticlinal, Avith a fold or s\-nclinal near its summit, or it may 
 be better described, perhaps, as two east and west uuticlinals, 
 separated by a shallow synclinal. 
 
 It has been before stated that a curly plumbaginous slate is 
 characteristic of the Taylor Group at Waverley. In the shal- 
 low synclinal at Lawrencetown this curly plumbaginous slate 
 lias been recognized, and traced from the synclinal southwards 
 until it plunges down the south side of the south anticlinal. 
 
 Assuming that this is the equivalent of the curly slate at 
 Waverley, the following conclusions are admissable : — 
 1st. That the leads AVorked at Waverley in the Werner Group 
 and the Bennet Group are the prolongation oi' the Taylor 
 Group of Waverley. 
 
 ■1: 
 
belt 
 
 47 
 
 2n(l. That tlio Bolt and Vuncc (1 roups at Lawrcucotown arc 
 identical with the Tudor and South (Groups at AV^averley- 
 
 IJrd. ^J'hat the Shanghaie Grt)Up at Lawroncetown is tlie oquiva- 
 lout of the lloso Grou[) at Waverley, with part of tlie 
 Taylor Group. 
 
 4th. That the Barrel quartz group of AVuverley and the 
 Icad:^ Avorked at Mount Uniacke (McKintosh. Wont L:d<e, 
 Queen, <te.,) will be found in a synch'nal form north of the 
 Shanghaie Group at Lawrencetown : but south of the 
 Werner Group they will be several hundred feet below" 
 the surface. 
 
 I do not wish it to be understood that I present these coni- 
 jiarisons as establishing an identity, but ratlier, as not impro- 
 bable deductions from observed facts, Avhich if borne out b}' 
 future investigation, cannot fail to exercise a very in)portant 
 influence upon gold mim'ng throughout the country. 
 
 Should future observations show them to be true, in careful 
 and scrupulous hands, they will be found excellent guides, not 
 only in prospecting but in mining, and they will go far to set 
 the question at rest respecting the origin, structui'e and per- 
 manency of the leads, and supply a clue to' discover the law 
 Avhich has determined the direction and distribution of the 
 "' Gold Streak " or rich zone of auriferous quartz in different 
 districts. 
 
 ; XIV.— MINING ECONOMICS AT WAVERLEY. 
 MILL WOIMv. 
 
 In all gold mining countries experience has established the 
 rule, that in general it is more proiitablo to crush large 
 (juantities of quartz of low standard, than small quantities of 
 rich mineral on a limited scale. 
 
 In seven important gold producing counties in California 
 the cost of extracting quartz from the mines (18GI) 0) varied 
 from one dollar fifty cents per ton to thirteen dollars per 
 ton. 
 
 (1.) Ashbuiiic's Tables. 
 
48 
 
 mine the cost w.is $13 00 
 
 111 one mine t 
 
 he cos 
 
 I Wi 
 
 In one *^ 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 In three " 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 In I'onr ^' 
 
 a 
 
 i. 
 
 In 0110 '* 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 In two '' 
 
 li 
 
 ti 
 
 In seven^' 
 
 n 
 
 {i 
 
 In two " 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 jx-r to'i}.. 
 
 8 00 
 
 
 G 00 
 
 
 5 87 to $5 
 
 
 4 50 
 
 
 3 73 to S3 
 
 
 2 1)3 to >;2 
 
 
 1 50 
 
 <'■ 
 
 In 13 of tlicso mines the iiveragc yield iter ton is under 
 ^15. 
 
 Ill Australia '' when, ns at lirst, the cost of crnshiMj;' and 
 iimal^aiiKiting- a ton of quartz utnountod to some 80s. ($20j, a 
 very small projiortion of the auriferous veins of the colony 
 could be treated with advantaj^-e ; but now that the total e.\. 
 pense of raisiiii;' and treating a ton of rock by steam-power 
 lias, uiid(3r favourabh; circiimstitnces, been iHMlucod to about 
 IGs. 4d. ($4.08). there are numerous veefs throughout the 
 irold-minina' reirion all'ordiiig satisfaetory results, and manv 
 others that would do the same if oxteiisividy and judiciously 
 work(Ml" <•-) 
 
 In 18GG the returns from tlie various districts in Victoria, 
 sliewed thii following results: — 
 
 Milling Dislric't. 
 
 Tons Cruslu'd. 
 
 Tot;il I'lodiiC'O. 
 
 Yii'ld per Ton. 
 
 Ballanit 
 
 Beech worth 
 
 Sandhurst 
 
 238.503 
 130,510 
 244,807 
 
 70.552 
 124.734 
 
 43,711 
 
 (iz. dwt. 
 
 58,! 57 3 
 118.405 10 
 118.743 10 
 44,007 14 
 85. GG7 3 
 33,8G8 18 
 
 (v/. dwt:. 
 
 4 21 
 18 3.7 
 1 G 8 
 
 Maryborough 
 
 Casthnnaine 
 
 1 1 7.3 
 
 13 1«.5 
 
 Ararat 
 
 15 11.9 
 
 Totals 
 
 8G1,4G8 
 
 450,895 7 
 
 10 1G.2 
 
 Ileiicc! it ai)[>ears that the average yield of gold per ton in 
 Viettuia was 10 dwts. 1G.2 grains in 18GG. 
 
 In Nova Scotia the average yield per ton during the same 
 year was 15. dwts 14 grains, or nearly one-third more tiiau in 
 Vi(;toriii. 
 
 (2.) Philqis : The Mining and Mot lUurgj' of Gold uud Silver. 
 

 KV Ton. 
 
 (Iwl. 
 
 21 
 
 a.7 
 
 i(;.8 
 
 7.3 
 
 1«.5 
 
 11.9 
 
 10.2 
 toil in 
 
 lliau in 
 
 49 
 
 Tho present cost of mining in Nova Scotia is no guide to 
 wliat might bo the cost of extracting mineral from the lead and 
 gold from the mineral if judicious management were general. 
 
 At Mr. IJurkncr's mill (water power) the amalgamation 
 takes [)laco in the battery ; there is no concentrating appara- 
 tus, and t!ie tailings flow into the stream and are lost. Kiis- 
 tel, ni his " Processes of Silver and Cold E.xtraction," states 
 that " if tho proper proportion of quicksilver, and regular 
 times of charging be observed, when the ore contains heavy 
 gold (800 lino), sixt// to scventy-Jivc 2)cr cent, may be saved in 
 tho battery and tho copper-plated platform ; but light gold, 
 (300 t(i 400 fine) like Washoe gold, gives a less fixvorablo re- 
 sult. A great many lino particles of amalgam adhere together, 
 involving also manganese scum, if present, and form spongy, 
 blackish lumps, which are so light as to lloat, and on account 
 oi being coated with foreign matters, will not unite with the 
 accumulated amalgam. Of this amalgam but very little can 
 bo saved ; it floats over blankets, co[)per-plates, or rij)plos." 
 
 At the Port Philip Mining Company, in Australia, whore the 
 tailings are regularly assayed, they are found to yield on an 
 average 2 dwts. of gold per ton, the average quantity obtained 
 from the stampers not exceeding 7 dwts. per ton in 18G5 and 
 6 months of 186G. 
 
 It is safe to assume that where arsenical iron ore is so 
 abundant in the quartz as at Waverley, not more than 60 per 
 cent, of the gold is saved even by the most careful amalga- 
 mation. In other words, 33 per cent., or one-third, escapes 
 and is lost in one of these forms : 
 
 1. It forms a spongy amalgam, and floats away, 
 
 2. It escapes amalgamation, being coated with a compound 
 of arsenic. 
 
 3. It escapes in arsenides and sulphides of iron. 
 
 4. It escapes amalgamation, being coated with grease de-- 
 rived from the candles of the miners. 
 
 Forms No. 2, 3 and 4 can be saved by a buddle or rocker, 
 or by blankets ; and a portion of No. 1 also, arrested. 
 
 At tho Port Philip Works the pyrites is dressed up by con- 
 centration to an average of three or four ounces of gold to 
 the ton of material. " This is then sent to the roasting fur- 
 nace, and afterwards ground in Chilian mills with mercury, 
 and an average of about 85 per cent, of the assay contents of. 
 
50 
 
 the gold is thus extracted. The cost of operating on the 
 pyrites, inchiding the huddle, roasting, grinding, loss of mer- 
 cury, etc., averages about $5 per ounce of gold obtained." 
 
 In 1865 Mr. Burkner crushed 6,972 tons of quartz, which 
 yielded 8727 ounces of gold, averaging 1 oz. 6 dwts. 12 grs. 
 per ton. It is a fair estimate to suppose that 30 per cent, 
 escaped in the tailinga, or more than $58,000 worth of gold ; 
 Of this enormous loss, fully two-thirds, or $38,000, might have 
 been saved by adopting the process common in all well-regulated 
 gold-mining establishments in California or Australia, whether 
 in the form of buddies, blankets, ov any other suitable device. 
 
 The following diagram from '-Phillips' Mining and Metal- 
 lurgy of Gold and Silver," shows the series of operations 
 rock undergoes in some of the best mills in the neighborhood 
 of Grass Valley, California, where amalgamation in the Bat- 
 tery is discarded. Ninety per cent of the gold in the mineral 
 are obtained by this process. 
 
 BATTEBY- 
 
 -GOLD to. 
 
 
 Pyrites to Washing Tank. 
 
 I V Amalgam to ■ 
 
 I S Skimmings to i Arrastrc > Amalgam 
 
 5? \ t ^ 
 
 Scum, &c. 
 
 • Amalgam to — 
 
 >Pau V . 
 
 Amalgam to- 
 
 Uesidues to_ 
 
 I Market 
 
 !f VPjfriteB, &c. < Concentrator SPyritCB to- 
 
 — 5 Retort I 
 Gold to— 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 TAIL SLUICE. 
 
51 
 
 s 
 
 S 
 
 A correspondent of tlic "Mining Gazette" (April, 1868) 
 «ay8 :— 
 
 " Sonic tlircc or four years since, two tons of thoroughly 
 concentrated matei-ial collected at Waverley, were sent to the 
 Swansea works (Wales), and yielded a nett return of $\ 50; 
 this gave renewed energy to the first parties, and induced 
 others to try it, and further lots were sent — some to Swansea, 
 and some to Freiburg, but neither were sufficiently remune- 
 rative to make it much of an object. Analytical assays 
 showed it to contain only about $115 per ton, while the prac- 
 tical 3'ield was very coni^iderably less, and the nett I'eturns 
 less still. But it should be explained tliat the first lot was 
 the concentrated result of former concentrations, and compre- 
 hending a large quantity of quartz ; while the other lots were 
 merely a collection of the heavier particles which had passed 
 through the mill and then indiiferently (though at considera- 
 ble expense) washed over again by hand, and in this consist- 
 ency shipped. The rationale being — increase of quantity at 
 expense of quality. But it may be important to state, the 
 original ores which produced all these results were compara- 
 tively free of sulphurets." 
 
 In the following pages an attempt is made to show how the 
 adoption of proper processes might have considerably diminish- 
 ed the cost of extracting the gold, and make the present average 
 yield per ton not only pay all expenses, but yield a handsome 
 profit. In criticising past operations in gold mining in Waverley 
 it must be borne in mind tliat the industry is still new to the 
 country ; that much energy and enterprise has been exhibited, 
 but generally by those without experience in mining econo- 
 mies or knowledge of the elementary principles of structural 
 geology. The impression, too, is very prevalent, there as 
 elsewhere, that without any previous training or study, two 
 or three 3'ears experience in one gold mine is sufficient to fit 
 a man to fill any situation in any gold mining district. Pre- 
 conceived ideas derived from desultory or ill-directed read- 
 ing often produce very prejudicial effects. It is common 
 to find practical miners entertain the idea that all quartz is of 
 igneous origin, and that all the leads in Nova Scotia are in- 
 jected veins. Starting from such a basis, it is no wonder 
 that men are led into extravagant and hopeless expenses in. 
 search •* for veins," and cherish delusions for which there is not 
 a tshadow of foundation. Take for instance the following para- 
 
52 
 
 gniplia from tli(> " Mining Giizottc," of Foby., tSGR, under the 
 heading '' Gold Mining Review '" : — 
 
 "?crha[is tliore is no district in the Frovinoo prouiisoH so 
 permanent and extensive operations as Lawrencetown. The 
 lodes present this interesting feature, viz: they (k^ part from 
 the vertical at diiferent angles, and by measurement it is sup- 
 posed that the whole 28 veins ivill unite into one main vein at 
 a point between 200 and 300 feet from the surface. What the 
 probable effect of this union will be, the experienced miner 
 fdone can'judge.'-' 
 
 The leads referred to, -which are symmetrically bedded like 
 the " coats of an onion," in a synclinal or valley fold, wore 
 thought by the writer of the paragraph (pioted, to be injected 
 veins, and as a natural consequence of their supposed conver- 
 gence, to proceed from one main vein '' coming from below." 
 
 As an illustration of the necessity of attention to structural 
 geology, the following case which occurred at Waverley may 
 be cited. In attempting to discover the south outcrop of the 
 Tudor Lead, measurements were correctly made to the axis of 
 the anticlinal, (the general structure of the rocks and leads 
 being recognized and understood,) and the expectation was 
 entertained that the southern outcrop would be struck at the 
 same distance south of the axis as the northern outcrop was 
 north of it. This would have been the case if the anticlinal 
 were symmetrical ; but it has an overturn dip to the north i 
 jind the dips on the north side are greater than those on the 
 south, hence the southern outcrop of the Tudor lead is many 
 vards further from the axis than the northern outcrop. The 
 time and riioney spent on the search were consequently lost,, 
 but the same energy and spirit Avhich directed this exploration 
 beneath the deep boulder drift of West Waverley would no 
 doubt have been successful if the unsymmetrical arrange- 
 ment of the sides of the anticlinal had been known. 
 
 The amount of money and time spent in prospecting in Nova 
 8cotia is very large, and sometimes the search is made with 
 astonishing perseverance, guided by the auriferous boulders 
 on the surface. In explorations of this kind, there is no 
 general guide, perseverance in searching for the lead accord- 
 ing to the lay of the land being generally attended with suc- 
 cess, but in endeavours to trace a lead in a district covered 
 
53 
 
 uitlidrift, Intorsoctod by faults, and disturbed by cross ant i- 
 clinals, a knowledge of the elements of structural geology is 
 essential. Just as in mining economies, tlio skill which makes 
 a dillereneo of one pennyweight per ton, frequently deter- 
 mines the fate of a valuable mining property. In the case of 
 the fine water power mill at Waverley, seven petniywcights to 
 the ton is stated not to pay expenses; eight pennyweights 
 would leave a small profit, and nine pennyweights, it is said, 
 would secure a profit of forty dollars a day. Operations are' 
 now suspended, because the quartz is said to yield only 7 
 dwts. per ton according to the present system of working, 
 riubseiiuently it will bo shown that there is every proba- 
 bility that the (juartz now contains upwards of 10 dwts. to 
 the ton, although it yields only 7 dwts., and that by system 
 and machinery and consequent reduction of expenses, it miHit 
 be made to give an equivalent to 10 dwts. to the ton. The 
 same observation applies in other forms to all the other pro- 
 perties in the district. 
 
 Mr. IJurkner's mining expenses up to the close of 18G6 
 averaged $12 a ton. Since that period they have averaged $1 
 a ton less, or S8 a ton. This latter statement is corroborated 
 by the Chief Commissioner of Mines, who states in his report 
 for 18G7 that "there is no place in the Province, so far as I 
 can learn, where mining is so economically carried on, and 
 crushing so cheaply done, as in this district. A lead is now 
 worked averaging 1.5 inches in thickness, at a depth of 300 
 i'iioJ, at a cost of 8 dwts. to the ton." 
 
 From Mr. Burkner's tables wo learn that at a depth of 330 
 feet on the Tudor Lead, the yield was 7 dwts. per ton, and the 
 mineral not paying expenses the work was stopped. 
 
 It has been shown that it is probable that one-third of the 
 gold was lost in the tailings, which were allowed to escapo 
 from the copper plates in front of the Battery directly into the 
 River. This would give a total average of gold in the quartz 
 of 10 dwts. 12 gr., of which 7 dwts. was saved, and 3 dwts. 12 
 grains lost. Assuming that 75 per cent, of the gold in the 
 tailings could be recovered by the usual processes, at a cost of 
 one-fourth, this would leave a profit on the tailings of 1 dwt. 
 1G| grains, and swell the total yield to 9 dwts. 15 grains per 
 ton. A round buddle, with a bed 18 feet in diameter, and 
 
54 
 
 wlioso iixi.s revolves at the rate of ;J or 4 revolutions per minute, 
 will work up from 85 to 40 tons of tailings in 24 hours. A 
 Rotating Iiuddlo will do the same amount of work in much 
 less time, and may conscqtiently be made of smaller diameter. 
 
 By the substitution of proper machinery much manual labor 
 in milling could bo saved. Ten men were employed during 
 twenty-four hours in breaking and feeding thirty-five tons of 
 quartz ; why should not this work bo done by four men feeding 
 a " Breaker " with Hopper, and moved by the surplus water 
 power? p]ach of the stone-breaking machines at the Port 
 Philip Company's mines break 8 tons of (puvrtz per hour at a 
 cost, including wear and tear, of about lOd. per ton. One of 
 these machines would break 35 tons of quartz in 4 hours and 
 u half at a cost of about $5 by water power, the estimate lOd. 
 (stg.) a ton being based on steam power. Hence with a 
 •' r>reaker " and " Hopper," instead of manual labor, a saving 
 of at least $3 a day might bo elleeted, and the risk of gold 
 being stolen during this part of the treatment reduced to a 
 minimum, by which it is not improbable a still greater saving 
 might be effected. 
 
 I have selected as an illustration of mining economies at 
 Waverley the method of treating the quartz at the cheapest 
 mill, namely, one driven by ample water power. xVll the other 
 mills in operation are driven by steam power, amalgamation 
 takes place in the Battery and on tables, but no clFort is made 
 to concentrate the tailings. As long as quartz continues to 
 yield the unusual average of 1 oz. to 1 oz, and 10 dwt. to the 
 ton, tlie economical treatment of the tailings is not a matter of 
 vital importance, but when the average diminishes to 9, 8 and 
 even 7 dwts. per ton, it becomes one on which, other things 
 being equal, the continuance of active operations depends, 
 provided that those operations are necessarily limited to one 
 or two leads. 
 
 XV.— SYSTEM OF MINING. 
 
 The following analysis of mining operations at Waverley are 
 suggestive both with reference to the causes which have led 
 to the present depression and to the future of the district 
 when systematically worked. 
 
66 
 
 North Lead (Brodie Lead.) 
 
 Lengtli of outcrop in West Waverlcy 7800 feet. 
 
 Length worked 1800 " 
 
 Number of shafts 23 
 
 Greatest depth of sliaft 240 feet. 
 
 Average distance of shafts apart 78 " 
 
 Moan depth of sliafts 185 " 
 
 Ratio of worked to unworked portion of lead 
 
 to the depth of 240 feet One-fourth. 
 
 Tudor Lead. 
 
 Length of outcrop in West Waverlcy 7400 feet. 
 
 Length worked 2200 " 
 
 Number of shafts 31 
 
 Average distance of shafts apart 70 feet. 
 
 Greatest depth of shafts 380 " 
 
 Mean depth of shafts 218 " 
 
 Ratio of worked to unworked portion of lead 
 
 to the depth of 218 feet Five-seventeenths. 
 
 North Taylor Lead. 
 
 Length of outcrop in West Waverlcy 7200 feet. 
 
 Length worked 800 " 
 
 Number of shafts 6 
 
 Greatest depth of shaft 135 feet. 
 
 Average distance of shafts apart 133 " 
 
 Mean depth of shafts 94 " 
 
 Ratio of worked to unworked portion of lead 
 
 to the depth of 94 feet One-ninth. 
 
 South Taylor or Union Lead. 
 Length of outcrop of South Taylor Lead in 
 
 West Waverlcy 7000 feet. 
 
 Length worked 1200 " 
 
 Number of shafts 10 
 
 Average distance of shafts apart 120 foot. 
 
 Greatest depth of shafts 220 " 
 
 Mean depth of shafts 153 " 
 
 Ratio of worked to unworked portion of lead 
 
 to the depth of 153 feet One-sixth. 
 
it 
 
 5G 
 
 NUMIJEU VI. Lkad. 
 
 JiCii^tlj of outcrop of Nuiubor Vf. Loul in 
 
 Woat Wiivorley (JGOO foot. 
 
 Lon{;tli worked GOO " 
 
 Number of sliafts 8 
 
 Avora^o dislivnco of sluifts apart 75 foot. 
 
 Greatest doi)th of shafts 3GI 
 
 Moan depth of shafts 17G 
 
 Ratio of worked to unworkod portion of lead 
 
 to the depth of 17G foot Ono-elovontii. 
 
 The ratio which the quantity worked of the live ksvds boars 
 to the quantity unworkod, to a moan (lei)tli of IG") fuot in 
 West Wavorley, is as 181 to 1000, or about one to six. 
 
 In round numbers, one-sixth part only of the five loads enu- 
 merated above has been worked to a mean dojjtii of 1G5 feet ; 
 and assuming that they are capable of being worked to the 
 depth of 800 feet, the proportion of these leads still rumaining 
 untouched in West Waverloy, would bo nearly thirty times as 
 great as the part which has boon taken away. But besides 
 these five loads, there are about forty other leads, many of 
 which have not boon even tested. A conqjarison of the fore- 
 going tables, with the large plan, will be suniciont to siiow 
 that mining at Waverloy has been pursued without system. 
 
 The North Load and the Tudor Lead are, on an average, 
 sixty feet apart at their outcrops, their dips l)oing nearly the 
 same. The number of shafts sunk by dilfurent companies on 
 these leads, within a mean distance of 2000 foot, is fifty-four, 
 having a moan depth of 200 feet. This is equivalent to a 
 shaft to every superficial area oi forty-seven feet square. 
 
 On area 155, for example, there are four shafts on the Tudor 
 Lead and three shafts on the North Lead — the breadth of the 
 area being 150 feet. On area 102 there are throe sliafts on 
 the Tudor and three on the North Load, the same on areas 
 164 and 102. On tho property of one company there are 8 
 shafts on the North Lead in the space of 450 feet, and shafts 
 on tlie Tudor Load within tho same distance. Tho leads being 
 but sixty feet apart. Two main shafts, with suitable hoisting 
 and pumping machinery, and cross galleries, would have boon 
 ample, and tho saving in labour and time would have greatly 
 reduced the cost of mining the quartz. 
 
 
 . 
 
67 
 
 Mr. nurk.ior states that " up to 18G(J tlio total working cx- 
 ponsos on the Tiulor aiul North Leads amounted to $10 to $12 
 per ton on the eastern part ol the lead, anrl from $12 to $14 
 per ton on the western part. Since ISGG the load has l.een 
 worked .$3 to .$5 per ton cheaper." How i.s this to be ex- 
 plained ? especially as the cost increases with the depth. The 
 average yield per ton in 1SG.5 was 21 dwts., 11 grains. In 
 18GG it fell to 12 dwts. 1 grain, or about one-half; hence, pro- 
 bably, economy in working became a necessity. Jjut this 
 absence of system or economy ought not to detract from the 
 value of tho lead. 
 
 A remarkable instance of want of foresight in a most impor- 
 tant department of mining economics is presented in the con- 
 struction of one of the largest steam crushing mills. Tho site 
 selected for this mill is so low that the tailings, as they leave 
 tho mill, arc now required to bo hoisted by a revolving wheel, 
 furnished with buckets, to a sluice, whore"thoy have an op[)or' 
 tunity of escaping over the accumulated heaps near the mill, 
 but without any attempt at concentration, or saving any of the 
 gold ^diich they undoubtedly contain. This is equivalent to 
 employing power, machinery and labour, to get rid of 1 dwt., 
 IGi grains of gold per ton. A buddle to concentrate the tail- 
 ings and save the gold, could have been constructed at far 
 less cost than the present ingenious contrivance to hoist the 
 tailings out of the way. 
 
 XVT.— GENERA L OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 The practice of mixing quartz from 'ilferent leads and 
 crushing the whole together is to be condemned. It is impos- 
 sible by the adoption of this method to ascertain whether a 
 lead is paying or not. A poor lead worked at the same cost 
 as a rich lead may neutralize all the benefits which would be 
 obtained if the rich lead were worked alone. pJach lead ought 
 to bo crushed by itself, and a statement of the result with tho 
 cost of mining the quartz recorded. This can be done with- 
 out any difficulty in mills with from ten to twenty stamps 
 without retarding work if system is adopted. Plana of all the 
 
58 
 
 workings are also essential, showing at least monthly progress. 
 In case a fault is discovered in one lead, and difficulties should 
 arise in ascertaining the effect of the disturbance, it can be 
 speedily reached iu a neighboring load, and the question 
 whether it is an upthrow or downthrov^, or throw to the north 
 or south, or two or more of these movements combined, set- 
 tled generally without difficulty ; but if no monthly plan of 
 workings is kept on record, all is confusion. "With the single 
 exception of a plan and section made some years ago by Mr. 
 Bell of the works on a few areas, together with a lithographed 
 plan of the whole district showing the position of the several 
 properties, I was unable to obtain any plan of surface work- 
 ings, much less any plan of underground workings, and the 
 agents of the different companies uniformly informed mo that 
 none to their knowledge were in existence. 
 
 The absorption of all returns to pay large dividends is as a 
 rule as fatal an error in gold mining as in most other enter- 
 prises. When the different mines were yielding very hand- 
 some returns, it was most unwise to suppose that such un- 
 looked-for prosperity would continue for any length of time. 
 Nevertheless it appears tliat nearly all profits were at once 
 divided amongst the shareholders, and no reserve fund per- 
 mitted to accumulate. Hence when the returns grew less the 
 necessary means to provide machinery for deeper workings 
 were not forthcoming, and, as a consequence, most of the estab- 
 lishments were closed. 
 
 The narrowness of the properties is a j^reat objection to 
 permanent operations. Several companies at Waverley have 
 only 450 foot on the leads. If. owing to the absence of appro- 
 priate pumping and hoist'ng machinery, the works are stopped 
 at a depth of 300 feet, it is ve.y easy to calculate the duration 
 of a company with such a small quantity of availal>le lead. 
 The absence of any regulations dtiining the space which dif- 
 ferent companies shall leave between the workings on the same 
 or adjacent lead is likely to become a fruitful source of trouble. 
 In one instance at Waverley the agents of two companies de- 
 cided not to touch the onartz within four feet of their boun- 
 dary on eith .- side, with a view to prevent by means of an 
 eight foot dividing wall the water from one mine draining into 
 the other. This agreement, I was informed, was faithfully 
 
59 
 
 kept on one side arl as grossly abused on the otliev, the whole 
 of the four feet of quartz being removed. The consequence 
 is that the works on one mine being stopped, the proprietors 
 of the other have been vainly endeavoring to drain botli on 
 account of leakage through the dividing wall, whicli unfortu- 
 nately has hitherto defied all their attempts to arrest. 
 
 It is an error to suppose that because a lead diminishes in 
 average so as to be worked at a loss, that it will necessarily con- 
 tinue poor. All experience in gold mining tends to prove 
 that all leads or veins are more or less intermittent in yield. 
 If wo may be guided by Montague, the nearest district to 
 Wavcrley, and a synclinal fold of the same auriferous belt, 
 the rich auriferous zones follow one another within a few hun- 
 dred feet. It has already been stated that many of the leads 
 in California have a bedded structure, and they are profitably 
 Avorked at a depth of 800 feet with intermittent degrees of 
 richness. At the same time pnjpcr machinery for hoisting 
 and drainage must be adopted in order to .arrive at this result, 
 which, it need scarcely be observed, cannot be obtained if 
 shareholders insist on a division of all profits, without leaving 
 any reserve for contingencies, and subsequently refuse to 
 raise additional funds when the period for tln.'ir application 
 arrives. 
 
 It is to 1)0 feared that this system is too commonly pursued 
 in Nova Scotia, and there is reason for supposing that other 
 districts will soon be in the same condition as Wavcrley. But 
 there is no present cause for apprehension that with syste- 
 matic mining, conducted on proper business principles, the 
 leads will bo less profitably worked in the future, or that there 
 is any danger whatever of the yield of gold diminishing under 
 the judicious management of mining properties. On the other 
 hand, the remarkable uniformity and continuity of the leads, 
 their great number in a small vertical space, their bedded 
 structure, which implies indelinite jirolongatit)!!, and the liigh 
 per ecntage of gold they contain, are convincing proofs that 
 when capital, slall, and forethought are combined, a very large 
 proportion of both West and East Wavcrley will yet be pro- 
 fitably mined for many years to come. 
 
 As a rule, abundance of quartz of lo»v standard, say from 
 eight to ten penny-weighths to the ton, with water power to 
 
GO 
 
 work the eruslicr and buddies, is i)referablo to small n'cli 
 leads, yielding from one onnce to two ounces to the ton. Ex- 
 perience shows that these rich leads are liable to become re- 
 duced to the j>'enoral standard. 
 
 Leads in slate are most to be relied on, and it frequently 
 liappons that the slate is sufficiently auriferous to be worked 
 at a profit. At Sherbrooke, Wine Harbor, and Montague, the 
 slate forming the wall rock of the leads, (and in cases whore 
 the lead is a mixture of slate and quartz,) is crushed to a large 
 extent and found profitable. This is a consideration of ukj- 
 ment in estimating the probable value of leads where cheap 
 crushing is applicable. 
 
 The influence of Nova Scotia winters on mining operations 
 is sensibly felt in weak establishments, or where an ill-regulated 
 supply of water is alone available for milling purposes. In 
 well-organized mines the elTect of frost in retarding operations 
 is not appreciably felt, and for certain kinds of work it is be- 
 neficial, as it arrests the supply of surface water. The fol- 
 lowing tables show the returns during each quarter of the 
 year for five years : — 
 
 
 
 Ounces. 
 
 4,010 
 5.158 
 5,393 
 5,45 G 
 
 Ounces. 
 
 5,101 
 
 7,837 
 5,4G7 
 G,044 
 
 i.s«o. 
 
 Ounces. 
 
 5,018 
 3,915 
 7,184 
 
 7,08G 
 
 l.S»7. 
 
 Ounces. 
 
 5,410 
 7,502 
 
 7,583 
 G,818 
 
 Ounces. 
 
 Quarter ending 
 a (I 
 
 Ma roll 31 
 June 30. 
 Sept. 30. 
 Dec. 31. 
 
 5,457 
 4,954 
 5,047 
 5,064 
 
 Totals . . 
 
 20,017 
 
 1 
 
 25,44'^ 
 
 23,203 J 
 
 27,313 
 
 20,522 
 
 The total annual yield as given above appears dilfereni from 
 the published official tables of returns, but this ai)parent dif- 
 ference arises from the official return being made up from 30th 
 September of one year to 30th September of the vear next 
 succeeding. In the above tabh^, in order to institute a proper 
 comparison, showing the influence of the winter season, each 
 year is taken separately and entire. 
 
Gl 
 
 XVII.-AGE OF THE GOLD-I'.EAIJING ROCKS OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Allusion lias been mmh to tlio fossiliforous and concretion- 
 ary qiiartzito or g-j'it of Waverley and Mount Uniacke. Tho 
 coarse portions of these deposits consist chiefly of rounded 
 grains of quartz about the size ot a grain of mustard seed 
 cemented together. The Waverley rock is more ferruginous 
 and darker colored than that of Mount Uniacke. JJotJi con- 
 tain grains of a lavender colored and serai-translucent (piartz. 
 
 Tlie Waverley beds contain a largo number of fossils ^vhich 
 resemble tho Falccotrochls minor and Faht'otrocJiis major of 
 Emmons, besides numerous concretionary forms. The pre- 
 sence of these fossils, if they are identical with tliose in 
 the North Carolina beds, probably establishes the age of the 
 gold mining rocks of Nova Scotia, and shows them to lie near 
 the base of the Lower Silurian system, and to belong to tho 
 upper part of the Potsdam formation and lower part of the Cal- 
 ciferous formation, and to underlie the great mass of Serpen- 
 tines and Red Slates discovered by Dr. Honcyman in Anti- 
 gonish, which belong to the Quebec Group. 
 
 Dr. Emmons enumerates the following succession of rocks 
 in North Carolina, in which gold not only occurs in bedded de- 
 posits of quartz, but is also in the strata wnth which the quartz 
 beds arc interstratified. 
 
 In ascending order: — 
 
 1. Talcose Slates passing into Silicious Slates. Thickness un- 
 
 determined. 
 
 2. Brecciated conglomerates. 300-400 feet. 
 
 3. Slaty Breccia associated with horn-stone. 
 
 4. Granular Quartz, sometimes vitrious and filled with fossils 
 
 and silicious concretions of tho size of almonds. 200-300 
 feet thick. 
 
 5. Slaty Quartzitc, with a few fossils, about 50 feet. 
 G. Slate witiiout fossils, 40 feet. 
 
 7. White Quartz, more or less vitrified, filled with fossils and 
 
 concretions. 700 to 800 feet tliiclc. 
 
 8. Jointed Granular Quartz, with only a few^ fossils. 
 
 9. Vitrified Quartz, without fossils. 30 feet thick. 
 
 10. Granular Quartz, no fossils, thickness very great, but not 
 
 determined. 
 
G2 
 
 Dr. Emmons considers that ono of tlio most interesting facts 
 connected with tlie Falceotrochts is tliat the rock in which it 
 occurs in North Carolina is itself auriferous. " Gold has been 
 obtained in large amounts from the fossiliferous beds them- 
 selves, over one hundred thousand dollars having been ob- 
 tained by washing the debris of this rock." 
 
 Some of these beds, Dr. Emmons states, consist almost en- 
 tirely of fossils, and intermixed with silicions concretions 
 which are almond shaped and frequently contain the fossils. 
 Age Lower Taconic of Emmons, or Lower Calciferous and 
 Upper Potsdam. At Waverley the concretionary forms vary 
 from half an inch to 4 inches in diameter. They are gener- 
 ally oval in shape, but sometimes round, with a depression in 
 the centre. Attached to some of them are numerous arms, 
 all symmetrically arranged. These structures are exceedingly 
 difficult to remove, the grit in which they are found being very 
 hard, with irregular fracture. In East Waverley the forms 
 are very numerous. In West Waverley the cast is far more 
 frequently seen. 
 

A