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HI8TQRY TAUGHT BY TOPICAL METHOD. ^ * PMMn' m CANADIAN IIWTORY, FOR SCIIOOM AXD HTVDBNn MtlPAMIta lOft . , KXAMINATldNS. • c 1. The hirtoo- ta divided into juried, in wwidanoJ with the omt a*. IJhe hifltoiy of <»di period it (fivm topidlrinrtead of fn eknm^ktf. 1(nU Older. ^ "^-vm^^ ,a Examinktion q(iMion«»|e gl%-en 9I the end of e«eh dMpter. 4. Examination papers, aeteiifted. from the oflMal cxamhiatioM af tti diiferent pro\inoe«, are given in the Appemlix. ' ' ' ^ 1^ J^ 5. Stadent'8 review outlinei, to enable a student to tbonjiuhly tert hk own progreaa, are injwrtMl at the end of each chapter. 8. Special attention is paid to tbe^TMuoatlonal. "eodal and ebmiuewlal iwogreaoftheoonntr}'. ^^^» else ^' ***°^*"''**^ *^*^ ta'twatod in a brief but oompieHbiiiiv^^i^ ' 1 ,,^?*'^*!.';°'*|'««'^<»'*"1«<»«»«canpiepawand re,^ew for exam- inatione in Camulian Hirtovmofc quickly than by the«e of any^ WOllC. • ^ ' :■■ : — l^\ 1.1 ^ Epoch Primer of English History. ' " ' By Rtv. M. CRuenroN. M. A., Ute FWlow and Tuto» of Merton OoUms. Oxford. ^'"^^ landf^^ron'CS.^Sl'SLrro^^^ be j:;^^!"*^;^!!^'*^ In. brief oompa^cf one hundivl and^ eighty pmre. it oonw aU the work required fbr puplb preparing for entmnoe to High fichooh^ ^ The prioe,is lo«»^n one-half that of the other nnthnttmd tihtotlot: J In uiring ibe qtl^e^rllirtoriiJ., pupils are compelled to i«ad neac^ thi^ times as much in o#r to secure the same rewiltfc ' i W^^^ Crelghtons ^1^^ Primer has iMjen adopted by the 4«i^ehe^ Bcwd^wri many o^the principal Public SchoXto Z ' ^ \ I .■■-^ a. \ I -4- ; ' I'fi' ; HIW BOOKS BY DB. McLltLLAK. Tll^iTeacher'B Handbook of Al^brii. f^ Teac%r'8 Hand B^ok of Algebra.— Part i Prtoet Key to ■>. • >r'9 Hand Book 760elite. ,. . PHoe,$l.60. It OOntetm A mniw nnmnl^ nu..j u ..... .. OMQtifa* »opU Ikoonteiiwv "flncatduqitoi It oontaint ' \ llfff % ^ ■<«*lf' - 's^t >: ^ ■'^--L f*?* N 1 ♦r Jf^ ^ y' ?:. X." "»C--A .:;«?»»;»«»» suivW«.i»;;.;«..x.-«is* ^- <^* '+ ■?,/ --.-.'K "-■»»- ,ir;%- . V ,-." ?r., _X'; ■^Sa *°?ia6« 7f® .A\S » ■ > ..* • S ,' ■ ■ ■■-■ -— ^-*""' ' J-."" ' •< k ^ A Entwall accor.UnK to Aodf Pari U Minister o? T^ri il.e ^17^ ' ^i^^^'^"*"'*' '° 'he Offlce of leTa A^ncujttuie. by Adam Mii,r,KB A Qo . in the veto - o ^ ,» • * , ^ WW^KW^^i iV*),-^ J««t*-^ ITiT^ jj*-.*-?- ^ , ,,&■ ■J » --*. N PREFACE. I — 1, — llie« Note, .re on^he \i„^ ^x,^^ f„„ ^^^ neu, things tllan to ' Uflearn one old. This applies specially to the prouun- ciation of Proper Nouns. ■ . .■ . ■ . '« The admirable rule laid down hj Lord Sydenham should always be our guide : " Be sure you are right and then go ahead." ■^ The questions hitherto published in c:nnection with this subject are added ; they afford to teacher and pupU some idea of the style and difficulty of the examin.^ tion for which they are preparing, / Hamilton, Marcb, 18?flw e 1 « •> 4' / - %^ - \ • - - -IV ; " ■» • . fc- I'ii h ,^-/ PREFACE SEGO'N TO TBI The favor -with w^lch the firat edition of theLiTBa- AET KoiEB WM received ie most gratifying; Three thousand copies were sold in ten days. Tne second editfoH affords an opportunity for the correction of some em,rs, whoso oresence in theformer •nay be explained bnl not excused by the haste with which my publisher* thought It necessary the book should appear. They were very anxious the assist anc, it afford, should be supplied at the earliest moment possible No «pense has h^n spared on thexr part to render it m.% „ccepu,bh to th«» for • whose benefitit has been prepared. By additiom, which need no commendation, . few of the notes have been enlarged ; but by ftr the greatest improvement in this edition „ the Appendix. It consist, almost exdu- J B vely^O r amma t icri Hv tes, which we intended should embrace .very difficulty of any moment in th«. «^ ..-•is U^ .t^AAt «<^ ''•t,.iA'.KA4'ifl., «Tf- -' \ V PREPtCB. ; teen lessons. It is not supposed, however, that evei7 person will acquiesce in the views presented ; but thb hope is strongly entertained that such assistance has been afforded as will be of real service to those prepar- ing to pa^^ the Entmnce Examination. Suggestions that will make the little book more acceptable by im proving it, will be thankfully received from any source, but especially from teachers. i ^i , * Thanks are due to li-of. Young for permission to repriiit Valuable Suggestions from his Report on High Schools in 1867; and to J. M. Buchan, M.A., for the Entrance Examination Questions hereuutc ap.' pended. • "* *^ . Hamilton. Ajflril, IHTfi r^ ', that evei*y ed ; but thb isistance has hose prepar- Suggestions lable by im I any source, rmission to Report on han^ M.A., )reuutG tij^ ■I / CONTENTS. Page in 4th Book. • ^-^ 1 Norwegian Colonies in Greenland 7 and 68 I 30 Pounding of the North American Coloiilea , n - vo I 3i Voyage of the Golden Hmd .: 14 « ^j j « DiaooTery of America 17 „ 73 88 D«ath of Montcalm jg „ ^^ 03 Jacques Cartier at Btochelaga .22 « 75 139 Cortez in Mexico :..j 35 144 The Buccaneers 28 •« r-n .161 Earthquake at Caraccaa 31 <. ^ Iffll Conquest of Pom 3^ „ ^g 188 - "Wales :..... ^ , ,g 204 HermanB, the Deliverer of Germany 45 228 Burning of Moscow i. 48 •• 80 285 Battle of Thermopylea 52 237 Destruction of Pompel 54 244 Taking of Gibraltar ,..„ ...,.;....«) " as 'MX a. 'J^ i'iJUil. ! , ,.^ ^¥i ii&'k\-A 'i( 1 \ ^ « ' i - ^ f ■ 1 * • ■» T ' ' • ' .- , ■-■ ' '', ' ,"- ,;. •r " ^ '^ ■ ^ V ' *^. . . * 1 ..W ', k.. l,.^>ili»^>. v^ ~r^j^ r r li^t^-Ai-s.' ^V >f£tyKA. ^^'-iy^iL-OTa^Liaiii* .r i,'^<'-:a\* i 4(^^ NOBWEaiAN COLONIES IN (Jreen- LAND. FoimTH Book or Reabino Lessoxs^p^o^ 1. Black Pla.r I'ii Z^*'"''''" •^''^'^' '^^ the fell by hundreds in th.A.^ ' ° '""" <^«»e« IWed to moulder away for ,Jf„r"P' ""» "9^ »ar rase fonr.foM a „ ""•'"™. «od the pnoe of le« rf tie day • wdTaWi > u •"""•* '»'' «" ji-.fr' ,1k I 8 LITP:RARY EXTRACTS AND NOTES. dress were enacted. A set of enthusiasts called Fldgsllants, came from Hungary and passed through^ the country, lasking themselves till the blood ran down thoir shoulders, that the plague might bo stayed. ■Jherc can hb no doubt that the plagues which from time to time \'isited England were rendered ifto|fl virulent and lasting by the want of cleanliness in Vijie ilic;usos> the streets, and the i>ersons of the people. Good ventilation, proper sowerago, wholesome food, and the abundant use of water, have banished from our shares the terrible plague, which still lurks in Eomo cloBO and filthy cities of the east, and have much lessoned the violence of t^iaJQ epidemic diseases which still smite the nation." \ , Er -Ic—A proper name. % EsqiuiEiaTL — (es'-ke-mo) plural, Es^uimaiiz (es'-ke-mds), the inhabitants of Greenland aiid^tli el Arctic portion of America. The word means eaters of i flesh ; formerly they inhabited Labrador. Greenluid.-^Qreen'-land), so called by Eric Bituda. Oaxde (gar'-da), a place in Greenland. Icfllanil (iss'-land), called Island (ess'-knd) by the nativtsj length about 300 miles, breadth 200 miles, area40,( square miles, population 70,000, capital i^eykiavik, (re] ke-a-vik), populati(m 1,400. # Lelf (le-if or life), lUnda's son. Horweglaii. — (N« Po'"- Captail ^, m 1827, went 80 mile/farther and pknted P^olntioa \ r'" '^"" ^'P'f' "^ *^« Th« jIoratioM in the nbrth which hare ""'-""yy "'J he mid to have orig in, r. _*i thsame regions he wa, the 'fiwt io e^IoroH^h on atrnpapherio elec- "" "*5n. thl»jrear 1823 found him i ^"i- 10 LITERARY EXTRACTS AKO NOTKi exploring the east coast of Greenland ; on his return home he parsed some more time in study ; in 1834,. at Cambridge, he *took the degree of (Baccalatireus, Divinitatis,iB.D.) Bachelor of Divinity; and subse- quently received the degree of (Divinitjitis Doctor,) D.D.) Doctor of Divinity. He seinred as Chaplain to the^Nf ariners' Church, in Liverpool, and afterward as vicar of Bradford, in his native county. Failing health obliged him to retire to Torquay, but still he puraued his scientifie and philanthropic labors. In 18^7 he visited the XTnited States,, and shortly before his death made a voyage round the ;wrorfd. He was a member of the Boyal Society. His principal works are : " An Account of the Arctic Regions "; " Journal of Voyage to the .Northern Whale Fishery "; " Dis- courses to Seamen "; " Magnetical Observations "; tind ^ Franklin's Expedition." nn'10Qni.-^Lat. Qnns=one, coma »=a horn), a name applied to , the sea onioom, Qnicom whale, or narwhal, written also narwhale, a mammal of the whale kind, found in north- ern seas, which sometimes grows to the length of twenty feet. WMterbygdt— (Wes-tro west and Bydgt doyrim}, the west const — ». ■H^ ■W y-' L FOR ADMISSION TO HIQU SCHO ■ 1 , FOUNDING 0!F teE NORTH aI coLoijriEa Page 30. AcadU.— (A-ka'-do-a), the name by which Nova Scotia ^S known to the French. The wor^ is supposed to bo derived from the Indian, La-quod'-die, l^io name of a fish foun^ there. Area, 21,700 squaro milAs ; population, 387,800, \ Capital, Halifax, population 30,000. AntlcoBtl.— (An-ti-coa'-te), a large islind in the Gulf of St. Lawrence— area 2,000 aqnaro mUea, mountainous and wooded. ' - ■ \ Cape Breton.— (Cape Brit'-un), an island north-east of Nova ' Scotia, separated by a strait one mile wide, an* distant from Newfoundland, 48 miles. Ohelsda.— (Chel'-see), a suburb of London, on the north bank of the Thames, south-west of the city ; Chelsea Hospital, . founded in thp reign of Charles II. for pensioner soldiers, and the military school for soldiers' sons are located here. Chesapeake.— (Ches'-a-peak : Ind. great waters), the largest - bay in the United States; it is 200 milea long, and situated in the eastern part of Virginia. Ohamplaln, Samuel.— (Shfm-plan), aFrench navigator, founded Quebec (1608), the first Governor of New France, as Canada w«i.then called ; was born in France, 1667, died ' in Canada* 1635. This great man, while in Canada, de- ^°*®iMp®^ wholly to the duties' of his position. J»rillage, the lofty hill (5r>0 feet) in its vlcmity hj called Mount Royal.-time has changed the nafne io Montreal. He returned in the followibg year to Europe, aijd shortly after uaking another voyage, died in I ranee, 1355. \ ' BsachU8etta.HMa8.p.chu'.8et8 , lud. about the great hill,) the most important of the New England States ; settl^ by tho Pilgri,^ Fathers in 1620. Capital, Boston, popu- ' lation 250,p0. *^ ^ n ^^^fe^^^^'io'*' discovered by Columbus in 1402. Kewfo^adta^C^Nu'-^ad.Iand). a large ishnid at the mouth ot the Gurof^ Lawrence, and neaAr to Britain than .any other part of Xrfterie,i^the distance to Galway ia Ireland bein^ only 1665 niiles. It» aiea is 40.COO square miles; population, 161,455. Capital, St. Johns ; popu- lation, 22,550. It is a colony belonging to Great Britain, aud h;i8 not yet joined the Dominion of Canada. It is ^ .upposod the island was discovered by Ihe northmcn about the year 1000 ; it was re-di.scovered by John Cabot (Cab'-ot) tn 1497. Settlements by Portuguese, French and Englijh were attempted with littla success for some . timo. I BjRihe treaty of Utrecht (u'-treklO, 1713. it was • declared to belong to Great Britain, the French reserving a right to fish on certain i)arta of the coast. 1^ r«dley, KeVd. Charles, bom in StaflFordshire, Ef^fed, 1820- educ_ated at the Independent College, atJlothorh^ (Roth'' er^um), in Yorkshire ; waa pastor at Chdaeaife'Street^ __ ItHft j -took charge oi.4h»-^ng r eg atiQ M d-<3faT^y^ S€=- *°^H ^«^fo^dr««d, in 1857, and published ahistoty oC that o|>lony from its earliest timea to IStfU. ^^ 1864 M». 'STjiSit't^^iijl^^^ifW .. FOR ADMISSION TO ni«n SUHOOLS. 13 i'eilley came to take cbargo of the Cougregatiiuial ClimcL at Cold Springs, near Col..,jrg, iu Outario. 'Ilio ItevJ.. yentlemau died a lev/ years a^'o. QuebiC— (Kwe-bek' : lud. take caro of tbe rock), a city • founded by Champlain in ICOS, bo etioni^ly fortiliid u.s to ba. called. the Gibraltar (jo-brawl'tar) of America. Tlie cliff on >^hii;h the upper i>ortiou ia builj; rises o33^Cet ' |!rbove the water j it is about 650 niileB from the ocjan, l8f> milfcs from Montreal, and 513 mijes froio Toronto (an Indian word for place of Viiectiiig or trees in tha water). Fopulatioii, CO,CUO. Boberval (ro-bcr-val'), a French na,vigator, sailed for Nev/ France with Cartier, in 1542, passed onci winter in Canada and retiirned to France, his nativa Cx)u;itry, in ^54'^. Sir years aub^i-qucntly lioberval accompanied by his brother, made another voyage, but what became of them is ua- known ; they never returned, Baleigh (raw'-llt), see voyage of the "Golden Hind." hL Johns.— Capital of Newfoundland, situated in the S. E. •part of the island ; population, 25,000. Verazzanl (ver-az-zan'-e, John), was a 'Florentino navigator , in tha service of France. In 1524 be took impses-iiou cf the coast from Nova Scoti^ to Carolina, calling it NcvV . France. Htf gave some liquor to ch© nativt'.H.ab a cercain places they became intoxicated and called it /i/an-na-hfC- ian, tlie place of drunkenness— afterwards it was cnn- «. ' . ' I - ■ ' ■ /•'./' / II UTlr«ABT KITWCM A> D Horn VOYAGE OF THE "GOLDEN mNU" Pagjb ZjL ' ■ America »o.called after Americu^ Vospacci (V«.pooici ^ cliatmguished navigator and writer whn h /i,^' T5 served honor of calling the neH id Iv hi!* "^'" Tdl^r"'' * ''^' '' -^ V JeLtsl^e^ like I'n 1568, and died inTcSs ' Sh ^^^^',^°f »<^«d the throne . line. ^'^^mS. bhewaarthe last of ^ Tudor ion ana Uxford ; flourished during, the reien of F?{,™ Doard. He has. been calkd the father\ of -' W^L Civilization." In Jf^yft i« t.i- ,. , V . *^9st«m a Discoverv/rJ! ' published "1 Discourse of L»iscovery/n»va new passaee to Cftfh«,ir ^ ^ * c™. introduced Into Europo '||,S^.' "T* '* ollor \i-„ T»-v.^^. ^ "^ilBBKIUPrated tray. i^4o prove the 3dtrav-H eller Marco Pp West passage. '' uie as the Italian o-boe a ni».;^»i • ^ ^ ^^ ^yea wrote the account of ««t IS^^tyai ge 4>f-^ >Tia ^ HIND.»' eaipoo't-c! D IiAf the hib own name, irt^in. b something like il Anne Bole _. , ided the thrOne stof^e Tudor / / Mr Raleigh, an 539; educated reign of Eh'za- ingligh colony urn home in a 8t with all on of ;' Western Discourse of t, name fof •rated tra^*^ ^ aNo^jfr 3 the one in orld: it took J trib. which FOir ADMIIbSION to HlOir SCHOOLS. Ifi 1'^ 1. of England and VI. of Scotland, son of the uu- mate Jiafy Queen of Scots, borif at Edinburgh, 1566 ; ck-owned, 1567 ; ascedded the throne of Englafid in 1603 • died in 1626. .• In hii reign th^uthorized translation of t^fr Bible into English was accomplished, aiid in ICl'i two persons were burned at Smithfield for their rcligiou • opinions, the last of these disgraceful exeeuti«na in Gr^it Britain. .. Monday, modn's-day, called after the moon, by our Anglo- Saxon forefathers. The origin of the names by which" '1 the days of the week are known, may be seen in the Spelling Book. "tik^thtf swan," etc. (et ce'-te-ra, and the rest), this notion about the swan is entirely erroneous. We are now per- fectly satisfied these birds never sing. To Coleridge is attributed the following lin^s :— ^ .. Swans singr before tbey dl« ; ' Twcre no bad tiling:. Did certain penons die - Before they sing. Raleigh, Sir Walter, bom in 1652, beheaded in 1618 ; an ex traordinary man,- of great ability, scholarly attainments, and lofty genius ; educated at Oxford and the Temple, served with distinction as a volunteer in France, and after'- warcts in the Netherlands. In-4685 he sent "out an expe- dition that discovered Virginia ; took an active part in the defeat of the Invincible Armada, 1588. In 1595 he led an expedition a^iuat Central and South America, hoping to discover ^ddri'do— *rhe Golden Land-the existence of which waa firmly belie ve4 in that age. but npt realised till the gold fields of California and Australia astonished the world ; took part with Lord Cecil— prime minister of Kli rnhf i t h a gainst tbfr &»4^ £ggey. ^ pd a^ after wa r dT determined to put down Ralei^h^ and though Jaues at r . f. tei^^. i I LITEBARY BXIRACTS AND NO*ES first treated him with favpr. in 1603 he. was impriaoned tried and convicted of being a traitor in'^the pay of Spaiu -a very unjust and unfounded acc^ation. James- waa not asha^med to kfeip him a prisoner^iu the Tower, for thirteen long years, during which he wrote the "History of the World." John Bunyan, when similarly flituatcd or twelve years, wrote -fhe Pilgrim's Progress." In 1615 the Kmg allowed him to lea^ ah expedition to ' Guiana (ghe-a-na), it proved disastrous, and on his return he was put to death under the seutence passed on him fifteen years previously. His writings in prose are vigo- rous and eloquent ; some of his poems though short in length, are great in beauty. He excelled in the mechanical arts, was a daring navigator, arid unwearied in his efforts : to extend the commerce, as well as to create the colo- . nial power, of England. St. Johns—See note under Founding of the North American Colomes. SeptemDer. -(Latin, septem, seven), the ninth month of oui year, the seventh with the early Romans, who.e yea% began in March, as the -legal year did in England, tUi changed by Act of Parliament in 1752 j and te conect th'e error in the days, the third of September was at the same time changed to the fourteenth. Squlrrelaiid Delight -V^sels ongaged with the Golde. Hind ui the voyage under coasideratioa. ito^^^SEaie^Cjl'MbSt^^i^et''' j.^-** ,;■■ 1*- ^biid.uMtliU* ' "V "'',»■' tOR ADMISSION TO HIGH SCHOOLS, 19 he North Amerioau h the GoUem Iliad . DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. Page 46. An'gttst, 80 called after Augus'tus, who was Roman EmixiroT when our Savior was bom. The old Roman namo woa Sextilia, the sixth month from March-rthe month in which the primitive Romans, as well as the Israelites, began the year. The name was changed in honor of the emperor, on account of his victories, and his enter- ing on his first consulate in that month. Bauble, any thing gay and showy, without real merit. C3ruciflx, a cross having upon it a figure' of Christ crucified. CasUle A; X^n (kaa-teel') and (loon), fonnerly kingdoms, now pijdvinces of Spaia. Cluria'toplier Colum'bua, born in Gen'oa, 1441, devoted himself to the study of geography, and, after cniel delays and / bitter disappointments, in 1492 became the greatest dis- coverer of all times. It was in endeavoring to trace the "Zipangri" (Japan) of Mar'co Po'lo that Columbus dis- covered the New World. He died in Spain, 1506, and his remains were afterwards taken across the ocean and deposited in the Catliedral of Santo Domingo, wheno« they were finally convoyed with great pomp in 1796 to the Cathedral of Havana,. Prtday, Ao called after Friga, wife of Thor.both Anglo-Saxon deities. See note under Foyage of the Golden Hind. Hevd. Wmiam Robertson, D.D., a celebrated historian and divine, was bom in 1721, at Borthwick,' Edinburghshire, where his father wag parish minister, and died near Edinburgh, 1793. He was early licensed to preach, pro- motion foUowing promotion, till, in 1764, he was appointed 'If . n»i«»«ter of Grayfriar's church, Edinburgh, Principal of ; the University of the same city, and Historiographer Keyal of Scotland ; the last a government appointment to 'whit h _ iife^ LITEPtHY HTllAOr. im NOTM land/, an,, Gibbon, autLr „?r.%tine"„tMf ™rpa. tho,„ in i!^;:;! ; " v„' '7f -'' ."^ --y to serve acrain^f P..-^ ou l- ^"^^ he volunteered to ■liahed in -69 and «;: 7 °' """"*' '^- "^ P'"'" extract, in 1777 of l""' "'"°'' °"' ''»"'" " »" est man m our estimafinn q^^+i j , "«<"» great- and Dr Hn.T,p 2 ^^^"^ ^*« ^^«' Produced, Spaniard (Span-yard), a native of Spain T« Deum, Z-artn words for ««ThfiA P«^ » i ^ - we pr«i.e tHoe o (X^ v " """" l»"damn«,' fonm a principal ^rt, l*udamn«," ^j~ ^ii^^^^'Xi ^H.X'-S*' J= ^b4^\ rOB ADMISSION TO HIGH SCHOOLS. 19 hreo vessels with DEATH OF MOK'TCALM. Page 88. |l)ercromble (ab-er-krnm'-bi), James, not Sir Ralph, a Major-General ia the British army in America. Sohemia (bo-hee'-me-a), the kingdom of, situated in the N. W. of the Austrian Empire ; capital, Prague. |Beanport (b6-port), a place near Quebec, on the same side of the St Lawrence, between the llivera St. Charles and Montmorenci. iBishop. — A certain rank- of clergyman in some churches ; in the Episcopal church, the highest of the three orders of the Christian Ministry — these orders are, deacon, priest, bishop. rConfes'sor. — A priest who hears the confessions of others. I Hlgblanders. — Natives of the north-western portion of Scot- land, called the Highlands. They are of Keltic (keltic) origin. The broad sword or claymore is not now a part of the soldiers' arms. HawUiui.— See ijote under Picture of Quebec, in this lesson. Italy. — One of the countries of Southern Europe, in shi^pe like a boot, area 114,800 square miles, population 26,800,000 ; capita), Rome, population 260,000, celebrated for many wonderful buildings, most notably St. Peter's church, which cost about $80,000,000— the finest ecclesiastical structure in the world. Zdeutenant da Bol (l«-t-nang du rwa), a military officer of high oonunand. KarteUo Totrer (mar-tel'-lo tow-er), a building of masonry, generally circular, with a cannon on the summit mounted so that it can be fired in agy direction; MOatmoiranot (mont-mc^ren'-se), a jriver that joins the St. lAwrence six miles N. B. of Quebec, after forming s ' ligh. -___,__„ \ .MjjW^k-Wt'v ■#..;! ■If, At.- 20 uraRAar bitwom Akb ,otes (neem,. ,7,2, dil i^Q^bTo " T ^ ""^ --« afterhisdeath,Q„ebecs,,r™S J ^°P*""=»- Shortly British territo^. ""Z""":"^' ?■* "" ^""«"' "«»-» «verhad .better soIdLr^d..™'"!'! "'"="'«' F'anee bej. A^erioa. PosaeesCatir™'^-- '™' *° to h,m .„ soldierly qualiiioations •• <^"P««>Me Oswejo (os.we'.g„), a Jity aadport „f . ■rfter the person „h„ owned the ill "■ '' " '"'*'• Picture of Quebec — THp f. i * written by Alfred Hatki rEl'^t *' .'""" ^'^ *^^«"' and for some years Master of ft^n' ''^*'^' °^ ^^"g^and, thatcityiai854; wrote p/ *^'^°^^ «^ Q°^«>>«o ^ clicd a and other works ''"'"' "^ ^"''*"' ^««^^ «/ fFolJ,, Rouge cap. (roozh), mel r^ '"* '^ ^^« "^y- the west. ^' ^' '"'^ ^"P«' ^ P«i^t near Quebec, on '' ":": '^ "^^' *^^* -*- ^^« St. Uw^nee Just ea.t of ^ in Quebeo,^ndedin lirbv mI""'^' establishment ^(Ma'-dam de la PevZ.a) Z\^"^T' ^^ '* ^^^terie girls. *^'^^' ^^^ the education of Indian Vaudremi, Marqula de fvoh dr»i.' '~. .%.: 'Af3IX.»'Jt h!, \. k:*»jSf ,.'^*^'«.L.^i^t^"''. (woTtt-kam' Icc'-e born neer Iwmes Pt-. 1759. Shortly ■ all Canada became 5d whether France ainly never sent to • at aU comparable »try on the S. E. State, poxjiUation fained the victory 5n the high table, called, it ia said, 8 lesson is taken, tive of England, Qnobec ; died at Death of JFolJe, garrison, city. 'ear Quebec, on nee just east of bamplain. establishment <3e la Pelterie a «tL^ -a« ^"^'^^-t Wr:"C^^^ famous bat?; .% this great victory the whl ^ '^ ^'^^ *^^ ^'^^'^tt^. became subject to th^EasfLd ! C '°^^ ^°-^^-^'). *'«« of the Black hole-the mtl ""^""^ ' *^« a*ro«- «»ou8 massacre at CawuT,or« .^ ^'"'"''^^ ^^ *he iufa. -^ingitby a century 7^1 ^^""T^^'^') though pre- ^ ^«n of British power. rn'h^T:' i -^^ *^« ^^^ '^a-" Q^^en Victoria.^ now at tL ^"^^ "^^^ »* '"ock. subjects, Empress of indif tL7"'* f ^'^' ^"-tal the western world o2^rred nearlVaJT^' *^^ ^^°^« '« waf, an era of conquest Riff . *^^ «*°^« *ime. It -Uel case when 'r tclf 1""^ ^°^' ^^* '««<>rd a par P«opI. held exCvlt.lMr''*"'''"^'- ™» ■»■»•««. *">"» Three Hive™. Thwt!?",'""* "»•» 300 mUe. «»-ia««, th,6ad"t^fj^„7*»t *■»«.«. were -en^ lived by the oh^^ P,'*"^'^ ^^S *!>. «d ">• •»''•, ""y <»» on the ooltirotian at A-. • ?.'■' FOR ADMISSION TO HfaH SCHOOLS. 23 uous part amotig the native tribes on thia part of the r W' "'°^1' '''' '°"^ -ngeof territory slth of the St. Lawrence, from.. Lake Cliamplain to the eastern portion of Lake Eri^ lae eastern^ Though not included within Canadian limits, yet so ^ intimately connected were they with our intere;ts tl.'t space 13 aflforded for thia brief notice. They were divided into five sections, each of which Istd'Th: r''"' "**^^"' '"^^^^ closest alltce existed ; they have never been known to wa/ze war gainst each other, nor did they ever fail to unitetlS' a common enemy. The following tribes constituted the^ five nations, as they were generally called : Mohawks (mo'- ^awks man eaters) Oneidas (o-ni'.das),Onondagas (on-nn- ?^;C^. r^*' ^''"■y°'^>«^' andSenecas (sen'e-cas) In 1712 the Tnscaro'ras. a sou them tribe, was adLitfed i^to ^ this confederacy, and after this they were called he L nations. After the Kevolotionary War (1775 to 1783 «.-caUed after B«nf, Indian name,, on hellJ'n^S Huron Tnbe-A tube of Indians, looo of wliom - welcomed Cartier on his arrival at HocheWa th. rL n.mo for the village at the foot ofit^tt-ytl '^'';:: ' ta.eofCartier-.vidt. This numerous and po;„t;.,rt «1 u LITBRART EXTRACTS AND NOTE* TT- hereditary in the female line, to whoA). with all credit be It said, they paid considerable deference. Deaolatine wars decimated their numbers, till at length only a small remnant survived. Their descendants now eke out A miserable existence at several places near Quebec city Jacques Cartler.-See foundinc? of North-American Colonies, ladlaus (Ind-yansor in'-de-a^js), the' aboriginal inhabitants of America :-so-called originally from the idea, w the part of Columbus and the early navigators, of the identity of the new woHd with India. , ludlan Com, or Maize, a plant and ite fruit of the genus zea (zea-mays), of which several kinds are cultivated ; as the yellow corn, which grow* chiefly in the Northern States and Canada, and the grain of which is yellow when ^pe • white or Southern com, which grows to a great height and . has white Ob ong seeds ; sweet corn, grows chiefly at the north, and has seeds that wrinkle when ripe and dry • poprcom, which is a smaU variety, having small seeds. Uke St. Peter. -An enlargement of the river St. Lawrence, twenty miles long and twenty wide, some distance below " Montreal. Montreal, (mon-trc-awl'), » corruption of the words Mount Koyal, the name given by Cartier to the hill which rose to the height of 650 feet, near the village of Hochelaga. This flourishing city is the . commercial capital of the pominion of Canada; it is built on the south side of an Mland of the same name, ^ the confluence of the rivers Ottawa (ot'-ta-wa) and S«. Lawrence. The island is 30 miles long, and ^10 in s^eatest breadth ; "the city is about 700 miles from the isTouth of the river, 180 south-west of Quebec, 333 miler1,y rail from Toronto, 335 from N^iw York, latitude 45' 31' north, longitude, 73» 85' west* ^ofiu- ation abouV 120.000. The Victoria bridge, tW^^L long, crosses the river near the city; it waa buJlt at >> ^*. T^nso of over f5,0G0, 000" (^■^kf^u r I *»- t"i NOTES ii, with all .credit be erence. Desolating length only a small its now eke out A lear Quebec city. American Colonies. )riginal inhabitants m the idea, on the tors, of the identity lit of the genas zea cultivated ; as the le 'Northern States yellow when npe ; • a great height ami •ows chiefly at the len ripe and dry ; ^ing small seeds, f^er St. Lawrence, ne distance below the words Moiuit le hill which rose age of Hochelaga. ial capital of the e south side of an ence of the rivers The island is 30 the city is about 180 south-west of to, 335 front K«w 3° 85' west, |Joptt- ridge, Jwo miles M bu41iat ttLea:^ •^ r FOR AliMISSION 10 HIQH SCHOOLS. /j5 (o(^to'.ber), from the Latin oe/o, eight ; the eiihth ^onthof the primitive Roman year, aid tLtLnth^ttl in th^ Juhan year, which consisted of 365 days 6 hiiurs adopted m the Julian Calendar, and continued Luitm .nperseded by the Gregorian Calendar, So-called bZus" Pope Gregory XIII. reformed the Julian Calendar Tder mgOc ober5th, 1582. to>c.lled tbc 15th, and thlX^^^^^^^^ forth the year should Consist of 365 days, 6 hLs 49 mmutes, 12 seconds, which would lead t^ an S of of one day only iu 3,866 years. / Ifchelleu, (reesh'-el-yu), a country ahd river of the ]^rovince of Quebec ; the stream was originally called th/river of the SoT ' * " r^'^"^' ^"^^'^ ^y *Wname of ike Ph "T- ^'"'V^' ^'^'^ ''' ''' "^°"'^ ' ^ connect; f^m\ht7otr ""' ''' ''' ^^^^"^^' «« -^^ ^^«^* .THiti:ts:n^^-:^*^^-7-^-ce ^' wt U:^;: ''-'- ''''''' --' o^ ^^^' on the tie ^e is now lost, &c., not so ; Hochelaga is the name of the place so called when visited^by Carder^ COBTEZ m MEXICO Paqk 189. . (kor-tes; er-nan'-do), the^^onqueror o^ Mexico born a^A^delhn (ma-del-yeen'), Spain, 1485, Id near Sevm^ ,-|-e^e„ca heldVari.^ appoinmf te in^Santiago -^te-a-go), of pub^ and in 1618. comLandld the ex- ^^it on for the conquest ^f Mexico. Isistipg of 5^ %«iiards. 200 or 3 00 Indi^aa. a few n^g^ J, ,/g. ^„ , , , f ^ t^rass gunB and aomc^ sSialler cannon^ «lled falconets. He lauded in MexicJ, early in 1519, Y**'--',- V I&. 26 II-BEHARY IXTRACTB AH© KO^Kg ;■! burnt h,3 ships ; found the motives faradrknced in dr'A lation ; defeated his brave opponent. , ionOxt his way J the capital of the country, alsovcalled M^co. alwav taking part with those opppsad to>Io«^.umV and with! his amiy increased to 6000 enteredX^ capiL in^reat pomp; took Montezuma, the Enip^ prfsler in hi/ own palace ; quelled revolt after revftlWruled iith in^ of iron J put to death all who opposed lufn, . WmL absenti to fight Narvaez (nar-va'-eth), whb >ad clme tl supersede him, the part of his army leffln the ciX was! dnven out and their rear guard cyt( pieces. sLt J aftdr this, however, thft grea< victory of\OtuVbf (o-toom-ba) decided the^";^ Mexico, and advanLo against the city he tookm^^storm, after a gallant ' fence of 77 days, -in Augtist, 1521. Honors wer/con^ fcrre(H,y his country t/fe wa^ appointed, governor ani captain^general of M/xipo, and raised to„be a marquis] His great eflfort W to convert these pagans to ChriJ tianity, but his conduct was such as to embitter the natives against Jim and his religion. Montezuma had been killed iij^attle, and the new emperor, who was man of muph greater energy, was, with a number of hia •aciques^ecuted with great cruelty, by order of Cortezl He retu^ed to Spain, was well received by Charles V sent back with honors, but with diminished p«wer l] 1^ h^ surveyed^a portion of the gulf that separated California from Mexico; returned again to Europe • ac] /companied Charles V. on a dis^trous expedition to Algiers, but afterwards was utterly neglected, and treated With^ratitude by the emperor. He richly merited thi trealia^nlior his wanton cruelty, grasping ambition, anc crushing oJJ^Kg^on towards the country on which, for time, he h^iefH^ own image and superscription, Casaell, John, a celebraW Londoa publisher, mm bpm 7 ' toy ADMISSION TO HIGH SCHOOLS. 87 Mmohe^r, in January, 1817 ; hia parents were poor, hw ea^ opportunities very slender, and while still you^h^ adopted the trade of a carpenter. Everything ifter hfe depended on his resolution to educate him-' Self; determining, i^he succeeded, to assist his brother W^kmen to do t^ same. That, which at first-eVening studies after a hard day's work-seemed irksome, became c. !!^^ and perseverance pleasant, and placed him afterwSHTar above his brightest day dream. When only sixte^ years of age. he threw himself body and soul into the teitfperance movement ; came to London in 1836, " a gaunt (gaat) stripling, poorly clad, plain, straightforward in speech, but broad in provincialism ;" entered on a tem. perance tour, in which, thanks to early study, hard work. and a natural gift for speaking he was very successful j and, aided by friends, he startW a Temperance paper. He understood human nature. Us strictly honest, and trusted by those ac-iuainted «^ith him. In 1850 the \Workmg Man's Friend" appeared, which was foUowed by many other successful adventjires in the literary field an^ampngthem the "Family |.aper," from which this ^.^rr^\v t^^""' *°^^^^«^ afterward was merged -into Cassell 8 Magazine." He becarf e a successful publisher. ?; «'f ^tT''^'" °^ ^'' f"^ ^^^^ publishing the J500.000^to faunch (lanch) it i>roperly j nevertheless it paid handsomely. He was the publisher of the •' History of Julius C»sar.« by the Emperor Napoleon III. In 1866 fuU of honors amply earned l/y himself, he died at his residence m Regent's Park. I^e is described as having a habits of hie, • cheerful disposition, a well regelated mind, and troops of friends., hibbon says of Cicero, that j^.jggggygarable ge nius C|^Yeft8 iate - - ' - ing &',%!^l!- *f^ «4a as tiT EXTRACTS AND NOTKB L '■< it totiJBbdlPjI^hat was figuratively tree of the great««t Roman orator was literally BO of, our author. • _ After aiding thousands of persons in thonsand^.of ways, - h© left his wife a s'hai-eholder to the extent of $200, 000 in -V one of the largest publishing houses in the world. ' Mon than 600, men were employed at the works; 8S5,Oo6 sheets were printed oflF weekly, which required a con- sumption of 1,310 reams of paper. So much- for effort, perseverance, and a sterling character. CasseU's Family Paper.-One of the numerous papers puh- j lished by this gentleman ; it was finally merged into ' 'Cas- seU's Mag^ne." ' ^ Oaclques.— (Kji:seek8'), cazique, or ca-zic (Ka-zeek'), from th- language of Hayti (ha'-te), and means a King or Clii., among some tribes of Indians (ind'-yans, or in'-*di-ans), in America. Diego Valasdues (de-a'-go va-las'-kez), a Spanish General, who accompanied Columbus in his second voyage ; was engaged in the conquest of St. Domingo (sent-do-ming'-go), ' • and founded the city of Havana (ha- van'-a) 6^ CuTba? ■* He sent owt the bxpedition which discovered Yucatan' (yoo- ka-tan'), and Mexico, and despatched Coftez (cor'-tes) to subdue the latter country; died, 1523. Grljalva (gre-hal'-vii), the discoverer of Mexico. Mexico, (naex'-i-co, place of Mexitli, t^ie Aztec god of war), a fine country in the south-western part of North America ; | very rich in vegetal and mineral productions. MontMuma, (mon-te-zoo'-ma), the last Indian Emperor of | Mexico, was reigning when that country was invaded anti conquered by Cortez. , . In yits earlier stages Eirfopeau Colonization was mijni- cal to the Indian rades. Tl^e British and t^ Spanish phases of it were. the extremes.- A careful pomDarison Would show greaUy in favor of, the former; " '%:■;.: i^j" i'. * '**'-' '''* •-"-■ ' ■'Hr^*'"*' ^- >•-"■' tl" <■ «* ■(- r-»i''f'i'T---_4i'->.- *"-^-' *; FOB ADMISSION TO HIGH SCHOOLS. 29 THE BUCOANEERS. ' Paoe 144. . lAtlantlc— (at-la'n-tic), the name ia derived from the Atlas Mountains, whose base this ocean washes ; extends from the Arctic to Antarctic, (ant-arc'- tic) circle; area about 25 . 000,000 square miles. ' iBac'caneer, from bon-ca-ncr (bou-ka-ne'), to imoke or broil meat and fish, to hunt wild beasts for their skins. A robber upon the sea— a pirate -a term applied e^^cially to t>e piratieal adventurers, chiefly English andlFrench, who combined to make depredations on the Spaniards in America^ in the 17th and ISth centuries. |carlbbeau (car-ib-be'-an), the body of water north df South- America and south of Cuba, Hayti and Porto Rico. jChagres.— (cha'-grcs), a town and river on the Istlimus of Panama'. ^ -) iDarlen (da'-ri-en), the isthmus that connects North and South America. |GaUeon, a large ship with three or four decks, used as a man- of-war, also in commerce, as in the text. I" Honor among Thieves."— Whatever they might do to others —to each other they would prove true, and act with fair* noss in every transaction among themselves. lathmua (ist'-mus or is'-mus), a narrow piece of land joining two larger portions. Jamaica (ja-ma'-ka), one of the greater Antilles (an-teel) islands, the third in size of the West India Islands ; capital, Kingston, belongs to Great Britain. Knighted, having the ord"er of Knighthood conferred by his Sovereign, which entitles him to be addressed as Sir ; as Sir John, Sir Alexander. This honoris conferred by a Mow of the flat of a sword on the back of tha oandidfttft„_ "^^^"^^e^TmSrSn^iriSstowhrhoi^ .'. «"f.4irf f *> Cf^ ■m^ 30 LITi:nARY EXTRACTS AND NOTES u •W MIguel-de Basco (me-ghel' da Bas'co), a celebrated bnccaneer ,, Morgan, Henry, the most noted of all the buccaneers -Montbara (mont-bar), a very celebrated buccaneer of French extraction. ^ Maxim, an established principle, an adage, a proverb, a guid- m^ principle ever to be admitted in the concerns of life Pacific ocean, so called by those who first sailed on it, because they thought it free from Storms. Panama (pan-a-ma', mud-fish in which the bay abounds) formerly called Darien. ^Poetic Justice-Justice according to their idea at the time, and m the circumstance then existing ; justice without refer- ence to right, ^a course of action of which the buccaneers approved. As poetry knows no laws that may not at times to subserve the purpose of the author, be .overlooked, m among those sea-robbers there was no law of right consid- ered binding under all 6ircun)stance. "Poetic justice" may refer to what is considered one of the essentials of any great epic or dramatic poem— the re- ward of the meritorious and the punishment of the guilty. . Shylock 'sought to injure • Antonio ' and was deservedly punished by • Portia.' The buccaneers sought to be the dispensers of this poetic justice by punishing the Spaniards for the injuries inflicted by them upon the native Ameri- cans. In real life, unfortunately, the innocent often suffer and tke guilty ga free. St. ChrlBtoplier (sent kris'-to-fer), also called St. Kitts— one ' of the British West India Islands in the Leeward (le'- ward) j group, north-oatit of the Caribbean sea. j Domingo (sent do-min'g-go), or San Domingo (san-do- »niDg'-go), an islet of the West Indies, on the Great Bahama bank (ba-ha' ma), 90 miles north-Qart ol Nen | vitas inGfll^a. , / Bto LoreMO (san lo-ren'zo), a castle which haa long tince dii- Bt Itpjiearea. .Tortuga (tor-tco'-ga), three islands of the same tiame are I 'ound J this one N. W. of Hayti. another in the Carib- «t,4^i/j~,^ 'v'^J. " -jA.**kT ,/'»/.• -^itr. ,. 'i kj 1 .'3<«^H-'^ ' POR ADMISSION TO HIGH SCHOOLS. 31 the bay abounds), bean sea near ths coast of South America, and the third in the Gulf of California, upper part. VlBor (vis'or), written also visard, and visar, a head-piece or I mask used to protect ^nd disguine. WelBh maa (welsh'-man); a pative of Wales. EARTHQUAKE AT CARACCAS."' Page 151. lAvlleandSma (a'-ve-la and seel'-ya). two mountain pe&ks I near Caraccas ; they rise to a height of 8,7O0Jeet. jCaraccas (ka-ra'-kas), population GO, 000, situated acvei miles from the sea, and 3,000 feet above it. The moun- tains near it rise to a height of over .'i.OOO feot The houses are built chietly of brick, its streets are narrow, but well paved, and cross each other at right angles ; and great attention is given to education. ' In 1S26 the city sufifered again by a violent eartlfriu.vke, Lisbon, in 1 755, and Ribbamba in the province of Quito, sutfei-ed in 179?' terribly from this cause. In Canada, for months during 1663, an earthquake of great violence continued. jOatanea (ca-td-ne-a), in 169.3, Cuh.bria (ka-ld-bri-a),*in 1638, were visited by these wholesale destroyers— the earth- quakes. \ I Capuchin HOBpital (kap-yu-sheeu' os'-pe-tal), an hospital attended to by Monks of the Order of St. Francis. V monk is a man who retires from the ordinary concerns of life» devotes himself to religion, and binds himself by a ▼ow to a life of celibacy. jCaraguata (car.ag-u-at'-a>, a lavine near Caraccas. '" 32 WTiSRARY EXTRACTS AND NOTES El Quart.1 de San Carlos (e]kwar^-*el dS san-car'-Ince), the name of a barracks, a place and buildings in th^e soldiers live, when in garrison. ' EbulUUon (eb-ul-lish'-un), the operation of boiiiug. G«ayra(gwi'.ra). a river near Caraccas. Hunxboldt, Alexanaer Von, was a great writer and traveller ttZZ: 7'*^' ""''''' '^'^ ^^-^^y '' - America be travelled for five years ; and in Asia (land of the dawM he went as fa.- as the Chinese frontier. A man of ex a^^^^^^^^ dmary capacities and abilities, he was -bom at Bert^ ,, , Germany Sej.t. . 1769. the year in which were bom N Tn^rOoIthT'-Tf "^^°"^^^°^ ^"^«)' ^«-^"^^' (na). Goethe (go'-teh), &c., &o. Died at Berlin eightec;,i years ago. The writer of this.lesson extended on^nt Bo any (botane, an herb), of Climatology (klima. climato and logos a discourse), of History, and of ChemisfV- " Hi^ day rose at 6 m the winter, and 6 in the summer, .tudiel twphours, drank a cup of coffee, and returned to iis stud to answer letters, of which he received hund^ds evervi n m ' /n id ';"'" ^'^^*" J^eridian), before noon, to 'J tw' f ^«"dian), after noon, he received visits, an, ' then returned io study tiU dinner hour. In the latter I yea^of his life, from 4till 11 he passed at the Lwe! ! timesatthemeetmgof learnedsocieties, orin the company of fnends; at 1 1 he retired to his study, aud some o^hi Hoi V S^ f" *'"' """'^ "^ ^^* ^^^ ^"**^« •* "^^IniRht. •• ' Holy Tjiursday.^The day on which the Ascension of o«> w JI' "r"''"*"'T'*^' *"' ^*y *'«^<>"'' Whitsonlicic, ^.s the seventh Sunday after E«ter, a lso the dav - Lisb.^ y ° .1"^ ^^^^^/rwhic falrtfre^uementi^eaintlie^^^^^ Lbtau(h.'.bon). capital of Portugal, on the right l^Tc ,. Jf'-^.vi/ >.']fc^^ FOB ADlflSSION TO HIGH SCHOOLS. 33' the Tagtts. near its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean ; popu- lation 226,000. Captured by the Moors in 711 Lken from them in 1145. In 1755 it was visited iy a dreadful ^ earthquake which threw down a large partAf it and des- troyed many of ta inhabitants; traces/ of this dire calamity are still to be seen. The shock of this earthquake ^ted only five minutes, but pervaded an area of 15,000 . 000 square miles, more than four timc3.tlie surface of Eu- rope, or uearly thetwelfth part of thesi^aceof theglobe. It occurred on November 1st, the Feast of AU Saints ^ abou^ mne o'clock in the morning, when the ^^er pari of the people were at church, hence the great loss of Se variously estimated frorn^ 30,000 to 60,000. The shock was felt m Iceland Barba'doe^. the great Canadian Lakes, m northern Germany, atj Top'-litz in Bohemia, and in many other places. In Ca'diz the sea rose to a height of sixty-four feet ; in the AntUles (an-teel') the tide usually rises twenty-six inches, on this occasion it rose nearly as many feet, andTpread destruction aU around. Lima (led-ma), capital of Peru, seven miles from its pork - I Call^ (callao or Cal-ya'-o), on the Pacific. It waJ^ founded by Viz-^-to, 153.5, contains the oldest university m the New World, and was nearly destroyed by ai earthquake in 1746 ; population in 1850, 100,000. iMesBlQa (mes-see'-na;, a city of Sicily, on the strait of Ihe same I name, suffered from an earthquake in 1783 / l8Bi«sippi (mis-sis-sip'.pe), an Indian word, meaning father of waters, or the great and long river. / elUattoa (os-cil-la'-tion), the act of moving backward and forward, Lke a pendulum ; the act of swinging or vibrat- ^tgmftt (r t bam ' ba ). at the fbo t of Chttoborqfeo (chim-bc l»-a> A chimney), about 80 mUes from Guayaquil (gui-i keel ), destroy od by an earthquake in 1797/ 94 LITEKARY BXTUACT8 AHli NOTKg J«o Guayra (re-o-gw'i-ra), a river near Caraccai Terra flrma (ter'-ra fir-ma), Latin words for solid ground or firm land, frlnity & Alta dtacja (trin'-i-te and al'-ta gra'-ahe-a). ' San Juan. -(Spanish pronunciation, San Hoo-an' of twan' meaning St. John), a stre^jn Caraccsas. .The name of many places in America. " .i Orndulatlon (un-du^a'-tion, a motion to anltro. upand du.m ^ or from sule to side, as waves in water, Or in air Volcano, plural volcanoes, from Vulcan, god of tire. Artountai- , which emits fire, Smoke, lava, &q., from its top Venezuela (ven-ez-wee'-la, little Venice, the Spaiiirds found a village built on piles in lake Maracaybo. gav^ it this name, and subsequently applied ft to the* surrounding district), a republic in the northern part of South America • length, 900 miles; breadth. 770 miles; area, 400 000 square miles; poijulation, l,800,00a Capital. Caraccas population about 60,000." ' EARTHQUAKES. Many views have been placed before the jroblicin accountiag mLtf °"^"'t«^*^^-^^e8.. The.ono now received ' wi"h most favor, which, no doubt, will be interesting to Teachei-T nthlchoTT^n'" ^"^"^ "'^ "« P^^P--^e *° -t^ "e High Schools and Collegiate Institutes, may be stated as fol- lows :--The earth at one time. long, long ago, was a molten mass ; he cooling of it give rise at first to a thin crurilke tiie shell of an pgg ; the cause that produced the crust would make^it contract more rapidly than the heated mass beneath. '•t. i-.* *^- .4»i,- „^. '^k-JMj:,jfii^*m' 1 )r solid ground, or 68 ; area, 400,000 Capital, Caraccas, fOB ADMISSION TO HIGH SCHOOLS. 86 consequetitly ,it would presB heavily ^n this mass and coutiune to mcrease til the crnst would crack and open along the Irf' ct:;'had :t-^'^'"°'^^^' in other dir'ctions. Cen T crust had attained a certain degree of thickness, it would be strong enough to resist, at least for a tune, a saiden™/ LTsharrrj'*'" «^-^-Kby contraction, and itlTct hke 8hap6 of this crust would greatiy aid in this result. Af t^ » Ume, however, the weight of the crust unsupported by reaZ on the mass within like ice on water would cans, great b^/ mg and compression ; the results were the upheavol of the chief mountain chains, Andes. Rocky. Altai. Himaiaya Alt ' The Moon, Ac. and the depression of the great ocean be^s Atlantic. Pacific, &o. In other words, the ml withTn shdl '^^ ng^ore rapzdly than the outer shell, the crust unable t. b L • Its own weight would be crushed and sink upon the fl^d m^s heat would be given out by these crushings, which, acting on he mass within the crust already heated to a high degrefof Irr^r;."'"'*'^"^" *° ^«" *^« portions of the crus adja^nttothem^ Water would be changed into steam, rock mto lava, hus affording the elements of earthquakes a^d vol! came eruptions. Experiment and calculation have shown that one^our h part of the heat, year hy year, given off by the earth mto surrounding space is quite sufficient to account for tW ^V'°f^^°» °' «*« crust afford the true cause ol ilt;„T?>, 1 '^''f ""^'"^'^ ** P«^">*?«"* ^^^^'^ti^" of por! the results above referred to. Thes^- changes hitherto regarl! ed as destructive, will from this point of view, appear to be W;5ar«u«t of the globe, supposed to be about lurter^ b^V'l °'''''T^°'^"^"««'^ *° **^« '^^^-B part witUnj ttipg ,s accomplished, little by little in each Vwidity » vaN' 'W.' jllil F 86 ? ■, LITERARY »XTRACTS..AffI>. IjIOTEB readl? T ' ''^'* ^""^^ °*^«^^^«°. i« tbo long run spread destrucUon sudden and terHble. over all lands and alf Ippeirot"" ^"'"^ "'^^^^^^ moven.ent.,at other S^^f iTw K M^'''''°''- ^^^°es tave been known durin/a . shock, to be thrown out of one house into another or it^uL Z Zl^Z '"" XT'''"^^^ ^-*« ^ distanorjitho bl' vaiyes, of which there are 1,000 on the earth at present Th« ^ earthquake ceases wheu the eruption begins. CONQUEST OF PERU. : ^ Page 161. Almairo (al-ma'-gro), one of the Spanish conquerors of Pern (Chil-lee^ by Charles V. ; defeated and putto death^ a ■^ quarrel with Pizano, 1538. Atah^a (a-ta-hwal'.pa), spelled sometimes Atabalipa (a-ta- . damned ya wicJsed edurt-martial to be put to death bv -_ ^^urning. but this was ch^d to . strangulation on wl pamed the invaders. Spamsh. from the island of Hayti (ha' J), a king oHhS ^ among some tribes of Indiaus in America. ^ Oapao means great or powerful j ttofflalca (k«.a-mal'.ka), or Caji^Lrca (ka-ha-mar'-ka i, e ^ "U*l «tmmachn%o (g^^ma-cEr::5o). ; ' ""» rF^^ Piuco (koos'-ko). a city in Peru, anciently the capital of tfcat ooaatry, founded, according to tradiLn, inTi^ullt .■....■ » ' M ^-iM^>'^'¥-^r?f ' I*OK ADMISSION TO HIGH SCHOOLS. 37 tary; at the conquest by Pizarro, the population was said to be 200,000. The Peruvians called it the holy city, and they had erected therein the famous temple of the sudt. ' . >^^ [Charles V. was bom in 1500, succeeded his grandfather, Ferdinand, as king of Spain, in 1616; elected emperor of Germany in 1519 ; abdicated in favor of his son in 165G, and died in a convent two years after retirin*'. I Don (from Latin dominus, master), Sir ; Mr.; Sig'uior (see'n- yur), the same as Seignior among the Italiiins; a title in Spain formerly given to noblertwn and genbloinon Only, ^>4mt now'fcommon to all; classes. • DomltflCS^ friar (do-min'-i-can), a brother or uioaiber of the religious order founded by Dominicus Guz'mau (do-riiin-i- CU3 Guz'-man),iufcroduced into England A.D. (hStio,anno Domini, for, in thoyearof our Lml), 1221. In the Ronnn- Catholio Church there ai-ia four special orders of lay brethren who devote themselves to uaeful works, especi- ally in connection with manual labor-schoojs and otlior* educational institutions, namely :— (a) Minors, Grey Friars or Franciscans; (h) Angus'tines ; (c) Domiu'icans or Black Friars.; (d) White Friars or Car'melite*. ! aernando (er-nan'-do), brother of Pizarro. [HuaynaXJapio (hwa/na-kap'-ak, the last letter in the name as given in the 4th book: should be 0), an Emperor of Peru who died shortly bafore the arrival of tie Spaniard* I Hosoar (tfwas'-kar), the immediate snocessor ojE the preceding, laea.— In'-ca), plural in'oas, a king or prince of Peru before the conqnest by the Spaniards. Marquls-de-las-Ohaaoas (mar-k8-da.IiM.8haB'.ka8), thetiUe ol Piilrro ; he was also governor of Peru by appointment of Charlfla V, - . P#ravlaas (<)e-rtt'.vi-an8), inhabitants of Peru. ?e-io, plural pe'sos (pa'-so) a gold coiii the oonuneroiiaTalae of / Ai'v-, M" i' •■-' '■■S'a 3d LITERARY Extracts and notes ^ which is $11. 67, eqtfal to £2 12s. .^d. starling. Tie total amount of the gold was found to be 1,326,539 pes^, which, allowing for the greater value of money in the sixteenth century, would be equivalent, probably, ^tthe present time, to nearly £3.500,000 sterling, or s^ewhat less than fifteen and a half miUion dollarfr/($l5,480^7l0), in Canadian currency. 67,120 8hou|d1be 57,220. The quantity of silver was ^timated at 51,610 marlJs. The present value of one ounce or peso of Wd is £3 17s. lOid. or 118,95 n^rly ; of 8 oz. or one marca of silver £2 4s. or $10,7r^early. Peru (pe-roo'), one of the^publica of South America, capital LimJi (lee'-ma). More the Spanish Conquest the country was much largV^han at present, and seems to have been well governeij^by their incas, as their monarchs were called. ™ people were industrious, loyal and happy. PIzarro, Don/tra^clsco (pe-zar'-ro, don-fran-cis'-co), a ma* celebr^ied for His good and also for his bad qualities; was born at Truxillo (troo-heel' yo), about 1471 ; fr6m the neglect of his parents he grew, up in ignorance and idle- ness. Itis health was good, his spirits bdd, and his mind was soon filled with the marvellous tales about the | New World ; he sailed for His-pali-i-o'-la or Hayti, and served for many years in numerous and perilous expe- ditions commanded by others, for it waff not till he had reached his fiftieth year that he commanded one himself. Success attended his third eflFort against Peru, which took place in 1531. His whole force did not»ex- ceed 180 foot soldiers, 67 cavalry, and two small pieces of artillery called fal'conets ; but fraud iti this, as on other occasions, accomplished n\ore than force. He was a cop- iummate general ; his skill and bravery were equal to any — e mergency, 4 hdJiift flouragc p«vot ^aited-him^ - Whiit a \ pity that the rest of hia character was made up of *.i. J*' %■- u^r .'\ ■ . ^ - POB ADMISSION Toliiion aCHOOLS. 39 iiisatiable avarice, remorilesa cruelty, ^nd habits of bratal license and outrage. He rose to supre.ne power, but his fall was rapid an! unlamented ; the place that had wxtaesded his great.>pi saw also hi« overthrow aod death in 1541. la person Je was tall. w
). built a few' miles south of the Wator. founded in 15.34. is 10,000 feet above sea level,\pop«latiou 70.000. Several disas- trous earthquakes ar« recorded, especially in February 1797 and Mai-ph, 1859. - . ' "^uary. CONQUEST OF WAL;ES. Paob 183. Edward I. (of the Norman Line), sumamed Long- Ihanks, from the great length of his lei^s, eon an I uccessor of Henry III., was bom in Westminster, UJ9, wasm Palestine when he succeeded his/ather ^hodied^l272, crowned 1274. died 1307. Attheageof Ifteenhe received the lordship of Ireland, in 1265 he kercame the domestic faction under the;Earl of Leices. k(lcs'ter) ; joined the Crusade of St .L..ui8 (sent-loo'-e) fnd revived for a time the terr r of the English name, r At the heaa of a thousand soldiers, the future oon- ^ueror of Wales and Scotland delivered Anr^ «-W) a Siege; marched as far as Nazareth with an ay Of mne thousand ^en ; ^at^d the fame of uncle Richard^ ext rted by his yalor, a ten year.' / /' 40 LITERARY EXTRACTS AND NOTES, trace; and escaped, with a dangerous >yound, from the* dagger of a fanatic ass-.issin." The histo'rfans of; of the time seem ignorant of the princess Eleanor's] (el'-cn-or) pioty in sucking the poisoned wound, an. on tho Menarjm.u'.i) straits, built by Edward I. j in- it, -eagre to)^er, Edw...rd IT. was born,, ;andbh him the title or* rnucoof ^^Valesjpras first conferred ; it has since t: .t time been lorno ^^^ the eldest son of the Brft«jh So,e. thrcTne.'^^" ^''"'' °^ ^^''' " ^^^ lieir apparent to t.,e [C*-.nbria'B cursfl.-Thc curse or malediction of tho Welao "p^oplo upon all their enemies, and especiuUy upon EdM^arrl for the wrongs of thuir country and the slaughter of their 'poets .ajilbria. an ancient name for Wales ; the Cambrian nrc.tho I rocks next in "order below tlxe Silurian. '^ Conquest's ciimson wing-Conquest is always achieved by I the sheJdmg of blood ; here conquest is personified and the color assigned, which recalls ihe idea. ' |Oontray6rCoawy(kon'.wee), asmall river in North Wales. Chinese Wall.— This work perhaps the most stttpenJous monument of hiiman ihdustiy ever exhi- Ibited to the world, w^s begun about 214 B.C., and ■^nished about 204 B. C, several millions having been joccupifH^ life Qncfl ift its. copstruetiea.- - Thitf^vi^ t"^ ibont 1,50 . miles in lengthjrom 20 lo 25 feet high, 'id so thick that six hors^en can rfde abreast on tlw 42 LITXRAUT EXTRACTS AND NOTES summit. Towers are placed along its whole length at twice the distance an arrow can be $hot, so that every part of the wall may be within the reach of the archers stationed in the towers. In one instance the wall is carried over the top of a mountain one mile in height. It is, in many parts, built in the most substantial manner, especially towards its eastern extremity, where it extends iy & massive lev'ee into the sea. In this . portion the workmen were required, it is said under { penalty of death, to fit the stones so exactly that a nail could nowhere be inserted between the joints. In some parts, however, the wall is compose'. /of earth only. It is estimated that the materials empl ye"! in this immense fortification would be sufficient for con- structing a waif SIX feet high and two feet thick twice | around the world. Gray, Thomas, the poet, bom in Comhill, Lon. don, in 1716,-died 1771. He was educated at Eton anl . Cambridge, travelled on the continent, wrote poeiins, gathered flowers, studied Zoology, ant] paid| some attention to architecture and antiquarian re-j search. He is best know^ by his "Elegy, written in a country church yard," WhicS is considered faultless -—its melancholy grace being regarded as the perfeo- Men of Art. « Tke Bard," from which these stanz^J pre taken, and « The Progress of Poesy," axe ma^aifi. s^todee. The subject gf the former is the temfiol pvriJson of A WeM Bard^ esb^»ect from" tEe inai^^ ** ^^^'^'^ standing an an uaeeessibie onig, he\ ■r^ FOR ADMISSION »T0 HIGH SCHOOLS. 43 prophesies the dOoin of the Norman line of Kings, and the glories of the Tudorjj. This done, he springs from the rock to perish in the foaming ^ood below. The chief facts of eaHy English history have never beqn so finely woven into poetry, as in the "Bard." Gray was small, delicate, with handsome features, and studiously refined in manner, dress and style of writ- ing. Hebrew (he'-bru), decendants of Eber or Heber, and belong- ing to the family of Sham ; some think Abraham was first called Hebrew as an immigrant from beyond ('eber), th^ great river Euphrates ; the Israelites so called, from Israel, the name ^v%n by God to Jacob ; commonly, but verj' Wrongly, called Jews, for in their language, a Jew means a thief. Edward cruelly oppressed this people, deriving a ^rt of his supplies from their plunder. Till our own time their condition, in most countries, has been deplorable. Now, the right of citizenship arc every- where accorded, and everywhere they make ample re- tunw for the privileges conferred. In every age thia people have produced some leading mind ; at this date (1878), the Premier of England— the first Cotomoner in the empire— Earl Beaconsfield, is a notable example. < Helm, for helmet, a defensive armor for the head. Hau'berk, a shirt of mail, formed ol kmall steel rings, inters • woven one with another. Boel and Uewelljm, two (jelebrated Welsh poets. In want df an excuse. -^-Wishing to do something and pre- tending to have a reason for that-bourse, whether in itself right or wrong. The fable of tile Wolf an d thA T^mK affords a good example. So far as the cdinparisoh goes, and admitting there may be some truth in it» my ot** ^ / , i>^^ ^k^iiL^j ii LITERARY EXTRACTS AND NOTES / experience with boys has been that the older ones, on the whole, protect rather than persecute the smaller members of tho schotol, , Llewellyn (le-weIMn), the last independent Welsh Prince Kerlln, Ambroslua (mer'-lin, am.bro'-8i.us),"a native of Wales, representdd in legendary stories • living in the 5th century, abd said'to be the son of a demon, we suppose be- cause it hjis been usual to ascriHe fi>yery thing, not under- stood to tiie prince of darkness. Merlin recommended himself by his remarkable abilities to king Vortigern, J afterwards jhe became counsellor to Prince Arthur, and is the person referred to. under this name, by Spenser, Tennyson, and other poets. See Idyls (i'-dyls or id'-yls) of the Kin^, especially Vivien. ' Scots. -The people of Scotland, the early inhabitants were of Keltic (kel'-tic) origin. Snowdon.— The highest mountain in Wales, ten mUes S. E. from Carnarvon ; height, 3,5?1 feet. . Soothsayer. —A person who*pretends to foretell events. ' ' '•Tis'the sun set of life gives roe mystical loro, And comlngr events cast their shadows before/'-OAMPBBii,. Warders of the English March.— Those who had charge of the march or frontier between England and Wales, also be- tween England and Scotland. Mar'c'hes-the term is derived from an old Anglo-Saxon word, signifying a mark or boundary. Several titles of dignity, such as Marquis, Earl of March, derive their origin from their predecessors havmg been appointed governors of the Marches or frontiers of their respective counties. The four counties • of Hereford (her-.e-ford). Worcester (woo's-ter.) Gloucester (glos-ter), and Salop or Shrop'shire, were included in what was caUed the Marches of Wales. The n ohlgm^^n ^m church, Isle of Wight, J 862. " They (a pronoun used instead of banners) mock— the air. Arm they wave— meaning thoir braiieh^s/i. [ERMANN, THE DELIVERER OF O-ER- MANY. Page 204. JAugustus (an-gns'-tus), Emperor of the Roman world when our Savior was bom, the second of the twelve Cassurs, • Julius Csesav being the first, and Domitian (do-mish'-i-an), ■% the last. He overcame all his enemies ; proclaimed uni- ,* ▼ersal peace; closed the temple of Ja'nus, which was o pejain time of war and had been closed oaly on ee before this, at the close of the first Punic war, since the te%n of Nnma, the second king of Rome, till the Savior ^ ftppe«rt4i So gre«dl;ly did he improve the great city that ■j&S«,.^t''*mkii-i!. .■::*.. r ti i i ^i -LITIIlARt EXTRACTS AND NOTES ^marble. He aided literary men ; cultivated literature • 'encouraged the useful arts, and greatly imprpved the' •hQruscl (ke-rus'-ci), also called Catti (kat'te). a people of Germany between the Weser and the Elbe. The /reat victory of Ifermann over the Romans, hapgl^ed A D 9 abrit;;;:"''"*''''^'^'*'^^^^'^^- Thr.e legions; about 16000 men, commanded by Va'rus were totelfy de feated, and the greater part of them siain Dalxnatla (dal-rnVshe-a), a country east of the Adriatic sea • . » ^-- the same name it had4800yea..go;beC:o Betmold (cW-molt). a town of north western Germany 47 mUes S.W. of Hanover. To commemorate the vSo'; > over Va rus a monument was erected in 1838 FaBces (fas'-cesS an axe tied up with a bundle of rods, and ::;witr^^ ""^'^^ ^^^'^^^^^ - ^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ' Oermana (Ger'-mans), the people of Germany. The word is Ga^: Z'"' T' ^^^'^^'^^ neighbors' that is. to th Gauls, as the people of Franc, in the olden time w^ere Hermann (hor'-man), called also Armin'ius (ar-min'-e-us) the eader of the Germans in this great reU, called "^ The Liberator." because he freed his country from the do! minioa of Rome. • Jerrer fjer'-rer or Yer;-rer). the author who wrote this article. Llppe (Up peh), aprincipaUty in N. W. Germany; capiW Detmald; population. 111.135; area, 437 squa^; mU^ Marcomamil (mar-ko-man'-ni). men of the marchl, or borS^rs. ^^^ ^ b o twe a n i l w Mtor^nxt Neck^ar (or erXla 1.1^ Germanv! Aff.ari»«.».i 4.u .. .*»"«• •*♦ Germaay ; afterward tOxey appear north of the DaJ^ # * Ai- tf.J&m.M t >l,i.' t^yfOlr^f-^^flfl^fr 'y^ FOR ADMISSION TO HIGH SCnoOLS. 47 «»d during the changes of the 3rd and 4th centuries ia the greal; migrations of the northern nations; finally dis- appeared from history. larbod (mar'-bod), King of the Marcomanni at the ti.ne of these stirring events. fapoleon Bonaparte (na-po'lle-on bo'-na-pait), born atAjaccio {a-yat',^ho), > Corsica (coi^-se-ka), in l7Gd • crOwneit Emper|M|france in 1804 ; conquered nearly the whole of EuMH^aished to Elba 1814, returned in 1815, lusf the ^Kw^Ot Waterloo, and was sent to St. Helena (sent He-le^na) ; died 1821. His remains were brou dit back to Paris in 1840, and deposited beneath a macr„lfi. cent monument in the Hotel des Invalidoa (o-ter des in-va-Ii-d). PanuonU (pan-no'-ni-a), now a part of Hungary. Pettifoggers, lawyers who deal in small buainesi ; a low kind of attorneys. Ihtne & Elbe, two well-known riven of Germany lomans. citizens of Rome, th^se Who enjoyed the freedom and privileges of the City of Rome. • lomau laws, laws made by tlve Senate aiyi' Emperor of Rene and imposed on all the Roman world. lomau Ki^W. one of a body, originally. ^ is supposed, ap- pomted by Romulus and consisting of men selected from the best famUies, they served on horseback 'and were mounted at the public expense j a part of the Roman anay segestes (se-ges'-tes). a prince of the Ciromsci (ke-rus'-ci) Ti^n^ri!t''"f '*^''^' the beautiful daughter of Seg;stes. paimiHirg (toi -to-burg, or tu'). a mountaih chain of Germany J^y m Lippe and partly in Prussia. In this mountain w^ttkgioini of Varus were defeated by Herma;in. whose -•'SSiA««« • * •' '"" — -iperor oTGer ^^^^ ^*"'*' ^*'^' "^'^ '^*'^"»*' r*J«i«'«g» «» the «mmit of Groteuberg (Gro'-ten-berg) near Defc.^old. »■"' t.'Clri-v Ji-^:;. ^'% ■^; LITERARY EXTRACTS aSd XOTEt 4» Wberltts (ti-be'-re-us), Emperor of RomeHheu ou* S*rior was put to death; successorof Agustus; third of the twelve Caesars J born 42 B.C., became Emperor 14 A. Dv, died 37 began his reign well, but becunie cruel towards the iattei part of his life. Varus, (Quiutilins) (va'-rus. quin-til'-e-us), commander ot tA- . legions overthrown by Hermann, also called Arminiu; (ar.mm-ems) ; his disregard of sal«itary advice. led Jiim t- ^ . ruin. Woden (wo'-den or Vod'-een) the Saxon god, after T/):i->ii et.x ^ fourth day of the w^k is called, Wednesday (weni-da^ Aftglo-Saxon, Wodn^a/, from Woden, old Saxon Wo- ^ dan, the highest god of the Germans and Scandinavians ^(scan-de-na'-vi-aus) as the ancient people of Norway and .Sweden were called. .. ' THE BURNINa OF MOSCOW. . Page 228. i \ '■ -.. Ancient Capital of the Czars. — M oscow, see below. Actuated, prompted, impelled, put in action. S ' - Asia, the largest of the continents, being remUaWe for its teeming population, ' Blind AmbiUon, based on prejudice, not caring for the rights or others. ° Campaign (kam-pSn), the time that an jirmy keeps the field, either in action, marches, or in camp in one year Corps (k5r. plural kSrs). a body of men, especially a body o* troops. Char (zar), written also Tzar, feminine oza-ri'-na, from tl|e Latin Caesar, a chief, a king, titles of the Emperor Empress of Russia; Europe (u'rop), the smallest of the obntinents, Australia ex- oepted, but the most advanced in the arts and aoieaoea. ■■/-.-S'- ^^■^mtesygi!s.li^.': i. ton ADMIsa«ION . TO HIGH OOHOOLI. 49 l^renob. — The inhabitants of France. Salley-Slavea. ^Persons condemned for crimes to work at' the oars^n boardof a galley; which was a ressel propelled by sails and oars. Ifisatlable desires.,— Desires thajt could not be satisfied — insati- " able is from in not and sa-ti-a'-re to satiate. ^asane lust <2/'(7o«3r«M<.— -Foolish, unjust, wicked desire for more power. > In conformity with the desolating plan of the campaign, by th« . Russians, who. had determined to destroy everything radier '^ than allow Napoleon any advantage. % ' lagazlnes.— FJaces in whifeh things are deposited, military ' stores, food, clothing, arms, ammunition. losoow (Russian, Mosk\va, musk-wk), the chief city of th*e government of the same name and till the early part of the I8th ceAtury the capital of all Russia, oii,^)iie river '^ Moskwa, 400 miles S. E. of St.> I'etershurg/.p'opuiation in 1871, 612,000. Aa earthen rampart more than 23 miles long surrounds thd city. On the N. side the Krem- lin— the palace when royalty dwelt there— occupies thfe ' principal elevatipn, directl;^ on tha tank ot the river • and very near the centre of the old city. From it radi- ate almost all the streets, like ttie spokes of a wheel Moscot^was founded in tne twelfth century by George Dolgort^, Prince of Kibv (ke-ev'). The.city has suflFered repeatedly from extensive fires and invasions by enemies. In 1812 it was entered by the French ah^gr Napoleon^ who took up his residence in tlie Kremlin. • , The city, de- - serted by its inhabitants, was set on ifire by ord^r of the government, thus compelling Napoleon to leaVe on the 23rd October, and resulting in the disastrous retreat of the .;|rr e nch army. The Bae r taV buildings of^t heKTCmHn,TiB=-— •itroyed at this time and rebuilt shortly after, are t}ti Cathedrals, of thfe Assumption in which all the Russian em* '^ « %lii-J' ■■.^■.A.'\--,'.. ^'•/fe':«;t:'lAtv^i\:/- ,'.»^ * BasM .» ■^:'S.. ■-> V i# 50 £lTBfRAR7 EXTRACTS AND NOtM perorg since the days of Ivan (e-van'), the Terrible har* . been crowned ; of the Arch Angel Michael (me'-cha-ei, or mi'-kel) the burial place of the imperial family up to the time of Peter the Great, and of the Annunciation, where] the Czars were formerly baptized and married. •Kascovltd (mus'-co-vite), aea inhabitant of Mus'-co-vy, a name] sometimes given to Russia, derived from Moscow. Napoleon.— Se-e note under Hermann the deliverer of Ger many. Only a melancholy and enfeebled remnant rett^rned. Of 500., 000 men that constituted the grand army, a mere hand- * ful eveu returned to tell the story of hardships and| auflferings, death on the battle field, in the snow-drift, in the ditch by the road side; it is said that only aboutl 20,000 men survived. ' Parapet of earth (par'-a-pet), from the Xafin par-a'-re. to ward! off, to guard, to prepare, and pec' ttis the breast, a^mpapt| to the breast, or breast high, a breast-work for defSice. f he Picture in the 4th Reader represents in the distance aVtyl in flames ; in the foreground are to be seen^he figures ofl soldiers gaaing in mute astonishment on the scenA Presentiment.-^ A conviction of something about to lappenj previous apprehensions ; which are, we believe, is often| wrong as right. ** FosseBsed of more sensibility than others referred to— morel natural afl'ection, kindness. ! Portrayed.— To describe by a picture, or to do. so in ap propriate language. Rockets, in the military art, a very destructive species of ifire work ased sometimes as signals, at other. times, as inj the lesson, for setting places on fire. kussla, the largest connected Empire in the world. CapitalJ =(seut -^pe&ers-burg), at ^'^le inoutfa Ne'va, in the Gulf of Finland, latitude 60*, population i 870, 667,000.' ■'4 FOR ADMISSION TO HIGH »C2fO|ftIJ. 51 referred to — inorel if r to do . so in ap- U^gax, Phillippe Paul de', cJount, a Freni,^ nistorian, bom iu Paris, 1780, died there, 1873. He entered the army in 1800, and became a favoi;ite of Napoleon. In ,181 2 he accom- panied the Emperor duriD^; the disastrous Russian cam- paign as his aid-de-c&mp (ad'-dakong), smd greatly dis- tinguished himiself. On the downfall of Napoleon our author accepted Office under Louis XVIIL, but joined hv old miister on his return, from Elba. In 1831, Louis Phillippe (loo'-e-fil-leep) ajpointed him to honor and made him a peer. He wrote the history of l|Iapoleon and. the , Grand army during the campaign of 1812; this involved him in controversies, And he was foolish enough to fight a duel with a general of the French army. Signal defeat.— Total^ overwhelming^ 4'Btinguished from what is ordinary. , ' *' . Soldiers (sol-jers), those who are engaged in military service, as an officer or a private, one who serves in the army — a brave warrior. .. Sutlers, a low class of persons who follow an army, and sell to the troops, provisions, liquors or the like. The Hospitals (os'-pi-tal) from Latin Hospfis, a guest, a build- ing where the infirm, sick, or wounded are recei'vsdand , treated with care. The whole City was given up to pillage. When soldtors are allowed to strip the inhabitants of a place of the t-^ood, clothihg And goods, that is pillage; the gatheri ig and taking these goods away, constitute plunder^ Th ilwords are freely used for one another. j Whtile BLimenta of MMorei— Bain, wind, cold weathell frost, haiL* . ,..:.•-# T| mrathofSlTliM MMIm.— -Some^eople pretend to see pivina wrath or divine iaror in manjr fft the events transpinug ■.ir„.^.-V%-<.i«i \f "■Ji 53 lirERARY EXTRACTS AND NOTE* in the world. As that may appear wrath to one natit which to ahother may seenr a favor, we should be vei careful in coming |) a concluaion respecting theseVubject Battle of Thermopylae. • Page 235. Arcadians (ar.ca':di-ans), inhabitants of Arcadia, a count.3 ^ in the centre of the Peloponnesus, (pel-o-pon-ne'-eup) now called the Morea', ^rom its resemblance to a mulberry leaf, Which is the meaning of the word. Others derive the word Morea from' the Siavonio word i/orreece or the Pelo- ponnesus. \ Hellespont, (hel'-les-pont), so named after Helle who was drowned here, now called the Dardanelles. Locrlana, (lo'-cre-ans), a people of central Greece, whoso country was west of Phofis, and north of the Corinthiau Gulf, . Lacedemonians, {la.ce-cM.mo'*ne-an8),.the people of Lacedcmon or Sparta, who were the leading people of th« Pelopon- ' nesus, as southern Greece was called. -l-waldafl {le.ett^i.^asy, a King-^Spjffte," wF6 1iga ^ ^^ nam« immortal by the stand he took against the Persians .^ J <*!»•- vlV. if- ^v-. \ %'ii^^' h' i?i^'t& NOTE» rrath to one natioK we shouM be very ting these\ubjects — ■v-^<^ ; \ PYLJE. Arcadia, a countiy (pel-o-ron-ne'-eupj ance to a mulberiy rd. Others derive rord More^ which >d for his courage itry and kingdom veu to tho world alf of Corinth al- ftorthof the Gulf ), and that south ice or the Pelo- Helle who was es. , I Greece, whoso jf the Corinthini: pleofLacedcmoii of th« FelopoD- 'ho reiidefiOiii lost the Persians FOB. ADMISSION TO HiaH actioOLS. 53 at this celebrated stitdt of Thermopyl», a narrow passage between the mountains and the sea. IjUssns (lia'-sua). A Booall riverXf ThVace, west of theHebrns. JMantineanB (man-tin-e'-ans), the t>fople of Mantiuea; a cele- brated cfty in Arcadia. A great battle was fought near this city in 362 B. C. \ Persian! (pei^-she-ans), the inhalants of Persia, and here ap- , plied to the army of Xerxes, ^Bwx'-es), though c()ifi]^oscd of many natioMjHifes. The PersiW subdued the Baby- lonian Empir^which in its turn waa\^erthrown by tjie OreciMi^wer, under Alexander the PeloponjiMni^(pel-o-pon-ne'-sus), see above. PiocUns (fo'-she-ans), the people of Pho'-cis, a cKmntry ii Greece Propt«-, nortlTof the Corinthian Gulf, andVf st k Boeotia (be-o'-she-a), bordering on the gnlph of Corii. ' Pissyrus (pis-si'-rtts), the lake, near this place is probab^ lUyria (il-lir'-e-a). Ralelg^ see note under the voyage of the Golden Hint Renegade!— One faithlesa to principle or party, a woi-thless, wicked fellow. / ^ Sparta (spar'-ta), the most remarkable ci^ in th^ Pelopon- nesus; Capita of laeom rSSnMine^ Sparta denotes the country as well as th^ city. \ \' Tegeata (tej-e-a'-te), from Tige'a, or TegeX a city oLArca'dia in Southern Greece. This people were e^ly dispSeuished for bravery, and long contended with Sparta for wipie- macy, but finally had to succumb (8uc-cum)\ Thebans (the'-bans), from The'bes, the chief city o^BoBo'tia,V ' country north of Ath^s. \ ' ,' \ Thermowrlae (ther-mop'-i-le), a celebrated pass, leading from Thes'wily into Loorip, and southern Greece. The word mea^ "Warm Gates or Pasa " ; on one aide is the sea. cmtl^e^^«r Mpnt CEI'ta.' Tliefiilaiui (the»'-pe'-ang), a brave people frtm Thea'pia, a town in BcBotia (Be-o'she>a). i ICjjAi^' h' '^'k :^CiWM-^^!^^l 5i LIMRARy EXTBACT8 AND KOTM .^ ' < ' •^ t» =pes, on the throne of Pe™. Hi. ."? ' "^^ ■ B.C. A revolt in El„r ' ''"■'"«"«^ ''«"> «« to iU tje v»t .4, in 48,*, w^Z.^^ d'aSd ' ' 'if ZJ ' ctossed the Henesoonfr tir.fi, *. , »«'P»raia , m 480 he , that number .o„M be -re^'l^'.^ ^'iS™:!! the invasion of Greece, the battle of Themlw. T total destruction of this army-the retnm ^^^ -arch to Persia, and his .nnrde Jo^.T^ I*'" "">"• and stature it issaid, „„„e in hi. -.It w '^°' '«*"*.V pared with hi„, but he was c™ 1 .""c"' h"""' .uppoaed to b. the AhazueVn. ^ ... BooH tfther " / THE DESTRUCTION OF POMPEII. Paqb 237. *' A libation on the altar of Bacchn. -d i. i Jupiter, wa. theiod o'C ~?° "^ *■" "" " crowned with ivy iLesaurellZj ."""«"■'«' " libation was the solemn ponrinXt ° .rr/'"''"- ^ god. of a li,uideneatl,-t.ou,ana. and t.ou«u. / ' flail of Mystdrles. — The room in which were ]ierf|jrmed certain religious rifes and celebrations, consistiiig^ 'of scenic re- presentations of the mythical legends./ ■ fmpluvlum. — A large square basin sunfe in4;he floor of the atrium or one of the principal .rooms of private houses, I intended as a receptacle for the rain water which flowed through the com^?«vtMpi^or opening in ftlc roof. The writer should have n^d the word a^rtum instead of tm- pbivhim, /'\ y Mosa'ic. A species^ inlaid work in ii^itation of painting, formed by ipinute pieces of hard substances such as marble, l^ass, stpiles or gems, of various colors^ cemented together, and which served as floors, walls, and tho ornamental coverings of columns. ^ "/ v* JBllareA Perlnfti©. ^Monwwirrottnded on ae^inside^^*,! of columns. The peristyle of a Roman house formed the .'j*». , «j.fia«^ •^tAUtafCi^h -^^i^it^k; A'^i t^' •™5^ tt)U iDllJSKJO* fO HIGH 8CU00LS. 57 ■eeoud or inner dlvMiou of the grrmnd plan. Itcontamed tte domMtio apartments usually occupied by the family^ .ia /»«,« IT.. , .^ modem times than [ouriahiug period of lediate vicinity of quarters of a mile ladth'. More than V^ty streets, fifteen The walls of the town high and tv;elve feet Pompolt — ^This town, more oelel n^r it could have been in m existence, was situatet'' Mount Vesu-'vius. It w« ^ in length, by^bout half j^l. half the town is yet uncoverl_, feet wide, have been excavated. aro eighteen to twenty feet „.e- -— ^,.c^*« icc* thick, with several main gates, of which six have been rmcovered. The houses are joined together, and are >44>nerally or^y two stories high. The account of its - oiagnifiot,nce, as given in the Fourth Reader/is gr^atlji' overdrawn. Of the catastrophe which buried PompiBii ' i, under the ashes of Vesuvius, we have no positive ac count ; but it is reasonably conjectured that it wap ' caused by the famous eruption, in the reign of th^ Eii J peror Ti'tus, A.D. 79. described by the Roman writ., Pimy, the Younger. Several villages were d^to^ed and the tpwn of Hercula'nemn overwhelmed atl^m^ time. These towns were by no me^ns covered up in a moment, as would appear from the Ifeader. The opinion generally maintained, that the people were surprised and overwh^med by the volcanic storm, in an instant, is shown t9\be very improbable, from the fact that less than n sixty skel^ons have been found in the half of the city which has been uncovered. From the description given by Plmy, it is plain that*the threatening aspect of the mounfcam was of such a nature a» to apprizte the inhabi- tenia of their dagger, and induce the great mass of them ,v*o save themselves by flight. |PrH;oa aalfc-^ 33ios > w ho had-oncebeeneDnsiriBr»gdwEostnT " contmued sometimes to act in tha place of Consuls with- out holding the office itself. « m ti \- 58 LITBRART EXTRACTS AKP KOTM Pumice. — Pumice (pum'-is), is a sort of porous scoria, from vol- canoes, lighter than water, of a grayish -white color. It iff sometimes called "rotten stone," and is used for pol- ishing wood, ivory, metals, &c. Scoria. — The dross which floats upon the top of metals when melted ; volcanic cinders. Senators. — Members of the legislature. Symbolloal Painting.— Pictures of the gods and goddesses in the various characters in which they were worshipped, — one as the god of the air ; another, of the sea ; another, of the storm ; another, of tiae infernal regions, and so on, — all woven together so as to exhibit the religious be- lief of the people. These paintings were preserved in the • hall of mysteries or private worship room. Syrian Cloths. The same as Tyreau cloth of puiTple dye, sj costly and so difficult in the coloring. From the Buc- cinum and the Murex or Purpura, Mollusks found on the coast of Syria, the coloring matter was obtained. The operation was delicate and difficult. Applying it to wool, linen, or cotton, ib became successively, green, blue, red, deep purple-red, and by washing in soap*" and water, a bright crimson, which was peraanent, re^sttilted. -4 Tabllnum. — One c)f the principal rooms of an ancient Roman dwelling, adjoining the atrium. The Battle of the Amasons. — The Amazons were a raee of large, warlike women, who originally dwelt* in Pontus, a province of Asia Minor. They fought with bows and arrows, and cut off the right breast that it might not in- terfere with their drawing the bow'. The men among them were held in an inferior and, as it were, servile con- dition, attending to all the employmthts which occnpy the time and care of the temales of other nations wUle the Amazons themselves took charge of all things relating f metals when FOR ADMISSION TO ^IQH SCHOOLS. 69 to government and warfare. They were allies of#ie Trojans (inhabitants of Tro» in their wars with the (xreeks, till the Amazon queen was slain by Achilles rjiemu8tratloii.--Thi8is aviewof oneof the principal street- of Porapeu (Pom-pay-ee) at the present time, the lava which covered it for more than sixteen hundred years having been removed. ^ > ni« parting of Achilles and the beautiful maid Brl e'is - Achilles (A-kill'-ees) was a Greek hero whose deeds at the siege of Troy were celebrated by Homer, the blind Grecian poet, who flourished about 960 years B.C. l^riseis (Bri-see'-is), a daughter of a high-priest oi Jupiter (father of the gods), and wife of Mines, was carried awjiy captive by^chiUes in one of his wars. Agameauiou: king of Myce'n* and commander of the Greeks at the siege of Troy, took Briseis from Achilles. This Quarrel and its results, combined with the siege of Troy, form the ground- work bf Homer's great poem, the Iliad. The Priests were lurking in the hollow images, -Many of the . images of the principal deities were made hollow, and the cunning priest, havings concealed himself in this recess within th^ image, answered the prayers of the worshippers who jgnorantly believed the voice to proceed from the deity itself. The Seaureof Europa—Europa was a daughter of Agenor (called by s6me Phce'nix), king of Phoemcia (fe-nish'-i^). Jupiter becoming enamoured of her, ehanged himself into a beautiful white bull, and approached her as she was - gathering flowers with her companions ina meadow near the seashore. Europa, delighted with the tameness and beauty of the animal, caressed liim, crowned him with Jlg!^gJgLa'iiLaLle''Sth jsient u red to m ount on h i^ h .-i.-k. The disguised god ini/ne8^ ^ the throne of Spftin. '^ / / / DUkM, 81r Tbomas. >-One of the British Commanders. Datoh. — ^The English have applied this name speoially to the "ttsriHinlirpeoptBiiTing HBsrQvrtfaem,- t&m^ Pertaining to Holland, or to its inhaUtaii||# . ^^'M .,.-:^im #','*¥ , f^ » ' ., / (^ /„.,*/ ..m rm' - rM .,. ^ POB ADMISSION TO flIOH SCAoOx^. " ^l f-tAish (rng'.gli.io. from Angjea. Engles. a tribc^of Gorman, from the abuth-east of Sles'-^ick iu Den'-mark. who sot- :|led in Britain and gave itHhe name of England B: longing to England or its people. tlaM tLatin An'.jlia, foP origin of the name see above), th^ foathern part of Great Biitain. and the principal member rtifi<5i»tioM; 1000 cannons are rea^y for action. ^ It has been b^aiegea many tim^s. Th^ last siege (1779. .,a3)waMIitf moat..rtiemofable. Pnmpb, and Spain made /*V«y| effortio .t»ke iti .but British courage and endurance '«»Wrt»fi JSJBCJ Bii fuUy, Thft to«ai-i«^*ituat«>Aww<,of th »- ' ifSiP**!*^*^*^' ^^'^^^ ^^'^th of Point Tarifa (ta-ree^fa) '*i'fw»<>W> ^ffWI iff only nine mile* distant. W ■:«V .- 6-2 LITERARY EXTRACTS AND IfOTBS Orandeo graa dee'), a man of elevated rank or station, lii '' Spain, a nobleman who has the king's leave to keep his hat on in his presence. ' George I. succeede'd Queen Anne in 1713 ; he was the first British sovereign of .the Hanovarian line. George 11^ son, 1727 ; George IjlL, grandson, 1760; George IV., feon, 1820 ; William IV., brother, 1830 ; Victoria, niece. 1837. Long may she reign ! Hloks and Juniper. — Captains, officers who command a com- •wpany of men in a regiment, also the commander of a ship, the word 48 used in many other ways. \ ;. Hardy. Str John, an officer in "the British army. Lisbon (Liz'-bon), see note under earthquake at Car^c'-caii. ' Leake, Sir John, admiral of England, celebrated for the relief of Gibraltar; born, 1656; died, 1720." .His father, f Richard 'Leake, was considered one of the brikvest officers that ever served in -the British navy. Mediterranean (med-i-ter-ra'-ne-an ; Latin, medhis, middle, and terra, the earth), the largest sea on the globe, 2,26Q . miles long and from 9 to 1,200 ttiilea wide. In Scripture \ I'^l it is called "the Great Sea." J, New Mole, opposite the t^wn of Gibraltar ; on the west is a Spat^sh town and bay called Algesi'ras. On the British side shipping is protected by two long moles ; this one was the last erected, hence called the New Mole. t ! Overland Route. — The book from which the lesson has been selected. Philip v., the first King of Spain^of the house of Bourbon • (boov'-bon), born in Versailles, 1683 ; died at Madrid, (ma-drid'), 1746, ■ Prince of Hesse Darmstadt (hoss-d.um-statt), Grand'Duchy of ; its Prince orchief ruler at this time ; capital, Darmstadt. . -^- fforbugfueseJ^Por'- tu-gu ese ), of, or pei-tainijag to Portugal, or its inhabitants ; a native of Portugal. Quadruple AUt^noe-^-This alliance was formed ia 1718, by ,rV ton ADUISSIOlf MjfeiGH SCHOOLS. ^''\. 63 ^ which Germany, England, I^rance and Ilolland, leagiu-d themselves'acjainst Philip of Spain, whp Kad interfeied with the Italian interests .ef the Emperor (of Gerniauy). " Rock.— A particuliar part of the reek of (Jibraltar. Rooke, Sir Geofge, bo.u near Canteibury; in 1(J50, died tlJfre, 1?09. He was a sucee.ssful naval oilicer. ' ' S«pt«inl)er.— See voyage of the Golden Hind. Bpalu.-A kingdom in the S.W. of l.uroi^o, forming the far ' . -greater pivt of, the Spau^ Uoniuaula, and includes-the Bale:ir'ic and Canary Islands. Capital, Madrid. Spanish (Span'-ish), of, or pertaining to Spain, language or people. ' Saluces, Marquis do (uiar-ke-da sa lu'ces), the governor of Gibraltar when the place was captured by the British Toulon (Too-iun'*), a seaport city of France, at the head of a. double bay on the Mediterranean. Population about the same as Toronto. Tesse (tes-sa'), an oliicerof highi-ank in the Fieneharmy Tetttan (tet-oo-au' or tet-wan'), a fortilied. maritime city of Fez_(fez). 18 miles S.S.W. of Ceuta (^u'ta); beltings to^ Vanderdussen (van-tfer-dus'-scA^^-^n Admirid in command with Byng at the taking of Gibraltar. Villadarlas, Marquis of (vil-Ia-da-re'-a^, a noblemin of Spain. Whittaker, aftofKcer who.served with it^lf.' "- ,., WlUiam in. , King of England and ,. . vlfc-hbl-ler of Hollaijj^h of William II,, PriiK^ of Orangr, and the ,^inces8 wlEy, . - eldest daughter of Cha.les I., was born at the Ha^ue in 1650, died at Kensington, 1702. Heoiiarried his cousin Mary, eldest daughter of James II. , completed the Re volu- . % tion of 168^ ; the giteat object of hia life was to weaken . tft4tower.QfEr n no < L ^^^^^^ J-: '^=fr .¥\ ' 3*" ^Mn'- #> klNATIONS. ihg papers are those 8e% by J. M. Dece|nber li^at, the .pthers have iAMABA School JouRNi^v.— m .;'•' "^TBE bdWNSAlii OF POIiAN© (P. 211 ^ f¥« *tE!%arted spirits of the mighty dead I >>^"' Ye that at Marathon ^.nd Leuctra bled ! %L .Friends o^ the vorld I restore your ^ords W^mao » % Fight in hjs sacred cause and lead tlievVan I ^? f ^ Yet for Sarmartia's tears of blood atone, ^ And make het ann puissant as your own ! v . Oh I once agtiin to Freedom's f ause return * ^ TJie pati'^t Tellr^the Brace of Ban^iockburn ! " (ii) Whence have tHe'* spirits of the mighty dead" de- ' l^artdd? (ii.);Who bled at iSarathon and Leuctra ? (iii.) Who are called " friends of the world," and why does the poet 80 call them t iiy.) In what dense is the word 'man ' Used in line 3, and •return* in lii^e 7? (v. ) ' Whereis Sarmfttia ? (vi.) "#hat is nveant by *• Sarihatia's tears of (vii. ) Who were Tell and Bruce 1 (viii.) Give the meaning of 'van',' ^atone,' (ix.) Why. (x.)l*oini Jreedom's ' pr intecl wi t li le silent letters in the fm TM EAI l' fjUttthtiig ey"eA»AOf?Ai (L) Where is Caracca»^ ^'4i*t >*■■ ,*v if ,1 -v.<;\ r:4k yJ.M. •g have "i i&Ui d" de- by does 9 3, and ' ■? r. -; ; lisf^nt. :d lines it V. rOB ADMISSION TO HlO^ SCHOOLS. 65 (ii.) Mention any other cities that have suffered'in a siinilM . way from earthquakes. (iii> When does Holy Thursday occur? ' (iv.) "The ground was m a constant state of undulation a#d heaved like a fluid under ebullition " Explain • the meaping of " undulation" and " ebullition " CONQUEST OF WALES (P. 183). •• Rtiin seize thee, ruthless king ! Confusion on thy banners wait; I . Though fanned by. Conquest's crimson wink-— They mock the air "with idle state. ' Helm nor hauberk's twisted maiL Nor e'en thy virtues, tyrant, aHi avail To save thy secret soul fipm nightly fears. From Cambria's curse, from Cambria's tears." (i.) JSxplain the meaning of ' ruthless, ' 'helin,' 'hauberk and 'avail.' ' I---\ ^i7-""4' %P*'^*S^ supposed to be spokeul (m.) Who IS Its aulKor, and about what time did he live' (iv.y Name the fking.' dnd tell why is he called 'ruthless. About what time did he live ? ' (V. ) Give the other name of Cambria, and tell where-it is (vi.X What IS the antecedent of ' they ' in line 4 ? (vii.)V What letter is left jn^ ' e'en ' ? <^?^M ^J^^^ it^mt ^e following words used ia Jih^as3age:--'%/ mte,' 'mail'! IjEVSEBS OF lOEI^l). '^^ '' ^ •*■ • -As the Gi^at, G^er explo^ oaly^« '^ t,^; .^jiours or more, it was/of course, nebossary tSat we j^ould' onl.i^. 'For the i,ext two or thr/. dav^^ei-efXfike pi!- glims round a^^^ient shrine, w'e p.tie.iy keZfatdijit ~? — m • - *! ?<■ 66 XI^BRA^T BXTBA0T8 AND NOTII he scarcely designed to favor us with the slightest mftodfcs* tation of his latent e^ergies." — Duffeiin. * (i.) What, and where, is the Great Geyser? ^ii.) What are pilgrims ? What is a shrine ? What is a manifestation ? What are energies ? What kind of energies are latent energies ? , (iii. ) Tell what you» know about the author of thia passage. (iv.) Point out the silent letters in the last sentence. pv f-^ X THp BUCCANEERS (P. 144). 1. Explain the statement : " They made an allianco offcii • «ive aad defensive. " i i " 2. To what do ^Mch and their, in line 20, refei rdspectivoly 3. Where are St. Domingo, Caribbean sea, Poriobello, Tor- tuga, St. Christ^her, Panama, Chagrea? 4. What war\^inj»rhich England was conccriied) arose in tlio isfti century ov^ of disputes regarding smugglers? ^hat was its effect on Walpole ? v -'-6. Give the meaning of galleon, desperado, abiKduU, dtecoj/, equitably, maxim. 6. Write the plural of def^erado. What nouns in o pro. ced^^ by a consonant take s only in the plural ? ^ 7. Leathern. What is the meaning of the suffix en added to uduns ? to adjectives ? 8. Write other words for outset, abandcm, augvietttcd, peculiar, efficient. ' ^ . \ ' 9. Describe the dress and weapons of the Buccftneer8A\ JACQUES CABTIEB AT HOCHELAGA (P. 1. Give a brief account of the voyages of Cartte*. 2. Where are Richelieu Kiver, Lake St. Peter, Hochefaga J -w 8. Give the meaning of palisade, siege, pinnace, di'!suim ' VvxUini' . ■ ;pirtialUy. ' * ■ ■ ■ *> / - : *.*.-. V .» ■ . 7^) :*te. I4ITBRART KXTRACTS SBLEpTBD 67 4. Rewrite in more modern form the qnctatioD beginnini^, * These came to ns." 6. Describe an Indian village. What Jndian village for- merly existed where Quebec i« now T „ 6. Give the dieanir.g of Hochelaga. Give a few examples of Indian geographical names, with their meanings. 7. Distinguish between ^fght and aUe, harts and hearts, cruise, crews and cruse, "principal and principle. 8. Give the meaning of the different words with the same spelling as set, pole, Jim, light, current, pile, jpUh, till. 9. What English words begin with siTenT ' h ' T In what words is 's' silent? 10. Mark the accented syllables in hospitiiMe, beautifully, pinnace, metropolis, encompassed. 11. What i« the differeAoe between the metropolis and, {the capital of a country ? \ ' 12. What is the meanii^ of a in ashore, de in describes, ex in extend^. 13. Easily. When is • y ' changed to ' i ' ? Wr^e the ad- verbs corresponding to good, bad, large, small, shy. j. 14. Point out the strong verbs in the first paragraph. 15. Explain the use of the hyphen in toving-iindncss and in etU^r-lainment (line'35). ^ 16. Name the princiiial I udian tribes which caiueiu Vtfftfack with the French in Canada,' .'v €;■ I •f!:- -w -. 3". t t« fi k^ >':;■; % >■ «* .*.. ■ -O-RAMMATICAL, CRITICAL, &c. NoRWKOiAN Colonies in Greenland. -r-PAOE 1. , V,- -^ . -A m«k or short line thus [ — ],^^secl in writing or printing, ■ijto separate th^ clauses |rf a sentence ; in reading, it requires grfeat care in the modulation of ,'thc voice, ai^jBL OS a pause, ^s equal in length to the semicolon ; in the first ' \j#iiine of th^ lesson the words itself a Noiivkgian colony are , thus separate Sometimes the parenthesis is used. Pa-rcn' -the-aia, plural pa^reu'-the-ses, from two Greek words ' deuotisg to put in, to in^rtf * word pr words placed ' among others, as the-woilftB jmihahly viurd^y in this lesson ; the wordf inserficd ^e usuaUy inclosed , within curved lines, but sonfHJ^es i^^hin ^4ies, as fn'ihe first line. Hyphen.— Yrom tw^llreek wordB which s^g^iify, under~6n^ into otf^e, ta«fet|ier: a mark fpr joinirig/two wojds or syl- ,||, lables into oni^ M^Jlalso tbjsho|i|r,tho(<;onn|pidn ,Qf the ' vrvrt of a word'atlhe end of ^n^Rne|:||(ith the restj^f it* h at the beginning of the next lin^j^^lii^jie^ly-discoverci'' i^ attractions, as in thie bookjiJL W*/ -* ^ i >/^*" Mlic (i-tal'-ic), relating to Itaj^Mtiq^ ^f t^pe in which the ^i*. let^-s slope tovigpifi^s the ^^t «"it»^ the word green, in ' ' ilfec tiiirteenth line of this l^on -.—$0 called becai|se dedi- cated to the Sttites of Italy by the i^iventor, Aldui Mahu'- " tins, about tl\e year" 1500.' In uirUing, one linf drawn under a word or vords denotes that they are in italics. jf iX^nfifrophf. (aj)oa'-tryfe, from two G^eek Ait-ords mining to^ tiU'u away). The contraction of ft word by the omission ^ 1 Iti I Hi Mi ', Nt ^.Co Ex Go. Pa ^■i-v APPENDIX. 69 «* .*.. ■ fee. ^ or ling, at first' /are ords aced son ; .rved . le. ' sy^- r the I the in, in dedi- ahu'- rawn iCB. ng to "d 1 of a letter or letters, which omission is marked by a ^ ■comma phiced above the line, as call'd for called. 1% Anglo-Saxon, the. genitive terminrttion o!" many nouns wai es, is, ys ; as Godes, leafes, mirthis, mannys ; in the IGt^h Century, his, her, and their were used instead of these genitive endings, as^" Fit to be tnade Methusaldm l^ia page." As cases iffelted away fropi the language, his took the plAce of i«, es, yx, from its resemblance in sonrjd, \ and her &nA their A^^ere introduced by an imitative pijo" " cesBi The 's is a contraction for hi^, and extoiulcd jto other cas(>3 in a similar manner,- -•7?(/»(/a'.'i son f oj^ Rqvi^la his son. " i Ala soon as^tSyntax has- been studied, the ap|irw|>ii,iilc Rule should be f^iven in jiai sing. • j ', A colnpound personal pronoun, nominative case aftjtd ' ^h was understood, ' . | • Having cwltaJWerf.— A present perfect participle, active voi(i:e, referiflpto Rauda as its subject. I „ Murder. — Nominative after 7wis understood ; probably, an jid- verb modifying iras ; probably it was murder. -i <■ FtU in with.' — An awkward exjjression, should he discooer^'d,. parsed as it is, the three woids must be taken as a vop w „ Is Newly-discovered.— A compound adjective. !| Comparing.— A present participle active, referring to Icelafiu ers a|Jt8 subject, and governing picture. ■ Exodus. — The way from or out of. ,- ' (7os/)e/.— Anglo-Saxon godspell, god, good, and spel', story, good news, glad tidings. Pccganisnl. — From pagan a peasant, a ships false gods. Christian faith, f ^Mt&cr c&iiitiaiiltv* ' villager, one who wor- a belief in Chrigt-|-pro- ission /. ^ 70 At>PENDIX. Founding o? the North AMERrcAN Coi-omfs. — Paoi r.O. Linving out of view, ^c. — An independent clause, leaving may refer to we understood. The meaning evidently ia, If we "leave," Ac, we must consider that "the French," &e. Being occupied.— A. present participle passive, referring *«•) France for its subject. Btlivi brouglU.—The same, with a referencie to discord. Beginning.— A present participle active, referring to Cham- pluin, its subject. Were being furmed.—A verb passive, progressive, indicatlTC, past. Bullion, %3X. Gr., calls thi* form "a clumsy sold- cism." Brothev-inlnw.—E.Q was his half-brother, not his brother-iu* law, as stated in the 4th Book. /IttspicM.— The omens drawn from birds, augury, pretended knowledge of the future derived from watching birds. ^ That there took, Ac., that, a conjunction ; there, an expletivo adverb. Destined one day, a past participle passive, refers to states, •may be a part of a passive verb " were destined." Independenee of a Continent.— A reference to^American Inde- pendence secured by treaty in 1783, after a \vm of seven year's. The expression is much too strong. Roman Catholic, an adjective, qualifying Lord Baltimore. .Asylum, a place of safety from danger. Disabilifieg, not allowed by law to hold certain offices, or per- form certain duties on account of religion. Penn, Wllllam7 son' of Sir William Penn a distinguished Eng- lish Admiral, was bom in 1644 ; he joined the Society of Friends, as the Quakers were called ; received in payment of a debt owed to his father by the tjrown, the large tract of land included in the State of Pennsylvania; before tttkingposi^IonTie paid theTncTTSns^ for the Tands fie was soon to settle ; laid out Philadel'phia (brotherly love) ^ / APPENDIX. 71 in 1682. Market street, which he place*.! as Uiti ccuIimI •treet of the future city, is to-d&y the central street of Philadelphia. It covers a greater space than any e>theT city in the world, London alone excepted ; population iti 1870, 674,000. The latter years of hi« life were clouded and full of trouble ; death rolei^ed him in 1718. Tie' Society of Friends tieated the Indians properly, and it has never been known that an Indian intentionally in jured a Quaker. Hudson, Henry. — A great uarij^ator and discoverer. In 1607 he was eent bj' some London merchants to seek a passa^^o ti» Indin across the north pole ; afterwards, in the servic** of tlio Ihitch, he discovered the Hudson riv»'-r ; in IGlOlip essayed to find the North-West passaj^e, passed tht- wnte.- in the inland sea named after him ; his men iuut;ini<r liquids, as, two pijjfs, four hogsheads, or 252 gallons equals one tun. - Exaimning.—X piirtici])ial noun or verbal noun^^ objective case, and govern? creeks and bay^. Surveyinrj, th©ySame as examining, * Mineral men.— mose accustomed to ,^ork among minerals miners tiilver. — One of tke precious metais, and, with gold, used for . money. .) '"'■ ^ ■■ Boiatcronis, an adjective, attributed to weather, by continued. Was persuaded, la verb, passive voice, indicative mood. To'dbandon, & vei^ in the infinitive, governed by wfts per- suaded. Merry, {in adjectivej/qualifying them, understood. * Frigate, a war Ajfearelt larger thaj^ corvette and snrtaller than a ship 8ffth£jihe ; usually carries from 28 to 40 guns. We are as neaqnwl adverb, niodifyiiig near. As we ar& a Conjunction connecting the two propositions. AVAo/« lows the substantive qualified thereby. •. ' IVhereq/", an adverb — of whi^ii ; used relatively, modifying losit. . • •l^atch, th^B-.t^'atchman'on duty for the protection of the rest. Ticeli^ of the clock; now ^t woulffl usually be twelve o'clock, the apostrophe stamljirg in place of, of- the. '^ ' Were-, snbj. mood, past tense. ■\ Withal, an adverb, niodi^intf cried. >t '^ i*' j}^ ^|M . ; ♦ r I • ■\ i*' DiBCOV* APPENDIX. OF America. — .< to fall; Preseott says he ^^ras wounded by three missiles, and died sometime aftep this date. "lama man," explain the inverted commas. , The Bucoai«eers.— Page 144, It, a personal pronoun, used instofptiof the verbal noun "to • pause." -^^ ,^, "" Isolated (is'-o-la-ted), frequently mispronoimced ^-mpora-St. Malo, Palos, Bristol, now little hnard of • Liver pool, London, New York, are far more important' Than their o%vn,ra preposition, equal to except. Discovered, &. past passive participle, vyho was. &c. As a smuggler, a preposition. Interlopers, persons supposed to have no right to be where they , , are found. ^ ^^ilur^o/,tkef^ne.^Then^tWeny^^^ at W compelled to work m th^ mmw, but thejr nevor lirorked without gfemt •a:^^ V.*.- w u.^~^ ^J:' rt APPENDIX. 77 trouble ; this led to th&Af^aln slave trade and slavery, "tlie sttra of all villainy,'" according to Wesley. liwastakf:pippssesiiionof.-—A very clumsy expresaiptt- — th^ arrangement should be, possession of it was taken, the &.o\ \ , • «^ ' Describe a l()uccaneer in full costume. Swamis, gft;at numbers. / by boarding, they would run their boat along side the "vessel , * they intended to capture, fasten them toother, jump o^ boa;rd, put al^they found th»^re to dea^^ either by the sword or by making them one by one/ and blindfolded, walk pn a plank over the side of the ship to perish in the . sea. The reason for this fearful cruelly, they expressed by satying, '* Dead men tell no tales." Bcc&ine ph'ates, nominative cs^ — Rule. - P Loss of an arm rated at ^GQG. Among the early Fi-anks, mur- der was paid for according to a legal rate •^^ the principle was the same in both cases. * Licft five hundred men, objective governed by left. t Gave no quarter»^ ■how9d no morcy ; among the slave-driers pf the South the worst were said to be those ^ho were themselves slaves. QijarteriJ here iis a military term, it is used to denote the pl^ce of lodging for soldiers or ofiioera ;4ieuce merciful treatment shown to a conquered enemy. .m The EARTSQtJAfcB. at Caraccas.— Paqb 151. " ■• * . ■ I? . On, a preposition, showing thjB relation between! ' experienced and hand. . - ^ . CA, the other, between experienced understood, and- hand, un- derstood. . Bella of the churches rviig. To^ng, a verb in the infinitive mood, governed by churches. It was im- passible that anything could resist^ a pronoun, used in- stead ^ th« prepositiou foUowiuK that^>t . . ; '•ST, 9[ ^ ^■^^f^\ -'■■£"''^' ^IS*' «•=«*, 78 APPENDIX. ' If'* t ■I JStavt, t^e middle or body of a church. ^rffSjiS jo/ the line, regular Boldiera. i/i'tg in their arms, a present participle active, referrisgto Uiothors. sse/rs-lp, those passing oft' the street. •.hf, an expleti-ve adverb. * wdl as, a compouud conjuiiotion, connecting the words V precwling \rith these following it to " \vere^;^Iaced" ; not ^ tven food, au adverb constituting an adjunct to ^QQd,'ox a conjanctiYekdVerb. 4 « 2'ot;6^aw^vafcer,ftheinhnitiveabsol»te; «, a pronoun pereonali used for to aescend, Scq, -s As Jar as, as fear, adverbs, as," a conjunction, as the Eio Guayra is. lONQXTEST OF PerU,— PaOE 161. Huascar ajc^mve, objective case after to be understood. '' /ust at this iuActuie, jubt at, a compound preiio.'^itiou. show^ ing the relation between nmde known and juncture; or just, an a|dverb modifying the preposition at! Further progrfess, an adjective, comparative, positive wanting, superlative /uri/te*^ Farther, comb, of /ar, is often used for further. As a sure mOiie, a- preposition, the same as for. EntcHng his fcountry, a present participle active, or a verbal noun, ottj. case, and governs country. A band of fapthful nobles, &c. See a scenecjike this described by Scott, in his aV6en title and time. IIeRMANIT, thk UELIVERER QF GERMA.NY. — Pa.ge 204, noun, coinmon, masculine, 3rd sing, uomiu.^ tive after u>(W, uudoretood., ( pronoun, Telativir^ neuter, 3rd sing, nomina. tive, after was.; or a compound relative. pronoun, personal, common, .?rd pluiai, pos- si'ssive, possessing i)e4ng ruled. verbal noun, nominutire to xva«. an adj'ctive (no comparison}, qualifying it. J prepo.sition, shtiwing the rclutiou between Being ruled. Other wiae, As,, Alone, sons and hostages. adjective ^no comparison), qualify ii^ valor. '*><'" 8t APPENDIJC TIhe.BattlB of Thkrmopyl^e.— I^aoe 235. mil Such as. in£ 4/U«r.—'^ After such time as Xerxes." A preposition show- yhe relation between had — and time. -'• Sucli as they were. " Such, an adjpctive qualify- /force ; as, a conjunction connecting th(f two pjropcsi- ti^ns of which the veihs are "defended" and "were." Days llogether.—'' Two wliole day.s together." ' Days^ijoc- tive, Avithout a govefning word ; together, an advcibial adjective, qualifying days. Tlie words, usualf^idVcrbs, but often employed intensively wilh nouns and pionouna are : chi^y, particularly, especially, entirely, solely, only, merely, partly, together, also, even, likewise, too, &c. Totrther w//;^.—" Together with 20,000 other soldiers," to- gether with, a compound preposition ; of thiaj character . are : out of, from between, from beyond, over against, and the like. Thick as.—" So thick as to hide the si*b," thick, an adjective qualifying flight ; as, a coifju-uctioh connecting the two propositions, of which the verbs are "was" and "was ;" thus : " the flight of the Persian arrows was so thick aj it was necessary for them to be ta hide the s,uu." Thk Burning of 'J^oscgw. — Page 228. If ere become, j-*' The victors, &c. >iver6 become equally brut- ish." An intransitive verb in the passive form, but not in the passive sense ; it should be had become^- Prey.— ''The exchange was the first building that fell Aprey, &c." Predicate nominative, aftec/eW. ^ J DasTRtfoTioN or Pompeii.— Pagb 237. ' Watering-place.— '* A very fashionabte watefing-ijlaOe.*' A noun, in apposition with the r^ktive wJiat / or, rei^ve the inc, Then.- wa In.—" be. Beware tio wa As.~" rel sor are Forth.- - Th riv the au( Su( del -Of.-'/ An • wo wil , esp alsi ^omethl liki But.—' ^fla9 very n lalifv- •opcsi- re.'^ >el'jee- 'cibial Verbs, nouna solely, « ', too, 3,"t0- racter .r / ;ainst, V APPENDIX. ; 81 dash and supply it was. It was a very fashionable water- ing-place. Then. — " Then as beautiful, as blue, ai.d as sunny." Wlii( h u'os • ^Of. — "Of Horace or Anacrcony Is the Norman possessive . "" X here properly employed ? « £|^r,n.^" Everything around, even the- oil and the lamps." Aa^adv'erbial adjective, modifying ozTand iamps. Other • words commonly adverbs, but often employed intensively with nouns and pronouns, are : chiefly, partkiiU'.^iifi , especially, entirely, solely, only, merely, partly, tajdhcr, also, likewise, too. « - \ - * ' * ' I Something, — " Something like a pin«-tree ;" that is, somcwAat like a pine-tree. An adverb. ' " ** But. — " Nothing could be seen but flashes"; that is, ^ce^il • ^flask«8.' But = except, is a preposition. very now and •^1 -I ml ■H 32 I APPENDrx. -■ *i ■ ' ' ' ' npic* and Ihen, xnH '.n.iy therefore bo called an adverb of degrVo, racdifying the adverbial phiase " now and thon.'» The flashes burst forth I'cry ra^)i(/;y. For erN **IJRNISHED IN ?)UR POlfLIC J^CHOOLS. ;.- Rtprirdedhy permission Gf Prpf. Young, from-hls report nn Ili'jh Schools to Chief Superinlindent of Education in 1867. Before proceeding to sketch a curncnluTp wliicL I would substitujie fori Latin and Greek, in the case of those pupils for whom I consider tho study of classics unsuitable, I must refer to the low character of the English education at present furHishied in our Public Schools. And let tne say at onc^ passing over all niiinor points, that in a very lai^e number of our Common and Granimar Schools, even of those in which superior educational results mi^ht ba- looked for, many of the mpst advanced pui)Os, 4t ap age when they ought to be able to go forth and reap the whole harvest of Eiiglish Literature, are unable to read a page of an ordjinary English autlior with intelli- gence, lii wijil, I presume, be admitted, that, whether ;r: m It A^ .H,\ <^„^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 t.l tii ■2.8 lb |40 IL25 iig 1.4 1^ i 1.6 6w t. _Seiences Corporation & A O ^ >. ^ / %^ r y ^^ z. I i 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) S7tt-4S03 ^ -*t \ \ I i •h 1 . ' J » - 1 9 - % ' ^ - * ^ * - ► - #. ■ \ ' ■» "i f' • J • ■ .i^:,L^.ai .^-. ■ 'J 1: •"■ *:4..' ■.■■.ji. ■ . . ■ .;■ « 84 APPENDIX. our higher school pupils learn Latin or not, thoy ought, at any rate, to learn English. A girl, sixtocn or seventeen years of age, has not, in my opinion been decently educated^' eVeri thoiigh she may have been dragged through the whole, or a portion, of Harkness' Latin Books, if she cannot sit down and read k few))ages of Cowper's Task, or a few pages of Thomson's Seasons, with a clear apprehension (mak. ing allowance for exceptional difficulties) of their meaning. But this is what many grown girls^ who are wasting their affections on Harkness in our Gram- mar Schools, cannot do. Again and again, during the hist six montiis, when I have met with classes o? young ladies unable to attach any ideas to common English sentences, and ignorant eveA*of the'significti- tion of common English words, I have felt grieved in- describably. If girls leave school unable to read an English author intelligently, the result will be that, in their own .homes, they will not spend any portion of tlieir time in useful reading. Tliey will occupy tlieir leisure evening hours in more frivolity, or, if driven occasionally to have recourse to books, they will take u[), for the sake of vulgar sensation, some silly hovel, which makes no demand on the thinking faculty, presents no true picture of life, and, instead of adding to the riches of the mind, exercise s a deteri- orating influence. Such a result as tfiis, in the case of girls of average ability and character, would, I am persuaded, under a propei educational system, be the exception and. not the rule* I am afraid that at present it is as often the rule as the exception. As an illustration of the evil which I am ende^our- ing to describe, I will take a school, which is not by any means of the poorest class, and which is conducted by a master of much more than ordinary ability and !»JilM*J--A.'*i"»' iltudtSiair-iliXlk not, thoy il, fii'xtoon Y opinion may have ortion, of down and V pages of lion (mak- of their jirls^ who iir Gram- ti, during classes of > common significii- rieved iu- read an be ihat, y portion 11 occupy ty, or, if jks, they >n, some thinking I, insltead 1 a deteri- . the case ivould, I stem, be [ that at ide^our- 9 not by onducted ility and APPENDIX. 86 ■._-,■■ ■■,mid^>fA^^v>^^&tai ■ «eal. On the l^th of Ju^ne, 1868, there were on the roll of the Grammar Scliool at i-^, 26 boys ftiul SQ^girls, all studying Latin* A considerable number of the girls were young Jadies, whose school education must have been near its close — young ladies sixtpon, seveuten, or eighteen years of age ; some of them i>oa-- haps even older. The boys, with one exceptit^n, werfj a good deal younger. Once a wet'k,^he Gram- mar School pupils and the two upjlier divisions of the Common School, which is united with the Grammar . School, under the Principals! ip of the Grammor School Master, are brought together for the purpose of reading passages in English, tvhich have been pre- viously selected and studied. I mention this to show that "the study of English is not neglected in ; the truth being that more attention is paid to En^^lish in that village than in most other localities which I have visited. The weekly English recitations to which I have referred are fitted to be very beneficial. I had an oi>portunity of witnessing one of them, and was amused with the spirit which some of the junior boys, in particular, threw into a simple dia- logue which they rendered in char/icter. The manife^ ,„ interest which the little fellows took in the exerci^ was a proof, if I had needed any proof, of the charm with which lessons in English may be invested under a master who understands his business. But the point to which I wish to come is, that, in spite of the niea- Bure of attention paid to English in —, and not- withstanding the. ability of the Principal of the school, the incapacity of the jiupils to interpret any English sentences presenting a shadow of difHculty was strikingly exhibited. For instance one of the' pieces recited in my hearing was the poem of Mrs. Hemans, entitled " The Graves of a household." The Ml HI f 86 APPENDIX. ■ whole tiiou-ht and sentiment of the poem Ke in the laat two lines : — - " Alu for love If (Aoii wert all, ^ And nought beyoqd, earth r The idea that human aflection would be' a poor thino If mans existence and love were limited to the present hte IS not so profoun 1, nor is, it expressed by Mi s Hwnans m s- abstruse a manner as that properly edu- cated girls-sixteen, seventeen, or eighteen years of age— should have any difficulty in comprehendinff it • and yet it was comprehended by not one girl in the -. Not one of the intelligent young ladies ^"T .Tu''^'?'^i°° ^'^'^ tWe/%«n/, I am speaking- without the slightest irony— could tell to what the pi^noun "thou" refers. The master called up in succession about half-a-dozen of those whom he con- si^^red most likely to be able to solve the pix>ble.n, but they all faile-l. Several of thflm expressed the opinion that "thou » refers to "IcfK I aekwd them — Did Mrs. Hemans mean to my^'^^ Alaa for love, i^^M were allly They saw that this was nonsen^ ; but even then th^iv were unable to point out the referenc^^f the" pronoun, ' or to give any indication of the meaning -Qf the lines. Another juece recited wa« Eliza Cook's poenhpn " An Old Arm Chair," in which the line occurs, "X " Say it i« folly, and d^em me weak." 'N Not a boy in the school, except onfe, who (I believe) "^^ had been a Common School teacher, knew the mean- ing of the word deem. This may s6em to you incred. ible. It would have seemed incredible to me a short time ago. But T have discovered that a deep aad widespread ignorance of the signification of English words prevaiia among even the advai^v pup^ in many of c grown gir Ktunzas on ••Who could not means unr partially c( h'eacherons Grammar I me the tcr Their gi and still fe revolvinj i 1 I was infc sivain is a of the yoi amining ci lover, thou the lovor < astered in The ign( the pupils understan '"•beginning ^i^^ of \ pas8a^.fn fessor Se^ what I ha in the estj defect I APPENDIX. 87 B in the •or thing ) present by Mrs. irly edu- jears of ding it ; I in the J ladies peaking- hat the I up in he con- n-obleni, ised the ^d them en th^- ^ ronoiin, le lines, a "An >clieve) i mean- inered< a short ep aftd English ipils in ' ,;tS^>. many of our Grammar ^cliools. I have met with grown girls who, after reading Mrs. Sigourney'a stanzas on the " Coral Insects," •• Who build iu the to^ssiug and treac'^ergns main," could not tell me what tho wain is. It was by no means uncpmmon to find grown girls who Lad only partially correct conceptions of the force of the epithut treacherous applied to the main. Comparative! v few Grammar School pupils have been able to explain to me the tcum circumscribed in Gray's Elegy — •' Nor circumscribed aloqie Their growmg virtues, hut their crimes confiued , and still fewer to attach any idea to the phrase loosf revolvittj in Thomson's description of « snow-storm — •• In his owu loose revolving 6 olds thQ sw^in Disaatered Btand|.'* I was informed by one Grammar School pupil that a swamh a species of bird ; anc^a considerable number of the young ladies whom I had the privilege of ex,- araining considered the tern\ to be synonymous with lover, though they were rather in the dark as to what the lovor could be about, when ho was standing dis- astered in his own loose revolving fieldsk ' Tho ignorance of their own language, .manifested by the pupils of our Provincial, Schools, tuables me to understand what earnest writers on education are '^•beginning to discover and to proclaim regarding the slt^ of things in other countries. Tiie following pa88a^.from a lecture on English in Schools, by Pro- feaaor Se^jr, while it may servo as a confirmation of what I have' been saying, will show how very serious, in the estimatiitt pf that distinguished schoiHr, is tho defect I have endeavoured to describ©. Proicssor o 88 S«.clf^vs mcirlontrtl allnsl n to Latin and Orook is worthy of notice m passing, particularly l>y those wlio are adcustomed to assume thjit tlie best way of becom- ing acquainted with the English language is wholly to neglect the study of it for the sake of tlie ancient classical tongues. "I tliink that an exact knowled-o of tlie meanings of English words is not very common even among highly educated people, whicli is natural enough since their attention has be^m tomuch divert, ed to Latin and Greek ones." Bm; the i-nornnce in his de|.aitrnent of the chiss I have mo;.t in view those wlio lea've school at fourteen or sixt.'cn, is del j.lorahle. It is far more tJian a mere want of precision in tlie notions 'kttache:! to words. It is far n.ore als.. than a more ign.Qrance of uncommon and philosophical words. There is a large class of words in the Ian- guage originally perhaps philosophical but wliich have passpciso completely into the common parlance of well, educated people, that they cannot now be called philo- sophical, but which remain, to th« class I speak, of perfectly obscure. The Consequence is that such peo- ple in reading not merely abstruse books, but bu«>ks in tlie smallest degree speculative or generalizing constantly mistake the meaningt)f what they read It IS not that th^y understand their author imperfectly : they tota ly misunderstand him, and suppose him to say something which he does not say. It is no wonder that sticlY persons ha.ve no turn for reading, in fact, it IS scarcely to be wished that they shouk But all this IS plainly owing to the fact that they have never been taught English." English High Schools IST^ged. It has been shown, that, for the great majority of the pupils whOcroWd our Grammar Schools, thtf study '*-', r Grook is those wlio ' of becom- 5 is wholly lie ancient knowledcre y conmion is natural Lich ilivert- iiorniico in "j in view, ccn, is (!(!- r in'ccision niorealso los«)j»hicMl n the lan- hich have ;e of well- lletl philo- spoak, of such peo- biit books leralizinij, ■ read. It )erfectly ; se him to .0 wonder in fact, it But all ive uever fijority of thtf study APPENDIX. 89 of Latin is tinsuitablo ; and also, that as a rule, thft advanced pupils, male and female, in our public schools, fail to receive a decent Khjjlitih ^education : — ^ for I will call no Enj^disli education de^^t, which dis- misfies grown boys and girls from school unnble to read ord'nary English authors intelligently. It' follows, that to bring oi.r educational system int. a right con- dition, it is not enough that an end be put to the un- necessary study of Latin ; a thorough reformation must at the same time be made in the teaching pf Eng- lis!;. In fnct, the evils which have grown to a head in our Qrammar Schools, ippear to indicate that the time has arrived for the c rganization of a di liferent soi-t .f schools from either tha Grammar Schools or the ex- isting Cpmmon Schools. " :' Children under thirteen years of age, who do not mciui to taki^ a classical course of study, have no edu- cational wanta which the Common Schools, pr* p M-ly ponducted, are not fitted to supply. For children of thirteen aid upwards, who have already obtained sucft an education as may be frot in good Common Schools, it would, I think, I c well to establish English High Scjools : — a designation which I borrow fiom the United Statrs, though unfortunately 1 have only a very vague idea of what the High Schools of the United States fere. I consider it essential, that in the admission of pujnls to tlio High Schools, i)Oth a^c and" attainments should be taken into account^ in order, n the one hand, that these schools should not bo flooded with small boys and girls, for whom the Common Schools 'Uro peifectly adapted, and on the other, that largo l^oys and gii'ls who have been inattentive or ill-behaved in the Common Schools should not become a burden on the High Schools, in whose business they are unfit >-1 ^JU^Q^ 90 APPENDIX. >,take part. CHiiMrr^n, to be elidMe to tfco 'Hi«']i School!!!, shouM be able to read with IJnency, andto |mrsw unH analyse all sentences of an onlmaj y kin.l. It is finely not too much to expect such work 'as this from the Opmmon Schools, and to require that chil- dren not meaning to study Latin, should remain in tho Common Schools till they can do it. Those pupils for whoui no higher eductttion is desired, or w J jose circum- stances in lifeWmpel them to leave school befbi<^thoy can attain to apy thing higher, need never pjiss l>oyoiid the Common Sbhoola. 1. Study of t^ie select works of good Encjlhh A uthors. — It boing assulned that such exercises as parsiii':,' Jind the analysis of sentences have been propoi]^ andlully attended to in 1 the Common Schools, the pupil, on entering the Hii|h School, should proceed to the studv of sehjct works pi good English authors ; the object contemplated being not technical |[rammatical pnictioo but a mastery of the meaning of the writer, and; as far as ))ossible, an entering into his spirit. or course, bfeyg or girls of *hirteei]^ven though they may have been well trained iiWie Common Schools, will be unable to read intelligently the more profound En^dish authors. It will therofoio be neces- sary, in thelllifh Schools, to commence with easy arid interesting books, of an objective character ; and to pass gradualljtto what is more difficult. Hero again I ay quote frbm Professor Seeley. "The selection of the series of writcis to be read in the classes is an important question. I should like to see it differing in dilFerent pchoola, but constant in some main features. You would naturally begin with what isiAost attrac- tive to young boys, sueh as Macau lay's "Lays," Kingsl^y's " heroes," Sco.u's " I'oems and T.des of a Grandtl.ther." Yod would put at Jie end of the •tf<*mf. :-:V. APPEKDIX. 91 tho Burh cy, and to laiy kind. )rk as tills that cliil- lain in tho pupils for •secircum- efor^'thoy .88 l>oyoiul h A nthovs. \Yii\\\'X Jtnd an f ) eiin; umde ^ory int<'ro.stin^'. Suppose, then, a pasnir'^o "coMtaiuini,'an nrgiunent on ^oiiui iiii- ,port;in"t*t^)Jc to occuf in the ordiimry couiso of ic:id- in/. >VlRit T would ,sni,'L,'eHt is, that the j)ni*il, after ,.rstatin;n; in a~ free and natmal lunnnor the outline of the reasoning, nii-ht be W'«jniivd to thi-ow the ai-gnnient into syllogistiq form, tjiich :in ('.xririse, ocrusionallv (it need not ho vory I'leqitent ly) 'perlornicd. would gi^'O precision ami vh,'('ur ancLfariljty to the niiivcni-nto of'the undri-staudini,'. 4. The viu/'f.^i of tJw, VnpiU hr"U'//tt >vti\ro,!f,irl n-ilh Triuh (iiid liaiiiti/ — Tlic (|uick«'iiiii|rr conL-ict wlT-h truth and br.iuty, into which the jm[iils in the iii-di 8(diools wt)u!d ha vo their minds hrou-ht insfndviu" the Works of ovjod English authors, is a '•iicunistanee of uiispoakabh' iffiportanco. {Suppose that an iu'^'cnnous girl were to. read even a sin;,de poem like Milton's " L'Alloigo," umler the direction of a teacher compe- tent to guide her to a thorough appreciation of such a WDrk, and that the poet's general conception, and ili<', wonderfully felicitous ^sical details ih which i(, is developed, wei-e to entA^to her imagination, so that the wliole should live tlfi^e, and become in her e>:i)eri- ence "a joy tor ever," can it be doubted that tliis would be worth all the Latin, ten times over, wliich most girls learn in our Grammar Schools 1" Why should chi[dren not have their intellectual natures nourished and en- riched through familiarity with exquisite thoughts and images^ instead of being starved on lessons .aboat triflftig or common place matters] When all human passions and affections, as delineated by writei-s who We remained faithful to nature — when the varieties of human life actions ai^.l ilieir tondiauies, the im. f ,.r. u Af^RVDIXi mortal repr^nontationd )bliat lilerary geniuR Ims !•«- queathed to the world, Vtie^alogics that poets love to trace, can bo iset before tho. pupils in our Bchoola, -why fibonid we answer all their conscious and unconscioii^ flspiratioiis aftpr wtiut Matthew Arnold calls light ancl Hweotness, by informing thim that Caius dweftlor two whole years at Rome, Sr, that the mile in Latin is to, put the direct object of an active,fe(ansitive,yerb in the acciistttive case 1 ' , n^ .5. English Composition. — With the reading and in- lelliu'ent and (na far ap p ^ssible) appreciative study of good English authors, the theory and practice of Eng- ifish comfiositijon wpuld naturally be assdbiated. 'fhia branch should receive 'a large measure of attention. At jiresent it is greatly neglected, and- it ifirould be Btrtf^iige if the case were otherwise ; for the children in oifi' schools obtain, under existing ciicumstanoos, only a wretche work of the Sohool Room, and for the uee of Stodente preparins fo^ ^ inun^diau^^ aU OJM^ Examlnatlona l^tioZdZrZ I ^iTCnr^^ *• variou.«,bjecto. valuable .election, ^be made from the VnW^n^, High School and PubHo Mool Examln- ^^l^ T ?"• u^™"'''*' ** **" " '~» N*"»»' S&and other teriptioii, f l.OO per year-payable In advice. ^ Bro Uaht^, /Vii». C*r*.: Jfcm' &Aoof, JTwyrton. ^^^^ ' An. mueb ^lea^d »flh tbtplan, .nangenient.^ *rttor oTOagMf Sohool Examine*, and tnul R^i obtiln the generou. patrooaieol^ •ameet educational^ , ^ *»«« pwreoagpoi aU S fl«rwort, CWftortift ||! *~ 4^^'/ «• llJhu p" '*,•" •"«*?'•"* PWtedical, eepeofally tor -fcacher. »|» IkM Monthly BxaminatloBlL *. •-.•ww* wtthout ft!' *"*'*"*'"* ''**^' '" So»«K)Ii.'d»aMc»nilotS f ^^mmw B. a, Moi^, Wftf Aridlat, C. B. ^J.'tw ' *!^'!^^^ *** '''*• « A***"""*. I" the Apctt o«mber balan* worth the nilMMurtptjon price. thi '*|&^^?V*" "' «« ; »»■■ r *' i'' <& ^^sJ'^f' *tfe ;•■•■ f ■■*' 1 "'"'■ t oftb *-^ "' . perio *^ %■ ateir :'#w « * ^htgin t# I 1 day.. •.•>'" "4;^ 1 , i L-i -^ T»- '^r-. ^ ««.:» *'**• •Jf '«», / '*' i\ .*- «. J. #9e* Co*. ^ittD «biinitional QBorM. f -jiii I iii^ The Caiuula School Journal "^v Ua« aicirai A» MoaoRAiM mbntion at pabm ixRiBmoN, WtS Adopted >>y iM|rIy «v«tv C!ouiity in C»iuUla. Reoominendof^y tlM Minister of Education, Ontario. Reoommciid^hy ttrCouneil of Public Instnkction, Qaebeo. Reooinnicndoi4i.r Oiiof Supk of Ednoat' -■ - ^ "T— ;■•• ;-:■.•-: 'T't— « Edncatloii, Netr Bninswidc. Becommende^ hy Chief Suiit, of Education, No»a Soofla. giooui niended by Chief Supt of filwieation, British Columbia. 'MMoBuucnded by, Chief Supt. ofAication, Manitoba. ', '? V % ^ ^ ♦ D)f£dw IT IjPKtID by 'if ACkMnmitteeofgonwpf thaLeadinir IBduoationt^ In ^^ir*" able Provittdal- Eaitoifii in^fc Proviiioea of Qnebeo. Nova Scotia, JTeir iimrii*. Prince Edward l&knd. MaAitofas, and British Coiuuibia. thus fMvinii^^b MxstM of tha Dooiinion fully rapnMntM. "^^miits Twum-rouR paqu of jytAoiNo matter. Ll?« Bditorialfl On^r^tioM on iui|iortaiit Educational topics : Seleo- «ion»^Re«ditig|for tifeSc^MMLRoom ; and Notes and-News from each Pro- ^ft«eiKiir^DBPAi|n|BNT will alwaya oontafh aarfol biata on uiethode of teaching dUftrent mbjccts. « "^ , Matiumatioai, OspARTMBrr gives solutions to difficult problems also on Bxanilnatioii Papen. OmciAi. DvARTHiMT Qtmtains such ngufattiont aa may be issued from timetbtiiw. ;i|f|i"'* ■> . ,,--;„. . ' |tabsaHp(^ » r. MpKHB lUso received a No. of the •< Ganada School Journal," which seems to BWfiflie bright^ ahd moH i«idable of Educatioua Magaslnes I am very truly thy friend. . / John Oreenleaf Whittier. ; ACnuboMoooSulMeril^ C6o|orJ I il^i|E«wcATioji<5wiCB, Halipaz, K. S.,Nov. 17, isre. ilBBSBBk Adam IfflOnip Co., Toronto, Ont. Dear Sin,— In oNfer to meet the widies of our toadieis in various parts of JM SiBvliiee, ud^ secure for them the advantage of your eueHeni perioAoal, t liereliy Abaeribe in their behalf lor one thousand O.OOO) copies at einb rales mentioipl in your recent esteemed favw. Subacriptionk wU] .begiavtlb Jasuafy kime. and lists wilt he fonhuded to your ofBoe ina few , ;;M. ■ loMrstruly, r^< Oatid Almson, Cbiet Supt. of Education. OAOB , TcntNito. OMiadtt '.d^ it- i MMMa^VMa >