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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: V Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de rAductlon diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul ciichA, II est f limA A partir de I'angle supArlsur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bes, en prenant le nombre d'Images nAcessalre. Les diagrammes suivants lilustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■>^:i'i w i"^ '^it'*M»% ►■» fff^-mistmM .t' W M-^ im i t-Q ••'^.• M-\\". ^MM tt ^ 4 (^m f:c..<>:'fi ■**?f ''.fm '''■•; ''t?T w I','. 'L \1 Section IV, 1891. [ ©1 ] Trans. Rot. Soo. Canada. \ ' fi 'h ■>/' %. VIII.— T/trce 2?fe/> Wells in Manitoba. By J. B. TvBRKLL, M.A., B.Sc, F.G.S. (Communicated by Dr. O. M. Dawson and read May 28, 1801.) Introduction. 10^^ b S' >^ (Gave a short account of the pre-tertiary geology of Manitoba, of which the 1 is an abstract.) The eastern side of Lake Winnipeg consists of Laurentian gneisses and granites, and Keewatin traps, agglomerates, quartzose sandstones, conglomerates, etc. The undulating surface of these crystalline rocks declines gently to the west beneath the palaeozoic beds. The palaBOZoic rocks consist of the following series : — Chazij (St. Peters) formation, represented by about a hundred feet of white quartzose sandstone, with gcneriilly well-rounded grains, running down, at the bottom, into a quartzose conglomerate. Trenton formation, consisting at the bot'om of a mottled buff and grey dolomitic limestone, found at Big and Swampy Islands, etc., and probably also at East Selkirk, above which are other horizontal evenly bedded limestones and dolomites, amounting in all to a few hundred feet, and all more or less rich in fossils. Hudson River Formation represented by less than a hundred feet of fossiliferous shales and dolomites. Niagara formation, recently discovered by the writer on the lower part of the Saskatchewan river, and on the east side of Lakes Winnipegosis and Manitoba. As shown in the gorge of the Grand Rapids, it consists in its lower portion of about sixty feet of buff, yellow, and white limestone, brecciated at the bottom, and ripple-marked towards the top. Some bands are highly fossiliferous, Penlamerus decussatus being the most plenti- ful and characteristic species, though its vertical range is very small. The upper portion of the formation consists of a considerable thickness of a compact or porous dolomite, often containing many impressiotisof salt crystals. Its most typical fossils are Isochilina grandis, LeperdUia Hisingeri and Stro/ihomena acanthoplern. The highest beds at Stonewall may belong to this terraue. Guelph. — Near the northeastern angle of Lake Manitoba the typical Niagara dolomites are overlain by a few feet of thick-bedded stromatoporoid magnesian limestone holding Pycnostylus Guelpliensis, which may be of the above age. Over these Silurian limestones there is in the lacustral region a gap in the known section, probably due to the presence of soft argillaceous shales. A few feet of soft red shales are the lirst beds seen above this gap, and are apparently of Devonian age. vrv m i / r 92 J. B. TYRRELL ON THREE The Devonian, above these shales, consists at the bottom of a hundred feet or more of harsh porous dolomites, containing Pentamerus comis, etc., overlain by a similar thickness of tough white dolomites containing Slringocepheius Burtnni. Above these dolomites are fifty to seventy feet of calcareous shales marked by many brine springs along their line of outcrop; above these is a highly fossiliferous limestone containing great beds of Alrt/pa reticularis, and these again are overlain by light grey compact brittle limestones which represent the local top of the Devonian. As far as could be seen the Palaeozoic terranes are practically conformable and almost undisturbed throughout. On the eroded and slightly undulating surface of the Devonian the Cretaceous sand- stones and shales were deposited. BOBINO AT DBLORAINE. This well was sunk by William Ward for the town of Deloraine, which is sitxi- ated at the terminus of the Pembina Mountain branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The town is in the southeast quarter-section of section 10, township 3, range 23, west of the principal meridian, in Manitoba. The well is about a hundred yards north of the railway station, on a level alluvial or lacustral plain stretching northward from the base of the Turtle Mountain towards the Souris river. It was begun in November, 1888, in the hope of finding a large supply of water at a moderate depth, as there is no permanent stream in the vicinity, and the water of Whitewater lake, which lies on the plain about three miles distant, is quite highly charged with su!phato of soda and other saline ingredients. The machinery used was a percussion drill, supported by jointed rods, and worked by a small stationary engine. The well is cased to the bottom with iron tubing, and the drillings are raised with an ordinary saud pump. In many parts of the bore water had to be poured in to enable the drill to work and the drillings to be removed. In June, 1889, the boring had reached a depth of 975 feet, and up to that time no clearly-marked specimens had been kept, and the log is given below very much as it was received Ijrom the driller. At a depth of 1050 feet the collection of a systematic series of specimens from every five feet was begun, and was carried down to 1285 feet, between which depth and 1385 feet six specimens were obtained, numbered merely in consecutive order. This latter depth was reached in October, 1889, and then operations were suspended lor a short time through lack of the necessary funds to continue tht; work. Diiring this month the writer paid a short visit to Deloraine, examined as far as po.s.>sible th(( work done up to that date, and obtained from Messrs. Stuart, Martin and Cowan the specimens collected. In com- pany with the same gentlemen a visit was also paid to the northern boundary of the Turtle Mountain, and the beds composing it were hastily examined. During the following winter work on the well was resumed with the assistance of grants from the Canadian Government and the Canadian Geological Survey, and with very few exceptions specimens have been kept from every live feet down to a depth of 1600 feet. Below 1000 feet the rock is slated by Dr. Selwyn, who has lately visited the well, to be a similar clay shale throughout, and the specimens collected corroborate this statement. BRBP WELLS IN MANITOBA. 98 The following is a synopsii) of the log as at present determined : — IlEiairr op Surkacb in Vr.m Abovk Sea LbvisI', 1,644. No. 1 2 3 4 5 G 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 DESCRIPTION. Black soil Clay, with soino small pebbles Hani blue clay, witb pebbleB FIdo black sand and Kruvel Liglit blue-grey shale Black sand, witb water Bluo sbnle Soapstone, with tbin layers of lime rock . . Blue clay, with round " boulJcrs " Dark blue-grey shale Grey shalo Mottled grey calcareous shale Dark non - calcarooiis, or but veryl ThiokncBs uF liiyor in I'cot. Dentil I Height in of bottuin of iTogi l«yer fMin ! above Son. ■urfiioo. slightly calcareous, slialo . Grey cali'areons shale Dark non-calcareous hImiIq.. 3 305 50 '5 4 50 •5 235-5 401 188 75 25 200 135 18') 205 F0R.MAT10N. 3 33-5 00 94 150 150-5 380 787 975 1050 1075 1275 1410 1595 1800 1041 1010-5 1554 1550 1494 1493-5 1258 857 609 594 509 369 234 49 156 il'l« 'leistocene. ! I 01 feet Pierre. (Odanah Series.) I 292 feet. Pierre. J. (Millwood Series.) 604 feet. Niobrara. 546 feet. Benton. Nos. 1 and 2.— These are not improbably stratified deposits laid down in the bottom of the post-glacial Lake Souris, which stretched northward from Turtle Mountain and covered the country for many miles around Deloraiue. Near the foot of the mountain the land in places becomes gravelly, and occasionally a few boulders are scattered over it. A couple of miles south of Deloraiue the surface rises in an easy slope for about fifty feet to a wide, even terrace that runs back to the base of the higher and rougher portion of the mountain. It clearly repn-scnts one of the shore terraces of an ancient lake, but the extent of the lake has not yet been clearly defined. No. 3.— This is undoubtedly a hard blue-grey unstratified till with pebbles and boulders. Similar till has been thrown out of the railway tank well at the Deloraiue station, which was dug to a depth of a hundred feel, passing through the Pleistocene deposits into the underlying cretaceous shales. No. 4.— This bed would appear to be a coarser grained till, but whether it differs in age from the till overlying it is uncertain. At the bottom of this layer a moderately strong ilow of water was obtained, rising to within twenty-five feet of the top of the well. It is more or less impregnated with sulphate of soda. No. 5. — A light blueish-grey, moderately hard, non-calcareous clay shale, typical of the Odanah series. Excellent specimens of this shale were obtained from the railway tank well, a few hundred yards to th*; west. This series has already been described by the writer,' and was previously very well described by Dr. G. M. Dawson - as the upper portion of his Pembina Mountain Group from exposures in the valley of the Pembina river, etc. During the past summer the same formation was traced in the valley of the Assini- ' " The Cretaceous of Jlanitoba," by J. B. Tyrrell, ' Am. .lour. Sci.,' 3rd series, vol. xxxx, p. 227. " Geology and Kosouroes of the 49th Parallel,' by G. M. D.awson, Montreal, 1878, pp. 81-85. 94 J. B. TYRRELL ON THRER boine river, from tho mouth of Arrow river to the vicinity of Oak lake, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, and near tho latter place was found to contain a few fragmentary flah remains, with the shell of an Ostrea ?, and impressions of portions of the prismatic shell of Inoceramus. Piof. Culver ' also states that similar shale outcrops as far south as La Moure, near the south line of North Dakota, and that in it he succeeded in finding a few fossils, the best an Inoceramus, and casts of a little Kacnlite. These observations clearly prove an extensive areal development for this series of brittle light grey clay shales, and also that it belongs to the marine Cretaceous of the Western Plains. As was stated in the introduc- tion, it is overlain by the coarse Laramie ? sandstones of the base of the Turtle Mountains. No. 6. — A considerable flow of water was obtained from this thin baud of sandstone. The almost utter absence of sandstone in the Pierre of this section is very noticeable, since sandstone enters so largely into the composition of the same formation farther west. No. 7. — Apparently the same as No. 5, giving the Odauah series a thickness in this well of 290 feet. Nos. 8 and 9. — In all probability those are both included in the Millwood series, representing the lower dark-grey shales of the Pierre formation. The " boulders " are nodules of calcareous ironstone such as are found in abundance in this formation on the banks of the Assiniboine river, in the vicinityof Mill wood. Some shells of spiral gastero- pods are stated to have been found at a depth of 845 feet, but none were seen by the writer. No. 10. — ^This baud has been placed at the base of the Millwood series, which thus is given a thickness of G64 feet, but some or all of it may more properly belong to the top of the underlying Niobrara formation. If it wore given the latter position it would represent the band of dark unctuous clay with much carbonaceous matter, etc., that is placed at the top of tho Niobrara formation in Messrs. Meek and Haydon's Missouri sec- tion. A specimen from 1010 foot consists in part of a solt blueish-grey clay shale, and in part of a light grey clayey limestone. Another specimen from near the same depth contains a considerable amount of crystalline pyrite. No. 11. — A very dark grey soft unctuous and very slightly calcareous clay shale, containing a few fragmentary remains of fishes, and at the top few forarainifera (Anoma- lina sp.), with the cells filled with pyrite. Mr. Hoffmann, of this Survey, states that the loss from this rock on ignition is 18 por cent, roprosenting tho amount of carbonaceous matter and water in tho dried material. This band has been placed at the top of tho Niobrara formation in the section, as it is the highest bed from which foramiuifera have been definitely recognized. No. 12. — A mottled groy calcareous shale or marlito, containing, in varying numbers, foramiuifera, prisms of the shells of Inoceramus, fragments of fish remains, crystalline masses of pyrito, occasional fragraouts of tho pearly shells of Ostrea, and crystals of sele- nite. The following list gives the results of the examination of the specimens from every five (or ten) feet : — 1075. Slightly calcareous shale, with fish remains, a few foramiuifera, Inoceramus prisms, and crystals of selouite. 1080. Soft moderately calcareous dark-grey mottled clay shale, with small crystals and crystalline masses of pyrite. > A report on tlm preliminary investi^ration to determine tlie proper location of artesian wells, etc. U. S. Senate Document, Na 222, Washington, 1890, p. 50. DEEP WELLS IN MANITOBA. 05 1085. Similar shale, with sovoral species of foraminifora, some fish remains, and a large amount of pyrite. 1090. Similar shale, with foramiuifera and fish remains. 1100-1105. More calcareous shale, with a largo amount of pyrite. 1110. Highly calcareous mottled shale, with fish remains, luoceramus prisms and many foraminifera. 1115. Dark and light clay shale, both highly calcareous, containing pyrite, prisms of Inoceramus, fish remains, and many species of foraminifera, of which Mr. 0. Dttvies Sherborn has kindly determined the following, viz. : — Globigerin acretaeea, d'Orb., O. hulloides, d'Orb., Cmtellaria rolulala, Lam., Planorbulina ammonoidea, Reuss, Anomnlina rolnla, d'Orb., Bulmina variabilis, d'Orb., Textularia globuhsa, Ehr., Verneuilina triquetra, d'Orb., Marginulina variabilis, Neug. 1120. Very similar shale. 1125. Slightly calcareous clay shale, with fish remains, Inoceramus prisms, a few foram- inifera and crystals of selenite. 1130. Soft light-grey clay shale, with many fragments of shells of Inoceramus and Ostrea, and many foramiuifera, crystals of pyrite and selenite. 1134-1140. Similar shale, with crystals of pyrite, and a few badly preserved foraminifera and prisms of Inoceramus. 1145-1180. Similar shale or marl, with pyrite, fish remains, Inoceramus prisms and many foramiuifera, Globigerina crelacea being especially abundant. 1185-1195. Slightly calcareous shale, a few fish remains, crystals of selenite and a few foraminifera. 1205. Slightly calcareous shale, a few fish remains, and irregular fragments of calcite and selenite. 1210-1245. Similar shale, with pyrite, a few fish remains, foramiuifera, and prisms of Inoceramus. 1250-1275. Similar shale, with fish remains, prisms of Inoceramus, pieces of shells of Ostrea, a few foraminifera and crystals of pyrite. No. 13. — The material brought up by the drill in this part of the boring , ; generally a very dark-grey soft unctuous, and but slightly calcareous clay, from which were separ- ated by washing some fine graphite-like flakes of clay shale. These have much the appearance of the Benton shales elsewhere in Manitoba, and was previously regarded as such by the writer, but as this band comes between two highly calcareous zones, it has been thought advisable to group it iu with the Niobrara formation. The following list gives the particulars of some of the beds : — 1280. Dark grey non-calcareous clay shale, with a few fish remains and many crystals of selenite. 1285-1295 ?. Dark slightly calcareous shale, with a few prisms of luoceramus and frag- ments of fish remains. 1300 ?. Similar shale, with a few specimens of Globigerina crelacea. 1305-1345. Dark unctuous non-calcareous clay shale. 1350. Similar shale, with fragments of a nodule of calcareous ironstone. 1856-1380. Similar shale breaking into minute flakes. 1885. Slightly more compact shale. .1. B. TYRRELL ON THREE ■.m!*te' 1390-1395. Similar shalo, with n fuw crystals of solonito. 1409-1405. Similar shale, withoat selouito. No. 14. — This seritis is a dowaward continuation of tho last, tho shale gradually becoming more calcareous, till it appears to terminute iu a baud of coarse fragmontnl lime- stone, called sandstoue by the driller. From this limestouo band there was a considerable flow of water which rose rapidly iu tho pips to within eight feet of the top. Tho water had a flattish taste I'rom the preNem-e of suits of soda. This limestone baiid is regarded as tho base of the Niobrara formation. The following is a serial description of the beds : — 1410. Dark grey non-calcareous clay shale, with a few rotaline foramiuifura, and some moderately large fragments of the shell of Inoceramus. 1415-1425. Similar shale, with a few fragments of fish remains, but no foraminifera. 1430-1445. Similar shale, with a few prisms of Inoceramus. 1450. Lighter grey calcareous clay shale, with largo and small prisms of tho shells of Inoceramus, pieces of shells of Ostrea, and a few fragmentary fish remains. 1455. Similar shale, with a largo number of foraminifera, Globigetina cretacea being especially abundant. 1460-1485. — Similar shale, with a few Inoceramus prisms, and a greater or less number of small foraminifera belonging to such genera us Textularia, Anomalina, etc. 1400-1510. A light-grey calcareous shale, with numerous specks of pyrite, many small species of foraminifera, prisms of Inoceramus, and pieces of the pearly shell of Ostrea, and fish remains. 1515-1556. A harder grey calcareous shale, holding similar organic remains, in varying quantities. 1565. Dark grey slightly calcareous thiu-bedded shale, holding a few foraminifera, and fragments of fish remains. 15*70. Dark grey non-calcareous thin-bedded shale, without organic remains. 1575. Dark grey clay shale, with many fragments of the shells of Inoceramus. With these are a few species of foraminifera of such genera as Textularia, Anomalina, etc., with fragmentary fish remains, and moderately large masses of pyrite. This gritty or fragmental layer formed the sandstone of the driller, and from it quite a large supply of water rose in the tube. 1580-1590. Dark grey clay shale, with a few corroded prisms of Inoceramus, small foraminifera, and fragments of fish remains. When the drillings are washed almost all is carried away iu the water as a fine mud. The latter specimen, when drying, became covered with a white efilorescence of sulphate of soda ? 1595. Similar shale, breaking down into thin Hakes, and containing small cubical crystals of pyrite, prisms of Inoceramus, fragments of fish remains, and pieces of the shell of Ostrea, but no recognizable foraminifera. No. 15. — Consists throughout, as far as could be determined] from the specimens, of a dark-grey, non-calcareous clay shale. In its upper portion it is apparently very bitum- inous, and breaks into minute flakes, while below it is somewhat lighter in colour, does not break into thin flakes, and contains minute angular grains of clear quartz sand. The following is a somewhat more detailed categorical description of the beds passed through : — DKKl' WELLH IN MANITOBA. 97 1600. 1005- 1(320- 1655. 1660. 1665- 17-20. 1730. 1736. 1745. 1800 Dark grey and ruthor hard iissilu clay shalo, brought up in fragments, some of which are mor« than an inch and a half in greatest diameter. It is quite iVco from calcareous matter, and under the microscope shows no traces of organic remains, but a few globules of pyrite may be seen. 1620. Soft dark-grey unctuous nou-caluaroous clay shale, breaking into thin, scaly flakes. No trace of organic remains. 1645. Similar shale, with minute fragments of fish remains. Similar shale with traces of pyrito, mixed with a few particles of fine white soft sandstone, possibly adventitious. The specimen as returned was composed almost entirely of a soft, impalpable clay, and the fragments of shale, etc., were procured by washing a considerable quantity. Soft dark-grey iissile non-calcareous shale, with u few minute fragments of fish remains, uud pieces of concretionary nodules of limestone, and crystalline masses of pyrite. 1715. No specimens received, but stated to bo a similar dark-grey shale. A largo proportion of the specimen rctjeived is a soft clay that is readily washed away by the water. What remains is a grey nou-calcaroous clay shale, much lighter in colour than the last, is rather compact, and does not break into thin flakes. It contains a few fragments of lish remains, and some fine irregular angular grains of clear quartz sand. Similar shale, through which the fine sand is seen to run in thin streaks. Shale similar to the last with some crystalline aggregates of pyrite, and a considerable number of fragments of a hard, very slightly calcareous fine grained sandstone. A similar dark grey clay shale, with a few fragments of soft granular sandstone, but without any of the hard sandy fragments seen in the last specimen. A light grey rather hard fi.ssile non-calcareous cLvy shale with a few small crystals or crystalline masses of pyrite. Some of the fragments procured were an inch or more in diameter, and in one of them was a small imperfect shell of a Lingula. The well has not yet reached the bottom of the Benton shales. Bom NO AT MORDEN. This boring was drilled by Edward Moore for the town of Morden in the winter and spring of 1889-1890. The town is situated on the Pembina Mountain branch of the Cana- dian racilic railway, and the boring is in the middle of the town on the north side of the railway track, and about 150 yards northwest from the railway station, the surface at the well being on a level with the track. It is about a mile from the foot of the Pembina mountain and near the western edge of the level alluvial plain stretching westward from the Red river. The object of the bore was to obtain a large supply of fresh artesian water for the use of the town. The machinery used was an ordinary percussion drill, and the well was cased first with eight inch tubing, and then with six inch tubing, to below the bottom of the cre- taceous rocks. The writer paid a short visit to Morden in July, 1890, at the time when the work on the boring"was discontinued, and 'obtained specimens of the drillings taken at very irre- gular intervals. As no systematic and consecutive collection of drillings was kept, Sec. IV, 1891. 13. 08 J. B. TYRRELL ON TIIRRR the log is given very muoh as it was received from Mr. McMillan, the man in charge of the drill, modified by the result of my examination of the specimens. A farther state- meut of the character of these spouimens is given after the following table :-- No. HUOIIT OK SlKrA<1K AT BoRINO ADUVB SlA LlVSI,, 078 FSBT. DMCiimoN OP Matrrkl r«iiiiiD THimuuii. Light asndy soil Quickiand Quicksand, red Fine gravel, red Lead coloured clay, with pebbles. • Limestone boulder with tine scratches Small boulders and shale Dark grey shale Hard streak Dark grey shale Hard streak Dark grey shale Hard streak Dark grey shale (Hard streak, a mixture of Htonesl \ and sliule j Dark grev shale Ulack shale, very gritty Dark grey shale Ulai'k Hliale, hard and gritty Grey (wlcareous clay shale Dark grey shale Soapfltone Dark grey shale White sand with water White sand witli particles of coal . . . . White shale Whitesand Soft grey shale Black shale Grey shale with sandstone Red and grey shale Porous limestone at Red and grey shale ThloknoM of liiyer In fed. 8 \i 1 3 10 26 :i'6 L'4 •6 4-6 ;i r Inyar t'ruui iiirritee. 8 11 12 15 25 27-6 :il r)5 56T) uo 02 UK 61) 80 81 85 8tl »;t M 215 •J.^O 2511 320 ;i24 378 380 :VM 400 412 500 500 «0O lUlfht ubove rca. 070 ««7 1)06 0»3 053 060-6 047 023 022-6 018 OIU 010 000 808 807 8o;t 802 886 884 703 728 725 058 054 600 508 688 678 560 478 VOKMATION. Alluvium, 15 feet. [Till. 16 feet. Pierre, 24 feet. I (Millwood Serioa.) Niobrara, 100 feel. Uoninn, 105 feet. Dakota, 02 feet. 378 Devonian, 188 feet. -■■-vwJ; i^'fc-UiB*.'*.,^"-* 'ii^i^^Jj*(->i . I)BRP WELLS IN MANITOBA. Nob. \-\. — These represent the coarse alluvial material deposited near the western shore of Lake Winnipeg, when its waters washed the foot of the Pembina escarpmsnt daring the period described by Mr. Warren Upham as that of thit McOauleyvillo beaohPN. From No. 8 a considerable supply of good water was obtained. Nos. 6-T.— Evidently till, cousJHting of harder clay with pebbles and striated boulders. No. 8. — Was described to mo as being precisely the same as the shale outcroppiu^' on the sides of the deep valley of Horse Creek, about a mile west of the town. This valley cuts down through the face of the Pembina escarpment and exposes a number of sections of the dark grey clay shales, with many crystals of sclenite, typical of the Millwood sub* division of the Pierre shales. No fossils were collected from these exposures, but in the continuation of the same escarpment south of the international boundary line Mr. Warren Upham ' collected Baculiles com/trensus and other typicol Pierre fossils. Nop. 0-19. — In the absence of specimens it is impossible to correlate these beds pre* cisely, either with the base of the Pierre, in which the " hard streaks " would represent layers of ironstone, or with the top of the Niobrara, whore they would bo bands of frag* mental limestone similar to that seen outcropping on the Assiniboinc river, below the mouth of Cypress Creek. It is not improbable that the line between the Pierre and Niobrara should be drawn somewhere through this series, as the lower " gritty " portions almost certainly belong to the latter formation. No great error, however, can be com- mitted in grouping these as above. No. 20. — Evidently to a large extent the mottled calcareous shale of the Niobrara formation. A specimen collected from 125 feet is a light grey, rather hard, mottled, cal- careous clay, not splitting very readily along lines of bedding, but breaking into small polygonal masses of moderate size. Many rather large fragments of fish remains are scattered through it. Under the microscope it is seen to contain many small prisms of luoceramus and a considerable number of foraminifera. From 135 feet was collected a soft, very light-bluish-grey, non-calcareous clay con- taining fine acicular orystalH of maroasite. From 180 feet the drillings consist of light- grey, non-calcareous clay like the last, mixed with some moderately dark-grey, mottled, calcareous clay, the latter containing a few fragments offish remains, with many small fora- minifera. From 215 feet was obtained a light grey, calcareous, mottled clay shale, break- ing evenly, though not very readily, along the lines of bedding. It contains several both large and small species of foraminifera. Nos. 21-23. — Would appear to represent the soft, unctuous, dark grey fissile, non- calcareous clay shale of the Benton formation. No specimens obtained. Nos. 24-27 —This is in the main a beautiful white quartz sand, through which are mingled particles of clear white mica. The grains of sand are very irregular, some of them being moderately sharply angular, while others are more or less rounded. In this sandstone are veins about 15 inches thick of incoherent running sand, one of them being struck at a depth of 360 feet and another at a depth of 377 feet. At a depth of 324 feet water, strongly charged with chloride of sodium, was struck in a bed of fine white sand, and rose 250 feet in the well within a few minutes, after which it rose more slowly to within six feet of the surface. At one time, when the casing h'H£v/^y' ' Upper Beaches and Deltas of the Glacial Lake Agaaaiz by Warren Upham. 39. Washington 1887, p. 7i). Bull, U. S., Geol. Survey No. *^m«Kt 100 J. B. TYBKELL ON THREE was driven below the base of the sandstone and the water pumped out of it, the water from the sides worked under the bottom of the pipes, and, washing in, carried sand along with it, filling the well to a height of 70 feet. > In the sandstone some little particles of coal were said to have been struck Nos. 28, 29 and 80. — No specimens were obtained, but No 28 v/as described as a rotten grey shale, very soft and sticky when cut up by the drill ; No. 29 as gritty, strong, black shale, and No. 30 grey shale, similar to No. 28. All through this inhale were little bands of sandstone from three to six inches in thickness, nnd some of the shale was very similar to that overlying the sandstone. The beds evidently represent the base of the Dakota formation, which, in its typical area on the Missouri River, consists of alternating beds of shale and sandstone. No. 81. — Six specimens of the drillings were kept to represent this 88 feet of rock, numbered in order from above downwardb, but whether they represent the whole or only a part of the series is quite uncertain. The record as received ^ives a red shale similar throughout, from 412 to 440 feet ; at 455 feet thin beds of grey shale begin to make their appearance, and lower down this is also stated to bo intercalated with thin beds of lime- stone. The specimens were stated to bo characteristic of the whole thickness of beds, and are as follows : No. 1 is a light bluish-grey, soft, argillaceous limestone, with a few grains of well-rounded, clear quartz sand. No. 2, the same, mixed with some red shale. No. 8, a brick-red calcareous clay in a finely divided condition. No. 4, a mixture of light-blue argillaceous limestone and red clay, pieces of soft white sandstone, and aggregations of small cubical crystals of pyrite. Among the washed material are some fragments of a hard, grey, even-grained limestone, large and small rounded grains of clear quartz, a fragment of whitish limestone very like the harder portion of the limestone at Grand Rapids near the mouth of the Saskatchewan river. No. 5, very similar lo No. 3, but lighter in colour and not calcareous. No. 0, a mixture of red and blue clay, through which are scattered many little fragments of a hard, compact, light bluish-grey dolomitic limestone, a yellowish- white limestone containing a great number of grains of clear quartz sand, aggregations of grains of sand and crystals of pyrite, large but well-rounded grains of clear quartz, and a fine white and buff, well-rounded quartz sand. No. 32. — A specimen labelled between 500 and 550 feet probably comes from this band. It is a soft, white, porous and apparently massive limestone, in which are a groat number of small, flattened, sharply cut rectangular cavities, that have evidently been occupied by crystals of chloride of sodium. This rock contains no traces of organic remains, but small, clear crystals of quartz are quite plentiful. No. 33. — This baud is .simply a downward continuation of the others, and several specimens were collected from it having the following charaott^rs : 505 feet. — A mixture of red and grey, very slightly calcareous clay, with some small frag- ments of light brown sandstone. 609 feet — Similar clay, with fragments of limestone like No. 31. Also a whitish lime- stone, in which are fragments of cylindrical fossils like Coleolus, a fragment of a small shell like Pterinea, with other indistinguishnble fragments of shells. 514 feet. — A mixture of light grey and red sandy cliiy, oliervescing freely in H.Ol. Other- wise much like the last. DEEP WELLS IN MANITOBA. 101 616 feet. — Similar clay, with fragments of light grey sandstone and aggregations of small crystals of pyrito. 518 feet. — Very similar to the last. 528 feet. — A mixture of red and light greenish-grey calcareous clay. When washed this leaves a residue of light red, lino-grainod sandstone, with a few fragments of a white sandstone, whitish, sandy limestone and crystals of pyrite. Also a num- ber of well preserved fragments of shells, among which Mr. Whiteaves recog- nizes a species of Ohoneles, with which are associated numbers of fragments of Goleolus ? and beautifully preserved segments of the arms of Orinoids. One of these latter is somewhat similar to the axillary radial of Bathycrinus shown on Plate VII a, fig. It, Report on CrinoideB, by P. H. Carpenter, Ohallenger Report, vol. xi. 525 feet. — A mixture of reddish and light grey sh&le, and a soft, light greenish-grey, fine- graiutfd sandstone, with a light brown calcareous sandstone, and a vesicular, light grey, dolomitic limestone. 627 feet. — Composed almost entirely of a soft, red, calcareous clay. The washed material consisted of one moderate sized fragment of light grey dolomitic limestone and a few grains of quartz sand. One specimen of similar clay, etc., from between 500 and 600 feet, but the exact depth of which is not stated, contains a well-preserved fragment of the shell of Chonetcs, show- ing three of the cardinal spines. A specimen marked 590-()00 feet is a mixture of red and greenish-grey shale and a light brownish compound of clay and sand. When washed a large portion of the bulk of the specimen is decanted off as fine clay, etc., held readily in suspension by the water, while the coarse residue is composed of some white sandstone, occasionally coloured to a dark grey, a light grey, visicular, sandy limestone, a soft, reddish-browp. calcareous argillite, and a few coarse grains of clear quartz. Also seg- ments of small circular or pentagonal stems of crinoids, pieces of the shell of Coleolus ? and a large number of fragments of other shells, some probably Ghouetes, while other and larger specimens, with a finely striated sculpture, would appear to belong to the genue Pterinea. The boring was discontiniaed at a depth of 600 feet, there being no prospect of obtain- ing a supply of fresh water at a greater depth. The exact taxouomic position of the last 188 feet of shales, limestones and sandstones is rather diflicult to determine ; first, on account of the imperfections of the well record ; secondly, on account of the paucity of the organic remains obtained, and, thirdly, on account of our as yet incomplete knowledge of the Palteozoic section in Manitoba. The Niagara formation, where known just beyond the northern limit of the province of Manitoba, consists of detrital limestones comparatively poor in fossils, overlain by dolomites, both open-grained and compact, in which fossils are only occasionally and locally found, and all are in the form of casts, the true shell not being preserved. Over these is a gap of more or less uncertain thickness, possibly a hundred feet or more, which would seem to consist of shales or other soft rocks, the top bed being known to be a red shale. These shales, etc., doubtless form the base of the IJevoniau. They are overlain by the Middle Devonian dolomites, and these again by the shales and limestones of the Upper Devonian. 102 J. B. TYRRELL ON THREE Turning now to tho consideration of the fossils found in the drillings, the fragments of criuoids and the Fterinea ? are of but little service in the determination of the horizon of the beds. The Coleolus ? is very like a form that is common in the Stringocephalus zone at various exposures on the shores of Lakes Manitoba and Winuipegosis, and would thus indicate to some extent a Devonian horizon. The fragments of Chouetes are too imperfect to allow of the specific identification of the spejiea, but as in several specimens the hinge-line is preserved they leave no doubt as to the genus. This genus in America ranges from the Clinton, or base of the Niagara, to the Carboniferous, but is most common in the Devonian. In Manitoba two species are locally abundant in the shales and argil- laceous limestones of this latter system, while none have been found in the Silurian. This also points strongly to the Devonian age of the red and grey shales at Morden, and makes it quite certain that they are not oldjr than the Niagara. As fur as is known, however, the Niagara formation consists entirely of light grey limestones and dolomites, without any sign of red or grey shales, and unless the character of the rock changes very greatly as it is followed from north to south, the shales penetrated in the Morden well would not belong to this formation. It remains therefore to consider the Devonian affinities of the beds in question. From the well at Rosenfeld, twenty-four miles east of Morden, Dr Dawson has recorded a thickness of 352 feet of red and grey shales, etc , at the top of the PalsBozoic section, but from these drillings no determinable fossils were obtained. Below these shales no dolo- mites were met with, and no rocks that could be supposed to represent the Middle Devonian dolomites. The shales from the Morden well appear to represent a portion of this Rosenfeld series, and the absence of the Stringocephalus zone seems to indicate that these beds represent a lower hori/on. The inference is therefore very strong that they lie below the Stringocephalus zone, and represent the basal shales of the Devonian, which have been eroded av^ay and have left no salient exposures in the lacustral area to the north. It has been seen, too, that in the lacustral area the strike of the contact of the Devonian and Silurian runs in a fairly straight line N. 25° W., and this line being extended from the southeast angle of Lake Manitoba, would cross the international boundary line a few miles west of the Red river. A south-westerly dip from this line at a hypothetical ele- vation of 810 feet, the elevation of Lake Manitoba, at the rate of 10 feet to the mile, proba- bly about the true dip of th«f beds here, will bring the top of the Silurian 300 feet above the sea at Morden, or 75 feet below the present bottom of the well. BOBINO ON VeKMIMON RlVEU. This boring was sunk by the Manitoba Oil Company on the west bank of the Ver- milion River, a short distance below the crossing of the Strathdair and Lake Dauphin trail, in township 23, range 20, west of the principal meridian. In the spring of 1887 a percussion drill was hauled north from Strathdair station, on the Manitoba and Northwestern Railway, and the well was drilled to a depth of 21)2 feet, when an accident happened to the machinery which delayed the work for a time. In the following year the drill was moved a short distance farther down the valley, work was resumed, and a final depth of 743 feet was reached. From a comparison of the sections, the second well is found to have been begun nine feet lower, geologically, than the first, and therefore the levels of all the specimens DEEP WELLS IN MANITOBA. 108 obtained from it have been corrected by the uniform subtraction of nine feet, in order to give them their proper position in the total section. For the log of this well, with illustrative specimens, I am indebted to the kindness of W. R. Baker, Esq , Superintendent of the Manitoba and Northwestern Railway, who was one of those most deeply interested in the success of the well. The record as given below is compiled from the log kept by the driller and the results of my examination of the specimens. Heiqiit or Surface at Bojiino abovb Sba, 1300 Fket. No. OlSCBIFTION or HatRRIAI. PA8SKD TaROOOB. Son, dark gray clay shale Fragraental limestone Grey calcareous shale Dark grey fissile shale Coarse sandstone, with pyrites Compact white limestone Blae^rey clay shale White gypsnm Red shale Shale and limestone Bed shale TbIoknosB of liiytir in feet. 95 4 1-24 178 19 120 10 15 110 08 At Depth of liottoui uf layer from surfaoa. Height nboTu sea. 95 1205 89 1201 223 1077 401 S09 420 880 540 700 550 750 565 735 076 025 743 557 bottom. FORMATION. Pierre (Millwood Series). j- Niobrara. Benton. Dakota. Devonian. No. 1. — Specimens from 30, 48 and 91 feet show this to be a soft, dark crey, non- calcareous clay shale belonging to the Millwood series of the Pierre shales, similar to that seen in the naked and almost vertical cliffs washed by the river a few hundred yards above the trail crossing. No. 2. — ^This is a hard band that was spoken of as " sandstone " by the driller. It consists almost entirely of fragments of the prisms of the shells of a large Inoceramus, mixed with fragments of Oslrea congesta ? This evidently represents the band of sand- stone-like limestone that outcrops on the Assiniboiue river below the mouth of Cypress Creek, and is also seen at several places along the eastern face of the Riding Mountain. It lies at the top of the Niobrara formation. No. 3. — Specimens collected from 146 and 164 feet shew this to be a mottled, blue- grey, calcareous clay shale or marl. Under the microscope it is found to be mixed with prisms of the shells of Inoceramus, fragments of the shells of Ostrea congesta ?, minute por- tions of fish skeletons and quite a large number of forainiuifera. These comprise such forms as Globigerina cretacea and several species of Textularia, and with them are associated many Coccoliths and Rhabdoliths. These evidently represent the characteristic shales and marls of the Niobrara formation. No. 4. — Specimens obtained from 213-241 feet consist of a dark blue-grey, fine-grained, unctuous, non-calcareous clay shale, breaking down into thin flakes. These represent the typical Benton shales. ?f ^ffNlS BOOK Wf NOT BE TAK^ FROM TNE JklSHMIV 104 J. R TTBBELL ON THBBE DEEP WELLS IN MANITOBA. No. 5 — A specimen from 411 feet consists of grains, varying greatly in size, of clear, white qaartz. Some of these grains are qnite angular in shape, and many are stained on the ontside with iron. With the sand grains are mixed small cnbical crystals of pyrite. In a paper published in 'The American Journal of Science' for September, 1890, the writer gave the Dakota formation in this well a thickness of 55 feet, but he has since found reason to believe that a specimen of sandstone labelled 369 feet is not to be depended on, and the record has therefore been altered as above to agree with the log kept by the driller, thus reducing the thickness of the Dakota to 19 feet. No. 6. — A specimen from 509 feet is a moderately hard, fine and even-grained, light grey limestone, through which are scattered small subangular grains of colourless quartz and grains of pyrite. A specimen marked 510-540 feet consists of similar limestone, with fragments of light and dark grey clay shale. No. 7. — A specimen from the lower part of the band consists of a mixture of light blue-grey clay shale, particles of limestone, some few crystals of colourless quartz, and particles of opaque white gypsum from the top of the band below. No. 8. — A specimen marked 550-565 feet is made up largely of fragments of opaque white gypsum, mixed with a few fragments of limestone, crystals and fragments of colourless quartz, and small nodular masses of pyrite. No. 9. — A specimen marked 565-645 feet consists of a soft, light brownish-red, fine- grained shale, mixed with fragments of light grey shale and particles of limestone. In the clayey mass are also many minute and very perfect crystals, as well as irregular particles of clear transparent quartz. No. 10. — A specimen from *718 feet consists of a light pink, hard, compact, fine- grained limestone that effervesces strongly in H.Cl., leaving a similarly coloured fine clayey precipitate. With the limestones are many fra