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 1 
 
LOVfcLLS SERIES OF SCHOOL BOOKS. 
 
 LOVELL'S 
 
 INTERMEDIATE GEOGRAPHY, 
 
 WITH iMAPS ANI).JiJAJS'rRATIONS; 
 
 • • • 
 i'.i-;ix(; i\ I'koDit roKv lo i,^Vyj;Li;s adva.nci;!) (;i;()(jk.\riiv. 
 
 • • • 
 
 * •• • 
 
 Authorized by the Ifouovable he'jMiiiislcy of Judication, Ontario. 
 
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 TIh' stii.ly of (";f'r)oi;i|.liy i< l.otli piolltiililv ami dfliulill'iil — .V/7m»(. 
 
 illomrciil : 
 PUBLISliEiJ IJY JOHN L O V P: L L , 
 
 AM) FOR SALK AT ALL I50()K.ST0RES. 
 1879. 
 
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 .v.)''-.- At thi! cquati.'^. deL'ri'CS nf loifjitmle ami latitude are of the ^•inie lent'th : lint n.i «e pn from the equator, every di'L'ree of lonBitin 
 wv- .TiiiiiMiiiy ic„, until at the poli the .1. ;;re.' leriiiiiiut.'i in a p.iint. (i<'o;,'raphieal miles nniy be eonverte.l into Kn^li-^li mil.-- hv ninltiiilyiii 
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 )!■ i ii-i 1 1. n, 1 1. . • 1 . '\'-'''.':''''' ''.V a liniss inen.iiai, ,111 a teirestual itUilie 11,1,1111 .' How U hinu'itnde s„ fmind ? How manv ifeo- 
 
 4I1-''- i 1 It r. ' ,. ,: 1 .Li .j'"i;il'"'." "'.,""'1 "Hi'itor .' How m:iiiy iiiile^ in 11 dPRree ol lon-itiidi' in latitude In" - in latitude '."I" ? in liitltnde 
 
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 K.itPi'ol :i ■•.>riliii,r 1,) 'Vet ,if the P.iili.iiiioiit of riiiiada, in tin- veiir 0110 thoiisnnd ei^^lit liiiiulred and 
 i-t'vciity-iiuK', by Juii.\ J.(n-j;i,i., in the iMw uf tlio Minister of Aoiicnlture and Statistics at Ottawa. 
 

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 CLOCKS OF THE WOFLD, 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 < • 
 
 The iNTF.uMF.niATE GnoGRAPiiv is ii>t,q;i<lc(l to be introductory to Lovell's 
 Ai)\ .\\ci;i) (}i:()(,K.\iMh', and is dcsii^n^d; as far as possible, to form a brief 
 
 • • 
 
 outline of liiat work. Il consists ()^'^«;cvcn Parts. Part I. contains the 
 introductory Icisons and those on thc*.yefinitions. The remaining; six Parts 
 arc devotcil to the six Li;reat land-divi.slb'ns of the Globe. In each of these 
 will be found a i;eneral lesson on the.XTbntinent of which the Part treats, 
 loildwcd by special lessons on the vsrious countries of the Continent. In 
 Part II. this plan has also bci'ii l^dDo'wed in discussing; British North 
 America, the United States, and the W'e.^t India Island.s. 
 
 .\s alreail)' intimated, the <;eneral arrangement is similar lo that of the 
 Ai)\ Axii.o (ir.oLiKAi'iiv ; and many of the definitions in the introductory 
 part are the same. This will render the study of the Advanced GEOCiKAPiiv 
 itself more easy and agreeable to the pupil, while the disadvantage of using 
 an entirely new larger book will be avoided. The one gi'^'es a ra|)id and 
 general \ ievv of the subject, suited to a beginner ; the other is more minute 
 and thorough, as well as better adapted to the advanced pupil. 
 
 No attempt has been nade to give the pronunciation of the various 
 geographicid names, it being considered preferable that the proper pro- 
 nimciation should be given orally by the teacher. 
 
 ToRoMu, March, 1879. 
 
 I 
 
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 l.()\ KLI/S 
 
 INTERMEDIATE GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 III;. ... it.VMiKrii Tin: j;a1!Iii ipun N(>riiiN<i."— .Job. xxvl. 7. 
 
 
 
 70m:;f»:^ flit IS iS i*fi^«mvs>.'-^=:^-^_. .^^^^^^t^^Wt-'Zi^igm&i.-": ■ 
 
 _ ■ -^f/f?'*; H ft 'P I- i^* f fei^ 
 w ^-2?.r7 B S == °r; *i-7. Vi.'3 
 
 ^«£:i 
 
 
 ^fesk.: 
 
 Fig. 1.— THE SIX, KAitTif, jioii^N,. STARS, Axi) <i.itri)s. IN Till: iii:avi:.\s. 
 
 . PART I. 
 
 h 
 
 '^: 
 
 Lesson 1 
 
 The Earth and its Appearance. 
 
 Q. AA'liPiM' (Iocs the liulit of dtiy coiiio from ? 
 
 -1. From tlu' sun, Avliicli :i])])o;irs to rise up 
 in llic sky every nioriiiu<r. 
 
 Q. In wliat (lirccliiiii docs llin siiii Jiiipcar to travel in 
 t!ic skv ? 
 
 .1. From e:ist to west, aloiio- the southern 
 sky. 
 
 Q. l>o tlio moon ."Hul stars a])poar to trav(>l in tlie slcv? 
 
 ^1. Yes; in tlie sinne a'ener'il direetioii as 
 the sun, from e;ist to west. Thev ;u)|teav to 
 revolve onee a day round a ])oint in tlie heav- 
 ens near tlie ])ole-star. 
 
 Q. Wlion tlip snii is out of si^lit at iiislit, wli.it ilo we 
 sec if till' slvv is clear ? 
 
 A. The stars; and also the moon at lier 
 
 veofular times of a])|»earing. 
 
 Q. Docs tlic sun rise cvcrv moriiiiii;, as lie appi'iivfi to 
 
 do ? 
 
 A. Xo ; it is the e.artli Avhicli turns round 
 and brinpfs liim d;iily into view. 
 
 (J. Wliero arc the st.'irs dtirin.; tlic day ? 
 .1. Tn tlie sky; hut :is the sun shines so 
 bi'ijjflitly thev cannot he seen. 
 
 Q. Wlicnco do the moon and stars pet their li;;lit ? 
 
 .1. The moon irets lier lit^ht from tlie sun ; 
 hut the tixeil stars, which are very fju' off, 
 liave liofht of their own, and are supposed to 
 be o^her suns. 
 
TIMK AND ITS DIVISIONS— WHAT CJEOGUAIMIY THACMKS. 
 
 Q. Vie tlio HtarH iiH Iiir;,'o a < tlio iiinoii ? 
 .1. T'cy art- iiiuch l.irm'i- tliaii tlic moon, 
 l»iit !i|.|K'ar Miialk r L eauso tlu y are imicli 
 farther oft'. 
 
 Q. Hiiw Ions tlot'S it tiiUo tlio oaitli to turn loimd 
 
 ouie 
 
 . 9 
 
 yl. One <lay, Mliieh for convenience is di- 
 vitled into t\renty-foiir ecpial parts called 
 hours; ,i;ivinjif us, on an averatre, about \'l 
 liours oi: day and I'J hours ot' '<i<j;ht. 
 
 Lesson 2. 
 
 Time and its Divisions. 
 
 Q. N.'inio tlio iu'liuipiil divisions of tiino. 
 
 A. Seconds, minutes, liours, days, weeks, 
 
 months, years, and centuries. 
 
 (j. Can .voii roiioat tlio time-talilo ? 
 
 A. Yes ; 0;) seconds make 1 minute. 
 
 GJ minutes " 1 hour. 
 
 24 hours " 1 day. 
 
 7 <lays " 1 Aveek. 
 
 4 weeks " 1 lunar* month. 
 
 13 lunar months, or ) , -, :.:i ,.„„.. 
 , , , , Ii ;■ make 1 civil vear. 
 
 \'l calendar months, ) 
 
 100 years make 1 century. 
 
 Q. How many days or weeks are in a year ? 
 
 A. SOji^^ days, or 5*2 weeks. 
 
 Q. IIow many days are there in each month ? 
 
 A. Thirty days hath September, 
 A]>ril, June, and November: 
 February hath twenty-eight alone, 
 And all the rest have thirty-one ; 
 But leap year coming once in four, 
 February then hath one day more. 
 
 Q. liitt) how many seasons is tlio year divided ? 
 
 A. Into four : called Sjiring, Summer, Au- 
 tumn, .and Winter. 
 
 Q. Name the months in each season. 
 A. The /Spn'iif/ months are March, April, 
 and May ; Summer, June, July, and August ; 
 Autumn, September, October, and Novem- 
 ber ; Winter, December, January, and Feb- 
 ruary. 
 
 Q. Describe, in yonr own words, the seasons of 
 8;)riii;^, .Summer, Aiitiiiiin, and VVinter. 
 
 Fruin the Latin word luna, the moon. 
 
 Lesson 3. 
 
 What Geography Teaches. 
 
 (/ WliMt is this l)o<)l» intended to teach yon ? 
 A. (Jeneral Geography. 
 
 Q. What is«icneral (;eo;;rni)hy ? 
 A. A general description of the earth. 
 
 Q What is the eartli ? 
 A. The great globe on which we live. 
 
 (J. What appearaiK'O does tlio curtli jirefont to us ? 
 
 A. It appears to us to be nearly il.-.t, ;;nd to 
 be covere»l overhea<l with a lofty sky, which 
 seems to over-arch us like a dome. 
 
 <;^. Is t'.iis ii correct dcscriiition of the earOi ? 
 
 ''.A'. No: tlic eartli is round like an orange, 
 a?:.({hown in Figures 1 and 2; and has the 
 ^••pn all sides of it, as shown in Figure 1. 
 
 • 4 • ff « 
 
 . • ■i 
 
 • •• • 
 
 • • f • • 
 
 • * « • ff 
 
 * ri;:. 2. norrNDiTv or tiii: icakth iLLrsm-VTrn, 
 
 *• i<5. Ilow can we i>rove that the eartli is ronnd ? 
 
 A. ]»y the apjiearance of a ship at sea. 
 From a distance we can see only the toj) of 
 its masts; but, as it comes nearer, its rigjjMig 
 and hull ajipear. 
 
 Q. Into how many branches is fieogrnphy nsually di- 
 vided, anl name them ? 
 
 A. Three : ]M;ithematical (or Astronom- 
 ical), Physical, and Political Geograj)hy. 
 
 Q. What is Jlathcmaticul (or Astronomical) Geogra- 
 phy ? 
 
 A. A description of the eartli, as one of the 
 ])lanets, its size and figure, and its relation to 
 the other heavenly bodies, as the sun, moon, 
 and stars. It treats also of the position of 
 ])laees on the earth's surface. 
 Q. Wliat is Physical Geo.i,'rapliy ? 
 
 A. A description of the iiatur;.! divisions 
 of land and water on the globe. 
 
caitli? 
 
 J. The divisions foniivd liy ii;itiiri', siicli as 
 coiitiiii'iits, islands, oct'aiis, soas, laivcs, »fcc. 
 
 V- Wliat, U I'olilii'iil (ii'oi;i!ii(liy '.' 
 
 A. A description of tlii' various |»oIiticai 
 divisions ol' tlic world, ami ot" tlii'ir iiilial)- 
 itants, forms of ^ovi'mniciit, conunt'irt', trade, 
 
 (J. Wliiit is iiii'Miit liy till' pnlitical divisiuiis of tlio 
 worlil '.' 
 
 .1. Those divisions of tlic world which have 
 
 been fornie<l liy man ; such as empires, king- 
 
 (h»ms, and repnidics. 
 
 TIIK IIKMISI'UKKKS. 
 
 (/ Wliat Im nicaiit l>v tlio natural klivisioiis i>( tlic Q. IInw is tlic oaitli, ulicn it Ih xliown on a iiia|i. inaili' 
 
 Id l.iok liUc a I'mII ? 
 
 -1. liy means of ciirvctl or circidar lines, 
 which are drawn upon it lo make it appear 
 ronml, as in KIl;. o. 
 
 Q. Iliiw is it tliat \vc can sec only one-liiilf of the 
 round uoiid on a iiiu|i ? 
 
 ./. liccanse the snrface of the map is flat, 
 and it is impossihle to show on u flat snrface 
 more than half of a round IhhIy. 
 
 (j. How, llicn, is the otlier half of the world showp ? 
 
 -I. \\\ means of a second map. 
 
 f^. What arc these ninps called ? 
 
 A. 3Ia]is of the liemispheres. 
 
 Q. \\'\\\v\\ two arc most ;;enerally shown or used in 
 H o-irai lilies? 
 
 A. Those of the Eastern and ^V "stern 
 lli'mis|>heres. 
 
 Q. \\'\\y arc they called the Eastern and Western 
 Ilciitisiiheres ? 
 
 A. IJecause the oliief ))a. ' of tlie land and 
 water described in them lies east and west of 
 Europe, where these names were first given. 
 
 Q. Wliy is one of these divisions also called the Old 
 World ? 
 
 A. Because it was first known to our fore- 
 fathers. 
 
 (i. Why is the other division called the Xew World ? 
 
 -1. liecause it was not known to Europeans 
 till discovered by Columbus in 1492. 
 
 (j. How do the ])ro|)ortions of land iind water in the 
 Kastern and Western liemispheres compare? 
 
 ^1. The Eastern TIemis)»here contains more 
 latid and less water than the Western Hemi- 
 sphere. 
 
 Q. I'oint out on the map and name the great land- 
 divisions in the I-^astern Ilcmispliere. 
 
 .1. Eurojie, Asia, Africa, and the greater 
 part of Oceania. 
 
 Q. Wliat sire these great land-divisions called ? 
 
 A. Coiitinents ; except Oceania, which con- 
 sists of the continent of Australia and a grc.-it 
 number of islands scattered over one of the 
 oceans. 
 
 Q. What are the proiwrtions o£ land and water in the 
 Western Hemisphere? 
 
 A. The Western nemisjthere contains much 
 more water than hnul. 
 
 Lesson 4. 
 
 The Hemispheres. 
 
 Q. What is the earth called ? 
 A. A planet, a world, a gUtbe, or a spheie. 
 Q. How is the world pictured to us ? 
 
 A. On a globe or a map. 
 
 Q. M'liat is a globe ? 
 
 ^i. A globe is a ball with drawings on it, to 
 represent the surface of the e.arth. 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 V. What is one half ot a globe called ? 
 A. A hemis})here. 
 
 (^ What is a map? 
 
 A. A map is a representation of the earth, 
 
 or of a part of it, on n^ffiff surface. 
 
 Q. Which is the more natural wiiy of showing the 
 whole earth ? 
 
 ^1. On a globe ; for we can then see its dif- 
 ferent sides, and how the land and water are 
 connected. 
 
 i 
 
Q. Pi lint out aiul name the positions of tlie principal 
 bays and j4iills. 
 
 Q. I'oint out and name the larger islands and island 
 groups. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal capes. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal strait.'^. 
 
 i^. Point out and name the diflcrent zones and tropics. 
 
 (,>. Point out and name the equator, tlie two jiolcs, and 
 the two circles. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the great mountain ranges. 
 Q. Point out and name tlie principal rivers. 
 
 Q. Point out anil name the continents an<l princiiml 
 countries in this hcmisuliere. 
 
'11 IK KASTKIJN IIKMISI'IlKHi: 
 
 EASTERN HEMISPHERE. 
 
 Q. Point out ami nniiie the oceans. 
 
 Q. Point out and name tlie positions of the principal 
 
 seas. 
 
 Q. Point out and name tlic ijositions of tlio principal 
 bayw and f^nlfs. 
 
 Q. point ont and name the principal islands. 
 
 Q. Point ont and name tlio ;iriniipal capes. 
 
 i 
 
 ) 
 
 I < 
 > < 
 
 Q. Point ont and name the different zones and tropics. 
 
 Q. Point ont and name the equator, the two i)olcs, 
 and the two circles. 
 
 Q. point (Hit and name the great mountain ranges. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal rivers. 
 
 nels. 
 
 Q. Point out iuul name tlie prinLi|)al straits or ilian- 
 
 M: 
 
10 
 
 THK HK.AriSl'HKltKS— TUK MAIUNER S COMPASS. 
 
 (f. Point out !Ui(l iiiiiiM.' tlio great hiiul clivis-iir.is ii\ tlie 
 Wcsteiii IU'mis[ilR'it'. 
 
 A. North America, Soutli America, and 
 ]»art of Oceania. 
 
 (j. Into wliat other licmispheres ran the world bo 
 ilivideil '.' 
 
 A. Into the Northern and Sontheni. 
 
 
 ii 
 
 .( 
 
 
 Fig. 4. — NOKTIIKIIX AXn SOrTHKRN IIKMIsrilKKES, 
 OU >OIUlI AXU SOUTH I'OLAR ritO.IECTlOXS. 
 
 Q. Doscribe the Northern Hemisphere. 
 
 A. The Northern Hemisphere inchules all 
 those regions lyinir between the North Pole 
 and the Equator. It contains the princii^al 
 land-divisions of the globe. 
 
 Q. Describe tlio Southern Hemisphere. 
 A. The Southern Hemisphere includes all 
 those regions lying between the South Pole 
 and the Equator. It contains the chief water 
 divisions of the globe. 
 
 Q. Into what otlier hemisphere.s is the world some- 
 times divided ? 
 
 ^i. Into land and water hemispheres. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HE M'V ■ 
 Fig. 5 — LAND AND WATER HEMISI-HERES. 
 
 Q. Describe the Land Hemisphere. 
 
 A. The Land IIemis])here lias AVestcrn 
 Europe for its centre. It contains nearly all 
 the land on the earth's r^urface. 
 
 O. Point ont and name, from Fisj;. 5, the principal 
 divisions in the Land Heniisphere. 
 
 (j. Describe the Water Hemisphere. 
 .1. The Water Hemisphere has for its cen- 
 tre an island south-east of Australia. It con- 
 tains nearly all the l;irger oceans and islamls 
 on the surface of the globe. 
 
 Q. Point out and name, from Pig. 5, the principal 
 oceans in the Water Hemisphere. 
 
 Lesson 5. 
 
 The Mariner's Compass. 
 
 Q. What is the mariner's compass ? 
 
 A. An instrument used at sea, bv which 
 sailors direct the course of their shij)s. 
 
 Fig. () — THE MARINER'S (OMl'ASS. 
 
 Q. Describe tiie mariner's compass. 
 A. It consists of a small bar of magnetized 
 steel, called a needle, to Avhich is attached a 
 circular card marked with thirty-two points 
 of direction, the whole being balanced on a 
 pivot so as to tuili round freely. 
 
 Q. In what direction does it point ? 
 .1. Towards the north, as shown in the en- 
 graving. 
 
 Q. How does the compass enable sailors to find tb.eir 
 way across the sea ? 
 
 A. As it always ])oints in one direction, the 
 direction of any otlier place can easily bi- de- 
 termined. 
 
 Q. Name t'.ic four principal or cardinal, points of the 
 compass. 
 
 ^1. North, South, East, and West. 
 
 Q. How are these points shown on the map? 
 
 A. The north is shown at the toj), anil the 
 south at the bottom ; the east at the right 
 hand, and the west at the left hand. 
 
• '■' 
 
 ) ■ 
 
 I : 
 
 I 1 
 
 I 
 
 I ' 
 
 J: 
 
 ),■ 
 
 )• 
 
 ) 
 
 ) 
 
 ) , 
 
 )^ 
 
 ): 
 
 ) 
 
 ]]■ 
 
 ) : 
 
 SOUTH 
 
 Fig. S. — I'DiXTS OF A COMPASS snowx ON A MAP. 
 Q. Wliiit iirc these points ciillcd ? 
 
 A. They arc called the semi-cardinal points 
 of the compass. 
 
 Q. ■\Vliy are t\\o. east, west, north, ami south called 
 the ciirdiiial, or chief, points of the conipa.ss ? 
 
 A. Because tlio sun appcirs to rise in the 
 east, and set in the west, and ))ecause one end 
 of the needle of the compass points to the 
 north, and the other to the south. 
 
 much land at the surface of the globe as there 
 
 ^■1. Into six great divisions. 
 
 Q. "What are they called ? 
 
 A. Five are called Continents simply ; the 
 si.Kth, called Oceania, is made u]) of a con- 
 tinent and a great number of islands. 
 
 Q. Xaine the eontinent.s, and point them out on Fijj. 7. 
 
 A. Xorth America, South America, Europe, 
 Asia, Africa, and Australia. 
 
 Q. What arc the greatest water-divisions of the globe 
 called ? 
 
 A. Oceans. 
 
 Q. Name the oceans, and point them out on Fig 7. 
 
 .J. The Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, 
 and Antarctic. 
 
 Q. Whore is the Atlantic Ocean ? 
 
 A. Between Xorth and South America on 
 the west, and Euro])e and Africa on the east. 
 
 
 : 5 
 
 >; 
 ) • 
 
12 
 
 / O. WIks'c is t:;e r;uiti.' (h-mu ? 
 
 DIVISION'S OF LAXD 0\ THK OLOIU:. 
 
 O. Wliiit is an island ? 
 
 ,1 , , . ■ I V , I- ,1 , ' -'• A iHc'cc (It ImikI witli water all around It. 
 
 : tlic oasl, and Asia and Australia on tliu wosl. ' 
 
 / O^. Wlii'ic is Ilic liiiliaii < »c('aM '.' 
 
 '] A. South of Asia, and hetsvoi'ii Al'rica and 
 .Vustralia. 
 
 > Q. AVlioiv aiu tlic Aiilic and Aiitaivtic (H't-ans '.' 
 
 A. Tilt' All-tic Oc't'aii lies around tlic North 
 P«»U', and within the Arctic Circle; and tin- 
 ' Autai'ctic lies around tiie Snilh l*ole, and 
 ; within the Antarctic Circle. 
 
 Q. \h> voii iiiiiiu anyl'.iiiiL; aiKtiii the ocean tidos ? 
 
 .1. Ves. At regular hours the waters ot" 
 I the ocean overtlow the land along' the shore, 
 ;' and then How ol't' attain: this is called a tide. 
 
 Q. Wiiat aliiiat iiccan fiu'runls? 
 
 ] .1. The ocean has re;4ular currents, which 
 ] How steadily in one direction. 
 
 <J. What is an arclii)iolaj;o ? ? 
 
 .1. An archi|»elau:o is :i cluster ot" islands. ) 
 It sonietinios coinprises several liroujis. '' 
 
(;i:()(;uAi'!iicAL thii.ms. 
 
 l.i 
 
 ILLUSTRATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS. 
 
 
 Fig. li'.— ricrouiM. n.i.rsTUATiux oi- (iicuGKAi-iiicvL xi 
 
 llt.MS. 
 
 RKVIEW LESS OX. 
 
 Q. Point (lilt (HI the abuvi' illiistratinii. and (lcscril)i' in your own words. tlii> lollowiuij !:ii:<1 dlvisioiiM : 
 
 Island,- -I'ciiiiiMila. — Isthiim-. -( 'an ■. I'roinontni'y. --('oast-.-lii'acli.-— ^rouiitain Han;;-!'. — ^'ol(■all().-- 
 
 \'a!I('_v. — Di'scrt. Also llu' roliowii:;;- water divisions : < Jccan.-Sca. - .\rclii|iflap>.-- (iiiU". — ISay. — 
 
 lalct. — Creek.- Lake. — Strait. — Siuind. — Itoadstead. — Ilai'oor, — I'ort, — Source oL" River, — Kiver, — 
 Stream. — Waterfall, — Rapids. -Delta ol' River. -Canal. 
 
 (}. Point out in tlie iilnstration. aiid desci-ilie in yoip- own words, the following- olijeets on laud : 
 Villa'^'. — Town. — City, — Capital. —Forest. -Railway. — Tcle-raph. — Fort.— Li-litli(iiisi'. 
 
 ,JI 
 
,■ f 
 
 u 
 
 DIVISIONS OF LAND OX THE GLOBE. 
 
 Q. \V!i.".t Ua I'jipo? 
 
 .1. A jioint of Ifiiid stretching out into an 
 ocean, sea, lake, or river. 
 
 \l 
 
 Fig. in.— cAPi;, pnoMONToKY, and coa.st. 
 
 Q. Ills a r.'iTio any otlior iianios ? 
 A. Ves : it is also called a ]ioint, li(>afl, 
 headland, and jironiontory (or high rocky 
 cape). 
 
 Q. What isa jhiiiii? 
 
 ^1. A tract of land nearly level. 
 
 Q. Wliiit isa iiiiiiiic? 
 
 A. A tract of land nearly level, and chit'fly 
 covered with grass and brushwood. 
 
 Q. What are l)l•ai^io^^ called in diiTeiPiit coiiiitries? 
 
 .1. T*ain;)as, llanos, savannahs, landes, 
 stei»i»es, and karroos. 
 
 Q. What is a silva or selva ? 
 
 A. A forest ])lain. 
 
 Q. What is a plateau or tahle-laiicl ? 
 
 A. An elevated jdain, or the flat top of a 
 mountain. 
 
 Q. What are downs ? 
 
 A. Plains or hanks of sand formed along 
 the shore ; also pasture lands. 
 
 Q. What is a desert? 
 A. A large tract of barren land. 
 
 Q. What is an oasis? 
 A. A fertile spot in a desert. 
 
 Q. What is a swamp, morass, boi;, or marsh ? 
 ^1. A low piece, or wet tract of land. 
 
 Q. What is a hil! ? 
 ^1. A small elevation of land. 
 
 Q. What is a mountain ? 
 
 ,1. A lofty elevation of land : it.s top, Avhen 
 ]»ointe(l. is called a jieak; and the lowest 
 parts are called its base. 
 
 Q. What is the distance between the toii ap.d the base 
 of a mountain eailcil ? 
 
 A. Tiie side or slope of a mountain. 
 Q. Wliat is a mountain range ? 
 
 A. A mountain range, or chain, is a line of 
 mountains extending in the same general 
 direction. 
 
 Q. What is a mountain sjstem ? 
 
 .1. Several mountain ranges connected to- 
 gether form a mountain system. 
 
 Q. What is a mountain knot? 
 
 A. A group of mountains formed by two 
 or more ranges meeting. 
 
 Q. What is a volcano ? 
 
 A. A burning mountain. 
 Q. What is the mouth of a volcano called ? 
 
 A. The crater ; from which issue fire, 
 smoke, lava, and volcanic cinders. 
 
 i 
 
 Fig. 11.— VOLCANO. 
 
 Q. What is a valley ? 
 
 yl. A tract of land lying between moun- 
 tains or hills. 
 
 Q. What is a pass ? 
 
 A. A valley intersecting a diain of moun- 
 tains. 
 
 Q. What is a coast or shore ? 
 
 yl. That ]iart of the land which borders an 
 ocean, sea, lake, or large; river. 
 
1 
 
 DIVISIONS OF WATKP OX TIIK GLOIW:. 
 
 , Q. Whiit is ii bciicli ? 
 
 A. Tlie level jcirt of a co.-ist or shore over 
 Av.iucli the tide Hows and ebbs. 
 
 Lesson 8. 
 
 ')( 
 
 Divisions of Water on the Globe. 
 
 Q. Xiinio tlic chief iiritui:-.! divisioir; of water. 
 
 A. Oceans, seas, hdces, and rivers. 
 
 Q. AVliat is an ocean ? 
 
 A. An ocean is one of tlie largest divisions 
 of water. 
 
 Q. What is a sea ? 
 
 A. A division of water next smaller in size 
 to an ocean. 
 
 Q. AVliat is an archipolago ? 
 
 A. Part of an ocean, or soa, containing a 
 number of islands. (See Fig. 10.) 
 
 Q. Wliatis.agulf orbay? 
 
 A. A large body of water stretching into 
 the land. 
 
 Q. Wliat i.s an inlet ? 
 
 yl. A smaller body of water stretching into 
 the land. 
 
 
 :< N 
 
 i 
 
 i Fig. 15. — STKAIT, CHAXXEL, ETC 
 
 ; I O. AVhat is a stniit ? 
 
 ( A. A narrow passage of w.ttor connecting 
 ( two larger bodies of Avater. 
 
 Q. What is a channel ? 
 A. A passage of water Avider than a strait. 
 
 Q. AV'.i:;t is a sound ? 
 
 A. A ahallow strait or channel. 
 
 Q. AVhat is a. harbor ? 
 
 A. A sheltered j>lace for ships. 
 
 Kig !().— A LAKli. 
 
 Q. What is a lake? 
 vl. A body of water Avith land all round it. 
 
 0. What is a pond ? 
 
 A. A very small body of Avater surrounded 
 Avith land. 
 
 Q. AA'iiat is the.roo^ of a lake ? 
 
 .1. That part of the lake at Avhich the 
 Avater Hoavs oitf. 
 
 Q. AVhat isthe/(rrt(Z^>f alakc ? 
 
 Q. AA'hat is meant by saying' (hu-ii the lake ? 
 
 yj. ToAvards the /oof. 
 
 Q. AVha; is meant by s.'iyin.u i(p the lake ? 
 
 Q. Wliat isasMrin-? 
 
 A. Water s|)ringing out of the ground. 
 
 Q. What i^ a river ? 
 
 A. A large stream of fresh Avater running 
 in a channel through the land. 
 
 Q. AVhat is the aourrr of ;i river ? 
 ^1. Tlie place whore it rises. 
 
 Q. AA'hat is the iD'ittlh of a river ? 
 A. The ])lace where it empties. 
 
 Q. AVhat !ire tlie lirail-i^ of a i-iver ? 
 
 A. The land bordering the river on both 
 sides. 
 
 Q. AA'hat is the right bank of a river ? 
 
 A. The bank on the right hand as one r,'oes 
 down the stream. 
 
 Q. What is the h/t bank of a river ? 
 Q. AVlir.t is meant by sayin^r up the river ? 
 A. Towards its source. 
 
 ' 
 
 1:1* 
 
 , ,!'l.! 
 
1() 
 
 OIMECTS O.V LAND — SIZK AND MOTICNS OF THi: KAr.TII. 
 
 Q WliMt i.-i mcjiiit liv savin;,' ihi\fii tlic vivcr ? 
 Q. What is meant liv tlio btmin of a river ? 
 .1. IMic tract of laiitl wliicli is clrniii'Ml by a 
 river and its hraiiclit's. 
 
 Q. What arc small stioams of water called ? 
 A. liivnU'ts, rills, t-rc'cks, or brooks. 
 (I What is a waterfall or cataratt ? 
 A. Water falliiiij: over a bank or over rocks. 
 Q. What is a rapid ? 
 
 .1. Water rapidly descending over stones 
 or rocks ; ijenerallv at a shallow Dortion of jv 
 river. 
 
 (/ What are those rivers called which flow into other 
 rivei's ? 
 
 A. JJrancIies, forks, tributaries, or affluents. 
 Q. What is an estnary ? 
 
 A. Tiie wide mouth of a river into which 
 the sea tide flows. 
 
 Q. What is a canal ? 
 
 A. An artificial clianiud of water,, like a 
 river, formed for the passagi of boats and 
 shii)S. 
 
 Lesson 9. 
 
 Various Objects on Land. 
 
 Q. Explain the dilTerence between .a village and a 
 town. 
 
 A. A village is a small collection of in- 
 habited luMises in the country; a town is a 
 lars^er collection of inhabited liouses. 
 
 Q. Describe a city. 
 
 A. A lar<i:e incorporated town enjoying 
 certain privileges conferred upon it by law. 
 
 (/ Describe a capital. 
 
 A. The ])olitical ca]»ital is the seat of gov- 
 ernment .and legislation in a country; the 
 commercial capital is the chief seat of trade 
 or commerce. 
 
 (^. Di'scrii e a forest. 
 
 1. A large tract of country covered natu- 
 rally with trees and brushwood. 
 
 Q. Describe n, laihvay or railroad. 
 A. A level roadway on which are laid two 
 long lines of iron r.ails, a few feet apart, for 
 the pMssanre along them of carriages, Avhich are 
 usuallv drawn bv a steam-ennine. 
 
 Q. Describe an electric telc;,'raph. 
 
 A. An invention for transmitting news and 
 messages, to a longer or shorter distam*e, by 
 means of electricitv, which is sent alony' wires. 
 
 Q. Describe a fort. 
 
 .1. .V fort is an earthwork, building, or 
 walled enclosure, usually di'fended by cannon. 
 
 Q. Describe a !i;;htlionse. 
 
 .1. A lighthouse is generally a lofty cir- 
 ctdar tower of great strength, erected on a 
 dangerous coast or shore, or on rocks of the 
 sea-coast, from the to]) of which a strong 
 bright light shines over the water at /light, 
 to guide or warn sailors as to their position. 
 
 Lesson 10. 
 
 Size, Motions, and Measurement of the Earth. 
 
 Q. Of what size is the earth ? 
 A. It is about 8000 miles straight tlirough 
 its centi'c, or in diameter; and nearly 2r),000 
 miles rouiul its outside, or in circumference. 
 
 Q. IIow many motions has the earth ? 
 
 A. Three: 1st, its daily motion on its axis; 
 •2nd, its yearly motion round the sun ; and 
 3rd, its translatory motion (or movement in 
 space) with the sun aiul the other members 
 of the solar system. 
 
 Q. How is the extent of a country moasiu'cd ? 
 
 A. IJy nules of length and breadth, or 
 square miles. 
 
 Q. What is a mile in len.u'th ? 
 A. The distance of 1700 yards in a straight 
 line between any two i)oints or places. 
 
 Fig. 17.— A ri;'r'E OK fofSTiiv ." Mii.rs in i.kxgth uv 
 
 '2 Wll.K, MAKI.N'i 10 SIJI AlU: MILKS. 
 
 Q. What is a sq.iaro mile ? 
 
 .1. A sfiuare tract of countrv every side of 
 wluch IS a mile in ieiiifth. 
 
 
Ij :!,' 
 
 i^ 
 
 ) ; 
 I > ' 
 
 ) ■. 
 )•■ 
 
 IMAGINAUV LINKS OX THE EAIITH AND IN THE HEAVENS. 
 
 17 h 
 
 Lesson 11* 
 
 Imaginary Lines on the Surface of the Earth 
 and in the Heavens. 
 
 Q. Dosiribc the axis of the earth. 
 
 vl. Tlu> axis of the earth is an iniaginary 
 lino, round Avhich it rotates or sj^ins. 
 
 Q. What are the North and South I'ok'H ? 
 
 .1. Tlie ]M>ints on tlie earth's surface, at tlie 
 nortli and south, where the earth's axis ter- 
 minates. 
 
 Q. AVhat is a sroat circle ? 
 
 .1. A ijreat circle is any circle that divides 
 tliC cartli into two equal ])arts. 
 
 (lORTH FOLc 
 
 EOUATORl 
 
 ^OUTH POLt- 
 Fig. 18.— AXIS, I'OLKS, r.KEAT AND SMALI, riUCI.K.S. 
 
 Q. Wliat is a small circle ? 
 
 .1. Any circle that divides the earth into 
 two luuMjual parts. 
 
 Q. What is tlie ccjiiator ? 
 
 A. A crrcat circle running round the earth 
 at an e(|ual distance from the North and 
 South Poles. 
 
 Q. How docs the e((nator divide the earth ? 
 
 A. Into the Northern and Southern Ilemi- 
 s]»heres. 
 
 Q. What arc meridian circles? 
 
 A. (ireat circles passinu; round the earth 
 throuifh the North and South Poles. 
 
 * This lesson, foUowiiipr its iiaturnl order, should Ii.tvc 
 prcceil.'d Lesson ,'">. ll was (Iceined desirable, liowever, 
 nither to fnnii1i:iri/.o the mind <'i the jiuiiil, at tluU stajrc, 
 wiUi tin' apnearance of tlie I'artli jis it is actually seen by 
 liiin. tlia'i to confaso liini with a h'sson on the ininidinry 
 liiU'S on til' snifare. which cannot he seen at all. The les- 
 son is therefor.) transferred to this place. 
 
 Q. How does every inoridian circle divide the etirtli ? 
 
 A. Into two hemispheres, an eastern and a 
 
 western. 
 
 Q. What meridian circle has been selected to divide 
 the ^lolie into wliat are known as the Kastern and the 
 Western llemisplieie '.' 
 
 ,1. The meridian circle twentv dei^rces west 
 
 of Greenwich. 
 
 Q. What is a meridian ? 
 
 vl. A meridian is half of a meridian circle, 
 or a line extendiiig from the North to the 
 South Pole. 
 
 Q. Wliat is .1 first n^eridian ? 
 
 .1. .\ line runnini;' from the North to the 
 South Pole throucrh anv phve fixed u;)()ii bv 
 geoufrajihers. 
 
 Q. Do yon know of any such place ? 
 A. Yes ; Greenwich, near London, in Enij- 
 hind ; Paris, in France; and Washington, in 
 the Uniteil States. 
 
 Q. Wliat is the use of a first meridian line ? 
 
 ^1. To calculate the distance in degrees 
 east or west from such iii'st meridian line to 
 any otlier i)lace on the earth's surface. 
 
 Q. What is lon-itnde ? 
 
 ^1. The disti'iice in degrees of any jilace 
 Iving east or Wfst from the first meridian line. 
 Q. What is latitude? 
 
 ^1. The distance in degrees of any jHace 
 Iving north or south from the etiuator. 
 
 Q. What arc parallels of latitude ? 
 
 vl. Small circles running I'ound the earth 
 jiarallel to the equator. 
 
 \l 
 
 Fig. 19. Fig. 20. 
 
 DKORETS, CIHCLKS, KTi'. 
 
 Q. Where are decrees of latitude and of longitude 
 marked on the nuip ? 
 
 A. Degrees of latitude .".re marked in iig- 
 
 nrts on the right and left hand sides of a 
 
 map; and degrees of longitude at the to]». 
 
18 
 
 IMAGlNAliy LINES ON THE EAUTII AND IN THE HEAVENS. 
 
 (j. WliMt is ."i K''"K''!ii)liiciil ilcj;rco ? 
 
 A, A <;t'oi;r;ij)liic:il di'i^rco is one of t)»e 
 
 three huiKlred and sixty ('(imil ])arts into 
 
 whicli every circle, Mhether large or siiitill, is 
 
 divided. 
 
 Q. How niiiiiy (loKrces Jiro tlicro from tho cqiiittorto 
 cither polo ? 
 
 A. Ninety ; tliat is, oiie-fourtli of a circle. 
 Q. What arc ininiitcs of space and of time ? 
 
 A. A iiiimite of s]iaee is the one-sixtieth 
 ])art of a jjeojjjrajdiieal degree; a minute of 
 time is the one-sixtieth ])art of an hour. 
 
 Q. Wliat is a socoml of space or time ? 
 
 A. The one-sixtieth })art of a minute. 
 
 Q. Uopcal the astroiiomii'ai tabic. 
 
 A. GO seconds (") make a minute ('). 
 GO minutes make a degree (°). 
 8G0 degrees make a circle (O). 
 30 di'grees make a sign of the Zodiac. 
 8 signs, or DO degrees, make a <iuad- 
 rant (or one-fourth) of the Zodiac. 
 12 signs, or 4 (quadrants, or 3G0 degrees, 
 com]>lete the circle of the Zodiac. 
 
 Eai'ALlMY&MiCHT 
 
 y;\. 
 
 *■• 
 
 M»pch2I 
 
 
 v\ 
 
 <r;« 
 
 C/T? 21 
 
 •f' -„['-- ^' •'' 
 
 
 MP- 
 
 ...8- 
 
 Fig. 21.— THK ZODIAC, Willi Tin; I'OSITiON OK TUB 
 KAIUU IX KA(,II OF TIIK rolJl .SICASOXS. 
 
 Q. What is a sign of tlie Zodiac ? 
 
 A. It is one of ti,e twelve iiarts into which 
 the ancients divided the Zodiac. 
 
 Q. Describe the Zodiac. 
 
 A. The Zodiac is a si)ace in tlie heavens of 
 eight degrees wide on each side of the eclij)- 
 tic, within which the major j)lanets perform 
 their annual movements nmnd the sun. 
 
 Q. Why was it called the Zodiac ? 
 A. Because the ancients named its twelve 
 
 j»arts cliietly after some animal ; and zodioii 
 is th(! (iri'ck word for a "little animal." 
 
 Q. Name the twelve si{;n« of the Zodiac, as shown in 
 the eiigravinj^. 
 
 Spriiif/ Sir/ns. 
 
 A. 1. Aries, the Kam. 
 ± Taurus, the Jiull. 
 
 3. Gemini, the Twins. 
 
 Simimcr Si;/n8. 
 
 4. Cancer, the Crab. 
 
 5. Leo, the Lion. 
 
 G. Virgo, the Virgin. 
 
 AutniH)! Sir/Uli. 
 
 7. Libra, the JJalance. 
 
 8. Scorpio, the Scorpion. 
 
 9. Sagittarius, the Archer. 
 
 M'intcr Si(/ns. 
 
 10. Capricornus, the Goat. 
 
 11. Acpiarius, the Water-bearer, 
 lli. Pisces, the Fishes. 
 
 Q. Wliat is an orbit ? 
 
 A. The ])ath or course of a planet or other 
 celestial body in the heavens. 
 
 Q. Describe the ecliptic. 
 
 A. The ecliptic is the apparent annual path 
 of the sun in the heavens, but the real path 
 of the earth round the sun. 
 
 Q. Why is it called tho ecliptic ? 
 
 A. IJecausc an eclipse of the sun or moon 
 takes place when the moon, at the new or 
 full, is on or near it. 
 
 Q. Describe the Arctic and Antarctic or Polar circles. 
 
 A. They are two small circles running 
 round the earth ])arallel to the equator; one 
 being about 23.V degrees from the nortli, and 
 the other the same distance from the south 
 pole. 
 
 Q. Point them out in Fig. 22. 
 Q. Name the tropics. 
 
 A. The Troj)ic of Cancer, and tlie Tropic 
 of Capricorn. 
 
 Q. Describe them, and point them out on Fig. 22. 
 
 A. They arc two small circles running 
 round the earth parallel to the equator ; one 
 being about 23^ degrees north, and the other 
 the same distance south of it. 
 
 \: 
 
THE CELESTIAL OK HEAVENLY IIODIES. 
 
 10 
 
 ^« TE%PERKTE> 
 
 TORRID Z^)NE 
 
 t^UATOK ; /'south 
 
 OUTH rRlG/i)\ 
 ZONC 
 
 ■,rf—Vs^-,,^>' 
 
 
 ^^TEMPERATE ^^ \ 
 
 '_ ASIA k^ ^^ 
 
 ■^- tfTf I'^l'-i 
 
 \ r» r. EQUATOR -si ■^ 
 
 Fiy. -'-.— J'ln; ZONES, 
 
 Q. Wlmt arc the zones ? 
 
 yi. The zones are belt.s or divisions ot tnc 
 earth bounded by the pohir circles and the 
 tropics. 
 
 Q. How many zones arc there ? 
 A. Five. 
 
 Q. Name them, and point them out on Fi;;. 22. 
 A. (1) Tiie Torrid Zone, Ivint; -within the 
 Tro])ics; (2,3) the Xortli aiid "South Tem- 
 perate Zones, lyino^ one on each side of the 
 Torrid Zone ; (4,' 5) the Xorth and Soutli 
 Frigid Zoties, lyinij respectively Avitnin the 
 Arctic and Antarctic Circles. 
 Q. What arc antipodes ? 
 
 A. Points on the earth's surface ■which are 
 diametrically opposite to each other. 
 
 ZCNIITH 
 
 'rnorics, and ciieclks. 
 
 s -'St 
 
 Fig. 2.".— THE ZEXITir, liomzox, ETC. 
 
 Q. Wliat is tlio zenitli ? 
 
 .1. The point in the sky directly over the 
 head of the spectator. 
 
 Lesson 12. 
 
 The Celestial or Heavenly Bodies. 
 
 Q. "Wliat ceh'stial bodies revolve around the sun 7 
 A. Planets and their satellites, and comets. 
 
 Q. Wliat is a phmet ? 
 
 A. A planet (or "wanderer") is a solid 
 spherical body moving round the sun in a 
 regular i)ath or orbit. 
 
 Q. Wliy is it called a planet ? 
 
 A. To distinguish it froni the fixed stars, 
 which do not appear to change their places 
 relatively to each other. 
 
 Q. "What is tlie nadir? 
 
 A. The point in the sky exactly opposite to 
 
 the zenith. 
 
 Q. Describe the hori- 
 zons. 
 
 A. The Sensible 
 Horizon is where the 
 earth and the sky 
 appear to meet. The 
 Rational Horizon is 
 ])arallel to the Sen- 
 sible, but about 4U00 
 miles from it. 
 
 Fig. 24.— xiii: iioitizoxs. 
 
 )! 
 
 )i 
 /■ 
 ).■ 
 >: 
 ): 
 
 h 
 
20 
 
 TIIK M'DIILD AND ITS IN'ir A MITANTS. 
 
 Q. Do tin- |il;iiiot.t ahvii.VH luiiiiitain tlir saiuo roliitivo 
 
 IIOHItiollS ill tllL' sk\ '.' 
 
 A. N(» : uiilikf tlic iixi'il stars, tlicy are 
 iilwavH slowly cliaiiLjiiij^ tlicir jtlaci-s. 
 
 Q. Wliiit am tlio iiiiniii' planets or pliiiiPtoids ? 
 
 A. A immbi'r of small |ilaiu'ts, invisible to 
 the naked eye, wliii'h ri'Vnlve roninl tlie snn 
 between the orbits of ^Nlars and .Inpiter. 
 Over UK* of these Inivc l)een discovered by 
 nu'ans of the teleseope. 
 
 Q. Wli t is!i comet ? 
 
 A. A aveidy body, jtrobably oonii»osed 
 of <faseoiis matter, whose orbit is very eeeen- 
 tric, — that is, not nearly cireidar, or round. 
 
 Q. Wliat is tlio nicaiiiii^ of tlio ^;^ 
 
 word eoiiiet '.' .lUPITF.R liii,, ;.^1 
 
 .1. " Comet" is from :i 
 (ireek word nieaninu; " hair." 
 A eontet is so called from 
 its brii^lit hair-like tail. 
 
 Q. Namf! tlie iiianets wliicli NCPfUNE 
 revolve around the sitii, l)0<;iniiiiii; 
 witli the one nearest to it. 
 
 A. Vnlcan, ^fercury, 
 Venus, Earth, liars, the Afi- 
 nor Planets, Jupiter, Saturn, 
 Uranus, and Xeptune. 
 
 Q. What arc moons, and how FicrW-eoMrAnATivr; 
 many has each idanet ? sj/.i:soKTnEi-LANETs. 
 
 A. Satellites, or "attendants," Avhich re- 
 A'olve aronnd the jilanets. The earth has one 
 moon; ]Mars has two; Jupiter has four; 
 Saturn oiufht ; Uranus four; and Neptune one. 
 
 UfTANUS 
 
 Lesson 13. 
 
 The World and its Inhabitants. 
 
 {See Map, pfir/e 24.) 
 
 Q. Into wiiat two main divisions niaj- the tilings in 
 and on tho earth's surface be divided ? 
 
 yl. Into non-livin<i; and living;; or, as they 
 
 are usually called, inorganic and organic. 
 
 Q. Into what three departments are inorganic and 
 organic things divided ? 
 
 A. The mineral, vegetable, and animal 
 
 kingdoms. 
 
 Q. What is the name ot the general study which treats 
 oC these things? 
 
 A. Katiiral History. 
 
 (,». What is Meteorology ? 
 
 .1. The study w hicli treats of the \arious 
 phenomena which have their origin in the 
 atmosplu'r*', such as winds, clouds, rain, liail, 
 snow, storms, thunder and lightning, fogs, 
 dew, and ireiierallv what is nnderstooil by the 
 word " weather. 
 
 (J. What is (leology '.' 
 
 v(. 'I'he studv of the earth's crust in regard 
 to its general naturt', and its structure, for- 
 mation, and origin. 
 
 Q. What is Mineralogy ? 
 
 A. The study of the components of the 
 earth's crust in regard to their forms and 
 chemical c<»mposition. 
 
 Q. ^lention .some of the oomponeiitm of the earth's 
 crust. 
 
 .1. (travel, sand- loam, clay, rocks of various 
 
 kinds, such as granite and limestone, and the 
 
 various minerals and metals. 
 
 Q. What is the stndy of living things called? 
 .1. IViology. 
 
 Q. Into what two main divisions arc living things 
 divided ? 
 
 .1. Vegetals* and animals. 
 
 Q. How are vegetals and animals distinguished from 
 each other? 
 
 vl. There is no distinctive mark which 
 serves to distinguish all vegetals from all 
 animals; tlu' most usual distinctive marks 
 are, that vegetals are ii.ved and animals can 
 move about, and t'lat vegetals feed on non- 
 living or inorganiv; matter, and animals on 
 organic matter, that is, on matter whicli once 
 ])ossessed life. Tliere a>;", however, excep- 
 tional cases which d-' not come within this 
 definition. 
 
 Q. Then there is no strict lino of separation between 
 vegetals and animals ? 
 
 A. There is not; the one division grad- 
 ually merges into the other, and there is a 
 class of living things, or organisms, called 
 Protista, which can hardly be called either 
 vegetal or animal, and which })artakes of the 
 nature of both. 
 
 Q. What is the study of vegetals called ? 
 
 A. Botanv. 
 
 * Tlio word •' vcgctJil " was coined Home years n^o ns the 
 correlative of " animal." It is coining into general use, and, 
 boiiijj very ooiivonieiit, is adopted here. 
 
 I 
 

 Tin: WU11LI» AND ITS INIIAIUTANTH. 
 
 'Jl 
 
 ij-*w-*.'"N*-V^ 
 
 (^. Wliilt iirc the two iiiiiiii <li\ isiniis uf M':;il;ils ',' 
 
 .1. Klttwcriiin' :iii(l llowcilfss. Till' I'nniu r 
 :iru called IMiaiK-roi^aiiui', tlu- latti-r C'rvplo- 
 j^ainit'. 
 
 Q. Mi'iitiiiii smiic of tliosc classrd as llowcriii;,'. 
 
 ./. Trt'cs, siu'li as tlic oak, iiia|iU', l)t'i'cli, 
 apple, clii'iTv, peach, pine, ceilar, aii<l spruce; 
 plants (inciiKliiiij; what are conmioiily called 
 ve^etaMi's), such as the rose, lily, potatvi, 
 cal»l»au;e, tomato, im-loii, and pumpkin; thi' 
 common Lfrass of the ilelds ; auij cereals, 
 such as wheat, oats, barley, rici', and maize. 
 
 Q. M('iilii)ii sonic of lli(! v('H('tiils classcil lis llitwcrlcs.^. 
 ^1. Ferns, n\osses, Is ''opodiuins or club- 
 mosses, lii'hens (commonly called rock or 
 tree-inossi's), mushrooms and toadstools, se;;- 
 weed, and moulds, such as the oreen mould 
 which yrows on cheese and other thin;j;s. 
 
 Q. What is tlio study i;f .'uiiiiials called ? 
 ^I. ZooloiXV. 
 
 Q. Wliat ar(> tlio two main divisions of aiiiiiials? 
 .1. Those which havi' not a backbone, and 
 those which liave. The former are called 
 Invertebrata, the latter Vertebrata. 
 
 Q. JI('iiti()ii somo of tlia iiivprtol)i'al(! animals. 
 A. The nnimalcula which are si'cn in water 
 when examined through a ])owerful micro- 
 scope; the sponpre animal ; the coral animal ; 
 tape-worms and star-iishes; leeches and earth- 
 worms; lobsters, shrim])s, crabs, spiders, cen- 
 tipedes, beetles, bees, butterflies. Hies, and 
 inoscpiitos ; and oyster.s, clams, jieri winkles, 
 and snails. 
 
 Q. Mention soni" of tlio vortobrato animals. 
 vl. Fishes, such as the salmon, Avhite-fish, 
 trout, and bass ; amphibious animals, such as 
 the frouf anil toad; reptiles, such as turtles, 
 tortoises, sp.akes or serpents, lizards, an<l 
 allii^ators ; birds, such as ducks, Ljeese, 
 fowls, sw.allows, canaries, eaijles, hawks, and 
 ostriches ; beasts, such as lions, titr<'i's, 
 elephants, horses, dogs, and monkeys ; and, 
 lastly, m.'ui. 
 
 Q. What is an amphibious animal ? 
 vl. An animal which underixoes a meta- 
 morphosis or chano-e. In the early or tad- 
 j)ole stage it lives in water like a fish, and 
 breathes l)y means of gills ; and afterwards 
 develops into a li/ar.l-like or frog-like animal, 
 with lungs. 
 
 <: 
 
 (j. (ilvf a (.'cncral ai'connt of tin- luinian inhabitants 
 of till' cai th. 
 
 .1. -Mankind is spread o\er ihe whole hali- 
 ilaiiK' globe, and vari«'s in many physical 
 characteristics, sut-h as stature, lln' shape oi' 
 the body, the proporti<»n and sh.ape of tlii' 
 limbs, the color and texture of the hair, the 
 color of the eyes and skin, and the size and 
 shape of tli(( skull, 'i'hese variations ha\c 
 given rise to the division or classilicatit>n of 
 mankind into various r.aci's. 
 
 (J. How docs the color of ijic liair, c.vcs, ;iiiil skin 
 vaiv '.' 
 
 -I. 'I'he color of the hair varies from ilaxi'U, 
 golden, reil, aubui'u, and brown, to black; 
 the color of the eys \ai'ies from blue, grey, 
 and brown, to l»lack ; the color of the skin 
 from whitt' to black, through the various 
 shades of yelli>w, olive, copper-color, ami 
 brown. 
 
 <j. Into what two main divisions arc tlic |pco|ilo of tlic 
 earth divided '.' 
 
 -1. Into the crlsi» or Avoolly-hair"tl races, 
 and the smooth-haired races. 
 
 O. Where arc? the crisp or W()oli\ -haired races prin- 
 cipjilly fonnd V 
 
 .(. In Africa (except the island of ^Mada- 
 gascar), south of the Sahara desert, and south 
 of \ubi:i and iVbyssinia ; and in the island of 
 J^apiia or New Guinea, the l''iji Islands, ;ind 
 \ew Caledonia. 
 
 Q. Wliere are thf smooth-haired races found ? 
 
 .1. In the rest of the world, including ^lad;;- 
 gascar, in which island oidy a small propor- 
 tion are woollv-hairecl. 
 
 Q. AVhat is th(! total iiopnlation of the earth ? 
 
 A. About 1,440,000,(1(10 (one thousand, four 
 hundred, and forty millions). 
 
 Q. (iivo the areas ;uid the iiopulations of the j,'reat 
 divisions of the world. 
 
 I Area in Fiiimro Population. 
 
 -■' • iniU'!'. 
 
 Kiirop:' ;5,7!)l),(lOO ,11:5, 000,000 
 
 Asia (inc. .Malaysia) 1(5,008.000 S:;!. 000. 000 
 
 Africa Il.():i0,400 20."), 000. 000 
 
 Anioriea 1.'). 870, 100 8(i,,')00.0(10 
 
 Australia and I'olviicsiu .'1. 124. -'00 4. .100. 001) 
 
 Total 51,:U)2,000 1,-110,000.000 
 
i O.) 
 
 CnVKUNMKNTS, 1,AN( JC A(Ji:S, AM) UKI.KJIONH OK TIIK KAIM'IT. 
 
 Lesson 14. 
 
 Governments, Lang;ua^es, and Relig;ioni of 
 the Earth. 
 
 (J. Wliul iiH II coimtr.v ? 
 
 .1. A |Mirti(>ii of l;m<l inli.'iMlfd liy a ]»!ir- 
 liciil.'ir ]i('(i|il('. Till' iiili;il»il!iiits tit' the ciirtli 
 livi! ill miiiiy coiiiitrii's, nnd are divitk'il iutu 
 a j;ri'at iiiaiiy nations. 
 
 <^. .\n' iill iialiipiis Oijiiiilly i-lvilizcd ? 
 
 .1. Xo ; soiiu' !iri' \incivili/.(Ml, ollicrs nrv 
 ji.'irtly civili/.tMl, :in(l otiicrs arr civilized. 
 
 (). An- tlicy :ill nilud by tlic Miiiiit' lawn ami tin? siimi! 
 
 killit of ;;ii\('l'lllll('llt '/ 
 
 .1. Xo ; each nation lias its own laws and 
 ils own kind of t^ovi'mnicnt. 
 
 (■/ What aro tlie two fiiiuliiincutiil foriiw of goverii- 
 
 llKMlt ? 
 
 .1. The one, where thejx'ople govern them- 
 selves, either directly, or indirectly through 
 their re|iresent:itives ; the other, wheie they 
 are governed hy some jterson or persons 
 holdini; sway over them. 
 
 Q. \Vliat is tli.it form calloil where the people ;,'ovcrii 
 
 tln'lllS('l\ L'S ? 
 
 ^1. A democracy. 
 
 Q. Wliat irt the otlier form called ? 
 
 vl. Either a monarchy or an oligarchy, ac- 
 cordiiiL? ti> circnmstances. 
 
 Q. Wliat is a inoiiarcliy ? 
 
 ^1. A j^oveniment by one ])erson, sovereign, 
 or monarch, who in some cases is called hv 
 one title, in some hy another, as emperor, 
 c'mj)ress, ki , (jueen, sultan, dictator. 
 
 Q. Wliat is an ollyarcliy ? 
 
 .1. A trovernment bv a few i)ersons. A 
 gftvernment by an aristocracy is a species of 
 oli<;archv. A bnreaucracv is a sort of oli- 
 garchy subordinate to ;in absolute monarch. 
 
 Q. Mention two celebrated olijjarcliics. 
 
 A. The Thirty Tynmts of ancient Alliens, 
 and the Council of Ten of modern Venice. 
 
 Q. How are nionarcbies divided ? 
 
 A. Into two kinds: absolute, and limited 
 ' or constitutional. 
 
 (J. What i-> an alisuliitc iiniiiarcliN ? 
 
 .1. A monarchy where the sovereign has 
 actual absolute and despotic ••ontrol in every 
 department of government. The will of the 
 sovereign is tlu' supreme l;iw. 
 
 V. .Mention a country in Kurojiu where the form of 
 {{oveinment is absolute nionarchy. 
 
 J. liussia. 
 
 Q. What is II limited or cnnstitntioiml nionnrchy ? 
 
 J. A monarchy where the powi'r of the 
 sovereign is not absolute, but is limited by 
 the laws or constitution of the country. In 
 those cases where the sovereign has little or 
 no real j»o\\er, this species of government, 
 though in form and name a monarchy, is 
 really a democracy, and may be callecl a 
 monarchical democracy. 
 
 Q. Mention the name of a limited or constitutiunul 
 nionarcliy. 
 
 .1. TIk! United Kingdom of (ireat liritain 
 and Ireland. 
 
 Q. Mention the names of somo partially limited mon- 
 archies in I'liiiope. 
 
 vl. Germany, Austro-IIungary, Italy, Spain, 
 and (ireece. 
 
 Q. What is a republic ? 
 
 .1. A democracy where the chief magistrate 
 or head is elected bv the people or their 
 rejiresentatives for a limited time. 
 
 Q. ^lention the two leadinj; repnblicH now existing. 
 
 .1. The United States and France. 
 
 Q. Wliat is the chief niajiistrate or head of a republic 
 called ? 
 
 vl. Usually a jtresident. Other names are 
 archoii, consul, doge, protector. When elected 
 for life, or wlu-n extraordinary jtowers are 
 conferred upon or assumed by him, lie is 
 usually called a dictator. 
 
 Q. What is the dilTeience between a monarchical 
 democracy and ii reiuiblic ? 
 
 .1. Ill the former the chief magistracy is 
 hereditary ; in the latter elective. 
 
 Q. Wliat do you understand by hereditary govern- 
 ment ? 
 
 y|. A government in which the sovereignty 
 descends to the son or heir of the j)recedint; 
 ruler. 
 
 ii 
 
rJOVKUNMKNTS. LANCJUAOKS. AM> UKI.UHONS OF TIIK KAUTH. 
 
 2\) 
 
 IS 
 
 /■; 
 
 > 
 
 •t^ 
 
 j^.^^!*^ 
 
 V What l!« tlic rity or 
 
 l)llU'lt I'tlllfd tit Wlllt'll tllQ 
 
 tawH of 11 1'diintry iiro uiiido V 
 
 A. The I'lipital or mo- 
 tropol'iH. 
 
 Q. What nro tlio nuinefi 
 nt tlio (;rt>iit iiiitiuiml diviHioim 
 (if tliti ciirtli '/ 
 
 A. Kv I (ires, king- 
 doms, rcpuhlicH, jtriii- 
 cipalitics, uiid diichios. 
 
 (J. 'Wlmt i» nil empire ? 
 
 A. A nunibor of 
 count rit's or kingdoms 
 united under one gov- 
 ernment, the ruler 
 being usually called 
 emperor or empress. 
 
 Q, What is a kiiiydoiii ? 
 
 A. A country where 
 the chief ruler or head 
 is called a king or 
 
 (piuen. Where more than one such country 
 is united under one ruler, it is called a united 
 kintrdom. 
 
 %^ 
 
 arch is chosen hy par- 
 liameiii, or l»y tlie peo- 
 ple through their rc|'- 
 resentutives ; hut the 
 monarchy is at present 
 hereditary in the reign- 
 ing house, because it 
 was made so liy jiiirlia- 
 nient in 17*'l, l>v a law 
 (•ailed "The Act of 
 Settlement." 
 
 Q. Wlio is the iirosciit 
 nioiiari'li '.' 
 
 A. II er M a j est y, 
 Queen Victoria. 
 
 (J. i>o all iiiitioiis siieak 
 the Hiiine langiia};e ? 
 
 i 
 
 1. Xo ; there 
 
 HER MAJESTY, (H'EE.V VIcTOniA. 
 
 Q. lldw inaiiy ? 
 
 A. About one thousand. 
 
 are a 
 
 large number of diifer- 
 ent languages Bjioken 
 in the world. 
 
 Q. What is the general name for rulers of an enipiro 
 or kingdom ? 
 
 A. Sovereigns or monarchs. 
 Q. What are prliiciiialities and duchies ? 
 
 A. C'ountries where the chief ruler or head 
 is called a prince or duke. 
 
 Q. Doscribe tho p)vcriinieiit of the United Kingdom 
 of (ireat liritain and Ireland. 
 
 A. It is a constitutional monarchy in form 
 and in theory; but the real ])ower or jtrerog- 
 ative of tho crown is so extremely limited that, 
 in realitv, it is a democracy. The sovereign 
 " reigns, but does not govern." The j»eo]ile 
 govern themselves through representatives 
 chosen by them to form the House of Com- 
 mons, which is the dominant 2>ower in the 
 parliament of the kingdom. 
 
 Q. What constitutes the i)arlianient of tlie United 
 KiU'^cldni ? 
 
 yi. The King or Queen, the House of Lords, 
 and the House of Commons. 
 
 Q. Is the monarchy of the I'niicd Kinj^doni jioreditary 
 or elective ? 
 
 A. It is both. In the last resort the inon- 
 
 i' 
 
 Q. What iire tho tlin'O divisions or families into which 
 some of these laiiunajic's have liecn ^niuped on the 
 Kroniid of similarities existiiifj ainoiij,' the members of 
 each KH'np ? 
 
 .1. Aryan or Indo-European, Semitic, and 
 Turanian or Ural-Altaic. 
 
 Q. WIkm'o are the Aryan lani,'uai,'es spoken ? 
 
 .1. In Europe and the Eiiro))ean colonies, 
 iju'luding Iceland, in Kurdistan, .Vrmeiiia, 
 Dokhara, IVrsia, Afghanistan, IJeinchistan, 
 and India (excei)t the southern jiortion). 
 
 (J. Where are the Semitic lanj^uages siioken ? 
 
 .1. In Syria, Arabia, and Abyssinia. 
 
 Q. Where are tlie Ttirnnian laiiLriia^cs spoken ? 
 
 .1. In Lapland, Finland, Hungary, Siberia, 
 ^Mongolia, and in parts of Tui'key-in-P]urope, 
 and Turkey-in-Asia. 
 
 Q. What do yon know as to tho classification of the 
 other languages "spoken in the world ? 
 
 yl. The languages of the native races of 
 China, Tibet, Southern India, Ccyloii, Fur- 
 ther India, Japan, America, Oceania, and 
 .Vfrica (exce))t Abyssinia) have not yet been 
 classified. 
 
 Til 
 
WiMt 6U trc 
 
 45 tiret'liwifh 
 
 i Wi^'t «0 ir.Mu -IS I'.rieiiMi.h 15 
 
 15 LollK. :W Kilut -15 Iroin BO llrecliwlili ilO 
 
26 
 
 GOVEIINMENTS, LANGUAGES, AND RELIGIONS OF THE EAKTII. 
 
 w 
 
 Q. Xiimc the iirinciiuil reliy:ions of the world. 
 
 A. The Christian, Jewish, 3Iohamniodan, 
 Brahtiiin, Buddhist, Parsee, and Sikh. 
 
 Q. Give !i rough estimate of the number of the peo- 
 ples or nations professing these religions. 
 
 A. Cliri.stiau 375,000,000 
 
 Jewish 8,000.000 
 
 Mohamnu'dau 100,000,000 
 
 Bralimin 200,000,000 
 
 Buddliist 500,000,000 
 
 Parser- 200,000 
 
 Sikli 1,200,000 
 
 Other religions 195,000,000 
 
 1,440,000,000 
 
 Q. Where does Christianity principally prevail ? 
 
 A. In Enrope and its Colonies, and in 
 North and Soutli America. 
 
 Q. Wliore does Judaism prevail ? 
 
 A. The Jews are scattered tliroughout the 
 Avorld. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the holy city of Christianity 
 and Judaism. 
 
 A. Jerusalem, in Palestine. 
 Q. Where does ^lohanimedanism prevail ? 
 
 A. In Xorthern Africa, from the Mediter- 
 ranean to tlie fifth i)arallel of nortli latitude, 
 in Arabia, in j)arts of Turkey-in-Europe and 
 Turkey-in-Asia, in Persia, Afglianistan, Bolu- 
 cliistan, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, to a large 
 extent in India and Central Asia or Turkes- 
 tan, and to a small extent in Guiana in South 
 America. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the holy c!ty of ^lohammed- 
 anism. 
 
 A. Mecca, in Arabia, the birthplace of 
 Mahomet. 
 
 Q. Where does Brahminism prevail ? 
 
 A. Throughout India, wlicre it is jirofessed 
 by about three-fourths of tlu' inhabitants. 
 
 Q What do you know of the sacred localities of 
 Bnilnuinism ? 
 
 A. Tliere are many holy cities of Bralimiu- 
 
 ism, the most important being lienares, on 
 
 the (i.-Migcs. Most of the larger rivers are 
 
 looked ujKm as saci'cd, the Ganges being the 
 
 principal one. 
 
 Q. Wlii've doi's IJuddhisni prcvnil ? 
 
 vl. In Ceylon, Burniali, Siani, .Vnam, Cen- 
 tral ^Vsia, the Cliiuese Empire, and .Japan. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the holy city of Buddhism. 
 
 A. Lhasa, or Lassa, in Tibet. 
 
 Q. \V^hat is Parsism and wliere does it prevail ? 
 
 A. It is the religion of the ancient Persians, 
 and still survives to a small extent in parts of 
 Persia, and on the Avest coast of India, in and 
 near Bombay. 
 
 Q. Where does the Sikh religion prevail ? 
 
 A. Among the Sikhs, a people who inhabit 
 the Pur jab in the north-west of India. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the holy city of the Sikhs. 
 A. Amritsar, near Lahore, in the Punjab. 
 
 Q. What are the three principal divisions of Chris- 
 tianity ? 
 
 A. Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, and 
 the Greek Church. 
 
 Q. Where does Protestantism principally prevail ? 
 
 A. In Germany Switzerland, Denmark, 
 Scandinavia, Holhmd, Great Britain and its 
 Colonies, the United States, and Madagascai*. 
 
 Q. Where does Roman Catholicism principally pre- 
 ,iiil? 
 
 ^4. In Laly, Spain, Portugal, France, Ire- 
 land, B('li>ium, Austro-llungary, Poland, 
 South Ain'rica, Central America, Mexico, 
 Cuba, the Province of Quebec, and tlie 
 Plulil)pine Islands. 
 
 Q. Who is the lieail of the Uoman Catliolic Church, 
 and where does he reside ? 
 
 A. The Poi)e ; he resides at Rome. 
 Q. Where docs the Greek Chuich i)rincipally prevail ? 
 
 A. Ii; Ikussia, Euro])ean and Asiatic Tur- 
 key, and Greece. 
 
 Q. What potentate claims to lit the head of tlie (Ireek 
 Cliuivh ? 
 
 .1. Tlie Czar of Russia. 
 
 Q. What other Christian Cluuvhes do you know of ? 
 
 .1. Other Cliristian Cliurches exist in Ar- 
 nu'uia and .Vbyssiiiia. 
 
 Q. ("live 11 near estimate of tlie numbers < if the divi- 
 sions of Christians. 
 
 .4. rrotcstaiits l(l(t, (100, (»()(» 
 
 Roniau ('atli(ili('> l!i.").()()(),000 
 
 Greek and (illim- Chiurlies 80,000,000 
 
 :]75,000,000 
 
PART li. 
 
 LESSON'S OX TIIK GKOCJIIAPIIV OF XOIITII AMEIMCA. 
 
 ^""^ 
 
 TKIXCIPAL ANIMALS ON THE CONTINENTS OF AMERICA. 
 
 1. Wolf ; 2, Fox : 3. Otter ; 4, Hear ; 5, Mdoso ; (i. Llama : 7, Buffalo (or, more correctlj', the Bison) ; S, •», Boavcr; 
 10, "Wild Horse ; 11, Condor ; l'_», Alligator ; ID, Turtle. 
 
 Lesson 15. 
 
 Continents of Americ? . 
 
 Q. Bv whom Jind w lioii was Aniorica discovorod ? 
 
 A. ]>v Christoplior Columbus, in Octubor, 
 U{)± 
 
 Q- llow did the new continents rc(;eivo the name ot 
 America ? 
 
 A. TIr'v were namod after Anicrio-o Vos- 
 pucc'i, an Itali;m, who iiiado several voyaixes 
 to tlie New AVorld, and Avrote an interesting 
 account of them. 
 
 Q. Nanij the two yre.'it divisions of America. 
 
 A. Xortli America and South America. 
 
 Q. By what are they connected ? 
 
 A. liy the Isthmus of Darien, or Panama. 
 (See Western Ilemisjthere, l>age 8.) 
 
 Lesson 16. 
 
 North America. 
 
 Q. Point out on the map and name tlie boundaries of 
 North America. 
 
 .[. It is bounded on (lie north l>y th(^ Arctic. 
 
 Ocean; on the east by the All.-nilic Oce;ni, 
 
 Onlf of ]\[exico, the C'.'iribbcan Sea, and tlie 
 
 Isthmus of Panani;! : and on the south and 
 
 west by the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Q. I'oiiit out iind nanuMhe chief jiolitical <li\ isi'Uis of 
 North America. 
 
 .I.Danish America; IJritish America; 
 
 Ignited States; Mexico; I'.ritish Honduras ; 
 
 the C'entral American Pi'pubiics ; and the 
 
 "West India Islands. 
 
 Q. In wliat direction is British America from the 
 I'liitcd States '.' Danisii .\merica from British America ? 
 -Mexico from the I'nited States? Britisii America from 
 tlie West Indies ? Mexico from Central America ? Cen- 
 tral America from the I'nited States ? „ 
 
 2t 
 
 i. 
 
NOUTir. ^VMEIUCA — DANISH AND I'ltENCIl NORTir AMEKKJA. 
 
 Q. IViint :«ui iuid ii:iiiic the sroat iiiouiitiiiii v.'uiu'cs in 
 Noiili Ami'rica. 
 
 .1. The Ikocky .Moiinlains, on tlio Pncilic 
 
 const ; and the .\llf!j,-ii:iiiy ^louiitaiiis, on tlu' 
 
 Atlantic coast. 
 
 fj*. I'ciiiit out and iiamo tlio liigliest siitninits of tlin 
 Ur.cky .Mouiitaiiis in lirilisli Aiiu'iici and in llic I'nitcd 
 .State's. 
 
 .1. !Monnt Brown, in l>ritisli America, 1(1.- 
 (lii;) i'cct, and .Mount Whitney, in the United 
 States, j:),(»l»0 I'ei't. 
 
 Q. I'dint <int and name the liijilicst snnimits uf tlic 
 Alli',;!iaiiics. 
 
 .1. ]>lack ^Mountain and Blount Waslunu- 
 
 toii. in the Uniti'd Stales. 
 
 (J. I'oint iiiit and name the loftiost niDnntain in North 
 
 Alllrlica. 
 
 .1. 'I'he volcano of St. Klias, on the l»onn- 
 dary ol' Alaska ami Canada, 1U,.")(I(> I'eet. 
 
 (^>. I'oint out and <Iosoi'il)o the (ircat Central Plain. 
 
 .1. Tt extends from the Rocky ]\Ionntains to 
 the AUeohaiues, and from the Arctic Ocean 
 to the (ialf oL Ji[exico. 
 
 (^>. In what direction does the (.ircat Central Plain 
 sl(>l;e •.' 
 
 .1. From ahont the ]i:ir;dlel of .")(! it slopes 
 on one hand to the north, and on the other to 
 the sonth. 
 
 (J. I'oint ont anil name the jirini'ipal lakes. 
 
 .1. Ontario, ICrie, Ilnron. .MichiiLran, Su- 
 perior, Winnipi'o-, Athabasca, (Jreat S'ave, 
 and (ireat Jlear. 
 
 Q. Which lake extends farther sonth, Michigan or 
 laie '.' 
 
 (J. Point ont and naino the si'e.at rivers. 
 
 ..1. The St. Lawrence, with its tributary, 
 the Otiaw.a, to the i-.ast ; the ^Mississippi, with 
 its tributaries, the Ohio and the Missouri, to 
 the south ; ami the ]\rackenzie, to the north. 
 
 (J, Point ont and name t!ie otlu'r princiiial rivers. 
 
 .1. liio (xrande, Jvio ("olor.'ido, Columbia, 
 Yid<()n or Kwickpack, and Saskatchewan. 
 
 Q. point out and name the oceans. 
 
 ^1. The.Vtl.nntic, P;iciiic, and Arctic Oceans. 
 
 (J. Point out and state the nosition of tiie Carililx.'an 
 Sea. 
 
 Q. Point ont ;ind name the jirincipal liays. 
 
 .(. liailin, Hudson, l-'undy, Campeachy, 
 and Honduras. 
 
 ' Q. point out :ni(l name the prhieii)al yiilfs. 
 
 .1. St. Lawrence, IMtwico, ;md C;ilifornia. 
 (^>. point ont and name llie jirincipal straits. 
 .L Davis, Hudson, JJelle-Lsle, Florida, and 
 Yucatan Channel, alouo' the east coast ; Ju;ui 
 j de Fuca, (}ueen Charlotte Sound, on the west 
 coast ; and JJelirint;', in the north-west. 
 
 <^K Point oat and n.ame the jirincipal islands. 
 
 ^1. (ii'eeidand, ]*arry Isles, JJanks, .^Vlbert 
 
 I and Victoria Land, Cockburn, Cumberlami, 
 
 J and Southampl(!n, at the north; Xewfound- 
 
 • land, .Vntict)sli, Prince Edwartl I; land, Caje 
 
 Dreton, Lono- I. land, the Ijermuda.s, and the 
 
 West Indies, off the oast coast ; \'ancouver, 
 
 (Jueen Ch.arlotte, Prince of Wales, the ^\.leu- 
 
 tian Lslamls, and St. J>aAvrenco, off the west 
 
 coast. 
 
 Q. Point ont and name the principal cajies. 
 A. Farewell, Chudleio-h, Pace. Pay, ]>reton, 
 Sable, Cod, May, Ilatteras, S.able (Flo'''^!:"')' 
 C.atoche, (iraci;is-a-l)ios, Corrientes, St. Lucas, 
 3lendocino,l>lanco, Flattery, Prince of Wales, 
 Harrow. 
 
 Q. Point ont and name the chief peninsulas. 
 
 -L P>oothia, ^lelville, Labrador, Xova Sco- 
 ti:i, I'dorida, Yucatan, Lower Calii'ornia, and 
 Al.aska. 
 
 (}. P lint out and name the chief isthmuses. 
 .. L Chio'iiecto, Tehuantepec, and Pr.nama. 
 
 Q. Which |ien:nsula extends farther sonth, I'loiidu or 
 Lower (,';ililornia '.' 
 
 Q. M'liich cajie lies f.arther to tlu; north. Farewell or 
 Chiullei-h? 
 
 Lesson 17. 
 
 Danish and French ITortli America. 
 
 Q. What countries are included in Danish Anieiica ? 
 .L The Island of (ireenland, and the Island 
 of IcelamL (See Western Ilcniisplu're, }). 1^.) 
 
 Q. Point out their positi<in on the map. 
 
 (J. Who are the nativi; inhabitants of Creeidand '.' 
 
 .L The Eskimos or Tnnuits, a race wlio live 
 chiellv on iish, the fat of animals, and seal 
 oil. 
 
 O. Wliat are the exports of Creeidand ? 
 
 .1. Skins of seals, eider-down, whalebone, 
 and train-oil. 
 
 i-J 
 
NOllTH AMlilllCA. 
 
 29 
 
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32 
 
 DANISH ANI> FllKN'Cir NOIITH AMKKICA — nUITISH NOliTFI A.MKKICA. 
 
 Q. Whnt minerals Jtrc found oti the west coast ? 
 ui. Coiil and (•()|)j)('r. 
 
 Q. Xaino tliu [ilacc of nicotin^t of the whale fishers. 
 A. (iodliavn on Disco Island. 
 Q. Xanic the chief villafjos on the ■.vest coast. 
 
 A. Juliansliaal), tlu> capital; llcrrnliut, tlie 
 cliicf juissioii station; and ITpcrnavik, the 
 most northerly civilized settlement on the 
 globe. 
 
 Q. For what is Iceland noted ? 
 A. For its volcanoes (of Avhiclv Hoela is the 
 cliief one); its geysers, or liot sjtrings ; and 
 its fisheries. 
 
 Q. Name the chief settlements in Iceland ? 
 A. ]ie/.kjavik, the ca]>ital, oji the south- 
 west coast ; Skalwit, near Mount lleela; and 
 Ilolar, on the north coast. 
 
 Q. What is the chief employment of the inhabitants ? 
 
 .1. Hearing cattle, sheeji, and horses, and 
 fishing. 
 
 Q. Name some of the ex]iorts of Iceland. 
 A. Wool, leehuid moss, dried fish, salted 
 mutton, eider-down, and sul])hur. 
 
 Q. Point out on tlio map of Xcwfonndland (p. 47) and 
 name tlie Ficnch islands. 
 
 yi. Miijuelon, Langley, and St. Pierre. 
 
 Q. \Vhat is the chief occupation of their inliabitants ? 
 
 A. Cod-fishing, and drying the fish for ex- 
 port. 
 
 Lesson 18. 
 
 British North America. 
 
 Q. Name and point out on the map of North America 
 the boundaries of IJritisli North America. 
 
 A. On the north, the Arctic Ocean ; east, 
 
 Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, and the Atlantic 
 
 Ocean ; south, the Ignited States ; west, the 
 
 Pacific^ Ocean and Alaska. 
 
 Q. Wliat great b.-iy lies nortl> of Canada ? 
 J. Hudson Bay, discovered by Henry 
 Hudson in 1G07. 
 
 Q. Wliat is the southern part of Hudson 15,-iy called ? 
 A. .Taines Bay. 
 
 (,>■ Wliat bay and strait lie still farther to the north- 
 east ? 
 
 yl. Baffin Bay .and Davis Stniit. 
 
 Q. What great range of moinitains lies near the 
 I'acitic coast ? 
 
 A. The Rocky jNIountains. 
 
 Q. Wliat range between the Hudson Hay Rivers and 
 
 the tiibiitaries of tlie .St. Lawrence i' 
 
 A. The Laurentide jMountains, called in 
 Labrador the Wotcliisli Mountains. 
 
 Q. What range lies south of the St. Lawrence ? 
 
 .1. The Notre Dame iNFountains, wliicli, 
 under the name of the Shickshock Mountains, 
 extend to (4asj)6 Point. 
 
 Q. Point out on the mail of tin; Dominion (p. .'iO) and 
 name the great rivers of IJritish North America. 
 
 A. The St. Lawrence, the Saskatcliewan 
 and Nelson, the Mackenzie, and the Fraser. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the gre.at lakes drained into 
 the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 A. Ath.abasca, Groat Sl.ave, and Great Bear. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the great lakes drained into 
 Ilud.son IJay. 
 
 A. jNIanitoba, Winne])egosis, and Winnipeg. 
 
 Q. Point out .and name the great lakes drained by the 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the divisions ol British North 
 America. 
 
 jI. The provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New 
 Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Is- 
 land, Manitoba, and Britisli Coluniliia ; and 
 the North-West Territories, the District of 
 Kewaydin, the North-East Territory, New- 
 foundland, and Labrador, 
 
 Q. Point out on the map and name the capitals of the 
 l)rovinc(,'S, and of the Nortii-Wcst Territories and New- 
 foundland. 
 
 A. Ontario, T(>ro}tto ; (Quebec, Quebec ; 
 New Brunswick, KnderU'ton ; Nova Scotia, 
 Ifallfnx ; Prince Kdward Island, CharJotte- 
 foir)i ; ^Manitoba, Whniijy f/ ,' British Gol- 
 unibia, Mctorla ; North- West Territoi-ies, 
 Ihitthford : and Newfoundland, St. John'' s. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the other large cities. 
 
 A. JMontreal, St. John, Hamilton, Ottawa, 
 Kingston, and London. 
 
 Q. How manv of these 
 .ast ? 
 
 A. All of them but Manitoba 
 
 Q. What do tliesi) divisions (excludi 
 id Labrador) form? 
 
 A. The Dominion of Canada 
 
 ; 
 
 Q. How manv of these provinces touch upon the 
 co.ast ? 
 
 Q. What do tliesi) divisions (excluding Newfoundland 
 md Labrador) form? 
 
^ 
 
 niirrisM Noirni amuuica — ontauio. 
 
 3;J 
 
 (j. Wliat iiiul wliere is tlic cMiiit.il of tlio Dominion '1 
 .1. OttMW.'i, oil (he Hivcr Ottawa. 
 
 AKLIAMKNT BUILDINGS, OTTAWA 
 
 V. W'lien was tlu- Dominion of Ciuiaila formed ? 
 A. In LS()7, by act of tlie Parliament of 
 the Unitod Kitigdoni of Groat Britain and 
 Ireland. 
 
 Q. Of wliat provinces did it tlien consist ? 
 
 .1. Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and 
 Nova JScotia. 
 
 Q. Wii'it river and bay separate Quebec from New 
 IJriinswicIc ? 
 
 xi. Restigouclio River and Bay Chaleur. 
 
 Q. Wliich extends fartlior soiitli, Quebec or New 
 Brunswicit '.' 
 
 Q. Wliicli province borders on tlio Pacific? Which 
 borders on the iiroat lalces ? Wliidi lies on both sides of 
 tiio St. l/i\vronc(! ? Wliicli province is an island? Which 
 consists of a peninsula and an island ? 
 
 Q. In wliat direction is Quol)ec from Ontario ? iSIani- 
 toba from Ontario? Newfoundland from New TSruns- 
 wiclc ? Nova Scotia from XewfoundJand ? JJritisli Co- 
 lnml)ia from Ontario ? Prince Edward Island from Nova 
 Scotia ? 
 
 Q. In what direction is Ottawa from Toronto? Kings- 
 ton from OttMwii ? London from Toronto ? London from 
 Hamilton ? Montreal from Ottawa ? Qiic'-ec from Ot- 
 tawa ? Halifax from Qiicl)ec ? St. .Tohn front St. .John's? 
 
 Q. What lalvcs are between Canada and th.e United 
 States ? 
 
 A. Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ont.irio. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the coinioctions of these lakes. 
 
 A. The St. Mary's, St. Clair, Detroit, and 
 
 Niagara rivers 
 
 Q. Between w] 
 nir? 
 
 A. Between Lakes Erie and Ontario, 
 
 Q. Between wliich two lakes do the Ni.agara Falls 
 occur? 
 
 Q. What islands lie in the Gulf of St. Lawrcmc ? 
 
 J. Aiiticosti, .^lagdalen. Prince Kdward, 
 Cape Jireton, and Newl'i.iiiidland. 
 
 (^. Point out and name the bay.s, capes, and straits. 
 
 Lesson 19. 
 
 Ontario. 
 
 Q. State the boundaries of Ontario. 
 
 ^1. On the north-west and north, Koway- 
 din, the North-West Territories, and James 
 15.""; east, the Norlh-Kast Territory and the 
 Province of (Quebec ; south-east !ind south, the 
 St. Lawrence, Lake Ont.'irio, and I.,ake Erie; 
 south-west and w.^st. Lakes St. Clair, Huron, 
 and Su))erior, the, State of JMinnesota, and 
 Kewaydin. 
 
 Q. Point out and name each of the ^reat lakes. 
 Q. What river sej)arates Ontario from Quebec ? 
 
 A. The Ottawa, which issues from Lake 
 Temiscaming, and falls into the St. Lawrence 
 at the island of Montreal. 
 
 Q. Point out the other bouiidary rivers of Ontario. 
 A. The St. Lawrence, Ni;ig;ira, Detroit, 
 St. CJlair, St. Mary's, Pigeon, Kainy, English, 
 and Albany. 
 
 Q. What bays lie north of Grey and Siuicoc counties ? 
 
 Q. What two lakes lie between the Ottawa and 
 (ieorj;ian Bav, and between Lake Ontario and Cieory;iaii 
 Bay ? 
 
 A. Lake Ni])issing and Lake Simcoe. 
 
 Q. What rivers drain Lake Simcoe and Lake Nipissing 
 into Georgian Bay ? 
 
 A. The Severn drains the former, and the 
 
 French River the latter. 
 
 Q. What river drains Lake Nipigon into Lake Su- 
 perior ? 
 
 A. The River Nipigon. 
 
 Q. What rivers flow into the Georgian Bay ? 
 
 A. The French, Maganetawan, Severn, and 
 Nottawasaga. 
 
 Q. What rivers fall into Lalco Huron ? 
 
 ..]. The Saugeen, !Maitland, and Aux Sables. 
 
 Q. What rivers How into Lake St. Clair ? 
 
 Q. Describe the River Thames. 
 A. It rises in the county of Perth, and after 
 a south-west course of 160 miles, enters Lake 
 
 r 
 
 > { 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
I 
 
 Drawn I7 U.Ujrly", Aluiitrual. 
 
 ""- ni*te.lVlt-el^ 
 
', N I 
 D , 
 
 
 111! J \ 
 
 HV^" > ^ -r 
 
 ITREftL 
 
 I 
 
 MMitliii ■« Enjjr'a 'i' V 
 
ONTAIMO. 
 
 St. (I'lir. Oil ill Icmks uro St. .M;iry's. Tion- \ K\'/\\\, >/. 'I7i'>i,i<is ; NCit'dlk, SI, 
 (lull, :iili| ( 'li:itli;iiii. 
 
 II 
 
 II- 
 
 (lilii.lllil, ('iiifin/ii; \\v\\\\\u\, \\\ III tint. 
 
 O. Dc^rril.r I 
 
 If (iiiinl IJivur. 
 
 J 
 
 .1. It rises ill till' cDiiiity ol' <»f('y. (lows 
 tlir<Mii:li Wflliiiuliiii, \V;it»'rliM», Ilr.Miil, iiiid 
 llal(liiii:iii<l, :iii(l fiitfis Kiikc Kiic .'it'tcr .'i 
 (•i»nrs(! of alMMit |.'5() miles. It |tassc's I">l(ira, 
 (ialt, Paris, IJraiitl'onl, Caledonia, and Diiiin- 
 ville. 
 
 (^. Sliiiw on tlin iii.'i|i till) position of NiMi^ani I''.i!l.s 
 <J. Dcsciilx? till* Trent. 
 
 .(. The 'I'ri'iit issues from IJicf Lake, in 
 Xni-tliiimlKTJaiiil, and after a windiiiLC south 
 tmd east course, falls into the JJay of Qninte, 
 nt Trenton. 
 
 (^. I'oiiit odi tlio Madiiwasliii Uivcr. 
 <J. Wii.it fiiiiiil rims from Kin;;wtoii to Ottawa ? 
 A. The llidoau Ciinal. 
 
 Q. Wiiert! is the Welland Camil ? 
 
 .1. It e.vtcnd.s across the Niacf.-ir.'i peninsula, 
 from I'ort Dalhousiu to Port CollH)rne. 
 
 (J. I'oint out and name the capital of Ontario. 
 
 A. Toronto, noted for its university, fine 
 pultlic l)uildinLjs, its bay and liarbor, and as 
 the eentre of edueation for the jirovince. 
 
 Q. Point out anil name tlio other cities of Ontario. 
 
 A. London, (Tuelpli, Brantford, St. Catlia- 
 rincs, Hamilton, Belleville, Kingston, luid 
 Ottawa. 
 
 Q. I'oint out and name the chief towns on the map. 
 Q. For what is Ontario chielly noted ? 
 
 A. For its great lakes ; its fertile soil ; its 
 lumber trade and agricultural i)roducts; its 
 copper, iron, and other minerals ; and its oil 
 springs and salt wells. 
 
 Q. Point out on tlie niaj) and name tlie various conn- 
 ties in Ontario liorderin;; on tiio Kiver Ottawa.— on tlie 
 Hi\cr St. liawrencis— on Lake Ontario, — on Lake St. 
 Clair,— and on Lake Huron. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the five counties on OeorKian 
 Bay and Lake Huron, and tiieir chief towns. 
 
 A. Simcoe, (^liief town liKrrle ; Orey, 
 Owen Sound; Bruce, Walk'crton ; Huron, 
 Goderich ; Lambton, Sarnla. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the six counties on Lake Erie, 
 and i,l>eir chief towns. 
 
 .^1. Esse.v, Sandioich ,* Kent, Cfiathain ; 
 
 Q. I'oint out aiicl iiiuuc the twcUe iiiiinties on Lake 
 • hitiirio, iiiid tlieir ihief town-*, 
 
 .1. r-iiicoln, 'V. f'ltf/iiiri/ti s ; Went \\ urth, 
 //tiiiti'l/oti ; llaltoii, Mllfnn : Peel, lli<iiiij>- 
 fnii ; \'()rk, 'I'nrtiiifo ; (Jiitario, W'/ilfhi/ ; 
 Duihaiii, I'nrf l/ojn' ; Northiimlu'rlaiid, Ca- 
 (nnir</ : Prince Kdw.inl, I'h-fnii ; Hastings, 
 liilli I'illr ; Lennox and Addingtcni, Xo/i- 
 (iiite ; Fronteiiac, Khii/stini. 
 
 (J. Point out ;md niiiiie tin' live ('(uinties on the* St. 
 Law reiice, and their chief towns. 
 
 .1. Leeds, /{roi-A-iu'lIc ; (irenville, /*/•< si-off : 
 Dimdas, Morn'slit/t';/ : Stormctnt, Corinra.'l ; 
 Cilengarry, Ah^undrld. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the the counties on tint Ot- 
 tawa, and their chief towns. 
 
 vl. Prescott, L' (h-i'i/nol ; ]i\\ssv]\, HkhxiII; 
 Carleton, Ottaicu ; Laimr^, Ptrth ; Kenfiew, 
 J'einbi'oke. 
 
 Q. Point o<:t and name the nine interior counties, and 
 their I'hief towns. 
 
 A. Middlesex, London; Oxford, Wood- 
 stock; Ih-ixut, liranf/ord ; Pertli, Stratford ; 
 Waterloo, licrlin ; Wellington, Irucljdi ; 
 A'^ietoria, JJndsay ; Peterborougli, l*it( r- 
 horoHc/h ; the provisional county of Ilali- 
 burton, JMinden. 
 
 Q. I'oint out the districts of Thunder Hav, Aifioina, 
 Nipissinj;, Parry Sound, and Muskoka. 
 
 Q. I'oint out and name the chief towns in these 
 districts. 
 
 A. Thunder Bay, Prince Arthur x Lmid- 
 inij ; Alg<-na, aSV/;//^ Ste. Marh' ; Nipissing, 
 ^latav'ioi ; Parry Sound, Parri/ Sound ; 
 Muskoka, Jiracchridf/c. 
 
 <j. What largo island lies in tlie northern part id' Lake 
 Huron ? 
 
 .i. Grand Manitoulin Island; chief town 
 iJttle Cur re /it. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the three principal lakes in the 
 
 JIuskoka District. 
 
 A. ^[uskoka, TJosseau, find .Tosejih. noted 
 for their beautiful scenery, and as being at- 
 tractive summer resorts. 
 
 Q. For what is Prince .Arthur's Landing notewiwthy ? 
 
 ^L As being the terminus of the ])rojecte(i 
 Canadian Pacific liailwav- 
 
 i 
 
Lesson 20. 
 
 Quebec. 
 
 Q. Toint nut tho {inKitioii ainl hoimdurics of Quoboc. 
 
 Q. Wliicli in it« larjiCHt river ? 
 
 A. Tlu' St. L.'iwrt'iicc, whidi flows north- 
 eust into the gult' ol tliu sumo luiino. 
 
 Q. WliJit proviiii'o licM to tlio sKiitli-east ? 
 
 Q. Wliiit HtiitL'rt li(! to the south and Houth-cnst ? 
 
 Q. Wliat provliu-i; lio.s to tin- Noiitli-wcHt ? 
 
 Q. What hiko Hoh iiortli-wcst of the Ottawa ? 
 
 Q. Wliiit hilco (loos tlie Sai,'m'iiay How throiii;!) ? 
 
 Q. What counties lio south t)f tin- St. I.awrciu'o? 
 
 Q. What counties lio north-east of (iuobcc ? 
 
 Q. Wliat counties lio between Quebec and tho Ottawa ? 
 
 (j. What counties lio soutli-cast of Quebec ? 
 
 Q. Wiiat counties lio south of tho St. Lawrcnoo ? 
 
 Q. Wiiat counties lie north of tho Ottawa? 
 
 <j. Nanio the principal rivers north of the St. Law- 
 rence. 
 
 A. Tho Sagiionay. St. Maurice, and Ottawa. 
 
 Q. Nauio tlio principal rivers south of tho St, Law- 
 rence. 
 
 vl. The Richelieu, St. Francis, and Chau- 
 iliere. 
 
 Q. For what is (Juebcc noted ? 
 
 .1. For it.s shipping, shi|)l)uihliiig, hunhor- 
 ing, fisheries, iron and copper mines, and its 
 beautiful scenery. 
 
 Q. What i)cninsula lies to the north-east ? 
 
 A. Gaspe ; lying between the Gulf of St. 
 
 Lawrence and the Bay Chaleur. 
 
 Q. Point out and nanio tho nine counties on tho 
 Ottawa, and tlicir chief towns. 
 
 A. Pontiac, Jiryson. ; Ottawa, JTull ; Ar- 
 genteuil, iMchute ; Two Mountains, ^Ste. 
 tScholastu/ue ; Vaudreuil, Vaudreuil ; Sou- 
 langes, Voteaii LfnuJiiuj ; Jacques Cartier, 
 Point Claire; Iloehelaga, Longiie Poitite ; 
 Laval, Ste. Jiosc. 
 
 Jiili 
 th 
 
 tnne 
 
 .loliette, Jnliittf ; IJerthit 
 
 // 
 
 I) f 
 
 Miisk 
 
 inonge 
 
 /i 
 
 Hl)lt')'f ( 
 
 fu A I 
 
 V 
 
 St. 
 
 Q, Point out 
 and name the 
 fourteen coun- 
 ties north of the 
 St. Iiawrence,and ^ 
 their chief towns, i :^ 
 
 A. Terre- 
 bonne, St. Je- 
 rome 
 
 L'As- --^■ 
 
 s o m pt i on, 
 J J' A s so mj^- 
 tioii ; Mont- 
 calm, Ste. 
 
 THE VICTORIA TUBUL.\U RAILWAY BRIDGK, FROM ST. LAMBERT. 
 
 n 
 
 Maurice, T/mc liii'w,^ ; Champlain, liatis- 
 
 rail ; I'ortneiif, ('tij> Sitnte ; (^uebei-, ('harhs. 
 
 hoHtuj ; Montmorency, (liateuu Jiic/itr; 
 
 C'harlevoi.v, AV. Patd h liaif ; Chicoutimi, 
 
 C/iicoutihii / Sagui'iiuy, Tuiloitsac. 
 
 (/ Point out and nanio W\y twentv-si.K cuuntioH Houth 
 of tlic St. Lawrence, and their cliicf tow ns. 
 
 A. \Uii\\iU'^i]on, //ittitini/ifoii ; I>eaidiarnois, 
 
 liiduharnoin ; C'hateauguay, Ste. jSlnrtine ; 
 
 I^aprairie, Laprairie ; X:ipierville, \<i^>i»)'- 
 
 rille ; St. Jolins, St. Ji>hiiH ; ("hambly, jv*///- 
 
 ijinnil; Vercheres, Wre/urcfi ; liichelieii, 
 
 Soi'tl ; Yamaska, St. Fni/iroi.^ ; St. Ilya- 
 
 cinthe, St. Jli/avii'the ; IJagot, >sy. IIikjiuh ; 
 
 ]{ouvi!le, Ste. Marie; Iberville, Ste. At/ia- 
 
 tiane ; ^'icoliit, Jli'eaticoitr ,' Lotbiniere, Lntbi- 
 
 liiere ; Levis, Pointe J^erin / J)orcliester, Ste. 
 
 llenedine ; IJellechasse, St. Mielitl ; Mont- 
 
 magny, St. Thotnas ; M'\s\v\., St. Jiaii J'ort 
 
 Joli ; Kamouraska, Ka»ioiiraska ; Temis- 
 
 couata, Jde l^'rte ; Kiniouski, Jiiiimn.'iki j 
 
 JJonaventure, iVeio Carlisle ; Gas)»e, Perce. 
 
 Q. Point out and namo tho Eastern TowiL-^hips (or 
 counties) soutli of tliu St. Lawrence, and tlieir chief towns. 
 
 A. Arthabasca, St. Christojthe ; Megantic, 
 Leeds \lllaf/e ; IJeauce, St. Pra>n;ois ; 
 Drununond, Drummotkdrille ; Ivichniond, 
 Jiie/utiond / Wolfe, PudsvuH; Shefford, 
 Waterloo; Sherbrooke, Sherhrooh-e ; Comp- 
 ton. Cooks/lire ; 3Iissis(pu)i, Prdiij/ishanj / 
 Bronie, Ktwwltoti ; Stanstead, Stanstead. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capital. 
 
 .1. Quebec, noted for its citadel, which is 
 the strongest fortress in America. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the other cities. 
 
 A. Montreal, Three Rivers, St. Ilyacinthe, 
 and Hull. 
 
 _ Q. Wh.ntcpl- 
 
 *2T-S¥fc§^Si5^^6ir2T3Ik-. cbrated railway 
 
 T^Kl^rHtsi'V' "^S^sSS^-"-. Tubular bridge 
 
 crosses the St. 
 L n w r e n c at 
 Montreal ? 
 
 A. TheVic- 
 toria Tubular 
 Bridge,whicli 
 is shaped like 
 a tunnel, and 
 is nearly one 
 mile and a 
 half long. 
 
1 -JSa.NO.PAHALLIL 8UPP0!£r BOUNOANV 
 
 . ii._'.L_._.5i.._. _^_.-!r57 
 
 CON.TINirATION OF MAP 
 
 Sonic of Mflcs 
 £0 
 
 1 Kliliclleii 
 
 1 KU'llcIlt'll II lli:iuli:iriioi5 
 
 S Si.lly!Uillflli3 U' \:i|.i,rvill,> 
 
 3 ViivllLM-es l:', Jliiiilill;;i|iili 
 
 4 I.'AjSohU'liiill 14 Cli:Uiaiii;u:iy 
 .5 .Linnl n ht..lnl,i. 
 
 !• *l I. .1.. 1 1 .• I I •! I 
 
 ! ilniliiaasia It) ll.iiiille 
 
 ; Jaoim-s I'arlK'r n .^li^^i..|l|,M 
 
 1 'c'lruiiMj- 1-i S..iil!iii).'c'= 
 
 I ItcMvillu I'.i A'.iii.lr.",!!! 
 
 I I'-i I'liiirif 'Jv 4 wii Mdimtiiih? 
 
^M 
 
 51 
 
 >bO 
 
 71 
 
 70 
 
 09 
 
 07 
 
 
 I'eri tiiilic L.-' 
 
 W*^/-'* 
 
 
 v-S... 
 
 3F 
 
 i v/^ 
 
 .-■"'•••■■•. .• 
 
 Jfaniijoui'i'iJaH L, '"■ 
 
 \iM 
 
 50- 
 
 </ 
 
 V 
 
 '::A 
 
 '^Ulurii'/tinrimk) \ 
 
 i./ 
 
 \' 
 
 SJOanie < 
 
 v. 
 
 X ^!* ""r^.Mt.St.Jeari. 
 
 / Y^ .-'•'■'^i^cV::;:;::.! 
 
 ^f c J ' >- \ iS-y 
 
 
 .oisio 
 
 |(?^«-L^l-W°'^f. 
 
 """Orant JilliiKiuils. 
 
 St.Marguerite_ ' 
 
 51 
 
 MorthJPt 
 
 'West Pt^ 
 
 Cai»»' 
 
 
 .S T. 
 
 ,^ yPt.Ciribou 
 
 .1 w M K\y (^ K 
 
 
 
 lie I 
 
 
 rt. 
 
 Catqjl 
 
 ^ 
 
 '^4 
 
 rasKi 
 
 B(.l.,. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ICOUllLiU! 
 
 idousac 
 li.Verte, 
 fcounn 
 
 5 'i'.:roi»>^. 
 
 {'\^^ 
 
 .*«!•■<' 
 
 
 
 (Ic'S Jlonts 
 
 •la vie, 
 
 \C .Rosier 
 C.Gaspe' 
 
 ;i1e 
 
 [iscouata 
 
 TIC; 
 
 oVV^ 
 
 
 ^■Despair 
 /- ..^ J^<^* .^/>SMa4oerai 
 
 All'i^l 
 
 •^d, 
 
 ■-^!>>\W''»-^h. 
 
 ^S« S 1 ^c F 
 
 (^ 
 
 — ^ o BjE^A utc B;^''} 
 
 j\ JJ^i..)/ii/.iii(;c *> 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 / ti S 
 
 rewcastk' 
 
 48 
 
 id I 
 
 
 ^S"' 
 
 / 
 
 aUEBEG 
 
 Scalo nC Miles 
 
 ,u/ 
 
 j (I 10 
 
 71 l.iiMKiliiilf Wdsl, ill I'lMin Crc'imiili 
 
 
 -i 15 
 
■ > 
 
 ■■./ 
 ;/ 
 
 ■;/ 
 
 :/ 
 ■/ 
 
 \^ 
 
 ■i 
 
 : i 
 
 ■■> 
 
 40 
 
 QUEBEC — NEW BRUNSAVICK. 
 
 Q. Xiiiiie tlie chief town in tlio Kastcrn Tovvnsliip.s. 
 
 A. Sherbrooke, on the rivers St. Francis 
 and Magog. 
 
 Q. Wiiat I'iiihvay connects Quebec and Montreal with 
 Portland in the State of Elaine ? 
 
 A. The Graiul Trunk Railway, which ex- 
 tends to Lake Huron in Ontario. 
 
 Q. Wliich are tlie principal islands in tlio St. Law- 
 rence ? 
 
 A. Montreal and Isle Jesus, at Montreal ; 
 Orleans, at Quebec ; Anticosti and the Mag- 
 dalen Islands in the Gulf. 
 
 Lesson 21. 
 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 Q. Point out .lie boundaries of New Brunswick. 
 
 A. On the north, Quebec, and the Bay 
 Chaleur ; east, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 Northumberland Strait, and Nova Scotia ; 
 south, the Bay of Fundy; west, the State of 
 Maine, and Quebec. 
 
 Q. What large bav separates New Brunswick from 
 Quebec ? 
 
 1. The Bay Chaleur, at the north. 
 
 Q. Point out and )iaine its other bays and harbors. 
 Q. Point out and name the principal islands. 
 Q. How many counties are tliere in New Brunswick ? 
 A. Fifteen. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the two counties on the Bay 
 Chaleur, and their chief towns. 
 
 A. Restigouche, Dalhousie ; Gloucester, 
 Hat hurst. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the three counties on the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence, and tlieir chief town.s. 
 
 .1. Nortluunberland, JVcAccnstJe ; Kent, 
 Richibucto ; Westmoreland, Dorchester. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the three counties on the Bay 
 of Fundy, and tlieir chief towns. 
 
 A. Albert, IlopeveU ; St. John, St. John ; 
 Charlotte, St. Andrews. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the four counties in the inte- 
 rior, and tlieir cliief towns. 
 
 A. King's, //fo??/>^)/? .• (Queen's, Gngetown ; 
 Sunbury, Oromocin ; York, Fredericton. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the three counties in the west, 
 and tlieir chief towns. 
 
 v(. Carleton, Woodstock; Victoria, Grand 
 Falls ; Madawaska, Little Falls. 
 
 Q. For what is Now Brunswick chielly noted ? 
 
 A. For its many rivers, and its important 
 lumbering, shipbuilding, iishing, and mining 
 industries. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principal Likes. 
 
 A. Grand Lake, in Queen's County, and 
 Grand Lake, on the Maine boundary. 
 
 Q. What isthmus connects New Brunswick with Nov.i 
 Scotia ? 
 
 A. The Isthmus of Chignecto, 14 miles 
 wide. 
 
 Q. Which are its largest rivers ? 
 
 A. The Restigouche, which falls into the 
 Bay Chaleur; Miramichi, which falls into 
 Miramichi Bay ; and the St. Jolm, which falls 
 into the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 i 
 
 GRAND FALLS ON THE ST. .JOHN RIVER, NEW HRl'.NSWIOK. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capital. 
 A. Fredericton, 84 miles up the St. John. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the chief seaport. 
 A. St. John, at the mouth of the St. John 
 river. 
 
 Q. Point out and name three shipbuilding towns. 
 A. Chatliam, Newcastle, and Moncton. 
 
 Q. Point out and name two fishing towns. 
 
 A. Richibucto and Shediac. 
 
) 
 
 Itujstll i Strulhcrj, N. York 
 
42 
 
 NOVA srOTTA AND (lAl'K TIURTON ISLAND. 
 
 \ 
 
 Lesson 22. 
 
 Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island 
 
 Q. roiiit, out tilt! pDsitioii and l)i)Uii(lai'i('s of Mir I'rov- 
 iiKM! 1)1' X<iva Scotia ami <,'a|io Itri'toii Island. 
 
 (,). By whom and when was Xova Scotia discovci'i'd '.' 
 
 A. By C.ibot, ill Ul)7. 
 
 Q. ^\'llat islands lie to tlic iioitli and to tlic noitli- 
 o;ist of No\a .Scotia'.' 
 
 yl. I'riiico Edw.'ird imkI Capo Jiri'toii. 
 
 Q. To wiiat pi'ovinco Is Xova Scotia foiinecti.'d by jui 
 isllimiis ? 
 
 .1. To Now Brunswick, at tlio north-west, 
 by llio Istliiniis of Chio-iu'cto. 
 
 Arl'EARANCE OF NOVA .S<;OTIA, ETC., FROM .V BALLOON. 
 
 Q. What biiy soi«iiatert Nova Scotia from New Hrmis- 
 wick ? 
 
 A. The Biiy of Fundj^ 145 miles long, and 
 45 miles wide. 
 
 Q. What is iieculiar about the Hay of Fiindy ? 
 
 A. Its great tides, which sometimes rise 00 
 feet high. 
 
 Q. I'oint out and name tlie principal capes. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal bays and liarbors. 
 
 Q. For what are Nova Scotia and Cape Breton noted ? 
 
 A. For their coal, iron, gold, and other 
 minerals ; for their tisheries ; and for their 
 3xtensive coasts and good harbors. 
 
 Q. What separates Cape IJiM^tm from Nova Scotia ? 
 A. The Gut, or Strait, of Canso. 
 
 Q. lly what is Cape Breton nearly divided in two ? 
 A. By an arm of the sea, called Bras d'Or. 
 
 O. I'oinI, .ml and naiiic t!ie princiiial islands. 
 
 (j*. I'oint out and n.-inic the princiiial Irlics, rivers, ami 
 mountains. 
 
 (^. Mow many counties are tlieri' in tlui pro.'.nco 'i* 
 
 .1. Kightcoii, naiiu'ly. t'oiirlccn in Xova 
 Scotia, tmd four in Capo Breton. 
 
 (/. I'oint out aiul name tlie si.\ counties in Nova Scotia 
 on the Atlantic coast, and their eliiel' towns. 
 
 .1. (iiiysborough, Gin/fifjaroifi/h / Halifax, 
 Halifax ; liunenburg, Jjuiunhiwij ; C^uoon's, 
 Li'cc/'poof ; Sholburne, fS/ii'Ifn/nu • Y.armoutli, 
 )'at'»ii>ttf/i. 
 
 Q. I'oint out and name the four counties on the Hay 
 of Kundy, and their chief towns. 
 
 .i. Digby, JJi;//>i/ : Annapolis, Annapolis ; 
 K'lUff'ii, JCentiiille ; Hants, ]Vhulso)'. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the four counties on Northuui- 
 berland Strait, and their chief town.s. 
 
 vl. Cumberland, Ani/icrsf ; Colchester, 
 Triim ; Pictou, Pictou ; Antigonish, A)i- 
 tiyonixh. 
 
 Q. Point out ."ind nauip tlie foiii' counties in Cape 
 Breton, jind tlieir chief towns. 
 
 A. Inverness, J'orf Hood ; Victoria, Bad- 
 deck ; Capo Breton, Sijdncif ; Richmond, 
 Arichat. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capital and princi]>al towns 
 of Nova Scotia. 
 
 A. Halifax, the capital, in Halifax County; 
 Pictou, at the north ; Truro, at the head of 
 Cobequid Bay ; Windsor, in Hants County ; 
 Yarmouth, in Yarmouth County ; Liverpool, 
 in Queen's County ; and Lunenburg, in Lun- 
 enburg County. 
 
 Q. What proup of islands lies north-west of Cape 
 Breton Island ? 
 
 A. The Magdalen Islands, which belong to 
 Quebec. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the islands which lie to the 
 north-east and to the soutli of Cape Breton Island, and at 
 the entrance of Bras d'Or. 
 
 A. St. Paul's, Arichat, and Boularderie. 
 Q. For what is Halifax noted ? 
 
 A. For its fortifications, its fine harbor, and 
 as being the winter port of the steamers 
 running between England and Canada. 
 
 Q. Where is the principal coal mine in Nova Scotia ? 
 A. At Pictou. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
44 
 
 I'llINCE EDWAIU) rSLAND — NKWFOl'XDI.A ND AND LAr.i: Aix )i:. 
 
 Lesson 23. 
 
 Prince Edward Island. 
 
 (J. I'oini. out (on the niai) of Novii Scntiii) the jjositioii 
 :in(l hoiiiuUirios ol I'riiuc Kclwanl Isliiiid. 
 
 (^>. AVli;it coiinti'ii'.s lit! to the east, south, and west ol' 
 it? 
 
 .1. Ciipi' Dri'toii Tshmd, Xovu Sooti.i, iiml 
 New llrmisw ick. 
 
 (J. I'oint out and name its i)rini'i[)al l)avs and i'ai>es. 
 
 Q. I'oint out and lanie its eounty divisions and tln^r 
 cliiel' towns. 
 
 ..1. King's. Gi'or<jetov:n ; (Queen's, ('/«(!•- 
 lottctoicn ; Prince, Siunmerside. 
 
 (). For wliat is tlie island eliieliy noted ? 
 A. Its fertility and its hoaltliy cliniatt'. 
 f^. Point out and name tlie stiait at tlie sontli. 
 
 <.}. Point out and name its capital. 
 A. Cliurlottetown, near Hillsborough Ji.'iy. 
 
 Q. Wliat are tlie eluef eniplovnicnts of the inhabit 
 tants ? 
 
 A. Sluj)buil<ling, fishing, and agriculture. 
 
 (.}. When was Princo Edw; 
 minion ? 
 
 A. In the year 1S73. 
 
 (.}. When was Princo Edward Island admitted into the 
 Dominion ? 
 
 Lesson 24. 
 
 Newfoundland and Labrador. 
 
 Q. Point out on the map the position and bonndaries 
 of Newfoundland. 
 
 (?. AViiat countries lie to the north-west, west, and 
 south-west of the island ? 
 
 A. Labrador and Canada. 
 
 Q- Point out on the map, and name its chief bays. 
 
 A. White, Xotre Danic, lionavista. Trinity, 
 Conception, St. Mary, Placentia, Fortune, 
 and St. George's, 
 
 Q. Point out and name its chief capos. 
 
 A. Bauld, Freels, liace, Ray, Bonavista, 
 Fogo, St. Francis. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its chief ponds or lakes. 
 
 A. Grand l^)nd, Red Indian o'- liathurst 
 Lake, and Gander or Bourke Lambert Lake. 
 
 Q. Name its chief rivers. 
 
 A. River of Exploits (150 miles lotig), the 
 Ilumber, the Gander, and the Great Coil Roy. 
 
 r^. Point out !Uid iianii' Us W\\ distiict divisit)ns. 
 A. Burgeo anil Lapoile, Fogo, Fortune 
 B.iy, Burin, Bonavista, Trinity Bay, Placentia 
 and St. 31ary, Concei»tion, St. Johns, and 
 FerrylaiKl. 
 
 fj. Tor wlial is Newfoundland famous '.' 
 ^1. For its valuable coast fisheries, and 
 for beino; the iirst settled British American 
 Colony. 
 
 i.^. I'or what is Newfoundland noted ? 
 A. The almost continual fogs on the coast, 
 and the o-peat banks or shoals at tlie south 
 and east of the island. 
 il- What produces the foi^s ? 
 
 ^1. The meeting of the cold Arctic current 
 with the warm Gulf stream. 
 
 (^. What is the size of the Great Uanii '.' 
 
 A. The Great Bank, the most important 
 fishing ground in the world, is GUU miles long, 
 and 200 mile.s wide. 
 
 APPKAnVNf'K OK NF.Wl'OrNnLAXn FItOM A IIAM.OOX. 
 
 Q. For what is Trinity Bay noted ? 
 
 A. As the landing point of the first At- 
 lantic Telegraph Cal)le. (Valentia Bay, in 
 Ireland, is the starting jioint.) 
 
 Q. Point out the course of the Tele,i;raiih between St. 
 .Tohn's and Xova Scotia, l)y way of (Jape Hay. 
 
 Q. What strait lies at the north of the island ? 
 
 .1. The Strait of Belle Isle, 12 miles across, 
 — through which tlu; Canadian mail steamer.s 
 ])ass, in the summer season, on their Avay to 
 and from Europe. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capital of Newfoundland. 
 
 .1. St. John's, ;it the south-east of the 
 Island, in the peninsula of Avalon. 
 
 i 
 
>:■■ 
 
 ) : 
 > ■' 
 
 ) ■ 
 
 );■ 
 
 ) :■' 
 )'■■ 
 
 ) : 
 
 

 4G 
 
 NKWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOU — MANITOHA — lilJlTISll COULMIJIA. 
 
 <^. Point out and name the other tosvns. 
 A. Harbor Grufo and Carboncar. 
 
 Q. What iiait of Labrador is under tlie Government 
 of Newfoumlland ? 
 
 A. Labrador j)ro])er, or that j)art drained 
 by rivers iiowing into the Athmtic. 
 
 Q. Under what tjovernmcnt is tlie rest of Labrador, 
 and wliat is it now called ? 
 
 A. Tlie Dominion Government ; and it is 
 now called the North-East Territory. 
 
 Q. For wliat is Labrador chiefly noted ? 
 
 A. For its severe climate, and its valuable 
 seal, cod, and herring fisheries. 
 
 Q. Name tlie four .«ettlenient.s in Labrador. 
 ^1. Nain, Okkak, Hebron, and Hopedale, 
 all on tlie north-east coast. 
 
 Q. State the iwsition of Ungava Bay. 
 
 Q. Name the two great rivers of Labrador. 
 A. The North- West River, which falls into 
 the Strait of Helle Isle, and the Koksoak or 
 South River, which falls into Ungava Bay. 
 
 Lesson 25. 
 
 Manitoba. 
 
 Q. Where is Manitoba ? 
 
 A. In the centre of North America, be- 
 tween latitudes 49° and 50° 30' north, and 
 longitudes 96° and 99° west. 
 
 Q. Point out and .state its boundaries. 
 A. It is bounded on tlie north and east by 
 the North- West Territories and the District 
 of Kewaydin, on the west by the North-West 
 Territories, and on the south by the United 
 States. 
 
 Q. What was Manitoba formerly called ? 
 A. Selkirk Settloment, Red River Settle- 
 ment, and Assiniboia. 
 
 Q. What and where is the capital ? 
 A. Winnipeg, at the junction of the Assini- 
 boine and Red Rivers. 
 
 Q. Wliat lakes lie on the north of Manitoba ? 
 A. Lakes Winnipeg and Manitoba, only 
 the southern parts of which are included in 
 the province. 
 
 Q- Point out and nnme the chief rivers of Manitoba. 
 A. The Red River, which intersects the 
 
 province from south to north ; and the A.ssini- 
 boine, which j>artly intersects it from west 
 to east. 
 
 Q. Describe tiie country. 
 
 vl. It is mainly a large jirairie, diversified 
 with grouj)S of oak, elm, maple, poplar, and 
 basswood. 
 
 Q. Point out Pembina and West Lynnc. 
 
 Q. Into how many electoral districts is Jfanitoba 
 divided ':' 
 
 A. Four: Selkirk, Provenchor, Lisgar, and 
 
 IMarquette. 
 
 Q. When did Manitoba become u province of Canada? 
 
 A. In the year 1870. 
 
 Lesson 26. 
 
 Britiah Columbia. 
 
 Q. What territory does British Columbia include ? 
 
 A. All British North America west of the 
 Rocky Mountains and west of longitude 1120° 
 W., and south of latitude 60° N. " 
 
 Q. Point out and name the chief divisions of British 
 Columbia. 
 
 A. British Columbia proper, Stickeen or 
 
 Stachine District, Vancouver Island, and 
 
 Queen Charlotte Islands. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the three mountain ranges in 
 British Columbia. 
 
 A. The Coast Range, called in the north 
 the Sea Alps, and in the south tlie Cascade 
 Range ; the second range, called the Peak 
 Mountains north of the Fraser and Stuart 
 rivers, and the Snow Mountains or Gold 
 Range farther south ; the third and chief 
 range is called the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Q. How can you reach British Columbia from the 
 east ? 
 
 A. Through several passes, or openings, in 
 the Rocky Mountains 
 
 Q. Name some of these passes. 
 
 A. The Kootenay Pass, the Kanakaskis 
 Pass, the Vermilion Pass, the Yellow Head 
 Pass, and the Peace River Pass. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal rivers of British 
 Columbia. 
 
 A. Sim])soii or Skeena, Fraser, Columbia, 
 and I'eace. 
 
)■• 
 
 ,9 ChuiJIeigh . _."-«'■■ 
 
 
 SciilfofMlln 
 
 io luu liio wo 
 
 Hope..^^.H^!3,ftf 
 
 UNI) 
 
 6tl 
 
 
 Ji. 
 
 57 Longitude Wtst Jjfl from Grt'fiiwitli 
 
- ■^<''<^—l^^^^^^»—w ^l», 
 
 48 
 
 mUTISll COLUMBIA — NOllTH-WEST TEUIUTOKIKS — KEWAVDIN, ETC. 
 
 1 
 
 (J. I'di- wli t is IJrilisli ('nliiml)iii I'iiiclly noted '.' 
 ,1. Fur its rich i^old-lii'lds. 
 
 Q. Wliat are tlio chief rjocuimtionH of tlio iiiliabitant.s ? 
 
 .1. Miniiii;, ii^jfriculturc, iTHi'iiisjj cattle, and 
 fishiiij;. 
 
 Q. point out and namo tlie (■a])ital of Ilritisli ('olninl)ia. 
 
 J. Victoria, at tlic soiitli end of VaiicouviT 
 Island. Three niiles from it is the harbor of 
 Ks(|uiinalt. 
 
 Q. I'oint out and name tlio chief town on tlio main- 
 land. 
 
 .1. New Westminster, near the mouth of 
 
 the Fraser Iliver. 
 
 Q. I'oint ont tlio princijial utraits, awltn, and caiicf*. 
 
 Q. Point out on tlio map the position and bonndarics 
 of Vancouver Island. 
 
 Q. Hy what is it separated from the mainland '.' 
 
 A. \iy Queen Charh»tte Sound and Juan il(> 
 Fuea Strait. 
 
 Q. For what is it chiefly noted ? 
 
 .1. As heinuj the largest island on the l*a- 
 eitie coast, and for its fisheries, coal, and furs. 
 
 Q. What i)lace is noted for its coal-fields ? 
 .1. Xanainio. 
 
 ; 
 
 Lesson 27. 
 
 North-West Territories, Kewaydin, and 
 North-East Territory. 
 
 Q. Point ont and name the boundaries of the North- 
 west Territories. 
 
 A. North, the Arctic Ocean ; east, Keway- 
 din and INIanitoba; south, the ITnited States; 
 west, British Columbia and Alaska. 
 
 Q. Point ont and name the boundaries of Kewaydin. 
 
 A. Nortli, the Arctic Ocean ; east, Hudson 
 Bay, and a meridian line runninc; about i)l° 
 10'' W. ; south, Ontario and the United 
 States; we.st, Manitoba and the North-West 
 Territories. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the boundaries of the Nortli- 
 East Territory. 
 
 A. North, Hudson Strait ; east, Labrador ; 
 
 soMtli, (Quebec ; and west, Ontario and Ilud- 
 Mon Bay. 
 
 O. Wiiat were these imineiiHe territories forincrlv 
 calleil •.' 
 
 A. The Hudson Bay Territory, after Henry 
 Hudson, an Enjjjlishman, who discovered 
 Hudson Bay in 1(!()7. 
 
 (J. When did these territoricH come into iiossession of 
 the bominion of ( 'anada V 
 
 A. In 1870 they were transferred from the 
 Hudson Bay Company to Canada. 
 
 Q. How many forts have the Company for trading 
 purposes ? 
 
 A. About 100, of which Fort York, at the 
 mouth of the Nelson, is the chief. 
 
 Q. Point ont and name the principal rivers that fall 
 into the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 A. I'he jMackenzie and its branches, the 
 i)u Liards, the Peace, and the Athabasca; 
 the Cojti)ermine ; aiul th(i Back or Great Fish 
 liiver. 
 
 V. Point ont and name the rivers flowing into Lake 
 Winnipc};. 
 
 A. The Saskatchewan and Bed River. 
 
 IJav 
 
 Q. Point ont and name the rivers flowing into Hudson 
 
 ^ 
 
 A. Churcliill, Nelson, and Severn. 
 
 Q. Point out and namo those flowin;; into .lames Bay. I 
 
 A. Albany, Moose, Ru])ert, East Main, and ^ 
 
 Great Whale. j 
 
 Q. Point out and name the great lakes in the basin of \ 
 
 the Mackenzie river. ^ 
 
 A. Athabasca, Great Slave, and Great Bear. ]. 
 
 Q. Point ont the principal lakes in the Hud.son Bay ', 
 
 Basin. ' } 
 
 A. Wollaston, Deer, Winnepegosis, Mani- i 
 
 toba, and Winnipeg. ' 
 
 Q. Point out a lake on the United States boundary. \ 
 
 A. Lake of the Woods. / 
 
 Q. Point out two lakes d- ined into .lames Bay. ) 
 
 A. The Abbitibbe and the Mistassini. \ 
 
 Q. For what are the basins of the Saskatchewan, 
 .\thabasca, and Peace Uivers noted ? 
 
 A. For their fertile soil and rich coal-fields. 
 
MANITOBATk ^n ^^^'^ 
 
 Scale of MUea I K r\ J «- J^'XrJ ,r i i-^:^:^ 
 
 ' ' ' -* I I ■OUW IIAIH LlWfc mTwllM M>MT01» AHa Tm UMITta »I<T H j 'B^ /h:ilHTa011 X^ j_ __^^___ J 
 
 fill T ..■•■■l* I..!.. l«r....A IIU f <i I .i/Vi.. . i>^ 
 
 10 
 
 Loiiifitude West 
 
 fi-oiii Orctiuvioh '''I' l,i „'■>': 
 
 130 
 
 125 Longitudo West 120 from Orconwicli 115 
 
1 
 
 60 
 
 C.nVKUNMKNT Ol' TANAHA — IMTKI) STATKS OK AM Kit M'A. 
 
 Lesson 28. 
 
 The Government of Canada. 
 
 (i- W'lial ii* till' l)i>iiiiiiii>ii of ! ..iijiilii politii'ivlly '.' 
 
 .1. A coliiiiy ni llic l'iiit»'(l I\iiiLr<l<>iii <>t 
 (irc'it lirit;iiii mikI Ireland, mihI mm iiitcu'nil 
 jKH'tinii of tli(! Uritisli Kinpiic. It is ;i l)(>- 
 miiiiiiii f(piisistiiiij; of a iiiiiiilx'r ol' I'rox iiiccs 
 united t(>u;i'tlier as a Fe(lei'atii)n, nnder a ei)n- 
 stitufion set, t'urtli in a law passed h\ the 
 I'aiTianient i)t" tlie I'nifed Kiii>>di)in, in the 
 year lM(i7, and known as " Tiu' Act of Con- 
 K'deratioii." 
 
 (/ Willi! i^< a l^'ciU'iJition '.' 
 
 A. A nninher of states or provinces united 
 toilet iier uihUt one lioveriiinent, l»nt wliere 
 tlie states or jirovinces have certain speciHi'il 
 poweis of self-n'overnnient. 
 
 (^. lli)\v i.-t Oiiniulii Koveriiod redcrall y ? 
 
 .1. Xominally and in tlioory by the Queen, 
 tIirou<>;h lier representative, tlie (iovernor 
 (Jei.i'ral ; l)ut really, in ])urely colonial mat- 
 ters, by the peo])le (»f the Dominion, thrc)U<j;li 
 representatives chosen by them to form the 
 House of Commons, which is the dominant 
 ])ower in the I'arliament of Canada. 
 
 (/ Wliat coiistitutos tlic* riirliainont of t;ana(lii ? 
 
 A. The Kinuf or Queen of the United King- 
 dom, represented by the Governor General ; 
 the Senate ; and the House of Commons. 
 
 Q. !Ii)\v are tlio various provinces, which in part niiike 
 up (Janada, governeil ? 
 
 vi. Nominallv and in theory bv the Queen, 
 through her rejiresentatives, the Lieutenant 
 Governors ; but really, in all matters of local 
 provincial concern entrusted to them by the 
 constitution, by Provincial Legislative bodies 
 elected by the people in each Province. 
 
 Q. How are the various provinces divided ? 
 
 A. Into counties and townships, each hav- 
 ing its own local municipal government. 
 
 Q. IIow are the cities and towns govern(>d ? 
 
 A. Cities, by a mayor and city council ; 
 towns, by a reeve and town council. 
 
 Q. Wlio is tlie present (iovernor General of Canada ? 
 
 A. His Excellency the Marquis of Lome. 
 
 Lesson 29. 
 
 The United States of America. 
 
 O. roinl oiil III) llii' limp and iiaiiii' tho Ixiiiinlarii s of 
 the I iiitcd St.iti's III Ami rii a. 
 
 ./. Omitting Al:iska, the I'nited States are 
 
 boinided on the north liy Uritish .America; 
 
 east by the Atlantic Ocean; soutii by the 
 
 (Julf of .Mexii'o and .Mexico; west by IJu' 
 
 P.'icilic ( )eean. 
 
 O, I'ninl mil tlui ^reat niountain s\st 'ins wliich croHH 
 llic Vnitcd Stales. 
 
 yl. The .\lleghaiiv and the IJockv Moun- 
 tani systems. 
 
 Q. ruiiit nut till' tlircc rff;ii)ns into wliii'li (lii'se moun- 
 tain systi'iiis divide llic I'Diiiitrv. 
 
 A. The .Atlantic slope, the Pacific sIojk-, 
 
 and the Mississippi valley. 
 
 Q. Point out till! principal rivers in tlio I'nited States. 
 .L The Mississijipi, with its tributaries, the 
 Ohio, Alissouri, ;md Arkansas; the Kio (irande 
 del Norte ; the (\)lorado; ami the Cobunbi- 
 
 Q. Point out and name the princiiial bays and jjull 
 Q. Point out and name the principal capes. 
 
 Q. IIow many states and territories are there in the 
 United States ? 
 
 A. Thirty-eight stat<'s, ten territories, and 
 one fe<ler.'d district. 
 
 Q. How arc these states divided ? 
 A. Int(i six large groups, named according 
 to their ])(isition. 
 
 Q. Wliat are the names of these groups ? 
 A. 1. The North Atlantic States; 2. The 
 Middle Atlantic States; 3. The South Atlan- 
 tic States ; 4. The Gulf States; o. The Cen- 
 tral States ; 6. The Pacific States. 
 
 Q. Wliat would you call the United States ^ olitically? 
 
 A. A Federal I»ei)id)lic. 
 
 Q. Name and jioint out the capital of the United 
 States. 
 
 A. AViishington, on the Potomac, in the 
 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 Q. Name and point out the commercial capital. 
 
 A. New York. 
 
 Q. Wliere is Alasiva. and to what power did it for- 
 merly belonu' ? 
 
 A. It lies at the extreme north-west of 
 
 North America. It formerly belonged to 
 
 Russia. 
 
•? ) 
 
 2d I 
 
 C 
 
 j: 
 
 r- 1; 
 
 )f l( 
 
 o }■ 
 
 NOUril AII-ANI'ir oli NHW KN(iLANI) STATICS — MlDDr.K ATLANTIC SI'ATKS. .')\ 
 
 Lesson 30. 
 
 The North Atlantic or New England States. 
 
 Q. I'uiiil uiil ami iiaiiic till- fix Norlli Allaiilic or New 
 Eii.;l:iii<l Sialc.i, ami llicir ra|iilals. 
 
 J. yiii'uw, A'li/iD^fti ; >i('n ll.'impsliii'i', Con- 
 con/; W'lMrKMit, Mmitfirii: r ; Massaclmsclts, 
 /iosfoii ; IJIiixIc Islainl, l*i'(>iu</.tiu:i iukI Xeii'- 
 pitrt ; ConiK'cticiit, JIdrtford, 
 
 (J. I'ui' « lial m(^ tlio New Kiijiliuid StatOM cliicllv 
 liotod '.' 
 
 vl. For tlic'ir oarly settlement by the Eiii;- 
 lisli, and lor their extensive nianul'a(;ture.s, 
 coninieree, and Hsiieries. 
 
 O. Wliat stiiti) lius betwi-eii Qiiuiii;', ; iid Ni w )!n:i:.;- 
 wick ? 
 
 (J. Wliat tlircn states border on the State of New 
 York ? 
 
 (^. Wliiit !stiit(> lies l)('twe(Mi Miiiiio and Vermont'.' 
 
 Q. What two states lie south of MaHsaclitirtetts ? 
 A. Connectient and lihode Island. 
 
 Q. What mountains run thiouyh the New Enj;land 
 States ? 
 
 A. The Allejjjhanies, wliich run southward. 
 
 Q. What are these mountains called in Vermont and 
 in New Hampshire ? 
 
 A. In Vermont tliey are called tl»c Green 
 Mountains ; and in New Ilamiishire, the 
 White Mountains. 
 
 Q. What river separates Maine from New Ilainpsliire? 
 
 Q. What lake forms part of the western boundary of 
 Vermont ? 
 
 Q. Which is the chief railway centre in tlio New Eng- 
 land States ? 
 
 A. Boston, the chief business city of New 
 England, «)n Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 Q. In wlijvt direction is Maine from ^'ew Brunswick ? 
 lihode Island from Connecticut ? Now Ilampsliire from 
 Vermont? Connecticut from Massachusetts? 
 
 Q. What sound is between Connecticut and Long 
 Island ? 
 
 .1. Long Island Sound. 
 
 Q. What river connects Lake Chaniplain and the St. 
 Lawrence ? 
 
 A. The Richelieu. 
 
 Q. Name tlie New England States bounded on the 
 north by Qnel)ec. 
 
 (J. What stall's doi's tiic < 'unnccticiil ItUcr si'paralf, 
 and w hat states dues it cru-s '' 
 
 A. It separates New llam|ishire liom N'cr- 
 mont, and crosses Massachusetts and (Oii- 
 iici'ticut. 
 
 Lesson 31. 
 
 The Middle Atlantic States. 
 
 Q. I'oint out and name the seven .Mldille Atlantic 
 States, an<l tlieir capitals. 
 
 .1. New ^'ork, ,l//>f/y/// ,• Pennsylvania, //ar- 
 i-ishin'(f ; New .Jersey, Ti'iiiton, ; Delawan', 
 Itorar ; Maryland, AiDKipolin ; N'irginia, 
 liichiDond ; West V'ii'g'iiiia, Whctlinii. 
 
 Q, State the pusili.ii' if I'.c Aiiddie Ailanlic Si,ai(s. 
 
 A. They extend from Lake ('liani|»lain to 
 Lake Erie, and from the Atlantic to the Ohio. 
 
 Q. What two states border on the Canadian l<akes ? 
 
 Q. What two states lie south of New York ? 
 
 Q. AVhat states lie south-west of New .Jersey " 
 
 Q. What large island lies east of New .lersey ? 
 
 Q. What mountains extend through the MiddU^ At- 
 lantic States ? 
 
 Q. Name the iirincipal rivers. 
 A. Hudson, Delaware, Siiscjuehanna, Chesa- 
 peake, Potomac, and .James. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capes and l)avs on the 
 coai t ? 
 
 Q. What bay separates Delaware from New .lersey ' 
 
 Q. What river sei)arates Maryland from Virginia '.' 
 
 A. The Potomac, which rises in the .Vile 
 ghany Mountains. 
 
 Q. What river separates Pennsylvania from New- 
 Jersey ? 
 
 A. The Delaware. 
 
 Q. What river flows through New York ? 
 
 A. The Hudson, celebrated for its scenery. 
 
 Q. Which is the chief railway centre in the Middle 
 Atlantic States ? 
 
 A. New York, on Manhattan Island, the 
 
 commercial capital of tlie United States. 
 
 Q. For what are the Middle Atlantic States chiefly 
 noted ? 
 
 A. New York for its commerce, Pennsyl- 
 vania for its coal, New Jersey for its fruit, 
 Delaware for its peaches, Maryland and the 
 Virginias for their cotton, tobacco, and rice. 
 
 ^ 
 
52 
 
 SOUTH ATLANTIC AXD GULF STATKS— CKNTllAL STATK-. 
 
 M 
 
 •i"i 
 
 j;(; 
 
 Lesson 32. 
 
 The South Atlantic and Gulf States. 
 
 Q. I'diiit (lilt (111 the iiiMi) ami niiniri the four Soiitli 
 Atliiiiti>' States, aril their caiMluls. 
 
 J. ?\ortli (\'if()liii;i, lidltlffh; Soutli Ciiro- 
 
 liiin, Col n)i} bid ,' 
 
 (irOoruitl, At 1(1 Ht't ' 
 
 Florida, 7W/A/Ar<.s\s7'(. 
 
 Q. I'oint Diit OH the 
 miq> and iiaiiK! tlio 1 nr 
 (liilf StiiM's and their I'i.. 
 itais. 
 
 ^1. A ' ii I) !i 111 a, 
 Mo>ttgo))ii:r}/ ; ]\ris- 
 sissip|;i, ,/<(c/L,soh ," 
 LouisiaiKi, Xcio Orle- 
 ans ; lY'Xus, Austin. 
 
 Q. Wliat firoat s'lH 
 lies south of Florida ? 
 
 A. The Gulf of 
 3Ic'xico. 
 
 Q. Point out and name 
 the i)riiu'ii!;il rivers of 
 this section. 
 
 Q. What '^Ydni river 
 flows into the (jiilf of 
 Mexico? 
 
 A. T h e Missis- 
 sip})!. 
 
 COTTON PLANT, FLOWKK AM> I'OU. 
 
 (j. Wiiat river separates South Carolina from Georgia ? 
 
 J. The Stivannah, which rises in the Alle- 
 ghany 31oiintaiiis. 
 
 Q. What rivers form 
 the eastern and westtu'n 
 boundaries of Texas ? 
 
 A. The Sabine 
 and tlie Kio 
 Grande del Norte 
 (or (4rand River of 
 the North). 
 
 (^ What river sep- 
 arates Texas from the 
 Indian Territorv ? 
 
 A. The Red Riv- 
 er, a ti'ibutary of 
 the JMississippi. 
 
 Q. For what iiro- 
 diietions are thesi' states 
 noted ? 
 
 A. For their eot- 
 
 ton, tohaeco, and 
 
 ric?. 
 
 TonArco ri.AXT ix fi.owku. 
 
 Lesson 33. 
 
 The Central States. 
 
 (J. Point out and niMue tlie seven Central States east 
 of tlic Mississippi, and their iiqiitals. 
 
 .1. Wisconsin, jMoiVisoii ; IVIich- 
 i<j;an, J^ansiiif/ ; Illinois, Sj>riiif/- 
 ^p'^'ld ; Inditmii, Tinria)i<ipnlis ; 
 Ohio, Colmn/itfs ; Kentucky, 
 ]'''nvnTxfort / Ti-nncssee, Nnsh- 
 viUe. 
 
 Q. What three states border on Lakes 
 Kri(\ liiiron, and Superior? 
 
 .1. Ohio, Alichigan, and Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 Q. What states in part border on Lake 
 Michigan ? 
 
 A. jNIicliigiin, Indiana, Illinois, "/.V/v'ix maI;-"^ 
 and Wisconsin. muki). 
 
 Q. What three states lie between tlie Ohio and the 
 Mississippi ? 
 
 ^1. Ohio, Inditma, and Illinois. 
 
 Q. What four states border on the left bank of the 
 !Mississii)i>i ? 
 
 A. Wisconsin, Illinois, Kentucky, ;ind Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the seven Central States west 
 of the Mississippi, and their capitals. 
 
 A. Minnesota, tSt.l^aid ; lown, fh-sMoities,' 
 Missouri, tTef^crsoti / Arkansas, Little Rock ; 
 Nebraska, Lincoln; Kansas, Topcka ; Colo- 
 rado, Denver. 
 
 Q. For what arc these stiit-^s chiefly noted ? 
 
 A. For their ])r!iiries, iigriculttire, ;ind min- 
 erals. 
 
 Q. What chief cities are situated on the lakes bordor- 
 ing on Canada ? 
 
 Q. Name the three .crf'-'it tributaries which the Jlis- 
 sissippi receives on its right hank. 
 
 .1. 'i'lie Missouri, Arktinsas, and Red River. 
 
 Q. What states lie wholly or partly between the Mis- 
 sissippi and the Missouri ? 
 
 Q. What states and territories are crossed by the Mis- 
 souri ? 
 
 A. Missouri. Towti, .and Nebrtisk:- .nd the 
 Territoi'ies of Dtikota and ]Montrtna. 
 
 Q. What states are crossed by the Arkansas? 
 A. Arktmsas, Kansas, and Colorado. 
 
 , ' 
 
PACIFIC STATES — :-'EI)EHAL DIRTIUCT AND THE TEUKTTORIES, 
 
 53 
 
 Lesson 34. I '^^'''^'''^' ^li^^'i'e are so few inhabitants that the 
 
 general government at Washington a])])oints 
 The Pacific States. , some of its officers, and assists in its govern- 
 
 9. Point out and name the .hree Pacific States and ' '"^'"^" 
 their capitals. q -^yiiat gioat cliaiu of inomiUiins lies between the 
 
 A. Oregon, Salem; California, Sacramen- •'\iifsis'.'^ii'i)i ""d tiie Piuific coast ? 
 to; Nevada, Carson. 
 
 Q. What river runs between Oregon and Washington 
 Territory ? 
 
 '< 
 
 ^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 t 
 < 
 < 
 
 ( 
 
 A. The Columbia, 800 miles long. 
 
 Q. Point out and name tlie two great mountain ranges 
 of California. 
 
 A. The Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range. 
 
 Q. What bay lies west of California ? 
 
 A. San Francisco Bay. Its entrance is a 
 mile wide, and is called the Golden Gate. 
 
 Q. What remarkable valley is in California ? 
 
 A.' The Yosemite Valley, celebrated for its 
 grand scenery and its lofty waterfalls. 
 
 Q. What river falls into San Francisco Bay ? 
 A. The Sacramento. 
 
 Q. What river separates California from Arizona 
 Territory 7 
 
 Q. Point out and name the chief capes of the Pacific 
 States. 
 
 Q. Which is their chief commercial city ? 
 
 A. San Francisco. 
 
 Q. For what is California noted ? 
 
 A. For its gold mines, its fine climate, its 
 fertile soil, and its agricultural products and 
 fruit. 
 
 Q. For what is Nevada noted ? 
 A. For its rich silver mines. 
 
 > ( 
 
 Lesson 35. 
 
 The Federal District and the Territories. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the Federal District and the 
 Ten Territories, and their capitals. 
 
 A. Columbia District ; Washington is the 
 
 metropolis of the United States ; Dakota, 
 
 Ya7ikton ; Indian Territory*, Tahlcquah; 
 
 Montana, Helena; Wj'oming, Cheyenne; 
 
 New Mexico, Santa Fe; Idaho, Boise City ; 
 
 Utah, Salt Lake City;' Arizona, Tucson; 
 
 Washington, Olympia; Alaska, Sitka. 
 
 Q. What is a territory ? 
 
 A. It is a newly settled part of the country, 
 
 Q. Wliat lake is found in Utah ? 
 ^1. Groat S.'xlt Lake, near which is Salt Lake 
 City, the Mormon cai^ital. It has no outlet. 
 
 Q. What territories lie on the Pacific coast " 
 
 Q. point out and name the four tei. Ivories tliat border 
 on liritisli America. 
 
 Q. Name two territories that have rich silver mines. 
 A. Arizona and New Mexico. 
 
 0. What else remarkable is there respectin"? these two 
 territories ? 
 
 -L The numerous ruins and other remains 
 of an ancient civilization which are found 
 scattered through them. 
 
 Q. What stites and territories lie between Missouri 
 and California ? 
 
 Q. Point out and describe the National Park. 
 A. It is a largo block of land at the north- 
 west corner of Wyoming, which has been set 
 apart by the Government of the United States 
 as a n.'itional pleasure resort, on account of 
 the geysers, liot springs, and other remarkable 
 natural curiosities which are to W "oen there. 
 
 Q. Point out and describe the Gate oi the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 A. It is a tremendous gorge or canon a])- 
 parently cut through the Rocky Mountains 
 t»y tin Itiver Missouri, in iMontana. 
 
 Q. When and how did the United States acquire 
 Ahiska 7 
 
 A. In .Tune, 18G7, by ])urchase from Russia. 
 
 Q. What river flows tlirou;;h Ahiska 7 
 
 A. Tlio Yukon, or Kwickpack. 
 
 Q. Point r)ut and name the diain of islands 1 viuK to 
 the soutli-west of Alaska which belongs to the United 
 
 States. 
 
 ; 
 
 -1. TIio Aleutian Islands. 
 
 Q. Wliat strait separates Wash 
 ancouver's Island ? 
 
 A. The Strait of San Juan. 
 
 Q. Wliat strait separates Washington Territory from 
 A'ancouver's Island ? 
 
 Q. What river flows through New Mexico ? 
 
 A. The Rio Gr.ande del Norte. 
 
 Q. What river runs througli Utah and Arizona, into 
 the Gulf of California ? 
 
 A. The Colorado. 
 
lUj L<iiit,'IHuli! 101 Wi'st f roin 97 (jnciiwlc 
 
 ■JO Liiii|!l iKli' We 
 
5G 
 
 REPUBLIC OF MEXICO — CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 
 Lesson 36. 
 
 The Republic of Mexico. 
 
 (See Map of North America, page 29.) 
 
 Q. Point out and mime the boundaries of Mexico. 
 
 A. Mexico is bounded on the north and 
 north-east by the United States ; on the east 
 by the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean 
 Sea ; on the south by Central America and 
 the Pacific ; and on the west by the Pacific. 
 
 Q. Point out the direction of the great mountain 
 ranj^e. 
 
 Q. Wiiat noted volcano is in Mexico ? 
 
 A. Popocatepetl (Smoke Mountain), 17,773 
 
 feet, the highest mountain but one in North 
 
 America. 
 
 Q. Into what three regions is Mexico divided physi- 
 cally ? 
 
 A. T)ie Tierras Calientes, or Hot Regions ; 
 
 the Tierras Templadas^ or Warm Regions ; 
 
 and the Tierras Frias, or Cool Regions. 
 
 y. Wliat is the table land of Mexico also called ? 
 A. The r lateau of Anahuac. 
 
 Q. Name the longest lake in Mexico. 
 A. Chapala, 50 miles long. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the two peninsulas of Mexico. 
 A. Lower California, and Yucatan. 
 Q. Point out and name the chief town in Yucatan. 
 A. 3Ierida, near the north-west corner of 
 the peninsula. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the chief rivers at the north. 
 Q. Point out and name the gulfs and capes. 
 Q. Point out and state the position of the capital. 
 A. Mexico, near Lake Tezcuco. 
 Q. How many departments are included in ^lexico ? 
 A. Twenty-nine : namely, twenty-seven 
 States, the Territory of Lower California, 
 and the Federal District, which includes the 
 capital. 
 
 Q. Name the chief seaports of Mexico on the Gulf of 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 A. Vera Cruz and Tanjpico. 
 
 Q. Name the chief seaports of Mexico on the Pacific. 
 A. Acapulco and Mazatlan. 
 
 Q. Niime the chief vegetable productions of Mexico. 
 A. The banana, ])ine-ai)ple, orange, and 
 vanilla. 
 
 Q. What isthmus is in tlio southern part of Mexico? 
 
 A. Teliuantepec. 
 
 Q. Name some of the exports of Mexico. 
 
 A. Metals, of which silver is the chief, dye- 
 stuffs, cattle, hides, and medicinal herlis. 
 
 O, For what is Mexico chiefly noted ? 
 A. For its ancient civilization, of which 
 numerous remarkable remains are still in 
 existence, especially in the southern portion 
 and in Yucatan, its volcanoes, and its silver 
 mines. 
 
 Lesson 37. 
 
 Central America- 
 
 Q. Point out the positiom of Central America. 
 y. Wliat great mountain rang« extends through it ? 
 A. The Andes. 
 
 Q. VVliat countries, with their capitals, are Included 
 in Central America ? 
 
 A. The republics of: 1. Guatemala, N'eio 
 Guatemala; 2. San Salvador, /6«:m /S'«/y«c?ory 
 3. Honduras, Gom.ayagua ; 4. Nicaragua, 
 Managua ; 5. Costa Rica, San Jose ; and 6. 
 The British Colony of Belize, or British Hon- 
 duras, Belize. 
 
 Q. Where are the bays of Honduras and Fonseca ? 
 
 Q. Name the largest lakes in Central America. 
 
 A. Lake Nicaragua and Lake Managua. 
 
 Q. What river separates Honduras from Nicaragua ? 
 A. The Segovia. 
 
 Q. What river drains Lake Nicaragua ? 
 A. The San Juan. 
 
 Q. Where is the Mosquito Coast ? 
 
 A. It extends from Cape Gracias a Dios 
 to the River San Juan. 
 
 Q. What are the chief products of Central America ? 
 
 A. Indigo, cotton, sugar, cocoa, coffee, to- 
 bacco, mahogany, dye-woods, and tropical 
 fruits. 
 
 Q. For what is Central America noted ? 
 
 A. For beitig the connecting link between 
 North and South America, for its numerous 
 volcanoes and terrific earthquakes, and for its 
 numerous ruins and other remains of an 
 ancient civilization. 
 
 \' 
 
i 
 
i 
 
 58 
 
 WEST IXDIKS AND llEUMrDAS — IMMTISH AVKST INDIKS. 
 
 .'x.-\. V. ■>.•>. >_-V,-v 
 
 
 . -\.^-w-^-V- "^.-V 
 
 Lesson 38. 
 
 The West Indies and the Bermudas. 
 
 Q. Of wliiit do tlie West Indies 
 
 A. Tliev consist of near- 
 ly 1000 islands, cxtendint; 
 from Florida to the months 
 of the Orinoco, and thence 
 to the Gnlf of Veneznela. 
 
 Q. What waters do tliev en- 
 close? 
 
 A. The Caribbean Sea, 
 
 and j)art of the Gnlf of 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Q. How are tlie West Indies 
 divided ? 
 
 A. Into fonr grouj»s,vi/. : 
 the Bahamas, Great An- 
 tilles, Lesser Antdles, and 
 Ye n e z n e- 
 lan Coast 
 Islands. 
 
 Q. What 
 do tlie Haha- 
 uias include ? 
 
 A. About 
 500 islands 
 south - east 
 of Florida. 
 
 Q. Name 
 the Greater 
 Antilles. 
 
 A. Cuba, 
 scoAROANE. Jamaica, 
 
 Hayti or S.in Domingo, and Porto Rico. 
 
 Q, What iskmds compose tlie Lesser Antilles ? 
 
 A. All the Islands from Porto Rico to 
 Trinidad, including the latter. 
 
 Q. Point on* and name the divisions of the Lesser 
 Antilles. 
 
 A. The Leeward or North Caribbee, and 
 
 tlio Windward or South Caribbee Islands 
 
 Q. AVhat do the Leeward Islands cotniirise ? 
 
 A, All the islands from the Virgin Isles to 
 
 Dominica. 
 
 Q. What do the Windward Islands comprise ? 
 
 A. All the islands from Martinique to 
 
 Trinidad. 
 
 Q. What ])arallel of l.ititude divides the Leeward 
 £ron» the Windward Islands ? 
 
 A. The 15th parallel of Nortli latitude. 
 
 Q Where are the Venczneliin ("oast I.'^lands ? 
 
 A. West of Trinidatl, along the northcni 
 coast of South Americ'i. 
 
 Q. Name the chief products of the West Indies. 
 A. Sug:ir, rum, coffee, allsi)ice, cotton, 
 oranges, and tobacco. 
 
 Q. What Kuropean States have possessions in the 
 West Indies? 
 
 A. Britain, Spain, France, Holland, and 
 
 Denmark. 
 
 Q. Whiit and where are the Bermudas ? 
 
 A. They are a group of nearly 400 small 
 coral islands, belonging to Britain, about 000 
 miles cast of Soutli Carolina. 
 
 Q. Name the capital of the Bermudas. 
 
 A. Hamilton, on Long Island. • 
 
 Q. For what are the Bermudas chielly noted ? 
 
 A. For their isolation, coral reefs, fine cli- 
 mate, and fruits. 
 
 Q. What are the chief exports ? 
 A. Arrow-r(3ot, jiotatoes, and onions. 
 
 Lesson 39. 
 
 The British West Indies. 
 
 Q. Name the five jjovernments into which the British 
 West Indies are formed, and their capitals. 
 
 A. 1. The Bahamas, off Florida ; capital 
 yc(ssai(, on New Providence Island. 'I. Ja- 
 maica, lying south of Cuba ; capital /Sjyanifi/i 
 Toion, 3. Tlie Leeward Islands ; capital ^St. 
 John, on Antigua. 4. The Windward Is- 
 lands ; capital Bridgetown, on Barbadoes 
 Island. 5. Trinidad, lying off the coast of 
 South America; capital Port of /Spain. 
 
 Q. Name the princii)al of the Bahama Islands. 
 
 A. Great Bahama, Great Abaco, Andros, 
 Great Inagua, and New Providence. 
 
 (J. For what are the Bahama Islands chiefly noted ? 
 
 A. For their great number, and for one of 
 
 them (Watling's Island) having been the 
 
 land first reached by Columbus -when he 
 
 discovered the New World. 
 
 y. Which are the two largest of the British West 
 India Islands ? 
 
 A. Jamaica and Trinidad. 
 
OS 
 
 of 
 
 
 
 ) ■ 
 ) 
 
 s, 
 
 > 
 
 of 
 
 > ■ 
 
 le 
 
 ) ■ 
 }■ 
 
 le 
 
 ): 
 
 
 1 
 
 I, 
 
 St 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 FOUEIUN WEST INDIA ISLANDS, 
 
 ;■)!! 
 
 Q. Describe .laiiiaica. 
 
 ^'1, Jaiiiiiicii is 150 miles long aiitl oO Avidc 
 Tlio liluo 3Ioiiiitiiiiis traverse its entire leiigtli. 
 
 Q. Niinic the capital and tlie cMel'town of .laniaica. 
 
 A. Spanish Town is tlieeaj)ital ; but Kings- 
 ton is the chief phice of tratle. 
 
 Q. For what is Tiinitlad ihioliy noted ? 
 
 ^1. For its i»itcli hikes, and its scenery. 
 Q. Niiine its capital. 
 A. Port of S[)ain, a very flourishing town. 
 
 Q. Whi;t are the chief exports of these islands ? 
 A. Sugar, tobacco, coffee, rice, and fruit. 
 Q. Name the principal Rritish Leeward Islands. 
 A. The Virgin Islands (Tortola, Anegada, 
 and Virgin Gorda) ; Anguill.a, Barbuda, St. 
 Chrlstoj)her, Nevis, Antigua, Montserrat, and 
 Dominica. 
 
 Q. Name the principal Britisli Windward Islands. 
 A. St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenadines, Gre- 
 nada, Barbadoes, Tobago, and Trinidad. 
 
 ii 
 
 Lesson 40. 
 
 The Foreign West India Islands. 
 
 Q. Point ont and name the Spanish West India Islands. 
 A. Cuba, Isle of Pines, Porto Rico, and two 
 of the Virgin Isles. 
 
 Q. Point ont and describe the Island of Cuba. 
 yl. Cuba is 700 miles long, and is the largest 
 and one of the richest of tlie West India 
 Islands. 
 
 Q. Name its capital and other chief towns. 
 yl. Havana, on the north coast, a jilace of 
 extensive commerce. Xear it Columbus is 
 buried. The other chief towns areMatanzas, 
 Puerto Principe, and Santiago de Cuba. 
 
 Q. What are the principal products of Cuba ? 
 A. Sugar, tobacco, coffee, maize, and cop- 
 per. 
 
 Q. Wliat is the Gulf Stream ? 
 A. It is a remarkable ocean current which 
 flows from the Gulf of Mexico, between Cuba 
 and Florida, to and across the Atlantic. 
 
 Q. Point out and describe the Island of Porto Rico 
 yl. Porto Rico is a beautiful island, and 
 lies cast of Hayti; capital iSan Juan. 
 
 Q. Name the I'l'dicli West India l>liniils. 
 - 1. 31artini(|ue, Gti.adcloupe, 31arie (lalaiite, 
 Dc'sir.'ide, St. Barlholomew, and the north 
 ]iart of St. 3iartin. 
 
 (}. Name the iirincii)al capitals. 
 A . Fort Jioi/ul is the ca])ital of Martinique : 
 Jiasfid 'JVt're of Guadeloui)e ; and Ijrustacin 
 of St. liartholomew. 
 
 Q. Name the Danish West India Islands. 
 A. Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, and St. John, 
 all in the Virgin Group; c.'i])ital ('hrititia)t- 
 tit((dt. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the Dutch West India Islands. 
 
 A. St. Martin (south i)art), and Los Roque.s, 
 Buen Ayre, Curayoa, and Oruba, off the coast 
 of South America. 
 
 Q. Which is the mo.-t important of the group ? 
 
 A. Curayoa; capital Willicnin^tadc. 
 
 Q. Point ont and name the Veiicz iclan West India 
 Islands. 
 
 A. Margari i, Tortnga, and Orchilla, off 
 the South A lerican coast; capital Asun- 
 <;ion. 
 
 Q. AVhat island is independent ? 
 
 A. Ilayti, San Doiuingo, or Ilispaniola. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the republics of Hayti and 
 their capitals. 
 
 A. Hayti, in the Avest ; capital Port-au- 
 Prince ; and Dominica, or San Domingo, in 
 the east ; capital ISan Domingo. 
 
 Q. Describe the island of Ilayti. 
 A. Hayti is about 800 miles long, and Is 
 the most fertile island in the West Indies. 
 The greater part of the island is covered by 
 dense forests of mahogany, iron-wood, log- 
 wood, cedar, and other trees. 
 
 Q. What are tlie principal products? 
 A. Mahogany and other woods, hides, dried 
 beef, and coffee. 
 
 Q. Of what people does the population of Hayti cou- 
 si,st ? 
 
 A. Nearly the M'hole jiopulation are ne- 
 groes or mulattoes ; the whites do not num- 
 ber more than a few hundreds. 
 
 Q. In what direction is Florida from Cuba? Porto 
 Rico from Hayti ? .Jamaica from Cul)a ? Trinidad from 
 Portr Rico? Dominica from Trinidad ? Barbadoes from 
 Jamaica ? the Bermudas from Cuba ? 
 
 Q. Point out and state the position of Florida Strait, 
 the Strait of Yuciitiin, Windward Passage, and Mona 
 Passage. 
 
i 
 
 PART HI. 
 
 LESSONS ON THE GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 i' i 4 
 
 H 
 
 Lesson 41. 
 
 South America. 
 
 Q. Point out and nunie the boundaries o( South 
 America. 
 
 A. Soutli America is bounded on tlie north 
 by the Caribbean Sea ; on the north-east and 
 east by tlie Athnitic ; on tlie soutli by the 
 Antarctic Ocean ; and on the west by the 
 Pacific Ocean and Central America. 
 
 Q. Point out and name tlie chief divisions of South 
 America and their caiiital.s. 
 
 A. United States of Columbia, Bogota; 
 Venezuela, Caracas; British Guiana, George- 
 toxcn ; T)\\\c\\ GiXxvAw^^ Paramaribo ; French 
 Guiana, Cayenne; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro; 
 Ecuador, Quito; Peru, Lima; Bolivia, 
 Oruro ; Chili, Santiago ; the Argentine Re- 
 liublic, Buenos Ayres ; Paraguay, Asuncion ; 
 Uruguay, Monte Video. 
 
 Q Point out and name the greatest mountain range 
 m South America. 
 
 A. The Andes, running north and south. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the highest summit. 
 
 A. Sorata, or Ancohuma, in Bolivia, 24,812 
 feet.* 
 
 Q. Wliero are the I'arime Mountains ? 
 A. In Venezuela. 
 
 Q. Point out and name a range of 
 east of Brazil. 
 
 mountains in tlie 
 
 A. The Sierra Espinhayo, running parallel 
 with^ the coast, to the north of Rio de 
 Janeiro. 
 
 * Some aiitlKnities givu lUo liuight of Sorata .-it L'l.IfC) 
 feet ; if these li^nres are correct then the hif;liest niouiiltiiii 
 in South Ameri(!a is the volcino of Acoiicaf^iia, in the Ar- 
 gentiuo Kepublic, near Chili, 22,42:2 feet. 
 60 
 
 Q. Point out and name the great rivers. 
 
 A. The Orinoco, Amazon, and the Rio de 
 la Plata. 
 
 Q. Xame the princiiial hikes. 
 
 A. Maracaybo, Patos, Merim, Aullagas (also 
 called the Uros or Poo])o), and Titicaca. 
 
 Q. Name tlie i)rincli)al gulfs on the north. 
 
 A. Daricn, Venezuela, and Paria. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal ba3'8 and gulfs 
 on the east. 
 
 A. All Saints, San Matias, and St. George. 
 
 Q. Name the principal bays and gulfs on the Pacific 
 coast. 
 
 A. Penas, Guayaquil, Choco, and Panama. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the strait at the south. 
 
 A. Magellan, between the mainland and 
 Tierra del Fuego. 
 
 y. Name the principal islands. 
 
 A. The Venezuelan coast range, Trinidad, 
 Joannes, Falkland Isles, South Georgia, Tierra 
 del Fuego, Wellington, Chiloe, Juan Fer- 
 nandez, Chinchas, and Galapagos, 
 
 Q. Name the principal peninsulas. 
 
 A, Guajira, Paraguana, Valdes, or San 
 Josef, an<i Tres Montes. 
 
 Q. Name the principal capes. 
 
 A. Gallinas (the northernmost point), and 
 Do Norte on the north ; St. Roque, Branco 
 (the most eastern point), Frio, St. Maria, 
 and Corrientes, on the east; Horn (the 
 southernmost point of the New World), 
 Froward (the southernmost jioint of the con- 
 tinent), on the south; Pillar, St. Nicholas, 
 Aguja, Parina (the most Avestern ])oint), 
 St. Helena, St. Lorenzo, and St. Francisco, on 
 the west. 
 
(It" 
 
 ISO 
 
 
 ,:■; 
 
 :,I 
 
I|! 
 
 ! 
 
 02 
 
 L'NITKI) STATKS 01-' COLUMBIA AND VKN'KZUKLA — (illANA — lUlAZIL. 
 
 Lesson 42. 
 
 Republics of the United States of Columbia 
 and Venezuela. 
 
 Q. Point out iiiid iiiiino the position aixt boundaricH of 
 the rupnljlic of the United States of Colmnhiii. 
 
 Q. Xanio tlio eapea and bays on tho eoant. 
 
 f/ What isthnuis of thia Ropnbllc unites North and 
 South America ? 
 
 A. The istlimus of Panama, or Darieii. 
 
 Q. What celebrated range of niounUiins runs through 
 Cohiinbia? 
 
 A. Tlio Aiules, which arc a continuation of 
 thu Rocky Mountains of Nortli America. 
 
 O. Wliat river flows into the Caribbean Sea ? 
 -1. Tho Magdalena. 
 
 Q. What other rivers take their rise in Columbia? 
 ^1. The Orinoco, Rio Negro, and Caqueta. 
 
 Q. For what is Columbia chiefiy noted ? 
 A. For its celebrated isthmus of Panama. 
 
 Q. Name tho capital and other chief cities. 
 
 A. Bogota, the capital; Cartagena, and 
 Panama. 
 
 Q. Pr>int out and name the position and boundaries of 
 Venezuela. 
 
 Q. Name the capes, gulfs, and islands on the coast. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the i)rincipal rivers. 
 
 A. The Orinoco and its tributaries. 
 
 Q. For what is Venezuela chiefly noted ? 
 
 A. For its llanos, or grassy plains, and its 
 variety in tlic animal kingdom. 
 
 Q. Xiime till} capital and other chief towns. 
 
 A. Caracas, tlie capital, near the coast; 
 Merida, Cumana, and Angostura. 
 
 Lesson 43. 
 
 British, Dutch, and French Guiana. 
 
 Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Guiana. 
 Q. How is it divided? 
 
 A. Into British, Dutch, and French Gui- 
 
 ana. 
 
 Q. AVhich division lies to tho west, and which to tho 
 east '! 
 
 .1. British to the west, and French to tho 
 
 cast. 
 
 Q For what is Guiana cliiefly noted ? 
 A. For its fertility, spices, and dye-woods. 
 
 (j. What mountain ranges separate Guiana from 
 IJrazil? 
 
 A. The Sierra Acarai, and the Tumucu- 
 racpio Mountains. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capitals of eacl) division ( f 
 (iuiaua. 
 
 -1. Georgetown, the capital of British; 
 Paramaribo, tlie capital of Dutch ; and Cay- 
 enne, the capital of French Guiana. 
 
 w 
 
 >! 
 
 Si 
 
 Lesson 44. 
 
 The Empire of Brazil. 
 
 Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Brazil. 
 
 Q. Point out and na...e its capes and bays. 
 
 Q. What countries lie along its northern, western, and 
 soutliern boundaries ? 
 
 A. Every one in South America, except 
 Chili. 
 
 Q. How many principal mountain ranges arc there ? 
 
 A. Six : two at the north, one at the south, 
 and three at the east. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal rivers. 
 
 A. The Amazon and its tributaries ; the 
 Tocantins and its tributary, the Araguay ; 
 and the St. Francisco. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal tributaries of the 
 River Amazon. 
 
 Q. What island lies at the month of the Amazon ? 
 
 5. For what is Brazil chiefly noted ? 
 
 A. For its great rivers, mountains, ])lains 
 and forests ; its wild animals and birds ; its 
 gold and diamond mines ; and its sugar, cof- 
 fee, and cotton. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capital and other chief 
 cities. 
 
 A. Rio do .Tnnciro, the ca])it!il; Bahia, Pcr- 
 nambuco, San Paulo, 3Iaraiiliao, and Para. 
 
 ) ■ 
 
 /[ 
 
 \f' 
 
li 
 
 ' >:■' 
 
 ) ■ 
 
 ):■ 
 
 i 
 
 ECUADOll AND I'lUlU — IJOLIVIA AND CHILI. 
 
 G3 
 
 i 
 
 Lesson 45. 
 
 The Republics of Ecuador and Peru. 
 
 Q. Point out tho poMltioii nnd bomularicH of Ecuador. 
 (^. For wliiit is FAMiiulor cliiefly noted ? 
 A. For its volcanoes and lofty mountain 
 peaks. 
 
 Q, Nanio four I'clobriitod \olciiuuPH in F.cuador. 
 A. Pidiinca, Antisana, ("otopaxi, and 
 Chiinborazo, all of which arc active except 
 tho last nanuul. 
 
 Q. Point out mid name its capital. 
 A. Quito, situated near the equator. 
 Q. Name tiie prlucip'il seaport of Ke'iiadiir. 
 A. Guayacjuil, wliich has one of the best 
 harbors on the Pacific coast. 
 
 Q. Wluit islands form a dependency of F.cuador ? 
 A. Galapagos, or Turtle Islands, a volcanic 
 group of tliirtecn islands. 
 
 Q. Point out tho position and boundaries of Peru. 
 
 Q, Point out and name its capes. 
 
 Q. What islands lie off the const ? 
 A. The Chinchas, or Guano Islands. 
 
 Q. "What extent of the Andes is in Peru ? 
 A. Nearly o»vvthird of tlint mountain range 
 crosses the country in two ridges. 
 
 O. Name tho three regions into which Peru is divided 
 by tlie Andes. 
 
 A. The Coast region, the Central region, 
 
 and the Eastern region. 
 
 Q. Name the principal rivers in Peru. 
 
 A. The Mai-anon or Amazon, and the 
 LTcayali, and their tributaries. 
 
 Q. I'or what is Peru chiclly noted ? 
 
 A. For its silver ni'uies and its guano. 
 
 Q. Name its capital and other chief cities. 
 
 A. Lima, the capital; Cuzco and ArequijKi. 
 
 Q. For what is Cuzco noted ? 
 A. For its ancient ruins, and for its having 
 been tho capital of the empire of tho Incas. 
 
 Q. For what is Pasco noted ? 
 A. For its rich silver mines, and as the 
 loftiest city in the world, being about 14,000 
 feet above the sea. 
 
 Q. Name tho thrco most important ports of Peru. 
 A. Callao, Truxillo, and Arica. 
 
 Lesson 46. 
 
 The Republics of Bolivia and Chili. 
 
 Q. Point out tho position and boundaries of llolivia. 
 
 Q. What mountain aiul lake arc on the north-west 
 boundary '' 
 
 vl. Mount Sorata and Lake Titicaca. 
 
 Q. What is tho loftiest mountain in llolis ia ? 
 A. Sorata, or Ancohuma, •J4,S14 feet high. 
 
 Q. For wliat is Lake Titicaca celebrated ? 
 
 A. For its great height above the level of 
 the sea, 12,488 feet. 
 
 Q. For what is Uolivia chiefly noted ? 
 A. For its mountains and jdains, its de.sert, 
 its small sea coast, and the famous silver 
 mines i)f Potosi. 
 
 Q. Name two of its boundary rivers. 
 
 A. The Aquiry, a branch of the Purus, and 
 tho Paraguay. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its capital. 
 
 A. Oruro. 
 
 Q. Name the largest town, and the only seaport of 
 Uolivia. 
 
 A. La Paz, near Lake Titicaca, is the largest 
 town, and Cobija is the only seaport. 
 
 Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Chili. 
 Q, For what i> it chiefly noted ? 
 A. For its narrow width and extensive 
 coast. 
 
 Q. Name the loftiest summit of tho Andes near the 
 borders of Chili. 
 
 .1. Aconcagua, 22,4'2'2 feet high. 
 
 •c <> 
 
 Q. What is peculiar about its rivers ' 
 A. They all flow into the Pacific Ocean. 
 Q. What islands lie off the coast ? 
 
 A. St. Felix, Chiloe, Wellington, and Juan 
 Fernandez, the last famous in connection 
 with the story of Kobinson Crusoe. 
 
 Q. Name the capital and other chief city. 
 A. Santiago., tho capital; and Valparaiso, 
 the chief seaport. 
 
 Q. Name the priucii)al northern town in Chili. 
 A. Copiapo, in the chief mining district. 
 
.7 
 
 — . V-^k."^"* 
 
 .'■^•^ '\. -»>. ^ *%. ' W.'^ 
 
 C4 
 
 aiujkntim: ukithlk* — I'.MiAtit av and rKi'(;Arv — kai.klanh islands. 
 
 ^ >^ w*W -.•^■VN'^Wi^ V>^ •^-■^t^ ^^-\«-^ */-w VX^ w'^> 
 
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 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
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 7 
 
 7 
 
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 Lesson 47. 
 
 The Argentine Republic. 
 
 (/. I'liint niit till! iMisitiiiii :iiiil boiiiiiluries iiX the Ar- 
 goiitiiu! K(;|llll)li(^ 
 
 Q. For \N liat is it chiefly noted '.' 
 
 A. For its i»aiiii»;is, or vast trcclt'ss j)l!iins. 
 
 Q. Xiuim tlio (k'Hcrt rcttions in the north-eiist, nortii- 
 wcHt, iiiid oentri) of thu ArH;t;ntiM(' Itupublic. 
 
 A. El Gran Chaco, in the nc-th-east, Dcs- 
 pohlado, or '' uninhabited country," in the 
 north-west, and Las Salinas, in the centre. 
 
 Q. Niinie the territory in the south. 
 A. ]*atagonia. 
 
 Q. Point ont and iiamo the gulN, bays, and ciiiios. 
 Q. Point out and namo the iieninsuhis and islands. 
 Q. Name the cliiot riverH. 
 
 A. The Par.'ina, the Uruj^'uay, and the Col- 
 onido, or Cobu Leofu. 
 
 Q. AVhat is there remarkable about the rivers in the 
 central desert region ? 
 
 .1. They liave no outlets, hut lose them- 
 selves in salt water lakes oi- niarslu-s. 
 
 Q. Name the capital .nnd other chief towns. 
 
 .J. Buenos .\yres, the e:i]ntal ; Cordova, 
 Par:in:i, Tucinnan, and Punta .\ren;is, on the 
 Strait of M.agellau; 
 
 Q. \u what does tin; wealth of the country principally 
 consist '.' 
 
 A. In ininiense herds of shee]), cattle, and 
 horses. 
 
 Q. What strait sni)arates the mainland of the Argen- 
 tins Mopublic from Tierra del Fiiogo ? 
 
 A. The Strait of ]\[asj;ellan, so called after 
 the celebrated Portuijuese navigator avIio 
 discovered and ])assed throujrh it, Avhen 
 uiakiiiL;- the first A'ovao;e round the -world, in 
 1519-21. 
 
 Q. For what is Tierra del Fnejjo noted ? 
 A. For its volcanoes. Its name means 
 Land of Fire. 
 
 Q. Poiii' out and name the most sonthern point of 
 South Amerii'a. 
 
 A. Cajie Horn, or Iloorn, on Horn Island. 
 
 Cape Froward is the most southern 2)oint oi 
 
 the mainland. 
 
 Lesson 4?. i 
 
 The Republics of Paraguay and Uruguay. \ 
 
 (J. Pi. int ontthe position and boundaries iif I'aragna} ) 
 
 (^, For what is it chielly noted ? 
 
 .1. For Ivintr entirelv inland. 
 
 (J Name its twi> boundary rivors. 
 
 .1. The Paraguay and the Parana. 
 
 (^. Point ont find name its capital. 
 
 .1. Asuncion, the capital, on the Paraguay. 
 
 Q. What is the i>rincii)al cxi)ort ? 
 
 A. Mate, or Paraguay tea, Avliich grows 
 abundantly in tlie district round Asuncion. 
 
 Q. -; oint ont the position and boundaries of Uruguay. 
 
 Q. For w hat is it eliiefly noted ? 
 
 A. For being the handa oriental, or eastern 
 boundary, of the former Spanish .Vmerica. 
 
 Q. Name its capital city. 
 A. jNIonte Video, on the IJio de la Plata. 
 
 Q. What river forms the western boundary? 
 ^1. The Uruguay. 
 
 \i 
 
 Lesson 49. 
 
 The Colony of the Falkland Islands. 
 
 Q. What constitutes the Colony of the Falkland 
 Islands ? 
 
 A. The Falkland Islaiuls and the Island of 
 South Georgia. 
 
 Q. To what country do these belong ? 
 A. Great Britain. 
 
 i^. Point out the position of the Falkland Islands. 
 
 Q. IIow are they divided ? 
 A. Into East Falkland and West Falkland. 
 
 Q. Name the capital. 
 A. Stanley. 
 
 Q. Point out and describe South Georgia. 
 A. It lies to the south-east of the Falkland 
 Islands, and is an uninhabited and inhospita- 
 ble i)lace. 
 
 ^i 
 
{ 1 
 
 ■i 
 
 :! 1 
 
 -1 i 
 
 ■7 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 LESSONS OX THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE (OXTIXEXT OF EUKOPE. 
 
 PRINCIPAL ANIMALS ON THK CONTINENT OF TUROPE. 
 
 1. The Reindeer ; 2, Chamois ; 3, Gu:it ; 4, Hull ; b, Cow ; 0, Slioop ; 7, Horse ; 8, Ass ; 9, Wild Boar ; 10, Owl ; 
 11, Goldeu riieasaut ; 12, Bittc-ii ; lo. White Swan. 
 
 ;? 
 
 Lesson 43. 
 
 The Continent of Europe. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the boundaries of Europe. 
 
 A. Xonli, tlie Arctic Ocean ; east, the Ural 
 jMountains, Ural River, and Caspian Sea; 
 south, tlie Caucasia:^ Mountains, tlie Bhick 
 Sea, Sea of Mannoru, and tlie Mediterranean 
 Sea ; west, the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal islands. 
 
 A. The British Isles, Sardinia, Corsica, 
 Sicily, and Crete, or Candia. 
 
 Q Point out and name soma of the smaller islands. 
 
 A. The islands north and -west of Scotland ; 
 the Danish Islands ; the islands east of Spain ; 
 Malta, and the Ionian Isles. 
 
 Q Point out and name the principal peninsulas. 
 
 . A. Xorway and Sweden, Denmark, Spain 
 and Portugal, Italy, Greece, and the Crimea. 
 
 O. Point out and name the principal capes. 
 A. Xortii, Naze, Skaw, Clear, Land's End, 
 TiU Hao-uo, Ortegal, Finisterrc, St. Vincent, 
 Tarifii, Spartivento, and Mataj)an. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal .seas. 
 
 A. White, Baltic, X'orth. Iiish, Mediter- 
 ranean, Adriatic, ^gean, ^larmora, Black, 
 Azof, and Caspian. 
 
 Q Point out and name the principal Rulfs. 
 A. Bothnia, Finland. Riga, Skager-Rack, 
 Cattegat, Lion, Genoa, Taranto, Venice, and 
 Lepanto, or Corinth. 
 
 Q. T'oint out and name the principal bay. 
 
 A. Biscay, Ave.st of France. 
 Q. Point out and name the jirincipal channels. 
 A. The North, St-Georgo's, and the English. 
 Q Point out and w.mc the jiriuciiial straits. 
 A. The Sound, Dover, Gibraltar, Bonifacio, 
 Messina, Otranto, Dardanelles, Bosphorus, 
 and Yemkale. 
 
 Q. P<iint out and name tlie prinri))al rivers. 
 A. l^ral, Volga, Don, Dneiper, Diieister, 
 Danuhc, Po, Rhone, Ebro, Tagus, Douro, 
 Garonne, Loire, Seine, Bliine, Elbe, Oder, 
 Vistula, Duna, Dwina, and Pctdiora. 
 Q Point out and name the principjil lalics. 
 A. Ladoga, Onega, Wener, Wetter, Geneva, 
 Constance, Garda, ]\[aggiore, Cuino, Winder- 
 mere, i.,(»mond, Neagh. 
 
 s' < 
 
 L^ 
 
 ^ 
 
contixen:"^ ov euuopk. 
 
 G7 
 
 .( 
 
 Q. Describe the ^Mediterranean. 
 A. It is the largest inland sea in tlio world, 
 being more than '2400 miles in length, and 
 nearly 1,000,000 scjuare miles in area. Its 
 greatest depth, abont DGOO feel, occurs be- 
 tween S]tain and Sardinia, and its least 
 between Sicily and Cape Bon, in Africa, 
 Avhere the deepest part is only about 500 feet. 
 Its water is much Salter than that of the 
 ocean in general, and its tides are almost 
 imperceptible, rising only a few inches. 
 
 Q. Truce out on tlic uiiiii and descrilio tlie course of 
 the Volj^ii. 
 
 vl. It rises in the Valdai Hills, to the south- 
 (•ast of the (Julf of Finland, and flows in a 
 south-easterly direction into the Cas]»ian Sea. 
 It is the longest river in P^urojie, having a 
 course of about 2300 miles. 
 
 (J. Trace out on the map and describe tl course of 
 tlio Danube. 
 
 A. It rises in the Black Forest, in Baden, 
 in Germany, flows in a south-easterly direc- 
 tion througli Southern Germany, Austria, and 
 Hungary, and between Iloumania and Bul- 
 garia, and empties itself into the Black Sea. 
 Length about 1700 miles. 
 
 Q. Trace out on the map and describe the course of 
 the llhiiie. 
 
 vl. It rises in the Alps, in Eastern Swit'^ei-- 
 land, an<l flows through Ciermany and llol 
 land into the North Sea. Length abc ut 
 760 miles. 
 
 Q. Point out and describe tlie two most remarkable 
 istlimuscs in Europe. 
 
 A. The Isthmus of Corinth, which unites 
 the 3Iorea to the rest of Greece, and is less 
 than 4 miles Avide ; and the Isthmus of Pere- 
 koji, which joins tlie Crimea to the mainland 
 of Russia, and is only 5 miles across. 
 
 Q Point out and name the principal mountains. 
 .1. The Ural, Scandinavian, Gram})ians, 
 Pyrenees, Sierra Nevada, Hartz, Alps, Apen- 
 nines, Carpathians, Balkans, and Caucasus. 
 Q. I'oint out :iud name the hi,!,'liost peal: in Europe. 
 A. M<'\int Elburz, in the Caucasus, 18,520 
 ieet. 
 
 Q. Xamc tlio two hii^hcst peaks of the Alps. 
 A. Mont Blanc, 15,7S1 feet, the second 
 highest mountain in Europe and A[onte Ilosa, 
 1 0,2 17 feet. 
 
 Q. Point out aiul name the principal countries in 
 Europe. 
 
 ^1. The United Kingdom, Norway and 
 Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Holland, Bel- 
 gium, France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, 
 Italy, Austro-IIungary, ilussia, Turkey, and 
 (J recce. 
 
 Q. Name the four i)iincii)al races of Europe. 
 A. The Teutonic, Celtic, Greco-Latin, and 
 Shivonian. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the i)rincipal countries in- 
 liabited by the Tinitonic races. 
 
 A. England, the Lowlands of Scotland, 
 
 Norvay and Sweden, Denmark, (Tcrmany, 
 
 Holland, parts of Austria and Switzerland, 
 
 and that portion of Ilussia lying along ,ie 
 
 Baltic, between the Gulf of Finland and 
 
 Germany, called the Baltic Provinces. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the prin:;ipal countries in- 
 habited by the Celtic races. 
 
 A. France, Ireland, the Highlands of Scot- 
 land, Wales, and, to a partial extent, Spain 
 and Portugal. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal countries in- 
 habited by the Greco-Latin races. 
 
 A. Italy, Greece, Roumania, Trans\lv.inia, 
 
 and, to some extent, Turkey. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the jirincipal countries in- 
 habited by the .Shivonian races, or Slavs. 
 
 A. The greater part of Russia, including 
 
 Poland ; Posen, Siles" :, Bohemia, Moravia, 
 
 Gallicia, Croatia, Slavonia, and Servia. 
 
 Q. Name the principal race of Spain and Portugal. 
 A. The Iberian; but it is largely intermi\'e<l 
 Avith the Celtic and Gothic, the latter being a 
 Teutonic race. 
 
 Q. Name the principal Turanian races in Euroiie. 
 A. The Finns, of Finland ; the La]»])s, of 
 Lapland ; the IVIagyars, of Hungary a?i(l 
 Transylvania ; the Bulgarians ; and the Turks. 
 
 Q. ■Mention the chief mineral ]M'oducts of Europe, with 
 tlic countries where they are i)rincipal!y found. 
 
 .i. Coal, in England and Belgium ; iron, in 
 Britain, Sweden, and France; cojiper, in 
 Britain, the T"r:d ]Mountains, and Norway ; 
 lead, in England and Spain ; tin, in Englan.l ; 
 (piicksilver, in Spain :ind Hungary; goKl ami 
 silver, in the Carp.athiaps ; ))latinum, in the 
 Crils; marble, in It:dy ;ind Greece ; sulphur, 
 in Sicilv; and salt, in I'olaml and England. 
 
(}. Point out iuiil iiiinio ciidi of tlio chief divisions or 
 countries of Europe. 
 
 Q. ^Vliich of these countries arc calloil first class 
 lK)wers ? 
 
 A. Grc.'it rJritain and Troland, (k'nnany, 
 
 Ivi s.sia, Franco, and Austria-Hungary. 
 
 Q. Xanic the second chiss powers. 
 A. Italy, Spain, Belgium, Norway and 
 Sweden, and Turkey. 
 
 Q. Wiiich are th(! third class powers ? 
 
 A. Portugal, .Switzerland, IloUand, Greece, 
 and Denmark. 
 
 Q. In what direction is Franco from Kngland ? Ireland 
 from Scotland ? Austria from Itussia? Switzerland from 
 Itiiiy ? Denmark from Spain ? Sweden from Austria ? 
 Greece from Holland ? 
 
 Q. In what direction is London from Kdinhursli? Paris 
 from Herlin? Lisbon from Madrid ? Vienna from Stock- 
 holm ? Athens from Rome ? Uome from (Juustiuitiuople ? 
 
 Lesson 51. 
 
 The British Empire. 
 
 Q. What constitutes the British Empire ? 
 
 A. The Ignited Kingdom of Great Britain 
 and Iri'land, and its various colonies and 
 de] tendencies. 
 
 Q. What is a cohmy ? 
 
 A. A country sittled by people from an- 
 other, called the mother country. 
 
 Q. What is a dependency ? 
 
 .]. .V country already^ inhabited, ■which is 
 acipiired by concpiest, or otherwise, and gov- 
 erned by another. 
 
 Q What is the difference, as regards government, 
 lii'twecn the colonies and tlie deiiendencii's of tln' I'nited 
 Kiuiidom '? 
 
 A. The colonies arc self-governed ; the di'- 
 
 ])endencies are governed by the mother 
 
 country. 
 
 Q. I'liintout and name the ^irincipal Hritish colonies. 
 .1. ('ana(h-i, the ^Viistralian colonies, Tas- 
 mania, Xcw Zealand, the South .\frican 
 colonics, Newfoundland, and the Falkland 
 Islands. 
 
 Trinidad, British (iuiana, Malta, tlie Fiji 
 Islands, and jNIauritius. Cyprus belongs to 
 Turkey, but under treaty with that power, 
 is occupied and governed by the Ignited 
 Kingdom. 
 
 Q. What is the capital of the IJritisli Emi)ire ? 
 
 A. London, on the River Thames, in Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Lesson 52. 
 
 The British Isles. 
 
 Q. Point out the bonndaries of the British Isles. 
 Q. Point ont the i)rincipal counti'ies in these islands. 
 A. England and Wales, Scotland, and Ire- 
 land. 
 
 Q. Point ont and name the canitals of England, Scot- 
 land, and Ireland. 
 
 A. London, Edinburgh, and Dublin. 
 
 -e£^^^^^ 
 
 \ 
 
 nitlTISH ISI.KS, NORWAY, SWKDKX, DKNMAUK, A NT> PART 
 Ol' Ulrlt.MA.NV AM> I'llA.Mi:, AS sr.llN IKO.M a KAl.l.ooN. 
 
 Q. Wh;it isl;uids lie to the \\c>l and tn llic north of 
 Scotland and to the .south of Kn,i:laiid '.' 
 
 Q. I'oiiit (lilt lli(> (,'h;iiiiicl Islands. 
 
 Q. What islands lie between Eiij-land and Ireland ? 
 
 (J. Point out and name the channels whii'h separate 
 Scotland fioiii Iri'l.ind, \\;ilrs from Ireland, and soiitliern 
 Wales from soiitlurii Kmilaml 
 
 O. Point out 
 
 laine the iiriliciiial 
 
 liriti.-l 
 
 I Ul']il'll- |.- 
 
 I. Jlrilish India, British Burniah. Brilish 
 
 Honduras or Beli/.e, the Bahamas .Jamaica, I Kii'dand 
 
 <J. Wlu'.l ciiannel and strait separate l'.n;;laiid fKuii 
 ;iuc'i' '.' 
 
 (J. What hills sep;nali> I'.ii-laud froiu Scntlaiid ? 
 (J. What seas lie tu t! 
 
 II' I'ast ;i'id to the west of 
 
 — ) 
 
', ) 
 
 
 r.lMTISIl ISLKS. 
 
 69 
 
 (). r.iini ciiit I".n,i,'l:iii(l. 
 
 V- I'liiiit (lilt Scotliiliii. 
 
 V- I'oint out \V:ilcs. 
 
 (I I'.iiiii '.nt Ircliliid. 
 
 V- I' "•'' "It tlio Niirth Sea. 
 
 (<». I'.iitir .lilt tilt! Atlaniii' Oceiin. 
 
 (f- Point iiiit tlio Frisli Sea. 
 
 O. roiiit iiiit t!ip St. (icorsjc's ('liaiuicl. 
 
 Q. Point nut tlip F.iip;lisli ('Ik'uiiipI. 
 
 (}. I'oiiit (lilt till' N'ortli (liiiiiicl. 
 
 (J. Point out tli(- Itristiil t'liaiinoL 
 
 Q. Point out London. 
 
 (j. Point ont I'.iliiiliiii'.L'li. 
 
 Q. Point ont Dublin. 
 
 (^t Point out the isli" of ;Man. 
 
 O. Point out tlip Ih'lnidcs <ir Wostcvii Islrs. 
 
 r 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 t . 
 
EXGLAXI) AM) WALKS. 
 
 / 
 
 • : 
 
 I 
 
 Lesson 53. 
 
 England and Wales. 
 
 SCKNK l.N I.OXnoN. 
 
 Q. Point out iiiid state the boundaries of KiisIiukJ and 
 AValos. 
 
 .1. On tlio north by Scotland ; on tlie east 
 
 by tlic Xortli Sea ; on tlie sontli by tlio Enu- 
 
 lisli Channel ; and on tlie Avest by tlic Allan- ! 
 
 tic, St. George's Channel, and the Irish Sea. | 
 
 Q. Point out and name tlio jirincipal bay.s and inletf". 
 
 Q. Point out and name tlio i»'inci))al channels and 
 stiaits. 
 
 Q. point ont and name tlio prinoipal rivers. 
 
 ^1. The Thames, Avon, Severn, Meisey, 
 
 Tync, Iluniber, Trent, an<l Onse. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the iirincipal seats of roni- 
 iiiercp. 
 
 I. London, Liverpool, Bristol, Hull, and 
 Newcastle-on-Tvne. 
 
 < ^^ 
 
 (j. What arc tlic rhici' exports? 
 
 A. ]Maiuit'a('tMr('<l CDttons, wooIUmis, hard- 
 ware, and earthi'iiwar''. 
 
 l^. lliuv many counties aie there in F-nuininl ? 
 A. J-'orty : (5 Xortlieni, 5 Eastern, 11) ]Mid- 
 dle, and 1(» Snnthein. 
 
 i^. How many coniitics are Ihci'C in Wales '.' 
 
 A. Twelve: <j in X<M'th, and <> in Soutli 
 Wales. 
 
 Q. P(jint out and name tlio cinintlcs in I'.nnlaiid and 
 Wales. 
 
 Q. For what is Ihigland chiclly noted ? 
 A. Eor her ci\il and relio'ioiis freedom, and 
 for her commerce and manufactures. 
 
 Cj. Point out and name tlie capital aiicl other chief 
 cities. 
 
 A, London, the csipital ; Liver|»ool. M.-u;- 
 
 chester, IJinningham, Leeds, Shellicld, Hristo!, 
 
 Bradford, Newcastle. Ilidl. Stol<e, I'lymoiith, 
 
 I'oitsmouth. Sunderland, Leicester, Brighton, 
 
 and Soiithamjiton. 
 
 Q. Name the two ecclesiastical capitals. 
 A. Canterbury and Y(irk. 
 
 Q. Name the four universities of Knuland. 
 yl. Oxford, Cambridge, London, J^urhAm. 
 
 Q. Name several of the f;reat schools. 
 A. We.Mniinster, Charti'i' House. Eton, 
 IJugl'V, Harrow, AVinchester, Cheltenham, 
 and INlarlborough. 
 
 Q. Dcscrihe the ('ity of I.nndoii. 
 
 A. It is the largest, wealthiest, and greatest 
 commercial city in the world. Among its 
 most noted ])ublic buihlings are the Houses 
 of Parliament, St. Paul's Cathedral, and 
 "Westminster ^\bl>ey. Population, about 
 three! millions ami a half. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the chief towns of Wales. 
 A. Canliff, the great coal emporium : ^\er- 
 thvr-Tydvil. which has the lar£r<'st smelting 
 furnaces in the -world ; and Swansea, the 
 greatest cop]K'r market in the Avorld. 
 
 Q. AVhat is the chief sent of edncaiion ? 
 A. Lampeter College. 
 
 Q. For what is Wales chielly noted ? 
 .1. For its lieautiful mountain scenery, .and 
 its groat iron works. 
 
 \:- 
 
 ^~- -^-N,-v_->^'^ 
 
NBUrBh , liuu^*V 
 
 ^'•'•..•^.,^ 
 
 / !? ^ « v*,. '^ iN.Suuaerli 
 
 V, .i"/fOtt.rl,ur.,*j|'/;;,,i,A 1 
 
 ENGLAND 
 
 AND 
 
 WALES 
 
 S cnle of Milua 
 10 10 ao ao 40 00 
 
 'CUl'llSlcV-r.» 
 
 load ASuiiilfiiand 
 
 "J"^ r,'' \\\.wm->[-^., -«■—,,.... jldm/'-A, 
 
 o JJ i' ^f 
 
 
 T. ^1 
 
 >Mb'iui^ Bolton ^OlilliH'U ~ 
 
 Y? /^' Beverly ; 
 
 '.r Bartl 
 
 iaVitlifrii.ea 1 
 
 .^^j/vSpurn Head 1 
 
 :-i\ (il.Grlinsl.'jV'-''/^,. 
 
 53 
 
 L 
 
 Hol}■)a■ild^^,^ 
 
 « lleV""*';! 
 
 
 ■r\r\.. - _ r VJCheittrfielil I 
 
 l.iiuoln 
 
 slieldi. 
 
 OajiTw 
 
 ark 
 
 "Bom 
 fGruutlm 
 
 'irA\;.•.'v^^ c H E sVh I R E I iv-r' ■ 
 
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 Ea.-t Ru««lli Slrutheri, Jf. V. 
 
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 7:2 
 
 SCOTLAND — IKKLAM). 
 
 ^-w/'_-^^^,/-_^..^-^-„.-./-^ 
 
 ^ "^^"-'■^••W - - ^- 
 
 Lesson 54. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 * *^ -fc^\ _.r.=i' 
 
 .»-i^ 
 
 BAi.MoUAi. cAsri.i:, THE <ifKi:x's HKiiiLAXD UKsiDr.xci;. 
 Q. I'oiiit out the position !uul iyoiiiularics of Scotlaiul. 
 
 .1. It is hounded on tlio iiortli l)v the At- 
 hmtic Ocean ; on the east by the North Sea ; 
 on the south by Enghmd ; and on the west 
 by the Athmtic. 
 
 Q. Point ont iintl name its capes and heads. 
 Q. Point out its sounds, bays, and friths. 
 Q. Point out and name the i/iiucipal i.slands. 
 
 A. Bute and Arran ; Islay, Jura, ^Midl, and 
 Skye ; the Hebrides, Orkney, and Sliethnid 
 Ishmds. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principal lochs or lakes. 
 
 A. Lomond, Awe, Katrine, Tay, Rannocli, 
 
 Erieht, Xess, Oieh, Loehy, Maree, and Shin. 
 
 Q. Point ont and name its principal mountains. 
 
 A. Tho Xortli Cheviots, the Granqnans, 
 and the Xttrthern lligldands. 
 
 Q. State how Scotland is divided by the Grampians. 
 A. Into the Ilighhmds and the Lowhuids. 
 Q. Point out and name the principal rivers. 
 ,1. The Clyde, flowintr Avest, and the Tweed, 
 Forth, Tay, Dee, and S})ey, flowing east. 
 
 0. Where is the chief nunini; district of Scotland ? 
 
 .1. It stretches from Fifesliire to Ayrsliire. 
 
 Q. Into how many counties is Scotland divided ? 
 
 A. Thirtv-tlu'ee, inchiding the islands, viz. : 
 
 tcii niirllici'n, ten ci'ntral, and lliirteen south- 
 ei'n. 
 
 Q. Point out and name these I'.iuutics. 
 Q. Wliat arc tlie chief exjiorts ? 
 A. Linens, niacliinery, steamships, co.al, 
 and agricultural products. 
 
 <^. For what is Scotland chiolly noted ? 
 ^1. For its highlands, its AviM and ]»ictur- 
 es(]ue scenery, and its many frith';. 
 
 Q. Point out tind name the princi|ial Scottish cities. 
 A. Edinburgh, the capital; C41asgo\v, Dun- 
 (h'c, ^Vberdeen. (rreenoek, Leith, I'aisley, 
 Kilmarnock, and Perth. 
 
 Q. What citv is rcj^arded as the capital of the High- 
 lands '.' 
 
 vL Inverness. 
 
 Q. Name the four universities of Scotland. 
 A. Edinburgh, (ilasgow, St. Andrew's, and 
 Aberdeen. 
 
 Q. Describe Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. 
 A. Etlinburgh is a beautiful and ])icturesque 
 city, and contains many noble l)uildings and 
 literary institutions. The new town is hand- 
 somely laid out. Pojtulation, 220,000. 
 
 Lesson 55. 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 Q. Point out the i>osition and boundaries of Ireland. 
 A. It is bounded on the north, west, and 
 south by the Atlantic Ocean; and on the east 
 by the North Channel, the Irisli Sea, and St, 
 George's Channel. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its chief liays and inlets. 
 Q. Point out and name the chi(^ rivers. 
 A. The Shannon, Suir, IJarrow, Liffey, 
 Boyne, Bann, Foyle, and P]rne. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal capes. 
 A. Clear, Valentia, Looj), Achil, Malin, and 
 Carnsore. 
 
 Q. Point out and name tlic princiiial lough? or lakes. 
 ^1. Foyle, Neagh, Erne, Fee, Conn, ]Mask, 
 Corrib, Derg, and Killarney. 
 
 Q. AVliat are the chief exiimts ? 
 A. L.aces, jjoplins, linens, and agricidtural 
 ]iroducts. 
 
 
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 ,65 
 
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 -■'Loiidoiulcrry 
 
 
 SCOTLAND 
 
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 IIIKI.ANI) — MUITISIl DKI'KNDKN'CIKS IN KflM )l'r, — SPAIN AND l'( U! ITC AI.. 
 
 Q. Into what iU'Dviin'Ow is Iivlainl iliviiletl '.' 
 
 A. LoiiisttT, ^Minister, Ulster, and Cun- 
 iiaiiu'lit. 
 
 Q. IldW inaiiy rniintios arc tliovo in Irplaiul '.' 
 A. Tliirty-tWH) : in lic'nist it, twelve ; ]Muii- 
 ster, six ; I'lster, nine ; ami Coiiiiaiioht, five. 
 
 Q, I'oiiit out tlic jiroviiipcs and cdiiiities. 
 Q. Name the ('ai)ital of each of tlio inovincps. 
 .1. Dublin, of Leiiister ; Cork, of ]Muiister; 
 Belfast, of Ulster ; an<l Galway, of Connaiight. 
 
 Q. For wliat is Fi'olaiul cliiedy iiotoil ? 
 .1. For its beautiful scenery, its fertility, 
 and its aijricnltural or farm products. 
 
 Q. Name and jioint ont its cliipf cities, 
 A. Dublin, the eai»ital ; lielfast, Cork, 
 Limerick, Londonderry, Wuterford, Drog- 
 lieda, and Galway. 
 
 Q. X line th(> tliree nniversities of Ireland. 
 
 A. Dublin, Queen's, and Maynootli, tlie 
 Roman Catholic. 
 
 Q. Describe Dublin, the capital of Ireland. 
 A. Dublin is one of the finest cities in Eu- 
 rope, and contains a mimber of beantiftd pub- 
 lic buildings. l*<»pulation, about i}l(>,UUU. 
 
 — ;y--»s 
 
 *-^^^^^W#=i 
 
 
 Tni: OI ant's CAr.SEW'AV, COrNTV ANTRIM. 
 
 LtssoN 56. 
 
 British Dependeucies in Europe. 
 
 Q. Name tlic IJritish Deiicndcncies in I'-nrojic. 
 
 -L The Channel Islands, tlu' Isle of Muii, 
 (Jibi-altar, the ^laltese Islands, and the Island 
 of IleligoIan<L 
 
 Q. Puint out and name the Channel Isles. 
 
 .L .Vlderney, Gnernsey, Ilerni, Sark, and 
 Jersey. (See map of France, page 77.) 
 
 Q. Point out the Isle of Man. 
 
 Q. What and where is Gibraltar ? 
 
 .J. It is a strongly fortified toM-ii, on a 
 rocky ])romontorv, in tlie south of Sj)ain. It 
 is the key of tlie Mediterranean. 
 
 Q. Give the name of tlie Maltese group of islands. 
 A. 3Ialta, Gozo, and Comino. 
 
 X- Where is the Island of Heligoland ? 
 
 A. It is about thirty miles from the moutli 
 of the Elbe. 
 
 i 
 
 Lesson 57. 
 
 The Kingdoms of Spain and Portugal. 
 
 Q. Point ont the boundaries of Spain and Portugal, 
 
 A. On the north by the Bay of Biscay .and 
 the Pyrenees ; on the east by the ^[editerra- 
 nean ; on the south by the ^Mediterr.'meMii, 
 tlie Strait of (iibr.altar, and the Atlantic ; 
 and on the Avest by the Atlantic. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capes and strait. 
 
 Q. What do .S|)ain .'ind Portugal together form ? 
 
 ^l. The Ilterian, or Spanish Peninsula, whidi 
 is the most Avesterly of the three great 
 peninsulas of Southern Eurojie. 
 
 (^\ Name two groups of islands bcdonging to Spiiin, 
 A. The Balearic Isl;inds, east of Spain, and 
 the Can.'iry Isljuids, south-west of ^Manx'co. 
 
 Q. Xame two groups of islands lielongiiig to Portugal. 
 
 A. The Azores, <S00 miles west, and the 
 Madeira Isles, G60 miles south-Avest of 
 Portugal. 
 
 ; 
 
 ; 
 
Ru»ell i Slruthers, N. York 
 
:;S 
 
 Sl'AlN AMI I'olill (iAI. -i;i;i'l IILIC (»K KKANCi; — HOLLAND ANI> l!i:i,(. I I'M, 
 
 Ij, I'l'i' \\ lial i l''j'iiiii'o chillis iiiili'il '.' 
 
 -1. For its coiiiiKicl sli;i|ii'. its sill< iiiiimui'mc- 
 Uii'cs, its t'\U'iisi\u citiiiiiu'rci.', ami its inilit;ii-v 
 1 tower. 
 
 (^. point mil ;illil llllllic itr* cliii'f liti', s. 
 
 A. I'.-iris, till' cMpit.'il, |i(.|iul;itii)ii Mhoiu 
 2,(MK),0(I(» ; I.voiis, M.-irscilhs, |5unlc:iux, \a\U\ 
 Toiilousi', St. Kticmu', X;iiiti's, IJoiicii, lliivic, 
 IJoubaix, Hlu'ims, jiikI TuuK»ii. 
 
 l^. I'oiiit out tiiy iKir'itiou of Corsici. 
 f/ i'oiiit out 1111(1 iiiiiiK- itM (':i|>it:il. 
 
 A. Aju.ciu, the birtlijilat'u of Napoleon 1. 
 
 (j. Wtiiit is Aiiilonii '.' 
 
 A. A,, ill ro|iiil»li(' (til llic south side (tf 
 till' I'yfi'iu'i's. ('.qtital, .Vudorra. 
 
 i^. XiiiiK! the iiriiiciiml rivers. 
 
 A. Till' Kltr(t, (luailihjuivar, driuuliatia, Tu- 
 gus, and Duiiio. 
 
 <■/ What :iri! tiio oliiisf cxiiorts of Spiiiii uiid I'ortii^'iil '! 
 
 A. Willi', fruit, lead, iron and co]))ii'r 
 jtyriti's, \v(tol, silk, oil, and leatiu'r. 
 
 (^. I'oiiit (lilt and luime tlio capital cities. 
 
 A. ]\Iadrid, the i'a[iital of Sjtain; and Lis- 
 hoii, the capital of Portugal. 
 
 (^>. I'of wliat were Siiaiii ami I'ortugal formerly noted? 
 A. For their coininercial greatness. 
 
 Lesson 58. 
 
 The Republic of France. 
 
 Q. Point out and iiaiue the buundaries of France. 
 
 A. It is hounded on the north-east by Bel- 
 gium; on the east by (Terinany, Switzerland, 
 and Italy ; on the sttuth by the ^lediterranean 
 and S|tain ; on the west by the Atlantic^ ; and 
 on the north-west by the English Channel. 
 
 Q. Point out and name it.s iirincipal gulf.s and buj's. 
 
 Q. Name tlie hirgest lalie in France. 
 
 A. Grand-lieu, which has an area of only 
 twenty square miles. 
 
 (j. Point out and name the border mountain ranges of 
 France. 
 
 ^1. The Pyrenees, between France and 
 Spain ; the Alps, between France and Italy ; 
 the Jura ^Mountains, between France and 
 Switzerland ; and the A'o.sges Mountains, 
 between Lorraine and .\lsace. 
 
 (j I'uiiit out the CV'tto d'ttr, Ccvc) ui's, and Aiivergno 
 
 Jlouiitaius. 
 
 (^. lliiw is Franco divided '.' 
 
 A. Into eighty-six depaiL'-ents, but was 
 formerly divided into thirty-four provinces. 
 
 Q. \Vii;it an the chief cxiiorts ? 
 
 A. Silks, Wftdlleiis, cereals, butter, sug.'ir, 
 eifirs, Aviue, brand v, and faiicv articles. 
 
 Lesson 59. 
 
 The Kingdoms of Holland and Belgium. 
 
 (^. P(tint out tlic boundaries of IlolJand and Helgium. 
 
 Q. ^Vliat ]irincipal river has its outlet on tlie coast ? 
 A. ae Kliine, which rises in Switzerland. 
 
 (j. Name tlie chief iiii(!ts on the coast of Holland. 
 
 A. The Zuider Zee, and the Dollart. 
 
 Q. Name the principal island at the entrance of the 
 Zuiiler Zee. 
 
 A. Texel. 
 
 Q. What are the chief exports ? 
 
 A. Cital, hardware, dieese, gin, sugar, lace, 
 woollens, linens, and clocks. 
 
 Q. For what \< Holland chiefly noted? 
 
 ,1. For its inimer(tiis cainls, and for its 
 dykes, or coast embankments, to keep out 
 the sea. 
 
 Q. F'or wliiit is Ik'in.iim chiedy iiciiil ? 
 
 A. For its oil jiaintiiigs ; ;iiid for having 
 been one of the princi]ial battle fields of 
 Kurctpe. 
 
 Q. Name the chief cities of lloilaml 
 
 A. The Hague, the |i('lilical caitital ; Am- 
 Hterdam, the coiiiiiiercial c;i|)itMl; I^eyden, the 
 literary capital ; {{dlterdam, aii<l Ftreclit. 
 
 Q. Name the cliiel' cities of llclj;iiiiii. 
 
 A. IJriissels, the capital ; ^Viitwerj), Ghent 
 Liege, and IJriiges. 
 
 Q. Wlicn w ~ I'l. luinm separated irom Holland? 
 A. Ill the y-.w 1S30. 
 
 -wJ 
 
T^-l 
 
 (ft IvlNUDO.M or DKN.MAUK — UKI'LISLIU Ol' SWlTZKIil.ANU — KINUUOM Of ITALY. 
 
 ~-*W">^'^*-'* 
 
 Lesson 60. 
 
 The Kingdom of Denmark. 
 
 (J. I'oint oiii mill iKiiiic tlic liiiiiiiilMi'ii's III' l>t'ni|i:ii'l<. I 
 
 .1. It is l)ciiiiiil('(| (til tlic imrtli I>y tlic ' 
 Sk.'iifcr Uiu'k; (in the east l»y tlii' Catti'yat 
 :iii(l tilt' SkuikI; nn tlic south l»y Sclili'sui_L;' ; 
 and (111 tlic west l>y tlio Ntirtli Sea. 
 
 Q. Niimo till! two proN imcH (if Di'iiniaik. 
 
 .1. TIh' jii'iiinsula of Jutland and tliu Danisli 
 Ai-cliipt'Iau'o. 
 
 O. Wliat (•ii[ie if* tlio most nurthcrly point of Dcii- 
 nmm ? 
 
 Q. N'liino tlio priiici(iiil i.-^lmids off its oust coatit. 
 
 A. Zealand, Funon, and Kaaland. 
 
 Q. Wliiit isliiiuls inidwiiy bctwccii Iceliuul iiiul tlio 
 Sbotliiiut l.sliiiids l)uloii;; to IK-Iiniarlv ? 
 
 A. Tho Faroe Isles, t\vi'iity-t\vo in number. 
 Capitals 'lorsliavn. 
 
 Q. IIow irt Deniimrk divided ? 
 
 .1. Into nineteen aniter or districts, of 
 
 wliieh nine are in the islands, and ten in the 
 
 peninsula. 
 
 Q. What are tlie chief exports ? 
 
 A. Fish, cattle, and agricultural products. 
 
 Q . yanie the three passages by wliidi the Cattegat 
 couiimuiicates with tlie Baltic. 
 
 A. Tho Sound, the Great Belt, and the 
 Little Belt. 
 
 Q. Xaine the chief cities. 
 
 A. Cojienliaoren, the capital ; Odense, Aar- 
 huus, Aalborg, aii'' Elsinore. 
 
 \ 
 
 Lesson 61. 
 
 The Republic of Switzerland. 
 
 Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Switzer- 
 lan(i. 
 
 A. It is hounded on tho north by Germany ; 
 
 on the oast by Austria ; on the south by 
 
 Italy ; and on the -west by France. 
 
 Q. What inoiintains aeparate it from Italy ? 
 A. The Alps. 
 
 Q. Name two mountain peaks near this boundary. 
 
 A. IMont Blanc, tho hiuhost summit but 
 one in Europe, 15,781 feet, and the Groat St. 
 Bernard. 
 
 Q. Xaiiir Iwii (if till' principal laUcs. 
 .1. (iciit'X.i, ill tlic Miiilli-wcst, between 
 S\\ it/.cr!aiid and I-'rancc; and ('oiist.'inec, in 
 tlic north-east, between Switzerland and (Jer- 
 iiiany. 
 
 (^. lly what I Ivors arc tlios(! lal;os (Iraiiicil ? 
 .1. (Joneva is drainiMl by tho Blionc, and 
 Constance by tlic KMiiiie. 
 
 Q. What ari^ the chief o.xports ? 
 A. ,fow<'lry, w.'itclios, miichlncry, silks, cot- 
 tons, woods of all kinds, charcoal, cattle, and 
 cheese. 
 
 Q. For what is .Swit/orland chlody noted ? 
 A. For its beautiful lakes and mountains. 
 Q. How is Switzerland divided ? 
 A, Into twonly-two cantons, which coni- 
 jiri.se twenty-Hve states, and form a federal 
 republic. 
 
 Q. Name tho cliief citic.'*. 
 
 A. Berne, tho capital ; Geneva, Basle, Lau- 
 sanne, iind Zurich. 
 
 Lesson 62. 
 
 The Kingdom of Italy. 
 
 Q. Point out and state tlio boundaries of Italy. 
 A. It is bounded on the north by the Alps ; 
 on the oast by Austria, the Adriatic, and the 
 Strait of Otranto ; on the south by tho jNIed- 
 itorranean ; and on the west by the Mediter- 
 ranean and France. 
 
 Q. Point out and name tho principal capes and straits. 
 Q. Point out and name the principal gulfs and bays. 
 Q, What largo islands lie off its coast ? 
 A. Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily. 
 Q. To wliat country docs Corsica belong? 
 A. To France of which republic it forms a 
 deiiartmont. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal mountain ranges. 
 A. Tho Alps and the Apennines. 
 Q. Point out and name tlio princiiial rivers. 
 A. The Po, Adige, Arno, and Tiber. 
 Q. Name the two celebrated volcanic mountains. 
 
 A. Vesuvius, at Naples ; and Etna, in Sicily. 
 
 Q. How is Italy physically divided ? 
 .4. Into the plain of Lombardy, the ]icnin- 
 sula, and the islands. 
 
 i 
 
ween 
 ('. ill 
 
 , .'iii.l 
 
 iiiid 
 
 j.a li- 
 
 ps: 
 
 .;! 
 
 ; \ 
 
 
 i 
 
 IT A I A'. 
 
 01 r ^r, r. fn.iii tfl W miiltiu'liMi 'id 
 
 U LoOKltuUc L'u8t 13 trom Oriinwifh IS 
 
 Q 
 
 I 
 
 Q. 
 
 I 
 
 I'diiit out tho inainlaiid of Ituly- 
 Wliiit is it shiiiicil lilvo? 
 Point out tlie isi.'iiul of Sicily. 
 I'oiiit out tlic isliiiul of Sunliuiii. 
 I'oint out tho island of Corsica. 
 Point out tlie Adriutic Soa. 
 I'oint out tho Tyrrhcniidi Sea. 
 Point out tho Lii^urian Son. 
 Point out tlio loniiin Sea. 
 Point out tho (!nlf of 'I'avanto. 
 Point out tlie (inif of Venice. 
 Point out the (iuir of Onoa. 
 Point out tlio Strait of Itonifacio. 
 Point out tlic Strait i>t Messiuii. 
 
 Q. Point out tho .Mps Mountains. 
 
 Q. Point out tlie Apennines 
 
 (j. Point out Mount l.tiia in Sicily. 
 
 Q. point out Jlount Vesuvius, 
 
 (f I'oint (Uit the liivcr I'o. 
 
 </ Point out tho River Tihcr. 
 
 C/ Point out Koine. 
 
 (j. Point out Naples. 
 
 O. Point out France. 
 
 (j. Point out Switzerland. 
 
 Q. Point out Austria 
 
 (,)■ Point out tho suliuiarine tolofrr.i))lisliotweeii Corsica 
 and 'roulon, and Sardinia and Sicily, and (."orsica and 
 Carrara. 
 
 70 
 
 ^; 
 
>i4 
 
 
 ■.'I f 
 
 80 
 
 i:mimi;I': of (jkkmanv — -AisTiio-iirxcAuiAN .moxakciiv, 
 
 Q. AVliat ni-e llif chief cximhIs '.' 
 
 .1. I{;i\v silk, spirits, oils, t'ruils, sardiiu's 
 nnd iiiK'liox ii's, siil|)lr,ir, ;in(l sli-;i\v ]i:its. 
 
 (j>. I'oi' what is I; 'ly I'liicliy iintcd '.' 
 
 A. For its niiciciit ^reatiu'ss ; and for liav- 
 iii.U' lon<>' l)t'('ii till' residence of the I'ojte, or 
 ]i(!ad of the Itoniaii Catholic Chureli. 
 
 (^. I'dint out and nauie its chief cities. 
 
 A. Jioine, tlio eai)ital ; Xajdes, Milan, l*a- 
 leriiio, Turin, Florence, Genoa, \'enice, JJolo- 
 gna, ^[essina, and J.eyliorn. 
 
 Q. For what is '^oiiie noted? 
 
 A. For its iminerous sjilendid buildings, 
 cspecialiy tlie ]-*ontifical Cathedral of !St. 
 Peter, the Vatican (oi- i-esidence of the Po|»e), 
 its numerous churches, its art gallories, and 
 its ancient ruins, of whicli the Coliseum is the 
 most celebrated, rojudatiou about 25U,UUU. 
 
 Lesson 63. 
 
 The Empire of Germany. 
 
 (l- ]^int out tlie boundaries of (leniiany. 
 
 A, It is bounded on the north by tlie North 
 Sea, Denmark, and the JJaltic ; on the east 
 by Russia ; on the south by Austria and 
 Switzerland ; and on tlie west by France, 
 IJelgium, and Holland. 
 
 Q. Ill wliat year was the Gorman Knijiire revi\pd? 
 
 A. Ill 1871. 
 
 Q. 'Vliat arc the two great divisions of tlio (ierinan 
 Eiiiliirc , 
 
 A. North (Jermanv and South (iermany. 
 
 <^. Wliat river fornis tlie l)oniidary In'tween tliesc 
 divisions? 
 
 .1. The ]\fain. 
 
 {}. \Vliicli is tlie most iniiiortaiit state of Noiih Cli'i'- 
 jiianv an 1 o! South (Icrmaii.v '.' 
 
 A. Prussia of the former, dikI l>a\aria of 
 
 the hitler. 
 
 (.) II iw many stales .are jncliuied in N'oit,!i (ii'rman> '.' 
 .1. FiL':Ii1<'«'ii, and the lliice free ciiies of 
 Ilaiiibin-L;', Uremeii, ;ind Lutieck. 
 
 (.}. II y\ main- stiti's ar(^ iiicliiil('(l in Soiitli • lei'inaiiv ? 
 A. Five. 
 
 Q. Point out and name tlu' |iriiu'i[)ui riviM's. 
 
 .1. 'I'he Ikhine, Kibe, Odei", and Vistula. 
 
 (^. AVIiat iiru the chief exports of (iermany ? 
 
 A. Gi'ain, wine, lumber, wo<d, hardware, 
 and linen. 
 
 Q. Point Gilt and name the eaiiital ol vierinany. 
 
 A. Berlin, on the S])iee, a tributaiy of the 
 Elbe. Popidation about l,U4o,000. 
 
 Q. N'aine the other cliief cities of Germany. 
 
 A. llandjurg, Breslau, Dresden, ^lunicli, 
 Cologne, Lei]»sic, Magdeburg, Konigsberg, 
 Stuttgart, IIaiu)ver, Frankfort-on-jMain, Daiit- 
 zic, Strasburg, Nuremberg, and Bremen. 
 
 Lesson 64. 
 
 The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. 
 
 Q. Point out the [lusitiou and boundaries of Austria. 
 (i- Pi.int out and name its principal mountain ranges. 
 A. The Al])s and the Carpathiajis. 
 Q Point out and name its chief lakes. 
 
 A. Neusiedler-see (now dry), and Platton- 
 see. 
 
 {}. Point o'lt and name its iirincipal river. 
 
 -I. ''•"'he Danid)e, flowing tliTough its centre. 
 
 q. Point out and name the princii)al divisions of 
 .Uistr()-lluni4ary. 
 
 A. F(nirteen Austrian and four Hungarian 
 Proviin cs. 
 
 (i- Wiiat are tlie chief exports ? 
 
 A. ({rains, salt, wine, hardware, leather, 
 glass, and wool, 
 
 i). Tor wh.at is Austria iKited ? 
 
 A. l''or its central jiosition in Kiirope, and 
 for its rich mines. 
 
 (i- Point lint and name souk' ol' its ciiief cities. 
 
 .1. N'ieiiii;:, the capital, population .-ibout 
 1,0-J0,00n: |;,„|n-Pesth, Prague, Trieste, and 
 Cr.acow. 
 
 V- I'o'iit out and name tlie cliief seaport of Aiistri.a. 
 . \. Trieste, on the A<lriatic. 
 

 
 
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82 
 
 EMPIIIE OJ TUUICKY-lX-ErUOIM>: — KIN(iI)OM OF GIM'.ECE. 
 
 '•,' 
 
 Lesson 65. 
 
 The Empire of Turkey-in-Europe, and the 
 Principalities of Roumania, Servia, and 
 Montenegro. 
 
 (J. I'Diiit out tlio lioiuularies of Tiirlvoy-iii-Kuroiic. 
 .1. It is l)()un(le<l on the north by Austria, 
 SiTvi;!, :ui(l Rouniaiiia ; on tlio cast I)y the 
 JJIark Sea ; on the south by the Sea of ^lar- 
 iiKira, tlie ^Egean, aiul Greece : and on the 
 west I)y the Ionian Sea, the Strait of Otranto, 
 the Adriatic, Montenegro, and Austria, 
 
 Q. Of wliat does Tiii'key-m-Eiiroi)e con!*it i, ? 
 A. Of Turkey ])roi)er, the tributary auton- 
 omous (self-governing) principality of Bul- 
 garia, and the autonomous province of East 
 Roumelia. Bosnia and Ilerzcgovina are a part 
 of Turkey proper, but are in the occupation 
 of Austria, under the treaty of Berlin of 1878. 
 
 Q. Point out :uul name the principul ciiain of moim- 
 taiiis. 
 
 A. The Balkans, between Bulgaria and 
 East lioumelia. 
 
 Q. Point out ana name the most important European 
 i:ilan(l belonf^in,:^ to Turliey. 
 
 A. Crete, or Candia, the ancient Creta, or 
 Idaja. 
 
 Q. Wli.at peninsula do Greece and the southern part 
 of Turliey lonn ? 
 
 A. The Hellenic. 
 (J. Wliat are the chief exports of Turlfcy-in-Europe ? 
 
 A. Agricultural products, opium, ottar of 
 roses, sponge, goat's-hair, carpets, silks, and 
 leather. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capital city. 
 
 .1. Constantinople, on the Bosphorus. It 
 has one of the finest harbors in the worhi, 
 called " the Golden Horn," from its shape 
 and beauty. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the other chief cities. 
 
 A. Tiriu/va, tlie capital of Bulgaria ; Pliilipi- 
 popoHs, the capital of East lioumelia ; 
 A(lriano)»le, Salonica, Sophia, Scr'U'vo, or 
 Bosna-Serai, Gallipoli, and Mona'^'.ir, w Bi- 
 tolia. 
 
 Q. For what is Turljcy-ii' EiUmjip noted '.' 
 
 ^1. For its ancient hi? tory as Macedonia; 
 
 ■ for its li.Mviiig been the seat of the nu'dia'val 
 (ireek, By/.;intlne, or i^astcrn Kmpirc ; and 
 for l>eing now the only ."Mnliaininedan power 
 ill iMirope. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the bnumhi/ips of liiuimania 
 
 Q. How nwuiy and wliat arc ils divis^ins ? 
 
 A. Three: Wallachia, Moldavia, aiul the 
 Dobriulseha. 
 
 Q. Point out and name tlic i hii I' .•itics. 
 A. Bucharest, the; capital, and .Jassy. 
 
 Q, Point out and iianio the boundaries of Scrvia 
 
 Q. Point out and name its capital. 
 
 A. Belgrade, at the contl encc of the Sa\ e 
 and Danube. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the boundaries of Montenegro. 
 
 Q, Point out and name its capital. 
 
 A, Cetigne, or Cettmji. 
 
 Lesson 66. 
 
 The Kingdom of Greece. 
 
 Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Greece. 
 Q. Point out and name its principal capes. 
 Q. How is Cireece iihvsically divided ? 
 
 A. Into Continental, Peninsular, and Insu- 
 lar Greece. 
 
 Q. Point out the principal islands of Greece. 
 
 A. The Ionian Islands, the Island of Eu- 
 bcca, the Cyclades, and most of the Sporades. 
 
 Q. Name the chief town of the Ionian Isl.'inds. 
 
 A. Zante, on the island of that name, noted 
 for its currants. 
 
 Q. For what is Greece chiefly noted ? 
 
 ^'1. For its beautiful scenery, its fine cli- 
 mate, and its ancient greatness. 
 
 Q. Wliat are the chief exports ? 
 ^i. Currants, tigs, and other fruits, vvini'. 
 olive oil, honey, and lead. 
 
 Q. Point out and name ils capital city. 
 A. Athens, on its eastern coast. 
 
 '] 
 
 
:: 
 
V !' 
 
 
 
 84 KMPiiiK OF i;rssiA-ix-i:rjM)iM:— iNinyn kingdo:m of x'ouwav and swkdfn. 
 
 > 
 
 / 
 
 Lesson 67. 
 
 The Empire of Russia-in-Europe. 
 
 Q. I'oiiit out and iiaiiio llie boiiiKiuric.: of Itussiii-iii- 
 Eiiropr. 
 
 A. It is boundod on tlio nortli liy Xoi'way 
 
 and the .Vrctic Ocean ; on the east 1)y tlie 
 
 Ural Mountains, Ural lliver, and the Cas])ian 
 
 Sea; on the soutli by the j\[onntains of ('au- 
 
 easus and the l>laek Sea; and on the west 
 
 by llouniania, Austria, Germany, the ]>altie, 
 
 aiul Sweden and Norway. 
 
 Q. I'oiiit out and iianio its i)rin('ipal seas and jrnlfs. 
 (^. Point out its principal capos and peninsulas. 
 
 Point out and name its pvinciiial mountain ranges. 
 A. Tlie Ural and tlie Caucasian Mountains. 
 (^. Name its principal rivers. 
 
 A. The Peteliora, Dwina, Duna, Vistula, 
 Dnie])er, Don, Volga, and Ural. 
 
 (}. Wiiat are the chief exports ? 
 .1. Tallow, hides, corn, iron, hemi), furs, 
 and timber. 
 
 {}. For what is Russia chictiy noted ? 
 
 A. For its great extent, and its stc])pes. 
 
 {}. What is the established religion of liiissia ? 
 A. The Greek Church. 
 
 (}. Name its princii)al cities. 
 
 A. St. Petersburg, the cajiital, on the River 
 A\-va, ])o])ulation 0()8,000 ; Moscow, the for- 
 mer ea])ital, near the centre of Russia ; W;\r- 
 saw, Odessa, Kicheiieff, and Jfiga. 
 
 Q. Point ( u' the position of Poland. 
 .1. It lies between Russia proper and 
 Prussia. 
 
 0. Point out and name its chief town. 
 A. Wai'saw, the former capital, on the 
 River Vistula. 
 
 (^. Name tlic chief ports of Russia on the hord(M' sc;is. 
 A. Archangel, on the White Sea; I{ig:i, on 
 the J)altic ; Odessa, on the Black Sea ; Astra- 
 clian, on the Caspian Sea. 
 
 (}. Point out the pcisitinii of I'inlnnd. 
 A. It lies in the north-west of Russia, t<» the 
 north of the (iiilf of Finlaml, .'Jiid west <if \\w 
 White Sc.i. It> people belong to a different 
 race from the Russians, and s]ie;ik a ditferent 
 language. 
 
 Lesson 68. 
 
 The United Kingdom of Norway and Sweden. 
 
 (i Pohit out tlie bcumdarics of Norway and Sweden. 
 A. On the north by the Arctic Oce;iii ; on 
 the east l)y Finland and *he JJaltic; on the 
 south In- the Raltic and the Skager Rack; 
 and on the west by the Cattegat,"the North 
 Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Q. "What jieninsula do Norway and Sweden form '■. 
 A. The Scandinavian ])eninsula. 
 
 (■i. Name the princii)al capes and gulfs. 
 
 Q. What chieily divides these two countries ? 
 ..1. An e.vtensive mountaiu range. 
 
 Q. What are parts of this range called ? 
 
 A. The Kiolen Mountains, between Nor- 
 way and Sweden ; the Doviv Field, and Jlai- 
 danger Field in Norway. 
 
 Q Name the principal lakes. 
 
 A. Wener, Wetter, and Malar, in Sweden, 
 .and Miosen, in Norway. 
 
 Q. IIow many lakes are tliere in NorNvay ? 
 
 A. About thirty thousand. 
 
 Q. lIow nuich of the surface of Sweden is covered 
 with lakes ? 
 
 .A. About one-tAvelfth. 
 
 (}. Name the ))rinci|)al I'ivers. 
 
 A. Toi-nea, Dal, Gotha, and Glommen. 
 
 Q. What ar(; tlu^ chief exports '.' 
 
 A. Wood and timber, oats, iron, t.ar, co])per, 
 fish, and horses. 
 
 Q. Name tlic eaiiital of each country. 
 
 A. Stockholm, the capital of Sweden; and 
 Christ iania, the capitai of Norway. 
 
 Q, Name the otlier clijef cities. 
 
 ^J. Gotteidjurg, in Sweilen, and Bergen, in 
 Norway. 
 
 (l When were Norw.ay and Sweden united ? 
 
 A. In 1S14; but each country ret.'iined its 
 own laws and j)arliament. 
 
 (}. Where is L,ii)land. and to whom does it bel<>ng ? 
 
 ,1. It lies to th(^ iioi-th a;,., ';<.i-tl -east of 
 Sweden, and belongs ):;".■'*' ;.i 7s<.r'V!i ;ind 
 Sweden and })artly to Russin 
 
PART V. 
 
 LESSOXS OX THK C'OXTIXKXT OF ASIA. 
 
 
 
 ^ ■ 
 
 I'KINCIFAL AKIMALS OX THK CONTINENT OK ASIA. 
 
 1, ]Sronkoy ; 2, I.i.m ; ,■?, Tv-qv ; 4, Ibex ; 5, Camel ; G, Elephant ; 7, lUiiiioceros ; 8 I'eat'ock : t», I'lamiii,i;(> ; 10, 
 ]5(;a Constrictor ; and 1.1, Anai'duda. 
 
 Lesson 69. 
 
 The Continent of Asia. 
 
 (j. I'dint out the iidsition and lidundarics "f Asia. 
 ^[. ft is bouiidi'd oil tlu' north l)y llu' Arc- 
 tic ()cc;in ; on the cast by 1 1 u' Xorlli P;icilic 
 Ocean; on tlic sonth by the Iiiiliaii Ocean; 
 ami (111 llie west by the iJed Se;i, .Meililerra- 
 lu'an, l)Iack Sea, C'as|iian, and Tral irnHT. 
 
 Ij. I'dint out and name its iii'incipal seas, liavs, and 
 .unills. 
 
 (J. I'dint lint ;md nainc its fhiof poiiinsnl;'.s. 
 .1. .\sia Elinor. Arabia, Iliinhistan, Fiir- 
 tlier India, \vit!i Mahiy I'eniiisnla, ("orea, and 
 Kanitchatk;!. 
 
 (J. N'auic the prnu'iiial islands. 
 
 .1. Ceyhiii, Hainan, Formosa, the Jajian 
 Is!e<, S:id-li,M!ieii, ;iml New Siberia. 
 
 (^. r.iinl out and nanic the- piamipal lakr^ df Asia. 
 .i. The ('as|ii;ill, tile hird'esl laivc ill tiie 
 
 worhl; Se.i ot' .\r;d ; i5;iik.il, I hi' l;ird-cst t'resli- 
 water lake in .Vsia ; and l»;ilkash. 
 
 (^. Nanic the saltr>t. tlir Idwist, and the liigiicst 
 kniiwn lal>fs in I In' umld. 
 
 ./. TilZ-Ool. the sahesi ; I >e;id Sea. die hiw- 
 
 C'sl, belne; l,o12 feet behiw the level of the 
 Mi'diterraiietiu ; Sirikol, the hi,u-hest, bein<r 
 15,000 feet tibove the si'a. 
 
 Q. Xainc the primiiial nmnntain ranyi's. 
 .1. The Himalayas, Karakoriim, Kuen-Laii, 
 Thian-Sh.aii, Altai", Vablonoi ami Stannovoi, 
 Ilindoo-Koosh, Klbur-/, Cancasns, and Tral. 
 
 (j Xanic th(\i.;reat rivers in Asia. 
 A, Kn|ihrates, Tiij^ris, Imliis, (ianucs, Tsan- 
 pii, Irauady, Mekong-, \'an<i-tsed<ianu:, Hoanir- 
 ho, Anioor, Tena, "N'enisei, and Obi. 
 
 (>. I'dint dMt a) ' I dill' the principal dcscit. 
 
 .1. The _M-ea1 desert of ( iobi, in .Aloiitjjolia. 
 
 <^). Intd wliat cdiintriis is .Vsia di\ idcd '.' 
 .1. Into Tviissia-in-Asia, Tnrkey-in-Asia, 
 Arabia, Persia, Afu-hanistan, i<;ilirlstan. •'. !- 
 iichistan, Ilindostan, Further India, riiiiioe 
 F.in|iire. Inde|ieiident Turkestan, and ,la]iaii. 
 
 (J. What riininrics lie east oi I'cisia'.' ('a>t df Hin- 
 dustan '.' noith III' Ilinddstan ? cast df the < aspian .Sca ? In 
 wlial dirci'tidii is Turkey Irdin Arabia'.' 
 
 il I'dint diit till' extreme northern, sunthern , eastern, 
 and \\e>|ern eapes id' .\sia. 
 
 (). I'dint dill the rdlldwiii'^' straits: lidsplidrns, Saii'.'i'.r, 
 Ornin/,, I'.ehrin.u. Ciirea, ItaU el .Mand(di, I'alk, and .Ma- 
 lai-i-a 
 
s<; 
 
 i:rSSlA-l\-ASIA — TIKKKY-IX-ASIA. 
 
 Lesson 70. 
 
 Russia-in-Asia. 
 
 Q. Point (lilt till' liiiiiiiilniics of Kiissia-iii-Asiii. 
 
 A. Oinitlinu' Transcaiu'iisiM, it is bdniidcd 
 oil tlio iiortli liy the Arctic Ocean; on tlic 
 cast by tlic 1' 'ilic ; on tlic south by tlic 
 Chinese Kmpire and Indi'jx'ndcnt Tnrki'stan ; 
 and on thi' west by the Ural Mountains, Ural 
 IJiver, and Casjiian Sea. 
 
 (^. Point out tlio great divisions of Unssiii-in-Asia. 
 
 A. Enster:i Siberia, Western SiV)oria, Kus- 
 sian Turkestan, and Transcaucasia. 
 
 Q. N.ime its princiiml mountain ranges. 
 
 A. The Caucasus, between the Black Sea 
 and the Cas])ian ; the Thian-Shan and the 
 Altai range, at the south ; and the Yablonoi 
 and Stannovoi in the east. 
 
 Q. Point out its jirinciiJal rivers. 
 
 A. The Olji, Yenisei, Lena, and Aiuoor. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal lalvos in A.siatio 
 Russia. 
 
 ^1. Caspian Sea, in part. Sea of Aral, Lake 
 Balkash, and Ijake B.ukal, the largest fresh- 
 water lake in the Old World. 
 
 Q. Name the principal capes. 
 
 .]. Ca])e Severo, or Xorth East Cape, the 
 most northern ])oint of the continent ; East 
 Cai»e, tlu^ most eastern ]ioint ; Ca])e Lo])atka, 
 south of Kanitchatka ; Capo Patience, east of 
 Saghalieii. 
 
 Q. Point out and state the iiosition of the following 
 Islands: l^iakliov, or New Siberia, and Saghaiicn. 
 
 'j/. Wliero are the following straits : liehring Strait, 
 and Ivurile Strait ? 
 
 (J. What are tlic chief cxiiorts ? 
 
 ^L Furs, produ'.-ts of the mine, and fossil 
 ivory. 
 
 Q. I'or what is IJiissia-iii-Asia chiefly noted ? 
 yl. For its extent, its severe climate, and its 
 Siberian jjcnal mines. 
 
 Q. Xauie the chief cities of Tlussia-in-Asia. 
 
 .1. Tobolsk, on the Irtisli, a branch of the 
 Obi, tlie caj)ital of Western Siberia ; Irkutsk, 
 on tiie Angara, of Eastern Siberia ; ^lai-gliilan. 
 of Jiussian Turki'slan ; Tashkend, Samarcaml, 
 and Kliokan, all in Russian Turkestan; and 
 Titlis, the capital of Transcaucasia. 
 
 Lesson '1. 
 
 Turkey-in-Asia. 
 
 Q. point out till' lioundaiies of 'riirkev-iii-AsiM. 
 .1. It is bounded (111 the north by the Sea of 
 ^Marmora, the Black Si'a, and Transcaucasia; 
 on the east by Transcaucasia and Persia ; on 
 the south by the Persian (4iilf and .i\ral)ia ; 
 and on the west by the l{i'd Sea, Isthmus of 
 Sue/, and the ^lediterranean. 
 
 Q. Xamo tlie principal divisions of Tiirkey-in-Asia. 
 
 .1. .Vsia ]\riiior (or Anatolia) ; Syria (in- 
 cluding Palestine) ; Armenia and Kurdistan 
 (or .Vssyria) ; .\1 Je/ireh (or ]Mesoi»otaniia) ; 
 Irak Arabi (or Babylonia) ; Iledjaz and Ye- 
 men. 
 
 Q. Xanie the princi]ial rivers of Tiirkey-in-Asia. 
 
 A. Euphrates, Tigris, Kizil-Irmak, Sakaria, 
 Mendere, Orontes, and Jordan. 
 
 Q. Xanio tlie iirincipal monntain ranges. 
 
 yl. Mountains of Armenia, Taurus, Anti- 
 Taurus, and Lebanon. 
 
 Q. What are the chiei exports ? 
 
 A. Dried fruit, grain, coffee, silk, valonia, 
 goat's hair, and opium. 
 
 Q. For what is Turliey-in-.\sia chielly noted ? 
 
 vL For having been the ])lace Avliere neai'ly 
 all the events mentioned in Scripture oc- 
 curred. 
 
 Q. Vnr what is Palestine chiefly note(l ? 
 
 ^1. For having been the anciiMit land of the 
 Israelites, and tlie scene of our S.vviurij's life 
 and sufferings on earth. 
 
 Q. Point 111 t and iiaiuc the capital of I'lirkey-in-Asia. 
 
 vl. Smyrna, on the ^Egean. 
 
 Q. Xaiiie th(! jith'^r chief cities. 
 
 A. Trebizond and Siiiope, on the Black Sea : 
 Damascus, east of ^Vnt i-I.,el)anon ; Jerusalem, 
 between the ^Mediterranean and \\\v Dead 
 Se;i ; Mecca, the cajiital of IIe(ljaz. near the 
 Bed Sea; ]Me(lina, inirtli of Mecca : liassor.'di, 
 near the P('rsi;i!i (lull'; l>:ig(lad, on (lie Tigris. 
 
 (J Point 'lilt and .-tati' the position of ('v|n'iis and 
 I Rhodes. 
 
 Q- liy wli.at coimtry is ("ypnis 'uiin criicd ? 
 
 A. The Uniteil Kingdom, which <K'cupies 
 
 I it under tri'atv with Turkt'v. 
 
ASLA. 
 
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 Ihangl'ac^ 
 
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 ASIA. 
 
 Si.'ule iif Miles 
 
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 CJ onioi-:^ ,v>j, )l I'j lull 
 
 lundraHil- 
 
 I.rMl'-llll'h -.I) li 
 
 V, \\iJ''oriiio.Kii 
 
 V- l''>illt 'Hit (1m> Avitir (l( CMll. 
 
 V- I'liiit "lit till' (dJiol'k S'ii. 
 
 V- l''>iiit Milt till' .!;>i.iui Si'.'i. 
 
 i). I'lilit M'lt llic Vi'llow Sc;i. 
 
 i). Toint Milt \\w Cliiiin Sen. 
 
 V Point out the IViv of I!cn-:il. 
 
 i). I'^int nut til" * r.'iliiMii Si':i. 
 
 V- I'oii't nut the Per-i'in Cnir. 
 
 ',>. 1' >i'!t unt the |{l;ick Sen 
 
 f/ 1' lint. ii;t the Cnsiii:!)! Si>;i. 
 
 O. I'.iint <Mil the Sen of Ar;i1. 
 
 I (f. point (lilt the niiii;il;i\.'l Moiintnills. 
 
 V, Point, out llie (licat Desert mI tlolii. 
 
 I <). Po'.iit (lilt t!io I'riil IMoiintMins. 
 
 j <^ point (lilt l-Miroiie ;o '1 All i( 11. 
 
 (f. point out tlio Itiver \ niv_'-tse-K!;incr. 
 
 j <). Point out the i;i\cr (i.inees. 
 
 <y, I'oiiil out tlie I-".i|ii;itor. 
 
 I (> i'oiiit out tin; Ti'opii- of Canecr, nnd tlie Anti 
 
 • Circle. 
 
 H 
 
,SS AUAIMA I'KI'SIA, liKIJC: I ISTA N. A I'( ; II A \ISTA N, \)Tl\ — 1 1 1 SDOS T A X. OI! INDIA. 
 
 hi 
 
 1 . 
 
 ^1 
 
 n 
 
 Lesson 72. 
 
 Arabia. 
 
 (J. I'dint niit till' li(ii;ii(lnrics nl Arjibia. 
 
 vl. It is IkiiiikK'iI (III the iioi'th l)y Turkcy- 
 iii-Asi;i ; (III till' cast liytlic PiTsiaii (lull' and 
 (Jiilf (if ( )iiiaii ; (HI tlic south by the Arabian 
 Sea and (iiilf nf Adi-n ; and on tlic west by 
 Ilc'(lja/ and Vciiicn. 
 
 Q Wli It is |i('('iiii;ii' iilidiit Aniliiii? 
 
 J. 'I'lioiiy'li a lari^c country, its riv(>rs arc 
 Hinall, as mountains extend all around the 
 coast. 
 
 Q Wliiit jivo the chief expdrts ? 
 
 .f. Coffee, fjunis, spices, and fruits. 
 
 Q. Foi' wliiit is Anibiii cliiffly iiotod ? 
 
 ^I. For its sandy deserts, and as liavinLX 
 been the scene of INIahoniet's career. 
 
 Q. Xaiiic the |iiiiiri[i;il divisions of .Vniliia. 
 
 ./. Ifadraniaut, alonL? tlie southern coast; 
 Oman, on tlic (Jiilf of Oman ; Baliri'in, on tlie 
 Persian (Julf ; Xedjed, the Central region. 
 
 Q. X;mi(' tlu^ c'lpilals of tlicsc divisions. 
 
 .1. ^r.'ikallah, on the (Jiilf of .\den ; ^NFuscat, 
 on the Oulf of Oman ; Lachsa, aiid IJiad. 
 
 (^>. WlnTc is Aden, and to wlioin docs it lielon.i; '.' 
 
 .1. ft is about 1(1(1 miles east of the Strait 
 of Bab-ol-Mandeb ; it belongs to Britain. 
 
 (J. Name llie iiiini'i|ial lakes In IVrsia and .Mj;lian- 
 i.-lali. 
 
 .1. llruniiah, in Persia, and Scistan, or 
 irainoon, partly in I'ersia and ])artly in Af- 
 ghanistan. 
 
 (J. Nani(^ tlic chief mountain ran.ucs. 
 J. The Klbiir/ .Mounlniiis, south of tii(( 
 Caspian; the Suleiman .Mountains, between 
 Afuluinistan and India; ;md the llala .^loiiii- 
 tains, jjetween Bcliudiisttui and India. 
 
 Q Wliat air tlicso conntiics noted for '.' 
 .1. Persiii is noted for its ancient greatness, 
 ;ind the oth" states for their wiirlike tribes. 
 
 (^). I'oint out and name t.ic caiiital cities. 
 
 .1. Tehenin, the capital of Persia; C:il)ul, 
 till! capittil of AfgliJinistan ; and Kehit, the 
 capital of Bclucliistan. 
 
 (J. l)csciibc Kaliristan and its situation. 
 
 .1. It is a wild and mountainous, but fertile 
 country, lying between iiorth-eiisterii Afghan- 
 istan and Kashmere. 
 
 ( 
 
 Lesson 73. 
 
 Persia, Beluchistan, Afghanistan, and 
 Kafiristan. 
 
 <i>. point out tlii^ position and lioiindarics of rersiu. 
 
 Q. Wlu't seas lie north of Persia and sontii of I'lelii- 
 cliistan ? 
 
 ^1. The Caspian, iioi'th of J*ersia ; and the 
 
 Ar.'ibiaii, soutli of Beluchistan. 
 
 (^) What sti'ait i'onniM'ts the Persian (lUlf ;u\d liulf i>{ 
 Oman '.' 
 
 .1. 'I'hc Str.ait of Oriiuiz. 
 
 (J. \\ hat are the chief cvporls oi Persia ? 
 vl. Silks, carpcs, shawls, and opium. 
 
 (J. What is the i.ative name for Persia '.' 
 J. Iran. 
 
 Lesson 74 
 
 Hindostan, or India. 
 
 Q. Point out the lioundaries of India. 
 .1. It is boundeil on the north by tlie Tliiii- 
 alayti Mountains; on the east Ity Burinah 
 and the Bay of Bengal ; on the south by the 
 Indian Ocean; and on the west by the Ar;i- 
 biiui !?ea, Bclie-histan. and .Vfghanistan. 
 
 Q. point out and name its principal cajies, iin\!!>, and 
 bays. 
 
 Q Point out .aid name its principal islands. 
 
 A. Ceylon, the Maldives, and the Lacca- 
 
 dives. 
 
 (J. Point out .tnd name its primeipiil nioiintains. 
 
 .1. Tiie Himalayas at the north and the 
 (rhauts at the south. 
 
 (J. Point out tlic principal rivers and their courses. 
 
 A. The Indus, (Jaiigo-^, T-:iiipii, or Braniidi- 
 putrti, (iodavery, Krishna, and N'erbudda, 
 
 Q. What are the chief cxp'irt..- '' 
 .1. Cotton, opium, rice, wheat, hides, skins, 
 indigo, jute, tea. coffee, wool, and raw silk. 
 
 / < 
 
\ 
 
 llu' 
 
 :•' f^ If 
 
 iJ S„CT a/ N 
 
 
 INDIA 
 
 OR 
 
 HINDOSTAN 
 
It 
 
 'I' 
 
 ij. if 
 
 ~ ^^' • V, V. V, ^ », ■, 
 
 90 
 
 \ 
 
 IlINDOSTAX, ni; INDIA— IT inili:i: INDIA — KMIMHi; UF CIUNA. 
 
 ^ 
 
 (^. For «h;it is Inditi cliicllv noted ? 
 -1. .\s hriiiLT tlic l.'irini'st niul most vahinhk' 
 tU'lx'iiik'iicy ol' till' JJrilisli cruwu. 
 
 Q. IIow is lliiidostiui divided ? 
 
 A. Into JJritisli Tcrritorv, Xntive orFoiid;!- 
 tory States, and IncU'jii'ndc'nt Status. 
 
 (/ I'diiit out and name llie jii'lncipal divisions or iiro- 
 \ini'('sol iti'itisli indiii and tiieii' caiiitals. 
 
 ^1. I. \iv\\>j::\\,('(i/i-ifff</; '2. Ass;\\u,(rO)r/t<ifi : 
 
 3. Xoith-\Vi'st l'ro\ inct's ("nu'luding Oiidc), 
 
 All<(/i((htid : 4. Punjab, Ltihoiw ; 5. Central 
 
 Provinces, JnJihnJpur ; 0. Bombay (inehidino' 
 
 Sind), .JiniiJidif ; 7. Madras, Madras; S, 
 
 Ceylon, Colombo. 
 
 Q. Xamo the iirincipal Feudatory States. 
 A. Kashmere, tlio Rajput States, Tndoro, 
 Blio))al, (Jwalior, (iuzerat, TTy<leraliad, My- 
 sore, Cocliin, Travaneore, and Sikkim. 
 
 Q. Name tlie Independent States. 
 
 A. Nepaul and Bliotau. 
 
 Q. Name .several of the eliief cities of India besides 
 the capitals. 
 
 .1. Lueknow, Patna, Benares, Dellii, Airra, 
 
 Bangalore, Umritsar, Surat, and Hyderabad. 
 
 Q. Toint out and name the chief non-Briti.sh European 
 States ot llindostan. 
 
 A. Pondielierry, on the Coromandel coast 
 (French) ; Goa, on the Malabar coast (Portu- 
 guese). 
 
 (,*. \Vli;it does ilritish ntirmah Inelnde ? 
 
 A. Aracan, Peuii, .-iimI 'I'eii.'isM'rim, on lln' 
 east ('o:ist of tlie l>:iy ol' I}eno.'d. 
 
 V. Wiial do the Straits Settlements imlmle ? 
 
 .1. Singa]»ore. 3Ialacca, Peiiang, and Wei- 
 ' leslev J'rovince. 
 
 Q. Name tlic eaiiital cities of the Slates of Further 
 India. 
 
 .1. British liurmali, Juiiii/oo/i : Straits Set- 
 tlenu'nts, iSi/ir/aport' / Biirniah, Maiithikn/ ; 
 >>\iuu, Jiati (//,()/,• ; I>aos, ciiii'f town. C/unuf- 
 hiai ; Malaya, J'lrah': Anam, JIki' : Cam- 
 bodia, Pnotupciuj ; Lower, or French Cochin 
 China, t<a\(jon. 
 
 Q. Name its prinei|ial rivers. 
 
 A. The Irawiidy, Saluen, Menani, and ]\Ie- 
 kong. 
 
 (j. Point out Capes Nej^rais, Iioniaiiia, aud Cambodia. 
 
 Lesson 75. 
 
 Further India. 
 
 Q. Point out the b/jundaries of Further India. 
 
 A. It is bounded on the north by Assam 
 and ihe Chinese Empire ; on the east and 
 south by the Cliina Sea; and on the west by 
 the Bay of Bengal and India. 
 
 Q. Name tlie principal divisions of Further India. 
 
 A. Britisli Possessions ; Burmah and Siam 
 (between which are tlie Laos or Shan States) ; 
 Mahiya ; Anam (including Cochin China) ; 
 Cambodia ; and Lower or French Cochin 
 China. 
 
 Q. Name the British possessions in Further India. 
 
 A. British Burmah, the Andaman Islands, 
 
 and Straits Settlements. 
 
 Lesson 76. 
 
 The Empire of China. 
 
 Q. Point out the position and boundaries of the 
 C'liineso Knipiie. 
 
 A. It is bounded on the north by Russia- 
 in-Asia; on the east by the Pacific; on 
 the south l)y the China Sea, Further India, 
 and llindostan ; and on the west by llin- 
 dostan. Independent Turkestan, and llussia- 
 in-Asia. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the groat divisions of the 
 Chinese Empire. 
 
 A. China Proper, Tibet, Kashgaria, or 
 Eastern Turkestan (reconquereil and rcaii- 
 nexed to the em]tire in 1877-78), and Mon- 
 golia (including Mantchooria and Corea). 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principal seas. 
 
 Q. Name its iirincipal mountains. 
 
 .']. The Altai, on the north, and the Hima- 
 laya, on the south ; between these the Thian- 
 shan, Kuen-lun, and Karakorum Mountains; 
 the Kinghan IVIountains, in the east of Mon- 
 golia ; Yungling Mountains, between Chin.i 
 Proper and Tibet ; the Xanling and Peling 
 ranges running east through China. 
 
KMI'IUK or CHINA — INDKI'KNDKNT TI KKKSTAN — KMI'IUH dl' .lAI'AN. 
 
 01 
 
 V. Xiimo tlio iiriin'ipal rivers. 
 
 .1. Thi' 'rsanpii, or l>r:ihin!i)»utr;i, C'liu-I\i 
 iiiiir, <>!' ("iiiitoii, IloaiiH-liu, Vaiig-tso-kiaiiy, 
 and tlic v\ni()(»r (in paiM ). 
 
 (/ I'l.iiit (lilt ami state tlic iKisitimi of Hainan I'ni'- 
 iiiosi, anil the Kdii ( 'limi Islaniis. 
 
 (^. AViiat arc tJie eliiel' cxiMirts nf Cliina '.' 
 
 .1. Tea, rice, silk, |Hircclain. and nankeen. 
 
 i^. For what Is ( liina ciiiclis noteil'.' 
 
 A. For its vast |»()|»Mlali(»n, its <;n -at Avail, 
 its tea exports, and its iiorcelain or eiiina. 
 
 Q. Nivnio its i)rin(M[ial cities. 
 
 A. Pckin, the capital ; Canton, Nankin, 
 Slian!j;hae, and Nin<fpo. 
 
 fj. Niiin(* till) Hrilisli ixissessinns in (Jliiiia. 
 
 A. The Island of IIonn-Koni!:, c pital Vic- 
 toria; Cowloon, a small peninsida opposite 
 Hong-Ivong; and the small I^ena Isles. 
 
 Q. What other Eiirope.ana h.avo ChiueHc pos.sessioiis ? 
 A. The Portuguese have Macao. 
 
 Q. Niinie tho priiicipal cities open \.< Kiiropcan trade. 
 
 A. Canton, Anioy, Foo-chow, Ningpo, 
 Shanghae, Swatow, Tien-tsin, Che-t'oo, Han- 
 kow, Kiu-kiang, Xewclnvang, Weiichow, 
 Woo-hoo, and Ichang. 
 
 Q. Point out tlie cliief cities of Tibet. 
 
 A. Lhasa, or Lassa, the cajtital ; and Shi- 
 gat ze. 
 
 Q. Point out tho chief cities of Monjjolia. 
 
 .1. King-ki-tao, in Corea ; Mookden, in 
 Mantchooria ; Oiirga, in JNIongolia Proper. 
 
 ^. Point out the cliief cities of Kashgaria, or Chinese 
 Turkestan. 
 
 A. Kashgar, Yarkand, and Khotan. 
 
 Lesson 77. 
 
 Independent Turkestan. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the boundaries of Independent 
 Turkestan. 
 
 A. It is bounded on tho north by Russia- 
 in-Asia ; on the east by the Chinese Empire ; 
 
 on the south by Atglianisian :nid Persia; and 
 nti the west by tlu' Caspian Sea. 
 
 <J. Wiiat plat(!aii (ln.s the bomiilary between lii«le- 
 penilent I'lirkestan ami tlic (liiint'se Kinpire cross ? 
 
 .1. 'J'lu' Pamir Plateau, w liicli has a gen- 
 eral elevalion ot" .about, ir),(HM» fci't. 
 
 Ij. llnw is Imb'pciKlent 'riirlic>laii diviiliil ? 
 
 .1. Into the two khanates of Jiokhara and 
 Khiva. 
 
 (^. What is the jiolitical status of these khanates ? 
 
 A. They are nominally independent, but 
 really subordinate and tributary to the Itus- 
 sian Fm|>ire. 
 
 (^. N'aine the chief cities ot Fnde|)eiirlcnt Turkestan. 
 
 .1. Ii(»khara and Karshce, in the khanate 
 of J>okhara; and Khiva and Merv, in that of 
 Khiva. 
 
 Q. point out and luime the chief river of Independent 
 Tiu'kcstan. 
 
 A. The Atnu-Darya, or Oxus, which rises 
 in Lake Sirikol, and tlows into tin; Sea of 
 Aral. It formerly flowetl into the. ('aspian 
 Sea, into which it has recently opened an 
 outlet along its sujjposed ancient bed. 
 
 Lesson 78. 
 
 The Empire of Japan. 
 
 Q. Name the principal islands of Japan. 
 
 A. Niphon, Sikok, Kiu-siu, and Yesso. 
 The .southern part of Saghalien, two of the 
 Kurile Islands, and the Loo Choo Isles are 
 dependencies. 
 
 Q. "What are the chief exiiorts ? 
 A. Tea, silk, lacqucr-ware, rice, copper, and 
 toliacco. 
 
 Q. For what is .Tajian chiefly noted ? 
 
 A. For its b g seclusion from other na- 
 tions. 
 
 Q. Name its chief cities. 
 
 A. Tokio, formerly called Yedo, the eastern 
 capital ; Saikio, formerly called Kioto or 
 Miako, the western capital; Matsumai, Kaiia- 
 gawa, Yokohama, Simoda, Osaka, Nagastiki, 
 and Ilakodadi. 
 
 

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.7 
 
 PART VI. 
 
 LESSOXS OS THE COXTIXEXT OF AFT^ICA. 
 
 PRINCIPAL ANIMALS ON THE CONTINENT OF AFRICA. 
 
 1, Mandril ; 2, Biibooii ; 3, Lion ; 4, Hyena ; 6, Camel ; 6, Cape Buffalo ; 7, Giraffe ; 8, Zebra ; 9, Elephant ; 10, 
 Hippopotamus ; 11, Ostrich ; 12, Crocodile ; 13, Cobra da Capello, a most venemous serpent. 
 
 Lesson 79. 
 
 The Continent of Africa. 
 
 Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Africe. 
 
 A. It is bounded on the north by the Med- 
 iterranean ; on the east by the Isthmus of 
 Suez, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean ; on 
 the south by the Southern Ocean ; and on 
 the west by tlie Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Q, Point out and name its capes, gulfs, and bays. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principal rivers. 
 
 A. The Nile, Rufiji, Zambesi, Orange, 
 Congo, Niger, and Senegal. 
 
 Q. Name the principal lakes. 
 
 A. Victoria Xvanzn, Albert Nynnza, and 
 Dembea, in tlie ^^ile Basin ; Tanganyika (':•) 
 and Bangweolo, in the Congo Basin ; Is^yanja, 
 or Nyassa, in the Zambesi Basin ; Shirwa, 
 south-east of Njassa, and N^gami, near the 
 centre of Southern Africa, have no outlet ; 
 
 02 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal islands. 
 A. Madagascar, Bourbon, Mauritius, Sey- 
 chelles, an(l Socotra, to the east; St. Helena, 
 Ascension, the Cape Verde, Canaries, Madei- 
 ras, and Azores, to the west. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal mountains. 
 A. Mount Atlas, in the north-west; Kong 
 Mountains, south of Soudan ; Mountains of 
 Abyssinia ; Kenia and Kilima-njaro, 20,065 
 feet (the highest mountain in Africa), in 
 Zanguebar ; Blue j\Iountains, west of Albert 
 Nyanza Lake; Lupata ^Mountains, west of 
 Mozambique ; Drakenburg Mountains, west of 
 
 Tchad, near the centre ^ i Africa, has no outlet. ! 
 It is doubtful whether Tanganyika has an I 
 outlet. j 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal divisions of ' 
 Africa. 
 
 A. Northern Africa, North-Eastern Africa, 
 
 Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, Western 
 
 Africa, Central Northern Africa, and Central 
 
 Southern Africa. 
 
 ^J 
 
) 
 
 "* o, Azort'H or 
 oOo'W'catenilg 
 
k 
 
 94 NOK THEliX AFIUf'A — XDItTII-KASTERX AND EASTKUX AFUICA — SOUTHEUX AFRICA. 
 
 Natal ; Nieuvclt Mountains, in Cape Colony ; 
 and the Canieroons in Hiafra. 
 Q. W!i.it arc tlie chief exports ? 
 
 A. Cotton, rice, ground nuts, ostrich fea- 
 thers, ebony, and ivory. 
 
 Q For whiit is Africa chieflj- noted ? 
 
 A. For its vast extent, its almost unbroken 
 coastline, its great liiver Nile, and its mag- 
 nificent lakes. 
 
 Q. What countries lie north of the Sahara Dosert ? 
 
 Q. Point out and name the countries which lie between 
 the Saiiara Deseit and the E(iuatur. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the conntries wiiich lie be- 
 tween tlie Equator and the Troiiic of Capricorn. 
 
 Q. What couutries lie south of the Tropic of Capri- 
 corn? 
 
 Q. Which are the principal rivers to the west of 
 Africa ? 
 
 Q. Which are the principal rivers to the east of Africa? 
 
 Q. What sea separates Africa from Arabia ? 
 
 Q. What large island lies oil the soutli-east coast of 
 Africa ? 
 
 Lesson 80. 
 
 Northern Africa. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the four Barliary States in 
 Northern Africa. 
 
 A. Marocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli, 
 
 including its dependencies, Barca and Fezzan. 
 
 Q. What range of mountains runs through Marocco 
 and Algeria ? 
 
 A The Atlas range ; from it the Atlantic 
 
 Ocean is named. 
 
 Q. What islands lie off the Atlantic coast of Marocco? 
 A. The Madeiras, belonging to Portugal. 
 
 Q. What islands lie south of the Madr ira Islands ? 
 A. The Canaries, belonging to Spain. 
 Q. To whom do the Barbary States belong ? 
 A. Marocco is independent, Algeria belongs 
 to France, Tunis is nominally subject to 
 Turkey, and Tripoli is a pachalic of Turkey. 
 
 Q. What are the chief exports ? 
 A. Olive oil, fine leather, carpets, wool, wax, 
 coral, and indigo. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the chief cities. 
 A. Marocco, Fez Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, 
 and Mourzouk. 
 
 Lesson 81. 
 
 North-Eastern and Eastern Africa. 
 
 Q. Point out the countries of North-Eastern Africa. 
 A. Egypt, including Nubia, Kordofan, and 
 Darfur ; and the Abyssinian States. 
 
 Q. Poiut out the position and boundaries of each. 
 Q. What river runs tlirotigh these countries ? 
 A. The celebrated River Nile. 
 
 (J. What sea lies to the cast of Egypt ? 
 A. The Red Sea. 
 
 Q. What Isthmus lies north of the Red Sea ? 
 A. The Isthmus of Suez, through which 
 passes the Suez canal, au important highway 
 to India. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capital cities of Egypt, 
 Nubia, and the Abyssinian States. 
 
 ^•1. Egypt, capital Cairo ; Nubia, capital 
 
 Khartoorii ; Abyssinian States, capitals Gon- 
 
 dar, Adowa, and Ankobar. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the other principal city in Egypt. 
 A. Alexandria, the chief seaport. 
 
 Q. What are the chief exports ? 
 A. Cotton, rice, wheat, indigo, opium, cof- 
 fee, gums, and linseed. 
 
 Q. Point out the countries of Eastern Afric? 
 A. Country of the Somali and Gallas, Zan- 
 guebar, Mozambique, and Sofala. 
 
 Q. Point out the position and boundaries of each. 
 
 Q. Point out their chief capes. 
 
 Q. Point out and name their principal rivers. 
 
 A. Webbe, Jubb, Rufiji, Rovuma, and 
 Zambesi. 
 
 Q. What are the chief exports ? 
 A. Gold, copper, ivory, and fruits. 
 
 Lesson 82. 
 
 Southern Africa. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the chief divisions of Southern 
 Africa. 
 
 A. Cape Colony (including Cape Colony 
 Proper, British Kaffraria, Basutoland, Griqua 
 Land East, Griqua Land West, and Trans- 
 vaal), Natal, Zulu Land, Orange River Free 
 State, Country of the Bechuanas, and Country 
 of the Hottentots. 
 
 ^( 
 
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 , jt^ «"<i» 0<Mi» r i* ^c .7> ^^ 
 
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 *' I V or Letttter On^ia I I— ^ . ^ ^^. 
 
 30 LoiiKltudO East 35 tmm Greenwich 40 
 
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^ 
 
 96 
 
 SOUTIIEIIX AFRICA — WESTERN AFlllCA. 
 
 Q. What river separates Zulu Luiul from Mozambique? 
 -1. The Liini>o]to. 
 
 Q W'lat river separates Cape Colony from Griqiia 
 Laiui West ? 
 
 A. The Orange River. 
 
 Q. Where is tlie country of tlio Hottentots ? 
 
 A. It extends from tlie Orange River to 
 Caj»e Frio, and eastward frojM the coast to 
 the Kalaliari desert and Lake Ngami. 
 
 Q. Point out the cliief divisions of the country of the 
 Hottentots. 
 
 A. Ovarapo, Damara, and Great Naniaqua 
 
 Land. 
 
 Q. Wliat are tlie chief exports of Soutlicrn Africa ? 
 
 A. Wool, liides and skins, copper ore, ivory 
 diamonds, and ostrich feathers. 
 
 Q. Point out and name tlio capitals of the British 
 colonies. 
 
 A . Cape Town is tlie capital of Cape Colony, 
 and Pietermaritzburg, of Natal. 
 
 Lesson 83. - 
 
 Ws>Rteni Africa. 
 
 ^. Point out and name the chief divisions of Western 
 Africa. 
 
 A. Senegambia, Upper Guinea, and Lower 
 Guinea. 
 
 Q. Point out and stiito the position of Senegambia. 
 
 A. It extends from the Sahara in the north, 
 to Sherboro Island and Upper Guinea on the 
 south, and from the Atlantic in the west, to 
 Soudan in the east. 
 
 Q Point out and name the ch'ef divisions of Sene- 
 gambia. 
 
 A. Native, British, French, and Portuguese 
 Senegambia. 
 
 Q. Which are the principal native states ? 
 
 A. Those of the Foolahs, Jaloops, and 
 Mandigoes. 
 
 Q. point out and name the British settlements in 
 Senegambia. 
 
 A. Sierra Leone, capital Freetown ; and 
 Gambia, capital Bathurst. 
 
 (). What arc the diief exports of Senegambia ? 
 
 .1. Timber, hides, ground nuts, wax, ivory, 
 and ])alm oil. 
 
 <^. Point out and name the i)rincipal rivers. 
 A. The Senegal and the Gambia. 
 Q. Point out and state the position of Upper Guinea. 
 
 A. It extends from Sherboro Island to the 
 Cameroon Mountains, and from the Kong 
 Mountains to the Gulf of Guinea. 
 
 Q. Point out and name tiio chief divisions of Upper 
 Guinea. 
 
 A. Liberia (a republic of freed American 
 slaves), Ashant'"-, Fanti, Dahomey, Yariba, 
 Benin, and Old Calabar. 
 
 Q. What names are given to different parts of the 
 coast of Upper (iuinea ? 
 
 A. Grain Coast, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, 
 
 and Slave Coast. 
 
 Q. How are these countries governed ? 
 
 A. The Gold Coast Settlements, the Island 
 of Lagos, and the adjacent territories on the 
 Slave Coast, by the British; the others are 
 independent. 
 
 Q. What are the chief exports ? 
 
 A. Gold dust, palm oil, ivory, and gum. 
 
 Q. Name and point out the chief towns. 
 
 A. Cape Coast Castle (British) ; Monrovia, 
 capital of Liberia ; Coomassie, capital of 
 Ashantee ; Abomey, capital of Dahomey. 
 
 Q. Point out and state the position of Lower Guinea. 
 
 A. It extends from the Cameroon Moun- 
 tains to Cape Frio, and from the Atlantic 
 on the west to the Unexplored Region on the 
 east. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the chief divisions of Lower 
 Guinea. 
 
 ^-1. Biafra, Loan go, Congo, Angola, and 
 
 Benguela. 
 
 Q. Which of these divisions are subject to Portugal ? 
 
 ^1. Angola and Benguela. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the chief towns in Lower 
 Guinea. 
 
 A. Loango, San Salvador, St. Paul de Lo- 
 
 anda, and Benguela. 
 
 (l- Point out and name the principal rivers. 
 
 A. The Congo, or Livingstone, and the 
 Coanza. 
 
C'ENTUAL NOUTHKItN AKUICA — CKNTUAL SOUTHKUX Al'KICA — ISI.ANItS OF AFUICA. !»7 
 
 *i >. 
 
 
 Lesson 84. 
 
 Central Northern Africa. 
 
 9. Point out tlie chief divisions of Central Northern 
 Africa. 
 
 .1. The Sahara; ami Soiulan, or Nigritia. 
 
 Q Point out tlio position and boundaries of the 
 Saliara. 
 
 A. It is houiuled on the north by tlio Bar- 
 
 bary States; on the east by Egy]»t; on the 
 
 sonth by Soudan ; and on the west by tlie 
 
 Athmtie. 
 
 Q. W liaf^^ are fertile tracts in the Sahara called ? , 
 A. Oases. 
 
 • ■ ■ 
 
 Q. Name three of the chief oases. 
 A. Gadanies, Agades, and Agably, 
 Q. Ilow many great caravan routes cross the Sahafa,? ; 
 
 A. Two ; one from 3Iaro('co to Timbuctow,* . 
 and the other from Mourzouk to Agades,*,' 
 whore it diverges to Timbuctoo and Sokot6.' •'• 
 
 Q. Point out and state the position of Soudan. 
 A. It is bounded on tlie north by the Sa^/aj 
 ra ; on the east by Kordofan ; on the soiftli . 
 by Central Southern Africa and Guinea ; and • 
 on the west by Sencgambia. 
 
 Q. Name the best known cities in Soudan. 
 
 A. Timbuctoo, Sego, Sokoto, Kano, Kouia,'. 
 and Angornou. ' ' ' ' 
 
 Q. How many known independent states are in Sou- 
 dan? 
 
 A. About sixteen. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the large.st lake in Soudan. 
 A. Lake Tchad, or Tsad, which receives the 
 rivers Shari and Waube. It has no outlet. 
 
 Q. Point Diit autl name a largo kinjzdom .>i(iutli of Lake 
 Vit'toria .''vaiiza. 
 
 ^•1. Unyamuozi, r.bout the size of Scotland. 
 
 Q What countries lie lutwecn Victoria and AUktI 
 Nyanza ? 
 
 ^/. I'^zinza, Uiiyoro, and Uganda. 
 
 (J Point out and name the country east of Tanganyika 
 Lake. 
 
 .1. Ujiji. 
 
 Q. Wiiat countries lie soutii and west of Lake Tan- 
 ganyika ? 
 
 A. Marunga and Manyuenia. 
 
 Q. What country in the Zambesi region lies between 
 Lake Ngami and the Zambesi ? 
 
 A. Mokololo country, cai)ital Linyanti, on 
 the Chobe, a tributary of the Zambesi. 
 
 Q. What lake ia drained by the Shire into the Zam- 
 besi ? 
 
 A. Lake Nyassa, or Nyanja, discovered by 
 
 Livingstone, in 18GL 
 
 ■'. 
 
 Lesson 85. 
 
 Central Southern Africa- 
 
 Q. Point out and name the great divisions of Central 
 Soutlieru Africa. 
 
 A. The unexplored region, south of Sou- 
 dan ; the Lake region, west of Zanguebar ; 
 and the Zambesi region, west of Mozambique. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the great lakes in the Lake 
 region. 
 
 .1. Victoria Xvanza, discovered by Speke, 
 
 in 1859; Albert Xyanza, by Haker, in 1864; 
 
 Tanganyika, by Burton, in ISn'J. 
 
 Lesson 86. 
 
 The Islands of Africa. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal islands of Africa. 
 A. Madagascar, St. Helena, Ascension, 
 Fernando Po, the Canaries, t.ie Madeiras, 
 and the Azores. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the principal British Islands 
 
 A. Mauritius, the Seychelles, Amirantes, 
 and Socotra, to the east, and St. Helena and 
 Ascension to the west of Africa. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the French Islands. 
 
 A. Bourbon, Ste. Marie, Nossibe, and May- 
 otta. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the two principal Spanish 
 Islands. 
 
 A. The Canaries and Fernando Po. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the Portuguese Islands. 
 
 A. The Madeiras, the Azores, the Cai)e 
 Verde (the last lying off Cape Verde), and 
 St. Thomas and Prince's Island, in the Gulf 
 of Guinea. 
 
 Q. Is Madagascar indepcndcit ? Name its capitil. 
 
 A. It is indei)endent. Tananarive, in the 
 centre, is its capital. 
 
' 
 
 ■i 
 
 PART VII. 
 
 LESS0X8 OX AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA. 
 
 PRISCII'AL ANIMALS IN OCEANIA. 
 
 1. Kiuignriio Rat ; 2, Male Kangaroo ; ,H, Feiiialo Kangaroo ; 4, Duck-billed Platypns ; 5, Sheep ; (!, Lyre Bird : 
 7, Cockatoo ; 8, Argils Pheasant ; 9, Vulture ; 10, Emu';' 11; Cassowary ; 12, Apteryx, or Wingless Bird ; and IS, 
 Black Swan. 
 
 Lfsson 87. 
 
 Oceania. 
 
 Q. Point out the four great island groups of Oceania. 
 A. Australasia, IVrnlaysia, Mioroncsia, and 
 Polynesia ; these again are subdivided. 
 
 Lesson 88. 
 
 Australasia. 
 
 Q. Point out the position of Australasia. 
 
 Q. \ame the continent and the principal islands in 
 this division. 
 
 A. The Continent of Australia; and Tas- 
 mania, New Zealand, New Guinea, Salonian 
 Islands, New Hebrides, and New Caledonia. 
 
 Q. Name the principal possessions of Great Britain In 
 Australasia. 
 
 A. Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. 
 Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Australia. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its capes and gulfs. 
 
 us 
 
 • ' Q. Into what colonies is it divided ? 
 
 A. Into West Australia, South Australia, 
 Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capital cities. 
 A. Perth, of We-st Australia ; Adelaide, 
 of South Australia ; Melbourne (the largest 
 city in Australia, po))ulation about 250,000), 
 of Victoria ; Sydney, of New South Wales ; 
 and Brisbane, of Queensland. 
 
 Q. Point out and name its principal mountain range. 
 A. The Dividing Range, which extends 
 from Cape Wilson, in the south, to Cape 
 York, in the north. 
 
 Q. What is the southern portion of this chain called ? 
 A. The Australian Alps. 
 
 Q. What is the range called farther north ? 
 
 A. The Blue Mountains, 
 
 Q. What names are given to this range north of the 
 Blue Mountains ? 
 
 yl. The Liverpool, New England, and 
 Fletcher Ranges. 
 
 i. 
 
 > < 
 
w 
 
AUSTltALASIA— MALAYSIA. 
 
 101 
 
 3 
 
 ■3 
 
 9 
 
 i 
 
 c 
 
 gi 
 
 ^. What raiiRCH riin nIoiiK the west const ? 
 A. Victoriii, llcrscht'l, and Darling. 
 
 Q. Wll.^t rftDRe east of .Sjienccr Gulf runs iiortli 
 A. Flinders Hange. 
 
 Q. I'oint out and niiuie the iirinoipnl rivers. 
 
 A. Tho Murray, with its cliicf triluitarics, 
 tlio Diirling and tlic Mnrruinhidgct" ; tlii' 
 Fitzroy, which falls into Kcppt'l li.-iy ; the Flin- 
 ders and Kopcr into tho (iulf of Carpentaria; 
 the Victoria into Queen's Channel ; the Mur- 
 chison and Swan into the Indian Ocean ; ;nid 
 the Barcoo, or Victoria, a continental river 
 which falls into Lake Eyre. 
 
 Q. What are the chief exports ? 
 
 A. Wool, gold, copper, tin, preserved ine:!t, 
 tallow, and hides. 
 
 Q. For wliat is Australia chiefly noted ? 
 ,1. P^'or its gold, and its fl<»cks and herds. 
 
 Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Tasmania. 
 Q. I'oint out and name the principal cape^ and straits. 
 Q. I'oint out and name tlie capital :ity. 
 
 .1. Ilobart Town. 
 
 tj. I'oint out the position of New Zealand. 
 ij. Name the principal islands in the Krouj). 
 
 A. North Island; Middle Island; and 
 South, or Stewart's Inland. 
 
 Q. What Htrait ueparates North Island from Middle 
 Island ? 
 
 A. Cook Strait. 
 
 Q- AVhat strait separates Middle Island from Stewart's 
 Island ? 
 
 A. Foveaux Strait. 
 
 Q. Name the longest river 
 A. Waikato, in North Island. 
 
 Q. Name the largest lake. 
 
 A. Lake Taupo, in North Island ; its area 
 is about 200 square miles. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the capital city. 
 
 A. Wellington, on Port Nicholson. 
 
 Q. Point out and name the three other ])rincipal ports. 
 
 A. Auckland, Dunedin, and Lytlleton. 
 
 Q. Name the principal groups of the Papuan Islands. 
 
 A. Papua, or New Guinea, Salomon, and 
 New Hebrides. 
 
 Lesson 89. 
 
 Malaysia. 
 
 Q. I'oint out the position of the Malaysia group. I 
 
 V. |{y what oilier nanif is Miila.\sia called ? ; 
 
 A. K.'isfern, Indian, or Asiatic .Archipelago. 
 
 (^. Name the live prihei|ial groups of Malaysia. 
 
 A. The Siiinla Is1;iimI>. lioriico, (VlebeH 
 the ^Moluccas, or Spicc l>lan<ls, and the Phil- 
 ippines. ;■ 
 
 (^. Name the luiiii jpal Dutch islands in Malaysia. 
 
 ^1. .I.'iv.'i, the Moluccas, and pi'rts of Suma- 
 tra, Borneo, Celebes, Papua, and Timor. ^ 
 
 ,; 
 
 (/ I'liilit out the jsiiind (il .Mimliawa, iiml stale for ■ 
 what it is ifmarhahle. 
 
 ^1. It is one of tlic Smida Islands, lying to 
 the east of Java and i the south of Celebes. 
 It is reiiiarkal)le fur tl.c volcano of Toinboro 
 (9522 feet), which, in isU), gave vent to per- • 
 haps the most terrific volcanic eruption on <! 
 record. 'i 
 
 <^. Name the chief town in Diiiih .Mala\,--ia. i 
 
 A. Batavia, in .lava, an important seat of j 
 commerce; j)opiilali(in .ilMHit 2.'»t>,0()t). ^ 
 
 (J. Name the Spanish i.^lands in .Malaysia. ? 
 
 A. The Philippines, .1 group of two large <' 
 and about twelve hundred smaller islands. '' 
 
 (/ Name the cnpital of the l'liilii)i)iiies. 
 
 A. Manila, on the Isl.'ind of Luzon, a great ^ 
 seiit of tnide ; population about 2.'{0,000. 
 
 Q. Name the principal l'ortui,'iiese island. 
 ^1. Timor, in part. 
 
 Q. Name the Uritish islands ni Malaysia. 
 A. Labuan, and part of Horneo. 
 
 Q. Wh.it are the cliief e.\|)oits of the Malayan Archi- /': 
 
 peiago 
 
 A. Sugar, cottee, rice, indigo, spices, tobac- ^ 
 CO and cigars, manilla hemp, gutta percha, and / 
 the trepang, or sea cucumber, an invertebrate / 
 marine .animal, largely exported to China as (- 
 an article of food. 
 
 I 
 
 Uw 
 
 G 
 
M 
 
 
 II! 
 
 ! I 
 
 •;: v.. 
 
 •V>. ' / sj\ 
 
 ii)-2 
 
 MICKnNi;siA--l'nl.VNi:.SIA, OU Soll'll SKA islanhs. 
 
 Lesson 90. 
 
 Micronesia. 
 
 (J. I'liiiil Mill iiiiil .siali' tlif |iiir4ilii>ii of Mii'i'iitii'.^iii. 
 
 .1. Ii cMi'ikIs fnmi ilu' K(|ii.'ilt»r (<» US'' N. 
 I;ilitii<li', ;iiiil I'loiii tlit> i'liili])I>iiir Isli-s ti> 
 .'iikI iiii'liiiliiii^ llic Sandwifh Isles. 
 
 (^. I'liiiil mil :iiii| naiiK! tlii^ |ii'iiii'i|>al v.*'**)!]"*' 
 
 •y:. 'I'lif l»(iiiiii Isl.iiiils; l/idrotic, or INIn- 
 ri.iiiiic IsImihIs; ("indliiu' :iiiil IN-lt'w Islands; 
 ."Marshal I, or .Midifravc' Arc'Iii|»i'la_u'<> ; and tlu' 
 Sandwich Islands. 
 
 (/ W liicli is t\w most iiniHirt.nnt of tlicso yroiiim ? 
 
 .1. The Sandwich Islamls, the natives of 
 which lia\<' a<lvanced in civili/.alion. (.'a]iital 
 J/u/Ki/i//t/, t)\\ Oahn Island. 
 
 (,*. I'dint, Diit ami iianic tlu.- lar;i;ost tif tlu? Saiuhvich 
 Islamls. 
 
 J. Hawaii, ur < )w\ lice, where Caplain ('o»d< 
 was killed, in 1771). 
 
 (,/ I'lir wliMl is Hawaii rcniail.alilc '.' 
 
 ^1. \'\>r its volcanoes, the |iiinci|ial of which 
 :iie Manna IJea, l.>, '.»."•*» feet, and Marina l.oa, 
 |:!,7t)l> feet. 
 
 Lesson 91. 
 
 Polynesia, or South Sea Islands. 
 
 Q. stall! tlic piisition of INilyiU'sia. 
 
 vl. It forms llie south-east jiortion of Oee 
 aula. 
 
 0. I'liiiit iMit and iiniiui tliu priiii'lpul k>'i)II|)8. 
 
 J. Fiji Islands; Samoa, or N;iviL;atorH Isl- 
 amls ; Toni.';!, or Friendly Isl.ands; Ih-rvey, 
 or Cook's iNlami ; Sueiety Isl.ands; Austral 
 Islands; Low .\rehi|ielaixii ; iManjnesas ; and 
 Kaslcr I>l:ind. 
 
 (J Wliiili of llicw nfoiips Iii-Itiiiy to llritalii 7 
 
 .1. TIm- Fiji Islands. 
 
 (J. Wliatiiro llicir t'liicf |iro(lii('tloim? 
 
 .1. Cotton, suijar, coroanuts, and l»reu<l 
 fruit. 
 
 Q Point ont aixl iiamo Mk^ lar^f'st of tlic Society 
 Islamls. 
 
 .1. T.ihiti, or Otaheite, "the '^vm of (he 
 Paeilie." 
 
 V- What nation claiiUH a protcctorato ovor tlicsc 
 islamls? 
 
 J. The French, wli(» also claim the Low 
 Ai'tdii|ielaL;o and the iM:in|n«'sas. 
 
 V U'lial islaiiil in tlic Low Ai'(-lii|iola^'o Is of intcrc.-^t'.' 
 
 J. I'ilcairii's Isle, the refno;e of the Muti- 
 iiceis of II. M. ship " Ijountyi" in i7'.K>. 
 
 ) 
 
 V Uliat istlicrc rcinai'kalilf ios|i<'ctin.i; leister Islam! '.' 
 .1. There exist, on it mnltitiidcs of rudi- 
 slun*' statues, some of them of eolussal size, 
 and standiiio- on loiio; plat forms of Cvelopcan 
 masoniy. The present inhahitants have no ; 
 tradition of the race that "made them. Similar ; 
 ancient monninents e.vist on many other of ; 
 the Facility i^sland.s. 
 
 > J 
 
 ■i^'^^ 
 
 <^.>f.,^!i^^^ 
 
* *rrw-w-*^>,> 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 10.", 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Alt \iii.\ 
 
 \ltiiKMI.M; Ui.i-t III.IC 
 
 \l SlliAI.Asl.V 
 
 Al Mliii-lll NtlAHIA.N MoNAIK'HY 
 
 Iliil.lviA AM> C'llIM 
 
 lililllSII Ciil.l IMItIA 
 
 ItltlTISM I)i;iT.M,i;>tlK.S IN lUIUII'K 
 
 UlllTISM r.MIMKK 
 
 ItltlTISII Isi.KS 
 
 Uitirisii NiiuTii Amkkica 
 
 IlKiTisii Wk.st Indiks 
 
 (KLKSTIAI, OK MlAVKM.V lioDIKS 
 
 ClNI'llAI, A.Mi:UI(A 
 
 ri;MHAI, N'nlMMI.It.N Al'KK'A 
 
 ClNl'ltAI, Sm IIIKKN AkkiCA 
 
 (Ikntiiai. Statks 
 
 Clocks or riii': Woiii.u 
 
 Coi.oNV OK I Ml'; Fai.ki.anp Islands 
 
 CoM'INKNT o|. AkIIK'A 
 
 ('ONTINKNIS OK AMIKHA 
 
 Con TINKNI' OK AsL\ 
 
 CoNTINKNT OK ElltOI'i; 
 
 (NmuKsi'oMMNti TiMK Iaiili:, ktc 
 
 Dwisii AM> litKM'M Noiirii Amkhka 
 
 Divisions OK I,ani> on nil, (Jloiu: 
 
 Divisions ok Wai'kk on tiik (Iloisk 
 
 IvMiril ANI» IIS Al'I'KAHAMK, 
 
 I'.ASIKliN IIi.MisriiLiii; 
 
 I'.il Aliolt AND I'K.Kr *. 
 
 Kmi-iki: ok Kka/.il 
 
 Km I- 1 It h; OK China 
 
 K.MIMltl-; OK (!i;iiMANV 
 
 K.MI-lltK OK .IaI'AN 
 
 I'.MnUIC OK KCSSIA-IN-Kl HOI'K 
 
 K.MI'IKK OK TllJKKV-IM-KlltOI'K 
 
 I'iNOLAND AND WALKS 
 
 I'l.DKIJAl, DlSI'lJK r AND TIIK. TkkHITORIKS 
 
 i'oiti'.ioN U'Ksr India Islands 
 
 Frit'i'iii'.K India 
 
 (iKOOKAI'IIKAL I'KltMS 
 
 <ioVia!N.MKNT OK CANADA 
 
 (loVKUN.MKNIS, LANOlAdKf-, AND IlKLKilONS OF 
 TIIK KaKI'II 
 
 (iuKAT Land and Waticr Divisions 
 
 (iiiANA, 15KITISII, Ditch, and Fhknch 
 
 lIicMispiiKKKS, Tiik. 
 
 IllNDOSTAX, OU IXDIA 
 
 Illistrations, List ok 
 
 Lmacinauv Links ox thk, Kakth and in iiii; 
 
 IlKAVKXS 
 
 Txdkpkxdknt Tiukkstax 
 
 ii '.LAND 
 
 iA 
 
 !W 
 
 Hi 
 
 4)i 
 74 
 
 IIH 
 (IH 
 
 t!) 
 51 i 
 '.»7 
 !>7 
 
 (i4 
 'J7 
 
 S.") 
 
 1)1) 
 'I 
 
 ■in 
 12 
 1.". 
 
 (12 
 !H) 
 
 ,S(1 
 !t2 
 H4 
 .S2 
 70 
 
 l.t 
 
 11 
 
 (12 
 
 7 
 
 104 
 
 17 
 
 '.12 
 
 Islands ok Afuk a o; 
 
 Kl.W \UMN, KIT .(H 
 
 KiNODi.M OK DiNMAUK 'S, 
 
 KlNODOM OK (illl':KCK ... M2 
 
 KiMiDo.M OK I^Al.^ ;s 
 
 KiNiiiK.vs OK Holland and HKi.tiii .m 70 
 
 Land and Watki; lli.Misriii.itKs |ii 
 
 Malaysia nil 
 
 .Manitoiia .|i; 
 
 M \rs, List OK iii| 
 
 .Makinku's (.'o.mi'ass Ill 
 
 MlcitoNKSIA 1(12 
 
 MiDDi.K Atlantic Statks .m 
 
 Nkw Himxswick 4(1 
 
 N I.WKOI'MH.AND AND I.VI'.IIMiol! .\\ 
 
 .N'oiMii .\mkiiica 27 
 
 .N'olilll .\l l,\NIIC oil N|;\\ LnoI.VND Sl\l KS. . . .'il 
 
 Nolilii-r.Asr TlHIilloliN is 
 
 Noiii ii-l'.AsTKiiN AND Lasi i;i!N .Vkimia 04 
 
 NolMllllIN .VkIIHA '.Ij 
 
 NoiMii-\\'i;sr ri;nimoi!iKs .|H 
 
 No\ A Scot i .\nd Cai-k ItiiKioN Island 42 
 
 iiit.iKcTs ON Land n; 
 
 < >CK A N I A . !(,S 
 
 Ontaiiio :;;; 
 
 I'AciKic Statks ,-,;; 
 
 l'i:i!si \. |{i;li ciiisi'x.N, Akoiianisi an, ktc s.s 
 
 I'oj.s NisiA, OH Sol III Si;a Islands 102 
 
 I'liKKACK 4 
 
 ri;iN( K iJiWAL'D Island 44 
 
 <^ ii'cc :(7 
 
 I.'ii'i r.Mc OK 1m;anck: 71; 
 
 IJl.l'l I'.I.IC OK .MCXII'O .j(i 
 
 li. '. ';i.ic OK Sw I i/i;iti.AND 7,i 
 
 lii:i'l III.ICS OK TaKAiU AV AND I ll\t;i AV (14 
 
 iii ss1a-in-.\sia sc. 
 
 Scotland 72 
 
 Si/.K, .Morioxs, i;tc., ok thi; I.aimii Ill 
 
 Sol 111 A.MKKICA. . . . lid 
 
 Sol 111 .\ri,A::ric and (Iii.k S t a tks ,72 
 
 SollllKHN AkHICA '.14 
 
 Sl'AIN AND ToHTl OAl 74 
 
 TiMi: AXD its DiNISloXS 1! 
 
 TlKKKV-lX-AslA ,S(I 
 
 I'Nn'KD KlX<iDO.'M OK XoUWA\ AND S-.\M)KX. .. S4 
 
 IXII'KD SlATKS OK AmKKICA .'id 
 
 I'xirr.D Stati:s ok (.'oi.t jilia and \'i:xKy.i ela.. (12 
 
 Wksti:i!N .\ki!1c.\ <Xt 
 
 Wl.STKHN 1I|;.M1SI'1IK|{K H 
 
 Wkst Indiks and HKinii das .".s 
 
 What (Jr.ocHAi'in Tkaciii.s. . . . d 
 
 Would and its Inhaiutants, Tiik 20 
 
m 
 
 '? 
 
 I 
 
 ■ / 
 . / 
 
 I 
 ■I 
 
 104 
 
 MAPS — ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 / 
 / 
 / 
 / 
 I 
 
 ^-s/'N- >.•>. -» ' 
 
 MAPS. 
 
 Western IlrMisniERE 8 
 
 KASTi;ii.N IIi:.>iisimiei;e it 
 
 Tin; WoiMj) 24 
 
 NoitTii Ameuka •1\) 
 
 Dominion ok Canajja ;iO 
 
 Ontario 34 
 
 QlMCP.KC o8 
 
 >Jk\v liurNswicK 41 
 
 Nova Scotia and Cai-e Breton 4.'J 
 
 Prince Kdwaru Island 45 
 
 Newkoindland 47 
 
 Manitoba 4!t 
 
 British Columbia 49 
 
 United States :a 
 
 Central Ajierila, and West Lndifs ."u 
 
 South America (il 
 
 Eirope , 
 
 l$RiTisH Isles 
 
 EN(iLAND AND WalES. 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 I' R." 
 
 Italy 
 
 German Emi-ike and AtsTRo-IIiNOABiAN 
 Monarchy 
 
 SolTHERN ElROl'E, & MEDmutRANEAN BASIN.. 
 
 Asia 
 
 Egypt. Ahyssinia, etc 
 
 India and IIindosxan. . . . . 
 
 Africa , 
 
 AisTRAi.iA, etc 
 
 Oceania 
 
 ILLUSTR 
 
 Animals on the Continent of Afrk a U". 
 
 Ani.mals on the Continent of A.^ierha '_'7 
 
 Aniji.vi.s on the Continent of Asia Ko 
 
 Ani.mm-s on the Continent of Eiroi-e (^(i 
 
 Animals in Oceania <.)8 
 
 AltCHiPEL.UlO. I'ENINSri.A, IsTH.AII S, AND BaY.. 12 
 
 Axis, Poli:s, Creat and Small Circles 17 
 
 B.VLMORAL Castle, S<-otland 72 
 
 British Isles, Norway, Sweden, etc CS 
 
 Caim:, PiiuMoNToRY, and Coast 14 
 
 Clocks of the AVorld ;] 
 
 Cotton Pl.vnt, Elower and Pod 52 
 
 r)r.(;REi:s, (Jircles, etc 17 
 
 Falls on the St. John Kiver 40 
 
 (iicooRAPiiicAL Terms, li.n strated i;{ 
 
 GiAN I's Cacseway, Ireland 74 
 
 (!reat Land and Water Diyisions 11 
 
 Horizons, The 10 
 
 Island, An ... 12 
 
 Lake, A 15 
 
 Land IIemispheri: lii 
 
 ATIONS 
 
 Mari ner's CfJMP ass 
 
 North Polar Projection 
 
 Parliaj'ent BriLDiNcs, Ottawa 
 
 Pr.NINStLA AND IsTHMLS 
 
 Planets, Comparative Sizes of the 
 
 Points of a Compass shown on a Map... . 
 
 Qi EEN Victoria 
 
 Pi( E, with a (Jrain Maonified 
 
 Kotindity of the Earth Illcstrated 
 
 Sol Tii Polar Projection 
 
 Str.mt, Channel, etc 
 
 Earth, Moon, and Stars, in the Heavens 
 
 ToiJACco Plant in Flower 
 
 Victoria Tcijilar Bridue 
 
 Volcano 
 
 Water Hejiisphere 
 
 York Minster, En(h,and 
 
 Zenith, HoRr^oN, etc 
 
 Zodiac, The 
 
 Zones, Tropics, and Circles 
 
 s; 
 

 
 
 »^\^»XS/^ > 
 
 
 
 65 ; 
 . fit) / 
 
 
 
 • 71 ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 75 I 
 
 
 
 77 ^ 
 
 
 
 79 \ 
 
 
 
 i ) 
 
 
 
 83 ; 
 
 
 
 87 1 
 
 
 
 95 ; 
 
 
 
 89 ; 
 
 
 
 93 ) 
 
 
 
 9*) ' 
 
 \ 
 
 
 100 ; 
 
 \ 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 ] 
 
 
 
 ;i3 ■ 
 
 
 
 12 r 
 
 
 
 20 1 
 
 
 
 " 1 
 
 23 5 
 
 52 ] 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 6 ) 
 
 
 
 10 ) 
 
 
 
 15 ] 
 
 
 
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 52 ; 
 
 
 
 37 1 
 
 
 
 !■* i 
 
 
 
 10 ! 
 
 
 
 70 1 
 
 
 
 19 i 
 
 
 
 18 ; : 
 
 
 
 19 ;