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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film^i d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gaucfie d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le non^bre d'images ndce^saire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. -rata o lelure, 1 d □ 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 m NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE JINGOES AJV APPEAL TO ENGLAND'S HONOR KV JOHN FRETWELL Boston-, Mass.: Gko. H. Ellis Toronto, Canada: Hunthk, Rose «& Co. Westmixstkr, England: Archihald Constable & Co. r Copyright 1895 by John FrbtwelL. CorYKIGHTKD IN ENGLAND AND THE UnITHD StATES Right ok Translation and Kepublication Reserved f H. BLLI8, mlNTlll, 141 FRANKLll. 8T»EiT, •08T0N. " To be taken into the American Union is to be adopted into a part- nership. To l)elong as a Crown Colony to ^he Ikitish Empire, as things stand, is no partnership at all. " It is to belong to a power which sacrifices, as it has always sacri- ficed, the interest of its dependencies to its own. The blood runs freely through every vein and artery of the American body corporate. Every single citizen feels his share in the life of his nation. Clreat Britain leaves her Colonies to take care of themselves, refuses what they ask, and forces (3n them what they had rather be without. '* If I were a West Indian, I should feel that under the stars and stripes I should be safer than I was at present from political experi- menting. I should have a market in which to sell my produce where I should be treated as a friend. I should have a power behind me and protecting me, and I should have a future to which I could look for- ward with confidence. America would restore me to hope and life: Great liritain allows me to sink, contenting herself with advising me to 1)6 patient. Why should I continue loyal when my loyalty was so con- temptuously valued?" — James Anthony Froude (from "The Eng- lish in the West Indies," Nov. 15, 1887). " In the United States is Canada's natural market for buying as well as for selling, the market which her productions are always struggling to enter through every opening in the tariff wall, for exclusion from which no distant market either in England or elsewhere can compensate lier, the want of which brings on her commercial atrophy, and drives the flower of her youth by thousands and Wl$fr of thousands over the line. ^^ "The Canadian \orth-west remains unpeopled while the neighboring States of the Union are peopled, because it is cut off from the con- tinent to which it belongs by a fiscal and political line." — -Goldwin Smith, D.C.L., in "Questions of the Day," page 159 (Macmillan &. Co., London, 1893). PREFACE. Tt would be evidence of gross ignorance, or something worse, to pretend that the United States, under like condi- tions, would have treated the Newfoundlanders better than England has done. It would be especially so after the humiliating spectacle presented to the world by our Demo- cratic majorities last year in Congress and in the State and city of New York. With material resources superior to thosr of any other country in the world, we ar^^ obliged co appeal to the European money-lender for gold. P>en the chosen head of our Tory Democracy tells Congress that we must sacrifice $16,000,000 to obtain gold on the terms offered by his Secretary of the Treas- ury. P^ngland's past blunders have been singularly favorable to American interests, when real statesmen were at the helm in Washington. Any strategist can see that, if Lord Palmerston, instead of bullying weak Greece and China, had done justice to Newfoundland, his govern- ment might have acquired so strong a position in Amer- ica as to seriously imperil the preservation of the Union some thirty years ago. That he failed to do his duty was as fortunate for the United States as it was unfortunate for Newfoundland. To-day, but for the emasculating in- PREFACE fluence of our Tory Democracy, England's blunders in the same island would be profitable to the United States. Even for our small and expensive navy v;e cannot find sufficient able seamen among our citizens ; and the starving fishermen of Newfoundland are just the men we need. But there is no money in the national treasury to pay them ; while our ridiculous immigration and suffrage laws exclude the men we need, and enable the scum of Europe to in- fluence our legislation. I trust this tract may suggest to some Englishmen the best way to prevent a repetition of the present distress, and so show the world that, after all, loyalty is sometimes appreciated in imperial circles. The old project of a rapid line of steamers from Bay St. George to Chaleurs Bay, giving England communication via Newfoundland with Montreal in less than five days, has been revived ; but the route is closed by winter ice, and too far north for the United States. A belter route, open all the year round, is that from Port aux Basques to Neil's Cove, a distance of only fifty-two miles by sea against two hundred and fifty miles from Bay St. George to Paspebiac or Shippegan ; and still better is the route via Port aux Basques and Louisbourg, which will soon be connected with the American lines, with a single break of three miles at the Gut of Canso Ferry. With all its faults, British rule has one advantage over that of all other colonial powers : it gives the foreigner, no matter what his faith or nation, exactly the same commercial rights as the British subject ; and so, although Newfoundland will lose by the exclusion of its fish from our protected markets, and by the diplomatic inability of the British government to pro- TREFACE tect it from the effects of French bounties and treaty rights, the enlightened selfishness of the Xew Englander will find that " there is money for him *' in the development of those resources which have been so singularly neglected by the British capitalists who invest their money in the most rotten ' chemes that Yankee ingenuity can invent. J. 1'. Fed II, 1895. AUTHORITIES. In the following pages 1 have drawn largely on the well-known works of llatton and Harvey, Bonnycastle, I'edley, Bishop llowley. and Spear- man's article in the Westminster Keview for 1S92, concerning Newfound- land; and, on the general question, on Froude's " ICngland to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada," Lecky's "History of England in the Eighteenth Century," ISlaine's "Twenty Years of Congress," Han; I's Debates, "The Annual Re^.ater,'' McCarthy's " History of our own Times," and the Blue Books of the British government. To the tourist who proposes to visit the island I can recommend Rev. Moses Harvey's " Newfoundland in 1894," published in St. John's, as the best guide to the island. Mr. Harvey has also written an e.xcel- lent article on the island for Baedeker's "Canada." For the hunter, painter, photographer, angler, yachtsman, or geologist, there is not a more attractive excursion, for from one to three months, along the whole American coast than that through and round Newfoundland. J. F. NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE JINGOES. BY JOHN FRETWELL. The most prominent and able intellectual representative of the money power in the world, the London Imes, writes of Newfoundland : — " Even if we were disposed to do so, we cannot in our position as a naval power view with indifference the disaster to, and possibly the ruin of, a colony we may sometimes re- gard as amongst the most valuable of our naval stations. Neither can we view the position without consideration for the wide-spread suffering that an absolute refusal to grant assistance would entail. It is probable that a cheaper sys- tem of administration would retrieve the position without casting an overwhelmingly heavy burden upon the imperial tax-payers. If we interpret public feeling aright, it will be in favor of giving the colony the help that may be found essential; but, if the assistance required takes a'lything like the radical proportion that at present seer is necessary, it can only be granted at a p ce, — the surrender of the Con- stitution and the return of Newfoundland to the condition of a crown colony." While we may safely concede to the editors of the Times as much " consideration for wide-spread suffering " as to a Jay Gould or a Napoleon, the above-quoted words are sig- nificant, because they show that what the ruling powers in England would never concede to charity or justice they will give to self-interest, now that the Ihncs has discovered "there is money in it." But to us Americans the words have their lesson also. Newfoundland not only belongs to our Continental system, lO THE CRADLE OF ENGLAND S NAVY but it can never be really prosperous until it becomes a State in our Union. What it is to-day, New England might have been, had it not been delivered by the Continental forces, and by the French navy, from the rule of British Tories. And, as a member of our Union, this island, five times the size of Massachusetts, might not only be as pros- perous as Rhode Island or Connecticut, but also the chief training ground for our future navy, which, checked by the piracies of the British-built " Alabama," will become in the near future an indispensable necessity of our national ex- istence. Since the English people seem to have taken to heart, far more than his own countrymen have done, the lesson taught by our Captain Mahan in his '' Influence of the Sea-power in History," it is well that we should consider the past history of England's relations to that first-born colony which she has so infamously sacrificed, and for whose mis- fortunes she alone is responsible. The lesson that we may learn from that history is quite as much needed by the American as by the Briton. Ed- mund R. Spearman, writing in the Westminster Review (Vol. i37» page 403* 1892), says : — " No English Homer has yet risen to tell the tale of New- foundland, shrouded in mystery and romance, the daring invasion and vicissitudes of those exhaustless fisheries, the battle of life in that seething cauldron of the North Atlantic, where the swelling billows never rest, and the hur- ricane only slumbers to bring forth the worse dangers of the fog-bank and the iceberg. Fierce as has been during the four centuries the fight for the fisheries by European rivals, their petty racial quarrels sink into insignificance before the general struggle for the harvest. The Atlantic roar hides all minor pipings. The breed of fisher-folk from these deep-sea voyagings consist of the toughest specimens of human endurance. All other dangers which lure men to venture everything for excitement or for fortune, the torrid I QUEEN ELIZABETH S FAULTS I £ heat or arctic cold, the battle against man or beast, the desert or the jungle, all land adventures are as nothing com- pared to the daring of the hourly existence of the heroic souls whose lives are cast upon the banks of Newfoundland. The fishermen may seem wild and reckless, rough and illit- erate ; but supreme danger and superlative sacrifice breed noble qualities, and beneath the rough exterior of the fisher- man you will never fail to find a man, and no cheap imita- tion of the genuine article. None but a man can face for a second time the frown of the North Atlantic, that exhibition of mighty, all-consuming power, beside the sober reality of which all the ecstasies of poets and painters are puny failures. Among these heroes of the sea England's children have always been foremost. We should expect England to be especially proud of such an offspring, familiivr with their struggles, and ever heedful of their welfare, lending an ear to their claims or complaints above all others. Strange to say, it has always been the exact reverse." Though discovered by John and Sebastian Cabot in 1494, "the twenty-fourth of June at five o'clock in the morning," it was not until ninety years later that the island was formally organized as an English colony (Aug. 5, 1582, by Sir Hum- phrey Gilbert). The persecutions of Bloody Mary and the massacre of St. Bartholomew had roused the indignation of English- men to the highest pitch. They were ready for any risk in open war against France and Spain, but ()ueen Elizabeth was always trying to shirk responsibility ; and so the sea- captains who would avenge the wrongs done to the Protes- tants were obliged to run the risk of being condemned as pirates. One of them wrote to Queen Elizabeth, Nov. 6, 1577, of- fering to fit out ships, well armed, for the Banks of New- foundland, where some twenty-five thousand fishermen went out from France, Spain, and Portugal every summer to catch the food of their Catholic fast days. He proposed to i 1 1 '> 12 QUEEN ELIZABETH S FAULTS It .: treat these fishermen as the Huguenots of France had been treated, — to bring away the best of their ships, and to burn the rest. Nine days after the date of this letter Francis Drake sailed from Plymouth, commanding a fleet of five ships, equipped by a company of private adventurers, of whom Queen Elizabeth was the largest shareholder. Fort- unately, they never committed the horrible crime suggested in that letter. In those five ships, says Froude, lay the germ of Great JJritain's ocean empire. In 1585 Sir John Hawkins, who had meanwhile annexed Newfoundland to the English Dominion, proposed again to take a fleet to the Fishing Banks, whither half the sailors of Spain and Portugal went annually to fish for cod. He would destroy them all at one fell swoop, cripple the Spanish marine for years, and leave the galleons to rot in the harbors for want of sailors to man them. Had this been done, Philip of Spain would never have been able to threaten England with his " Invincible Ar- mada.'' But the brave Englishmen of those days had to deal V "ith a treacherous queen. The Hollanders who had engaged in a desperate struggle that they might have done with lies, and serve God with honesty and sincerity, were willing and eager to be annexed to England, and in union with her would have formed so strong a power as to be able to resist any Continental league against them. But Elizabeth cared more for herself than for her country and her cause, and thus made warlike measures necessary which an Oliver Cromwell w^Mld have avoided. Her duplicity may have provoked those republican ideas that were brought by Brewster and the other Pilgrim Fathers to America. Brewster was the friend and compan- ion of Davison, Queen Elizabeth's Secretary of State, who was sent on an embassy to the Netherlands by her ; and the contrast between these brave citizens and the treachery of the "good Queen Bess" must have given him a profound sense of the injury done to a great nation by the vices and follies of royalty. THE SETTLEMENT OF CALVERT 13 The infamous manner in whi-^h the queen afterwards used her faithful secretar} , Davison, as her scapegoat, and the sycophancy of Sandys, Archbishop of York, at Davi- son's mock trial, were strong arguments both against royalty and prelacy. Under the cowardly, childish, and pedantic king who suc- ceeded Elizabeth, Newfoundland was the bone of contention between the factions at his court, between Catholics and Protestants, and men who were neither, and men who were both. Among the latter was the gallant Yorkshireman, Sir George Calvert, who was Secretary of State to James, but was compelled to resign his office in 1624, because he be- came a Catholic. The British and Irish Catholics who came over seem to have been the men who came out to Newfoundland v.ith the most honest intent of any, — to better themselves without injury to others, and to seek there "freedom to worship God " at a time when that freedom was denied in England, both to the Catholic and the Puritan. In 1620 Calvert had bought a patent conveying to him the lordship of all the south-eastern peninsula, which he called Avalon, the ancient name of Glastonbury in England, He proposed to found there an asylum for the persecuted Catholics ; and at a little harbor on the eastern shore, just south of Cape Broyle, which he called Verulam, a name since corrupted to Ferryland, he built a noble mansion, and spent altogether some $150,000, a much larger sum in those days than it seems now. But the site was ill chosen ; and the imbecility of King James encouraged the French to at- tack the colony, so that at last Calvert wrote to Burleigh, '' I came here to plant and set and sow, but have had to fall to fighting Frenchmen." He went home, and in the last year of his life he obtained a grant of land, which is now occupied by the States of J^elaware and Maryland ; and to its chief city his son gave the name of the wild Irish head- 14 CHARLES THE LIBERTINE land and fishing village, whence he took his own name of Lord Baltimore in the Irish peerage. After Calvert's departure, the Lord Lieutenant of Ire- land sent out a number of settlers; and in 1638 Sir David Kirke, one of the bravest of England's sea-captains, who had taken Quebec, received from Charles I. a grant of all Newfoundland, and settled at Verulam, or Ferryland, the place founded by Calvert. Under Kirke the colony pros- pered; but, as he took the part of Charles in the civil war, his possessions were confiscated by the victorious Common- wealth. At that time there were nearly two thousand settlers along the eastern shore of Avalon ; and the great Protector, Oliver Cromwell, protected the rights of the Newfoundland settlers as he did those of the Waldensians, After his death came what Mr. Spearman calls the " blots in the English history known as the reigns of Charles II. and his deposed brother." Mr. Spearman continues, " Frenchmen must understand that no Englishman will for a moment accept as a prece- dent anything in those two reigns affecting the relations of France and of England." But here Mr. Spearman counts without his host. He should recollect that the British government has, since the death of Charles II., paid an annual pension to the Dukes of Richmond simply because they were descended from the Frenchwoman, Louise de la Querouaille, whose influence in- duced Charles II. to betray English interests to France, and that but the other day the Salisbury government recog- nized that precedent by paying the Duke of Richmond a very large sum of money to buy off this infamous claiuL So long as the names of the Dukes of Richmond and Saint Alban's (both descendants of C'harles II.'s mis- tresses) remain on the roll of the British Peerage, the Frenchman will have a right to laugh at Mr. Spearman's claim ; for we cannot ignore a precedent in our intercourse SETTLEMENTS OF FRANCE with foreigners, so long as we act upon it in our domestic affairs. Scarcely was Charles the Libertine seated on the throne of England, when the Frenchmen, in 1660, settled on the southern shore of Newfoundland, at a place which thev called La Plaisance (now known as Placentia). They were certainly either wiser or more fortunate in their choice of a location than the English ; for, while St. John's and Ferryland, on the straight shore of Avalon, are exposed to the wildest gales of the Atlantic, and shut out bv the arctic ice from all communication with the ocean for a part of the winter, Placentia is a protected harbor, open all the year round, and having a sheltered waterway navigable for the largest ships to the northernmost and narrowest part of the Isthmus of Avalon. We must believe that the French would have manajred Newfoundland better than the English if they had kept the island ; for the men who cut the Isthmus of Suez would surely long ago have made a passage, three miles long, by which the ships of Trinity Bay might have found their way at the close of autumn to the safe winter harbors of the southern coast. All along the southern shore the names on the map tell us of French occupation. Port aux Basques, Harbor Breton. Rencontre Bay (called by the English Round Counter), Cape La Hune, Bay d'Espoir, are but a few of them. The name which the English have given to this last is strangely characteristic. The Bay of Hope (Baie d'Es- poir) of the French has been changed into the Bay of I)c spair of the English. It was really a Bay of Hope to the French ; for from the head of one of its fiords, deep enough for the largest of our modern ships, an Indian trail goes northwards in less than 100 miles to the fertile valley of the Exploits River. Can we suppose that the French en- gineers would have allowed 200 vears to elapse without ii i6 ENGLISH OPPRESSION Ml building a road along th" : trail ? And yet not a single road was built by the English conquerors before the year 1825; and even to-day, to reach the point where the Indian trail crosses the Exploits, we must travel 260 miles by rail from Placentia or St. John's instead of 100 from Bay d'Espoir, simply because the English holders of property in St. John's, like dogs in the manger, will not permit any improve- ment in the country, unless it can be made tributary to their special interests. That the English were worse enemies of Newfoundland than the French, even in King Charles's time, may be seen from the advice given by Sir Josiah Child, the chairman of that great monopoly, the East India Company, that the island " was to have no government, nor inhabitants per- mitted to reside at Newfoundland, nor any passengers or private boat-keepers permitted to fish at Newfoundland." The Lords of the Committee for Trade and Plantations adopted the suggestion of Sir Josiah; and in 1676, just a century before the American Declaration of Independence, the west country adventurers began to drive away the resi- dent inhabitants, and to take possession of their houses and fishing stages, and did so much damage in three weeks that Thomas Oxford declared 1,500 men could not make it good. We should be unjust if we were to regard this infamous dishonesty as simply an accident of the Restoration time. Many of my American readers have doubtless heard of an island called Ireland, which is much nearer to England than Newfoundland. Lecky tells us how the English land-owners, always foremost in selfishness, procured the enactment of laws, in 1665 and 1680, absolutely prohibiting the importation into England from Ireland of all cattle, sheep, and swine, of beef, pork, bacon, and mutton, and even of butter and cheese, with the natural result that the French were enabled to procure these provisions at lower prices, and their work of settling their sugar plantations was much facilitated thereby. INJUSTICE TO IRELAND 17 In the Navigation Act of 1663 Ireland was deprived of all the advantages accorded to English ones, and thus lost her colonial trade ; and, after the Revolution, the commer- cial influence, which then became supreme in the councils of England, was almost as hostile to Ireland as that of the Tory landlords. A Parliament was summoned in Dublin, in 1698, for the express purpose of destroying Irish indus- try ; and a year later the Irish were prohibited from export- ing their manufactured wool to any other country whatever. Prohibitive duties were imposed on Irish sail-cloth imported into P^ngland. Irish checked, striped, and dyed linens were absolutely excluded from the colonies, and burdened with a duty of 30 per cent, if imported into England. Ireland was not allowed to participate in the bounties granted ^or the exportation of these descriptions of linen from Great Britain to foreign countries. In 1698 two petitions, from Folkestone and Aldborough, were presented to Par- liament, complaining of the injury done to the fishermen of those towns "by the Irish catching herrings at Water- ford and Wexford, and sending them to the Straits, and thereby forestalling and ruining petitioners' markets " ; and there was even a party in England who desired to prohibit all fisheries on the Irish shore except by boats built and manned bv Englishmen. Not only were the Irish prevented from earning money, but they were forced to pay large sums to the mistresses of English kings. Lecky tells us that the Duke of Saint Alban's, the bastard son of Charles II., enjoyed an Irish pension of ;^8oo a year. Catherine Sedley, the mistress of James II., had another of ^5,000 a year. William III. bestowed a considerable Irish estate on his mistress, Eliza- beth Villiers. The Duchess of Kendall and the Countess of Darlington, two mistresses of the German Protestant George I,, had Irish pensions of the united value of ;^5,ooo. Lady Walsingham, daughter of the first-named of these mistresses, had an Irish pension of ;£,"i,5oo; and Lady i8 RELICIOUS PERSECUTION '1' '!'■ Howe, daughter of the second, had a pension of ;^5oo. Madame de Walmoden, mistress of the German Protestant King George II., had an Irish pension of ^3,000. Thia king's sister, the queen dowager 01 Prussia, Count Berns- dorff, a prominent German politician, and a number of other German names may be found on the Irish pension Ust. Lecky's description of the Protestant Church of Ireland is just as revolting. Archbishop Bolton wrote, " A true Irish bishop [meaning bishops of English birth and of the Protestant Church] has nothing more to do than to eat, drink, grow fat and rich, and die." The English primate of Ireland ordained and placed in an Irish living a Hampshire deer-stealer, who had only saved himself from the gallows by turning informer against his comrades. Archbishop King wrote to Addison, " You make nothing in England of ordering us to provide for such and such a man ^200 per annum, and, when he has it, by favor of the government, he thinks he may be excused attendance ; but you do not consider that such a disposition takes up, perhaps, a tenth part of the diocese, and turns off the cure of ten parishes to one curate." PYom the very highest appointment to the lowest, in secular and sacred things, all departments of administra- tion in Ireland were given over as a prey to rapacious jobbers. Charles Lucas, M.P. for Dublin, wrote in 1761 to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, " Your excellency will often find the most infamous of men, the very outcasts of Britain, put into the highest employments or loaded with exorbitant pensions ; while all that ministered and gave sanction to the most shameful and destructive measures of such viceroys never failed of an ample share in the spoils of a plundered people," Arthur Young, in 1779, estimated the rents of absentee landlords alone at ;^732,ooo; and Hutchinson, in the same year, stated that the sums remitted from Ireland to Great I'EACE OF UTRECHT 19 Britain for rents, interest of money, pensions, salaries, and profit of offices amounted, on the lowest computation (from 1668 to 1773), to ;^i, 1 10,000 yearly. If, in treating of Newfoundland, I have made many ex- tracts from Mr. Lecky's references to Ireland, it is in order that I may show Mr. Spearman the danger of laying too much stress on the French claims as the cause of the present distress in England's oldest colony. PYance had no claims in Ireland, and yet the conduct of the British government and the British tradesman to that unfortunate island is one of the blackest infamies of the eighteenth century. Mr. Lecky says in Chapter V., page ir, of his history: " To a sagacious observer of colonial politics tv/o facts were becoming evident. The one was that the deliberate and malignant selfishness of English commercial legislation was digging a chasm between the mother country and the colo- nies which must inevitably, when the latter had become suf- ficiently strong, lead to separation. The other was that the presence of the French in Canada was an essential condition of the maintenance of the British empire in America." If Mr, Lecky had studied Newfoundland's history, he might have added a third fact; namely, that the French claims in Newfoundland have been for the Jingoes of the last half-century a convenient means of excuse for shirking their own responsibility to the unfortunate island, and for covering up the malignant selfishness of those tradesmen in Canada and England to whose private interests the island has been sacrificed by the government. It is interesting to observe how, at the time of the Peace of Utrecht, on Article XIII. of which the modern claims of France are based, the conditions were similar to those of Tory intrigue to-day. King Louis of France, encouraged by the momentary su- premacy of the Tories in England, had insulted the English people by recognizing the Pretender as King of England. Pi* 20 TORY INTRI(;UES The popular indignation roused by tiiis insult enabled King William, by dissolving Parliament, to overthrow the Tory power, and obtain a large majority pledged to war with France. The Whigs carried this war to a victorious conclusion ; but, most unfortunately for both England and its colonies, Abigail Masham, by her influence over the queen, secured the overthrow of the Whigs. And her cousin Harley, a Tory, became Chancellor of the Exchequer, thus permitting the Tories to reap the fruits of W^hig victories. In reference to the conclusion of the peace with France Lecky says, " The tortuous proceedings that terminated in the Peace of Utrecht form, beyond all question, one of the most shameful pages in English history." The greatest of England's generals was removed from the head of the army, and replaced by a Tory of no military ability. The allies of England were most basely deserted ; and a clause was inserted in the treaty respecting New- foundland to the following effect : — '* But it is allowed to the subjects of France to practise fishing and to dry fish on land in that part only which stretches from the place called Bonavista to the Northern Point of the said Island, and from thence, running down by the Western Side, reaches as far as the place called Point Riche."' What compensation was given by France in return for this right to catch and dry fish on a part of the Newfound- land shore } That was the immense accession of guilty wealth acquired by the Assiento Treaty, by which England obtained the monopoly of the slave-trade to the Spanish colonies. In the one hundred and six years from 1680 to 1786 Eng- land sent 2,130,000 slaves to America and the West Indies. On this point Lecky writes : " It may not be uninterest- ing to observe that, among the few parts of the Peace of Utrecht which appear to have given unqualified satisfaction at home, was the Assiento contract, which made of England SLAVE TRADE 21 the great slave-trader of the world. JTie last prelate ivlio took a leading part in Etiglisli politics affixed his signature to the treaty. A 'I'e Deum, composed by Handel, was sung in thanksgiving in the churches. Theological passions had been recentlv more vehementlv aroused ; and theolo tion was the little Island of Carbonear in Conception Bay, where the persecuted settler John Pypn and his gallant band still held aloft the British flag. In 1704-5 St. John's was again laid waste by the French, under Subercase : and, although Colonel Moody successfully defended the fort, the town was burned, and all the settlements about Conception ]]ay were raided by the French and their Indian allies. Jkit Pynn and Davis bravely and successfully de- fended their island Gibraltar in Conception Bay. In 1708 Saint Ovide surprised and captured St. John's, but again old John Pynn held the fort at Carbonear. In the American War one of Pynn's descendants, a clerk at Harbor Grace, raised a company of grenadiers from Conception Bay ; and they fought with such success in Canada that he was knighted as Sii Henry Pynn, and raised to the rank of general. Ikit the selfish government at home cared nothing for Newfoundland. The first Con- gress of the United States, Sept. 5, 1774, forbade all ex- ports to the British possessions. This would not have hurt Newfoundland if the settlers had been allowed to carrv on agricultural pursuits there. But these had always been discouraged by the English ; and so they were dependent on the New England States for their supplies, and were threatened with absolute famine as soon as the war broke out. Had they been disloyal, they vught have gained their rights from England ; but their very loyalty to such a gov- ernment was their worst misfortune. Even in 1783 the Englishman had not learned the evil results of permitting royal interference in British politics. It is not merely in the reigns of the libertine kings that we , 1' I INFLUENCK OV ROYALTY see this. Queen Elizabeth injured England by interfering with the policy of its wisest statesmen. The ascendency of Harley and Saint John Bolingbroke, who deserted Eng- land's allies and threw away the fruits of Marlborough's victories, w^as due to the influence of a High Church wait- ing-woman over Queen Anne ; and now, when even Lord North, to say nothing of the better class of Englishmen, dis- approved of George II I. 's obstinate resistance to the just claims of the American colonies, the support given to the king by the Tories led to the loss of a dominion far more valuable to England than all the trade of India or China. He was obliged to call on a Liberal minister to undo, as far as possible, the evil done by himself and the Tories, just as in later days Mr. Gladstone had to settle with the United States the damage done bv the Tories in the " Ala- bama " question. The death of Rockingham left the direction of the nego- tiations with France and the United States in the hands of Lord Shelburne ; and that he was extremely liberal in his arrangements with both countries was not to be wondered at. The wrong had been done by England ; and the inno- cent English had to suffer, as well as the guilty ones. Un- fortunately for Newfoundland, Shelburne did not cede this island to the United States ; and so it had to bear more than its share in the misfortunes which the policy of King George had brought upon the liritish empire. Mr. Spearman (pa; 411) writes that "Adams, the United States envoy, himself bred up among the New Eng- land fishermen, said ' he would fight the war all over again ' rather than give up the ancestral right of the New Eng- landers to the Newfoundland fisheries " ; but that Shel- burne should be able, when France and America were victo- rious, to take away from the former power the concessions made to it by the Tories in 17 13 and in 1763 was not to be expected. There was a slight alteration in the shore line on which 1 a 26 DR. O DONNELL the French might fish. They abandoned that right between Cape Bonavista and Cape St. John, in consideration of being allowed to catch and dry their fish along the shore between Point Riche and Cape Ray. That was all ; and that is precisely the reason why the Beaconsfield-Salisbury cabinet, in 1878, refused their sanction to the Bay St. George Railroad. The only advantage that the poor Newfoundlanders gained from the war which caused them so much distress was the fact that the English government was 7i him Gody England has indeed had to pay dearly for her hereditary monarchy, and for the awful hypocrisy which permits the appeal to God by such State Churchmen as the Duke of York to have any efifect on politics. I need hardly say that the House of Lords did with the Catholic Emancipation Bill what it has lately done with the House of Commons Bill for Home Rule in Ireland, and threw it out. While England was fighting Erance, she had also to fight the United States. It is an episode of which neither country has any reason to be proud. The New Englanders were mostly opposed to the declaration of war. The aver- age Englishman knows little about it. He is taught by his history books that the victory of the " Shannon " over the " Chesapeake " destroyed the prestige of the American navy ; and he is wTong even in that. The " Shannon " had a brave and able commander, and had been many weeks at sea, so that Captain Broke had been able to train his men thoroughly, and, above all things, to prevent them from getting drunk. TREATY OF 1815 33 Captain Lawrence had to engage many men who had never been on a war-vessel before, and did not know how to work the guns. Many of the sailors had bottles of rum in their pockets, and were too drunk to stand when their ship got within fighting distance of the " Shannon." I wish our present Secretary of the Navy would learn the lesson, and now, when the need of the Newfoundlanders is so great, and when we require sober men to man our navy, give the brave fishermen of that island every reasonable in- ducement to enlist in our service. The war closed unsatisfactorily, by the mediation of the Emperor Alexander of Russia ; and the Treaty of Ghent left England mistress of the seas. The treaties of 1814 and 18 15 gave England another opportunity for relieving Newfoundland from the French control of her shore ; but the Tories were at the helm, and became fellow-conspirators with other tyrants of Europe in perpetrating the most monstrous wrong and the completest restoration of despotism that w^as conceivable, in Germany, Austria, Italy, Spain, everywhere. They insulted France by imposing upon her the rule of a Bourbon, and to this Bourbon they guaranteed those rights over Newfoundland on which the French republic bases its claims to-day. Let us now turn to Newfoundland itself. While the nations were fighting, its merchants had enjoyed the monop- oly of the cod-fisheries. Some of the capitalists had secured profits between ;^2o,ooo and ^40,000 a year each, but they made the poor fishermen pay eight pounds a barrel for flour and twelve pounds a barrel for pork. They took their fortunes to England. No effort was made to open up roads or extend agriculture ; for, if it had been done, the landlords of England would not have been able to sell their pork and wheat at such exorbitant prices there. So, when the war ceased and other nations were enabled to compete in the fisheries, the colony had to pass through 34 SUFFERINO IN THE COLONY f ; J ! i some years of disaster and suffering, while the merchants were spending their exorbitant profits in England. The planters and fishermen had been in thf habit of leav- ing their savings in the hands of the St. John's merchants. Many of these failed, and the hardly won money of the fishermen was swept away by the insolvency of their bankers. It is estimated that the working class lost a sum little short of ^400,000 sterling. Now, eighty years later, we have another instance of the same misfortunes, proceeding from the same cause, — the fact that the money made by the fishery has been taken off to England ; that the banks, which are altogether in the hands of the mercantile, or English, party, have been unfaithful to their trust ; and that the fishermen who hold the bankers' notes get, from the one bank, 80 cents, and, from the other, only 20 cents on the dollar. The merchants applied for aid to the British government ; and in June, 18 17, a committee of the House of Commons met. The merchants had only two remedies to propose. One was the granting of a bounty, to enable them to com- pete with the French and the Americans, who were sus- tained by bounties ; but, although England was a protection ist country at that time, it gave only bounties in favor of rich men, and not of the poor. The other was the deportation of the principal part of the inhabitants, now numbering 70,000, to the neighboring colonies. The honest, sensible, easy plan, that of opening up the fand to cultivation, so that the starving people might be able to grow their own food and breed their own cattle, was the one thing that these so-called practical Englishmen would not permit, because it might interfere with the profits of the British land-owner and merchant. At that very time the local authorities of Massachusetts were giving a bounty for each Newfoundland fisherman brought into the State. t When Sir Thomas Cochrane was made governor in 1825, ^ MERCHANT AND LANDLORD 35 his government made the first road in the island. For one hundred and forty-five years England had been master of the island, and not a single road had been built suitable for wheeled carriages. Is it conceivable that the French would so completely have neglected the colony if they had been its masters ? In 1832, when the Reform Bill put an end to the malign influence of Tory ascendency in England, Newfoundland also gained the boon of representative government : but it was only a merchants* government. The people who elected the House of Asserablv did not dare to vote against the will of the merchants for fear of losing employment; and, while their representatives had the power of debating, passing measures, and voting moneys, the Council, which was composed of nominees of the crown, selected exclu- sively from the merchant class, could throw out all their measures, and were irresponsible to the people. In England King George IV. had rendered only one service to the people, — he had brought royalty into contempt, and so strengthened the feeling which resulted in the passage of many necessary measures which his father and brothers had opposed. But the selfish interests of the merchants and land-owners of England were still in the way of many reforms. Benjamin Disraeli, who did his worst to prevent the starving people from haxing cheap bread, became the flunkey and afterward the master of the Tory squires ; and it was not until thousands had died of famine in Ireland that the selfish land-owners agreed to that reduction of duty on grain which made free trade so f>opular in England. Now, by a wise colonization policy, the government might have helped both Ireland and Newfoundland. By passing a law to the effect that, so long as the French gave a bounty on the export of salt fish, the English gov- ernment would give their own fishermen exactly the same amount of protection, the French would soon have been brought to terms ; and, by opening up Newfoundland to 36 OPIUM WAR IN CHINA it. r settlement by roads and railways, many of the starving Irish would have been provided with homes und^r the IJritish flag far more comfortable than any that they could find in their native land. So a more prosperous Ireland would have risen on this side of the Atlantic, and England would have gained thereby. The Irish and the Catholic were really quite as loyal to the empire as any others. .The difference was that the English High Churchman and the Scotch Pres- byterian got all the privileges ; and the Irishman and the Catholic were taught by the action of the British government that insurrection was their only hope of getting simple jus- tice. \-\ India, China, Newfoundland, Ireland, were simply sweaters' j dens for the profit of England and Scotland. ,. / / Just as in Newfoundland the British merchant insisted on keeping out every trace of free trade that would enable the poor fisherman to sell his fish in the highest market and buy his provisions in the lowest, so in China the British in 1838 insisted on forcing the Chinaman to buy the poison- ous opium of India, although in 1834 the China government had warned the British of their intention to prohibit the infamous traffic. The war that England thereupon pro- claimed against China was one of the most infamous and cowardly of the century, and made British Christianity more hateful even than its opiiim to the rulers of the Celestial Empire. ^4,375,000 was extorted from the Chinese em- peror for the expenses of the war ($20,000,000), and ;^i, 250,000 ($5,000,000) for the opium which, Avith perfect justice, he had confiscated from the smugglers. The mob of London cheered the wagons which brought the ill-gotten treasure through the streets; and the mob in Parliament thanked the ofificers who had murdered the helpless and unoffending Chinese, while the parsons congratulated the people on the opening of China to British commerce, British civilization, and British religion. The brutalizing influence of this method of carrying on SIR JOHN nOWRINGS WAR 37 the foreign trade of England was shown by a hiter alto- gether unnecessary war with China about the Lorcha "Arrow." This was a Chinese pirate vessel, which had ob- tained, by false pretences, the temporary possession of the British ilag. On Oct. 8, 1856, the Chinese police boarded it in the Canton River, and took off twelve China- men on a charge of piracy. This they had a perfect light to do ; but the British consul, Mr. Parkes, instead of thank- ing them, demanded the instant restoration of men who had been flying a liritish flag under false pretences. He ap- plied to Sir John liowring, the J'ritish plenipotentiary at Hong Kong, for assistance. Sir John was an able and experienced man. He had been editor of the Westminster Review^ had a bowing, if not a speaking acquaintance with a dozen languages, had been one of the leaders of the free trade party, and had a thorough acquaintance with the Chinese trade. For many years he had been secretary of the Peace Society. He was the author of several hymns. In fact, an Amer- ican hymn book contains not less than seventeen from his pen. One of them, found in most modern hymn-books, was that commencing, — " In the cross of Christ I glory" ; and its author proceeded to glory in the cross of the Prince of Peace by making war on the Chinese, although the gov- ernor, Yeh, had sent back all the men whose return was demanded by Mr. Parkes. Mr. Justin McCarthy, in his " History of our own Times," says, " During the whole business Sir John Bowring con- trived to keep himself almost invariably in the wrong ; and, even where his claim happened to be in itself good, he managed to assert it in a manner at once untimely, impru- dent, and indecent." One of the highest legal authorities in England, Lord Lyndhurst, declared Sir John Bowring's action, and that of I 38 CHURCH VERSUS CHRISTIANITY the British authorities who aided him, to be unjustifiable on any principle either of law or reason ; and Mr. Cobden, himself an old friend of Sir John Bowring, moved in the House of Commons that " the papers which have been laid upon the table fail to establish satisfactory grounds for the violent measures resorted to at Canton in the late affair of the 'Arrow.' " Nearly all the best men in the House of Commons — Glad- stone, Roundell Palmer, Sydney Herbert, Milner Gibson, Sir Frederick Thesiger, as well as many of the chief Tories — supported Mr. Cobden ; and the vote of censure was carried against Lord Palmerston's government by 263 to 247. But Lord Palmerston, then the hero of the Evangelical Church party, — "Palmerston, the true Protestant," "Palmerston, the only Christian Prime Minister," — knew exactly the strength of British C'hristianity when it interfered with the sale of British beer, or Indian opium, or Manchester cotton, and appealed tj the shop-keeper instincts of the British people. He dissolved Parliament ; and Cobden, Bright, Milner Gibson, W. J. Fox, Layard, and many others were left without seats. Manchester rejected John Bright be- cause he had spoken in the interests of peace and honor, and condemned one of the most cowardly, brutal, and un- provoked wars of the century. We see the same cause at work in Ireland. One British bishop. Dr. Thirlwall, of St. David's, had the manliness to favor Mr. Gladstone's bill for the disestablishment of the Irish Church ; but most of them acted in this matter in direct opposition to the teachings of Him whom they pro- fess to worship as their God. Mr. John Bright warned the Lords that, by throwing themselves athwart the national course, they might meet with "accidents not pleasant to think of"; and there is no doubt that the warning had its effect. And even now I do not think that the people of Ireland will ever get from the House of Lords that measure of right which even the House of Commons has unwillingly A LOST OPPORTUNITY 39 and grudgingly accorded to them, unless the Irishmen of America come to their aid in a more effective manner than they have ever yet done. Newfoundland, unlike Ireland, has few friends in the United States, and therefore is wholly at England's mercy. What it suffered in the past I have already told. Let us see how England has treated it in the last few years. It was from Lord Palmerston, of all men, that the New- foundlander might hope for redress. He had said in the Don Pacitico case, "As the Roman in the days of old held himself free from indignity when he could say, 'Civis Romanus sum,' so also a Pritish subject, in whatever land he be, shall feel confident that the watch- ful eye and the strong arm of England shall protect him against injustice and wrong." Surely, the 200,000 Newfoundlanders had more right to expect that Lord Palmerston would maintain this principle in their defence than the extortionate Portuguese Jew or the Chinese pirates who were taken from the Lorcha "Arrow." And Lord Palmerston had the best opportunity of helping the Newfoundlander; for he was the intimate friend of Louis Napoleon and Persigny. By his approbation of Louis Napoleon's coup ifetat he became the creator of the Anglo- French Alliance ; and, since this alliance was a matter of life and death to the Second Empire, he might have used the opportunity, after the Crimean War, of exercising such pressure upon Louis Napoleon as to secure justice to New- foundland. Put he neglected it, and thereby he lost the opportunity of strengthening the position of England and Canada towards the United States at the time of the "Trent" and " Alabama " affairs. We may be glad of this ; but, from a liritish point of view, it was not merely an injustice to Newfoundland, but also a political blunder. One would suppose that, simply as a matter of imperial 40 FIRST R\IL.re- tended reason was that the western terminus of the line at Bay St. George would be on that part of the coast affected by the French treaty rights. It may be open to doubt whether the French claims which interfered with the establishment of a railroad terminus at Bay St. George 44 MOTIVES FOR VETO ii :i3 mv. :« ]l // II I- were just or not ; but there is not the slightest doubt that Lord Palmerston, in his note of July lo, 1838, to Count Sebastiani, had maintained that they were not justified, and that the Tories were and are of the same opinion. But when a whole colony of Englishmen were wronged according to the statements both of Palmerston and Salis- bury, the Beaconsfield-Salisbury administration (/are not maintain the rights of these Englishmen against the French. That is the courage and the bravery of British Jingoism^ which bullies weak China and little Greece in support of a Sir John Bowring or a Don Pacitico, but dares not maintain an Englishman's rights against the French republic. The question might easily have been settled without offending France by making Port aux Basques, which is less than eighty miles south-west of Bay St. George and beyond the French treaty limits, the terminus of the line. There must, then, have been some concealed reason behind the pretended one. It is absolutely certain that there were two influences at work in London which were directly antagonistic to the true interest both of Great Britain and Newfoundland. One was that of the Canadian party, who are determined to boycott every scheme that would make any Newfoundland port a rival of Halifax. The other is the British, or mercantile, party, who for two hundred years past have consistently and successfully op- posed the introduction of any industry into the island that would enable the fishermen to escape from their present bondage. If either Beaconsfield or Salisbury had really cared for England's interests, they must have foreseen that, even if they were willing to sacrifice Newfoundland, the position they took in this matter must in the highest degree be damaging to the European prestige of Great Britain. When republican France was threatened by all the tyrants of Europe, the terrible Danton said, " II nous faut de I'audace, et encore de I'audace, et toujours de I'audace." mm "YANKEE SWINDLERS 45 To-day the Frenchman requires no Danton to teach him the lesson ; for the extraordinary confession of weakness made by the Jingo government of 1878 in refusing to sanction a Hne that could have been built without touching the French shore question at all was a direct encouragement to the French to persevere in that policy which they have since so successfully pursued in Madagascar, in Siam, in Africa, and in Newfoundland. No matter whether the French claims in Newfoundland be right or wrong, the Beaconsfield-Salisbury government have practically surrendered the matter ; and the only thing left for the British government is to compensate Newfound- land for its loss, as America was compensated for the " Ala- bama " damages. But they will not do it. Mr. Whiteway had to find another means of helping the colony. He was obliged to choose between two al- ternatives, — either to build no railway at all or only one which would avoid the very districts which, for the benefit of the settler, ought to be opened for settlement. So the line to Harbor Grace was built. But even this the wealthy British did not build. It was left to an Ameri- can syndicate. P. T. McG., writing of this line to the New York IVcek/y Post oi Jan. 2, 1895, says, "The contract was given to an enterprising Yankee, who built a few miles, swindled the shareholders, fleeced the colony, and then decamped, leaving as a legacy an unfinished road, an in- terminable lawsuit, and a damaged colonial credit." I happen to know another side of the question ; and it does not become the Englishmen interested in that railway matter to talk of " Yankee swindlers." When Sir Robert Thorburn became Preh or of New- foundland, he took the first step necessary to make this line of some value to the tax-payers by extending it twenty-seven miles to Placentia, the old French " La Plaisance." This line was of immense value to St. John's, because it gave the people of that city a convenient winter harbor which is •r 46 LOBSTER QUESTION m always open, by which they have an easy communication with Canada and the United States ; and I hope the time will soon come when we shall have steamers running from Boston, touching at the French Island of St. Pierre, and then going to Placentia. What were the English diplomatists doing meanwhile ? In 1890 they were arranging a modus vivetidi with the French government about the lobster fisheries. The Tories were in power, and Sir James Ferguson was the Under- secretary of State. This gentleman's sentiments towards the United States have been recorded by the Hon. James G. Blaine, In his "Twenty Years of Congress," Vol. II., page 481, foot-note, he writes: Sir James Ferguson de- clared in the House of Commons, March 14, 1864, that " wholesale peculations and robberies have been perpetrated under the form of war by the generals of the Federal States ; and worse horrors than, I believe, have ever in the present century disgraced European armies have been perpetrated under the eyes of the P'ederal government, and yet remain unpunished. These things are as notorious as the proceed- ings of a government which seems anxious to rival one despotic and irresponsible power of Europe in its contempt for the public opinion of mankind." These words need no commentary to-day. They show us pretty clearly the char- acter of the man who then spoke them, and will prepare us for his treatment of the Newfoundland question. On March 20, 1890, he made the following statement in the House of Commons : — "The Newfoundland government was consulted as to the terms of the modus vivendi, which was modified to some extent to meet their views ; but it was necessary to conclude it without referring it to them in its final shape." Five days later the Governor of Newfoundland tele- graphed to the Secretary of State : — " My ministers request that incorrect statement made by Under-Secretary of State for foreign affairs be immediately GOVERNOR DES VCEUX's PROPOSITION 47 contradicted, as the terms of modus vivendi were not modified in accordance with their vteivs. Ministers protested against any claims of French, and desired time to be changed till January for reasons given ; but that was ignored, and modus vivendi entered into without regard to their wishes. Minis- ters much embarrassed by incorrect statement made by Under-Secretary of State." Of course the Secretary of State supported the statement of Sir James Ferguson, and refused to correct it. But on page 54 of the case for the colony, published June, 1890, we find the words : — " Two facts are placed beyond dispute by the above- quoted correspondence: (i) that the consent of the • community ' of Newfoundland to the modus vivendi was not Ob ; lined by laying it before the legislature, which the ' Labouchere ' despatch declared to be the proper action to be taken in such cases ; (2) and that even the government of Newfoundland was not consulted as to the adoption of the fnodus vivendi as settled.'" The Labouchere despatch alluded to above, and called by the Newfoundlanders their " Magna Charta," had been sent by the Right Hon. Henry Labouchere on March 26, 1857. But Mr. Labouchere was not a Tory; and there is the whole difference. So Newfoundland still has to suffer for the criminal negligence which British Tories have displayed from 17 13 until to-day. There was one Englishman, and that the Governor of Newfoundland itself, who had a clear and honorable notion of the imperial government's duty to its unfortunate colony. Sir G. William des Vceux, writing from the government House, St. John's, Jan. 14, 1887, to the Colonial Office in London, after reciting the circumstances, says : " If this be so, as indeed there are other reasons for believing, [ would respectfully urge that in fairness the heavy resulting loss should not, or, at all events, not exclusively, fall upon this colony, and that if in the national interest a right is to 48 BOUNTY AND RAILROAD It. f • I i h I ' - ■ i be withheld from Newfoundland which naturally belongs to it, and the possession of which makes to it all the difference between wealth and penury, there is involved on the part of the nation a corresponding obligi. ion to grant compensation of a value equal or nearly equal to that of the right with- held." Nothing can be fairer than that, and it is written by the trusted official of the British government. Sir G. William des Vceux continues, " In conclusion, I would respectfully express on behalf of this suffering colony the earnest hope that the vital interests of 200,000 British subjects will not be disregarded out of deference to the susceptibilities of any foreign power," etc. The best interests of those 200,000 inhabitants can be served without touching the French shore at all. Even if France concedes all that Newfoundland demands, the bounty question is in the way ; and Newfoundland cannot compete with that. P>ance gives this bounty — and quite rightly - — ■ as a pro- tection to her sailors. A similar protection to England's fishermen would not be permitted by the Manchester men. The other way is to build a railroad connecting the min- ing and agricultural districts along the French shore with Port aux Basques. Of course I do not mean such railroads as are built in England. They have been taxed to the ex- tent of more than seventy millions of pounds sterling over and above the real value of the land sold to them by the rapacious land monopolists. They have been taxed to the extent of many millions more for legal expenses, which, if the House of Commons were equal to its duties, could have been saved. They have been taxed in many cases to find sinecure berths for the dependants of rich men ; and so, in order to pay a fair dividend to their stockholders, they must reduce wages to the lowest point, and screw the utmost penny out of their customers. It is, then, the American way which I recommend as a NORTHERN AND WESTERN RAILROAD 49 model, and which the Newfoundland government have tried to imitate in their contract with Mr, Reid, of Montreal. They could have made a far more advantageous contract with him if England had done her duty ; but neither Mr. Reid nor Newfoundland is to be blamed for England's fault. The contract signed on May i6, 1893, by Mr. R. G. Reid binds him to construct a line about five hundred miles in length, connecting Placentia Junction and the chief east- ern ports of Newfoundland ^ith Port aux Basques, and to operate this line as well as the Placentia Branch Railway for a period of ten years, commencing Sept. i, 1893. After that the line is to become the property of the New- foundland government, and A\ill be an interesting experi- ment in the State ownership of railroads. For every mile of single 42-inch gauge built by Mr. Reid he is to receive the sum of Si 5.600 in Newfoundland government bonds, bearing interest at 3 1 per cent., and eight square miles of land. The increase in rental value of this land will give a large revenue, even if the line should not pay its working expenses. The land grant for 500 miles of railroad would amount to 2,500,000 acres. If Newfoundland were one of the United States, capital enough would be subscribed to enable Mr. Reid to finish his contract in the allotted time ; but, as it is under England, and must therefore suffer from the awful burden of England's diplomatic incapacity, capital holds aloof from it. Where does liritish money go? The Tory of 1878 sang,— " We don't want to fight ; But, by jingo, if we do. We've got the ships, we've got the men, W'e've got the money, too." It is interesting to see how that money, which is with- held from Britain's oldest colony, has been spent. so HOW BRITISH MONEY IS LOST We will begin with Mr. Blaine's " Twenty Years of Con- gress." On page 479 he quotes Lord Campbell as saying in Parliament on March 23, 18C3, "Swelling with omnipo- tence, Mr. Lincoln and his colleagues dictate insurrection to the slaves of Alabama." (That fatal word, " Alabama " ! Will it ever cease to trouble the British conscience ?) And he spoke of the administration as " ready to let loose 4,000,000 negroes on their compulsory owners, and to renew from sea to sea the horrors and crimes of San Domingo." Mr. Blaine says, further, that Lord Campbell argued earnestly in favor of the British government joining the government of France in acknowledging Southern inde- pendence. He boasted that within the last few days a Southern loan of ;^3, 000,000 sterling had been offered in London, and of that ^9,000,000, or three times the amount, had been subscribed. Here, then, we have a means of accounting for $15,000,000. Another $15,000,000 is accounted for by the money which America forced England to pay for the '* Alabama " depredations. On that point ISIr, Laird, the builder of the "Alabama," deserves to be immortalized. According to Mr. Blaine, on March 27, 1863, ^^r. Laird was loudly cheered in the House of Commons when he declared that " the institutions of the United States are of no value whatever, and have reduced the name of liberty to an utter absurdity." Another large lump of Jingo money has gone into the Russian loan ; and, of this loan, $4,000,000 is coming to Bethlehem in Pennsylvania. O shade of John Roebuck, look back to the earth you have left, and see what your words have done for the armor plate manufacturers of your Sheffield constituency. While still among us in the flesh, you said on April 23, 1863, on some trouble: " It may lead to war ; and I, speaking for the English people, am prepared for war. 1 know that language will strike the heart of the peace party in this country, but it will also Mk. kOKBUCK. 5» strike the heart of the insolent people who govern America." And on June 30, 1863, you said: ''The South will never come into the Union; and, what is more, I hope it never may. I will tell you why I say so. America while she was united ran a race of prosperity unparalleled in the world. Eighty years made the republic such a power that, if she had continued as she was a few years longer, she would have been the great bully of the world. " As far as my influence goes, I am determined to do all I can to prevent the reconstruction of the Union. ... I sav, then, that the Southern States have indicated their right to recognition. They hold out to us advantages such as the world has never seen before. I hold that it will be of the greatest importance that the reconstruction of the Union should not take place.'' The United States have given England the war you hoped for,— not a war against soldiers and sailors, who, un- like those who followed Colonel Pepperell and Washington and Isaac Hull and Grant and De Grasse to victory, re- quire the protection of a contagious diseases act, but a war of protective tariffs. The State which gave its name to the pirate ship *« Ala- bama " now votes for tariffs to exclude the iron, steel, and coal of England. Sheffield is in sackcloth and ashes be- cause Pennsylvania has taken away from her the Russian order for armor plates, and countless millions of British dol- lars are invested in American factories, giving high wages to tariff-protected American workmen instead of sweaters' wages to the beer-sodden lunatics who sing to your honor the Tory strain, — " By jingo, if we do, We've got the ships, we've got the men, We've got the money, too." In almost every case in which a British investor has lost his money in the United States it can be proved that some 52 HOW BRITISH MONEY IS LOST '4m i ! I British expert or financial agent earned a large sum by in- ducing him to invest. At any rate, these immense investments in American rail- roads, loans, and lands, have one great advantage for the United States. They bind over England to keep the peace toward us. There is no more unpatriotic, no more unmoral, no more cowardly man than the British financial agent and money-lender. If only the security is good, he will rather lend money at 4^ per cent, for the most devilish than at 4 per cent, for the most divine purpose. It is due to the in- fluence of the money-lending class that England has so completely lost the grip of heart and brain on her imperial duties. It is said that John Bull pays a tax of $700,000,000 a year to the liquor interest, to say nothing of the indirect damages resulting from the fact tliat the liquor interest is the chief supporter of the brothel, the baccarat table, and the Tory Democracy. The beerage has proved of late years also a highway to the peerage ; and it has also served to deplete the pockets of a good many British fools, who were misled into the insane delusion that they could earn as much from the profits of American guzzling as from those of British beer-drinking. America has been infested for some time by a crowd of Englishmen, who came here hunting options on American breweries, which they sold at a high price to their English dupes. In one case some breweries, which cost the owners less than $2,000,000. were sold in England for ;>(), 000,000, the Englishmen and Americans who managed the transaction making enormous profits at the expense of their dupes. On investigating the published accounts of some twelve American brewery companies in which Englishmen have been induced to invest more than $41,808,000, I find that the depreciation in selling price of shares, taking the high- est rates of November, 1894, was no less than $21,917,280, or 52.42 percent, on the paid-up capital; and, taking the 1! WHAT MIGHT BRITISH MONEY DO? 53 common stock alone, the loss exceeds over seventy per cent, on the paid-up capital. I am glad of it. The Englishman who, knowing the influence of this infernal traffic on his own countrymen, would make money by extending its curse to the United States, deserves to lose his money quite as much as the Tory investors in the Confederate Loan deserved their loss. Now suppose this $70,000,000 thus invested in " Alabama damages," Confederate Loan, and American breweries had been put into Newfoundland roads and railways, what would have been the result? An immense amount of traffic which now must pay toll to American railroads would have gone over purely British lines, all the way through British America to China and Japan. All the mining and agricultural lands of Newfoundland might have been developed. The French shore question would have ceased to occupy the diplomatic wiseacres, because the people would have found so much profit in other employments as to care nothing about French com- petition in the cod and lobster fishery. Newfoundland itself would have become an impregnable arsenal for the British navy, commanding the entrances to the St. Law- rence, and, in case of war with the United States, giving that navy the power of practically blockading all the Atlantic coast. All this has been thrown away, because the British Jingo supports a Tory cabinet, which, while making theatrical demonstrations of imperialism, neglects imperial duties and betrays imperial interests. And look even at sober free trade Manchester, the com- munity which is supposed to understand the worth of money better than any other in the world. Has it really gained by its Jingo policy? Professing to be the stronghold of free trade, it rejected the great free-trader, John Bright, when in Sir John Bowring's war he asked for justice to China. It rejected Mr. Gladstone when he sought the suffrages of 54 SUGGESTIONS South-east Lancashire that he might relieve Ireland from the insolent domination of an alien church. And now the great makers of cotton machinery are com- ing from Lancashire to establish factories in New Eng- land, and her spinning and weaving mill corporations are losing their markets and their profits. Of eighteen such corporations whose shares are quoted in the Economist, the highest November prices of common stock show a loss of $2,553,294 on the paid-up capital. Supposing that, in- stead of supporting the Jingoes, Manchester had sent men to Parliament who would support a wise and conservative policy in the colonies, Newfoundland included, would it not have been better for her interests, to say nothing of principle ? The Newfoundlanders in Boston, Mass., held a public meeting there on the i6th of February, at which the Rev. Frederick Woods, their chairman, said : " If we could only take our old island, and lay her at the feet of Uncle Sam ! I wish we could." And every suggestion of annexation to the United States was applauded by the Newfoundlanders present. The Newfoundlanders on the island desire annexation just as much, but they dare not say so, for they are starv- ing ; and those who venture to suggest separation from England would be punished by the withdrawal of charity, if not by even sterner means. They are justified in their desire ; for England has been disloyal to them, and holds the island by no better right than that by which Turkey holds Armenia. Let that England, who expects every man to do his duty, do her own. Let her, first of all, relieve the suffering. Second. Let her press on the completion of the railroad at English expense to Port aux Basques as quickly as pos- sible, and subsidize a mail line between England and the American Continent by way of a Newfoundland port, hold- ing the railroad property as security for money expended. SUGGESTIONS 55 Third. Let her modify her fiscal system so as to give a real//-^^ trade, not only to the Newfoundland fisherman, but also to those of Great Britain and Ireland, so that the for- eigner shall not be able to deprive British subjects either of their home or foreign markets. A small import duty on all fish imported into the British Isles, except from Newfound- land, and a bounty on the exports equal to that given by France, will suffice. Fourth. Let her aid the unfortunate victims of her Lord Clan-Rackrents to find comfortable farms and holdings in those parts of the P^ench shore and along the railroad which are suitable for settlement. If she does this, she may derive some comfort from at least one passage in her Prayer Book, — " When the wicked man turneth away from the wickedness that he has com- mitted, and doeth that which is lawful and right, he shall save his soul alive. " APPENDIX. NEWFOUNDLAND'S RESOURCES. Providknce, R.I., U.S.A., Feb. i8, 1895. Since I wrote the foregoing pages, some papers have come into my hands referring to Major-general Dashwood's attacks upon the credibility of those who are trying to make the resources of Newfoundland known in Great Britain. Much depends on the point of view from which a man writes ; and I can only say that, if the distinguished Major- general is right, from a purely British point of vieiv, in de- preciating the island and its resources, he thereby furnishes a verv strong arginnent lo/iy Great Britain should, for a reasonable coinpensation, cede this island to the United States. I am perfectly sure that the majority of the 200,000 inhabitants would not have the slightest objection to exchange the Union Jack for the stars and stripes. But I do not think that, in making this exchange myself, I have abandoned my old English habits of thought ; and so I would mention some reasons why, even if I were still a fel- low-citizen (or should I say subject?) of Major-general Dashwood, and were as much bound as he is to place the interests of the British crown above every other interest of my life, I should for that very reason differ with him in opinion, first of all, from a strategic point of view. We must not, because my distinguished fellow-citizen. Captain Mahan, has so brilliantly painted the sea-power of England, forget also her man-poioer. Most certainly, Viscount Wolse-- ley would not do so; and I think Major-general Dashwood, from whose interesting little book, " Chipplequorgan," I 58 LUMBERING INDUSTRY have learned that he came with his regiment to HaHfax after the " Trent " affair, will agree with me that it would then, in case of a war with the United States of America, have been very convenient if Newfoundland had been peopled by half a million hardy farmers, woodmen, and miners, in addition to its few fisher-folk. England has to take under- grown and underfed boys into her army now ; but, if the sturdy Irishmen who have been driven to the United States by famine and eviction had "been provided each with the "three acres and a cow" of Joseph Chamberlain's speeches in the valleys of the Humber or Codroy Rivers, surely the experience of Louisbourg and a hundred well-fought battles since then may tell us how much more they would have con- tributed to Britain's honor and interest than they do now as American voters. The south-western part of Newfound- land reminds one very much of old Ireland in its climate and its physical features, and certainly is quite as well fitted to sustain a sturdy peasantry of small land-owners. The best answer to the distinguished officer's objections may be found in the official reports of the geological survey of Newfoundland, published by Edward Stanford, Charing Cross, London. The present director of that survey, Mr. James P. Howley, F.R.G.S., has repUed in part to Major- general Dashwood's remarks in a letter written a fortnight ago, from which I extract a few passages. The Major gen- eral said at the Royal Geographical Society that the timber of Newfoundland is all scrub, and fit only for firing. Mr. Howley writes : " Our lumbering industry is in a most flour- ishing condition. Ten large saw-mills are in full swing, besides several smaller ones, around our northern and western bays. Large shipments of lumber were made last summer to the English markets. Messrs. Watson & Todd, of Liverpool, England, purchased 3,000,000 feet of lumber in the island last summer; and the market quotations in the Liverpool trade journals will be the best index to the value of the lumber. The Exploits Milling Company COAL DEPObTTS 59 at Botwoodsville purchased $25,000 worth of stores in Montreal to be used in the winter's kmiber-felling opera- tions. They calculate on cutting 100,000 pine logs. Though the mill has been ten years in operation, the lumber shows no signs of exhaustion ; while the other and far more abundant products of the Newfoundland forests, such as fir. spruce, birch, tamarack, etc., have scarcely been touched. "The Benton Mill, owned by Messrs. Reid, contractors for the Northern & Western Railroad, though scarcely a year in existence, has put out 3,000,000 feet of first-class lumber." As to the coal fields, Mr. Howley, referring to his own official reports for 1889, 1891, and 1892, as published by Stanford, writes : — - In the Bay St. George coal fields '16 distinct seams were discovered, ranging from a few inches up to several feet in thickness: the Clearyseam has 26 inches good coal; Juke's seam, 4.6 feet ; Murray seam, 5.4 feet ; Howley seam, 4.2 feet. In the Grand Lake carboniferous area 15 distinct seams were discovered, also ranging from a few inches to several feet. Two seams on Coal Brook show 2.4 and 3.5 feet. On Aldery Brook, three seams show 2.6 feet, 3.8 feet, and 14 feet of coal. At Kelvin Brook 3 seams contain 2.6 feet, 3.8 feet, and 7 feet. Specimens have been submitted to experts in connection with the Colonial Oflfice, and have been found, in some cases, superior to the Cape Breton coal. So much for the report of a man who understands his business, and has had better opportunities than any other living man of studying the question. For myself, I may say that during twenty years of travel, in which I have been from the Gulf of Mexico to Ottawa, and from the Straight Shore of Avalon to the Muir Glacier of Alaska, I have studied every State which I have visited with a view to its attractions for British emigrants, and. 6o ENGLAND S DUTY / ; t before the passing of our present absurd immigration laws, have been instrumental in transferring many skilled opera- tives from the foul slums of Manchester and Salford to the healthy and pleasant factory villages of New England, I need hardly say that Newfoundland is not the right place for such men ; but, under a just and wise imperial government, it can be made a happy home for thousands of hardy Scotch and Irish peasants, who need not, in crossing the ocean, change their political allegiance. But England must first do her duty. She must build her railroad from Port aux Basques along the French shore to Bonne Bay, or further north, so as to give the people a means of communication which shall not be impeded by the French treaty rights ; and she must ar- range her tariffs so as to defend her fishermen against the unjust discrimination of foreign bounties. As an American, I can have no interest in saying these things to Englishmen. If Major-general Dashwood is right, so much the better for us. Our Whitneys are awakening new life amid the ruins of Louisbourg, although the Duke of York and those who fol- lowed him as proprietors of the Sydney coal fields could do so little with them ; and so, if England cannot help New- foundland, America can, and can serve herself well at the same time. Take the fishing for an instance. The French bounties do not hurt the Massachusetts fishermen, because we have a /tome market which the Frenchmen cannot touch, and seek only a foreign market for the very small quantity that our own people do not consume. And to share in this American /lome market alone would be more profitable to Newfoundland than all its connection with England can ever be. J. F.