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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^- / It. \ SHORT ACCOUNT OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, »r ■■ DESIGKHU CHIEFLY FOR THE INFORMATION OF AGRICULTURIST AND OTHf:R EMIGRANTS OF SMALL CAPITAL, TH) AUTHOR Or TIIH EMIGRANT S ISTROrHJCTlON TO *N \HJtAlM'\M E WITH THE HKITIfeH VAlrRICAN COLON'irs, ^CC. ILontion : MADDEN & Co. (Late PAKBURY & Co.) 8, LBADli:>HAL.L STREET. 1839. ■ ' Price Is, 6cL I ,. .*«"*P-»«''N*^-'»''*' ' ■^■"^" ,/" n-''^' ••■ ^^ ^i - ' , v'':' '.^^s^^'i ; ....'■'■ ■ ^ '. .i''\^' K-y *^V m SHORT ACCX^UNT OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. FOR THE INFORMATION OF EMIGRANTS, &. t:j'-v.v:': i '-■ IK!?;)^K f I ■14 ' ■^'-'AS^n.ftfc-.^^^ r.iii Mt.M) .- , .-.-.4 'S'P.-ilnrlvs I'.-inlh, .Avin- < ( r.iiiiii" ITdllu Uav 7/,'Hr I'i'inf ^ ^ lioii'Jiioii \hiy XK. ^ iji. i>r /it iii'iiiuti- '/ti'xii'iv . (Hi •/.-■fcV 'il*irmuiir<' I Ci >">" ,v'-l.i ll>- ^^.■^ f./.l.'/t '"1 I SHORT ACCOUNT OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, "'i DESIGNED CHIEFLY -S FOR THE INFORMATION OF AGRICULTURIST AND OTHER EMIGRANTS OF SMALL CAPITAL, BY ^ THE AUTHOR OF TJIE HMIGHANT'S INTRODUCTION TO \N ACQlAINTANCi: WITH THB BRITISH AMERICAN COLON IBS, ^C. Great Nature spoke, observant man ohey'd, Cities were built, societies were made.— Popk, Eontion ; MADDEN .V Co. (Late PARBURY k Co.) 8, LEADENllAI.L STREET. i«;3y. ('/i,ii'/,>tr,' Ti'iffi fi>/».\' /i/.f'/tt/f /I'/y j'ji'i' /'r/'/tii- '/'<'ii/i /y.' .<• /)'.' ./I'l'ii oroii.;M> \ 4!t (lividfd into \s\\\\ llir l.nis .IS ^laiUcd h.v ('fOVcruiiKiil M:\V SKTTLKMKXTS. UOADS.MlM.S x<.\«, „ . V' Sill %■<•»• •i' ■/■/:.■/. /.I'liitili III' Mili.t I\>I>iiI,iU\hi ,t(">i,i <"■ :i J^. ''!!,-> -r-^ ^•'^■-*-. .'.-'' / '•. '"■^^^^"/''l'i'.iiiiii.-''H.iv ^ ■ M- ■(^ .'.///./ -^,. ...-, ././*.' /.„,,,,,.. V,; / 'n s .•«''■ ^■;^ I • i I 1 I II - .('I 1 / ^ >t_<-' . ■■ . . "'X'; ■■■■"•■•'■■"■•'■/;-.•'"■.',,.• / I ,-X ■•/".•'■/ '■■"•'■ J. •'■■''''■''''•'•■'•■•'■ ' ^^V A' \ yjtnuv'r.' ' S' - s ^' , / ,'S\^y-''-. 1. ., , I il'l'UVillj^ _ Sl.\u«' . >/ .sLlolin's'-';, '\ l';uiHi /<» S.Mi/i <;.j .ii-r/■>/ ,i//,'ir ll.'/i /- \^ \- -5. ~JS. ^. -• S T .'. . l,'/V, : 1' l'n'u r, 'II II til /.III,- '*nt-iii,^ Mill /0/ifh< (rntn 147(i38 ^^ E. Varty, Printer, 27, (Janioinile Street, Bishopsn n(j want ot publications containing valuable^ statements con- cerning its importance, whether in a commercial point of view, or in relation to the settlement of Emigrants from the United King/' .m. But the a 2 II rilEFACE bettor, and more full accounts, are to bo obtained, only \vhen accompanied by voluminous details re- sjx^cting the sister provinces, or from books now rarely to be mot with. Xothing has been published concernino this Island, for the express use of Emigrants; nothing, m the execution of which, the mind of tho writer has been steadily intent upon the interests of that class of persons best calculated to form a portion of lis ]K)puIation: and it is to supply this deficiency, that I have undertaken to impart such information as seems to mo best adapted to be useful to Emi- grants in search of intelligence concGrni''g the ea}»abilities of the country and the facilities foi' settlement which it affords. I havi" ventured to staff only such opinions respecting the prospects of the settlers, as a long residence in the colony has enabled me with confidence to offer. In a former publication,* in which, it was a part '>r tlie design to draw a comparative view of the * " The Emigrant's Introduction, &c." 1/ I j II PREFACE. Ill condition of the several American colonies, in re- lation to the disposition, capital, and views of in- tending emigrants, I took occasion to point out Prince Edward Island, as one of those portions of these extensive comitries more especially favored by situation and soil, and well adapted for the settlement of enterprising agriculturists. In the present instance, I am able to be more precise in the notice of such matters as may probably b(^ of the first interest with the inquirer. il It may be necessary to inform or remind the render, that the advantages this Island possesses over The Canadas as a place of settlement, are, chiefly, th(^ greater salubrity of its atmosphere, and the facilities for commerce which it enjoys. It is more healthy than the greater part of Upper Canada, thoun:h not so mild in the winter scfison as the more favored portions of that province ; and it is iKn expo'^ed to such great extremes of heat and cold as the lower province. It possesses, too, a more peaceable an.l loyal population than Lower X IV PREFACE. Canada, where the Fivnch Canadians predominate ; and it lias advantages over every part of our conti- nental possessions in America, in being further re- moved from the chances of the depreciation of property, arising from the unsettled state of public aifairs in Lower Canada. With respect to Emif/raiiov, in so far as it may concern the reader, in relation to his condition, and as a matter of choice or necessitv. I have in this instance made no further allusion to its good or evil consequences, than will be fomid in a fmv incidental remarks. The question could not be here fairly examined ; but it was necessary to notice the change of condition which most Emigrants will c(>rtainly experience, in a greater or li^ss degree, depending, as regards those of the poorer classes, upon health and physical strength, and upon union and moral energy with those less dependent upon manual labor f(u- their success. But should any reader of this Sketch, receive his first impressions concerning the nature of Emigration, from the casual .tf* .V PREFACE. V observations he may here meet with, and desire to find the subject more fully discussed, he may en- counter a variety of arguments both for and against removal, according to the incjuircr's condition and prospects here, and his adaptation to any one of the American colonies, m the Treatise to which refer- ence has already been made. .1 From the indulgent reception with which that publication was favored by the periodical reviewers, to whom the author's acknowledgements are due ; and from the consequent extensive circulation which it has obtained within those districts of the United Kingdom where emigration is more general, it may reasonably be believed, that there will be readers of this present sketch, who have been con- firmed in their determination to emigrate, from the observations contained in the former treatise ; and having chosen Prince Edward Island for the place of their destination, desire a more full account of that country. Should this in any instance be the case, I trust I may venture to hope, that the further PREFACE. ;;'"""•■;""" '^P^^'^'S ">- «- oolo„y „ov,. befor,.. " """'"' "■'" "' '"-'- be sufficient .0 satisfy the '"V-ries of Emigrants of that class whose HIV here more fully examined. prospects But should .her,, be any indifferent reader I '-"ot without hope, also, that this description of « portion of the colonial empire of Great Britam which, amid other pursuits may have almost escaped' '- no.,ee, will put him in possession of information that may in some way or other be made subservient t" charitable purposes. / CHAPTER I. SITCATIOX— APPEARANCE OK THE COUNTRY— DIVISION — queen's OOUNTV- HlLLSBOROUrai HARBOUR — CriARLOTTE TOWN VICINIT V — RUSTICO— TRACADIE. Prince Edward Island is one of those important Colonies which fell into the hands of the English upon the conquest of Canada, and were finally ceded to Great Britfiin by the treaty of Paris in I7fi3. It is situated on the South side of the Gulf of St, Lawrence, and is separated from the continental provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, by a strait of from nine to thirty miles in breadth. It Hes between the lathudes of 45 and 47 degrees North, and is about 130 miles in length, but varies from ten to thirty in breadth. The appearance of the country from the water is extremely inviting. With the exception of some ridges of sand wastes, which front the bays on the North side, and form several fine harbours, the Island is entirely surrounded with red elifls, varying from thirty to one lumdred feet in height. B M Arri;.\i{.\NCi: of tik: colntf!\ Tlu'ii' nvc r.o niounlains in the l.sland; Init tlif o(HUitry in tlic interior, is, in most parts, higher than n|)on the coast ; and the seenery, as yon approaeh tlie shove, presents all the varieties of cnltivated and forest land, ^vith the most Inxnriant foliage to the very brink of the elill's, or to the water's edge npon the rivers and hays. The sand wastes which stretch across the hays upon the North side, show no signs of vegetation when viewed from Ihe sea, and produce nothing but coarse grass and w ild peas. They, however, conmionly rise into hillocks of from twenty to eighty or ninety feet in height, and add grc atly to tlie ellect of the scenery, whether seen from the land or the sea. The Coast of the Island is on every side indented Avith fine harbom's, and the interior is intersected with rivers which meander through the ricliest natural forest in every district ; while springs, and streams of the purest water, every where abound. Tlie Island is divided into three counties, which are called King's County, Queen's County, and Prince (.'ounty ; and subdivided into townships, sixty-seven in all. As the cajjital is situated in Queen's County, I sliall proceed first, to particularize the localities of that division, with the advantage which it alTords to the classes of emigrants for whose use these remarks are more especially intended. Near the centre of this county and of the Island, is situated Hillsborough Bay, whicdi is capacious, and safe for ships of any burden. At the head of this bav lies CIlARLOTTi; TOWN. 3 [ an inner harbour, which is a well sheltered basin of about three miles in breadtli, formed by the junction of the Hillsborough, York, and Elliot Uivers, which empty their waters by the same channel of about half a mile in breadth, into the outer harbour. At the con- tluence of the rivers Hillsborough and York, upon a point of gradually rising ground, skirted by red clifls from about twenty to thirty or forty feet in height, is situated Charlotte Tow n. Charlotte Town is the seat of the Government, and contains about three thousand iuliabitants. Jt is ad- mirably planned, and laid out in streets running at right angles, with several squares, but is only yet par- tially built. It is (Hvided into hundreds, and subdi- vided into half-acre lots, to each of which is attached a i)a,sture h)t of twelve acres. The public buildings consist of, a court-house, which is used also by the two branches of the legislature, of a college for the eihication of youth, and a gaol. There is also an Epis- cojjalian Church, a Scotch Church, and a IMethodist and a Catholic Chapel. The houses are generally built of wood, and painted straw colour or white ; but several brick houses have lately been erected, which give a more substantial and English air to the town, and contril)ute to its security from fire. Many of the houses have gardens ; and as there is a total al)sence of the mean and dirty habitations which not unfrequently skirt the whole Avater boundary of European towns situated upon rivers, the view of the capital is extremely agreeable: neither is our imi)rcs- b2 I 4 viri\fT\ OK rfi.\rc(tl,tiicMl> iiiciTasc in imiiilMi- 'ind impoi-raiu'c. ('poll the Malpcr or I'rin,.,. Town Koad, and tli." St. Pcfer's Road, and npon the hmks of ihc two livcrs wh'u-h skirt tin- cai)ital, llicrc arc seven, I a<;r,vald( "^cats upon a moderate scale ofonlliy, occnjiied l.v tlie niorc wealthy inhabitants. Tims, tlie vicinity of ilie town nllbrds rides and walks snoh as the most enthusiastic admirers of nature in her soj'ier beauties coul I (dioose to frequent : and presents at tlie same time, the e\ i- < — MTRHAY II.VRr.OlU — ST. I'F.TER's — SAVAGIC IIARBoi R. KiNc's CorxTv, is tlic Eastern grand division of tiu- Island. It contains twcnty-onc townships, the im- provements npon some of which, it will be necessary to particularize in noticing the several settlements, in the same manner as has been done in the above description of the localities of Queen's C-ounty. The Bay of Three Rivers, or George Town, is formed by the junction of the three rivers, Montague, Cardi- gan and Rrudnelle. Between the Islands of Panmure and Boughton, there is a safe passage, admitting vessels of any burden. Ipon a conveniently situated point of land, between the river Cardigan and the united waters of the Brudnelle and the ISIontaguc, is placed the county town, which is called (ieorge Town. George Town is laid out in town lots, in the same manner as the capital, but has at present but few inhabitants, 15 4 10 THREE RIVERS. *i? K • It is however, conveniently sitnatecl, and the buildings are fast increasing. The fronts of the rivers and the vicinity, are rapidly settling with British emigrants or people of British extraction., who, like those of all the thriving settle- ments in the Island, are for the most part occupied in agricultural pursuits. Three Rivers possess the ad- vantage of having long established ship yards, in wiiich many Ihie vessels have been built. This is im- portant to the settlers, in creating a market within their reach, which is at all times available for the disposal of the produce of then' farms. This harbour is con- veniently situated for carrying on the cod fishery of the North side of the Island. It has advantages over every other harbour, in its position for leaving the (lulf of St. Lawrence in the autumn, and in closing hiter at that season, and, opening earlier in the spring. The townships Nos. .'il, 52, 53, 54, 59 and Gl, which embrace the broad bounds of Three Rivers and its vicinity, contain together a population of about six- teen hundred souls. Besides the bay of Three Rivers, there are in this county, several other navigable harbours for the smaller class of srpiare rigged vessels, or schooners adapted to the trade with Halifax and Newfoundland. Of these, Murray harbour is the principal. INlurray Harbour, lies between Three Rivers and Hear Cape. It has all the advantages of position en- j(ned by the settlers at Three Rivers ; but it is a bar MURRAY HARBOUR. I] harbour, and does not admit vessels drawing above ten or eleven feet of water. The inhabitants of the vicinity of Murray Harbour, are, for the most part, of British descent. Many of them were attracted here by the ship-building establish- ments and the trade of the port. Some good fai'niers, have, however, lately come among the earlier settlers, and great improvement in the system of cultivating the land has been of course the result. The townships of Murray Harbour, Nos. (53 and (54, contain together a population of about nine hun- dred souls. The Harbour of St. Peters, is situated on the Nortli side of the Island. It is a bar harbour, and only admits schooners adapted to the trade carried on with Halifax and Newfoundland, and for the fisheries. The Townships of St. Peters, Nos. 39, 40, and 41, contain together a population of about sixteen hun- dred souls. Savage Harbour, in the same vicinity, is only navi- gable for boats. The townships, Nos. 3/ and 3S, which embrace its vicinity, contain together a popula- tion of about nine hundred souls. Souris, Hollo Bay, Fortune Bay, Howe Bay, and Hroughton Bay, have their several settlements, con- sisting for tlie most part of Highlanders, or the descen- dants of that hardy race. The tov.nships, which embrace the settlements upon these bays, Nos. 55, 5G, 43, 44 and 45, contain together a population of nearly three thousand souls. 12 KING S COUNTY. % ■h The townships of 46 and 47 in this vicinity, contain a population of about twelve hundred souls ; and are in course of settlement, and in a rapidly improving condition. While enlarging upon these practical statistics, I am fjuite aware that such details cannot but be tedious to any reader, who might not belong to one of those classes to whom the following pages are especially addressed, and who might not also anticipate having a personal concern in some interest upon which these particulars bear. But a whole county yet remains to be in the same manner described ; and I must intreat the reader who contemplates making this fine Island his home, to lend his attention to a few more details. i 1 i'Y^ CHAPTER III. PRINCE COUNTY — DIVISION — FEATURES OF THE COUNTRY RICHMOND BAY PRINCE TOWN — BEDEQUE — TRYON CASCUMPEC KILDARE — LITTLE TKiNICHE — GREAT TIGNICHE — MIMINEGK HE. Prince County, is the western grand division of the Island, and contains twenty-three townships. The most remarkable natural feature of this county, is the extensive harbour of Richmond Bay. Richmond Bay is a broad and deep indent of the sea, completely fortified from external danger by a long range of sand hillocks. It has two entrances at its south eastern extremity, and it contains several fine Islands, the principal of which are, Lenox or Indian Island, (Jcorc-e O Island, and Bunbury Island. It has also several rivers, of which, Ellis or the Grand River, and Goodwood River, are the principal. The two entrances into tlie bay are divided by a sand island, called Fishery Island, about five or six miles in circumference. On the imier side of this s 14 PRINCE TOWN. f I '^ i i island, thovc is a deep cove, which is annually tVc- y Easin, and the fir^t five miles of the Charlotte Town road, is well settled with a mixed in- dustrious population, of which, the descendants of the earlier emigrants from Scotland predominate. Prince town is not so well situated with regard to its harbour, as are Charlotte Town and George Town. Small vessels only, can approach the shore, and these cannot come w ithin half a mile of the town, and have but indifferent shelter. Darnley Easin, only admits vessels of about eight feet draught of water. The townships of the vicinity of Prince Town, Xo. IS BI'DEQUE. 15 and 19, contain together n population of about one thousand five hundred souls. There are very extensive clearances at the head of the bay, formerly occupied by tlie Acadiaus, and called the French village. The present generation, however, have combined their capital, and purchased lands on the opposite side of the island, on the shore of Halifax or Bedeque Bay, and the former clearances are in the hands of British descendants. The present settlement of the Acadiaus is called Muscouche. Township No. 17, which embraces the greater part of the old, and the whole of the lunv settlements, contain a population of about one thousand souls. The townships No. I (5, and 14, which include all the settlements upon the Ellis or (iraud River, contain to- gether, a population of about nine hundred souls, of which nine tenths are of highland descent. Townships 13 and 12, which take in the settlements upon the Good- wood River, contain together about five hundred souls. Besides the harbour of Richmond Bay, there are also in this county, those of Bedeque and Cascumpec. Bedeque is situated upon the south side of the island. It is chiefly occui)ied by tlie descendants of Loyalists, who settled in the island after the American revolutionary war. The timber trade of Bedeque was once considerable ; but happ.ily for the interests of a better pursuit, little, or no more, of the staple of that branch of commerce remains. The townships Nos. 25 and 21}, which embrace the 10 CAfiCrMPKC. t greater part of the settlements of this vicinity, contain togetlier a popuhition of ahout one tlinnsand souls. Eastward of Boderpie, upon the south shore, withont the advantage of a hfivbour, lies the heautiful settle- ment of Tryon Village on townshij) 2H, containing a population of ahout eleven hundred souls. We now come to the settlements of the most western district, the i)rinci]ial of which is that of Cascumpec. Cascumpec includes all the settlements upon Holland or Cascumpec liay. This fine bay is defended from tile sea hy a range of picturesque sand hillocks. It has a bar at its entrance ; but admits vessels drawing about fifteen feet of water, and possesses all the essen- tials of a safe and convenient haven. Within the bar, between the sand islands which form the entrance to the inner habour, lies a Hat, upon which there is about thirteen feet of water ; so that the larger vessels usu- ally till up their cargoes in the outer harbour. Having past the sand islands, as you enter, you sail up the inner harbour, which is about a mile and a half in breadth, siu-rounded by the richest natural forest, but not without the indications of the existence of civilized m.an. Upon the left hand, lies a beautiful island called Savage Island, bordered with red clifls and grassy banks, and entirely covered with a graceful mixture of the most luxuriant forest trees, among which, the beech and maple predominate. Upon the right hand, as you proceed, the land bends round in a crescent shape, and forms, with Savage Island on the . 1 CASCL'MPEC. 17 opposite side, a tranquil liarbour, a little less than a mile in breadth, and about three miles in lenfrth. The land which makes the west side of the harbour, is a peninsula formed by Ilehester River. I'pon this peninsula, establishments have for many years existed ; and a large farm, with all its appurtenanecs of barns and out-houses, and the tall forest around, present to the eye, a seene not surpassed in beauty, or in its indications of the capability of maintaining a tliickly settled population, by any thing to be met with in America, At the extremity of the peninsula, store-houses have been built, and a trade, both with Ibis country ;md Halifax has been sometimes carried on, but not yet to the extent that the resources of the district warrant. The land forms a natural wharf, and ships moor against the beach and make a stage to the shore. Cascumpec Ray, is about five miles in breadth. It receives the waters of several rivers, of which the principal are, Hill River and the Foxley River. Hill River, penetrates about seven miles into tlie country in a westerly direction. It is a winding and beautiful stream, sometimes appearing like a lake, and always presenting the most luxuriant foliage to the very water's edge or the brink of the clin's, but often with- out any indication of its vicinity to any fixed human habitation. The land generally rising as it recedes from the river side, presents, evidences of the con- tinuity of a fertile soil, and the promise's of future abundance. IS CASCr.MPEC. \i li l\ Foxlcy River strctclics to the south-west ahouL nine miles into the interior, and Hows thronj,^!! a country abundantly fertile, but from its generally level eha- raeler, less i)ietures({ue than the banks of the Hill River. The settlements of Cascumpec lie at the head of the bay, and upon the smaller rivers near the port. The inhabitants are ehielly Acadians, but there are some British. The Acadian settlement fr(mts liie bay, occu- pying the ground between the entrances of Hill River and Foxlcy River. Here the settlers have erected a chapel, com?nanding a view of the whole bay and of the sand islands, which, rising into seven conical hills, called the Seven Sisters, add variety to the scenery, in relieving the prospect of the eternal forest. The Acadians, as before observed, are too much given to holy-day-making, to thrive among the indus- trious settlers of British origin ; and the effect of this is more apparent here than at Rustico. Instead of adding fishing to their better occupation of fan i^ng, the Cascumpec Acadians, have been engaged in m hat is called lumbering; that is, felling and manufacturing timber ; and they have experienced the worst effects of that demoralizing pursuit. The British settlers of Cascumpec are more thriv- ing, especially some few who have attended exclusively to the cultivation of their farms. The harbour of Cascumpec is the best station in the Gulf of St. Lawrence for cod fishing establishments. Herrings, in the month of May enter the habour in />A CASCl'MPKC. 11> /•.•* prodigious shoals, and arc easily taken in siillicient quantity to supidy the wants of the settlers; but they, sometimes, do not slioal here, whieh renders a full supply fur the purposes of eommcree uncertain.* Hut the ','ove of Fishery Island before mentioned, at the mouth of Richmond Hay, the great rendezvous of the herrings, is so near, that when they fail at Caseumpee, they may be followed there, about ten days later in the season, without any danger of disappointment. But more will be said on the importance of these fisheries, when we come to speak of the prospective commerce of the Island. This discription of Caseumpee, may be thought somewhat more particular than the wild and unculti- vated tracts of that district might seem to demand. But that its fertile lands renuiin more unpeopled than those of other districts of the island, is alone a suf- ficient reason for their more particular notice. The settlements of Caseumpee, are destined to be the richest agricultural portion of the island. Its port too, will probably be the principal place for the de- barkation of emigrants for the time to come. But were there none of these reasons, it might be par- doned as we excuse the inscription upon a grave stonti, which stops the traveller to inform him of some * I have witnessed the catch of five Imndred barrels in the twenty-four liours, with four Ijuats navigated by twelve men : and, as many thousand Ijarrcls niiplit liavc been taken before the season was over, had preparations been made for curing them. '20 KiiDAin;. 'II Ijumour or sccJic in wliicli \\\v miinl of the inatuinatc clay l)rnoatli, wlicn livings most (Iclitrlitcd. It is tlic nvnrd ofa spirit {Icpartcd from the deep l)iit cliecrCul solitudes, w Ik rt- it rejoiced in extreme youth, and, wan- dering' amidst the forests, dreanu'd of nourishing' towns and peopled villaires, which every creek and every grove foretold a spirit, dep'irted for ever from the scenes where, and wliere oidy, it ever felt the full pleasure of existence, w ithout w<'ariness and the de- sire of change. Ahout four miles north of Caseumper Hay, is situ- ated Kildare, a settlement consisting,' of farms along tlie sea shore. This settlement and its vicinity, pos- sess the advantage of an annual deposit of marine manure. 'J'lie sea, every spring, throws up as nuieh kelp, as to cover the shores from Kildare l^iver to Cape Kildare, two or three feet in dejith; and this valuahle commodity renuiins untouchi'd, except by four or five farmers at whose very doors it is deposited, until carried to sea again by the currents and flood- tides, or melted by the heat of the sun. Tlie townships Nos. 4, f), and (5, incdude the settle- ments of Cascumi)ec and Kildare. They, as yet, con- tain together no more than about five hundred souls. About ten miles nortli of Kildare lie Little Tigniche and Great Tigniche. 1'hese settlements arc situated upon two ponds or small lakes, both of which have outlets into the sea ; but the largest and most northern only, will admit even boats adapted for fishing. Little Tigniche, is, liowcver, the resort of fish of a species 'i* riiiMciii:. 21 i rc'scniblint,' the hcrriiit,', urid called nlcwivos or le instance of the advantage of closely loUowinj; one pursuit. 'I'hey have attended exclusively to larnHn^s and, altiiou^'h, a pciiple wedded to prejudices the most opposed to iiu- prinement, jind having no knowlege of agriculture l)ut the practice of their forefathers, nor desiring more; and who, moreover, spend one lifth of the year in holy- duy making, they are yet in a conchtion superior to that of their neighbours of the same origin, and may thero- foiv, be said t.. flouri,.].. They huve abundance of every necessary of life, and are contented and hapi)y. There are two pmuls of the s.une description on the Western coast, called (ireat Miminegiehe and Idttle Miminegiche. 'Ihcy are settled by Acadian French also, with a few emigrant Irish families. They are fre.iuented also by the alevvives m the same abundance as Little Tigniche. The townships of these settlements, Nos. I and 2, contain together a population of about SOO souls. On the south coast of this district lies Egmont Bay, the shores of wliich abound with rich salt marshes,' wliich afford a valuable aid to tlie agricultural settlers in their vicinity. The townships iii,on Kgmont Bay, are H, <), and 10. Tlie entire population of the island is about forty thousand souls. I 1 CHAPTER IV. CLIMATE — SOIL — NATI VE I'ROinCTIONS. \'^H The climate of Prince Edward Island is highly favorable to the pursuits of agriculture and the health of the inhabitants. It dilVers from that of England in the winter more than at any other season. The un- wholesome and damp chills of an English winter are unknown in the Inland; and the diseases which a moist atmosjjhere originates, are uncommon at any time. The cold is more severe, and endures for a longer period; so that for about four months, all agricultural pursuits, properly so called, are of neces- sity suspended. Put this is not of so much moment as to materially effect those interests which are connected with the soil ; for the winter is both shorter and less severe in the Island, than in those counties on the Baltic which export figricultural produce, and whose inhabitants, are for the most part engaged in the rural occupations. The days too are considerably longer at that season in the Island, than in those countries. V CLIMATK. 23 which is ni;iterial, botli as to heahh and to hibor. I shall briefly describe the peculiarities of each season, beginning with that which dilFers the most from the corresponding season in Britain. After a serene and usually dry October, the Aveathcr begins to get more unsteady in the early part of November, and sometimes a sharp frost, with showers of snow, takes place before the middle of that month; but when this occurs, the October weather returns again, find conmionly lasts about ten days or a fort- night. This short interval is called "the " Indi-ui Summer." When it occurs, the frost does not gene- rally set in before the beginning of December ; but the cold weather more ronnnonly begins about the 20th November, and gradually increases, until the ground resists the plough, which is ordinarilv about the second week in December. The cold now increases rapidly, and the ground becomes coveted with snow • and about Christmas, the frost is as intense as that experienced during the severest winters in Eno-. land. ''^ During the months of Januarv and Februarv, the weather is usually steady, with the thermometer very frequently below zero of Fahrenheit. But some- tmics a thaw lakes place, and, by laying the ground bare of it. winter covering, occasions great incon- veniences. The travelling is suspended, or becomes 'hfiicult, the roads being reiulered unfit for either sledge or wluvl carriages; and the hauling of fire- wood, which the farmer usually accompli.lies at that 24 CMMATH. season, is prevented. The meadows are sometimes injured too by tlie exposure of the land to the frost, should it become very severe before another fall of snow. During this season, the farmer occupies his time in thrashing out his grain, preparing new- fences for the spring, building new out-houses, adding to his dwell- ing house, and hauling his firing for the year. The weather is not so cold as to interfere with any outdoor occupations, and the length of day at the winter sol- stice, by reason of the dillerence of latitude, is about an hour longer at Charlotte Town than at London. March, as in Europe, is a windy month, and is throughout very changeable. About the close of this month, the snow rapidly melts, and the ice in the rivers and bays gets rotten and dangerous to pass ; and wholly disappears, except in a late season, about the second week in Ai)ril. Strong southerly winds now conunence, and the last vestiges of frost speedily vanish. Ploughing generally commences about the third week of this month ; and before the middle of the next, unless the season be uimsually late, the greater part of the seed is committed to the ground. The spring is short; and during the month of May, the mean temperature is little lower than is common during the same month in England, though there are occasionally very cold and raw easterly winds. But toward the end of this month, steady weather is gene- rally established. In the beginning of June, the summer bursts forth ; ? S CLIMATK 2. evo everv and the natural forest, presenting to the variety of vegetation, and filling the air with thu fragrant perfumes of the native herhs of the island, ives abundant evidence of the fertility of the soil : and at the same time allbrd lovers of nature to gratify th s an opportunity for the eir enthusiasm, or in- dulge then- taste for contemplative enjoyment. The ],rillianey of a summer night in the vicinity of the bays, cannot be surpassed by that which the finest climates under heaven Lxhil,it. The wind is usually •still, and the smooth surface of the water reflects the splendid lights of the firmament; and wherever the current runs, the fishes are heard sporting iu the stream ; and on the shore, whole acres are sometimes ilhiminalcd by the fh-e-flies, which emit flashes of light as they sport in the air ; and now and then a torch is seen displayed at the bow of tlie canoe of some Indian engaged in spearing the etds. From this time, until the middle or the end of Sep- tember, the climate resembles tliat of the southern coast of Englard. The thermometer, occasionally, during calm weather, shows a greater degree of heat than we experience in this cotmtry ; but th." sea bre(>ze seldom fails to lower the temperature, l)v tl sun reaches the zenith, so that le time tin no inconvenience thence west arises. liut during the prevalence of the south, winds, throughout the greater part of July, August, and September, the thermometer stands pretty steadily at from 75 to HO degrees of Fahrenheit during the mid- 26 CLI.^fATr;. hours f)f tliL' (l.-iy ; v.ud, at nii^^ht, the .'lir is soft, wliole- bonic, and r.grcH'ahlc. The liay harvest commences about the middle of July ; and the white crops are usually cut between the middle and the hist of August. About the middle of Sejjtembcr, the evenings begin to get cool, and the autumn properly commences. No- thing can exceed the beauty or the healthiness of this season of the year. The atmosphere is exceedingly rarilied, and the deep azure of the clear sky reflects a darker shade ui)on the waters ; while the forests, as they change from the rich green of summer to the thousand autumnal tints which the variety of their kinds exhibit, present scenery unsurpassed in beauty or in the hopes of future plenty which tliey inspire. by any thing to be met with in the old or new world. The Aurora BoreaHs, though connnon at all times of the year, is, during the early part of autumn, more splendid than at any other season. It sometimes ap- pears like the rellection of the lights of this great me- tropolis upon the sky when seen from a distance upon ri clear night ; but it often covers the whole compass of heaven, and in red, blue, green, and yellow streams, illumines the wide expanse ; Jind changing its colours HS it continnally flashes across the firmament, presents a spectacle unrivalled l)y any other phenomenon which nature any where displays. Prince I'ulward Island, is entirely free from those fogs which infest the surrounding countries of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton. This re- .^1 ! ■f SOIL. 27 . niarkable exemption from the visits of that enemy to personal comfort, I have elsewhere endeavourecl to account for.* It is not among the least of the advan- tages which the island enjoys over the provinces in its vicinity, and over the eastern states of the Union. The air is always clear and salubrious ; and the climate at all seasons, is much healthier than that of the greater part of Upper Canada, or of any part of the United States. The intermittent fevers of U])per Canada and the Lnited States, with several other diseases incident to the latter, are of very rare occurrence, or entirely un- known in the island: nor does any endemic disorder whatever here exist. There is no countrv where the peasantry enjoy better hea.lth, or where mrn-e instances of longevity occur. I believe, though I am not able in this instance to speak from actual investigation, that more people in this island attain the age of a hundred, than in any other part of America. The fertility of the soil of Prince Edward Island, is sufficiently indicated by its natural productions. The whole ffice of the country, with inconsiderable exceptions, is, or was originally, covered with forest trees of the richest foliage, and of great variety in their kinds. Tlie general character of tlie soil is that of an unctuous loamy mould. In some parts, the pro- portions of sand prevail over its more fertile proper- ties, and in others, a rich marly loam predominates, ^- Soo the Emipr.-mt's Introdvuiioii tu the Biiiish Ameri- can Cohjiiies, &('. page 207. c2 w •2H SOH., 1/ 'f witlioiil .•ipjiroaching to tlu' character of tlie heavy clfiy soils ill (ireat Ih'itain. Its peculiar properties are generally known by its original producti(jns ; and where maple ol'its several kinds, and beech and black birch, intermixed with the larger species of the tir tiibe, i)revail and attain the greatest perfection, they are justly considered conclusive evidence of the su- perior (puility of the soil. Sometimes the forests are open, and the trees so far apart, that you may ride through the country without roads ; but they are generally too much mixed w ith trees of a smaller growth, or the way is obstructed by wind-falls, or they have too much underwood to per- mit the traveller to make a straight course, even on foot. But, the more obstruction to the first elibrts at cultivation that we meet, the more certain we may be, that we have chosen a soil that will soon repay the capital and labor we J^pply to subdue it to the pur- poses of iu'ofitable increase. The ground, is every where easily worked. Sometimes the settlers plough with a pair of bullocks or one horse; and it is rarely necessary to use more than two light horses or two pair of bullocks. Tlie sub-soil is in some places a stifl' clay, very well adapted for making bricks; and in others, it is a solid bed of sand stone, which is very easily worked when first dug, and which becomes hard by exposure to the air. This renders it ad- mirably adapted for building, though I believe, there i.> but one house that is worthv of notice, constructed of it, at present in the island. NATIVK rilODl C;TI()\S. There are some districts, but they are not exti-nsive, where the soil is very sandy, find liardly at i)resent, worth cultivating^ The lands of this discription, in their wild state, are indicated hy their productions, wiiich are usually scrubby si)ruces and other species of firs of stinted growtii. There are also swampy lands of considerable extent in some of the districts ; but as no attempt has been made to bring these into cultivation, we can only con- jecture from the natural grass they produce wherever they are not over-run with spruces and thick bu,shes, that they will, as the population increases, be found easily convertable into good pasture lands. A few observations upon the native productions of the island, may not improperly precede, what it will be necessary to say of the produce of the cultivated districts. The predominant tree of the forest, is the common beech. This tree attains its perfection upon the best lands : it is a clean and useful wood, and is much used in ship building, being found to be very durable under water. Birch, ranks next to beech, as to the (juantity which the native forest produces. There are several species of this genus, but the two principal, are, the black and the white. The black birch attains to a much larger size than the beech, and is a useful wood in shi]) build- ing, cabinet making, and mill machinery. The white birch does not grow very large, and ex- cept for fire-wood, is of no use to the settlers. Tiie c3 :iO FOREST TRKKS. I*. Indians, however, construct their canoes of the bark of this tree. There are several kinds of maple which attain to a large size. The principal, is the rock or bird's-eye- maple. Some of this is annually sent to England, where it is used for cabinet work. It is about the color of satin-wood, but being spotted with marks re- sembling birds-eyes, from which it receives its name, it is a much handsomer wood ; but it will not be much esteemed until it becomes more scarce. The sap of the maple tree produces sugar, which is manufactured by the older settlers, especially the Aca- dians and those of highland descent, but is rarely sold; and the more recent English settlers value their time too highly, to employ it in the manufacture of an article, which is but a poor substitute for what the produce of their farms will well enable them to pur- chase. Elm and oak are found in the island, but the trees of these species are not numerous, nor is their timber valuable. The same with the willow, ash, poplar, and several others. There are great varieties of the fir tribe, the prin- cipal of which, is the yellow pine. This tree grows to an enormous size, and was formerly very plentiful in the island ; but except in the district of Cascumpec in Prince County, it has been nearly all cut down and exported. The hemlock or hemlock fir is a valuable vvood, and grows to a size, nearly equal to that of the pine. It is NATIVE FRUITS. .W exported as lathwood, and used in the countvv for Mooring and wainscotting, but is not durable when ex- posed to the weather. It is used also for the founchi- lion of wharfs always under water, and its bfirk is valuable for tanning leather. There are several kinds of spiupo, of whieh, the black is the most valuable. It is used for spars for large vessels, and for the masts of the smaller, and also for the top-sides and decks of ships. The white cedar is common in the district of Cas- cumpec, and from its durability is valuable for shingles for exportation to the West Indies. There are several wild fruits indigenous, and very |)lentiful in the island. The more esteemed, are the cranberry, the strawberry, and the rasi)berry. The common American cranberry is well known in this coimtry ; but the sort which the island produces is su- perior to any to be found on the continent. Straw- berries are plentiful, but they are small, and inferior in flavor to the garden strawberry of this country. The Raspberries, however, which are exceedingly abundant, are not inferior to those which are produced by the most careful cultivation at home. Where the woods have been burnt, or the land cleared and left uncultivated, they are found in great (luantities ; and they are common in all parts of the island by the road side. Besides these, there are wild cherries, blue-berries or whortle berries, and currants and gooseberries. The wild cherries, have, as a medicine, powerful as- I 32 NATIVK FRl'ITS. tringent qualities. The blue-ljcrvies are a very agree- able fruit ; but the wild currants and gooseberries are scarcely eatable, though the trees of both kinds ini- l)orted from England, especially of the currants, whether black, white, or red, produce the most delicious fruit in great abundance. There are great quantities of, what in the island is usually called, sarsaparilla ; but some of it brought to this country was pronounced by a medical gentleman of eminence, to be a i)lant unknown to him, and cer- tainly not sarsaparilla. It has, however, medicinal virtues, and is used by the Indians to cure what they call a sore chest, in other words, a severe cold. u CHAPTER V. AORICULTrU AL i'ROniCTlONS — MANTRES — ARDIA VEGET.VBLES — ST<)( K. I sii \Li, now prococd to speak of those proiliictions of the eountrv which reeoinpense liiiinan industry, and which bear a nearer affinity to tlie interests of the greater portion of such capitaUsts as may contemplate transferring their projjerty, and industrious ell'orts to this colony. None of the farinaceous and necessary vegetable productions of the soil of Great Britain, yield a more bountiful return for the labors of the agriculturists ;it home, than those of the same kind, with less skill and less labor in their cultivation, produce in Prince Ed- ward Island ; and some, among those which may l)e considered necessaries, exceed the average returns of their kind in England: while others, to be classed among the luxuries of the table, are produced with less care, and attain to greater perfection in the island, tlian in any part of England. Summer wheat, whether red or white, is at present the great object of the farmer's attention, and yields a c 4 34 Acnurrr.TUiiAL I'Ronrc rioxs. boiuUifiil return. Vcgctiilioii is nmcli more rapid in the island than in i'ln^dand ; and corn coniniitttd to the ground about thi' lirst or second week in May, i^ usually najicd Ix lure the middle of September. The Hverajfe increase of tlie wheat crop, it is dillieult to dis- cover, as the larmers rarely know the si/e of their iudds, or how niueh they sou ui)on any sin^^h- acre, but have a very erroneous method of estimating the i'ertility of the soil by the increase upon what they -ou'. r>ul according to the best calculations 1 coidd niJike, without a thorough i)ractical knowledge of the subject, the average production of the lands, of at least the western districts, under fair cultivation, would not set ni to be overrated at from eighteen to twenty-two bushels an acre; but it is stated bv many to be nuieli higher. And this too, it should be remem- bered, is the ])roduce of spring wheat upon a soil as yet imperfectly know n. That of autumn wheat, would piobably nmch exceed this; but it h.is not been fairly tried, owing to a prevalent opinion that the winters are too severe to admit its general production, not- withstanding it has been successfully cultivated in several instances. Home German settlers, will pro- bably before long, put the island farmers in the way of overcoming the diHieidties hitherto experienceil in r.iising this more productive species of corn. Barley and oats, are the next objects of the farmer's attention. These grow luxuriantly, especially the latter, the average produce of which is certainly not over estinuited at fortv-hve bushels of forty ])ound's AORicri.TruAi. iMfonrcTioNs. 3.-) \V('i<,'ht ail acre. Harlcy, jji-ohably Hvcrai^t's ahnut thirty-live bushels, I'otatoes yield ahmulantly, under very inditTerent eultivatiou; they are of excellent quality, and well kiu)wn iu the neighbouring ^jrovinces. The average produee is variously stated. V\Hn\ new land, uumured liy the , ashes of the timber burnt upon it, they will sometimes yield from three hundred and lii"ty to four luiiuh-ed bushels an aere, allowing for the waste sj)aces occa..sioncd by the stumps still stanchng ; but three hundred piled Winchester bushels, is by no means an over eslinuite for an average crop upon land under tlie [)lough, find fairly eultivatetl. The average produce of barley, oats, and potatoes, in i'rince Edward Island, very much exceeds that of the best lands in the United States. Kye and buck wheat produce abundant crops, but they are not much cultivated. Hops grow better here than in any part of Britain, and they are, as far as yet tried, which has not been ex- tensively, a certain crop; which, should it so prove to Ije, will give the hop growers in the island, a material advantage over the producers in England. There is not, at present, naicli consumption for them, and they have not yet been exported. Some flax is raised in tlie highland and Acadian settlements, but only for domestic use. The women manufacture it, and employ it to make their husband's shirts, and for necessary household purposes. Hemp will also grow, but it is not cultivated. 1 ..31 '* . \ / =1 T 3G AGRICULTLRAL PRODICTIONS. ^' i I' ' Maize or Indian corn, is sometimes sown, but it does not equal that grown in more southern countries. It is not often ground to flour, but when boiled in its green state, it is a delicious vegetable, and from ex- perience I can confidently recommend it as an exceed- ingly wholesome article of diet. Turnips do well, especially the Sweedish. Of the other kinds, the yellow is considered the sweetest and is \ he most prolific. Turnips should be sown about the end of July. They are subject to be cut oil by the fly as in England ; but a Glostershire farmer used to sow them on a farm at Cascuinpec, three days before the change of the moon, which affords time, as it would seem, for them to get their defence against the mischievous in- sect, before it recovers from a change which it appears to undergoe at that period.* English farmers will pro- bably know whether the emigrant agriculturist was in- debted to his cunning, or to chance, for his success ; which, however, was unfailing, after this precaution was practised. Parsni^js also grow well in the island. The rotation of crops, is usually, wheat with hay seed, after potatoes, where the land is not remaikbly rich ; but on tlie better soils, the farmers generally take au- otiier white crop after the wheat, and sometimes two, AS * This may appear stailliiip, but natural scieuoc is every (lay (liscovcviiig causes and eU'ects -which liave hitlierlo becu unsuspected; and in many instances, modern discovery lias led to the revival and establishment of facts -which Avere br- iieved by our ancestors, but have since been held uii worthy the attention jf philosophers. MANURKS. 37 before they lay it down to meadow, or put it agai.i in green crops, or employ manure. The grass most commonly used in the country, is the timothy. It is usually sown mixed with cow grass, whicii is a pcrenninl red clover. This mixture, witli the thick rich native white clover, which the land every where spontaneously produces, forms a most luxuriant meadow, and yields under favorable circum- stances about three tons per acre. As there can be nothing of more importance to the agriculturist than the means of fertilizing liis land, so there is no country where the manures, not dependent upon the husbandman's economy, are more abundant, or more easily obtained ; and this, as it need not be added, is a matter of especial importance to those settlers who begin their labours with the axe. If they are near a river, two or three should unite and keej) a skow or llat-bottom barge, which they wouhl find greatly facihtate tlieir means of obtaining tlie rich animal and vegetable deposits of the rivers and bays. The richest and most en(hirable of the marine ma- nures, is the muscle mud. ft consists of decayed muscles and shells mixed with mud, and is found in many of the rivers. It is said to prolong its fertiliziug eflects when ploughed into the ground, for twelve ov fourteen years, and even for live and t^ enty or thirty, where the soil is best adapted to retain it. The kelp' weed has been mentioned, in speaking of Kildare and Cascumpec. IM If. i 3^ G A RD !• N V i:gi:ta nr,i: s. i!')^ Within all the bays and rivcr.s of the country, there are larger or less deposits of a kind of sea weed, known by the name of eel grass. This is very inferior to kelp or muscle mud, and has been so badly managed, and so little appreciated, that some even think that it produces or encourages the growth of couch-grass, but this is palpably an error. It might just as well be said, that it produces any other weed that is conunon to the land of a prejudiced and slovenly husbandman. If it be collected in the spring, (and in this case the new grass is the best), and made a compost of, with a fair mixture of stable manure ; or, if that which is half decomposed, and within the harbours (of which there is abundance in every stage of decay) be col- lected early in the autumn, and spread a foot deep or more, over the byre and stable yards, it will become an excellent manure for either the white or green crops of the following season. In truth, the value of the marine deposits, as .ndependent manures, is not half known, nor will their worth be fully ajjpreciated, until more agricultural capitalists take up their residence in the country. IJeans and peas yield well, but I do not know their average produce per acre. Those cultivated in the gar- dens are superior to any grown in England. All the vegetables common to our English gardens do well in the island; and most of those that are pro- duced in this country, by the aid only of artificial heat, or the most careful culture, such as cucumbers, aspa- ragus, and melons, attain perfection in the open air in i- GARDEN FRUITS. 39 the island, without the appliccation of much horticul- tiiral skill. The ordinary fruits of the table, such as apples, pears, cherries, plums, grow well, but are not yet much culti- vated. Currants of all kinds, and gooseberries, as before observed, produce abundantly. Strawberries and rasp- berries are too plentiful in the woods to be worth cul- tivating in the gardens. With the more delicate fruits which we rear in this country, such as grapes, nec- tarines, peaches, some experiments are now making. After this list of the spontaneous and artificial pro- ductions of the soil of the island, some observations upon the stock naturally follow : I shall then make a few remarks upon the methods of farming practised by the hrst and the later settlers in the colony. From tlie time of the French, who were in pos- session of the island up to the year 17,50, until the i ninistration of Governor Ready, between the years 1JS24 and 1K30, little change had been made in the stock of horses, black cattle, hogs or sheep, so that the greater part of the stock is still of the original breed. The horses are in general small, but strong, hardy, docile and patient of fatigue, and moreover, long-lived. They will draw greater weights ; and when taken di- rectly from pasture, will perform longer journeys than English horses, swimming rai)id rivers of sometimes a mile in breadtli. They are also soci- able animals. The most sagacious, when bred at a distance from the populous settlements, will, in the sunmier time, if far from home, follow you for miles ;')l 40 STOCK. P ) I'' in the woods in spite of every obstruction. They dread being alone in the forest at any time. ^Vhen you travel in the winter behind a young hor.se, and are for some time silent, the animal will begin to fear he is alone : he will first stop and attempt to look round, but being prevented seeing by his blinkers, he will run and stop again ; and after attempting to turn, which he cannot do on account of the snow on each side of the narrow sleigh road, he will start ofl" agani, with the action and speed of a scared deer. But the instant you speak, the affrighted animal will stand still, and then resume his ordinary pace, resembling, alike in his confidence and his timidity, a higher order of being degraded to the same dependence, and some- times worse treated, in the south, than the beasts of l)urden in a land unpolluted by tiie anomalies of social order and the debasing influence of slaverv. Horses are supposed on these occasions to scent a bear, an animal for which they have no great predilection ; but bears are seldom seen near the roads, and at this season they lie under the snow. It appears to b^ the love of society, and the sense of dei)endence. that gives the horse so strong a distaste for the solitude of the woods. Governor Ready brought a thorough-bred horse, and a mare to the colony, since which, several others have been imported; so that the breed of both farm and pleasure horses is greatly improved. The black cattle of the island are smaller than those jt^ of England. The ordinary weight of an ox raised in II I STOCK. •41 the more cultivated districts, may be about eigln hun- dred weight without liide and taHow, Thi- beef is liowever tender when the bullocks are not too much worked, as is often the case among the Acadian and highland settlers, and those who begin to cultivate the land without sufficient capital to enable them to pur- chase a horse. The milk, butter, and cheese, are inferior to what we are accustomed to get in England ; but as new stock has of late years been imported, this source of the agriculturist's profits will yearly improve. As to sheep, they were until very lately, with the exception of a few about the capital, a miserable sample. They are, however, as far as breeding is concerned, as it is obvious to farmers, more easily im- proved by importations than any other stock ; and as great attention has been given to their improvement by the agricultural society, whose efforts for the general interests of the country it will be necessary to notice in a future page, there is no question about the result. They are indeed, at this time, nearly double tht size the sheep of the island were twenty years ago, and produce a proportionate quantity of wool. The swine of the country are suffered to run too much at large to thrive well. Some farmers, have how- ever, attended to the breed of them ; and, pork may be obtained of as good quality in the Charlotte Town market, as in most parts of England. Some hogs of a Ip.'-ge breed were some years ago imported, but 1 do not know whether they were found profitable to raise. •,4 42 AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIKS. !■ ' But at an hotel in Charlotte Town, the ear of a pig whose carcase weis^hed nine hundred pounds, was put on the table as a side dish ; and mine host, who him- self fed the animal, informed his guests, that it was not properly fattened when he killed it, and that he should be able to kill a nuich larger in a few weeks. Domestic fowls, and also geese and ducks, are raised with great case in the country, and are jjlentiful. Turkeys, however, for which the cliuiate seems well adapted, since the wild species are ;d)undant in Canada, have not yet been raised in great plenty in any part of the Island. Both the methods of cultivation and the breeding of stock, with every other interest connected with agri- culture, are in a rapidly improving condition. Before the adniinisti'ation of Governor Ready, little enter- prise existed in the country. The island had for a series of years been a prey to mis-government and party dissensions, and every thing which concerned its best interests was at a stand ; but this officer, by the example which he set in the cultivation of the soil, and the importation of stock, threw open the legi- timate sources of the most profitable pursuits, and pointed out the natural channels of the future wealth of an ishmd, situated in the vicinity of countries pos- sessing a less congenial climate and less fertile soil. The first great effort towards the improvement of these important interests, was the establishment of an agricultural society, which was founded under the auspices of the governor in the year 1826. This was ArJlUCLLTURAL SOCIKTIES. 43 speedily followed by the institution of branch societies, and tile rise of a spirit of intpiiry, which will ere long, develope the great natural resources of the country. Through the means of these societies, stock of various di.'scriptions, new seed, and improved implements have been imported; and trials of skill in ploughing, and in the cultivation of the several articles of produce most desirable to imi)rove, have been instituted, and rewards given for the best samples ; and these are expedients of which tli2 utility is well known. u I \ II'! I 1 1.' CHAPTER V[. NATlVi: ANIMALS Or TIIK lOKKSI' — FISHES — INSKl PS. ■4 I If ' f The more romarkable of the native animals, greatly contributed, in the early settlement of the island, to its commerce, as well as the supply of some of the necessary articles of winter clothing to its inhabitants. Among these, the l)ears, foxes, otters, martins, minks, were the most useful. There are still bears enough found in the country to supply the wants of the settlers, but not enough to commit more mischief than now and then to carry away a pig or a sheep. Tiiey are by no means either so savage or so numerous as to be an object of dread to the most timid ; and as a price is now set upon their devoted heads, those that remain will soon disappear. The red fox-skin is still an article of commerce. Foxes are chietly shot or trapped by the Indians, and tlieir skins exported to England by the resident mer- chants. There are silver grey and black foxes to be met with, but they are very scarce. ^ • NAI'lVF'; ANIMALS. 45 Seals, and sea-cows, (the walrus) were fonnerly numerous upon tlie north coast of the island. The sea-cows have now (juite ahandoned the country, thoui^h tlu' seals still frequent the coast and the rivers in the spring' and autumn. They all'ord materials for the moccasins w(-rn for shoes hy the Indians and some of the older settlers in winter ; and oil, though not in .-.ulTieicnt (piantity to sui)ply the wants of the iidiabitants. The seacows are now supposed to rarely leave the northern shores of the (iulf; but the seals are very numerous about the Magdalen Island.s, which lie near the north coast of Prince Kdward Islund ; and they are sometimes taken in considerable numijers by the Acadians of Kustico, who, as before observed, are more employed in the fisheries than any of the other settlers. The wild birds of the island are numerous. Those most esteemed for the table, and which alVord the best sport, are, the geese, brant or barnacle, and the black duck. These all nugrate, with many others, and visit the island in spring and autumn. Partridges are also in great plenty ; but they are too tame to alTord any s^iort. The curlew, snipe, plover, and a variety of birds of their kind, are also numerous. Wild pigeons are likewise plentiful in summer. The fishes of the island are delicate in flavor, and plentiful. The cod, herrings, and alewive or gasperaux are objects of commerce, and will therefore claim further attention under that head. The cod, is too abundant to be much esteemed for the table. U) iisnKs. Herrings arc plentiful in spring, and lo be obtained in autiunn. 'Jiicv are larger than the herrings in tlie Kuropean seas, and are equal to any in flavor, Alewives are i)lentiful in spring; but the^' are nut esteemed for the t;ible : they are a dry and insipid lish. Salmon are scaree. They are, I believe, only t.iken in the Mond River, which falls into St. Peter's Hay on the north side of the island. The mackerel, are larger than those njioii the Eng- lish coast, and they are exceedingly abundant. Trout of the finest descrii)tion abound in almost every stream, but they are very improperly taken at all seasons. Eels were formerly very plentiful in tiie island, but tliey are now comparatively scarce. They most abound, wherever the bottom of the river is a mixture of mud and sand. Here they embed themselves about a foot deep. Th(\v are taken chiefly by the Indians, who pierce the mud with a spear by day, or attract them when thev leave their retreats at night, bv a flam- beau placed at the bow of their canoes. Smelt are plentiful, as are many species of flat-fisli. none of which are much esteemed. Oysters and lobsters are the only good shell-fish to be got in the island. The oysters are extremely good, and of several sorts. There arc two opinions respect- ing their flavor. Some think them very superior to the English oysters, while others think them inferior. Some kinds are very large, but none are gross. The largest are usually the shape of half a horse shoe, and not much smaller than one of the lartjest size. r " IvKl'TILKS. ■17 ^ As to lobsters, tin; best ck'scri[)ti()n oftlu.-ir Hbuiubinoc thai can be givi'ii, is, to say, tliat they arc on tliat, ai\(l on that account only, despised by the (ddcr settlers. They should never be i)erniitte{l to appear at dinner, and should not be eaten for breakfast or sujjpcr above once a week. After many years observance of this rule. I left the island with as powerful a ridish lor them as tver. They are in j^-reat plentv in the luir- bours, but the best are cauglit at sea. When brought to the wharf at Charlotte Town, (for 1 do not know whether they are ever carried to the market), the boys wlio u>ually catch them, sell them for a halfpenny or a penny a piece. There are no poisonous reptiles in the island, but there are some harmless snakes, and some musical frogs. The frogs arc numerous in the swamps and ponds. They lie in a dormant state under the ice during the winter, and in the spring, when the sini reanimates all around them, they also feel his genial ray. and lift uj) their voices in general chorus, to the annoyiince of some and the amusement of others. But f(;r my }iart. I would not miss their evening chant for the luiest morning concert that London atlbrds. — But this, of course, is matter of taste. Strangers sometimes mistake their harmonious strains for the notes of some unknown biid; but they are more like those of the eolian harp than any thitig else I remember. But if there are no dtmgerous reptiles there are several troublesome insects. The nuisquito or com- mon gnat, the black-lly or gallinipper as it is very ap- t'- l\ ts INSr.CT^. ,„,,,,,iHtolvc.>ll.'ainNowf«n„ai..ul,.na,h.- .nml-ny. ,„„„„, i„ „„. w„o,ls aunn« ,!.■ mouths o, .luly u ,• ; ,L. Th,.r,rs.isf,,u„awlu.,-c.v,.rUu.fm.,.s,«-».s i r ,„.. u,l,.. .«.. an. only n,,-. .id, ,,. i-.u. , situations. Charlotte Town, is howcvev, fivr from all : ;:;ri;uie.d. arc any to b. found ^vlu■rc tlu. wo<.as an- ,l.aroa away ; and none ar. so troublesome m .lu Inland a uinm the continent. CIlAl'TKK VII. IMPORTS AMI KXl'ORTS, AMI I'lJOSI'KCTI VI', COMMEKCK. Till". conimcM'ci' of the islrind consists in the export of its protliKiioiis to (Jreat Hritain, the West IiuUes, and the neighhonring provinees, and in the import of such neeessary artieles as the motlier eonntry or the bister colonies can supply. The sources of produetion have been various, and often so unprofitable, that there has hitherto been some difficulty in makinjr the ex- ports balance the necessary imports, from which has arisen a scarcity of money. The improvements in agriculture, and the increase of industry and capital, have, however, since the better administration, of the government of the colony, open'-d the channels of conunerce, most natural to a fertile land : and the yearly increase of the produce of the soil, warrants the assum[)tion, that the island will soon export more than will cover its necessary importations. The exports to England formerly consisted cliielly D u .■>() roMMFrjc ; I hii Iv of timhcr. liuttlii^ is the very worst brp.nch oftnidc that a rural population could be called upon to support. It begets dissolute habits, and is a nursery of moral depravity. It has diverted the agriculturist from his more steady pursuits ; and if it hns sometimes been a great source of profit to a few, it has only accumulated what has been speedily dissipated ; and it has in nu- merous instances been the ruin of those previously in easy or allluenl circumstaiuTs : and thus the western districts of the island, where it still lingers, and which, beyond question, comprise the most fertile portion of the country, are less populous and less improved than the middle and eastern. As the timber trade declined, ship building in<'reascd. This has proved a more profitable source of produc- tion, and furnished a valuable export to Great Ih'itain. The reason of the dissimilarity of these pursuits is ob- vious. The timber was felled or numufactured by farmers, who not only neglected a better pursuit during the mouths of winter in which they generally worked, but who were often called upon to (Complete their contracts or perform some incidental labor dur- in£r seed tinu' or harvest, to tiieir irreparable loss. Shii)s are built by a class of men, who, except in rare instances follow no other occupation : and thus the principle of just division of labor, not being violated, both the farmer and the ship builder acquire the legi- timate profits of their distinct avocations, while their combined labors contribute to the general welfare of the colony. COMMERCK. 51 The exceptions to this due distribution of hil)or, for the most part occur among the earlier settlers, espe- cially the Acadians, who acfpiired the art of ship building and the taste together, during the period that system was "out of joint" in Europe, and men's minds were more set upon " cutting foreign throats " than in seeking out the best channels for the exertion of steady industry. The farmers, if such they may be called, at that time, built many small vessels and sold them, usually, in Newfoundland, at apparently large profits. But many better ship Imilders are now esta- blished at various parts of the island, and a number of snips from one hundred and fifty to five hundred tons, and some still larger, have been at different times constructed and sold in England, or employed in the trade of the colony. Corn lias also been exported to England, but in no great (juantity ; and if it has not been a source of profit, this has doubtless been owing more to bad management than to any other cause ; for a sample fetched, on one occasion, the highest i)rice at Mark Lane. But as the poi)ulation of the island increases, it will be necessary to export more produce than will balance the wants of the settlers in Die productions of the West India islands; and they will do well, by the strictest regulations, to insure the shii)ment of corn to this country, of a (juality to conunand reniuneratinj: [)rices. Pot-ash ought long ago to have been exported to Kngland. It was at one time, though it is not now so u 2 COMMEKCE. i( much in demand as formerly, the most vahiable export from Canada, and the staple of its production, the beech tree, is super-abundant in the island. The returns from (ireat Britain, are ninde in manu- factured articles of every description, with salt, tea, wine, iron, and all such other necessaries ami luxuries as a new country does not produce. The exports to Newfoundland, have usually been more profitable than those to Great Jh'itain. They have chiefly consisted of boards sawn at water mills in the island, shingles, wiiich are (if the expression may be allowed) a kind of wooden slates, the best of which, are made of white cedar, and staves, spars, beef, pork, oats, hay, and maiiy vessels for the grand fisheries of that island. The returns from New- foundland have been usually made in \\ est India produce. The exports to the West Indies, have been mucli the same as those to Newfoundland, with the addition of dryed cod-fish and salted herrings, and ak wives or gasperaux ; and the returns have commonly been, in rum, sugar, and molasses. This trade has not been long open, but is greatly on the increase. The intercourse witli Miramichi and Ihdifax, has been extremely valuable, and might be made nuich more so, did the island merciiants take care to keep the balance of trade in their favor. There was once a considerable export oT *'urs from the island ; but as this branch of tratle must decrease as population increases, it is not worthy of particular commekcp:. 53 \ notice in this; brief review of such interests onlv. as nearly concern those who may contemplate residinir i„ the colony. But tile two grand branches of prospective com- merce are as yet in their inff.nc • : the cod fisheries, and the export trade in corn. Tuey await the further ingress of Ih-itish capital and enterprise. But as the country is every day becoming better known, and the emigration and establislimcnt of settlers with the means of turning the soil of the island and its rich fisheries to profitable account is yearly increasing, labor and capital, in due proportions, will ere long, cfill forth the natural capabilities of the counlrv. to the advantage of every interest connected with its welfare. D .> n if CHAPTER VI T I. t i ill ■y : i v. INHABITANTS — RELIGIOIS SECTS — EDl'C ATfON. After the topographical outlme at the beginning of this sketch, and what has been said of the trade and agriculture of the island, it is necessary to say but little concerr'ng the origin, character, and proper avocations of its inhabitants. The settlers are chiefly English and Scotch, with an inconsiderable number of Irish, and American loyalists ; and there are four set- tlements of Acadian French, which probably do not together contain above four thousand souls, A remnant of the native Americans still inhabit llie island, and may amount to between fifty and sixty families in all. Their chief settlement is upon Lenox or Indian Island, in Richmond Bay. Here they have a Catholic chapel, near which their chief usually re- sides. They are of the Micmac tribe whieh wab formerly conquered by the Mohawks. They inherit UELIGIOl:? SKCT.N. .■J.> less of the energy, but not k'ss of tlu' iiulcpondt'iit s[:irit. of their uncestors, than the Indian.^ of tlic tribes Ijcttci' known in Canada. All that need be here added eon- cerning them is, that they form no obstaele to the pro- gress of the settlers, before the ellVets of \vlio>e in- dustry, they are perce})tib]y dwindling away: for not- withstanding their eonversion to Christianity, and tlie penury of sustenanee wliieh they sonu'times endure, they cannot be induced to cultivate the ground; and as the settlements increase, their means of subsistence must of course diminish. They understand but little of the nature of religion, and are supj)osed to be re- strained from those excesses into wliieh., the \v;int which they sufler would drive any other people, more by their native pride, than by the influence of Christian precepts. The churches or religious sects which predominate among the English and the descendants of English, are, the Church of England and the Methodists; and those which are ascendant among the natives or the descendants of the natives of .Scotland, not including all the Highlanders, are, the Presbyterians and Seceders. Some of the Highlanders, the Irish, and the Acadian French, profess the Romish faith. But to the credit of the settlers in general, it may be added, that great good- will subsists between those of the most adverse creeds. The clergy, generally, are estimable and enlightened men, and well disposed to encourage those feelings, which all who profess Christianity are bound to en- tertain. In fact, there is no such thing as a religious 56 RDrCATION. party among the settlers ; and a moral man, or in other words, a Christian in practice, is never asked to wliat church or sect he belongs, as though the forms by which he should offer up his devotions could make him a better or worse citizen, or more honest or dis- honest man. Such at least is the feeling and the prac- tice of a large majority of the people of Prince Ed- ward Island.* I l\l I 1'i ^ * Tlic sight of Iwo toiichers of Christianity, ■\vlio give opposite or {lifTcient readings to passages of scripture upon whicli wc I'ound tlie iiio.st .seemingly iinp(/ The L'ducatiun of youth, is a prime obieet of U'l^is- iative cure; and the scholastie institutions of the eountry are upon the most respectable footing. Then- i.^ a national college at Charlotte Town ; and there are minor establishments in the county towns, and in almost everv district. n 4 » I i CITAPTEK IX. (iCJVERNMKNT -LAWS AM) ('(JVRTs OF LAW . The constitution, and the institutions of government, in Prince Edward Island, do not essentially (Hirer from those we enjoy at home. The constitution is formed upon the model of that of the mother country, all power heing vested, in a governor, council, and house ofassemhly. The governor represents tlie sovereign of Great Britain, the council, the members of which are individually styled honorable, represents the House of Lords of the Imperial Parliament, and the house of assembly, stands in the place of the British House of Commons. The members of the council are usually nominated by the governor, and appointed by tlie muttdamm of the sovereign ; and the members of the House of Assembly, are elected after tiu- same forms as the members of the British House of ('(^mmons. The council sit also in an executive capacity. They I hen represent the privy council, at honu', aiul act ai advisers of the governor, who eaTuiot exercise the U I,.\\\.S. .7.) more material functions of government, without tli.ir adviee and eonsent. The laws of England, wliicii existed before the colony possessed a representative eonstitntion, ar ;\\ present in force ; but such ;;cts as now pass tlirongh tlie ih'itish Parliament, do not extend to tlie colony, unless so intended and so expressed. Hie laws of the parent state, are explained or modilird by the island legislature, as the circumstances of the country re- tpiire; and this is especially necessary in tin- i)enal code; for crime, so often the olfspring of waTil. is more rare in the ishuid tlian at home, an 1 does not need the same examples of severity that may be ne- cessary in a populous country. The whole poor law code, also, would be inappliealde to a country which has not, nor cannot have, any poor, exeep.t tlu- aged and sii k : and it must be but in rare in-taiu.-es. that these have no relations upon whom thev have stronger claims than upon the publi? . Besides the statute law, and common l,iw of Knglaud. the colonists have a statute book of their own, to wliich every session of the legislature materially adds. All laws, however, respecting real proi'.erty. re(piin' tlie assent of the sovereign— a wholesome precaution against the e()nse(iuence.s of the inexperience of ihc mend)ers of the Colonial I'arlinment, wlilcli is some- times ai)i)arent in their legislative proceedings. The administration of justi' e, and the itrocetUirc and f(U-ms of tlie courts of law, are tlie same as thosi- of England. The governor is chancellor, and ih,- eiiifi GO cor I? IS OK r.Aw I 'J El.' justice presides over the .supreme court, uhicli in- eludes all the courts of eonnnon law at home. The chief justice, aud the attorncy-sreneral, are ajjpoinfed hy the sovereigu, hut the hiirji sheriff is appointed by the iToveruor. Barristers, and Solicitors and Attor- neys, arc not distinct as in this coimtry, and once admitted, they practise, and in all the courts. There are also county courts, aiul justices of the peace throughout the island. The latter take cogni- zance of small debts, and have the same duties to per- form as the magistrates in Kngland. t'li ) I* Si!^ w~ CIIAPTKR K. VJinct-l.TlUIST KMKJIJANTs- I'IMCi; (,h- I,\M, WDTDRMS \M) CONDITIONS or Li:.\SIN(i J>R()Sl-i:( |> OK NKVV SETTLIORS. TiiK re;uk'r is perhaps now in possession of sufllciont information concerning Prince i'^lward Island and tin- condition of its inhabitants, to enahle him to judge; of the prospects generally which that colony holds out to industrions individuals of limited cai)ital ; 1 shall therefore proceed to such observations as may seem best calculated to assist him in applying the informa- tion he has acquired to his own particular objects oi enterprise, supposing them to relate to the cultivation of the soil, to trade, or to tlie exercise of his genius in the mechanical arts. Of all tliose who emigrate, the agriculturist will ex- perience the greatest change, and in the majority of instances the most soliil benefit. \vi it is certain that more emigrants of this class return, than of any other. I3ut the reason of this is. that more agriculturists than persons of any other class engage in the undertak- ^ \i ^i OJ A(.i{icrr/ii i!isTs. 'ft ji V I ing, witliout ijrcviously ac(|ii!iintiiig themselves witli tilt' true condition of tiic eounlry to which they eni- hjirk ! and some, as they nuise o'er tiieir h)nely tiviek, dream of huiding in a country so totally dilVerent from that which they find on their arrival, that they at once 1,'et disi)irited, and if tiiey are able, return. The sij^ht of a tall forest, encircling sometimes a single farm, and the stumps of the trees up to the doors of the ill-con- structed dwellings of many of the settlers, who seem to know no more of the theory or practice of agricul- ture than of architecture, (]uite disheartens them, in some cases, the Knglish farmer goes alone ; and lands, perhaps, where the settlers are from a dillerenl part of tile I'nited Kingdom, and probably speak a ditl'erent dialect; or they may be of foreign extraction, and of a difTerent religious sect; and althougii he is not an alien in ///,latul. You may then compare the condition in wiiieh il may there place you, with that which your utmost expecta- tions and the ftivors of fortune n)ight reali/.c at home. We will suppose that you arrive at Charlotte Town early in the season. Here you will find the agents of the greater part of the ju-oprietors, a list of whose names are a))pended to this account of the colony. Vou will now be able to inspect such lands as are for sale, make the necessary iutpiiries, select your allotment, and make your purchase judiciously. The price of land, you will Ihul vary from live shillings to twenty shillings per acre. This diiference aiises more from dilFerence of sitiuition, than from any so great disparity in the (pudity of the arable lands of the island. The terms and conditions upon which you will be able to purchase are as follows : — You will be i)ut in possession of the land for which you agree, upon paying one (piarter part of the pur- chase-money, and coming under an agreement to [lay * More pnictical liints on lliis sulijccl iii.iy bo iMUiid in tlie J'^iiiiiiranl's lutroductiuii, pay,e 277. i til 1 1 ^ 1)4 LEAsrxr., the annual intorc«il of five per cent for the remainder, until the total amount be paid o(K I'pon payment of one half the sum agreed upon, you will \)C entitled to a deed in fee simple. The remainin<( half of your purehase-money must he paid in live ecpial instal- ments ; and in ease of the failiu'e of payment, the land- lord, by the terms ' '"the agreement will have a riglu to sell your lot, itisfy his demand, I'eturning you what balance may remain in his hands. If you should prefer leasing, or be under the ne- cessity so to do, you may take a lease on tlie fMllowing terms, with the right to purchase at any time during the contiimance of the term. The term will be :— for sixty-one years certain, or the longest of tlu'ce lives, or, for ninety-nine years upon a scale of rent as follow" : — First and second year No rent. Third year 3 ]wy acre. Fourth year (> ditto. Fifth year 1) ditto. Sixth year I ditto. To continue for the remainder of the term at one shilling [)er acre, unless purchased according to tlu' above terms. The rents may be paid either in moiu'y, or the pro- duce of the land at the market price ; or in labor, when convenient io both landlord and tenant. In order to facilitate the calculation concerning the result:; of good management, we will suppose that you •! I»i- I'lltsr O I' K RATIONS n: have a capital of £400 and that you prefer purcliasing to hvishig ; and having chosen a favorable situation, give the higiie.st price stated in the above scale, with ten pounds for your log-house habitation. You are now then the propriet(n- of a hundred acres of land, fertile indeed, but which, without labor quite apart from that of ordinary tillage, woidd remain, for agri- cultural purposes eternally unprochictive. Your first object will be, to remove the timber that obstructs cultivation. In order to facilitate this, you are strongly reconmicnded to carry out a farm servant, if you can obtain one for six niontlis at forty shillings a month with lodgings and jjrovisions. or thirty shillings a month for the year. The \)r\cc \()ii will otlierw ise pay in the country will Ix- ,ibout >,eventv shillings an acre, for cutting down, ehoj^jing up, and burning and fencing: and we will in this calculation allow this to be your outlay, and suppose that you have in other respects managed judiciously ; and that you have ten acres prepared for seed at the expense of 4*40; and to simplify the estimate, we will con- sider the whole to be sown with wheat, and grass and clover to succeed. In spite of perhaps a fifth of the ground to be dedu<'ted on account of the stinnps standing, this will yield about sixtecMi bushels an acre, wliich being valued at the fair average price of four shillings and sixpence a bushel amounts to £.'}(>. Thus, your very first crop will letuni you the proper expense of clearing the land. The expenses of putting I I ■.I 1^ It i :fl 06 OUTLAY. in the seed and g.-itliering in the harvest we do not at present take into account. It is> e.s])ecially necessary to h't the first year's clear- ance bear one, two, or even three crops ol" liay before it is again broken up, as the want of fodder for stock is more felt than any other inconvenience, upon com- mencing in the woods. But not to go into the most minute calculations. we may perhaps state the agricultiu-ist's whole outlay and his returns, and improved solid possession, two years, after his arrival, provided he be imlustrious during the lirst winter, for there is less danger of the second, somewhat as follows : 01V.IG1NAL I'LRCIIASE-MOXEV ASD OUTLAY FOR TWO YEARS. rurvlia-if. money 100 ucros hiiul £100 Clcarinf,' iiO acre's at i;4 1 :J(I Two yi'aiv ])rovi.sion for a small family and servaul 50 Tools T) Soods 10 One horse ] > One i):iir hullocks , 10 Two cows I'i Twelve sliecp ',) Swine 5 House 10 liani and by re ^^ Total outlay i'357 1 4 h: i PROFITS. 67 I VALUE OF PROPERTY AFTER TWO YEARS. AND RECEIPTS DURING THAT PERIOD. Sevi'iity iicvt'S in wood £ 70 Tliirtj- ditto cleared land, valued at 10s. per acre less than clearing and first cost together 141 First year's crop •'5C Second ditto wlicat off 20 acres "2 Trinothy and cow-grass off 10 acres, 20 tons at £2. . 10 Original stock • 54 Manure 10 Tools 5 IIou.?o 10 Burn and byre ^^ £IU\ Original purcliase-money and total uiitlaj .... 3.">7 Increased 'iihie of the estate 89 Such calculations, arc however, it must be confessed, no more than a general guide to an average result. Things are omitted on both sides, and others perhaps differ very much from wha' will in incUvidual eases be the results of experiment. How uneeriain, for in- stance, must be any calculation of the expeases of a family for two years. The number of which it is com- posed is not so material as the regard or disregard paid to economy. Some will very prudently lay in their winter's stock of provisions before \)ric('s aug- ment, while otliers will not only neglect ihis, but re- ject the ordinary provisions of a new settlement; and some must have luxuries that no -alculhtion could esti- mate correctly. These matters must therefore rest upon the emigrant himself. It is enougli, that he r,K HKsrr.Ts;. hi ,1 ■'t, here J c'c.s what he >nat/ accomplish by priuUMiee and activit ;, with the above capital, in the two (irst nnd most trying years he may expect to iMiconnter in esta- l)lishing his fortunes in the new world. It" tlie above calculation comes any thing near the truth, the farmer, after two years, is about ouc fourth richer tium when he left home : but what is more than this, he has overcome all the real dillieulties of a new country, and is in a fair way of nuich nu>re rapidly im- proving his property. Moreover, he has a sum in liaiul to dispose of, as experience, which is " better than precious stones," and " richer than gold," may j)oint out as the most advantageous for the future wel- fare of his increasing family. Should yo\i indeed, instead of the above sum. be able to carry with you twice or tliree times that amount, you may advantageously emplo} a part of it in the purchase of wild lands upon s])eculation ; but this is by no means recommended to the smaller capi- talists, nor indeed to any, before they have ac interested in the w dfare ot the colony, and the accidental ignorance of capitalists esta- blished in the other provinces, of the iii:i;ii:s. impediment, his suecess would seem to depend upon the reni<)v;il ot'this sinL,de ajipareiit (ihjectiuu. The lil'e of a fi.shernum, as is well known, is not so luxurious as thai of a fariuiT ; and, as fishermen in Prince Edward Island, will spind miudi of their time amonf,^ the fat'incrs during' thi wintrr. tla-re is danLfor of tlu'ir cliangin,!,' tiu'ir ju-opm- pui>uit, to follow the cultivation of the land. 'IMiat this inconvenieiu'e may be easily overeome by the largir ca[)ilalist, camiot be doubted. He has more commaml over his men. and the means of sprrdily replacintf them. I should sa\, however, that no one ought l(j en^^•iure upon the eu>toms of the i)arf of the kingdom i'rom which tlic (i>«ystem of indenture is not appli- cable to the method of conducting tlie liiiherics of the Island ; and this metiu)d, as has been said, si'cms to bi' the only one, that in tlie i)resi'nt state of tlie country, it would be advi>;ible to adopt. AVith the knowledge of this assumed olj.stacle to his success, the cai)itaHst may be able to make belti'r arrangements, than one not practically ac(piainted with the details of the business either at home or abi'oad, could suggest. Herrings are taken in incrctliljh' quantities in so sliort an interval, that the farmers themselves may M^illKlUI'S. I .) ' L'ngas,ft' in fatchin^' tlicni, with a(l\;iiitai,'t', ^jx cially at Casciiiiiix'c, wluTc tlicv come ti-n dayN earlier ilmii fit any other liarbour, thl-ll^^ll tiny .-ire not here so certain or so i)h'ntil"nl as at Uichniond (»r Malpee Bay. They usually si)a\vn in the harhoius on the north side of tile Island at the time the t'rosl is breakin;,^ uj) tiie ground, and hel'orea plough ean he eni[)loyeil; so that, no season could he more lavcralde for takinir them. At tliih time, all who keep hoai -. rush to the fishiny ground, which i,s always within the harhoiu'; and a boat with three hands, carrying ijiirt}' or I'ortv barrels, may be sometinu's loaded four or live times during the twenty-four hours. Two or tiu'ee |)arties accustomed to the fisheries of the North ol' ISritain nught, by uniting their cajiital, establish tlieuiselves, and carry on the herring fishery with great advantage, either at Richmond IJay or C'.iscunipec. The alewives or gas\n'raiix, before mentioned as frequenting the i)onds of 'i'igni^h and Miniinegi.sh, are, for home consumption inlerior to the lurrings ; but they are sujierior for the West India Maiket, as being less expensive to eiu'c, and, from, being a leaner fish, less liable to spoil on tlie \oyage. Although these pages are especially addressed to one class of future iiKpiirers concerning tiie jirosju'cts which this colony otlers, 1 would not lose the ojijjor- tmiity of making a few" observati(jiis I'especting the views of the more numerous class of working-men adapted to succeed in the country, 'i lieir interests are closely connected with the interests of those who are I- o 1- /v IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i / A O ^j 1) M-i ^ f/. 1.0 I.I 1.25 If 1^ 1^ G£ Ki 12.2 s .^ I" 1^ 2.0 1.8 U IIIIII.6 ^ <^ 7^ ^. ^/B # Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ,•«:>« 1^ ,1 70 WORKING MEN. most likely to read those remarks ; and the present, may be a favorable opportunity of eommunicating to m^inv uninstructed but worthy working-men, such in- formation as m;iy assist their endeavours to reach a colony, where they would benefit more by the change, than persons of any other class whatsoever, who at any time emigrate. Of their prospects it may be said, that their is no l)robability of their encountering any thing like real distress, provided they are industrious. The wages of working-men in the trades and arts above mentioned, are higher than in England, while almost every ne- cessary of humble life is considerably cheaper. The following is a list of a few articles, with the ordinary prices in the Charlotte Town market. Beef 2d. to 4'/.; Mutt(m 2y to 4f/. ; Veal 3(/. to ^d. ; Pork '2hd. to 5d. ; Turkeys, 2v. {]d. ; Geese, 2s. ; Ducks, CxL to Iv. 3d. each ; Fowls (]d. to 9d. ; Butter 9(/. to l.v.; Cheese, (vL to l.v. ; Partridges, Or/ ; A Cod Fish of 121bs. (n/. ; Flour, 2d. to 3d. per lb. ; Potatoes, 10'/. to Iv. per bushel ; Rum, 3.V. to 5y. (]d. ; Tea, 4v. 6d. to 5s-. Gd. ; Sugar, 4d. to 8(/. But the demand for labor, by the nature of mechanic employments and commerce, is more limited in these departments of industry, than in the cultivation of the ground ; and a working artisan, may possibly want employment for some time. It is not therefore reeom mended to any such inquirer, to embark for the pur- pose of following his accustomed employment, without some provision for immediate necessity, or some pre- H It WUHKlXCi .Mi;.N. I I vious engagement. Eut should any one, having m* family, prrx-ced \vithont taking tliis prceaution. in Hiay yet find otlier oceupation, es^tecially if lie sliould know any thing of farming, or be able to nse tlie nxr in felling trees, tiie ehief reqni-.ile to eil'ect which, i> musenlar strength. In this case, he may maintain liimself until he is able to obtain emyloynient in lii> own proper v leation. Siiould any one witli a family, however, incautiously emigrate without an engage- ment, he may not find arrangements of tliis tcmjjoiaiy kind so easy to make, at least, unless he should be ;.l some distance from the capital, wliere every species '~>l assistance and variety of labor connected with a lu'w farm is more in demand, and usually to be obtained, ^vitli at any rate, siuTicienl renmneratiou to keep a working artisan witli a family, until he is able to en- gage in his original business. Farm servants will expericnc^e less difficulty: and at whatever part of the island they may land, few in- stimces will occur, where they will not be able to ob- tain immediate employment, whether with or without family; and this, without making account of tlie assis- tance or facilities sometimes alibrded by tin- p'ro[;rie- tors of the soil, U) the jioorer classes, bringing written characters with them, or being known to emigrants already settled. All therefore, who emigrate to the Island, without capital, will (hul tlieir advantag(> in landing in one of the outporls in preference to Chai- lotte Town. The wages of laborers, is from £2 lOv. to £3 lO.v,. 78 WORKING MEN*. being jn-oviilcd with board and lodi^ings, winch is customary in tlie country parts, where wages are rarely paid by the day. Eut in Charlotte Town, where daily wages are more common, the working man may generally get from 3.v. (Sd. to 4*'. 6(/. a day, finding his own board and lodging. Every emigrant will meet a welcome wherever he {nay land; and the poor man, if he be industrious, will xpericnce the assistance of the older settlers, in his efforts to establish himself with a view to his future independence. And this great end and object of all labor, a provident man, with a family, especially if he have two or three sons, who will be treasures more valuable to him than gold, will in many cases be able to eilect, the summer succeeding that in which he may have emigrated. He will sometimes have leisure during the winter months to work at clearing his own land, if it be near that of the settler with whom he may be engaged ; and by that means, get a crop in upon his own farm, sometimes before he has been fifteen months in the country. The capitalist, and any other who should happen to peruse these pages, may safely answer the interroga- tions of persons of the poorer classes, by accpiainting them with the remarks herein contained : and they ought to atro)'d them, all such other full information as they themselves may be able to acquire. Moreover, it should Xvn the business of the more intelligent emi- grants, to protect the credulous among the uninstructed classes, from the interested attempts made to induce f \voi;kin<; .mi;.n, 79 them to choo^o one of the foreign republii'an elates t(» settle in, in preferenee lo llie ])riti>li Provinces, \\ liich offer much surer rewards for industry and i^Dod cdnduet. There is geuerJilly a super.ibundanci' ol' laborers in tlu- larirer towns of tlie United States ; and in tlie western settlenu'uts, wlu're only, a poor man can ohiain -ludi land as he may get in every distrirt in the [a-ovineiN, the people are too coarse in their manners, and too subtle and sharp, to assiundate with, or give a fur chance of success to, settlers from among the plain honest peasantry of this eoiudry.* * Enfilisl.i. laLorors are apt f'l be (b'ecive.'i in iheir esti- mate of wages civeii in tlie ('riled Stales, l/V till' diU'eriiiee of tlic Britisli and I'liited States lUiHiey. The nielluMl nt reckoning' in the United Slates, is l)y dollais and eents. The edit is a eopiier euin uf i, early tlu; same vahie as an ICiiuii.-h lialf-penny, am! ihei-t; is a ^■ilve^ e'oin ef tlic vahu! ul' \2-, cents or g of a dnllav, wiiieh in soim.^ parts is ealleil a sliiliii.a'. Thus, if you iiear oi .-ss. a dav v,at:e- in. liie Uiiiled Si iiis. you are not to suppese yen n-iU pet '- t w^^h e-i)enees, l)ut 8 pieces of the value ef abmit '){■. \vhieh is idmul tlie averaire waircs of the colonies. Ajid lias is all snu will pel in a country heavily taxeil, and where me.st articles are, of e(,iuise. much dearer than in the i>rilisli eehiiiies. If yi.u <'lin,,sr in- deed to ciipapT in canal inukiiip-, ihifiigh nnii al.hy s v. amps, where tlie banks el' the canals, as t'ar :is they p-n, are ^irewed with the praves oilhe Irish, you nniy ;.vel hipher wages. Ibit shotdd you be anmnu' the few who survivi' the hardships these wdio cnp'aa'e' in this labor I'nr want id' the means or capacity of diseoverinp' the (liU'ercnee l-eisveen a slavt; and a free nnm, yiu will be I'lirlniiate. If tiinporary gain entices yon to the United Stales, yon will lu; a iiieri' sla\e; if full inquiry induces you, as it ino:,i pr(d)ably will, to einiprate to a British province, you will l)e free and respected, and may soon be indi'pcndent. <0 DOMJ'STIC SERVANTS. u The greater part of the laborers who go to the I'nited States, remain in tlieir former condition of life, foi many years, or for the remainder of their days. Wliereas, in Prince Ed^\ard Island, it is a rare tiling to find a man dependent upon daily wages for his sup- port, after the third or fourth year of his sojourn in the country. This must not, however, he supposed (o apply to domestic servants, either men or women ; but persons of this class, are not recommended to emi- grate without a previous engagement. Women servants are more in demand than men servants. Young women should go out under unexceptionable protection ; and every mistress who takes a girl of a marriageable age, should take another a little younger to supply her place within a twelve month, if necessary ; which will be much less barbarous than binding a young w oman to unnatural and unnecessary celibacy. " Vows to every purpose must not hold," and wicked resolutions and thoughtless prcmiiscs made in England are " polluted ofl'erings," and will hardly be regarded in the colonies. 1 cannot omit the mention of another strong reason or two against emigration to the United States. It may assist the intelligent reader, in aflbrding his best advice to uninstructed persons contemplating emigra- tion. The first I shall mention, is partly a matter of feeling, and partly a matter which turns upon the choice of honor or dishonor ; the second is altogether a matter of interest. And first, I would impress upon the attention of every British subject, the inconveniences he may ex- UNITKD M>:. ho Island, llic aljovo account, of that colony, will ] tni^t be found lo contain sullicicnt iulbrniatiou to leave a just impression of the more important matters which concern liis future interests: 1 shall therefore con- clude, by a few observations concerninif the di-])o»,ai of his moveable as well as personal property, and his arrangements for embarkation. You are not likely to land very far iVnui tlie spot on which you will utimately settle, as would be ilie ease. were you goiny to Canada or the I'nited States. You are therefore recommended, provided you are within u moderate distance frorii the port at whieh you intend to embark, to carry with you all such of yr^ur move- ables as are not very cumbersome and cd' little value ; and above all, the implements of your profession. And while you are packing your furniture, you may Avith much advantage, put up with them, any rare seeds, especially of the grass and clover kind, that you should find it convenient to procure. Small (quantities of various kinds of garden seeds it is also dc-^iralde to take. Such of any kind, as you may not use, you may easily exchange for something that will be of more use to you. The tools and implements most necessary to the agriculturist settler du'."^ the earlier part of lii.s labours, are the following. One or two sjjades, shovels, hoes, and sithes and sickles made stroui/ in the back, the iron work of a plough and harrow, and if his means will allow it, a chall-cutter and a winnowing machine, ami some cart and some I ^i4 voru .mom:v. P A I t :■ If I plou(,4i harness. To these he m;iy add a gi^f har- ness, if lie sliould liave one by him, as lie will i)ro- hahly keep a cariole or sleij^'h, for which, with a little alteration, it will suit very well, lint he must not forget, that the island horses are smaller than those of the middle size in England. Take also two hanmiers, two planes, six gouges, six socket-ehisels, six augers of dilR-rent sizes not exceeding one and half inch, two dozen grinlets of (Hllerent sizes, a cross-cut saw, two or three pair of door hinges and door latches. Kvery emigrant will (1(» well (o carry at h' .st tu(i years supply of hoth liglit and w;irm clothing, and also warm bedding. Ali which is not intended to be used on the voyage, should be carefully p;icked in wooden chests or trunks, none of which should weigh more th;in a hundred and tw ndve pounds, and it would be better that none exceeded half that weight. Lefore you embark, you should deposit your money at the princii):d bank within your rcaeli, and take an acknowledgment, with a letter of credit to draw as you may re(iuire it ; and for your bills on England you will get fioui 35 to 40 per cent premium. The currency of the country is at 10 per cent less value than sterling. 1 has for a hundred pound bill on iMig- hind, you will receive a hundred and eleven pounds two shillings and two pence half penny, which, w ilh the premium will nip.ke upward of one hundred and fifty pounds currency. You need net clay he served out to you in the proportion of five gallons a week. 'I'his you must nuike serve for driidiiug, cook- ing, and washing. \ ()U can, however, use salt water to boil either salt heel", li.sh, or i)otatocs ; and you may use it for washing, in all cases where soap is not necessary. But w ith r(si>ect to your provisions, you must regu- late tlu' ([uanlity, in proportion to the number you ha})pen to be in lamily, remembering, that children are great eaters, especially at sea, and are often very wasteful. Let the substantial and chief articles of your stock bi-, salt beef or pork, salt fisli, biscuit, and potatoes; and yon slnnild take also, some Hour or oat- meal, some suet corned, a little rice, sago, and arrow- root, for puddings, tea, or colFce if you prefer it, and can drink it better without milk, sugar, butter, cheese, eggs packed in salt or lime, and a fVw delicacies to be at hand in case of illness, such as jam, jelly, prunes, spices, and wine or brandy. With respect to your cooking, time for meals, your berths, and other arrangements resjiecting family com- fort, they will depend so mnch upon the order kept in the ship, that all that need be said is, that you should keep as many culinary and table utensils open for use, and as mnch of necessary bedding, as Avill render you quite independent of the ship or your fellow passengers. I ? r C.Vl I'lON. Conkinrr is most (visily tnan.-it^n'd, liy tun or thri'c tVimilics iinitiii!^' lor their gciu'ral at'cotiimoilatioii. And now with respect t(j the (Hsposal of your time. In speaking of providing necessaries, a h)nger period hits been mentioned than it is needfnl to reckon njion in reference to i)astiiiies ; I .shall I hirefore advise yon to ealcuhite ni)()n being about tiiree weeks in want of some amusement, wiliiout whirii, tlie voyage will be extremely tedious. The average passage is about a month, the first week of which, you will probal)Iy be sea sick, and too unwell to enjoy any thing but your bed, which, the less yon keep, however, the better. After this, you will enjoy plenty of health, good spirits, and leisure; and a portion of your spare time, von are recommended to i-mploy in entertaining reading; and perhaps you will find no books so well adapted fortius purpose, as the Spectator, sonu' of the monthly peri- odicals, and any of the Waverly novels. The Jjible, it can hardly be supposed you will be without ; or, that you will be disposed to keep the sabbath less holy at sea than on shore. There is yet a caution that it may be useful to give you. It m;iy concern, not only your comfort at the outset, but perhaps during the whole passage: and should you think it unnecessary, you may be reminded, that it proceeds from observation. It is this : never dispute any internal arrangements made by the cap- tain for the general accommodation of the passengers ; nor interfere in any way with the duty or concerns of any officer or seaman on board. And do not attempt X' ss ARRIVAL. K f '• lit \i ■ I ' I ■> to engage any of the officers or seamen in conversation, however curious you may he concerning what is now passing hefore your eyes, and is novel to your experi- ence ; nor say one word more to any one eniph)yed in the duties of the ship, than is positively upon business, until you are at least clear of the land. The want of attention to a little propriety on these points has often led to disagreement and discomfort throughout the passage. But when you have left the land, and the wind is fair, and the vessel is dashing through the water with the top-gallant-sails and royals Hying aloft, you will find all hand.-i in good humour, and you will then have an opportunity of inciuiring into tlie mys- teries of the unfathomcd deep, and of suggesting such alterations in the regulations below, as circumstances may have rendered necessary, and all agree to re- commend. You may now be supposed to have arrived. You are at length then in a country, where, being blessed with health, your success and future happiness, will de- pend, not iiartially, but wholly, upon your own industry and conduct ; and where, your station in society will be determined, not so much by the amount of capital you carried \vith you, as by your character and consec^uent success. You are, moreover, in a country, where want is almost unknown, and among a people, not inferior to any of us at home, in true British feeling, loyalty, and attach- ment to tlie lawful sovereign of this great empire. And, the mere external ditlerence in your daily ex- perience — that the forest is around you, and the axe V- <# CHANGK OF rONDITION. ^9 Hs much in requisition as tho plough — will, as soon a,s the change in your manner of life becomes familiar to you, weigh nothing, in comparison with the solid ad- vantages you have acquired, in the more profitable employment of your capital, and the eidargement of every rational enjoyment. You jierhaps left a farm, for which you paid a high rent and heavy taxes, and in the working of which, you enjoyed no advantage that you have lost, except that of the rate of wages, which you will fiiul higher where you now are. But, you must remember, that you now pay your men no more than the value of what you re- ceive in return. Thus, the want of charges upon the land, has enabled you to pay your men better, and allowed them to look forward to their own inde- pendence ; and the increase of the single item of wages in the farmer's expenditure, bears no comparison with the advantages you experience in the absence or diminution of rent ; to say nothing oUarey, pf^ni'\s-niU.s. and tj/tlu'S, nf trhic/i t/ien nrr voiw in Pr'iicv Edicard Island. Until now, you never, perhaps, had the advantage of a freehold possession. If you were not a tenant at will, you were, perhaps, but a lessee, in which cha- racter you could know nothing of the enjoyment of a real estate, to which every stroke of the nxe, and every stump taken up, adds a value that it can never lose. And all this you have acquired for a f(>w temp-orary privations, which, sunmied together, bear no com- parison to a year of a^'xiety, such as the agriculturist ( 90 ADVICi:. "I fl J lessee of small capitc'il is constantly called upon t^) en- dure at home. One word more of advice respecting your future comfort will sulRce. Carry witli yon such hooks ;;s may store your mind with all the solid information in your power to acquire ; and do not omit to take a good history of England, and such hooks on natural history and agriculture, as upon inquiry, you may find the most highly recommended, l^e solicitous .-'bout the education, not only of your oun children, hut also, of those of your fellow-settlers. Encourage the poorer ".lasses of emigrants that yearly plant themselves around you. Show them the progress of your im- provements, and exhort them to be industrious, and to abstain from habits of intemperance ; for they, what- ever may be their present condition, are destined, like yourself, to occupy a superior station in society, to that which they filled when at home. And thus I bid you farewell ; with the sincere and earnest hope, that you may enjoy all the prosperity and happiness Prince Edward Island promises, and your resolution and per- severance may merit. l( IM THE EM). ( I n w I r APPENDIX Ijisi '({f Sucral of t/n^ Proprietors of Land ni Proiri Edu-urd hliind Earl of Selkiik, St. Mary's Isle. Kirkcudbright- -Karl •<{ VVfstniorland. London — Marquis of Quoensberry. same- \'iscount Melvillo, Melvillo Castle, Edinbnrphslurt^ — Lord Janu s Towiisend — Sir Cjuorgo Soymour, Hampton Cimrt--' Sir .lames Mimtgomery and Bn^tliers, Stcjbo Castb- I'celde- shuo — Sir Edward Walsh, L eland — Sir T. S. Surell — Lady W'liid, I'rinco Edward Island — The Hunorablc Saiuut 1 ('nnard, ILilifax. Nova Scotia — The Ilonoral)lc Joseph Cunard. Mirami'dii — Lawrence Sulivan, Esq.. War OfKcc. Loiidi.n— Andrew t'olvile, Esq., Fer.chnrch Hiiildings, Lou dn)i — The heirs of the late Alderman Winchest<'r, Loi.dun — r. Worrell, Esij., Prince Edward Island — David .Stewart PiS(|.. (ireat Rnssell Street, London— Holjort Stewart. Esq.. sauK — li. B. Stewart, Esq., same — John Hill, Esi].. Exmnuth. Devon — Edwar'l Banks, Esq., (iaicshead — T. H. Brooking, Esq.. Broad Street, London — (ieorge Young, Esq., Halifax. Nova Scotia — Thomas Todd, Esq.. London — J. C. Conipton. Esi]., Prince Edward Island — .\. Thornton Todil. Esq.— // / h y / 11 APPENDIX. o '. n William Cundall, Esq. Prince Edward Island — Uavid Ilcnnic & lirothers. Ediiil)urp,li — J. Ilodpcs Winsluw, Esq., Trellick, near Monmouth — IMcssrs. Tlionipson, Peltast, Ire- land — Col. J. F. Holland, Prince Edward Island — Gei). Irving, Esq., same — Donald, McDonald, E.sq,, same — Rev. Jolm McDonald, same — Roderick McDonald, Esq., 3t)th Retriment — M. W. llemsworth, Esq., Shropham Mali — Rev. T. H. Langdon, Clarence Crescent, Windsor. The ships of the Honorable Samuel Cunard of Halifax, and the Honorable Joseph Cunard of INIiramichi, proprietors of land, above mentioned, sail to, or land passengers at, Prince Edward Island. The following is a list of the agents of these gentlemen at ' some of tlio ports of the United Kingdom. London, Duncan Brothers, Token-house Yard Liverpool, Anderson (iarrow & Co. Glasgow, W. H. Dobic. Leith, John Dryden & Co. Annan, J. Richardson. Dundee, James Kciller, Junr. Hull, Ilolderness and Cheltou. N. Monday. Newcastle, Stephen Lowry. Simdorland, William Briggs. Bristol, W. Cross «& Son. Plymouth, Hawker & Co. Dublin, William Carson. Limerick, James Harvey & Co. Cove of Cork, James Scott «& Co. t l\ APPENDIX. Ill t Watei'ford, Daiil. Carrcpm. Bclfiist, Thus. (i. roliiiiisli} . Wexford, I'mufis llurpcr. CockiTiuouth, \V. 6c (j. (';ipe. Dundiilk, I'ut. Joiiiiiiips. Satk'vals, J. tS: II. Hicliio. Carlisle, Thus. Walker, tS: Co. South Shields, Bell & Marshal, Whitehaven, Win. Jackson. Irvoiie, J(din Wright & Co. Grangemcjuth, Daiil. l{obert