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■Sectiunm II & III, 1889.
'I'liAN.s. Roy. Sdc. Can.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
T5EFOKE THE
ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
WITH PAPERS FROM THE TRANSACTIONS
Bv SANDFORD FLEMING. C. M.G,. LL. D., M. Inst., C.E., F.G.S., &c.
TRESIUENT iSSS— y.
VOL. 7, SECTION II. EXPEDITIONS TO THE PACIFIC.
VOL. 7, SECTION III. A PROBLEM IN POLITICAL SCIENCE.
MONTREAL
DAWSON BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS
JdXdO()fGi>o'/ J
-X
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7^
ADDKliSS OF THE IMiKSlDKNT.
Ill iiiiisiuincr (il'iit'tiii a piililiir mccliiifj; wan liolil at 1.30 o'clock, on 'I'licsdn^', in tlio Railway
Coniiniltco liooni, ami lli,s I'lscclleiicy llic (iovcriior-(iciioral was iilca.soil to oiciiiiy lln^ chair as
llonoi'aiy I'i'osidoiil.
Tlio I'roNidciit 111' llic Society, Mr. S.vni'I'ipud I''i.km!V(i, I'lcn iJolivoicHl tlic I'ollowiiiiC ail'IrouM: —
May it pi.k.vsk voiit Mm-ki.i.enov. — It is my ayrcoablc duty nn l»'|i:ill "f lliis Socioly to i.ircr
you our uiiili'i thaiiUs for ac(( pliiii,'- to day (hi' iio>.ilioii ol Honorary I'l'c.-idoiil. It is csiicciaily my
(luiy rc^iicill'ulU' lo thank your Ivxcolicncy for ))rcsidin^ a( I'lis meeting on the o|)ening' day of Uio
prosont session.
I'iie Knyal Society of Canada siiu'eilft eslaldi.sliment, has cnjoyeil the IVicndship .'iMd eoiintenaneo
of eadi successive rfovornor-t Jenoi'al. W'l- have i!;real .saiisliielion in knowini;' that your I'l.KeiUency,
takes an interest in our proceedings as your prcdoeessoi's have doi
In fulliilini; tlie duties of my oftiie, it would, under ordinary circums'Mnee.s, lie my hii;h privilege
lo address the Annu.-d Meeting ut sonic length. On this oceasion I have the distinguished honor to
speak liy ))ormission of your Excellency.
Kkm.ows ok thk Eoyai- Society: — At the (dosing meeting of hist year 1 was impelled by a
sense of duty to addi'ctis you on thi' siiliject of lluMhoice of President. Sensible of my own deticiencie.s
in many le.spects in rogai'd to those ([ualitieations whicdi the President of this .Society should jxissess,
I desired to relieve my fellow-members from any enibari'assmcnt which might arise from observance
of IIh^ rule followed on jirevious oecasinus. I do not feel myself called u])on to repeat the opinions
1 then expressed and which 1 still hold. They are recorded in my letter of ifay :ilsl. 1S88, which
appears in the last volume of the Proceedings. The views I submitted were overruled, and it con-
HCiiuontly becami- my duty lo how to ynur decision. 1 can, therefore, only renew my sincere thanks
to my fellow-members who saw tit to place me in this exalted position.
In addressing the Society on the opening of the eiglith session, a primary duty exacts my atten-
tion. We cannot refer to the original list of eighty members, nor can we examine, even in a cursory
manntsr, our publisheii proceedings, without observing how many of oui- body, by their labors and the
distinctions they have gained, have justified their apjiointmcnt as Fellows by the founder ot' the
association on its establishment. I feel warranted in saying that we all feel giatitied by the knowledge,
that not a few of our Fellows have distinguished themselves in their several walks of life, and that
the services of a number have gained public recognition. Among the latter F point with unalloyed
satisfaction to those who have obtained positions of importance in the Departments of State to those
on whom have been conferred honoiary academical degrees; to others who liavo received high
ecclesiastical jireferment ; and to several who have been directly distinguished by the favor of Her
Majesty the Queen. I am sure I oniy express the general feeling, when I say that every member
regards those well merited distinctions as honours which reflect upon the whole Society.
While reference to the brightei side of the picture can only bo a matter of common satisfaction,
on the other hand ii is my sad dutj' to allude to those whose deaths hive lef'. bhinks in our midst.
i
Allli"iii;li llic W'lii'H iiio low '■ilHi' till' nimu's of llm I'ij^lity i»ii,:<iiiMl iihiiiIm'i^ "I (lie Siu'ioly wen'
iti^rrilicil cm till' cliiii'li'i' rnll, no Ichs lliaii hovcii nl' mir J"Vlli)«>, liii\c linii icmidvoiI rnmi our iiiiiK>.
Till) liiNl hiiiiu' 111 111' iiildc'i 1(1 llii' li~l is lliiil of I»r. dcdii,'.' I'iixtoii Voiiiii,', liid' I'lol'o^or ol' Mi'lii
|ili_>>icH mill Ml Hill l'liiiiisii|iliy in Turniito I 'iiivci --ily, who jms liioil siin'iioiir laxl iiu'i'lin^. \)\: Yoiiiii;
was a mail iMiiiiK'iil lof lii.-. vaiicil allaiiiiiU'iiN, a mallu'iiialiciaii of no coiiiinon iiidor, (lisliiii;iii'.li<'il
liv iiioliiiiiid siliolarsiiip aiiil as a --iiui'ii' and lainol sei>kri' alliT Iriilli. 11, Calls lo my In! lo iioiioiiii
the wul duty of ri'cordiiii; lii> los> and to pay my hiiiiililo liilmlc of icsiint to Irs mcnioiy.
It i-. only noi i'.^,-ai\' to point lo llu' six volmncs of piiiiji^hi'd l'foci'i'dini,'H in ordur m piovo thai
hiiLC the liirmalioii of the Society its mvinlieis jiave not iiccn iiiimindfiii nl (heir olilij^atioiiH, and thai
in noway have they failed lo attain a faif nu'asiirc of siii'ce>M. TIk^ volumes di.slrilmled amoiii,' lln
principal learned sotioties, librarie:' and odiieational inslitiilions Ihroiiuhoiil llie civili/.ed wmld liavi
liecii aci'Opted us ovideneo of the iiitelleetiml ndvaiiconiont of the I)oniinioii, and it is Hatisfaclnry to
olitain ti'stiiiKiny from many c|uarters that the jjooil faino of Canada has thus heoii widely extended.
Jfy di^tiiiifuislicd ]ircdecessoi's in the oHice I liuvo the honor to hold have referred in Honio detail
to the olijeets of llu- Itoyal Society and the position it is destined to occn])}- n Iho Dotniiiioii, They
have reviewed lucidly and at leiiLClli the intillccliial aclivily which has eliaraeteri/.ed the inveslij^a-
lions of lilcrarv and scienlilic. men lliroiiichoiit the world in I'ecenI yeais, and they liavo dwell upon
till' researches ot' our own niemliers as lliey have Ijcen sulimitli'ii at our Annual Meetin'^s.
II would in no way he prolilalile if I atlcnipted to pa-s over the same i^roiiiid as the} Iiii,^
done; I could not hope lo glean mu'li of any real value, nor could I cx|iect lo add anylhini; ol
interest to those learned exjiositions which have lieen submiltod to you. I trust, I may count upon
your indul(j;oiico if 1 a-lc you kindly to grant your attcnlior, to my liumlilo oil'ortH in another direction.
There is one suliject in connoetion with our Society which, I coiisider.s may with propriety ho
exumii\ed. It Im one of wide ramilieations, and I muy fail to a lai'gt extent in the investigation which
1 ]Mirposo to attempt. All enquiry, however, is conducive to truth, especially when honestly made.
I trust, therefore, that my examination of the ipiotion, however imjiorfoct, will not be out of uccord
with the spirit that should animate us. if T should he so fortunate as to succeed in awakening the
attention of my fellow-memhers to the subject, particularly tlio.'^e of the Historical Sections, I shall
be greatly gratified ; of this much 1 feel contidont, that the topic I propose to bring bcforo you, catinol
bo wholly barren of inlorest to us as Canadians.
III opening the volumes of our Proceedings, the reader in any part of the world mUf-t bo struck
with one jieculjaiily manifest in ihcir pages: I refer to the uso of two languages.
The division ol the Society into h'rencli and I'",ngli^h Sections cannol but arrest attention, so that
the (piery naturally arises, AV'ho, elhnologically, are the French and who the I'liiglish? Whence arose
th'isr peojiles thus represented? llow came they to assume a ]Hi>itioii so distinclively traceable not
only in this Society but in this counliy?
1 hope that 1 shall not bo ciiusidcrcd a tres])asser in entering into this liolil of research, and in
at tempting an eiKjuiry which does not appertain to tho Section with which I am directly connected.
I have to ask the forbearance of those to whom the historical facts 1 may allude to are familiar,
although perhaps not .so well known to the ordinary reader. Equally 1 solicit tho consideration ol
members of Sections I and II, if I allach, what may seem to them, undiio importance to certain
records and traditions of history which have attracted my notice; and 1 ask each of my fellow-
niemlicr.s kindly to overlook any imperfections a)ipai'enl in my argument.
We cannoi liiil to be aware that at no remote period in the woi'ld's annals the names of Franco
and England had no place on the ma]) of Fiirojie. It is not necessary to revert to the geological period,
when l'",uiope and iho J'ritish Islands were geogiaiihically connected to form one land. Thci'c wa.s
a time long after the lir>t written memorials of histoi-y when the peoples whom we call F'leiich and
I'^iiglish were unknown among the races of mankind. Writers agree Ihatat one time (iaul and Britain
were iiihabilcd by tribes of a common origin. On e.-ccellent authority it is held that " in the exteii
41
Socioly Wfi-i'
II iiiir niMl<N.
•>()r dl' Mfiii
hr. \'iMiii:;
ili^liiii;iiisli('i|
>i Id |iui fi)riii
III |iriivi' iliiii
IIIH, illlll llllll
'I iiiiiiiiii^ till'
I wiiilil Imvi'
itislMridry III
\y cxIoikIimI.
siiiiio ilolail
iiiim. Tlioy
ho iiivcslifTii.
I dwell upoii
IS ilii'3 Lii,^
iiiylliiMi,' of
V count upon
lor direction,
proiiricly lie
L,':ilion which
iienlly inaile.
)ut of accord
i^alioninL; tlio
'lions, I Hhall
L) j'ou, cannot
u.st Lo .struck
ilion, so thai
VliuiKc arose
trucoablo not
carch, and in
ly connected,
arc fatniliar,
sidcralion ol
•c to certain
f my I'ellow-
L's of France
lyicai period,
Tlicre was
Fiench and
I and JJritain
in the oxten
siv(f region of the Alps, in ijio Soiiiji of France and in Spain and Porlii^'al, iicrc siirvivcH in llic nanu's
of slicaiiis and headlands and iMniintaln passcrt, iiii|)c'rislialile (^\ idt'iici' ihal in liic far oil past" Cells
who -.pnN,' (iaelic occuiiicd llial porljon nf Miiropc. "'rilere is iiiiii li in tin' topoj^'iaphy of llriilany
lo sir-Ui'M the theory that Cells who -poke the lani;imue now iieanl in the Iliirlilaiids of Seolland
nave till! iianie> which Ihe livers and liendlanils ami island- of liiilliiny still hear." In the south of
I'inulaiid we have ihe same evidence-. The noinelieialir e "I the lo|ioj,'i'aphy of l)evonshiro and Corn-
wall is held to lie fundamentally fiaeiie. In this pari of Itntiiiii once ifiiown hy the name " I'limnonia,"
also in .\rmorica, now Uiitlaiiy. liaelie appears lo have heen sueeeedud liy another tJoltie idiom
resembliii:; tlie Welsh. This laiiiiiiage was in use in Dumnonia until the close of the lant century.
The lan/^iia^^e of the Celt is still spoken in Wales. It is a livin)< lan{j;uHf;e in Miitiany; so hvlo as 183H
it was staled Ity liC flonidec '' that no le-s than two millions of Bretons -poke ihe ('ellic lan^uaj^e of
their nidive province." There is abiindaiil evidence that a Celtic jicople occupied IIk! whoh' of l^'ranee
and the Ihiti-h 1 -land-, and wi> have in pm lions of these countries to-day as a cominoii vernacular ihe
de-ccnd:iiil of the speech of the uniciinani/.ed and iinsa.\oni/,ed Cell — a speeidi which has survived
Kiiman, Sa.xon .'ind Hanisli sway loi- many ionj^ centuries.
The records and trudiiions which have reached iis cstahlisl, ihiU the Celtic jiiMiples wlii; occupied
Wcstein I'luroiie generally were numerous, rich and iirosperous. There c.'in ho no dduhl that ancii'iil
(iaid and anciint Hrilain weie inhaliiled hy races identical in Mooil, ai..:, vith but little diilcrence in
languaiic. The hinniiat^c ot the Cell is not only ]jrcservcil luit spoken art i lirinj; tonj(uc in Seolland,
Ireland, Wale- and Hiitlany. The -evcial dialects to some extent may vary, but ilio language i- in
all prohaliility generally the same, a- when it was the vernacular of 'lO eai'lv iiihahitan'- oftiaiil and
lii itain.
Since the dc"-- \ ;,i>ii Cmil and I'lrilaln were wdmlly Cellie, both counu ir . tiave passed Ihrnugh
many vicissilude.s- — vicissitudes which in thcii' leading characterislics Ic'c iieiii remark-able in simi-
larity. ' iC lirsl events lo exerci-c a disturbing inlluonce on the pn vailiiu' Cellic oceupalioii, life and
cusioni- wi'ri' invasioiis ly the 1,'omans. The liomans were followed by Teutonic tribes froin ihal
])ortioii of lOiii'ope whi(di modern gcogiiiphy describes as tlermany. 'I'be.-e invadeis boldly made
Ineiii'sions into the .'idtivaled land-- of llie l!omani/.ed Cells lo bcconie their unsters. In cunr-' of
time the Tentiiiis weri' -iiccecded h_\' lioiile- of Scandinavians ti'i'in the shoriM of the llallic, who. in
their turn, gained power and jio-session of the soil in both countries.
Caul tiist allracted the alleiilion of the Romans a eentuiy and a half liid'ore tlie Christian era.
With Ihe view of obtaining additional lands and extending their jiowcr, they sci/od on the territory
bordering on the .Mediterranean, and iranslbrmcd it into a lioman Province. It was nut until a
century later that Julius Ca'sar completed the coni|uest of Caul. Casar followed up hi- lompiost by
the invasion of lirilain, H.C. 55. which bec^ame a IJoman I'rovince under the Kmporor (Jlaudiiis in A.D.
1.'!, and -o remaincil for nearly t'lUi hundred yeai's. The lioman rule prevailed until llu; I'lnipire
appriiached it dissoliilion, and in A.l». IKt, the lei;ion- were withdrawn. Britain was then icdeasi t
lidiii its allei;iaiice, and about the same time th(^ Aiinorictm Provinces in Caul revolted from .'lO
b'omaii yoke.
Ciilil this date both eounlri<!.- had liecn held in llie iron grasp of Iheii- civili/.eii anil discijiliiied
coni|Uerors. For live centuries in '.iaul, and for foui' conlurics in I'lritain the eontiniied presence of the
legions of the Kmpire e.xerlcd an .all powerful inlluencc tu\ the coiKjiiered Cells, in many resjiects to
modily their habits and customs, and by ihe laws of heredity theii- ))liysi([ue and character. Through-
out the greati'r jiarl of Caul, the Cellic idiom was crushed muI. T'he same result was not attained
in Britain ; it was lelt for eonqiie o.s of a dinercnt race, in the following eentui'ies, to alter the |irimitive
foi m of speech. Whatever the i illuenco on the language, the prolonged presence of the lioman legions,
and likewise the mari'iage of the soldiers willi the nati e woiinn when their term of service was ended,
must have silently woi'kcd typical dianges in the ]teo]»!o. These changes were less noticeable in
Drilain than in Gaul, bat the iidluence of the l{on»ans in iiolh lomlries must have left them more or
losN hit i 11 i zed. As the Roman power passed away, Giiul and Britain were exposed to new disturbiii:
forces. Inroads wore nuide in both lounti'ies by barbarous or semi-barbarous Teutonic- tribes iinown
by the various names of JM-auk, iM-isian, Lombard, .Suove, Burgundiaii, Fleming,', Jute, Saxon and
Angle. Their character, religion ■■•■id form of worship ditlered little; although on oeeasions tboy acted
in coiieert, for the most jiart they engaged in independent cxjieditions. After urnuimborcd wars and
struggles fur tbe mastery, extending over years of fullering (o the jieoplc they attacked, these foreiun
invaders obtained possession of tbe soil. In Ih itain the Celt in -ome districts was displaced and appar-
ently exterminated by tbe intruiling tribes; but a coniiuered race dues not wholly become cxtiml.
Its warriors may be killed in battle, every man may be dispersetl or enslaved or destroyed, but tbe
siibjeet women and children are lai^gely spared, to enter in course of lime into new relations with tlir
conqueror^. Thus, u Celtic element nnist have remained, even if its name and language in certain
dislri<-ts disajipeared.
The invasions (d' some oillie tribes eventually a-sumed the ebaraeter of emigrations and coloni-
zations, notably those of the Saxons and tbe Angles; the latter gave their name to Southern Mritain an.l
tile language which they used, in comir.on with other Teiitoiiit: tribes, prevailed in the invaded terri-
tory. Tbe Ti'anks, on the other band, gave their name to partof (iaul to be extended eventually from
till' Atlantic to the Jletliterr.'OM^an ; but yielding to the iiresislible influenceof overwhelming numbers,
who generally jiossessed tbe Christian roligi'iii and a higher ( ivilizalinn than their eonc|uerors, the
Franks gradually assumed tbe language ol the latinized (iaul.
In tlius brin'^iiig 1m lore oim' view the national cradles, whence in the succeeding centuries, France
and Fiigland have sprung, we liiil to [)ei<eive an independent elhnidogieal origin on the one jiai't or the
otiiei'. Tlie])eople of both countries, originally of a common stock, have been moukled in an important
manner by adilitional elcnu'iits of great force. They weri" under lioman intluence until the liftli
century; Teutonic races became dominant until the ninth century, at which period bauds of Scandi-
navian adventurers from the Baltic began to make <lesccnts (ui tlie coasts accessible to them. Tbe
sea-kings and viking~ of the North, who reganb'd pir:iey and jilnnder as the most honorable of all
careers, comiuenccd a series of ex]>loit> wlii( b were eonlinued lor man}- generations. In France
tliese adventurers received the name id' Normans. In l';ngli>h history they are described as Danes.
Alike in l-aigland anti in Fi'ance these Scandinavian tribes lirmly ■■stablished themselves in the
most attractive parts of the territory invaded. As the victorious l''ranks at an earlier dale, so in
Fi'ance the new cniiciucrors unaduidly adopted the language and manners ui' the people they had
overpowered.
In explanation of tbe comparative rajiidily uith which the coiKpierors became assimilated and
absorbed in the gencal population, we liave to remember that the invaders consisted only of men,
and that the work of con<(Uest being completed tliey entereil into tbe ordinary pursuits of life; in
establishing tiiemselves in tbe territory' tliey formed lies and relationsliips with the naliyo women.
They had power in tbeir bands to entoice coni|»lianee, and according to tbe customs of those days,
])0.ssession fidlowed choice, wlien some rite of marriage in accordance with the manners of the northern
tribes was performed. That willingness or iinwillingness on tbe ])art of tlit; native womanhood
was not ill the character of tbe ti cs, we tind an illustration in the con<jueror Kollo. At the siege ot
Haye.iu in S'.ti). ho cuptered and carried away a French damsel whom he married according to the
I)aiiisb usage. The union proved a happy one. The wife of the Oane Itullo became the mother ol
William Longsword, who in his turn foiloweil the e.vamiile which his liither had set him. acliard
the Fearless, was tbe son ol William, and as descent is not exclusively through the she, in two genera-
tions theotfspring of the Scandinavian becanu' three-ijuarlers French in blood. Tliat this charaeter-
istie feature prevailed i- obvious from results which show conclusively the new relationships which
sprung up in a comparatively few years. Whatever course was followed, the fact is recorded by hit-
toi'ians that in the time of Richard, grandson of Rollo, Normandy had become as Cioroughly French
as any part of France, To account for the fact tbat the Danish language should soon bo lost, we huv
i
new distuibiii-
3 tribes known
itc, Siixoii aiiil
ions tlioy acU'd
joj'cd ware an' I
1, those f(>i'eii;ii
cod and ajijjar-
■como extiiHi,
loyed, but llie
ilions witli till-
ago in certain
>ns and coldiii
'I'n Hrilain aii<l
I invade I (eni-
t'ontiially IVoin
niiiy; numbers,
i)ni|neri>rs, tlic
turies, Kraiicc
me j)artor till'
an inijior(aiii
ini(il the (ifili
i|ds iif Seandi
|> tliein. Tlic
norable of all
In i'Vancr
•ed as iMnes.
selves in the
or date, no in
l>io Ihey hail
niilated and
only oi'nien,
s of iilo; in
liyo women.
those days,
tlie noithein
womanhood
the sie^e ol
ding to tlie
le inothoi- ol
n. ".iehaid
two genora-
s eharaeter-
siii|)8 which
rdcd by hit;-
dy French
)st, wo liav>
s
Only to consider that as children are I)r(mglil ii|> by their niolhors, and tor the tirst years of their life
are conliniially wiih llicni, it is not Kllr|l^i^in!:; that ihoy shunld come to sjieak «inly (heir niotlur
tongue. Il'lho tlesci'Milants of the Norliinun in Noi'niandy becanio so typically changcil in two
gcnui'ations, it is ubvious liiat (he same intermingiiiii;' of genealogy, continued through succeeding
generations, wmild result in tiic l"'ieiicli clement in all rcs|iccts becuniing more and more predominant,
until the liue of separation between llie intruding race and ibe poojdc of Ihi! tei'ritory would practically
cease to exist.
The Norman invasion of J'^i'ance commenced in the nintli century; JJichard the b'earless
reigned in the tenth century; by the middle of the eleventh century tlie descendants of the Scandina-
vian adventurers had become I"'fonclimcn. Tlicy hail adopted the Christian faith, and lived according
to the customs and habits of their maternal ancestors; with scarcely an exception, no language was
spoken throughout Normandy but Eomance or Frencli.
If, in the middle of the eleventh century, an attempt had been made to dotino the ethnological
ditl'eronco between the French and Knglish peoples the general answer must have been that in point
of (uigin there was no ditVcrence. Varieties there wore in the component ])arts of each ; even at Iho
present day we meet su<h \arieties eiiually in Fiance and the Biiti.-h Ulands. South of the Channel
we lind the Celts, the I'i'anks, the Latins and the ticrmans coni])ouniled in an iulinite number of
didercnt |)roportions ; in the British Islands we have iliiTei'ences between the Jlighlandcrs and Low-
landers, between the Irishmen and Fnglislimcn. Iietwoen the Welshmen and Vorkshiremen, betweiui
the men of Cornwall and the men of JvenI , Ijut taking the people of b'rancr as a whole and the peO[)le
of the Ignited Kingdom as a whole, at the period of which we speak, it wouM not be possible to say
tiiat in point of ancestry there were any striking distinctions lietweon them. There undoubtedly was
less ethn dogical ditlcrcnce betv.'oen the two communities sejiiiratcd by the f'hannel, taking them as
unities, than between many of the minor divisions in either coimtry. Li the middle of the eleventh
century no one of the two pco])le8 could be named as a pure race; both were of mixed blooil ; thoy
were compounded suiistantially of the same original elements. There wore minor differences in the
admixlurc, in the combination and fusion of the elements; possibly there wore modifications arising
from climate and geographicd jiosition ; but the two iicojilcs had originated in the same primitive
race ; they had iieen subjecled to like influences and exposed to ihe same vicissitudes, ditToring only in
degree.
In tlio Celtic race, whi(h forincd the basis in both cases, bad been infused Roman, Teutonic and
Sauilinavian stocks. The intruding races, on their arrival in the new countries, we can well imagine,
were in the flower of matdiood. Iiobl and dclcrmined in spirit, the Tllo^l (laring of the tribes whence
the}' spi'ang. Wc are warranted in the belicl' that among thcin there were tho-c whu would take
|ireeminenl ])osilion in the adventurous ty|ie of man. From such a^ these a heallliy vigorous progeny
woidd pi'occed. The Konums wotdd introduce (heir civilization, their culture and their powers of
organisation, to elevate and retine the comiriunilies which ihoy subdued. It was the pride of the
Jvoman concpierors to treat Ihcir subject States with consideration so long as tho central power on the
banks of the Tiber was duly recogni/.ed. The Xorthern tribes which sidiseciuontly overran the moi'o
cultivated ])rovinccs of tlaul and Britain, were unlettered, savage barbarians, worsbipjiers of Thor and
Woden, who lo(dved on the slanghloi- of an enemy as a righteous sacrifice to their gods. Umler theii'
savage exterior and ruthless natures there were, however, the germs of generous impulses and noble
endowments. They had \ 'gor, valor and resoliiiion, and manj* of the ruder virtues; they requii'ed
oidy contact and intercourse with a more cultivated race to be develo[ied into a higher and more
estimable condition. In ccu'^si^ of years tin liesi qualiiiosof the coniiuei'ing races becoming gradually
absorbed in the popidations of (iaul and Bilain. could not fail to exercise powerful influences on Ihe
character of both nations. To these c irly influences we ma^- attribute many of tho prominent
characteristics of the Freni.rh and Fnglish as thoy are seen at tho present day.
At the period referred to, the language of the two ]ieoples had diverged into different directionw.
lA
6
111 Franco tlio ciiakna wliich caini.' into ii.-u \v:i> (ho li'^'ucy of jiio hoL ol't-'oiiiniciors ; in Kiiglaiul oIImt
inlluuncort loil toclitt'erenlresultf*, :in'i tlic iiliimi (ifiinotliorsct of (.■omiuorofs iircvailed. This (lilVi'iTin .
in hmgun/ic has been continued to the ])rescnt day ; and if other cvi<lenco woie wanting, it niij^ht li-
ai-LTUed that the French and lMij,'li.sh poo|)les had Hpning from entirely dill'eront primitive stoelcs.
I.aiiiruage, however, is hut an inditt'erent lest of race. Thoro are ample proofs throughout ili.
world that people nearly related may speak widely dilVerent dialects; while other communities, In-
tween whom there is no alKnity of race, may converse in the same idiom. Amongst oursclvo,
instances aiv not unknown where an intruding stock, in the midst of a pcojjlo greatly exceeding it in
number, lias in two or three generations yielded lo the influence Mirrounding it, and lost the language
of their ancestry.
Thus it is established by the records of history, liiat in the eleventh century the peoples of
France atid the Uritish Islands had an anccsual kinship which was cio>e ami real. Before that cen
lury came to an end further i'olationshi])s were created to make tliO connection still more intimale.
'i'iio great territorial conquest of William dates from lOtJli, and it has proved the most importani
epoch in Knglish history. It is described by English historians as the Norman invasion. It appeai-
to me that with greater ],roprie'y and aceiiracy it might be called the French invasion ; not because
William himself was the r-on of a daiigliler ol'the soil; not because he was by blood at least livc-si.vtle-
I'reiich. and by educatiun and liabit wholly French ; not because every one ol' his ancestors, male aii'l
female, for a century and three i|uariers was, wiih one exception, native born; not because Noi'
mandy, so lar back as the time of Jiichard the Fearle.-s, great-grandliuher of William, had even then
become thoroughly Freneh ; but because the (iO.dOO lollowers of the Conqiiercu- who cros-cd the
channel with him, were gathered logcthcr froni a great jiari of the whoh; realm of what is known a-
modern ■•'ranee.
To insure success, William ottered good p;iy and a share in the spoils to all who should accompanx
him. A'uiuerous trains of adventurous spirits poured in to Join his standard. They came all iead\
I'or ihe eoMtlici, not -.imply from Normandy but trom Armorica, now called Hriltany, on the west ;
I'rom F'landi.rs on the east, and from Maine, Anjou, I'oitou, and the whole country to Aquitaine oi;
the south. To all, such iironuses wore made as shoidd incite them to the entorpri.sc, and thus li.
gathered the men oj'all classes from all districts to liirni his army.
William was liiilhlhl to his word ; the .subjugation of I'jigland was complete and tiie pooresi
M)ldier had his reward. The dominion |ias>ed into the hands of tlu! invader.-^ ; and tiny were Ibllowci
by a crowd of advenuiiei's who became ideii tilled with the eoniiuerors and shared in the spoils.
In the vi'ars which Ibllowed the invasion the original landowners were slrippcil of their estate-.
Universal spoliation was the means employed to rewtu'd the olticers and men who had enlisted undei
William s standaicl. The bar<iijs and knights who iiillowcit his banner had the extensive iloniaiim ol
the disposf-essed JMiglish allolled lo them, while tho.-se of lower rank roceived iiumbler I'tcomjiensi ,
iSonu' took their jiay in money; others who had stipulated tor Saxon wives received the booty they
had bargained lor. .\eeordiiig to the Norman chronicle, William caused llici,. to take in niariiago nobh
ladies, the heiiesses <it'gi'eat possessions, whose husbands had been slain in battle. 'J'hiis it was thai
barons of the one country became burons lu tlu' other; thus it was that men of no condition in
l''ranee, whom love of adventure had induced lo Join William and share his fortunes, boeame men ol
rank and -lation ; thus ii was that in some eases names hitherto obscure hceanie noble and illuslriou-
in the eoiinlry they heljied lo subdue.
The spoliation was not eonlined lo landed properly, for everything worth owning passed into the
hands of l''ienelimen. The hierarch}' sooii eeasetl to be llnglish. I'^rcnch Judges administered tin
law. I'.veiy important oIlUe in the Slate was tilled by Fienchinen, who thus oblaineil all the wealth
power .■tnd intliience in thekirgdom. William himself was essentially I'Vench, he spoke his mothei
tenguo; lie diil not and eonid not speiik Engli.sli ; "lie had not oven u reminiscenco of the language oi
his norlliein miccstors, iht- I >ancs, then nearly allied to Knglish." French became Iho laiiguugo ol
°m..
hliigliiiul ullic'i
TIiisclillbiTiui'
i(, i( miij;lit li'
VI' stocks.
lllOUgllOlll III!
ninuniUcs, In-
igst ()ursclvi'>,
jxcociliiig it ill
t tho liingiiagi'
lllO l)(.'0})lcs (i|
ielbro that ecu
iioi'O iiiliinal"'.
uisl impoitaiii
n. It aj)i)L'ai>
n ; not Ijocaiisi'
oast tivo-si.vili^-
stois, male iiii'l
t because Ndi
had oven lliiii
lO (.'I'OSMhI tliu
lat is known a-
mid i'.i.coni[iaiiy
janu) all icuiIn
', on llio wo.it ,
D A(£uil!iino on
0, and Hum lie
id tlio poorest
f woro lollowc'l
lO sjioils.
if their oslale-,
enlisted midci
i\'e domains <>l
;r reeonipensr.
Iho booty tliev
nianiago nobl-
'hiiH il wiiH Ilia'
o condition in
lOranie men oi
' and illuslrioiir-
passed into the
iniiiisteieil thr
all the wealth
)ko his niothei
Ihe language oi
Lho languago ol
M
" the court and tribuiial, llm haroniul castle and Ihe merchant's counting house.'' French became the
olBeial language of Jingiand and so remained until a date noaidy thieo centuries after the arrival of
tho coii(iU(MOrs, The seven kings who succeeded William on the English throne were French ; the
grealei- number of them wore born and brought up in France. The elfect of every political change
during Ihe.so reigns wan to bring lo England a fresh nuii>bor of Frciiehmen, and any lands tailing lo
the King's disposal were almost invariably granted to his loreign favorites.
In the years following the arrival of William it may well be imagined that the tioiccst antagonism
existed between lho conqucroi's and the coiKpiercd — antagonism mi iiitense that no one then living
could predict tho outcome. In this age we are privileged to lake a calm panoramic view of tho .state
of all'airs then exislin;,' and the resulls which have lollouod. Jt would indeed bo ditliciilt to lind in
universal histoiy a subjugation ho complrte, a hostility so intense, becoming the ultimate moans of so
much national pro.sperity.
Ill a remarkable lecture delivered h'st year by Sir William Groves at the Royal Institution,
London, ho submitted the proposition that antagonism is not the banaful thing which many consider
it ; that it is often tho precursor of good: " that it is a noco.ssily of oxistonco and of tho organism of
tho universe as I'ar as we uiiderslaiul it; that motion an<l life cannot go on without it; that it is not a
Mioi'e casual udjunct (jf nature, tail that without it there would bo no nature, at all events as we coii-
coivo it; and that it is inevitably associated with matter and sentient beirig.-^.' The lectui'or showed
that, though it.-~elf an evil, antagoiii.-m is a necessary evil. 1 shall not venture to alliido to lho
evidences of antagonism I'lirnished by him in the physical world, in vegetable life, in the extornal
life of animals and in liunian society, lie [loinled out that '' in what i« cujilieinistically called a life (»f
peace, buyer and srilcr, mailer and servant, laiidloril and ti'iiant. debtor and creditor, are all in a
stale o|' sinuiicring anlag(Uiism;" that in traiH|iiil commerce and in the sclio ds we have the antagonism
of competitinii ; (hat in nearly all our game> and amusements we have anlagnnisni ; that in daily lilc
we have class antagnnism, leligi'Mis antagonism, political antagnnism and individual antagonism, and
that thon' is more or less antagonism in eviiy c onditioTi of society. Sir William (trovc> <lid luil
attempt to txplain the cau^o of this univi-rsal antagonism, lie luilj- gave evidence <il' the fact that
it is not limited lo lime oi- space, and stated his belief that some day it will be considered as much a
law as tho law of gravitation.
If antagonism come to be considered a law, it will be necessary, 1 think, to recognize another
])rinciple with teiidoncios the very opposilo. The two principles may bo likened to the resultant ot
iwo Ibices; in one case tlio forces act in conliai\- diieitions ; in the other ca^e the Ibreos operate in
the sanu' (liicclimi. A.-, action is followed by reaction, so also it is po.ssible thai as tho two forces
revolve with time, antagonism may be Ibllowod by the opposite piincipb'. When this takes place it
is evident that, the stronger Ihe forces in antagonism, the greater will be the resultant when these
Ibices come to act as cooperative forces.
A (diaiige of this eliaracler is exeiiiplilicd in Ihe history of FiiLcland. The reversal of lie- toiees
was not sudden, il took two or three cenluiies completely to I'llecl tho change. Firra number of
generations alter llie I'lench invasion, Ihe line between the descendants of Ihe coni|iierors and the
eoiuiuered, was sharply drawn. There wa.s Ihe i onlrast of manners and of thought ; there was the
primary dilleroncoof language ; French, lieing the token of power and wealth and influence, established
a detined lino of separation between the two peoples, liy degrees tho feeling of haired and dislike
toned down, antagonism and antijiathj' yielded to v>lher inlluencos. In 1302, in Iho reign of I'Mward
III, a statute was passed ordaining that thereafter all pleas in the courts should be pleaded in tho
b'nglisli language. The first billo'tho House of Commons written in the English languago beais
dale 1485, but long liefore this the Mnglish language began to gain ground. The French and ilnglish
liad commenced to inlerminglo and intorniarr.\, friendships and near relalionships wei'O develo[ie<l,
and, as a consequence, by tho fourteenth century a new race had sprung up partaking by descent
the (|iialities of its French and English ancestors.
8
Thi' !ulmix(ure of lacc has oflcn pniviMl a(lv:intM;j;eijiiH in I'luating tlio tcndoiiey to dovolop tlio
growth ufncw (|ualitii!s. It lias liucii Uiiowii to briny nut a tyi)e of character supoiior to oilhor parent
itwo, to jn'oiluco a fom]i()site nice to dominiito ovcf hotii tho parent stems. Tiiis result may not ho
attained in all eases, but it cannot bo denied that the blendinj; together of tho iMcneli and Hnglish
stoeks strengtliene<l the intellect of tho now nationality, greatly increased its power, and gave an
impulse to itb pro>perily and gl'>ry. As the name of •' Knglishman " takes in all natives of tho country,
of whatever descent, the descendants of the French invaders became Knglishmen, indeed tho truest of
JOnglishmen. Paradoxical as it may appear, it is mainly owing to French influoneos incident to the
Conquest that t.he English nation has been moulded to the national character it possesses. It is owing
to the introduction of the French element that Englishmen have become what wo now find them.
The invaders took tirm r'>)t in England; they engrafted upon the nation the best qimlities of their
own natures. Many of the men who from various parts of l-'ranco accompanied Wiyiam, became tlie
founders of great English families. For eight centuries their descendants have held a dominant place
in the national councils; they have assumed high command on land and sea, and they have been promi-
nent in the roll of statesmen who have controlled the ilestinies of the kingdom.
William himself left a lasting impress on the monarchy; the dynasty which ho established lias
continued through to our own time, although not in the diioct lineage from father to son. Since the
death of William in 1087, the blood of tiie French conqueror has flowed in the veins of every monarch
of Kngland. In the words of Palgrave. " Magniticent was William's destiny— can we avoid accepting
him as the Ibundor of the predominenl l"'mpire now existing in the civilized world ? Nay, the stripes
and >tars of the Trans-Atlantic Republic would never have been hoisted, nor the Ganges flow as a
British stream, but lor the Norman-gaunt leted hand."
The French conquest is without a parallel in histoiy. It is the most momentous ovont which our
annals leeord. It humliled ihe nation to tlie last degree, and with other great changes it effected a
vast territorial and social revnlution. W hile all this was being accomplished with much pain ami sutl'er-
ing tor the time bfing, it must now be recognized that the landing of the Fi'ench and tho settlement
of the kingdom by the French, and the ultimate fu-ionofthe conquerors with the coniiuered, was con-
ducive of tho greatest possible gouil. The Front n element thus thrown into Kiigland under the
ci'xumstances in which it was introduced might bo expected to produce great and lasting etVccts.
The ethnological result has been to commingle tho blood of tho two communities, already possessing
the nlHnity of ancestry, and to produce a new national Ij'pc. By whatevoi' name it may be known,
it is a I''rciicb- English type. The political etl'ecl has been to weld together the component parts
tbrming the British nation in so compact a character as to withstand every shock to which it has
since been exposed. If after the lap^e of eight hundred years we dispassionately view the effects of
the hi>torical event, it is impossible to escape the conviction that the direct influences springing
from the C"onquc^t have been of lasting advantage to the world.
The genei'al result of tho eiKpiiry into which 1 have been led may be briefly summarized. \Vo
may tracj back the i-elalioiis of the two peojiles as they are rei)rosented in this Society to a period long
anterior to the ilate when they were first known as French and i'^nglish. We learn that they ppi'ang
originally from a great ])iimitivo i-aco which, before the Ohristian era, spread ovei' western I'lurope and
tlourished under a half-developetl civilization. In both cases the orignal stock had been modified by
foreign influences similar in character, until the eleventh century, when a powerful French element
became intermixed with the English jiooplo and jienotrated the highest and lowest grades of society.
At that peiiod tho i)Oiti(m of Kurojio which is named France contributed the ruling class and the
men to form the British aristocracy. To this day the prominent fiimilios of Kngbmd, with few
exceptions, trace to France the foundations of their names, l-'rom French sources have como those
who have helped so much to make (Ireat Britain strong and indissoluble.
Thus it was that the descendants of ar.ciont Gaul, modified by the Romans, tho Fraid^s and the
Danes, have been absorbed and assimilated in the great mass of tho linglish people. The blood of tho
From
Amc
henii
the ,!
the
blood
The
Fran^
nalio:
and
9
ilovolop the
> either parcnl
ll may not hu
iind Hiigli.sh
and ,ij;avo an
f thocoiintiy,
1 tho truest of
icidont to the
<. It l8 owing
w find thorn,
liitios of their
1, became the
iminant place
3 boon promi-
Lublisheil htm
1. Since tho
ery monai'ch
3id accepting
y, the strijios
ges flow an ii
it wliich our
it effected a
n and sutl'er-
settlement .
ceil, was con-
1 under tho
iting otlccts.
7 possessing
y bo known,
lonont parts
ivhich it has
ho eflrccts of
s springing
irized. \\"o
period long
Lliey pprang
Huropo and
modi lied by
ic!i element
i of HOfioty,
tss und tho
I, with few
CO mo those
ks and the
ilood of tho
French intermingled with tho blood of the Englir:h has .-ince been carried in the veins of colonists to
AmoricM, to Australia, and to every JJi'itish colony, and by British sailors to evoiy ]H)rt in the two
heniisphei'os ; and thus, through the iiitormixturo of the races an Empire has boon raised up to girdle
Iho globe.
Those iniperloct lemai'ks will, 1 trust, bo I'uund to furnish an answer to tho query, Who are
the French, and who aro tho English V The records of history ostabiisii that they are not alien in
blood, that they have often mot in conllict, and that they have frequeutly cooperated in amity.
The character of Iho lolationship which sprung up eight centuries back connected Enghmd and
J^'anco by domestic ties, and the same lineages spioad over both lands. Tlie histories of the two
nations have boon more or loss interwoven ever since the French and English people had an existence,
and for part of the time the two peoples have liad one and the same history.
My remarks go to show that thoso whom I have the hijnor to address, with tho people in tho
i)ominion whom tluty leiMcsent, are equally the descendants of tho races wlio laid the foundation of
we-itern Furopc. Fvcry individual man is inoie or less moulded by forces which date from a remote
))asl. The subtle inliuences of ancestry and the conditions duo to hereditar}' transmission aliecl us all.
II tho individual be Iho icsullant of renioti; and occult forces, sfi aL-o to a great extent is the I'amily
and the nation.
The population of Canada presents the spectaclt^ of two ])eoi)les possessing early kinships and
alliiiity of ancestry, snbsoi|uently separated for centuries, again tiirming a reunion in political and
social life. A century and a quarter ago, a F'rench population numbering some (lO,()0lt souls, (•lune
under the IJi'iiish Hag. It is a somewhat singular cfumidenco that seven conturies earlier the same
number of Frenehnien crossed tlie ( 'hannci, evenlually to becune Fnglislunen, and to givi' to the
JJritish nation the strength and inllucnce ami (lisiin(;live ibaracteristics wo now Iind it jwssessing.
Jt is said that histor}' lepcals itself; are wc warranted in assuming that it will do so in this
instance? It the fusion of the ■"''rench and Fnglisli after William's conquest was productive of the
results I have s|)ecilied ; if tho ditlei'cnee of language live lo eight centuries back failed to impede
the vastly iin])ortant conscqencos no\v traceable ; it' the absence of complete homogeneity was in no
way a hindrance, but on tho contrary, proved a solid and substantial advantage by the diversity ol
talent and strength which it bi'ought ; if like causes produce like etfocts — aro we not wari'anted in
looking ibrwaril to our future with contiilonce ? It is surely a happy augury that wo have become
a fully-oi'ganized political community, inheriting in I'ommon all that is to bo cherished in French
and English histoiy. To my miud Ihero is tho best ground for hope that in coming years the
successive generations ol Canadians will be distinguished by the best qualities they iidierit from their
compound ancestry, developed under the free insiilutions whicli it will be our hapi)iness to bo(^uoalh
to them.
It is indeed li'uc that in tho i)asl France and Kngland have frequently been in conllict, but those
conllicis have been much less freiiuenl and not more fierce than the tlomostic struggles in either
country. Happily a state of open warfare is no longer the normal condition of society, and all must
acknowledge that hostility of race is entirely out of ])lace in this ago in this Dominion. Wo have
now reached a stage in our country'.^ progress when antagonism in its strongest and worst aspect has
passed a ....^ . ''hatever their origin or creed or color, all who live within the limits of the broad
domain of Caiuida cannot fail to be convinced that they have interests in common. As tho inhabit-
ants of Fngland discovered in tho "oigu of King John in tho thirteenth century', so the population of
the Dominion must perceive, that no interests of real and lasting importance can exist which aro not
common to all. This feeling full,' develoited, the complete idontitication of general sentiment will be
the pledge of lasting friendship, the Magna Charta of a united comtnunity. It will elevate our aims
and piomote aspirations worthy of our common ancestry and our common inheritance — an inherit-
ance which throws upon us weighty responsibilities aiui the duty of employing our best ell'orts in
working out <iur destiny. If we do well our part, it will bo for tho historian of tho future to chronicle
lO
the i-osul(s, which \vc anticipatf will fi.liow the reunion and comixtnrc of tho French and Engliuli .m
the soil of Canada.
Piiliaiis I have dwelt at too great length on thi.> topic, and 1 nhouhl not vonturo farthor to Uv>-
pass on your kind indulgence. In closing tho romarUs wliich 1 liavo the honor to make on Ihi^
occasion, I shall only ask your permission to add a very few words on other matters. liooking at iho
four Sections into which ihe Society is divided and llie detinile objects for which tiiey are organist.l,
it is obvious that the scope ol' our researches as an association is broad and deep. The remarks
I have sul>mittcd louie witliin tiie cognizance of the Historical Sections. There is another Section
which cnil)race- subjects relating to past lime. While history lakes us back to tho earliest dales ol
oxisliug records, the Section whicli includes tho science of geology carries us to periods in the world-
annals a thousandfold moie voniole, and into tiolds of rescarcli immeasurably wider than the chroni-
cles of the liumap. race. Unlike the historian and arcliB'ologist, the student of geology can look i>>
no aid fi'om human records, his researches go bej-ond all classical literature; ho can find no guide in
inscriptions, howevei- ancient, which the hand of niiui has made.
ticology, to some extent, may be described as a new science, it was within tho second decade of llio
century that it became a recognized study, yet with tiie aid of subsidiaiy sciences it has already given
to us part of tho story of the earth. The library of tlio geologist is found in tho recesses of the I'ocks.
He deeipliers the wi'itings which have therein been inscribed and whicli for unknown periods lia\i!
been secured from the process of deca\-. Necessarily his researches must be patient and laborion-
and ii is only by tlu' slow accumulation of facts that ho is rewarded by bringing to liglit remains ol
manifold organisms which in succe>sive epcudis have animated tho globe countless centuries befoic
man was < ailed into being. The geologist in his investigations approaches nearer to what wo call tin"
beginning; he has revealed to him traces of the natural forces wliich have operatod in moulding the
i-arth to its ])resent form. He is privileged to follow the mutations in the structure of the world,
which, if the element of time be not taken into account, are wholly inexplicable, and which can only
be accounted for by a slow and gra<lual development, by tho continuity of forces oxerteil over poi'iods,
compared will) which the duration o|' human lil'e on the globe as recorde.l in history can give but tlic
faintest concc]ition,
However nuicb ibis science lia^. advanced, and however greatly our knowledge has increased
during tlie last sixl^- years, we are made to feel thai we are only on the threshoiil of greater revela-
tions. In the wide territory of the Dominion we have a boundless lield for pursuing geologic.il
research. The Canadian (icologieal Survey has done excellent work in many directions, not simply
in forming a va.-t aeeuinulatinn of scieiitilic tacts, but in peiforming the great service of establishing
the immense value of some of our hidden minei'al treasures.
In the remaining Sections of the Society the subjects tor consideration arc not specially related
to the past ; the sphere of their investigations liave to some exlent a bearing in tho opposite <lirectiou.
I refer to tho Sect iiui devoted to mathematics and physical and chemical sciences. The aims and
hopes of this division of the Society rather lie in the future; not that we sliouUi forget our obligations
to those who have toiled in past years and to whose reseaches in science wo mainly owe much which
is a striking feature in the daily life of modern civilization.
These .sciences cannot be sp(dien of as modern. We tiave but to mention tlio names of Pylliagoras,
Arist(jllc, All himedes, Pldeniy and others, to testify to the od'orts of two thousand years btick. The
seventeenth and eighteenlh centuries were nuide illustrious by men whoso names will always ho honor-
ably ass<icialed with science. Without dci)r(!ciatiiig, however, llie labors of the precursors of what we
all recognize as modern times, it itiiiy be said tliat it is tho ninotoenth century which has witnessed
the great<'st liiumiihs in science. Indeed it is within little more tiian tho iivst half-century that
there has taken ))lace a remarkable revolution in human affairs through tlie growth and influence of
the jihysical sciences and the a|)plication of science to tho daily life and the multifarious operations
of man.
from I
will b
of am
of th(^
yvionci
Bcienti
Btivtesi
Bolulio
Si
bors
antici]
illustr;
Soeiet\
by par
of scic
Tl
aid an(
of a w
every :
to colli
'^i
11
ind Englihli dii
fiii'ttior to tn^.
mako on Ihi^
Ijookiiig al I he
arc oi'<faiiisf(l,
The leniailis
iiothei' Si'C'lioii
,rliost dates ni
in tlie woilil-
nn the chroui-
;y can look in
h1 no guiili' ill
I decado of llio
already given
s of the roeks.
l)oriodH have
md laborioib,
lit remains ol
itui'ics liefbie
at wo call tlie
moulding the
of the worM,
liii'h can only
ovci- periods,
1 give but the
las incrcaseil
I'oator I'evelii-
ig geological
s, not simply
:' establi.sliini;
No one liir a moment can siijyposo that science ha.- oxIi:uhIlmI every Held of eni|iiiry. .Indgiiig
fi'om the intellectual activity wliicii ovci-ywhere prevailH, tlio thought foico.s it^eil' uiion mm ihat much
will bo dibcoveied to astoninh and bowihlei- the human family even in the comparatively short )ieriod
of an<illicr fd'ty yearn. Who can foretoll what uur cliildron may witnesH and exporionce in tiio middle
of the Iwentiolh century ? Some of m may yel live to see the extent of the influences exerted by
ucience in directions not liitherto dreamed of, an<i in fields which to many minds ajipear to set
Bcienlific investigation at defiance. Hvon in the complex domain of politics the wise and practical
Btivlesman may benefit his country by the application ol scientific principles and methods to the
Solution of difficult problems.
Six years ago one of the most eminent of our colleagues, the late Dr. Todd, addressed the mem-
fybors at length on the relations of this Society to the Slate. Ho dwelt upon the benefits which may bo
antici|)aled fron the establishment in the Dominion of a body constituted as wo are. Vtv way of
illustration he referi-ed to the public sei-vicos romlei'od during tiio last two lumdrcd years by the lioyal
Society of England; services repeatedly acknowledged iiy the Impei'ial Government and confirmed
by parliaincntaiy votes of money. For many years annn.'U sums have been gi'anted to defray the cost
of scicniifie investigations recommended by that Society as worthy of assistance.
The iromc (jiovernmcnt has found that it is of undoubted public advantage to have recourse to the
aid and advice of the Roj-al Society of (rieat lirilain. Our own (iovernment, too, has given evidence
of a wise liberality, which we cordially acknowledge. 1 am confident that I express the feelings of
every member of our body, when I say that it will bo the constant, aim of the IJoyal Society of Canada
to continue to command the respect and confidence of tl c people and I'arlianicnl of the Dominion.
clj..^< '
cially i-olalcd
lite dii'ection.
'he aim.s and
ir obligations
much which
Pythagoras,
i back. The
lys be bonor-
s of what we
as witnessed
•entiiry that
influence of
8 operations
IV.
Section II, 188! i.
89
Tr.VNS. Iiov. '^nv,. ("aN.VD\.
IV. — Ej'iicililioiis III /III, Pacl/ic. Willi a l.iiij' nfercurr to tin Voijaiji.s of Discorenj In
una '■oiiiiijuoua (u Cunmln, in coinirrtunt nilh a Wtnlcnt PuHKiuji Jroni
Earopr to Asia. By ISandkoku FLEMiK(f.
(l!nail May J^, KSSD.)
lNTUODU(!TOltV.
Tlu (•.stahli.sluiiriit ol' railwiiy (•oiiuiumiciilio!! I'rom llu' Athiiitic lo tlir Pacilic
anot-8 llin toniiory ol' Ciiniula, ^;u<;m'st.s an ciKiuiiy into the sevi.'ral maritime and overland
expeditions, undertaken IVoni time to time, Ix'tweeii the two oceans. It is accordingly
pro]>ose(l l)rielly to review (1) the maritime expeditions undertaken with the desire of
ol>taiiiing a western jjassai^'e I'roni l']nrope to Asia, in seas conterminous to the Dominion,
and (-) the several overland expeditions Ironi the eastern parts ol" Canada to the shores of
the I'acilic, irom the earliest date.
Six centuries have elapsed, since the most illustrious traveller of the Middle Ages
found his way from Europe across the whole ext"nt ol' Asia, to the limits of the then
known hal)ital)le world. Alter an absence of twenty years, Marco Polo returned to his
home on the shores of the Adriatic, to licwilder the Yeuetians with wondrous accounts of
the maguificenc(> of Cathay, the splendours of Zipangu, and the vastness of the Orient.
He was the lirst European Avho looked upon the hitherto unknown Pacilic Ocean, which
he had reached after tedious journeys throui^li many strange lands, and after traversing
the spacious empire of Kul)lai the ( ireat Kaan.
Polo ami liis compau'ous i,\ ere tlie ])ioneers of commercial intercourse between
Europe and Cathay. Other Euroi)ean travellers followed the Venetian noble, who with
him l)ore testimony to the extent, power and wealth of the marvellous old civilizations of
Asia; and as a consequence, the enterprise and commerce of the Middle Ages became
directed towards the 1-ast.
The populous and wealtliy kingdoms of Asia could only l)e approached l>y long and
perilous overland journeys, through countries inhabited by warlike races, given to hostility
and plunder. The route lay by Turcomania, Arnnmia, Persia, Upper India, Cashmere
and across the mountains and deserts of Tibet. Notwithstanding the immense dis-
taiue to 1)0 jiassed over by c'aravans, and the dangers and dilliculties of the jouruoy,
European traders Hocked to the remote East. So far as it was possible under the
conditions which existed in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, commerce flourished
over an extended overland route stretching from Clenoa, Florence and Venice, to the
great marls of eastern Asia.
It was the possibility of fa •ilitating and increasing the interchange of trade between
Europe and Asia w^hich power'ully attracted the imagination of men like Columbus and
Cabot. It is not therefore surprising, that an ardent desire was awakened for the dis-
covery of a new and safer route to the East, than the one I hen followed.
See. II, 1889. 12.
90
SANDFOlllJ FLHMINU ON
I.-M ilCITI.MK F..\l>F.I»ITIOKN.
(1) J'Mflij f'oi/iiges of Disciiveri/ in the Nurfli Alhtulic.
Coliiiiilms li;i(l luniii'd tlu- Imliff that tlit> cailh luid Ifss Uimcusiou thuii it rfully
poissesscs, aiul thai thf coutiiioul of Asia cxtfiiilfd larliiiT to the custwai'd. This opinion
wiis tho ground oi' his being ronfidcnt ui' reaching Cathay by a western voyag*!. 8<i
lirinly was this heliel' lield. ilial when Columbus set sail in H'.'i, ho was the bearer ol'
a letter I'rom the Spanish conrt to the (Ireat Kaan of the mighty oriental empire.
More than one I'hirojH'an natioi, was stimulated to activity by the prospects ol' pro-
litable trade with Asia As Cathay was tlie aim oi' Columbus, so likewise it became the
goal of Cabot, who iiiduce(l jleury Nil ol' England to enter the Held ol" nuiritime enter-
prise!. The expedilion litled out under the command ol' Cabot o])tained I'or him the
I'ame of preceding Columbus in thi' iirst ai-tual discovery of the new continent. John
Cal>ot siglite<l the coast of Labrador June 24th, t41'7, tiiirteen months before Columbus
beheld any part of Die uuiinland. It was not until August 1st, 1498, on his third voyage,
that Columbus I'or the iirst time looked iii)on tin- shores he had long souiiht. '
Columbus dis'overed the Bahamas in 14!t2, and the other West Indian Islands in
subsequent years, believing them to be outlyini>- islands of Asia. The Archipelago
receiveu ihe name it still bears uud'^r ilie heliel' that it was within the limits of the
Indian Ocean. The great captain did not live to know that another continent, and another
ocean, the broadest expanse of water on the surface of the tilobc, intervened between the
West Indies and the shores visited l)y Marco Vo\o two centuries earlier. To the day of
his death, Columbus was liriii in the conviction that the islands and lands, he had
discovered, were in proximity to the domain of the (ireat Kaan.
Tlie two Cabots, John and Sebastian, ecjually with Columbus, were imbued with
the idea, that the shores of Asia were washed by thi' waters of the Atlantic; and they
each displayed ufcat a<iiviiy in i)ursuim:- the obji'ct of their search. They wore each
distinguished by lofty enthusiasm, extraordinary courage, and iiulomilal)le per.severanct',
in the work of discovery which tliev had undertaken.
While it cannot be doid)ted that Columims was the Iirst who conceived the idea of a
western rout<' to the l']ast, it is certain that he was not the Iirst who discovered the new
coulineut. Christopher Colnmi)u-. the (ienoese, kindled the Maine of western maritime
advonUue, and the result of his Iirst voyage filled Europe with wonder and admiration;
it was, however, John Cabot the Vrnetian and Seljasliaii, his Englisii-born son, who
discovered America. The riu-ord shows that the great Columbus never beheld any portion
of the North American continent, and that he did not come within sight of South America,
until the year in which Sebastian Cabot had made a voyage of discovery along the whole
coast l)eiween Virginia and the entranci- to Hudson Strait. In that year, 1498, Sebastian
Cabot, with a fleet of five ships under the English Hag, bent upon the effort to find an
latitude
coast.
' Columlms laiulod on an islaml naniml l>y tlie Indians Giiiinaliani, Oetoljer 12, 1102, belioved to he San
Salvador, one of the Bahainas. Tlit» Iirst viow \\y\ liad of tlio mainland was at the mouth of the Orinoco in Sonth
America ou August 1, 1-108. Ho died May 20, ISfNi.
KXriMHTIONs TO rACII'll?.
01
(ppi'ii Nciiway to Asia, lollowtd th>' laml as liiiili as lutitudi- 'It mH', mul iih far soixlli us
liitiliiilt' ■'i'< ; lliiis 111- (lisruvi'iN'tl iliiriiiii' I'l'^ voyafjft! 1,800 miles of tin* Noilli Aiiicriiaii
cuasl.
(2) A/lemji/s in Hit; Hixknilli i.knhiri/ lo Jiinl a Passiiffi: J'nun IJui(>/)f In Asia,
III li')00, T'()i'tn<ial, tlicu ill.' yii'iili'sl inaiitiino nulioii, son! nul. (laspav CortiTOiil with
twoiships. Till' cxpcdiiiou li'l'i Lislxni with the view ol lull()\viiiii"iip llic tliscovcvii's of
C'al)ot ; it rcai hcd Labrador, masted its shores some six hundred miles, iiiid reluriiiMl. In
1;")01 sailed proieeded on a semnd voyaLfo <>!' discuvi-ry ; niter enlerini;' a sirail, prohably
Hudson Strait, Hie ships were separated hy a lempest and ihal ulllie eduimaiidei' wiis lost
with all on board.
In 1,')()S, Thomas .\ul)ert left Dieppe for the .'Vmerioan coa.st to rnakf similar explora-
tions, and it is n-eorded that he entered the (iiilf of St. bawrcuee and aseended the river
some eighty loa^'Ues.
In 1517, a small squadron was sent out from Eiiii'laiid hy Homy VIII, in oomiuand
of Sir Thomas T'erl and Sohastiaii (."alio! ; tlie object was to contiiuie the former dis-
coveries made by Cabot in the norlh-wesl. Tin ships appear to have entered J lud.sou
Strait, Imt owing in part to the mutiny of tlb' i-rew. tlie expedition proved a failure.
in M2t, Francis I of France entered the Held of discovery; he sent out four ships
uudiM- the coniinand of Giovanni Verrazzaiio who coasted from latitude o4" to oO",
embracing' nearly the whole Atlantic coast of the United Slat.'s and part of Canada.
Spain likewise in this year made an attempt to lind a shorter passage by the north-west,
to the ishinds of the Indian O.eaii. An expediiion was sent out under commaudur
(iomez. lie failed in making any impoilaiit discoverii's and returned to Siiain al'ter an
absence often months.
In 1127, Henry VIII sent out another expedition consisting of two ships, under
command of John liut. In his illoris to proceed westward oil t lie Labrador coast, his
ships wiTo beset with ice and one of them Ibnudered in a storm.
In 1"):j4, France again entered the Held, An expedition of two ships was lifted out at
St. Malo, and Jacijucs Cartier was placed in charge. He entered tlie Strait of lielle Isle,
reached a large gulf which Ik^ Jianied the St. Lawrence, explored its coasts, discovered
Prince i'ldward Island, Mirimachi Ray, liay Clialeurs and Anticosti. The following year,
('artier's commission was renewed by the I'rencli king, and he set out from France with
three ships, again with the view of iinding an open passage to Asia. He ascended the
St. Lavvrenc(! as far as the Indian settlement of Hochelaga, now Montreal. After spending
the winter at Stadacona, now Quebec, lie returned in the spring of lo3G to St, Malo.
.lacques Cartier made a third voyage live years later with live ships. He wintered above
Quebec, and returned linally t(. France in the spring of 1542, IJoberval, having be(>u
commissioned l)y the I'reneh monarch to command the enterprise, met Cartier on his home-
ward voyage on the coast of Newfoundland. Roberval did no more than conlirra the
discoveries of Cartier and then followed him to I'rance.
In 1530, anoth.>r expedition consisting of two ships left England. It was promoted
by many gentlemen of London, the chief of w horn was, named Ilore, who was skilled in
92
SANDKOUD I'LKMINO OS
roNmn!rrai)liy. ftront privation wus oxpciii'iici'd, iiiul l)Ut for llic tiiiu'ly sippiMicii.v mul
iisHisliiiifi' i>\' A FrriK-li v.'.ssi'l till' wliolc crew wimlil Imvo pcrislird iiiisi'riil»l> .
ill I.VVI, an ''xpi'ililioii (•! ulii.ii liu' Hi<'ii ai:<'«l Srltastiiiii Ciiliot was (lie .liicl pin-
uioliT, .saili'il iiuilrr Sir Iliiirii \Villoiiu'iili\ and liirliaid ('liaii(i'lii«i'. ti> <'nd in disaster
TIk" tlin-c uliips iolliiwcil iin t-asliTly ruursc. and oMilaki'n l»y \vint«i'\Villinii'lil»y and all
liis men pcrislicd l)y laniin' and i-nld. Tliii-e yirs later anotlier vessel was sent mit in ii
iicrtliMMsierly direction under tlie eninniaiid <>[ Stephen i'.urnmulis. In niiilsiiminer, llie
sliip was l)es(>t on all sides l)y masses di' ice. ami was in ilaniier ol heinu anniliilated, sn
tlial all eilbris to proreed weie iinavailinu'.
iiseo
(H) Efiiils lit Ihr fii.ilrnilh (\iiliini /(I ilhiorn ,i Norlli-u-rsf I'lisaagt;.
da (iamn doul)le(l the Cap.' ol' ( lood II(>i)e, in (lie year I l'.i>!, and i
aidi-slii
tlie possihility ol' reueliing Asia hy sea ; liut tlie nuvisi'ators of l']uropean naliniis remained
in their lieliel' of a western passat^e to wluit was tlion desiifiuited llie " i'Jast." Haviiii;
this diseovery in view, examinations wero made on Ijohalf ol' Portutial, Spain, Franee,
Holland and Ijiii-jand, in ( very paralli'l of latitude het wei'ii l)arieii and the extreme nortli.
Cathay eontiuued to bo tlie olijeet of many advonturous voyai^es. Tlie discoveries ol
C'olumlms and his Spanish rollowm's, the expeditions of Cahot, ('artier and others, havinu'
d.li^
lied the existence ol' a laru-e eoniiueut exteiidintr north, on the eastern coast, as hif^'h
ns latitude li
111. it was plain that, the imich desired
navi:
alile route to Asia must he
soun-ht northward ol' this limit. It is m iliis stage in the history ol' maritime discovery
tliat there bei^an a sories ol' expeditions, bavins' iicin'ially in view the discovery ol' ■
North-west Passau'
liich were continued with but short intermission over a peri
)t' more than three coniurii'S. ('.re;ii enthusiasm lona- continued to lie Telt I'or the est:!
lishmonl ol' trade directlv with lli" iiiart>
it India and China
lud vova<j;es were
un
dertaken bv ihe most iclebrated marii
lers ol
the aue mainlv with this end
m view,
Jnllueiiced by national coiisi(b'rations, Martin l-'robislu-r ono ol' I'hi^land's heroes,
who al'rerwards took part in the defeat ol'ihe Iiiviiici]>le .\rina<hi. "inbarked in a series ol'
pxpv'ditions. In l.")?*!, lie set sail with three ships, and in l.")TT and b'iTS, other expeditions
er
followed under the same commander. In l.')T8. he sailed with lilteen vessels. l'"robish
was followed by .lolui Davis, who made three successive voyages in the same direction
ill the years I't^'t. la.sd and l.'iST. Davis Strait received the name of this commander.
(4) Al(ei)i/ils lo litvl a Norlli-irt'sl Passaof in the Serenleenth Ceu/tiri/.
In 100-', the enterprise was renewed by some patriotic merchants of London and
by the Muscovy Company; twoshii)s were lit ted out uikUm' the command of Greorgo
"NVayniouth, who made for Greenland ; after reaching a high latitude they ei'couutered
such obstructions from ice and dense fogs, that the crew appndieiisive of safety mutinied.
The ships returned without adding to previous disioverios. In lijOo, the King of
Denmark caused three vessels to be de.spat<hed under command of John C'unningham.
They coasted Greenland and reached latitude 60^ 30' ; but the seamen refused to proceed
further. A smaller expedition went out the f(dlowing year in command of John Knight,
with no better result.
KXI'KDITIONS 'lo I'ACIl'K'
93
'lll't'lli'i' IIIK
'I'll!' iiic'iil iiiiviu'iilor ITi'iiry Hudson \vih ciiirfiiii'd hy tln' Muscovy Cotnimiiy. This
roiiiiuamlcr iiukIc voyiiuvs iu hl07, hi'i^S iiml lilO'.t. [u llic hitlfi- yciir, wln'u ('xploi'iii;>'
till' rojist of Noitli Aiui'viiii lor (111' liudh \']:\s\ liiiliii ('oiiip;iii\', lii- asi'i'iidcil (hi- rivi'i'
Hudson. In 1('. jo lie discos I'lrd II
ic i^ii'MJ iuliiiid scM wliidi ln'Mis Ills iiiiinc ; it iiii
wdl ill' iuiiiyiucd tliul on cnlciinn' on its vast cxpaiHc, he Iclt sutislicd lhi\t ihc I'iicilic
Ocean hiy iid'orc liini, iiiul tiial lln' iiroldcni ol ii wi'slcm iiassn'jc, wlii'h iiad l»all!cd so
iiiiiiiy, had iit length liccn solved. The illiislrious captain never jel't Hudson jtay. Alter
winleiiii'j' there he prrishcd iiiiscialdy on July liiiiid, Mil i, at lite liamh ol' his mutinous
1 I'l'W
In lill:;, the Merchant Adventurers ol' London sent out Sir Thomas I'.uitoii in coni-
niiind ol" two ship.s, lo loljuw up the discoveries of Hudson; duriiii; tlie Ibllnvvine- ycur
he loiiliiiui'd the exauiinatioii nl' tlie ne\\-louiid inland sea
In ltil4. Captain (lildiou was des|)atclii'd on a ■^iuiilar (Expedition ol' discovery, hul
with uniniporttiiit results. In 1(!li'i and MM, Uolieri its tot and William r.aliin eontiniied
the explorations, examining;' Hie coasts ol Hudson Strait and ol' the great channel whicli
has since licen known as liallin Uiiv.
In 1019, Denmark a<?ain entered tie' licM of
(llsroverv.
In that vear Christian IV
sell
I out two well equipjied ships <oiiuiiaiidi'd hy Jens Munk. Muiik traversed Davis
Strait, ))ut lailiiie' to lind the desired opening lo the west, he struck southward to
Hud.son Strait and Hudson Hay. He wintered at Ciieslerlield Inlet, the crew enduring
great suH'ering, so that, when suinuier rctuined. out ol'-ixty-iive souls, only three survived
to make a perilous voyage homeward.
Two exp(>ditions left Iflnglaiid in H'e'. I. under Luke Fox and ( 'iiptain .lames ; the latter
ar Charlton Island, in the southern extreinilv of James IJav, and
wintered 111 the ice, ni
rciunied to Liuvlaiid in the Octoher I'dllowiiie- Xeiiher "I'tln
'Xp (lllMUS (llxOVered a
^Illlile 1
ndicalioii tint the desired passage to the west was ohtainahh
In ItiTH, the H.dsoirs iSay Comi^any was inciirporaii'd and undertiMik various voyages
having iu view the discovery ol' the north-west piissau''' to the I'acilie Oc'aii. The lirst
was undertaken i ITlH hy Mr. Kiiia'ht, governor al Xclson U'ixer; the two ships ciiiiagcd
won' lost and the i rews perished. A search was sent out Tor the missin^■ ships. The
olFicer ill charge. Mr. John Scroggs, upon his return. rep(n'led i onlidently that a passau'e
to the I'acilie could hi' louiid.
("i) lyxiK'dilioiifi of Disfortn/ in Ihr Bi'^-hlcmlli Cniiufji.
In 1742, the Uritish Cioverument having ohlaimd Irom the olliccrs of the Hud.son's
liay Company iurormaliou which was regarded as I'urnishiui;- decisive proofs of the
existence of a north-vve.st passage, a naval expedition was despatched iu eommaiul of
Captaiu Middleton. Middletoii's two ships wintered in Churchill liiver. This expedi-
tion was followed in 1740 by lliat of Captain W. Moor, who was sent out to proseouie
the .same work of discovery.
h\ 1709, under instruction froiu the Hudson's Bay Company, Samuel Hearne was sent
out to explore Coppermine liivei, hut without result. In 1770, the (Exploration was
renewed; he eondueti^d the expedition by land, having arrived at the river during the
winter. He followed the Coiipermiue to its mouth, which he reaidied in July 1771.
94
SANDKOliD FLRMINC ON
(fi) Grognijihinil Di^nirrrk-i in tin: Parijic.
It was iiof until noarly >ev.'ii yars artcr the di'atli ol' Coluinhus that the Parific
Oi'i'au was soon l)y luiropoans I'roiu tlio nowly disoovovod continent. Vasco Nnnoz do
JJalbao crossed tiio Isthmus of Darion and was tho first to hohold tlie groat ocoan. This
took plaoo upon SoptonibiT -J.^lh, l."»I:3. Six yoars lator, Ferdinand of MagoUan eniorgod
from the strait whirli hmrs hi> name, and cnissed tho ocean to the I'liilippiuo Islands. Tho
lirsl I'^iiiilishman lo navigate ihe I'aeifie was Sir I'^raiicis Drake, who was also tho first oi'
his .onntrymon to einnmnavigato tho lilohe. In Inl', Ihake, in the hope of iinding a
shorter way homo from ti.e I'arill, than liy douhlini'- Capo Horn, explored tho raoilie
ooast of North America as farnorih as hiliimle 4S N., and it was Drake who gave tho name
of 'New Alijir)ii " lo tho wostorn portion of North America, now known as Oregon and
Washington Territories. Tho coast, at a lower latitude, had been visited ])y Spanish
navigators; by Forrolo in lo43, by Francisco do Gali in lt')S4, and l)y Vizcaino and
Aguilar iu 1603.
For more tliau two centuries afttn- Drake's discoveries, no Eixropoan navigators have
claimed to roach a higher latitude on tho Pacific coast, if we except Juan do Fuca,
whose voyage by most historians is considered apocryphal.
(7) l'i<iilii)iis Dis(vverie!< of Wa/cnrai/s llmiKgh Ihc Coiiliiinil.
Tho otlorts, above described, to find a navigable passage between Europe and Asia
through north-western America, wore undertaken from tho Atlantic side of the continent.
If less activity provaih'd on tho Pa- ilic side, it canudl be said that any attempt from tho
Western .oast was looked upon as inexpedient ; indeed at tliisdato a remarkable pliaso
in the history of geography may be noticed. The imagination of navigators, as it were,
was allowed to run riot ; if the actual oxplm'ations wore limited, in nuird)or and extent,
theorizing w'ent on. and several curious fictioi:s were i)ropau'ated, some of which have
been placed on record. Among tliose which gained ( urrency, one may here bo alluded
lo, us typical of other similar narrations, and for the liuther reason that tho memory of
its author has Iioon porpelrrated in the strait l.)earing liis name.
A mariner of Greek birth. Juan de Fuca, claimed to liavc discovered in lo02 a
navigable strait (onnecling the two oceans. He ropre.MMitei! llial it was to be found on
the western ooast, in latituile 47 or 4f^\ and that it had itsoutlotin tho North Sea, through
channels not far from Iludsfm i'ay. He described tlie I'li'fic, inlet of tho strait to
be thirty or forty leagues wid.v increasing in width inland lo a much broad<'r expanse
ol water, through whicji, afp'r twenty-six days sailing north and north-east he got into
Ihe North Sea.
There was a cenoral idea amonii' navigators ihat there ought to bo such a passage,
and consequently tho fiction, us it subse(juently proved, of Juan de l'"uoa, with other
spurious narratives gained ready credence. The wish evidently assisted the belief, for
there remained a firm improssi(m on the minds of cartographers, up to a date later than
tho n\iddle of IhelMghteentli ("entur\. that the continent of North America in its northern
part was intersected liy channel-, inland seas, and water passages in such a manner as
would admit of ships passing from one ocean to the other. In illustration of this
*^.
EXPEDITIONS To L'ACII'lU.
93
roiumoii l)oli('t', two maps are n'pvoflnced, one by tlio Frou<h g(.'Ogv:i[)lu'r, ].)e L'IsL',
published in 1152, the second by Tliomas JeH'ivy, geographer to the King ul' I'Jughiud,
published in 1708. For those documents the writer is iudebted to the work of Mr.
Ilxibert Howe Baiicrol't (Vol. XXVII, pp. l-2> and 131.) '
Ihm emerged
[slauds. The
50 the first oi'
of linding a
I the raeilic
ive the nain(>
> Oregon and
l)y Spanish
izcaino and
igators have
an de Fnca,
he got into
.%''v'X//r
/
/
/n
I
"/---.
'•'Iflhir.k,
l>4|
/■
/
3o-
PCtiicpption \ J"^ '^J-'~~l '\
SM
I«t_
- -!>»'
I 1,,. 1. -Dii l.'l^lu'a Mai), l"'^-
.^'\^''
J
• In llu! Piirliaiiieiitaiy I,ilirary. Ottawa, may bo soiMi a map pnbli^hoa in l-cmluii in 177li liy Tliomas
•Ic'lli.'y, tri.onrai.licr to tlieKinn.oi. wl.irli is engraved tliia nolo "In lalitudo 5.". 'tis iirotcniUnl that in
1 .■■111 A.lmiial .lo Vonto ontoiwl an.l .sailiMl l.y 1„1,..,4 aiM nvors till hv Innn.l a Bhip (as issiippostnl in Uwhnu» Hay)
liiiiii lidsluu in New KtiKland.'
96
SANDJ-di;!) l'LKMlN(i 0\
(S) I'^.r/iloni/ioiiy 11)1 the Xorth Pmilif coast.
Ill 1778, till' illushitnis C'aptain James Cook ivicis cd iiislructitnis, on his last voyaii'i',
lo :iiako an examination ol' thi* western loasl ol' America in senrt'h oi' llie de.siri'd passaii'e to
I'lurojie ; liiit he loiuid no inlet i-neh as wasdescrilu'd l)y Juan de Fuea. Singuhvrly ouoiigh,
howevor, Captain liarelay, alter whom liarelay Sound in Vaui'ouver Ishind is named.
disKiVeved, m 1787. a strait ahoul ihe hilitude nn
Htioned i)V .luan de l'"uea, wliit;h strait
had escaped (he observation of Captain Cook. Tliis now well-known inlet thon received,
and lias since home, the name of the Greek mariner who ehiimed to have discovered a
naviiiahle passa<re from the Paeilic (o the Atlantic two hundred y.-ars earlier. In 178K.
the iulet ot Juau de Fnea was explored by Captain Duliin, and a^ain in 1700 by Captain
exim<:dit[ons to i'aoific.
97
Quimpor. It need scarcely be iuldcd, iliiil Ijcyoud the gctiU'i-iiphical iiositioii of the
(Milrance, it has no ressemblauce to the iini-^-iiiary pa. sage Ijctweeii tlie two occp.us whicli
.luMii dc Inica dechuvd he had discovered.
Ill ,T2S, a Kus.><ian expedition under IJehrinii' discovered the strail uaiued ai'ler the
(oiiiuiander, uhoon lliis occasion e.Kiilored pari of the Nortli-wcst coast. In 1741. IJeliriiiii'
was auaiu employed, and coasted as far soutli as ^loiiiil St. Ellas, w hi'li he named. Hehriiig
and his crew Were rendered helpless by scurvy: he I'xpiri'd in a miserable condition
durin"- the winter on an island in the strait, wliich commemorates his name.
In 1791, Vancouver was sent out irom I'lng-land in charge of an expedition. The
special olijects were to a.scertain whether the inlet of Juan de Fuca really formed a strait ;
and to explore the coast I'rom latitude :!0 N. as far north as Cook's Inlet v/ith a view to
the discovery of an eastward passage. TJiose familiar with tlie peculiar cliaracter of the
racilic coast, embraced within the limits of British Columbia and soiitliern Alaska, will
undi'rstand the necessity of an minute survey ; for the passage might have so narrow an
entrance as lo tdude the search made for it. Vancouver examined the coast with great
care, surveying all inh'ts up lo latiliule fr2 and left lor En-land In 17!U.
The thorcmgh examination of the coast by Vancouver, together with the discoveries
made by Behrine', and the overland travtds ' f Alexander Ma.kenzie to the mouth of
the river Mackenzie in 17.s;i and across the Rocky Mountain chain, in ll'r^. together
with the expedition of Heariie, iwenty years earlier, to the uiuulh of Coppermine River,
swept away all belief in the cxisteme of a naviu'able passage through the continent.
It was now established beyond all doubt, that the continent extends unbroken from the
titilf of Mexico to latitude GH , the mouth of the great river which bears the name of the
celebrated traveller.
(9) Eighlf'cntli Ceiilnri/ A/frmjifs lo fiii'l a /"/.<.<'firt fo /Isiii (icros;; /lit: Ptilnr Sea.
Ihery ellbrt to iind a navigubh' channel between the <'astern and western coasts of
America, having so far resulted in comi)lete failure, the Idea of a passage from Europe to
Asiaaeross the polar sea, attracted great attention towards the.lo.se of the last century.
A mass of evidence with regard to its feasibiliiy was laid before the Royal Society whose
president Earl Sandwich, was also at the lnvul of the admiralty . The project of an .'xpedi-
iion across the pole received the favorable consideration of the klim" who .oniraission-'d
two ships for thi> service. They was placed in cummand of Captain John I'hlpps and
Captain Eutwidge. Horatio Nelson joined the expedition as a midshipman.
The ..xpedltion left England In June 177-;, proceeded almost due north to Spit/bergen,
and ruially ri'ached latitude 80^^ 37' wh.-n the ships were Ineompassed by iee and remained
in a perilous conditions for some time. Having with diilieulty es,.iped destruction, the
ships returned home.
Forty-three years later, the llritlsh Government again sent out a similar expedition
with a corresponding result.
(10) Eforls lo lind a Norlli-iresI Passage in Hm Niiideenlh Cnilinr/.
Notwithstanding so manv discouragements, naviuators continued to believe in the
existence of a North-western passage connecting the I'aciiie by Behring Strait, to be reached
Sec 11, ISS'J. i;i.
98
SANDFOJU) I'LK.MlNd ON
\v
by sonu' unknown inli-i ;ippii>;iili;ilili' lioni tho Atlantii' bi'twot-n tlic northern coast n|'
La))r;i(l()r and Grcimhuul. Inlluciircd by lln'sc virws. tlif British (in ornnK'nt, l)L'ini:'
oxtrcmi'ly desirous of securing a U'-w route \'< India, at tlii' closi' ol' the war with l-'rauce,
renewed thi' ill'urts ol' disi'overy liy ollerinu' a nwaril nt fJi'jioi) to any on ', or any Ixxly
otnien wh" would satisfactorily establish lis existence. A nm-lh-west pa~^sagethus havinu'
become a national (il)je( t, two expeditions, were sent out in the year 1818, one undrr
Captain David Buehan and Lieutenant John Franklin, the secoud uud.er the command ol
Caplain .lojiii K'oss and Lieutenant Edward I'arry.
These eiloris although unvailing did not establish the non-existence of tho long
sought ]»assage: they rath-r iiiadr tlu' question more interesting and increased the deter-
mination to ol)tain its solution. New exi)editions were therefore deeidcd on. In l81',i,
(^iptain I'arry .sailed in couiuiand of t wo ships w liii ii after wintcrinu' in the north seas
ri'turned in 1820. In 1821 he a^ain eonimaiulrd an rxpedition whieh after passing twn
winters among the l']skinio n'turned in 182''..
It was in l^r.', iluit Li'Utenant Franklin was di'spat>hcd liy land to the northern
coast, in ordir to survey to tln' west of Coppermine' Wivfr. Hitherto the coast had only
hi'cn visili'd a: two points: by ITearne at th.' mouth of the Coppermiiu* i;i 1771, and by
Alexander Marki'n/i<' at ih>' moutli of lin' river whirh bears his nam", in 178!t. F'ranklin
A'as accompanird by Dr. Kichardson, Messrs. tieorge Bark and Hood. On the return
jouriie\ the expedition experieuced great suU'eriug from cold and starvation, and Hood
and many of the men perished.
In ^21 a (ombini'd atti-mpl by four expeditions was organized ; niub'r Parry and
Lyon from ihe east: under Beechiy from the west entering by Behring f^lrait ; and
undiT Franklin by Mackenziv- Hiv^r. The.se several expeditions returned in 1820. Jn
1827, Captain Parry undrrlook ilio la.st of ;he series of uuMUTessful attempts made under
his commaml
In l82'J, a wealthy gentleman, Sir l'\.lix I'ootii, undertook to defray the cost of a
private expedition, and placed il under the command of Captain Sir John lloss and his
neplirw James Oil this occusion tlie .-hips became winter-bound, and were unable to
return until l8o3. the expedition having passed four winters in the l'ri>zen region. The
anxiely felt for their safety induced the aiuhorities to send out a laiul expedition under
Sir (r.>orge Back and Dr. Uichard Kin-:-. These explorers set out in ls;!3 and travelled hy
Great Shive Lake and Great Fish Uiver to the arctic seaboard : they returned in 1834.
In 18:iii, Sir Georiiv Back was i)laced in c(nnmand of .a naval expedition, to prosecute
norlli-western discoveries, lb' wa> ohlig.d to winter in the pack ice and returned to
.England ihe lollowiu"' year.
In ls:!7, Simpson and Dea.se, seni out at ilie instance (,f il,c Hudson's Bay Company,
reached thi- mouth of the river Mackenzie. The object of this examination was to connect
by actual survey the several ])oinis on t,ie northern ...asl which had heen visited by
previ(jus I'xplorers. They were engaged in this service until 18:;'.i.
in ]84r,, a fresh attem[.t to discover the north-west passage was undertaken by Sir
John Franklin and Captain Richard Crozi(>r in charge of a naval expedition with 135
olFicers and men. The unfortunate end of the expedition is well known. Thi" ships
"Erebus" and "Terror" saih>d on May lUth, 1845. They wer.« last seen by a whaler,
on Ihe following July 2iUh, in BaUin Bay. After years of anxiety an.l uucertaiuty, and
EXPHDITIONS TO PACIFIC.
99
many ofibrts io obtniii tidings of the inissiiii>' sliips, all that could \)v linvvmd ron-arding'
iliom was coinprisod in the i'vw relics Ibnnd by scarih piivtios, inoviiig' that they had
111! perished. The moinory ol' theso brave men nmsL ever live in llie hearts of their
(■(imilrynyen.
In ISK), Dr. John "Rae was ontrusted with the work of completing' the examination of
llie e \ist. He wintered within tln' tiretie eiivle and remained tliere until tin* summer
(.nsn.
(11) Expi'dilioii^ ill Sriiriii (if Fnnil.liii.
Franklin had been away three years wln'U the British (lovi-rnment considered that
the tinii- had arrived, wiu'U search sliould l»e mad. lor the missing ships. It was there-
lore di'lermined, early in 1848, io send out three several expeditions. The first, consisting
of two ships under command of Captains Moore and Kellett, was to proceed by way of
ISehring- Strait. The second under Sir .lolm Ricliardson and Dr. .Tohn IJae was to go by
hind, descending- Mackenzie liiver to its moulli, and to I'oll.iw tlie coast as far as the
Coppermine Uiver. Tiic Ihird, being two vessels commanded hy Captain Sir James Iloss
and Captain !'] J. I'.ird, W'dl supjdicd with ston-s of every kind, was to i>roceed by Davis
Strait, and to follow Lancaster Sound westward. These relief expeditions left nothing
undone to attain the object they had in view ; but ui> to ls.")0 no traces of th(> lost ships
had been found and renewed ellorts became necessary.
In 18r)0, expeditions proceeded by liehring Strait under Captains Colliu.son and
McClure ; another by Barrow Strait under Captain Austin; a third, l>y the sam.- route
was sent out by Lady Franklin in comnuand of Captain Penny.
In 1S.-)I, Lady Franklin sent out a ship under Captain Kennedy, with Lieutenant
Bellot of the French navy as second in command. They wintered in tiie ic.\ and nuide
Ion"' sledging jourm>ys, adding to geographical knowledge, but without accomplishing
the main object of the expediti(Ui. They returned to I'higland in 1852.
In 1852, another expedition was sent out by the British Goverument. consisting of a
number of vessels, in command of Sir F.dward Belcher, Caphuns Oslxiriu', liichards, Kellett
and McClintock. Among the oilicers were Terry, Hamilton, Mecham, Nares, Tim and
other well known names connected with the naval service.
In .18.13, Dr. Rae again undertook a land cxpi'diliim; he e.nnpleted llie coast examin-
ation of the previous yi'ars, and connected the discoveries of former travellers. Dr. K'ae
was the first to l)ring back tidings, of Franklin ; the news of the fate of the expedition,
thus obtained, reached London. October 2-2nd, 18.")4. Dr. Rae brought home with him
relics of the heroic commander, which are now deposited in Ureenwich Hospital. Other
relics were subsequeutlv recovered by the McCli.iiuch and Hall expedition.
Between the years 1848 and iSiU some nCteen expeditions were sent out, mainly in
eonsequence of the anxiety felt regarding Sir John Franklin and those who accompanied
hiiu. Unwearied exertions were nn le l)y Lady Franklin herself ; she exhausted her owu
private means in sending out auxiliary ships to conlinm' the search, while her appeals
for aid aroused the sympathy of the civilized world.
The search -'as continued from year to year, winter as well as summer. The ships
which entered by Behring Strait in 1850 remained in the ice for more: than one winter.
lOO
ANDI'OIU) l'Li;.MlN(i ON
Tlir •• Kiitcrp.iNf" ini.lrv Captain C'olliusoii iviurii>Ml (o iMmlaml in ISAIhy llio ra«ili.
Th.' ■■ Inv.vstimilor," uiidrv (.'apiaiii M< Cluir, ii.'VfV loinnicd. [u tho so.oiid yt'ivv sh"
r.'acluHl a paljrorvystir roginii whcr.' sli" iKTaui.' lu)p<'lfssly oin))eddfd in llif ice uovoi to
luovi' auaiii. In ilir third yoar. Iut pciildus positii)n liavinL;' l)iH'n discovorod by a sltnli-v
paviv und>'r Capiaiu Tim on a loli.'l .'Xpcdilion, tho siiip was abandoned, and Captain
MrClniv liis oliicers and n-cw to lind saioty maivlied over the i<'.' to the •' Resolute " ul
Sir ]':d\vard !>eh'liev"s .xpedilioii whi.di they readied or .Tun(^ 171 h, l^io-'l, after a
Journey of two weeics. But ih.'V di.l noi reaeh iMiuland until the rollowinu" year. Th"
"Resolute" was cauulit in tlie pa.k i.e and there remained diirinii' the winter of
ISSS-.'il. This vessel was eventually aliandnned. on May lllh. I8r)4,' to l)e reeovered
in 18"),'), after driftinij- in the park nearly a thou-^and miles, ^[ciinwliile ^[eClure and his
men reached i'lnifland hy a relief shii) in ihe aulumn of 1854.
(12) (lemral Resiills of the Mnritinir Expeditions.
Thus termuialed the voyages of diseovery for a western passage for sliips from Europe
to Asia. Sinei- Cabot sailt>d from Bristol in I4!t7 under tii<' auspiees of Henry Vil, up
10 the (lav, when ih.' reiurn oi' Franklin was for i-ver despaired of, there have been alniosi
.easeless etiorts to obtain it. In th.> numberless attempts to find a north-west i>assage,
I'lniiland has risked the live.s of many of her adventurous sons. It is a story of horoir
struu'ahs vear alter year in ice-enrumbered regions, and of daring and lansuecessful
attempts lor three and a liail renturies. The single instance of partial success is
that of ^McOlure, who traversed the route from the racitic, to the Atlantic, with his sbip":-
crew. His ship was, however, lett behind, and a second ship in which he found
refujTe was abaiubuied, the vovac'ers reaehintr England on board of a third ship
alter an absence of nearlv live years. McClure was hoiiouvtHl and rewarded by the
British Parliament: lie had demonstrated the possibility of passing betw'cen the two
oceans, but witli tlie condition that for siweral degrees of longitude the passage is across an
trahl
nnp«Mietr
wliieh lias
e reu'ion ol
l^alieocrystie ice We had thus a negative solution to the probl
em
tried tli
ull and dariim' of navisi'ator.-
ever since
.America was fi t discovered.
and on whicli the lives of many hundreds iif l)rave men and many millions of money had
been expended. The obstacle.'; to naviiration around the northern extremitvof the continent
have been provi>d to ])e insuperable. It had been established beyond all question, that
till- elimatic i oiiditions of the .\rciie Ocean render the passage of no commercial value
whatever, and tiiat nature has imputed an ad:inianiiiie liarrii'r lieyond the power of man
to remove.
IT.-l>IMOVi:i{lKt!i HY I-ANI>.
(\) Kx/ili>nilion>: hi/ Ilir French Pioneers.
11 the maritime eliort,- exteiidiiii«- over three nnd a half centuries, and of which the
above is only a faint outline, were, in view of the ohji-ct sought, completely barren of
i'rr.r the overland journeys musi he -.egarded in a dili'erent light.
■ ; Reselato was rouml \<y a wliaior fmm the I'nited States, slie wns brought into port, and eventually
l)i08< 1; . i in ilie r.iili.sli (iovi'iniiiciil liy tlio (i<i\eiMiiioiil of ilii! United States.
EXPKDITIONS TO PACIFIC
101
U]) III till' ("Oinini'iici'iiK'iit ol' lliis rciiluiy, no cxplonitioiis w^v iiii(li'it;il.i'ii Ia' llic
(lovcnuiK'nt or l)y !iuy citizen of tlu' llnitcd Stal/s. hcvfoid ilic v;ilir\ uf thi' Missouri,
il is to th(> 11 )rtli(>rn part of tin- coiitiiioiit tliiit \\v liiivc to look lov the seal oT advontuvo
;in(l ciitirpri.si'. It is iiuiinly within tln' li'rritury now known us tin' dominion of Caiiadii
ihat the earliest and moro important lesnlrs were olilained.
The Frcinh pioneers displayed reniarkal>!'! enterprise and intivily As earlv as lill'i,
Chainidain ascended the Ottawa, and disiovered Lakes Huron and Ontario. In I'l]!',
I'adiers ,loL!ues and Kaymhault were at Saull St. "Mary, the discharge ol' Lake Superior,
in Itlilii, tile h'renrh discoveries extended |o Lake Mi( iiiuan. In HI"-!, .lolljet and
Marcjuette penetrated to the Mississipi, and descended its walevs as far as Arkansas, in
l(!8ii La Salle desci'iide<l the Missis>ipi to its month, .\- early as 1(171. an overland
expedition from (Quebec undiM' lather Charles Alliaucl, reached lliul.^oii Uay. and in lUSii
a trader, Ni>yon, had found his way t<) the L;ike of the Woods.
A gieat impulse was L''iven to these discoveries early in ilie follow inn' ccnturv. La
Vcrendrye the elder, hetweeii 17ol ,ind 17^1'.'. established various tradiim' i)o.sls on Lake
Winnipeii' and its tributaries, lied Kivcr, the Assiniboiin' and the Saskat<hewan.
His son. Chevalier L:i A'erendrye, undertook more distant I'Xpeditious to the west and
south. This adventurous travidler jdaces on iinord liis airi\al at some mountains which
were probably the outlyiue- hiuhlaiids or foot-hills which, south of the 4'.Uh parallel,
extend some degrees of longitude to the east of the Rocky Mountains zone. Inder
Ni\"rville. the asoeiit of the river Saskatchewan wa.-- made I'or -ome ( ousiderable distance
and tl e narrative states that the liockv Mountains were seen.
(2) /•7/'.'</ itnrlitml Jimniii/ tn lltt }\u:ili(' Onun.
in the second half of the century, Canada having passed uiuler liriiish rule, expeditious
of discovery were made at the instance of the English trading' lompanies. In 177L
llearne, under the instructions of the Hudson's Bay Company, which then had b '(>n in
existeuee a hundred vears, followed the river Coppermim' to its mouth on the Arctic
Ocean. In 1783, the North-West fur Comiiany was formed, with its head(iuarters in
Montreal. I3y the year 17S7, its tradins- posts had reached the river .\thaba.sca, and the
following year a post was established on I'eaie Kiver. In 17S'.». an ollicer of tlie eomjiany,
Alexander Mackenzie, discovered the great river of the nortli which bears his name,
which he descended to its outlet in the Arctic Ocean. Thn'c years later he arrived at the
I'acilic coast in latitude about •"):!'. This intrepid traveller made the lirst overland journey
to the Pacilic, north of the Gulf of Mexico.
(8) Vniletl Slates oi-irlaml Ex/Jfditiuiis.
Twelve years after Mackenzie had traversed th'' contineiU in the interest of a Canadian
fur company, the attempt to reach the raeilie Oi'can, was repeateil by Lewis and Clark,
under the authority of the government »( the Lnited States. Up to this period the
central region of North America, within the limits of the Tuifed States M'as unknown.
Canadian merchants had established trading posts from the St. Lawrence to the Rocky
102
SANJ)FOl;l> KLEMlNti ON
]\Iouii(iiius ami iVoiu Hudson liny to I'ciici' River; tliry li;iil cxtiiidoil 'heir oxploratioii^
Iroiu Lake Su|)i'riov lo the Arrlir O'caii. al a tiiuc when the whole region IVoin tlir
Misi-ouri lo the I'neilic hiul heeii untrodden by white men.
Captain Lewis and Lieutenant Clarke, with ustroni! and well e(jiiii)ped expedition, 1. Ii
the At Ian tie enast in June 1811;!. and rearjuil ilic indutli ul' the Columbia in December, isn.'i
Keturniiig, the expedition arri\ ed at Wii-hinutou in February, 18(17. Their ollieial journal
was not publi.'^hed until Is 14. Noie.s wi're however given to the imblie in 1808.
With the exception ol' a juivaie expedition, .sent I'roni New York Ihroo ymus aller
the return ol' Lewi.s and Clarke, ihe moving .spirit ol' which was John Juecd) Astor, ami
whieh ended in failure, there was iio iiitert'ourse l.etueeii the United Stales aiul the
Paeilic eoa.si, by land until the sec oiid ({uarier ol' the ])reseni century.
After the hiilure of Aster's Company, Ihe lirst suecessful attempt in the United State>
to loriii a connection w ith the west was in l^^-'i, when Jedeiliah :^mith led a party across
Utah and Nevada to California. The secoiul was in I8;i2, when Nathaniel J, Wyoth and
some twenty others proceeded overland Ironi ;Massac husels to ( Iregon. These were llc^
pioneer waves of the tide of immigration a\ liich followed in altcM' years.
(4) l-liiiloriilii<iiii iimlic llir <:rni/ Fur ('mn/iftiiir.i.
The agents and ollicers of the Canadian fur ■ ompanies penetrated the country
beyond the Rocky Mouniaius in all directions. They established trading posts throughout
New Caledonia, now British Columbia, (1) in IHOr, on MeLeod Lake, (2) in ISOl) on Stmni
Lake, (:!) in 1807 on the Jackanul (iiow the fraser) at Fort (icorge, and in 1808, an (>xi c-
dition started from the latter point to (race the Jackanut to the ,sea. Thoy discovered
Thompson l.'iver in 1808 ; they traversed the river Columbia from its extreme northern
bend at Boat ICucjunpment to its mouth in 1811: and their agents were the iirst ICuropean.s
to exercise control in the extensive region now known as Oregon, Washington Territory,
aid ]3ritish Columbia. Througiiont that vasi region early in the .•entury, the Canadian
fur companies founded many iradiii'.; establishments, and -aiiied a dominant influence
amouii-st the native tribes.
Karly in the century the seveial fur companies were reduced to two, the "North-
West " and the " Hudson's Bay," In 1^-2]. the rival> ])eeame con.solidated to ibrni a single
organization, henceforth to be known by ilie name of the "Hudson's Jiay Company."
The authority of this company was now undisputed, and its iniluence was supreme,
as well througiiont the region bounded on the west by the Pacili,- coast, as to the east
of the mountains. In ]8::!9, the comi>any entered into an arrangement with liussia
for the lease of Alaska ; and its trading posts were established at all eligible points from
Behring Strait on the north, to San Franc'isco to the south. I'or the" time being, the
northcnii Pac'ihc coast was virtually in possession of the Hudson's Bay Company.
In this condition of aitairs the river Columbia proved of paramount import;ance as tli.>
means of intercourse l)etween east and west. For half a centurv alter David Thompson's
iirst descent in 1811. it becam." the great highway between 'Canad'. and the racific.
There was no natural line of .•ommunication more accessil>le or more available; and at
the date when, tin; Oregon Tivifty weiu into Ibroe, few travellers attempted to enter
:'|
KXI'KKITIONS TO I'ACIFIC.
loy
lliilish Coluuibiii by .inj' oilier route. It is ohvious therctbre tli:it we ;ire wiirvaiiled in
iiirliidiii!^ in I he list <>{' ('iiiia(li;m overliiiid exiu'ditions, the jounieys liy the river {'ohiiiil)iii,
lip to the period when tlie Iliid.soii's liay ('oiupaiiy's I'orts on its haidvs were evaeuated
The Hudson's Hay Company, as the inherilur and re|preseiitalive of all previous i'ur
loinpanies, luis played an iniportiint part in th" early history ol' the western lerritorv
within the limits of the Dominion The extendi'd trade and iiilluence of this vast com-
inereial eonccru i'urnishes evidenee of extraordinary eneriiV and perseverance. The
adventurers and explorers in the sorvie ■ of the company undertook the most iatinuiug
ionrney.s, and evinced the greatest fortitude in expn-ing' themselves to hardship, privation
aiiddani^er. It was tlii'y who took possi'ssion of the territory on Imth side.s of the liocky
Miiuntaius and on l)oth sides of the; futh parallel. Tiiey were foi' man\ years the only
civilized occupants of both hunks of the Colund)ia fmni its <ourci's to its mouth, and it was
iml their fault that this ree-ion is not nnw part of tiie Duniinioii. Tliey lield tle'ir u'round
ill Orejion and Washini^ton Territory under the British Hag until they were compelled to
relinquish their hold by the treaty of 18-1*1. l]ut for the discoveries made under the
authority of this fur company, New Caledonia or British <'olunil)ia would never have
existed, and Canada to-day \\diild be >liui out I'roiu access to lln> I'ai ilic.
It was out of the tang'le of di[)lomacy that the treaty which terminated the nutliority
of the Hudson's Bay Company over the region watered by the Columl)ia was evolved.
But the Oreiiou Treaty did not at once suspend all the company's operations south of the
I'.ith parallel ; it i^'ave certain rig'hts of possessio]i and of naviualiuL;' the river, subject
to the regulations which the tTO\ernment of the United States might, impose. For some
years the tradiug posts were retained, l)ut owing to the c(mditions of the treaty it became
necessary to give up to the United States authorities all the forts of the company
south of Puget Sound. In IS'ln, the Hudson's Bay Coiii]iany abandoned its various
establishments in Oregon and Washington Territory, and the moveable property not
disposed of was transferred to Fort Victoria on Vancouver Island, the point at which, as
headc|uarters, the operations of the company, west of the mountains, have since been
centred and carried on.
In the followinu' brief oullini' of the expeditions undertaken hetwi'cu Canada and
the Tacilic, no attemi)t will be made to relaie the fre(|u.'nt overland voyages of the
hrigades of fur-trading canoes, except such of them as have been specially recorded,
liiter.ourse was regularly maintained by the company across the continent during the half
century which preceded the abandonment of Oregon. During that period, the route
u'enerally travelled on the western side of the mountains was by the Columbia; on the
eastern side of the range, the chain of rivers and lakes leading to York Factory were
followed.
r'«!
ill.-« AXAIHAX OVi:i«l-AM» t.%l'Kl»H'IO>>».
The ..arliest overland Journey to the Facili.' was made iu 119S. In the ninety-two
years wdiich interv.'ued between that date and th(^ completion of the Canadian I'acific
Ivailw^ay not h'ss than forty such Journeys are on record. They may l>o divided into
three classes, chronologically separated into three periods.
104
SANI>F(ii;i» FliK.MlM; ON
PniDt/ I —Vv,iiM 111,'sr ()\ i;i;i,.\Ni> .I(Mi;\K\ i\ I"!';! I'l' < *i!i:";(i\ Tl;K\T^ in 1S40.
ill llii' lii>l period, til'' lluils(Pir> l!:i\ Coinpiiiiy ■.hI 'I~^ ;i>N()(i;itr(l (r;i(lcis iippi'iir II-
llu' ;n live iiu'i'iils. Iiiiiiiii:' tln'M- liriy-ihiri' y<'!ii> \vi' liavr ii rcrnnl of thirl t^ii i'X|>('(liliiiii>,
whiili, with oiif cxci'plidii, l!i;il ol Mr D.ivid I i.pii^l;i>, llir iiatuialisl. utii' iiiiiliTliikeii l)\
llic coinpiiiiys olliccrs wlm explored the western territory, and phnited trading po.sjs
over a primeval euuiitry, lhousand> cd" niih-.s in extent, (leographieal knowled^'i' was
not (he niiiiii ohjoct ol' thi'.se exphn'ers ; Inil their energy and enierjirist! cnahled thcin to
make discoveries w hieli had the remarkfilde coiisecjui'iiee of estahli.sliini,;' rii>dits national
in their cliiiraeter, and of uainin;,; inrormnlion ol' mu> h 'jeneial iiiiport.tii'e and seientilii
value.
(1) IJxjin/iltdus of Sir Ah ninikr Mnr/.i iizir. 17S'.'-lT!t-'!.
Amoiiu those who ji.ive disiinirnishi'd themselves i)y their explorations on Ihi-
coiuinent. no name is more ilhi.strions than that ol' Sir Alexander Mackenzie. He
ranks the lirst on ihe list oT overland discoverers. lie was the Ijrst white man IVoni
Caniida to reach thi- Arctic Ocean, the first luiropean i., pass thronLih the Koeky Mountains,
ihe lirsi overkind traveller nortli ul' the Cull' of Me.xieo to arrive at the shores ol' the
I'aeilie.
Alexander Maeken/ie was horn at Inverness, S<otland, it is said, in 17(i(». It is not
known wlu'n he arrived in Canada ; we, however, learn IVom himsell' that in 17,S.") ho was
ailniitttd a partner into the lur-trade operations in the west, lie had then l>een live years
employed in the oliice ol" Mr. Gregory, so that h.' must have been twenty years of age
when he heoan, l[i>; liysf venture was with some guods to Detroit, at that date little more
than a trading post. Theuee he procee(h'd to the (Irand Portage, north ol' Lake Superior,
where he commeiie,.d his remarkalvle <areer. He informs us of his aml)itious hopes in
the following words: '• I not only contemplated the practicability of penetrating across
the continent of America, but was conlident in the (iiialiiieations. as I was animated by
the desire, to undertake the perilous enterprise."
h'or .some years a severe struggle had been goini;- on bet wen several rival establish-
ments, and. indejiendeiiily of Hie imtural diili. uliies of ilie trader's life, the greatest
opposition was encouniered from tin- common foe, the Hudson's I'.ay Company. The
r.'sult was that a union of iheir several interests was eli'eoted ; and, in the year 1787,
the North-West Company was organized on a solid basis for the purpose of vigor-
ously carrying on the fur trade.
]\racken/iebecam.>c(mm'cted with the new company, and we liudhim in 1789 at Fort
Chipewyaii, on the Lake of the Hills (Lake Athabasca). On June 3rd, of the sauie year,
he set out on his jmirney to the imrth, where he discovered the river whicli bears his name,
reaehin- its mouth which lies within the Arctic ciivle. This geographical discovery was
of the highest importance, inasmuch as it swept away all dubious eo)ijectures whhdi
had been ibrmed as to the existence of a strait or passage for ships through the interior
of the North American .-ontineut. Ho returned to Fort Chipewyaii on September V2ih.
17811.
We h'arn from Alackenzie, (baton his voyage down the river hi- had felt him.self
deficient in the knowledge of astronomy and navigation. He uuhesitatingly, therefore,
KXi'iODi'i'ioNs ro I'Acirir.
105
uii'l'itook ii j'nuriii-y lo l']iiiil;iii(l. in i>nl,r I" .(liiriiti- liim^clt' in tlu'sc Kcicii.o mid imociuv
li."ik.s and inslninicnts lor his ruluic u-.' It was in llii- w.iv tiiat ln' pivpiucil luniM'U'
lor till' cxjii'ilition lo tlic l'a( iiir.
Onci' uiiMi' Mai'krn/ic jiinnd \\i> \va\ ti. Vwi ( 'Inpi-uvaii. imd, dii (Icli.lir- jOlJi, I7!l:i,
liiivin^- mail' every neecMsary preparaliDn, lie 1 li on a ioiiinev ol' ruillier dj.seoverv.
\xendini;' I'cace liivoriintil his progress was impeded Ity lee, ihe parlv r.iMaineil lor ihe
winter at tlie ])hiet' whei'e tlie delay was cxperieiieed.
On May '.Mil, 17'.i;!, when the river opened. Ilie voyaue was resumed. II.' aseiMided
Tear,. Ifiver (o tho l-'oriis ; oiu) hraui ii of wiiieh has heen iianiej the I'm lav. the oilier ihe
Tarsnii). Maekeiizie's party lollowed the latter to mar its source, when he crossed lo
the ureal river eaUed Taeoutihe liy tlie Indians, eiiltiim' a passau'e tlnouii'li the wiiod.-s
XI lliat hi' t (Mild earry lii.s i aiioe with him. Mackenzie formed the opinion that the river
on which lie then einharked was the ( 'oliimhia : a lielief evui'rallv entertained until IHOX,
when Simon Fra.'^er I'ollowod its waters lo. the Strait of ( leortiia. The travellers Heated
(hiwii the Tae(nilche live days, meeiiny' Indians \\ ith whom some dillieulty was cxperi-
eiiied. They hairiu'd from the Indians tiiat the river they were jollowinur was of liivat
I'liLiili and lull of perils. His ineii heeomint;' mutinous, he decided to ahnidon the
aiteinpt to docend to the mouth of ihe Columlna, and deieriiiined to leach the Kca by
another routi'. In order to vain tl"' p^ith to the we-l used liy the Indians, the exi)lortn'
had to tuin back. I''ort .Alexandiia was established tweuty-ciii'lit years afterwards, at tho
piceiso spot where he reversed his course, and was so named in honoi ol' the lirst
I'Xplorer.
It proved fortunate thai he so determine<l ; the route dexriited \>y ilie Indians led to
the sea in sixtcou days alter leaving the main ri\er. His parly had adventures with
diHerent Indian tribes; they were phu-ed on >hori allowance, and uiulerwent hardships,
hui Mackenzie at la.st attained his lonu' ilierislied oti|ect. Uii .Inly Jiind. lT!'o, ho reached
the sea overland from Canada, an<l lloaled on the lide-water of the I'acirp'. The <K)int
reached is near the Indian village id' Udla C'oola. on the North Itenlick Ar.u. about
latitude 5:.'" ."Id'. The explorer returned ap[iroximately by the same route, reaching on
\ugusi 24th, the point on I'cace I\iver where tiie party had passed the winler, and from
which tliey had started west on May !»th. They arrived at fort ('hii)ewyan alb'r an
absence of (deveii months, <luring which period they had ''iiciniiitcreil many dangers and
mideruone privation, Mackenzie had the uni|ualiiied -atislactimi «d' feelinu' thai the
work of exploration and di.seovery he had uiulerlakeii. with all its toils and solicitudes,
hail been crowned with complete success.
Sir Alexander ]Mackenzie's ])ortrait is given in tin' edition of his works ol' ISOI, alter
ilie picture by Lawrence. There is almost a feminine delicacy in the features, but
Mceompanied by a daiiutlessncss of expression, with a mouth round tlie lines of which can
he read lirmue.ss and determination. He describes himself as of an inrpiisitive miml
and enterprising spirit, and as possessing a constitution and frame of body eijual lo the
most arduous undertakings. It was his pride to think that he had added new regions to
ihe realm of British commerce. Mackenzie died in ]S-jo.
S<w. II, 1889. 14-
t06
SAMM'OUD lf,i;MIN<f OS
{'2) TrarrU nirl Disron ries nj Mr. SiiiKui I'nisii; IHO'i — ISO.H,
Tlic fxplinaliiuo III' Mv, SiiiKiii I'liiscr wtc in cvi-ry srns^' ivniiirkiililc, and tli^y liav,.
.■xi'nis.'d iii> liiilr iiilliiciii<' on tli" history dI' lirilisli Coliinilda 11' iiilcivd (h^ .si-rvi'v
nl till' Nurlh-W('!st Compaiiy, in IT'.'ii. :il lln- au<' of uini'ti-cn ; \<n y.-ars later he ln'cani.' :.
l)ar(ni'r. In I8().j a i-onl't'ivncc was lidd at Imm'I William, to ilisfiif^s tlii' advisaliilily "i
t'xti'ndinir the op/ralions (.j'thc runipany beyond the lio.ky Mountains, I'ov tlie purpose ei
orcupyinu' the icrritoi'v. The desire was to nntieipale the United Slates explorers ami
rrader<, who niiifhl estahlish a elaiin to h> ou nersliip liy ri'jlit n|' diseoM'ry and nr.ii|);i-
titm. It was decided that trading posts should be estal>lish"d in the (hen nnktiown teni-
tory. and possession l)y this means taken of it. The duty of earryini^out the project wn-;
as.sin-iii'd to Mr Fraser lb' soon aiterwanl^ h't't P'ort William, made his way to Lake
Athal)asca. and ascendi'd Tea'c Kiver in the niouiilains. wlp're he established a tradiiiu
post, whicli he named llie Rocky Mountain Portage.
riacinu' men in chavu'e, he continued liis journey to Mcf.eod I.ake, which ln' di,sco\-
ercd, and th-re al.so hd't some tradi^rs. In l><f)tl lie portaii'ed to Traser Kiver, :d th;ii
date rciiarded as tho main stvi'am ol' the Columbia, or one o|' it> principal alllnents. He
lel'l the Fra-cr, and lollowed a iviliuiaiy llowiui;- IVom the westward, now known :i-
Sluart Kiver, ami >o mimed trom a companion in thi' service, Mr. .Tohn Stuart, lie
traced this stream to Stuart I-ake ; he here established a tr;idinu' jiost, tlie present l-'ort
St. .Tames, lie iteneirai' d toFraser Lake, another ol'his disi'overies. and there also he e.stab-
li>]icd af idinu' station. He gave the na'ne oi New Caledonia to the whole ti'rritory. I"
1807, two canoos with uoods, under the chare-e of Messrs. <i>uesnel and Farries, reached
him : at the suine time he re eived b'tter> uririMu him to carry on his exploratiou.s to the
oi'ean, by the rivor llowing through tli' country to ilie south, in anticipation of partic.s
from the Ignited States, who were displayinn' some activity at (his date ; Lewis and
(^lark luiving been sent out by the United State.s (rovernmeiit to tlie Uacilie coasl. Thi<
vear Mr. I'raser established another post, ]•"'"( Georac. ou Hie main .stream.
In the si>i'ina' of ls()s, Mr. Fraser. with ' ^ssrs. John Stuart. Jules ^lauri 'e Qu '.siiel,
and a cre\\ of nineteen men, and two Imlians, i-- '"d in lour well-furnished canoes tn
explore the unknown waters whicli wen' ree-arded as . main alilueiit of the Columbia.
They lelt Fort (ieorge on May 2Sth. where the river i.s de.scr.jrd as .'"100 yards wide with ,.
stnmg current. They reached its mouth on July 1st, and found the bitiliule to be about
•lO*^, establishing that ihe river was a separate and distinct stream, and not the Columbia,
(ho latitude at the mouth of which was then known to lie 4t!"' 2o'.
For a few days after leaving Fort Ceorge, the expedition npule 'apid progress. Sir
Alexander ^lackenzie llfteen years earlier, had passed ov* ■ soiu ■ ■; tent of the distance to
the point wh'ri', on the advice of iji.- Indians, he turned bad t- follow a trail westward
to the. sea. The Indians whom Mr. Fraser met were friendly, aiul gave him similar advice ;
they informed him that the descent of the river was extremidv dangerous, that he could
not go on, ami that the whole pi'rty would meet destruction if they inadi; the attempt.
The (.bject ot th" uudi'rtakine- beino- (,, follow the river to the mouth, Fraser declined to
turn buck. The verilicalion ol the Indian description of the navigation was not long
delayed, for in a short time appalliiiii' dilliculties were <'ncounlered. A striking narrative
of this descent is i-iven in thi'.rournal of Simon Fraser in the work of Senator Masson,
recently issued, " Le Uourgeois du la Compaguie de Nord-Ouest."
i;\im:i>itiv>ns t<> i-aciiic.
107
srrvi' .'
.ilily "T
•[XISC i<\'
MS mill
i)crii|);i-
II ti-rri-
I'cl WHS
to Laki'
tvadiii'^
On .Tuih' Isl, live (liiys alter Uicy stints <!, llir livfi iiiirrow rd to ii caMvou iiosHibly
Ihi- least (laiiuvroiis u| a Idiiii' series wlinli lay helore them, hi the tirst eauyon fliey IdsJ
(.lie el' their lliree caiieeM. ( )ii Hi,. r)th, the riviM' eoiuraeted to ii width of not over tliirty
yards heiweeii preeipiees. tlie water "tiul.iih'iit noi.sy and iivvCn^ u< behohl." Tliey inude
a porlaii'e ula mile over most dilHeult n'rmiiid, leavinL"- the nten hrtninst'd by I'atiu'ne. On
the (ith, liiidinn' a easiade and whirlpndl, heiiuned iu by huuv roeKs, to iiV()id ijorta^'inu',
lliey lightened the eanoes and ran the rajtids. OiMheOth " the ehiinni'l eonlraets to
ahdiit I'orly yard'*, and is enclosed by two preeipj.vs .«) luii.i.nse heinht, whieh, beiidiliy
towards ea(^h oilier, make it narrower above than l)elu\\ . Tho water whieh rolls down
this extraordinary passae-e inlnmiiltuous waves, and wiili jjreat velocity, had i rriiihtful
apjiearance. However, it beiim' absolutely impossible t.. larry the eaiio' s by land, all
hands wilhi'ut hesitation embarked ■'•; ii were nror/i^ /n n/n npon the m.rcy ol' the aw liil
• i<h' Skimmiim' aloiin' as fast as liLrhliiiiiu', the i rewH, coo] an<l (b'teniiiiied,
Ibllowed each other in awl'ul silence, and w hen we arrived at the en<l, we stood yazini^-
al each other in sih'nl cone'i-itulation on oiir iiariow es.ap' trom total (b'strui lion."
A'jain on the .'■ame (hiy, the i<iurii:il reads: " This alt'Tiioon tin' rapids were vi'ry bail :
Iwo in jiarlic ular were worse, it pn.s.sible. than any we had hitherto met with, bejnii' ;i
eoiilinual series ol' laseades, intercepted with loiks and bounded by [>reeipi.'.'s and
mountains that si eiiied at limes to have no end." Al last they I'uuiid ihi' navigation
wholly impraetieable, while llie precipitous river.'^ido liada most Ibrbiddiiiif aspect. Even
men ol their nev\eeiiuld proceed no lurlher (III I he roamiuj>'strt>am. Oiithe luth they were
( (imi>ell» d to abandon the eanoes a>"l many articles not alisolutely required. Thoy started
to travel tlie ruufycd banks on loot, each with a load ol' eiiihty pounds. To de.scribe the
walking- would bailie description : only those who know ihe river can imagine what tho.se
trav(dlers endured, passing along the declivity of mountains, ascending and desci'uding
rugged rocks, crossing ravines and climbing precipices. On ihell'ih. they reached a large
rapid river llowing from the east, which Mr. Fraser named the Thompson, alter his
I'rieiid and colleague in the work ol' discovery, IMr. David Tliompson.
On Ihe i^Oth, -y reached what is now kuown as the Jackass Mountain. "The
ascent was dangero .s ; stones and Ira^iuents ot rock were continually "living way from our
feet and rolliii'g oil' in succession.'' Again, on theioth. wo read, "ihe ascent was perfectly
iK'rpeiidicular ; one of the Indians (limbed to the summit and, by means of a long pole,
drew us up one after the otlier. This work took three hours ; tlnii we eontimu'd our
course, up and down hills and along the sle(>p declivities of mountains, where hanging
rocks and projt'cting clitrs, al the edii'e of the bank of the river, made the passage so small
as to render it at times dillicult 'or one per.son to pass sideways."
On the 2t]th they came to Spii/zum, and on the liOth they emerged from the cauyou, and
were fortunate enough to obtain a canoe from the Indians in the neighborhood, by meaus
of which they reached tide water on July Isl. The Indians on the coast were exceedingly
troublesome, and Fraser was obliged to hasten his departure. His party started on July
3rd, returning l)y the route they came, and rea( hed their starting point, Fort George,
on August 6th.
That portion of the Fraser from the conlluenee of the Thompson downwards, is now
traversed by the Cauadian Tacilic liailway. It is possible from the passing train to look
upon some of tho ground over whi(;h the men of Fraser's party struggled, by which some
108
v\NI>l'(il!li KLHMlNd ON
idi'ii iiiitv 1)1' r(.riiir<l ol' llic (lilfnulli's ihc loul-soic tnivt'UtM's ovt'rcaun'. Tht> Jonnify
itscll'was liMznrtloiis In.iii lir-t lo !a-i : ii ivijuiivd \\u- uviitosl iinvr ami ((lunig-c. Tli.-
iiiivcll.-rs, lor ]);irt dl the \,'u\\ wt'iv il.-prinl-'iil on the Iii(li;ins lor lood, wliitli coiisi.sti'.l
oldriiHl lisl), I/i'irics and u.uo. Ex.-opt on tin- upper .so.tioii ol' the river, previously
visited by Ma. kenzi.', iioiic of tln' tribes on tlie route iuid ever helore seen tlu' face ol' a
white tnan, and ejiutiou and jnaxdeiici' were necessary to avoid awakenini^' Indian enmity.
The undertaiiini:' vns bravely and sueeesslully aeeoniplished : and it is no little owing to
Simon i'raser and his assoeiali- diseov.'vers, Messrs. Stuart and Quesnel, oi' the Norlh-
^Vest (,'ompany. thai tie- country north of Hie 49th [larallel is at this date liritish territory.
Mr. Fraser remained in th' service oftbe coini>any lor some years after the discovery
cif the river which has be<'n nan-ed in his homn-. On his retirement from his position,
he was ollered -.t kniuhtiiood, Icat the le.ndur w.is declined, owing to his narrow <'ircnm-
staiiees. lie died at St. Andrews, above Montreal, at the ago of eighty-nine, very poo'-,
and leaving no provision for his family.' Such was the fate of this daring explorer, who
was so larirelv instrumental in s<' uring the Ihilish focithold on the Paeilie coast, without
which the Dominion of ('miada would have been shut in on the west by the Koiky
Mountains.
(;!) Tnirel.< ami Durnrpili':^ of Hfr. Darlil Tliompsini, I7'."1-IS1!.
David Thompson, whose explorations were nnderlaken early in the century, was a
Welshm.'iii ; h" was born in ITT'X and edu.iiled at the urcy coat sidiool, London, lie
entered the serviet; of the Hud.-on"s Bay Company in 178'.' ; aiul proceeded to Fort ('hunhill,
where he remained hvi' years. Forth'' succeeding nine years of his life on this continent
he was engaged making surveys of ihe ri\ers Nelson, Churchill, Saskatchewan and their
tiibutaries. IVerjuenily vi:ilini;- York I'actory duriu'^' that [n'riod. IIa\iiiii' (omiileled ids
engagement with the Hudson's Hay Company, he joined the North- West Company, in
IT'.'T, when he went to the tJrand. Portage near Lake Superior. Following his duties
as astronomer and geosrapher to the mmpany, for a numljerof years he was present with
the Mandaii Indians in Missouri, at Lac La Biche, Lake .Vthabas. a, Ihe Rocky Mountains
and nearly all the stations al' the company throughout the vast territory.
In l.'^oii, Mr. Thompson enti'reil the Ko; ky Mountains in latiiude 51', probably in
the vicinity of the same pass as that followed by the Canadian Paeilic Railway. He
des<ende(l one of the northern braie he- of the Columbia, which he called McCiillivray
Kiver. He was, however, driven back by Indians, and (-oinixdled to rocross the moixntains.
In ISO", Mr. Thomp.son was again in the Ifoeky ]\Iountains and was the first to go
through what is known as Howes Pass by which route In- reached the Columbia. He
as(ended that river lo tli" Columbia Lakes and built Fort Kootenay. In 1808, he des-
cendi'd IJiver Kootenay to Kooteniiy Lake wiiere he entered into trade relations with the
l'"lalhead Indians. He returned liy another route to I'ort Kootenay, descended the
Columbia to Bla. kberry Kiver, and recrossed the mountains by the Hi;wes Pass. He then
' 'I'liremk'SWdiiliints (if Simon Ira.-'er snrvivt-: his ilantrlitor, Mies ('utiieiiiie Harriet Krn.ser, wlm residivs in
'(irnwall, and tier two tirutlnTH, \Villi:iin, wlm lives in llaniiltnn, ;inil Rixlcvick, at pivsent in St. .Vmlrows,
I unity of SterMKint.
i;XJ'EI»lT10NS To rACll'IC.
109
tiMVilIcd ciistwiird witli Hh' furs In- li;ul ;il)t;iiiic(l in tividf \n Kiiiiv Lik'' ITousi-. wliiih
hi- riiirlic'tl on Aiig'usI liml. Mii'li ,su,"i!iii> wns cxiM'riciK'i'd 1)\ his piiily mi iliis
i'\|)i'dilion.
On Auiiust nil, lit' iigiiiu slurlcd Jim- the .wi'.st iind miivrd al (he Cidiunhia oii
()r|(jl)('r -'Ird. Ill his notis lu' speaks ol' ili'' K'^ipid KiviT. im\v known as the Kicking-
liDi'sc River. lie continued at Foil Kooti'nay. Iradiny with the Indians and niakini''
('X|)l(>rali()ns in the iiciuhbonrhond, 'riuTi' is sonic ((inlusioii in tiie {'.rconiit ot Tlioni]>son's
tiavtds. 1ml il is elear that loi' several sU'Ci'ssive scars hi' I'l'osM'd the mi)iinlaiiis many
linu's hy various routes. Il wmild ai>iii'ar that hili' in ihe auluuui dI' l^^i'i. he ascended
Athabasca IJivcr lo its soune, and nussid ih.' niountains by whai is now known as
the Athabasca pass 'o the Columbia, where In- airivid early in .lanuary. IIi> spent the
vcinaind"r of the winter at tin numth of Caiioc Ki\ cr, ami in ilic spriin^- of ISl I he Idt
for the month of the Culnmbia. lint he did not I'uUow the stream im this occasion ; he
ascended the Cidumbia tu its snuree, crossed Mcttillivvay I'oriaue. and descended Koo-
temiy Ivivor, thence by Tend d'Oreille and Spokane Kivers. On June l!»lh he reached
the tails of the Columliia known by i he Indians as llth-koy-Ape ( I'ori Colville), and
ilience loUowed the main river le the I'acilie, coast, wliere lie arrived on July l-Mh,
1^11. He was kindly reeeiveil by the oliieers of the I'aeilic Kur ('nnip:iny. Nvho had
arrived !i |■e^v weeks earlier and were IJien rslablishiiu;- l'"ori Astoria. Mr, Thoiiipson
remained In re a few days and returned a> he came to bovt Colville. ihciiec by .\rrow
bakes and the Culunibla io the ineuili "f Cunoe b'ivi'r, whence he had started a few
months previously t(j .isceiid the stream. Mr Thnmi>.-<m was thus the tirst civili/ed
luau to traviM-se the main stream of the C.ilnn.bia. c rtainly that jHirtion of it above Fort
Colville, to its source
In I"'.''.', Mr. Thomiisiin married Miss Ciiaricite Small, au.,] j.",. The ceremony took
place at Ilea la Croix, Hulfalo Lake, lie live! to In' ciehly-sevcii, dyin;;' at Loiigneuil,
oiilHisite Montreal, on l'"ebniary Hiih. Is,)7. il is sad to write, in extreme poverty. Ilis
widow followed him to the grave in a lew weeks l.MUcroft -.lys of David Thompson:
"No man performed more valuable service- or estimated his achievements more
modestly." He was well educated ; and his meieorolouical and astroiiomieal observu-
lions to this day command respect His map of the Xorihne-t Territories, HOii-lSli,
"embraces the reuioii between laliludcs -1"> and .V. and loii'-ituJes Si and li'4"," and
\va.. made for the Norlh-West Company in |s]:;-isi|. It is in the possession of the
Crow II Land Hepartment of Ontario.'
(4) Joiiini;i!< ol J\h- A\:nui'ln- Uniry Isll iNbL
Alexander Henry -farled fioi-i Moiuival in July, IT".';', by the river ()iiawa. He
followed the ordiimry route ria Lake Xiidssinu'. Fn leh b'lver, and Sault St. Mary to
i-ake Superior, and the niuoe route to Lak(> AVinnip-i;-. lliigaged as a fur trader he spent
'Sonir ef tlio fiu'l.s alove -iM'ti :iie Ui-m \\>>.. new in (he possiiSMi.n of Mr. ('liarlf.i l.indsey of Toronto,
>rivin« tin luronnt of Mr. ■|-|,nin|..-^oir- ItavcU. It i.s woll woMliy of |inl.liratioii. .\ii ( lUlino of some of tlio
joiiriK'V.s of Mr. Tlii.iniwon was sulmiitti'd to llio ('iUm.Iiaii lii.siitnt.', Toronto, liy .Mr. .1. 1! Tyioll, Marcli 3, 1SS8.
Tlino iIiuit:liU'rs of havid Tlioinivson Burvivt- : Mi.s. <i. Iv Mi.iv\. of IVlorl'einimli, Dnt., Mis. li. Scoll, Kvaiisvilli-,
Indiuna. nnd MIhh TIioiiiiiroii, Iviinlioe, Oliio.
no
SANDFORn KLl-LMlNd OX
Icn yoars in tlic iifMu-lihourlidod of Krcl Eivcr, vi^iitiiig from tinio to time the posts mI
rcm]>iii;i, Af^hiniboino and Misfouri. lit' niiulo ahiiost iinuinil visits to Kort William on
Lako Superior until 1809, when he started I'or the Saskatchewan, a)ul in 1810, passed up
that river to liuikj- Mountain House. In May, 1811, ho set out to reach lh(> water
liowinu' westerly to the Pariiio. He reached oni' of the sources of vhe Columl)ia, and
returned to Kocky Mountain House. I'rom 1811 to 18i;{, the journal of Mr. Henry is
wanting. It may, however, be said that during this period he proceeded in 1812 to Fort
Vermilion, and it is inferred that lie spent the lollowiim' year at Henry House near thr
junction of the ^[yeltc and the Atliabasca. In 1813, he <'rossed the Kocky Mountains n
si'cond time, on this occasion following the river Columbia to its mouth.
On December l^Jth, 1810, Mr. Henry was present at Fort Astoria, when the Captain and
crew of H. M. iS. " Racoon " lamji'd in uniform, and with some ccremouy broke a bottle of
Madeira ou the large Hag stalf carrying the Union Jack. They took possession of the
country in the name of His Uritannic Majesty and named the establishment, which was then
owned by the Norlh-West Company. •' I'ort (Icorgc." Mr. Henry remarks in his journal,
"the ollicirs of tlie Racoon are iamous fellows for grog." The year followiug, he was
drowied in a heavy storm w lien about two miles out in the stream of the river Columbia,
near the fort. The last entry in his journal, whi<'h is preserved in MS. in the I'arliament-
ary Library. Ottawa, is dated Saturday. May -1st, 1811. Mr. Alexander K'oss refers to
the incident in his narrative of the -'The Fur Hunter." (I. p. :58.) "On May 22ud,
some time after tiie arrival of the Isnuc 'I'odil, w boat cDntaining Messrs. Donald Mc-
Tavish and Alexander Henry, two partners of loim' standing and high reputation in the
s>'rvice, with six men, was swamped, ;ili hands perishing, in crossing the river, with the
exeeption of one man. Although the accident took place in liroad daylight, and in front
of the tort, the eireumstane,. w as m.l jiereeived or kni>wn, for .some hours after, when John
Little, ill,, iiuiii who was .-aved. arrived at th ■ fcirt. and communi<'ated the inteliia'ence.'
("i) .hmrnty of Mr. (labriel Frinirlirrr, ISH.
Th.. sliip " Tniiquin " crossed the bar at the moutli of the river Columbia. IMarch 2r)th,
1811. She had on board tiiirty-three passenuer.s, thirty of whom were British subjects,
and of tliese iwenty-eie-ht were from Canada. They had passed round Cape Horn from
New York; their olijecl was to carry ou tic fur trad(> on the Paeilic coast. untU'r tic
name of the " I'at ihc Fur Company " ; of which company, Mr. Jojm Jacob Astor, a ( lermaii
by birlJi, residing in New York, was tlie principal promoter. Tlie Canadian partner.s had
among them «.■• .. / ,' ,a traders who at one time had been in the service of the North-West
Company, . ie ., lexander MeKay, w he had Ji.vompanied Sir .Vlexander Mackenzi.>,
on his overlauv. els. Ou April 12th they .selected a site lor a building in which
the business of the company could be carried on, The establisliment l)roke up tw^o years
afterwards, and on October Mih, l8l:!, the Canadian North-West Comi)any pnr. based the
clfe( ts and accepted the transfer of Fort Astoria. Some of tlie clerks who had been engaged
by the Pa, jlic Fur Company were reengaged during the winter by tic new company.
Tlie others returned to Canada, among whom (labriid I'ranchere .started overland tiu'
.spring following, and descriljed the journey in a narrative published on his retuiw.'
Norrative of a voyage lo the Nortli-West Coast of Amorica in the year 1812-i:!-14, l.y (Jaliriel Francli-
EXPEDITIONS TU I'ACinC.
Ill
.Mr. Fiuiiclu-iT li'lt Foil (icoigc, as l-'dil Astuiiii was ihoii lullod, ou April -llh, 1814,
ill (Oinpaiiy with somo of his .•oiiipauii)iis who liad doubhid Capi; Horn tlirci' years
(■inlicr, and who wen- dt'privi'd oi' ciiiploymcnt hy th.Mnru of MJiair.s on tli,' Columhia.
They iinbariifd as pa.ssciig.'rs witli ;; North- West Company briuade ronsistini^- of (en
cauoL'S — oafh with a crew of s 'Veii men, in all ninety persons, sonic of whom were u'ciinn'
III jiosts iu the interior, Tliey were all well armed iu order to protect themselves aii-ainst
lii.^iile tril)es iilouii' Ihe river. Tiiey ascended the Columbia lo the Great lieiid, which
ihey reached on May 4th. On Canoe liiver, they noticed the spot where David
Thompson and his party had wintered in 1810-U. Tracing- Iheir way acros.s the IJocky
Mountains, they reached (lie upper waters of Athabasca Iliver. which they followed to
Liiile Slave Lake. Their route Irom this point carried them lo I'ort Cumbcrhuul, Lake
Winuipeii' and Fort William, where they urivcd on ,]uly I Ith ; Mr. Fianehere reached his
liemc in ^lontreal on September 1st.
(D) Tnivds (>/ Jlr. foos Qu; I81:i— 1817.
A second ship, the " Leaver," sent from New York by the Taeilii' Fnr Company,
arrived at the mouth of the Columbia on May '.Hh, 181:.'. .\mung the passeni;-ers was
Ml. Ross Cox, who, li;iviii;4' obtained a clerkship in the service of the company, had
iMO'i.'di i to Astoria, to assume his duties. In js^ol Mr. Co.x published a narrative of his
.J \ 'M : '>n the I'aiilic coast, and deserili.'d his journey overland to Montreal. In these
^.j./im< :; lie refers to the arrival "ii July l-'dli. 181 1, of Mr. David Thompson, astronomer
to the Norlh-AVest Company, in ;• e;inoe with niic men. Mr. Thompson had descended
the Columbia on an expedition n[' discovery, preparatnry to his comininy's forming a
settlement on that river. Mr. Cox, during the summer of I81J. left Inr the interior
to trade with tlie Spokane tribe of Indians. The following year, on June jith. he re-
turned to Astoria, to liiid a ti>tal revolution. Tii<' I'acilie Fur Company had niel
with a series of misforlun 's. Mr. John (icorge M( Tavish and .Ins -ph La llocque, with
sixteen men of the Norlh-Wesl Company had arrived and had entered inio an aureement
te purchase all the elfeets of the I'aeilic Fur Comi>any at a valuation, and to give such of
the rompany's servants as desired to return, a five ]>assage home, l)y Cape Horn or over-
Iniid. Mr. Cox was one of those who joined the new administration. He lefi Astoria
O.toher Jsih to SI , hd the winter iu trading with the I'lailiead Indians in the interior,
■fhe Ibllowinjr y;u Ik returned to head(inarters then named Fort Ceorge, where he
passed two II . liiht •! .' left for Spokane House on August elh. I! •twceii I'^la and 1817
lie was IU ci
l'"i't (leorge.
Mr. Cox
vrtj
took
:V V
uri
01.
kanu"'
1111, and in t lie s|)rinL;- of the laiier year he was again at
(>arture Irom
Fort (
leoru'c on ,\pril Lith, ls17. with a party cou-
sliiig of eight v-,six <oiils. which embarked in two baraes and nine , aiio'
■s. The lirigadi
aseeiided the CVdu nbia to Canoe Uivcr: the party tlieiKe cn.s.M'd the mountains, and
liy tie usual rout.' reached Lesser Slave Lake. II.' a la Crosse and limilly Cumberland
House. They <:e.scemled the Saskatchewan, pas.sed throuuh T>ak<' Winnipeg, Lake ot the
^v
oo(lN. aiu
1 i
(ainv
Lak
arriving a
t Fori \Yilliiim on Aniiust lOth. At that date
•ted
Willi
lh(
C'ptain Mil 's Maciloiinell, formerly of the Queen's Uam>vrs, then eonm
expedition .. Lord Selkirk, and oth.TS were at the fori. There was here encamped a
112
SANIt|"OJ{I> KLEMlMi UN
motley gathoring of i-oijngcins, soldior.s, Imliauis and liair-l)ri'i'ds. Tlui Dv Mmivoii soldiers
ivpresi'iited nearly every country in l^irope. besides natives of Canada and the United
Stale's, Mr. (\)X .saw men fruni the Sandwich I.-^lands. two negroes and an East Indian
from ii.'ngal. i'ro.veding ]>y Sauli Si. Mary, JMvnrh Uiver and the Ottawa, Mr. Cox
rearli.'d Montrr.il on SepleniL^r HMh, live month^ and ihnv day.s from the datr of leavin-
ihe I'arilie eoa.st.
7) Trurtls ,:iJlr. D. IV. llanniui. ! 800—181!!.
sevei
Mr. Daiiiid William Harmon left La<!iinr on April 21Mh, fsOO, in company wiih
vie- with the North- We.st
i-al ot
icr o
li 'cr.'
n
nd.
Iicv pa?;.-ie(
•au
Company.
13th, and Lake Winnii)eg oi
in cn'jagemenl oi' -;cvcn years sei
h Si. M,..rv
on
May aOlh, reatdi"(l Grand Portage on .Tnni
.\ugn>t lOth. In November he was at Swan Uiver post
October 28rd. l^ol. hi' mentions having met Mr. William Henry at this place. Fro
1802 to 1807, Mr. Harmon was stationed at Fort Alexandria, Lac la Biche, Qu'Appell
on
ni
iiuphin. ^wan Itivcr, Jiiiiny
\l
Lake, r.ird ^fountain and Cumberland Hous(>. In 1807 he
mad" a jouiney to Forr Dun. an. on the north shore of Lake Nepigon, where he spent the
winter. In iJ^OS ho set out for the far west. >; died Lake Winnipeg on August 1st, Cum-
berland House on August 12th, and Fort Ci |
Simon Fia.sor, on hiv I'-inrn from the Fac ilic coas
I o
n September 7th. He here imi
veai' he reached Uunveiran
:.inn
on Feace Kivi'r. From ISOft to isiit. Mr. Harmon was .miiau'ed at various i>oinls in the
Feaee River region and in New- Caledonia to thi> west o! ihe Rocky Mountains. In ISIo
we find him at Rock) Mountain Portage Fori ; in isll. a< Stuart Lake ; in ISl:'., at McLeod
Lake ;
Facifh
in 1814, at Fra.ser Lak
It does not appear that Mr. Harmon ever rt>arhed Hie
■oast : he however passed eiiiht and adialf years on the western side of the Rocky
ence accords with the other expedi-
Mountains. The deseription of his travels and exjieri
tions ndated in Ih's paper.
.Mr Harmon linalh left M. L.od Lake on
Mi
Lake Superior, on .Aue'ust ImIi. the saim
■ar. (// /
Sih, isp.t, an
■ante, for Montr
d arrived at I'ort William
cat
Harmon's Journal, published in Isiin. furnishes an interi'sline- narrative of a fur
trader's life in these
•ar
Iv .1;
lb
;iv
full and enlertainina- account of the Indian
trib
w 1
th which he came in eontaet on both sides of the Rocky Mountains
(8,i The Trarrls olAL: Mv.nunkr llvss, lsH— 1825.
Air. Alexandi r Ross, one of tie twenty-eight Canadians who landed at the mouth of
the Columbia in 181 1. has ridated his ailventures duriiiLi- the lifleen years he remained on
iheracilii' coast, and given a nairative of Jiis expedition across the continent, Mr. R'oss was
in Upper ( "anada when he was invited by Mr. Alexander ^IcKuy, the senior partner, io join
the I'aciiic F'nr (."onn>any, then being (n'gani/ed by Mr. A.stor. He proceeded with several
Canadians to New York, aiul there embarked for Ihe mouth of the Columbia, with thirty-
three dilfeient persons, all but three of \vhom wer.' i'ritish subjects. Mr. Ross was present
■when Astoria was estaldished, and when David Thmnp.son, of the. North-West Company,
arrived tlere a few weeks later. He describi's the ( in'unistances which led, in the
follow ine- summer, to the breaking itp of the Faeilic Fur Company, aiuI the transfer of the
KXPKiii'i'ioxs TO rA(;iri('.
113
nvs. iiirnhiiiHli.sc and buildings to the Norlh-Wcst Cniiipiiny. Tic iiilorms us, iliat ait
er
As^ti'ria had icinaiiu'd in \
taken possosbion itl' liv ll
iii.-^si'sMon <)
f til
ill
!■!• mm
pany iov aljout !'nur Wfi'ks, it was
ikcn possosbion iti' liy lln- dlliccr in inniniiii:il of II M. S. " Jiacoon," in
Ivi
iiffs nanii!,
;uii
1 .1
laiiii't
(1 Inmi Asluiia in i'mt <l
ror;
]'"nur nionliis later Mr. Ivoss entcird tlio
.sei'viic of tlio Noil ll- West Company, and pincccdrd to the duties as.si>riird liini in tlio
interior. He spent tlio I'oUowing twelve year.< trading with the Indian tiihe.«. amon<>-st
wiioia he had many adventures, and not a IVw
hair-breadth eseapr
In tl
>prinj
.f
18:
a, m <
ompany ^vith Sir George Simpson, hi' set out lo eross I he mountains.
The
fiillowcd the Columbia to the Great Bend, known as '' IJoat JMuampment ; " they aseendud
hy the Athabasca i>ass to a small laki' to whieh the nam" ol' the " Committ(?e's Punch
)0\\
was given. On reachinu' the main >ource of the .Vthabasca, thev lollowed tin;
urn
lit of that river to I'ort A.ssiniboine ; h
rVi
liaim'ei
aiim
for 1
lOrst':
nd struck
.•^iiulh-easterly across the country for l^dmoiiluii. At this post they remained two week
during their stay a grand ball was given in honor of (iovornor Simpson. Th
hv a brigade of l)Oiits to lloal down
parly
• left
Cuieion and Cumbi'rlainl lb
lUse
Ih
At Ih
-wilt Saskatchewan. Tl
Ma
Itcd at Fo
ab
i)lace Ihev
found the franklin advai
ice
parly: further down the river they niet Captain Franklin and Dr. Kichardson ou their
overland Antic expedition. The travellers reached Lake "Winnipeg and visited Norway
House, then a place of considerable busiui-ss and activity. At this plice the traders, on
nieir n
turn from the prists of the . (mipaiiy. tnni)
L
Superior ou the soiiili, t!ie Kockv
Mountains on the wi
uid ^lackenzie Kiver on iln' iiortl
nnualiv e(
)f their labour, to be dispabhed lo York Fa
cioiv on
Hud
son
11
i.y.
ill"ctcd the fruits
After remaininu'
two weeks at Norway House. Mr. Koss inadi' the passage of Laki' AVinnipcL'', and early
in
.Inly, 182"), rea<hed the Red
liver seiilement w hen
•;4'.i he p
ibl
lUl)llsl:e(,
after a varied and I'venifui lif'
1 a volume describiiui' the career of I lie
he established himself, li
I'acilii' Vnv Company, its operations, rever.-
seioiid narrative ol his adventures among the liuliiTii tribes west of the Kocky Mountains.
lud iinal disconiiiture
!in(
in IxrjTi a
(!t) Trarrh of JJr. .lolni MiLn>,/, ls:ii>— lS2(i.
After the union of tlie Hudson's l!ay (.'omjiany with the North- West Company, in
i^Jl. Mr. John McLeod was the lirst ollicer to cross the IJocky ]\[ountains from the oast.
Mr. IMcLood entend the service oftheohl IhuNon's Hay Company in 1^11. and for
111 • leu years jin'riously to the union of ilie two. he was a zealous participant in the
contest v.ith the North-West Company. He was detailed to aecomiiaiiy and assist Lord
Selkirk's lirst brigade of colonists IVom York Factory to Red Iviven and he oslablislied
trading posts at a number of phu^cs in the prairii^ rc<;iuii. loinlercepl the trade of the rival
coinpanv. Mr. McLcod, ^vhen selected l)y the united companies to proceed to the west
side (if the Rocky Mountains, was stationed at (ireeu Lake, about 200 miles north of Fort
Carhoii. He set out in is22, with his Avile and two younu children. He n-ached
Athabasca River, and cro.ssod the mountains by the Athabasca pass to the Columbia,
anil dosceudid the river to its mouth. In the following years he Avas engaged at
ililleront posts in trade operations; during lliis time he left Ivani loops, followed the
Thompson, and deseonded the F'raser to the Strait of Georgia. Mr. McLeod was in the
( 'olumbia district when it was decided lo change the hoad(iuarters of the company. Fort
Soc. II, 188U. 15.
114
SANI>l'oi;:> I'LHMINii ON
oil;
Georjif was open to some oI.j.m lioiis, and aiidln'i- si!.' was finally si-kHicil on the northern
bank ol' the rivur, about a huncbvd niilos trom iho mouth. Al this point a now oi-ntral
post was .'stablish.'d, iu lS:i5, on a largv and porniancnl s.alc, .•ailed in honour ol' llu'
famous naviualor. I'ort Vanrouver. Tlie new h.'adquartfrs oi' th(> company wore pi:
on the north.'rn bank ot tlio ri\or, in ord.r llial it miiiht ))o indisputably on British so
th<To was no i>roba])ility at that <!ato of the intornational boundary being established in
the north ol' thi' Columbia.
In Manh, 18:20. Mr. M.L.od Irlt I'ort Yan.ouver to proceed eastward. IL- was
aeeompaniod by Mr. Hdward Ermatinuvr and Mr. Douglas, the dislini-'uished botanisi.
The er.'w ronsistod ol'sixteL'U nn-n. two ol'whom w<Te Sandwich Islanders. Their route
took them to Okanagan and Spokane. They ascended the Columbia to ]?oa( Encani])-
ment, the river at the time being much obstrmtod by ice. Tiio mountains were crosxil
by the Atluvbasca pass, then covered with dn-p snow^ and, with mu'li dilRculty and
some danger, the i)arty roa.hod Ja.spar House on May •">tli. Hero lo was detained
owing to the <onlinom''nt ot his wile, which had taken place in l'"ebruary, the I'amily
having proceeded thither the previous October. On horses licing sent I'orward I'roni
Edmonton, they continued their journey, and reached that station on May ITtli.
From I'^dmouton tliey embarked in the spring brigade ot boats to l't)llow the river Sas-
katchewan ai\d the chain ot waters to Ilmlson I'.ay. They reached York Facbu'y in July,
having crossed the continent in three months anil twenty days. Mr. McLeod was in
the service ol' the Hudson's Bay Company when he died, in 184l», at the age of sixty-one.
(10) Exjirdilioti (if ^ir G'lvrgf Simpson, 1^28.
The expedition otSir tieorge Simpson, in ls2^, is remarkable in every point of view.
As resident governor of the Hudson's llay Company he made frequent visits to the
territory of IJupert's Land and ilie Northwest, in order to examine into the condition ot
the .several posts, aiul superintend the affairs of the comi)any over which lie presided
On this occasion he resolved to travel from Hudson Bay to the Strait of Georgia.
Leaving York Factory, he ascended Hayes Kiver, passing throuuh what was known
as the boat route to Lake WinnipeQ-, at the northern end of which is Norway House.
'"' ' "ig the north shore of the lake, lie passed to the Saskatchewan, which he ascended
to tiimbiM'land House. From this point he went northward through the chain of lid<es
and streams until he reached Churehill Uiver. which he followed to the height of land.
Melhye Portage. By Clearwater Uiver, he entered the Alhabasia, following its waters
to Athabasca l.,ake and I'eace River. He asiended Pcaci" River, passing tiirough the main
Rocky Mountain chain and, with the aid of horses, he crossed the plateau, a distance ol
eighty-three miles, to F(n-t St. James, on the east of Stuart Lake. Sir George Simpson
was careful on all occasions to enter the lorts he visiti'd with Ids men, i-lean and dressed
in their best. He carried w iih him a piper, who also acted as his servant. In this instance
the same ceremony was ohsi'rved ; a gun was lired, the l)uu-le sounded, and the piper led
the march. There was a meetinLT to hi- held here of the chief officers, among whom Mr..
afterwards Sir, James Douglas, (lie first Governor o\' British Columbia, was present, and.
amid a discharge of small arms, Mr. Douglas went out to meet Sir George. Mr. ConoUy,
the .diief factor of the Paeiflc department, was also expected. He had not arrived. Shortly,
EXPKhlTloNS To PA(.'IFU'
lis
howfvor, al'tiT tlic iivrival dl' the uowriMr, n lanoc appi';n-<'d (Hi the Like, aiid in twculy
miimti's, lunid a salulc ol'lirt'ai'm.s, Mr. Connolly <'ntcnHl tho lort.
Sir Cn>orj?o Simptson li'll Hudson IJjy on .Tnly 12tli ; Mr. Connolly, the I'ariiir on
.Inly 1-1 h. A singular coincidi-nic, say,s Cliifl' I'artor Ardiilmld Mcjtonald, who v\ hiss
journal reroi'd.s the nu'etiiiu.'
Sir George Simp.^on pas.<ed IVoni th'' lake to >Stuart Jiiver and the Fraser, which he
(ji'srrndi'd to Foit Alexandria. Ilorsi's were taken al this plaee and the country cro.ssed
le Kauilooj)s, a distance of 21.5 miles.
At Kainloops, water navigation wa.s resumed, and the start was made in a canoe with
iwi'lve paddles. Alter passinu' throuiih Lake Ivaniloops to its outlet, they entered the
l>(i\\cr Thompson, which they descended lo Us junciion witli the Fraser. I'^roni tliis point
llicy reached tide water l)y tlie same ronie as ihai followed i)y Simon Iw'aser twenty
veai>: earlier. They lelt Kamloops early on Oclolier Hih, and reached i'ort Langley, on
ilie I'laser, ahoul twenty-live luil.'s IVoui its muuih. on the liUh. the distance heing
■JiW miles.
TIk' whole journey lr(tm York Factory took ninety days, of which sixteen were passed
al tile trading p is: consequenily llie whol.- lime c// /vi/^/i' was seventv-loiir tlays. One
reuiarkahle lealuve of this journey was ihe >\\<>vt lime in which it was made. Sir (leorge
w ,is well-known for his rapidity of movement Nineiy mile.- a, day was no uncommon
e .'urivnce with him. The canoes would start .il i' in the morninu', with rests for
l.ivakfast, dinner aiul supper. Tli.' men paddled uniil ;i laie hour, which the long day.s
of the northern latitudes perniilb'd, .sometimes until S or 10 at night. The average
(lislaiic e nuide was lifly miles a day. Tn some instances seventy-live, eighty, and even
ninety mih>s w'ere covered. The jouiiiey lec^rded was made a<'ross the continent from
mle-w ater of the Atlantic to ihe Faeilic. It was carried oui without any of the accessories
of niedern locomotion, in so short a time that, if the facts were not sustained hy indis-
putable evideine, the record might lie considered an exaggeration.
Sir (Jeorge Simpson was a man of great force of character, with much administrative
ability. He was indefatigable iu the discharge of his duties, aud his frame was one
callable of enduring great fatigue.
(11) Travrh of Mr. David DmtgJas. 1825—18:14.
The distinguished botanist aiul traveller, :\[r David Douglas, spent a number of years
in ihe country on the Paeilic coast, extendiim- from t)regon northward. In 1S2-i he
^lllrted from Englaiul by sea, aud reat lied Fort Vancouver on tlie Columbia, m April,
182.1, Mr. Douglas is mentioned by (Uiief Trader John MiL'.Hjd. as a fellow-traveller up
the Columbia iu 1S2(). Di that year he cross.'d the Ivocky Mountains: reached Hudson
Hay, where he met Sir John Franklin, and returned with him to Fni>iaiid.
'Tliis joiinwv, under the title, roa.o Hivor; aCiiiioo Voyasre from Iltulsoii I !ay to tlie Pacific, in 182.s, was
iml.lislicl in Ottawa in 187:'. The werk is e.lited hy Mr. .Miil.'olni Mcl.e->d, son of the Cliicf 'I'ra.lcr .Inhn Ah'Leo.l
ulw.ve ivfi.rriHl (o. Ho pas.scd ninny years of his youtli in the Xortliwest, and crossi^d the mountains twice witli
hi.- mlhor hcforo lie reacl.cd the au'e of mx. Mr. M.l.eod ha.s added many vahialile notes doscrihinf: the cu.stoms
aiidhahitsofthe luy-iyuir.'.- ; liis inlorinalion, ro.uardint: the jieography of much ol tliis still but iiaiiially known
n'.'ioii, is eiiualiy imiiortnut and interesting;.
116
SANIH'Olih I'LK.MINi; oX
In ll)i' Muliuiiii III' \^-2\*. Mr. Doiiiihs iiiiitiii siiilrd I'lnm l']im;liiii(l I'or lln' I'Mcirn; coiisi
or North Aiui'iir:!, IJi'twcii iIp' cl;ili' i>l liis ;irrival iiiid lH:i|, his cxplonilioiis cxlciwlctl
acni'Vi' \ tliroiiL'h llic <ouiiiry <li;iiiiiMl i)\ llif ('()himl)i!i and Ihr Imusit. Thu two last
vi'iirs of his life wrrc devoted in scinitilir rxaniinatioiis in Itvilish ('ohxinhia.
In liis tiavi'U liin)ii>rh th.' .unntry In' ()l>laini'd ih.' iaiowli'di'i' ol' many phiiils, hir(l>
and nianinials liitiii'itd unkn.iw n ; his disc oViiio in.lud'' tlir " Dou'jlas lir," whifli will
always licav iiis name
liavid l)i.nLrla> wa> Ijoni at S.-mir. rcrthsiiir.', in 17'.'^. His rnd is miirh to ]>■•
di'ploivd ; lir was i^oivd to deal!) Iiy a wiKl Imll in tlic Sandwich Islands, .T\ily I'Jtli. IS^M.
il-2i Exiiloralioii:< and Tranh of ?Tr. Rolierl Cmn/ihrll, I80O— 184:^.
Amon'^' tlic advriuniou^ m.n -rn\ nut hy the Hudson's Day (\)mpaiiy, to cxphnc
thi' lountry licj'ond llu' li'orky Mountains, Mr. IJohrrL ('amplndl takos a promiuont phif.'
Thi' licld of his operations was mainly in the territory to the north ol' Urilisli Columhia.
still only inipert'eetly known.
Mr. (."ampholl was horn at Cileiilycni, in Scotland; he lell home on June 1st, 1830,
under an eiieaoement with the Hudson's ]5ay Company, lie landed at York Factory, and
proceeded to i'ort (!arry. He was variously employed until the spring ol' 18:14, when he
was transl'erred to the Mackenzie IJirer district. In ISHS he eslahlished a trudins^ post at
Dease Lake, one o[' the sources ol' th(> river Liard, an imi)oiiant trihutary ol' Mackiiizic
Kiver. Dn thi- ucasion he passed over toStikeen Iviver, which Hows into the Tacihc near
Fort Wrtingle, now well known in couiK'ction with the ' t'assiar " gold fields of Hritish
Columhia. In lS4o, Camphell travtdled up the luntheni hr;\nrh of the Liard. Leaving
Fort Halkett on the latter river in May, with seven men he as i\ded the hranch several
hunilred miles into the mountains to a lake -which he naiacd Lake Franeis ; and some
distance further, to a second lake, in ahout latitude &2' N. longitude 13<>" W., which
he called Lake Fiulayson. From this point he passed to the wostern slop.", and in
two day.s' travel he discovered a wide stream which he styletl the river Polly. In 1841
a trading post was established on Lake Francis. In 184;>, Mr. Cami)bell left Lake Francis,
recrossed the mountain to Felly River, which he descended for some distauce. This
river discovered by him proved to be identical with the Yukon which Hows into the
Facilic far north. Three hundred miles from Ihi- sources of the IVlly, Fort Selkirk was
established, and the river was explored by Campbell TOO miles to Fort Yukon, established
in lS4t5 by .T. Hell oithe TTudson's Bay Company, l.')0 miles within the Alaska boundary.
From Fort Yukon, situat"d almost directly on the Arctic eircle and about 145" W.
longitude, Mr. Canipl)ell ascended the river Porcupine to its eastern sources, crossed the
heiuht of land to Peel River, a small tril)utary of the Mackenzie, not far from its outlet
in tlie Arctic Oicmi. Followinu' the tributary to the main streain, he ascended Mackenzie
River to Fort Simi)son, his starting point at the mouth of the Liard.
In ls.'i2-r);; Mr. Campbell made a remarkable journey from the Yukon territorv (o
ICnglaml. He left White liiver, near the Alaskan boundary, on September (5th, ascended
the Pelly to one of its sources, crossed the mountains to a bram-h of the Liard, which he fol-
lowed to Fort Simpson, at which place he arrived on October 21st. "Winter having set in,
he started on snowshoes to make a journey to Crow Wing, on the Mississippi, extending
KXI'llhlTloNS 'I'D I'ACII'IC
117
over sixti'i'ii doi'ivi's ol' latitude inul twcnIy-M'vcii <lc<>T''r> ol' loii^itvuL'. I[r h id with liiui
tlui'c uii'ii Mud ii tniiii of doirs ; llicsi- \vi-yo fh:\n<s>'i\ at tlic llndsi
H;
IV posts (111 Ills rout
111' airivt'd at tli
Cr.
C'arlt
oil
1!
I'lii.
oust'
lis course
lis (
I re: I
1 Si
l\l'
L
Atl
111 I )n sea.
11
111
Fort I'ellv. I'orl <;,irrv
lllKl
elllllllK
Oil Mareli l:;tli. M\
(';iiii|il)ell reaehod Crow Wiuu'. where he olitaiued horses l(ir the journey to ( hieaii'o. From
{'liicaii'o he started eastward ami iiirived iil Moiiticnl mi Ainil the 1st. and siieh was his
dispatch that he was enabled lu report 1
11 Hi-
ll' ill I.niidmi III tile I hid
II till' IHlli of that mouth, heroin his staitiim- point mi tl
'llv-Vuk
son s iiiiv
Mr ('"
11
imp
ouse
lind made a eoutiiiuous journey o! '.*.7'l'l miles, nearly hiilfol' which was tliroui;h an uiiii
li.iitited wilderness, and ol' this distmii
oiiie :!,(i(l() miles were piissed over
ill the dead
of winter and much ol' it walked on siiowshoes In the iininils of the llndsou's liiiy
('oiii)»iiiiy's service, loiii^ winter Jouriie\ s iiiuler circumstnnces siinilnr to tli
e one ilescrihed
ire iKit uneomnion. I'ossihly the lonu' tramps nf the intrepid l)r. Uao in I8.')l, mid nl'
liiiiral Sir L'opold, then ('
.u
milder, Mc( liiiti
in 1*
l>Otll ill coilllecti
on \vi
th th
I'liiiiUlin Search expeditions are to some extent compandile with tlimii.
Mr. Camphell, the di<
C0\ erer nl I lli
-V
n, tlie largest river How iiiu' into th
iiid enjoys exi
lealtli. on his
Facilic from the Amoiiciiii continent, is still liviii
lain h in Miinitobii. Ho is mie ol' the last representatives ol' ilie i;reiit explorers ut llio
Hie name emnes (lose to the mid in the
long list ol' active and undiiuiiied men who. Iiom the days of Mackenzie, traversed the
untains, and unknown wilds; it wouhl he ilillimilt to tiiid tlieii' p 'm-s in courau'c and
Hudson's l)iu Company under th • old re^iin
mo
's d
Iscoveries W;
VI
• iied hv Hr. c;. M. Da
wson.
•iiduriiiico in any service
In 1887-8S the held of Mr. ('ami.
if the Geological Survey. l)r. Diuvson miicred the iiiierior from the Facilic coast hy the
river Stikeeu, passed over to th'' l.iard, and thence to the I'elly-Vukon. He returned hy
the river Lewis to the i^ynn canal <iu the cu.isi. The Journey proved exceedingly faiiuuing
associates, Messrs, McConnell audOiiilvie remained in
an
d not a little perilous, lli^
the district to carry on astrououih.al observations aud Held explorations during the follow-
ing winter aud summer.
(13) Sir George Siwp^in/'tf Ji'iinirii roinxl Ihr World, 1841
Sir George Simpson having resolved to travel round tlie world, left England on
March ;]rd, 1841, aud landed at Boston, whrnice he made ids way to Montreal, His
nut lit was completed at Lnchine. the headijuarters of the Hudson's Bay Coiniiaiiy in
Canada, The expedition started from that village on 4th May ; on the Ititliof the month
the party arrived at Sault St, Mary, After some det.nitiou by ice on Fake Superior, Sir
George reaehed Thunder Fay : aud ascended hy the Kaministifiua to the height of laud.
He traversed th(> chain of lakes and rivers to Fake of the AVoods, and arrived at I'ort
Alexander, near the mouth of the river Winnipeg on June 8th. On the third day
following. Sir George Simp.son was at Fort (hirry, having accomplished the Journey of
•J.OOO miles in thirty-eight days.
There was an ordinary trail from Fort Garry to I'Mmont'.ni. [I passinl from point to
lioiiit across the prairie, and was used by the Fed River earts for the transportation of
merchandise. It was uot always in good eouditiou, but was easily followed aloug the
118
SANDKoHli ITiK.MINii ON
liMiik
loll.
L>sillllii»IUi
Oil Juh
•in.
to I'oit I'^llirr thi'iicc to l''nrt Cii'ltoii , l.'oit Pitt iiiid Ediuoii-
Sir (i.orac li'l'l ICdmoiitoii, lakiiiy' ii soutli-wcsti'i'ii foursc. He
cKtsx-.l Hiiltlf Kivi'i- and Kid D.'it Kiv<'i- mid two biaiK-lios of liow Ivivor. Ascciidiiin
1)V a tributary ol' (lu; liiltcr, lu' gaiind the luiul't «i' laud at t!i<' Kananaskis jiass in
ahoiil .'I'l'' ;!<!' laiilud.'. Do.sii'iidiiiy a trihiitaiy of tlh' i^oolcnay to llir maia river of
that iiaiui', the party directod its coursr lo Kuli.spcliii Lake, ilu' >ouiti' oj' Pcnd d'Ondllt'
■I- \v
llirl
1 was lo
liowcd to the Colunil>i;i
Al no ii'vcal di>laiu<', soutii ol' lln' pivsciit l)ouiidary iiin', iln'lin'ii Hudson's 1
lav
post of I'ort C'oiv
u a>
>iliialr(l.
ll
H'U,
rili's Sir (ii'ortjc, " tciiiiiiiaP
olU
and lab
lain.-, rivers and Ion
irious |ourney o
r Uiarh two ihousand mill's on horsebaik, acro.ss plains, uiouu-
•or SIX \ve<
iiul live ilavs we had lit'eii eon
1 1)
"taiitly ridiiiu'. or
at least as eon.stantlv as the streiig'th of our liorse.s would allow, from early dawn to siin-
aii averaire, been lu the saddle about eb'Veu liours and a half a dav.
•t.
nu we
on
From Red Kivei' to I^dnmnton. one day's work witii another aiiiounted to tibout lifty
miles, but from Kdiaonton to( 'olville, we inor.' generally than otherwise fell short of forty."
From I''ort ('olville. iheOolumbia was deseeiulrd by eaiioe. The tnividlers pas.sed the
Company s post of ()kaiiaL;an and reiulnd
Geori^e crossed io I'uii'et tSouiid, win I'l
I'ort Yaiieouvor. l-'roin i'oit \ aiieouver, Sir
on S'litembir tiih he embarked on board tl
10
eouipany'- steamer the " Beiiver," and [massed up the Strait of (ieoraia on a tour of in-
.-pietion to the variou.- iradiiiij ports. He proceeded as farnorlh as Sitka, and reaebed the
(juarter.s of the Ku>siaii Ameriea Company at New ArehaiiLicl. He left on September
I'.oth. and reliiiued to l''oil Vaneou\ er, whence he travel]. d to San i'raiuisro, Monterey
and St. IJarliara. The l;itier phe e he leit on January JTth. to visit Ihe Saiidwieh Islands.
lie returned to Sit
ka. wheiiic iu' took .>liii> to eitiiliinie his lemarkablo journey, lii iln
vovaii'e he skirled Kiimsehatka to reach a more wi
Iraverset
ISil
leVlil III
ain \\ e>tern K'us!-
sia, a
ml
stern point on
^1. releisbiir"'
till! Asiatie eoast. ]Ie
•mbarked for Euijhuid.
This portion of his journey has Do bearine- iip,in hi> i>as>a2:e aeross the Anierieun conli-
ueut, but it is worthy of mention
purpose which eharai.terized the man.
indieatiui!- the iners'v of eharaeter and tenacitv ol
Prrm/ IF. — Fkom Ol.'F.doy TllKATV I.V ISji; Jn CoNIT.nEIf.VTIOX IN ISlJT.
The Ureocn Treaty of Isfil with the United Stale>, and the passage of the Imperial
Alt, eslablishinii' the Dominion of Canaibi. form epochs of great importanee in the history
of the northern half of North America.
The first for ever settled an international dispute which had existed for a quarter of
a century, au<l liatl awakened feelings on both sides of bitter hostility. It was a turning
jioint ill the career of the Hudson's 15ay Company : the commencement ofa .series of events
owing to ihe inlluence of which the old regime was to pass away. The second was the
genesis of a new order of things. It L;ave birth to Canada as a Dominion, with a national
status and with a territory of semi-continental magiiilu<le
Th.' time which intervened between tli^ Oregon Treaty and the establishment of thi>
Dominion by the British Nortli America Act may be considered as a period of transition.
During liiese twenty-one years we have records of at least eight expeditions from the
KXI'KDITIO.NS 'l'(» I'ACIl'IC.
119
St. I/iiwri'iu'c to tho wH'sti'iii fide ol'tho Kotky Mountains. The.sc expeditious, imd lln!
(ihjeel.s in view, un lonii'er [Kirlook of (lie eliiir;ie|er wliieli difiiin'/uislied llie fxploralioiiN
,uul j(iuiney.s underliikeii ilining the prer. dini;' IiaUCentury The l[uds()ii',s liny (.'onipuny
audits nllicers ceused to he cm lii>i\ elv ami adivelv ef.nneited wiih liiem.
(1) Mr. Paul /ui>ies Tnirels, I.s4r.~lsl8.
lilurupi', ami returned to Canada,
to the eoinnlelioii (d' U series ol'
Mr. I'liul Kane, ol' Tonnito, had .studied art in
wiili tlie. delerniiiiatioii to devote liis time and lajein.
painiinus illu.strative ol ludiau iil'e and eliarai ter.
Iklr. Kane ohtaiiied an interview with tlie governor nl' the llmlson's JJay Company,
Sir Georgv Simpson, who entered eordiaily into (he project, and gave directions to the
company's oilieers to facilitate tlie artist's mnvenieuls in every way. lie set out, from
Tor(m(o in May, 184(5, his desijin 1> •ini>-. whenever an opportunity ollered, to make por-
traits of the principal chiefs in their native dress, and eharaiteristically to represent on
canvas the Indian trihos and the scenery of the almost unknown rountry.
Mr. Kane was enaiiled to travel lo the Xorthwesi with a hriu'ade of canoes of the
Hudson's Hay Comjianv, whit h hejoined on Lake Superior. Ahout mid.stimmor he reached
lied Iviver; he pas.sed northerly hy Lake \Viiinii>ei;- to the Saskatidiewan, which river he
ascended to lulmonton. Karly inOctoher he hdt lulmouion, passinu' hy way of Fort
A.ssiniboino, ou the Athabasca, to Jaspar House: thence he oro.ssed the mountains hy the
Athabasca Pass to Columbia Kiver, down which stream he made a rapid dcseent ol
fd'teeu days to Fort Yauoouver, reachinii' that place on December Sth.
l'"ort Vancouver, on his visit, eontained tw<> chief factors, leu eln-ks, and two
hundred ivi/ngcnr^. The fort was further enlivened !)y the presence of the olIi( rrs of
n.M.S. "Modeste,'' whi(h had been on the station for two years.
The artist remained at Fort Van. ouver until the beginning- of January, when he
proceeded southward sonn' di-tance up the river AVillamette. lie then found his way
northward to I'uget Sound and Van.ouver Island Here, among various Indian tribes,
he spent the summer of 1817. In the autumn he returned to tlie Columbia, and 1)y
the as. ent of that river, the route usually followe<l, he reached Edmonton in December,
meetiiie- with hardships and sull'ering on the journey owiu"- to the lateness of theseason.
The following spriu"' Mr. Kane passed down the Saskatchewan. At Cumberland Hoiise,
on Juno 12th, h<> met Sir John KieliardM.n and Hr. 1! -n their way to Ma.'kenzie
IJiver in sear.di of Sir John Franklin. He reached Toronto early in ()ctol)er, IS48.
A full account of Mr. Kane's journey and experience is graphically given in a
volume published in 1859, - Waiulerings of an Artist among the Indians of North
America, from Canada to Vancouver Island and Ore.^on." Some of Mr. Kane's pictures
are to be seen at the -Speakers' residence, in the House of Commons, Ottawa -, the greater
number of them are in the p-rivate collection of Senator Allan. Mos,^ Park, Toro'v--
(2) Trare/s of Earl of Soiillicsk, 18,30-18(30.
In the spring of 18.V.t, the Karl of Southesk acoorapanied Sir George Simpson liy way
of St. Paul, Minnesota, to Ked River. He left Fort Garry in June ou an expedition to the
I20
SAM'I'iMM' KIJIMINC OX
lliolllllilil's ; ill,' n.UIr l|.IIn\\..l \V;i> tlir liail til lldlllMlllnll. iMdlll I'lcllllimtiill 111 l)10i'Ci'(lc(l
wt'slwaiil III llii- ri' .1 Mil-cml, wliirli li.' iisiriKli-il iiitd llii' li'iirl nl' lln- iiiniiiitaiiis. In
•jaiuiiii;- lli' In in'. I "I l:iiii!, U'- IuIIhWi il tin' i-a-lii'ii ^lll|ll■ <<[' llif iiKHiiilaiiis d. lIu' soiin'i's
of l)0\v IviviT. wliirli h,' (li'.s.iiidfd until ln' UU'I ilu- I'Mniinitoii trail whii li Sir (ii'oruc
Siinpsdii passitl .ivi'f ill It^ll. ami wliirh Lonl Soiillu'sk lullowi'd. KrtuiiiiiiL;- l»y way
(>}■ lln- North Sa.skahlu'wan, I'orts Carltdii and Tflly. hi' ivai'In,'d I'urt tiany in .lanuary,
18(1(1. iMuiii I'ml (Jaiiy he passrd by Way id' Miniirs^nta to Ni\v York and took paissaii-i ■
for Kiidaud. In i>7"> a volnim' \va~ [iiiidi>liid with a nairativf of Lord Southi'sk'N
travi'ls and advi'iilun'>.
|:l) lJiji/(inifi(ins (if Cijiliiiii I'lilliser aii'l lih .\:<s<iciiifis, \'<^u — 18(10.
Till' ixploratioii(< of Captain Tallisfr look placi' in |s.")T •!". undi'r inslnirtioiis
f'oiii ih,' hnp'^rial (lovcrnmiiil. \l> asrriidi'd tin- St. l.awrriiri'. and travcrsi-d (lie laki's
to !''(iit AVilliaiii. wlh'ii' his rxaiuinatioii may hr .said to ]ia\'i' roiiinii'iicrd. ili- Was
assisted l)y si'Vi'ral well known si-iciuiiii' nn'ii, aiu'. nu' whom may hi' naiiUHl Dr. llcitor
and liiiniti'iKtnt IJlaki.ston, Mr. John AV. Sullivan and M. Dourticau. Tin' rxaininalioiis
iiia(ii' hv till' I'xp 'dition I'Xtt'iidcd from Laki' Supi'rior to thi' Okana^'an Lakt's in ]?riti.sh
Columhia. and Inuii lln' IVontii'v of lii'' I niti'd Slates northward to tin' soiim'.s of ihr
I hii'l rivi'is whi'h llow to ili.- Aritii' ( tri'aii.
In till' Munnii'r of l^'iT. th'- atti'iitioii ol Capiain I'allisor was diri'rti'd to that portion
of till' I'ouutry Iviiii;' hrtwuru Lake Superior and lln' prairies. The examination was
ennlinm'd up Ked Kiver to Pembina, uji the .Vssinihoine to l''ort lillliee, and n)) the
(^u' \ppelli' III the elhow of the South Saskatihewan iheiiie across the country to Fort
Carllou on llie North Saskatchewan. The meml)eis of th" expedition arrived at this place
in (,»i tober, and ilnir winter <piarters were established here. I'roni Fort Carlton, Captain
ralliser .started for I'ort Carry, the I'liited States and Canada, to retnrn the Ibllowini^
sprinu'. Dr. Hector made a \\ inter jonniey from I'ort Carlton u]) the North Saskatchewan
to Fori Fill. Edmonton and lim ky Mountain House. He also penetrated the lirst range
of mountains.
At the commencement of tie summer of l>^.'iS, the \arioUs branches of the expedition
.set out from ''arlion to .cinein,. t^n- i;a'.^lc Hills, IJattle h'ivcr. IJed Deer IJiver and How
River distriet.s. The Filter .stream was followed to the mouiitainsalonii' the routeon which
the I'aeillc IJaihvay i(« to-day constrm'ted. The Vermilion and Kananaskis passes were
examined and the sources of Kooteiiay IJivcr reached. |ir. Hector relnrned by Kicking
Horse Kivcr, and cxpli>r"(l in the licneral direction ol' the mountains to the Ihazeau
rauue, and from the sources id' th- North Saskatchewan he hdlowed the course of that
river to Fdmoiilon. Traces of the wearisome jourueys, made l)y him in this and the
following years, are everywhere to be met by the railway traveller in the names of
mountains and rivers belwi'cii Calgary and ilie Columbia. Captain I'alliser extended
his Journey to the boundary of the Fnited States, and returning northerly reached
I'Mmonton in September. ]»r. Hector rcaclied that post in October.
In .lanuary, 185',i, .1 >r. Hector lefi Ednmntou on a jonrney to the mountains. He made
his way by the usual means of travelliuo in winter to .Taspar House, thence to th(> Atha-
basca pass, h'eiurning to Edmonton in April, he immediately left Ibr F'ort Pitt. Captain
K\i'i;i>rrniNs iv I'Aciru'
121
IVilliscr Htarh'il . A'^y inf th • lorks >>[' iln' Soulli Siislvulrh'Waii ami Ij.'d !),ci IJivt'V,
Mini llii'iit'c tn till' (listrii I iiiMi' llir F (iili(l ^i;il,i> !)ouiiiliiry. lie ims-ciI llic niciuiilniiis
|i\ ill • Kiicl''iia\ pas>, IuIIowimI is.(.iitrii;iy li'iv. r III l''iiil .*>lifi)liiT(l 1111(1 Fort Cdlvillc; ami
limn l'"uil Slirpli'iil ill' iilmIi' cxi iir. inn. fo |li<' \\.\-,|\vai(l i Mi rrarhint;- l'\iil Colvillr,
I h !!''< Ini' ill's I'lidi'd I III' Ciiluiiiliia lu llu' si'a.
Till' iTjiorh 111 till' ralii.scr t'Xitriliiinii, invM'iiird III (III' liii|).'ri;il rarliauiiul in ImI:!,
riiriii>ii di'laili'd iianalivi's oi' the rxplnratiniis iindcrlal.i'ii liv 111" m'\ rral l)iiiiii]i"s ul llir
>iiivt'y, willi iuai)s slinwiiiL;' llu- inuii's rullnWi'd rmiii Lake Siipi'VidV lo tin' UHHiiilaiiis iiinl
likewise throui^'h tin- iiiuuiHaiiis. Tlii'si' doriiiih'iils rmitaiii iiiii. h srii'iitili'' ami uvncral
iiiliii'iiiatiiiii ir.sp 'ctiii'j' III" riiilral [ivairif ii'Li'iini-:, and iIu'V tliiuw iiulil on an iniiin'n.st'
iririlovy i>ri'vioiis|y Imt iilll" kimwii. Th" inrnrmaliitn ruinislu'd Ky this i'X]i('dition
MJvi'K indication ol' llii' u'lcat ai:riruliiiral ;iml indiisiiial pi)-.-il)iliti<'s nf vast aii'as ul' llu
iiiirriof
;iil\i i's(< rccoiiiim ndiilioii lo lli" ]Jriti>li (iovi'i'ii
I'lili^li Nmlli Anii'iii-a. Captain i'alli>i'i's report i-; aNu ri'inarkalil" lor hi.>
iiii'iii i'm I'l'^pi'i-I to oiji'iiim^- up tl (' coiintry
jiir si'ttlciii'iit. ' and lor llu- po>iliv" opinion 'jiv"!! liy liiin i.s lo tlif imprarticahilily ol
.•iiii-tnutiiii^' a railway tliii'imli l'riti>h Ainrri'a to th'' Pa-ilir. llr ronsidcri'd that ill"
wliol" |)rairio H'uioii norili ul' th" H'lli pandli'l w a^ ruiiiiili'lrlv i^
uiiapproai'lialilc liolh I'roni ra:-l and west/
il"d aiul pnu'tii
(J) Joiiniro I'f iVi- M fjii"'iiii. \><>W
^Ir. M. Law rill, an old iiiim'r, |i It ilir I'oil
i>iU">m
ill ill" ('aril
>oo ronni I'v. on
Angiist l.'dh, I8t'i(i. to I loss ih" mountains to thi' ca^t. ITis jiarty (■(Mi.'>i.sii'd of lour i)or-
sons besides liiinseH', and they carried away with ihein sl.iInO in v:ilue ol the proeious
"tal I'roui the Carihoo '-diuuin^'s." Th" lit lie party ascended l-'raser Iiiver by canoe
's source at Yellow Had Lake. AbamloiiiiiL;' llie caiio.' as it could be of no I'urther
tl
lev crosst
d the K'ockv .Monnlaiii •'divid
at 111" Yellow lleud pass, to the
ivers Myette and Athabasra, lolIowiiiL;' th" lait r lo Jasp.ir House; proceediu','' by the
il they Ibu'id tln'ir way to iMlnioiiton and l''orl (larry, and linally voached 8t. I'aul,
I ra
11 I he MLSSKSSippl.
(.-.) A
>iiniri/ <<l Br. I /'. Hii'/ 'I lid ollins. I'^tW,
.■^o I'ar, \\i
have had no reeord ol' any [lart \
V I
r persm
1. other ihaii I he oliieials and
'xplorcr.s of the lludsou's Bay Company enter
inu' I'riti.'sh Columbia by the Yellow ITeador
Athabasca passes. Ininiiii'rant.*, altr.uiid by lb" yold discovorics, genorally roachcd tho
I llicivri.ri' riiniinl nTiiiimir ul lie Iiiippriul Covimiimumu tn i niiiitciuiii-o or l.Mi.l siippnH. to any schciuo lor
■ii.'<ll'iii'lili'' "V, it liiiiv he .s;i
ipf
III. foii-iiiL.' a lliiiroii^-'lilaie liy llii.s linn ol' romo oi
tliiT liv liiiiil er watiM', as lliore woiili
hn no ininiei
linton<lvaii(ai:(MniMnioiiHniaU'. with till! ri'ipiireil .sai'iiliii! of capi
lal : nor ran I aihisii .siii'li imavy
\|it'nilitMio as vnnlil iierefisarily at
teii.l tlio.-iinslnu'tiuii nlany I'NilMsivfly liiili.-h lint' of loaa lieUvoon Cana
:iiiil li'ud Uivcr .SL'tlli'iuont." I'alii.serV Ui.'pnrI, p. (I.
-■"Still the luiinvloil-o iiftlii' .■nuntiv, on the wl.nli', «"uU novor U'a.l mil- to ailvoi'ato a lino of comnniniailion
from Canucla acro.s.s the oontincnl to tlio I'acilir, oxrln^ively tliron..-!, Hritisli territory. Tlio time, lias now for ever
of an aslrononiital boundary line luis roiiipletcly
1110 liv fur elli'c'ti
nn .snoli an oli.iert, ai
liiert, anil llio iinfortnnate i'lioi<'0
isiilatcil tlio < enlial .\iiiorican po.sso.ssions of (treat I'>ritai
IVein t'anaila in tlio east, and also almost lU'liarred
tliLUi I'ruin anv eli^rilile aea'.'j.'s Troiu tlio I'aeilii' t'oasi mi tlie we.s
t." //,/(/. p. (i.
tiec 11, issy. Hi.
122
SANI>l'i)i;i) l'Li:M!N<i <»N
i'aiui'd Fni.scr \1\\>'V by liir sra. 'I'ii'' l''\v wlio wcivl nvi'iliiiul IVoiu Uic cast, si ruck jiway
iViim ihc Saskaiilicwaii (<> ilic x'liiiiwanl "t' llic inlcniatioiial himiidai y, aii>l ciilciiil
citlici'by Foil T'llvillc aiul I'>iiilaml, mi- |>y Fort Cohill" and Siinilkaiuccii. Dr. A. 1'.
Roid and live othci.s ataricd In liiid ihcir way hy cue (*r Ihcsc routes. They lelt Imhi
Garry on June l:!th, l(<t;l ; they iravllcd Ijy way oi" I'ort I'^llice, Carlton, Fori I'iil
and Kdmonton; turiiiuii' southward, they iro>sod Bow Kivcr and. l)y a souther'- pai^s.
reached Koolenav liiv'^r. They were weak in numhi'r.s and had only an imper.oct i<lea
ol' the dilieulties of the routi- : in co)iseiiuence, they suli'ered miieh hardship, l"ell sliori
of food, and reached Fort (.'(dville in creat distress on No* eniher -J'Uh,
('■) Mi'j;r<iti(iii i>j <i lnfj,i: jmrhj oj Viunuliniis, 18icJ.
The discovery of g'old on the F'raser exevcLsed a powerful inllueuie fm the liislory ol
British Colunihia : so thai in IStiO ,i considerable population hid asscnibK'd within llic
}>roviiice, all, or nearly all of wlioni. was eniraared in mining. The iir>t rush to tlie
gold mines was in H-'i^'Mhe rich dis(overies made in IS'il on William's Creek, caused
a second imuiiunition. The excit-nuMit resultiu'i- from the Ixniiililul in'csence of the
precious metal exten<led in all dirc<'tions, so that men ijathered from every quarter.
In lst):2 it inlluenced many adventurous natures in Ontario to visit llie scc)ie of the
discovery, in (lie hope o| l)eiterin'.2' their fortunes. Many hundreds went round 1>\
Fanama. A hirii-e company was formed to iindits way overland : il c(nisistc(l of I'.';! men
made up of detachments from Queeiistown, St. Thomas, lluntinalon, Ottawa, Toronto.
London, ^Montreal, Huron and a few from Oedenslnire'. They left tlnnr homes during the
monlli ..f April, to reuth/vous at St. Paul, Minne-oi;i From St. Faullhey i)roeoeded, l)y
Burbank's stages, lo Ued Kiver. which ihey d> -criided, l)y llu' steamer " Inleriiatioiial,"
to Fort Crarry.
At I'ort Garry ihcy completed ih'ir organization for the jouriiev. 'I'hcir nunibei-
was increased to tv.o hundred by ihe addition of se\cii persons from the lied liiver
settlemeui, ainoim- whom were Mr. ami >rrs. Siduib-rt and three small children. The
expedition lejt I'ort (Jarry on June •Jml ; it formed a train ■insisting of about ninety
Bed liiver carts, each drawn by an ov. There were also aboui iilty sadille horses wiili
the party. The Journey acr<jss ihe plains was necessarily slow, and Ihey only came in
siuht of Fort I'^dmontou on .Inly '1\~\. having accomplisjied some iKio miles of thiii
journey from Fort (iarry, wiihoni any seiiou< hardsliips havinii- been eiieountered.
At F'ori Edmonton they exchanired tlo- i arts for jiack saddles, and lei! for the moun-
tains on .luly :2'.ttli. Their route wa., by the ordiiuu-y trail, imperfectly delined, thmuiiii
forest and ^warni* to .iaspar IIon.M-, and thence up the vallivs of the Athabasca and Mveile
to the Yellow Head pass, where the river Fraser takes its rise; foUowine- wliich they
reached Tete-.laune-Cache on Autrusi l'xiIi. Here those lon.stitutinii- the parly were
unable lo decide as to the route they should follow It w.is liimlly te_''re(>d to divide into
two ]i:irlics, each division to act independently of the other and follow the direetioii il
might scleit. Both of them left Tel>'-.Taune-Caehe on the .same day. September 2nd.
The larger numbi-r madi- raft.s by which they descended the Fraser, which at this point
Hows north-westerly Thos- who trusted to the river had many mishai)s \\\\A underw( ill
Bull'eriiiii, but Ihi'v arrived at "he month of the f^uesnel on September 1 Uh. Tliey lo.st
FA!'i;i)ITl()\,s '10 PACIKlo.
123
llinv larii ))y drowning, RoLcvtson. Ci.riH'inrr imd Lr;i,l..r; uin.riur dird, a y<>un'>- Kni;-
lisiiniaii iiaiiH'd I'atliTson. who svnTiuiilM-d fo cxposuri!, and was ljuri<'d at Fort (reorge.
Th.' siMond divi.^^ion of the parly, al>oni sixty in number, .>nd(>!Uomvd to oross the
iiii.uiiMius in a westerly direction to (^iriboo. but tliey were deterred bv the immense
iiihonr experienied in Ton inti' ;> passnuv across the mountains and the diiiiculty oi'
piMietralini'' throngh ili,. heavy timl)er in the vaUeys. They turned in a soullierly
direction, and .succeeded in rea(hiii<i' Ihe North Tliomi»son. Thev lion' constructed lari?.'
rails to descend the stream. They killed si. nie of (heir Iiors^ s, and " jaa'^red" the meat,
. iiiU/iL;' it in strips and dryiny- it. The remainder of lii." hnrses, a1)onl I'ortv ov jirty, they
al)andoned. and puttini^ all their ellects on the rails, liiey proceeded to descend the swil't
current of the river. .\s th.'y approai hed what is (ailed the (Irand l{apid, at the head of
ilic lirreen-milc canyon ol' the Thomi.son ih,' leadinu- raft was enorulled in tiie iiu'rent
lictorc (hose naviLfaiinu' it were aware oj the daiiu-r; and two men were drawn witliiu
ill.' rapids and drowned. The rails which i'ollowed avoidi'd tlu' \\\\>- ol' that beioro thorn:
l)V i;rcat ell'ort those on l)oard reached the .shore in sal'elv.and. witli labour and diliicuUv,
lorced their way up the i>ri<cii)itous banks. They managed to clamber along- the clill's to
ilie lower end ol' liie .auyon. whcii' th. y roriued a second s''t of yalts ami proceeded to
>li(i'it the lower rapi<ls; ih-y arrived cvcntuaily in u'real distress at Ivamloops f)n ( Uitober
11th. ( >n the i'ollowinu' moiiiing. Mis S. hiibcri w!io acconipanii'd thi^ branch cf Ihe
expedition, gave birth to a dau'jhier.' ^I'hc twn men drow iied in llie Thonipson wero
AVm. Strachan, ol' London. Ontario, and I'rank TeinNarden, of St. Thomas.
or the 19;5 who lel't Ontario in ]s><-2. the survivvHs now resident in liritish Columbia,
a> I'ar as known, are J. \. Mara. Mr. and Mrs. Schubeil, A. McXauglilon. ,Tohn Howron,
W. l''letcher, ]). Simpson, Robert lienm, b". \i. McMickin<_;-, W. 11. Th<nni)son, \V. McKeiizie,
W. Ilalpenny, (leo. (', Tiiiistall, l». Mc(^)uarric, \{. 11. Ahxander, ('apt. liedgravc, .\.
MeCoiundl, .1. H. Ml t^Mhcn, \V I'dVtnne and .1, laiinin, cnralor ol lhi> I'lovincial Museum
at Victoria The I'our last luuued, with Mr. and Mrs. Sihuberl. came down by the
Thompson. The writer is chielly indebted lor inrormalion tn Mr. l'"annin.
There is a record ol' a third iiarty wJiich, late in the autumn of ISG2, arrived at the
Villow Head Pass. It ^^onsistcd of three brothers named lienuie and two men named
llelstonc and Wright. Tlu>y obtained canoes fiom the Shuswap Indians to descend the
I'vaser. The canoes beini:' found botttan npwMrd.s with the elt'ects of the men strewn
along the banks, led to the b dicf that t.ney had bn'ii drowned. The terribh^ late of thrc(>
el the men became afterwards kiuAvn. In the d.'sccnt of the river the men lunl lashed the
canoes together for safety, hut they were swamped in a rapid ; two of the Kennies gained
the shore, th(( o* her t lire,, men succeeded in rcai lung ; rock. An attempt was made
'luring two days to rescue them. I'inally they w« re hauled ashore, prostrate with fatigue
:iml hunger, and from th • fro>t whiih [iri'vailed at night, they were so frostd)itten as to
he nnabh' to proceeil. TVic (wo who retained tlo-ir slreuirth. cm a large (pttintity of lire-
wood, and, leaving as mu.h of the provisions as ihe\ ( (atld spiue to thti; comrades, who
were to remain behind, they started to obtain help at Fori (leorge, wiieh they imagine.!
In be nearer than was (he case. It was not until th' i went y-eighth day that they arrived
ill the fort, fro8t-l)itten, hall-dead with huneer and fatigue. Some Indians were at omv
' Tlie I'liil.l liern on tliis oecasion is now tlio wife ef ii well known soliler in iiritisli ( Vjlitniliia.
124
SANI>rnlM» |-LK.MIX(i ON
ilt'.sp.ihht'd io p\<''Uc ill.' '.inli;ipi>y nirn Irli hcluiul. Thi-y vi'lnviunl in :i low -Uiy-,
t'xpliiiiiiiiii- ihiil, (nviiiii 111 the (I'plli (if till- -^iiDW. tli''y wcri' uuultli' tu pior ■cd. Tln'
wnlcr will l.^v.' llr < 'hrailU' |.p r.'lati' lln' (■(>l^■lll^i,)u oT tlii> piiiiirul luivnilivc.
"Othfi' Indiiins. huw.vt'r, difliovi'ifd the piirly .souic tiiin' urtiTwurds. llclstout' and
"WriLiht wore still alive, hut, in.idd'Micd by hiing.T, had killrd Ivciinio. Wlxon th"y wciv
luuiid thi'y had {'III. '11 ail l)Ut his li';.';s. whidi Ihry lu-ld in thoir haiuU at ihf Uiiif. Tliry
wcro ((jvi'ii'd \\ith iduod, luinu' onu'auvil in li'aviiig tin' raw iK'.di IVoin llu' boiios witli
th','!v l.cih. Th'' Indians all.'inpti'd lo !i',.;iit a liiv lor iln'ni, when the two cannibals
dri'W ihi'iv lovolvi'i-s. and looked so wild and sa\au'e that tlio Indians ll'd and loll tlicia
to Iht'ir I'alo, no! dai'iiii;- to vi'tnni. Tln' i'ldluwinij,' .spriii'^- a parly olininors, on tlirir
\vay II) Poaci' Rivor. wore <;iiiil''d I'V Indians lo I he plarr wher.' tln'so nn'ii wore scoii
by tlioni. Th" bono- oi' iwo \\rv" iniiml jdi.'d in a heap, <nn; scnll had boon split opoii
hv an axe, and many ol iho uth''r iyOiit't showod the marks ol' teeth. The third \va>
niissiiii;'. but was allerwards diseovM-i'd a lew Inuidn'd yards from the camp. The skull
had be,'!) ijovrii iiy an axe .iiid the , loiln's stripp.'d IVom the 1)ody, \vhieh was littb'
dee(niij)o>ed. Tin' interpretation of these sig-iis eculd hardly^ be mistaken. The lasi
survivor had killed his r>dlow-n)Urder.'r and eattni him. as shown by the ^'iiawed bones,
so carernlly piled in a heap, lie had in turn pr<i1)al)ly been murdered by Indians, lor the
priueijid part of the dead man's proprrty was Ibnnd in their possession " (\> o'2'2).
(7) Tninh nf Lonf MiUoii un'l Dr. Cltcai/k\ l>;il2 — 1S(J3.
No I'aiilic I'xpi'diMoii has aitrarti'd ureat.'r altentinii than tliat ol' Lord Milton and
Dr. t'headle; liiat >u. h was the <as" n!a\ be atlributed ti> the literary ability with whieli
the narrative was written. The tra,ell(r>< arrived at <^nebei in tlie sprinif ol' I8|]2, ami
made their way, without losv oi'time.lo Ifcd Iii'er, Imt not without some ol'llie unpleas-
ant iii'idents of sueh a jouiitey. eonimon eiKivcrh :; ijuarlei- ol' a lenlurv baelc. They
narrowly eseaped beiuL;- involved in ilie m.iss-iere, by the Sioux, oi'tlie selUers in Minne-
.sota. throuirh whic h State they p.is.sed ; and in their eanoi' voyaire down IJed Itiver they
luid to undergo serious pri\alion and ineur danijev.
They li'l't lud h'iver to jnoeeed to IMnnuiton. Iml the ;.eason bein,; !ale,l]iev derided
to winter at White Fish Lake, eiirhty miles beyond (';!rlei..n. Tiiev readied I'ldnionlou in
May, b^<i;). Here they were advi-cd ae'ainst lollowinii' the route liy the Veilow liead pass,
but the Canadian party, the pree.'dino' year, havin;.:' travelled by it, they deiermined to
I'tdluw 111-' trail whieh so lara'e a party mu'-l have l-ll the ira(;es.
They started i'rom Ednumtou on June 8th, ISi;:',, Tlie\- !ia 1 with them 'sii Indian,
known in the narrative as "the \s>inihoiiie " ; lie was aeeompanied by iii- wit'e and
their son, a boy of thirteen. The .Assiniboine had but one hand ; neveriholess he was an
execUeiit huiuer, nl' nnd,iuiH'(l 'oura'je and uniailinu- resnuree. Tl\e rruide, I'aptisle,
wlioiii thi'y had emrae-e.i, with a • Mr < •']; ." .(nnpleted tl^' paily, whi' li tiius eonsisied ol'
seven pe|,s,,ii<. The latter individual h id drilled westward to I'idmoniou, po.ssibly with
the Canadian party. He was a Cainbridav man, with a ^ood kiiouh'dtye ol' elassi.'s, but
the iiiosi shirtles> and u>ele>s of human Ix-iiiLs. No one could have lieen more out of his
element, on such a journey. Mention of him tlnvw doubt upon the nariauve, but the
I'XrriDITIoNS TO PAr'TFIO.
125
wen
Willi
liiiliiiis
iii'iii
iii'ir
'pen
\vi
iter ol' this ]y.i\^n\ \'r,nn iiirin-iiiiiiiMii (jl.tiiiii.'d ;it l-iihnonioii niid iwilisli rolumliiM in
\s-r2. r;m tc'itilV llml Mr. ()'
\v;i-. nol ;i . rciiiiidi of i-Mi>\. hnl liial lir .'xi-ird in llif II. 'di
At till' i'll)()\v (iT MiL"t)d Ivivi'i^ lla;)ll^^■ dcsiTtcd. hut il
ic jdiiriH'v was porstiv
,-cit'd
111
1011
Thr tr;ividl(>rs cxii'ricii.'cd <j:v':\\ dijiiruhii's, and sull'fivd ilu' Jiardsliips iiiridcnt t
n a
iii'v tlivousi'h tliat nit>'u- 'd iiaiuir
M> trying to im'n cxpi'iiiMi' cd in
inssMiiv ill'.' (il).vla.
would 1
lol Have l»H
n t'ouiid
iravt'lii'i'.-i ol' til' pi-cvidUfs ycav. and on
ITlli thi'v wore at tlic Yrll.tw Ih
liii^'iiio oriln' Assiuilioinc invarialdv ivo'^jncd it
l);ti'kw(Mids lil'.'. Th y loiitinui'il iui tin' trail nl' liic
.liiiii' 2'.itli i-.'arlii'd .la>])ar lluu.sc. On.liily
lia.v,-. ( (I'l-a.-ionally ilii'\ i..<l ili.' trail, hut 'In- intrl-
'riit'v had no dfrinit ' nhjci tiv poini in I'.riti^h ('.iliimhia. and IikI con.-iidtM-.'d
dvisal)lf to lollow tin' v'/Ul' taki'ii hv I hi' ( 'anadiaii>.
as llir li'aci' III' il wa.- not wlndlv
1' 1 lnini|>M)ii, ani
iihliiiTiitt'd. At Tct' -.TaiiiK-C'ai hi' il u'd ihcin In th ' .souihwafd wIh'H' thi- tiiah i- l)i'. ann'
licavii'v, tin- ohstnirtioii irn'ati'f. and ihu runi'' i.iofi' dilli.'ull ti; lollow. Finally tlii'y
airivi'd at llic .'-pol wh'Ti' ihc t'an,tdiaii< iiad mad" raits lu di'.-ri'iid ill
Irom thiaiHiini tlicy wim'.' cotiip.'ll.d to prorocd over iiiitr'nlch-n Liround.
Thi'y rould Hut ii'livai or li>avi' tlii> di'.-p valley tlnv had I'liti'rcd, so tln'y continuod
III I'ldlow tlio i'i\i-r. Till'!)' hardsliij^s and ij'ii'nt privalinii^ imw v
I'allv riiniiiirii''('il. a
I'Xd'pl lor till' iiidiiniilahl.' '>i)irit •■.\hi-h
d I
s;i,>i iiiii'ii iinni. anil lli'' i'.'--iiur<''s u
1 III
nil
ihr .\ssilli-
liiii', thi'y iiMisI havr sun iinilu'd 'riios.' r.iniiliar with tlirir puhli-h d nairalivr, may
inciiihrr tlii'ir iict'oiint ol' iln' h"iidli's.s Indian silting' upiiuht as a iiiuniniy, with a
isli'S ol'a lit'.' with tlo' hmn's ol a hors.' and a li'W utmisil.-
niii'j' 111' what uiiii-hl be tln'ii
as a iiainlttl war
tatlcrod blanket, liy thr diad
bi'sidc hiin.' Thi^ siuhl .amo uium Ih.'m all
iiwu lalf, a slnw di'atli bv starvatimi Thi'V wif.', hmvi'Vi
liny would ullimaicly r.'a^ h smii'' si'tili'iii"nl. Su'm al'l^rwanls IIu'V Wfiv ilislu'arti-iii'd
I'y till' oiii' band nl' tin' A-sinibiiiin' biToniiii'^' disabh d 'rin wuinan lu'ik liir husband's
r, suslaiiird liv Ih • linpi' i lial
phl'i' ill 1 ultiim' nil
t till' wav. TI
advanrc, \\orii nut with latiu'ir. Wi'a
I'V passi'd ill ■ lirsl ihi''.' w i'"k'- uf AuL'Ust in i h ' stnm'uli'
lilt 111' luod, and. with thi' jirusp.-i't
K Irmn \\
bd'orc Ihcni ol' dialh \>\ !iiiiil;'. r. Tlmy kilh'il ilmii two hnrsi's oin' nilcr lln' other to
su])ply llunr want, rii'ssiiig hirward day l^y day, on Au^iiist Hih tlii'\ rami' on
the trai'i's ol' human Iioiniis Smni' buslns had r 'itiitlv boiui mt, a lew " blazi'd" trees
llieiii Idod. ''"heir prowess in oaliiiir
MK'cei'ded, and lili'V met snlile llld
lan.■^ Willi [i.ivi
istonisliiMl even the llld
iaiis. will) are iml eiveii in surprise at
this (les ripiioii.
I'inally they leaehi'd Kainionps. and lor some days the wliuj. part \ eould think of
iiothiii!.'' but eatiiiLv. j-'rnm Kamlnoijs they I'liuiul their way to New W'estMiinsier and
\'ie|(.iia. They retiiriied in tin- niaiiiland and passed iij) {•> hilluei, (^iui',-,nel .iinl h'iehliekl.
Ill visit the Cariboo li'okl-diuiihigs.
Lord Milton and l»r. Cheadle returned lo I'iuulaiid by the way ol'Calilorni'i. i'aiiama
and New \iirk. A narritive of their aih eiiiures app 'ared in l>iil"i, '"The North-AVesi
Tassaiie by Land, " whie'i has passed ilirouiih several editions.
Till- n-mliT in n'ftirrt'il tu I'r. < irnnfw liei'k, Occnu to Ormiii, p. L'7ri, wlii-ro IIh" nconl is inivle of 11 o linriul •
III
'SI- rciiiain.M, .liino, otli, 1872. Tlio Imiul wuh IomiiiI tr.ii yanl.s ii|i ll:i> lnuik of II
11' nviT. 1 ho .s
kiill wM liriiii>rlit 1'
Ottana, aiul was list In tlie lire i if the I'aiiailiaii I'.i' il'n Uiiilwa." elliies in tin? fnllmviiiir year.
126
SANDKOED l'LKMIN(i o\
Til.' y.'
tiniiiiishcd
11- r.
(8) Jnio-iieN of Dr. John hW, ^HiU.
.win- ilii- .•xp.'diiii.ii cl' Millnii ;ni(U'lii'!i(ll«', l>r. .lohu UiiiMilroiuly (li>-
au
A
viii' irvi
ll'T. imdt'vtiHikiin nvirliiiul jouriu'y Id tlu' Pacific. From
111.
cast Ik' IouikI ills way to l'"..il llarry. arriviim- Uktc on June IGtIi, 18(34, and leaving on
ihc :i(ith h. look the roiitc ])V Fori T'dlv i. I'^dniouton. On Angust 7tli he reached
the river Jlei.i'od, wlieiiei' hi» pass^'d to liie Athali
isca.
FoUowinu' the route taken l)v
Milion and Cheadle. throxiuh th.' V.dlow ll.'ad pass, he arrived at Tele-Jauiu-Cache on
Auunst •_'-lrd. iferc his Imlian Liu'des. liavinu' heard oT llie extreuiely danu'erons eharactiM'
the rapids, relus>'d to descend tin' l"ras-r.
1).
'ar r.
to pri
■i\ wiihiiiU ihr Imlian^
11.
sm'ecei
h(l in pnnhasing two
small dni;'-oui laum-s troni
hns\va|i>
r.\v ol' whom he met al this ]>hvee, and
e.omi)anied hy Richard Turner, lirnry Macki nzie and a tiiird man, he hdl Tete-.Iaune-
'aclic on Auuu-r :2Tth On the fourth dav of tln-ir di^sccnt thev rcaihed a dan"'erous
rapid at wlii'h ih
i-r.
avi- iwii i)orlag'eis
( imsK
Irrablc Icnu-th. It was known tin
lib
trr:
had
ocrni
red on this jiart of the river, lint all ih'' mtinhers of the party were
'Xpenene.'i
1 rano.- m.'n, and Mackenzi''. with u're;it cimrairc. led tin' w;iv in the snmllest
canoe
men I
( In I In' -■'. 1>I. I In
V ran anoiln-r dan'jrrons rapi<l nniny miles lonu,-, inw
hi.h
severa
•11 <lri
wii'd in jirevioiis vi'ars. < hi S''iiirinl)i>r 1st thev r
■ached Fort Geor«>-<
From tlie ill-oniriird rrpiiiatioii of ihr ■..•i lion ol' th.' river above lliat station, their sale
arrival caused astonisluurni to tie- ihiel tratler, Mr. Clnirle.- ; lor it had been Ihouiiht that,
owiiii>' lu the intri(.ale and dangerous naviu'ation. no stranger nnaeeomi)anic(l by a liuide
could suicL'sslullv make the descent.
ami one w
hill
Tccn'u'i', lakinu' wilii him an Indian guide
man. Thev mad.' th.' ih'seent to Uu.'snel, neailv a luindred miles, in
On Sept.'UilH'r Srd. Dr. 1,'ae l.'ft Fort t
me day. On ih.' Hli, aeiompanied liv
distill. i-e ol' thirtv-i
miles, m less lliall liv
one man. h.' i>addled down to Ali'xandria, a
hours. I'Tom Alexandria, In' followed the
ro;,il lo liii 'ilield. ih.' .■.'iiir.
.1 ll
mini
wj: disirj.-t ivruirnini'' to Alexandria, he obtained
liorsc:
mil I'od"' to \'ale, where he look th." steaiin'r to New Westminster,
/'/•//(»/ ///.— FiaiM ('ii\n:!ir.i;\TlnN ■ytt cdMl'I-KTI'iN iU'' C.W.VUI.V.N I'.VCIFIO
K'miavav i.\ 1H^,j.
An important .liaiige in th.' annals of Canada b.'uins with Die British Xorlh America
A.'l. lly the Imperial statute, the several British Provinces eastward of Lake Superior
w.re united to form one conl'edi-ration. and at the sam.' time provision was made for the
occupation <,[' the Xorthwe.st Territory and th.' enirame of British Columbia into tho
liominion The union of ih.- Pacilic province with the jn'ovinecs in the eastern i)art of tho
> oiitiiient, neeessitated the esiablishmeui of a line of conimitnh'ation between them, and
the construction of tho Canadian Pacific Railway was the consecjiieuce. Tho act of union
passed th.' Imp.rial Parliament and .am.' into force in ISIJT; British Columbia entered
th.' ('onh'deraiion in H"1. Bi-twecn these dates the GoviM'nmcut of Camida purchased the
territorial rights cf the Hudson's Bay Company. In consequence of the policy adopted to
carry out the conditions of tho union, there has been a succession of oxpedition.s to the
-w
i:\i'i:i>iTi().N,s TO i'Acinr
127
luly (lis.
From ill,.
ivilly nil
rc!irh>'il
Jiki'ii l)v
'.■idle (111
Ilianicl.T
iiig (\v<.
ai'<'. Mild
c-.IllUllc-
luti^'rotis
Wll tlliit
ty wi'ic
slllilllcsl
I srvcval
(rCory,!
heir .s;ili'
lilil Hint.
V a liiiidc
til isuidc
miles, in
iiidiiii, a
'Wed the
obtiiiiicd
Aincrioa
'upi'i'ior
fV.r tho
llto (lie
t of tho
m, and
r aiii()ii
•iilcivd
scd the
:it('d to
t<j the
new im.viii.c on llic Pacilic. Will,,, i a p, n,„l „n,,u.t,..ii voais Ik-hi ll„. ciiniu,,. „r
Dnlish Culumhia into tlu" l)..iiiiiii„ii, we iiavc a ivronl oi' ciuht i overland Jcurney.s,
uio.-l ol' which wei-e uiiderlaUeii in , ..iiiir, li(,ii wilh the estahlishmenl oi' Hk'. naiicnal
railway.
(1) Sir Ifrrhn- L(i//geri//'s risit ht llrilish Culiimbid, IsTl,
A jonviK'y was mad' lo lliili^h ('MJuiuhia hv Sir lie. tor Laiiyeviii. ll ,h>'s ik.i
sirielly eoiiie wilhiii Ihe Ii,sl of Canadian -.verland exp diiidiis iiuKinueh as il was nnuk'
l.y railway Ihnmgh the riiij(<d Siat.>s to San rraiieis.o. thence hy sleainboat to Vic-
loria. It is ehielly r.inarkahle as the liist .j'>nriiey iiiiderlakeii hy a Canadian minisler
I" Ihe newly ac(inire(l western i.ioviiKe ,,| the |l..niiiiieii In the snniiaer of Is"!
the ^[illister of Puhlie W Oiks, visited the I'aciiic ocast en hehall' of ihe (lovernnieiii,
wilh the view orac(|uirinu' some inlorination eoiiccriiin;;- ih;> new province, e.sjx'cially
iinvlation to the Tacilie Kailway and its western tirininns. llis duty was to enqnire
inio the requiromonts of the western jirdviiiee. and jtersoiiallv to ascertain what public
works Were imperative. To lullil l!:- iiiis,si(,u as.sii5'ncd him. he visih d Victoria, .\ew West-
niiiister, an. I e.xlended his obsi rvations by pro eediiiL!' to Yale, Lyiton. Cariboo, and other
loealities in the interior ol' the eouniry. !!.■ also nuuL^ an examination oi' Bole Inlet, Bur-
rard Inlel, Burelay Sound, Xanaimo, and other points on th(> coast. Sir Hector Lanq-evin
on his return to Ottawa, issued a volume containing- ;in account ol' his journey and obser-
servalions, in whieh was included much valuable statistical inlorination.
(2) R.qirditio,, of Mr. Sniidfonl Fleming; 1><72.
Early in 1871 the writer of this paper was aiiixniiled eiiuiiieer-in-ehier of the
Canadian i'aeilii; Railway. .\t that time but limiied knowlcduv had been obtained of the
immense extent ol' territory to be explored ; and the ojiinions, which were eurrent reii'arding
it, were not in favor of the possibility of const ructing' a railway. I; IstJ;} the Houk^-
Government pn^seuted to rarlianieiit "the journals, detailed reports, and observations
rel,"'ive to the explorations by Captain I'alliser of that portimi of British North Ameriea
which lies between Lake Sui)erior and the Pacilic Ocean, durinii' ihe years l«o7, '58, ';")()
and (iO."' In these doeuments tho opinion had been sironaly expressed that the impedi-
ments to railway construction were insuperal)le.'
On January 24th. isTl, ihe Legislative Council ol British Columbia, unani-
mously i»assed an address to the (^ueen, prayiuy Her Majesty to admit ISritish Colum-
l)ia into the Dominion cf Canada upon the terms previously arranged. One of the
essential conditions wa»- the establishment of a railwav " to connect the sea-board of
' ilriKul nf tlie -Ministur el' I'lildic Wurks lo llio Ciinmlimi I'iirliiiiuoiit, 1S7;), [t. h'.> . " Jt is Init ten y(!Uis .sinic
lliat l'a|ptaiii I'alliser, in liis ropurt to tlio Iiniioiiiil (inviTmaciit. clcilarL«l the ntler iinpossilnlity of liiidin;,' any
(■■•iiiiiiuiiK'iilion tliidiiirli ('aiiuiliaii toriitory 'I'liis ilt'liiicrato anil tuirlMy oxpresaed {)]iiniiin, tlu;
re.sull cit'liiiir years lalionr in tlid liol'l, (if a man i.f oniiiiiMU-e, iikleil liy assislanlM of ihjiuiI ciiltiiie, al)ilily and
euor|/y, may, with projiricty, be iiuotcd to sliow tlio roii)iidalil(> dillicnltios to bo overcome in the Pacilic IJaihvny
lino. I 'idicnlties wliicli. until tlio iHst throe ynars, liavc iM'en lield to lie insMpi.'iable, and the sohition of which
calls for unnniiitting lah(jar and thiiiitjlit."
128
,SA.NI»lui;l' I'LK.MLNd ON
British Col mil
accnrdllliilv cnllsK
•\\\ wiih \hr lailwiiy sy.>t.iii oT Canada." Tln' Caniidian CdVi'i-niuciit
Icrocl il a<l\i>at)l.> lliat llic whul' distaii..' .slmuld h" cand'ully ••xi>lov.d,
iiid 111'' wrili'i- was iii.siiu.li'd in iiiak.' tin' in'i'i'ssary orgiini/.atiDii Id carvy «'»il llic work
Tl
d 11
11' rxamiii ili'iii was i oiiuihiii
ill ill.' -uiiuiK'r oT 1S7 1 ami
\va> 1
diitiiiui'd diuiiiL'
I lie Ii'IIiiwiul:' w iiib'i.
A lavi;-.' iiuuilu'r cif Mirwviii'j;- paiiii's wi'ii' ciigagt d Itflwi'
I'll
ihe valk'V oi' ill.' < >tia\va and tli.' i'arijir .i.a^l, and in 1^72 it l)'.'(ain.' ncct'ssary t
take' a jii'iK'ial ii'ionnaivanrc ami tour ol' iiispcdion across tlic coiitiiu'iit.
<) unuii-
I'rcvions to stariiiiii- on iht> ('Xpcditiou. lii'' writer, as iliitd' ciigiiK't'r <<[' tlu" In
trr-
lial K
iiilw'av, llu-u nndi'r r,m
-irii'tidii. had t(i iw.ik
I' an (
xamination ol' that luii
this duty iioccssiiatcd his pivMii.-.' in Nova S.ulia. Aci-ordiniiiy his western jnuriiey
coniineneod a; Halilax.
it -was idusidered ad\isaljle {<<
till' inroriiiatinii ohtaiiied, so thai lli''
Great iiiieri'st heinii- li'll w iili re^iaid to tli'' surv.
make kiU'Wii i" liu' jMiMie as far a'^ was I'xp 'dicut,
pi(d)leiii which the Domini. Ill had undertaken to solve could he the b 'tier understood.
The writer had the i>('o<l iortuue to induce the licv. G. M. Grant, cd' Halilax (now Prin-
cipal (Jrant, oi' (Queen's (/olloiic, Kiiijrston), to accompany the expedition as secretary, with
ih" vi w of pi.hli.-liiiiL;' a narrativ./ .d' the journ.'y.
Leavinji' Halilax on July l>t. 1)^72. the parly arrived at Thunder ]]ay, L;ike Superior,
oil July 2:!!nd, and Fort Garry, on July 31st. Tlie [dains were crossed to Edmonton,
whi.li })lace was reach, d on Auirust 27th. At IMnioiiloii a detaihniont eonsistini? of
lesi»ai.licd hy way of I'eace K'iv.r to the Taciii.-
M.'ssrs. lIol•l•t^
LV am
1 M;
i.Dun, was I
-t. Th.' mam parly proceeded to Ja>par House, crossed the mountains by the Yellow
H.'ad I'ass to Tete-Jauii" Cache, and ]iassed soutli.'riy by \vay of the North Thomp
son
to 1\
imioons. w
lure they arrivi'd on S.'plember 2stli. I'roiu Ivamloops tliey followed the
government roa 1 to Yale, ili" liead of naviu'ation, and bv steamboat readied Now West-
min-t«'r.
Aft'T crossiau' the mountains by lh.' Peace River pass, Mr. Macouii passed down the
Fraser to its moulli. Mr. Honisky fouml his way to the river Skeena, and arrived at
Port Simpson, on .lanuary 2:'.rd. 1^7-'..
Th.' writer I'xleiid.'il lii> examination to various points in Uritish C(duinbia, and
returned to (Mtawa by way of Sin iMaii.i^. o. l'"ull details are y-iven in th.' Canadian
Paeilic Railway iieport sulnnitLd lo Parliament. A narrative of ihe journey l)y Dr.
Grant ' was published the folluwinii- year.
I'b I'.xiiidilioii iij A'l;iil(iiil-(i'i )/i III/ /'. Ildbifhuii Iliis^. Is72.
Ill July. I.''>72, Colonel P li'.>b.rlson i;.is>. Adjulaiit-Geiu'ral of Militia, l.'fi (.)ilawa
for th.' Northwest Territory. Hi- rout.' was l)y Toronto, CoUingwood, and the lak.'s lo
Port Aiiiiiir. I'.dlowiiiLi' th.' .dd . aiice r«uite to l/ike of the ^Voods, he re.'uh.'d lh.'
road lo Fort Garry, then lal.'ly op 'iied. Alter visilini:- Peinl)ina he proceed.'d to Fort
I'^llice, Carlton. Victoria to I'vlmoutou and Rocky ]\Iountaiii House. From this point he
passed southward to the llla.kfe.'t country and cross.'d the Rotky Mountains by the
Norlli Kooleiiay Pass. In his narrative, imblished in the Militia Report for 1S72, he Liive.s
' (ifi'UU to Ocuan. Siui.Huril I'ltuiiiiy's lixiH.'.lilioii llirotigli Ciiiiuda in 1872. I!y the licv. Uoortfo M. < iiatit.
EXl'Kl'lTloNS Tu I'Ai'iFlc
129
lii> vii'ws lis to till' inunlx'r iiiiil iliiiiiiri r of the liulimis in ilir rouiitry tiiivi'iscd. t'nloiiol
Kdhcrt.'^on IJos.s loiulu'd Wild ilorx' Cn-ck, on (lif wi'st side oi' tiio main iMiigo ol'mounl-
iiiiis, and proceeded soutlieily rin Mooyais Ikiver, Lake Peiid d'Oreillc, (lie Spokane and
Snake Kivers to Walla Walla and Waliila. in Washington Territory, 1". S. The portion of
iln' jonrncy aeross the nifninlaiiis was ti dions and i'aliuruinn-. iMoni Waluhi he defended
ilie ('<ilunil)ia io I'orthind, an<l thenee passed nortliuard ciu Olynipia and I'ugetSonnd to
Vi. loria, in N'aneoiiver Island, where he arrived on ()(tohcr 2><lh. liemaiuiiiji' ahoni
tw'i weeks in British Colnnihia, he returned throngh the United States hy way oi' San
l":aneiseo, and by railway to Chicaji-o and < )tlawa.
(t) Ti-dnh of d'lirrnl Sir IV /■'. Bitl/n\ l!^7:i 1878.
General, then Caplaiii, W. 1". liutler l'!'. England in H72, and travelled by way ot
Minnesota to liod liiver. He loniul the village of Fort (larry, afterwards to ]m known as
the eity of AVinnipeg, under Mie exeili'menl ol' an elei tion. the lirst whirh had taken
pla.'e. On Oetober 4th he left for the Northwest. Reaching the forks of the Saskatchewan
his intention being to make tliis place a central point i'roia which th(> t)ulfalo could
111' hunted, he remained in this nciuhbourhood until Fcbru;iry, when with a dot>'-traiu
\i'- started for the west and r.-arlnl Fort I'.irh'tun. On the lllh of that uionlh he left
Fori Carleton and passed by the way of Mcthye luiriage, Ihi' river Athabasca and Athabasca
Lake to Peace Kiver. He ascnd-d \h<' Fearc Kiver valley, followed the Finlay or iNorth
Ibanch to Oniini'-a, and ascenib'tl a western irilnitary to (Jcrniansen. FVom (lermansen
he passed overland to I'ort St. .laiucs. L"avinu- this point un May 2"»th he travelled
southerly to (Juesnel on the F'rascr. where he arrived on June .-'.nk At (Juesnel he came
within reach of the appli:inc.,> ,.f ivili/ition to ejniy hiui lo New Westminster. On his
return lo England, (ieiieral liutler published an amount of his travels entitled "The
Wild Nortli Laud, being the story of a winter journey with dogs arross Northern North
America."'
(o) ly.ijicililitni (if III! Btiiiii'/dii/ Commis^iiiii. I87'2-1874.
The boundary l)ctween liritisli North Ameriea aiul the I'nited Slati>s, as described in
the Treaties of 18Js and 1S4G, had lu'cn in previous years deiined and traeou 'rom the
Atlantic westward to bake of tie' Wood<, and from ih'' I'a.ilic eastwar.l t.. th" (nrst
ol' the lioeky Mcmntains. There v,.uiaiiie(i to l)e marked out the intervening distance.
In l><72tlu> British and Inited States tlovernnieiits appointed a j<iint commission to trace
the lino from Lake of Ihe Woods to the summit of the mountains, The llriti.sh com-
missioner was Major-(b m'ral. then :Major, D, K. Cameron, ]{, .\. Mr, Arehibald Oamidjcll
acted in thai capacity for the United States, A stalf of scieutilic oliicers of both nations
with mounted escorts were detailed for the service.
The held operations were be-run ai Lake of the Woi,ds in the autumn of 187- and
pro.secuted to completion during the two following years. A ioiH)graphical survey was
made of the bidts of country live miles wide on .'a.'h side of the line. Iron m(mumencs
wore planted from longitude 0(1' lo '.'!•' at intervals of a mile: west of the latter point
the line was marked by stone pyramids or otherwise at appr..ximato intervals of three
Sec II, ISS'J. 17.
130
SANI'F(ilU) I'LlvMINii ON
miles, to tlic Muiiniil of the IJorky Mountains, wliriv (lie lim- Joined tlinl whii-h had hem
I'stablisliod t'loni the Piuilii' coast by a similar romniission lliirlfi'n yoars cavlicr.
Tlif 1)onndary line lor (lir givalcv i)ar1 of th" dislain'i" passed lhroni>'li opon iiionnd :
wluTf I'onsi land wasciuonnlt'rrd llic trees were cut down and a continuous op.'U passatrc^
i'ornu'd. Dr (1. M, Hawson aivi.mpanieil the expedition as M'eolo<rist and naturalist. On
tlie conipletinii ,.|' iheiield w^rk, at tlie end ol' 1S74, lie reported the results ol)taiued
The pul)lish''d volume, ronsists ol :171' printed pa^vs, replete with intbrniatioii respeetiiiy'
the resources of the entire distance surveyed.
(li) Joiiniiii of 3Iessrs. .Inm's uml ILiiniiiiglon, 187-1-187;").
The overland exploration of Messrs Tarvisand Ilannint>tou is worthy of record. Tiiey
had heeu eUira'i'ed in 1^74 on a section of the survey of the Canadian rai'iilc Kailway in
l?ritish Colunil)ia. It hein<>- deemod advisable to ^ain information respeclinu- the Smoky
h'iver pass, Mr. M W. Jarvis was selected for thi' duty, and at the bei^inuiug of winter ho
received instructions to h.'i>-in exploration. On December !'th, 1S74, with his assistant Mr.
Hanninoton, he left Quesnel on the I'raser for lAnt Cieorge, to complete his arrangements
and ol)tain an outfit. So soon as the i<'e was frozen on the rivers, the party, consisting
of eiuht men and six doix trains, started on the hazardous jnuriiey aeross the mountains.
They left the Fraser above the (Jiscome portage, following the North IJranch until it
terminated in a ml dc sac. They returned to ascend a second branch and iinally reached
the continental "divide" on February 25th. After leaving the summit, the dogs
be.ame unservioeat)le iVoui fro.'^tbites and exhaustion, so that each man was compelled to
carry on his back a share of the necessary supplies, leaving l)eliind everything not abso-
luti'ly required. They were also plaeed on short rations. The party crossed an extremely
broken mountainous region intersei ted by tributaries of the Smoky and Athabasca Jtivers,
The snow was deep, the temperature low and the weather unusually stormy in the
elevati>d reiiion they passed over. They Win'e on the verge of starvation and every member
of the party sutl'ered greatly from faliu'ue and exjxisure. Neverllndess they succeeded
eventually in nnK'hinii- .Taspar House on March .">th to lind it unoccupied. They,
however, in their exhausted condition were fortunate in meeting in the neighbourhood
a band of Indians who supplied them with some provisions — all they could spare from
their meau're store. The weary travellers continued their Journey eastward over 200
miles to St. Anne, which they reached in twelve days. Here they found rest and food
under the hospitable roof of a Hudson's Bay Company's establishment, l-'rom St, Anne
they drove to Edmonton, thence to Tort I'ilt and Carlton and arrived at Winnipeg on
May 21st
The journey from Fort (ieoryc to AVinnipeg ocrupied ll(i days, the distance being 1887
miles, of which '.'32 miles were travi'rsed on snow-shoi^s. The temperature was at times
exceediuLily low. For twenty consecutive days in January the thermometer averaged 37
degrees beldw Zero. Mr. Jarvis' narrative of the Journey is inchuled in the Canadian
Paciho Kdilvvay Report of 1877. Mr. llanningtou's diary is given in tlie report of Canadian
Archives for 18^7 (pp. ex, cxxxii.)
KXI'KDITIONS TO PACIFIC
131
(7) K.riinUlion uf Mii/i>,-(.'nir,;il Sir Sillii/ Smi/th, iK?.").
Ill July, IST.''), Miij()r-(irn,.n,l Sir Srll.y Smyth, roimnaiuliiiu Wv iiiilitia, iiin(L» an
olli.iiil trip lluouuii iln- Noit Invest Toiritory. Uii the -Jiul ,<f tlic month lio loi't Saniia
hy st.'ainboiit for 1 (ninth, Lak.' Superior, and pnv,.,Mh>(l 1,. F,.rt Gurry by Moorh.wl
and Ri'd IJiver. lie *v;,v..dlr,i on wluvls to Shoal Lakr, ulirro \u- was niH by a division
nl' the Mount. ■(! i'olicf, umh'r ilir (-swrt, of whi.h he wt-nt lo Swan River and to
(';irlt(m. Th.' party iojlowd iii.- trail to j.'ort Tilt, Virioria and Kdinunton, thence to
l;a(ilc Iv'iver and K'ed lleer h'iv.'r. At I'.ow Kivrv (Imeral Sniytli had a conference with
ilic Mlackfeel Indians. II,. passed to i'oit McLeod and Old Man's River, a tributary
ol l!o\v River. AVhen in this hxality, he , rcssed the frontier to pay liis respects lo the
iiviicral ollicer of the United States coinnianding in Montana, who was stationed at Fort
Shaw. Relurnin<>' to Fort McLrod he proceeded westward throuii'h the Kooteiiay pas.s to
"Joseph I'rairie," where, partiny' from the Mounted I'olice. lie Iravcdled southward to
Walla Walla, lie was here met by (leneral Howard of the United States army, hos-
pitably entertained, and e.scorted for several days down the valley of the Columbia. His
journey was continued to the ,ity of Foriland, and through W'ashiiiirton T.-rritory to
I'lmvl Sound, where he look tli.- steamer for Victoria, Vancouver Island.
(X) Travels of /lie Miinj/ns uf Bu/ffrii/, I^^Tt!— 1SY7.
Ou July 31st, lS7i!, the Manjuis of liiilf.riii and Ava, then (iovcrnor-Cic-neral of
• 'iiiiada, accompanied by the ^larcliioness, proceedeil liy ihc Central I'aciii<' Railway to
San iM-aneisco. They were tlicre net by 1 1. M.S. ''Amethyst," and steamed to Victoria,
i-ord Uuil'eriu was everyw here received with the respect due to his character and station.
He visited Nanaimo, and alter inspectinu' tiie coal mines, travelled northward to Bute
inlcl, Skeena River, Queen Charlotte Islands, and arrived at Port Simpson. lie returned
south to Rurrard Inlet. On Scpieinbcr 'Ith he started up the stream of the Fraser; he
ivachi'd Yale, and lontinucd his Journey to Kaniloops. Returnini^ to New Westminster,
he ayain crossed the Strait of Georyia to Victoria, and performed tin; ceremony of drivinu'
the iirst pile of the Ks([uiinault L>ravini;" dock. Lord Dull'erin left by the " Amethyst" for
San FVaiU'iseo, and r(>turncd to Ottawa.'
The following year Lord Ihill'erin proceeded, by the way of St. Paul, to Winnipeg,
where he received addresses, and where festivities were interchanged. On Se[)tember
-tHh he addressed a large assembly at the baucjitet given him. During his stay in
Manitoba, Lord Dull'erin went as far as the Mennouite settlement on h'at River. He
also visited the Ictda ulic .sevt lenient, and proi-eeded \ip Lake Winnijicg in the steamer
" Colville" lo the nioath of the river S.iskatchew an.
' Altlimi(;li jiiiliticiil (li<_Ti'Ssioii.s in no wa.v ceiiie witliiii tlie dlijccl.s el' tlii.s pain'r, tlic writer takes upon liiin-
■>!(!ll'to refer tho render to Dr. .Slewnrt'H worli on tlio luiniini.stration of l.onl Diilferin, iu wliicli his sjmeilies on tlie
nccii-ion of this visit to Uritisli f'ohnnliia are preserveil. 'I'lie tiau' was one of great exoiteniont, and I^jrd
J 'ufTerin's political al)ilily wa.s nevermore apparent.
nii
SANDI'OlJh I"I-I;MIN(I (»N
'.') .\iiiiniiii of Ml'. Miirnis Smi/h. ]xTi.
Ml'. M:iii'Un Siiiitli, in)s>r(
I III
■ol
liii.'iit ill 1^77, <iii ii lour ol' iiispi'ttioii oT tli.
('niiiidiiin riicilic U;iil\v:iy survi-ys. \\i' liiul 1) 'I'li ciiiiairfd lor suinc vmis in ("xd'iidiil
(>xpl()riitioiis in I'.ritisli ('oluinl)iii, hnt on I'.irh of his Ibrmcr i-xp-ditioiis lie Inivi'llcd by Sun
Fniurisco iind tlic Union Pii'-iHr l{;ul\v:iy. »)ii this ni'iMsion lir left Ottiiwu (ni May "Jllh,
pnsscd hy tlic lakes lo Port Arlliur, thciicc hy stcunihoat and railway, by 81. Paul, to Wiii-
nipi'ii-. On July I'lid hi' started Ironi "Winnipt'u' to <ross tlic plains, by way of Fort Kllirc.
On till' liiilh hi
rea.
■lied I'ort Carl. 'Ion; nialiin'i' a (l-totir to Lae la i'.irlie, \ir arrived
Two days later he writt
Ednioiilon on .Auiiiisl 1:1th. Mr. Smith with iiis party followed the recently iniprovrd
trail lo Jaspar House and Yellow lleail pa.'^s, whiih i)oint, he icarlied on Septenib -r 7tli.
t Tete-.laune-t'aehe, "Just a- w<- were iirrivin!^', a man.
\V. lioxlmriih, ramc runiiin'^- wildly towards us; he had been nearly two years in
eluirgt' of that depot ;ill alone, seldom haviiiL^ .seen a human brinu', oven t\n Indian,
during Ihiit time, lb' had read all the books in his possession over and over ai^'ain :
rht iish till 111' hated the sit>-ht ol' one: had Irifd m)ld-niinin>'- with a lillh'
eau
had
sueeess ; hail shot bears, one of wlii'li hr only laiin'd and sreinuf it rrawlinii' aroui
d
depot, hi- took pitv on il and fed it; it eaiiie n'jrularly, and at last j^-rew so tame thai
it became his only friend and companion." Air. Sinilh lontinned his journey southward,
by the rivers Albreda and North Tlniiiipson. to Kamluops. Prom this station he followed
the ordinary route to Vale, where he arrived on Septeml>er 23rd. the fourth month
from the day he left Ottawa. P'rom Yale he took the steamer for New \\'estmiiHi<'r, and
returiii'd houie by way of San P'raiicisco and the Tniuii Pacific Kailway.
(bl) H.r/ii'rlifi(ins in ivini'r/inn villi the Ueitlo'jiciil Sunn/, 1^7l-l!^70.
Since British CVdumbia became part of the Itominion n<i year lias passed without
explorations beine- carried on in the Pacilic Province by the ollicers of the Cundogieal
Survey. The chief director, Dr. Sel wyn, has frequently made examinations in the territory
and has crossed and re-crossed the ifoeky Mountains. In 1(j71. having reached Victoria
by way of Chicago and San l"r;in. isco. he lelt in July for the mainland. He followed
the valley of the p'raser to i^ytton, i>assed on to Kamloops, and by thi' North Thompson
ard the Albreda travelled to Tete-Jaune-C'ache. He reached Yellow Head pass on
October 21st. Returning by the same roub' he arrived at Victoria on November 2!Uh,
and Montreal on December 2r)th. Por the four years 1871 to 1874 Mr. Kichardson was
engaged in the geological exaiuinalion of Vancoiiver and (iueen Charlotte Islands. In
1873 Dr. Selwyn crossed llie plains from Ked Uiver to the |{ocky ^lountains and
returned by the North Saskatchewan. In ls73 Dr. IJell examined thi; country between
Pved Kiver and the South Saskatchewan, and in bS74 the district between Lakes Manitoba
and AVinnipegoosis.
In ls7o Dr. Sidwyn made an extended exploration of that part of the country formerly
known as New Caledonia. He followed the trail to P'ort P'raser on Stuart Lake, thence
he proce(?ded across to Fort McLeod near the soune of Peace Kiver. Ou July 3rd he left
Fort McLeod and descended Peace Kivi-r. On July 11th, after passing the mouth of P'iulay
River, Dr. Selwyn ascended a mountain 4,V,)0 feet above his camp, and 0,220 above the
Wi
l.e
KXIM'.ltiTloNS TO I'ACII'IC
133
1I(> p.i.vs.'d up I'iiii' lii\ri. Iiillowiiiu- ih.' --tiviiii
II ■ rilurut'd to I'orl tSt. .lolm ;iiii| ,|,
■ll'l' li I'iMri' li'iv,
II .IS Imp us liis rinini' would il<
' iMiiivc^iiM : piociM'diiin' d
•livalii
(c) till' loi'Us, lie iisciiidid :iiid paiti;iil\ I'XplDnd Siuokv li
\\>-r Tlii>
limit dl' Dr. Sclwyn's fxp.'ditiui), :md lie iTiunird liv tin- rouli' h.- Iiml l>>ll<
n\\ 11
iWrd. Tllc
r.>un CI
r ills liihours is rmtiodicd in |)ii> (linlnninil Krpoit ol' lH".')-7(
I'lor. Miu'ouu, w li
i» iiccniii
p;iiii>'d Ih- S''h
por
yii. c (iiiiiiiiii'd til' i'xpl"i:iliiiii Irom tin
lllV(
iiioiiili of Smoky U'ivfr to Luke .\tii:il»asc u ; tli-'ii,',' ii.. pm, ,., (bd msiward l.y tli' Mi
|H.ri;|o'.' and iiloui'' the ordinary nuitc ol llo' lliid>Mii'.., Hay Coiiiiiaiu to Cailcioii, and
iviiiiiicd to OUiiwa liy way ol Winnipeg Tli ■ iv>nll n| I'n.i. Maroiin's ('X|)loratioii is
uiv.'ii in " (ii'oloLiical and (
ii'oyraplii.al iiol' s
Inr tl
11- vi'ai IS7;j.
In |S7.") ])r. G. M. l»a\v8oii comuiiMh nl Ids hiliMui> in IJiitisli Coluiiiliia by niakinti-an
■xamiiiation oast ol'tlic lower part ol' 111.' rivir !• las.-r. Tli" toljowini;' Vi'ar he madf i-x-
•lorations in llic liasin .d' tli- Dlnkwal.T. Salmon. \f -lia v.. h'iv.'ivs and iMunrois Lak.-.
on r.intimird III.' .■xamniation ol lln' coal
li.d.
N;
inainio
Till- samo season Mr. Iii.liard>
and Coniox
In 1>*7T J)r. Uawson di'Vofi-d his tiin<' lo an cxtcinli'd iiculouical survey ol' soiillicrn
lirilish ('(duml)ia, and tli • lollowinu' sc.sdii to an .xaininaliun of ^Micen Charlotte Island.
Mr. I'.i'll spent the sunimei ol' Is
I "* in llle I (
)untrv linrdeiinu' "ii the Ch
urcliiil and iNelson
1 Ne
iHei's. a
nd tin
ee \ears lali-r he m:
'xaminatiiiiis m ihi
Vthal
>asea and
M
I'-Kfll/It!
liivers ri'ii-ions. in I87!> Ih. Dawson a< eo
irom Port Simpson, on the Pa( ili. , ilironiih nortJHM'ii British ('(dund)iii and tin
inpinieil Me>Ms. Camhie, ]MeLi'od ami < Jord
on
»i\(
r country lo I'^dmonton. Fmrn Ivdmonii.n. cnissini.;- ijie plains
to W
UlUlpeH', he
reached Ottawa.
The services performed hy the <:-en]ooii;i] stall hav heen hiirhly important, and deserve
the most ro.specll'ul mention. The volumes whicii lia\e annually apiieareil ndate in
detail the results ol the several exj)loralions, and lully e-iahlisli the value of the exami-
nations which have hi
n carried on. > (luallv in the int.-resi ,)| eciieial
•lence a
nd
makin<f known the economic materials wlii<h are louii'l in tlie territory.
(11) Truvrh iif Ih, .M,n-ii)ii^ ol Lonn- nn,l lli> I'ri/iirss Li>iiis,\ 18x1-1882.
In the sununi'r i>f Issl.ihc Mar(|ui.- ot Lonic. then •' iovernor-tieiieral ol' Canada,
started on ii journey throuuh the Northwest Territory I'art of tlie Canadian I'aciHi'.
li'aihvay betwoen Lake S'.iperior and \Vinni]ien wa.s then under construction, and the rails
were laid from l)oth ejid>. leuvinu' an iuterveninii' uaji at that dato of about sev(>nty miles.
Lord Lome reaclied I'or Arthur by steamer, passed over ihe railway some :.';!o miles by
a construction train to the end ol the track. IVom this spot the journey was chielly by
canoe through a series of lakes aiul water ihannels until he reached the completed railway,
by which lie travelled to Winnipeg.
From Wiuuipeg, Lord Lome travelled westward 1 1.") miles by rail to a p.oint where
other means of loconuitioii bet ame necessary. Here he was met by an escort of the
Mounted Police under Majtn- Crozier, and thus attended in his further journey, he
proceeded over the plains on horseback to the North Saskatchewan, thence to lied
Deer district, Calgary and Bow liiver. Lord Lome crossed the frontier east of the
mountains, and passed into the United States as far as Fort Shaw in Montana. He
134
SA.N'l)l''Ol{I) rLKMINt; ON
r.'sulK'tl tluM i)<)iiit in Si-ptcmlMM-. iiiid ri-liirninir cMstwiird tlir()Uj>'li lliicotii, he n-visitril
^Villllipl'J,' oil liis way l<> OllaWii. win m' ln' ;miv.'<l alter ai\ cxtrinlcil jouriiry ol' .■seven
Weeks ill tlie NdiI h\Ve;,t. \w»l ol ill.' lilll.' hriiiy- al iiiulil iiiulei- raiiva.s.
'I'll.- lullowiiii;- year (l."«s-J). wiili II \\ II llie I'liiKess Lmiise, he visited liiilish
('oluiiiMa. l/>id Lome mid ller Ifnyal lli'jliiies> Iraveiled liy Niiiuara and Chieai-o In
Sail Fraiieix ii, arriviii;;' on Se]>leiiil). r l:)lli. Tiny eiaharked on II. M. S. 'Coiiiiis
lor Vietoria, when- lliev lamlid on the -Jotli. Alter a week oi' eereiiionial ol)servaiu;i'>.
!,urd i...nii' and llie I'riiieess l.'ii I'or New W.-stiiiinsti r on the :I'.tlli. Princess Louise
r.iunied l'> Vietoriii, while Lord Lorne aseeiided the Fraser t(> Vale hy steaiiK^r, llieiiee he
niuneded hy the old Carihoo ro:id tn Kaniloni>s in the interior, n Iiiriiiiii4' hy the sunn'
I'onte.
(Ill ( »i loher Tth. the \'ici-re'jal parly recinliarked on the " Coiinis " lor San ]"'raiieis< o.
While oic thr I'aeilie eoavl th -y visited St. IJurhara and Si. .\nuelo; alter whiehlhey
ivlurued lo ( Mlawa.
In th
e suiniiii
(IlI) Srvoivl .h'Kiiieij III Mr. Siindfunl Flemiiii;, IHs;',.
■r ol" ISSn, the writer of this paper was induerd ((/ iiinh'rlake an ex
uniii-
ation of tlu' route, wliieh h.i.^ sin.c
•11 loiated through the Jioeky Mountains, lor i\\v
Canadian I'a-ilie Kaihvay, and tm whieh the liii. has heen conslvuei.ed. l]eiii<^' at tlie
tiin.' m Lniilaiid, h • erosscd the Atlantie and on his arrival at Halilax [iroeeeded to Lake
Superior. Al this dah' the railway was (Oinpleted IVoiii Lake Superior as I'ar west as
Calt,'ary ; < onse(iu"nily only a lew days were required lo arrive at the. ha.se oi' the
inoiiiitaiiis Wh'ii at \Viniiipei;' the writer had the^^ood lorlune to meet his (ddlravtdliny
(iiinpanion. I'rinripal (Irani, whom h.- had iiivind lo aeeouipaiiy him. At Calgary,
horse,- weir ohlained lo i idss the mountains as far as any trail ( ould he found. The party
followed How Kiver lo liie eoiiliiieiilid 'divide" where
th
e waters
(\\ t'astward and
wi's
tward to th'' .\thinli' and ihe I'aoilic. They des<-eiided hy Kiekii
llo
r.se valley
to the Colninhia, and alli'r
Selkirk rang*
sh.ipe hy the vail
journey was eon
mountains hv Ih' valh
lowinii' that river for about thirty uiile.s, a.seended the
V of I'liaver Kiver and descended ou the we.stern
cv of the lUe-eellc-wact to the .second ciossinu' of tlie Colunihia. The
tinned across the ]']aule pass to the Shuswap Lakes. In many portions
of the route the trail was dillicult to follow, until linallv. in the Selkirks, all vestige
of
a trail ccasei
1. The 1
lorses \\ er.
■OllSc(
llclitlv nilai)le lo h
akeii
furl!
ler, an
d th(
party was compelled to go onwards without them. Like other travellers, similarly situ-
ated, those who made this journey experienced dilii.iilty and anxiety; they however
succeeded in reachiim' Kamloops and proL-eeded in the usual way to New Westiniuster.
It is worthy of iiole that this was the iivst coiine( ted expedition through the mountains,
in faet the first continuous journey on the actual route of the railway as established
from Lake Superior to the I'acilic coast. Dr. Graut wrote several papers in the Toronto
'Week' describing ii. The writer's experieni e was embodied in a volume pvd)lished the
vear followiii!?. '
I'lijiliui.l iiiiil r.uMila, a suiiiiiicr tour lii-twcen olil uiid .Ninv Wcstiuinsler, 1881.
r..\ri:hi rioNs to I'.m ii'Ii*.
\'ri3
(!■">) I'J.r/iltird/iiiii'i ill iiiiiiiirliini in'/h /In ( 'ihiii'/kih l',irilir liuilwii/, |m71.|,s8I
|]urly ill ISTI, llic lU'udlinlinii-. lor ili,' iidinis^iun ol' lirilisli Coliimltjn into ili
( .iiuidiilll I'OlirrdcriltiiHl lunk Mlill ;i |i 111 llliil ill' Sllri'('.s.<rii| Icrillilllltiou o|' llli'lll
WllS
loir.SCi'll.
Tl
IC (•i»l>IHlill()ll
>l lh<- V:u ilir I
>;iil\v;iy wiis a [iruiiiiii.'iil I'limlilimi in t!i.
;iili
>r union, and in ruii,si'({ii>'iir<' pn juiiatiiiii
ir i'X])liiriilioii> on
(•()nii)i't'lii'iisivi
l\r WtTi' ( nlinililli'cd.
Sui Vfviiii;' partifs wd'
ini/,i'd, X) as Id lid<" till' lii'id on llii
nih■llill^■ ol' 111.' liiiics and rivers. On .liiiy limli ol ihat year tiic admission of ilir wi'.tt'ni
jii'iviiu'c into till' Canadian l*niiiiniuii was ronsiinnuiitrd on that dav llie lir.st di'tai-li-
llli'lll of tMiuiin'cr.-
•It \ irtoria, N'aiicouMi' island, ti
>>ii nii'mi' ('X|)ioraiioiis hriwi'i'ii
llu' t'oa.st and till' Will Uy Moiiniains. Tlir vast t''nilor\ iiUiTNi'nint;' h'twi'i'ii llic valley
111' till' Ottawa and the Taeiiir masl, wliii'h now hi'caiin' tlic lifld ol' -iiivey, extendrd
within it« cxtrenn' liuiits ovr liriy-l'our dc^Tci's of lonii'itudi' and ten di'Lri'i'cs of lalitudi'.
Tlie rliicl' ohstaclc to be ovi'icoiiir lay in Uir ninuiitaiii r"!:'ioii in tlir wtsI and llii' woml-
land region to the east, and it hecanie iieecssary to explore lonii' streli'lies of liaei;le,s.s
and uninhabited territory, portions ol' which so I'ar as we have any reeord to show, h id
never been penetrated by civilized man.
])nrinu: (lie season of 1^71 i wciitv ■■.n,' siir\ eyiii'^- piviies were placed in the Held,
md tl
leii' n:i'rations were coiiliiiU''d tioin \c,'ir m \ear
'I'll ■ I'Xaiiiinatioiis were nunJi
iiaili' aide tile Work of explorat ion was
interrupted during the winter, althou'^h as tar as i
carried on l)oth in winter and summer, li would not lie possible wiihin the limits ol
ihi,~
pai)er to jiiv escn a laiiit outline i
r th.
'tail 'li' tin
Vears ol
a hour.
Tl
le results
are I'uHv embodied in tin
•Vi'ial \rillliucs 01 eliu'llleei's
'ports annually siilimilted to
irk of each parly in the lidd was coulined to a particular
district and rarely partook ol' the charailer ol' a '■throu-ih" expedition. The ene■illeoriIl^■
Pari
lament.
A
s a ru
leth
■orps eiiij^iujcd in tlie inuuntain region i
railway to
Some iiui'vir
Fran
eisfo ami
isuallv mad.' their way to British Cohii
th
aliia l)y
heiice bv sicaiiier, ictuiiiiiiL;' to ( )|lawa by the same route
Ind
nicmi)ers o
Itl
ic ser\iee wlio [
>assi'd over
and Ihrouuh the Idiiniiiioii havo
been speeialiy mi
iitioiied ; the I'ollowii
'Wise 1)1' ri
'rred tl
lu 1S70 Messrs. Camliie ami McLeod. accoiiipaiiiid iiy Dr. (i. M. Hawsoii and Rev.
San l''raiii'isco. for tic iiorllerii parts of Jbiiish
the Sked
Kl,
H. M. Oordon. h'lt Ottawa by way ol'
Ciilumbia. By steamer they arrived at Tort i]ssiiiuioii, at the iiioulli ol
on June (itli, and immediately coiiiiiicncd the ascent of llie river by cauoc In two
weeks they reached the I'orks ol' the Skcnia. J-caviiiu- lli.' river, tli.y crossed to Ba])in(i
Lake, which they I'dhn-ed to its southern cud, and tlu'iice passed over to Vort St. James,
ou Stewart Lake, whi re ihev arrived mi .lulv ^t
T
li'Ui
l)V
id tl
lev
lollowet
I
the trail to l''ort McLeod
oil
till' r
irsuip, a
tril
>utarv o
I' I'cace Kiver. At k'orl McLeod,
the party was divided, hr. Dawson proceed. 'd
acn»
the mountains
bv r
nil
Kiver
bile t
le main pat
Iv di
'IK
on
pass, w
contiiiu
party rejoiu',".'( at Dun vegan, on
again divided. Mr. Canibie vt'crossec
the Pacilii; coast by way of th.' v;
b'd the I'arsnip .iiii
I 1'
liver-
l']xplorations wen
the two routes until the end of .\iiiiust, when th- two divisions of the
h'iver east of the mountains. In September they
I the mountains l)y Tine Kiver Pass, and reached
f the Fras.'f. The remaining meinl)i'rs of the
r
'V o
expedition followed diU'ereiit routes to l':dmontoii, and thence across the prairii
Winnipeg. All arrivi
d at Ottawa at the end of the .season, lieports from the several
U36
SANIiroiM' riJ'lMIN*! ON
raombevs d' ibis rxjMditioii :nv liilly giv-'ii in Hir I'a.ili.' Railway Kiigiiuvr l»ci)..ii
lor 1SS0.'
ITp to 1"^^" til • . I'li-ini' lioii .iT tbr ( ':iii;.(li;iii !':!« ij'n ij;iil\vay \v;is <lir«'iily ciiirii'il mi
hv ibr (fnv.'iiimi'iil : ;il tli;il |>'Ti<>tl tbc < omiilfUoii of t'ii^bt bniKlrcil iiiih-s. ciiibrii 'iiij
>oiiic ol llu' li'':ivi.'.-t :in<l mo-t cliili.iiU .s./ftimi- ol' tli'' line, IkhI b.-i'ii iissun'il. In ili u
var il luMiim.' \\<<- poll, v .>r I'.irliiun'iit to l'.;i!i.->r.'r ili,' wliol.' wmk to iirivati' l■IlU■rlln^r
:i)i(l tliii- ih" < aiiaii!;!!! j'a<ili. ]{;iihvay C<'iu[.at)y . iiui' inio Ixin'r. 'I'ln' Company b:i
fiiiKo. wiib rxtrr.onliiiary <nfri;y. cani 'il iln' work to .ninpb'tioii.
The railway, as roufetnulfil thr-uub a portion ol' tbc mountain region, rollow> a
(lilU'renl route lo tliai i>ri'viou>ly .nlopit'il Ijy thi- Govrnuni-nt. As the (lirt'(lor.s of ihr
lonipniiv consid'p'd it wi.-- h. .banui- tb" liiii' to a mon' southern direition, it beeani'-
imlispeusal)le (o seek lor anotb-T pa-;. IVr tbi> purp<ist. Major A, 15. Rogers with inu. h
labour and (b'tenninalion ex[>lore(l ib.' Selkirk R ir.i:e, ami found the pass tbrough wbi.ii
the railwav ba< bi en eouvtrueted
(!4l JniiiU'i/ It) Mr W. (' Villi lldiiir, lS8i.
In tlpe vear !>'S4. >(-. W. (". Van llorne. at (bat lime general manager ai\d vie.-
pri >ulent of the Canadian I'a. iii' Railway, ae.onipunied by Mr. S. li. iv^'ed. C.E., reached
r.riti.-li (.'ohunbia l)y way of Sun Franeis.n. wiib the objei i of inspectinu' the line of the
railw.ivand .■x.iiiiinin!.;- (he v.^rk-- in proijr''>N in th. mountains. < Mi .\ugust I'lb tiny
leli X'letoria for New \Ve^tuiiiist>'r anil lUirnird Inlet : they proereded up the valley
of 'In' I'raser to Kainloo[is : on tl»e Ilih they look their ibparlure for Shuswap Lake and
till' mountains i hi ihe l.'ith they entered th>' Iviule |)ass and reaebed the Columbia;
b.ivinu- erosNed that riv^r ih''V pa^.-ed over lb'' S'lkirks !)y the valleys of the llle-cidle-
waei a'.id Itea.v.'r. Ai;-ain rea. hiu'j tb.' Columliia at its eastern crossing they ascended
thai rivir t<> Rii kinii- Horse Riv-r, the valb'y of whi^ b they followed to the summit.
IVtween l!ie Ka^le pas.sand lh>' soim ^■ of Ki. kinu;- Horse River, the journey was nnide
parth ou hor.-eback aud i>\\ lout ; nn.b b ol it was exceedingly tedious and fatiguing. < Mi
the :21si. ihev r.Mehrd lb'' 'lid »rf iiac k. wliieh had then be.'U laid to the summit in the
li'oikv Mountains aud by train ib.y tiavelli-d to Winnipei;'. Tin' railway journey was
coniiniKd by St. Raul to Montreal, and the travidbrs anivd at that ejty on August 2'M\\,
(weiilv days after leaviuL' Victoria.
(1.")) .hiiii-'iri/ III Mr Ciil/iiniiriiDi/ Srhrvibrr. 1>'>'4
A:- Mr. \ an Home's party euuTtred liom the mountains, Mr. CoUingwood Schreiber,
Cliiel RiiLMiieer of ill.- Canadian ( Jov.-rnni.'ni Railways, started on the overland Jouniey.
He was aieompanied by Mr. I'ottiirj.r. <ieii.ral Superintendent, and Mr. Arehibald,
I'JUiini-er of the Interndonial R;iiUvay. They piorc.'dnl liy railway to < Megon, ami theuee
' Sim- bLsu M.niiilaiii ail I I'lairic; .i .I(.nriu'y fmiii Virtnriii t.i Wiiinipou'. lin I'oacc lUvcr I'liss, liy tlm Ki'V.
I'aiiiel M. i.onldn, il. 1 1., Ottawa, IHSO.
Tilt' cirriitiiBtBiict's «liic!i M In till) ili.S'iivi'iy i.l ilu> |ia-.s lliri'iiiih wh'ali llu- railway Ih estaMiNliivl iiic
alluilc.l 111 in il.f work nf tli«.^ writer, iCii^-laiui uml ( aiiu<lu, iip. 'M7 ami I"'.'.
EXPEJ)rnONS To I'ACll'HA
137
l.y nil and stoivmhoat to Victoriii, liritish Colunibia. ('ro.>siii<i' th. Suait of (ivorgia to
S>\v W.'htiiiiii.stcr, tlu>y a.scciul.'d tin- iM-asn- to Yale, and i)i<M,M'(ling- aloiii-- tlnf Ii)ii' of
railway, .■xamiuiug tin- works imdcr r,,u,-tru(iiou, llu-y loadiod Eaglv pass Thou, f
(^•ossiiit;- the Solkirk and Ro. kv Mnuniaiiih lau^cs (,ii llic roiil.-. alivadv dos.ribi-d as
Hillowod by Mr. Van Home th.' pn'vi(*ii> iii.iiilh, Mr. S< lu.-ilur n a.li.d !ho cud ol' th.'
Ira.k at tho "divid.'" hctw.cii the Ki.kiuir H.m>v IJivtr and Bow Kiv.'r valleys;
.(.uiiauiug his journey ea.>-iward hy railu.iy, he returned to Ottawa on Septeinher ::'.iih.
(I'l) r/.s'jV (;/'///(■ JJn'/isli Associdlioii In tin- Rock// .)f()iiiit(iins, l"<s4.
In Aim'ust, 1S«4, the ni.'.linii- .ifih.' lirilish Assoriini.iii wa.s held in Moiitr.'al ; on the
i.riuinafion ol' the session the maj.iriiy ofih.' iiieuil)i'rs wlu) liad I'rossed the .'Vtlanti.-
vi-ited Toronto and Nia'/ara. tM'tli" luunhi'r, l'n>i
n elU'iltV to ;i ilUU(.
Ir.-.l,
III.
ludin
'• some
ladies, a.'.c[>ted an invitation to exl.'ud 111' ir tour to ilie 1
i...'KV
Mountains
I'liey lel't Toronto on S"pt.'iiil).'r illii. iiiol by steaiui)oat i)a>s.'.l ihrouiih I,ak
Huron and Superior to I'oit .\rl!iur. wlu'iv th.-v took tli.' train lor th.' w.
Tl
1.' rails
were
then laid a lew luii.s over th.' IJoeky Mountain suuniiit. m. ih.' traveller.s proeeoded
to the end ol' the tra.k and rei
ll:illl.'<l SOlUt
i.iurs in t
hf n.'i'jlihoiirhood. Th.-y
a.iually passed the p.^rioil ot tli.'ir hah in lirilisii Cohuiihia— th.' <r.'.-t of iii.' Ko.ky
Mountains t)einir the eastern boniulary oi'ihal [uoviiiee.
On their relurn they arrived at R>"j"ina on Sunday ilu' I llli. I'ivin.- wuishiii was
h.dd on this day, the IJishop oi (.)iitario ami th.' \1<'V. Harry . I. >n.'s. .i iiii'inl>.'r ol' tli.- Ihiti^h
Assoeialiou I'rom Eni^land, olh. ialini;'. The visitors r.'iiiainfd s.)iiie ii.nirs al <iI.'i.!uMi,
where th(>y had an opportunity ot luoetiim'a lar^.- nutnlier ot Bhi.kleet Indians. Tiiey
also made a halt at Winnipeir, where a r.'.-.'plion was <>-iveii theia at (iovernmeut House.
They arrived at Toronto on Sopt.'inh.'r UMli. alter an ahsrn. <■ of thirteen days, expressinu'
irivat satisiaetiou with th.' trip Th.- p;irty imludeil a nuinlier of distinguished m.'ii.
Among them was Dr. Cli.adl.', who must havoeontrasted th.' eas.' and eomi'ovt with whi.h
the journey had been mad.', with his painful .'xperii'iiee in erossinu' the mountains with
liOrdMiltoii twenty-ouo years earlier.
(17) .loiniii// oj Sir Cluiiies Tn/i/nr, 1S8'».
Sir Chiul.'s Tiiivper, llii:h Commissioner in London, arriv.-d in Canada on August
7th, IHSo. After r.'maining thiv.' w.'ks in th-' eastern provin.cs, h.' left by llie Xorlheru
I'a.ilie Railway for Portland (Ir.u'oii, and tli.'ii..' went to Vi.loria, British Columbia.
His party <'onsisl.'d of Mr. Collingwooil S. hr.'ib.'r, Mr. St.'wari Tupp. r. tli.' hit.' Mr,
Andrew Koberlson. of Montreal, and Mr. Tovvnsheiid, M.P After visiting Naiiaimo, th.'y
crossed to New Westininster and Yaii-. On O.tober 3r.l they left Yale by th.' re.'cutly
constru.tcd railway and by train ivached the end of the track in the Eagh- pass wh.'r.'
there r.'inained a iiap of l'orty-sc\ .'n niil.'s unlinish.'d. I'ro.'e.ding over the liiip on
horseba.k, they met, on Septemb.'r 4th, Lord Lansdowiii' passing in th.' ..ppositc diiv.-
tioii. Oil gaining the tra.'k laid from th.' eastward, they took ilie train for Winnip.'g,
uiid by way of Chicago reached Ottawa on O.tober 20th.
Sec. 11, ISSU. IS,
188
SA^iDFOlU) FLHMlNli ON
(IS) .Inn rut// (>/' fill' Marqids <»/' LiuimIowhi:, If^So,
Till' C!<)\ ('niui-(iciii'r;il. tli'' Mnfcjuis ol' Iiaiis»lt>vvin', afcoinpiuiit'd liy his !<(iili'. IjonI
Mflyuiul and Mr. Anson, K-ll Ultawa on S^'ptciuluT -llh l)y llic ('anatliaii I'a' itir 1
Citll
way. tlii'n unint'TinpU'dly availablt' lor tiallic hy lin' iiorlli isliorc ol' J/ikc Suiu'rior. Al
Ihuiniori', till' point urjmirliini oT ilii navro\v-t>:ui^i' i-oal-railway, His l']xr(dlt'n<y pro-
cci'dt'd |(> ilir mines al 1/ ilibridirc. l'"roni I.it'th1)ridi'''' ln' i i'a\ rllod nii li()rsel)a(k lo I'lTi
M'Lc'od, and llicnn' to CalLiaiv, \vl
1 'ir he ir joined the imiin lint,' o
.r vail
\va\
■ rmii
Calgary, l,,ord Lansdownc iiasscd l)y Irain lo ihe end oi' tho traek then at a point in ll
Sell.
;Cirl
iijhleen iiules ea>l >
<[■ \\
le Si_eO
ud irossini;' of the C'olund)ia, At this point
("inineneeU tn
ith
ap of
irtv-seven inilo> of milinished work relcrred to. Two day
S Wer.
takon to ride over tins seeiion, o)i the l;i>t sta^e of w hieh he met, as previously stated, tli
jKirty ol'Sir Charles Tui)i>er iravellin;'' eastward. When th" railway traek IVoni the we.s
was ri'ai
terniinns, I'ort Moodv, on Bixrrard Inlet. Crossini^- tlu' Strait of (ieortiia to Victoria
hed, jjord Laiisdowiie and his party took the Irain and hdlowed it to the ili
on
Octol
ler ll
111. h
le was r^'eeived witii every mark ol' re.speel, and in his address at th
baiujuet Liivt'U liiin, he remarked that until the present oi-easion no other g'overnor-ij^'cneral
had hei'u at)le to mak<' the jciirney entirely throuiih Canadian ti'rritory. Remainiiiii' some
i'ew days al Vietoria, llie party visited the < oal mines at Nanaiinn; they left on the 1 llh
for New W'siminsier.
Th
low 111 ir
av
I hi
t<iii
th.
tra
in al I'orl Ilammond, and
remained over a short lime at Yale, Lyiton, Dryno, k, and other points. Tho parly
reaehed the end of the traek on the morninii' of the iTth. They here airain resumed the
saddle, })ut in the interval of the thirteen days since ihry passed westward, the gap
had been r'<lne,(l id tweniy-ej'jht miles; this distanee was aeeomplished in one day.
Thi- train tuuk th'- party \n \\\]n\'\\>'-is. wli'-re ills l"]xeelleney was received by the
aulhevities, and eiii'Tiained ai a baniinei In the speech made ))y him, like each of his
two immediate j>redeeessors on -iimilar n -ea-icins, lie njive a narrative cd' what lie had
si'eii. and sjioke of the bri^rhl future, wiiii h he eonlideiitly anticipated, lie reached
(Mtawa by way of Chi'-eio, on ( >etol>er ".'''iih, haviiiii' made the double journey in little
more (hall a month. Lord LansclowneV trip was the lirst occasion on which the new
railway route had been follovveil in both directions across Ihe mountains on the same
overland journey.
(r.l) /•"('/■.</ Iliriiii;:li Irain hi/ Ihr CiiiiikHjui. Piirilir Itnilirai/, ISS.").
The wnic r has tliu^ described the sc>\ •■vA ovcihnid journeys jo the I'acilie, uiiclertakeii
previously to the completion "f ill' Caiiacliaii n:ilional railway lb' has endeavored tc»
make the cai.dc»<aue <cimplete, and has included every ihrcumh Canadian journey of which
he could lind any aecounl. The important e|)oeh is now reached when Ihe necessity
lor all such expeditions hn- for ever passc-d awav.
it has he'll siat.cl iliat w h' ll Lord Lansdowne passed ihrouu'h the mountains on his
wav homeward-, ihere remained i went y-eipht mil.>^ cd rail track to be laid, to complcti' thi^
connection throu'^h the mountains. \ine days later, on October 2iith, the Ooveriior-
C-'ciieral arriveil at Ottawa,
On ih" cveninii- of Oepdjer 2Tlh, when ihe regular Wiiiuipcg Iraiu left Montreal, u
KXi'i:i)iT!ONs TO PAriFrr.
139
jjiivnlo ciir, I Ik
^ivMlrl
it'\\:Mi, wns altiii
\vi
th
U' Ui"<I!i-ji ,1
Afoody, at (lull, (late (lie I.TIilil
in'oct'i'diii:.'' to I'ort
IIIS-
-lli.
lU'W niv.
ailroUViT. hiiviiii;- ii<» ('sisto
IlCf
.Mf, .OIllililKHl S.'V.'ll IHTSOILS ; livo .Jlllli- lllC VvIkiI.' WUV IVoni MuIIIiVmI, OIK' ol'tlK
■ it Ottawa, and o
This
m joiiu'd
lie on llK'ir way to Tort Arthur. A drlay of two days tool; pla.c at
iniipcsr; iiually tho party h'l't Winnip.'U' on Monday, Novcui))or 2nd, 18^.'). Th
hi'vond C'ali-'ary hccanii' '-.-pi'iii
litty-six lionrs ailvr Icavin"' W
(' train
ii ifii.'hcd Ihf wi'slcrn cnK-sinii' of the Coluiiibia ii
uinipr
haviii", Imh'ii retarded l>y in I'ssant rain
on the niorniu"- of (lie "Ih tli(
Th'' ii-a]), liow'vcr, was imj >doj.cd: thr vvorl;
NO thi' train <ou]il not proi'ccd I'mihfr. Eariv
ast rail was laid in
junrlion was vfr^'ini;- to roniplrlion, and al 1< o'ldo'k th>
its [)la«
All
I liai r.'niaini'd to iliiish Ihi' wor
\va.'
to (1
n\ t'
lion
<nv spike.
Uy ooninion consent, (he duty ol' perl'orniinL!- the lask was assiuned to one of the four
directors present — the senior in years and inliuence, uhoM' h
proniinenet — Sir Donald Alexander Smith. No m
worthily represent the eoniiiany
iffli
araeu
r ))laced him i
11
le I (in
1<I
on su'li an occasion more
in a nialerial sens
e, wi'ie to
or more appropruitely uivi
naulete the i^'iM'nnlie nndertaki
the I
nii^lun
l)10\VS \\
Sir Donald Smith liraee<l himself to the task, and he wi^dded il
le l>v no nii'ans
hieh
li-ht
>pike nainmer w
ith
IS li'ood a \\i
th.
prolessional iraeiv-laver.
111! in silence. Nothiim- was i
was no ordinary occasion ; tl
which composed it and the i
•ard 1)111 I lie r.
The work was carried
lieiMiioiis III' the iilows slriiek I>v him. it
!'■ si'ciie was II
I every respect noteworthy, from tin
;roup;
iicuiiisianie.N which had brouiili! toiielher so many humai
heinji's in this spot in the heart of the monntains, until recently an untrack''d soiitmh'.
Most of the engiiii'ers with iiundreds ol workmen of all nationalities who had heeii
eiiii'ayed in the miumtain.> were present i'^vi-ry one appeared to he decjily ini[)ressed
ity what was taking i>lace. The central liunre in tiie group was smnethinu' more than
the re)>reseiitative of the laihvay company which had achieved the triumph he was
eoiisummating. Mi.-. ])r.sencc recalled inemnries o| the Macken/ies and Mi Tavishs, tin-
Stuarts and MacOillivrays, the l'"ra>crs, h'inlaysons, McJ.t'ods. McLouiihlins, and their
I'ontempo.' ries who iirst penetrated the surrounding territory. I'rom his youth he had
l»een eoimeeled with tlie comjianv. which for so long had carried on its operations
successfully from Lahrndnr i.i the I'acilii . and frnm California to Alaska. To-day he
was the chief repres<'iitative ol that vast oraaiiizatioii whii'ii. Iiefore the close of the last
<entury, had sent out pioneers to map nut and occupy the unkiiow r. wilderness, and
which a.N a trading association is in the third century of its existence.
All present were mnrc or less all'ei ted hy a formality which was the crowuiug ellbrt
of years of labour, interminuled with (loui>ts and fears, and of oil-renewed energy to
overcome what al times appeared iin-nnnmintable obstacle.s. Moreover, was it not the
triumphal termination ol' nuiiiberles> failures, the su( cessful solution of the frequently
repeated attempts of the British peode, ev.r since .Vmerica has bdii discovered, to find
a new route to A.>ia .' To what extent the thoughts of those present were turned
to (lie past must with that undemonstiative ^I'oup remain a secret with each
individual person. This much may lie said: to all, the scene was deeply impressive,
and especiiilly to the many Iiundreds of workiiK n who, from an early hour up to tho
Tlio otlit>r ilireotors prctient woro ^^l•!^NI.M. Vun Tluriie, ITurrls ami tlin writer.
140
SANItKolU) l'LKMIN<i ON
a>t iiioini'iil, had stniu'jlt'*! to do their part. ;uu] who Wfiv now iinit<- looki-rs on at ih:
iiidiviilual activ.dv i-ii<rair''d — at oiii' who in iiis own pcvsoii united the I)a^t witi
suit
the inet^eiit, th^' iiiosi [noininenl iiieniher ol' thi' aiiiient .•oiiipaiiy of •' Advenliiiers ,,
I'^iiiili
iiiti
lie wa;
(he r.pi-.>emative nl'tlie ii'i-eat Cauadiaii liailway ("oiupaiiy,
The hlows on tlie .-jiike were repeat. 'd. until it wa^ driven hoim
Til
sUeni'e
however
■ontinued uiibroi<en, and it must be said tliat iiianv a more soli'iuu eeremoiiy
has heen witnessed with less solemnitv.
Woiketl a i|)i'il nil all pi
II
.11
It seonied as il the aet now pi-riormed had
•lit. I'.aeh one appeared absorbed in his own ri'lleetions. Tlir
abslraetioii of iiiiud. or silent emotion, or wliatever it miu'hl lie, was however ol' short
duralioii. Sut
Idenly a ehei-r spontaiiouNly liur.-t lorth, and it was no ordinary eheer.
The subdu< d entliu.-iasni. the p.nt up leeliniis ol' men familiar with hard w^ork. now
found vent. Clu'er upon choer followed as if it was diliieult to satisfy the spirit whieh
had !) .en aroused. Sueh a seene is loneeivabl
e (111
th,
■Id of a hard I'outi'lit batth
e llliiin' 11
I when vietorv is assured.
No! uni'iequeutly some matter of laet remark I'urins the termination of the di.splay o|
UTi'at emotion. A.s the shouts subsided, and the exehaiiu-e of eongralulatious wt>re beinu'
iveii a v.ti. e was heard, in the ino.-.i prosaic tone as of constant daily
oe<-urrenee, " All
aljoird for th" racifie.' The uotire wa< qniekly :i<led ui)on : in a few minutes the train
was ill motion. Il passed over the newly laid rail, and amid reiiewe.l rheers sped on its
way westward.
it to (Xtawa and published in the eastern
t 111 I ho
am.
niii^ti
-h
tel
eirram wa-
CaiKniian newspaper?
It ran : —
The lirst through train from Montreal is approaihiiiii- Vah>, within a few hours of
liie r
iieili
e eo
ist. The last
spu
d
was clriven ttiis morniii
th
bv Hon. Donald A Smith
at Criiiuellaehie in Ivicle pass, three hundred and forty miles from Port Moody ; on reach-
inu' the coast, our running' time irom Montreal exclusive of stoppages will be live days,
averaginu- twenty four mile- ;>er hour. iJefore lonir. passenuer trains may run over tin
railway Irom Montreal to Vancouver in iour days and it will be ([Uit<' possible to travel
on spt'oial occasions from Liverpool lo the I'aeilic crtast by the Canadian transeoutineutal
line in t n days All are trreatly pleased with the work done. It is impossible fully to
reali/e that euorinoii- idiysical and oi.her dilliculties have been overcome with such
marvellous rapidity, and u ith results so satisfactory."
Tiie train arrived at Port Moody the follow ^g morniiiL!', November Sth. On tlie
succeeding niorninir the principal iiew-spapers in Kugland published the substance of the
above tele-j-ram. with the additional important fact that the lirst throuiih train from
Montreal had actually arrived at the coast.
The jiarty embarked in a steamer to cro,ss tc Victoria. They touched near the mouth
ol liurrard Inlet, the site of the city of Vauiouver. then an unl)roken forest. In a few
hours tie- vessel entered the Strait of Juan de Kuia ; the name of the channel recalled
I lie memory of the t^reek adventurer of three hundred years ago, and with it the painful
record of the more honest seamen, whose names will for ever I)e assoi iated with the heroic
yet fruitless etiorts to discover a new route, in the northern h<misphere, to hold in posses-
sion the commeree of Cathay.
It i.s ditlicuh to believe that to-day the >'iforts to obtain this result have been crowned
with success. It is quite true that lh»' passage for ships, sought lor in vain by every
KXF'KDFTrONs TO I'ACIFIO.
141
iiiiiiiiiiiiKl.'rtVnm (l;il,i.| in the tilt.vndi t<. Kr;mkltii in i!ir iiiiwhciitli iviituiy, lias not h.'.^ii
round; 1ml il' it he iiol iM.sf^ililc lor a ship h, i):i>s IVom tlio Atlnulir to the Pafilic within
Ihi' limits olilit' novlhfvii ht'iiiisi>lu'i>'. tlir infaiis miv m.w pniviili'd lor spi-inlily transport-
ing the carsfocs <>{' any niunhcr of >liips I'n.in oni' ocean to the otlifr. Tiif railway Journ.'y
dosfrihfd I'rom a shii.piu-i' port on \]u- Si. i/iwrniiv to Pacilir tidc-watfr, testir.cs to tlu"
lai-ttliat the long dosired <'(niiniuni«'alion is al jiimth .■stal)lished ; and if t'urtht^r evidence
l»o needed, it may be found in ilie circninslance that a consignment of naval stores
follows by the next train from the diickyard at Ifalifax for the use of the Pacili.' lleet at
Msquimault. It would indeed have astunisliid the illu>trions navigators, Prake, ('ook and
Vancouver, when in this part of the world, Id have l>een told that the time would come
when ships on the Pa.-ific coast could have their stores replenished from a naval station
on the north Atlantic within a few <lays iiil.rval from tlie iKtur of making the re(iuisilioii.
The members of the party who had mad'' the transcontinental journey remained in
Victoria a few days. They left on the rciurn trip on i\ovomber \-2th, and reached
AV^innijieg on the l.'ith: after a short delav, they continued the journey In Montreal.
The narrative of liie passage ol' tlie lirst train from Montreal to the Paiiiic completes
the record of the expeditions which the writi'r has endeavoured to describe. It would
have exceeded the scope of the enquiry to havere|<rre(| at any length to the travels of the
l)ioneers who in the early days of Preuch rule were the first to penetrate the uuknown
th th
esc exiilora-
western wilderness. A long list of illustrious names in connection wi
tions and adventuris will over l»e associated with the historv of North America; l)ut
pl<
the briefest tiulline of their Iravids would have carried th«
y
narrative far beyoml
I the limits
of this paper. The writer's object, especially in the secuiul part of the paper, has been to
place side by side the several complete journeys whidi have been made overland between
the waters of tlie two oceans, lie ventures to aliirm that few' more important eveius
are recorded in our historv than the lirst and last nf tin
.1"^
irnevs, between which then
is an interval of m-arly a century
* fn the roll of famous travellers there is no grander figure than the intrepid Scotchman
who was the lirst to ,.ros.> the cotuineiit north of llf (.iull nf Mexico. Can then.' be a
more lifting subj-'cl for an historical paintiiiii' for the National Gallery of the Dominion,
than the iuddeut of his mixing some vermilion with nielti'd urease, aiul ins( ribing on
the face of the rock on which he had sl'pt his lirst slee)> by the shore.-, of the Pacilic,
this brief memorial : " Alexaiuler Mackenzie, from Canada by land, the twenty-second
of July, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three " !
E(jually appropriate for a painting to liaiig by its sid", is the scene al I'raiuel-
lachie on the morniin;- of Novt mber Yth, i.'-'8'>, when Sir Donald Smith, spike hamun-r in
hand, is iriving the last blow lo linish the work of the railway. It marked the close
of a long series of ''vents iiiterwoven with the annals of the northern portion of the
continent. Can we doubt that the future historian will rcL-ard the occurrence, as a turning
p'.'int in the history of the Dominion, as tlie beginning of a new page in the life and
destiny of the Kriti.-h colonial i;mpire '
^
I
70*
60*
60*
40'
30'
SO'
w
T^*
-it
Trans. R. S. C, 1889.
140*
140*
130* 120* 110* 100* '
Map of North America, on Mcrcator's projection, to illustrate "
Sec. II, riatel.
60" West
70*
^^S^JoTinM
N T I C
N
100
60° West
ojcction, to illustrate " Expeditk ns to the Pacific," by Sandford Fleming.
60°
60°
40°
30°
20*
SKrrioN III, 18H9.
yy
Thanh. Roy. Soc. Canapa.
Ml
,1 t'inlih III ill /'o/illfdl •S'l'liri.
IJV S.\Xl>l"i;U Fi.EMI.Mi,
U.M.I M.iv >, 18?!l.)
r propo.M' lu dir.'ii alti'iition lo ;i .■?< i-'iiiili. i[U
civil jrovcrimn'iit whit li appi'ars to
cuiniiis tiiir..>lv>'d
a .-?. i-'iiiili.- ([uc^ii.>a willtiii lli.' duiiiiiiii nl' politi.'s or
iiu' to lir ul ".I'.-M.'ral iiiti'i'i'-t It presents n prold.iii
1 1
whii'h up to the i>n'Miit tiiiif it'Uiniiis tiii-.>lv>'d.
Thi.' instil iitioii of Pavliaun'iit, a> w.' all kiiuw, is olain icnl dai.-. In iMii^hind a i>('n('nil
a.ss.Miibly or .•oiiiuil oi' ih.' ualimi lias bocn lidd iinnicmorially under wiriou.s uaini'>.
Hi'l'ori' till' CoiKiuest throe dt^imiations \v<mv at variout* times a.ssii^iied to it : —
1. Myeel Syiioth. or 'jreat >yiiod.
■2. Myeel (_t« mot. or irreat eouucil.
3. Witonau'einot, or eouueil oi' the \vi
men.
The name of '• Farliann'iif " was not liiv.'ii to the National t'ouneil in I'hidand until
alter the Conque.st, when the Freueh lan^uaiiv was ex. lusively us.'d by tin' dominant
class, and Fren.li became the otiicial huiiruai-v of the Enulish nation.
Parliament has ••ivatly .liaii-.'d .-in. e its early dayx It has ^rrowu and developed
IVom century lo c.'ntury. and it may !).■ >aid to b.' >till in a condition of L;rowth and
development.
"Whatever may hav.' bfcn the ■ hara.ter ,>i' the meelin^-.s of the wis.' men b.-lbr.- th.'
Conquest, or of th.' I'arliam.-nt- wiii.li followed, the central idea of Parliameut at th--
pre.seut day, is an assembly of individuals representing the whole nati..n. The functions
of Parliament are lo act on behalf of the nation as ih.- supr.'in." authority, and— r.>preseutin<:'
the nation— it possesses ev.'ry power and every rii,'hl and every attribute which the nation
possesses. The fuiulamental id.a and -uidin- prin.iple of Parliament is. that it eml)races
all the separate parts which compose the realm, that in ia.M it is the nation in ess.-n. .•.
This is the theoretical and prop.-r idea of Parliament, but it .annot b.' alhrm.'d that
the ideal Parliament has evr y.t l)eeu reali/.'d. Indeed it may !..• held that the means
taken to constitute Parliam.'iit cannot, in th.' natuiv .1 thin-s, result in produoing a
national assembly in win. h .v.-ry individual elector may be fairly r.'present.'d and his
voice heard. As a matter of fa.t, und-r th.- .'xistinu' system, it is not i)ra.ticabl.' to have
in the .dectiv.' hous.- every part of the nation represented : some parts must necessarily
remain unri'preseiiled.
Sueh being the .as.', th.' problem which s.ieu.-e may b.' asked to solv.', is simply
this : lo devhr the mnu,^ offoiming an ehdivv ussemhly vhlvh /rni.ticalh/ os well as llmmtwalh,
will be the nation in essence.
See. III. 18»ll. •^.
34
SAMM'OKli I'M.MlNii ON
\\ht\l is roiiimniily kiioWM ii> ih<- ■ Govfrmiifiil '" or th<' " Admiuistrntioii," and how
it iii;iv In- i'tii.-<titul''<l I'Tiii II" i»;iri nl tin- iHDhli'in, hut nro m'lmratc (lUfslions whiili I
do iidl piiijiOM' tn di-.,u». I iiur«'ly Miltmil a> ;i ;>iU''nil |>riiii ipli', tlmt tln' (invrruim-iit
lUiiy 1)1' lOM.sidfn'd ill llicliu;lil ol' a • i>iiiiiiitlfc ol' railiaiin'iit. urcxriuiivc cnuuiil (orany
into cU'ci I til.' uiIm ami icNululioiis ol' rarliaiipin and adiaiiiihltr alliiirs to l!n' approval
olTarliaiui'iit.
Nations dill'<i in tin-ir NOiial and i)uliiiral riiriiinNtaiucH. lull in all IVi'i' fouutrii's, at
least, il !■» irciii'ially Pi'ojjniscd thai ili>' » l<'.tivi' a>>i'iiildy is orilic lirst importauci'. Tli<'
nibly, is that iho wiinlc p.'oi)lt' or sindi ol'the people as ai'«' duly
11
iforv ol
Ih
(' t'lcciive asH»'
quailtii d to \u|.' »liall he i(pially r«'pr
sell
ti'd II raniioi 1)
lid that hitherto thi>
ohjeit has hei-n eveii api>roxiinateiy attained. ll.> attaimiieni may indeed he iiiipraetieahle,
lull the ([iiestion is ul' so Miiiih iinpoitaiiee liiat it eaiiuot he unworthy (d' L^ravf consi-
deration. May we lint ask il' it he possilde t.> devise some means, hy wliieh the whole
1 may h" Itnuiiihi lo a niitral pniiii. tn a t'oeiis so to K|)eak, iu a deli-
re. iin
people ol' th.
heralive assemhly or I'arlianieiii
Tl
le niiesiiun ol' eliM'tins? rejire.M'Htative
to sit ill rariianient has received tin
atleiilinii of niniiv
politi
eal writers ami ha> likewise heen iiivi'stiifated at leiiirlh b\
many celehratcd Lieometer-, \\\\< have recorded their dissent Iroiii the practice I'ollowed.
Und«'r tin present system, inembers are iderled by a part of the community only, while
their • le, tion is opposed by aimther pari. It i- (|uite true tlmt the intention is to have the
111
iijonly I'l ilie pi tp]>l. represi'iiieil. l.ni rvn this is nor a necessary result ol'the existi
system; iiicreover it does not follow that tiie majority of members returned will hold the
))itiiuii.> nf til., majoriiy of tli' pi ople on any subject. It may happen and
"■> hai>i)i'n. as a diiert result of the |)re>eni syst.ni, that leiii.slative power is
\ iew> a
ml
-■C|Ue|llly
linl
in the repre.veiilatix'es i.|' a majority, but in tlii
wl
lo represent ii minority.
Sir .Ii'hii l.ntdiii k liivev an apt illustration o[' this rouii. He supposes a country in
whi' il th.re are l.-joo.oiio elerti.r^ wlm vote with |)arty .1. and 1,000,001) who vote with
party /) Ni'W if the two parties are evenly disiributed over the whole country, it is (dear
that, under I he ordiiiavy system of representation, the weaker jiarty will be utterly
swamjied. To Use n faiiiiliar illu-^tratioii (he remarks) whenever you drop a builcot into
the .^e;i. yon wiU briiiii' up sail Water. In such a ease therefore the 1,000.000 will be
l)rai tiially unrepres.'ii
ted. Hut We must carry the matter a little further. In the House
liii-'d. jet tile majority brins? forward some bill of an advanced character and carry it
wolf) one, i.e. by the votes of members represent inii' SOO.OOO eleetors and iigainst
those rejjr ■seiitiii!.;- 4iiiV"flO. in .^U' h a ease il is ilear tlud the minority in the House would
e lomilry who were left nurepreseiited ; so that
b\ I
lia\e \v
iih liiem also ihe 1.0(10.000 ill th
in faet the measure wmild represent the wishes of only SOO.dOO electors, and would be
oppo;
d bv th
1,400.1100. Thus he points f>ut thai the result of a syste
m
(Tovernmeiit hy majorities, is, on ihe lontrary, to enable a minority of 800,000 lo over-
rul' a majority of 1.4(I0.'hmi."
Tills illustrates only one of the many defects in the present system, but it is quite
hullii ieiit to show that the principle of IJepreseiitative Government whitdi is inherently
good, has not been nalis.-d. It is obvious from the very nature of the system practised
ill electinu' members, iliai, in every Parliament, not the wlude but only a part of the
electors are represented, and that Ihe representatives of a minority may frequently
overrule a majority of the people.
A I't'l.iTKAL l'i;(ii;i.i;.\i.
85
Tiiki' thf pri'stMit ruiliaiiii'iil n| our own Idniiiiiiou. .md m ili.iiiM- ^(l W" Inivc u nm\
in whirh all will :iikiin\vl.<liiv lli;i till' \(liiiiiii>iniii<)n at ilir ipn'.M'iil mniucni is miji-
porti'd by a laiuv wnikinu luaji.iity u. mi'mlicrv At the last (n'li. ml iil.Ttioii (h-b. lH>i7)
thi' total iiiiiiihiT .»r vot.Ts 1)11 III,' li.si.s ill all tin' c i>ii,s|itii.'ii.'i...s uli.-n' .'ont.-Hts took plac-
WttN lt48,;>jr or tliis imiiiliiM' ihr viii..s |.ull,.l Inr <>ii<' paity \vci.' ;lTi •.•']»:.' ami 1mi ih,.
otluT ;154,71J. Thai i> t<> say, ■'!'.• i>fr ■ I'lil, oi'iln" \vli(»li' icpri'Ki'iil.'. one parly, and :i7 per
colli, the olhiT i)arty ill i'arliaiii.'iil. A- lln- n'prrv,.|itiilivfs of ih.' ;i7 per cent, arc
Nwuinpi'd ill I'arliaiiicnl and ar" in no way r.Tdnni^.'d in ilic administration of all'airs. it
idllow's tiiat .')!• pt'r ix'iit. of lli.' .'li'dors iliroiiLili llicir riiir.'M'iilaIn !•> liavr (oiiiplfU-
rontrol, and tlic r.'m.iinini;- 01 jn'r .fui liavr praitioally no voi'O in Ihf goviTnm.'iil of
till! (i)Uiilry. Moii'ovcr, as ilic cliTlioii ^>r nr'tnlurs n-pn'st'iiliii!; tin' :!'.' pi'r ri'iit. ol votes
was in every iiistanre opposed by tli.- voler> wiio numhrr .;7 per lent ol ih.' whole, it
iollows that on all (Hie>tions settled oiivni.t p;iriv lim'N, I'arliaiiiein speaks and aeis in
its deeisioiis by the members who represent but i wo per eent. of the wlnde body of electors.
TluM is not an aeeideiital bill a common ami. indeed, a in'ces^ary result, ol' the present
system, which must continue so loiiii as we lullow the ordinary method of eli'ciing
mombers to sit in Parliament.
Tlu^ question presented is this : Istlpre any means whatever l>y which a national
assembly can be formeil iippro\inialiiie- uiore « losely to the ideal rarliaiiieiit .'
Let us beiiin tile in(|uiry by assuiniiiu' thai the (dectorate coiisi.sts of only I wo electors,
that they are etjual in all respei'ts, in atnlity, in integrity, in worldly ni'-aiis, in i)ublic
spirit; that tluy have each eijual ilaim> and eijuai desires to ail as represent. itives, and
thai eaih is eijually willimr to be represented th • one by the other
Under sill h c ireuui-tanees what course would be follow ed by the two to settle the
qiiL'stioir:' Woubl iioi the natural method b.' to cast lots.' Assuniinu' ihattlie two
tdcotors were left to their own resoun es, removed from all outside inlliieiirrs. would
not this be the only rational means by which they < ould make a choiee '
There are doubtless some luimls w ho would have an innate feeliim' auMinsi resorliny
to such a practice : the casting of lots beiim- more or l^'ss associated with dice-playing,
lotteries and games of < haiice, to whi( h objections av" iakeii on uood and sulli( lent
grounds: hut in the case iireseiited there remains no way cd' leachiim a dei isioii except
by lot. What other course could be followed ' \ contest would not nn'iid matters; a
trial of physical strength and enduiam e would bi- at on, e futile and indeieiisible. If the
object be to turn the two into a siniiie represenlalu e unit, unanimity is essential, and
while in agreeing in nothiim- else they could aurce in ra.sliiiL:' lots. Is the principle of
settlement by castinu' lots in itself ol)jectioiial)le .' Was it nc,i considered wise and good
in ancient times.' And would it not be ecjually good to-day .' It is (>erlaiiily a time-
honored usage for deteriuininn- diliieiilt (iiiesi ions, and is exemplilied in many passages
in Holy Scripture; indeed tli»' uiiilonii voice of Si ripluiv iroes to show that decisions
thus obtained are not only wholly unobjectionable in th.iuselves, but that they were
considered to liav<! been overruled and directed by spe.ial providential interposition.
I shall cite but one example, the .sidedioii <A' an aposth- to tak.' i he place of Judas
Iscariot. An account of this election by casting lots is i^nveii in ihe "Acts of the Aiiostles,"
Chap. I, verses 15-2t). It is stated that aliout a hundr.'d and twenty persons were called
upon to select one of their number. They proceeded with deliberate wisdom to follow a
36
ANhl'ORlt ri,KMIN(; OX
lire ivuiiiili'cl l)v iln-iii .IS w III. Mil- of oln.iiiiiiiL; lln' diviu'' iiiiiul. Tln'V dftfrmiiu'd l)\
,hi(h :
lot U'hti sliontil 1m> till' tW'U'lh apuslli'. ;iii'l ihii-; ilu'v iiind.' a si'lcctnin |i. \v
I', ilul
:lrc|lllr», .•Ih •• \\:i- HlMIl llUOU-l V LTIV"'!!
I lia\.- a.<suiU''<i a i-.[<f 1)1' lu'i) ••!•- Uir^. ainl i>oiiiIi'il niil lli.' rui
irsi' wiiii li iiiiiilii !)<■
lip|li)\vi>(I — iiidfid. till- iiiilv r.itidiial « oiirM- whi'li < (,uM Ix' lidldWrd. If tin' primipli- laid
'lowii l)c siiuiul. c oiild it iiul !>(• app'ird in iptln-r
•t us assiuin' tliai
Ih.
I'lOC-
Inialc rOIl>l)'
isls <il Iw.'iilv v.it.-rs. v\ liat rduM }„■ doiK in tlii> «asi' .' If individual voiors ii
lip ilivioiatc w.'ir 'tpial ill all n-spi'i is. as in i\i>- lir-t < asi' rid'crrt'd to, the (jnrstion would
111' a \«'ry siiiipK' oii« . as it iniirht In- s('tlli'«l i>y > a-inm' lots lor one of Ihf Iwi'iity r<iually
'•liailtli' pirsoiis II may In- lak«»n for ^ant<'d tlmi iiiidir lli.' < ircuiiislainis no oif would
c'lijrci lo maki' till' si'liM iimi in ijiis way. a- ln'iiiij ilo- siinpk'st iuid Ih'sI modi' of
makiiiif a rlioiro It wonUl icinovt' antauonism and piomoit' unaiiiinily ; and, liy llic vi'i\
art of rastin;*" lo|s. imi li ■Piic of lip- twfuiy lakinir part ihi'n in would ln' an assmtiiiu'
paiix lo ilii' , lii.li>' mad
M.
n a- w>' o
rdinarilv find tlicin aii , howi'Vrr. not aliko ; t
li'V
dilti'i' mill 1 1 ill liicii' ijiialilii alioiiM. and iliiir opinionv ar<' m t iIh' sai
111' ; wi' nuis
t llnii'i'or,
lulls
idi'i rasi's ill wliiili i<|Vial i-liuriliility ami uniliuiniiy oi mind in lln- wlmlr ..di'riorali
IS not liu' vul
I'iift.
't Us sni)pi>si
ih
am 'Ii:j I !p- I Wi'iii \
tors. Ii\i' viili'is fa\or lli>' < lioii'i' o
.1. aiiothri ii\ 1 /)'. aiiuili-r ('
till- iiiuaiiiilr I) W, sihiuld thus li .V. .1. /,', C n
lai li i'(iiiaily d<'.sir"d and pr«'li'rr<'d an tin- r«'pn's«>nialiv<' of the twenty.
i/l + /)-^r-r-Dl 1 would iliiToror.' In' th'' ri'pii'sintativi' unit of tin' wlioh'. \Vi'
I'annol. liowcvi'r. tak«' mK- (piailir of .1. II <'. and D, and ioml<iin' iIk'si' ijuarltTs -.o as to
folia i.iii' individual. Kui Wi' 'an iidu' •■ tin- four in <>]{,■ \,\ Ihi- piin> iplr of rastiiiii' lots.
I hi'- "I ill. I'our ran In- srl»'i|i-d t>y whiil may li'- ti rm- d llii- ■ Apo.>loli(-" nicthod, and
til'- p'-rsoii •>•■. st'li'iti'd W"uld If T'-i "irnizi'd .i.s ■ hosi'ii l)\ tin' iw.-nlv i-li'itors is tin'
rommoii ri'i»r.si'iitati\ 1- of tin- wlioli-
Si'i>ti'/li,\ Ii-i Us siippo-i- ;i i-ast ill whi. li ilnri- i- ii--s ili\.T.-»ii \ of upiiumi ; two iiroiip-
if li
won
-lor-
nh favor .1. mk- i.Toiip ol li\ i- |
ir.-f.T /
). auolln'r
('. Tin
ti'd nil
Id tlius siaml .1 1 /) ami f and tin- i.'pri'st'iilalivt' unit <d' lln- wlioli- would In'
( 'J .1 4- />-r ' ') t \^ 111 ih- pn-vious i-as.-, this rmiiplix unit would In- i-i'dmililt' i<> a
siiiuli' imiiviiliial liy ■ a»iinir lots, and it is ohvioiis thai tin- prolialiility of tlm loi lulling'
upiiii .1, wiiiild 111' as two to oni'
'rhiiith/. -iippo.-*!' tlin'f a-ronj»> "I livi- I'lcrtors dnsiri' to Im ri-pn'si-ntnil liy .1 and oin-
aioup liy li In this i-asi- w<' should hav>- (.t .|4-/{) 4, as the ii-pn-si-nlalivi- unit: in
.Mdi-i-iiiiL'' oin nt tinm l>y lot. ih>-iv is undouhti'dly a possihiliiy o| tin' h't fallinn- upon />'.
l.ul lln- pioli.dtiliiy of .1 > lii'iuir ihosi-n wnuld ]>•• ilir-'- liiin-s iji-nali-r than lln- prohahility
III /»' - r.iM' Tnii' it may he said iliut tln-n- -Iniuld li- im pns-ihilily of //'s lii-iii!; chost'M
in a ■ oii-iitii"'iii-y wlitT" tlin-t'-fouiths of tin- il.-i ims di'>iri- ,1 Wn must hownver ln'ar
III mind ilnii lIii- primary oliji-i-l is not -xi nun h to hav.- partii iilar m- tions of llm rountrv
as ti" lia\i lin- wlioli- nation, fairly r.-prrs.iii.-d m I arliimcnt If wi- Imik a lilili' lurllicr.
il ui' l.iivi lour . onstitin-ni-ifs pn-" is'-ly Hiniilar to ih • mn- uiidi-r ronsidfration, m-rordinjf
to t In- m.itlninatii III iln-orv of [iroliilnliti.--.. ihi"-i' Would l»n r'-tiinn'd mU of Ihf four,
thrv nn nilii-rs in sympathy wiih .1 mid out' nn-mhi'i- in ^'ynlpalhy with />'. .\train, if wi<
carry tin iiiiiiir -till lurth' r if wi- tiiki' into I'oiiiiiidnriition fVnry one of ihi- loiiwfitucui-ii'M
into whiih lor . oii\ i'ni.'n<-<' tin' wlmli- mtlnni niav In- dividi'd, ii would l»i fiiiind as a
A I'OI.ITK'AF, l'l!< till. I'M.
y?
<1 hv
■ h :i
II tir
llliil
,■!,.,•-
)■- ill
<Mll.i
lllllv
ail.l
riiiM-iil result that the r.'pn'si'iitaliv.'s ivtuniid to sji in 1'
'pi'i'scut tlir luitiuii and lair!
;niia;iifiit W'lukl •ciHi'iiivcly
\ I'lufiudy ih,. ri'iiMiu coiitunuHl iii ilir w holo i ouuinuiily
Tlicn.' is Olio iH'diliarity ol' 'Aw sysli'iu Miijuvftted whirli may In- iiuiirfd ; in -vrry .M>f
tin- .'l.'clioii of a ivpros-nlativ.' woulil he ,.|r,vt •(! (Ldih-iatfly and without .-..nlliri. 1:
wouKl he aicoiiiplishrd ill lart w ill uiiaiiinious a>s 'in I'^irli in.lividual v^i.-r WiMild
ooiilril)iil,' towards a rouunou r.'sili— ;i result which would ]><■ remdiod on priii. iples
equally just and I'air to all, and thu^ loiiiiiiaiid li-.-iieral a. ([ui
I'se.'ie,
These nsiills are altaiiialil>' oiilv hv liriiiLiiiiy- to In
ar. oil matters ol <!iiiu»l or di
illi-
uliy, th' priiii
ip
'III.
mill a('opied h\ llie Apnsll''s That |iriii. i|i|i' i aiiiiol h
)l)jeete(l to on .s.deiitiiie <;i..uml,-. iiid iho-.. ulio liol.l the I.eliel ilial iiiuiiMaim all'iirs ar-
liver-ruled and direeled. slmuld lia\e no dilli.uli v in
•jiliiiU' 11 as a means ol' pronioliiu
haruiony and advaiieinu;- ilie c oniinon unod. Th ■ h-liel in a I'lovideme. wli<i laki
eoLi'iiizame (d' lli'' all'aii-^ of men. i-. ihr louiidali"n id' all
i-eliLii"ii ; eommunities ilierelor.
the so.ial laiiri. ol whiili is hased on < hrisiiaiiiiy should liae. m. liesiialioii in l.uvinu
iiialli'rs of the hi'Jilie>t mom. iil lo the ailiilianieiil of an iiihiii!<'i v wise Trovidi'm i- rather
Ihaii t(Mhe settleiiieiit of iL'iii with ail ih.ir individual iiii. Tests and sellish vi.'w>. all
Ih.'i
r in'ejudii (
II ih
leir passiiuis, and all lln'ir > rrois of judiiufiil
1 have so far. I'or I |i.' imrpose of 1 he arLiuimiit. assiiiin d liy]iotheiieal .asis , ii remain-
to he eoiisidered how ill.' priiieipl.'v laic! down ma\ h • appli..'.l praeti.ally. Lei us lake
for example the ele. Hon of a sini.;le i.pr -.■iitatr, ■■ in a .•onsiiiueiiev of •J.ook voters II i,-
(h'sirahle in the iir-t ])l.i. ■■ that
aefj Voter 'ir l; I'olll)
\ llIl'I'S ol (
lie mind, should liav.
perfect freedom of ihoiicinlhi' nomiiiaiioii Sujipos.-. in order i-* .e .dminiMiate .-very
shade ol opinion, ii he aiiMini-.d thai each hundred vot.
is ol oil.' w
.IV of lhinkiii<; nani'
the person wlnmi llie\ would w i-li to r.'ineseni them 'I'hi- would sejiaral.' tin' con>li-
tlU'llcy into t\\elit\ 'jToUps ol' votelr. w lio Woulil each Iloinillale w lioin>o\ er th.'y most
favored It do.'s n." ii.'ces-.iriK lollnw iliai ihei' wouLl hiwcnlv .-■"•-:i>ns nominal. •<!
th
III the c<
iiistitueiic\, as two or nioie ^r.'iM^ iiiiii'hi iioiuiiia
U> the
saiiii' person : a circiim-
siaiice which would iin'iease the pi'oh il»ilil\ of his Nelection exactly in proportion to the
iiumher of uKiuiis 111 ikini; him their n'Muiii'i- ( >ii th" Iwciily iioiniiialioiis liejnir mad..,
the lleXl >t.'p Wculil he |o!' the per~"n,> liolllinaled |o pio.eed. oil I hi' pnililples aho\e si'l
forlh. to sel(.ct olle of them>el\ es.
Ifunahleto make an «iiiani:.ii);,,- hoi.e. ihey mii.'-hl. asm th>' c.ise of the iweuty
eji'ilors . hoosiii"' a represeutali\ ■. sort lliemselve- iiilo smaller urtciips and. Ii\' ilie
iipl)liealion o\' ill.' [niiiciphs .',i joiiii, ])ro. .'.'d lo ledn..' ilc nundp.'r ol vmiiii. uniis. and
liiniiiy, hy ihe ajio>lolic metli..d. d.i.imine ih.- selection cd' one person. The person so
cllOSen would he Inid to lie ihe . omilMII choice of tile wlnde -J. 00(1 |., rr. present ill.'
'iislilneiicy in Parliam-'iil
In il
le earivmii' olll of .-.ucli a sv
stem, lIl.T.' would
as in e\.rv svsiein. a numitei
of poNisihh' colli intrelicies lor win h provision would lla\e t.i he ma(h' ; these I have no!
deemed it neeessar, at iir'seiil to ciit.'r iiilo. My ohjeci liu.s lieeii hrieily to suyu'eMl
leailiiur prtiii'ijdes 1>\ wlii. li, as il appears t.. tu", ihe .• iitral idea may he realiz.-d If
llie |irincipleN Milnniiled he >.ouiid 1 v.'iiiure tr, ilnnk iha ii is not inipra. li.'ahle to
ilevise proper ina.hiiiers i.. elect repn s.'inatives w li" when hroutfhl into one deliheralive
V;alherin;j|-. would, -o far as such a ihiiitf is possihle, he a iii-d)ieniaf n al eonceiilralioii of
the whole ide. iiiral liodv — would in fa^ t .oiisiitni. an aHMemhIy which would clo-. !y
approximiiU' '• 'ht> idiiil rurliameut.
38
AM'I-'M.'H FI,!MIN<i (iV
K' ■li'i-riiiii 10 tin- pri'scii) svst^'ui ;tii luiinriir wriior ;isks : '■ Is (TOVi'rnuicui only pos-
hibk' bv Uk' roiiriii i "T opp-'i.'-iii!.' priiu'ipl
'ill'' raiiiiliiir I'xprcssioi
' irovormii<iii
)t' thf pt'opli- In iii>- jMupli'" .aiuiol 1)1' Ifltl to lUiMii ii!)Vfi iiiii'iii ol' llic wliolt' Iry a purt
(ir
by 1 1
oi'a will
)•• (■
iHi.i
losiii'' part!
Ii imisi be dbvinus ihi' iiiiili'd I'tK'rirv aii<l wisdom
.1
■ail muv !n' lulls iv:iiiZ''<l, win
h.
'11 til
1 Mipi'i'Ul
piiwrr is vcsU'd tn :i I'.uliiiini'nt «iiost>u by tin' whnlc pidpl". aiul I'iiirly n'pi'i'si'Uliii'^' tlii
wlioli' i>r()pl('. Tliih JN tln" ji'i'iit probU'in \'<>v .si'liitinn and il is maiiil'i'sl that il' ^urli :
I'aiiianKUt i.> ovt-r tr, }/,■ . nnsti^-it.d. tb' H'-opb'. in . lutnyinir mcinl>i'rs to rcprisrnt ih
I'lii,
must in sonic wa.
and in coiii-ord
il' it )<•• oil" lit ill'' iir;
ini'.-iiiii'd ill ihf Uiitioiiiil
i:i
.1! ll.'-Vi-
i! auiii'ii
Mil -stall"!! ami .■unlli't, !)iii in roU'i-M
W
■ A-A \'^ Il
!■• Ill'
lavc no liu'L"' niiiU'vilics b
■ft im
ic
sclHiii! to S'.'i
•k lor
sonic means ol
•unii"
th
>(• .■(.'ipt'rafinn
I il.' wli<»U' ho<lv ol th'
III I.
I I'arlisiii
' to's III til ■ t'b'i'tioii of mi'miii'v.'
iiain I his V -itif it i- .(iM-ioufly I'Xpdiciit ii
.dopi
11 sy.-t'iii uui'h ni'i i'ssaril\ ■-iot'^ nn; UfVi-lop atiim^i^iUv ur provok" hostility: tin
iiii (•lumld be to promole }iii'Mdliu«'s» aaai^ a^irci'UK'irt in -.x nialti-r whu-h ion
<<!!1H ail
diivi
Il '-MMiiHt 1<M. di ni.'d flmi *h<' whole i'i»ainiuiiity iw roncci-d^'d in havini,' in I'arlia-
ii>«bMiiii-iuiiiiii!i'd iiiiii 1)1' good tMiwraoii sciwi- and
fi'|iri->.'iiiina tbi' iiior, .'nliiihtcnHd idi'.-foral raiiiid Bv el**' tinij-
>'- •11 ".'iplo laid <b>\vH, th' St' di-sirafiK' objc i^ w, .nld uudovibt^'dlv
■it':i>ni' uii'd ; "vrv *i.>p would I'l' d.-iibcralcly taken. IVi-. IVnm th.'
i hwvti'd li'i'lins win ; ■
•■ • > iii'iiily ai'iinipaiiy ordinary ''l-'ftioii^ In
w-'iibi li" a 1. '.d'li'y to ii'iiiru mily fii" ln'st iiiiu
thai a (iitididat'' must lie a person icsperted and
rl''l !v a hiiiidred vdcriors It is pr.'sumalii" that no iiuiidred el-'itors oi' niiy class
iild didibt>ndid\ piii l.rward ;>. Itas.' or unworthy or even an ini'erior
■•\ iir-i -I'll II I-
I)', i'lii
lliat tiii'V W.illld ' hn^i-e one iif ih'
-t iiitelli'«enl
:isi :i i:ii'.-i
•a~i ;. pui.ttil.^ aiii'.iiia'-l tiii'in as their representative in tiie eundidaluri
\.
ill..-
' jei |i)|> ol
I Woul'l
I'le. led l»V till
'!
lUl ariiuiLri
them'
selves
inb
I irroups ol o!
le imiidred, and
III who on his merits as n liti/eu would iri'ditabiv
iiie'ii'i''!
h 1 1 1 1 >
liiiiii
Is w.iuiu loliovv the suiii'
Ir to their lavor. In their turn,
rse, jsideeiilllt' H'eUerallv tile
11)11
le worthiest and wisest 111.11 until the (iiiai
,1 to r(»pr.'--ii' I lie eon-'tituen. V iti I'ariianieni
I'llOli
was rea.hcd and a mi'ml)ei
thai l!
M :i -\ -l.'lii
■uuid 1)1' pill ill I'ori
th'' leiideiliV
W'.Ulii
upuaidft Iniui lii>i I') la.-t. .Hill lliut tlierc w.uij.l li'-ihawii to Ilii- b'fjisbiture
■ ''iiiilished siiil.'Miii'Ti. 111.11 .■ndow.'d with wisdom and patriotism, pra. tieal know-
Hid exp. ri''iii.' Th.' ini'vitiible .'Hi'.t \v..uhl b. i.. allav tin' spirit of ra.tion and
litioul rauioiir in a iii'.h r.Jea'r.'.' than un.l r tiie "nlinarv iii' tliod ot'.'le.tiiiL;
'tieiiii. ; would 1 vithin the pvi ..I I'arliaiti.'iit imn in u'l'ii.'rons
'" th.' whol j..-..;ii.' Thn'< iniu'ht in' . oustitnti'd
M" \\ n 11 ■ part onh
b'it|\- n'hr h :;s ^K •
irilalii'
lint t(. I>. iiiiiv
bl,' \%t)n;4 Ih- .» tru'' i«irror of tin' .•iiliu'hteiieil
\ biinwi. and k» rirtT*.'.'*.
•d. fwTte. I uiiaiiimiiy on all 4}Hit8tions, pt'rhaps on any
! lor and viu?h st'|»ar.\ii' ipiestioii n.tiild have to be settled,
A l'i>Lril< ,\L !'i;(»iU.KM.
39
Illi'Ill
|>;ii-t
I'lli ul
rnac
|i. h M
Ik'iu,
III. !•! I
as it ar()8«>, by ih«' voire of u majority, jl.'iirc ii nuiy !>'• .-iii.l tli:it as I'Vi-rv ijin'.stidu
would in th.' >-nd huvr n. Iir d.-tiTiiiiiU'il l)y ;i untjorily, thr rurliinni'iii as i.ropos.d would
bi' no iniprovcnii'Ut nn ili,. |.r..>,ii|. It will. Imwvii. readily be -seen iliat Here i.^ a wide
ditieren< e liciu.'ei! ,i I'.ii !i;iiu.'iii irpi imih iim till' wliuie piMiplc. decidiuir i|Ui'sii.iu.-. by a
majority oi' lis dwn laeuili.'rs. and i rarliuuient in win. li ;i
any voice. The pidjiosed as.M-inbl\ would uni "luisisi <<\' ,.i. .■ jna. ..i m m.-ii .->.-.ii.^
direet, opposition !<> ,■! lnr;;e number ol (h'' peupl,.. but a railianient lormed tlmnmh il
i(»i|)eration and as^eni u| lie wliol • li'pily ul \\t<- ele,|.iis, to promote their eounnon
weliar" : il woiUd ajiprnximatriy ]„■ ;i uii.iordsni, s.. lo speak. >>[' the ii.ilion In au'l
throuu'h this rarliainmi eaeh .md e\ .'ry '
II Hail
ai'l only oi' t 111' elertor- has
men plaeed ill iheir .s'^ais in
le
lor Would li:ivi' an e(|ual
\ol,
III )>llbli<
The proposal is lo sulKlilut- lu ou'.- l'arli:i:u>iiiarv ejeriions the priiieiple oi' . o-
oi>er,ilioii lor lie' priii iple oi .mlai^onism, and i>v ihi'- means to eiioos • represi'Hiative.s,
who when brouLiht toi^eili.r in a deliberative asiseiiibly would n-aliz" the true idi'a of
I'arliaineni ■ il " \Viienaa:einoi or i^rrai ecuiiieil ol' wi.-e men, " i"'presen:in!i' >very part <>1
(he realm, .iiid imbiK-d with the spin! ol lie- whole to art m the nani' I'l the who! ■ and
speak tile v oiee o| ili.' unili'd iialioii
Il sueh a rarli.imeiit l)e an obj.'el t4i be desired; il'it be a rundameiUal priiieiph' iluw
all who bear ih" taxation, slioiUd t^hare in the representation: ii il be the saer^d ri'^jht <>(
every elector to havi' a just and proper representation in Pariiam'-ii! ; then it must be
reeof^nized as a paramount dulv and an obieil worthy of the iuufhi'st ellbrt- I'l thi'
proL'"ressi\i ; N'sman, to iiiol sone' m.-aiis by whii h sU' h a leuislative iiody may be
realized .v i.ipb le solution ot ihe piMidt in. may l>e remote, but, as has been staled,
rarlianieiit is a growth ami developmiiii. ami in all niiitiers into whi' h the prineipb- ot
i^rowtli. ••nl'M'., Ihe eenient 'il line musi aUo .'Hf r Th !|Ui"«tioii vitally eoii'-erns all
tree > oinmiiniiies, and aiiv liaiij>e must in lie nature ol tliiii'/s be pr-'-eded by a deli-
berate and impaitial encjuirv . 1 have veniured to submii a seieiitilie soliuioii: it in ly not
be the best IHealls o| .itlttiuinu' the de-ired ell. I a.'ld 1 olj.-r it with all dillideUec- mel-i'ly at*
a eoiilrilmtiini o- tie- i^'ii' ml dis' iission. in lii" hope thai ii ma\ net he wliolly l>arren of
utility 1 ■ innoi biu thiak thai il th'- striitly seieutilie habit of mind b.- broiuiit to bear
on the i)ueNiion. some praetiial method o! solvinu' the problem .vid slowly and suroiy b«
itVoiU-c' Whatever tie' sobuion i tiunib' <iiiiiK liiat ii must be ba«ed on prineiplev
whicfa will not »»• '"'t the eonHi'-i^.md e„nteHr«tii>Uh wbieh r-sull iVom pidiii'al aeiivity
iind**r she ],:•■•.• .\ syslem
It is hei.: hv the mo>' .'111110 ni [f.iiti ,.i .'. (in-.inisi- ih.ii Itv . o..pi'raliiitr, t wo men
will do lucne wrk iiid ilo it lH-ii.-r than lour iu.-'j or iour times lour mi-n aitini,- in
ojiposilion. Is iioi ihe rub- ol unn. rs«i applieuii.^ ' Vnn ih-r.' h.' ■ .op.'raiion wilhoul
harmony ' <'iin thei. be autai£..Mi->m vvilbout dis.«r<l .' And ar<' no! di.seord ami harmony
III the Mat.' liken 'd uni-Mliseis. jiid le aith in '-h.' human bodv ' Thi:^ mu. h will lie
etai. i'ded : th.- < hronie lemls b.iw-n iribes aii'! - ■ ^ whi- h ehara. teri/ed th. hi.story .d'
the hmnan liuuih m .1 less advaii.ed siaar«- i li/alioii im ionu^.-r esisi War is
nnniil'eHtly iioi ih- normal .ondiiion ■• -"lety in omt lime Is ii noi th'Telor-an amiehron-
iNin to i>erp.'tual.' hoslililv in the inl.rmd allaiis -I a naiioii ' Is il not in the hiir!i">i
inliTeBts of the stilt' thai -aeh ni.-mh"r "I th" .'omntunily, in every mutter which oijcths
hiiu us a citizen, hhould have the luliest oi>porlunity of iioliiiij np'to th.- iiijun.li.m ' Live
m
40
FLIIMINi; (»N A roLlTlCAL IMJOISLllM.
peaceably with all men '" If the asre of l>elIigfroucy has passed away, is it not ciniuently
lit and pioper that \v<- should seek for the icinoviil of the last ve.sti^ess of a helligi'ient
u<i>' w hieii htill ri'iuaiii in our politieal sy.-ti-iii .■"
>
■ntly
'10 III