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Ill iiiiisiuincr (il'iit'tiii a piililiir mccliiifj; wan liolil at 1.30 o'clock, on 'I'licsdn^', in tlio Railway Coniiniltco liooni, ami lli,s I'lscclleiicy llic (iovcriior-(iciioral was iilca.soil to oiciiiiy lln^ chair as llonoi'aiy I'i'osidoiil. Tlio I'roNidciit 111' llic Society, Mr. S.vni'I'ipud I''i.km!V(i, I'lcn iJolivoicHl tlic I'ollowiiiiC ail'IrouM: — May it pi.k.vsk voiit Mm-ki.i.enov. — It is my ayrcoablc duty nn l»'|i:ill "f lliis Socioly to i.ircr you our uiiili'i thaiiUs for ac(( pliiii,'- to day (hi' iio>.ilioii ol Honorary I'l'c.-idoiil. It is csiicciaily my (luiy rc^iicill'ulU' lo thank your Ivxcolicncy for ))rcsidin^ a( I'lis meeting on the o|)ening' day of Uio prosont session. I'iie Knyal Society of Canada siiu'eilft eslaldi.sliment, has cnjoyeil the IVicndship .'iMd eoiintenaneo of eadi successive rfovornor-t Jenoi'al. W'l- have i!;real .saiisliielion in knowini;' that your I'l.KeiUency, takes an interest in our proceedings as your prcdoeessoi's have doi In fulliilini; tlie duties of my oftiie, it would, under ordinary circums'Mnee.s, lie my hii;h privilege lo address the Annu.-d Meeting ut sonic length. On this oceasion I have the distinguished honor to speak liy ))ormission of your Excellency. Kkm.ows ok thk Eoyai- Society: — At the (dosing meeting of hist year 1 was impelled by a sense of duty to addi'ctis you on thi' siiliject of lluMhoice of President. Sensible of my own deticiencie.s in many le.spects in rogai'd to those ([ualitieations whicdi the President of this .Society should jxissess, I desired to relieve my fellow-members from any enibari'assmcnt which might arise from observance of IIh^ rule followed on jirevious oecasinus. I do not feel myself called u])on to repeat the opinions 1 then expressed and which 1 still hold. They are recorded in my letter of ifay :ilsl. 1S88, which appears in the last volume of the Proceedings. The views I submitted were overruled, and it con- HCiiuontly becami- my duty lo how to ynur decision. 1 can, therefore, only renew my sincere thanks to my fellow-members who saw tit to place me in this exalted position. In addressing the Society on the opening of the eiglith session, a primary duty exacts my atten- tion. We cannot refer to the original list of eighty members, nor can we examine, even in a cursory manntsr, our publisheii proceedings, without observing how many of oui- body, by their labors and the distinctions they have gained, have justified their apjiointmcnt as Fellows by the founder ot' the association on its establishment. I feel warranted in saying that we all feel giatitied by the knowledge, that not a few of our Fellows have distinguished themselves in their several walks of life, and that the services of a number have gained public recognition. Among the latter F point with unalloyed satisfaction to those who have obtained positions of importance in the Departments of State to those on whom have been conferred honoiary academical degrees; to others who liavo received high ecclesiastical jireferment ; and to several who have been directly distinguished by the favor of Her Majesty the Queen. I am sure I oniy express the general feeling, when I say that every member regards those well merited distinctions as honours which reflect upon the whole Society. While reference to the brightei side of the picture can only bo a matter of common satisfaction, on the other hand ii is my sad dutj' to allude to those whose deaths hive lef'. bhinks in our midst. i Allli"iii;li llic W'lii'H iiio low '■ilHi' till' nimu's of llm I'ij^lity i»ii,:, liii\c linii icmidvoiI rnmi our iiiiiK>. Till) liiNl hiiiiu' 111 111' iiildc'i 1(1 llii' li~l is lliiil of I»r. dcdii,'.' I'iixtoii Voiiiii,', liid' I'lol'o^or ol' Mi'lii |ili_>>icH mill Ml Hill l'liiiiisii|iliy in Turniito I 'iiivci --ily, who jms liioil siin'iioiir laxl iiu'i'lin^. \)\: Yoiiiii; was a mail iMiiiiK'iil lof lii.-. vaiicil allaiiiiiU'iiN, a mallu'iiialiciaii of no coiiiinon iiidor, (lisliiii;iii'.li<'il liv iiioliiiiiid siliolarsiiip aiiil as a --iiui'ii' and lainol sei>kri' alliT Iriilli. 11, Calls lo my In! lo iioiioiiii the wul duty of ri'cordiiii; lii> los> and to pay my hiiiiililo liilmlc of icsiint to Irs mcnioiy. It i-. only noi i'.^,-ai\' to point lo llu' six volmncs of piiiiji^hi'd l'foci'i'dini,'H in ordur m piovo thai hiiLC the liirmalioii of the Society its mvinlieis jiave not iiccn iiiimindfiii nl (heir olilij^atioiiH, and thai in noway have they failed lo attain a faif nu'asiirc of siii'ce>M. TIk^ volumes di.slrilmled amoiii,' lln principal learned sotioties, librarie:' and odiieational inslitiilions Ihroiiuhoiil llie civili/.ed wmld liavi liecii aci'Opted us ovideneo of the iiitelleetiml ndvaiiconiont of the I)oniinioii, and it is Hatisfaclnry to olitain ti'stiiiKiny from many c|uarters that the jjooil faino of Canada has thus heoii widely extended. Jfy di^tiiiifuislicd ]ircdecessoi's in the oHice I liuvo the honor to hold have referred in Honio detail to the olijeets of llu- Itoyal Society and the position it is destined to occn])}- n Iho Dotniiiioii, They have reviewed lucidly and at leiiLClli the intillccliial aclivily which has eliaraeteri/.ed the inveslij^a- lions of lilcrarv and scienlilic. men lliroiiichoiit the world in I'ecenI yeais, and they liavo dwell upon till' researches ot' our own niemliers as lliey have Ijcen sulimitli'ii at our Annual Meetin'^s. II would in no way he prolilalile if I atlcnipted to pa-s over the same i^roiiiid as the} Iiii,^ done; I could not hope lo glean mu'li of any real value, nor could I cx|iect lo add anylhini; ol interest to those learned exjiositions which have lieen submiltod to you. I trust, I may count upon your indul(j;oiico if 1 a-lc you kindly to grant your attcnlior, to my liumlilo oil'ortH in another direction. There is one suliject in connoetion with our Society which, I coiisider.s may with propriety ho exumii\ed. It Im one of wide ramilieations, and I muy fail to a lai'gt extent in the investigation which 1 ]Mirposo to attempt. All enquiry, however, is conducive to truth, especially when honestly made. I trust, therefore, that my examination of the ipiotion, however imjiorfoct, will not be out of uccord with the spirit that should animate us. if T should he so fortunate as to succeed in awakening the attention of my fellow-memhers to the subject, particularly tlio.'^e of the Historical Sections, I shall be greatly gratified ; of this much 1 feel contidont, that the topic I propose to bring bcforo you, catinol bo wholly barren of inlorest to us as Canadians. III opening the volumes of our Proceedings, the reader in any part of the world mUf-t bo struck with one jieculjaiily manifest in ihcir pages: I refer to the uso of two languages. The division ol the Society into h'rencli and I'",ngli^h Sections cannol but arrest attention, so that the (piery naturally arises, AV'ho, elhnologically, are the French and who the I'liiglish? Whence arose th'isr peojiles thus represented? llow came they to assume a ]Hi>itioii so distinclively traceable not only in this Society but in this counliy? 1 hope that 1 shall not bo ciiusidcrcd a tres])asser in entering into this liolil of research, and in at tempting an eiKjuiry which does not appertain to tho Section with which I am directly connected. I have to ask the forbearance of those to whom the historical facts 1 may allude to are familiar, although perhaps not .so well known to the ordinary reader. Equally 1 solicit tho consideration ol members of Sections I and II, if I allach, what may seem to them, undiio importance to certain records and traditions of history which have attracted my notice; and 1 ask each of my fellow- niemlicr.s kindly to overlook any imperfections a)ipai'enl in my argument. We cannoi liiil to be aware that at no remote period in the woi'ld's annals the names of Franco and England had no place on the ma]) of Fiirojie. It is not necessary to revert to the geological period, when l'",uiope and iho J'ritish Islands were geogiaiihically connected to form one land. Thci'c wa.s a time long after the lir>t written memorials of histoi-y when the peoples whom we call F'leiich and I'^iiglish were unknown among the races of mankind. Writers agree Ihatat one time (iaul and Britain were iiihabilcd by tribes of a common origin. On e.-ccellent authority it is held that " in the exteii 41 Socioly Wfi-i' II iiiir niMl()r dl' Mfiii hr. \'iMiii:; ili^liiii;iiisli('i| >i Id |iui fi)riii III |iriivi' iliiii IIIH, illlll llllll 'I iiiiiiiiii^ till' I wiiilil Imvi' itislMridry III \y cxIoikIimI. siiiiio ilolail iiiim. Tlioy ho iiivcslifTii. I dwell upoii IS ilii'3 Lii,^ iiiylliiMi,' of V count upon lor direction, proiiricly lie L,':ilion which iienlly inaile. )ut of accord i^alioninL; tlio 'lions, I Hhall L) j'ou, cannot u.st Lo .struck ilion, so thai VliuiKc arose trucoablo not carch, and in ly connected, arc fatniliar, sidcralion ol •c to certain f my I'ellow- L's of France lyicai period, Tlicre was Fiench and I and JJritain in the oxten siv(f region of the Alps, in ijio Soiiiji of France and in Spain and Porlii^'al, iicrc siirvivcH in llic nanu's of slicaiiis and headlands and iMniintaln passcrt, iiii|)c'rislialile (^\ idt'iici' ihal in liic far oil past" Cells who -.pnN,' (iaelic occuiiicd llial porljon nf Miiropc. "'rilere is iiiiii li in tin' topoj^'iaphy of llriilany lo sir-Ui'M the theory that Cells who -poke the lani;imue now iieanl in the Iliirlilaiids of Seolland nave till! iianie> which Ihe livers and liendlanils ami island- of liiilliiny still hear." In the south of I'inulaiid we have ihe same evidence-. The noinelieialir e "I the lo|ioj,'i'aphy of l)evonshiro and Corn- wall is held to lie fundamentally fiaeiie. In this pari of Itntiiiii once ifiiown hy the name " I'limnonia," also in .\rmorica, now Uiitlaiiy. liaelie appears lo have heen sueeeedud liy another tJoltie idiom resembliii:; tlie Welsh. This laiiiiiiage was in use in Dumnonia until the close of the lant century. The lan/^iia^^e of the Celt is still spoken in Wales. It is a livin)< lan{j;uHf;e in Miitiany; so hvlo as 183H it was staled Ity liC flonidec '' that no le-s than two millions of Bretons -poke ihe ('ellic lan^uaj^e of their nidive province." There is abiindaiil evidence that a Celtic jicople occupied IIk! whoh' of l^'ranee and the Ihiti-h 1 -land-, and wi> have in pm lions of these countries to-day as a cominoii vernacular ihe de-ccnd:iiil of the speech of the uniciinani/.ed and iinsa.\oni/,ed Cell — a speeidi which has survived Kiiman, Sa.xon .'ind Hanisli sway loi- many ionj^ centuries. The records and trudiiions which have reached iis cstahlisl, ihiU the Celtic jiiMiples wlii; occupied Wcstein I'luroiie generally were numerous, rich and iirosperous. There c.'in ho no dduhl that ancii'iil (iaid and anciint Hrilain weie inhaliiled hy races identical in Mooil, ai..:, vith but little diilcrence in languaiic. The hinniiat^c ot the Cell is not only ]jrcservcil luit spoken art i lirinj; tonj(uc in Seolland, Ireland, Wale- and Hiitlany. The -evcial dialects to some extent may vary, but ilio language i- in all prohaliility generally the same, a- when it was the vernacular of 'lO eai'lv iiihahitan'- oftiaiil and lii itain. Since the dc"-- \ ;,i>ii Cmil and I'lrilaln were wdmlly Cellie, both counu ir . tiave passed Ihrnugh many vicissilude.s- — vicissitudes which in thcii' leading characterislics Ic'c iieiii remark-able in simi- larity. ' iC lirsl events lo exerci-c a disturbing inlluonce on the pn vailiiu' Cellic oceupalioii, life and cusioni- wi'ri' invasioiis ly the 1,'omans. The liomans were followed by Teutonic tribes froin ihal ])ortioii of lOiii'ope whi(di modern gcogiiiphy describes as tlermany. 'I'be.-e invadeis boldly made Ineiii'sions into the .'idtivaled land-- of llie l!omani/.ed Cells lo bcconie their unsters. In cunr-' of time the Tentiiiis weri' -iiccecded h_\' lioiile- of Scandinavians ti'i'in the shoriM of the llallic, who. in their turn, gained power and jio-session of the soil in both countries. Caul tiist allracted the alleiilion of the Romans a eentuiy and a half liid'ore tlie Christian era. With Ihe view of obtaining additional lands and extending their jiowcr, they sci/od on the territory bordering on the .Mediterranean, and iranslbrmcd it into a lioman Province. It was nut until a century later that Julius Ca'sar completed the coni|uest of Caul. Casar followed up hi- lompiost by the invasion of lirilain, H.C. 55. which bec^ame a IJoman I'rovince under the Kmporor (Jlaudiiis in A.D. 1.'!, and -o remaincil for nearly t'lUi hundred yeai's. The lioman rule prevailed until llu; I'lnipire appriiached it dissoliilion, and in A.l». IKt, the lei;ion- were withdrawn. Britain was then icdeasi t lidiii its allei;iaiice, and about the same time th(^ Aiinorictm Provinces in Caul revolted from .'lO b'omaii yoke. Ciilil this date both eounlriloit> wlii( b were eonlinued lor man}- generations. In France tliese adventurers received the name id' Normans. In l';ngli>h history they are described as Danes. Alike in l-aigland anti in Fi'ance these Scandinavian tribes lirmly ■■stablished themselves in the most attractive parts of the territory invaded. As the victorious l''ranks at an earlier dale, so in Fi'ance the new cniiciucrors unaduidly adopted the language and manners ui' the people they had overpowered. In explanation of tbe comparative rajiidily uith which the coiKpierors became assimilated and absorbed in the gencal population, we liave to remember that the invaders consisted only of men, and that the work of con<(Uest being completed tliey entereil into tbe ordinary pursuits of life; in establishing tiiemselves in tbe territory' tliey formed lies and relationsliips with the naliyo women. They had power in tbeir bands to entoice coni|»lianee, and according to tbe customs of those days, ])0.ssession fidlowed choice, wlien some rite of marriage in accordance with the manners of the northern tribes was performed. That willingness or iinwillingness on tbe ])art of tlit; native womanhood was not ill the character of tbe ti cs, we tind an illustration in the coni'eii;ii cod and ajijjar- ■como extiiHi, loyed, but llie ilions witli till- ago in certain >ns and coldiii 'I'n Hrilain aiirs, tlic turies, Kraiicc me j)artor till' an inijior(aiii ini(il the (ifili i|ds iif Seandi |> tliein. Tlic norable of all In i'Vancr •ed as iMnes. selves in the or date, no in l>io Ihey hail niilated and only oi'nien, s of iilo; in liyo women. those days, tlie noithein womanhood the sie^e ol ding to tlie le inothoi- ol n. ".iehaid two genora- s eharaeter- siii|)8 which rdcd by hit;- dy French )st, wo liav> s Only to consider that as children are I)r(mglil ii|> by their niolhors, and tor the tirst years of their life are conliniially wiih llicni, it is not Kllr|l^i^in!:; that ihoy shunld come to sjieak «inly (heir niotlur tongue. Il'lho tlesci'Milants of the Norliinun in Noi'niandy becanio so typically changcil in two gcnui'ations, it is ubvious liiat (he same intermingiiiii;' of genealogy, continued through succeeding generations, wmild result in tiic l"'ieiicli clement in all rcs|iccts becuniing more and more predominant, until the liue of separation between llie intruding race and ibe poojdc of Ihi! tei'ritory would practically cease to exist. The Norman invasion of J'^i'ance commenced in the nintli century; JJichard the b'earless reigned in the tenth century; by the middle of the eleventh century tlie descendants of the Scandina- vian adventurers had become I"'fonclimcn. Tlicy hail adopted the Christian faith, and lived according to the customs and habits of their maternal ancestors; with scarcely an exception, no language was spoken throughout Normandy but Eomance or Frencli. If, in the middle of the eleventh century, an attempt had been made to dotino the ethnological ditl'eronco between the French and Knglish peoples the general answer must have been that in point of (uigin there was no ditVcrence. Varieties there wore in the component ])arts of each ; even at Iho present day we meet su (ho li'^'ucy of jiio hoL ol't-'oiiiniciors ; in Kiiglaiul oIImt inlluuncort loil toclitt'erenlresultf*, :in'i tlic iiliimi (ifiinotliorsct of (.■omiuorofs iircvailed. This (lilVi'iTin . in hmgun/ic has been continued to the ])rescnt day ; and if other cvie ami real. Before that cen lury came to an end further i'olationshi])s were created to make tliO connection still more intimale. 'i'iio great territorial conquest of William dates from lOtJli, and it has proved the most importani epoch in Knglish history. It is described by English historians as the Norman invasion. It appeai- to me that with greater ],roprie'y and aceiiracy it might be called the French invasion ; not because William himself was the r-on of a daiigliler ol'the soil; not because he was by blood at least livc-si.vtle- I'reiich. and by educatiun and liabit wholly French ; not because every one ol' his ancestors, male aii'l female, for a century and three i|uariers was, wiih one exception, native born; not because Noi' mandy, so lar back as the time of Jiichard the Fearle.-s, great-grandliuher of William, had even then become thoroughly Freneh ; but because the (iO.dOO lollowers of the Conqiiercu- who cros-cd the channel with him, were gathered logcthcr froni a great jiari of the whoh; realm of what is known a- modern ■•'ranee. To insure success, William ottered good p;iy and a share in the spoils to all who should accompanx him. A'uiuerous trains of adventurous spirits poured in to Join his standard. They came all iead\ I'or ihe eoMtlici, not -.imply from Normandy but trom Armorica, now called Hriltany, on the west ; I'rom F'landi.rs on the east, and from Maine, Anjou, I'oitou, and the whole country to Aquitaine oi; the south. To all, such iironuses wore made as shoidd incite them to the entorpri.sc, and thus li. gathered the men oj'all classes from all districts to liirni his army. William was liiilhlhl to his word ; the .subjugation of I'jigland was complete and tiie pooresi M)ldier had his reward. The dominion |ias>ed into the hands of tlu! invader.-^ ; and tiny were Ibllowci by a crowd of advenuiiei's who became ideii tilled with the eoniiuerors and shared in the spoils. In the vi'ars which Ibllowed the invasion the original landowners were slrippcil of their estate-. Universal spoliation was the means employed to rewtu'd the olticers and men who had enlisted undei William s standaicl. The barancs, then nearly allied to Knglish." French became Iho laiiguugo ol °m.. hliigliiiul ullic'i TIiisclillbiTiui' i(, i( miij;lit li' VI' stocks. lllOUgllOlll III! ninuniUcs, In- igst ()ursclvi'>, jxcociliiig it ill t tho liingiiagi' lllO l)(.'0})lcs (i| ielbro that ecu iioi'O iiiliinal"'. uisl impoitaiii n. It aj)i)L'ai> n ; not Ijocaiisi' oast tivo-si.vili^- stois, male iiii'l t because Ndi had oven lliiii lO (.'I'OSMhI tliu lat is known a- mid i'.i.coni[iaiiy janu) all icuiIn ', on llio wo.it , D A(£uil!iino on 0, and Hum lie id tlio poorest f woro lollowc'l lO sjioils. if their oslale-, enlisted midci i\'e domains <>l ;r reeonipensr. Iho booty tliev nianiago nobl- 'hiiH il wiiH Ilia' o condition in lOranie men oi ' and illuslrioiir- passed into the iniiiisteieil thr all the wealth )ko his niothei Ihe language oi Lho languago ol M " the court and tribuiial, llm haroniul castle and Ihe merchant's counting house.'' French became the olBeial language of Jingiand and so remained until a date noaidy thieo centuries after the arrival of tho coii(iU(MOrs, The seven kings who succeeded William on the English throne were French ; the grealei- number of them wore born and brought up in France. The elfect of every political change during Ihe.so reigns wan to bring lo England a fresh nuii>bor of Frciiehmen, and any lands tailing lo the King's disposal were almost invariably granted to his loreign favorites. In the years following the arrival of William it may well be imagined that the tioiccst antagonism existed between lho conqucroi's and the coiKpiercd — antagonism mi iiitense that no one then living could predict tho outcome. In this age we are privileged to lake a calm panoramic view of tho .state of all'airs then exislin;,' and the resulls which have lollouod. Jt would indeed bo ditliciilt to lind in universal histoiy a subjugation ho complrte, a hostility so intense, becoming the ultimate moans of so much national pro.sperity. Ill a remarkable lecture delivered h'st year by Sir William Groves at the Royal Institution, London, ho submitted the proposition that antagonism is not the banaful thing which many consider it ; that it is often tho precursor of good: " that it is a noco.ssily of oxistonco and of tho organism of tho universe as I'ar as we uiiderslaiul it; that motion an and amusements we have anlagnnisni ; that in daily lilc we have class antagnnism, leligi'Mis antagonism, political antagnnism and individual antagonism, and that thon' is more or less antagonism in eviiy c onditioTi of society. Sir William (trovc> lher inlluencos. In 1302, in Iho reign of I'Mward III, a statute was passed ordaining that thereafter all pleas in the courts should be pleaded in tho b'nglisli language. The first billo'tho House of Commons written in the English languago beais dale 1485, but long liefore this the Mnglish language began to gain ground. The French and ilnglish liad commenced to inlerminglo and intorniarr.\, friendships and near relalionships wei'O develo[ieperily and gl'>ry. As the name of •' Knglishman " takes in all natives of tho country, of whatever descent, the descendants of the French invaders became Knglishmen, indeed tho truest of JOnglishmen. Paradoxical as it may appear, it is mainly owing to French influoneos incident to the Conquest that t.he English nation has been moulded to the national character it possesses. It is owing to the introduction of the French element that Englishmen have become what wo now find them. The invaders took tirm r'>)t in England; they engrafted upon the nation the best qimlities of their own natures. Many of the men who from various parts of l-'ranco accompanied Wiyiam, became tlie founders of great English families. For eight centuries their descendants have held a dominant place in the national councils; they have assumed high command on land and sea, and they have been promi- nent in the roll of statesmen who have controlled the ilestinies of the kingdom. William himself left a lasting impress on the monarchy; the dynasty which ho established lias continued through to our own time, although not in the diioct lineage from father to son. Since the death of William in 1087, the blood of tiie French conqueror has flowed in the veins of every monarch of Kngland. In the words of Palgrave. " Magniticent was William's destiny— can we avoid accepting him as the Ibundor of the predominenl l"'mpire now existing in the civilized world ? Nay, the stripes and >tars of the Trans-Atlantic Republic would never have been hoisted, nor the Ganges flow as a British stream, but lor the Norman-gaunt leted hand." The French conquest is without a parallel in histoiy. It is the most momentous ovont which our annals leeord. It humliled ihe nation to tlie last degree, and with other great changes it effected a vast territorial and social revnlution. W hile all this was being accomplished with much pain ami sutl'er- ing tor the time bfing, it must now be recognized that the landing of the Fi'ench and tho settlement of the kingdom by the French, and the ultimate fu-ionofthe conquerors with the coniiuered, was con- ducive of tho greatest possible gouil. The Front n element thus thrown into Kiigland under the ci'xumstances in which it was introduced might bo expected to produce great and lasting etVccts. The ethnological result has been to commingle tho blood of tho two communities, already possessing the nlHnity of ancestry, and to produce a new national Ij'pc. By whatevoi' name it may be known, it is a I''rciicb- English type. The political etl'ecl has been to weld together the component parts tbrming the British nation in so compact a character as to withstand every shock to which it has since been exposed. If after the lap^e of eight hundred years we dispassionately view the effects of the hi>torical event, it is impossible to escape the conviction that the direct influences springing from the C"onquc^t have been of lasting advantage to the world. The genei'al result of tho eiKpiiry into which 1 have been led may be briefly summarized. \Vo may tracj back the i-elalioiis of the two peojiles as they are rei)rosented in this Society to a period long anterior to the ilate when they were first known as French and i'^nglish. We learn that they ppi'ang originally from a great ])iimitivo i-aco which, before the Ohristian era, spread ovei' western I'lurope and tlourished under a half-developetl civilization. In both cases the orignal stock had been modified by foreign influences similar in character, until the eleventh century, when a powerful French element became intermixed with the English jiooplo and jienotrated the highest and lowest grades of society. At that peiiod tho i)Oiti(m of Kurojio which is named France contributed the ruling class and the men to form the British aristocracy. To this day the prominent fiimilios of Kngbmd, with few exceptions, trace to France the foundations of their names, l-'rom French sources have como those who have helped so much to make (Ireat Britain strong and indissoluble. Thus it was that the descendants of ar.ciont Gaul, modified by the Romans, tho Fraid^s and the Danes, have been absorbed and assimilated in the great mass of tho linglish people. The blood of tho From Amc henii the ,! the blood The Fran^ nalio: and 9 ilovolop the > either parcnl ll may not hu iind Hiigli.sh and ,ij;avo an f thocoiintiy, 1 tho truest of icidont to the <. It l8 owing w find thorn, liitios of their 1, became the iminant place 3 boon promi- Lublisheil htm 1. Since tho ery monai'ch 3id accepting y, the strijios ges flow an ii it wliich our it effected a n and sutl'er- settlement . ceil, was con- 1 under tho iting otlccts. 7 possessing y bo known, lonont parts ivhich it has ho eflrccts of s springing irized. \\"o period long Lliey pprang Huropo and modi lied by ic!i element i of HOfioty, tss und tho I, with few CO mo those ks and the ilood of tho French intermingled with tho blood of the Englir:h has .-ince been carried in the veins of colonists to AmoricM, to Australia, and to every JJi'itish colony, and by British sailors to evoiy ]H)rt in the two heniisphei'os ; and thus, through the iiitormixturo of the races an Empire has boon raised up to girdle Iho globe. Those iniperloct lemai'ks will, 1 trust, bo I'uund to furnish an answer to tho query, Who are the French, and who aro tho English V The records of history ostabiisii that they are not alien in blood, that they have often mot in conllict, and that they have frequeutly cooperated in amity. The character of Iho lolationship which sprung up eight centuries back connected Enghmd and J^'anco by domestic ties, and the same lineages spioad over both lands. Tlie histories of the two nations have boon more or loss interwoven ever since the French and English people had an existence, and for part of the time the two peoples have liad one and the same history. My remarks go to show that thoso whom I have the hijnor to address, with tho people in tho i)ominion whom tluty leiMcsent, are equally the descendants of tho races wlio laid the foundation of we-itern Furopc. Fvcry individual man is inoie or less moulded by forces which date from a remote ))asl. The subtle inliuences of ancestry and the conditions duo to hereditar}' transmission aliecl us all. II tho individual be Iho icsullant of renioti; and occult forces, sfi aL-o to a great extent is the I'amily and the nation. The population of Canada presents the spectaclt^ of two ])eoi)les possessing early kinships and alliiiity of ancestry, snbsoi|uently separated for centuries, again tiirming a reunion in political and social life. A century and a quarter ago, a F'rench population numbering some (lO,()0lt souls, (•lune under the IJi'iiish Hag. It is a somewhat singular cfumidenco that seven conturies earlier the same number of Frenehnien crossed tlie ( 'hannci, evenlually to becune Fnglislunen, and to givi' to the JJritish nation the strength and inllucnce ami (lisiin(;live ibaracteristics wo now Iind it jwssessing. Jt is said that histor}' lepcals itself; are wc warranted in assuming that it will do so in this instance? It the fusion of the ■"''rench and Fnglisli after William's conquest was productive of the results I have s|)ecilied ; if tho ditlei'cnee of language live lo eight centuries back failed to impede the vastly iin])ortant conscqencos no\v traceable ; it' the absence of complete homogeneity was in no way a hindrance, but on tho contrary, proved a solid and substantial advantage by the diversity ol talent and strength which it bi'ought ; if like causes produce like etfocts — aro we not wari'anted in looking ibrwaril to our future with contiilonce ? It is surely a happy augury that wo have become a fully-oi'ganized political community, inheriting in I'ommon all that is to bo cherished in French and English histoiy. To my miud Ihero is tho best ground for hope that in coming years the successive generations ol Canadians will be distinguished by the best qualities they iidierit from their compound ancestry, developed under the free insiilutions whicli it will be our hapi)iness to bo(^uoalh to them. It is indeed li'uc that in tho i)asl France and Kngland have frequently been in conllict, but those conllicis have been much less freiiuenl and not more fierce than the tlomostic struggles in either country. Happily a state of open warfare is no longer the normal condition of society, and all must acknowledge that hostility of race is entirely out of ])lace in this ago in this Dominion. Wo have now reached a stage in our country'.^ progress when antagonism in its strongest and worst aspect has passed a ....^ . ''hatever their origin or creed or color, all who live within the limits of the broad domain of Caiuida cannot fail to be convinced that they have interests in common. As tho inhabit- ants of Fngland discovered in tho "oigu of King John in tho thirteenth century', so the population of the Dominion must perceive, that no interests of real and lasting importance can exist which aro not common to all. This feeling full,' develoited, the complete idontitication of general sentiment will be the pledge of lasting friendship, the Magna Charta of a united comtnunity. It will elevate our aims and piomote aspirations worthy of our common ancestry and our common inheritance — an inherit- ance which throws upon us weighty responsibilities aiui the duty of employing our best ell'orts in working out topic, and 1 nhouhl not vonturo farthor to Uv>- pass on your kind indulgence. In closing tho romarUs wliich 1 liavo the honor to make on Ihi^ occasion, I shall only ask your permission to add a very few words on other matters. liooking at iho four Sections into which ihe Society is divided and llie detinile objects for which tiiey are organist.l, it is obvious that the scope ol' our researches as an association is broad and deep. The remarks I have sul>mittcd louie witliin tiie cognizance of the Historical Sections. There is another Section which cnil)race- subjects relating to past lime. While history lakes us back to tho earliest dales ol oxisliug records, the Section whicli includes tho science of geology carries us to periods in the world- annals a thousandfold moie voniole, and into tiolds of rescarcli immeasurably wider than the chroni- cles of the liumap. race. Unlike the historian and arcliB'ologist, the student of geology can look i>> no aid fi'om human records, his researches go bej-ond all classical literature; ho can find no guide in inscriptions, howevei- ancient, which the hand of niiui has made. ticology, to some extent, may be described as a new science, it was within tho second decade of llio century that it became a recognized study, yet with tiie aid of subsidiaiy sciences it has already given to us part of tho story of the earth. The library of tlio geologist is found in tho recesses of the I'ocks. He deeipliers the wi'itings which have therein been inscribed and whicli for unknown periods lia\i! been secured from the process of deca\-. Necessarily his researches must be patient and laborion- and ii is only by tlu' slow accumulation of facts that ho is rewarded by bringing to liglit remains ol manifold organisms which in succe>sive epcudis have animated tho globe countless centuries befoic man was < ailed into being. The geologist in his investigations approaches nearer to what wo call tin" beginning; he has revealed to him traces of the natural forces wliich have operatod in moulding the i-arth to its ])resent form. He is privileged to follow the mutations in the structure of the world, which, if the element of time be not taken into account, are wholly inexplicable, and which can only be accounted for by a slow and gra