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 • For many years I have been convinced that if we were: ever to come : . .; ..' ,/: 
 tb- a- rational idea of insanity we must begin by recognizing that y.V";;v-: 
 animal mind, as we know it, is the product of organic matter ; that;; •",;' • .'■ 
 consequently, insanity was a physical disease. These conyicHons '" 
 beerithe outcome of my physiological, psychologiiEal>i.nd pathplOgical;-'; J 
 :,<ir-.icliiucial-.observations, 'a-nd; not the:; result, pf; reading. !:;^WiiireM-^-\j;J;:' v' 
 •gratefully acknowledge the- great benefit that I have derived from y ,•.•>'•.'' 
 reading and comparing the writings, of other, iricnr-rthose great men ;• : '.' '■.. . 
 
 .who are so .far above me iiiteUectually, ..tlibse; .gVeat mert-.iivho.se' .;.•••.. "'.fv.?:.". 
 .experiehfce. and . -knowledge . and- - fa-rhie -are ' wprld-wide-r^men . th^t .;.;•,; v.,';' v''.:.^ '/'i 
 -Icaniipt. reach ;.,yet.'I;am.-no.t thd vfoilowfiro'f; any 'man,-.; nor. have -I;- ■■•:•-;.;";;:.■ /■^'z 
 
 /taken my vievys from-any other Irian's,- - My-views,' such -as' they arBj;;^^ •."•;•'!'''•;■ ■- ^'> 
 
 • are' :riiy own .views, iahd are -the QuVcon^^ of my .iiidividui-l.istudy of- •"';.' <. ■■•■•4.' •..^^. '.x 
 Mil.?:- V- ^riatiire^-but I/haye bfe:en glad to^ use. other irifen's'-expierieiiceirtsu^^ C-v.. ■:-;.;•' '■^v.i^ 
 l^-: •'■ "'^ .port Of -iriy yi(eVirs,--and glad when -Ifqund^myseiP-in accord with;scieiri- ' '^l; }vC • :-. ;"^: v?.;f 
 
 ■y ::" ■'■: tifiq/rhien. •■;^^V0iile :r ami :\fJaf.,from beiftg -in . uniSprt.;witK.. thosie men. •?■.;:>; i^ :;■;>" :^;i 
 .'■•.:■ '•wiio:^a/i«V^cbelie.yei^ not- of ■the .mate ':■'■■■:. .■.''■i^-''^-'^-i'^'^-'' 
 
 \^ ■;,; ■ ;^tta^l;^ ."to'the 'material' senses,, yet ^-I: respect such meri,;.if /they- aire '/|; ■ ;• - -s->: iT" !^ 
 • ; .'!.. geritleiiien, and consider, t^ mueh.,liess;dangero.us V ?oci6ty-.tKan'.-.' . ; .:;;, V.';.V: .I'vi 
 • . .;', ., are the detractorsi'th^^ who- speak, of 'all men .who -. are- riot, pf; ■.;''.■'.• ;■,•'• .'^ ;••;'.•:' 
 
 ■■..■'. their -narrow- views,- \yh6do ri;btj.liketh.emy^ -'-. '' •.'; ' .. • . •■.•~?i' 
 
 ■ '..I'v through the smfallen.d'df- a.. td^^^ materialists' and soniatistsj in: -• : . ;.'. ./ -*. ..}::;/ 
 
 ■ ;■• J .the, .widest 'sense: of "the term.^the;.' .DAigilsoiiiari- sfense; These are the " ' .• " . ^ • . ..•'_ ' '^i 
 > :;;."men'who are: barring. the- \Tay;of' progress a^ andi,'cprisei:l'j! • :;•;-.!':;: .■:--ii 
 .- - ,' "..queritly, of jcivilizatipn^' of -justicpi beneypleiice'aricl .hurnariityr; ' K is \i ;■ r/ • . v '^.h 
 •■'• ,',. froin these. riien the .danger comes— .men .who are "using tho same cry": ;y'.^,-,V- .'^^v^^^^^ 
 
 -.: • aswas used, nearly' two thousand years ago, and for the same purposes, ■:.^ '.' ./.' •^.■■•' ■ v. i 
 
 ^.;:-'ii 
 
 

 '• 
 
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 i ■ ^•••(v; ,-:^>. ,' ■ C.:.!.-\'/. ■:::,■ .• ■ v.,- ,,■ ^r ; ;■■ ; ^• 
 
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 ';'. (^ *"" "'^•^ ::, :. .^'■•Gfe'at is Diana of'the Ephesians ! " Theseare tfiey who "pretend to 
 i • '/i\. . ' -^ ■ ^^^'^^ matter which God created as if it were something to be despised 
 '' '•■^i'a .^•■^ .',' .(although they nurture it pretty carefully), and try to draw away the 
 
 !.,/'^> 
 
 ^ f;'"'^-- ;'^..vV,^"V .attention of the scientist from it. These .are they who, while they 
 ? s/i." <: pretend to pity the offender, would punish him with the utmost rigor 
 "*■' ''•■'-■ ■; of the law, even unto death, who mistake the spirit of vengeance for 
 
 
 icTjvr- (■•■■"f. , ■ ui- luc law, c veil uiiiv^ ui^aiii, wiiu iiiiaiaA.^ luc a|.»iiit vji v\.ii^<-a.nv.\- tut •-.■-. .'Vt. ' 
 
 %K^' . 'V-:| v;i- ' justice, and a,ll for. the sake of their .idol that they fall ciowri arid 
 
 ^;-^l':« '.. s^'^- worship— -SociETy,:Thesft. are ihey^ don't want to ktiqw ■•^, 
 
 (^"^ •• v^/ '' ■ '"'Scientific, truths theniselves, 'nor .wish others to know them, wKo'siev'; 
 
 n ■''■•fc-':'' • 7-0..'-; •>■.■■..,■■■ •.■■;'■;■ ■.■■.■■.■■■-■ ^'z •■.■■: ' :,'.-, .■ . ., . ■'''...■ 
 
 G -jvp'; .^.; .-'only.weapon is ..the unmanly one we:~ call, ridicule. . These are' •:; 
 
 t r::f^' '-^^ ■. y ■ -iK /'''■''.''. ^^^^■^^^^■.^!^ constantly misrepresenting science and men of science,: j; :_ 
 
 'if 
 
 ^r'rW :'•>'• ^^^^^ no fixed principles^ butalways in doubt, .Ifk^v-'.-''^)';; y -.^ 
 
 »a^^^t■^^''.•^::" ^:";-; -/tQ^keep oi^ state with/themselves, I 49ubtedthat%^^;.■^ ^ ;•'•:.. ''^v; 
 
 W^^^'^ v'/ .■•:':^ .knew Avhat was insanity, and followed the advice ofSt-GeorgeMivartV; •:.••■•■ ; '■'' 
 
 .•..■;.- .''-..Wh'en any ma;Ti ha^ theyiotim of doubt ;he has np rational.', "'••' \ .'- ; 
 
 ..."., • choice,-, ashe.has 40. diity, but to reason out his' doubt- tothe end iftp-..-^^^^^ ■• 
 
 ■ V', seek, to, escape /them, by; calling up a cloud of emotibri .,is; not ofily /, • 1' ■..• . ; ," 
 
 ••■ ■ ' '.useless; b.ut ■ blame>yOrthy,."-- . If ,J' have- ndt the pleasure of reriloying. •• ;: , !; . "._ ' ..■■ > 
 
 
 • i *.. I -V 
 
 '0:fS'-, :'\ ■(_ •.■..•;the dpubts of., others 'r.have had the :plea,Sure of removing rriy dvvn;; 
 
 1;'..' 
 
 a.;.. 
 
 'iii/:-:." 
 
 's'v-i 'V/' 
 
 'ftv^.'j.-. --^ 
 
 
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 • <•. ■"■• 
 
 
 
 Wj^'.^r ' ?■■'.■■ -^ „. . ■■ j^. .■■■.■.■■ . ■■ ..■• 
 
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 p'm . • ••'"it,; 
 
 
 
 
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 l;;:,^":. CHAPTER ■I^■'■■v.^^•?••.;■.•• •..■•■• " '-if'^'^'i 
 
 ^ •■■ :/WHAT- Is^iNSAf(IT;v ?..i/:'V-;'-''-..!^;:.' ■!'.':'l: '■'■'.■',::''' ■::X 
 
 .'f HE Chicago Medical jRevitm, Ypl, y/,"pagfe (^3; makes the follow 
 
 ■' •;s^atement : ..,'\ \-/\.:,.,[ ■':\-:.'. ':'.-;'>"'.^-'v ':■ ■ ■ :'■"■[■ -,. ■: ■■.■.■'■■■'■'':'■■!'': 
 ■'^,'-- . " Dr. Howardjlike 'Dr.;NicHols artd others of the'more. scientific members of . ■ .'.' "V," '■ ■ 
 >■' the Asylum Association,, holds that imbecility is a result of teratological defect>-,' v' •'/••■ 
 insanity! a result of .pathological defect ; they therefore classify the primary mpno'7 '. ;,v ,;: • ;;•. ' 
 
 • • mania of the Germans with imbeciies as imbecility .of the first grade;; both being..,.. .; •. j", .-• 
 '^equally ins.ane in the sense of the law." ' ■ /"; '• ''i' '■■\'\- '^':':'. ■ .' ...; :•,■.''.''.'. .■ ■ );, ■^'^ vV ' •'• 
 •:v--^'Tljis-i^a (jprr^it^-^ ■; Biit while hplcif\A>'^';'^/(r^ 
 :' . ing these viewsjt.maintaih.-tha^^ -theUeratoiogical' defect of 'the imbeeileV, ; ' • ■:''.■. '- ..', 
 V orHdtot '^pes.not exenipt them frOm'patholp'gical defect'alsov^.. C •;• ;•, '..; ;•' 
 
 • qiibritlyi' we .have." imtie'cilesV ' who' ' ^.m ^ law:.„ajre-.*. .-' .• .f'!..' 
 
 • 'arready' insahey .suffering ]ike. other nre^^^ •.'pathdiogical defect-.'.:. "• •./■/ 
 I'-wjiiph renders' tK'em'm^^^ 
 
 • ' wheiV I: speak- of . the im.becilfe as aft.irrespo.nsibk, Creatufe in-.the,. eye y. ■" .,' •. ' ; v ■ ■ 
 :".of the; la.w; because of :'his :tefat:olDgicar;defe^Gt{ I .do not thereby rhean.;; •:" ; -■- ; •^ 
 ■: • that -he /is necessarily in.sane according, to; h?»y;. idea of jiisanity . . • I con".'.;" . .. r''"^''h-' 
 ;:ceiv&"ihsanity ■ t'o Be. :altbjgether,;idae;tbS'pa'^^^^ ;.":;■■.■ 
 
 ■ 'mental- organiza'tiPriy'^to -be a^''^^^ physica-l disease from which.no- •.-. • •.■ /■ -^ 
 .man is exempti , 'although sortie; ;,parti^ an •epileptic. o.r .''.:.•■; '••. :.--\;".' 
 ' hysterical necrosis, -are morei.'dispbseditP the ■•disease; than .'pthersV;;:;^^ ,".'••■ ■:.,■• 
 •.'•Everymah'is.either an idiotVanim.becile|'oran intell^ man^m-" ■' ■'■..';■■- 
 .\becilityand iriteirectualit'y.differi'ng u 
 
 '■••' are: siith i'because their"mehtal..6rg.anizatipn; -ha-Ve not' att^in,^4 tHeir^'■ ; ' i -, >' •' 
 
 fiili- de'vfelppmept;,-7^terator6gicaV.: defect.' ; .An -. ordinary . intje.ilectual.; '.•.,-■■;• '*\' :.-' 
 Vmahv is'siich because hi&'m&htal' jor^anizatipu hiis: attam tp! '• - -^ •:"':. 'ff 
 
 ;' its fiill/develbpment. :• The^rg" are, 'bf: -coursvi 'di.ffei^ -PC- 5' •'. ,1 • -:■? 
 
 ■ imbieciiiti^, asthere'are^illereut ^degreesbf i^ 
 
 
 
 
 •defect. V T^^he. distinctim^'l xyo,^ 
 • cile is that the idipt is bbm with- a deformed "iniperfect .brain, ,>yhereas' ■ ■'.•/••; . .- .•;■-'•'.. 
 theimbecile -is Vpne whose •bf^ih'.frbm childhood, never became fuUy. '.■";,:;:.■'; ■,%;;. '.'■C 
 
 .( .... , 
 
 Y 
 
 ■f: 
 
Il;'/'''v^f ,■ 
 5,-51.' • ■'. 
 p{,>.:' '■■■■' 
 
 
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 •.r >i 
 
 ^. ' 
 
 ;.v^ 
 
 .•I 
 
 \ 
 
 
 ^^k' 
 
 
 ^/^ .... 
 
 ft. *■"■.*•■• 
 
 life-' 
 
 P'v-:v. 
 
 'UV ? -.■...■-V, 
 
 i :;■.'• .-iSv..'' •>:;.: -sA Rational Matevicdiatic Mefiniiioii.^^^^'.,. .. •''^■''. •;.''.'. ■•'.■'ii: ' ... 
 
 !''.'• •■■"•,•■,■."•>■ .^ •'■K'vvi- .'■^'^■•''.' iV'' ^--.i^''^ ■■; v^V.v■•■^,>••'•'^^■■ '■; ".■'■■' ■-.v'.-'V "'••.■ • -^n'-.*' 
 '/• ■•.''developed, imbecility; .in its (iifferen't degrees', might Ke-Vei7'j)r,QJpferly!.''."; .■• ;. '' 
 
 ■'■'".•i 'called the .f/« ;//^^//(j!betiveen idiocy and intellectuality^ • , "■'' . ' <■"'.■'. 
 
 -:... '■ .Before attempting a definition of insanity I must assume that my. ■■''"' ..,• 
 
 '...•. v;,:Teader recognizes the fact that for effect there must be a.causci.andv!-.' • 
 
 "...ihat \vheh we'.see efrect.in .material things it 'js- legitimate in man. to' •..••. 
 
 S'jrrj'v'' <> ''."' '"•' . search for cause.-' -I' mus.t,' consequently, assume that for all physio-.. '.•.,•' .""■ '' 
 ^ft'i'"'"' '■"""' ''■"' • '■ • ■■'.■''■'■■"■'''•••'''•-■'•.■'•'■"■ ■ ' ■ ■ ■''-.''"■ ■•.:■,■'■.■,' ■'<,-•'... 
 *"■■■"'■■ *' • ; ..J :. logical effects that '.we. observe: in man or any animal/there must be..;; ..■.•;,; . 
 
 . •"• ■ ^riatbmical cause. vFor example to- >yalk, to talk, to see, to hear, .to'.".. . ■■., 
 
 .:•;,■., -taste, to think,- are. all physiolbgical effects of anatomical c'aiise.;.r ■.;•:'. 
 
 ,■-..; \..Again, if we find, the physiplogical effects altief ;.or ;.change we must' r. •■'■•'.•." 
 
 ■ -. •;• -^vassiime , that-it isv duetto laiiatpmical.cha'nge. : .For example the man : ^ •• ". . . ...• 
 
 :;;';V>vho' walked yesterday cannotV^w^^^^ .paralysed ;'^ :■.■•!;; '.• 
 
 W^^^-'. ■■'•:■■'•••.• .^"t^ ^/hat-is paralysis?! -A ^pfatholpgicall^ehaingein -ailanatomical'part,'- ^ ;:'! •; . • 
 
 l^?/^^'j'>C..----;:, .■':\.i56.thai:, in .eorisequerice^th6 anatomical part taohot'p^ ■■.••.■.■',■•, 
 
 f ^"'*V, Cr -:ir'''': ;'SiolGgiea|-:fuhGtibhsxv,-;.B^ ■ :'/''^'-r- ' 
 
 W^-\^y-i;^-'y'-:^'^^'- produGied'^ its" :physiologii»l:i'furi^ ;haVe:.;Undergorie j;^: 'v^ '._■■ '- 
 
 ^K---- • *. ' ■• -P^tho'logical ichange ;>yithoUt causie; . V S here again we have caUse.Tor'; .' '.. ' ;••• 
 
 \i. ';<.•.'•.'= ' • effect. '.IS'ow .■. .these ;. arfe' all Scientific facts,.- 9;nd/it-^i ■ '. '...- 
 
 ,■''■••:>... •.. scientific- facts,, and. such. as these/ .that.j^chjeifly -base. rmy.t^^^ ■'..'. 
 
 ;{;f ••. .' ' •' •". ■■'.■••; I'^sanity^ fo/'I.do.not.prestime.-to c^ll.it'more,th'an.a'the.or^^^^^ '; :..' • • ." 
 
 4^'-''';S:-''^' •;.-...'. ;,". .Before '.proceeding further.rfiridii; .necessary to-tr^^^^ ?•'.••,-.' . '' 
 
 '^.■■y^'-''']': ;. •• i '^uestion,^:a3-faf ,as ' I vpossibly. |can :■ whj^- is .many -.and,, what is-his! •;• . '.^'. =".• 
 
 i^f-.l .^'v'i' .;..-'''-place iW iiattirej.?.: I-sp^k of::th6' ahthrppplogical-mateHM mai^ •" : 
 
 ■j ■;';•'/: (:/.V\>]: .V ;as we;fihd--him' andas'faras' we; k -: ?'{•!..: 
 
 •,:V'>:1"' ..-•.•' .■■.Ipgicaliyi fot'/we do notrkinow- the physiology of ^ do '■•.:•' •-.".••'.; 
 
 ^■,i:;f }\.; vv;;;-; ';iiGt kn^w- the liyihg m^ii. X Fr9ilni;.cadayerip^^ '/, ■■■:' 
 
 ^f •;•;.'.; '-j: ;. : - . .ie^a,rniriatioiis ■Wiq'lcnbjv'/th^ ■•■ ■:;•;. -■ 
 
 f:^;r-- "-^^L •".;•' ihe different, i parts' o.r-riiari-, and the:' rela^^ these partS .'." ..,.'-'. :;! 
 
 :.'/ .:'. .;" . -"• • ■; . inicro'scopically ;- • but- we' do not ' know- each iari'd . 'every minute ^ part -' "■■ '•'•.■ ^ ): 
 
 r>v ■ . • ' • ■"• ;-JrnacroscPpically..v..Agaih, .wei dp. not knp^w^ 'the.' chenjical anatomy -p '.:•,[]' ;• ." 
 
 iivj-Vf-'A.> . - ^ > ., manithkt'is of /each and every 'distinct!, part^; even ;pf;;th?;dead rnan) \ '';■ ■■'' ■■:/[ 
 
 'y^X V^,-.- • '\..^v'rinichless<rfth6;liVing^nian.;a ..'•■. 
 
 y^v-X^'- y\.' V ;;.^'-^hd physiplogypf -thevncvmar^iving' man'.we;^heyervcan: know'fq^ " ;-'-^''' '■c.'":: 
 
 i^'^^ \:- "•'• ■ ;'; V .certainty i:he; pathological chaiiges ithat -take: -place. in : him, producing.--.', ,•-;•'•• ;.':: 
 
 •;.fX-' i'.-. '■'■ • -;'•. ''disease .-'siifferi'hg and'.dea.thv"n6r'. 'can-5ve';:e'ven be, siire "ofl twe: causes •" • '•;• ■''.•- 
 
 ;;^ v/:V/:' ;-'■:>.;■:/; 0at-,pf^ •■. ..■ '■■ 
 
 i^^y. ;/••■: : ; ■• : .'' . ^orh pur'pwh;°experienGej and from the-experience of others,; ja^sumc! ; . ' ; -, . . , ' ' 
 
 '^ ■■!■'■ . .. ■V.- '' :'..■.':'■'. that .there areCertain 'pathplogicai changes takir;g.pl'ace, but ..we. never '':■"-:■' .;.■.■'.' 
 
 '^^-y 'I \ -•'•. •;• ' .' ( ■ 'cafi be .siiite ';.-mofe"byer "we do not ..know .the •cau'ie-, pi: if we think .we . ' •., -v. . ' 
 
 Av:;(''fv!J.'V-';-'/-^'. v:xlo^;K^e do'nol^k ; ::/,'/ .':'^ [■'■■;■:■ '::-.;V'v '•: '^'^ 
 
 \i-:U' 
 
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 *'■ ' '' 
 
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 !»' ■■ ■■ ••' ' 
 
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 ■...■''••■:.•'■■•■ '■'■^'.S'^'i-'-:''-^--^. ^';;'.''}'r-:X- :'^'---^/ . 't' 
 

 *.^:vT 
 
 
 . ' (■..•■ 
 
 ...f 
 
 ■"?; v. :•■;•■■■ ,v ; ■/:-.r/..---v"--,:>cA.- "■;-■: .-•."---•v-i^'./jv.f :; ..■■ ;,-v' •.:^'''-:'?-\--; :' •••'•■; \ y; • :'<;;:?> 
 
 7,; 
 
 '■■'!! 
 
 /Of'I^immiy.iind' tmhecMity/, . g.:.. •. •..;,•..;, .9 
 
 '".":':•■' ..With the means we haveatpt'ieseht' ait ouf'dispo.sal, e^ ' '' * {''''ij'l^ 
 
 ..■■■,;. •:•..•.. know the anatomy and physiology of the living man/ o.r of. any. 6ther.'-\y^,V 
 
 V-':"' living animal, so;as to JiffirnipKjsitiyely wi? lcnoyir;i^^^^^ '-' ' V^;.;:^|\i^ 
 
 ■';..•. for we never can dissect a liVjng.hor^^^ 
 
 , ;'". tb do so renders the animal abnormal ; so while we. owe somethini; , toy; 
 •• " '. the labors of vivisectionists, yet we must always remember that their ;• :■;■..;• vVj^j?; 
 .' .€|xperiments are necessarily upon abnormal innxmaXs. I don't know ••;.: . ;•■•••..■•.■■ v^:;-'-t; 
 ■•'what time and art may develop, I cannot conceive the means that.. ■:.•'. '\'*''-':.vL;;J^ 
 
 •.'■ ... '■ may t>e discovered by \yhich the ahatomjir ;and> phy^iblpg^^ . i ■:^''"j'^!'i-'v2^ 
 
 . .-.-V V • hoirnal living man may beco.me - knowii, btit .until khpvv-rii-i.t- .i.s an ■:'•,■:•.•> .'• .;--:'v/ tv^l| 
 ■■ '•'';>: absurdity- for 'us /taspek^ '?.■■.;;■ V^i'^^flf 
 
 • ■; X ' ^pienice-wbicK. sidrhe rnedicd men ;tli so largely about/ The fact; is, , -' ■:-;,: ;.:l..;:f;-?;3^ 
 ■ ^ .. y . ; ■ in this very practical and, I must aidd^' mohey see^king age, we have ^ .■ ^1. ■ "■; V \, ^-ilt^ 
 ^::V;:-^;b[eeh going:.tipp-:f^st, we/are;n,ot-taking:,.time to study natum^^ 
 iv.' • '^;. <■'•' '■■.. . we should.^ ieVery, One/ is -crying Qut/]fbf ^Something pr 
 
 ■' ■'-•'-■. raside:.;as;!iii epthflsi^t.;, yet allwedo^know we^nave 'learned- :fi^ •A^^vV''^^;'^ 
 
 .•despised sdenti^C enthusiast ; and this' truth, the great thinking meri. of. ; • "'. •••".'. ■•'.■..■'•v, 
 r the/ age have discdyere.d/..Sp^^ find ".Dr. Struthei-s; at the ".Inter- •••,'^' " ., -.iv'';. 
 ■ • .. .'• '. •• .nafionai Medical Coogress; held -in London .:^^ . "" ,' -yj •'}: 
 
 .[':■ ".■".•.."'■': '.'that ahatbmy. /should -be Kiight:^ well as; . •..''■ V..-."-.';-.:!--;'! 
 
 ' ■ ' '•■.' "from the- surgical poiritpf }view,': tnicroscopical'ly as ■wel.i-'as hiacrdscor ■. ■;• ■ .• '•'•■y'V •■''?.:•;;•• 
 •■;■ . • . pically/^..'. Arid Very .ebrrectly soi for this." i§-. certainly our best -chariccf''. ■ '■''%■•'■■:'. ■ "^- •'••;•;..', 
 .'•. ■;::;at |iresent!j:.-B.ut-tliat;w!e may learn, .niuchj some 'ope; must. ;inveht pi^:..■■<:/. V^-'iJ'.v'.:;'' 
 ■' m%e' a' rap.re powerful- microscope than has. as;.,ye^;-bee.nyin'yerited; >i'h .;."■; ■•;.• •>:. i^'-.S!;-'' 
 ;;. ■ " the. ijifeani^ime' we:, should- make; the 'most, we •cair/pif-the.Scfietices.'pf '/'/; ; 1:6 ^•i'."!!^^';'^ 
 .". : .mprpholpg3^:and;.biology^:ipiiysiol0gy.,and'^^^ ■{.■: ■.!•;' '■■'.y- ■; '/^ir'-l.v^niJ 
 
 y.^:.,: •■■ If we .■wQuld-.kno.w..\yha.t .is'a't us. to -.siniply '•.••.. .';."•• '■ .T;-.V; 
 
 ;"..- .: Ip.ok a,t' the. PuitsideVof ^--it-,: .'an.d,.'.adrpire. its branches,- foli.ag.e.;and.'fru.itv;.' .."/. " ' ■'. -.v •;.;. 'fj^^y 
 ■■■■■■ .V'vi .! )'^e.mustf"begin'by/.first/learri^ ^'I'-'y-'i^C'Mi 
 
 ' / V ■'•'.fX ^then.we'mustlearn' {.tsrootsan^ ;^tetrt|^\ye must^examine:ev^ -• .H '-v/ r^^-i^' 
 
 ::' ^^v i^';if; :W^..wish' to arrive '.ait' the knowledge pf'yfhit'^thje' tfee'^is/ ;.^Thus; • •' : -^ '';^^^';:V; /^ 'f; 
 :' V' .wil.b we- find,'lp\v' as the. ; organization;.' of ^jthe/t^ both- ' ,;• .■'}pj,':'f;:'^'):' 
 
 !^; :- . ;?natdmicaily a^nd ^ p]iysioiogically t:li;ere; .. is;a;. tesei^ ibetvi^^Qeri ■ -it ;.';;:.! '--^/^^-JMi-'-i. 
 
 '/' •. : and animal- 'organisms' ';, we- \yi.ll find 'that; it. is very, hard: tp^^ the. '■..••: ..■[-'■('"•f-^/f-^ 
 
 .;■;-■:' 'line. -between the highest prgaiiized vegetaWe arid the'lpwest prga^ .'•■:'.■,■■■■;•.? -'i 
 
 ..• 'V^animdl :fprma1;ioh;-'. F iwill-find that, the.germ' cellpf the- -tfee^.'- ■", -v. ' ' ' ' "'■ "^ 
 
 r . " must -haye i^^^^^ the.ariimiai- /; .' 
 
 •-: ; -brganizatiop, the. germ- cell will. nPtgrovy.: except it -.have^^i •. ,/ 
 
 .■■'-nidus....- •'•- ;'v-'^.'-" ■'■ -.■•■:.■■..;'..;•,■;■:■.•;.•- --;•.■;;;•' •'//..;-'■. ....■'■■'■:'■■:'■''.".:■ '.'■'. 
 
; ,-..<•■ i.^_ 
 
 la; 
 
 ■A Rational Materialistic "Definition:-^ 
 
 Secondly; the gerfn cellbfthe tree miist be supplied with nutrition .; 
 from the parent seed before it will grow ; so with the animal orgahtO 
 ization, the germ cell will not grow without nutrition from the parerit 
 Qvum.. The more the stem of the tree grows, the mdre nutrition does 
 It ■ reqiiire : as the animal germ grows, the niore nutrition does/. 
 It require; Thirdly, as the germ stem Of the tree grows, it directs. ■ 
 Its course towards a new liie, towards light and air, so it bursts 
 forth from the earth and comes to the light of the sun to begin its 
 ne\y life; sc is it with the product of the animal cell, it directs 
 its course towards the sunlight, and when the proper time comes, 
 in obedience to Nature's laws, it bursts forth from the womb of 
 darkness and comes into light and airy and frorii that moriient 
 begins a new life, and ever after there is a similarity between the 
 animal and the tree. Each has .a breathing system, and each . 
 will die if deprived of healthy air, oxygen and nitrogen ; each will . 
 require sunlight, or they equally d i. Each reques reproduc.-..! 
 tiye sustenance or they die from loss of vital force ; and each requires :. 
 rest, so the animal and the tree have their seasons of rest.' 'The tree : , 
 in due time reproduces or brings forth after its kind, as the animal, in'./ 
 due time, reproduces-or brings forth after its kind; The tree, like ' 
 the animal, requires care and training in its youth ; never was there a; 
 greater truth than " as the twig is bent the tree is inclined," and many > 
 a tree, like the animal man, has been destroyed in its youth by over-. ■ 
 forcing and over-bending, so that it grows a deformed tree, like the- 
 deformed animal man ; and once deformed, , as ai rule, it is impossible 
 
 to make it straight again.: ;::'■'":•;.■•,• ■" *';, ■■■'■''' - ':'---^- ■[:' 
 
 .According to the greatest naturalists, whose authority is undis- 
 puted, as in animals so in plants, the embryonic body is a simple leaf- 
 like rudiment, so that the embryonic bodies, whether of animals or 
 vegetables, are nearly similar. Wolff said " that all the various partis 
 of plants may be traced back to the leaf as their common rudiment, 
 or fundamental organs ; flower and fruit, with all their parts, consisting 
 only of modified leaves." These facts are well knowi) to every 
 
 botanist. ,..; ..,■::- - ■•••''..•-•''^■^^'•'•■ r'^^vi^v^^^ 
 
 There is a zoological resemblance or type in the whole animal 
 kmgdom one with another ; and a morphological resemblance or type 
 between the animal and vegetable. It is truly wonderful how like the 
 tree is to the animal in the regularity of its fibres and tubes, like unto 
 muscular fibres and tubes. But what strikes us most is the resem- 
 blance between the animal's skin and the tree's skin or bark that 
 
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 • ■;. .. ; '••.•■.!■..■...' .;■•>•."■••<'■; '■.';''■''''■',' I'".'.'' -.'■'' i'-'-'i 
 ■'■■'■■ ,.'."■'■ ','••■■ •'-' >.',•■.'■'' ■■■;■■■,• ■■','■■!."".''. .-i- 'v. 
 
 :, ■) 
 
 Of Insanity . and. Imbecility^ 
 
 it 
 
 ^^S^':- 
 
 ■ •■' envelops its body.' It is the 'first' part of %(; germ* formation,: achd?-:^ 
 
 ■ "v "envelops andprotects all. the other parts, giving dynamical life t'o'the' ■ 
 •.;■' tree arid s the tree, has hot ah ^•;..'" 
 
 ', ..: organ -of consciousness, although sensation. It is also elastic, stretch-;';. , 
 '.■■■.■•■.,; ing as/the tree grows',. 'and so adapting itself to the tree as the skini . ' .; v ; 
 . 'v . ddeis to the animal. V Girth the limbs of a tree> or e'^'en the. trtink, thai't . ; .. 
 ". .' . 'isj remoye acircleof thWbarkiandthe limb or trun 
 ■.■;'.'. die-r-^pbsitive proof that the trefe receives life through the. slcin or bark. "•:..;; 
 
 ■ •> ■ V. Npwj see the similarity between the tree and animal,: let liachrbnid ■•.':.■•:: 
 ,.' - : .ulce^^^ 
 
 :;''../. and temperature in the foot or hand falls belo\v par, and if new skin " .'; 
 
 X .-. IS n'pt formed" by ^r<^^ time the very bones of the leg or fore'r •, , 
 
 .: ■, ; a,rm..will become, necrosed, that is, death will take place in the. parts., ;.■ ;'' 
 ■.;■'; and the limb have to be amputated. When I was V medical st 
 
 ,.; I forty-five years ago many a leg have I seen aniputatedfrom this caus'e, - ■' ; ; 
 
 .'.;•■. but skin grafting was not known then ; these facts prove that both the' .• » 
 
 ■; : : : tree and, animal receives life from the skin that envelops them. There ,-. •• . 
 
 arevaribus kinds 6f trees and plants, but there is biit one natural law . '.': 
 
 :' for them all j and there are various kinds of animals, but there: is, one:'.." '.v 
 
 ■•"••'•; natural law for all. The more, we study the vegetable kingdom,, the' >.. • , 
 
 ■_' ;' greater will we find the similarity between it arid the animal kingdoini, .r - 
 . ;; .: ■ and that all are governed by the same natural laws : in fact, we will ' .•. 
 
 ■ .•"; find that nature is one great whole, of which each and every animate 
 
 . ., and inanimate portion forms a part, these parts always undergoing ' .■"■• 
 • ■' change, but never annihilation. : That which once is never can cease"- •.■ 
 . . to be, in one state or other : always and everlasting evolution or di's^ "■.•■'... 
 , '.solution but not annihilation. It is evident then that, if we would..:-*' ' 
 ;. ;• know man as he is, we must study nature more ; we must study matiV'.'^- 
 ;;:'.; from a morphological as well as from a surgical standpoint; and even, r •.■;•; 
 ■ ; ; then we will not attain to a full knowledge of man, either anatomi- ■...!.; 
 
 ■ cally or physiologically, not even when we have studied the cadaver;:. "..'•' 
 A ■:]■ microscopically and chemically. 'We can see, already, what the study -.^v 
 .'of man from a morphological standpoint has led fb.V'Fb^exampley^^ '.;.-•' 
 there is a law of nature forbidding any union between living and dead ■' ' .-' 
 .;■ .. '. animal or vegetable matter. The gardener wishes to graft upon an'- '■ •_ 
 •'*•• apple tree another species of apple than that which it already bears.-: ■ - -,'• 
 '^; • for this purpose he cuts a twig from the parent tree of the species he ' . • 
 "wishes to produce and grafts it on to another tree, and in time it \^\. 
 becomes part and parcel of the tree upon which it has been grafted, 
 yet it brings forth fruit similar to the tree from which it had been 
 
 u-^-y:- 
 
 ■it:.. 
 
 •>:'■'!.. 
 
 i . , 
 
 .• y f *■' »■'.-> 
 
 /; * ' *'■' 
 
 ■■■MhM 
 
 .', •-■.*.' * 
 
 
 
 ■■■■■■;? ■■■r^ 
 

 
 /• .'.12 . - .■... ,'- ii Rational M'dteriaiistic 'Deiimiion: •■. ,> 
 
 t -.; V ■. "'^^ ■. *■. ,•■■•'/ *r ..'•'■'. ' ■■ ■ ■■ ' ;' .' ■ .'.■.■-■•.*..•..-.'.; .•'■•'-■ . '; ,'•■■. i . ' ■•■•■; ■ '.'■■, 
 
 ^f"^^'^:C^r.'''i^^-- '"'^^^'^'^^^- .Now,, there are two import^nf faxits estabHsh^ ] 
 
 ^^^'■^'.'C.^^^''^/-. "-of grafting^:. First,;tW'cuUing;the twig:^ the parent' tree did not';' .'■ 
 'fi^*^ ■v' V '.; ^^■^^:'." ' -w of the detached pa/t/fof If it were dead: : 
 
 if' -•■".':; ■ ' ■■:■'?■':■:,': - it.->vould not.groyi^ upori'the treie upon whichit Was grafted.- Secqndly,' •. , 
 i^^,v'::/^> :/;;•;• v'that and parcel of '' tfiie tree upon ••: 
 
 ^\} V ■ • i ^' ^: - /: w)iich it.was. grafted, it has not lost the" place that nature had assigned /'V- 
 >Vj ; •. ' '^' ■; 'v. ' -^^ ^^ the first instance ; its- distinguishing character reinaiiis, so it con-.- ,: •'. 
 jiijl^.;: :V;'i;',- .'-• X bear the sanoe sort of fruit that it did when on the parent tfee/^^'^ 
 
 ^v;";^-^- C:n .;>'V^vV!.;. Reasoning-fromv this !fact surgeons :haye'jengraflted skin frdni one •;:.;'.': 
 'fScV;- >■;.••.••;;•,• Airian: on to another,: knd 'the, engrafted jskiini 'has becbme: partand - ..-V; 
 >.H..:;" .; /.r i.-'/pa'rc^i of the person-up^^^ it has been engrafted. Finding this"; .i'; 
 
 a;''^'.^V -. .'■'•', /^vexperimerit" successful, surgeons have gone much further, they have.' • 
 ;Y;'v, ■•■':■■,•',. V ;.• taken a piece of skin froni the ciadayer, four, hours after death, and ''■'■■ 
 -■;:.■;•'■.-'..'•..: . ,' .grafted it successfully into the; jiving man.' They have.also taken ,a' ., '; . 
 !:l': .'■>-'■ .. • • • -tpiece ipf bohe^out of th 
 
 *-^>^" ■' {.' ^'i ^ successfully;' into the tibia ahdhuMerUs of children.' "V;/^ ;'■ i' "'^;^■ >^ 
 
 *^.A:vV(f. , ; . ■ • ;-^'. Had the gardiener' renipyed the skin, or barki^ 
 
 ^k''^''^'^'\-- ?:••'•.''■: tree thait-.h^^xvished. to? graft 'upon another tree, it would \ri6fhiaye-V;.-'; 
 ■ "-.grown, it would ha: ve died, because in losing the skin it would have ': ? 
 
 ■«.'.";•.. lost its life— not biological but dynamical life. So if the surgeon tore ' .• '. 
 
 — _ from the sheep's, bone its periosteum, or skin, the engrafted, piece 'Of ■■./■. 
 ■ bone would have died, it would ; not have united with the liviiig'^part, 
 
 . / : jAgaih, if theLpieee of skin, .taken from the cadaver had not in irthe'.Vv.-. 
 
 ".-' \ principles of life * it would not have united with, the living partsj'for:- ; * 
 
 ■■.■■ li . '. ■ 
 
 ilv- 
 
 
 ■.,' ,:•.■;. <.;.•• .One of the most ihleresting parts'of 'biif Very interesting ?nd ably' conducted .;■ 
 ^ ■■ .•,:/"', jpuiriial, The Canada Aledical and .Surgical Journal, is, the quarterly Retrospect 
 ' ,V V!, of Surgery; prepared by Ffaihci^ J. Sheppard; M.D.', M^R.C.S.V Eng:^-. In.one,6f ,. . 
 :"/•,, y^these reviews, vol. X., pai;e 474-i he~;gives a lucid account of sponge grafting by v" 
 ''■if'^0iii^''-i'''-'':- .:::,>P!.'J.-Hamilton, M.D., pathologist to tlie Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. , i... '^i^-fj^:-.. 
 w)P -;■' : ■''' ■ ';■"; ;•• • . ' / ' .". ,It occurred to Mr. Hamilton if he could supply, instead of blpod-crot or.tibri-" '. '/ 
 f^'j;..^ v';., " ■ ':- :'■■ nous lymph, some dead porous animal tissue, it a.lsp;iivduldi' in ;,tlie cbuifse of time,' '. . 
 ;'•■*"'.''. s ■ • ;: . ■ become vascularized and replaced by cicatricial tissue. He thought that sponge, if ' 
 
 ly'-Vx"- '-...- •:.;-.i- placed under proper conditions, would fulfil the object in view, for the following -' 
 'T".'^* • t ,' ■ - ' reasons: l. It is a porous tissue, and would imitate the interstices of the fibrinous. 
 fji^v/ ;• '•'/. "'.'.•''.-.■> network in a blood-clot,;'"or jin'^fibrinou's 'lyniph. ■ .2 ." It is an animal tissue, . and .' '• 
 j-^i';,,^''.^. ■'•-;';,;■.- like other rtWj'wa/ tissue, such as catgut, would, if placed under favorable conditions, 
 '.,•■; become absorbed in the course of time, 3, It is a pliable texture, and can be easily 
 ■ '- adjusted to any surface. If therefore the blood-clot or fibrinous exudation merely •. 
 tif'-' '<■'•■ -■ -'''^ .. acts mechanically in the process of organization, there is ho reason why sponge or • ' ; 
 .'.•..* ,/";9ther porous texture should not similarly become vascular iand organized." . ,- .-•'. 
 
 
 ■. ••■■> .- 
 
 ,•>«■.■■>• 
 >,.-•■■■ .1 
 
 .■■..,.,•.. On the first view of this sponge„ grafting it might appear to be a . contradiction ■ . '■-'■ 
 
 ■'-:.•::••'• i ■;■., •■v'^'^*' -■ '^ ■''>''■-■ .'..''''''■'. i,''.-^'^ ■■•". V .■.■,'■.'.' ^.'-r :•;/.•-'.•/■•...■!'••'"■ - . ■,■!; 
 
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 * • •,••:;. it.' would, he c.oiitrary to thenaturar law^.that dead ,ahd!" living- parts'. ". j'.:! ; 
 
 ;. ■;.. ■ •: could; join tog^eth^r.. .From these factswe" have also," anbtherproorr 
 
 >■' : -thaHifeisnot iiithehlood-^^ hadceasediii the jciudaver-r.'"- •!;'.; f;:.^^^ 
 
 • - / v^. \fburhbufs previous ttftheiemo^^ engraftedHrn'";; /; l^ ; ' i^?!;?);^ 
 
 .■ •■.'"■ "but -in the sensory . nerves, that •originate: "in the 'skihi- and- wKicH • .'\-.''r''yx-'ii^ 
 
 /:\-^--/;'::Tetained, its living principle long after, apparent,4ea^h;^. J. T^ ■';•;.. ' :" y. -i^ 
 
 '/';• "•'^' '/science of rhorphology/ that enaU the grafted :\'.. J .•^^^ .■,■.. '.'v^ll 
 
 branch of , a tree to the propriety, of grafting new parts intaman,a;nd;;-" .?.;::' -v?^^ 
 
 .» V .doing, so successfully.: .Th^^ hei: •.•■. "^ .,■/' /'Z'^^^^ 
 
 ', / ■ ' .J V IsLws the: similarity between vegetable .arid a^^ .,; ';^ v'^j^ 
 
 - ^-'r/ ":the- one; and -thfe other' fo^ , '■,, ■'.■'■■.' ■■'■^-^/.'/^^'^^ 
 
 ••t.-XH answer, then, to the.ouestioii'what;is-,man andwhatis'his pla:ce' ' ■• '' 'V' . t^^^^'^^^ 
 
 .•.■.. in- nature ? I ainswer that., man.is an animalj differing in kiiid and- v'-' ;-^' •.'•.• . \\^ 
 
 , ' . . '.^^r'degtee ftbm^ah^^^^ highestorder of vegetable -prganisnis';, .'' ^^ <,'.:! 't< 
 
 ,' /,. differs 'froni. .the lowest^: ■s6man|'s''place>4n^nature ^ - . - ' 
 
 •■ . .•', ; to my views ; but upon closely examining into the.- iinatter it \yill be found that, .■. -' •. ■ •• , 
 '!...;. 'such is not. the case. Dead anima:! tissue cannot be, eiigrafted onto, • and become"^ ■' ' •^"^• •; 
 '■'''. '.' ■' .. OP'S? with living aninial, brganism.s;- : .The engrafted.'tissue must be living. It is hot' ■ • .' . '. 
 '.■'^-■/ : necessary, such tissue should have biological life, but it must have dyniamical life. .' "••«;.;■ 
 -,..._ Now the dried sponge has no life, it, is only the dried skeleton of the' animal" ' ., :'>'"'. 
 ..; ■',■'.. ;d^prived'6f all its albumen -consequently, its' vital protoplasm, therefore itlie dried .<.•'••-/.• 
 • .■-•» -STDonge cannot assimilate itself.'growintOvind become .part aindpafcel.'of a, livihe- -'■' '''<'■'•, 
 _ c. • "• • organisin; 'We'must therefore conclude that although'dried sponge has been founds. -n;!v !•.;,•.)..;'•■ ./*ilv 
 , .''" > ' ''.•■'•. very useful in the treatment of chronic ulcers, the. ter,m^ ".sponge grafting" is a'~'.' ! '-.:'/' .^'^i-^-''^-' 
 
 ■ ./.;.'-\.^:^InspeakingthuS.si:rbh&ly that the life is in the neirvous system and.hbt iii'^the '"''/' -'v'^; ^Vc 
 • • '• .'-"•■ ^ blood, it may be said that I am putting fny opinions exactly in contradistinction t(> '•" '■ '-•'■;-''■ . •,', 
 ■...-•,.,. ,.-;:;-.-the,teachings of the great law giver MpsES, but. I don't think I am. I consider that- ' •,••■ 
 •i •'!*•'.; !,«>"rMpsES in the instance alluded 'tq,-as'in many other instances, spoke from asanitary . "' 
 - '':.: ;■•* point of-view, and hot from a scientific standpoint. MdsES could" not have'been ' ' •• „ 
 ■ ,,■•■./*; » •' ■' ignorant of the fact that there were rrianyV/'z'/W/?- iahirhals of low organisms that were > ; ';''-;■ ':.'■'; ';^- 
 ••';. '■■,.'■ bloodless, that had no circulating system, . for ..exaniple the common star Ush:,.'']..' '•<■ '\:^.i^^ 
 ..rl * '^ (Wraster rubens). Where MosES said the blooid was the life, he spoke very differ--, '-'«.. ••^;D'?; 
 ••'.'•> .;'. ently from the manner in which he spoke when he gave\the._teh„commandments,!; • " '/> ■' ; . '■)-'■ 
 '.■■■/ • which are alike accepted by Jew and Gentile. In like manner when it was said'" '••' ! ,. /' vVV 
 ■: ■■ ■ " the heart of man is deceitful above all things and desperately wicked." " Froni ,'1': - ■ . ". .^'v 
 .• ';. .;.',-. the heart proceeds all evjl thoughts, etc., etc.'-''. 'We know very well we are not t*. .',,'> --^ ".',;V.-:i' 
 '..'.•. . • . ' accept .such a statement in the literal sense, for the heart is.a hollow muscle : a • .-^i •."'''V'.Vvv^ijS' 
 ; •:'..: muscular bag, for /«;«/j«^ and receiving blood, and does not think at all either! '' " ' '■', ""uA^'SS' 
 '..■ v.! •- .. good or bad. : " :..: ^'■'.■'a 
 
 '.,.''.*:'" , I consider it necessary to make these remarks least I should unintentionally .. '. ' '.''^'.^ 
 .<'■"• wound the sensibilities of a class for whom I have the highest respect and esteem.'-' 
 
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 animil organisms, in fact; man is' the highest type of animal, although .: . 
 
 • zoolbgieally, in. some respec^^ he resembles the lowest order of •■•; 
 
 ; -animal, and, ai. we' have seen, nioipholbgically,. the; vegetables '• ; -^ ... ■; " 
 
 .••;', Why is. nianthe^ highest animal; type?^^^^^^ his physicaill . .< ;'": 
 
 • '•' formation , in 'ot^er .lyprcl'v vilrtuerof the anatomical tbnstruc'tion , of . " y. 
 '.' ; 'his prganisnis, sufgicaliy and' chemically, iiiyirtu^ .'(if which he-is.the-, '• 
 : only self-conscious auirnal. These are ^indisputable ia'c^^^ True we, .^'-'. 
 ',;<ip not kriow. the chemical composition of any of the organs of the :' 
 
 • normal ,m.an, no. mpre, than we do of other animals in their hprrnal'.'-- 
 ■;:^state j and .1 ,. aba .sorry to say we ' do not .even ' know positively ■ the- v }■ , 
 
 •' .<>rg,anic^ch6riiistr^^^^^ ;. in fact, iriuch' remains ^.^•; 
 
 . . 'IQ be db.ne:in^this^neld of sde This, however,''we' may ■suppose;:;, -;. ' 
 
 ;•■: .that there is' a difference _ in the .organic chemistry of ^ll:animals^^.and' ;. .; 
 
 ;i:jgreater difference ia this Respect between man and all other ahimals;,^' 
 
 , thaa t^^^ is between all' other aninnials. Reasoning from; the .//.';, 
 .^:probabIe we should expect that rnan differs chemically frpmall. other ■•.'.; 
 
 '; animals, frOni the difference there isVin his, mode of living.": Indeed •■'. 
 
 : - from this fact,- we may' assume' th!at men' differ ;very.riiuch- in this v/ . 
 .-respect from '.bni^:.anbthef> "even;;when; there is not pathblogical- oi% ;■;■ 
 
 '^'clinical.chalnjgef^. :...Gre^^^^^^ then, a> is; the similarity between. mari and ■" : 
 ; other animalSj , anatomical i y^ such as .theape, hog, dog, etc., yet there .'. , \ 
 ; is a very greatjdiffererice.r'b "een';themi not so much however in the.- : „ ;:: 
 ;•vegetative, as .inHtie'anim'aloigan -It is in the whole;iierypu,s; ' -V ' 
 
 •; 'System that maii-.i^stahds-' superior to 'all other. animals, 'by 'which. -he vis.'*' j.-.-. 
 ; a 'self-conscious -amriiai;'^^^^ ; .-v^ •:'• V' 
 
 ':•;,' The brain of hian, differs in' size, shape 'andinlts minute cells and-. • ■. 
 
 •• convolutions from that of a:ll' other "animals'.; ;C6mparatively speaking, ., " ;■,. 
 
 • .'man has the largest brain of any, animal,. and, the most perfect in its \^. ', ■ 
 ■.. formation for 'intelligence;: man'.s.fr.ont brain,- which; is its mpst intel , •• ' 
 
 •■■ -^ ' •'. .'■■■■ i: ■■-'■ '".^ ■^^''-U, '.».ii :.'.■',■ -.A. .': r '■'..' >\- ■,'•■'' V.:';, .. ' ,. ..: . ''.\... vi 
 
 ■.„..;.•..- ,.;^ ,; -.■".",..;■■. '/■■.''■. I: ■ ,- >.•.',•,-'■ i. •■■ •;•'% ■•:/- .:''<':■-,.;■■;..■ •;,-..•' 
 
 •■• '. .* Surely there muU.bea' great chemicpldiffererice.in the organism's , "of men .w.ho"-, , ; 
 
 J live so differently,- as the Icelanders who live oii- fish and oil, vthe. vegetarian who' ' " 
 
 €ats' nothing but vegetable food, and', those who partake, 'of all sorts /of animal 'and '■ . •, 
 
 .' vegetable foods. True, that all sorts of food taken into the stomach does by assi-' '"' 
 
 /•milatioii become fransniuted, changed into paft-and'' parcel of burselvesj- so. thjifthe • ■ 
 
 vegetable that was yesterday in the garden,: tlie 'ox that >yest6rday cohsurned th^*; ; ' ;;.• 
 
 ■■; grass in the pasture, the fish that yesterday" was in the deep' seas, to-day is part and ; '; 
 
 parcel of ourselves, to-daiy is l>ond JiJe living man, yet I conceive that there.must.be.. ' " •■ 
 
 • i'sonie chemical difference; in the organisms of men who only-live on fish and .oil. or . 
 
 upon vegetable's, and' those whp live on food composed of both animal and vege- 
 ' table,. ■: 'l.'' [.\ ■''. ■■'■ ■ ■ ■" •:•■•'■:,, „.", ■ .. 
 
 
 
 ,' .■ V •. ^■ 
 
 . ;. >'i 
 
 . . , * 
 
 .■ •■■•".•■..•• 
 
 ::•■■. *'.''^.> 
 
 •1^ '' '• ';,■ '■» 
 
 <%«■;■•■•■••*.••-,•:•■■ 
 
 I ■ !•■•.• ■> *■,,••■ J ' •■ ■■•-..•••.■ 
 
 ,■.,■,',■..■••■■■■: ^- ■' -^ •*■.;,. ;.v;.■.^,^>.;••: ^i^^,•. ,-.; 
 ;■■.■■■■ J ■ ' ■.■-».>..■.-.■. ^ • . 
 
 ^.•>; 
 
•f:..v.V- 
 
 
 . -.niiy arid 'ImheciUiy,' ■ ; ■ 
 
 :15 
 
 it- :■ 
 
 ; V .; lectual part, is the largest partbf his brain/ arid' it is the smallest part :V':,;.j-.:/l;;v;.-^';-'i-y'^ 
 v'; ■•in the lower animals. In man the. fbrebrain' covers the' pdsteriorT-, vV '■"•;' :V>:;~i 
 . 's'- brain; in ptiier words/ the hemisph^ of. the cerebrum cover the /^*> /:.'■: ;' . " v!/ 
 
 ■ '. .^ cerebelluin, except .ini some ca,sesi' df inibecile criminals; where the.',: ;:-' -V ;,-;'^^C^ 
 
 ■ ; ■ -cerebnim has been found not tb: cover the cerebellum, showing thai; ;, ." • , '~'"^^-K':k 
 ''"' '; ;?such men niore nearly approached the. brute; than the nbnriail man*. . i ' '- : ^i^^^' 
 
 .. The chie;f difference existing betweeri' man arid all other ininnals i!;'ih^_ ^■.'-■■■'■'.[■'.'}''.C'-'y^-^ 
 V •; /-'his mentd^^ganizitibii.; Mari'i mental oi^anizatipn^i^ coriippsed of-i \;"^A^^^^ 
 
 y'. his. brain;; spinal m^ nerve fibre; in his whole body t;';- •• - ■: ".' xi^lf 
 
 ^/■^:vbuttlle higher intellectual- organs 'are 'in; the!: cortical; pojtion^o^ the. ■: :/ ^ , - ■/ r>:r;J|!j 
 
 • . '•"..frontal ■ aiid .fernporal , divisions, of the 'cerebrum -(physiology and.^-' • .• ■ .;■ -■■*'•■ ^ 
 -.' -s pathology prove fact), in those con volutiohs and parts in;"- '■■■■/'■'., l^':-''i'fi- 
 ' . ; ' ■', ,the,' inimediate neighborhood of the fissures of Sylvian and Rolando i'r;: ,.' :.. •; - .' v'.X^ 
 :. ; • -. 'in many .animals the fprebrain- or cerebrum is the smallest part of they;.! ; ' ■■■ . ; . ; ■ 'yir^i 
 -• ;; ;\vholg^ tliis .js.a proper^prpyision of nature. V All other animals have.- ... ' Ci' /^'X '^:M 
 
 • " -sufiiGientintelligeriee for their place; in nature : .some are^for. strength, , ■ ' : >' '■^\ ''r^/-:$--i 
 
 .: .'others for swiftness'; but man's- place is.f6r;intelligence,;.consequeri;^^ ,'•?'.';' -*"1;' 
 
 '•/.'. his;. merita,l- brganizatibn diflfers anatomically ffohi all other- anirnals,v ■'■.:. . .■' ',• ./ 'k/^J^ 
 
 '[■l-[ .but very little, niofe ' than^ men .differ in the aiiatPrriy of 'their- brains •'-;■,.;! • ! ■.'■ ''•■:^:y0 
 
 . - ;•. . from' one ahotherj according to their different degrees of intelligence-i-^ .' -'• •• .'_ : ^ 
 
 '■■:\ ,;..,•• In, .-.the CAkagp .Jffea'iVa! '-jKeviewiyol. .Y .,^^^ following occurs-:-l> ' ',-• :" 
 
 ■; , • ""There being. nO further discus.sipn^ Pr.,J. G. Kierrian read a paper, on the pc'ci-'- , • -/"i • ;;..,. V>?::-"^i 
 
 .-- • Ipitaliobein relation to intelligence, in which he called attention to the fact that; , ;■,/;_'.:• : •.'■.■.';.•. '-v?! 
 ,: ■■_ .the importance of the frontallpbes has been. much o.ver-estirnated." He claimed that, ,,■ ; ;-,•',:■'. ;^.V.'v.'?| 
 -. '- . in the occipital lobe yrere^ to.;be found the -.g.rea't association centres of the braiii, and ;,.' ■ -• r ' ' ' V>j;;i;1 
 ■':'.-• ..as upon associatingp.ower depended- man's ii.lelligence, the full development of the. ■■'.';•.•,- •■ '''•'■' "; ;'!;;;?' 
 ;.";.•■ occipital lobe was necessary to constitute ,a\yell-balanced cerebral systeni. He cited- .' •-.. :.-;;..".-,; 
 
 .■ -'■ as .cbrrpboratury evidence the fact that the occipital lobes are the last to make their; '■.... ; . ■;^ 
 
 . ■ • '.' V sjppeajance in ,tlie foetus. .The occipital l&be was markedly deficient' mreasphing; ^/•"-.; ' '.. ■ 
 
 ■_ . ..-.maniacs.' In "this connection the plaster cast of Guiteau's head was exhibited. ,. ; .•• .^ -•; •' '.; .' 
 
 ;.; . • ,| /?y-rtj«, vol. v., page loo, by Dr. James Ross : "Prof. Strieker points" out-' ■,-..-■•.■' •;■.. 
 
 .that nerve fibres as well as nerve cells are. eiidowed: with' psychicar functions, arid: ; -. Y ;.•.:■; 
 
 ^■.^.yery.ju.stly. remarks, that,. Wereit otherwise, the feeling correlated to the 'functions '•,• ; • .-^ ,^ •', 
 '■,;',:9f each cell in the same brain would be as distinct and independent as the corisci---,"...- ■ •' :/■,}'■'" 
 --?.,•;;.. pusness of, two individuals. He, does not, ho.weyer, hazard a conjecture as to the' ...; . ; .'-',..; 
 '^/,."N''nature"of the. fii,nctipns,'pf the fibre; Mr. Herberi Spencer's theory of the respective';, ;. .', :■:'.."-. 
 ,.; . functions of cells and fibres is. by far the niost rational we have seen . He maintainsy^- .' . '_, •: f ',;, 
 ;.''; • that the activities of the cells are the correlatives of feelings and those of the fibres, ';•■,•..,;;■;•'./'.'•' ;• 
 ,. the correlatives of the relations between feelinp;s. and if thinking is the establishment -.'.,•' ., :^'''i' 
 
 • * ■; - of relation's between simple,.;Snci compound; feelings, it will be. seen that" the struc- ■ i- • ■'..■-• i';' .- 
 , •/- jural counterpart of abstract thinking must chiefly consist in the formation of new i''.";;.' •, ■" '' 
 
 • ." . 'c.otinections between ner.ve cells." .- 
 
 •'-.-;". .r^v;'.;'" ---^^V ;.■-•.-.'< -/v -^/V'- ^^"--: :'■ !^ 
 
 ■I'r • ', 
 
 •ii 
 
 •V . 
 
 
"•\ 
 
 ' i!;. ; -.^ -•> ■ '. •'; -from' the. idiot to. the i}han;ofo^^ '■ I assume^ then, ' '• ' . 
 
 ;,i. ■•/ ■;■.;.'■ .-•. ' that;, it is :a, sQien.tifiG, . deniohstrateci ' fact''t^ ! •.;• 
 
 ■• .■■ ,'^ ; /■ •• .- ; • _ ;iefie(its observable in niari there , miis t be ■ anatbmicaT cause, therefore ",;■ •; .. ,\ ' 
 • ■'•. " .•••■:.'. • • ' ■ ""that a man is inteliectuall'y whkt he is in virtue of ■ his mentaii physical' : .' .' .• 
 ; /' ■ :■ • '. '•-■.■,•• • organization, lip matter what causes!, that, brganiz^tiorit^ j.. . 
 
 V/;^':^;., .;:v7'Vv\.t)r ^bnorm as'the case may be; / '^■ '' / ■■■ "•"/ ;• "^ ■':-••'■'.,' '■■ "-V .■••■ 
 :■ ■• ^; -':;;V X ^ . '-'V ' i^^ I shall npwcprisidef the' physiology of. mai_ is far pS; we kho\\r.-V •; • ■''' . 
 
 '.(. • •'.'■:• •:•?■>•'. ! •.* By the term physiology of m^ the functidn-ofanimdlor^ wismsas it!'. .'! /V-. 
 
 '.../■ •."•.!;■ •!■•',.■'. is generally understood' by the inenibers of the rnedi'calrprqfession/ When. I wrote. '■ ■''•[ '", . 
 V'- •■ ■■' •"•:'■■■<:'.,■, niy manuscript I was' ignprant of .Dr. Sterry Hunt's' l.earned treatise on- *.|^ _• 
 
 i •'•.;:■•'• .\;^ ;- ■v:!DftMA}N/;6Fv'-!P,^Y^ copy .of..wh.ich! treatise he •has.ginpe thefri!ikindly!--^V^ 
 
 ;;;•■.■ ..: >;■■■• presentedme withjand,'having read.it, lain perfectly convinced' of the correctness./! < 
 i. ;• '' •••.:■ ! '■ . ' : of his terniinplogy. ill science, .which if generally adopted would prevent much rnisf ...•..,' " . .'• 
 V ■ ,:.;.. . '.;; ■; . ! understanding.'. Indeed,- 1 ;am_fuiVy convinced, and said so in a paper I.r.ea;d.before>! •.''.' /.• 
 .;v.7.r' '!' ' ' •. . the- Montreal' MedicorGhirufgical!^oci(Bty, 'that much disputation would be avoid- '. ! :'.:.^^ ,..•.'; 
 .';.;!• '■.•''■'/ edif men- would only' algre'e, upon' theVmea^^ ':.. . '.■„'. .'.■ '•^ ',' .:.;:■ .•,': .".^!.-. '" .■•■ 
 
 !'.,, •- .'■ . \ ._.:•....: •; For nie now, however,; to .adopt,' the terminology of m^^ 
 
 !■.;■ "..■'! ■. • .' ' have:tbTewrite!the whbleof rhymanusciriptyhior^ : • .• ■■■':. 
 
 ;.';'' '■ V;. ;;;,.••, reisonfor SO doing, and .could only dp.so.%,.reproducing'the.whole of Dr; Hunt'3>' ': '. ;• .. 
 ,v. ■.•■• ;•'...' \;. : treatise.. According to !Dr. Hunt, I' The term physiology is the science. of natural . •• 
 
 ; ..' '■ , ■ .;.". ••■ tilings. " He says, " Wefindthe wprdphysiblbgistused. in, a general sense as! equi- '•.;■' '" 
 ."!. • ' •:•«,•..• valent to qur.moderh term naturalist." 'H^^ tlife.....'. :. • • . 
 
 ",• •. ".' ." '. medical man, whom!he calls a!.'!.*,piedicirt^^ • ' ■ 
 
 :'. .■'. '.. •! ,i ". • ■ .of the liiediciiiier, " It is to be wished that this'word were generally adopted in our... ■!-'. ■]■' '. 
 •';!•• :. '■. •■■•'!. •• speech, since the name of physician is now given to empirics who, whatever their!;"- ,• ! ''! 
 ■■',]-' . ." • '. : {.claims to be called curers,mediciners or medicantesj have no right tobe called -'.'.!-'• ' 
 ■•■•■■ i"' -,'' • "'■!:^-. physiqiansA ^ ,v-/.' -.^''/.y, '■'.(•'''"' V-.'''v^- :':''•'-. . ''■':■■ '''!■■ ].y'--^:-'.- '''■■■^■'■- )■■■-'' <''-''':\ j-' ': ' 
 v -;•,'. -^ ;•.--•■• '.V ~:.-- I am entirely in accord with Dr. Hunt; but hope the timeVHi coine "that. every . .-'! ••. ; 
 '■ ':'■.!.!■ ■ '^C'r-''. '' ■•. .mediciner will be. so educated in.natural laws as. to be deserving the name of phy-," ; , ■' '.■] 
 :.!..•.'•',' .••''•!■•.! sician. .'That is to say, that we retrace our steps and begin where Hippocrates left' : • "" : 
 >•/'.;• ' . :". !• -' . -.X off.; ;,.![ again quote from Dr. Huht'streatise,!pa!ges'9!iah:d.lO :' - ,' ;\ '":. , ' .-"%.' ■■"[. '.'-■''. 
 ■ ; ..■,.■;■", •.■■■. ' ■ J' •.!;^'- , .!!^** Natiirej in the language of the time, was spoken of as'a'z'tf inedicatrtx,' or '}'., ■■'•'..'■! 
 •;'";.';.-:■■'..■ . ...■.'^.. if; ■•".healing power, put 'Virchpw justly remarks that,. from careful perusal of the, works '. ... •" 
 }"..;'.!..' V !: ■'■'.- left vis by the great master, .we jdajnnot.doiabt! that by nature he !riieaht- the wh?le! ' . -f ' '! 
 ••.;.:...'■ " ,. .' • . , :"' .. • -bodily constitution ofmain. Hippocrates insisted upon a treatment of diseases based'= C ■ -\ 
 \ I ■■'■!■ •:. •'•!!.,;:■■ not upon magic nor upon supernatural agencies, but upon the belief that nature . •. . '" 
 ,;' '.'V'-, .^>.". works according to a divine necessity. In other words, he taught a system of . 
 i! !('^^ ,}'!■!'.! ;'''\;'path^ physical lawsj which, lie opposed to' thd^; . •' .■: 
 
 ■ ;, ;-, ■ ! v_ ■. .V ■". ./- : superstitious notions of his caste and his age. The eatros or mediciner was; .";/•. .• 
 ' '4 .'.' -.- ■■:'.'l' ■■■ '..':'■-'■'■■ henceforth 1:0 longer a magician, nor a priest, but a physiologist, physician or natu- •.•■',; :'. '. 
 ;-;•.' .-..•'"■>•.,.'•, rist, seeking for heahng agencies in the study of the physictl organization of the ' 'j. . . ! 
 4!'!' !.vv'-:''::'.v"!,;;,^-v patients. :!'.;, •■".!-•:: >'.!':---..;''-' ;:-.-■• .■^^^! !.'>'■ ./.^^'i^. '''."'•' -V"' '"'''' V.^ ••' '.■'. ' V; 
 
 ;'.,;-.'.'.' !'■■'. . The pathology of the dogmatisists who were the disciples of Hippocrates was / 
 
 vj f.-' • : .• /0->- biiised upon a knowledge of the structure and functions of the human orgc^Liin, - j-'^' 
 
 •■^^;!='^>^' '■"■:•■!-.■■■■'(■>"■'-''" "t/'' !'. ■'■.''■^ '■■■■:■■■ 'f . .r^ '':■■■. :'.':'■■■': '■^'■■' ■-"■^.■■.■- '■■■:':■■ ■•■^■- ■ ,'■ ■.-.-^.'■•^^^ 
 
 
.1 : • '1 
 
 'ff s 
 
 ■'4% 
 
 ■■!'■'■%■,.■'- '-■••■'•>:■*>■ ''{'iN'.'''^ •■>'.:;' ■■ ''■-;;■;;'..•■'•;■':. >..i>..r'» 
 
 ■■ • ; • -it, recognizing., the established faqt that for physiological effect there' :..■, ; '■.'.' 
 ■'■■'.,.': 'rriust 'be ahatomieal; pause/ ;Mah,fr'oi^l the'ifioment he ieriters.ihtd this'v'-"^ ''^^ ; "•• 
 ■•% ' ■ '.■/world untir:he leavers it,, is.a:ivyays:uhderg,9iitg fihysicf l' change'.;. "TAer^'-- • V •:'•• 
 V V .:;.• ^s ever going oh -in the ;nbrnial-m waste: .r^f- tissues, lp:sS;-of; fprcejf/a,;. ■■:^ ; ' : '' :•• 
 ' . .'• • •■coritinual.w^ar and tea.! fi-din the secr^^ hiis ;orgahs,'frQhieyery;;j\.^ '■■'■■:■'. 
 
 ',■ ■:. ■.•'/jaGtivin arid/froni eye.r/_ thotight,'ahd a,X.6Mihual. reproduGfioh toisupply:,. J ;:;■•;;•:, 
 ;; .-''pr-Hhie^lot^." ';.;:;• -v ^'■•;: •>;;•. y ^: '. :':':"■. '■■■' -"''■\ ■'•■(":: ■•■' -■,--'^- '■'•.■".•;:■ .'^'.■■'y:')^.^^]':-'^:: ■ 
 " . ^-y- .• • .-^hat a- tteau'tifiAl' ma^^ in- a - ■■'■ ""'■; :•: 
 
 ' -.jV'fnbniial state; alvs^ays'-chan apipiirently ihe:^ same^ ■ losing;,;' I! V'^.>;' 
 
 '. '. V ~>>: rniiiilij-yet l^gaining' mbre>' ^Tht nfew-bbrri- iiifant- grows' until it l>ec6mes; ': .'. . .:' 'y' 
 ■ ; • .'t.'tHe fully id6veio]3ed:mahi;^ -.r-''''-r 
 
 y ■':.:• -^iippiyi. then -greater loss :than^'.;s^^^^ 
 
 .•■'. .'and, ebrnes: tb'a;s.ta;iid-still, a«d the^^^^^ 'aniriial- hVahr.ceases/tq..' y^ '•'' 
 
 ..,; ':.-".:^eMSt.- v '■;•;,;':: ':'■■;.•':.'' ;:••■;•■>..''•• y':; ; ^■■■■■:-:-;.:'.'':y '■■.■■^'j'.-:Of;''^'.'-'''^'; ^^''-'^j ;.^.-"-, '//•■'.'• 
 • :•. '. '■ V itiateriial ilian is composed of aniimf-artd: ■Vegetative '•••'.! ' -•".■. 
 
 ..• : v-^ organs,' and ■each of -thes^ organs has its distinct office, aiid its; own." . ...i ;'•"■'-.,; '.: 
 
 •■.''/••■ ^hil of, the structural and functional modifications produced alike by disease ar.d by.'... V.'-',: V ' 
 '••.•:. -the actioin..6f drugs."'. ;^; ..'.''..'•• '-'^ ■■■.,:'■■.''.'"' •'■•'. •' \ •" ■ r^ ■'■•:';■.■ '•' yj '.■' 
 .V;'> ^l!putHipp%rateshaci still, another claini "■ ■'■'.■ 
 
 ' .'.-'•.'■gisty sihce'i: riot content Ayith studying the physicalconstitution of ;mari, hd.ih'sisttxl>.C.:." .•■ 
 '",:"' i iipon-the .importance -of a knowledge of all liis relations to .external ■nat'ur^.. ^In•.his^ ; •:. .•'■^v. . ; 
 •/.'••VV^Gereljrated: treatise" 'ton^ A .■:'::■ r'K'y 
 
 ■■.■■'•''■'■,?'•.• 
 
 
 
 
 r-'SI 
 
 •,:■■■:■".-■■<■, 
 
 :'-i;-^S^- 
 
 \yhoever,Avould 'understand medicine must study the movements , of the heavenly. •.•' 
 ■.^^.-•bodie;s,■ ./and ail meteorological phenomena, together with ph'ysical geography,.; ^;;."".'. ;■;.• •'■/iX'"'.'-.^ 
 :'•, . ' i.n'cluding climate, soil,, vegetation, rocks, minerals and waters; to' which he. adds^ • ■..•', .L, "..'. •'".;•; , :.;'i 
 
 ■ - ''• that the mecliciher, if he Hvould preserve .the health' of his patients and "suQeeed ■ in . -. i, ; ■>',■. -j" ':~^yM 
 .^y.; his.art', woultt investigate ' everything elsein^n^^ . '. ;.■ 'r\': y.:'::,^- ^).}^''.-} 
 '■;■■;■' ' I'f' it'follows from what has been.said that the ,.\vord;!-physiblo"gy, 'asf^^^ -'V.V^''. •••" ,H''' '/':-^ 
 ;'; ■! Uixiited' tb the functions of living bein^j^s, is .made to; include;jii^^ Which .;.l.v...,' ' '-'./:.;'■ '' iSj-.-'fl 
 ;• ■ ■are-notbibtic^biit are^cbriimpn.to the^o : ."■>.■;.•' r'.s?^?!;;' 
 
 ■ ' ■■ : 'heed sOrrie further definiti'bn tbdistiriguish those Avhich arecharactVristic of brgariic.;'. •'.■'/■■'■;•■ ;'? y^-S: 
 
 ':' life. , I therefore venture to designate the.st.udy of these.bv the distinctive name of .'.• :"''.;:.' ■■- ,1'..!'''> .'I 
 
 ■■." ■ ■■-■.,•■ '.. ..>! .■ ■■ , .;--,',■•■.■,■,.■■"-■■ ■ „■■ .■■-■ r/i-- ■-.■.■■.■-•■..■..•■'.■• ■....'■ .■M.s-v:.' ■..-.,..■■.,.■;. •.■.•■■.' .•■■■,■..:'.■<'.»•■*■ 
 
 .•M.'biophysiology, while those pheriomerialwW^^ V. •;■•■'•;,.■'■% V: 
 
 ■; 'dynamic arid cHeniic, whether manifested in ;brga,riisms oVan miri'eral 'species, may.-''';.' ■'" .. •■''- ^..•...;..- .\S?V?V 
 
 ■■^be included under the riame of abiophysiolbgy. ;■.'/.■;••.':■';/'■■■.■,• ■%'('■':■ ';;:•;>' ^■" ■•; -iiif^ : 
 ;:'■■ ■ ; General physiology, comprehending these tvv^)divisiprii=, will /thus;^ '.^ , .-. ';^';r;k' -^ 
 
 .■.■.-.' foMtVofigiriJtr^and proper sigpificatiori^^^^^^^ 
 ' - .^''iin'the.rii'aterial univprse', and as distinguishedTrbm- physiography/ whose. pi-o.yince'/.'. 
 
 ■' /■. -is the 'iiescription of universal nature. -i^ . ■ '■■ ■ ;' , ; ■ , '=;~^ ',. / ' \'f 
 
 ,:,' Scientific precision demands a reform in our;terriiinology, and reqiiirpS'US to-.v. 
 
 '' '■ extend the nariie of physiology Once niore to. the" processes and thr activities of .the.;.' 
 ■' /Ythree kingdom's of rialture. The iriorganic,'not less than the" organ, world, has its''" 
 '•/.'■physiology,": : ;■•.,.■. .■;.':.,. '■',,' :.■■.,:■'••■; .■•'.:■../' •:V.:. >■:.:.....;;, '■,/■"■.; 
 "■.v'V-": vv;:i--. ..•.■..■v:.v;\.:/;v .;..■■••:;;. -.;, •..■'fi'-.' ■;< . ,■ ■'. ...y^i!'.'-. '.:•': yy 
 
 
 ^'^^■^ 
 
 :: ■■■f^fv 
 
 . <•> 
 
 
 :*»f 
 
 , ; / 
 
 : ■■■ ■ ■•''■■•^\-y.--i.^.,>'&-Mi 
 
■;''..■■■>■ .-■;_ 
 
 ■f '■■ ' 'v-'f-'l- •;■••■ .'X8' ■};■'•'. ':p'-"' A RationbilMateriaU^ ./. 
 
 './ ' '• . * •'. ■'' 'p^^ r Therefore, as there is a continual loss of force kiici- ,!.. 
 
 ;h- r' '■'• ■;.'.'■■ •• '\tissues, ahd-acontiniial reproduction/it is nee these constunt-; ■'.■'••■ 
 
 ^^•■•: :,;:;•" ■':..•?.'.'..•. ' .chahges..tji&t .t.heie. be- motion ;i'Gon^equent]3(\y.e,h?iye^^^ and in./ • . ' ' 
 
 ;^V' V.' /-.ly;;; ■ '^z; •" ralL other ianiirials^ ;Qf • thrtit typer ,the, three; ; Dr(lars--Qf -'rnotiphi ^yiz., : C,-- ' •; 
 'v[ v;'".-:;.; ;;>• V .^chemical, meGlianii:^ ■.;;^lte;/;cheJTiicd.iri- the:iassimi^ '^C'[-' 
 
 r., ■...■•.:■';-■ ■.';;;■ /'-tion-:bf:vfQq4 jri/ the;w tKe digestive organs. ■ 'The m^ ' ,' 
 
 /jyv.;^'"'. ,■; , ./;■•' in;^the'blo(M:circ;iih Thes^ two orders, pi-operJy\.vi ^v. 
 
 '■'^'■•'•':-..\':- ■'■■■'::■ r ..V. speakingjvbelpng to. the vegetative r(2:^rGductioh ••',.'.' • 
 
 .>•.■;. ." • : ;.':■' s- ' '•• "• ^ ■, of. = waste:tis3U(^S;a . lost ' fcfrce. These motions and. rest are the .only" ■ ' • ."• • 
 ■.:•%••!■ \^--./^^ forces/- Molecular motipiiiaelongs.-" 
 
 '":.•;' :;;.'/;•: • V;'.to.!th'e,.animai organizatiorij th'at is to the^brain,' spinal cord,. and iiveryv 
 y ■■■ \ ' •; -.'. • ' .. .• .,; •' n.eriye ■fi^re:4n ■ the .aninial ecoh'ortiy. .' '\Ve .haVe learried through BoeRv;" .■ . ,' 
 ; ■■; ••■■;•';■ ;■;■••.• y\> •and,:- l^terj^- H/ECkel,. that^there -is iio "dnimal lif . . : 
 
 /■.••/'■.■-•...; •■■■ . . neryOuS.- systerii,: and- that .the function's oT-anirnal. life ,a^^^^^ 
 ■i.": ■•'•;;••■ '■'■'"•. .."'.'': tionypereeptib'n.ghci. motion,, so that mechanical .motion in'man., '. .... .,; 
 
 />■.• p:^ .v"./> • • vSuch' a:s' the; cii;culiatibn- and respire I -have. just spoken of, ' ..' ' •• 
 
 :'.•. v • ;•;.■.,. /.f-!; '•;. although .in ;the .•yegetative . qrgahs,.' arid ; for .reproduction, is depen.- ' • 
 :;.- ••;'■..". ■ / '>.■-•;•.■ " •.. .deht .for ..jts..'iriot6r. power viipoii.' aniriial life," ais'' 'derived. .^9111 .the . , . ' • : 
 ■'■.'^' ••; •• .'. ••.;-••'•; -..neifybuS:. system/.. The^^^^^ vegetative life,-, r . v 
 
 .;/. ■ • ■?• .;.•.'' •.' ..oi" mechanicaimotion,'mus.t.of necessity, G AVerhightas well expect ; • .'■,;: 
 
 ••.:•:••'; .• ,: . ^'^'/a'stearn engine' to move withbiit.~stean\ r.s>the heart or lungs'.to move -/'.•* 
 vV.-': ;/■ - '':_ • ' » .'without iierve. forte, and this nerve force is due' to: iiiol<?cular rnbtion... ': .'•'■ . " 
 \jr/r \ ■ ••;;•>•., •■. So' that' mechanical •and/chehiical motion in 'man,, and 'all ^ bther /■;..' ;:.■.; 
 /• ./ •■• • '■' ■ ■■anirnalsV'are.due .to the pjin)[ary:causej r^ .• 
 
 / ■..';;•.■ .;■';'•. that. .chemical njotibn. is necessarily deperidferitupori moleciilar. nerve ;.• ;.;■■' 
 •. ^v ■.•.'•■ -. ■ ."•.■• ■ ^mo'tiofi orily;iii,the. iiving,anim'al,,b.ec riibtipn.:: •...■. 
 
 .»...''•■ ■. ' :•. .... never :Qeas'e,.. even after .d,eath, in animal organisms; ■ ' .• -• '■- • -;■" . ".' "..'.• 
 
 rw;;.;,:- :/A./V-.''i' . ^l.y.We" a:re "■: ,:,■ \h 
 
 :-';■/.., ':;"^ /'Vr • ••'4ation,-'t4)at'bortibri ;bf"ariiftial bibtic life tb which . W'e. Owe airobiective'. >•'. ."' 
 • •.•• ./•-'; ' s". '■' ■■ 'ari'd' subjective 'irhpressio'ns, brigiiiates'' in the, sUiii; that covers our '1 ' . . :.;•; 
 ;;.: ■; . '••{•'■•' .-.-. J!'^bdic^o''cpiis'equently 'th'e.',slciri, 'of :i\selv an.lii from itself..- '>. .-.;;; 
 
 , "■ .* ' ■■.•.'.•'•'• V transmits -serisatibri:. to: •every, Ip'art/ofthe •boHyby' me'aiis, bf%the .-^ ;^^^^ 
 !^-.':v ..'•'•;> ^ •' seiisorj^:Ber^x;S:;'which;.ta.ke/'thei^ -^ 
 
 ':\it''--'']:y/.-':'--^ '■' /also^^tiemottstrated^'that - th^ the; different paf;ts^..'.:: ..'J 
 
 '• i^ : .'V ;.;'; • /;;• -^ ■ • centfipetal'a.rid'i;entrifi^ Biiti according to Boer and H^ckelv the' V ' :| 
 - -'';: f.^;- ■■ V- :^6CQnd functibiis-bf 'dm prigiiiate'in the- skiiii, ;;'.,•. )^ 
 
 '■;../;./;.■■■■ /.;.■■ ': that is>'the:mblbr nef^^^ to/tliese authbrities'-the ' ';■ '^ 
 
 >;■'..'."*•"■ ..' V './ 1' first •germ :layer is the sk'in,:ffp.m- 'which', jsroceeds the' whole iier.vbiis';' ..- ^ . ^ 
 ;:'■•- .' ;. ''.-■ v;: .7, js.yst^rn,bra.in,. spinal cord, and all the different nerves,,s.o that the;' j .'-J 
 i •"'.••'.•".:.':-' whole phenomena of aninaal life is e.volved from the same'^source, and: •■.']| 
 
 AY 
 
 v-''^-^';.r'-.:---\-^- ••.•'•■' ••■:•'. .■:■'■■ ■■■:\ ■■'■■''■■■:•■/■■'': -y'-'^ . '■^■■\, 
 
 .■.-...>.•;•.••■■;■>■.-.■ ..•'..:•. • .■ • '.-•••.. •..■.:■••'■■..- .•.■■• ■;..•■.••■■•..( 
 ■ ■\ •■ \-- '•■ •'•''■ ■ '. • . ■■ •■■ '■ .' ^ • '•• ■ ■■ ■•■-■ •.■■*..• 
 
 .fA 
 
'■^Vi--''^^-'i'-:''B-^-'^^^^^ 
 
 -- ., . , . . , . .. ■:>■■• •<,. ., . . . 
 
 ..... ...,."■':■::;;..■:•;-•■.■. ; ?;:^ ,..■.„. ., 
 
 
 '■Of Inaanity and. Imbecitity. : ,^ ' C/.' -; " 1-9 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 ;•■;•: the p shothefla of ahimallife ctim^n^ti s'ensdtionythdughtiperceptw^ ■'.'/'■. ■ v' /- 
 ■ ; ,;.of r^'i louinhs, ixidmoticify^ This is great knowledge to know the :,_■;:..■ .•,'•.. 
 
 .■■phenomena of animal, lillerand how vevolyed.froni the living germ..' .' ■..",■ 
 ', ■ But we;want, if pbssibfe^to know this- aiiirnal.Uife; wh4t is; ;/ v- .;.. 
 
 ! this molecular motion; .'D^^^ 
 
 '■;•■_ .the nerves/' He^caflsyit electa ahd-fronihisiexp^ri-. '. .;•••.;•";.• 
 
 ' . '■' ;!ments I assume He-iscorrefctv' blif wew^ in facf we •' ;. ■ .■• ." -p'-'^^W 
 
 ', ; : ."•Want a microscope strong enoiigh to show us mplecui-^Tinotionj which ' •. :':''-^\::'*.'::\'^^ 
 
 •'.■' .iiow is "ihvisiblej although we know it to exist in the.nerVes. ■ \V.K-. : -'v ;".v' • . ^'r:;;-:!' 
 
 '['■ ' Cl'fKoi-d said..: if'^Ave hiad,a rhagnifying power of i^^opo wecould.'See'Vr/^ ..•,.;, :-^^^^ 
 
 •"'■•!' the iiiole.cuiar striit.tu'te of water ([the highest povyer we have I believe- • ' '■■.'• " 
 
 ■ ■; -lis '8-,ooo),. sol ani afraid we be a long time be.fpre.w'e have a p^^ ' ' V,;-. 
 
 .'. • . tb'see mplecuiaf rierV^ structure,' yet we-kiip\v it exists^ for modern bio- . .;; \ .:■ • ' 
 
 •.vvchemicat research proves _ its existence, and ;in virtue' of' it thought is ■.•..',' . • ff^^^; 
 •• ■■';.. produced, arid intelligence borne from the p.bjective and' subjective-. to ; '•. ' '. 
 , ;./.-'^the;prgari6rcphsciousnessl !'■.''■■ .''' ."^:- ' ,..'■;,■■; y- ".^,. . -, '■ ;•., : ■ v ;.''^ 
 ./.'..: :' .P.erfection iii all theise different motions, ;chernicali mechanical arid / ' ;.. '■■: '■ 
 ■'"^\. tnolectilar, is necessary for the nofraal 'mah.^ a, " ,■ .* . ' n." ' 
 
 .;. man tbbieih Vnoj^niai -state and^^^^^^^^ ,,■. ■>'•": 
 
 .. . . ; or rendered . abnormal from ariy,' cause. ' But, the one power or ' mdtipn , ■ . " ' . . . ' . ' 
 ... - • iipoh- which thought ;is djrectly dependeiit.is molecular or atomic y,;.;/ ' .';.: 
 ^V.,; electro-magnetic ..mpti If this motibn is fabnprraal, thought must '••••.,• -^^ 
 
 .■/ : ''be abnormal also-'; because thought is de^perident for what jtis upon .' .•.•',• .\^.^..'^:i>■;'j5 
 ■ V'intelligehlce; '' -For example^ inten '■>')Cr- ■.''i^ 
 
 .' -arid Subjecti.ve,-;by; means' of the serispfy nerves, to the, organ pf Pom •.■.'•; .•'-.>•;• 'j 
 •■':..'scipiisri.pss, and iritelligence ,is sent forth from brie man .to-anotherh^ ':'<'. >; -' '*^' 
 
 '■'•■. mearlsof the motor ri'erves j so the- receiving and givirigpfintelligence ;k..; .f. ^'^^^^^^^^^ '-^ 
 ■ Viv'is by means, of riioletuiarvmbtiori.*v don't forget what we owe :to:'.:vvr''>v'^;^^ 
 ^ -.;• ".the brgarisof sense for the reception of intelligence, or what we can-, -V-l-.;' ;\ /^^^ 
 \'-'-\\Wor example, impart by the. eye, but then, allis due to molecular motion. .,'.•. '. :"■ ^'^ \^'^.;.J.- 
 .:■';■ '.':/■■ 'Here then we haveocdiise for effePt^v '' -.;:''. ■;/;'•'■•:.;'• -A'- -' ;. ■'■■''' V'; ■:-/v'':':,'^yl' -J'.j-^-i'^P/ .« 
 /;;r:',} ■'■/■•■■''Body arid mirid. are brie, that is to-say, miridy;as^we kriow it, isfthe''.;.^,-'ci >!/^i;^ 
 
 i-. 
 
 
 :■■'.& 
 
 ^k 
 
 ■j-;<. 
 
 ■■'■'Sifk^ 
 
 ■. :' y* Erbfessor.-TyndjT.ll says,: /""'I; hardly, imagine there exists^a profound scien tiHc ;>'•.. .r 
 
 . thinker who has reflected upon the, subject ■;unwiliing to. adiifi probabi-? ' V ;.•;,, 
 
 ; lity of the hypothesis^ that "for every fact of conscio'usness,'whetherih thie domain of ";'. •■./..;. ■;:'^;:/:7;^'S' 
 
 .'sense, .of thoughtj or of emotion, a.definite molecular condition of motion or. struc-, . • 'a-; '..•;;;' ^ '^. ".I'r i'^-^v' 
 
 '■ture is'set'up in the brain," or- whor would be disposed eve'^ i ■,','i-\v^ 
 
 or.,stfucture be induced by iiiterhalcause instead of external,, the,- effect of con- .y:'. ■";: ^' --i,;-.'*^^^^^^ 
 
 ■;.;'sci6usness,'vyould)je.the.!saine." ■■/•;■ V'v'- i.'^-:^^ .^..v,'- ...;-..- 'i. v. .;-;'t;^, .^ . '■.: '.V:".':-. '. ;''■. 
 
 .i.'.V. 
 
 ,'i^ .. • , ,; ,. ,■■ ■"■ ' . .*i., -, ,,. ■ v. '.*! v-^*<A 
 
 ■ "5 .' 
 
 
■'r;<v.f 
 
 
 ?::-W' 
 
 
 .•;'■'■■ -i' 
 
 
 
 
 '.:.>..••,,:. 
 
 t'.' 
 
 
 V>i • 
 
 
 ■■;%••'.•■.■.. '.■. '. • ••' . ■.•'.•!■..•••■■■ 
 ■ * ^ • ■ • . ' ^- • .' ■ " > * ' .r • I ■ " 
 
 
 ;'.■' • "••. \ . • '. -• ' ,' •' 20 ■ ;.'.■::' .4" MatioTKiLl Alciteidalisiic Dejinition :'. ' . . '. .;•.'!•.. -' • - • •• 
 
 .;■■■•■.• s'' ;.■ • .•••'•^ '.v.- \'-- .:^ -^ ■ : ■■'»■■•■••.••■■•/■■■.>■'■;•. -r'.'-:'^'^ '■ •' ■••.•■■'•'■•■■ ■■^•' ■: ' v-'"; ••■;'••■■.•■ ,•.,■.•''■ ■..„•■•"''' 
 
 ';,.\;'' .,'" ' •■;.:•. -product <)fmg,tter5.as we-knO,vv' and; define:' matt^^^ tiot. say. ' 
 
 ■):■■ ;.';.. •'',;'.'■'.:• that -there may hot.be. an Vorder or 'rhafter, ahd'consequently mind,' in '; •, . 
 ■^■■LK\'i'■%:■^'''■': ' ' ■f/"'jnan tKatVwe; cannot demcmstrate';.' indeed, I ,firrtily belieye there is; ;;■>• :-/^ "; 
 ^ •••.->-..'• ;;■%':•. Npr would I, be understood; as seeming" to. deny pivine revelation/ :, .',■•'.-. 
 V^ ■• i'.V^-'A "f :yv^hich-l^ ^;' 
 
 ^ :'^i >■"-'; •^.>:---' ■' 'iljie, f./;^j::miiid. operating by- syrnbols or repfesehtati^nsMeriyed 
 !^./;.•;/! '.v'. \;v^' s'the.s^^^^^^ ^yhjch,,in^' ;■.'■■';.■..' 
 
 •■' .• ■ ■■■■'• ; .r ' • . - ■ our .presettt statev no.aiGt of .thought is possible., '. Asjja scientist, deal-' \ 'A , 
 „ ■ •■■a' .'>■ ;v-,s.;';ingv>'ith.simpl-j? natural, phenoin th'eir^■.'. .;•;. • 
 
 '■V;:' i?-^!: • '-'7;V -V^-yiw^^J:/- their funidamental -:imderlying MVj«^/a«//a^^ Or withVthe ;'" • ,/ 
 : , •'•"N; •'■/?■' ;;ii"perh'Vturdl border.: of intelligence' which belongs 'exelusiv;cly:.tb,the: •■■:•.; 
 ■'^';-'a-'^-' : • ; •'<•:' jTCgiiPh of fttithv .speaking ^ of ;the;<material.-a^^ . s v-. ', 
 
 ' •/.'j; : .■ '• • :'; vfind-itih heaith^^^^ ;".• 
 
 'I'"- •• '■.•-•:•.;■'/' i'P.QntqVa and why 'is, a; physician caU 
 
 '••.•■v.'.v V. 'v^ Vf;.; ii'ppn to admi-nister tp.a mind the- • • 
 
 |,..';-'..\V-v.y;y:/\,^;- 'product -.of matter of a; cause /.and- .- ••■ vl 
 
 ; j-o,-:.' ■. '1:^ •.;-.'• that^ mind Tniatter.- If this werejnot^^t^^^ 
 
 ,;y'V' /;•'/.•'";.. eas'c, a medical; man would.bfe.eijther'.a 
 
 ;- ,.■;•;, • ..- -.f . .;;- ;.the' tre:a:trnent ;of mihd^dise^sed.'r,'.;' •::^:'::--'':'J---'^'i^^'i'':\'K:-', ' ;>■ •^- ■-• '. ■•':•■/■:' ' "j 
 - 0^ /-/.v-' ■: .■.::'•-• ."Ihaye.saidthat-fnah'spTacein-n 
 
 ■''■•'/.-; v.- ■■..-'•''!.■ tibn,' and 'th^ v^ 
 
 :. •' . ■• ;::•;-,.• .due to his ariatoniicai constructiohj whiclr was the c^^ the effect. 1 -. V-; 
 
 :;■.■/ !' ' -. ' ■ •• :•' ";^~',;.NoW.>' -what is the meaning, of intelligence ? ■ We often jnake use of the' . "' ; : ■' 
 '/;' • ', ••"...•; -J. ■.;" exprfessipnsVhe i.^an iiitelligeht rnan,-he is,aniritellectqalrnan, without ■' •,./'• 
 •• •• •. ■ ; . ■ ■ . ;•-. . . duly-' .considerihg the .me,aning of the tefmsi , ' Intellect,". ,*-' intellectuS'" ' ■ v ;• , % 
 : ■ -;. . '; ;• •. • frpm '* dntellegere,'' to.iinderstand-;froni i' inter," between, and Vilegere,"- .' ; , . .H 
 • '. '■• •• :-. • ..••• togathef, collectV •-Theorganpfponscious^^^^ . •"1 
 
 ;•:.":■••;' • .'^ •': j.ectiye jorgan,. to' receive Jnte-lligence or. rnessages.:]frpra objective-; V . /. i'j 
 . .- '; ■ .: •"/•■-; 'and the sensory nerves. -are-. the .messengers. "that 'stand b.eiweeil the ■ -^ V^^ 
 ,■'.-• ^■.:' •:-.•'•.;. .■pbjeetive'-- and- -orgS^^ consciousness, to bear' intelligence to the- , ". 
 '...;:;"."•.• 'v.;: ■■^';.ipfgah of consdpushes^^^^ 
 
 {■■;, .■'■^;^" '■',■.'%;> 'it-is seen oi^ ;AU inteUigence is carried.' .•-, 
 s^^V. \y;'v <-;• ';y: -7 J'K the: sensory nerves/: " For 
 • " ' - ' ■ . -■"' f. . . •. . : f- • : ■ examplej ah object- seen i is' pictured ;up6h . thKretiria, but the impres- ' . \ .5 
 'r- ■ •:, • .•^- •• ' /V- sibn b^ jiicture'is bprheto. the organ ~of;consciousness ;by means, v ; 'ii 
 :i ['i--:\'y.':/:'''%y':'''' .6'f-the sensory nerves, so that ]the..brgari :'of cbhscipusn^^ 
 .■l.-:/\-'-\ --X.- : :;^' ■; • .'•-.;.•. ''•^''•'■■""\ ''■•"'"';.'".. •.'' \ ■-' ' . ■'' ". -•,. '; •''\ ; ■'"• -•" .. " 
 
 ■ i "r ■; "■' •■ . " ■ • ; '. " v * By" tliis identity 'of mind and matter, i refer "simply .to. the. manifestations.of . '. . 
 
 --''■'.■.■.'.' .^ -.'*.,- ' .' .■.•,'-<■', '■ '.■' * ',• "■ ' ' ' ' . ' ■ ' ' ' -^ ■ ' ■ ■ ' - •-.... ',.■■>■) 
 
 ';"(>,•'.:'■'' ;.;;'v.f^'' /.mind. !:during this life through; its material medium,- viz.j the bodyi .vAnd, ./« this ''' .\% 
 
 '■':■ ;■'■ /.' ..-. !';^V«^?rf/mind and matter ar.e^«*in'c/(»ra^^^ and in condition, ..•■'' " ■■•■.'■ > • ,% 
 
 i-nv--."-'" ■: •-•••.■:'»-.. v'v .-.■.:■; <;.i •:■■..■ '■•^■'•-.■y ■;■;■>•• -v;? .■;'•■'-.'.■• ■;■.;;-■ ■■ ■'■ . •■'■••.•,■•■:■,?;■'' /'^ '•. ;■;•..■•■• ;s 
 
 ■ ■ :.v--''r^'- .:■-■; •^v■v^.^^•-.■^■:■ ■■•^■;-:v-^;-..v" V ■"•■•V ;:''i:^; -^ ■'" t- ■',•■. :^--p/ ':-:•: ^^>^''i ::-\- 1 ■-,■.: 
 V^-^:^- 7 ^'v ^,^>' ■•V''\;V'>'-^^>.' -r-'/';^ ,• ■ •-:;■ :.:,■ ;:v.2;-rr;\ ■.;.:.'-„■ ..''..--■ . jf 
 
 :J^> -'i^^;; -r •s'-';:V' •>.-.■• ^\ /'^X'V .':'■<-' '■\'!:- .:'■'•■''■' ■^■'^- '■'■■ ■,•••, .'■'■. \:''.y-:--'- r.-S-" '■'■ '^.--■'^ 
 
 ffiim;mm0m^mmmmm'^X'-mmmmB.-§ 
 
V.'. * 
 
 tv: 
 
 
 '. -• • ■ .••;'••..•■• ;.'-A.^;-'.'v.-v.'...;^;r' iv V. .■• f- . •-•.■■•;■■■■•■..■:•',, -^f ••/i.-'-^-; ••:••. 'V;'- V /": 'H 
 ■.■•; ,■ .': ■:■/. \r ■■■••.: s;-. ::.v*'^ .;'•■■:•••■'■';..;•■.■••■>•'■■/■-,•;■•. ■• -*■. a ,.•,..••■■■■;-■■,■ -y, .■•;_•,• •.:.>..•..:;■;; 
 
 •V' • ^;' ':' ^ ':'■'■ ;-•■• .■':^; •^•'■:^;:•/■^•■.■'.;' '■■ 'z',\ ■ ■; >•■ .:'r'^^" v. :■. . V' ■^' ■'■■> : •■;■ ;• • •■■■:vV m:^' ••v' -• :':\j &<^ 
 ''y •../■•^^•■ . 'V'j :■•■;.■ ;;"■?■ .' i.' • ' -Of Insaiiity ' dnci' Imbecility. ". Sv'-v' " • v-'--"' : -JJl" -. • .'a'^' •: i ": I'' 'I'-'i^ 
 
 ■• •'. ,;^ll things objective by means' of the. sensbry hierves; Then what ' 
 . . ;} ■. '."intdligence, \Ve "receive, wlieiii .we. Will, we, impart., thfoiigli another 
 ,:V;' ■ v^, channel, and that.' is through the medium 6f the' motor nerves. So to-' 
 • "■ , ; !:, .'constitute an intellectual man, .it is' necessjjiry. that' the "wHoie mental 
 .•-■,,. ■' ' ! ?j0rganization;- .shbulcl be: ndrmaij .that |s, anatomically normal ;-h'either 
 ' ; V '•'patholpgicai defect,! which \vm •!.!"'■ '':■'■■■ ''r'--€^h'^, 
 
 ■"■' ■^^: which woiiid' be 'imbecility. ■:;;'' '■.- ';■' ; :^ .' ' ;; '•> ;::';'.-t';!; ■"{„"■ \^'''' .^ •' -:!/^ '■;'■■i^'^*:?• 
 -■ • : The organ of Icorisciousrifess niust be.' nioi-mal, the. 'sMsoryfterves' ..•'•' •.'..■ ■■''.• :"''. v^ 
 .!'•.-• normal, and thembtor nerves normal. .AVhen.we remembier that the Sv "■ ':.i'- .■''■.; ^''ti' 
 • : V' *; development ol- the brain- is'a plotter; of^time, and that sornebraihs 'v. :.;<,/•■ "i (> •V'?^^! 
 I. ^^n'^.ire^ ney^r. develppeidi as in 'the idiot arid' inlbe:cile,''and when' we :;;;■■/. .'.' •'"■:^;'^-.:^ 
 .. ;. •' ■; .••' T.^meinb,er at What '-an early age the infant begiiis to" obse'rye the objec-. ■.;, .'•. , '. '•■ ,. ■;.;;• ^ 
 .'■ />> tiye^ that is;t6 rece'ive^im^ organ of ..^^ '/'■:'. ' ■'. l'''''- My;! 
 ■■■.■ ... • •.cbhsc'ibiisness; vvie can easily' u'hderstand the effect of education upbh- ''v V' --',5' ;; '.•*-.-:A'ri 
 ..■.;.'.':: the organ of.'consciousnes's (I speak. of educatran in. its widest-sense)-, ,'■•■.•. .';|- ".■ i/ X^^.>j 
 .'. '. , ■•. • . •' .ind' recpgriize the- fact that as ' the child grows up to maturity ats. mental •^..; . ' ■ ■ . •. '.''■' 
 '■■''r. . 'prgaiiizationmu^ 
 '•:.•' ■•';by its-ehyirbnment. • Theref^ 
 
 ''-' ■ •.;. :txial man, hei-mu have .normal. brain and nerve, structure, . •>.' ''•',.."', 
 
 ,;" '"^.^bUtihis/surrbunidings, his eriyironriient,' his' objective ■>^ ■" '■. ^■' 
 
 ~ .r. ' '-.receiyes h'isjn'teiligen'ce, must be g^^ be^nbrnial; How can ■•; .'.V.. '. '' v, 
 
 -'?••. we expect a 'chiFd togro\vruf) to be. ah inteiiectual'. mkn'Svhose sur-! •.•:.'" '. 
 / ■ • ." ■rbundings,. from .infancy ;t manhood,, hayebeeii- everything, that was - . ,- ; ... ,'-. . 
 y / ■: . vile and' criminal ? •• These ' are \tjie causes of the •different grades of r •! ' : -j • '' . :^ ': ■ ;•;. :'f ;i$ 
 ■' '.^/socieiy, classifying sodety^ by i^^^ '!V'"^i:r:'^'/:l^} 
 
 ';■;:::>, And here; I will give;my'vidba of the: highest b^^ intenigence.- ;/;;'!^ ^;/'\';V''-_:\:^^ 
 
 :•'.!■• • My. idea of the ,most iritellectual man is- the hiari that does right ■'.'•'• ;• 
 
 ;.... . .:'\ . • '.r '.1.. ,■- -.;•.■■• -o- '.' ■ .. ■■■ .^'. ..■.-■ ■■■. ■■■■•■'■■-.■'''''■'■■.■,''• ■^. "',.■.,..■■■•■ . . , . ,. ' ' . *.•■■' ■'■■'■* 
 
 ••. '; becallse if /'.y fight, .the man of benevolence.'and justice, the man that * V..";.,. ■.'^'^.'ivf'l 
 '...■;' -v-'-iiyes closest, to: the good- old golden rule, doing imto Mothers as. he ••\!;:;. v^ ."^ : "'m^^^ 
 
 , ' - ■ .jvvpiild that bthers would .do. ini to. himj being humane and jiisti^ 
 -; 'V:v . 'things*;.;"; ■ '. '/ C'-'l-^i^' ■■■:■■' t -S^- ^:i^-^''--'^^y^ 
 
 "V ■ ' ' Befgre' answering ^thequ6sfiGh,Wh^ f'.'^it ^is- necessary to if ' ? . ■; /; / ■ ,^-. ^ 'tc'3|| 
 
 ■?••'.; 'ignore the ■ idea that con.scip.u'sness -is ' sbniething incompriehensiblei' V' .:••'';- a. i^^^^ 
 
 :• '...and recognize that it.is the prbdlict of an the'brain, situated^^'v; ;.■■!' N; 3;/^^^ 
 
 . '. ":' in the cortical pbftiori of the. anterior hemispheres, in which terminates •. ' 'l ''■■■:'.■■' ■•^^^'Jy^ 
 .'the afferent sensory nefyes, and in virtue of .this organ we obtain the ;;.;••; . 'i'r -. t';!;:?'^|.^ 
 . . ■ . knowledge of the objective ' and subjective. "..To ine ii is incbfripre- =' ': V ■ • '.'' ,''.: v:;;/:^?? 
 
 .' : ' ■ ' ''^ ' •'. ','■•••- ;.".•. ■;. vt- .•..'■■ \ -":■,■.,'•'••.. ._.-. ■} ■■. ,. v.,:- ,.•. .' ■■■.<.;■'••• . ,. .- .'■"■. .:.■' • .- .;'.'.','>. f';;-'? 
 
 ■•.hensible why : so rriahy writers should speak' bf qoriscioiis^^^^ 
 
 ■. I-. • ..' '■; . •'•.:■■. . ■• 'i ■ ■■■ ■•'■,■■,■• ■ •.'..;. '.-: '/.",■-. ■■...-i-' ■ . ■> 
 
 ■ • fi.t.hing inexplicable. > J" see. no reason why there should not be an'orj 
 ;>■ /^ .; ©■? conscioiisness, as well as". Organs' for speech, seeing, hearing, tasting. 
 
 'i-^ 
 
 ;v>y 
 
 ■'. i'. 
 
 V-s 
 
 ■■'•',v 
 
 organ ■^V:'v.■ .;;;;•;; ^^/^-^fji 
 
 '•■.'::.':';' V '■. -v '' : :.■ -r':''^'.^: ^■■\■'■'■•^^ ':",''■.'■,'■'■' -\'- />^ :•!"',.■' ■■■.'' ■r.i'-'-'' u''''^A 
 vi.i" ■; * I* . *'».'*■. '^' .-'■■.. .'»■.••,*.■,..":-■*■'■■.■ •*'. '.!'. '^ ■ 'i .*■,*.*-*,• ""^.Ji' •■■>.*^ ''"•...* ■■i'..:i 
 ^' -w : •£,■'„■..••.• ■. ••"■•■i.' ■.■... ■.■-.., ..•iv'i.. •.•,'■:,.;■.* .. -,!■.•■(!' .'. <^ .'■•;.•.■•,:-, - 
 
 .S. 
 
 

 .- /.1^V= ••-'".■ v.. •»' ^■■^•.^ ;••//.;-•<■.. ViVif/-;.. ••'.-,•.,/;'; ,• •• ' ', i [_'... ■, •• . • . .'•.'•;> v. .^ .••<;■■ \. v I' 
 
 
 
 .'/•, ; (_■':' ; 
 
 A'V;;^.."; ..■.;; \v;/ "smelling, etc. Once that we tecognize that itherij is-in .s". r 
 
 Vv t{' ': i: ;'\^ ' ' '.nian, an organ p.'. cpnscibusriess,. an^ that the sensory nerves .are .-. ; . . . .' : 
 i'vV-' '.;; • '• i ..' , •: '-sensory fier sg, yfh i-emoy'e all the obstacles .«t stand- iii thie way of' ; ' • ' . . "<•• 
 1^:' ,.■; ':.;:•■ V ■^'-i'' '. pfPV'Pg' insanity tPv be a /A)!''^fV<*/;€J'Sease. That sehsatipji existsj i. , ■ . v )■• 
 '' '"1 • ^ V: •;' independent of 'he brain is evident from the reflex a:ction prodiiced . " .; ■\:'^:} 
 ::,',.';•.:• !.';•".,:• -^ '///^ih the decapitated frosr, from irritation of the sensory nerves... ^iiit.in . .;'■• :•'•. a 
 ^••;^:.rv' •V'/*> '^',■;A;|ritU^^Ipf^ organ of consciousness we are,' cognizant of sensation, .; ' ; ^i 
 •.'.--.'' /i.'" =.■,■'[•• i"' '!ari'i ;pf alLthings ipbjectiye/^and subjective -^painfiil.j^^ '. ' ' '.'. i 
 
 :).. y .■•'■■■,: y\ •.s^nsatjpn^..'?; .•■■.■ -^^'^ .\/V.*'v .■•^.:•':•■:V;.-■^^'• ' •v.■'■^^•:;-^■';;;V ^.■■^■••;.^7 ■..• ... '■••'■..■.■ •■:': 
 
 ? ::''".Vr?'"i-.":' /'■•■■.• -^^^ 
 
 (•■;^";'p'';'v •;.■.•; tKe re is a^ 
 
 i.rl':/ ';/■". 'VWhibitpry.'^ 
 
 :; •.•"■. ■ " ; .■:•:.' -scientist.. The object of the Avriter' is to show :that reflex action is .;'::<■. 
 
 ."■.'•'• M.; • ' • '.',;•' • ■•dependent upon the .cord, and' caused by peripheral stimul.ij and the/ ; '. ". ■''" 
 
 ■:'.'.■'■.•'•:•• .'V'', ■•/ iess. of cerebral ;influenee the greater, the reflex action.. He .says, '..;.;.:'■ 
 
 .'..;/:. •..• •.•■..•••:;. ;,;.«Vapart .froimi the experirriental evidence agairistit, yiiz., that stinriulation . ' ;';"'. 
 
 i"^' ••''/..; •..'•';■ ., '^f, any affereiit nerve. wiil^ imthe abs.ence/of .cerebriini; Pptic lobes. arid ■■.;;• I, ;./• 
 
 1^" !' I ;r.. ;;■.',: '^'^medullfiyoblon^ 
 
 Hi /.-.■..;: ■•y'-iv: 'the brain i? to. .be Expected.' - In ..the en tire; anirnal: the- effects of a •^•v- ;:. . 
 
 ,;;v'.V- '/■■•;•"• ''^ .carried in part .to the, motor centres in they-'., ■••■ 
 
 !:■': :, ;■ '['^>/' /'.■■'■' cordi andVinpai-t./ta the brain ;; in the fbrtnerv resulting in motion, in .;';,. ; •. 
 
 i.': •;•' . ';.".• •' ;■ ;. . ; • the latter m; sensation. . In.the' decapitated animal, on the other. hand, . 'V. ' ." 
 
 '.'i/^; /". ; .| ■:••>" ;•• the nerve; cliaripels leading ;tp the brain are cut^ a,hp:.haye- the efiejcts r .v^ • 
 
 :^^^-;:" "•: '.i: '-'■ '.■■'. of a pieriplieral stimulus, are )(nariifested as motion :alor][e/':A:At^p 
 
 '/'■•^ii:{:\.. "'•-•: ■ "■ " 3P^ he says (after proving his theory, by experiments), ■!■ assiimihg '■■ /v."' 
 
 :;;;v/- ■.;■ ■ .':■.■'' . • now that this iiicreas.e' in the rfiflex'fuhction of the cord which ensues :'.-• .-.. 
 
 ?' ,"• ./'. ■ • ' /".' •'■.- P.ri the. removal of ..the higher, centres ; is due to ' the obstruction ' or :■ ' "v ■'. 
 
 '^^.y'/^!':, ■'?■'■ ■:}'~\/'-^- cutting through of nerve .ch'arinels., and consequent concentration, V' \ . 
 
 v'/\:" ■!•-•••'■■.•':•• "vo.ur. next subject is. to consider' more in detail Vvhatlhese channels •. .^ '., 
 
 ■;'■••■..'•-■■•■■. ■■•■• 'Vare;^ ■ '■.•■■•• .■■ •••••■•..■■-:•.■...-,■ •.<;■..■■••.■-.■•.•..■•■■•••■. ..■•■r.. :;.■■'■'.■ 
 't,' v.>;l-' .:•'.. .'/^'-yvv;/*^ ■: 
 
 i' .^'^;-: V;. '•/.'"••-Jnasmiich as we. stated at the -beginning', of thjs\paper^^^^ the im- 7 .; ^ 
 ^;}^^^■^^\ :'.7/;V;V/;pulse generated, in the cord by. pen^^ in part ;cph-.;<' ■;-■:: 
 
 '■i-'y^..--'':^ ■■''■■■'•■'''; V 'ducted to. the brain, to produce- conspioUshess,: and' in, part in' the ••; ^" 
 ^••^.' ^^f'/^''Vv;niuscles, .to. produce m^ ■ . •;" •"'• '^ ■'■; ■ 'i"-- 
 
 ^v^;-'.; O-v/^ f- -X'.' i havemade the foregoing, extract ;in^,'supjDprt;df;^ .''. '• 
 
 '" ' ^. • .^ • '. :•'.■• cinscipusness'; is .dependent ;uporiari-6rg;an of .the^^ 'braiii which is 'de-: '. m ■ 
 
 ".•.'•," ■pending for sensatipn iippiTi.the- affereh Jarnes':' 'i '.. 
 
 :".'■' }{ :"■' says, an.organ prpducedby them >.:;..';. , ," . .,.• :;.; •■;;;••■ -^ •", V .^i. . ■■ ; V" \ 
 
 ' ::' . ... . ;I.have.said that,sensation was.if«f^(f>W// p skin that envelops ;,.' .' 
 
 ?V--;-/ 
 
 P-.' ■'■:■:■ 
 
 
M 
 
 .VI- 
 
 -.•» 
 
 
 ..< '"• 
 
 
 ■W..:A 
 
 ^}."': 
 
 • I- ' 
 
 '■f.V.V'f-' 
 
 >.'. 
 
 .'• ,!■ 
 
 • /(T-vv': 
 
 >'.::'".V' 
 
 
 ■•■■.•.>.■■••«'•» 
 
 
 'SH 
 
 ^'''"; •'■'bur bodies, but what is it^.t^^ sensation? My theory is that /K....;. .i^ 
 
 ■•;•;. it iVdue, to t fluid that is generated in the nerve .7'/*.:;v 
 
 \. '.T' cells , of; t^^ fluiid is (Conducted by means of \he'f.'^';y.:/^'^^ff^^,.i^f, 
 
 ' . '•■ V /'wnspi-y nerve's to t^^^^^ .brain by mdleculkr motion. Thu-^ the organ of >;.'-V,v.'f .;■:;• :^>/v.^v 
 ,;;'. '■•vConsciousriess receives rnessages from the objective by means of tiie. -.V; '. >.vV' " '"■" '■ 
 :'••;••'•..; afferenV and dispatches messages by means of tiie efferent nerves to ■ ; :' .' ;• •• 
 /V. •V-^'- air the motor nerVesi ipf ttiie body by the same molecular motion, '',;•::•'•■,.•!; 
 •• . V. stimulating ;th(B motor nerves into action, p^ 
 
 '■'■;' ) ;;.tn6t}6tiJ ■ {Xmml^^^ nriechanical motiorifU'e!' voluntary ..''m -f^vi; 
 
 .:' ' ' V or irivbliiritai^ it '^ js 'pro^ ; by 'this electric fluid through the A0 
 
 sensory; nerves, whether passing first by means of the afferent nerves ,'.'/. 
 .•■'•; ;to the organ bfcbnsciousness, and frpni them, by means of the effer-. • .'.;| •. • .•:. 
 v'-'.-';';tat,n^rv_es orby .the se^^^^^ goiiig directly to the motor nerve".. ■;■'■;,. .> 
 
 •• ;'y;';,!''^cehtres in the cord, causing reflex 'a^ AH thought and all motions ■>,, , '.:' 
 
 { 7';::■Vp^the'^b6d^ arei •directly dependent ivpon this electric; ;••.,: ;V"' 
 
 '■:y -' .:A'ital fluidgenerated xir ievoly^id- inthe nietve'cells of the;skir», aii 
 ''■■:;! . ■charged. froiii- the body; by th'oiight.aildvniiecjhahitdl motion/ an cohi.. '; 
 /^^/••rv ;Sequently; always reqim^ ipi^i^ reproduced or; re-eVplv^^ .; .••■. ;.::v.\, :;,••' 
 
 J; s; ;.. v^- •' '.To arnve at a definition of iii'san^ 
 
 ,'. '. \ '■•made of it 'from psychological syinptprns, recognizirig such symptoms '•; .; . ■ . .'■ 
 /['■"■;'' only as symptbriis pfjiiSahity,,; differing in each.individual,l^ecause '■'■;■.•:• '^J ii-".;t^.':-;;?;''S 
 ■■■y • ' • ieach jndividual3flere fronri' anpther,^ whether sane pr insarie'i; r If ii •^•v , •••ir:; .^-'v^^^^^^ 
 •■.'••' ■ .'• this- classification of insanity that has .caiised the'.' idea to take hold of !v .' ' ■■ :' . •- • ;• }.'>:"<i'; 
 '■■\ ■'■■ . ■iis,.:that a rnan'-coiildb^ partially, ihsahe/^ cpiildl partially be ';;"7.' ;:•;.;> ^:^j:':''r^^^ 
 
 ;;•■ .;, • ■. re^sppnsible. It is this claSsificatipri. which' caused the cUriPus psycho-;;^- . ?'■ ' ' i: £:^;-. .'.• ^S^ 
 -V •; -,•■■ logical idea that the knpw:le,dgje?pf;- 'ght.jfrpm \yfprig was a prPof of v^;!';'';: .f/. •.:.;,; vvi'Ho 
 ;..;;': ..-sanity, and which caused the -liariging of Hay vren and many 6therV,;;.u;':...;0!;;i ;;•;■:;/ 
 .'■, '.':;■•: irisanepersohs^But ofthis_Iwiirspeakrnpreparticuk^^ 
 
 '>■:■,"' 
 
 
 er. 
 
 .X>.'- 
 
 :>;.••.!. ."Reaspn is tp man whattheheim isto theship? by^it ^ /■'] 
 
 '■'■' :': 'his cpufse through life's troubled -seajianidayoids thcTocks arid quick- v^r'ri'Vjij;^ 
 ■ / : .; Ysand's :that'are,:dailyin his coiirs.e.; ■ But a man cannot by his ieasPh ';:■'•""•'.::- vJ-' 
 :;:'.'";alPne know ;these rocks arid (:[ui(6ksands,^ pnly.know them by V^ V i:,.y-'A':'^'''i"S'^„ 
 
 ■ ,' ^ his'cpriscipiisness aixd by hi^ sense and^serispjty nerves whichr;> ■■:i'-\^ : 'v'^'-'i^ •'!■ 
 
 . ' •'•Jjear. intelligence to hisjPrgaii' of ^ppns^ '■ ,; : •':»^^ 
 
 ::',-'''V'..'5p that when cpnsciqusnfe§s>feik 
 
 [ '..,:■;■■ ^:^:-the'man, rip iPpgeKcogniza^t'd^the danger which; suri^un 
 
 ' '\'. ■;^• .a -helmless ship^t '.seal/is'sure 'to be wrfecfed/-' JS'either'intiiitibhnbr •'{;':; :/^ .V-^Vki^^ 
 :'■■':,.'■'. iiistinctcain isave him, -for bptli o^^ and -the other arieith^, outcome of' s ' ^'^v^:-:-'':-''''^\' •■"^■i^P 
 
 ■'*'.' 
 
 ' 'j.^ ':■:. ■ '..'••> ■■.,'.;: •''■,:'•■■■ ''if'-"'--''^?- '/.:■!>■• ii-^.::--'--: •'••;/:• '■'■ .■■•.V'" ■."■■■ .'I'.; <'■'■■ ^^.-•^;^^ 
 
24 A liat'onal Materiali'itlc Definition 
 
 the sensory nerves at least such i-> my belief, of 'nstinct and intuition * 
 From what I have written the reader will understand my meaning 
 when I say that body and mind are one, and that man is intellectually 
 what he is in virtue of his physical organization : consequently, that 
 insanity, being an abnormal state of mind, is the effect of pathological : 
 matter, therefore a purely physical disease, that whatever may be the 
 symptoms presenting themselves, i)hysiological, psychological or 
 pathological, these symptoms are the effect of anatomical cause. That 
 as the idiot, imbecile and intellectual man are such in virtue each of 
 his physical mental organization, so a man becomes insane in virtue '■■ 
 of a pathological change in his mental organization ; and as I accept 
 the theory of double transmission to be correct — Dr. Mario Panizza 
 to the contrary — my theory is that this physical, pathological change is 
 due to a mechanical lesion or chemical change in the sensory nerves 
 and organ of consciousness, or in the organ of consciousi ess alone, 
 
 * What do we mean by instinct ? We don't like to admit that any animal but 
 man reasons, consequently we are accustomed to say of other animals that they are 
 guided by their instinct, although the more we study their actions — for example, 
 the actions of the dog and the wise Ant — the more we are convinced there are 
 other anima's that reason as well as man. But we claim for ourselves both reason 
 and instinct, and I consider we are correct in doing so. We are all aware how we 
 instinctively avoid and escape a danger, and have no knowledge at the time that 
 we were in danger, or what constituted the danger. Again, we are instinctively 
 repelled or attracted by a person or place for which we can assign no reason, and 
 very frequently we find our reason and jutlgment yielding to instinctive impressions 
 even against our will. 
 
 Now my theory is that what we call instinct is nothing more or less than reflex 
 nerve action caused b; peripheral irritation, irritation that don't reach the organ 
 of consciousness although it does a motor nerve centre, and probably the ."sympa- 
 thetic nerve ganglion, and whether we are attracted or repelled depends upon what 
 it is that stimulates the peripheral sensory nerves. It may be atmospheric matter 
 which may be either magnetic-electric, electro-magnetic, or some atom possessing 
 some chemical properties that we are ignorp.nt of, so minute and subtle as not to 
 be recognized by the o' gan of consciousness yet cause reflex nerve action, affecting 
 our emotions, creating that feeling that for want of a belter name we call instinct. 
 This is all perfectly comprehensible in accordance with the established laas of 
 chemical aftmity or magnetic energy, considering the apparently trifling agencies that 
 cause typhoid, typhus, and scarlet fevers, measles and small-pox, etc., etc., all of 
 which are unconsciously received into the system, yet producing such fearful physi- 
 cal effects. That reflex action can be produced from causes independent of con- 
 sciousness, lias been proved by experiment, and more particularly when it is an 
 established fact that the less there is of consciousness the greater the reflex action- 
 
?l-y;. 
 
 
 
 
 ■'^f^'".;/^' ■■■'■• /■!■■:'■;"'■ Q/" Insanity and Imbecility. ;,;'•• ■-■.?'V'-^:;'?^--?fv4vv'-v^^^ 
 which mechanical lesion or chemical change renders this organ and' V^^^^ 
 
 ., ■■ ■ ■• •'■-)■■•.■■'.-"; 5 
 
 n'irves, or organ or nerves, anaigeric or anffistheUc ; that, consequent- ;/;--h{;;,_^"Jt-;i>'{^;! 
 
 V,.- • ■• '■'fy 
 
 ]y, false intelligence, if any, is borne by the sensory nerves to the-'-';'' ' ■' 
 organ of consciousness, or the organ itself, incapable of receiving iit|^ 
 
 intelligence because of its abnormal state. Under either or any of these .; %':V:<c^^i^k 
 
 circumstances consciousness is deranged or confused to a greatet^or/:>;\.":>^^-^^ 
 less degree, intellitjence is arrested or dethroned, reason has lost its ' " ''S!^^^, 
 pilot, reflex action to a great degree takes its place, and:the-j:esult-is;: .:,>,:;;.v;;-;^4?'^r ^''^ 
 insanity. •' . ■ ■'-^■■' ' :'''>:'--l:--'' ---^^^ 
 
 I'here are different degrees or stages of insanity, depending, ^Qf•-:^^ v'-i'Vj'^^^^^^^^^ 
 course upon the extent of the mechanical lesion or chemical changfc':'_:v!;^;V-y:^ti^^;!| 
 in the anatomical parts, but no ])artial insanity. A man h. s but one' ..• ;j.?°:'^r-'{^|:-i 
 mind, and that mind, a unit, either is or is not insane. We might ay?:\^';V-:^:^;^V'' '^' 
 well say that a man had a partial typhoid fever, as to say that a nian' f'! -V^';.'^.^^^ 
 was partially insane. This idea of partial insanity, of monomania has :5AV';--i^f^^^ -^^o^v^^ 
 resulted from the classification of insanity into difKerent forms homy^t'-'^^^^-i'^'fr^'^ 
 ])sychological symptoms. The same may be said of what is called \-^-.:V.';i-t|^ 
 moral insanity, that is to say, that a man might be intellectually^^h'e^^^v'. ■/ ^^^ 
 and morally insane, which is simply nonsense. Natiu'e makes no siicfr-v '''''?; v^^^ 
 distinction: when a man is intellectually insane he is all insane. ^./••■^,;'^^ 
 
 Before offering any of what I conceive to be positive proofs ofUife-;' /'^^^^^^^ 
 correctness of my theory of insanity I will try and exhaust the ^<^S'^..'''^^;;y.::^^''^:r^i^ 
 tive. What have pathologists done to throw light ui)on the cause of:'' ■.'•'^■■■■'■'i:'^':'^':ii$ 
 insanity? Very much: they have at least shown what was not theoi';V■^vl-■^v^'"ife^ 
 
 . ■• t<';'.i<- ■,'.'■■;-( . -*VfJ->i^ 
 
 cause of insanity. In those who have died, while insane, in those'^ ■^.^;'^; •;;^-^';*''?i.v-: 
 who have died who, at some time of their life, had been insane, tK4':^^ v^';! .,' '■ ^ vV^iV 
 pathologist in his examination of the cadaver, has, at. times, found ''v'f;*;.:-;^^^'^ 
 abnormal stati s of the skin, of the intestinal system, of the nerve ■i,^;;::^,-;^^^^!^!*'^ 
 system, of the muscular system, of the vascular system, of;the;^glandti^'ij'>:-^^^:^,:^||^^^^ 
 lar system, of the sexual system, and even of the skeletoaf:i'v-''l:'-^r:;l!^ v\5?- i^^^ 
 
 . <■ • . .A>i •*■■),•:; ^1. .■s'-..r/J-;'- ■■"■•'.■• ■ ^■' y^''i:Jr'- 
 
 >„■■•.. '■-^;. .'■• ■•■^ •4'>.;5V:jS.^:' •?"'-;' V,v;;^'. ;'^:^ 
 BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD. ./• '■•■.-■''■• ■"■•■>-0'^ ^^-''r'-V^^^^ 
 
 In these parts, pathologists have found new growths, tuinorsv"''.-^9^vV;'^^^^^^^^ 
 abscesses, softening, sclerosis, macroscoijical and microscopical v-i^-^^-'-O 
 
 < '° , -t^i „■ »'■ ■ - ■''■•"a' ' 
 
 lesions of tissues and so^t parts. But then all of these states hav^ '^S-'H^^: ::'-0^\.^-» 
 been found in the cadaver of i^ersons who never had been insane ;' J>^ 
 and, on the other hanu, in some persons who had been insane nope., ^i^n<>^v'/:^^f:^ 
 of these pathological changes were found in the cadaver. .'■ .''■;''\--^''''-'- -khiS^i-i^: 
 
 ■%-■■■,■:•' ' > 
 
 ;<■ 
 
 - ' ' ', ■ ■ • ■ V L"* 
 
 :':v:/ 
 
*■• i •■'.■. ■-.■■a ^v •■' :. .'■■-■''■■■■:'',',. --^ ■•..<■: -'•"'v' •'■•*. •• ■■','' .i- •'■ ■■'■■•¥-..'••'.■—■•.■..■,••.'■■.■,■-•■. ■vv .•,■■■■..''• ..■;■•..••■■•'-•'.•. 
 
 f^^>vA;;v:^^^v.•:^-^.^^^■. ;-V--^-, ':>:^U-' ^': •■ • 'v^^^' -.:' ^■<V'..-:^';;..':^-^ •••■:■ ■^Vv'':/'.. ■■'V-- •;,.•..:.■ ••v'-- 
 
 •'.'V-.-- ••■■•• ■•■■",.•..■.••.'.•!•■■.. ■ ■•■•-••';-. '•■ •' • ■. •• ■ -.■■■'. - ■.•..:■.■■.■.■.• --'v .... .;»••,■••:•,.•■■■• ''Jvi v •••.■• ■• 
 
 tiA.;- 
 
 
 
 •• ■'■\. V 
 
 
 
 
 >:;;, 
 
 A. 
 
 ,.'-"i 
 
 '.'.-."■ 
 
 ' . . ' .'." 
 
 m 
 
 
 26 : ; ,;,;.■ ; ; ^ ■ Rational Materialistic Definition- ■''- 
 
 
 VASCULAR system; 
 
 mm. 
 
 y:-J\i' /Pathologists "have fbiind a:n abnortnal istate of the-lieartv -'Th 
 
 .' ./have (Qund the brain anaemic at one time — at another time hyperae-i.A- " . «. 
 .;;';\;rnic.jj;th^y;|^have/foiiM^ embohsiris^ete^^ in-^^t)ie';:!;{''r.'.' 
 
 ''•',;•• cadaver, |)r;persi3ns;^^w have diedv insahci ;:.. Butv.- they.; have found aIiv{;vV. 
 .';..^; -/these pathoiog'oal changes in tlie: cadaver, o(^^^ 
 
 v --been insane; and insanity has existed aiidnone of these pathological.;..- .." ;;.' 
 ;,V.;. , ''.:appearancgs.,have.t)e.en found :iri..the-ca,daver.. 
 
 ■i 
 
 "s 
 
 
 
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 
 
 ?v;^fvVo''^'v';'y^;^!»'^ ^^^^^ in those whp':'>' ,: i| 
 
 ?i'i: > :i/' 'v' ^''^^^ died insane,., or had been insane-atspme period of their lives, '• >' - ^^ 
 I^K^-^'' *'■ i:' 1?*^^^'*-"'^ of phthisi.S;j in; its different stages have, been found '. ■: . . • ■),^ 
 
 '■^f^''•. ■>■'^^'^^^■;'by the pathologist. But similar states of the lungs have been found-;' ' :• '■ \ •J'. 
 i^-.K ••T". '.•■•■•■•.• ;.^'here there had never been a symptom of insanity ; and insanity has.*-. •'• "• ..-^ 
 ,<V^ /.,:>.-•*' ".'lexisted m persons who never had any.disease whatever of ..the respira-;.-. .. ' :" r?^ 
 r,f.::.'-.V"^:;-.^.- -'tory organsv .•'.■■•■■ -;■ .■. i-\y.::y ••..^- ■•;>:' .v'.- • ^? ■'■ v ;>=•? ,. -•^■• .■';•.• '^ ■• ,-: : ..>■.- :••• - .;.^| 
 
 ^--vj..';t.-..- -.-■.- / ."..•- ■, "•.••.. •■ ;•,.■.• ■....■. •■.■. .■■■■■ .. .:■■■■•■.■ ' .. ■•■ . . ,■ ■. 'f.: ■■ ■ ... ■»■-.,•.•.':• .■ -...;.^;...; .:■.•■• .--rf 
 
 fc^',--..'.-:.-;:- ■■.■•.-■''-■ V ■■ '..•-■.■■•■.•-:•,■.. • ■•-.■■■.•( • -; ■ :-.>•-..•...,".■■. ■ --.• ■•.••,■■■■•»•■ ■••••■ -v -. ■.^■. ..•.-■.■.•'.■■.■ i '>• ^ -5 
 v^-^^^^''-'" ' ■•'V' •••^;-.'^ ' .>-".-^':-:'"^-V;>'ODlGESTIYE ORGANS*" ^'-'^ iV^.- .:":- ';--">.- .^^ ■•" '>.•■.• ■-■ "<« 
 
 v../:.K'V.v';".'i':V-i.v; -I.AU the different diseases to which the digestive organs are subject.-..-' vV • ".;',f 
 ;^v' >'lv^^^^^^^^^^^ numercMs — have, from time to time, been found .jh^-^" •.-^•' . ■ ;. ' 
 
 !^y^,^■■^^"'&-~■•^^'v^^^c cadaver of persons who have died insane, or who, at some time'of.f'. ,'V;- '.,. 
 ■'il^'r-' •'•■■'':<•: .^. their life, had been insane : but similar pathological states have been'\ ' V,":"' . '.; 
 ^\^'- ■•';/■'>:;'.'>. found. ''where there never had, been insanity, and persons have died .••''.,■ ' .' 
 r'!^..^^'■^^7i^'' ' .<v:^^"?^^^^ there was none of these pathological states to be fo'.md . ,-.' '; >.'.•;.•: 
 
 V^^>i''''-''''l:; '^v-in t^ cadaver. The same remarks are applicable to the whole "V *•; - '■''■i\ 
 
 \;^*r^cv>,^ system. But what is most remarkable is the •'''•'. V •':. '.'^jJ 
 
 M,<C'"^''V''-.- : fact that persons have died insane, and the very best pathologists •'' ' ' -J 
 
 l^vv*'!.*;- ■^■' ■^•" ;,V:- have not been able to find any pathological change in the cadaver to ..-^f 
 
 fjv.7-?,.''.' V*i' Account either for the insanity, or, still more strange, for the death. "^ ■ - '-^^ 
 ^':'''^\. '-V.'^^; ■■ '■'■'■ ■ '■ ••■ :.'••'■'■■ ''-y ^■'K■V.^^j;A'>K:'r^f^:^>X>.^■^i'»t::>.V- \- ': .:.■;.''. ^,■.:' x- "'':- ■ ■■__.•■■: ' ,' -^l 
 
 ?iV'^'-.-^' '■■.>;.■,'* "' * It is very gratifying to me to find by the Chicago Medical Record, Vo.l..y;,'., . .■". /^-^ ■;['iA 
 
 vy i '!?•. ,; ■"-'■' •'",.■ P^gc 235, such a scientist as Br. Spitzka making the following statement ; . , ; ''. *\- " " • ''' 
 
 ■^j"J;'Y V'i;V.^'" -.r-'T.- , "Is there any gauge by -which the truth of an expert's opinions can be tested •.if'.-"'.. 
 
 t*,;;rr> ;'v., v.- ■•T\an "expert pronounces a boiler safe and it soon after' explodes, his opinion sWes ' .'• 
 
 fV.'r';, V ^v--;''[",tlie fate of the boiler. In like manner if an expert pronounces a criminal sane in 
 
 •■,;',;. . '\:'r. ■.'"v. whose brain evidence of disease is found in post-mortem examination, the expert. . '. 
 
 :'f^;~"-?' .J. '..;., ^•^^^■-*^^ authority. The question naturally falls into several >«v - 
 
 -.^■•X^- ■'•'•■>*'-■ V sub-questions. The first is, whether insanity is always associated with visible eyi- '■':■'■ 
 
 -t-V%'jr. '■ '..■', -dences of brain disease ; the answer to this question is NO. The second is, whether.' ;'. ., y 
 ;o;"iS.- ■•■■■■• __■....-. 
 
 ■ir-."->-. - 
 
 •■ '"in 
 
•■,;"0/ Insanity ana lynhecilit^ ■■;;v-'27v "^"'^'*':^-^;>ii!^^:|^ 
 
 ■ v' 
 
 
 . 'failed to find the change. With pur present, means we cannot deiti6n-;,:i.:'^/^^^i^i^^^ 
 
 -. .■ : ■ • V strate the physical change which cauSes death from insanity/ yet li". 
 
 ':'.."■■• ■•!' must assume the cause. We say he or she died from physical or"; 
 
 .• ■/■:'>.;herve exhaustion, but that does not. improve ma.tters ; we must get - 
 
 '■'.. '■:■ ' at the irihimediatecauseof death." i^liaive said that in the living animal -■: ''■.■/■:^'''-i'^a^ 
 
 '. "'■..rmatchihery there #'ere,thr^^^ 
 
 / : . and molecular or elec'tro-iriagnetic. The two first are demonstrable ;".,^,''; ■h;:-'ifl':x^ 
 
 '■'■'■■ ./. ■'■':-:■■- ■■ ■ : :;^v-^~-''''"'/'3^:':v:^ -v//.^:: . / : .-. ' -■■,■■/-: ;-.^ -,, ;.,, ./v^v ^■''^■/■■^.■■..■vi-M^ 
 
 .;. ., .■ brains of persons known to have been sane ; the answer to this question is that ' " " '•'-"'■■ 
 
 ;-.'■■ •; some of the appearances descrilied by certain authorities as related to insanity are ; 
 
 •i' ■■■'...■ ^ found, in every sane adult, and still other of the common findings in the insane 
 
 ./■ J /brain'- are "found occasionally in the brains' of , persons of:. ■ordinary soundness 
 
 ; ;'-''.of mind.'. The thir ' is, whether there is any constancy in the association of aiiy 
 
 r;-. .■'•."v ■'. -.special disease of the brain with special forms and stages of insanity ; the ajiswe.r-:' 
 
 ■\'.' ;. • J. '''tp this, question is, that with some forms of insanity the post-mortem almost attains, i 
 
 •<^ '• .' \^'■i:..th^ yabje C|f-an^exactI>';tfst^ the ^diagnosis, --VYhile in. others it does not,./' This .'is - 
 
 t^- .'//; -V*.. "owing to the constancy of certain signs of brain disea's 
 
 ^ 
 
 • .'. ;. "^ .■> 
 
 I .'. 
 
 .owing to the constancy of certain signs of brain disease in some persons, and their 
 
 /« inconstancy with other forms of insanity. I may represent the likelihood of finding 
 
 'A'vstructural changes in the insane brain as follows : in mania a disease which may 
 
 .;"_ lead to forgeries, thefts, extravr.^,ant expenditure and destruction of. property, thougli 
 
 ' rarely to homicide, that likelihood is as 5:100. In acute melancholia (strictly 
 
 ■!*■■• 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 lay be at tUe basis ol any crime trom cdiitempt 
 ■:, libel to the, immolation of a cathedral, or the assassination of the ruler of a natiqr» 
 
 'on the one hand: and of insanely fraudulent or absurd contracts and insane dispo-i. •',."' :'-",' '•^'''i,''rfi4 
 
 ■ ■ . ' ■ ,' ■• ■: ■ , .. ,...-■,,...., ■ ■ ■•, ■■••■. V..-.'--..-. ' y-'> fei.-, 
 sitions of property oh the other j it is as sVjbdj in the- terminal states it is as 60';: Vv •■ 7^:-'''.''^t-''iv« 
 
 ■ lOO; in imbecility and idiocy as 80: loo'; in progressive paresis of the insane it.-: 
 r.eaches the figure 99 : loo, and here alone and in insanity with organic diseases does 
 
 
 
 
 ■?;.V.'-'/^,..;by IJr. Spitzka, for example when he speaks of an insane epileptic being responsi- .•.'■' .■^■•.■J■\^'•^■l^t^■-;' 
 .^f'.' '•'..• ■.ble.> But as additional proof of how little pathology has done to enlighten usj'as ' ■ . ' 
 ' : >.'-.' . v_t6: the pathological clianges that take place to cause insanity, I presume thui when'. '.;••.■.-';. 
 ,.°;- ;.' he speaks of imbeciles and idiots he means not pathological but teratological ■ ."v/ . 
 '-. :.• ' defects; and another first-class authority, Dr. Hammond, gives a tabular statement ./;: ■ 
 of sey^n hundred cases of post-mortem appearances collected from idiot asylums, v.'v 
 
 in only 60 of which were the appearances normal, which is a pretty positive proof 
 
 
 y'^^^m^i^^mmm^^mm 
 
 

 ii 
 
 ■•^'•4';^" ' • :•.■ ^''^ r^ : '-f V ■.'[^ V ' .^"v v'"!^'" ■' ''!-''''^ '/''':'■:■>' -^-"^^?'V. 'i; ^^ ?.•'.-;•:'*•"/>.' "■' . "' •• '' ■■y ■ :■ 
 '^'■■■'■■' ■ ' ■;■';!. ''they are.' macrbscopical and microscopical^ therefore/when orgariie • '■' .' 
 
 ;■.'.•■.. ;.;;change':taxes, place, in the yasciiiar or digestive orgaiis,"causiri death, '■ ■ 
 
 ■ • • ■ .■:they'are demonstrable- in thV cadaver." • Biit'whfeii "'organic" changes 
 
 ■ ■ ..-takes' place in, the molecular or ' electro-magrie'tic' nerve . motion,' -■ .' • t 
 
 -br-jh Av hat •nil. Bois Raymond calls eiectro-nerve motion. Ave- have; ho' ;' ■■^' 
 
 '■•■M •■:•■,-■■, 'v'i-^^v--;-;./ ;, : -^ •■•■■■' v;r;-.V'-''^'^ .':'■:>-'•■■■■;■:■-■=• ^','^- •;■"■•. •■■■\ ■' 
 
 ■•;\'^ •:•'■;,,,.•■•;. means of demofistratihg that fact. We 'have 'no microscopical povvefr • 
 
 .\;v':'.:.'-,''.;. . . ..sufficieht;to..Bem6hstrat'e,thechahgethar'takes'. place, yet ' ":A 
 
 ;,,■.■••.. ^ ,.•.. ;•.;>,..•.-'-•; ■-!•;. •■•-■. ■■*■••• '■■.■.■.••■':■■!•■:.■.'•••.""•"*•;, °r.. ■.■/;■•.•;.•■'•■' ,•* : '■•'■.- °-.-.-. ••■ ■■■■'*^ 
 
 v.".;r. .;:•..;..,; -.it'thefev must be to\ cause' death>from;'^ -My theory is that .••'•. '4 
 
 :>'■'•-. ., . ■ ''■.■. death from insanity is 'caused by the arresting.bf molecular motioii ,''-•' • .-.fj 
 
 •■-y.- ■ .Vv..-. .•.■■.■■;.. :'•■-■•••.•.■..■■■ •••./•• ,.'-C '-•■.•■*■",■■.- -r—-.;.- :c:,-:i ■°'"- •■ .. ...= . ••■■ .•■.;-■■?.•■••■.•■;••.> 
 
 ■■•>.'••- ..t ' ■' •'; arid that >thfe cause" is due to coagulation of nerve fluid from either '/ /• " «§ 
 :'.•' :;•;.' I.^.' diemical-'cfianjse or medianicallesiorivf^ . ' • •• - 
 
 ■■•%;':^V ■..''.'••• /^re incompatible..'^ • ^"^ r ■.'■ .,.' ,'.^f^ '■■''' y^"'/'-'' V ' •'».' '■ 
 
 i'} .> ' ": ■- ••.•'..■;■;;■ ''This; in'myfmin'dj-is the reason why^anatomi.cal. pathologists have. .; . i' -^^^ 
 '>■•; ••'. • i. ■ : . • failed to. find cause" for- death jrii those vvho have died a/, or more pror ' ■.' ■. .. / '^ 
 
 •'f'."''' :■■ ■'■:■' ■.rP^^'}y'>^P^^}^^^}S}/^'^'f^^i^^}^^ • . ..'..>"•■ ■ 
 
 'i'-^^: ; .» .•■./.'..'■,,,..• We^somistimes fi'ndipei-sons- become suddenly maniacal and dying. " .v -, 
 
 ^*-.;;,-:> ,' 'i^ •'';"> ^^^ 21 fe\y days', nay. ih^ a 'few .hours, arid society- is;. shocked at the- .■'-•• ..^^ 
 v7.^i;.:. -^ \ : ':w' 'ssiidden'xleathi -^aw'vvhy is this?:' '■ ■ >'-; ' "^^V'y-' ■:■.'' •'• > •:■••'.'■.■■'%:■■:' ''^ 
 j-.;;^;^: '■'..;• . ..■ / . People' arp riot si^irprised when they hear'bf;a!sudden;de"ath from'; •■'V^..' 
 .^'^■V. .; . . • •- .' - . . apoplexy .or 'diseasie; of the heart ; why .theii^ .when. ;,they hear of a ;.•.'■. . . .^-J^ 
 .Vfv^.'. ^< .'; sudden deathv from insanity?" Simply because"they„areaiot accustomed "'■' •> '^ 
 • *.- :.; . .. .': •' ... .to consider insanity ais-a' physical disease', because, %e''Cannot show in v :.."•>' ' .' 
 ??.:•'; ''■■:■ ;• • the ca.daVer the cause, of deatlv;•°•the^mecharilc'al;le,slons or' chemical ■.•;>:.'- 
 
 :'■:'' ': ';'^ change are neither rriacros'cdpiii'rio^^^^ .But'after all, many' .■,;.. v-,.; if 
 
 .'.'•. - 'v -bthef 'people tlie'as well as maiiiac,s,'arid we carinot show cause for their r '■'{• ; ' • .■•| 
 ;'.;. '."^ 'de.ath, ,yet people ;are;^.n;bt''> surprised. Pathology then has simply' • V. •.••.. ;'*| 
 >... -v.. -.'enabled, us to. exhaust the negative, that is, it has proved to. us what,";' <'^^v:.' '4 
 ,; ... . •/; : . .a,re ,-n'dt. the 'physical (3hanges;;,.y^hich, cause".:insanity, and it. thereby.^ • • : . ' : ,-..• 
 ••.'.-. turns .oiir 'attention. t6''s,onieo,iher:ClVanrielw may find .• '■- ■■■i 
 
 ; • ■ •^■\put the cause. ".Therefore the labors :qf the pathologist have rendered.. ■•'.'^' .^5 
 ••■•...' ■ the greatest possible service to medical science, a.nd no- doubt tut ' ; •.' ' !; 
 i; ) : . what it will yet ;do. much more. '•■ ■^'•■•'•.- ;'^^; .":,■■ '•'•. •'.■/ ' i"' '■ .:..°- • 't' 
 
 ?. K' ■ 
 '..";«>.■''* 
 
 ■■;■ ■ \ 
 » <' <; 
 
 < ■• . - 
 
 
 
 ..• . •!.; >•!..< r -:->r;i-..' MEDICAL TREATMENT :'bF; INSANITY. •■.:: ^.r; r • "'.^i 
 
 ._;--\;a.v;^;.." ;•■'•■.••■■;.;;; ...,p \,r;-''-';':^-f|:... ;J!^V.^^::■ ..■■,•_•: ■••■;-A :v :■; . ,,-■ ■ \- 
 
 ■'■ ':. 1; ; -What knowledge has the medical, treatment of insanity afforded u§ : '..; ~_ ■.. : ;) 
 ■ ,' towards giving us any idea of what is- insanity ?: Unfortunately; yery->j''.-. -yj 
 ; littie."' It has been purely a treatment of symptoms without know- V; ;■.'.« ■'■^^ 
 ^•^v"'"L./;;..";,V.!v;^'.. "ledge -of cause, empirical treatment. At one time or another all 
 .'4 " '. : . • ... the different medicines of the Pharmacopceia have been, recommended 
 
 *•■.»•■ i ■ Ti. ■•■■.■. .'.s'.'..^ ■.'"•'• ' .-■..-.'.,■...•■...: ' .^" , :.'. '•. . ■ V« '..'.S « ' :•• . '•■ , ,•■'..<• ,•.■■..,.<,■ . ■ s 
 
 1^'-' 
 
 r::?^ 
 

 ••■ •• .■';'•' •'•..' ■.■ .? Of Irisamiy mid/ Jrf^e<y^^ 
 * " - -and' tried for the. cure of. insanity : 'result «/7; and. veryv frequently/, r'^ 
 
 ''.; ". ,. ':■.: '.' ': ';I ■ must ■ho!,t..'c)v,erlo6k-. the fact of . hbw difficult ,;it is 4o" ifind ■ even vl ■'^'cf'-''-^'^ 
 
 : ■ :.■■.■ ■■ '.- ". • . •, .* '•'■';'.->v.-,.^'-^.' :v.---'o," ■■••■>■. •:•'.:'■ .■.-/•,i' ',■•■-;■. . •'■- ■.-■]■■'■■ :.i,,:t:r<r,'-<i--:--:- '..-^i .■•.k.--- ■■>•■>■, '''^"^t 
 
 . ■ . ■ ; ; ■. • two' experts agre!e' lipoh. 3^. rrian's m'p'htal statie,- when he is .accused .,bf " ;• ' . -■ V;;-''3^ 
 . • ■. • .; ■ . ". crirne, as the yiry'stroiigest prqof tIiat',-so far as cHnical,;Symp'tQni,g :gp^v ,. ..{^■:'- .: j ,U 
 ■^/' ; ;■'. : therie has been no definition-:;6f insanity as a physical idiseas^^^ 
 
 **', . V _ . ^ ■ ■ ' ■ ■ ^ ' .'" .''■■■"', ■'■.'.■■'■'.',;''''"■-'* ".■ .■■ ■ '. ■ ■"■■.■■/•'■,''■.-■'■,-'-■'•■'"'■'','■ -'^ .' "■ i'- "•"■■" / y' '"-'i' ■J;C ■ -■ ' •",-■-■■■■ ''■*■'(■, *r' "Jwft 
 
 ■•^. ' "'♦V»'*-»- riXi >-»'•-* fiC j-» «»»i-v»i|^l' w^**r»*- i-» ^-^ /•! ^ ♦^ /-* !H /-\i 1 I \f ' aI j^/Ai^ r» ^ »'v* 1 *-*c» 4w*-k fT* y-v*^ ^4-< ^«« ^« ^-^ «« '•'•.■•■". ^ ■ t '-'i "».-i*JV' sS 
 
 Ith^ Scientific wbi'ld must, andho doubt does, admire the Gonstitutipn '; i'C 'v 
 i\ ■ . ■ pf^tlie' United States of: America, , that, •urider it, such , latitude 'was. ;^ 
 
 •;■' allowed" in; "the. trial' of . (jiiiteauV But the same,. world" must .hiy-e' " '.': '''^'-S^r"^ 
 
 
 
 VVvMi 
 
 
 •'. ■' -attemptey a" scientific exiilanaiion- ' ot;the .- pheiiom on vtrial,: ana , - - ;• 
 
 : .. • ..V . that was/DR. SpItzka, ahdJie w!as, insulted, most gr insulted, by - " 
 
 :•; • • ■' ■ ■ ■' ;. the District Attorne)'; and called a veteririary surgeon/because he vvas V '■ 
 
 •■ -a' student.'of^nidrphplbgy'and zodlogy, .takmg.the Ve.ry^:bes 
 :s .'s: i^'aU pthers;jtb.erikble him to arrive at a' scientific; co'nclU^^^^^ 
 ,.■■•....' ^v; Hlinself propenyrrema^^^^ 
 
 ■'.;'• ; /. ^'by siach meri'a^:.Huxley, Hiig^nt, Hajckel,' aiido'tKet^men^^^ 
 
 ;>^- •;"•'•;,.•. ■ such .:as they. : ; AH these facts, however, 'go to prove pur'great ignor-i- ..■'.■' ''.: 'Z-'^''^^^ 
 ': '• i,- vahce as to. what, is insanity. .1 have shown, I. h.ope, thiat morbid.'- i- •^' '>X;i^'i?| 
 *'■■- \ ;• ' ■• ^pathology and histology have' only; taiight' us;what;is.;nQt insanity. :;'^^:;/o^ 
 ,.^ ; .f ■ .;;Psychology, hasidonel/some^^ but only /in" leading; .us -to. look 1for-' 7^^^ 
 !-':■.. .'- -i; cause-;'fdr':effect,. and 'Physiology has done', the -sameiEmd'-nb'mbre.' . •'■■.•'■•■>"• M^l 
 |>.v. i :■■£ These as syffip^f^o^^^^^^ pathological- 'Symptoms, ' iare / '•' ■ -;.-.-'v,'-'') 
 
 X ; ■ " :? 'actually necessary to lead us to look foi" cause for effect But to find 
 '.."i;. -y.'- ■put cause we must have recourse to morphological and microscopical ; 
 ;- ._'\-'\ anatomy, to animal or organic chemi.stry,.to experimental and patho-. , 
 ;-7 •}'. •* ' logical physiology ; but above all we must study closely clinical patho-. 
 .:'• ' - • logy (from clinical observations I have formed my 'yievys). 'All these;.} 
 .•;•';■• are necessary before we 'can positively' know, the -physical changes ;V■.^V• •,".';': 
 
 ; ..■• ' • which are taking place which cause, insanity. '•''■"■ " f ''.■.' .• •7; ", '• ,.':''■ rU' ;. *. ' ,■ ->' r'y<.V^ 
 ■ ;■.'.■.' Ou- ignorance of these is due to many causes'. 'First,'w°e have ■.:.•, \-.-.?^j '■*'""' 
 X": ; . JDeen educated to believe mind was something different from, and npt .■■^;; 
 •'.•.•.■^.•;.- dependent upon matter; in fact that insanity was not altogether a 
 
 
 '. V-,:. 
 
 'yiu-::^: 
 
 • physical disease, but something more, something that we could not. j^.^jfCV^-^^'^^J-^^! 
 ;' reachif we would. That we must be very cautious howwe touclv^.^.;^;>;if;^;^;=ji. ' 
 '■<; ,uppiEi: the subject of, mind . in niani.:pr .;we might be guilty of • 'v^ --^^^Al^ 
 
 ' materialism, a. fine word which has taeen made to do good service, *'•■.-■—■ 
 ..-'-^causing many to shrink back in their search after scientific truth.-, , 
 
 ;«•;. 
 
 
 
 •i'.'r .; ,f 
 
 
 :■■ '-.' -:.'.--'^:^'i;f. ^■ .■■■^' j-'i^'- ;:--'i?;.- ;;lv-!v*:. v-'vs-v' -■ 
 
 
•i' 
 
 *l 
 
 I 
 
 '•v-;.'''^ ;.:.•••• ; -'i- ..\ ■,■.. ..•■^••. '>-•• • '.■..;■.:,• -s: ». ^ <•■ .. • :■•:.••••• • .••■.'.■-•.•>■:•••'.•■•. ■)■■. 
 
 '*;■'•■■»• .■■■';■■,'■■■ ■• •.,■',-■■■'•..•.•, ■•.■-. .■•;■•■•>/.•/>..,,•';;■.'"■...;- ,"'i- 7 ■• 'i ■■■.■■,•. f 5- i .•<•..-•'• .•■'•:. ■'■■:,■'' 
 
 ^■r^-y^ -y" : ay:. -;\';'fr..'::.y. ;v x-'vi.</^'.-s;- ;■ ;.i-;,:-.v./ : .v'^ ••••..^:.-. •■ , w ;■• ...^ v;.;.- •. .:.'';■ 
 ••■?:•■': v/ ••'•■• -.i- •■■■:.:■: — ■■■:■■ J.' >v •^{^•- .,, '•^.> ■■■'■: • • '•: •>• \-: •■..•^.•. •.•• ^.• - 
 
 :^-.: -■■••.■ ■.•!.:' ■,••.;■ •• . ■ • ': ■,•••■• •: ■•; ••''.i^'"--.v.\?j-- «. . , ■'\' .>.-•- :;^ :^-v' •'■■7:.'^;''. ■!••• 
 c-V;- -V-''- '" ■ ••■ ,'>.,:",.v-.;'.K'-^.''-v- •■'••^V^^•:^ ^•:', ■.:••■,••■■ :"•■•'f^.■J^^^^••\•^J5'■■■•;•:■■•'-.■:...••■.:^ ^ • ■•'•.•••'■.•■" • 
 ?'•/<: 1: ■/•■ 'Wi^ • ; '\;' 'A Rational Matermlistic Dfenmiion u '•/ " ^-■" :- 
 
 ■.>''; \--r': ,':^'-:ir}\!'t^^-^-^-- .t' '■..;, .:-. :" •'■..■" ', ;. -.• '■ •:: '{'.'■■ '■:;■'.:'-■■■ '■>.' ••■:•.■;,'.■ A': <.•,;. :.. 
 '^'^^•'K■K•'^:• l^ift^'^l^is idea hasi^ however, lost^g sihce pejople began to discpver;itv;-.r:- !• 
 
 ^' '■ '^u^'iv'^ '■' I because a man. recognized such' a scientific truth' '•■.'•!: 
 
 ;.;.^-- ,".■;./■•;,,.-;. .a man,- as we know it, is the product of matter, -as'- ;,'••! •■" 
 
 iV "^^ V: ■';-■■- . ■•.••'.. .we know arid define matter, he must necessarily be what these people ■■.>.•/.• ■: 
 !'i^/-^' •;!■ ."^ V ■■/ thereby infidels. These people do not , ' '[''■- 
 
 :^^'^-i~'r\::0-;'(: > recognize that there is potentiality or latent p V"-- . .;r:' 
 
 V'-i:."^ ?-•■ ^C; : i;:v;^l^hei"e"can", exist; " in ■ man, a self^cbrtscipiis; reasdii^ iiV.- yii^f p]rwhai: .^^^ ; ;; '■"•I 
 ^li-;.;.; ■'-"•■' ■;^:;V;' ^;;{,V;"Bi^,if$;'S.'-Huntw6u^ ;-/i' ^'^^'■- cr."''- '^-f: ':■■:■■ ■■■^■■^'^ ■■''. •.?/i'| 
 
 :<^;^; 
 
 ■.■•?■ 
 
 .r; 
 
 -.;."."•• 'We, have cp^^^ conscipusness:; v^':;. 
 
 ; • '.-Was hot of the' material order; was not of a brairi^Prgah^lbtit.s.bme- •,! v . 
 ^'^^r ••.iv'^>'' '■■■■■■ ;v" thing beyond the hound^ of scientific research, and again, as I have, ':;^:. ■ 
 
 ' -'^"s' '^ .• "^ '■'•!■•'•■'■■ . , ' ■■' \ ,■■■'■'■■■•■■'-■■ 1"" ' ■■■ ^ ' ■ ■ ■'. '■'■■'■''/■-"'■"."'.■''■ ,'■-'■■ " ■,■ ■ '■ V •.■'•' ' '"^"51 
 
 •■'■• "'r, •■"-''• .' :.' ■ ' ■ already said,,we. have been led' very, much astray by the; classification.- v- ■' .v v .< '^i' 
 :;■'/■ •■'■••'';■'■■ ■■'• ■ ■'• ^•'\ -^--w:'' : '^^' ■■ ;^>. ■ '"/ ?''.'^-;\ .' '-. -'^ ■..'• ■•'■.;:■ •': ■■ ■■".-^■•■'. • Vij f: /- , '. />''.vv"' '■' ' l-' ' ■: "•' .■'-■ 
 
 '■■•• .' •"..-. '••'.i?V- *•■ ' ;'. ■'^: — \ ' ■' ' ;'•■ ■/ '. .■ ■ , ■■,.'■'' ■■■■ ■':■: ■■■''■■■. . '-,■■/ -v. ..■,;..-■ ■- . ~ ~t ;.;;.. ^,; •■'■■,;>■ .,'■';, 
 
 ..', .-■.. "o" •■' . _. .• '",.1 * Since the foregoing was written \ye" have to regVpt'the loss of that great .scien- \;, 
 • -■; . '. . ■ . •. '^1 . •",• ■' •■ itist;atid philosopher, (Sharles Robert 'Darwin, "to whbni the world' is indebted for v 
 ■y^,' ■""; )'•..■'■' •^'^. ;.. "having established that philosophy, to be ti'ue irmst bave'for its' basis or foundation /„ !{ .•,'; 
 
 .'>..•;!..■'• '••:••; .■'•';.>, ■•scientific facts, and that science itself, to, be true must, be based on facts, that in all'. \;'.' 
 
 ■^fSlJ;- ' •'•■:'. ; '^'■;;'V,[,<ases lactslmust'preted^'infererices^ :^>^ .^^vV ."•^'., it- ■■^'- '■■?■'.■'"■ iv v r' \. '.■ 
 
 v:-»v -■ w' v'.-, ". .How diiferent' and how reasonable the Darwinian philosophy to that of other",''. ' 
 
 ,,-n!».-. •;. .v. .■ , .. -, 
 
 •i-.C ...,:■. >...,,: 
 
 • '3 
 
 
 ■ ',"^. ..'■■■V.ophilbsophefs, even from that of Descartes,' who from his premises was a sound,'.. 
 .;V'''.^-. ;;.';'■ philosopher and logician. But Darwin by changing the basis , of philosophy.'.:' 
 
 '•^c.hiin'ged the whole' system, iiii.d^made;it intelii'gible and^cbriipi-'ehensible..' • , '. 
 
 ^•H...,'^. .■.■••, -iiy ..,-'■,■■> ,. Descartes said (cogito erg;6"slirn)^,,.,''J^I".think, therefore I am, " the converse of .' '■: ":• '"I- 
 
 yi/:/A''' ■' "■■.:': '■■'■'" which would be, if I do not think, I'am'^hot, therefore, when I sleep, when under ••' '••• . ■ '.■$ 
 :.■! it :■;'■: , •'•■',■•". ..'• . ■ ■■. , ' '■ ,.",•.-',: ■.;•'■'.-.■.■'.■■,■■. ■ '• ■■■.■■,•■'•. v -.A 
 
 • >■>•:•., the influence of an anaesthetic, Avhen comatbse,^whenv a.-maniaci I do not think, .''; '^^ '' ' 
 
 Sj;':.V'' •■••'■ ' :" ..•^'^, therefore I am' not, which would.be an absurdity'; F . 
 
 's^l-' V i~ ■>.'.::•• '-'^ said the explanation bf "Cogi'to ergo Slim," was "whoever does not exist cannot' ■,•';■ .;;• 
 
 '.;• ■.■■'4-'i'' .!■•' '''.'V--,' <■ think,','- which would be still a greater absurdity, for if there is a whoever^ he must .•• . . • • ' 
 
 '..V' .v' \'. f?-C'i'V'.*^i^t ; the very •term' w^<?<^'^r implies person, and person implies existence. . / • '.,".'"•"■' 
 
 ■s- :''\. • :..■'•.■.■;■■ .: Had Descartes^ ''like Darwin, based his philos^^ -lipbh' scientific, facts, he / .■'.•. • 
 
 '■■would have known that as there was in air matter potentiality^ so riiind was in all '.'''.:. . ^' 
 
 things.that existed, whether organic matter or otherwise ; but that through organic .•-.'». /'^ . 
 
 ..living matter mind was developed. Therefore vvhile the capacity of thinking.is to ' 
 
 ^,.,';_.-",..' ■ :'.' ;'' • . < *?icb indiyidiial a proof that he exists,; existence can be without the capacity of .l^\--- 
 
 L^'..i''K ..;'.''-'■ '..'^ihinkirip:. It is as impossible for us to conceive mind without imatter, as for us to'.v " .' 
 
 ^•■-t ■■.■.•:-i ■'■.,'•;■.'.■• : ■•:- ■ .•'•■:.•.-,.'. .'• • ■ .-. ■; ■ .:.■,'.■; ■■ ,: •;!/'•■".■.',■•• ■•^ ;•,. •'. 
 
 ,: ;..•.>■•.:.■?_• ?..;conceiye matter without mind. ' • ■''''■X\- , ;'? ' ^ '■'■ " V;' '---'■; ;.:;'VC nr^^.-: ■" 
 
 }^\ '."i', '.■ ^!, :!''. , Th^'great Dairvyiri is DEAD^aind England has opened its great nat.orial temple, •.. 
 
 .■ \?^:ii;'v'^'''".,''X\'' Westminster Abbey, to give his remains its last resting place. Wonderful working,' > .'• • " 
 
 
 ■;**-*tv.*^'.-.'-'\''\'.A:^itinie ! What will the fanatics and bigots say now ? These small-minded ridiculers, * ' ^■ 
 2;'S^/':\-,.''J '^^'■ :^ '^.rvwhom I spoke of in my lecture on Evolution before the Montreal Medico-Chirurgi^ir'.V.'; 
 ^.''■■V;-\-^J'-<:;^^^ in the Canada Medical ^^r^^ra for January,- ''• '■» 
 
 ^ '^i^!^ : ^ i"^^' }^'^ -i those who called Darwin's philosophy " the gospel of dirt. V .. ■/v'?; -ol^.'. ^'r 
 ./"w..-, ,' '. :\.. '■ ' i;,. > Gentlemen, Darwin and his works will be remembered wheii 'you aie'^all for-: ' -AK 
 
 i||:g::^%;;J.:V;$otten. _ :f ,,^^ 
 
 k iC^ !■'%»• '>.;^: ■^■■^'i• -■■ .',''■<. »■•.'■,■ ■.'■,■■'-■ .'■.•■.—A- • '■■■ ■■■■■ 
 
 * " '.,-• '"■^i.l ■•-^^ ■!".'.-'-..■' '''V'. v/f V,.'.-:: , .rv-r:; .>,,••■ ",' ;•,::' ■, -'^v; ■ .,;-j;-^. 
 
 
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 ;f ' ;'^i-^;^>:.;-- 'k^H ■•■A- ^: : ;, jv v ■•^it%v-: ■ •■:•■■ ^>^''•i^^■:^ ' ■^' '■■ V • •' ■;t/\-)A;'^ 
 
 lM^]^^t;?^.%j,':'^;ii^r.f'.:- •^^- ••: ,.r->::V.:i- vJC'??:-^'-. 
 
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 -l';.. 
 
 made of insanity as found in our text.books,. Having, as I cohqeivei.'- 
 iexhaiisted the . ne^ga,tiVe/-I will ribw such ■ ppsitiye proofs, as I; 
 
 '■■>.' 
 
 ill "■' '» ■ Crf 
 
 X'-^-'y' ''• ■ihv^'^^ 9^^^^.^WP9H of my thebr)|;j that- insairtityj; is ;vd physical dis--" : :' ' '/''^^■c-'-^ 
 
 ^ iiease,- caiisedi by- at path ',andthe' '^•^■'• ' ■'#;?.& 
 
 . •'';■' -^ijorgah of conscipusness, or ^ thesensoty-nerves or organ pf conscious:- ■.^■^'iv'P •;!^'^v|!:^ 
 
 ■ . :• .,;:iiess, and that the pathological defect is diie to either mechaniciil f;'' V-.\'''''''"#4 
 
 , : .' .\- '^ lesion or cherriical change of /one or more of these anatomical parts |,'!; . ^■Jy:J^^;^^^ 
 
 ; V ■'^■•thatks a/iiiafi haibiit one ■>:'S--'-^)^i% 
 
 '■^ ' ^h/.tMt! niipd ' IS rdiiseased i^itisanie);^^^ dii^ea^d,;;. Bo'that,^ ^h^n'^v'j •:T,^r' --yi'^^'^: 
 
 -';: ;°ii^in;is;'.inisane;he is aU different, degreies;Qtitage5'/x.v^^ 
 
 ■'•.'• ■ "^ practical results from Teeognizing these two fPrrriSj^'betaii^^^^ 
 
 'f-\ ■ '^ ^ : ^ jibunided^upoiti pathologic^ V V i^^^i^^i^ v ^^^ '^ ^y 
 
 :•;••';.■ ;■ r=!:^'^;v'vl ta,nn%,cpriceiye:^iany such'tHihg\vas.fHnctibnal insanity;. ' Tp l?;ei:7^V /■■;•' "i^ 
 ■•ir' ^:^insknity;there miist; liei^ ;pa^6lpgica,i;d^ cannot -take pladie';.. v'. '■•""> v?; 
 
 •^-;:A -vivithout brgiariie mbdifi 
 
 ,. :~ V ' -chemical change of nerve tissue, or mechaMi^al'or ehe^ change^jof .;'■■■ 
 '/; ; 'any tissue,, without tra,umatisni: I;:.:doV ndl;'' believe in ^^^ 
 . • : ! :^' '.insanity.;anyt; more th^- I-':M 
 
 ;'•...■ ■''ihat.'.matter I- believe that :aU diseases^: 'are 'troiri-^^ .; /"■^cS 
 
 ^W' '^\'. -Kut^Iam. only writing oriAinisariity;,arid I speak of irisahity -purea^ ' : v^-j '^^ i;5^ 
 . •;• ' V. .;5imple, without; being ■'cbnipiicated with- joiher diseases!: : But, wlviM^'^^^..> ':''•;'■;;;' : 
 •''• '•; ; f ii^noring all ,c1assiificatibh of apsanity exce^ :two;fofms foimded ;::.'°fc^;-ji(if: V^ 
 
 : y;^'•■■.Ul)onpatholbgiCa.l change of mind matter>i:t^^ i^f ', V; ' "-Ijj^?- 
 
 ^ ;.;'.'■'-..■• • '•.recognize stages, of insanity, such as acute, ■ sub-aGute|'ahd chronic, ■ ' ■■;.j . -r.-si .' • V.-;^'.^^ 
 . ; . ■" ■' ■.••i.nd the final stage, dementia. , Sometimes the acute stage \yill last for, .- ,-. Vi'^.X^^fj^v--^ 
 ;' .months, arid finally the patierit. recpver. •■Sometime^ it^;i;s.Yer)^.har'd-, 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;:;;-;; -nay many hours, before tne'ehronic stage set mif Anet l nave; very ;;^:»; .y. : ^^^^.^ig 
 ;'■'.':!. ".'frequently seen the chronic stage change to acute'. Now I confess,- ^v-r. --■'^'' ^,?5^^^ 
 
 v'v' .'-rk'now of no clinical symptoms by which these different stages can ' .. -;^.';;;-?;y;;i'{ ''^^ 
 •■■V.'Vbe diagnosticated. I judge of these stages from the psychological ;'/''' y--"-^,?';V.c^"^'/ 
 
 ..••'■' .':symptoms that each stage presents^ The clinical symptoms, as faf: as ;vV .' fH'T ''^tl>^ 
 •'■••!;'.,--..I have observed, are pretty equal in all stages, insomnia, analgesia and ■j-f^.'-'^'i+i; ■;■,'.' --^ 
 
 niarked as the .;•^l • ./•:'•-•;-. 
 
 .-' ' Ibwiteiinperature, but all these symptoms become more marked as the •./■; 
 '•;7i'>''./f' -disease advances to its final stage, dementia, with the exception of '.£:.■ V 
 i'-'-'-' insomnia. The foregoing clinical symptoms I have :sp frequ 
 
 I** <• 
 
 >!'■: 
 
 
 vv-'--' 
 
 S-i.. 
 
 '.:• Hi'' 
 
 vances to its final stage, dementia, with the exception of ■.|?;.:;V;:;':i;^4 .-•- 
 The foregoing clinical symptoms I have :s.o frequently. ■^.;..^.:.- 'v-v;^v&: 
 ■..•■•■•.'"^ -rj..^ ■.{^■■■■^■■■''■y ■ V-". .V 'y- ,-:^::. :':'■"■■ '■r".'-'y.--.r-'. -'','-^^ '.'-.'.i- ■•'■!-:- v''.5\ '.v.- '•■■tj: 
 
 .•••■-;.■.•,■■•■■■•■ ;^"': ■.■.-••■. ;■'■■<>:•.• i .-■■■ V->' -v----''' •>H^v^"'' ■-''.' '.'^ ' ''■ • ■•• ■ ■ : -^^t --v'-v?-... ■■•?<: •> 
 
^< ■■■,;> .-.v., ,'',■■;• .o:iVV;.. t .. v.,*.-:': ..vv ■ ■. .• ■■:■:■>":/■,: ^' '■''■' . J *•..! :.v •'^:. ;,•■.•,.' 'v '''.v '•'*••■■<■.■. '\- ■' 'v.^r-^'V.vN'. ;^; 
 
 '/v '.y ■ :. / ^- .r ;;^" -.SS':' ' ;>■ ' !.;•^^ A:. Rational Mat&i'idtiMc -Dedw^^^^ -l^:':'" ■- iv' ' .vl-'-v^^";..*'' •:: I 
 
 '^^■^'^'■■'■■^^^''■■^'■''^^ •..'fouhd are t"he7?ir;y/.iraas .1 liiavevio /offer" as proofs' of ' itiy thdo'ryj; that '■.'l^^ 
 ^■^.■■■?^'r-:':: i'':: .insanity is a [)Hysical disease, the Tesiilt .of an •abnormal state of -tHe :■': '' .'V- .^^ 
 ';.:•v^'' •;/'•;"":■ '••sensory nerves and oi'gan of conseiiodsness. •-• ^ .'•>?' ^v ; -./^ vr^'". ./-v''; .•; ■■. -^ 
 
 ^y ?-/i ■■■■''■ '■ ■'•■■'■".' '..'i' '■!" '■■-'■'■/■''■''• "'•■' ■ •"'.•■.'■' ..•'■,-<'•■''.•■.•■•".■.■•',,..•'■,,■'.■'.■: '■!"'■. ■'/'■■ -■■''•• ^ ■'"•■• •■.rj' 
 
 ■r V •; • .':, •^ - . V'^ <;,!:••' I ■•have said tlfat, I ■kn6v\vbf no clinical'sym'pit)^^ '' ; " f^ 
 
 V -v •■!■:.','. ij. i; *^yithpilt^prpd^cirig• iriflamnlatiori; wKether the'.'mo 
 
 ^r'vvO '/^ •■■•■• :V:'''Tesult of poison or Qtii^i^^ ■ '■':i^]."-.f^^.''^''<' -.;'••'■'.■;••'■;>■;■.: :'-;' V'-, 
 
 ^-'t .■• '/^^: • ■ . V ■ ' " V Although- changes in , tissue, rniist not necessarily cause,- or " te. the,'.. •' •' 
 •J'.' .iK:-'- .1" ■;-•. :.'•■ Tesulr0f,;inflamiuatiOT ^':;' ' 
 
 S?- .'-l'-'- ; ■'-'■.\ /. .-a nerye lesion not followed by-.infljirnm'ati0ri,-but I know-of no Glinical '•'•• ' 
 /i'y-J ':_;.Vv; ' •/ ■..'■; syrriptoms- thatwould ;enable- -me-- to ^di -inflammatpry-actioh ;/ C;'^^^^^^^ 
 
 i. .-'. vl' ■ ;•• :''i-^''. :.;;-f,;ye't 'there, irriay.be^^ yet Aye arg- ignpraht of, ' Theii", '"oiv . ■• .•" •.. 
 
 Kky-: •" •. ' -. • .'- .-■'■ '■': (he other 'hahd,"it' is." equally Jiard to conceive' inflariimatiori in attacks. ' ;' •• .;■. 
 ij,^; ;;-^^ ■ '• . . V ,- ^V.: of tem^^^ 
 ^'.'■'■■■^'^'''■^'i'': 4ii.^6nf-'cai;b'it vvo.uld ■■JDe.iejqually'neeessiary iri/ah6.ther'r. hio 
 
 L<^:^; ; • f V . : ■^- •''■ • -^ /^X ;haye^reiasPnie(l on this cjuestibn . the. mPf e I IraVe: found ii; suiroiinded \ '^^ :• 
 ^'^.f^'.;. .?>.>:.!.';• ■.,-•'- with'diiffiGulties, If, however, J: see a' case- iii the early acute stage of '"'[■ 
 v/C* .>';•'• ,..J'--: '■ irianiaii treat- the iase as if there were possible inHaitirhation, conceiv-' ^" 
 ■t^</^''' i; ..'^•- ' ;:'ing'if J'db^err,;^ v It 'is.g^t sUch-vtinies; in th early ; .» ,. 
 
 •'■::■ ■:•-•■:.- ■•,,.;■.; ...-gtage^'that I. tecbm laxatives arid seda- • • 
 
 • f.*;-:.' : .';-'-.A"V::, •': As'I of inilammation in any .stage" -•...'•;, 
 
 V^'''"'> •->•"•■'•>• • of mania is .surrounded with difficulties v.whiph will only be solved by, • .v •- 
 '•^.■■.■^■i-'\'";clPse clinical; observations, for until we have, a much more powerful--: .■; '. 
 
 ?if' ".->.••' /• ■•■ " • ,' .r ti6n'-ori;that point\from'pathologicai examination, of the cadaver. ; ..^-V: ■ . ■ ' 
 
 ^** ^x'.:";.';^:.;;;r;n"^ v^ has. suggested itself ;'>% 
 
 v^^v 't ;^--/j^V.v:..;;; ^tQ^jiie, an^ will also to the .reader^^and that iSj, what; particur; ;.-y': 
 
 .t{i^ '■!V^'V';v^'r^ of lesion of the sensory nerves renders the electric vital "..': .. 
 
 ,'"f • •" >' ^AV^i^ l^^bid or opaque, causing insanity-? F,or we know;- 
 
 that all nerve • 
 
 ■^■■';- .•'.'■ '■•.?- ■■■ •' ■.■■.;■'■'■.' '■■'■'•>}■', 
 
 ^■:h.vv^ >.>."•■■;■:••- Vv^;■•\'•v-^;^-•:v.v.;^^..^■:;,..^^^^ .:-;-r:'-M 
 
 
 ^*-».' ■.-•..>-.:i'H;..--V." ■■.••■ .•>.v:i:.- ^..,-'- .v^<.':-.'v.n,i..-V •..'.',•.•;;; ..;- .; '!■:, ^ ■■(■■. -r.:^ -v '.?-.w ■. . .. -••,-,- - v;...i . . 
 ^iK>-;f).-iv ¥■•'■■ ■;■.••■>'. '.■■.;■• ■i-.C'.'^' .•^■•~" "■ - - . .y.- ;?.,.• ■••'■ • ■ «■- .•-• ."i. ■..•'.-*'■ . ". • ■.■ . •<■■ v\\.. "l^.- .-'' 
 
 ;:?;^ 
 .u 
 
',! ^^'■■.v::',i<..,-Ui^-'%-:-0fIn8cmUy and Imheciliti/. ': ■■^.' ■■ \r'.:\- ZZ-.y :::--y'^'M^jjM 
 
 i~-\%' Of Insanit)/ and Imhecility. ' 
 
 '^■ -'^v-" ''■■'^••^'■•■'^/'■'''••■^•'^^'rv -;:'■' •'^■>^^ ■ •■■' •.;;■• ''',."' .^- .■':•■'. ■ .■'■'■% 
 
 '•;.: lesions do hotciiisiein^^^ 
 
 -wounds should become insane. ' ' '■. ' ■•'' •' '•;" . • '••' : ' \ •''' "'•••■ .•'"' 
 
 
 
 
 
 . But 'Gliriidal observaition sHows' that in Both cases there is paralysis-^' .•■':■■ :•"•' 
 .;.. .':in::orte case of the sensory nierves,Vin atiother of. the motor. ■.A^airi,'.';,; ,;•;>.• ■•''•' ■i'v''':^ 
 i;\V-.we"do, not know why some lesions of the sensory mrves produce."';. <: 
 '/; '." tdtaniisj the injured nerve directly .communicating tentiipetally withv.'. '■.••,■.' 
 [.^."■/•.'"•-- • ;' the riidtor nerve centres m'' tHe'spinal cord, causinigcoriviilsions and'..;. • '' /_ ■.'■,■:'?"?•' .;^ 
 [;.■■ .■': "'death, yet the intellect during; life remaii^ihg intact,— atllthes J :•.•'• '•;■;, ■:^'i%^i^ 
 
 . :\ tions' are 'yet to- be 'solved; "But^'my' theory: i^,-tha;t the le^idn of thp '; ■ ^ 
 'afferent nerve that causes insanity,' or mania, is due to -some, change ' ". 
 :'.of chemical atonis inv-the-'nefye tubes and cells more than to any' ,^ •;^ 
 :■' /.lesiph of nerve fibres,"cdn,s^^ I am inclined to believe all cases/. ■,, 
 •' 'of 'mania are caused either' by," chemical change of nerve fluid, as, for- -;.. 
 [•' :. .! .example; what is und^etst6od.as;toxic'mahia,orby some germ, whether ''■: ':^':-''- '^-^^^'Q^ 
 r •.•■. ■ ■'/. 'generated in "the' 'system 'J^^^ into the riefye cells ,6i^'i." X ' •: :;'•.' '^" '^^"^^ 
 - ' ;-\ " '^ tubes/ or admitfed'^^ parts from 'without; .'Indeed f:-'^'-:.:.^^:^:-'^:^'^^^ 
 ■.■";.'■ :* ■'see rfd means of ^a^^ recurrent riiania; or for those periodi- t;> :: 
 • .V.cal attacks of mania, when the patient is for a short tmie a violent.^"- 
 ■«' maniac and is suddenly restored, for a time, to a perfect state of;-'., 
 
 '■-.M 
 
 / ■.•'■^iV'=2^ 
 
 •''^■■T-'-:4i 
 
 n-;:''.'v^'' 
 
 
 ■U ..J- .,; 
 
 -M 
 
 > 
 
 'intelligence, except by recognizing the germ theory ; and as the gerin''-'.y 
 
 
 •■,■•■•■■ -.•.: thebfy in "all Other diseases is novy SO well ■established, particularly in'-y'^^'- •v/;^'i;VVXv*'"; 
 
 p-r''. ':. ;tuberdes'.of 'the.lungs, I see no. reason. why :we;shoiild;.;hQtT^^ 
 
 •;:.• • '■•'the germ ;t.he6ry; that i§, gernis ; in- the nerve, cells br Xubesy as': one • .;'.•■< ^rV ^ ^?»l^ 
 
 r. * 
 
 
 germ theory; that i§, gernis in- the nerve, cells br tuDesy as. one,. 
 
 : great' caiiise of insanity. It;requires no very great stretch of bur.-.v/ 
 .1- imagination to conceive a germ in the fluid of the afferent nerves pro-.'"-' ' 
 • : pelled by molecular motion to the organ of consciousness, and, while.;- 
 
 '. remaining in that organ, producing violent mania, said mania subsiding- '; •", 
 ^.' when the germ by the same process becomes removed from the organ.;:;. ' 
 -■■'of consciousness. Thus could we easily account for periodic or recurrent .s'^ 
 '';i-,:rhania, each- attack depending on one of these germs in the organ ot;";^C • 
 ;'^'' cohscibiishess ; thus could we account for lapses of consciousness and".'' r.'- 
 
 V, intellectual confusion, which is insanity. On the other hand those cases- •:■ 
 ": • of mania that run their course either to recovery or dementia or death'y :'i 
 .. without periodical changes, We might well assume to be of a toxid" ' . 
 •'nature, producing chemical changes such as I have spoken of in the 
 ,-...'. sensory nerves and organ of consciousness, vvhether that poison wast-' - 
 
 ■'/ anaesthetics taken by the mouth, such as whiskey, etc, or by respira-;-; •'• 
 ••■ '■-■ ..■ ..,■ : ..,■:-..... • ;• , ;. ..-., ..:... :C .. .:.:U.. .•.-.-,: •,... .-.. ...■ . ,;.-.,,,. l^-'i:; 
 
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 a 
 
 ''^•■''it'-^^'^:r'M':^''-:':'^::'v.A Rational Materialistic Definitioii.' C' "' ,, .'v;'-'^- ^ 'I 
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 " '' ■ ■ ' • tion, such as chloroform, etc; ; or that the poison was" duie td so'me - vi, 
 
 '.atmospheric materia, mofbi, or to ssome electro-magnetic influence, ■ , . •;? 
 
 ■■^^ matters not,. it would' b^ caused by cherriical : '-^^ 
 
 ■V"!change in; the;; electro-motor nerve fluid,! tfie mania disappearing aa •'•.•'*■' ^'Si 
 
 , V'the^erye flujS'becdine^^ restored to its^ normal pellucid consistency, ;■ :-. ■; 'i! 
 
 ■iil ''"^ ''■ '•:••'■.. ;;*-*u This.beingrriy theory, I maintain that all cases of mania, ii" not allV- . fj 
 
 ■....;. ".'other diseases,. are. due to traumatism,' but, that some persons are sa ,■,••. .• ;,'^ 
 
 ••;..':,•■" constituted, or from some cause, such as suffering, so predisposed, thaf'^.;;-' 1 
 
 .••/•V.^' '■■ ■. ■■■.-,■• . • . • . '. '■, ■ ■ "• ■ .■ ' - :,' '.'v. ', '-■":',■ ■ ..' f'-'-.W 
 
 ..>:•,'.;',. .'^'from the position I now. hold, J' am debarred,, from the opppftumtie^.'.*::;;;^^ 
 
 ■ Vv, •. '• ' ; . .' so necessary, to investigate rnore closely;- into "all these, points i I hop.e;.'. .VT 
 
 ■ •,■'; ■.•••—••;'•.'• ;' however, that some of my confreres will apply themselves to such an ■ --M 
 :•/■!'■;..'■,.. •...'. -"Vinyestiigation. Secondly, I obseryedthat a drunken nian by his con-;>_ .. .'I 
 
 j^ >■,'■■ l ••. ''•'■■••'.■-■ .^duct,'.hisypi,sychological and physiological syniptoms,. gave proof that y".;^ ; M 
 
 ^!/^; ;'■:•:.;,-> '..-.: ^he. was' irfs^ne, and that he passed through.. three, stagers 'pf:insahity.,.'-y 
 
 jjV:.: . ;V'. " •■\'-' ■.•■..acute,:, subacute, ahd dementia. ■ That this miariia -was "toxic rnania.^.^' .'V 
 
 fe- •'■ .• •■•■■,".■-• V: '.';. -the resultspf an a'n^sthetio.taken'intb the s^omach,',and ,that'his clini-:':: , ' ^/^ 
 
 f/',^./ ,'*■/. ■,v.:S-..- veal symptonis were 'iiispmnia, at least in the first .two stages, .and. in".-..r 
 
 '^:-' .^'■^••.■ !'-.;".• ^'•'Vy^ the stages,, analgesia- arid low. temperature. Again, the temporary .' 
 
 ,\''..\'- .i •?.;.;.> .J ;';• paralysis of the drunken; man .1 found si.milar to the; temporary y.: 
 
 ;!.%/:/■.; • -;,•■; ^;.paralysis^^^^ the i.nsane, ;'ahd I.ccncluded both .'■ ■« 
 
 '.jlv' "' }'i ^ •':•"'" • '"■ . • ' 'were from . the '^same ;! GaUse^T:f-paralysis\ first of the peripheral ..^ sensory '' '; - 
 
 ;'',!r *'' "■ ".."-■ Vherve"s,,whiGh go:to;the motpr centres irii the cprd, producing a like •.; 
 
 f"';'. ^{^' i •• -'•^!^-; }; effect pri ;the .inbU)t^r^)^rvjw,:Pr;v^mta^^ .peripheral sensory V^.; 
 
 ::«;■:•>•;'•;•.■ 'l •.'■'.• v' nerye'Sj'.whichvGauses either paralysis 6f the motor^.o .by:';; 
 
 i.v: "'.. ' y.. . ; V";;-. ■ reflex action. Thirdly, I had observed, and have had my observations "', 
 yi^'.-. •' • • ■ .'■-'■" ■■■.■'. ■ ■ ■ . ' . . ;■ ' .".'•■..•■ . ' ■ .■■■'■•■ 
 
 [^;r^ ..f:\^lf/:'':yy<:,confiTmedhy the pbser.vatipns, of :6t. ., particularly by Lyman in his-^ -■ 
 
 f"^v.' 'N \ • -.; 'i' ^ ','■ --r valuaijle work 6ri artificial anaesthesia; that during artificial ansesthesiai ' • : 
 
 ■^'^■''i'^^-}^:i'-Xr--'^ ^^.'v;jv:fi[ethei^.ftpm chloroform, :.etherj; etc.,\ thej^ariaesthjstized peri^drl.jtvas;;- v. 
 
 f'9 :•';•;• '^.V'';:';''y'- • • reh'dered teinpprarily. insane, arid passed through the'same.thfeestages; V 
 
 i^;i .\.; ■.•',i:.;^;'.V^,''. of insanity. FouHhi.y;,;.!- haye found a fallpf, /<?z«/>«?^^'<«/'eih-all-c 
 
 fVv/.- ^' ' ; • . ^-' :.^vOf,insanity where there was nP complication, and.: that as the different^ . :: . _.^ 
 
 •<^>">-; .■ V^^^ the lower became the temperature. I have found-: v;' 
 
 "^■i.^':'!-, v;--- ■;/'^;,>Lthe same phenomena in the drunken man, and Lyman has found it in •'^ 
 
 >'■;/;)''• . !'. ';>':■'.... -the temporary msanity produced by anaesthetics. ;But it, mayrbe. said,'-. :; . -^ 
 
 ?X^ / ■' ;■ •:•'.. ; might not this temperature be caused by the heart's action, > and hkve.-'^ii^ 
 
 (fv ^''' .V'^ ^,^ -v^^^ sensory nerves^?..crT dpn't think ^so,; 
 
 ^•V ■'••■.■• y^^.^•:for.thpfoilowirigreasons: I.have found analgesia arid low tempertaure 
 
 ^>:.:;. v. ■ ::<.: ..•> ■ •• •:; ■>.■.•:■ A.' •• .. '.- •.,•■...•... • ■. ■ '.. •■ •. / -..s ■..••. •"(•■■• .•\'-.- ,.■ ;.. ., ..^• ' . .i', . ;"■;.;.•.;. .. ■. % 
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 r3'» ■ :fi''^ < ' .- . ■ . ■ . ...••.•'■.•."• • V , ■ • •' •' .■...•..■....■ \ •"■.■.■■,. ■\ ..••,■. 
 
 ■•SI 
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 •41 
 
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 J ■ * "J 'A 
 
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 ;-r.ni 
 
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 Vr; '■•^y-^-:^'^-\','i;^;,';"'' 0/ Insanity and Imbecility. -^ -^'■'■rr'\.A';:Z^:-:'..' ''^:'.i':-i\^. 
 '•. ',;-.s^;..'-.:;;<;,'.'.:v^ ::;iv.-.-;..:.'.> ■. .> ; :C/ ^^■.■^,-.: ••:v^. / •■.:-.■■■■:■ .• .:-■■■'■':.:■':.■■■:;■.:•-::■■'>■<:■■■, 
 
 : whe¥e the pulse was accelerated, and equally so whfere the'pulse was :'. : >';vv ' .% h,. i;v^L 
 
 '•■ normal, where respiration was accelerated and where respiration •'•..■•••:•:;";>' ';^i'V«r^^ 
 •;waS;nonnal,wher(e digestion was norma,! and where it was abnormal, •^^■i••;;>J>^^y^;'J^ 
 ;r: /iwhere piipils were normal and/where^ thfey' Were abnormal, where ':'^:;V^V/>-|r'ii%^ 
 V .Ipcbrhotiori.was, norrrialand where it.'. was abnormal. From all these •'"'■■ --^ v-'/c^t^fi 
 
 ■V. \fact8rl concluded ithat in insanity external low temperature and exter- 
 V'^;rnai analgesia were dive to pathological changes of the sensory nerveis. 
 
 v- . -r. Low temperature in the insane where there is no complication is; 
 '//■now; no, longer a theory, but is recognized as an established fact,' 
 
 I 
 
 
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 ;'..^>The following cases, taken frdmmy note" bbbk, will elucidate rny 
 
 IV. >■■ 
 
 liV: 
 
 yjews ; 
 
 ■•■.\.- 
 
 ' ^•■,"-^-N6..ir'-J. 'N., aged 26. — ^^Well nourished/ greatly excited-^mania acute. : ■ 
 :-'^ : ! Clinical symptoms. — Insomnia-;-- Analgesia— Piilse, Job— Axillary temperature 
 
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 , .„ ., , ,, ... , , ,'v-;!^'i-:\:^^>^i:-'f^ 
 
 \;'--^''^..:'':^o.'-2r^\K.,"&ged so.'-^Well riourished,.ndt miich'excitecij^Va/^^^ 
 
 ■•; i V!"'. • '• ■ Clinical sVmptoms:—Insbmnia--Anargesia-^Piilse;ib4^Temperature,~Q'7^ v > " v-' •'--.^.v ••Vri.^'fv^ 
 
 '■■y] No. 3. — M..B,, aged 63.-r:Ha(l been an inebriate in his youth, ;loss of memory, . ,' 
 
 .mania;-;: 
 
 Xlinical symptoms.— insomnia — Aniilgesia-=-Pulse^'86— ^Temperature, 97— 2:5, 
 
 y a'- 
 
 •;> <. No. 5.^Madame. J.; L, aged. 25.^Nursing, .we'llh6urished,\suicidal— :subacute.'* 
 
 ■•;.\"; f.m£mia/;.^':-. ^,:'/'^ ;'''fV'vr .'^^^ ■' ' • ■'^V''.'- '':'■''■.■ "'''^'''■^:--''-^''X--:-- ■'^:' ■■'■ ■■' "\- 
 ,-*./;• •. Clinical symptbms~tnsoinnia—:Analgesia^Purse,"9p-f; 98. ,, • . • . 
 
 ..' '■'," ' ■'N0..6.' Miss A. B., aged 23;-^\Veirhburished, m.uch excited, very uncohtrql 
 |..f V .■ . .able,- delirious— acute .mania in a hysterical girl. ',■■ .'■. "^ - •", ' : "' • ' '■'■ ' "• "' . ' 
 |r ■;.:' V. (Clinical symptoms. -^Insornnia--Aiia^ 126— Teinperaturej ^^-r' 
 
 '*i. ' .' '■■'■.. ^* *■ ;."'-■ .-■''■■.■ '■•••'■'. yi -'*:.'"' '*. ".'■ '-^ L- ■'"' -. "f •'. ■;*■.*'*■*.'■.■■ iVv -"^ •'..!•. ■■^'■■•■^r "^ ..■•■.■*•-■».,-: .^h 
 ' ■■'■' ■',-'?■ ■■'■.^•■•■••'•■•^iV" '•'■^••'■■*'"^-'<'- •'•■:.''-'7 -•.;;■■- ■■.■^'.;>-^-V ■.■.O-"--: ■•■ ■ "; •■ ^■■\ C ' ■ :'-^. 
 
 '■...• v. V'^o- 7.— W.'B., aged 46.-^'VyelI" noitrishedj bad history,: sister "died, insanej^ • 
 '-_.'^:■ brother hung himself., .Has suicidal desire-— subacute mania;^ ■■• -': ' •'' .■ " • 
 
 ■ ■;>....•.•. a'. ■<!■? 
 
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i^^iii^^'^^Ar-,"^^;/' .:,86^'^Cr i^:.i ^il Ratio7ial MateHaliatic Definition i;'' v' • V ' ' ;-f ■^v'' .;-?i 
 
 i'i'i:. '•■... ^;■ ■•■■■'■■■■ Jr-«'-..:v,:t, ;.•;.•..'..' • •, ■■■ '. ;^- ■';•;. •.^J" :,■..•■ ^ v' '■ •\'.,V ;-■!;:■• '.vv •■• ■^' :■■•■■■'; v; ';■;••■•.• ••■'■••.•" 
 
 ■•>V;. ■;.'•■• ' Clinical syMptoms. — Insomnia— Analgesia— Pulse, 120— Temperature, 97. 
 ,"••,■.:[;. No. ,10. — Mrs. G., ag 
 ^' '^ .r;^''.>'}V',''>^ ;■;'•> ■i'.:..pw*w'^chropi<^ mania. 
 
 ^'■lri^'^k:'.:^''y: V !••/■■ " •> ^P* '°' — M'"^r ^-j ''!6"^4 39.— ,i^''^tily nourislitjd, very excitable > prognvsiyil •"■-;:; •.^: 
 
 nania.:.V '■'■'■'' :*'■■.'■ '''■^■■"^;'!•■S^^■^•";;^■''■■• ■^'Vi-rV'^'-y*;^/^-::-^/'^ 
 
 ^'■VV' 'f- ' :. '.i -"■ •'•'''' ^,. ■ 'Clinical symptoms. — ^^Insomnia— Analgesia — ^Pulse, 96— Temperature, 97.. i; :•".■./ 
 j;' .i r-' : ■ ;"": .'".■>'>•.•, •• • ' ■ No. Ji .i— D, lu,, aged 24.^FairIy Well nourished, yery much ijxcited— ftctitlj ' 
 
 
 './^••' • • <>• • ■ ;V ..■>*• '•"vCliiiical syrip.toms.— Insomnia — Analgesia— rPulse,' jl 10— ^Temperature, 97— •' I • "• .' .. '•''< 
 
 
 ' (■• 
 
 excited— acute manfaV . .■...•.', ■ '\i 
 loo — Temperature, 97. • 
 meriioi'y,/ cannot collect 
 
 V*',' - :> '• v'',:!;;"'^^''-'^^'" *^ is suspicious arid iinhappy,rof excitable— subacute 
 
 ^v^•^/,^■^ :,;^. ■■!•/• \-V', "'l'^"?^- /■'•■■ ' ■■■':.,;.■■.'■■ '■'.•,,; ■/-'./' • ■' ' ■ • ' ■ ■ 
 
 \'\-: !^ • .-v-Vri ■ v\ 'I!:;" . ;•■ Glinica], syrriptbrhs. — Insomnia— Analgesia— ^Pulse, & ~ 
 
 :i'"'^^'''''''-'ii-'i'^--'''' ■''■■■■ The following are Cases', in ^asylum.: 
 
 ?i' ?ij''. • '^ ',s '.*■'' '■ • ; .';"i. •' .: • ^o'v ■14.T-M • C .", aged 23 .— J ri -asyljurii, thr^e' years . — 
 
 'i S*'-"" •"••.'-' .''■ ■• '■ ■.'; subacute. mania. 
 
 
 ^^ •,'■ ■■''■■'?';' '• '■ .-Clinical symptoms'.: — Insomnia— AnalgesiS^Pulse,l66—Temperatiire, 96, 
 
 fe ■/>-■■■';'; ^X -'•'>>.■•'"'.•' V lum six months—acute mania.- ' 
 
 ;-'X' '-^V^^v 96^ ', , ^ V.' •! 
 
 ••'S'",' .■y;(:^i--i^"i?'-:^ '.:■ • ■■';;Np..^l7;— rjJ.'M., aged 35.— Well nurtured.. lii asylum four.days. Second ad- ■■. . 
 
 ^^^^r'-'ry^^.'i'^v'..^!^' -"-inissipn. Acute mania. .".'-'. ' :; ' • 
 
 ""!' 'i'^^'-;'^-.;:'^^ .. .Clinical, symptoms.— Insomnia— Analgesia— Pulse, 80 — Temperature, 98. \ 
 
 jfj^^.r'-^' '■"• ■; '■ /-^V^ • ■■■.• .1^6. ■i8/--S;?A.-,''agedy. shift. says^ :-iQ3rr-Ibots;{t>- TJerinehtiia;:'. ' , :' \'.'':'m.; ■;';.•■•■-'' ;''■■' 
 
 )^^'?'^^' ■''■'/■^■■•■-:^- ^--r « .Glinicarsymptoms.-^Insomnia— ^Pulse, iio— Temperature, giS. 
 
 V^ilJj "'c! •.■"■■':'' ~r^ ,No. 19.— A. J., aged 25. — /.well developed young girl. In asyluni two days. 
 
 ^M. ?S<..^' r' ^■' '.•... Very excited. Had been three months in prison. Acute mania. 
 
 ®*^'V-*''^. .•■,'■ '• -^ ; • '• ' ' Clinical symptoms.— Insomnia. — ^^Analg'esia— Pulse, I l.o— Temperature, 98. 
 
 S'*I^^V■'V^'■v'"^;■ ;-.••■;••■ No. 20. — Miss P., aged 20.— Well nourished, very excited, violent and noisy, 
 
 Sfc'^i:%-^ ■' 'v'\:,'" V' ■•In asylur.i one month. Acute mania. 
 
 |T^V'1.V'!; -■:''. '.' -..j '..,•:,. Clinical, symptoms. — Insomnia— Analgesia — Pulse, 120 — Temperature, 97 — 
 
 '^^;:.;^^;'^f :/'•- No. 21.— Miss G., aged 20. — ^Badly .lourished, yet general health good. In 
 
 .'■''■_•..■. i^ylum two years. "Very quiet— chronic mania. 
 
 P'T^^'V-'V.'-' '■ ■"^•7/^ — Pulse, 80— Temperature, 97 — 4.5. 
 
 f?'''.'-V^ :^'-^'- ■■'^^^ 22,-r7Miss D., aged 22. — Vv'^ell nourished. . In asylum two months. Very 
 
 \V'..Nv ' ■■.;''v?^--..'V;;.'*>yi(^^^^ mania. 
 
 '0i^: V"? ."'■,:;• ;'''\ ~'',.. <.*-■ V Cto.l?^'^^ syniptpms,;^Insomnia-T-Analgesia— Pulse, .i20^Temperature, 97 — ' 
 
 '^^"■'•'v,'' \ •■'-■' \*-',^';'''^' No. 23. — Miss B., aged 22. — Her mother insane since the girl was born. Girl 
 "■>H ' *•- ^\ "^^ 'V years., \Vhenadniitted was a well looking girl, suffering from a 
 
 ■;;-".^^■ ..•.••:■:■■'■/.; v.- :>••;">..:'>■ ^v ■.'■■'■ v.- ■ ■-•"•J^ ■-.■■'■'•.-'■■•-•■.:.•■•.•■ . ■■/.■...,:■ ■ ■ / 
 
 t-^-'^.:'.--" ■..' y^-'-.- ■■• ■■ .\ •--1/ : >-i'r: r- '-^ ^ ■^■r''^',:■. ■■:''s<r'-:'-':-' ' '•■- ■•■■'■ .• ^- :v' ■ ■"■ ■ ■ 
 
 f^r-.'vv:''t^-: ■.^■:'''.i-vi;?^;'--V.!'.;vf-^.'..^^ -'v' .'v;.'''"':- ■.■■;'-i-'"-:;-':r,:^v.?,,. :::■ ^^-.v;-:.: .■ . .-^ ■ 
 
c ■•••C-. 
 
 
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 :'•■'. 
 
 ■^ ■.,■■''• 
 
 ^Hc 
 
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 "i^'^ir 'v^V Ar • voyri^V^'V'v-w'V?? ■'■-', 
 
 .VW'.'.' 
 
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 ... j;.' » 
 
 subacute mania. 
 i« literally "dyingV 
 
 [)■']'■''') ■■':.''■■ ^ '.■'■■■■■■■').' ■ '.■ -.r-^' '"'■■] ■^'■'\ .•"•.' ■'■■•:■■ ■■'^^vy'■;fV^?^:^';:?v'iv'|^/^ 
 
 . Never could make any clinical examination till now, when she ''■:''^^ '.^'^'^^ :^'!f'^^^''j^ 
 
 
 
 
 «.!.. 
 
 ' .'v' r .,• .vV'Cljnical:8yniptoms.— 'PuImj lao^Temperatufe,. ibi— a..^;', , ''i, ' '■•.':•?.- '• ^'^ 
 •• >v v;;'^ ; : •::Fr6m the twenty-three" fbt'egoing cases, it will be seen thdt nohe j </; ": t^v^^. "«^ ';• '' f 
 /'• , , •lV,:'weTe imbeciles. All were cases of insanity from pathological detect, as .; .' • '. ') ;■ .';''^V. . V<^ 
 v:'^ ^:'^ r considered these the proper cases, to prove or disprove m} theoryy;' ;x'^ji;V■^■"i^•;f;^^ 
 ;I: have theTecord of many other cases with sjmiiaf results. But froni:;>;;Vj'V^'^::\S^^ 
 !■•■.'■;..•• ;,;;these a,)pne I think 1. have the right to assutne that low temperatUiie\is';^v.';ic'v^''r^^ 
 ;• acliriical symptom of insahityj jaiid that the fall of temperature is due vl^v/'l'r -v^'*^^^^^ 
 ,- ;; ii'.tb the abnorma,! state 6^thes(ensorynerves.^•;•vi■'^,,: ''':y^■^■r.i:::•i,.^•: " "' ••• -^-^ • ■ 
 ' ' ■ , But the question is by no meains settled whetK'er teTripefattire, 
 under any circumstances, is due to cardiac action and not to the 
 ■ Sensory nerves. ;I; consider temperciture dependent ui)pri the latter 
 for many reasons, First. •THe^^^p 
 . but the animal system^ and bxieof the properties ■of. life ih. the: sihimal,^^^^^^^^^ 
 is heat. , SetK)ndly. Er-bm the iactthatt; :ip;;the..iiftto 
 
 temperature where there is increased cardiac :and;jiormai cardiac- .•;•■., ': 
 action. Thirdly. That where there is extensive ulceration of the/;-. ,;: ■• -V^ 
 integuments surrounding the leg, there is low, temperature below the-^i'V/ 'A":.!i:;. 
 ulcerated part, although no defett in.; circulation. Fourthly. ,That;.:y'^?^^^^ 
 certain medicines; such, as! quiniher^ahd - whiskey/ iti;ki^e. doses, • ^;yf-:,\'-y: 
 diminish temperature without diminishing cardiac actiorj. A:-, v'^'V'. ''f/'v'^^^^^ 'I^^; 
 
 •According to Charcot, strong black coffee and . tea .increase "^-^^^^^^^^^ 
 animal heat. I have proved this to be the case without increasing- -^ 
 heart's action, and, according to Professor Charcot, both central .Ayd\[^''\yK:'^': 
 external algidity can exist, and temperatur*. can be increased, quite v '.;•;}:■'. 
 independent of the action of the heart. Cha-'^ot says : '' Magendie. /'V^^^^^^^^^^ 
 has proved by experiments which Claude Bernard has confirmed that^ . • -^^^^ 
 all severe irritation of the peripheral nerves has the effect of lowering ,■;.;■;■'''! 
 cardiac pressure, which according to Mentigazza diminishes central .; ' ,- 
 temperature." Now, it is a well-known fact, that all severe irritation ''■■■^y:% 
 of the peripheral nerves, such a: scalds, burns, laceration of the -2;'.;,,. " "S 
 integuments, severe flogging, etc., cause fall of temperature, sometimes ""■■•'vt'.;. 
 even to collapse, and also a lowering of cardiac pressure, but I fail;--;.^ 't' 
 to see the sense of Mentigazza's conclusions, that; the. diminished^^'Al;-^ ; 
 temperature was in any way the . resiilt'bf lowering df cardiac pre$^.;4;;!^--i^; ■, .■ 
 sure. The old theory thatythe blood was the . animal life is '.liow r-^^^^^^^^^^ 
 exploded, thanks to the researches of Boer and Haeckel, a.nd the , \5^;jC:,w\ 
 
 
 
 ■• ly.- 
 
 V, 
 
 
 ■','.' .•■J-. 
 
 
 *When I speak of acute and subacute mania, I.mean stages of mania and; all ..tern- . 
 perature below 98—2 5, abnormal or low temperature^ . ; * : , ,, ■ " ■ '■ ' •' 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 % 
 
88 ' . A Rational Materialistic Definition 
 
 scientific fact has been established that animal life is in the nervous 
 system, consequently animal heat ; and that the blood is the reproduc- 
 tive fluid of the body. In Brain, Vol. IV., page 398,. " Dr. Maclagan 
 argues that there is a special thermic centre high up in the cord, 
 controlling and regulating the temperature of the body ; that this 
 centre is endowed with heat-producing and heat inhibitory powers ; 
 that it has intimate physiological and anatomical relations with other 
 important centres ; that it has connected with it a special set of 
 thermal nerves, distinct from the ordinary nerves of sensation, that 
 these nerves are very freely distributed to the skin." Dr. Maclagan 
 may be right, and even if he is, it does not affect my theory of 
 insanity that it is due to an anaesthetic state of the sensory nerves and 
 organs of conscious. ,ss, and that where there is cutaneous analgesia 
 there is cutaneous algidity. Admitting his theory, it is only another 
 proof that the temperature is dependent upon the nervous not on the 
 circulating system;:^--:;'-. , ':^'y'-;-'}^iM&'!fd,:,,.:.v^. v •.:-r\;„-.v . 
 
 In \.\\Q /ourfial of Science for March, 1882, there is an article, 
 the " Distinctions between Organisms and Minerals," from which I 
 quote in support of my views of morphology and temperature : " Tf 
 we examine the intimate structure of the plants or the animal, we 
 find tubes somethimes hollow, sometimes containing a fluid, or some- 
 times a solid ma ter, diftering in its nature from the enclosing walls ; 
 we find also round or oval vesicles known as celluV;s, and generally 
 
 containing fluid matter." " It may here be well to remark, for 
 
 the benefit of such readers as are not conversant with modern bio- 
 chemical research, that protoplasm is not an abstract idea or a mere 
 theoretical body. It is a substance which can be obtained from 
 certain plants, /. e. Ethalitim Septicum, and submitted to the investi- 
 gations of the chemist and the microscopist. The idea was taken up 
 by H. H. O. Lowe and Thomas Bokorny of Munich. The former 
 of those chemists in establishing a rational fon.. ia for albumen was 
 struck by the circumstance that it contained a number of aldehyde 
 groups immediately bordering upon amide groups. Such groups, 
 according to modern chemical philosophy, must be distinguished 
 by intense atomic motion. Hence argued Ilerr Loew, this motion 
 constitutes life, whilst the respective displacement of the aldehyde 
 and amide groups, and the necessary cessation of the atomic 
 motion involves death, it may be of a mere molecule or protoplasm, 
 
 or of a large portion, or of the entire animal or plant Apparently 
 
 trifling agencies displace the molecules and their action ceases. 
 

 
 -rs'j>'s:vw^; 
 
 
 viv??'\';:f"v '■• Of Insanity and Imbecility. :■■' ■-^•■.;;V';v,v^^':>39:;i,;^:^ 
 
 During every such molecular displacement, which is in fact a com^^hC-r'i^r^i^-: 
 bustion, heat is liberated. Hence the rise of temperature in fevers^y ■"• v/^.':'^ 
 and that which occurs upon death. On the other hand, when lifeless^'^.S^'. \'v';''%j;'® 
 albumen is assimilated, and converted into the protoplasm of-a^V: ' ''"'^'•^i^ii^ 
 living cell, heat becomes latent." ^ '?;§;:;.:: ,. if- 1^1^ 
 
 The reader will perceive from my standpoint, clinical observationSj'^vi;^;;-: ^J^S;;:^^^???;^:*^ 
 that I arrived at the same conclusions, with regard to life, death, and '^vpTv^;'--;)^'! 
 temperature, as does Herr Loewand Bokorny of Munich from chemi- 
 cal observations. I said that life and heat were dependent upon; 
 
 =<i-.. 
 
 iiMr->'-:^d 
 
 . -v:. 
 
 molecular or atomic motion, and that the arrest of this motion was ,; ■:»&, • ■.-..;■,.-;; •*?<5- 
 
 the cause of death, at least in insanity proper, consequently patholos':^^'' f-^;i?^^^j';^P 
 
 cists could not demo'istrate the cause of death from examination of';i?SS/;;;;.i? ■■ v^^^^ 
 
 the cadaver. ''^'^^':^-M'';^'^^^^^'-M 
 
 Fifthly. I have found in all cases of insanity that there was to 3i.wi'^'^y'.;[y:^r:i'^---'--.'^^'Tii2 
 ^ ^ ■i,;^/.■■•;■^■;:;^*h>■^.■v■<t■■••i.T ■ 
 
 greater or lesser degree loss of consciousness, or rather confusion ot^g^:■^;f^':■[■0^^r^;^ 
 lapse of consciousness, which I attribute to the pathological state of ;l;~-^;:-^:ii>§|| 
 
 the sensory nerves and organ of consciousness. .„.• ' . ■'■-Z':'l^§^:0^^i~P'- 
 
 Sixthly. As a general rule, I have found insomnia to be a mafke(i'!v^ i^jjvi^ ' )|?'^^ 
 symptom of insanity, indeed I consider insane persons in a kind of^;v*>:|>^;f-tJ; 
 half sleep, so we find those insane persons who don't take two hours-.^ It'.^'^V^''^^^^ 
 sleep in the twenty-Ibur insisting they sleep the whole night, and;|'^'';;;:;^j|^"vy'i^ 
 frequently during the day. This state of insomnia I also attribute to'^.;.;; v ;? ij^j^;;;,^; • y^'j^p; 
 the pathological state of the organ of consciousness and sensory -^i^iltJ-^^^^^^^ifii^-^ 
 nerves. ,, .,-■.} ■'%:.?■• '^(<^iMw:%'^'^ 
 
 Recapitulation : — I define insanity to be a physical disease caused*^^^^^^^^'^^^^'-^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 by a pathological change in the sensory nerves and organ of conscious-, , ,,,,„., .,,.■•'■■■• 
 ness, or either, consequently loss of consciousness, increased reflex^^^- ,;.v^Ci^^v ■'- 
 action, confusion of intellect, loss of intellect, necessarily loss Qixi(y['^^;l'4^$-^i''i:'''J^^^ 
 mal reason, insanity. From the same state of these organs we ha^f* .,;M" 
 
 low temperature and insomnia. So far then I hav shown cause for 5V •4'!,"/; 
 
 effect in the clinical symptoms I have found in the insane, at least, I S(^'^''^ 
 
 conceive I have; and now can fairly assume that all the physiologi- • ■^^'^'.^^■i^ 
 
 cal and psychological symptoms observable in the insane may beattri- .-iti^ 
 
 buted to these physical changes in a man's mental organization. When'^ ■ft'^^^vv^H;-^^'^^ 
 we remember that the motor nerves of the face take their origin from 
 the highest source of our intellectual organization, and that this organi- 
 zation is no longer capable of sending messages through these nerves, 
 or if at all so, false intelligence or still more probable that their actions 
 become reflex, we know the anatomical cause for the physiological 
 changes that are to marked in the features of the maniac ; a chnge so 
 
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 ^'■.- ■ ''rv'': ■'li^^ai2oridril^aifer2(^^ i)e]finition '. V^''-.'''-^^':-^. •'■ ^ 
 
 .'C;y. great, a stamp of insanity so clear, as; tb be cufficient to satisfy the ex-. ;•' y ''.v 
 •^.'-Psrienced alienists that the person is insane without further examina-' ■<-. •; 
 ■ ■tionv Yet remarkable as it is, it is impossible artistically to describe. It ■ • ■ '\^ 
 . • s'-'mustbe seen to be knowp. , A Michael Angelo or a Raphael might repre- '• .f ; ■'': 
 ••.■•' ;sent the physiological features of the insane, but I cannot find words to'. .• t ,. , 
 ,..;:,; 'describe them ; yet in insanity as in sanity, the ruling passions are .■■';'•.• ..■•'| 
 v^f indelibly stamped on the human face, if we only learn to read them. '^•■. ;. 
 %■■.'-'''■•■ Various as are the physiological and psychological changes and- v'.- 
 ., ■ symptoms in the insane, they are not more various than thi difference \, '•.;;,' 
 ,?•• J recognised between meu hot insane, all depending upon the changes :'* 
 ^•••;taking place in the mental organizatiOIl.:2;K^i;.^.•■^;.v■ ;.;:. ^ ,^,:..:.:^^ ■^^^'•"'•.■■.V:''l 
 
 .' ■■•■After all that has been said and written upon the va.n6\is /orins' :■■::: 
 i^:Xv?'.^^ '■ v'-^'.^^^ ^•''d the classifications from extraneous causes and psycho- /.'.. '.• ] 
 
 ^!§f:'W^^:''^'' ^■^>-'}v^^^^^^ t'"*^ monomaniacs, the partial insanities, the moral :.v" _ 
 
 ^' 1 ' /- .^7- l- /-"^ v^^^^ insanities, it all comes to this, according; to my.'v'.'-- •',- ";!| 
 
 *V-'- ■■■■'•■•'■■■':■■•,••-■/■•'''•••'■•' "-'■■■''.' C ; -.-'." :,.. .',. ^. - ' .■ , . '■■•;v ■ •'■•..■■ .'Jw 
 
 ^^-ii^^i^ V^^--;f?^^ ''theory, -that:. ^a^^ insane from (the same phj'sica:! cause, viz., ari'.^ .r;' "if 
 p-.-'A-Vy-- •?,■■•.;■..■<>.■■■'■■ '.■ f J ' ' '■.■■■■.■•..' -.y 
 
 '■^lii:^^■'■■^■■^"^^^^u■■■^il^hnorma\ or pathological state of the organ of consciousness and the^- ''''v's; 
 
 ^^p}%;\i';:.fy ■<:;?■;. sensory neryes, and that all the:, different physiological and psycholo- ... 'V ''• i';^ 
 
 ^''^■^^'^'^^y:^'':^y'JS^^^ symptoms, no matter how they differ in different individuals, are ' ' ^■'^ 
 
 5^..-:-;?>.' •:..; ; • ;^■,•:'';due to this anatomical cause, this pathological change which causes 
 
 S'/v' ■.■"'.,•■ .. ,■ •'..•.lapse of consciousness, consequently the actions of the insane are ,, ;X 
 
 i^V'^--:-'^ '.■■'<''i'^^:':^ -fly reflex. When man's mental organization is normal, his mind -^V^V 'r '^■ 
 
 f ■!:^'f''-\''.'>^^^^-'^V^ saxie, his desires are saiie, his instincts and impulses are sane, and' ^."^ V^ ':'•:-• 
 
 >'\ -f. ■■: : ■ '^'' ■:.:SV^ , ,. '. V ''''•• -■■■'^' •-■•■■;■■ ^•■•- - ■.■•- ■ '■ y -• • .■••■-■•■.•■■■■ -iZ-i 
 
 7\^^'W-'-'-^'\ ''^S -/Consequently his conduct: is siani$i;^;;:<.V■;;^,.■.'^;v^■•"^ ":.'"-7ui -''■:'< '.■:^=.^'K:-\'' /^^ 
 
 fe.-\". ." •'• ; • • ■ ■• When a man's mental organization is abnormal, his mind is insane, ••'.. .{■■'':'■■: 
 ^v■'^l^v•■/'■;■;■^'•:.^' •■•■''•"'nis desires are insane, his impulses and instincts are insane, and'.: ." ■. '^n 
 \m-i^? ■'>■;<"■ •:•.: consequently his conduct is insane. And, as a rule, all the desires, ....''!•■.' '•'■' 
 
 V,-.:ii,r*"v. ■•.;•; ...:■,'■.■ ■ ■■■•y.". . . . ■•»■•!' •-■ ' 
 
 ^'^'^^ •'.'.' ;^^i--:'v: : ■v.^^'^^'^^n^ts and impulses of an insane man are exactly the contrary of a ■'..".•.■ 
 '^i^y^jS^-^^'^^y-'yK'^^sane man, and he proves these facts by his condtict— he has no will/-;.'; 
 f^;-.''-;^-';:' .'':',' .-^properly speaking. Next to man perhaps the dog is the most intelli- .'■.. 
 PSi^-'-"":^ AVhen it becomes insane it portrays its insanity by its.- ■-'... 
 
 W'-':^-'^i' '"••'■.'-•' conduct Both man and dog when insane become suspicious of their " 
 '' 'Lc\.iO.''.'''>P.- -^^ ^ii^'i'' upon them to rend them. The dog's master / 
 
 v'.Jv-^.-,i':i^-::^:/::\;-''^'knovfs the dog is mad from its condi^^l, because its conduct is at ' ' 
 .A''•■'V.4•;i-;,,v'/C:^•i; ';; variance with the dog's habitual conduct. As with the dog so with . _-f 
 
 -...■:i}:<'i-^'^'-'':}''f.'--ki^^ man. We judge of the sanity of the latter also by his conduct* s^yV 
 '^^■^•■■I'f';'-/'' •■.'••'';' V that his conduct is the outcome of his mental organization, • 
 
 ^-/■-■^I-^ iy'v-'. • v"! -^i^d that it gives evidence of what that orgaiuzation is. Therefore, 
 W'.'>j^'^^''''''''^'-''^'^''yrhen we see a man living in breach of all the natural and social laws 
 '''^■'rf^r^.%i\'-'\){^ which society is governed and kept together, we naturally conclude 
 
 
 3 
 
.V...; that such a man is either imbecile or insane. In thie former case ii(^>:;'H-. 
 : ., • •I'is what he is in virture of teratological defect in his mental organizsiz-iri^.^!; 
 
 .■,•.■■ tion, in the latter case he is what he is in virtue of pathological defect,^. "" 
 
 :vv-yin his mental organization/ -In- eiriiercasiej he is an irresponsible?V:^'. ,'v. 
 :'. •: creature, because of his abnormal mental organization ; a man not fit _ '■;:'V' 
 
 * "•.■ ; ^° ^^^^ ^'^ society; a man from whom society should be, protectedivf-'/: ^!j^'.; 
 
 :, ;; ^pd a man that society should protect from himself. .' v;;-'"^;-"' '. ' 'V '"•■'•:'■";.;,■•: '• :•■. ij^i% 
 •" v.^/ Insane desires are very variable. One man's desire is for drink/V' •'■•■'-'• '-T-i^^^ 
 . .t:;-,;;jianother is to commit murder, another is suicide, another, is to set fire"'-'-' ■■'■'.^^'■^'y^'^S 
 '■.••■:^^';;^,^"^ld'ngs, another has perverted sexual desire--rallvthe result of ^\:-y'wf:/^-'A^-^ 
 ■';,. '. '•;. abnormal mental organization and consequent reflex action. Some.of ;^;VVV^.,; '^^^^^^ 
 
 ;. .■■ , those insane and imbecile persons will know the nature of their"act^'5^^'■•■^ ■^'it^^i'^M 
 
 "■^j^W^ 
 
 ■:^tMk 
 
 know right from wrong; they will tell you they know they have done" 
 , wrong, but that they could not helpit. , Xheir.cry is, ^' volo nQn valfo. ;'* ■■ ; -■ 'f-^^f^^ 
 : they have no freedom of ^he wiii;''-'^'s;"'-l?^''-''v:^'''r *'■ ' "• ■•■. '^'fv; ■/■■' ^v?^'-'-f "vv^v":^ 
 '!V:; The reader will understand that I fLilly recognize the fact that ariyv .' ;v'cri.i';v^^:^^KV^ 
 ,' Organic disease of the substance of the brain or its membranes, or it4 viM.'i^v^ 
 vessels, or of the cavity of the cranium, can by pressing upon Ithe-i^ '^::.: ;|V^^ 
 organ of consciousness produce insanity, but in these cases the irisari-',. ./'-^^^^^^^^^ 
 ity is the symptom of another disease, but is caused by the injury to. ■v''^ ''^■' ■>'■.' •^'^>:^ 
 _ the organ of consciousness ; this would be insanity complicated with ■■' T? ':.'••> f-Vv^TSl 
 ■■'Jpther diseases. Thus I explain what is termed the general paralysis; "r"^ \-.- v;?^-'>':°';i;.-^"^ 
 ofthe insane, which according to Dr. Mendel is atrophy of the brain;^'?:' .;.' '<:?:? ■>|'''l 
 
 disease of the brain ; and the only connection between the insanity/. ;^' 
 and the paraplegia is that the same abnormal state of the sensory . 
 "nerves which causes the abnormal state of the organ of consciousness- 
 causes a similar state of the motor centres in the spinal cord, which-. 
 
 a . ■ -■■•■r.''^ ■'■"• ■".VAN- 
 
 w-;.^' 
 
 ■••/nerves which causes the abnormal state of the organ of consciousness>','<:*.'^,;:V-A'?^^^^ 
 
 •i,<-' 
 
 die ni convulsions, particularly those in whom the cause of the trauA; •.■;/;; ;;-,:>;;^^^ 
 matic state of the sensory nerves was poison, such as alcohol or hydror. ''Vj-i' i.--^.- '- Hii^ 
 phobic poison. Insanity may be complicated with any other disease/ir';'' 
 Having dir-^ase of any organ does not exempt a person from the ;. 
 disease which causes insanity. For example, all epileptics and hysterical."!;-.;^ ". ^i" 
 persons are not necessarily insane, but they are certainly predisposed.'lt'';iy' .: 
 to insanity, and we frequently find those persons subject to fits ofN>!' _-: . 
 
 !* '■'■.x\ 
 
 

 .,>.■■/■• 
 
 V'' '■•■■'>■ 
 
 
 
 ^>^oi■'.y:•:•.,■^/■■•>^^x,^■■H'■«■>^■•'?f■v>•>i^t.■•^ "yv:--? ••:/■■•.. ;';;/--':'-'^'''. 
 
 -■■"'' '. v. •■..•:. r''reciirr6ntm^ this the casfe; that ; all ' writers speak 'of :'■> , 
 
 .; . ' v, epileptic mania and hysterical mania as distinct forms;?6f insanity, and .; ■.: ■ '•; 
 • :.J ■.'".:• this purely from psychological symptoms. Now/ I dp not see that _ '■ 
 ...^'jA;; there is necessarily any connection between insanity-' and epilepsy ;";•"' 
 ,v;;«~'i)y more than this, that the nerve explosion which would otherwise-' ;■;•■ . 
 ■^..;-.;J. culminate in; k^^ in ahiminilsive actin those ■ --^^^^^^^ •.. 
 
 ..^ ;'■(/.■ Whp>?irie-a'lre^^^^^ No doubt the psychological symp torns, of .v- "'• .• 
 
 .■■\.;>n insane- ep^ many respects from those of otlTeriiisaiie.'--. •. 
 
 :*,!.-:•:." persons, but not more than should have been' expected from ; the -;•.-; ■ 
 j.;-''':;;.-^'. abnormal physical condition of an epileptic. The same itiay be said' ■ -^■/■. 
 ^V}^.^v"V-.-''v':.V::: <^f ''ii'i hysterical person who most undoubtedly suffers from pathp-V.'; •;•'.•.' 
 ^%^r7>-1--.u;^:r;^,: logical changes in some nerve tissues, although we do not see these; ^>- ':'• 
 ^fi«^''^>>V;!v; ;/';.; '^changesv^^^^ to ;point out is this, that although hysterical' y ;■. ■\ 
 
 't^:[X^-:->: ^^.;^"^; patients ahd epileptics arSjiersbh^: evidently predisposed to insanity," ^-^ .;. ;, 
 r^^ji^ij'viv ■/'>:•; Jc'^andyw^ physiologic^ and psychological- ■ /;' ; 
 
 ('i^^'-y V^'K^ '; syinpWiTis,' yet epilepsy and hysteria are diseases distinct from insanity^;!-"'. _::;:, '';. 
 iv^isK k'';,V,r' and do not resuk from the same pathological cause or defect in the*'/ .•• .• 
 5^^i^;1■!^'|■1^,^: 'v .H-^^rvous system or mental organization. But, in reality, we I .rdl^;:'':;:' -v,; 
 ^;i:^.:'r^:''^.'^:'^^yQr find two insane persons presenting the same. psychologicaiV ,V;. • 
 ^>kV:^.:i:^y'> '^S.i'Sj'mptoms as^ already said more than once,'^lf;Mthe most?r'V.';i^':. 
 
 '^•^^^ <^V'v4'^'^"^3!hge because the most impulsive, Pf all maniacs ig^themaniacal-' ;;;;''':, 
 
 5^r^.. -.'^Z }\';;v-?^epileptic/:>^ a letter received from Dr. Kiernan, editor 'of the^T^N^-:. - 
 .;' [C/iica^o Medical Rcinnv^ he propounded tome thefollowmg question'/'; j; ';:. 
 '.■•■:. -with regard to Hayvern : " Was the patient's flice asymmetrical, andv'.';'>-:-^- 
 .. ■' was it that which led you to suspect possible epilepsy?" The forer' :';'''.'■';. 
 ,v" going question led me to make a special examination of the faces of> 'Vv; 
 ■^ . fifty-three (53) maniacal epileptics ; of these twenty-three were females;':.;':;^ • : i 
 ;r"'"out of which fifteen had the asymmetrical faces^ the remaining eightVc"^.\;/, 
 .'.;'^" nothing remarkable. Then there were thirty nmles, Aall'maniacar^" • . 
 •'-;■• epileptics ; of these twenty-five had the asymmetrical face, the remain^.V}-'. 
 '^■:'^-i-£'^'t^':'\ 'y''' ^% five nothing remarkable. From the foregoing facts I feel satisfiedy';: -v.' ' ' 
 v>';;;;^;;>':r;'^.'.;; ,' that the asymmetrical face is sometimes a most important physiologi-' _-■.'' ; 
 tAf':-^ '''.l-' !: V''*,'; ''^^ symptom in the maniacal epileptic. I remarked in every case that '!;;•:. v: > 
 
 
 r',' r. 
 
 -■ - ^. ^\ - 
 
 !^5- -If •■■';' 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 .''I 
 . j4 
 
 ■f-i 
 
 i'-^\ 
 
 
 
 abnormal state of the facial nerves at their centre, and this should lead .; '' 
 .'■••'■/''.^i;:^^' pathologists to search in tlie regions of those centres for the cause of ,,; 
 '-,."''■ )\,''' epilepsy. I sincerely thank Dr. Kiernan for drawing my attention to x 
 ^!?i'.-l.^;-i/; '1 this physiological symptom in cases of epilepsy, and for the honorable:'*, 
 
 P'^;y':^/v-'.v::^:;-v-^;:yv^^ 
 
 »:■. ' 
 
 
 i»X 
 
 -y 
 
 
 
 ■'.•■ > * 
 
 
 .••i* 
 
 V'i:-:^.: 
 
 ^^M'<l^ * ■■■-^ .r.V.<-A\.> ■'■.■•; ;.■•■ "^ ■•;■',-■• .. ■' r^■ ■•.< T;... i'n ' 
 
W-'^ 
 
 ■\-^ i<: 
 
 ■:"X:: 
 
 :.'•,* ■;^;''! and scientific manner in whicKheJreyiewjsd the,^ ^'^r-i^:^-/'^! 
 
 '. • .' '^c^P^se 6f;thevunfb my most gT^!^te^\:'-:^:^^^':%^ti./ 
 
 Jul thanks ib. Dr. -I^^ 
 
 .;/•:•: ./■^'"'IrSaence, for his more than kind remarks in that journal on the Hayvem-' '. -.^-ivlW 
 •■■•.■•■■■>. ■..■•'.'•' ■—'■.'■ ;h-t- •■■.,.••.•< u---, '■.■::■ 
 
 V /v^ '.;.%,■, case,* I have endeavored to explain the ]3hysical cause^ the patho-r^^■;^■ ;.{v\;;;'^j^ 
 
 V -■■."'•''■'■; logical defects, for the physiological efifect insanity.' •\ ,- • ,:vv^.^' ,.r -•'.':< .!Sv> ;?&^v ■-'^ 
 
 v '• ■ ;^v'''\^^;' I shall now consider what are the predisposing^ arid dirtiiGt causes/ ''^^•'■^■■^'''''t^:- 
 
 i-r'v,'. ' • /^producing the anatomical change. There is no doubt but some. •^re-'iV^y^^t?/^? 'J/H- 
 
 ?•">-,/ ./ji-rhore predisposed'tb' this disease than Gthferis;-! For' 63^ 
 
 ^v ;.V..v' ^4 possible, with the examples \ye have befQce)i^i'.^fo ignore hereditary!' M;>fe:'S^^;;;|v 
 
 ;;*:; 'i;.' I'/^/'tainty a hereditary predisposition,' yet 'thei-e are hundred^r>of-cases'^(.y'-t-;.'^^ 
 
 '%'■''{ ;..o.;- .where we can trace no heredity, consequently there must be many^^ ?''■ ^!|^^ 
 
 -•'■/■'•;'i'- persons predisposed without heredity, St. George Mivart says, '' NoV-r' '• ^^-iv'-'Xw 
 
 W;;.- "■■;•>. i', orie thing can act on any other except that in such other there is ainr.-.f ■/v"-!K-v^';f:=vr^'^^^^^^^ 
 
 . . :;/ ;:;."V^. :^vinnate capacity of being acted orii'^^Npw, accepting this physical-v- •./*:• ^:^ii§^^: 
 
 \ .•'■•.":: I A;truism/'we must recognize that there must be a predisposition, peiV;V VJ//;' ^i-^v; 
 
 ;\':.'-^;v .\':haps,;in all men, but certainly more in some than others, i^tp;' insanity^; >;^.'r^:'v:^^^^ 
 
 ,:i'v:f>'/. \i^If We divide society into three classes, that is from an intellectualvi.;;//- i^"^^ 
 
 ■^:~-.>.;;iv 4 standpoint, we may designate them as follows, the imbecile class, the .^V- ';*;?•;:;. (/^ 
 
 ^^^,. /;<•;'.;'.- criminal class, and the intellectual class, taking my definition of ati.°;v,::.V;K,-r^.;^'^;^^ 
 
 : v.':- ;'•.!•■, /intellectual man. Now, according to my theory, the imbecile and^ ■'■■H''''''^-i^ 
 
 !V V/' • . V' \^^ class are the result of teratological defect, the intellectual are. ^';-;_i;^j/\;'^^^^^^ 
 
 • ■'"-■:■ •../;.■; of their normal mental organization. These are certainly./ -.r.-^H ■;?■;■ ;;^ 
 
 ^•^ ->''•'/-■;:''•■ three' distinct classes. Now, judging by our asylums, there is no':.'^^''.!^f''^" ^^^k^ 
 V''i'.:;.V;-V' doubt but that the imbecile class are themosthkely to become insane,5.r»: '^!^^/ -^^^^^^^^^^ 
 r^ .■•^■.^■:' Vijnext the criminal class, and lastly the intellectual class. Why is this?>{/:;'- ■/;^"';://>^vr''- 
 ^/V/.i.'^-'^- Simply because the imbecile and criminal classes have already defeci^JlvC'-'-t- '^;<i;^:^;- 
 ■f^.:;'-- .^••.•^.■' tive physical mental organization, whether that defective state be due''-^ ■■■W'->''.'4v--~^^^^^ 
 
 '. ■■..■■■■ i'. .'•-. - ..... , ;■<•;,.■■ ■■'•■''.■•;■ ,.'s-',-tl-;; f f:- 
 
 • ■■•-•■:• I''^,''"' to defective convolutions, according to Behdikt, or to asymmetries, .< '/. v''V^ . <%:5:;.'V;-, 
 ■'■. :■■'•;•■''•■■ '''\- \''l':''" — ' — ■ ' ■ — 'nV:' -'t ■^■^■'•v•"^.''•:'; ••'>>>• 
 
 •'>■■.'•.■..":.• "•■■'"'■•♦'I received a letter from Dr. Kiernan, bearine; date May iQth, 1882, in which •■•'-■,• '.'*-' ■'>^',i,"-->ii.'^^ 
 
 the following occurs : "A notice of my article in the Chicago Medical Kevie7v.;:on: ■■', 
 
 <■;■ 
 
 ■ ■.■<■' 
 
 
 . the Hayvern case, appears in the Cent ra/6/ait/urftemenAei/i'icnd'de,lJ[ay: 1,18821}^^^^ 
 
 ^•,-y .'/■:y -\, ;^ipage 2, vol. 7, in which Dr. Voigt takes the ground that Hayvern was an epilejiticj.'.!^ ',■,",•• / 'V^^'.'^^'^y'-' 
 ^;*.- .,:'.'■,; 'and cites the following old observation about epileptic insanity, which is something ■^' ■:■■'■'■. ,::--;\^}:'~t^. 
 
 
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 '*-'.^i 
 
 ■"l'. . . 
 
 
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 w. ■.■»•■• 
 
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 •V»-- ■■'■ • •• /rj 
 
 ■^■■!r-:^^'^.^«-''^^'44'^;^vv-^>/%'''ii^ Rationed Materialistic DeAniiibn-i ■■!K'fi'--'^:'.0.-:'.:'^" ':-'':^^:t 
 
 ^^t•■^}^vt■<f?ii?^■3^^ to wiany other physiologists, particularly Dn Spitzka; The^ '":•:•'.• ": 1 
 
 ^?"^:vlC: -wl'. >^^ ^-^ ^" the imbecile class, so in the criminal class, therc/'-v"*: •;'..';; 
 
 ?^fe^;' \V c:^|f :'vis tei;ebi:al defeict which, must predispose such persons to insanity,''';^:;;.' ^ ^'; 'p_.-'v^ 
 
 : ; ,i v .. *. In; the y<''«r;;fl7 of. Afental^^cienc/-'\^\y'S.^V . , page 119, there occurs the fol- -. • j 
 ,.lb^ing :"y4 Neiu Type of Insanity. Ata meeting of the Verin o( German physU .'. 
 ;cians, who occupy themselves, with the treatment of insanity, held at Nuremberg, ■•,;.■ 
 -.iin^ Sept., -1877, there was ^ good deal of debating abput the different forinsvoF '■ .' 
 iVt-^vi' '■ : •■■■■; 'ihsa.nity| and the fbllowing.resplution prbposed by Dr; Meynerte, was unanimous^' '•' ;^ 
 (■••■. ■';> ;'''''>-•! ■ ly adopted : " The members of the "'/erin of Psychiatrie agree in recognizing.^, V 
 t'':- "•'''"> y V /■•V besides melan mania a third original form of mental disease, primary •...• 
 
 ''- ;^;-«<t'v i;;V';^'*^''^?W^.ss-.,or^^^ what Tigges described as Walsiuiri.;"" • ••„ v.. 
 
 •<"'' ^■-' ' ^■;■'^5ifi,.^/;■As it would not do to treat with disrespect this creation of so many learned'. •• •■ 
 '• 't'^rC-i- y.v-rv'^PM'S''^'^ 't is incumbent on me to introduce our new friend to English re.adera.;' ' 
 ^, '-(-^^ is exhibited in the Psychiatresches Centralblatt for Decernber, 1877 : " •' , ' . ; i.v' 
 
 i^i.'''-,'.fe ^''■! ' ';|^?iv' *|In these subjects there is a hereditary ne^^^ 
 
 ';^'' \ '^i' .. ■' ; -. ^aboiit the disposition from infancy. They are quiet, soft children, the delight of their. "■:/ 
 L- i^' •■■'v,'. ''•'•t.r.niothers, and at a later time their bitterest sorrow ; they shun the society of other. .."•.•.• .r\' \ ■ ■ .i^^:\ 
 :v':v '. "■■ ''i; p '■.if):-}!^:children and indulge in day dreams ; their bodily growth is normal, but even trifling) .! ;'' ."V- ' .'.;,• 
 '^JiSi/v.' y .■■'':'.^:' diseases take in cerebral symptoms. Some of them towards the end of the period cf;y\;.-:"/ ;/.-;^ 
 ^^i^k :' '.'<'^.,.j \ /^^development have illusions or hallucinations of the senses, indulge in false ideas''.' ''';_C\.-' /.■■'•■■■■ 
 ■sM'&v.' V Vi' vl-<>.^"'-l sink rapidly into mental Aveakness_;fOthers.reachvtheirtwentieth._j'ear..wi.thout.'"v ''•;..• 
 
 'i:-!'^-':'.'-^; ■■•••>'\'"?ny marked derangement-V'^v ^■''L- '^ ['.!"?•■' .'■'^^■'''^'''!''''''''i^ \^.^r^ 
 
 ''^i;^.^-}^.'!-- ^^.Ji'f'J^^TihQy may show talent in special directions, but their intelligence • "ver piasses/J.'-y.;C; . ■;. 
 it ;.r:.^i-'^v4''^'--^- 'Oiit of the puerile stage. ■•-■'/■{■'.:■ ■.. -■/•■-j-'V ' ;■ -cr ^ .■,.' VS. ■ ■';.'■•■ ^' ' ;.• ■•■:-'"'^'-?^'''.-v'. 
 
 '^■''^■V:^-^:'':''''-':^/] They become morbidly sensitive'; 'often they' brood over sortie fenuriihe ideal; .'•' .'. ':']'^ 
 ';i^< '-•:''~ ^■-^^- ^ ?^"^^^^ perhaps they have never exchanged a word, though';..;;^; •:■'.■, '- 
 
 ;■';•;,'•■ ..r-'; \v:>\-^.fancying they have tokens of encouragement ; they are apt tO; endeavor to-, attract" .;-:.;■ ■/-,' 
 \y-'^'-- i.'y.-^\ . •■'••'the attention of others by an affected carriage; they want energy to resist bold ."• ""j . ' . '. 
 :-'.,:i'"-^v.'- V.,^:' ,■,;'. .ppposition, though they get rapidly into a state of theatrical exaltation, spasmodic;'' '.V'/. '. ;• 
 »;• A't'v-.rf''. ;v •.weeping and hysterical fits ; there is a greater or lesser degree of hypochondria. • '>.■.'.!■'/ 
 ?;f;>i':'':^.i^-;-\ ..?.,■■ .^.^hey!^ thinking of the conduct of strangers towards them, hear?''.,:v.it';^f./'. 
 
 ^''. ^.■-;<"- ■ i.;?v.. ,;;X^^^^^^^ streets, find reference to themselves in everything, and"-,; '.■'•;■..•.,■ 
 
 jv-Y,vv ;■':•• yli-v, .notice allusions to their doings in the newspapers. A young man pf this sort ima->/-;y}'.'* :'■ .V; 
 i.-"'''.' '' .^t,;' •■'■gihes that a secret society persecutes him because he is in their wayinpt because he J,- !;;,.•]■; : '.; -^'Il 
 '^f\-'\^: '.'( ' , ■•.is unworthy and deserves punishment, .is a melancholia would put it. /•.;...' ■ i >';'..' )- 
 .':•'..; ,:''V.'^V.iv'" The friends of the 01 ject of his affections puts impediments in his wa'y, slander V. ■ 
 -:'• V ,'';';.,' •'J'.'. K '.and persecute him, on which account his own family look upon him with dislike »;:;i: 
 f-;-,;^' .•.'.'■,;.. ■ . tJofteri he disguises his feelings, his conduct passes as incomprehensible eccentncity,V;; 
 ("v.'^/.'.c,:*^^^^^^ from his softness of disposition violent outbursts are rare, though sometimes an- ^-.j. 
 
 ,■>v.-';-'<'•''>•^^. 'accident brines out the morbid condition. At a later time illusions of the senses fal- .:-,;• 
 ;>i\!';''^vv;X';'; .'.;..;' ^sify the whole relations of the patient with the outer world : this or that person ' ^. 
 
 ^''^'C:^'^^^i^';:,'.fVi^^ manner ; a portrait of the ruling -i-^ 
 
 jiV''>ti'fi).:i'.-.'\f. prince resembles him ; every change in the outer world has something to do with • ■',.,■: -^ '■.■\sJ 
 
 sent to punish his 
 
 ' ■:■•■ ;.■<-;. i. ■ ■ ■.. •• 
 
 ''••!t-- ^'^'-V-i'^.^'him ; political events, natural appearances, and calamities , are 
 
 '•;7•'^^?:v:•;;v.v^'^•''':■'.1•^•■^■^'.^^■■^•■ ■•■ '^'^av.,' *frt.'',;:>^^^ '■:>> -"<r' .; ^• v.^ >■.;•'; ;.^' 
 |^.'^^^r•■::-■''^t^^■:•;v■;••:^;,•• .•'■•:.^'; ;> ^-H;:^ \-^:^M:M---:' '■:'''^-^i/:;H\' 
 
 stsi''i-&yS^-.:\-<r'^--.:^ 'i.\'*-y . v ;■■ ■..."■.> :■■•:■• '•:••:•■. ■ •■■■.■■:•■?•.■; -.■.•;v ..-i •^.•:. :•■.■■• ■ 
 

 ■■^-.■: 
 
 i 
 
 >:.';■•':'••.•• .•■'vj.'":, But.'we find amongst persons of ordinary intelligence persons of -'K t^^-^!^i- ■'■:'■.% 0i 
 /•^r !•: .; V an ordinary physical mental organization, that sQm^, are more prelrv^T^y'V V-'v^' 
 '.' i! V ■ ',.1, disposed to insanity than others. How can we account for this ? It';'^ • y ■'/• Jf'>.-^ir 
 '<,■%•" C"..\ is very hard to say, except that some people suffer more than others |'::%j!;;'lV,:,:-^;;)?^'^' 
 ■••.' v. V ■''.■■, not that they have more cause of suffering than others, but that what- '■.;.'■•:'■■ >'^■i,M^.> .,;, 
 ■<■' . ,'•■>?' ' ^puld ^not cause much suffering in Others would cause great suffering iii ^' .^Z' ^f^''^yi^S': 
 ';.' \;.;;;-\^]vthem, 'because oif their being more highly organized.;St/GeorgeMivart-;/-i?f^v* i^4$^ 
 l^V--:.*!^^^sa^^y;^,''But even in men arid women, siiiifering depends;iw(2i?ir«/y onthe.':y'^'y^y'-:^ (f!'^-' 
 '.>',;"•'•••". mental state of the sufferer. Only during consciousness d6esit.existat'^:l.;". m.,v;4 ". ..^i'v 
 T^ ■ '."■ . ";■. all, and only in the most highly organize// men does it reach its acme.":-'; }). '..>/•':••*?•.''.;■• 
 > •'■'"; '■• V /^^^s being a scientific fact, we can very well believe that whatever causesf ^^' S; ■/■■': ~'t^.i;vi-v 
 '•;•., //•'..Vy;-;,'' great suffering to highly organized persons may not only .predispose/:; './^^^^^^ '"^CvS,"-'' 
 
 ■■ '•. •'■ • .■;- . persecutors, or serve for his final triumpli ; Qbd Almighty takes him under his prdi ■.:' V.':-.. 'V^f>; 
 ,;■■■ ■ i. .;,-. taction, and has a blessed mission in store for Kiihi'l people have had de^^ 
 
 '■■-:■' ^ /■■'•'. ;'\ him, under other names. ■■■■:,'_■, \ ' .1 ' ;- ■■';'':.? -v. >!■ f'v' \:r- ':: y.r'^:r-^~:''ii::y:^-i 
 
 ■■' ^' ■;!' '[' .•'.'■. The progress of the disease is grj^dual; sometimes symptoms take a.luli, again^*. ''y^'. V-i'^;.'- v>'. 
 !;••'■..•■'•.'• ■•' ' -suddenly to break; 6i}t'.;' sometimes the lunaticsi'are very, shy of bringing out theiir',- '■ ^:^ ''■vV5"''/f-'--^^^^^^^ 
 '^ ■;./.•. v.,'':,,. .i-flelusions, which are only sliown in some unwonted state of excitement." ,',;' ••. /;■•>',;. '.'r ^i';?;-:*' 
 ;•■••■"•■;'. " Dr. Meynert remarks that this form of alienative is not confined to rhales ■.-..'■ ' -v.fij:.' "'-:-; 
 
 V ■".'■•' ; '",'• .alone, and Dr. Fritsch {Pysckiatrischcs Centralhlatt, Oct., 1877) gives an example ^'.■;.;. :c.'>^"':T'^'-?- 
 ■■ '■ - .■• . ■'.■ -ofit itt a woman who had been: married although the vagina ended in a blind sack,--.'~ ..■ *'. *••• •f^rVvi 
 '-"'..' «. C'-.y^nd she was believed to have neither uterus nor ovaries. The woman had undoubt•Vi.';•^i'J.^■'^v^i^^.t^^^^^ 
 ';,••■ ■.,'.;• ■ .V/' ed sexual feelings, which..indeedwerp-.yejy marked, was., hysterical, a^^ '^i;;'^-/^ 
 
 '. ',. -V- •-!..•■.' ^'^lusion of suspicion."::;^;- ■ 'fj-v ; ..•• ;\-.-V^ '"■'.■ v.;!:'?'':^;-. ' .'i ,n;- ?■■-'■ ^^;--.V" ^•'^i'vT'-^'^-' .'"■■: .ivV-V'''-i.-'-r'; 
 .',• .• •. •.'.^-■j,,-; • "Any physician of experience must know cases which might very well be rncluded:.^" -.^■v-.' 
 
 '. .' ;■ •.'■ ._ ^V; , .Tinder this new form. It cannot be confounded with mania or dementia, and is>l-: 
 ■'..':■••• ,:?'*.':;, .distinguished from melancholia by the conceited deportment of the patient, and his' ■ 
 • :^ ■;;•; ,",want of self-accusation or depreciation as well as by the character of the delusions. Vf'^ .•':';'^^> 
 
 J.';:-, ■'t^..'.;, •. . Primarv insanity may be combined with imbecility';;'";VIf .would appear that in >'^'.^?v 
 
 :' . '■ '\:'' ■!.- ! iViennj isylums the cases classed under this new type wieVe as numerous as those o£ >■„,',. . ■ '^•.i'l"?^ 
 
 ■• . :.■ ■'■ .v'A.- . . . . /■■'■■I -i' .' ■• V ''^■■f('''! 
 
 ;'•■• .• v! •■/.■av "i'^"'^ ^^^ melancliolia put together. Often it remains in the initial stage, pli" ..■;;S'•,'■.■^/^'^^':'■^^^^ 
 
 •■.;'■..."''.'. ' '■ YetrocLdes, and the patient never reaches an aayhxxa;'':jri;'.-''^i-yry..-'-,-:/i^-'^i'-''^:C'-.'-J. ' .'•■•'Xf''»^fw;t;.A$/j'.» 
 
 ';-;,•'■':. _; •.'■■.'•]■■■'' . • V.'This so-called primary insanity is nothing more or less than what I call insanity;'/- ■ 4;'^V;'"- "- :.,;•;<■', '{-^i; 
 
 •,:'^....; ;. 'V in an imbecile, in other words pathological change taking place where teratological': 
 
 '..'!"',•'■ '/defect already existed, consequently there are more of these cases to be found ii>, 
 
 !•' .'.!■: ;•' ' eyery insane asylum as'w'ell as the' asylums of Viennav'; I.^bafahot conceive vyhy ;• 
 
 ^-.r'v"'."" wonder should be expressed in tbe case of the woman referred to. Sexual desire"r'>'>;' \i Sji^ii*. ■ 
 
 ■ .'v •.;■■■'■ • -don't exist in the organs of generation in either man or woman. , ' ' •,■.■, •;,!:$!•.';■•;. 
 
 •'■_;..;•".'■; ■:'.;•.',.' All desire is centered in the brain, irritating or stimulating certain peripheral.;/\*: /'.-;; V;^^:;^ 
 
 ,..'■.•:-;,- !';herves in certain portions of the body ; the female breast, for example, excites^ ^;^ '-'Vv-rf.; 
 
 ;.••-.;».;'■■•.. sexual desire in the organ of desire, and the effect is developed in the sexual organs''" ■.■.. :.V- •;..•";.„-' 
 
 'l"^ •. '■■" through the ?fferent nerves. I have found . impotent men as well as sterile women/Jv''::^. '.>": '.^-^ 
 .';■'■•■••■;•■■', . , , , . ■ ■ ■^•.■;■•■'^'■.fr'•.>■. ■ 'v-^'."^;--. . 'r^.^ii''- ■^■, -^■■*•"■^. •■•■.■••'■'«• : •'...•'.<,■';■. - ^.i*-^ 
 
 :■■•■;. '.-.-s- having strong sexual desire. .-. •:, .■ .,^. ■ .- > ;:•..-...".. 4 . ••■ '■■.'• . ■',■■;".■. •.■--^■ ■•>:.■ ■■ . ... 
 
 •■ • .■«• • :■■.,•■■'■ ■^■~' ■• .T' I. ■"•.•';;• '■■.:■ ■■.i-.-.:, .■.'.■■.-..■.>,■ -..•■s-".-.. ■.-■■•■.••.•'.•■-,..,■,'■. .',:• \ ■..'•■».• iv -X-. ./-■■• 
 
 
 
 '*•:■. 
 
 
 
 .•>v' 
 
 

 ?if^%''^ S^''j'-.''X--^'' ''.''v V'-''''-'^-' '>■•■'■-'■.''-• '•■''^''■^'■''■■'^^^■■'•■'^■': '?'->■'■<'; .'^' 
 
 
 .._...,. ...... -•.,%•■-•>'■ VS-,V'.;'^.fcv,^^ -^f-l 7" ..■t,^;^^■•.;■ ..V^^ 
 
 :-.^y v; o;-;?. . ;V..*^.;i^'.,^-:.v;..-v:..-.:-;,v^ ;;Vv . ■■-■ 'v- .^v■^^n «.,'^'•c:■^v;■.:^cr^..v.v^.r^:^^.V'v^.^v^^<: -v. ■,■... :^'- ... ,. 
 
 
 •:k'!^f^mQtion to become abrioririalv';' 
 r'?^'.'''i\ •,:,'-•'■•".•.- Now, if 1 am correct that su'fferihgVif hbf an adtliaVcatise^ 
 '!C-/V'!--.i-i''f,v^ to become insane, it can, be easily understood 'V---^ 
 
 r''yi^'/^^'-„ '■■■■ Jhat, after the imbecile, and criminal classes, insanity 'is'morefrequenUy--'^^ ■ v-. 
 ^.^\ •^•^^:-V• • '^^ ^^^^^ t^6 affluent, speaking socially^ :> v Vi>''^-^^^^ ' j.-i 
 
 \'T>?/tr^!^";.:-" -V' .i^ of msanity from poison, thdt it -would. .'';>;;.'. 
 
 • ";;;/VvVv:Cfb'e absurd to ignore th^ The examples of alcohol, opium, syphiiiS|.vf •';-••■ 
 
 ''v,;4' i-?>^^^^ puerperal mania, and the different anaesthetics that provT.-.i ■-;■• 
 
 ''^■i:;ii-;^:Jp ^',-0^^-:''':<ince temporary insanity and sometimes more, are all sufficient proofs-;, /-f;-' 
 i;^'^^'v,i\Y:'iV * !.of what is c^ toxic mania, that is, the physical changes that I haye^-^^'-:.:V :::;^| 
 ■|/; ;Vi5Vi'?>^^ insanity have resulted from poison traumatism^/.r/':., . Vs'iiM 
 
 *;^:^v ^.':''V ';v 'V:^ some pathogenic germ, shouldi/-;n6i-':J:-ri; ^^'^J 
 
 •, '""-■ ■\."'."\'X .' ■ 'b'e, ia'-^ abnormal state of the sensory nerves^ •■'•■••■''.. 5 f 
 
 ■',. ■•/:.' 7 '-■'.'jS^'^.tiv'^i^^^^ which is the cause of insanity, any.. ■■^■••:;:;^f 
 
 {;■'.- ,'.5>j ■.<niore "than that it should produce any other physical change in iV •:".;.. y.?^^ 
 
 animal organisms^ ^Ve^^^k^ is a link between the organic':;: ■'.; -':< 
 i<^;>^'V ;;^'.i. ■ ii^ndj.;theyin 
 
 '^•'rU^^f^' '■ '^■'' vG^i^micai, and tp.';ihis;^c^.i^imiay^ that> ajt -onie, tiine ' and .in one ;;c.y' ■;':;: vl 
 
 i'^-^'- ',}'■' -t, ^:«^' tinie'aiid in another place. I have constantly remarked how that at^^V::!: A 
 -Xv'.:.' -!•■■;:'■'..'■; different times there will be a rush into the asylum from some particur ■■■'<. .'.;.';..; 
 
 i^t..-.. ■■.••.?, .^.voy. .- * , - •■■ . >■ . 
 
 ::'^/}}y.'::'^<.^'-}ar locality. We also linow that some, persons never get good health;;'. ^■">:' ■■■'■ 
 felW^'r'-^V:'^,." -in some localities, while they get the'.'Best of health in others. This. ■%'•.•• ,. 
 ■ D-vt^'v . .<;.- ' vVmustb.,e-.d^^^ atmospheric mfluence, >or;.^ossibly geological ir;:-;':-^ .'.;;. 
 
 2!^ -^f :• i^^-;v. ■ :-'<^;:ftueri seeing the chemical affinity";-: V .^; : 
 
 rf-! /■J^•V".'y^^;■;Vknbwn to exist between organisms and minerals, or, between organic 
 r,i5.^r.; v-l'-V'iiV- and inorganic matter, I don't consider we have paid sufficient; ■.{;•- ...\^ 
 r^:*. :--'f:i. ■ -iV attention to possible geological iniiuences uponhealth and disease..:. ■;>■',■.:/■;■.'•.':' 
 
 
 
 ■•^^r . -^^>,.- ^v'j'^^^--^^^^^^^ ^ recognize the great importance of physiological and -xi 
 
 "'t ■;'...; -^v^^/.y'';';^ 'psychological symptoms in enabling us to diagnose insanity, I only con-'. V^i- . .' 
 
 ?^'J''> -i^?;' !'-v'sidtei*-Such symptoms as the effect;Of: ;pathologii:a^^allsej^a^ 
 
 ^1^'! '^;; •:^^:^'^^^^^^^ gfoup of cHnical symptoniS'l^.in 'iato: fesatip;;.pe^s^^ ;- 
 
 *;?,;' ■ C ,^:5^:.'^than those I hav^j'ehtimerated, I'do^^nqt attribute the insanity, in- -a^^ ^ -./? 
 
 ^^^.rr.^>;VjV/ r^'xiegree to the causes' Of those other syrhptoms, any more than I cbri^^'t!':- ^/i^^^jte 
 
 ■;^^j^ .:'^V'"C vsider the case is complicated with other diseases or some otheri^;^;;'V-'-.;i4fc\ 
 
 ?ic. '^^ >%• |v'.v<Hseas It.isin these complicated cases where there is pyrexia, whicli^'-'.^^ ,'0 '^-■'-" 
 
 ^^' ::■ ■V.^{|-^,f ^r : v^.-^ -r-vvr-;^'. :^^:;^-:a•- :-.;■> ]u- -- ;':■■ ■:■■■■■. . ' r^^' ->: ■ ■: ■:v':^;^^-:i^\v'^rv -.1 .'v-^;->:; ■: -.■,:'^ p-- 
 :-.«^...+:v.-. ;' .-5..(-.- V .,;. •.'7.: .•■- .<• .•'•.. ;. .• .. •• •.^•. ■ . • •• ••••■ •. ,';•■■•■■• -;\.'-'.-,c..>% .•.<'■»* 
 

 .-"'/ 
 
 , r'•^:";•;^>^;■-'^■J'^;;;:iv!/:;■■'^ Insanity mid Tmhccility.'i -j'' ^*v '^:.'v■■V<':^4T■v;;V;;^^^;T^''■jj3^j§^|/ 
 
 • ;''^:'''''^v' J^-'<>-\'':'''---v-^-:^- '■■■ •■ :\i';: -r-^.: • ''^^'-'i-'" r-^- - ■:'. " :-~'v>~ ''V^:-'''. •.'■• .''-■ 'v:! ■''•'••• ■'•- " '; ' >■'■■ ;Vi'"tv^'' ^?:^i'; , 
 •;.v vi' is nota syrtiptq^of/i^saiiity,. that wet^yi.,?p<it ftn4' jnajii^ o)(. jkjw'p • v -i^-;;^ ■•^!^!^} 
 
 ''.'.y ';; i-i'J -;X)f ;'cO!iiW^ possible to conceive any one continuing iiV-C:}';:''^>;J;:-:-':^^ 
 
 '.' ':,a state of insanity from these physical change? for any length of time^^%^j^; ./^'-^^ll^^^^^^ 
 '•:;;:/ without other complications making their appearance,Ml said three,' •■;;::v^V-^^i^^> 
 
 }. ■.'■-'orders of motion were necessary for normal animal existence, \\z,^ w.^:^- ^ <■:'■':. ■^,^^y'' 
 
 ... . .-,**:■}■■ 
 
 A 
 
 ■■■.:'.'.■■.' molecular, mechanical and chemical. It is wonderful, however, how' .■■::\'^ ■■^■■vyi'r.'^'f, 
 •""■.■.•".■■•./ long vegetative life will continue in man, even after the intellectual .'•, ' '-T6 '^'-v^i 
 
 • v^\; '....yorgans have become completely wrecked. ,W suppose that,. ■'^: --^.^t'ljsjy-^^ 
 ;••;..■ ■"in thesecase^v after, then vital electric fluid has cdftie to a certain stage *:''i;^'^"v'vJ^;i^'^^ 
 :■". ' '. • 'Of; opacity it remains^^^ perhaps after years, it changes^' v::;-!; j-V./trC.rt^i'iJI 
 ./,'.;.. .•;'.;. ^<:oagulation sets;in>and this is followed by death. On the other handj^^^v.; ':y:::J^>s^.?^?^f 
 '••..■•'•'•iUt^. we sometimes see death come very suddenly to the insane, whenat'-:V/\''"\--'/i^^^^^^^ 
 \';'s^k:^-'-'yXfi<^ be assumed that the morbid state of the vital fluid runs its course •■;:;'f''v:i,:;,v:;:;-.^*!:. 
 •V ■. . ;^:-^,^.rapidly ending in coagulation and consequent death, from the viTxest''Sh}^'^i^::'^^-'^;^k,:r^ 
 ■. .-.i-'W.'ipf atomic or molecular motion., I am speaking of a person who dies . . > ^^'''■.^■•^•'^^^ 
 
 •■ '■-.', " '•''". ■■ '* ■■'■■•'.. \'-' • .■ ■-■^ ■■■■;■■■ .."-'' '■ ;. ■■. -'■' ■'■■ ■■ ■■'■■ ■' •'■ ' '•■'■ -■■' ■'.*■■'■■•,■ ■■• V- -■■ -:'■.'■.■ , ■■■".-.■ ■,.■■■/..■, ■. ■.■■"''.■';' ■■'-■;■.■ ■■*'■?*:. ■.■*■*< ;' *.'.-■. *".'..'/ . •* 'a.*v 
 
 .: '::<■: from ?irisahity;; of course ; ah" irisine, as well as a sane, persbii^can die^: -v r ; ; t-;-^ 
 : v.'ir' -.--frona bther-diseases; I presume, however; that dQath,ofij6m insanity^i^:;' ;;; -/i-'^if:::^? 
 .V ; < :. 'Jj- ! ' ' (Jii^ to , the coagulation of the vital nerve fluid, as I assume sudderi \ . r ■ V r .-C^^ ! >!?; ^ 
 •; :;..''; ■^^^^•^h from artificial anesthesia to be due to the same cause. But this ■^!';v?N'i/.; :^^ 
 A'-', .'naturally transparent fluid passes through many stages of opacity ^,;V"v;^^;-.;''^^'^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 •'^:". '\:;'-'..before it arrives at the coagulating stage; and my theory is that the ■■.':• •.\■yP.•\^■.,. .,v^^^^^ 
 . ^ '•' ' \^;;; diflerent degrees or stages of insanity, from acute mania to dementia,:-. ;C;%';S;;;;*;^^^ 
 
 • ^'^;..;;: are due to the different degrees of opacity which this fluid undergoesy^,-;': r^l^ ^?^;?;? 
 ..;•..■■: ■>"'..and the greater the degree of diminished pellucidity, the greater the-' J- '■::v^vv;;v';V^^^ 
 
 r- ;:-^"-;degree of insanity, because the greater the loss of vital or; atonpiicV;^1> 
 : ; ;.^;h'0./;molecular motion. Du Bois Raymond found by experiments upon 
 
 . . . . ,.^ ,.. ., ..'^.^..■••:,>";'f>'' 
 
 ■•.•.•■ .••..^.- 'electric fishes that the vital fluid in the nerve cells could be rendered -■'>.•■ -.v.Vr-^^^^H; 
 /^ij^^i' gelatinous by either chemical or mechanical injury, causing loss of-\.?-.:;f-' ■;;^v:!i^'v^ 
 ^■''•;..:;Vv electricity or yital force, consequently thereiilsviiQ reason why mechah-;!.v i; ■ Vv;'^' vivSl^ 
 " :V'\"' •''yiciai. lesion or chemical injur^^ similar change iii:-:"v^ >'■•>. >l;-^>'!^.,^tj 
 
 ■'\'--\-\ ;=^ the vital fluid generated in the nerve cells of mari;'--'.^v;^-;.^ 'I^^ ■■ vjr'x '■;'•;:: /•.•:^-^^;;'';.i.-U 
 
 .' , ■' -'!'•■■■■■.'■ .■...■-■■-:•.■ "-^ -',.■.• ■ ■"■■.■ ■i-v-"V..".'.y... '•■ ..V^ ..r'^ii 
 
 :■■■■':■' ; ':.^' vlnall I hayewritten/r have endeavored to show: caiise for effe<^f^,y_''://y^-\-;j^jJ:^^, 
 ':'■ "■'. ■ ; :•: ,;ahd from the morphological, anatomical, physiological, psychological, ^Jl- .,•.•. • S<'':.J^^':^ 
 '',;.■■•:.■'.:; ..pathological and biological facts which I have set forth I. consider;- .^^^^ 
 ;.;y'' V:/ V that I. arn justified in drawing the following conQ^\^s^ol^^V;.:^ jJi-]'^^ 
 ■^ ' Vi 1 ' •k-?:'' Pirstiy.- -That body and mind are one,, that is, that the mind of nianv r/':' 
 
 r. ■■; , . ; , : as.we knpw it, is the product of matter,. as we kriow and define matter- 7 V.^-vv'-yr; 
 .•■. . ^.Secondly. That insanity is abnormal mind, the consequence ■of^r'.vV!./-'-;! - 
 iabriormal matter — therefore, a purely physical disease. ';:/:::r>]-<^i:-y'.-^yS'^'' ■^^^^■■'■^'i:- 
 
 rv; 
 
 -■■"■>>'.■• 
 
 >■-':.'■:;' " "■'. " '■'^. .^ \n-'-''-^'v^';'^-iu':'.y'^^^!-."r '■■' -■^■■•4 ■■'■■■' ■ 
 
 
 ...J-.B 
 

 m 
 
 X^'. 
 
 ■ \A: Bdtionfll Mdtbv^tflisiic Definition 
 
 
 WiZ 
 
 
 :.:\Thirdl>[^^. That the matter .abnormal is the sensory nerves and :• .! 
 
 ■■'brgan of .cdnsiiousness^ v; ' ■' ^;^ 
 
 ;'.]• Fourthly. That, these pahs ■are' ^ffe'nclered morbid directly, eitfier.by . • 
 
 "fhechanical lesion or chemicarchWge, which renders the electric vital '•' 
 
 
 >.vM 
 
 
 v'/i^',^ '/.Jl'.^rv'Yf' fluid and thereby molecular motion is arrested to a greater or, ,.' .'• 
 
 t'v'A. -;":' .^-^v lesser "degree, consequently there is analgeria ojr^. Anesthesia, of the! '*• ■.' 
 •%■•;-''■ •■;,'-'.',''r'^ 'organ of consciousness and the sensory nerveSi"f:cV',:^.V /.'{'•■^'* '■>;•,/■. •"■ 'i*' 
 
 k...«^.. -v; .■■•.■■.'.'■ -■•■^ •.■■'..■■•. . ■■■-■' ■.. ■.v.^. ,. :.■'■;■■.• ■',.■.■■.■ y. ■ . ■ ■■.'■' ..■•'.. ".'.•..''■;-.■..■.•,■.,■■■', -' .' "■••. '-J .' .;- •. 
 
 l;''-''':;j'i-.V'i!;;v- %^ That while recognizing iri' many ah- hereditary predisposir'-.^ 
 
 •.,".i- 
 
 i •.■■*''' 
 
 
 thereby an actual cause of msanity. ■^^' ' ' .■''.':-• " 
 
 ■ • . ■. ■■•*'■■' . ■■.'"■'- ■.,.''■'■-•■"■■•,-".''', -• ■ .- • 
 
 ■ ,:!'■■-..,' ■>■ Sixthly. That it being an established fact that toxia is caiDable of •■-. '.■ '. ^' .■•/ 
 ^ ., .>'Vv'.,;'. ." ■.■.■■-.■■ ■ ■ ' . •.■■..:■■■•.■■. cr:-. '.■,.•■: .■■: /.,-■•: ... ..\-..: *^ -■■"■,.-■•.■ '^■•••.-•.^ 
 ;^;-- '".;=,■"'• :. rendenng the organ of consciqusness and the sensory nerves abnormal, :. ;• . | ' 
 
 :' Vj^ V : 'v as hefetofd to some..; :••' 
 
 •,--!,■'■•- ^- V' :^ ,/" i, 'atmospheric ;//a/t77Vj morifji sortie .specific poison, some pathogenic- '. • ■ • ■ :.■ .^ 
 
 '^i'-'^ri :<•■■' .■'■L'.-i>^ ■•■.,. \.. ■■'■ ■- '■■■■■' '■':■■': i' ■->'■;''.-'-•■ .■>.':.:•'. ■ '.v:.; -^ -V. .■.;■•'.;■..■.■■.■, .^ •!''■■ v :•..■■".'■! ^ 
 \ :•.■.■.. -..i. •■..••■.• **•*".'<.. ..■.■•/-. ...I.. ''.:..■••...,.■.■■••.■.■■<■.■>.■•■■' ..■.■■;■'.* *.•■■;■•■■■■■■■•'••••.■:•■'■•• ■ ■ •■>■ 
 
 (^'•'■■'t'^I:; ".■'■'"'•!'•■;■;''/ Seventhly! Tha;t as 'man s mind is a^linit, and wlieri "insane' it is •/'. .'; !■. .^ 
 
 ^^/-O'^JrH'Vl^- ". -^il iiisane, not in part but wholly; consequently, although insanity!.' v. ';.<;;^ 
 
 ^.^.'■':ii'vV!-';r^!:-<iifiers in degree, there is no such thing as partial insanity.:.'" '': ;;'''-,'r^";^ ■■.•'■!■' 
 
 v--;!'^'. ■!: ' ^!;' Eighthly. That .the. physiological symptoms and effects.of insahity-'.:.';.;.-' '--vi 
 
 !-^.!v'^,!^kre merely the resiilt, of anatorhid^^^ man, «.•■!.; "'"■■ ''- K> 
 
 !;■!...-. ?V:i isi'riot responsible fbPhis':aciisi!''5 •■• \^^:- ;'!;!!!^^^^^ ;,;;■* ■.;.!.-. «:^:!..; 
 
 ^-!!!v. '.'-A ■ ! Ninthly. That every horrhal man lias under certain circumstances ::.:':''.''\. J:i 
 : - -i-f-: . --'V ,:.... ■■. . ,-■"'.•■■.''.■•. ' ••■-■J 
 
 ;^'-''''^:^^^/ -'Si free will, but every intellectual man, according to my definition of ••■'.• !■..!■, J; 
 
 ■■•"•iin intellectual man, has a free will by which he controls all hisi"'.' ■;••..■•'.. 'v!v 
 
 .'.;' desires, consequently such a man would not, if he could, and could!;- -!_;!' •':;:^i 
 
 "•'.not, because he would nbtj'be guilty of a crime against society. Beforie'x!.,: ■ ^''^' 
 
 .; ;'^e eo,uld be a crimina!! there minst be a physical change in his rhental ••■:!:; 
 
 - ;organiza!tipn, rendering him insane, and consequently irresponsible for;■-X^ 
 
 ^'■WsacfS *■"•■...■""'-.■■" --. ■ ■■ ■ ■'• ^ '.' '■■■-■'/'.'■•.''.'■'•■ -i. ••'!-;■- •-■'; v;. ■ :rrr :-.'--^*r^l 
 
 m 
 
 >f ■':,'■-'■( 
 
 ;v>J...--J>. 
 
 
 
 > ' ! • ■' • 
 
 4-.v>. ^< ..• 
 
 
 =^1^^.. 
 
 ?^--^):: 
 
 VVt-.S'.^..;. 
 
 
 .■':%.":-■,'-•■■■••-.-./.' ^' ■•-.-. ; , v- ■•-■■■. ■.■'. .<-.-;■■ . .■••,• .■•-.• -. .:^ '..'■<■ -■.■"; ■■.,.:;,:.■■ 
 •; -.'.' ,'-/;,•: * -This question iOf a free'.will in nian is an alWmportant question. No intelligent ij';.;^ 
 
 • >j ! . -man can possibly believe that a man's will is always free, where we see the numberv- ! . ;! 
 
 :,--!,:. '• of persons whose whole lives have been controlled by the will of others, or by habit ""'.'oV- 
 
 ,;/).;;' :, or circumstances, which deprived them 'of',aIl W,ill,! so that!they:becam"eimere autdi .f- ,;;K: 
 
 .■';-,;,' matons. Who if he had a free will would ever allow memory to haunt him,!' : .',- 
 
 \ „. -v::' thinking of a thousand things of the past that render him unhappy and miserablei'^.^.K-. '■ 
 
 ''■•■*'-! Who if he had a free will would not prefer to think of the pure and the good tb'^.-..-. 
 
 ■. ■a I 
 
 ■ -i't 
 
 ,;.v7| 
 
 '''■'■■%\ 
 
 ". ..-".K-l 
 
 *' 7 I 
 *.■ r--.| 
 
 '•■in 
 
 ?'^0 ".-■'■' ' --i:C. the yilfe, and evil. Most 'Certainly we cannot always govern our thoughts by our wiH,'! ," 
 
 t>."S...\..:', ■■■ -J. -'..-• ■.-;.-.• ■•^V-'. ■. ■■ ■ ^ ■•'■■:■ ....-, ' .<..' . • V. ■,~-. .-,■ .... .'■■ •.? x'V.-..., . -v...,..:: ■..;••.■■• •.;''■•:• .■ , .- •.'■■•. 
 
 !^««^??;;lrf-'.'r'I;^!'':\r''-';---';C- '"V - ■..•'.•■'■■■■ ;.• • '■..■ /^^ ■:' ^ ■•:\ :>.'.'.'.::'■■■■■'■ :r:-\ 
 
^■.■- . Tenthly. That idiots' imbeciles and habitual criminals are such iii-. ■ty''y''^'':(r*^^^- 
 /Ivirtue^^ of /abnormal ,defecliyermentd 
 
 ••^'frimirials are such in ;virtui6 of iiiathdlbgical deifect'in' their mental :.);;;. ^;',w\{v.-|^i^.|2;^ 
 ,;^birganizatiori; How fttr siicli- p^ be li^ld legally respoiii'-'.Vl: v ';^ii"--^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ..;,sible for their crimes Ileave to our law makers to decide. Let them ''•';•■: ■■'■ y-^^^'^;^-}^^^'^ 
 
 . tive.they would be admitting that they themselves wiere non-criminal -n ■•:;■':' v"'^^^^^^ 
 ■ ; iecaiise they fea:red .punishment; Seeing, however ,■ that" so itfany per- ' '-.' . -V- : ''■:/^<l^^ 
 
 ■;^-sbji$;' coirimit criitie '>whb^^a^ ^^ ;;;>)ji;^;: 
 
 :.■ "HabituaF cnminaisj: it^y^ 
 
 "merit'does riot prevent cririie, yet I would'not say positively that there-' ■■■ . •. .>' wSP 
 
 ^Vai're riot some crirninally disposed, we might call thein a semi-crin^,inal' -• • >' '. ■ ~ ■:■K^H^M, 
 
 class, persons so constituted that they would be criminals only for "-. ■ \ >■>. ■'^■'!^iM^ 
 
 S 
 
 m 
 
 
 1 
 
 piH — -^ „.-- „ ,. ,. 
 
 ''^ •;' lij/tliei'^ie&^r ''iof puriishhienti'^;' If -ev^rahyViheans had a -fair tirkl-ibr the ■ ■-'■;'''. 'v': :^'?;' ■!% 
 ;..■'•:>"'; -prevention bt crime it'has'tfeenpuriishm^ent/witlv what effebt'cri ,A^' v-'-V-i^S;^ 
 
 :t'j!^'!:',/,\ .'history can answer.^. '•:•:■;;"'.'■'":.: •;''^'V ■'■'■■'•'^^^■ '':■-':; ^■.'■^>•■'^■'::^^^ 
 ?,^iy^.,' ' : Eleventhly/TVioriisiidef frdrrvtheforegoirig Iliave i^ight-'toi as^um^^ 
 ?;::;':\.y;thatthief physiological symptoms of insanity difier in each individual :'^^;?:'^ 
 U^r:^:^.:''^'. 'eve;:y individual differs one fVoni-ariother, -each his^ ^'t v^^- 
 
 \" ':::/■ F^ctiliarch&a^ free froni^he; control of the: wiI^ • }r r-^ 
 
 r^^V.^/'; arid its actions are purely from reflex stimuli, and thus Hveaccountv'.''", 
 
 '';' V' V'' Md^it4s equally.~c^^^ our will g^verp bur "desires, words arid '■;.■'-•,, ■ 
 
 '::,\-^v;:v^y«deeds;i ■■;■;.. "■.; :'','.~X:.'''': 'v.'-' Vv' ■"■'"''''' ■',;.• '.':'[ "■:■ '■'■■'. '^' '■■'^'\,-..^'\''^^'^:: 
 
 ■ ',. . i ': .Mere children have "nowill , yet "we in puf folly treat theni as if they hadl ' A ■ - •'•,•' 
 
 ' K:l:.,'i^''' ^jpiSiy with a really free will must be aman of an extraordinary mental organization;-- o,"%!v 
 
 . •■• ■ •■.>■■■.''■■• r-'^v..' ' •••••■■■.•••■-..■-■..■■..:•'•••,■•■* ••.'■-i-V- ■•..■■;.•.'•■ •. ■•,■ ?;.^■•••^^^f•*•■^.<••■-••.'^/••'•<<i;rtiT^ >■:£ 
 
 ■J. 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 ■^ 
 
'•i'^'v '•■•■■'-■;'i. 
 
 t^■|•i'.:f:''^^i•;■' V .v^or 'hallucinations, illusions and delusions. (See note on Instinct, 
 
 .c'-;\i'>'' ;;'^":~''>-'r',A\-^ what is termed epileptic arid hysterical mania, - 
 
 '!^|^!^';j'; '^y^'i^^^ would be more i)ropcrly expressed as mania in an ei)ileptic or in an 
 i^JXl^'ici'v;:*^^^ person, and that mania paralytica should be understood to 
 
 ki i^^- 'V^ and paralysis Irom the same cause — organic disease of 
 
 •'4Vy}v; -•'; >v:,;\;^^^^^ to the organ of consciousness and motor centres 
 
 f..^< •'.*^'\''V'-^^ ■■'i':^''' '■■ :'-rf v'v;\'''--,''-:-^ -•/■■■ ,,,.°. .■'•:.: ', ,, ■.' ■ •■; ■:. ,. 
 
 only a psychologicKl 
 ink the term would be 
 
 nd 
 
 t'i^-'f^-''Vi ;:'7''^.'.>'^^^^ but as this would be difficult, the terms mania and 
 
 ^^ii^'VAt:^:/^^;:::^, il^'/^'.J^ imbeciles and habitual criminals are 
 
 ■T^y;.'V^^;vn^^ only in so far as to render them, if 
 
 Sm^/'''^^-%^"' '^'-^ P^^^^ and more dangerous than they otherwise 
 
 Ij^C^V?' \v'^ ^1";;;'^-the t^ insanity would cause confusion in the mind of 
 
 'v'/ii'iV;^?!;^;:;^^ object is to simplify the subject.^ y>.-';.i^ ;. ,-•; 
 
 ;;^>J^:'^y--^."^^^^^^^ — That our treatment of insanity shbula be directed. 
 
 t0:r^-'''i'Ali''i^'-- towards' restoring the sensory nerves to their normal state, and not to '■ 
 ^4^v' :•■*<' :^:'; ■■^.••.'r the .treatment of the symptoms. 'Ihere is a loss of vital nerve force 
 ir^-: '■,/>.;: ' I- '■'/■■ Which we must; try to ;reGuperatey and the best treatment I have found 
 
 •'t-^^--^i^!^:^. t^^^^ desired effect has Been good nutritious food, rest, pure ■ 
 
 0i'^^t:^^:^''^'''^--^ air and cite, ■exercise,;: and to avoid all medicines that might 
 
 f^^:€:y-k:^'>r}ivpo?'''' .Mgc the' di^stivc Orgaus; ;-:- 'rr"::V \.vv ..v,,;;.- • ■; :. .:. 
 
 ^sr-v^'\f'.^;;;r>;4 ..experience,! have great faith' in pei-ciitarieotis- treatment, ' 
 
 ?^0-^-i-i. ■.- 5 '^-'^i^' ds"i?hot mustard baths, electro-magnetic stimuli, mechanical 
 •> ■?'^--|?.Vf c :^^■■;:, 'stimuli, friction of the skin with brushes and coarse towels, mechanic©- , 
 ^^^•■>-': chemical stimuli, rubbing the whole body, particularly along the';" . . 
 
 lt^^'i^<-v-'\"-''--4 -^' sehsorytraGt,^^ stimulating sedative liniments and antiseptic lini-./ ; ' . .•..,.' 
 
 , and if 
 
 I have 
 
 specific or alter- 
 
 
,. ■■',•... ■■■..'■■,••'•■ ^/' ;;t't-:? '■ V(; I'-..,.. ^ ...-•,.' ;;A.-, 
 
 ■ .'". . ; !-».-'•'. .■■.■?. 'V'-.'-rir. .■.■■ .'u'a. .'...•,•■■!;,;,•"'., iV, 
 ■'■ *..■•;'■, •■'.'•■'••; -■-.•■•.'.■.•.■■,." ■•■••■ '-■■.».■.').■•■,••..: '..■•.^i. 
 
 0/ Insanity and IniheciUty. | 
 
 .■ »>'■■■. 
 
 
 61? 
 
 
 '.^ ; 
 
 
 ■,. ■^.t^<•y ;: 
 
 ative I do not know. Of course wlien I have reason' to W;:*:pec'i 
 sy])hilitic poison I give a specific, such as iodide of pptassjum, whicli 
 I have found to be the most; effectual nK'dicintv. -BUt ;I .know of ha 
 specific treatment for restoring the abnormal sensory nerves and organ 
 of consciousness. I try, as far as I c^n, to treatinsanity lijiph sqi^htir v. 
 fie i)rinciples, keejjing always in View what I consider the c.-iiise for ?^ i 
 the effect. I never administer hyi)notics or narcotics. I have never •.,•;• • 
 seen any benefit from opium or chloral, but the very contrary. But ,.v,/'^ 
 I have had wonderfully good effects from electromagnetism. I con- ' :, 
 sider, if there is a specific, it has a specific; action in restoring mpler' 
 cular motion and nerve force. But we have much yet to ^l^^ of lidwj / . 
 electricity and electro-magnetism acts iipon';an.iraal organism. Per--' / ; 
 haps it is in the affinity that is known to exist in electric molecules or .^ ; 
 atoms. I have to the best of my al)ility endeavored to give a rational ,•'; :' 
 materialistic definition of insanity, basing my theory upon clinical } ' 
 observations in the insane, and ujion the anatomy and physiology of : 
 man as far as we know it, calling to my aid the science^of WorphO;,-. 
 logy, zoology and biology. :r;;?;'i;V>':'^f;r.%K:;>^ ''' 1^^^^''^::^:^ /■'':-■ ■■''^■S:'^^^^^^ 
 
 I have endeavored to show that for all physiological effects iivifnaii| jv, 
 there must be anatomical cause. That mind in man, as we know'-: V;^ 
 it, is the jihysiological effect of 'matter, and that mind insane is the.4 V^' 
 effect of pathological matter: that mind is a //////, and when insane i$.:t' 
 all insane : that consequently there is no such thing as partial insanity^.-: • 
 but that there are different degrees of insanity. I have also eridea-" 
 vored to show that the different classifications of insynity as found in 
 our text-books have not only not ! :en Of any practical benefit, \iw* 
 the very contrary, causing confusion and conveying a wrong idea of ^fv' ,■ 
 what insanity is, and I consider a very great evil has thereby resulted /rll^f ' 
 to the advancement of mental science. If we were to divide and ■'• 
 subdivide insanity from the different psychological symptoms that we .,:.■ 
 find in the insane, every insane person would present a different form ^^ vj; 
 of insanity, for every insane person has different psychological symp- ;Jf ^ ;, 
 toms, simply because no two sane persons in the world think exactly 
 alike on matters involving sentiment or prejudice, though both would • .■.;,Ky 
 agree that 2 and 2 make 4, consequently no two 'nisane persons think ;.;';>lp 
 alike if they think at all j therefore the difference in psychologicalO;. V^^^ 
 symptoms. .. •;/;;";.'l;'.v-: ■;'■:.■; %v .-.>••■'.• '"■ x 
 
 ■ As I began, so do I conclude, by stating that in my attempt to ■■; 
 define insanity I havo only presumed to advance a theory, not to 
 demonstrate a fact. 
 
 
 •-.i^' ■»•■■■ •y.r':''-'-'?x.'J' I'i 
 
 , ■■■■;,"■' i^ '■{■'■{ -f 
 
 ^^i^^j!^ 
 W^. 
 
 Vi!i-?' ■■."■■-'I', 
 
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 Wi 
 
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52 A Rational ^fatcr^alistic Definition, (tc. . f . 
 
 My next chapter \\ ill be upon legal criminality and responsibility, 
 treating the subject from my views of insaviity and imbecihiy.- :■/•■. 
 RELATIVE TEMPERATURE. : ■ 
 
 Pahrlmieit and Centigrade Scales. 
 JliA/ . i- Cetit. Farh. Cent. 
 
 86 '^•••: 30 99 371 
 
 87 ...v;i^».;3o| icxD 375 
 
 00 .» • , •••••• •••# «#•«»« ••>■••.•• ; .3 ^9 lOI.»» • *• •« 39 
 
 O^;/ •••■«•• f«««»* SCA***- >••«••'- •'.• • ; 3 1^ i02 ••«•••••«••••••«•• fl*«* ••••• 3 9 
 
 90..... 32I5 103 393 
 
 -9* r-' 32a 104 40 
 
 92 ••>• 33ff 105 400^ 
 
 S> • ...••341 107.......;....... ^l% 
 
 95 ••.••35 108 42| 
 
 9^ #••#•••■ »••••• «••••• ■•#-.•'«•• 35m 109 • • • • • • • > •■• t f «!•>•'■■;•.•'«« • • • • ■ 4*^9 
 
 98 ••• 36!} 
 
 To con'^ert 1 ihienheit into Centigrade : subtract from No. of 
 degrees lahrenheit 32, puiltiply the remainder by 5 and divide by 9. 
 
 Say, Fahrenheit no ■-;?■; ;^!'';/';^ 
 
 Subtract .....;..,, 32 
 
 Multiply by 5''"^'0' ■ 
 
 DiMde by 9)390 
 
 To convert Centigiade into Fahrenheit : multiply the Centigrade 
 (degiees by 9, divide by 5 and add 32. 
 
 Divide by 5)390 
 
 78 
 Add 32 
 
 110° 
 
 Tl e reason i-) that Centigiade runs from freezing point o to boiling 
 point 100 Fah cnheit runs from freezing point ;^2 to boiling point 
 212. — 100 C = ISO F. 
 
1 *■ . • : 
 
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 iCH^.PTER II. . ''. '.••:'':^^^-v-;SiS^^' 
 
 ;-..;i'-"- 
 
 ^>^■;ftff;^ 
 
 THE MEDICAL JURISI RUDENCE OF CRIME AND INSANITY, CRIMINAL 'f;^ 
 
 RESPONSIBILITY. ■ , •, , ■ • ;■ -■;.•;; ^.:---^V '^-'^--y-'-^^i:": 
 
 Before entering upon the subject of crime, and, consequently, 
 responsibility, I find it necessary to make some preparatory remarks, 
 without which the reader and myself would be sure to come to a; ;;;;;::t 
 misunderstanding. • '^■•-ii-"^ -: - 
 
 We recognize two distmct orders of responsibility, which we terni]!v' ./i^wp^?^^'' ' ' 
 legal and moral. All peoples recognize these distinctions, therefore;" ■^■'i^i;.'v: 
 it is to be assumed that they had cause for so doing. But if there ;y'!C-|V 
 were to be two orders of responsibility (and I recognize two such \-y}S>J^: 
 orders) there must of necessity be two distinct tribunals, one before- '^Wi-;;?^?^^*;;:.^!*^^ 
 which man is arraigned for his legal responsibilities, the other before:!': ' v;^f%l-* ■ ' 
 which man is arraigned for his moral responsibilities. Again, it jg" ' ''^ !""• 
 evident, from these fiicts, that a man may be guilty of moral crime 
 and not guilty of legal crime; and he may be guilty of legal crime 
 and not be guilty of moral crime. Now, in what I have to write as a 
 Medical Jurist, I have nothing whatever to do with man's moral 
 responsibility — that is a question for quite a different tribunal than our 
 Courts of law. Therefore, when I speak of a man's responsibility,, 
 in this essay, I simply mean it in the latter sense, because, as I have 
 already said, Courts of Law cannot adjudicate upon moral responsi- 
 bility, for the simple reason that the Court cannot know by any 
 process of reasoning, or by the testimony of any witness, what is the 
 conscienje of *^he accused. Every man is morally resi)onsible to act 
 in accordance with his conscientious convictions ; to do that which he 
 conscientiously believes to be right, and not to do that which he con- 
 scientiously Delieves to be wrong. Every man knows his own 
 conscience ; but no other man can know it, unless it is by the former 
 expressiy and distinctly revealed. My conscience is my subjective, 
 but it is not another man's objective ; therefore another man can 
 have no conception of what my conscience really is unless I tell it to 
 him. Consequently a judge and jury cannot adjudicate upon my 
 
 
 
 
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 ifj^V,j:Ji;;;i;'iv> ;'? -^ '} :^:':;;mpral responsibility _ no, fndrer. than ^ I' 'caiv 'adj udicate upoii 'hejrsc^ 
 
 i|;i>«r>//.'.^.V ;:j^:i' ;Eaeh^ responsibility depends upOii'llis ^^oriscience, and<^ ■; v 'ivv;^ 
 
 f- ;.5;^.v-^-v;;..:J;^^€ax;h..p upon his education:^ :''CQnsequently.;;;;::-.\;i 'l';^^ 
 
 f^>;v^"^.JV*:^^,::'i>-iJv'!^hat w be morally wrong in one man would be morally right in^ .J- . : 
 
 ^ij;v^^;C:'~;;;''':'- H^^^^^ For example, what would be morally right to the Jew would ■\'>.. • 
 
 ^t.*t(^'J^•'>?^^:i^;^' 'be morally wrong to the Christian, and vice versa: that w'hichc' *. ;'..'■/■ ^^j 
 &Si^t'*'-^ ■' '•■' '■■'-'■ JO . ■•■«■■ ■;■'■' ■•.'■■'••.■. 
 
 '^r^. v^:Ji;.^-..;. ^.:\;-^^.- be morally wrong in the Catholic would be morally right, iiv the \;;:'vvj^;h 
 
 '^^c^ 'V>; ••;-:~i^:vCnon-Catholic^i' '/For.vexample, the Catholic would cornmit.M/'kioral^ •>'"";• ..r.^- 
 
 0^^-^>^s-;W^'- ■■; .obligation throughout ; the y^^r';;: but' there is :;n& in the-^^--- ■'••'^■^; 
 
 ^^''^''■■'-'■- '-''^^ not assisting at Mass, if so be theyare in good y 
 
 ^^^^l:'^ r,t ^ :^ ^■'■'^(3S0i:^> I conceive that every man is morally responsible not to live in a . ' 
 ^^■^^r;:^'-'-'.' .. ■•-sfsi.tiS'of doubt, and that every man is bound to do his best to discover, .*. 
 ?%|«J:c'^'^^J^5'^''''- truth and morally bound to aspire to do right because it is right, and :!"' 
 ??j|;^;JfiV.. 'V-..r:-:J-./^ through fear of punishment or hope of reward. A man's. •>• 
 
 ^^^aLC»f'/K'\' ■•'■''.■•'■'■ '^'g^^st motive;2for .-'doing right should simply .be -that it is right. 'V- 
 ^*Y^--'' ;.^'~:'^ .■V•^'-■.' When a reasoning and reasonable man does that which \\e.\% convinced ' ■ 
 
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 m'4*K^^--~\'^'''-''^^^':^-^-^^ right, for right's sake only, it is /o him right, and when a man does .; 
 p!?05''tf|r?'^";"^^ which he is convinced is wrong, although the aot/tr^^^/may not;■•^ 
 
 W'^^^^'^'^-^'C--^'- "i^'^be wrong, it is to him wrong 
 
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 *^&Vi^s-' / • • > No man should be afraid to hear scientific truth, no man ... .". ■ 
 
 :.-.^ ■':'•■ ii ' 'si ;'";^i'"-^should be afraid to learn and know all that he possibly can know of •..■.•" 
 '''•il--^' ■'•■■5 '■ '■'^■' '■■''"'■'•■' .•■..•• 
 
 |i;*-^''''^'"lV}'''-'."''fr'X^/ laws. Truth is truth, and has nothing to fear from candor in' •■•;;'■'■. 
 
 ]^?^'!^^^^-^t^^l:.y:f:\k\Q careful pursuit of the study of those laws; for though, at times, ;•• -^ ' 
 /i^'^..''''';^-i!^l^;v^> there may be an apparent clashing between one set of facts and that'-. .■■.■ 
 V '^.V-.''' '■• '^^'^ P'T't'^i'^t investigation will eventually discover the secret;;. ^■'"■^■ 
 
 ^>i,v hidden links which unite them into one harmonious and congruous ■^^".v.' 
 :-!^.\ whole. Truth V^ one, and can never be in conflict with it«,elf .;'^ :'>.f'.'-i;: ./^ 
 ,^ <^^^.f,>'^V,,|;' I considered it necessary to point out what I conceivs to be thel\ '; ' 
 '•■ v.; ; V.;-'vraiff^ between moral and legal responsibility. Courts of law have- ''^'.•■:. '■ 
 
 :r')! -V-hi^ )'/-,' -to deal with the latter and latter only, and in this treatise when P.-' :-.. '■ 
 ^.•.•..^'^■^''•'.•- 5^^^^^ of responsibility, I confine myself to what is understood as legal";- •. ' 
 
 iS^!^^'^?;'f-:'v-responsibility.::'^s^?r 
 
 Mii^^j'^'^'^:'^-^'-^Aj^'^-''^^ t'^s 29th of June, 1 88 1, there were in the Penitentiary of St. ''-'^ 
 W"''%^:':f-^^^:':y^^:'^^^^ de Paul two convicts, viz., Hugh Hayvern and Thomas 
 ^?iC*^■^J^Y/5■/v^■!'-i^ Salter On that day, in the presence of witnesses, the former killed 
 
 ^.>^ •'''■■■'■'*■'-■■'■*'"■ '-' •'*l''f laHpr liv nliino-inor n l.-nift» into liie li*>nr(- Af flip Or-fnlipr f<»rni c\( 
 
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 • .■ •! " :'' the Court of Queen's Bench, i88i,neia in the city of Montreal, theirv- ' "■> v.r'-- -p 
 
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 tv me as a rnental e::peft;t<:^;;;^rove the c6rrectnte^'s;.o 
 
 Honors Justices Monk and Cross presiding, Hugh Hayverni;JwaS(^.:'\;'^-'.;^ ^ 
 tried and found guilty of the murder of Salter. . The-; prosecUtihg^•'7•^■^ 
 lawyers were Messrs. Davidson and Ouimet, Q.C. ' Mr. J. J. Cmrani-,:i^y(M,';>j^i^:^^'''-^' 
 O.C, for the defence. His plea was that the prisoner was. an insan€i'-"-.i:'"'"'^:'\//r.'c''^^r 
 •••:; imbecile, who committed the crime iihderjin uncontrollable epileptic'' •^^"f?'':;'^''^^ 
 impulse, and consequently was irresponsible for- his actr' Mn Currart:,>f:'';: -^ v^^:^^ 
 ' called upon 
 • assumption 
 /.:;;:';:;, On the 6th ' D^cenilDer; i88'i;''Hugh"Hayvefri'^vas'HiaiT^d- "aftd'iirif ^ 
 ■ .; ''tfie 6th January, 1882, that indefatigable and enthusiastic pathologist^ '-^.^v/'y^vl^jj;!^ 
 '•.'Professor Osier of McGill University, exhibited to the members of thCv:"''-' v-/^-:-#-/y12^^ 
 ■'■'• /Montreal Medico-Chirurgical Society the left hemisphere of^ayVeriV-sii^T^^^ 
 .;!/'> brain with the following remarksj-ias-'repbrted in the. il^^ '""" -'■•-''' 
 
 . ;\ Philadelphia 1:;; I^Tbat 'Hay vern- was a 
 '" :\{;>;t6: drinkj witfr,-nd spiecial neurosis an tiisr fatttily,\Vyho, b^ 
 ^•■''staVbed a fellow convict. The brain weighed 46)% ounces, and wasv*'. 
 ■.'•..fairly well formed. The cerebellum was completely covered byth^v,; 
 T, '-.cerebrum. On examination it was found to conform in nmny respeetsvV'x-.'C:-'' '•■-v'-^^^^ 
 •; v."!© Benedikt's cases, and was typical accordirig ^to his yiew^ ^-'■■■■k^-^-:'''^^'''-^"^^ 
 V'; following particulars : the Union of the Sylvian fissure with the fiirst^-^ 'vr^^ \^^ 
 . • ■ frontal gyrus j'Mhie; junction of the inter-parieta^^\wtK7the<;;p;arfetO:^^ 
 :/■■•; occipital and first temporal fissures,;^:tIie;,vextensioh of the calcafine^-.'^'-f;',.-::^;'^^ 
 .;'V: fissure into the scissura hippocampi ; the; union of the collateral and^•'v;V■t;■'•^'?■^v■^^»':^^;^ 
 '•'■■':■ calcarine sulci, and in the fusion of the first frontal gyrus, so that there-; ■'''■'. .>\-.^r':y"J;,'^ 
 f.; appeared to be four frontal convolutions arising from the ascending- ;-.:^J.;;f^;'^vv^J>i^^!^ 
 ': ■•'frontal or antierior central gyrus." The reader will perceive that np^^.' ■' V:;V':'->^^^ 
 ■y. matter how'/wermay difiervais^^te anatomical cause, for physiological a*;; j'^^^Vr'^-ilVi^ 
 j-s ; effect, that the brain of Hayvern was a very abnormal brain, whicB; - ■ '^ • '-^^'v "''^^ 
 
 Dr. Osier admitted in reply to my question, " Was it not an abnormal";^-.; 
 brain?" saying that it was. I quote again from the Nfws:'^Dr,^r 
 
 
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 '•;:>"'•,,; .A Henry Howard believed in a criminal class as distinct a class as a -/^•■■;,^.>r; 
 .■•'■"■ V mercantile class, and regarded the mental and moral condition of ih&':-}-.-^\''e\^'C'^:\ 
 ;■•;-•■>".'■- individuals belonging to it as dependent absolutely on their physical- ^'-v'^- J; -^fi^^ 
 ;>/X ' organization. Hayvern was not responsible for his act, it was n'ot-.r-v^ j'Vr-^'"^^^^^^^ 
 . ■•.'•' premeditated, but was performed under the influence of an uncontroK^/^ ■•''v;.i;.S/t;^^^^^^^ 
 ■ ^;-'r} lable impulse, and he thought that there was evidence to show that it>!:>v'. "^ 
 
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 ■:/■'>';/, ;; '-X' .' ^ure I sadd^^^Ti:^ instead; pf^»^ be(^n ^cbnnected with an epilepr-, ;••' ' . iv 
 
 f^"^?^^^-:-? •■.■^■-;tic lieu 
 
 %^ii. ^: ,{•' it •: -^ ;Tesppnsible;;idir;.. his ' acts^ Gorisequently ; the .judge iandjijry .did^ijXit' i'^v / '- ,' 
 y-^/-'C-''' .'•■'-^f: consider Hayvern insane, in ; other words they did .not consider:' ihT'.-V-: -""-K'-ii 
 r-'W^^^c^'-^''^'^^^^ 'Evidence conclusive. Therefore' they hanged Hayvern! '',W;-..; •<-'.[■ ,: .' ^ ■ • •'' <^ 
 ?i/|--V'^;.^;'v'' ?^:;)>^; I have commenced this chapter with the foregoing" historical facty;;-.^'y>^■:■•V^>. 
 i'i5;j,:;0;-v:>.'';>^-.'v^ mcau to clucidatc my views by the living and dead Hay-f^'"^^'', •.^v: . 
 
 rr.r;-.s/:"--.-';-r"'^^v^^^^ tomiakei-tKiS.diapter the more interesting, aiidgiye-. both. " -■ v " ■ ; 
 
 'i : |«A .-tyv ; i :; side^^bfVme^,qu^sflpny as~ well as thte /pecJLiliari5l:ii^3.,.pf bra.in,;r ';;;.;;';''r:;il;" 
 
 :^;-,A''^"vV>^vvv /^ IJwilljtake the liberty of reproducing a paper read, by; Pfofossor Osier.,- 7 . :^^;-.':-^: 
 S^;i^';x ;.-.:/•. Y ''before the Medico-Ghirurgical Society of Montrearbn the 6th Janu^;;i;^;/. ;'.■;' ^' :■ 
 '^^:^'i''V'" f''^ '■'■■^^yf 1882, when- he exhibited the brains of two criminals, viz., Hayr^v-r-' ;;<?;■•«: 
 ;^^-j>;r'y--^^ and Moreail; • I- shall also reproduce" an article from the C/iUagO' '''■'■ ''■^' 
 
 ■■:':o^■■ 
 
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 honor conferred upon ;me. 
 
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 K>^iy^yv^.:';-v'-:v-r^^ BRAINS OF CRIMINAI.S.3^^ 
 
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 '«''\/"V-'''"^' "iT T'.-i^KOFK'SSOR OF. ■THE'i'NS'fiTUTRS OF NIbDCINE IN ^tcGlLL UNIVERSITY^ ^iNfi' 'PHYSICl'Atl iTOk', ' '' '"i. ■' ' '"< ':'.■'■ 
 
 ;s'.S ;'•.;:•.., ■'■j;'. .•■,•.'•■••.'. i''-,''~ '■.■,• ;•"•■..'-.''!'-.'•.'; "• •■!:«£. Montreal, GfiNERAL HospiT-AiJ.i/'?-vV.';C'.l- .','■.' ■•■>/>>. V'i ••■■'■'•■ ^ 'i' ■.•■'■' ""\'.. 
 
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 ^v^v^;^'-;^ ;*-';';>/• ^^'VMf \lly and bodiJy;;;we .are ^la^g^iy^tl^^ of an hereditary^-; Vr^c;-^' 
 
 (^■'•^^^^'vMPvV^o'^g^^'zation and the environment in which we have been reared. -'.:v.}.„.'i|ifi 
 !^-.^^'i^?^H ■^;'v'^ '^^'^° child of a bushman nurtured in the family of a philosopher will ;;;'>', ..i'V 
 '^'^^■■■/'^'t-.'^^'.'.^ynoX be able, with favourable surroundings, to rise much above hisp";v;;.^.' 
 
 
 .>■-.:, race level ; the child of a philosopher, reared among the bushmen^.".Vv.-i" 
 ^'rr- -*•::•■'■ '"^vill not reach iiispatefnal standard, but;, the grossness of the savages "'; Vi? 
 
 ^^5 v;,.V;V;.;-> will not reach his patem standard, biit;, the grossness of the savag^rj^";,^ 
 fy:'^^'^c.^'\-''p: natures around him:W;iU::haYe\ weight^ tP pull him down, and what is,)>^ ;^' 
 i*' \.-^'::i%i ;^^^ learn to sym])athize with the clay. In the former case ,th.e -• • '• 
 
 ^ti;';^v.;;;j^'l>':v;jT individual cannot transcend his organization ; and in the latter heD;.:',; • 
 ^"^>' i- "v-T v's"/ cannot burst the iron bars of his environment. That the mental and. "..V ' 
 
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 ^_. ,_ „ .,..,. „. ,i.V.-A ■K;•^••;.s^^;^;%^.:^:tY•^.:«ii^>:^<^;^:■■^ 
 
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 • ■■ ■-"'■■';/ ■■';■■'■ ■i'^ ■''■■'I'v''' \'''':'^'-'Ky^^^-^^'j^.''^<<^-'i:'^^^ '■': r'^-!^'::- i:;'^-;v^o<X.^ 
 
 : V ' v ^ • ^:y' ojmient of'his brain -is' ah" "axiom./yoth.'.tM^ school of physiological;:^; ':;.../;r>^^'^;'^ 
 
 '•'.•'•?;■>•• psycholoeists. The conformation is 'a" matter of inheritance : the-'.:;'''^.'';^i^.-L;^^^^^ 
 •,..■■•.■.: .•_,■.••.•••>■■' ■^ ° N ■ ■ '%■' /V.^' ■■«v'=-:.-'-''^''^^^^ 
 
 ■•; ■' '• ••. development, of education (in its widest sense). /J'he different mentalv'^^ - -V/.*^^^^^^ 
 
 ■ ■ ; V ;; '■> :;Conditions of individuals ^r6 the expression ..;0f siibtle -^iff^rencf^ iiri^l^^^ 
 ji,'\."^''M- ,'Cerebral structurejjit^tas the diversity in th6 feature;^/ bif:riieii.^iis^-th<^ 
 
 ■ ;..•■■;■•■- \:U' TCsult of minute variations in the arrangement, jaf'-th^-^^tissiie^;!^^ 
 
 ■7. '-■ ■'■ ', i' X- face^^ That a faulty physical basis can have no other sequence than ■«■..>■•'■. '■f-'^^^'^M 
 
 ■,■•■■>.■■,■■ J/. ••.•.'v ''•-,;'■■"; 1 1 1 ... , 1111 1 ■■ ■•"'■-•.*■ ■•■^'■'■•'' ?'-.•• •>^v5r*2 
 
 ..-;^:;;.^i;',';;^v.laulty mental and moral constitution is acknowledged and acted npon;S ■;:'■->■;,<:■ ;^^'^iy 
 }.\ -■; ';^-v^(:\by' every one, so far as idiots and imbeciles are concerned, but that ■;.^;;/;^^yVK^ 
 %■ '■■■ ■'/v'.Jirient^l and moral obliquity is invariably' the butcomel of 'an ill-corn V^;;^^ 
 [■•/Y;-.P'-^';^^rnied or ill-developed braiii;iisi/Cdoctrine:n0>^ej;ahd startling, thp^^ 
 vV ■ i:^-;! ';■ 'logical enough fromAjth^ stand-point •ofmodef^ •■ tS^-fllt^ 
 
 '■r-%''-.i.., -Endeavors have recently been made'>t0 1 p^ll;Hthis!^,^ theory ^phfihttv 
 7^,';^ ;•';; ^'grounds by showing that in a large niimberof criminalis the type 6|^\^;^;v?:::-;y^^^^ 
 ^^C-V/'-j-':-, brain differs from that in the law-aoiding members of the community^ri;!'?'-'-^}-^' •^^"-:'?:-"?« 
 ,^?irV-'^-^v'j;/j''7.:Ar'atomists and physiologists have of lal:e paid much attention ;;tc^'v; ';'';';.; --'-^^^^ 
 ii^k-:: >.;'•' 7 •".the'/conformatioii-'ofy't^^ .and ? ; . ^ c _ iv.-'^)^^ 
 
 hi' rX^':':. .'; : "fissures:; are ::ribw/ sitviitiied ^witli.; care and' minii tenesSiV vii|;^^/:^typi^^i!^ ^^ 
 ' :y-i^':;.; V- /r'puropeaii brain y^^Mje^rebelh^^^ cbrnpleteiy :;covered; by the; jc^re--;?^:;^- *';^^^^ 
 .•";;;■■ : ^-^..-/.'^ijjriirn,- and the general arrangen^^ the gyri and sulci is sucli thatV'f;7>:;:,;i,-;fe^i/3r5 
 
 ;.V. ;:'\-y!vmefe is rarely any difficulty in mapping them out and assigning their '•.C^:^^';;;;!;^^ 
 ^^* •'.::•-" '''proper names to each. Thus, on the external surface of each hemi-^ •']. ■■'■r^^^^^^^^ 
 f •;;;5.;':v V -sphere we recognize two fissures which are constant and mvariat^le;iri'-^/n>jJ;; 
 ..■j.."(}.;^^ y -'.pbgitiidih-— -the ^ssurts' of SylUXtis ■ hndqf-^plqn^ ^■■^' :!^:'J^S^^ 
 
 >i\-::::^; X^ less definite in their arrange- Ji^H/';^?,.;-;-^^ 
 
 '')lascending (3rd) frontal sulci and the ist and 2nd temporal. ■ ;';v: "•"'•V^^vi^i^:^^ 
 
 '•■'";' %:-rf:.pi'i the median surface, i\\Q cai/oso-»iarginal, \\\Gparietai;oaiJ>italy:^y's'J^-^^0S^ 
 y-\ ^ ^■f:tKe:r^/!rrtrf«,e and co//aUra/ Are well marked and distinctive^^-y i'* ^J;:,:^^:-^^-;-^^^ 
 ;■ \!.-N;'':>-y'''TKe.-'cbnvolutions or gyri separated by these fissures " aire ■rettiarE^-^/l-.'-?:;'c^i£^ 
 v.- ..r.-:'' ably uniform, and, though often intersected by subsidiary sulci, can '.••■'.•. -'^^^ 
 .>'•.• ':"•::' usually be determined without difficulty. Of these the only ones .-v.V.^.-s.iVr.'.'p^ 
 c-r ';i ■;/"VV:"'^hich need be now mentioned are the three frontal, ist, 2nd and 3rd, \\;:^''-;-^^v':'vW-'-'^" 
 ?: ::;-^v.;S':':, .the general direction of which is parallel to the longitudinal fissure ■:^'.<-':-'''^^0':: 
 Vi. ■" -vr '"'.::\ahd the two central gjf'ri which bound the fissure of Rolando on either ''■x'r^-'^vl'^/: 
 
 •^^-^:v•■■•.l^•'^i■^=in the typical brain the main fissures are unconnected with each V:;N^i:f^;''-i?:i!^^ 
 .;'pmi2?,j' .thus the fissure of Rolando is isolated and does not unite with .?■'' -.'v*; ^'^ 
 ^\ ■:■-,:' iv.:.-'-;; ;>.".:-.^-:-. •'.•..v:--.. ^•.■v..';;..;v •. , :• .••;;.:.■■.■,. : ' \^' iv^:-\':': ::■■■': \,/:-'-:^:':^-^y'^i:-^ 
 
 
 
 • :.'.." -.■■«.. .;; ■• •■■^A :'<t;''.'.:.^> .•:••"■,>■ >^^"^-jJ^-.- O'v-:?^- ■ i\.v:.^:':/::-.v>;c 
 
 .••■.••..■.•■•. "f.v2-j ■'■••>■.-,■■■.•■,'■'*•.• ■ ,'■ -■.•'■■.•■'»■.'.... :', ' ■ "v ■ ',■•'■'•' t'/Vi/i.' ' .... , .... 
 
^:^;;i,^y>v^;';;.;;the Sylviaa fo frontal or ascending parie- ■/'rti^ ,j.v: 
 
 . . ;'i;^^?^^?; !^i^^..i^l^'ilc^^^^ fis5ur!e.(ioi^s hot join with any <V..^ ::-'--\:'d 
 
 &'i<C■*7'^■•;^^■ .A-;^ Benedikt of Vienha has rnade 'a 'special study 'of thie brains .■ '' •: ■'.■•;!•> 
 
 #ifv<'^-\.r;y:; ;■• ;.;:^^^^^^^ beheves that he has rtiet with peculiarities suffi-/'-. • «; ,;' 
 
 i•'iH^"■v>r '%7 ^ v^ marked to warrant the following proposition: '•'^ The brains \^}^::::]r'^ 
 
 ^y--^^:''^r- ■ ■ •• v.'i"'?/' criminals exhibit a deviation from the normal type, and criminals ■>_ 1 ■ .■■;,;U 
 ^-''^'^^^}f^'^':^^. ■'^''y:.^.. be viewed as an anthropological variety of theit; . sf>ecies,^at'-^':^\f'''-['i'^^;: 
 
 ' vti : / y' - • ■. ; jaiys stress/^iaif^:;; (ist)' the confluence -of Jiina^ fissures' |;^'\ ' ' y ■i'Vr^ 
 
 
 . ;• rand (ind); the existence of^foiir horizontal frontal gyfir ■ He proposes ;.:?■.'>>'• ;, ■• 
 ' ''^^'S^;^i'.\.^;^^^^•■•t6- establish; a confluent fissure type of brain, and he ilKistrates itS:.rV-.;,''\'' v 
 ,v\^^.vv;;j; v;^:^^^^^^^^^ by saymg, " that if we im.igme theV;" ^V.'-^-.': 
 
 ,^: \>'\'. • ', .• ^yiflssikesto be watfer-courses, it might be said that a body floating in":'' ■-..>- *' 
 ^f^C^^•'■^"^ •^'■? .•v.'"'an^^^^ almost all the others." . This, oi course, '::•'; ..';.'." 
 
 :|5i!y ::/';■";:- iti^ins^^the^ bridges pfrirterve '^nu 
 
 ;:.'^^^';^ normally separate the fissures — defects, marking'an inferior: deydcipio^>V!v^;: X.i- 
 >'^;v •■;• &eritx)!f ffii^'-bKu^ '■^' : .*■; ^; 
 
 c < : v-i'i-H:/ the type witli confluent fissures there will naturally be transitions,- ■>,-;;;C;|'; ,•;■.: 
 
 ^ri^^^v/iA^'C^^it he calls attention to the number and variety of the connections in v >^V^ 
 SI^^^'v^N^'V'/ :4;>-i;Jiis series of the. brains of 22 criminals as supporting the truth of his". ..';.. 
 i*rv<':'v^ ' ^^ the brains of individuals in the lower '■-•'■ f 
 
 l^l^^i:^;!;" V; '■ ^^H \gradeis of society approach nearer tp; thie ;2hd type, and it is probable, ■ •. ;': .' 
 I^ijji^ir' '^-t. vv'^^^though as yef full' data, are wanting, that the brains; of the inferior ;.' ,; j 
 ~ %i-:f;\J:-:}^if:.Q% o( men also conform more closely to this than to the type witli/ ''^'- V. 
 '^iVV;:;.. -i;>;:tsolated fissures. Let us see now how far he has been able to estab-;;;/V-;. 
 ' ■" ' "vlish the truth of this view. Of 18 hemispheres from the 22 criminals;;':"- ■•■•'■ 
 
 , .- ■'.•>'■' -I..- : v.-. V.-.' ;,.■■,'-'.■; ■ .-' ■ 
 
 ■'■}:■ 
 
 ■-J- 
 
 ■■■'■(■ hi .'il;.-'' 
 
 
 •.<^^';V:the following were some of the most interesting points.:r-r^\\':."-V' ■;; ;4:;'', 
 ''^^:';\X/^ ^fl^:0)^efssure of \Rolando communicated with : ;':;-; ;■v^r^^^,;;;•Jv ':^; V- 
 ;^.?;i^:5 '^^..'!V.-"i^i, 7^- 'Syl. completely in 18, incompletely in' (Sv;'^!-. i'; ■■ <; . ''^{ 
 !^.':''^^''<-'^;^.'(jK)^ or ascending frontal, complete irt;ri,: incomplete y:';. 
 
 '0-^.;S -^iS -^?S|- 'S:^*i' K'r ^ 
 
 :^^ : >/..;^r ' 'J:^!fy)l\^i\l^ tiie-is^o^^ sitlcus, complete in 9; v: : 
 
 ;J': /c^ v"'^-:/i^W:-^ ';<' ^incomplete' iri ;:;i^ ^ 
 
 -;;:.^; .^'-j^^v^^^ J-/.^ (Vzy'^ inter parie'talis,c6mp\eXt' in 7vin<;ornpIete in "4^''\'i;-%:; 
 
 I W^':^,-^'i\'yf^r}-''L^^'W^-'^9 brains there was not. pne,,in which the /.yfiV^:^ of Jiolando,^p^':^fy:_:^ 
 
 t >jv,- v?'U;■?fe:.V;:^'^^'. '^ ;■' ;■ 't'" '^■^} -^y} -'■ .;. '■:/■'■■'■', ■';''/■'■.' "■ ''■' ■'''"^■': ''■'"' '■'.'' "- ""'•;"■;'"";'• "'-,:': ■ ':■ '" ;•'■.. ' ' ;^. •-•'•^'.■"'S' ■■■ ^ 
 
 {. :'{r>;^:-^:^; •:i-.'!-v ,; \v^.::^;-'^°-j~ •(■'■■';.■" :^>v.■., v.- ■ ■ ■ ■■ ' :■:■:'.■/.,■"■,■■■■.•■■; :-':.-;.rr ..--v: •••. ■ •■'■■■j ■;■ ■'^■:^- i-"-: 
 
 ;%->M'!i.^-' :<^-^;.;'^;,;'*''!^ ;4Ke ;• Bi^in4-..iirC?i™ Vienna, ;i879.. .Translated by Di^; J^owler.A:^' •;'-;>;.-:;;i^ 
 
 ;:'?:!^v^i^^;^'^U^oo^ '^ Co^j^'Ne^ 'T^ork,>l83i. "-'.t^ and.; ■•■(f'-; ;;■;;■ .-^ 
 
 ■^vv^;v -,■■;. 'i-i-. •■■0^^,46, 1880./-^;. ■;•:..■.■■■; -■■;■:;/■ ._.■■■.■; /S.. ... ■:>••>.; ■■■?-^;>.; ■ •■ J. ...:;-'. ■ •.. ,-. -T--.-.. ■ •/• ■• 
 
 i^'^.- '••4- ■•.':,•;;..^•■;/^i.'■^•^.•;;■v ■■.;■■. ^M..; N^^ ^>;?-i\i -:■;:•■;-/ ^■•.;(..;.-; ^ •.:-•,■■/;■•- v.;;- ^;: v\.:. •■■"■ . ^-i:r-v^.';;X.;. ■.-.■•.>• ■■■■;-:.^ 
 ;>:^--;:^ite^-^?^^^^*;'^pvry^^^^ 
 
 ;■;^;:;^■;^^^:;;.•;;^■^C;^^f^>•■.!t^■^^vv;;^-l.^^^ 
 
 .'^^jy!,-i;vvt;;«''i''^." .'i>Vi>:'^r-':-''. v•'-•^v•'"'>■'-■■■ ■■i^'->'^'"'V''-^ V-'.^ '.^v'-'''^;:;' ,j.A->..;.^ •-:.•■'•■ — ■■.*■•'.' . -..o'--.'^ 
 
■■ :'• ■'■'• V -,1 ^'■■■:::k-> -xv.v^:;:;- •.":;' '?'V. Grime arid Ueanonaibility. •:'.■ ;>. ■•.';;;;? :'-:^,.v59' •.-■"•l-j;-^-- •T'^'f^ 
 
 r;:; ^■•yH,}'v'/^')iad''ndt ohone side a eonnectidn'with some other fi^sur^;"'Mt6get^^ 
 
 ■■:)', /:/;>:; 'i 'there were 58 connections, 35 on the left and 23, on the right side^ ^W,'iV''0^^'. /^^ 
 
 h ':■ -i . r:^'i^';--v:;jil^.The.^ 
 
 ;;;■.;:••■ ^/.-.^N-^V'. ■■'•:. •/ ■^:>-l(;^);mth/>v«^r/i?^/^/iri' 18, incomplete' in;^^ ^:•:''^^:^•'■'^v^'•■■^~'i*^■'^ 
 
 ■ '■: ::'■ :' /i;iy.,oIii^ brains it existed on both sides ; only absent oiti both sides in'3,:r:-;;>'i§.r';'^^ 
 V. ^;- J,;' ■;■''•;■ J:';'./;^^; V;; ;/ (^ ,)vitlv_^^. /;//^;-^<z;7<?/<r//^ in 22, incomplete: ;i».(^..'.':;-'y ,;;:' ;';;y^ -iV' ',;::'('^'|:^ 
 ;;'•' ;,.'vv''^?"^';"VV'- "'^^-'"'(^0' with 15/ temporal \Ki i8, incompletely iri;:^;J;;:''-^^/y;^;/^._\^^ 
 
 ■v r;.' ;■.■-■ 'V^m. The £y. intcrparietalis communicated with '^■■'^■''^''^'\Pj^/'s'']l^Pf^y^'Wj^St^i!k 
 
 ; ■:.:■■■■■: ■■■:■ X-: ,-;\V----,vv,"v\ ■ ^-■;' ■:C*^;.-; ■ ' ■ ^ • ■ '■>.";--^ i- ■■'"" ' ■■^vv''- ;.:«'• ■''^;;^■*:^-;^'^■•.v•\■.y^■;^;■::(^'=;v^•:i^?,^,^w■•'l?;•?L. 
 ■■■■:-■■•■..•■-•>■,/ V :■'■■' ■((r)-w/:.: 7;; complete 10, incompletevO.:;- .-: •-.. •^•,>\ v ;'-r .Kr;^i^^-r -'■■'^&-^ 
 
 '. V .^ lr^'';^;;;i;In4he ^38 Heihispheres/ wefi? ■ 5 1 complete -and ap -sHallxjiY^- ^bnr?';^^ 
 
 V '"'r ■■^- '">^--";'-:'.:^^-' ;■' i-"^-:nections/6f the- inter-parieta;lis.';:vv^..:.'{,;';' .r>; :>,' . ■-.■■y-A ■■ ':v4 ■■'>:-'' 'T 'c!^"'.' .'^ 
 
 ■-'••.'■:..•■"■. Y:.):ty.i-frhe sassura /J//V><?<"a>;/>^/GomminiiGated''with;:;/ •^.'' ■■;; >'^ ,::-y'"-^^v:!^--''V\^-'i^'v:-r? 
 
 •:^ ■•■•"■; :-V ■.'.::. i^ /•-:>' v^f^ ,Mrrtn.;/*rti^^i^<'-<?^^^/^/, compl(y;e•S.;^:vl^ '' ti Z:"^ ■■S;v^>'^»'i 
 
 . :' i- " •• ^''■■:^;/-^ ■■:■>•■- .■ ^?'' ■'•incomplete 6.;' / '■- --V-'-^i,: Cy;»; ••'"• <•■• .-■ :■/.•>■■ ■■ .■.••■■ ^ ■.• k-'i-- ■■ '■^■^'■^^' :'' '^i<^c^^-^ '- r ^^'-^iv 
 -: :• ■ r-.;^- These wie're the most im'BOjrtantcoh'nectiQ^ 
 
 ■'■:■..■ :■■,:>■. (refer, to, !■;■ V -;--/\ . :■ ^ ■■■;.■::.--:"; ■> ■;.■-/::..-,•-' ,v- ■ ..,•; >v; ;:.■■::.::;:■-,-; ■,"- '.^■■^■' :., .■;;r.y,,r& 
 s-';' ^ ■_^;--, 7 V. ■.."■••■■;.. ■^■■' ■'■;"■ .'■ '■ ;; ' -'..v.-,' ■ -v "■;./■■:."::'■■■■" '■'■'.■:'■.'-';'": . ^-"iv- ■ I ^'^ ■ ■:a-^'KV 
 
 ■ -"^-y-. .;•^,■•^■;r^^^;^The second peculiarity whi 
 
 A:-.:v] w:;;;ljrains of criminals is the existence of 4 horizontal gyri springing frQni[:v;^.;r^V:::^>'''^'|^^ 
 
 ^.■■•/,::.:-j:.^;. the ascending frontal or anterior central convolution. This he regard^t;^?:^■v!*^-'^^:^V^ 
 
 ■ • ■'■'•'■••convolution. In his latest communication on this point * the results ■•'y',,V-.^ii.'»'; /t 
 •y^..\ 'are given of the examination of 87 hemispheres (from 44 criminals), :,.-';|--->-'^^^^^^^^ '• 
 .-' '!;=;;';•. of ^^hich^pnly 42 presented the norriial typte of frontal convolutions, i^^rfiv,;^.-- ;;,;-•.■ . • -^^ 
 .. "■' ,.';,' ■ and, '27 shovved four gyfi..':: .. In these the additional gyrus resulted m .Sj^/'i-i}^.:/ -i-i; •<» $ 
 ■;. :; .;.Hvfrom the splitting of the superiorj -in'.i6 from the division of the middle ;.,sv:.-;,y-.'.;^;-i.&"^. '. 
 ',■'';: '^•(■■.convolution. In 13 there was an imperfect division into four gyyi;.^;;;!!-,^^-;^^^^^^^^^ 
 . ■■*■";•■•.•■ r.In. two hemispheres there were five frontal convolutions., --^ ■...,.', :. 
 
 A- . . - - . 
 
 ^y''^'^-^'^"'-'^''" Through the courtesy of Dr. Desmarteau, Jail Surgeon^T^'w&Vpre-'V..,V'v'-y--^ 
 
 1,,, ■■".■'■'■■ ^ ...'■.•'I-.," _ :].'■ . :}, Wj-'J--' 
 
 r ■•.:'■;:• !.'"■• sent at the autopsy, and secured the brain of the man Hayvern who:":' ••■> ''.*...;." 
 
 '•■;■; ',r-..\^:yj/r^ .*r'CenimliM mBl-WiiieM ■'':>^:^^"y ••':'.■: -i^-t'v^'^-'V^' '' %A^'•^'V^'1^ 
 
 ••7; /•>^•■•'•■'':■^^;j■v• ■;■--.■•:>; ^ >,,, ,■'■:'■..';;: -V,'': V-^'' '••'•'.■•■.»- 7«.'f:''t: • ^■/.'■«'>)!'^r-'^'-Cv '^"'^ 
 
 • \:'-. .■::■.: •■■ :. ■•■■;• i'\-\S ''^r ■ i:.':' >.,!':.-.•■■• ■i''';j.*>^--r.. ...•> \v.. «;;^..' •^;• •' ..-j^ •■ :-yzi/- ?.■^■■^r■■J■:• ■■■■'■■, ^.-rL- ■.;■ 
 
 '■^^'^•'•■:": -V/'-r' •■ -''■'';^-':y'^v;^-^-^'^''<'--r'?'r''''^^-V ^~T/^'- 't'"""-''"- -'l;;-.' ■ ^-^ :-;**■ ■;(.-r./-.-ji' ■"■•■ ■^''•.■; ■-■-"• %''" 
 
 •'■.:. -.^ ■J. '>>:•..•■<';•:••■. •^^.•.;-.:; /'.A:-'-'; vy^i-.v ;■*/>:• J.*.'- ■■•■■ ..-v.::-- f^^^ • -A-'v-^" .• .>■••...:.> '•>'^:'>-:.-V'.^ .. 
 
 .• ••••'^■•.' ■■:'•.•■. ■ '■'.»■ .«>" •..-■'. <;|•.•■.>-^ ■.•.-, ■•■ » ■.■••■' ■. ^'•yA .. •■ •.U''.i'- I ■> ■ •■•■ .•'.■-■ ic i.-.'\' • ' .••■'>■■,•■. .»■■? ■ ■••^:i.-: Vi ii 'V-^'flS- -'J' i-.»v?, Jf 
 

 ffi^'V!V^rH:v>-'-rV'InshVHesGert^^ lio insanity, inebriety, ;".v";;l';.'!. 
 
 Wi^ ■'■•''^'■^''^'■■''•''■' ■^•' 'f-'^'' ■ '. ■•;■.'■-.' .'i;.-.'. '■='■•■• f-'-., ;■. ' ^-^ .,.;•■ .'■■■^.'.•••.- .■.•,■«•?-■. 
 
 s3Vr;'e>'V/:-.'~r^'' Of neurotic d^ family. He Lad been a hard drinker, and •;':■' .-'v-''*' 
 
 'i'-^i'i;;^ r>-v^^ V tlie performed during a paroxysrri of epileptic mania.- . . . . :.v: :; 
 
 ■■ '<<?-^.;;V>(;^.^y:;^^^^ was somewhat ovoid in shape, dolicho-cephalic ; the , . . 
 
 'Mii'W'^'^-'- '•■^-^eJiind.^ Weight of organ, 1326 gramme's -'v'^ 
 
 K?vV'i^-v^-:.^-\,^^ ^^^(463^^ bzs.); /Cerebellum completely covered by cerebrum. J obta.iriea'- 
 
 :Vf>- tf'Vv s'i'V.'.'"-'" [- •■■ '. V' •:.'■'■■ .■•';,Micldle curve (froin Fis. Rol! to'Par.-bccip. Fis.) 6.2 .**• /■"■'.■■ • '. - ■'•■<:"'.. '.> ' •.. 
 
 ajs- ,\*;,^f; ...■'.■■. tj". X'" ■ . '• • •'■ . '. .■ '. ■ ' *■' '■ ^ '■ \ 
 
 l?f;'^v.•^V■.^ •'/•••■ "•'■ '■ ' ■ " '■ ^^ ' c' •Posterior curve (from. Par.-oc. to tip of Qccip. lobe) 4.8 ."•♦'.■' •'•''•.;' •^'•-. ■.?.?•-'• ;■ ' 'il 
 ■s^:. ■,."••■>:■.■••.■ .■■•.'^•%''- ;^/ ..,;■; -^ ■;■■.■.; v;.^ ^- •- ;- : ...■":.■;•.■:•:-;■,■.. *^ ■ ■■^-.'^ ;'■■.'->.'•;-. V. ■,■,■■■■.■■.;:■':. .■ '.,■•■' 
 
 ■ Tv'f' .'.>'•••':' L'^v^^ the normal flrJir<?«vr/«^ and ..;;..■ V. 
 
 ■ontal.:]:'i:r^y^nrr 
 
 an(f-aV!:''-:x'-Vv^^,^". 
 
 or centricvt sitlciis is separated from- 
 
 .',.,,"..■■■■■■'"'.■;■-■.■'.■.■''■'••'■ , ■ ■ ■.,■':' * ■^"' 1 
 
 ge vof : biraiih ' substance. 'It hi(,s-nQ''^^ 
 ^v' pth fer cbTihecti otiis;; :' 
 
 lt^^ -1^: V vf -k-^^I: - the" : KSi; . % ^ :-a.,^ very ; liarrow -bridge 
 
 "'^v-'V ■ ■' i^>; other connections;;:. ■•■>:v^;: ^:-\;:v^:^;'-'^'--'^:.^ ;v;o-- -^■■:-;V~-:-'v .';'-:^.> 
 
 a;;iw3;^^--: ;^ '^t^^ Xhere are {a\xK'^^-'mx(^i^' front alj^^ 
 '^■■M^^y'y^;^^:y.!^^^Xi2) appearsto be formed, by the splittinj;,pf the,.y?^<?/7tf/' or ij/A;^:--^^Vi ■■•.::ii 
 
 ':^i:^ ■•"/v'v:^?;^''''-^) though :ii^'b^e,'wh^ the^ai^liji'frf?/^/. gyrus^\^m%^y. -^^^'^^^ '<-_ 
 
 v^^.;^V^;i'''^^."<;i^':pOsition 61^ or i«//'0'V;^ri:t"AsVckn b seen in the plate; ^'^? ".;•*■ V-'^ 
 
 |i?^-V; >^\; are two radial sulci which pass fk)rn'^aippint;y^^^ behincta^..^ >:v. /^ 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
:i.'>;'r-'::;i.;';,V;.^.\:vyv'y^/^;v':;;'. -.,;•;;/;/ ■•;••',. ,>_v:/i."'v-':': ■'.:.'• ;' r'x ' -r''':-^''- '''' ■^^■■•■v^^A^''■■'■^ffij'■;'>»-"''' 
 
 • ;;';^ V ■ d6ep,^hd the hiridei bhe;has a crucial extension in the position of a..^^:":'V 
 
 ,,■ V vj;;- ,. •; * W -V/The ^//^/w- /^//r^^^^i^^ radial pbrtwrr/;vjJ::;f^; ■'■ ■■■ 1^^;^/^$:: 
 
 •' 1 : ■ •j'^'' V Vhich passes up behind' the 'asceiidihg 'parietal convoliuion In it's ^?^^^'V''^^i"^';% 
 >' :\, ;^^ ;v..; whole length (rt!j^./a>v<iy. iixyetriD'ahtral sulcus); the sagittal part ;^Xi;^^^^;f^yVi;;i^ 
 ■-;'•'■•,:.,' passes back into the parietal lo])e and divides into' two branches, one,^':;:3;:-'-. ''.Vv-I;'? 
 'v:,;;;:>r-'J!;t)!f, which ,(rt')cuWes round the s^J)ra■f>largihal gyrus ami unites ;^>v;^>?;^,':.^^ 
 
 / i ''' ■^}j\':':^ : ' She' /lorizohti^ ''-'■[.■■'^-'■^■■o^^'^^M'iiii 
 
 ■ • • V ^i- V.f-^oes; not join the J>ar J oirci/., hut sends branches into the gy. aoieriS.\'.:'^r:;-;--;-k;?Z^';:^^^ v 
 •'■ • V ■. ■ '-i- '^^ appears: to join: the 2»(/ temp- stilcifs, but the brain is, lacerated at ;^;.''; \-^-!^^{^^fi^t \ 
 '■■■■■'. '■■ y•^C.^this pointy .and it is;dirticult to inake-<)lvt::the^^CQhnectidnj'''^ '^^'■■:\''^ ■- ^V'--'Vf: /■^■^■^.'i^ p 
 
 :' 'ii 'v-^ > '^ I 'The' is/ te/n/fotyiT^su/icusis strongly marked, passes up and jpihs ; •^■^■■d^;^^^ I 
 
 '■■■' '■-' t ■;> V^^ ' ^^^t^^:P^^^'^(h W^: ■^f^/^^^'))^^^^P^ 'b<| ''wejl ;'nia(le' ' out^;' gn':'{-\^':':-:!;'}^;i^;^^^^ 
 •CVu ;':;^\.^'';aGcpunt of the'Iacerati6ii!.::':^'V;V', '1^ •:'V.v;-:'-''-'"V'';.vV 'V' ' Vjv'^'- ' '' ■'V----^ ;'■ '.''^^■K'- V-'> -:'--'"'^^'^ 
 .■j\';-".\S.<'<--rr^.On- the median suriface' (i^. 2^^-i\\e'^cd7/bs(>-margm^^ '^-ri-rS^W^ 
 
 ■':! ;Vi: ;•' :• .v;';strbngiy developed, presents mimerous perpendicular branches, ' and " ■ X i'Av'i^^^v^*:^'^-"^ 
 
 • ,'-i •;'..Aterniinates by two; one ;bfw'Hich'.O0 ascends^ 
 
 ■ ! :' ' ".'■■':. hehindth^ nfrja-^ie/iiff-^/:^ (^) •culryesrdiind and divide:^ 
 
 ' -u .' ;'.\ ' .. t\\i:tyrus.forntcatifsix6m;i^^ (6r duadfilaf feral), extending .r-'v;;^ •"''■'. ■•^};;^ 
 
 ..•. -"^ •■!^^ ' ,: '^to withih' a. short distahce^ with the :../;;■ ^:r-X-.';^ 
 
 • ■•-'■■'■■r ■'■■■■ -"V''' "■■■■■''■■■■"■' -^ ■'''■■=■ ■-'■./■^■^-/■•-■i'':--'-.^. •;■■■,■ V---.'- 'i'-: ■■^;.: ■ ■ •':■■•■.:■:■ ■..;■ . . ^ -.-i.. >: •■;/■■■' ,■:■ .-■:■ '•''^'•^iv^i^ 
 '■'\'-' ^--^'j;- fis^.crmiatkf\ ■:--::.^'-rP''-'''^' ''■'■<'■::'■:■:' ■-. t •■•:■ 'yV.- ' -:.:•■•;; -i '■■'■'-■ ^ ■■>■••':■; •: '-y^Si^-k^c^^ 
 
 ;^ ;";■ .■■^. '-; ■ ; :■: y^^ m the 'artteribir: hMj^oiP its^jexteSit j, p^ ■>•■: ;^'^\;^:! ^^^I^i^^t''^ 
 
 ■ :''■':/ •.■••'^well-marked sulcus running along its centre/ "^':^'Y;^''-^'-.V''\;^ '■■■■'■ ''•■■i.V-'^-?'v^:;-^''^?; , -....■ 
 ',.■';>■•> '^;■^'^^^The parieto-occipitdl is deep and well marked : it'Has a Drahbh'ir^)^;^^;; 'i'! j^'>';/i-:?iSf^l-; 
 
 • C'^: ^••'v'-<«^«?^<^fiSs^ 
 
 iv:-,^):;t;:.^>Vtbnimunicates with theriw^ ••^:'>\^':-?'^!?^'''/i^^^ 
 
 '-'U*:0'^'].'^^!^hQ sulcus col/aiera/is joins the ca/carine'hy dilaxgQ fissure ij),'y:ui^-''^'w:^-^U^l 
 
 ■!;'--v-':'^.i--y[iith ends just at the handle of the fork of the par.-occip. and ^rtr/V(?;--'SV:£4'V^H^-'^^-''^ • 
 
 ■■■.•.>..»'■.■-■'■■ •'-■.••.■.:i ■■ ;,!..-: •" ■' -' :.>■■<■■,;•-■ .-v>-;1.*.' '•■■•: ..*.-:: 
 
 :;*-^"' '^ ■;> !Vmi;':'*-^^^nother sulcus (li) ])asses from it round the under surface ofi'■.■^'^•;■■r':'^^5^''%w.-, 
 
 ^/•v^V-\'5vV the occipital lobe, dividing the temporal gyri from the occipitdL :^'yf.;;k'-:;\' ' "^ '■■" '"•" 
 
 ;%-\^-r l^f'T'^ The t?/'^//a/ ^ are;' separated iicom the frontal anteriorly,:b)^;a<:V'^^; 
 
 ■> H;. :-;-.';^;'-well-marked fissure (fronto-marginal of Wernicke),'^' * ■■■ •. *^^;^rv^^': ■ -VVi;.-/ 
 
 ::" '^v ■' /^■v^-.v ■i;;The convolutions of the iusu/a, nornial.y; ' '.'v^:/"'.-^ ''•;■;: ;.\vV.:\v 
 
 V •-;*; ^^>^;;^.V According to Benedikt's vrews^ this heMspi^fere'is fL^ypxal in ilie^^^ ' 
 
 :;-'v"- -'■ ■■.■Allowing, .particulars :^7:-''' •■■■,■ ^- ■■■.■•■•/■;'■ . • ; ■; ;^v '■;; :\:':;'' ' • " ^^ 
 
 ••:■ •::•: :!: ^.---;^;;>;:V;v/S^,■^ .vy ..:-; vrsv'V^ .■vVVl.-A-O^r- >-?.:.i.; s-;': '.vr:.-.. v.-;-:^-;V -.-^y-'V ■' ; •/.v:v.-/:-:v 
 ?-v -'.::■---■ :■.■ X.^H;->'/./ . •-■•:;:::■ ■•;•: l- -.o v ^:V ^>:.-v;.;:'^^:.v: ;f ^^■v»■^^,rv^^^^.^■•^:/.'^;•:^;■^■•^V;.vV^^:.r^ ?i;^- 
 
 ^■v:/ v.!.. ::•■••;-;•.;. •■:'>'-;!^.. .':/.• ':--;r-- ■ -^ v.A'^-:--t •-;v^:^: ,'Ar--:::^:v-^-'^-^:^' :;'■ '.;...•;■.••■ \--^-v--.'--v.'v Vv -•:■ 
 
 . <;.';. "I'^-^l 
 
 
 
 
 :.,l-., 
 
 .■■■ ■•••■, ■; '■ •■..•v<'-v:V-;;-v\..^>-iv:. •,•.;:".•■••;.•,. ;..•■- .■^■■■. ;.. ■•..■.- .'.•,^ ■•'.->;■,•■' ■•^■-.:'•i ---v r.^. ■»^•v'iJ5,r' :j).J..;5Vj.f.> J 
 ■.■".-'■ ": ■ ...■.' -■■'• "■'.^■. '•"•••■■•,. i'':.-.i, ■.'•.■, ■;•■.•■;•.•■• ■•• •,.■■■. ■■.-•■ a '■•-''. '■■ . ■-,■'1 .-< -'n. 't^.. .-;i)V*»f.v 
 
 i 
 
>l'." f A w^ ; ., iJ: (a) The union of the Sy/vtdnyvnn the ist/rontal sulcus,: : " i ■ .v .- . : .. ».'.;:.'• 
 
 i :>^:v>^y; ■ ^ i. ■ v-"? -•; t^) The junction of the V«/^r^*r;?^<jt/^v^ -:••;:,:» 
 
 ■■:.':%( '.•■■■;;;; ..■'■.•■■.:V^-v''' ■'•"•■'■ '^;' ,.: ;.'- •.■■^''r^^ ■•^.■•«;,!V. ^;> v -■;:-'.•, :-vf, ^i j.;;-, f;;vV ' •:..*i..'';f.r'^'-.:-^;.,^.: '.:■•;• v;^:-;-^-' 
 ^C ■■'■.■• ^■-'i:' /"r^-with'the xst temporaL '^'■/>'-i:-\ .;-^.-:'':'^:a :■■:■■> '.'.. ■^'.,.'■■^■^1. '■' ■■■■ ' '"■:■■ ■:'■ :/,--.;rv.-;:r'-'. •■': : y-r 
 
 ^/?!; i'^!?:* :?^ :''^r ^X^ The .extensiC)o ,6f.thefi?a/<J'ar/«(f /fissure into the; wJfwra/v^^-V ^!^;?A, ^^;iA: 
 ^''--■''^:a^o/-.;: .?; V ' Cd) The" extension of 'the calldso tharginaf fissure between me. .■.,.-,■ . 
 
 ',«;^.'' ■■■>.■ ..■■'.^■•".•.■'•■!- ' ^■" '■'.',■. .'./■.. ,' ' . ■ - • •• ■•■' J •°''..' •■:■ .'•" •'■'.■•"-^' '•■,•' ''v'. *•>' r •.■.•."'.'.•,' «^ ■. ■•■' '."•'■• 
 
 / Similarity i 
 
 ;ri: >1i'vr: J : ;: •; II,— -Moreau, a small farmer in.the county of -Rimouski, aged- 40, : ::■_ . ,- ;;.,: • . 
 V^^;^;/^-^^';';i:- .'^enCh-Oahadian, m^^ 
 
 it; %;?^.;'".'"' bnthe. i^th a" t^^ powerfully-built man, :v ■ 
 
 ' «/^.'ri - - .^ ^ iinieUucatedj' rufid of 'a morose . disposition ": ,wa;s\ tefnperate., audi 'had" v 
 
 ':^ft,-.vv', ■.:'>■' ■' :'aLpparentiy premedit 
 
 ^f^^^"';i;W;;A;!qfife^ to a man to do it for hjm._.A.(ter thejaet -land during/v ^;' ;^^ 
 
 -■r-r>".' ..■'-'•;'^-M- :' t'Hprfrint hp iTihint-ainpri his iisiinl. stn'lifiitV:"afiH -rlifl; nnit ' annpar'tn" ■' :: r.' ■■'■■' 
 
 M-^r-^ "^i? / '^'- ■h^'T^d:', ^ The- autopsy waiperfb;mCd;;abG^ ^ipur'aftcr his death^; • ;. 
 i^^j^^!^'^-^^'''r'Mi^T--^^- Beileau, arid the brain Avas" secured by H. V." Qgden,/^:i^ 
 p^i^^Vr' T^'^: • l:;^-..!^^ to me in excellent condition for exarninatiqii. :"•:';: „' "-'■' "' 
 
 .' *•'■'■ i 
 
 V^:^Vi'-i?>'i;^ subjacent grey matter dee^^ ^•^;■•; j- ;c ; : • /^ ■'. -v: 
 
 ^^^■x:XJ^:i:S':'- separated ^bm'^''::^'^.t' 
 
 >^'^?i^^ : - 'Vu kscehciing /<Tr/(?/'d!/ by a: very narrow and jgrobved gyrus, arid JQinSythe:'';Ofl;v' ';:■■>■:■:■. 
 k^if^^^^^'^'?^ .'inf, front, bya shallow sulcus («)■.'"'■' ■}>••'■:'•-■!. ••■V.'-</:;U^;v '^r-V--"'- '^ 
 iS^'>-l'Sr-^^.^-'^.p>-'^^ fissure (^) across the upper end br^w^v'^y^ 
 
 '■ <«{^V the margin and' unites with )?j.^ir««tr^d! > >^' •>''■-; 
 
 '^^'jiv-^^'f •>-'^v^*^':P^ asc. Gt yd jront :;suL ;:■>';;;.■'; ^^ 
 
 ;{ V-^'^^^'.'i;.'V:;;, y/The :r3ii^y>";\f«/. has a short vertical branch, and only extends for 2;<:; '; - '; •■ --^v 
 RSV;- v^.vv.j.;-: . r\..ji:; cm. from rtjr^. front gyr., when the ist and 2nd convolutions fuse, but ■\;'..':V^^^ 
 
 ■;■.. .■ '"' -.>. 
 ■■''"■•"/:• ^ 
 
 t-4^:fe*1^'^-%li^^Vli}i:'3'^^ •:•;• ^■::.-'\^-vV;i- :>-:^ .. ^ - ^<"^>';: '.■; .v^->.; -■/■^^•: .■■■■•. ^-^ ^^r ••:V. .,-:-''"^' 
 
! •■ I >• 
 
 ' y:}. •:•■::■ 
 
 
 .;•-■' A-;>,l^edfj<r;:i>af;.J«/. /retro-central), which is usually linitM'with the^' '^^r^- X'>JiV-^'^c\^^ 
 ■.;: / Ci^' .'"^j&iitefrpjine^^^ called its radial portion,^;is; isplaledv aiTd/jpnly jojn$^^^ 
 
 •^^;; ■;y.:'; '••-'. the fis; Sylv. ty a shallow. Airrow (c). The asc//>ar.]g}^r.'}\i^ nanpw:^ • 
 
 ;/;:.:-V;7.;:v The intcr-parictdl fis'. runs almost parallel to the af(r.^an,andv?J. V:^^ -U^^ 
 
 ':"■ 'l-^ -••^<^v/^eing separated ifrom the fbrmer,^^^ -^ -J^^il^D?^ 
 
 ■■■_ /v'^:;whijEh. ijpiris- the >/^^^^ 
 
 : •'^. ■ v^-^^^<^:(^?^ M^!?y? i^^do^^ ^^teod to the itiargin/^ ..(^^ 
 ■ ■;.•■:; ■;?v-^wiell;.deveiopedr>--^::. • ' '^■v.'> .'w^,. '-vCv' :v. ./''v, •.■> ,.il''^^KV'A' •■.■v^^^■■'^<,;••^;•;••;;^^^ 
 
 • .•,.-^". '•'o.V^; .^Thg' ?J/ /^/^ 
 
 ••■ n -i;::: v?th(2 ''V.r/ and 2>/<2^ r^//7'(J/////(7«Jr;';, lEqsteri has) i;wo.'^^^i;/^t^v■:;j:;i;■v,^ / '^ 
 
 ; ; V -• ':' branches-^one which joins the /. pdrix the otlier::jthe//?w'^.()^/i).:>;.The^ )l . .. 
 
 ^ :'■.•>■■/ •?:;•' 2t\a tempi suL is. not-:,>vell marked. ■>"''•. ■ '■'^^■■^^^ ''}-:'-^^i['::'-'.'i^,-'-1':ZJ:.--\ Y'y^-:--':':--w--^?Q:>..^i'^;4 
 
 '■■ 'XW>: J --'rshaJlow sulcus with ji^i',^^ 
 
 ■': :" -i'-^'^A^'K- ^■■'■Calcarine fis. n6rrilal,::.i;««?//j- small. ■:; ..;^/:-• ■'■-''■;- ''^'.v •^;^..: A. :^^ 
 
 ;• j ;, . . ' .i;.' V :-?:/'/j. <r^//<?/^/vz//y Ipng^^andsenjls .Jiumera^ vip|o'jSDl'''^f ''i^%^ : '^V'^' ^^•i ;'»^' v^i^i^iif*!^ 
 
 ^ ■ ''■/:■ St'^^.^^^^^ :mauy 'fissures venferjfig.tKe i j/ i/)^>v^ ^^l .>^v^^ 
 
 ^rdnts2{l^:,(a)y and the asc. ';/|a/% •(^) , (reirO-centralX,^^ 
 •^^•^.•VV■' -^furrows. ■ Fis. RoL nmiQ^ vc\\\i ist frojit.^{iir)xm^.a^^ ■''':■ }^^/''.r^:-0^ 
 
 ■•••■■•■ -■: VVviPy narrow grooves.;:, .^•l;.-: •./••••■..■viy;.^.-.:. \.-.^ •■•v /-.;;.•.. ,.•>.,.: , . '^-.i--; \:^X^i-r-':-:^:k.'^» 
 
 ^"r. /./••■;>.' :-i;;;y^h^:aj^,.>^;^/;^^«A::;^^ shallow; ' fisureirpin -the ^; .5)iV^ i;lM 
 
 ^) ' . v": : V ; '^arid tHeh at theVbaise of tire .2>/</yir(?///.'^/'. Joins the 2nJ/ro)it.':s.0^l:is^y-;',-;-^X^^^^ 
 i^- \;\r.V"-- ';;"i^/', iwi/and 2i^d frontal gyrl are well developed and distinct posfefTV;:iX;;o^;i:^o^:V^^^^^ 
 fe ■■■•*• :•:.''; iorly..;'. Anteriorly they are fused and crossed Uymany secondary.sulci.'>.^ ■ -'"v^'::''^-^vt^~^s"-.-^.-:: 
 ^:\ >^ .:^'^''! Asc. frontal s,yr. is very narrow in its centre.:; ■ •v:^i^'";/^.^K^:'^^•.:.^Eu;'^■'^"^ 
 Iv ^^. '■:\ V ^^ • ■//niS'parietal^s.h^i a. well marked radial portion (the. ■-asc..parw;^i:-:^ :^ /^^^ 
 
 ■ i'.;.^-* 
 
 -;:v-«,-^l^ 
 
 >x- 
 
 ■}A>pr^retr6-central)V >^rheiiSagittal part passes back, and presents three k;'!; 
 y;;~divisions— one (^) enters xhe-.iuj^fP(iri'J^ (/) passes. -^^'^4^?^^ 
 
 :. • directly back and joins a fissure in the position of ii;tf.\:pc(:fp,y.\yhich^Ji'^^ 
 
 :. reaches, to the tip.of occip. lobe, and. the third. (^) part^aisses yertir-y f '^ f^^ ft^^^ 
 
 v^''":;:-:'':'.v ■'''"'■' *':^^^'-' ' ■'^^/lK' \! ^^■X'^ ':\w--\ "':'■''''' -''C''\^^ ■.:'.;-:;"v-''''''!9^'-1^vl 
 
 ^.''■••v:;0■••'>^•:;^•^^^v^■^•^^^V^•:v■^^v■;,:'^■^^•^^ 
 

 '^^JrM 
 
 %/:^''' 
 
 ■4^•'^:^i^v^ unites with i^/i^.'i/(rA;' and has a branch \vhich^^ 
 
 ^>^*iC'M .^^ iv-^ v^ -^sc^ipM' tonvbliitidli if large below/ narrow above. The ati^ular., 
 
 ^*?^..;v,v*? temp, sill, joins i.-fiar; the 2nd is not marked. Sevefal ' •;■ 
 
 i^s-^'i:..' :'.r . >,i.i: 1..: „ .1... .„.i I ._.] _ C-..X ^Y-//>. j«A jqins 
 
 .,'11 •:.' '•'•■••". ■ . .. •. '■•: 
 
 occip. ; the cai- , ••■ .. . ,. •' :.( 
 xterdlis by a ." , . V 
 
 i^' '^'i^|'-??^i'^-^vsl^^l'"^'gr^^ large and deep. ;l->!^'.-H. ••;•;''••'. , .., ^'' i'; 
 
 i^f^:^-/-"^^/ v;:^/,.v!^^ small ; /r^-i:////tf//j:,(lpib. quad. )^1s large aiid"; 'its ' ' •" /.'. 
 
 • 'ijt'^^jV'-i'v'^ kriteri ;: ^ '. ;.".•..'■:. 
 
 /;t;i?>;v<'}.r:i .;•;:•; ;s extends to level of base of ist frontal, and ;■. ■''.■..'.••'••, 
 
 V'?i^<^K':^i^^.f?i';^ up 'to 'the margin of the hemisphere, being interrupted by ."V 
 
 'M^jz-'^^'i-iiJ >,;• ■:.'Orbiia!l gyri ridfrhal. " Thefe'is a mrto^v /fo>Ud-mar^ina/ si//i\ri'^'\ 
 
 ^^i^^:s'-?-- V^ :^r^\^'^;^^^'^^/:fiSri^b/ani/o' joins ^i'l cruciatu of pre-cuneus,' and' 
 J:frK''^■■'^■Tii^ t%!i'o ist/ront, axi^ asc,!" y 
 
 igh 
 
 S'.-;tv-^:- •'•'-'' V' V;'-There remain two questions for corisideratioh : ifirst," fo what extent '■,; 
 i;« -■i:Jv-?J^;v<;:'.:~;>i,«;..do^ Benedikt's confluent fissure type of brain prevail amone ' ':' 
 
 •'.^•'&'•"jV! V,.>;V\(>'''"".f.ii •.'■'. . . '='..,■■•■ 
 
 umity, and how far is it reliable as au.';. ■ 
 
 lament t-;; ■• .^r^ :'■ r\?:7"::-'-;rv:5'' :.V:-^ V-v'Sy.;^^ t> 
 
 howTar the confluent fissure type of .•.''; 
 
 ^existsy^ihiprigvthe-Uowe in this community^ ; I have v;;' 
 
 ^p^^A^K':;!,H:v9Jexamined carefully 63 hemispheres from 34 individuals, all of whom .;wi 
 
 -^^^■^■■•^'■< '^^'"^^^ in and died at the General Hospital. Most of these ' : 
 
 ^^■'^''■■;^^i^--':'vfexGX)XQSQxwQdi by Giaconiini's method, and as no special note exists as ;•'. 
 
 from whom •. 
 
 
:.'t '•■■■ *■ •'*•* "■•Ki"' *'•.'!'* i'*.''v . ' ." V< .•!.■ '*. •■■ ' ;.*':. ■*-. . 
 
 ■;!^■■^'^?;■vv^..s::!?^^¥ 
 
 ■ -vu x^y'id-:^: ■'■-y v-, •..';, ■•:;•;>•>:■ ;>~X.:.w..r;;f,5 
 
 '' ' ' :.,. . ,. Crime ' and i?cwon8^^^H<C:;\';K'vM^"vO ^^■l0$i-i';v"-''''';r^:..<'TV;"yv" 
 
 they were obtained, the results are of value only so far as they show '■ ^"■■■.^M/^'\:'.'rj.T: 
 to what extent confluence of fissure occurs in that class from which "f^";; . •■«..j:v^- 
 
 s;,«. 
 
 the Hospital wards are recruited. ..:«^r'.>.> ' •• ' ■''^■i':(A}<}:l','r ,::'i^ 
 
 I. The Fissure of Rolando comnnmicated with-^'^^C^•^•'v^^.it >''■'- :'<!:^^^^ 
 •■■•' .. rt. /7jj//r<'^^'/7'///j, in 3 completel/, in 7 incompletelyi.:::^/^^^ 
 
 If. Frontal sulci, comv)\Q\.Q \n 12: inroinulete, g. ■^''■'■-^^■■\'.^'-'i:-::v^:'y'% 
 
 . V c. Intcr-paricttil sulci, corn piete,, 10.7, |incompleteV9/.'r.v^ 
 
 . •■ 2. The Fissure of Sylvius joined-— ;.::/'A-jy<*?:;A';^'>4;r^^ 
 •■. •■ a. ThQ F. R.[%QQ ahowt^,- •■'■■A$^!k'^^^^ 
 
 c. The inter-parietal, comvAeic in 26 : incomplete, 8^;: ■''. H^'-' iV '^i^f-^^t^;;^^^^^ 
 
 s 
 
 
 ■>^'^--'i^'!^:^:-k^m 
 
 ,v-v. ^. The ij//'fw/^(>/'rrA in ir. /..?■.:»,<;:>.: ■ •.;^:, '.':;: ;/': 
 
 '■ •■■-■. :3i Tfie Inter-parietal united with*^^^:/;^'';'-" ll,j;jj;;Y'^-; ■^&^^;!iU'!-^'i'-'; 
 
 ,'•'■■'■ v' rt. Tho /: R. [see above]. ■Jfi0-^'':'4^)^^''^'.--^-''-<^'-''^ 
 
 V r. ■■ h. The /^ ^. [see above j. ^■t;--:,v^;-.ri^^.<;Mi^'i!:^-h-C^^^^^^^ 
 
 •■ V.,. ■■ c. The paricto-occi filial iTi i^.^->^j':'-<,i-^':'-': ::'^^^^^ •;■■,■■■■'''' ■.•'•-•.;':v.tn;'^-}^-;>i;'V;.Sv^^ 
 
 •■. :..•■•:.;.-».•. , -' .-' ■:-'':■:■ \:'-:':'-'i^.t':'- '.■.'■'■■'■■;;! -^ ^:^' ,.;•.'■-■'■ ^^r-:';'■;.••;^■•^;■VV■•i;;v•^iV■■i' 
 
 ■:' • ••.■-" aJ. The horizonalor sup. occipital vsxxd'' - : v-r^; • ■■' ■„ ' ■^:: : ''^vV' X'-^>^'ii^^if 
 '■■'-^^'-C -■ ^. The ist temporal m. ro. T- ::,'.!Ai/Wv.-4.>fi''C-'''* " ...■'.;■ ■■^^■':^.V■'••^'■A^^■•^v.■■'''' ■,....••'' '"^ 
 ':.;•■'■' 4. The Gr/rr?/"///^ entered the 5r/yji7/-a/'i/i^/i>r^ 
 
 :■■■''.'.'■■■■■. . . •■>■ :^;i.> '■:..o-^'<>-i-V...---V'''^4'''''"^ '^i 
 
 ^< ' "%. The calloso-mari^inal iomed ihtpar.-occipttal m.i;..;^'\ •■■;;= Ij •'' '^:i::^'^•:t v:':v4/;v:?;iiJ5 
 "■■'." .^; .6. .The parieto-occipital joined— " '■-:'■•. ::'^ '■'''''^'^^:\X:i^-:^S'^rVJJ 
 
 ':.. . :;'■'"..■■ ^' ^^'^^ inter-parietal in i8. .''''•■'.v•;'^"■■;■''•w^^ 
 
 ■'•"■:^.\>-, b. 'Y\\e horizonal occipital m 3. ■•i-^^'^'^^•V-'i!^^^■■v^^''■>^^ 
 
 c^'C"- 'From these limited observations we may conclude-r> :;'.:';>; . ■■l-''';''-<':}:^-^''^^^^}i^:'-^:^W 
 ^ •';'■%:.*• That a considerable proportion of the brains of Hospital cases ^^r'V'-^J^iJ^" ' 
 : '■; ;■ ::are of the confluent fissure type. .. : :.i;,,j;.'y;vi:;'Vl^-'-';.--v>;v'vv^'^^ 
 'v'v 2. The chief difference to be ribtM betw^eii " Profi Bein^ 
 • series of criminals' brains, and those which I have just gone over, \s ■■:;:^:-\y:c:fj^^r: 
 ..' the somewhat greater number of unions between typi^ al fissures. W%'l-*:V?vi 
 
 more particularly between the_fis. Rol. and contiguous ones. Thus iiiv.: .R'^§ '!^ij^';|~:iCi^M 
 ■ his set this fissure connected, completely or incompletely, with the 'v-lf^^^^^^ 
 . fis. Syl. va. 24 instances; in my series in only iq.. In the other ..•;/y\^-i';^';^;C^^^^ 
 v,^ fissures the disproportion is not nearly so great. -. ^^-y ...y .;,:;:/ ^:^;>'-^£^^ 
 
 3. Considering the number of brains of ordinary Hospitial'pafents' ; r'Hii;;,. 'l?;^^^ 
 which present in some degree the confluent fissure type, it would j-'i^^M'^^^^^^iM 
 seem more reasonable not to assign as yet any special significance to- ^y^;^'>;?§v^':& 
 it until we have fuller information about the arrangement of the con- -'-y-^-riiiy^p.-. 
 volutions in the various races, and until a much larger number of the .^^ 
 
 • :: brains of criminals of all countries have been examined. ,,;a.:.,'^v;,.;.;>;.'^:;^;^; :.,.,v;, \;f?3 
 
 ..;^ ' JErofessor Benedikt's cases were nearly all Slavonians ot Huhgar- '*' 
 
 / "'',->_ ,is_ <' - _ ' « 'i 'v',. _" .- M' <; f 't • 
 
«C6 Pldlosophy of Insanity, f;^:-/'-/^' 
 
 ians, and though Betz of Kieff, a leading authority, acknowledged 
 
 the atypy of his specimens, it would have been more satisfactory to 
 
 have had a comparison between these specimens and an equal number 
 
 taken from law-abiding members of the same races. It may be urge.i 
 
 that in Hospital patients the brains should conform in considerable 
 
 numbers to this 2nd or confluent fissure type, as many of them are 
 
 individuals in the lowti ranks of life, and not a iew belong to the 
 
 . 'Criminal class. This applies, however, much more forcibly to dis- 
 
 ~ secting-room material, which, as Dr. T3enedikt says, "consists of the 
 
 remains of those who have suffered complete shipwreck in life through 
 
 ".low .grade of intelligence, imperfect motor development, or through 
 
 '•crimes and vice." In the series of brains which I examined, there 
 
 "were no dissecting-room specimens, and it did not include the brain 
 
 «of any notorious criminal so far as I am aware. 
 
 As to how far confluence of fissures is indicative of a low type of 
 
 • cerebral organization we also want fuller information. When existing 
 'in high degree, there is certainly an absence ot many important annec- 
 itants or bridging areas of brain substance ; but when we consider the 
 variable size of convolutions bounding the typical fissures, it is easy 
 to see that defect in one part might be more than compensated for by 
 excess in another part, and even a Ufeighboring part. In several of 
 
 ■ the brains which I examined, notab-y No. 10, the confluent fissure 
 ^type existed in an organ with a rich convolution system. In the brain 
 
 • of Moreau, the retro-central fissure on the left side was separated 
 wfrem the inter-parieial by a disdnct gyrus, which might as well be 
 
 regarded as an excess, as absence of an annectant and confluerice of 
 
 two fissures .night be considered a defect. 
 
 ' With reference to the type of four fronta' convolutions which 
 
 Prof. Benedikt has found in such a large numbtr of his specimens, I 
 
 'will only say that in 10 of the hemispheres examined it was observed 
 
 lin agreiter or less degree of development. Nowhere was it better 
 
 ' ^ seen than in the brain of Hayvern. To enter upon the anatomical 
 
 : significance of this would be beside the question on this occasion. 
 
 j-i:}:-^:i^r^^tc^id%?,ox Benedikt's conclusions are those of a thorough-going 
 
 vsonnati&t, who would bring all human conduct within the range of 
 
 vVN^-.;v- ^?>oi<g<^i^ic action. "The constitutional criminal," he says, '^is a 
 
 ;':;vi:j;^v:*' burdened individual, and has the same relation to crime as his next of 
 
 ;-:l;vi-'^i^lood kin, the epileptic, and his cousin, the idiot, have to their 
 
 I't'^-^.f i- '■■.^vencephalopathic condidons." And, again, "the essendal ground of 
 
 ;v::;';S-:ii- ;":-■; a^^ action of the brain " {i.e., I take it, bad conduct) " is abnor- 
 
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 ; •■ '; ■ '.-'■. •[ Crime OTicl Jlespon i^t 
 
 mal brain structure. His 44 criminals were what they were because 
 of defects in the organization of their hemispheres : they belonged to 
 the criminal variety of the goius /lomo. No wonder, he says, "that 
 this proposition is likely to create a veritable revolution in ethics, 
 psychology, jurisprudence and criminalities." He wisely adds that 
 it should not yet serve as a premise, and should not, for the present, 
 leave the hands of the anatomists, since it must be repeatedly proven 
 before it can finally rank as an undoubted addition to human science. 
 
 Crime is comi»:only regarded as the result of yielding to an evil 
 impulse which could have been controlled ; and this element o( possi- 
 ble control is what, in the eyes of the law, separates the responsible 
 criminal from the irresponsible lunatic. Tne belief in a criminal 
 psychosis is spreading, and is the outcome or sounder views of the 
 relation of mind to brain ; and these investigations of Prof. Benedikt, 
 to which I have so frequently referred, may serve as a foundation to ; 
 a natural history of crime. But if this is the case, how are we to 
 regard our criminals ? What degree of responsibility can be attached 
 to the actions of a man with a defective cerebral organization? Where 
 is there scoije to eschew the evil and to do the good, when men are ^^^'^^^'^^.s^j/ri;;:. 
 " villains by necessity, fools by heavenly compulsion, knaves, thieves i^;.'^^v^y,v inl- 
 and treachers by spherical predominance." Any one who believes .y;;fi;^^';0:|i;iA?C,.,--, 
 that with all our mental and moral processes there is an unbroken /V-^'^;fi'vS'^^ 
 material succession, must consistently be a determinist, and hold, -:v-VS:^^'j^^3l5'S^ 
 with Spinoza, that " in the mind there is no such thing as absolute or ,^^'i?'^^^^v'-i|^^^l^? 
 free will, but the mind is determined to will this or that by a cause i^3*>.^r'j^^|C " ' 
 which is determined by another cause, this by yet another, and so on }:'^':--^r^^-:0:'!''4 
 to infinity." For a long time to come, however, the majority of >v^;;;?';f g;;|^s^^ ' 
 individuals — including some who are inconsistent m so domg — w'lll {>.:>).■;. -v^^^^^^^ 
 continue to hold the intuitionist view, nowhere better expressed than ;!:'-':v^^^^ 
 by Shakespeare, when he puts into the mouth of that arch-criminal, ■:'\:^;^:!i^-^f^:. 
 lago, the words : " 'Tis in ourselves that we are thus and thus. Our ;.:'S;:'':;|^.:%vV 
 bodies are our gardens to the which our wills are gardeners ; so that '' .,:;-,■; 
 
 if we will i)lant nettles or sow lettuce, set hyssop and weed up thyme, .v,;:;.^;.. 
 supply it with one gender of herbs or distract it with many, either to "^ '':':;4^.v^ ,- 
 have it sterile with idleness or manured with industry, why, the power ;';■;'"' -^ 
 
 and corrigible authority of this lies in our will.'' 
 
 " Theft and murder," as Huxley well says, " would be none the 
 less objectioi- e were it possible to prove tl it they were the result 
 of the activity of special theft and murder cells in the grey pulp." One 
 thing is certain, that, as society is at present constituted, it cannot 
 

 ]^: ■ '^■'f .^..w afford to have a class of crhninal aitfoviata, and to have every rascal .• . ;' 
 ;;S^ji>\3ik?f;v-;.^", pleading faulty grey matter in extenuation of some crime. The law^J:^ • 
 i'^*':V:--S''J^,\'c continue to be a "terror to evil-doers," and to let this anthro^ "^r' 
 
 '-;.-,■"'■■".,•■.■■(•.■■■-■■.■'■ . ... . «>:''■' 
 
 '^ i.^iiv?^:;5^?^-^i:i^'^P0'^gical variety (as Benedikt calls criminals) know positively that^?^:/: 
 '^;C;^ jf ;^ follow the commission of certain acts, should prove; -•:■, 
 
 ft-^i^'ij.ii 
 
 ?-vv;':::;C •.;}a ■ '"'■.'^an effectual deterent in many cases, just as with our dogs, the fear of .,:;;-'^, •.:..'-; 
 '!■:■; X";-.?^:<i'':;«^ the whip exercises a restraining influence — immediate as well as prosr;.'.--'- .;;-■;'»'; 
 ^%^::.-;;' ;-'i''pective — on the commission of canine crimes."v;v-.:a.:-v i^v^r^ ,0;'f;'V^..-:.;:V'^.'' .''^ 
 .V -i^ •.::^^ ■'^?.'2".,-..-':'' The Brains of Criminals. — Dr. Osier read a paper on thi&- •';■•.•,'..-; ;- 
 -'^?"r,l\".-v--'.'^^^^^^^^^^ results of an examination of the brain of •<:•/• '.Vi; 
 
 3"^¥^.;;l\.;^^c\i:the murderer Hayvern, who was executed at Montreal on i ith; ';';:!,; '.ri.''.}! 
 '??v.^.Vv.;Lv';;. December, 1881. He first referred to the observations of Bene-'.v-r'; 
 c.'y >:;^sv; •••V^;dikt of Vienna, who, in 87 hemispheres from 44 criminals, has fbund^'/;- 
 i^'^"^^xv'l^\-;^';'certain peculiarities which he regards as indicative of a lower type of ':^ 
 '•' '-cerebral organization. The points upon which he most dwells are^thev; 
 
 ■ ' * . 
 
 ■ J' ,'•/•'■; 
 
 .'■■■<■;!. 
 
 :m.. 
 
 '%/''^]i^:::^cxyn^ex\CQ of many of ,th;e,vprincipal fissures, and the existence in a- ■'.(^'..■: .vt 
 
 :%:V 'A- :?■:':;• ;~;.'-:Considerable proportion (27 of the 87) of four frontal gyri, the fourth'. ;-^'';4;-.'-' 
 
 5^!^^^!\;V';i!^(i^iC-b of the first or second gyrus. This is-;,';".'/'' '^c. 
 
 , .... .•r'■.^^■'■'fe;^^^^■v regarded as an animal similarity. Hayvern was a low, dissolute fellow> ' • • " V "• 
 
 Fjt^.'C-%^'.■•■i;^V■.';; addicted to drink, with no special neurosis in his family, who, on :\;,.v-. '."■ 
 ■•T'V.'.V':-.-.-. ..'■. :^-'; ; , . I. •- .'I- ■ . ■-.' t 
 
 ;^£H June izg, stabbed a fellow convict. The brain weighed 46^ ozs., andrCvJ :■>;..;■' 
 
 '_'». .;..-" 
 
 .i following particulars : The union of the Sylvian fissure with the first,.".; ^ 
 .^i^!;'"V^v I' ■■.-^.^. frontal gyrus ; the junction of the inter-parietal with the parieto-occi-- .;■" ^.. ■■..•li.i'' 
 ■^^-^^■'S^Sr-yifxiAaS. and first temporal fissures : the extension of the calcarine fissure.' :- v-; •'„?-• 
 
 p'„. ■■&•"'■■.>;.■ .■^■§ ;■'•'■- ■••■'!.•, . . . ^::.i' '. ■ ■ •:'„■■••■;' 
 
 ■='^' •^- :^^;:-jf,j:>;,,:;-V;into the scissura hippocampi ; the union of the collateral andcalcarine;,*'/:';^^: 
 •;^.';;!'-^':!.;':4|:;;sulci, and in the fusion of the first frontal gyrus, so that there appeared:^!'!''". i;;;;vi.;3 
 ^%:v;|^''-->:-':.^;/'''^ convolutions arising from the ascending frontal or' '■:■;.'"';< ■c-^:^^ 
 
 !g^■!■■■■^'@'l;^■^o';>'' anterior central gyrus. To ascertain how far these peculiarities existed, ;^i; -' ■ ■ >A v 
 P^iv^^^v-^iKl'-v^ ., ;in the brains of hospital patients, Dr. Osier examined 43 hemispheres:!^'^, ■:.■.,. o^\(^ 
 t^^f-^ !;;>'.. t»;..y^ 24 individuals, and found that a very considerable proi^ortion :.•,•".- ''..■^■^■■'. 
 
 . •v^'5i-'^l;ci»:".;Vv,were of the confluent fissure type. Thus, the Sylvian fissure joined/v'" •■',ir!:T 
 '^■■'•''■'■''-''■■'■■'^^:f'j\^^.j^j\^Q fissure of Rolando in 8 hemispheres, the frontal sulci in i8, the' ,•.. X.v'i^l 
 
 and the first temporal in li.fAThe chief difference'-' v ;l-':.--.,'s-'^:: 
 
 s^,s;j»;'Lf-'','.'>'f:','..V''v-'-' ''■'■■ 
 
 i!i^,r^';v':C;;;"^y-'^^ m 19, a 
 
 v/i^^'fev^ji^.;;::^^-', ;■■■:■ between Benedikt's 
 
 series of brains of criminals and those examined.'.v'^.'Vi-. .'^I 
 Wih/fi.y'^-i:'0^.'y-'''^'/ \vas a. iixeatcT number of unions between the typical fissures, more ;"■■';', iTi';- 
 '' ■'• f^^ tlie fissure of Rolando, which in the former joined con- .,,•;<■ V-^??^" 
 
 
 tiguous suicim-24. :noiances. m 9 01 tne 43 nemisuheres there were,- ■■; .- i 
 
 l-<»:. 
 
 iv.-/:i;r.«--i'.'V^--:r-v:f>- •.•.•,■ ..^--.z •■'/.■.■"-■.■.■■'''.:..,'. •■'-..■■.' ■ ■,■•'■.;•• ■'-*■ 1'\v"".V-j-' ■■■•■::■.■"•■■:■•'.■.• .■'' .'•;•'*' ■a'.''.-"'-- ■■ •• i,\i 
 
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 '"■r. 
 
 I-'-'.- ■;iC^:-y'>!v;^Aa; •).o..:,':c:'..:;-;;v'L:i-^>:M;.-iC';;'.r j^fv'. ^w-: ^,H-4'^-i 
 
 
.;f 
 
 ■ ■•s. 
 
 '^ ?:;:.."!;.. :'":^'H''•'■'■\/•.^'!i:■':•■•!^'■■^C^ and Besponsibitity.::;-r<^,^^i^:i;^i;^[^^ 
 
 • -^^j four more or less distinct frontal gyri! He 'tKciiightthkt much ^f^^^ 
 
 >v.. infonnation was needed about the arrangement of the sulci in the ^'. ;■';!::- Ti/i^^^inl 
 
 • A,'', different races, and many more criminals would have to be examined- •,>.'^^";.^^ 
 -;.;f before any positive result was arrived at as to the- constant atypicalv-; 
 .'.<r:;- character of the brain in members of this class. Sjpeaking of BeriCr r, 
 
 dikt's conclusions, he questioned whether it was wise to speak of -^ ^ ^ 
 criminals as an anthropological variety of their species. Onhis views^v,,'!,/'",^^^:^^;^^^^^ 
 , there is no place left for responsibility : but society cannot afford t6vi*Vl-yV>'%/v/j& 
 ';._' have a class of criminal automata, and every rascal pleading faulty ■■'.i'>.'{'>^^^^^^ 
 :;;;• .'.grey matter; in extenuation of his crimes/X>^>4Xy^/i;.;- ^:I::f44 v'-i^KV-v^fW-i'^^-'oV^ 
 ;-;^?''V/:i^iE^rvf^^ (Government Visiting Physician^ Lbngile^■>>^;;^i;•^rt:;■^^ 
 
 •.'^;^. Pointe Asylum) asked if it were known how many of the brains of the j^ v^^p^i^ " '^> ii;^ 
 ;; ■ ' series of hospital cases were from ciiminals, and whether a larger ^v6r'iu^:-:^^-'-^:h'p^^-t^ 
 '„::,, portion presented abnormalities than could be reasonably thought iq:%'U-1^^yJ'^'!^i^^ 
 '..■■; belong to this class. He believed in a criminal class as distiiict.asi^ >!:-/■•;:; l;^/^^^^^^ 
 ;;_..Y mercantile class, and regarded the mental and moral condition ot^0i^-'^-'.s:-'^;:\;- 
 ;:'' individuals belonging tb.it as. dependent absolutely on their physical ;'(;,.'v^^^ 
 v^v^l organizatioti; v/Hayvern was not responsible for his act | it^vv^Sf' not^f ^;V ;^^^ 
 
 premeditated, but performed under the influence of an uncontrollable:' ;';,^^-.v 
 
 .;.■ impulse ; and he thought that there was evidence to show tha,tk may^v'vVl.v-'-^, 
 
 ;;'^- have been connected with the epileptic neurosis. ' ; . : '""-'r^f ;:■'<■:■. 
 
 ! ':J'^-i ■D'"- Kingston wanted to know how it was, if viciousness andcrini!et;;4';=/C,\.- 
 
 ■ ;. 'were the product of defective cerebral organization, -that 'sbtne^^^^^^^ 
 ' ,1 notoriously wicked men had reformed and lived sober and honorable 
 
 y; ;:;-/; lives ? Was it probable that with such a change there was any alte^>,;;;.-^ 
 
 ation in the structure of the braii* ?., To which Dr. Howard answered;-:'";?^;!: "'f:^^"^^ 
 
 --:./•-/: Dr. Osier, in replyl6Df^Hbwal'd*squert^ 
 
 vN^-bf brains which he had examined were nearly all preserved by Gia^/?: "■'■•''^!'S-''-'^'fJ _^^^ 
 
 ■ ?; ,: comini's method, and no data existed from which the social status of /'^^ 
 vV-.^ the individuals could be ascertained. •i^tf^thfe;-.4:5;;; hemispheres (I:0/•^;^i'■■v5^;fv^t: 
 ;";;•: perfect brains and 5 halves), 19 presented one^bf. more atypical )>;/iv/^;^^ 
 '.■'^'. features." .-^^^-r..^- v!-.\^'-':.'.-r -',<:;,..- . xr/'ir/-.--. :\ r^-'-';.-:- r^ ':■■ v/^'-'-'l^'^o'l-t;"'?'": 
 
 !'i."'f,C The evidence in this now celebrated case is reviewed at length i^^^i^^];:!-^}'^^:^:,^^:: 
 ;.';'.: the last number of the Journal of Mental Science (January, 1882),^ 
 ■ j- Our readers are well aware, through the general press and through ., .-^^i -.<,;; 
 
 
 ^ '-Vi '•'"^! ■ the controversy carried on in the columns of some of our medical -^^^--^^i/Cxk- 
 
 .• ,, ■,-■ ::~J.:: ■■'■':■'' t^' 'l'- 
 
siV-l'i 
 
 .>,•■,' . .;-"-v;-. ■.•.,-.(. ,.;„:-.A..'/? 
 
 !*■ 
 
 ■ V.', 
 
 '.A:ft' 
 
 ';^i;^:^;: 'V.X the medical expetts'for the prbseeutibrt ahd d6^ ^re^pecHv^; l^he3rv ; i^^ 
 
 :;-V^:i>,5^ :;,;■•;.. know that Dr. Henry Howard took very strong ground in assertingR*^ 
 
 .,f'. V/ ;:/^i^■•i*^$ .';•'.. Hayvern's insanity, and that his evidence was entirely overborne bjr' ,. •' 
 
 |^k!^);:>^a;('^r'V^;^^^'i6 conjoint ^ ^ 
 
 l^-'v^y.'Vys /ivirvgiyeja tii^-.subject of mental diseiase some attention, and the man waS; ?^ji/-'; j'\^^ 
 'y'^i^/i: ;;i'!ri:^.executedi ^-It^will, therefore, interest :Jthien)i to hear the result arrived ;'^'>.< ■;.-'. ^^ 
 ■'^-l^^^'i'] •;' ^at by \}c\& Jowji<il^(^^^ ,U:;reyiew/j)f;the .whc^e.,,^^^ "Vti 
 
 '^l.^'^^j'-^'''\^ii^:-^>'^^'^*. Legal opinion ;ih regard to the test- bfitisanityv does not appear '^i; '• 7'.! :y>'A 
 
 ^^*i^':-..'" ^rj^X' to have made so much progress in Canada as in some of the States of ;■ -; :":-v?r 
 
 ?^-^>v^^ • !'^V- ;^Ai^s'"ica, where the test of knowledge: of righjtjjahdwro^ been; :;.v£v :^ 'x. 
 
 ^^M^''^^J':}'Hj^--''^'^'''idA mrted from in a marked manner; ---Div-vHoward, who has had long •'!-.-; ^■:w■■y^:, 
 
 if^if'.'.'v-VT'''''^-^-' ■.'■•'■'■•''»'' * .' '■ ■ ■;•■:••,'■.■..■,■, . . °>'i'- •:.■•■ . ■'•-■'■'■ 
 
 '^■^0y-^0ir-.-.:^:'^^Qnence of the insane, has done good service by ventilating more^'Ty ■' .; ',;"^-':^ 
 
 :v''-!'^«^'vl'^^ ;.■;>• 'advanced views on the subject. We hesitate to express a decided^. ■.'■>;-'i''v 
 
 ;^!fS'<''^-''^V'v vXppinion on the irresponsibility of this particular prisoner, seeing that ;'*-■'• r-n;;'^ 
 
 V' :^>:■?^'t '.V\ several physicians on the spot differed from the conclusion arrived at • vV -;^vv-i 
 
 ^^;A-^;^^iv^"-''^' •■^ -^^ unaccountable. At the same?;;;,^'- ■ • |^'^>; 
 
 fe^'^wvi/ifi^vV •> v^^^tiiHe ;h;istory of the case: strongly suggests epilepsy, and the intem- .■vvv'''r^.7^ 
 ii.Jy':--, v..Vr-: ^ werferorobably symptoms rather than causes of the low 'v '.^oj../ 
 
 l*5y'::."T!i;j/V'^."' ■ ^i-^ condition present. The absence of motive for the crime is a^^:C-. ;■>:?' 
 
 ■ "'1:^{v:';'''ii- '^:' ' v;::V^t^^ feature of the case, as well. as. the prisoner's indiffei^ncev-tO«^v;^,--?-^r^ 
 VK. viii^V;.-: ^i:;- '•;':; .'v'vthe verdict pronounced upon, him. 
 
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 '■'•^x;/-:;;; -',;^ '-''The posiu wliicli the law hblcis YespecHrig epileps^ is/iiketimf^^Vs -/;-•:; v-^^ « -yii 
 \''' \^y ■:•?:• ''^hich it holds on any individual psychosis, a most doubtful one^:VA?-;'>\>^?;;JK^^^ 
 ;;-..;\j:^'j^;':; Epileptics are, of all classes of the insane, those to whom the absurd; '*):7-*^''/fv'j;;>:";f^;^ 
 iV.Fr.-^jVi'nght and wrong dictum of the law does most injustice. An epileptic,':j>'^ i^;Mv.>i^^^'^ 
 .^'■■:>r:^r,."''v;.rhay perform ?n act apparently premeditated, and may appear to know -:"^?^^i^;;';Vo*^^ 
 , '.' -K^v '^he exact legal consequences of hi¥ itti^^ii^yetvtheia^^ direct ;./vj^i';;%H;;^vv 
 
 ■:;';V"''? '.'result of the disease. Even in some of the lower mental states there-,' •. •' ~^'A^^^ 
 =^>;'^^^:7, 'V'is^^^^ lords would, from their^-yi^Y-' 
 
 tp; prevent biting at the others, was seen "to put out his tongue,? .,";;'; 
 :N^^r;-''-^v?'i)^'^^"-^6i^taele, to feel where a portion of his wife's hand was available- j^,V;';"'^v^J.C;'^^f^ 
 ::vr5 ^A^^^ man was in a condition of complete unconsciousness^:- ^'i'^-'iv^v^-^^ 
 
 > i^^^iv-'yet'^^^^^ ^^^^' ^^ ^^^i^^^^^^'^' skilfully co-ordinated automatic move--^A^% jj^V-.;; 
 J ./ -y -Ij^^Smerits. When epilepsy is spoken of in connection with homicide, the-':;;v'>;:^',;;:'.::;^i; 
 r;v;;.5p:^''ifirst idea that strikes the amateur alienist is, was the act committed in rivl/:^4^'^f;' 
 '^y^'X^-i/i^ state of epileptic mania? for this or epileptic dementia are the <yi^fi'^j'^':ii^^.il^:^^:--^,,,^: 
 •'/t ! /• '%3(orms they recognize. This is something strange, as an old attendant- /?«^;'(vv-i-:V^^S^Il 
 'V-v- :?•■ v^vsoon learns to recognize the various mental disturbances of epileptics,: y;.%'vfi;! V,i-^'"^'>^sf 
 'V^:;'.r;;};.;^nd in my early studies I obtained hints from an old attendant on the ■v!^f^>-;'v-^^-i|^W 
 ;v^^ ;^y -^stibj^ more in accordance with the dicta of modern science Vv.;;;^^:-.|;/v ^s;;:^-^^^ 
 
 .vr;,r^: .:H than are the ordinary text books on the subject. '......■ . ......;. ; : ' :^;-:>^.? v^^V'fe'ii 
 
 ;';i;,::''AV°^iv- '^^'^ demarcation which has Deen drawn in epilepsy by Siyitzkafi-^V.;^;:^'^r;;';!.'^ 
 r ■■ ■.';^ ^'.'SknitiyV and^ Sominer.[| is, as .follows,: The i)fe-epileptiQCC .>r^i^^'V;'i^^ 
 
 ;''.*■• Medical Record, December 31, iSSi.-:; ;' \^''' :''''-'^-i-'''--'^j:S'f:''^':^^ 'i\ :s''>i:-\!^Xj^<r- 
 
 '■^t; St- Louis Clinical Record, May, 1879.: ';'';;^ '"v:.;-^: .^>^^.,,^!^'i '•■'^' " ■■■^^' ■^■'/ ^>1/^^^ 
 
 ".■|- Etat Mental des Epileptiques. Archives C6h6rales'.de>-M^deci^^ ■-.■'„, . '.v T^^ ' c-' ;? 
 
 c^ i':v-;;;.:'j^ <:V ;w § Archiv fiier Psychiatric, Band V. und VI. ,..^;../''^f."^;/yV>'.vi'^v^^ 
 ^|^>^''^^'!v^^,:l;-;;lKArchivfuer Psychiatrie, Band XIv,;Hett.:;i2(v '^^/^ .^^^ 
 
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^<f '^i^'^ "^ i^'^o^ '^ttaxik' ■ of '"epilepsyi ■ The post-epilepiic, - •;V, ^A: v^ 
 
 ;4%fe?' ••^^ iv"'^^^i9h succeeds an attack. Tho psychic equivalent, which takes the/;* 
 
 
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 -;'^tl" • ^;'?^tr^^ The iritervallary insanity, which comes het 
 
 'iM-t-- ■^'^] 'ii-(fM^ ittacjlw^ ' . jli^ phenomena may vary in 'duraticirj frojtit^ V ;;-.''; • 
 
 ^l;fc?V;<^^^K>-^w hours to weeks, and in character from a single |i,Ct^ 
 •TV?^V-"<i'^^,Ti.v^;V8^ maniacal attack. A crime resulting ifroiin epileptic /;";*;:^v 
 
 '•¥:M::-H'^^'-^r''>^^y ^^ preceded by a fceling of depression, may be accomplished I. ..;•(•;' 
 ■-}i^-'<^:}^'--'--''^''yfiih comparative deliberation, followed by excitement. The patient :'■'••!. ^ 
 \i4-^-:p'::/;:!:^X['>imy lose all consciousness of [the^sii^ 
 ^'^ -'■'"'"• ;:;;;■ ;'v^ryirhen;^he^m of the crime, of AV'hicli he '".;; p . 
 
 ;^^::c.iv was ignorant during the "pi^nod' of; §8ip to allude .;)'• •'\'^:/<;|^ 
 
 ;^ :':'"r>tb the fact that epileptic attacks iare often extremely slight. •.,: v. ';v^':.t^^ ''.r''-^'/h 
 '^i'M,'^'^-'^- '■■,'■ As the crime I propose to discuss was committed in a prisOn it •^■:- •.•:^.^;v. 
 :^fiij^l^v;>i>VV' i^ ^^ well to enquire what psychoses are ordinarily found among :V,^:^;. >y:^>/?; 
 Wlv'''''-''^y'.^' ■.''■:'■ convicts. Perhaps the most valuable contribution to this subject is •;;•:-' f.^ 
 ;K;,cV:X'ivCiii'^'i^^^ of Heimann'**. ,IIe;fpund that the insane criminals coming under ]:;,. ;;:;;iV.p ■ 
 |^^-:;:5^-|'iS> V-C^ '\^^^ ®^^ hiad'b^n epileptic during childhood^; aft4 that:,Riany;i/^-' , ■i':^ i'^-^ 
 
 ^^V^i^^^ as either epileptic or insane until long after their f^•'^l-■-^1:^ 
 
 S0';V;\V'>^^!>,first crime, when the full history of the case was obtained. The cir- \-':'-,)j':\.^^.^ 
 ■'^■i:''''r;^^:^r^-^'}';'C\mifita.nces of the crime were as follows : A convict named Hay vern '. • r ^^ '■:y.--'}:' 
 I ,j vViJ:'V-t^ another convict named Salter. The deceased and the /, ^^;.:^':"•^ 
 
 ^>).'/■prisoner were, as a rule, good friends, but the prisoner is reported by : W^c'-'-V^ /It' 
 ■■r" Vone witness tO have; ?aid "that he would never go to Kingston, and V;;o"i:/';;':'^^; 
 ^®;^^^ ;;■„■, :>■ Vthat he. 'had; stalDbed Salter because Salter wanted, to send hiin'tO;'ii:\ ':■-■■- v^ 
 pi>^' ,:ivyi.;x;^>!!Kmgston, and that'. Salter; ,wpuld;:i^ names; :;■;;'■ 'f;">;^ 
 
 '"* '"''^'■P^C"''^'^'<^^''^Ksdn^l The convicts entertain a dread of being sent to the peni- ■ ? ^ ■■■'^•^^'. 
 ^^/ '• ' ' : ;'^";^^;;t6htia:ry at Kmgston, but it does not appear that there was any mten- ;:;: .'.;. v'^i^ 
 1^,:^;: •, ^. . /. ^-V.tion, nor had Salter any power to send the prisoner there, nor was it V 
 t^^^t"^^-,"- -P that the prisoner was called "insulting names." The murder,, 
 
 ^^:;tlxi'^i::yi^^-^].yfSLS committed openly in presence iOfaTniimber of witnesses. Hayvernr'-" 
 v;:;i^^^'\,::.had. convulsive ::^a kind during childhood and youth;'": 
 
 :>;::v--Vi?^/':- V patient himself had been a criminal, from his youth up>";^ 
 
 ^;:iv^;v\v^j^^^ grade, his family are very respectable people. The deed was ' 
 
 ^?5^i^v=^?'^-;;;-::^'^-^o^ witl^ ^ knifie made out of an old file, a kind of weapon very ..: 
 
 ^£^^^^'^-i!^i^-:'h'^'^:Common, at least in the United States, among convicts, work-house - 
 f^i'^i^'S^ ■•■\:f':'^inen and other criminal and semi-criminal classes under confinement;' 
 ^\^C:;;vl!:v^?4-j^^;It appea^s^frbni th^ievi oppOi^l , 
 
 l^^' ^;idvHX^i . 1^ commit the homicide under more favorable circumstances:}- .^^i-rv:^ 
 
 
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 %:>f'Zeitschrift filer Psychiatrie.y^^ 
 
 
 
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 i"'' i-'^'-C'wat'UheiprisonerstoQd perfectly still for a minute after committing:^%-r^v?r"ii^E^: 
 
 rii^'^": , •/; ^(^^^'^ "The defencef'^as epileptic insanity, and the case presents rt\achy:iji^j^i^':i:v;£-^|i!;^^^ 
 :;>Vv;;';: .:■/;■ -elements of interest^. Dr.,- K* 'Howard, of Montreal, was the >fiwii^;^i:-;\^^^ 
 v-'^:'/ V -viv'^ 'medical expert called; He testified that the first t.,ing which struck''K^.vi^5^:v"j^/i;!ir^ 
 v- ■■'.'■'■"'. Kim was the prisoner's peculiar epileptic pallor. He at once saw ih^itiJ'd^t-}i^iS}M\ 
 iVi^'rf :■';;' 'prisoner was an imbecile. From private friends, public and policS/;; ':1-;/.':-^^;-^-|;^ii^ 
 l"^;-,.;:^:: :;':;;;■' reports, he found the man's conduct to have been very bud. He;;^;;:-;:;^^;;;:^^^ 
 i v>% V V' ' ■ :■ f^^ prisoner td' have beeiv 
 
 i^ >r, Viv I ,{tGnstantly ih:pris^ 
 
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 v"/v ■•■^>^ 4v^^l*'^^itentiary ; while in the Montreal 
 ;?'.r :Vvv'V' to St. Vincent de Paul, he attempted to escape through a sky-light, by 'c;y>:-^'\-J 
 iv .^ ?--':f'' -means of a small cord, which broke, causing him to fall a distance of -;0.''^!•;ti^•: 
 ■iv..;?,-:. <':,Vr\^:3thirty feet. It was natural for the man to try and escape from prisonc ■^-.:,;^v.'b^?.ir^;{/ 
 ^•:^y;,;>.-;;.:'^!:; The insane in lunatic asylums all over the, world try every day tb?:>.5^'-:.;^^;ivMt 
 •o:.;%'^.;;^..'?';;.V^escapey and;>^ successfully. sBiit^the means eniployed:;;y;J|:^;:J;'§|^i; 
 
 r-^. :■■■■;;:•• r.'?-v^-^jor''the:;e^ .prove ^thie flfoisl. ■',:K\i!lo;: ■ intelligerit^ tH^' '8izev?(h(d;r.>>^^|l^^ 
 
 ;3v'';.0>J;^:Vx "iweight of Hayvern would venture his life with the piece of srhaircord ; vV;;:i'>>i-'v;;^i^^ 
 ■r.--'''V^^"-' w^ used. In the infirmary of the penitentiary, while under 7^';::>;,i^i^;?!i,>^'i|^ 
 
 ■^r'^^'i-iv^/i/'-V medical treatment, he requested the nurse to take a club and strike ";:i;.-^!^^\'^-);^s%^i'^ 
 '.;'.•■.....;•"■, hini with it on the back of the head. One witness said that he - ''•'^■- '^^^^^^^ 
 
 :;,-:' '-f-'? ■i^^.'-'^:;': ."^■fiiit if^Hayvern did,'from somie siipposed'iiijufy of which lie wstfr !;%>y-^^i:^3:-^5{5q 
 ^■^^i^ 7^-;'-; V%the victi revenge upon Salter, it would be no proof xhiii'■t^;^';:^0;^^i^:t^^ 
 
 ,,,^ _..„„,. i 
 
 the murder was not an unpremeditated, uncontrollable, impulsive act, ):;'^'j^;':(v^^ 
 ■"•■^'^^/i^'A-'-ari impulse called into existence at the moment by the appearance,. ■^fi:i'St)fiVii^\': ..,,: 
 ^!!^'\-/:-Si'\ V oif^'Salter, so that there would be no connection whatever betweenLth&^'>/;l>V:^^^^ 
 \ ::,; '^remeditatiori and^the act. Again, if he did premeditate the^^ct^;^;::-:^^ 
 ;^:V"atVd '^yy^as ■;mi^th& and watching for Salter; 'with ^iili^i^;^^-^^^^ 
 
 .•^-- ; initentioii of pOiincing upon his victim, that would not prove that lie ;?J; "'"'""' ' 
 '^■V/:, Was not insane, or that he could control his insane desire; on the V 
 :;,*-? contrary, it might be a still stronger proof of his insanity, that under :•: 
 ■'■■.::r the circumstances m which he was placed he would do an act from v -^f V •'':>';.'>*; x'|9, 
 ^-; ; .the fearful consequences'iOf which it was impossible for him to escape/-.'(^-;;;-t<-v!^^ 
 ;.^r;£very day there are examples in lunatic asylums of insane persohS^,;^'';7V;ii^r 
 ■ ■:cbmmitting crimes that they: have premeditated. Premeditation i§';:]:.;V;v^;i^.|;^ 
 ■^:> viip more a proof of anian'is^sanity than is the right and wrong test : ' : •■• ■ .^ ^i!;^ 
 
 
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•^ which has sro Idr^g disgrkced the 'stfttufe books. If the knowledge of 
 
 ^\>.'.v"S"<\^<;';r,>;;<^v*;A-:;.v made a poor attcnijit at committing suicide, showing that 
 
 '■ ''''lit:^'^^^^^^^^^^ all insane persons he was a moral coward, he wanted to die, or 
 
 :''i^i^v^^''^':^\'!'r''r''i^]^^^^:. he, djd, as when he wanted the nurse to strike him on the 
 
 ;*V?i^^ the kind-hearted acting warden went to hnii for 
 
 ^;;i|li^V^>^'\ >^!!^^'I)^!i^^^ tried to get that officer to 
 
 f^^'*-v^;-!'?,5^^ like all insane persons, the 
 
 ':$);^!^-1?y'r-^A.':/''Tnan was a moral coward. I'he Rev. Father Knox, who obtained the 
 
 ^!::}i\^^''yi/i r'^'.:-^'?: knife from Hayvern, testified that when he saw the man in his cell he 
 
 ;.'^:<|■■■'i/^;>^:J^^i'":^•W^s a raving maniac. Psychologically there was not much to be 
 
 s^:';; ^v-^";^*^ li?!^"^ not sleep." He complained of being 
 
 Howard 
 answered, 
 most marked 
 •:&': i/f'.v. $yn^Ptoms of insanity. He was very nervous and excitable, picking 
 l'Oi^-,^-f!}^ii:i-^]0^ bits of thread and dividing every fibre. His face and body were 
 /f|i|^|.^^i^; }^: anaemic ; perspiration was pouring from every pore, cold and clammy ; 
 ■f^K .iihis pupils were dilated and sluggish in action ; locomotion was normal. 
 His pulse was a hundred and ten ; temperature 93.8*^ ; respiration 
 thirty-six. The radial artery could be seen pulsating. The abdo- 
 minal aorta was clearly visible when he stood, sat or was in a recum- 
 ' bent position ; this was the something alive in his bowels which he 
 wished removed. Five days after Dr. Howard's examination was 
 ■■ ' continued. His pulse was then one hundred; temperature 92.4°^ 
 
 respiration, thirty-six ; heart sounds at base normal, at arch of aorta, 
 / - '. . • ' something like a bellows sound ; apex of heart, first sound, strong ; 
 second, weak ; the abdominal aorta, abnormal. These are frequently 
 found in persons of an epileptic neurosis, but they may be early 
 ', " symptoms of aneurism. Here, however, was an abnormal state of 
 ' '''^"' the vascular system, caused probably by a fall from the roof of the 
 prison ; but whatever the cause, it might suffice to produce, at least, 
 functional if not organic derangement of the mental organization, to 
 account for the man's actions. When it is considered what a weak 
 
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'■'■■■ 
 
 ■ '• '■■ ■ . • ■ ■• ■ • ■•• • ■'• ■ '• ■./."■. ''■■. u '^'.^'.v;, , '■'^v\!^:4:^):;''!y ^^i;-:^.i/.^:^y ■'■'/■'•%'^'r. ''•'}'. , 
 
 -.'i.V ■'• 1 ' I '..'■' ,' .*•''■ ' ''•'■' '■ "'■ ■ ■'■■ ■.■.■'■','.'""■' ■■■,-•■•■;- '^' ''^^^.'■■ ';:\--' ■ i' ,;;.'^ /•/,.; ■^.'c-jv^ji ;;-^/\.;)';V'^ 
 
 > '".':-'■■••'.:•■■'.■. .'■ Crime and Iiesnonsihilif)//-%^''^'':':^J:'-^:''c::?''/!^ 
 
 :'./• ■.:'. • . mind he has ahvavs had, it is easy- W understand' what havoc- such 'SL:i'^'^ '.'::>{■'•' -y. 
 ' ..'vV ; diseased vascular system might produce ui)oi\ such a mental organ-;;;;tJi'-v?;Aj;;li^v^;^^ 
 /„ " • • ,, ization. Dr. Howard examined the nervous system by elcctricity%:'^?^'V;'Mf;v#'^'S 
 '■■■"■■ ' '■;: ■ and cesthesiometer, and found motility normal ; the i)atient was fbundvvjvj^f'jf^^fi^:;;!^^^^ 
 ■!/•.■../•' to be partially analgesic. This is one of the unfailing symptoms,*{3>'..vi;-^ 
 ,-'':J/' 'always to be found in the intellectually insane: it can never he^-^S-'r'^:;''):^'}:':- '-^ 
 •'•■/...' feigned, no more than can temperature, which is always below par.l^;;^:*!|;-.^t;i^;fc5. : 
 >;;:' •, ■; in the insane, except where there ia (ever, which is by no means ai'Tl^-^^^^^^^^ 
 , ' :■■''': '■■■ 'V ■ symptom of insanity. '■ '■' ■■ ''''■■':■''.■ r: '■' ;:';;v-''':v;V';'-;;"^>. v: : ■ ■■ c''-'" ' '^--'■'^'■■S''-'^^'^^^ 
 ■:-t-^T-' '' ' i^^&^S ^^^ mental state of John Hayvern by his conduct^,^;i^Ci;;,V';!^-jr 
 ,•;•'■••; by his physiological symptoms, by his psychological symptoms,.^;ji;;:''^;'^i^j^:^^'^^^^^^ 
 {■'■ ;'//•■ by his pathological symptoms, Dr. Howard did not hesitate;;b-v;'';?v;,;?^^^^^ 
 ;;;;V:Vr to declare him to be a man of unsound mental organization ;;';;§;; ;^:;ii;^ 
 ;•;■.■;'■. that he was intellectually and morally insane, a mere creature oflJs^iSv^ 
 V-..;>v impulse, and if he did kill Thomas Salter in the manner irv!^^^{:^: 
 ;:':.;' which he is said to have done, he killed him while laboring under^;|f 
 ••.;:•,■'•; an insane epileptiform uncontrollable impulse, for which he was not s^|:&'*;^;v|f!j|,^^^^^^^^ 
 ■■y. ':■ /responsible, and his mental aberration was due to three causes :S:\?f!;v0;^v^ 
 ,;; . • heredity, to his being an inebriate from his youth up, and third, it ^ -v^v^^:"^ 
 / ', , '.' ''.,.■■' had been aggravated by his fall from the roof of the jail previous tOr;;:f^^v^^v^;Jic^^^ 
 
 his having committed the crime of which he is accused. '■'O^i-'if^l^-'y^^^.i--^^''^^ 
 
 ■;■■':. The use of instruments, though here justifiable, it must be con-;Aj-^:v^^-l$;-i^ 
 
 :' ■■" • fessed looks something like clap-trap. Many of these statementS;:^|;')S;j:|;3pi|i^^ 
 
 : •• must strike the alienist reader as being too positive, and some of theni;j^);^;|v!^;Q*v|lr.; 
 / . • ' as being even slightly contradictory or fancifiil. For example, the:^;'.;'^j^?|i;;v;:^ | 
 fact that the prisoner attempted to escape from the prison by suclv>^Y^ff;|;^;-si -.^j- 
 ■ • imperfect means is not inconsistent with sanity. Many desperate:>'{: ^fc'/^i^-^n-' i^Ag^ 
 
 criminals are known to have attempted escape by similarly imperfect ?^'>;^;;|;^^j;|^ 
 means. The evidence given by the witness that the prisoner said '"■■?>" 
 he premeditated the murder is, as Dr. Howard claimed, no evidence 
 that the murder was not committed during an epileptic state, but at the 
 same time it is a very suspicious circumstance where the burden of 
 proof certainly lies on the insanity theory. As Dr. Howard claims, 
 an epileptic may premeditate a homicide, and yet carry out that 
 homicide at a time and under circumstances which could not fail to 
 show the homicide was then unintentional, and the direct outcome of 
 an epileptic explosion. -mo ■■'' '■ 
 
 Dr. Howard's statement that all insane persons are moral cowards 
 is certainly not to be proven. Had he said many epileptics, he would 
 have been nearer the truth. The statement about analgesia being 
 
^■,:-;,^}!^:^^jpy':-^yalways a symptom of intellectual insanity is demonstrably erroneous. 
 
 ^^vy'f>y?\iP^'yl^^he statement that the man was an imbecile, and the assignment of 
 
 ■^^?^^■■y■^'r?^:^^■^^ amount of intelligence Dr. Howard does to the prisoner, are, 
 
 ■y'y:h^*:^^^j^-^\^howQvcr, not necessarily incompatible. Dr. Howard, like Dr. 
 
 ■^^J^^(:}-'if'h^>^^^'lSlicho\s and others of the more scientific members of the Asylum 
 
 ■ ;v;;v;i^-^;^i-^p holds that imbecility is a resuit of teratological defect ; 
 
 iH^.<^i;<,>-;'^^^^ a result of pathological defect ; they therefore classify the 
 
 ii^"-j ^:>;i:J'-\i P^'^^^.ry monomania of the Ciermans with the imbeciles as imbeclLty 
 
 ^V.^vt^^r'iit'-^^'i'v; <>f the first grade; both being equally insane in the sense of the law.; 
 
 ''^^y:j'^y>;t^^^:^-^\^' r}^^- Howard may have p'^'^itive reasons for saying that in his 
 
 ■^S;t\%;^v;'^■"^'!■:^ ?<)pinion the temperature of the chronic ; .isane is always belovv par; 
 
 -V^^?;'XvV/>-'-:;V':this has not yet been established. ''I'hat m certain cases it is cannot 
 
 :);^')f>^(}-}v--yC:}' he denied, and this is undeniably the case with epileptics and paretics. 
 
 ^<:i,'i^'i^r(^^.^-!^'^'';:Amon}i certain of tlie insane and certain neurotic subjects the 
 
 ■>'t^i''v';^^k:-V',-temperature may fall very low. Lowenhardt* reports two cases of 
 
 :^'rriy'!;X:\:V-;^v: insanity in which tie ten:perature was at various times 87.5° F., 
 
 ^^\^:f;!fr}Q'''::^9-^° i'\ and 90.5^ F. ; these were cases of maniacal excitement. 
 
 V"^?^'':•^'y ■■■v^^ t ^^tes a case of dementia in which the temperature was 
 
 '{yrl-'"?/^'^-"' 90.5° F. Zenker]; has studied nine cases of insanity vhere the 
 
 .rj^v^-.v.-;-.- bodily heat was found to sink easily ; it fell in three cases as low as 
 
 •■■&>\.-'---v.i'''^":;.^o.6° F.; and in one instance as low as 87.06° F. Phenomena of 
 
 r'^'.t .60*.'^%';;: ■};■.•:■;. this kind, from what is now known of the action of the nervous system 
 
 ';;'■.' vOii temperature, are nothing more than might be expected. It may 
 
 '■i"/''.'v-ife'^' -'therefore be admitted that a pai.ient having a temperature below 96° 
 
 " r.r^-r.i ■•'i \' iiot in collapse, must be assumed suffering from some neu-'^sis pre- 
 
 \ ,-»^s1'"1-r"; :*''-^ sumably of a psychical kind. 
 
 ''^''r.'^-yi-: •.- 'V Some things are to be noticed in his evidence in favor of the theory 
 
 v ••:'/,' of the prisoner's epilepsy. First: The peculiai pallor observed by 
 
 i' '>; ^/*V:','/ .'Dr, Howard. Second : The existence of neurotic symptoms, low 
 
 «;...';;'.' temperature and analgesia. Third: The convulsive attacks during 
 
 ; r' ; ';V,' '^childhood and youth. Fourth : The patient's standing still after the 
 
 attack ; and Fifth : His violence coming on after the comparatively 
 
 .r;,.^ -. . .calm manner in which the crime was executed. Before discussing 
 
 'P^ ■■<•'■■■ l'-^. ;'.v:,- Dr. Howard's evidence further, it is best to examine the evidence of 
 
 *.-!v^ ■•' •■'*.. ''\'. the other experts. 
 
 '.'^'■^- ■•••".•'". :-*0*'< "■ Dr. Angus Macaonald, after having read Dr. Howard's repoit 
 
 ^■■/■^^:.'y- ■ 
 
 %;^^- ' ..-. ■ , 
 
 '. \r^^ >;.-\r''ijf/'.>' rJlpeineine Zeitschrift fuer Psychiatric, 1868. . , ■; :"■■.•,••• '• '''^..„ " -; " 
 
 l^'*j0''-i:.:>.- + Medical Record, Ju ,4, 1881. ''-'■'■ 'V''-':"" 7' V'V.;'''.'- ' ,^ ■•■_ 
 
 ~~'^':./''- ■•.>. 4: Journal n^ Monta' Science, October, 1877. • '"'' ■■'•''' \/'.-' s-' •\,' \ ■:■''',"■. 
 
 ^•V.-"i ••■*;'':/; '■■■•■.•■•''> ?.,,. ^•■v'i;-". ■.••'"■'"'■■ . 
 
 
Crime and liesponnihility. - 7^ 
 
 and examined the prisoner, testified that he entirely agreed v. ith Dr. 
 Howard, that the prisoner was insane when he committea tl a crime. 
 Dr. Edmond Robillard testified that he was the Government 
 Inspector of Insanity at the Montreal Jail ; he examined the prisoner on 
 the lytL, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd and 23rd September; prisoner was- 
 nervous and uncomfortable, and reluctant to converse; however, he said 
 he did not suffer from headache ; during the two or three first visits his- 
 pulse was agitated and h? was in perspiration; at th? end of each 
 examination his pu'se would fall to seventy or seventy-two and the 
 perspiration would all cease, as if the friglit was over ; at each visit 
 told witness he was all right, except that he had something in the 
 abdomen which pained him ; the muscular system was that of a strong 
 mm. He discovered the dilatation of the aorta ; prisoner's respira- 
 tion was eighteen or nineteen, and was natural ; after being with *he 
 prisoner for some time he did not deem it necessary to further test it^ 
 as it was normal. All the perspiration had been caused by fright at 
 the sight of a stranger; on being asked why he killed Salter, he 
 always answered " I do not know," and could not be brought to 
 sp'"'ak on this question very much ; at another examination he \\ is. 
 asked if he knew Salter was dead, and he answered he did aot know. 
 Dr. Robillard came to the conclusion that he was a very wicked 
 man with greatly perverted morals, and would do anything to attain 
 hib object. He did not see any symptoms of epilepsy ; prisoner 
 could distinguish right from wrong. Dr. Robillard was of opinion 
 that half of the epileptics become insane ; uncontrollable impulses are 
 veiy rarely met with in imbeciles or idiots; an ei)ileptic does not 
 remember what he does during one of these uncontrollable imiJulscs. 
 Ht. believed that prisoner was perfectly conscious of his act, but that 
 immediately after he became greatly excited, and this fact moved his 
 dormant impulses ; and that the prisoner wns neither an imbecile nor 
 an idi' >' , but that the muddle in which he passed the greater part of 
 his life made of him a most depraved character. Dr. Robillard would 
 not have sent him to the lunatic asylum as insane after his examina- 
 tion. 
 
 On '•OSS-examination, Dr. Robillard said that he had great rcsppct 
 
 for the opinion of Dr. Howard, but he did not accept certain theories 
 
 of his respecting the nervous system ; Dr. Robillard did not make 
 
 .■.;;•.;> any examination for the partial paralysij of sensation. He found the 
 
 V "■."■. prison., to have an aneurism. He agreed with l~;i. Howard that 
 
 ^ ••.';'.■•..,■' intellectual and 'oral insanity are the same, but did not believe in 
 
 ,y> 
 
the theory that the mind was the product of the body, and beHeved.vr'..: • . :; :' ■ 
 that the prisoner was ; man m whom all the noble attributes of mail.' . ;•■ • Xi' ■; . 
 were wanting. .., . -V^ '■■:■'■]■'■■■" ::'.• /-^^ •''.■;■ -v^^": a;;;-. ;..';.."-..'vvr''';y.:^-; ; .•■■■'•■: ;-f^'' 
 
 Dr. Pominville testified he' Had seen the prisoner alhiost daily in-. ;'..•/ 
 
 the Penitentiary, but had not noticed any mental derangement ;. the.' V""-.' ■..-w^^^ 
 
 ])risoner was taciturn and morose, but that was not extraordinary •■'v^^^;^^^ 
 
 was debased morally and vientally, like most of the convicts, the resultg-' " ■.■ >' . -.'•;.;.." 
 
 of vice ; he knew right from wrong, and was responsible for his actsj"he' .•.•:■■ ■ .. ^::; 
 
 Avas cool and collected after the murder, and seemed to be looking irt ^V •■•.-/ w;.- 
 
 a looking-glass at the slight wound that he had inflicted on his throat.;-- /.•;■:};■.; 'i^-'- 
 
 On cfoss-examination he stated he had not made a special studyv'.;;'' ;rv'\V:;: 
 
 of mental science ; had paid attention to ordinary diseases ; had ;■■'..?' .■'.•'.■: '..: 
 
 never seen and would not know how to use the resthesiometer referred ..V:.; •• ■.'■I"-.;' 
 
 to by Dr. Howard ;vvas not shaken in his belief by the evidence of Dir. ■;',:' :;;^/^ 
 
 Howard; could not speak as to the partial paralysis of sensation ;vvf ■;;:>. '^./^v^^ 
 
 Dr. Howard had , not used these instruments when he pronounced: V/f;- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 tvventy-five convicts in the Penitentiary insane. He (Pominville) hadV\; V;»^v''^^:: ■' 
 
 solicited a specialist to examine them. He had not followed the progress!'; '>-v;/ ..;•.■• '.^/i- 
 
 of psychiatry, and did not toish to prcnounce an opinion on what wds:/\X Oy^-:'y->^<-., 
 
 tertned '^ uncontrollable impulse" but did jiot believe any such tAi/i^'-y\':^^,'K'::c]j'''' 
 
 occurred in the prisoner's casei z'^:'-;- ■''.}'.■■' '■r'-'^-: '■■:',■;■ r\\^^^ !;vV ■'■■■'' "'-^•■■' 
 
 He, in answer to a question by the Court said, that he thought thai-:], :'-v; v^vl' ■. 
 
 ■on the 2<)th of June last, prisoner zaas sane, and knew right from wron0.-:.-fi '^; ^'s 
 
 "• ' although, at the very moment the act was committed, he might not //tzz^i?"-' ; . ■. ■•:•:.■;;,•; 
 
 thought of either i .both hefQre and after the deed he thougut he wc '^■'.■y:-'-'y'-'-:\-}-i: 
 
 J>effectlysane.- ' -'' ' \ }'■■:': ■^u\^'<yy]y 
 
 ' ^ Dr. Vallee testified that after hearing all the evidence he was of VvV? ' .^^i^ii;'-:' 
 
 opinion that the prisoner was not insane at the moment he committes^:;;: ,;.'C;^f;s:;;;-^ 
 
 , '' the deed, and was perfi;ctly able to distinguish between right andv v '•: f v'yV'v': ;• 
 
 wrong. A man whose temperature is at ninety-five and two-thirds\i'::?-v?:;/ :,v" 'if:/'^; 
 
 I must be suffering greatly ; at Beauport Asylum the epileptic maniacsv ,. j;;- v.;:;\o^^^^^ 
 
 iire considered the most dangerous ; in cases of epileptic fits die imrii' ', .•:•; . •.•.,'■'.■ 
 
 pulses are momentary ; the acts are automatic, violent and without'^;;.:; ;;/v'-.. ,' V., 
 
 motive ; an epile])tic man never remembers the acts he has committed ;':'■■ ■'''M.-^iC:';^.'' 
 
 , < imbeciles are subject to these uncontrollable impulses. He had.fX."' -•'."'"/ 
 
 observed the appearance in Court of the prisoner, and found that he, y :,' :,■.':';■; : 
 
 \* . ', as a rule, manifested a great indifference, but when pointed remarks,: •.,•>. 'v^-'^v'. '^ 
 
 were made had further observed that prisoner paid greater attention. ^'v'..',';;'- ..",.;v' 
 
 Dr, Vallee, on cross-examination, said he had studied his profession; 0.■,.■r..■r^.• "'0. 
 
 in Paris, under Professor Charcot, one of the authorities on nervousv'".^ ■'.v 's ;•'•. 
 
 <':^ 
 

 
 
 1 
 
 ■•';.■ •.' ■ ■ ■■'■■■. ,;'• ' '■:■.:'■-}'-■ ■■''.'■ "■■■.-<■■"■.' '".■■/■■ r.- \^ ■' :'':--'^% '■ a-'-:'. '■.■.■■■■!'.,: ■.;':.xi't*f^ 
 
 '■'■ :■■'■■ ; . ' matters : in Lbridoh lie had attended St. "Thomas Hospital ; MeCwa^.':' .';■■'. '^■'■"■■■J^i^0M^ 
 
 '•'. \ '•■', -.physician of Beaiiport Asylum for two years ; has had bcea^ioiitpu 
 
 ■^ ■■:/'.::■.;'■'.■, the instruments mentioneid by;L)r( Howard ; there are in$ane people ;: ^ij: ;;■ ' 
 
 ■;-■..'• '.;who appear sane to any one except alienist physicians. Insane people'.- -.'^ 
 
 • •■ ■'\i' ■(^are sometimes endowed with cunning. Dr. Vallee's views as Airthor;:-'-^;^,^ 
 
 ■ V •■,'';/. ..given by him* areas follows: No matter how marked the depfes--, -',..'- 
 
 , ■:. ,;;•: ■'■^iori of temperature, of itself it does not constitute a proof of insanityV.:;:;-?.!;;^/::!^:^^^ 
 
 ./■ ,^vi;'y^;i5r. ;Hbward arrived; a^^^ 
 
 V-::';-^-v: j^lo^-'^^'h^ fit of epileptic mania; and, consequently, cpuld.-'l-y-^^'f";'^:^}^^ 
 
 -•^■.^>V'^'.';Iip^:te^held responsible for this^^ 
 
 ',>;;;.;^. '';^^yfit 'rriust have been epileptic dizziness or veiled epilepsy.- ^NdWy; the:'';;.^ •n;:'':''iv^ 
 
 '':■:':.''.:'.: tmsettled state of the mind, the obtuseness of ideas, the cbnfiisidn idf!5^:y''(^vv;-;:;f;V;-^^^^ 
 
 ■;■:. .•.;■'.'•: memory,. are the essential characterii?tiGS;_of such attack ; nothing'"%<'^^^'^?;;\:;{^yx^^^ ; 
 
 ^ ':•;':;■.;; ■I^ianaloj^ous can be detected in Hay Yeri^;^-i^ii.;thie.:t^ every thing ^r/c^lti^ hi:; ;^ 
 
 , ^.S^C; ./indicates most cleiarlyxthatM^ 
 
 ,-C '• ':?V!^^se his y 
 
 :^!^.;:/:^-: ■;■■■;■ '^xjplainediiis ' reason ;fer,s 
 
 ;;^.-;';'^j:|'!yagain." :)-\-,,y.r'':^:-\.--'^-':'i^^ 
 
 ;.;-:i .-; ; ' ■ V Dr. WilHarn -Gardner' tie^t testified; Has pirajctised for- sixte^iV::^ '^v- .;!i^.^^ 
 
 •':\o;;.;'.'. years, and is Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at McGill College;;->-'V'4v-;'fi^^ 
 
 :! ° •':,"•;.; has known Dr/How^ and heard him read jxipers on the subject bfv; '?V': vflu:: . i^^^ 
 
 .:v; . ;< • ; ;v:: insanity: ; he has the reputatioii 5f ^knowing his subject; jvierry^AveJl, but: . iH; ■ ::■^^ ^:- ' 
 
 '.■■ ^ ';•.,;■''■-"' ■ of holding . extreme' view's, :,' there,; Were' no;;;fafctl^^ }iV^y v-^'^'^"^^*i'^-^^^i 
 
 i;^^./^. :.''■; :warrant the opinion that the prisoner was-' an 'epileptic maniac or im^^,:■ >.'-";';' 'tui^^^;^^ 
 
 K':.;^ ;■•;:;'' becile, but he was certainly stupid^ and of a low order of intelligence-; '■^■i:-'^$l');K:^'i^£-,:\^i 
 
 ;?;::v^y';^v from the evidence he has heard he would not have made such.,a;'.; .5^; :':;/;. .;.f-:V-l''^^^ 
 
 ;^.'':;^''^' diagnosis as Dr. Howard's, but had he done so would, consider the :\;t":-'"'>/^^^ 
 
 -;' ./ ::vJ-'-'^ prisoner a fit subj ^et .for an insane asylutri'; hC; himself would not have s/t!;-!;'^' fir' -J^^ 
 
 ■^ ;;^- i-i-".-:'; sent him to a lunatic asylum ; vritness is of the opinion that pfisoner'^jV^^j^^^^ 
 
 " ^ V'^ .ivV • <^a.n distinguish between right and wrong j iris. possible to -Be partiallyf^^;. ;:^y - ^ir-;iji;;%;^? 
 
 -:i'V •:•%•■ insane or monomaniac; insomnia is not a sign of ins^pity.' He was-jV 'l^.'CJv^'^ii^''^^^ 
 
 ■;..';■;.,■■:.•'■:,■■■;. . \ . '■ ■ - ° , ■ /.■..•■, ■■■.',■::;■'. .''^v ^■■:-'.'i;"'>'V,'i--.>- ^i- 
 
 '•' ^.:':!v of opinion that all the isolated symptorris combined would not pro-? ''^^;';,':y; ';i;X;\c;:-j^^^.i^i■ 
 
 : • :V'' duce insanity. In all his experience and reading never knew of a case"''''; ^•^•^•■V':;:^'>iv>i^V.^-^ 
 
 v;'-v .'./v;,';-- where the temperature was so low, except in cases where. death waS:':)^'''^"''-:'^:':^-^!?- 
 
 /. v'!-..>-; impending. On cross-examination he said 'K8;'nev€!r was bonhecte4^.:yr-v^^^^ 
 
 -:, ■•;.{;: .with an insane asylum, but has treated about thirty insane patient'$^''..^ .-.''•:, 
 
 ,*'..■.,.. . ■•':\-v:..^ Dr. .Charles Cameron next testified. Had practised for eight .yearS|.>i^':\.:V: 
 
 !.':;.. five of which he passed in the Montreal General Hospital; is Pro-'- ^\':.,Vv;;. 
 
 SI 
 
 ':■* Canada Medical Record, November, l88l. 
 
 .t"' 
 
 
 '^^■•SC;!!: 
 
 
 . : -'. ... • •■A; 
 
 » ' =' <i ■.'" • ' " "i y ^''.ii ''r. ■; ■• '••.'f 'i . i'^' 'u: 
 
 .y 
 
 'J^ 
 
 ■ •■ ■■■••.'■■*■■ '•-X ■■■■*. ■'* 
 
 

 ^i^hf^ " '-^^^h'P^/^ th6 lowest temperaiiire ofr recdrd is';;/\ 'v?'' 
 
 «^^;-^?^:^r7%v;)^i;y .;::«ipbrisib sftth cases is /to -compare: t^ 
 
 :S''.*'rt>"<, •V'''"' ■■'•>■■■'.■.■■■■-:'■ • . ■■'.■■ • ■ ,' !■ ■■ '■■.•-'■.'.; ■.' f .!'■•:■. v: ..; - '•,...■ ' ' ■ .'VC .'■ -j •.>■■..■■■ .' -"v 
 
 ;|^^:^'i/f\^^- ■•';■• •■/::!'i- / icbnfiisipii bf 'raeitn^ jas/'regards- many of th,6 ■^epileptic psyr;; ■■:'^[(.. vV^ i'^c 
 
 i?!:^:^*;'!^:!:;--.':; "•. ;:-^ v > ^-'cHoSeis^biit theF ai^e wanting^^ m^ needeci, 'in-many' of .; '^ir- -S/ >■ 
 
 if ^^:^'^^'^w. '^:/;'--' N^ their ^vidiie is but.a very, Viery relative 'one. Dr.' , '■[-. •;^l\'- ^^ 
 
 ;;;^j^i^-^;f';^.!v^;'^^ with imbeciles, using tliey: ^;:j;;^ >>:.; 
 
 i^?^^/^,;iS^?\oV^;;^<!'i^j3'fter;term^^e in the sense of 'Dr. Howard or the ordinary sensed' ;':;'~'rt^;;lvv^>; 
 
 ,^^-x'H\;t:v^'r:l'?:!--v"']^ in accordance with the views held by alienists; ' His testimony '.■•;;-.'^'':^--"" 
 
 _ ^^.,^.;^.^^^^,, .^ theory that -the. pnsoherwas a hardened crin^ who would com- .;; .';■,;: ''^ 
 
 ^K'iMvvrf:::^,;/.^: v^^ a crime in a- -reckless, : brutal .rnahner,:. No reckless, hardened ^^}': ■•:;"■ •■'";•/ 
 i''^^'-!iv?'lot ' iiy'S':^ act in such a manner; and rib sane criminal of any; ';V. 'i^ViC.'/ 
 
 ':iffi''^'>!'t'liC;''i:,."':. '!bther type would have ;conimitted such a desperate crime for such a : V^yy-: ; ; vf ^■, 
 .v,:/:v;4'- (more than dubious motive. What Dr. .Robillard means, by saying 'Vr--- ■;';';'> 
 J>:v;,-;^>^i^*f the prisoiier was per his ac;ti but became immedi- ; •:•':>',;•;'■' 
 
 '^■:l,;}-;^via]t^ly excited and that rpiised his dormant impulses,'^ can nbt well be ;'■ 
 V:;;y-;;-y^r determined is obvious Dr. Rbbillard was endeavoring to explain ,•; 
 
 ^V/'Sif'i^pmp psychic' phenomena of the prisoner to his own satisfaction. There :•: 
 »v-!.;'::;'-^ ;:->V3;".";Ms here, then, first a.crime performed with great calmness, then great" ■: 
 .•excitement, and then very great stupidity; but it may well be asked, '; 
 k}^^.^^-:T:vSif:''h''^:-does not this correspond ideally with certain epileptic psychic pheno- 
 •;in.eha;?v The meaning, of. the paragraph, "The muddle in which the "1 
 /prisoner passed the greater part of his. life made of hima mpst de,- ". 
 •.praved character, "is- very obscure ; perhaps it alludes to the prisbner*s '! 
 
 
 ■' -i- i 
 
 ''^5'i':j;-f .■ •'U-'^-'^ y F ."■?;■■ *'■ Canada JVIjediMtReicOrdi/lieeeTOt^^ i • • .■ /■ ■. '•:-:\- . -•. ^^^:"'.v -:i'\-;-V- ' / [Sr ■\> M ■■ 'y.'i;:':-^ 
 
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 Crime and BesponsihiLity. 83 
 
 intoxication. It was obvious Dr Robillard did not malce a thorough 
 examination of the prisoner, or he would have determined the same 
 analgesia found by Dr. Howard. ' ' 
 
 According to the statement of Dr Pominville, the prisoner was ° 
 cool and collected after the murder, but was taciturn and morose 
 naturally, and was debased morally and mentally, whatever that may 
 mean. He evidently did not belitve that the prisoner premeditated 
 the act, or he would not have said that the prisoner at the time of the 
 act never thought of wrong or right. If he did not weigh the con- 
 sequences of the act, it was not premeditated, and by this evidence 
 the theory that the act was more than impulsive receives a severe 
 shock. It must be remembered, in weigtnng the value of the state- 
 ment that " Dr Pominville never saw any evidence of mental derange- 
 ment in the prisoner, ' that in Canada, as in the Lnited States, politics 
 determine appointment to medical positions in jails,|and that as a rule* 
 mental derangement is not first noticed by the jail i)hysicians, but by 
 the keeper, who naturally requires tremendous evidence to make him 
 believe that a convict, ill physically or mentally, is not feigning. 
 Hayvern, however, was placed in the infirmary soon after his attempt 
 to escape \\ hile there he, as testified by Dr Howard, asked the 
 inhrmarv nurse to strike him on the head, and made man) other 
 strange requests to this man, who said ht at fiist thought he was 
 joking, but finally.concluded that the man was mad. These facts, 
 however, are not proof positive, for I have known prisoners to make 
 prison keepers believe them insane, but there always has been some 
 question in my mind as to the existence of epilepsy m these cases. 
 It is, therefore, cndent that Dr. PominviUe's testimony is not beyond 
 impeachment on this point 
 
 Dr Gardner appears fiom his testimony to consider the man of a 
 low order of intelligence but not an imbecile, although even from the 
 standpoint of a low order of intelligence he is very stupid. How 
 th's differs from imbecility, I must confess I cannot determine. Dr. 
 Gardner's reading respecting temperatures did not embrace the 
 Jomnal of Mental Snence nor the Zcitsch) ijt fia Psychtattit, nor the 
 Medical Eaofd, or he would not have made the statement that 
 death must be impending if such a temperature existed The same 
 remark will apply to Dr Cameron's evidence. As to Dr. Cameron's 
 statement that a man must be the measure of himself, etc , a little 
 reflection will show that while this is true in a very limited sense, 
 considered as an absolute rule it is a failure The primary mono- 
 
 r 
 
 S< 1 
 
 
 
 ,1' '\ 
 
 -> •>. * ■< 1_ •■J^^ i /< ' t ' fA 
 
 . f 
 

 S4 Philo8oj)hy of Insanity. 
 
 ttianiacs are always monomaniacs, and the imbeciles are always imbe- 
 ciles. The attempt to compare them with tJieir former selves is an 
 absurdity. This idea of change of character being an absolute rule 
 is an enormous hindrance to progress, and has caused not a little 
 injustice; in forensic psychiatry. Dr Cameron, in his editorial com? 
 ments, seems to have forgotten that there is such a thing as an 
 epileptic countenance and a pallor ])eculiar to epileptics, and that a 
 sound and scientific diagnosis of epilepsy might be made on this 
 «evidence, although the patient was never seen in a " fit." 
 
 Taking into consideration that this patient presented an epileptic 
 •pallor, that he had a convulsive disoider during childhood and >outh, 
 that the alleged motive was baseless, that immediately after the crime 
 Ihe was at first cool and collected, standing perfectly still for a 
 -minute, and then markedly and Molently excited, so that an intel- 
 ligent observer (the Catholic cleig) man) claimed that the man was 
 maniacal, and the subsequent stupidity, the presumption that the 
 crime was the offspring of an epileptic psychosis, seems the most pro- 
 bable one, but it must be admitted the case is a difficult one. ( 
 
 Apait from the testimony directly bearing on the case itself and 
 from the question of temi)erature, the e\idence on both sides was 
 much more in harmony with the present state of medical science than 
 the expert testimony , of the more recent trials. The prisoner's 
 statement that his aneurism was' something alive which needed 
 cutting out,. Was not necessarily a delusion;:/^In a,' man of his intel- 
 ligence, the /supposition that, it niight be a parasite -^^ a not 
 unnatural oni?, and the belief that it needed, cutting out was fully in 
 •accordance with many popular jde.as on -surgery. The prisoner was 
 ibund guilty and executed. 
 
 'llie brain presented the following features : The Sylvian was 
 mnited with the first frontal gyrus; there was a junction of the inter- 
 ;parietal with the parieto-occipital and first temporal fissures; an 
 «extension of the calcarine fissure into the scissura hippocampi; a 
 ainion of the collateral and calcarine sulci, and there was a fusion of 
 tthe first frontal gyrus so that there appeared to be four frontal con- 
 \olutK)ns arising from the ascending frontal or anterior central g>rus. 
 The results of this examination have but little value from an anthro- 
 pological standpoint, and none at i^^^^^^^ of the 
 \ iilienist.* '■'■:'-■■''■'-■■. '': J '■:■■■ -r'^^^^^ ''■■'''^:-:-S''' -^^ ■•V' 
 
 * I must differ with the views of the learned Reviewer as expressed in the four 
 last Inies. True, the examination was valueless pathologically speaking, but cer» 
 
 
'.' < '} 
 
 1 ) 
 < 
 
 I. 
 
 
 ; ( 
 
 -^ rv^; ^ 
 
 Crime and Reai^nsihility. 
 
 85 
 
 The reader, having read the foregoing, mW be in a, better position 
 to Understand the following s 
 
 I have said that under the English law an insane man is not held 
 responsible for his acts, indeed I believe this is the rule in all coun- 
 tries ; but the trouble is to prove a criminal insane, that is, to satisfy 
 a judge and jury that a person accused of crime is insane I failed 
 to do so in the case of Hayvern, although I did my best not only to 
 prove him insane, but an epileptic and an imbecile His brain proved 
 the latter, according to my definition of what constitutes an imbecile, 
 vizj, a teratological defect in brain structure * That there was a 
 
 ^ainly of the very utmost importance from a teratological standpomt. The brain 
 was not a normal but abnoi mal brain, an undeveloped brain, not that I by any 
 meins consider it necessary tint the cada\ei should reveal either teratological 
 oi pithologicil defect to piove that a mm when ii\ing was inbane, foi, as I hive 
 already said, thousand? of persons \\sive lived and died insane and the cadaver has 
 revealed no cause But in this particular case th*" cadaver revealed, at least, tera- 
 tological defect 
 
 * Duiing the early part of the Sitting of the Couit of Queen's Bench, when the 
 unfortunate Ilayvern was tiied, same judge presiding, the same lawyer prosecuting, 
 a man of the name of William I'ulmei ^\as tiied for having pi tmeditated and with 
 m \lice aforethought dischait^td a pistol at the foreman of the ebtablishment (Messrs. 
 Lovtll 6^ Co ) in whith ht was emplo>ed, with the felonious intent of doing him 
 guevous bodily hcirm Bulmer was defended by Mr. W. Polette, advocate, a son 
 of Judge Polette, and his defense was the plea of insanity, and he called upon me 
 to prove to Couit and jury tliat the man was insane I Msited the man m prison, 
 caitfully examiredhis featuies and his manner, spoke a few words to him and pro- 
 nounced him insane 1 hese facts, when the man was on trial, I stated to the Court 
 and juiv, adding that fiom the fact that I found him insane when m prison, a few 
 days before, that he was insane when at t' e bar on trial, and from the evidence I 
 heard in Court of how the man conducted himself at the time he fired the pistol, 
 I had no doubt but that the man was insane when he committed the alleged erime, 
 and that he acted fiom an iiresistible impulse My fiiend, Dr Robillard, Govern- 
 ment Inspectoi of the insane in the piisons of Montieal, difleied fiom me He did 
 not think the man insane at all, nor that he feted from an irresistible impulse. Of 
 course, none of the jail officials saw an\ thing insane in the man's conduct while in 
 prison His Honor Judge Monk charged stiongly against the pnsonei, assured 
 the jury of his \ery high opinion of me as a mental scientist, but at the same time 
 warned the jury against accepting the dangerous doctrine of irresistible impulse The 
 jury found the pnsonei guilt) , that is that he was not insane Mr Polette, the 
 lawjei for the pnsonei, opposed sentence being passed, finallv I believe had tlie 
 indictment squashed, but tins is of no interest, so fai as the sanity of the man was 
 concerned, - > -^ - ^ 
 
 Well, notwithstanding my friend, Dr, Robillard's evidence, the evidence of the 
 
 '^i,^\jsvi:;'-5, _.:•>, 
 
•!■.■% -'W 
 
 ^:^:i^yk^:>':J:i■:■o^•■'■^^■>/:^^■i.'r■':^■^ Philosophy Of In8ariity.-;:)^:-r,-i^/^:''^;-fc\-'^,v:-..-. >'■.■.' -vx, 
 
 ^ljj^?^^?^T-/:^-;>f,v^ and Dr. Osier admitted it V;..^yC>^';' 
 
 0|J|{%H:-r;j|;!}S^ 
 
 traiii>\ijV;^sy^ei^^ although i;;;;i;>:,v 
 
 ^jii^;i;^-'|^'i:i' v;:,;^^ appear jh the published minutes of the meeti-v- :l:{v •'^ 
 
 ^^-■■^''-•^ '■■':''^^:'j:/^j^i>-:i^ ixiiniites arisv. m up: ir|-.a ;p^ strange >";^ x "i^ 
 
 iKV:>-^;;'C.;toannen I only asked • 'Dr. -fPsler two questions. One was, did he ; C;- • ■ : > 
 ^^■-^i^v :%"' '-Xecognize the brain to %6 abnormal ? To which he answered, yes. v 'c^ >',^':; 
 ■.:;f^v?'V:;;:V;The other was, considering that the hospital waa open to all classes f. -.'^S - 
 ^f:;.:- '^-t Pf perspnsj was it not probable that in thps;e in whom he found the ;'; '.-/^i^S 
 
 ^ ;;■;:;• :Nj^a|id^ havingviaiijf -higtoiyr;^ or character^- ; 'V fj'^':: 
 
 \:}^''a? ■■''::,'' tTiight :we not be juiitified in assuming that these persons belonged to'VC'V;; 
 l;i;s'^;" ' the; cnrnihal class of society ? To which he answered, we might :^/.v: >>: ; 
 ;u.:r::- V aissUme it, more particularly as it was a fact that some of them had : s- ;;J ' 
 j'.r;'::^:,;/: ., ;b I never asked any such absurd question as to how ::..~'^^ v. '/ 
 
 ■:;!-;^ : <;' .r the brairis^^w^ because Dr. Osier had • .;^^.' 7 .', 
 
 'f '^^i; :'A'; ; |nf^^^ times that it, was by Giacommini's;.-:;^ ft^f; Vi_ 
 
 ':'',;;:.■}';■ ■'i'j'j^il officials, His Honor'^ charge, and the intelligent jury's verdict, the manwaS;..-. ■ I. •■]',; 
 ^- ■: r.-'r^^ m^ suSfe.iiig from acute mania,, and I knew it, but I could ;'/,;: ..y:' 
 
 ;.;. ;'V:' afford to bide^^m^^ ^ •:-•!/:? 
 
 ■ ^1 ^/^^ ^ .^^s> '-'^^ man,' after bfeingkept in the Montreal jail, in a state of insanity, from Sept.> '':..,, •'.../ 
 l88i, to June, 1882, has.been sent by order of the Hon. Attorney General to the \ ;.■ V; . . ' 
 LunaUc Asylum at Lbngu'e Pointe, where. Isaw him this 12th of June, 1882, about v.-,'; '.,;,, 
 ^s msaneamanasthereisin the asyluni-mania in the chronic stage. I said^m •..■.' 
 
 Dr Kobillard, was Goverilmeht Inspector of the insane of the prisons of Mohtreal ; '...''';":•.•; 
 now, his duty is to recommend the insane that he fi .?ds in the prisons to be removed to ,'.' ; •' i^ '•.■ 
 the asylum, so I presume it was at his recommendat has beeft sent :;'. . ;. 
 
 there. Of course, fora fewdays after the trial public opinion, through the papers, ;:■.:;/ .r'-i' 
 approved highly of the verdict, of the wisdom of the Bench, and the iiileiiigence ,■ / ' . 
 of the jury, in giving no heed to the. plea of insanity and that most dangerous doc- '.; \"' .. :v; 
 time put forward by Ckv: Bowaid ",6!f zVr^^^ 
 
 allowed, every, scoiiiidrel that wished could shoot down his neighbor, and then' ,.:;'•'•>.';. 
 plead irresistible impulse. Much more of such popsense was written; wliich.wcas not .: X .; : -^ 
 very complimentary to myself ■',•;';•"■'•: ;;•'•:.•'..,•" ■:'■ ' "',?■'/''■,''','■ '/vVtV-vV' "/ :'V, ■"C'; V,"''"'v' 
 i hope now>.public opinidn will, express itself through the, sanie .medium, the :';'.;-;■ • 
 ' press, ana acknowledge its error, and that it will be a lesson to public opiniotl/m;;-: ;;'.%'■': 
 
 future not to interfere in matters that it knows nothing about. '■::''r-'--i:'i:i^: 
 
 Although naturally pleased that time should justify me, L write this with n(>^;> f'-'i: 
 Spirit of triumph, but to give another proof of the titter absurdity of our systeni-"-*-;. ; V : ,v^^ 
 judge and jury to decide wliethera maii'is or is libt in^ne; whether he is br.ibnot v- ; -vri'iy 
 ^legally responsible for his acts. ; ' ' '.,,',. • ' •;' ';•■■'•..,;',■; 
 
 Surely no one can deny, but in this case justice made a great mistake; but not . v ,. iv • 
 ' pne jot greater than t did in the case of Hugh Hayvern, although it fortunately had ■' .. '",. 
 not such a tragicalending. , ^V: , •' •-. V..!.- ■ . : . • ■ \..' -^^ ■.•.'•■^:. 
 
 S 
 t 
 
 •J.J, 
 
 .-,'> ^!*<i:Ciy^:^iS'^Ji)k-:i:di^y/\:;:A^^ ''>;':^'; i^'uvi- '.^^w'/Vfi'' '!:■, 
 
 ^■:t^B-MKi 
 
;;;■;■:' !:■■•: -^ 'method. Moreov r^;more than Qiic^^hav^ had the pleasure of seeing . v iv, 
 
 ^:.s;V';:-:Pr. Osier preparing these brains. ;:|a'Ithie- course; ot this chapter it; :,y';'' 
 
 ^;.:/,; ;•;;; '.w that all my trouble in the "case of Hay vem arose from the ;<../? ^ 
 
 ^,,/:; '■.;^.-;,v;,i[act that neither judge, nor jury, nor doctors (at least judging by their •'^rfi'J 
 ' :: ■^'V.v/ Evidence) had ever before heard that insanity was a physical disease, ;;'rv'' 
 . v:.t:;^- ;;,: ItO:; ;i?e diagnosed biy cUnical symptoms j and that physiological<J-; \ ;: 
 :r/,/-;.j\^-;;:arid 'psychological symptoms were ottly 'eflfectvpifyi'a^^^ 
 .:ii^: :^:^. '.'Cruise, a^ abnormial state of the mental physical organization. • ;;,1v;;^;''^^^^ 
 J "-'%••;:'•' Now should my theory of insanity ])rove to be' correct, the result will.-'Kv^'A'^fVS;- »^ :':^dh 
 
 ■.•■■■ • ■'■; '■;.■, ■' ' ■ ■.■■"'■ ■■^' ■'.■■.'■•'■i.;';i'''-'''^'''v ''■-■;■■■ '■-■■■.-•'('■'(I 
 
 • ^j'Vj:';."-, v;alter our whole teachings of Medical Jurisprudence, so far as the :^.t'^^|^!,^ :jV-Jf' ■■ 
 
 :-^''|;?-''?':'v 
 
 ^ "> . *■ 
 
 '■'''■, 
 
 B. 
 
 *■.'■'! 
 
 .. ''"^/V " 
 
 '? "■■ ■" 
 
 
 '"hi 
 
 ''•■■■.;.■■.■?;■.■•';■■ 
 
 yK 
 
 "^^4 
 
 - -y-question of insanity is concerned; and assuming, as I must do, that >^v 
 
 ■ :^^V:{' .my theory is correct, it is upon this hypothesis that I base my reason- vi?. 
 :' , ■" ; ."iang of the Medical Jurisprudence of criminal responsibility or legal .-y-V 
 ;' ■ : :;, vCriminality. Perhaps the ;Bett^. heading of this chapter \ ' Tye^'^./] 
 - >;; ";;^een ..Tii^^ >ut ^ij' 
 ;.:' >-';v\--^ihat is riot of much coriseqtienGe;v;''.i;'-"--'^/ ::-' /^:'' ■/:^.-bi^;^';^: ;i^S5-i;- '■■'•■;f:; ,; •,;'^::-'^ ',. 
 
 ■ .r-v. I cannot conceive any man bdrig placed irt a more uheriV^ 
 rvV-iVposition than is a medical expert when he undertakes to defend a ''V:;; 
 ■••;.^,v- criminal whom he conscientiously believes to be irresponsible for Iris '•; ,v 
 /:; :>erirtie,, beca thathe is an imbecile or inSariej or both imbecile and; v.:-. 
 ■';X;:;;;;insaher--in either case incapable to control by any effort of his willj'ori);- ^^i; 
 ■;..... even have the will to control his insane or imbecile desire, or his insane ':.>■: 
 
 <*. « . .- ' ■, , , ■ ., ■■-.'■■■ 
 
 "; v'i/::and nnbecile impulse. Society m the aggregate is a. multiple of-:;V;'. 
 
 •■.y;;,'v: "individuals, and, like unto individuals, subject to normal and abnormal ';:';':,; 
 
 V'Vy States, depending upon various objective causes. Society likes excite- i'./^ 
 
 '■"■'.■v/nicnt, likes anything that adniinisters to its morbid curiosity. It >-.^? 
 
 ,;;;^ "-(Jelights iri a good well hunted ii]> and well discovered scandal, ias-';0 
 
 ■ • 1 ';■ ;^hen some frail one (loving, not wisely, buttbo.wd^ strays from the; ;;'; 
 .-..vVvjioid and is lost. But society gluts, and goniiandizes over .a inurder, ■ ••,' 
 
 i .'^. ■ .; v.and the more brutal the murder the better for society. Society does . ';■;'< 
 
 ■; ^' .' ;;■ ijot in reality care a row of pins for the victim, as exemplified in the i^vi 
 
 ;t^ •;■ -^ase of Hayvern, who killed Salter, when they were both convicts in,vj^;v 
 
 ;! 5. ;:'•/: -^the Penitentiary of St. Vincent de Paul, Prpymce of Quebec. When ;J^ 
 
 ^y ;;v;SalteKAvas sentlt Penitentiary society was well pleased and said, :'2; 
 
 :■.>;< y,v;Sei:ved him right, every scoundrel 6f his sort must. be punished, or'' ;:^V 
 
 ; -• ■ • "ivhat will become of society. Society isrespectable, yeryj so, to show ' ;^' 
 
 ■\^;: v.,i abhorrence of crime, it shouted with the voice of a trumpet^ — served 'V. 
 
 ^;s^:;'vthe scoundrel Salter right. But then, on the 29th June, 18S1, society -k;;, 
 
 ';.'■■:; '-was again roused from its state of lethargy, and happy security. The : •( 
 
 ;•, ;■ • vielegraph wires flashed the news from St, Vincent de Paul that Salter, " ," 
 
 
 'C4 ; 
 
 
 S'^ ■■ 
 
 ■A .-If 
 
 ::?-(!■ 
 
 '''J 5' 
 
 
'i:f.-ti;'.'fK^0:-!'i-S' the convict, had been cruelly and brutally murdered by aitother con-^v-Hv^ v ;'" 
 pcrpjlvlj;^:^;;*;;;;::^^^ Hayvern.:.i};.Ti'heri society: fpi^ot- all/ abqut .-th?;;"''-.:,;; ■'%->. 
 
 ^ -j^ the dead Salter became the poor Salter, and nbtvr^ ; / -^i v' 
 
 ^i§yS;i:^^!^!:^*i':/:'v' society thirsted for the blood of Hayvern. Nothing less could satisfy; c'^';.;;;^ ■ 
 i^viiiy^f-liiv^i-^Vy^^ Nothing must stand between society and Hayvern. Any on^^ ';,';• v^-^ij 
 
 !Fll^'i^^Tr•''7:^•^'i^'"0^'^^^>^^ so must, be marked down as the enemy of society^:/;, u- v: :;-: 
 
 P^;%K^'-':'^:^S-^€v;:'D!idVi^^ go/'t!d'/^le6pi^at'riight;;a;na^vv-^/A'!<'; 
 
 ^^^y^'i^iiV^^ /v -"^^^ escaping jfrom pnsori,^ and with , a :lpng,; shar^;-^ 
 
 ^?|i"&P^:3| ;1! jV:;^;^^^^ ground down and sha.rpened to;.a"J;^:.-r^:; •.■' ' 
 
 4'i^(-'^-;-;-/[:'!'Mvv— ^ handle" (see Canada Medudly.fJ\^:^':'^y:, 
 
 ^'i^M-i^'^iv^-^i;^''''''^^^^^^ speaking for society) stabbing them all itif^.;if')';^-;/;' 
 
 the heart. Sp society could not rest till it had the blood of Hayvern^ V/V-a;';,;;^ 
 'i^&-:M-U'J-^^^^^ was also greatly excited at this time about Guiteau who ^Uedr-' 
 l^i^'^vi^^P/^ -f ^■^*^:'"- ''^^^^-'J^ Garfield. So it cried out with a loud voice :- whoever stand? ■ 
 
 ^■^^'i^^it^' ..^^& h>;; ! between Hayvern and death is'- the -^friend, of Guiteati. ;■ So ;society v 
 ■■ S-^/^V!,''v v^ to a- boilihg-poiht-^i(ie could not ' cboV it dn\yrii: vQ ;:-^^ 
 
 '.:\' ■0ST'-'-^^^^'^-^-^^^' ^cdsofi only added fiiel to the flame. Nothing could cool it dowti'w;^.' :';'"^^ 
 : feS'i!'^^^{.:;^i;^.S , • but the blood of Hayvern. Then society got another terrible shock^^-;^;;/:^^^^;■ 
 
 ;W^>^v-,^; A-;^:^ lawyer of great repute 'vyas going to defenid.j.>;\ •-:);;' 
 
 ;.: ■ ■>i'--!-^'^l'. z'^^^if ■;:!'!t' ^ayy6rtt,jQn^^ the crim6^^;Jt^^ >■;;,;: 
 
 ||'!>iv^:^>i;;. S ; -i^: : r]^^^ impulse, and that he!, the lawyer, had called to hi^.'//'/- :>:^;;'\ 
 
 : "■ ^ ;^ in mental science, to render him assi^'>;;-> .'^^^J 
 
 tance, that he might, if possible, prove to the Court and jury, th rough; v- ^ r "45" 
 him, that Hayvern Was irresponsible for his act. So society literally^. '-■.■;■' r'-^ 
 
 
 
 ■.If ■.!•■ 
 
 |5;l!;^r^;.vVv^;;V^°\^^'V bm it would not j be baulked, it must have thi^/- ; V'.^: A 
 
 pJi;^;^>yj>^^;^^,;.^;;;:i -"v^e^;^;^ Society 'wsc-'^'.!- -v-- 
 
 IVTa-.' '■••!•.'.'■.■'■ ':-"'•'.■•.. , ^ '. ', •' ■■ '■'.'■■:''■ ■: t •'■.' ■'<•"■■ ••"■•'■'.■,'■'• ]•■■' ■' ■■.■ ■■■.';; ■ ■ ■ ■'■.■ '■■ ■'■■ : ■:''■'■"' '■ •' •'-■ . ' '. ■ ■■■■■'■. ' ■.' .■■■ " '■ ' •■'-^■■- ■■'■■ ' '. ■■'■■-, '■■•■.■" 
 
 i^jviS^, >:J';; <?; "^;;: 7 • v "jpot 'surprised 'at. t^ his; Msiiiess | J3Ut;wlia '!;://(■•:;: 
 
 0M^:'y'i^^y''^--''\--'!:^ codid' dr:A\^uld\have^ b Dr. : Hv could be guilty of such'ia;:-'^'.-';-'";/^ivi 
 
 ^■^^i-U^^^^:^::;.^''^.-^^^^^ agaim St society. Did he want to let that murdering villain loose. . :;J; ^''YXi' 
 feS^f^'j^, Cffv. V "^'Vu^ society to murder some other innocent i)erson ? Whose turn would, •;':^ /.I;/;"*..: 
 tea/;'^:^ ■■ ^i'-'.^y"-'^' >:!.it^e>next.? -.Where was-the security when such a niain as Dr. H. wqul(i,,.; v^'f^ A ;. 
 m-i^if^-'^A^'^^'-'-'^''' X'^'i^/^i^P'-s^ the gallows ?;//^e y€t^-^C^^-^M^''{%;^^ 
 
 i3S;^i^\/^ ■; -^^^^ QdmdQ M^^ 7i>-"by: ohejof society^sV' ;. ;"-v<§:: ' 
 
 t^?^t<^';:^'^:i'' ••.-'.■;■'■ thousand m " as a stout, thick set^ rriii'scular fnan, twenty* //.t.^.-*"!^': 
 
 '■''''■-.••;'■ .;;;.^: eight years of age, with black hair and whiskers, small deep-set rest-i ' " ;i>vLv; ^ 
 ^... ;^._.^.^..:-:^'^;^\y;,\\irs% eyes, and a sullen dogged look." How could Dr. H, think of ;'.° ■;■;^'./'^;; 
 &^^^l;^v■4^^■:■U . standing between this villain and the gallows? But to the. diff-reiit. !;';/; -'"v/^^^ 
 
 
 
 i^:^:^^C^^i^>fi^-i^'^^: li.t^M-r-:i,^,^K::.^.^:s^M^y: 4'fs^J'St:<^K^-:Jiw-^M--^^^^^>:\^ - ^; ^;;-- . -i/:^ 
 

 'V;>'i",-,-*' : 
 
 
 
 O^vv :;;;' .1 rnouth-pieces of society who kindly came to me,:to' wj^rill^metb have-^ 
 ^; ; v-a-'O;^ notliing. tb do. with the -^dse, l\answered : The man is ian imbecile and^;^^^;,.;^:i;,;"'jji^ 
 {'•■^'X';'^}!'/-rhe is insane; and I believe^he committed the crime under an insarie,!:t:j^V-^^ 
 "a.;: ^•;';^?:',' epileptic, uncontrollable impulise, consequently is not responsil)le ''iof'i'^j?:::!'i}-t-;i',fi^;f 
 V^ -'r/v/-:^ the murder ; and for the sake of our comman humanity, and for th^vi; :»\ ^O 
 ;:V:>|;rf;;V ';;;!'' jsake of science, I must tell these facts to the Court and jury. " Stufif::'^.; ;;^^.V_ 
 ,':v!':^;-! ■■:?■! and nonsense," say society's represeritatiyes:; imbecile or not, mad or>;,;;;^::;^;i;;!,.^.^ ^^ 
 vV'i*: ; ;v i^; not niad, let the fellow-fee hanged ;. it is. the; 0^ proper thing to be^';;;: f ';VJi;^^j:r:j^^^ 
 r';\: j;.^^;;v:;''(done^ 
 
 ;;:vv5;v^//' ;:iny dpctrihe,:and I speak for society, and I telitypu^yoUjarb going tiV^j^J^^ 
 ;-'~ .w ^v:!^5^;JJ>Jure yourself by doing this thing which you areabout to do. Already; ■;^";r^';,''|;;;-t:; 
 ■ !^' V "-v'" -^here are some strange things said about you. I have heard different ■■■i'^<;'/r:ty^ 
 C'fv^Ov:; doctors say you were an advanced m.;.i;erialist, meaning thereby ivn 'i-:? ;v{jyl/:^ 
 ;'.^_^;.v:y'' infidel, arid one doctor of your own religion said evei;y such nmrdereif.;i;;;:';U^ 
 '?l:.::^ ''':i;f0:-sik^ .ii^yern shouM^behtirig;'. because the old' Book^ whidi we all'^iiff'-I^J^^ 
 ' :^ V >>» V V v', -^reverence and believe, said, "Whosoever shedde th man's bloody ■i>yy%"'P-i:'^'^!:i'i'^.^^%J^ 
 
 ., I . '.'.,■••.■ ,', ■■.- • '. ■ • , ■.■■■•■•( ■■!. .■^■■.-.■■" ■■ f ..•,/*, .••i>.fl/*S 
 
 .:»'i. ' ■^' :;;;'fnan shaH his blood be shed : an eye fbj^ an eye, and a tooth fora tooth.'*'":-' .;;;v/;''Av;''^? l^i^^, 
 
 ■'■'■■■;•■'.'■■■■'*'*'"'.■'■-■.''■■.■ -■'"''■ ,■.'■. ... ■ .'"."'k'' *!,i' ■"■.■'. :".'■■ * ■ ■"'■,' .'^•.■'■ t"* ■'■■- jCv 1 
 
 ■■;.^y'/''v;;l}:' 'After all this what could I say to satisfy society. Society never did?:-;- '5.Jiyf^y;;o,'|M^^ 
 ;.'■'•; ■.'■"^,. -^.listen to reason, she had enlisted on her side many other doctors, andr 3^rv.:v"-v.:^;:?:^?;v'-^=^ 
 ■"■:';^.-'?::"<i' they consequently wanted the blood of, Hayvern. All I could reply'V-;-^C;'^|il:>!r/|^ 
 ■:;•; V ■.••:^' 'to society was that in my ignorancei I thought the blood for blood Vsivt^i^-^-Y^-^^^^ 
 1 ■ \> . ■> H--^^^d befen X^ 
 
 ■ -"-'^ •;;'•',:;; murder ^tha^ not put to death, but, on the contrary^^y/'X '^J^C^ "'^ 
 
 .^;v:' rj-y.-'amark Was put upon him, " lesi anyone finding him should slay him.*^-J;K!:'v\;.^.;^;;frii,:^i^^^^ 
 v ■ • ■' - '' All to no Use, society had made up its mind : it wanted the blood of; v^',i-(;';':£^.r^vr^ 
 :v;:;V-;_v.-PtayYern .and, the blood of Guiteau. ■ I tried to niake them umhtrsi^':[!:i-p'-pS-:W^^^'' 
 ^ ■' • r:i<^vi^^a*^#^ that tp a 
 
 ■ r^ . : i ' ijiticH^^ that it complained :of.;: that for thousands pf years th&^'; >%'X?5^^1v:;ft^^ 
 
 ;;'.■/•■■> /bnly-remedy^^ ahiii>v^iS;^J^i\A|?^;^^^ 
 
 '/■•■•.y ,;.•". that sPciety was blinded by its Own prejudice | that it would ; not seef;^^ 
 Jy^r'' ^^'^that punishment was a ' iajlure,, and worse/ than a 'faUure,' that ■■;ij:t'^;.r';^^^ 
 ; 'V^vMfi /• .increased crime ; that;' in fine^" Society neve.; attempted, to makie:; '|tv;'|;^''v-J' J;i^'|■;^^ 
 
 -"■'-.'■■•scientific- iiivestigation and find out what was the cause Pf;crime'i^^v;:?i--*i^-^;f!'^^^^ 
 
 .'.'■■■ -Ti ;'•;.■■..•■.■.■ ■ •". ••■■•.-■., .■',.. ■■ . : ■ . ■;■,."-■.•;■■ .■. ■■..■■ •.: . ...;,..; . , ■... .r y^x- '^■■'■■'•i- ''■-■.■■■•."■^''■'■; ' 
 
 ^' • ;; ■r:u i^-Pheylsa^ .th^ .cause, arijl although thejr^vt -..j; ;^:;'^.; "^/^^ • 
 
 i-:v^!v %:' t^^^^, in %uth, perfectly ignprarit 6f^- the caiise, onitheatabsurd :aS;Suiinp-^:'i^^^ 
 
 T; •v'vV tion they followed up the treatment of their pagan for .;fathers,*ari4;^^ilj^'-^;^vj"^^^ 
 
 •:^;. ■^••^:^'7"-!--;=:*,^"-the iddys of ;ppicui^uis,V'that:philosopherf}tiiat J 
 
 •■y:y .v^.:' sufTerihg was considered the most conceivable of all evils, arid it was V)e'liev'edt)v'atv-V»\u^^^^ "': 
 
 /.'.C;'-^."^ i vpunishmeni^ that 1^, the.iiiflictiQaof:physi(^isufiferi^^ ' 
 
 p.-;'.-.-' V''-«<iI v; ;,■ i:'.v ■■ ':■' ; ."'''•."V-V-*- ':■';•■'■ ■':■■■■'•.'■■"■■ ■'■ ■ '' ; ■■"\ ■' i, ' ;■ '■•■»..'■'•■;• ■ '' :■~r'."j:>\t'^/■i":■ 
 i>•^',■'•>^■.K■r^^'■^• i-'V. ,,.'■.■ '■■■■■• ■■■.■■.! t.rh- ^V^ ■..••■.•.■ ■•.■:- •. ,-■ '.■•'■' ■■::..,, ^. ■•».•.• ■':■;.. ■'■...■■;■■',■..•.■■■;.■ ^ ■" • 
 
 "!■■■';■■■.■ •' :;- •■ ■'• v7 ..■.;■ :...,=:•. • ; '■/V'v .■-, . ■■■■■ ■*;:••.:.; •:;;. ... • ' ^ •,■':■ ^ ■■■•■,■■>'- ^ \ ■> y , '• .- ... , ., 
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90 Philosophy of Insanity. 
 
 thought they could arrest crime by punishment, and that by punish- 
 ment, seasoned with hypocrisy, they could make a good man out of a 
 bad man, a normal out of an anbormal man. So society went on 
 punishing and so crime increased ; and now when science tells society 
 that every man is what he is in virtue of his physical mental organ, 
 ization, society is shocked, and turns its eyes skywards to see why a 
 thunderbolt does not strike down the presumptuous scientist at the 
 feet of society, but it doesn't. Tb jre is no thunderbolt, so poor society 
 stands amazed and sorrowful. 
 
 I have written thus much, as the best illustration of what any 
 medical expert has to expect from society who will dare to come 
 
 crime, but that the certainty of punishment was a greater deterrent than the seve- 
 rity. 
 
 Now the criminal code of to-day is just where it was two thousand years ago, 
 and yet we boast of our Christian civilization — we should rather call it our non- 
 Christian civilization. All our laws are based upon the Roman law, yet our pagan 
 forefathers never even dreamt of the crimes that have to be dealt with in the present 
 day. 
 
 But society will say, we have been educating the people for the- last fifty years, 
 and education should diminish crime. So it should to a degree, bat not the sort of 
 education the people are receiving : it is producim; the vei^ contrary effect ; it is 
 increasing crime ; it is creating in tho people a spirit of bigotry and fanaticism — a 
 spirit of envy, hatred and malice, a spirit of rivalry, of competition, and of the most 
 gross extravagance j it is creating a spirit of oppression, and causing unjust and 
 oppressive taxation upon the people ; it is rendering the people more narrow- 
 minded and aiore prejudiced. 
 
 The man of sixty years ago who could not write his name was not half as igno- 
 rant as many of the so-called educated men of the present day, because the man of 
 the past learned from nature and studied her laws, where the man of the present 
 knows nothing, practically, of nature and her laws. 
 
 Pride and extravagance is the order uf the day, and our system of education is 
 responsible for it : our educational institutions are built extravagantly, not tor tho 
 comfort and health of the students, but for show, for competition, that they may be 
 seen and spoken of by strangers. Then the yearly exhibition in all our schools, 
 they are simply a shoxv, a public show of extravagance, — parents virtually plunder- 
 ed that schools may have a good public show. 
 
 If our present system of education was a preventative of crime — crime in its 
 vilest forms — then money should be paid liberally for it. But all statistics show 
 th..: it ir, not a preventative, thnt crime keeps pace with education, therefore the 
 sooner our present system is broken down the better. 
 
 There never will be a sound system of education that is not based upon natural 
 laws. There never will be a remedy found for the prevention of crime till we 
 recognize the scientific fact that every man is what he is in virtue of his physical 
 organization. 
 
Crime and Responsihility. 91 
 
 forward in the defense of an unfortunate criminal to defend him on 
 the grounds of insanity or imbeciHty. 
 
 Advice to Experts. — I will suppose the expert, as in duty 
 bound, takes means to learn the history of the accused man. This 
 the expert will hnd no easy task. He must get from friends and 
 acquaintances all he possibly can of the history of the accused, 
 from his childhood up to the date that he committed the crime 
 of which he is accused. In doing this he must be cautious to ask 
 no leading questions ; for friends will naturally be cautious, and 
 try to discover, L • 'e questions asked, what answer is expected, 
 such as would be favorable to the accused ; consequently he will, as 
 a rule, find better information from acquaintances than from the im- 
 mediate family. On the other hand, the expert must be very cautious 
 as to how much weight he gives to the reports he derives from any 
 person who may be justly or otherwise prejudiced against the accused. 
 All the information he thus receives, whether of the accused himself 
 or of his parents or relatives, should by him be carefully noted ; then 
 without bias, and with the simple object of arriving at truth, search 
 into the question of hereditary taint or predisposition as heredity or 
 predisposition to insanity, as it is now no longer a mere hypothesis 
 or theory, but a settled scientific fact, and so far confirms my view of 
 the physical nature aud cause of insanity, which is one of the main 
 objects of this essay — the proving that mind and body are ^w^opera- 
 tively, though not essentially. 
 
 He should also be most particular to learn the habits of the 
 accused, particularly whether he was, or was not, an habitual drunk- 
 ard ; bearing in mind that habitual drunkards establish in themselves 
 an epileptic neurosis, which they very frequently leave as an inheri- 
 tance to their offspring, and that this neurosis may develop itself 
 either in epileptic convulsions or in impulsive maniacal attacks. He 
 should also bear in mind that his mental organization may be the 
 cause, not tho consequence, of his inebriety ; that the lower the organ- 
 ization, supposing him to be an imbecile, the more likely, from abuse 
 of alcohol, is he apt to become an epileptic. After the medical expert 
 has obtained all the information he possibly can of the life of the 
 accused from his infancy up to the time he committed the crime of 
 which he stands accused, and the history of his parents and relations, 
 his next step should be to go and examine the Police sheet, to learn 
 if the accused was an habitual criminal, or an habitual drunkard, and 
 if found to be-so, what were the peculiar characteristics of his crimes. 
 
92 Philosophy of Insanity. 
 
 and what punishment he received for his crimes or crime, supposing 
 it to be his first crime. His social position and surroundings should 
 be also taken into consideration. 
 
 Now, why should the expert take all this trouble ? Because if a 
 well-read man, a man of experience, he knows from his observations of 
 the imbecile, the insane and the sane man, that one of his best guides 
 as to a man's mental condition is his conduct. He knows that the 
 idiot and the imbecile are each such as they are in consequence of 
 abnormal physical organization, teratological defect ; that the man of 
 ordinary intelligence is such in virtue of his normal physical organiza- 
 tion, and that the man of extraordinary intelligence is such in virtue of 
 the same endowment. He knows that a man's actions are prompted 
 by his physical organization, and he, the expert, is therefore to a great 
 degree enabled to decide the measure of his mental capacity and his 
 peculiar propensities whether to this virtue or that vice, and by his 
 ccnduct is he judged as to his sanity and legal responsibility. 
 
 If the experienced educated expert finds the history of the 
 ma . 1 'ion whose mental state he is called upon to adjudicate to be 
 that he had what his parents called epileptic fits or convulsions when 
 a child of eight years old, or at any other age ; that from the age of ten 
 till twenty-eight he had been an habitual drunkard and habitual crim- 
 inal who could not be controlled either by parental entreaties or fear 
 of punishment ; that he preferred a vagabond life without shelter from 
 cold and the inclemencies of a Canadian winter, choosing to spend 
 the greater part of his life in the highways and byways rather than in 
 a comfortable home ; that he was a real Ishmalite, his hand against 
 every man and every man's hand against him. Under such circum- 
 stances, with such a history, the experienced expert will find no great 
 difficulty in giving such a man, even before he sees him, his place in 
 nature. 
 
 He knows from experience that no man leading such a life could 
 have a normal physical mental organization, that it would be actually 
 impossible for an ordina'-y intelligent man to lead such a life, therefore 
 he will at once conclude such a man must be an imbecile, must be a 
 man with an abnormal mental organization, teratological defect ; 
 whether it be an abnormal brain, as pointed out by Benedikt to be 
 found in the skulls of every great habitual criminal, and which I call 
 imbecile, or asymmetrical brain, or whether it be some abnormal state 
 of some other portion of the mental organization, not so easily 
 demonstrated in the cadaver, or perhaps not demonstrable at all. 
 
Crime and Responsibility. 9c5 
 
 Such was the history of the man Hayvern, who killed Salter in 
 the Penitentiary, and when I learned the history before I saw him, I 
 had no difficulty in giving him his place in nature, a low imbecile, 
 whose mental organization, anatomically speaking, approached nearer 
 to the ape than the ordinary intelligent man ; a type of a man whose 
 antetype is to be found in numbers in every imbecile asylum, and 
 who are saved from being criminals because they are deprived of the 
 opportunity. But suppose that the man accused of murder, or some 
 other horrible crime, or attempt at murder or some other horrible 
 crime, that the expert is called upon to adjudicate upon his mental 
 state, should have previously to this crime led a most exemplary 
 life, living in obedience to all the known natural and social laws : 
 what assistance would the history of such a man's case be to the 
 expert ? The educated and experienced expert recognizing that the 
 mind of man, as we know it, is the product of matter, as we know and 
 define matter, and that man's actions are the outcome of his physical 
 organization ; that the matter which produces the mind is subject to 
 physical changes, rendering matter which heretofore was normal 
 abnormal; recognizing these facts, he would naturally conclude that 
 as the man's whole nature had changed^ such change must be due to 
 pathological change in his mental organization, whether mechanical 
 or chemical, so that he could no longer direct or control his actions 
 by his will ; in fact he must conclude that the man was insane when 
 he committed the crime ; that, otherwise, it would be impossible to 
 conceive such a man committing such a crime. The experienced 
 mental scientist knows how little it takes to change a man's whole 
 physical organization from a normal to an abnormal state. It may 
 be a spoonful of brandy or whiskey, a whiff of carbonic acid gas, of 
 chloroform or ether, or, as an esteemed young medical friend wrote 
 to me, after hearing my reply to the question, " If a wicked man 
 became converted, did I attribute it to a physical change in his 
 mental organization ? " My reply w.is, " Yes." " I fail to see why the 
 members of the Society should have laughed at your reply to 
 question ; but I recognized at once the fact that not one of them 
 could have been familiar with the wi..ings and views of such men 
 as Tuke, Rutherford, Bain, etc., or they would have known that 
 in this respect, at least, you were ..n perfect accord with writers 
 of that stamp. I do not pretend to know much of insanity ; but 
 when I think of the vast results that come not from minute but 
 indiscernible nerve alterations, I do not sec why decided perma- 
 
94 Philosophy of Insanity. 
 
 rent changes in a man's thought and conduct cannot flow from similar 
 permanent changes n his brain matter. What constant definite anato- 
 mical tissue alteration results from a dose of 3 of shelic acid or i gr. 
 of aconita, or a dose of scarlatina poison, or concussion of the spine ? 
 Absolutely none, yet all the serious train of symptoms that arise in 
 each case is the direct result of some subtle and unobservable alteration 
 in the tissues of the brain and cord." The reader will now under- 
 stand v/hut I mean when I say that should the expert find the history 
 of the crirr, inal upon whose mental capacity he has been called upon 
 to adjudicate such as the hypothetical case that I have assumed, he 
 will naturally conclude that the man must have been insane when he 
 committed such a crime ; that his crime itself would be a proof of his 
 insanity. Those gentlemen who declaim against this assumption as 
 something that shocks society should do something more than declaim, 
 they should propose come rational means of solving the problem of 
 what is the cause of man's "mental obliquity." What we want is not 
 what society cannot afford to admit ; but we want an explanation of 
 -cause for effect. Any one can declaim against thieves and rascals, 
 any one can call out for hanging, flogging and all other sorts of punish- 
 ments, but that is not science. What we want is a scientific defini- 
 tion of cause for effect. Declamation does not remove doubt, and I 
 have invariably found the loudest declaimers to be in reality the great- 
 est doubters. I wou'd recommend these gentlemen to take a lesson 
 from St. George Mivart, when he says, " When any man has become 
 a victim to doubts he has no rational choice, as he has no duty but to 
 reason out his doubts to the end; to seek to escape them, by calling up 
 a cloud of emotions, is not only useless, but blameworthy." 
 
 The expert having learned the general conduct of the accused, his 
 next duty, assuming the case to be murder, will be to learn all he pos- 
 sibly can of how the crime was committed, with what instrument, 
 whether with a weapon usually in the possession of the murderer for 
 any ordinary purpose, such as an axe, a crowbar, a spade, etc., or an 
 instrument which the murderer was not lawfully entitled to carry, such 
 as a pistol or dagger, which, if in his possession, must be either for self- 
 defence or mu der. He must learn what were the surroundings of the 
 accused when he committed the crime ; whether the accused could have 
 a reasonable hope of concealing or otherwise escaping from the con- 
 sequence of his crime. He should as far as possible also learn whether 
 there had been any previous quarrel between the accused and the mur- 
 dered man, and if they had been on friendly terms ; whether the accused 
 
Crime and Responsibility. 95 
 
 could have had any object or motive in view, such as to gratify revenge 
 for a real or supposed injury, or expect he would derive any benefit 
 from the death of the murdered man, such as inheriting money or 
 property. He should learn how the accused behaved himself imme- 
 diately before and immediately after he committed the crime. He 
 should also learn as to his general state of health, and whether he slept 
 well or ill betore or since the murder. To obtain all this knowledge 
 he should have recourse to the evidence given at the Coroner's 
 inquest. I would warn him to be cautious how he receives any state- 
 ment of prison or court officials, not that I would imply that such 
 persons would willfully state that which wa: wrong, but that from their 
 very surroundings they are led to look upon all accused persons as 
 guilty persons. Then they are Government ofiicials, and they know 
 they will be called upon by the Crown to give evidence against the 
 accused, and whatever they say must not be in favor of the accused. 
 They know they will lose nothing in the estimation of the Government 
 or the estimation of the public if by any evidence of theirs the accused 
 is condemned to death, consequently they too often consider it their 
 duty to play the spy on the accused, and, under the pretence of friend- 
 ship, get the accused to make a confession to them, that they may 
 use it against the accused when on his trial. We had an example of 
 this in the trial of Hayvern ; indeed up to the hour ot the man's death 
 every effort was made to get him to confess and declare a lie, that he 
 premeditated the act and killed the man for revenge. But the dying 
 man refused to lie, and to the last declared he had no ill-will against 
 the man he killed ; he did not premeditate the deed, he had not the 
 knife for that purpose, and he did not know why he had killed the 
 man. It appears the sanie game of spy has been practised upon 
 Guiteau. Again officials know that under our law the Prosecuting 
 Counsel has to assume the accused guilty, and to leave no stone 
 unturned to prosecute to the death, and they know that he expects 
 every assistance from officials to enable him to secure a conviction. 
 Therefore it is that I would warn the expert who goes forward to 
 give his testimony for the accused to be very guarded in what he 
 says to legal officials, and to weigh very cautiously what information 
 he may get from them that may be against the accused.* 
 
 * In the Journal of Mental Science for April, 1882, page 35, there is one of those 
 powerfully written articles, by D. H. Tcke, M.D,, F.R.C.P., designated, Mental 
 Experts and Criminal Responsibility, from which I make the following extracts : 
 
 " As regards Lord Campbell's dictum, I shall venture to interpret it to mean. 
 
S6 Philosophy of Insanity. 
 
 The expert having learned all he possibly can with regard to the 
 .actual perpetration of the crime, if he finds that it has been sudden 
 and v'olent, like an animal springing on his prey, will naturally look 
 to find in the accused an epileptic neurosis. This supposition will 
 be strengthened by the immediate action of the murderer after com- 
 mitting the crime. He will hardly alter his position but stand like 
 one surprised, like one ivho does not realize the enormity of his act, 
 and if the crime was comui'tted under an insane or epileptic impulse, 
 he does not for a moment realize the enormity of his crime. He is^ 
 at the moment, stunned by the violence of the nerve explosion which 
 impelL d him to the crime. Thus was it with the man Hayvern 
 "when he stabbed Salter. He seemed at the moment stupefied, made 
 no attempt to escape, but walked off quietly to his cell. After being 
 there for a while he seemed to begin to realize what he had done, 
 and the first effect of it was a poor attempt to cut his throat ; but, 
 like all his class, he was too great a coward to do so. But he wanted 
 .some one to kill him at the moment, and encouraged the acting warden 
 
 jiot that science .should be held to possess hardly any weight, but only science as 
 now seen in the " witness box," " cribb'd, cabbin'd, and confin'd," by legal con- 
 ditions unfavorable to her powers, conditions, as I shall show, as unnecessary as 
 they are injurious, seeing they do not exist in some of the countries of the modern 
 world. So far, then, from being disheartened by Campbell's opinion, I am con- 
 firmed in the judgment that our present system works badly, and that it is time 
 we should endeavor to rectify it." 
 
 '' Having considered the position of an insane prisoner before the magistrate, let 
 us now regard him before the judge and jury at the AssiZES. The plea of insanity 
 is set up. If the jury find him unable to plead on arraignment (39 and 40 George 
 III., cap. 94, sec. 2) he is sent to Broadmoor until he recovers, or so long as he 
 j-emains insane. If, on the other hand, he is considered fit to plead, one or more 
 medical witnesses are called by the defence to establish his insanity. Probably 
 counter-evidence by the prosecution to show that the accused is of sound mind. 
 The surgeon of the gaol, if called, is called by one or other side, according to the 
 opinion he holds. As is natural under the circumstances, counse'. on both sides do 
 all in their power to perplex the medical witness in cross-examinations, and the 
 subject is treated as if it were as easy of determination and of a reply — yes or no — 
 ■without qualification, as the dimension of a wall or the soundness of a piece of 
 limber. 
 
 Under such condition —science converted into a partizan and medicine into an 
 advocate — the questior: of the criminal responsibility of the prisoner is considered 
 and is fully decided by the jury, can I ask, the present method of ascertaining cri- 
 minal responsibility in our courts ot law be improved. 
 
 Is it not, as I have intimated, inadequate and inconsistent ; is it not an 
 inconvenient ard unsatisfactory method of procedure for scientific witnesses to be 
 
Crime and Besjionaihility. 97 
 
 to fire upon him with his revolver. But suppose the expert in his 
 examination should find it, as a fact, that the murder was actually 
 premeditated, planned and executed, as in the case of Guiteau's 
 insane desire, and every effort made at concealment, v/ould that be a 
 proof of the murderer's sanity? Even to go further, let us suppose 
 that the murderer knew the nature of his act, would that be proof of 
 the murderer's sanity ? No. An insane man is as cajjable of 
 premeditating, planning, executing, and concealing his crime, or 
 trying to do so, as is a sane man. That the expert must bear in mind 
 and not conclude because of the premeditation, etc., that the man 
 was sane. In such a case the expert will be driven to look for 
 motive, and if the murderer be insane, nine chances out of ten but 
 he will trace the motive to some insane delusion of the murderer, 
 such as that he was persecuted by the murdered man, who was always 
 after him day and night, accusing him of being guilty of the most 
 horrib' crimes, and threatening to kill him, et^., or, like Guiteau, 
 impelled by God to commit the crime, or the expert may trace the 
 cause to jealousy. When insanity assumes the psychological phase of 
 jealousy, whether in the man or woman, the insane person will as coolly 
 
 called by the defence and prosecution instead of the Court itself; is it not 
 to place science in a totally false position ; is not the result likely to he 
 partizanship, however improper it may be that it should have this effect on men 
 of science ; is there not something in the very atmosphere of a law court (possibly 
 sophisticated germs) with which the scientific witness too often l)ecomes contamin- 
 ated — the evil communications of the advocate corrupting the good manners of the 
 physician ; and, apart from all this, are not oral evidence and a captious cross-exam- 
 ination little suited for a subtile disease, and the education of truth in regard to 
 it?" 
 
 '• I would here recall the fact that a great amount of time is wasted in the 
 examination of a large number of medical witnesses, when the report of two experts 
 ■would occupy very much less time ; that the value of the opinions thus procured is 
 infinitely less than if obtained from men selected for the purpose." 
 
 " I wish to secure a calm statement in writing in the first instance, but not to 
 avoid a fair questioning afterwards — ^judicial, not captious ; and I bring forward this 
 xis well as the other proposals, as putting in a claim for science before our tribunals 
 in the interests of humanity." 
 
 Those who were present at the trial of Ilayvern will remember that I proposed 
 to read my report to the Court, and then submit to oe questioned, but the Crown 
 Prosecutor objected, and of course the Court refused. 
 
 " When Dr. Howard entered the witness box he held in his hand a voluminous 
 document, which was promptly challenged by Mr. Davidson, and disallowed by 
 the CoMxi."— Canada Medical Record, Vol. X., page 38. 
 
98 ridlosophy of Insanity. 
 
 and deliberately plan the murder of their supposed rival, or of their 
 wife or husband, as the case may be, as they will prepare to g > to bed 
 and coolly execute the murder ; and yet such insane persons, although 
 wholly insane, show no other symptom of insanity, I mean 
 psychological symptoms. There are at this moment in the Longue 
 Pointe Lunatic Asylum two most remarkable cases of this type, one 
 a man, the other a woman. The man would kill his wife, the woman 
 would kill her husband, or some one else; yet they present no other 
 psychological symptoms of mania, and it is an undoubted fact that 
 the woman's husband is a man of the most exemplary character, and 
 the man's wife a woman of equally good character. The proof of 
 the insane delusion consists in that neither of the unfortunates are 
 jealous of any one in particular, but of every one in general. Now 
 under our law, if either of these persons committed murder no 
 person could save them from being hung, for they do know right 
 from wrong, and they would know the character of their crime, and they 
 would not act from impulse but from premeditation, yet are they both 
 insane, from the tops of their heads to the soles of their feet. They 
 are not imbeciles, they are not criminals, socially ; they belong to a 
 respectable class of society, and were persons of ordinary intelligence 
 before they became insane, and from present appearances they seem 
 likely to remain insane the rest of their lives. If either of these 
 committed homicide they would simply plead justification. Insane 
 imbecile homicides always plead justification, or "I could not help 
 it," or " I have no knowledge of it." 
 
 The next step to be taken by the expert is to make a per- 
 sonal examination of the accused person. In the advice I liere 
 offer I must assume that the expert accepts my definition of in- 
 sanity and imbecility. To the expert who does not recognize these 
 facts I would be talking in the same unknown language that I 
 did to the medical men employed by the Crown in the case of 
 Hayvern. They expected me to speak by the book, and did not 
 understand me when I spoke from my observations of nature, and 
 experience. They expected me to follow the books written upon medi- 
 cal jurisprudence, recognizing that there was a distinction to be drawn 
 between what they call medical insanity and legal insanity, and were 
 disappointed to find that I recognized no such definition, that I only 
 pretended to say if a man was, or was not, insane, was or was not an 
 imbecile. They expected me to recognize the book classification of 
 insanity, such as moral and intellectual insanity, the monomania of sus- 
 
Crime and Responsibility. 99 
 
 picion and the monomania of pride, religious mania and partial insanity, 
 and did not understand me when I denied all these as forms of mama, 
 but simply as psychological phases or symptoms of mania. They did 
 not understand me when I said that a man to be insane was wholly 
 insane, that man had but one mind, a unit, the product of matter, and 
 when that mind was abnormal it was altogether abnormal, differing 
 only in degree of abnormity. The matter in one case being simply 
 in a more abnormal state than another, either from mechanical lesion 
 or chemical change in some part of the mental organization. They 
 expected me to speak of mind and consciousness, as the books they 
 had read spoke of mind and consciousness as something incompre- 
 hensible, something beyond the sphere of medical science, and could 
 not understand me when I said the mind of man, as we know it, is 
 the product of matter, as we know and define matter, and that con- 
 sciousness was an organ of the brain in which terminated the afferent 
 sensory nerves. 
 
 They had read in books that the knowledge of right from wrong 
 in the abstract constitutes responsibility, and could not understand 
 me when, in accordance with the views of Dr. Bucknell, I maintained 
 that " responsibility " depends upon poivcr and not upon knowledge 
 and feeling, and thac a man is responsible to do that which he can^o^ 
 not that which he feels or knows it right to do. 
 
 They expected me to speak by the book, and go over the old worn- 
 out track, and evidently prepared themselves for the encounter by 
 reading up the different authors on medical jurisprudence — indeed they 
 were all professors in one or other of the different numerous univer- 
 sities, on Medical j arisprudence, and, therefore, it is to be presumed, 
 could speak by the book, and the book only, for they had no experi- 
 ence. Therefore, they did not understand me when, speaking from 
 my own experience, I said, " body and mind were one^ and that 
 insanity was a physical disease." In fact, in so far as they were con- 
 cerned, I was speaking in an unknown language. 
 
 No wonder, therefore, that the three experts on the part of the 
 Crown should give the answers they did. I quote from the Canada 
 Medical Record, as reported by one of the experts : " Assuming all 
 the evidence that had been adduced in the case to be true they were 
 asked to give an opinion on the following points : \st. From the evi- 
 dence adduced does it appear that Hayvern is an imbecile ? 2?idiy. 
 Is he an epileptic maniac 2 ydly. Does it appear from evidence 
 that on the 29th June the murder was the result of an irresistible 
 
 Q 
 
100 Philosophy of Insanity. 
 
 impulse on the part of the prisoner? 4//i/y. On the 29th June 
 was the prisoner capable oi distinguishing between right and wrong? 
 ^thly. Throughout the trial has sufficient evidence been brought 
 forward to prove the prisoner's insanity and irresponsibility ? 
 In reply to these queries the three medical experts testified that 
 in their -opinion sufficient evidence had not been adduced to prove 
 that the prisoner was either an imbecile or an epileptic maniac, or that 
 the murder was the result of an irresistible impulse ; they believed 
 that at the time of the murder he was quite capable of distinguishing 
 between right and wrong; they furthermore did not consider that 
 the evidence was sufficient to prove the prisoner's insanity or irre- 
 sponsibility." No one but must admit that the questions were well 
 chosen and carefully put by the Counsel for the Crown. It must be 
 also admitted that the three experts were explicit in their reply, they 
 took in their position at once and saw that every thing depended on 
 the manner in which they replied to these questions. They had 
 heard me over and over again say that I assumed Hayvern did hioio 
 right from wrong, as the majority of insane persons knew right from 
 wrong, but that the knotalcdge of right from 7vrong did not constitute 
 sanity or responsibility. But they answered in such a way as to leave 
 the impression on the Court and Jury that the knowledge of right 
 from wrong constituted sanity and consequent responsibility, so did 
 the Counsel for the Crown understand it, so did the Court under- 
 stand them, and so were the jury impressed upon by both Court and 
 Counsel. 
 
 Soon after Dr. Vallee gave his definition of epileptic mania, Vol. 
 X,, page 58, Canada Medical Record : " Dr. Howard ar/ives at U.e 
 conclusion that the prisoner struck the blow while under a fit of 
 epileptic mania, and consequently could not be held responsible for 
 his aC. Admitting this hypothesis the fit must have been epileptic 
 dizziness or veiled epilepsy (I called it veiled or masked epilepsy) 
 — now the unsettled state of mind, the obtuse ness of its ideas, the 
 confusion of souvenirs are the essential characteristics of such 
 attacks." 
 
 No wonder he could not see that I had established that Hayvern's 
 act was an insane, epileptic, impulsive act. 
 
 In the same Vol., page 65, Dr. Cameron gives his definition of in- 
 sanity. " A man must be the measure of hitnself, his mind must be the 
 standard of comparison by which to determine his sanity or insatiity^ 
 responsibility or irresponsibility. The only safe way in such cases is 
 
Crime and Ile8puv»ihiH(i/. 101 
 
 to comjiare the individual with his former self: any measures which 
 divert the attention of the medical man from this, his principal duty, 
 are detrimental rather than helpful." 
 
 The italics are mine. 
 
 Hayvern was simply Hayvern from his boyhood to his death, as 
 it appears to me that Guiteau was always Guiteau, and will be so to 
 the end of the chapte-, whatever that end may be, and it appears 
 pretty certain that he will be hanged, and we will have another 
 criminal or imbecile brain to add to the number already existing. 
 
 I have written sufficient to prove to the reader the correctness of 
 what I have stated, that the experts for the Crown in the Hayvern 
 case did not understand my evidence, when I spoke of clinical symp- 
 toms in insanity. 
 
 AssuMiNc; that the expert reader recognizes my definition of 
 insanity, I would recommend him when he goes to make a personal 
 examination of the prisoner to remember that he is in a prison sur- 
 rounded by prison officials, and, if possible, to have none of these 
 officials present. The prisoner, naturally, would be suspicious of 
 them, and their presence would make him suspicious of the expert, 
 and render him uncommunicative. This would be no proof that lie 
 was not insane, for an insone man can be as suspicious as a sane 
 man. The expert should divest himself of all feeling in the matter, 
 so as to have no bias one way or the other, but simply to arrive at a 
 knowledge of the mental state of the prisoner, that he may make a 
 correct report to his lawyer. Bearing in mind, from the reasons 
 already given, that the face is the index of the mind, his first examin- 
 ation should be physiological, to read the face well, and remember 
 the first impression made is the most important. If the expert be a 
 man accustomed to the insane, and, as it were, living amongst them, 
 at the very first look he will see whether the man is or is not an 
 imbecile, is or is not insane j he will see it as plainly as the child does 
 pleasure or displeasure in the face of their parent or teacher, no 
 matter what effort the parent or teacher may take to conceal their 
 feelin ^s. He will see it, as plainly as the wnfe does anger depicted in 
 the face of her husband, or the husband sees it depicted in tlie face 
 of the wife. Memory will supply him at once with numerous cases 
 of \vhich the person before him is the antetype, so it was with me the 
 moment I saw Hayvern, and in my report to his lawyer, Mr. Curran, 
 I made the following statement as reported in the Montreal Gazette, 
 Oct. 6, 1 88 1 : 
 
102 PMlosoijJiy of Insanity. 
 
 •'On the 26tli of August, i88r, I visited Hayvern in the prison 
 of Montreal. On the first view of the man I was struck with the 
 palor of his countenance, one great proof of the epileptic neurosis. 
 [Explains neurosis as a man's peculiar nervous state from heredity, or 
 h-; may make it for himself by drink.] Remembering the physio- 
 logical fact that " the face was the index to the mind," I studied '*- well, 
 not only when I was s])eaking to him, but while conversing with Mr. 
 I'ayette. // was a blank face to look upon. It did not reveal intclli' 
 gence; moral, insane cowardice was portrayed on it ; intellectual and 
 moral imbecility 7c>as stamped t/ure ; there ivas not one symptom to 
 shew that I was looking into the face of an intelligent., reasoning being ; 
 there was not one mark to shoic that intelligence ever did exist there, 
 or, if ever, it had been obliterated. There was nothing to shew that 
 even in childhood it had been a chet rful happy countenance. // 7vas 
 animal 1 purely animal, and that an animal of a very lozv intellectual 
 organization. I never saw a face more completely portray a loiv animal 
 desire, uncontrollable by any force of will. Looking upon his face 
 I could not conceive that he ever used his will except as it was 
 guided by his desire. I could not conceive that a generous thought 
 ever existed in his mind. I was not surprised at the character I got 
 of him when I looked upon that face, and I said to myself, surely 
 that man is the victim of his organization — aiil to him is good — he 
 is intellectually and morally insane — a veritable imbecile. Such was 
 the impression left on me by my examination of the face of Hayvern." 
 ^Vas I correct in my physiological reading of the face of Hayvern ? 
 Dr. Osier answered that question when on Friday evening, the 6th of 
 January, 1882, he, before the Medico-Chirurgical Society, produced 
 the brain of Hayvern, and pointed out that it was an atyjjical brain, 
 a type of the criminal brain as written upon by Benedikt, a brain 
 which in its formation more nearly approached that of the lower 
 animal, the ape, than it did the brain of a man with ordinary intelli- 
 gence. Again I quote from the report in the Canada Medical Record, 
 Vol. X., page 19 : " On cross-examination, Dr. Howard affirmed his 
 ability to diagnose imbecility by inspection" These facts explain to 
 the reader, to my sujiposed expert, how he should make his i)hysiolo- 
 gical examination, and how important it is for the mental scientist to 
 make a careful study of the face of all pert;ons, particularly the faces 
 of idiots, imbecile?, and insane persons ; and I would particularly 
 recommend, when oppoitunity occurs, a close study of the faces of 
 the ciiminal class of society which are found in our Jails and Pcni- 
 
Crime and Resiionsihility. 103 
 
 tcntiaries. Such a study will well repay the mental scientist. Let him 
 always bear in mind that there can be no physiological effect without 
 anatomical cause, and if the foce be ihe index of the mind, it is from 
 the anatomical fact that the motor nerves of the face take their origin 
 from the most intellectual i)ortion of the brain. 
 
 After the expert has concluded his physiological examinations 
 he should next i)roceed to his psychological examinations ; 
 indeed his psychological examination may be going on while 
 he is making his jjhysiological examination. By this time the 
 prisoner will have become accustomed to his presence, and will 
 probably enter into conversation with him. The expert should give 
 a lead to the conversation : talking upon any subject except the one 
 he is thinking most of; at the same time, however, without letting the 
 prisoner observe it, he should be carefully watching every motion of 
 the prisoner. There is an extraordinary feature that I have observed 
 in all insane persons, and that is they are always trying to act sane, 
 and sometimes they succeed so as to deceive the very best experts. 
 Guiteau succeeded so well that he not only deceived the judge and 
 jury but many experts. They could not see that his very boast of 
 being sa.ie was a proof that he was insane. One of our Montreal 
 papers very gravely informed its readers, after Guiteau had been 
 found guilty : " Why the man doesn't pretend to be insane," as if 
 any insane vcizxi pretended to be insane. How can a man pretend to 
 be what he already is ? Very frequently when examining patients in 
 the Asylum, to see if they are fit to be discharged, I am puzzled to 
 know, in some particular case, whether sanity has been recovered or 
 not, and only by a chance word or act, on the part of the patient, 
 are my suspicions or doubts, with regard to the question, decided and 
 settled, /. t'., as to perfect recovery. Thus, it is often, by little acts 
 and words, that the expert, making a psychological examination of 
 the prisoner, will discover symptoms of insanity. It does not neces- 
 .sarily follow that insanity should reveal itself in wild or violent 
 bc^havior, as v;hen prisoners suspected of insanity act in this way 
 I always suspect sham, for it must be remembered that those who 
 sham, or try to sham, insanity, it is in pyschological symptoms, and 
 those only, that they can feign ; and in ninety-nine cases out of a 
 hundred they over-do it, and are thus discovered. And here I would 
 again speak of Guiteau whose trial is now over, although not yet 
 sentenced in accordance with the verdict of " guilty " pronounced by 
 the jury before whom he was tried. Seriously I do not think this 
 
104 Philosophy oj Insanity. 
 
 man was at any time ever feigning or playing a part ; he was verit- 
 ably and simply what he appeared to the public, the bona fide 
 Guiteau, an unintelligent ''crack brain," but no more responsible for 
 his actions than is the most evident maniac in the Lunatic Asylum 
 widi which I am officially connected. I consider him as a man with 
 an imbecile tcratological brain, subject to recurrent attacks of mania, 
 which, when he killed the President, developed into a homicidal 
 tendency. Having read all the evidence in his case, it appears to me 
 he gave sufficient evidence of insanity, for a long time before he 
 committed the crime, to justify the authorities in locking him up in 
 an insane asylum. Had that been done he would have gone on 
 with the same insane talk and actions in the Asylum as he exhibited 
 in the law court. The only difference would be that the public 
 would, after a time, be unanimous that he was no sham, but a genuine 
 maniac. It is purely on conduct and psychological symptoms that 
 lawyers rest in their badgering of medical exi)erts, whom they some- 
 times outrageously insult by the impertinence of their silly questions : 
 " Do you deny, Dr., that a sane man could not do this, could not do 
 that ? " Lawyers always beg the question, and in abstract questions, 
 assume the possible, instead of the probable. But of this I will speak 
 again. For the psychological symptoms of Hayvern, they were very 
 few. Sufficient were they, however, to satisfy me, although not a 
 prosecuting counsel. The following is from my report taken from the 
 Montreal Gazette: 
 
 " PsychologiccTlly there was not much to be observed. He spoke 
 but very little, and that little did not show intelligence. He said 
 " there was something alive in his belly," which he asked the doctor 
 to cut out. In reply to the question " Did he sleep ?" he answered, 
 " No, he could not sleep." He complained of being tired ; he wished 
 to sleep. Here I may remark that when I asked the keepers in 
 charge if ^he slept I was told he was seen every half hour and when- 
 ever spoken to always answered, showing that he did not sleep. Want 
 of sleep, that is, insomnia, is one of the most marked symptoms of 
 insanity. His manner portrayed nervous excitability, picking up bits 
 of thread and dividing every fibre ; he did not attempt playing a 
 maniac, but all his words and actions portrayed a creature of impulse, 
 who would be guilty of any impulsive act." 
 
 Next comes the pathological or clinical examination of the ac- 
 cused. And here I would remark that I believe I am the first person 
 who has advanced the theory that insanity is the symptom of a 
 
Crime and Responsibility. 105 
 
 physical disease; in fact, that abnormal mind, which insanity is, is the 
 outcome of abnormal matter — teratological matter in the imbecile, as 
 in the case Cx^ Hayvern, pathological in the insane — from either 
 mechanical lesion or chemical change, in some part or parts of the 
 mental organization. If any one before me has made such a defin- 
 tion of insanity I am unaware of the fact ; and I presume that if suca 
 a definition had, by any writer on the subject, been previously given, 
 some one of the numerous experts employed in the case of Guiteau 
 would have spoken of it ; and it is because there has been no such 
 definition that experts seem to have trusted solely to psychological 
 symptoms — consequently, the great difference of opinions between 
 experts in their evidence. The only one that hinted at an abnormal 
 brain was Dr. Spitzka, and he was, as I have already stated, insulted 
 and called a " horse doctor" because he was known to be a student 
 of morphology and zoology. 
 
 I would recommend the expert to make, as 1 did, in the case of 
 Hayvern, a most particular clinical examination of the whole vege- 
 tative and animal organization of the person to be examined ; begin- 
 ning, however, by finding out, from himself and guardian, if he does 
 or does not sleep. I consider insomnia as a most important symptom 
 in the insane, not in imbecility, unless accompanied by insanity, but 
 in the insane. I will best explain my views by giving an extract from 
 my report of my clinical examinations of Hayvern. 
 
 In my pathological examination I found not only his face but his 
 whole body aniemic; that is to say, he was not making sufficient 
 blood for the healthy support of his system ; perspiration was pouring 
 from every pore in his body, cold and clammy ; his pupils were round 
 in shape, but sluggish in action, and his organs of locomotion were 
 normal^ that is, there was no paralysis of the motor nerves. Pulse, 
 no; normal pulse would be about 70 ; axillary temperature 93 4-5, 
 normal temperature 98 2-5 ; respiration 36, normal respiration 18. 
 Radial artery, that is the pulse in his wrist, was observable, and 
 could be seen pulsating. Abdominal aorta, that is, the large main 
 artery from the heart, was clearly visible when ho stood, sat or lay in 
 a recumbent position ; this is the something alive in his bowels which 
 he wished removed. Five days after, on the 31st of August, my 
 examination was continued. I found his pulse at 100 ; temperature, 
 92 2-5 ; respiration, 36 ; heart sound at base normal, at arch of aorta 
 something like a bellows ; sound, apex of heart ; first sound, strong ; 
 second, weak ; sound in the abdominal aorta, abnormal. These are 
 
106 Philosophy of Insanity. 
 
 the sounds that Dr. Pominville so ably described to you, and are 
 frequently found in persons of an epileptic neurosis, but they may be 
 early symptoms of aneurism. Here, however, is an abnormal state of 
 the vascular system, of which the proprietor is not to be envied, 
 caused probably by his fall f .om the roof of the prison ; but whatever 
 the cause, it is sufficient to produce, at least, functional derangement 
 of the mental organization, if not organic, to account for the man's 
 actions ; and then, when we consider what a weak mind he has 
 proved himself always to have had, it is the easier to understand 
 what havoc such a diseased vascular system would produce upon such 
 a mental organization. I examined the nervous system by means of 
 electro-magnetism and an aesthesiometer ; I found all the motor 
 nerves normal, but I found all the sensory nerves, particularly along 
 the sensory tract, abnormal; that is to say, analgesic, partially 
 paralyzed. This, you will remember, is one of the unfailing symptoms 
 always to be found in the insane ; this is a symptom that can never 
 be feigned, no more than can temperature, which is always below par 
 in the insane, except where there is fever, which is by no means a 
 symptom of insanity. 
 
 After the death of Hayvern, and after I had published some 
 remarks from Charcot, supplied to me by my friend Dr. Wo man^ 
 of Toronto, the father of Canadian alienists, upon old age c 'ow 
 
 temperature in the insane, Dr tried to make it appear tiiat 
 
 as I did not take rectal temperature in the case of Hayvern my 
 observations were "utterly worthless." Now I do not admit this from 
 the fact that according to my theory of insanity it is not central 
 algidity, the presence of which is all-important in other diseases, but 
 external algidity, which is the important symptom. Therefore in the 
 clinical examination made by the expert axillary temperature is quite 
 sufficient. Moreover, it is not every insane man that would submit 
 to having his temperature taken per rectum, nor for that matter not 
 every sane man, except he was actually in a state of collapse. If it 
 were possible I would recommend the expert to make four or five 
 examinations, not as a necessity for him to diagnose his case, but to 
 be prepared to meet objections raised by the prosecuting Counsel. 
 For example, the pulse is not at all a symptom of insanity, but it is 
 well to take it if only for the very purpose of showing it is not a 
 symptom, for in insanity we as often find normal pulse, normal pupils 
 and normal respiration and normal digestion as we find any of them 
 abnormal, rjid when we do find them abnormal their abnormity is 
 
Crime and Responsibility. 107 
 
 not a cause or a consequence of the insanity, insanity being solely 
 dependent upon the whole nervous system, yet as I have already said 
 it is well that the expert for the defence, should take every precaution, 
 for if there is one broken link in his armor, the prosecuting lawyer 
 will find it out. 
 
 When the expert has completed his pathological or clinical 
 examination of the prisoner he should carefully examine all his notes, 
 and then make an exhaustive report to the lawyer who has called upon 
 him for his services. He should be most cautious that the lawyer 
 should know his views in every particular, and why he drew the con- 
 clusions he did from the history of the prisoner and his personal 
 examination of him. I did so with Mr. Curran, who defended Hay- 
 vern. My report covered over twenty-five pages of foolscap, closely 
 written, which I concluded as follows : 
 
 Judging the mental state of John Hayvern by his conduct, by his 
 physiological symr^toms, by his psychological symptoms, by his patho- 
 logical symptoms, T do not hesitate to declare him to be a man of 
 unsound mental organization ; that he is intellectually and morally 
 insane — a mere creature of impulse, and if he did kill Thomas Salter 
 in the manner in which he is said to have done, he killed him while 
 laboring under an insane, epileptiform, uncontrollable impulse, for 
 which he is not responsible, and I consider the cause of his mental 
 aberration to be due to three causes : first, nis heredity ; second, to 
 the fact of his being an inebriate from his youth up ; and third, that it 
 has been aggravated by his fall from the roof of the jail previous to 
 his having committed the crime of which he is accused. 
 
 The expert in giving the Counsel his report should explain to him 
 that it was his thesis, and that he was prepared to support it but not 
 go one iota beyond that ; if he, the Counsel^ was satisfied with that, he 
 could go on with his case. If the Counsel saw any broken links he 
 should call the attention of the expert to it, and see if the breach could 
 not be mended without interfering with the general tenor of the report. 
 There should be a perfect understanding between the expert and 
 Counsel before they went into Court. 
 
 I would warn the expert not to go into Court having the same 
 ideas that a great many persons have, and that is that the object of 
 the trial of the accused is tc arrive at truf/i ; to first find out if the 
 accused did really commit the crime with which he is charged, and 
 secondly, if he did so was he responsible for his act, that is to say 
 was he overpowered by an impulse stronger than his will, and this 
 
108 Philosophy of Insanity. 
 
 impulse the result of a teratological defect in his mental organization 
 or a pathological defect, and was it the result of an insane or imbecile 
 desire without malice or rational motive. If the expert expects this 
 he will be disappointed. Under our laws every accused person is 
 assumed to be innocent until he is proved guilty. That is the theory 
 of our law, but it is not so in practice, f'rom the moment the 
 accused enters the Court he is in every respect treated as if he were 
 guilty. The Crown Counsel accuses him of being guilty and assumes 
 he is guilty, and does all he possibly can to prove him guilty, and 
 throws every obstacle he can in the way of his proving himself 
 innocent, so that practically the accused has to prove his innocence. 
 
 Again, every man is assumed to know the law, and to be capable 
 of fulfilling the law, until it is proved by himself, or others, that in 
 virtue of his abnormal mental organization he was incapable of 
 fulfilling the law. 
 
 Now, it is a very easy thing to assume that a man can fulfill the 
 obligations that the law imposes upon him, but it is quite a different 
 thing to prove that, in virtue of his physical organization, he was 
 incapacitated, and this is what the medical expert is called upon to do ; 
 he is called upor to satisfy the Court and jury that the accused was 
 incapacitated, and therefore not responsible for his act ; in fact he 
 has to prove that the act was not his act, but the act of his abnormal 
 organization. The ex])ert may have a moral conviction, as I had in 
 the case of Hayvern, of the man's irresponsibility, but to convince 
 the Court and jury of that fact is quite another affair. There are a 
 great many causes for this. The first and greatest cause is that 
 medical men have not themselves agreed upon what constitutes 
 insanity, what constitutes imbecility, what constitutes irresponsibility. 
 Then the law does not define what mental state of a man renders him 
 responsible. The law leaves it as a rule to the Court to define as it 
 pleases on this point ; so that one judge defines one standard, another 
 judge defines another standard. The legal dictum has been changed 
 five or six times within the last century, a proof that it is not based 
 on common law, and certainly not on common sense. But the general 
 legal dictum has been that every person who knows right from wrong 
 is to be held responsible for his act. It was this legal dictum which 
 caused Hayvern to be found guilty and hanged. But what a dictum ! 
 One that it is impossible to escape from ; one that makes the whole 
 trial a screaming farce ending in a tragedy ; one that would put an 
 end to the whole trial in five minutes if in the very beginning of the 
 defence the question was put to the expert. 
 
Crime and Resfonsihility. 109 
 
 " Does the prisoner at the bar know right from wrong ? " Tne expert 
 would at once answer as I did, that I assumed he did know right 
 from wrong, as the large majority of insane persons knew right froui 
 wrong, which should settle the whole question. The Court miglit 
 then charge the jury thus : " The expert brought up for the defence 
 c dmits the prisoner knows right from wrong, therefore he is resi)on- 
 aible for his act ; therefore, gentlemen of the jury, your duty is to bring 
 in a verdict of guilty. This would save any further trouble. Lest I 
 *;hould appear to be exaggerating I will give His Honor's charge to the 
 jury in the case of Hayvern : 
 
 "Mr. Justice Monk began to deliver his charge at 9.30 p.m. He 
 said he would not make any lengthy remarks. The killing of 
 Salter by Hayvern, the prisoner, was proved beyond doubt, and was 
 admitted by the counsel for the defence. The remark that the crime 
 was only manslaughter had no foundation at all. There was murder 
 or there was not. It had been proved beyond doubt that there was 
 premeditation and malice aforethought. Hayvern prepared his knife, 
 waited for his victim, and executed his crime most effectually. The 
 deed was one of the most skillfully performed tragedies on record. 
 The preparation of the instrument which was to pierce the heart was 
 also artistically effected. But there arises another point, and that is 
 the plea of insanity. It is the opinion of enthusiastic scientists that 
 insanity is on the increase. // is admitted by the physicians that he 
 could discern bcttaeen right and wrong. The convulsions have not 
 been shown to have been epileptic fits. Dr. Howard is a man of great 
 experience, but he is one of those scientific enthusiasts whose mind 
 on this subject is formed of many theories, and it was for them to 
 decide whether it is corroborated by facts. It is the first time that 
 the prisoner is known to have had an uncontrollable impulse. It is 
 strange that in the whole period of his criminal life he should have 
 chosen the moment when he was in possession of a deadly weapon 
 and premeditated the assassination of the man whose murder he 
 accomplished. His opinion was that the prisoner at the bar was 
 guilty of the murder of Salter, and that he had no faith at all in the 
 plea of uncontrollable impulse, which, after all, has never been 
 admitted in Canada, and only in special cases in England. After 
 speaking for twenty minutes, he left the matter in the hands of the 
 jury." 
 
 * '• We glean from a report in the Journal of Mental Science, the editors of 
 that quarterly refraining from commenting much on the report, that expert testi- 
 
110 Philoaophj of Insanity. 
 
 It is evident then, that no matter what proof an expert may 
 bring forward as evidence of an accused person's insanity or imbe- 
 cility, so long as he had to admit that the accused knew right from 
 wrong, at the time that the expert examined him, at the tinie he was 
 undergoing liis trial, and assumedly when he committed tht crime, 
 seeing that the mai ^rity of the insane knew right from wrong, all oUkt 
 proofs of insanity must go for nothmg. 
 
 The insane man is responsible for his acto because hj knows right 
 from wrong. Hayvern knew right from wrong, yet he had an undeve- 
 loped brain, an imbecile criminal brain, a brain in virtue of which he 
 was what he was ; and he did not make his own brain, yet he was held 
 
 mony in cases of clisi)uted insanity in Canadian Courts is on a level scarcely higher 
 
 than in some of our own Our esteemed contemporary confines its criticisms 
 
 of the case to the legal opinions pronounced in the course of the trial ; and, indeed, 
 it would have required great self restraint to refrain from condemming the assump- 
 tion of a judge who in his charge to the jury flippantly spoke of Dr. Howard as 
 ' one of those scientific enthusiasts, whose mind on this subject is formed of many 
 theories.' 
 
 We think that Dr. Howard merits positive indorsement, and we do not 
 believe that a stronger support could be given to our colleague than the furnishing 
 of a bare statement of the undisputed facts, on the strength of which he and Dr» 
 Angus Macdonell pronounced Hayvern insane." 
 
 "In his youth Hayvern had epileptic fits twice a week, began drinking 
 
 heavily at sixteen, and had spells of furor, in which he had to be tied ; a few days 
 before the murder, he rushed up to a fellow convict, opened his shirt and asked him 
 to run his knife through his breast. One of the medical witnesses for the prose- 
 cution inadvertently sustained Dr. Howard's view by describing the patient to 
 have been in a perspiration with fright at sight of a stranger, and attributing the 
 depravity of the prisoner to the ^muddle' in which he had passed the greater part 
 of his life. The low state of his intellect was vouched for by witnesses called by 
 the defence as well as those called by the prosecution. The convict was executed, 
 and profound deviations from the normal convolutional type discovered in the 
 cerebral hemispheres. The gentleman conducting the examination did not, unfor- 
 tunately, limit himself to chronicling the appearances found after death, but accom- 
 panied his post-mortem record hy several uncalled for and tinwarrantable stixtements, 
 whose general tenor is best characterized by mentioning the fact that Professor 
 Huxley, who, although an excellent comparative anatomist, is not usually regarded 
 as an alienist, seems to be Dr. Osler's chief authority for making them. It is 
 greatly to be regretted that, in view of the nature of the deformity found, their 
 interpretation, should be confused by attempting to bring them into relation with 
 the findings of Benedikt, which have now received their coup de grace in Austria, 
 in England, and in this country." — American Journal of Neurology and Psychia- 
 try, May I, 1882. 
 
Crime and Respons'ibility. Ill 
 
 by the law ivsponsible for the physiolog:^;.! etiocts of his abnormal 
 brrJn, and was Ir'-ged. 
 
 '* T/w convulsions have not been shotvn > have been epiltpticfitsy 
 Shown as for as it wa:^- possible to be shown by me, who did not see 
 the child in fits years before. I have as good a right to say it was 
 not shown that they were not epileptic fits. I could only assunie ihey 
 were epileptic from the description given of them, and considering 
 what the man's whole life had been. I had a perfect right to assume 
 an epileptic neurosis ; and then the character of the crime itself, its 
 suddenness, and violence, confirmed my convictions of an epileptic 
 neurosis. 
 
 " It is the first time the prisoner is known to have an uncontrollable 
 impulsed Why the man's whole criminal life was only a succession of 
 uncontrollable impulses . With regard to the preparing of the knife for 
 his victim, later events have shown that every single guard and prisoner 
 in the Penitentiary, who came to Court to give testimony against 
 Hayvern, knew that the ex-warden of the Penitentiary permitted 
 Hayvern and a great number of the prisoners, to have these knives 
 for the purpose of carving bones, hard wood, etc., to sell to visitors, 
 and that the very evening, previous to the day of the murder, there 
 were of these knives, with files, upwards of two hundred taken off the 
 prisoners and from out their cells, and the worst feature in the whole 
 trial was, that these very officials were silent in that matter, some of 
 them testifying that he could not have had the knife except for the 
 purpose of murder. From such evidence His Honor was obliged to 
 assume that Hayvern prepared the knife for the murder. When the 
 man was about to die, when all hope of pardon was over, and he 
 knew it, when he had nothing to gain by stating a falsehood, he 
 solemnly declared, calling upon his God to witness, that he never 
 premeditated the crime; that he had had no ill-will against Salter; that 
 he had the knife for months ; that the other convicts had similar 
 knives ; that he and Salter were friends ; that there was no cause for 
 malice, and that God knew, but he did not, why he killed Salter. 
 
 I had written so far when I took up the Montreal Witness for 
 January 13th, 1882, and clipped from it the following : 
 
 " The Guiteau trial has thoroughly disgusted the United States 
 with the plea of insanity, which is always put forward in the case of 
 criminals, for whom no other defence can possibly be made. A bill 
 was introduced in the House on Monday last, which provides that no 
 person indicted in the District of Columbia or any territory, or in any 
 
112 Philosophy of Insanity. 
 
 court of the United States, shall be acquitted on the ground of insanity 
 except on proof that at the time the offence was committed he did 
 not know the quality or nature of the act, or did not know that it was 
 wrong. Should this bill pass it will greatly lessen the number of those 
 who are acquitted on this plea, because it will be extremely hard to 
 prove in the case of a really insane person that he did not know rii^ht 
 from wron^. Many who might be dubbed insane on account of their 
 ill-balanced behavior know quite well the difference between right and 
 wrong, but in most cases they have lost or impaired the power of 
 resisting wrong impulses, and this loss is owing in a great measure to 
 long-continued wrong-doing of some kind, and there can be no doubt 
 of the restraining influence of punishment for crime in the case of many 
 people who are commonly excused as insane. Guiteau is not sane in 
 the sense of having a healthy }nind, but it is certain that he is as res- 
 ponsible as any sane person for the murder which he cominittcdr 
 
 I do not believe that an enlightened people like the Americans 
 will ever permit the passing of such a barbarous law.* They might 
 just as well make a law at once holding every insane person respon- 
 sible for their acts, and that would be an advancement in civilization 
 wich a vengeance, but preferable to the proposed law. But, fortun- 
 ately for the unfortunate imbecile and insane classes, all judges do 
 not take this view of the question of right and wrong. When Presi- 
 dent of the Montreal Medico-Chirurgical Society I read a paper, Febru- 
 ary 7, 1879, entitled Responsibility and Irresponsibility in Crime and 
 Insanity, when I made the following statement : 
 
 But if I have no hope to get legislation ujion the criminal class of 
 society, I have strong hope of having legislation upon the question of 
 
 * Guiteau, as every one expected, has been hanged, and the autopsy showed 
 teratological and pathological defect of the brain. The former finding, as in the 
 case of Hayvern, proving him to be an imbecile. The latter finding being more 
 than probable sufficient to account for the man's insanity, probably recurrent 
 mania ; at all events his insanity is now an established scientific fact, as much so as 
 the insanity of Hayvern, and that he was insane has, as I have shown, been recog- 
 nized by the leading authorities of Europe and America. 
 
 I would not have it supposed that I consider these post-mortem findings neces- 
 sary to prove either Hayvern or Guiteau to have been insane, but their being found 
 is a satisfaction to those who diagnosed their imbecility and insanity while living. 
 While, if not a reproach, a warning to the inexperienced to be more cautions in 
 the future in giving their testimony in a disputed case of insanity, and a warning to 
 all not to allow their judgments to be biased by public prosecutors on the howls of 
 society. 
 
Crime and Respons'ihility. 115 
 
 insanity, if for no other reason than to put a stop to our judges mak- 
 ing themselves ridiculous before the whole world in their different 
 definitions of what causes irresponsibility in the insane. Could there 
 be anything more absurd than to find a Judge in the Province of New 
 Brunswick making a statement the very contrary of that made a few 
 months before by the Lord Chief Justice of England, " the Judge 
 instructed the jury that unless there was an entire lack of knowledge 
 to distinguish between right and wrong, they could not but find the 
 prisoner guilty," the Lord Chief Justice of England said : " I coin- 
 cide most cordially in the proposed alteration of the law, having been 
 alway: strongly of opinion that, as the pathology of insanity abund- 
 antly establishes, there are ^orms of mental disease in which, though 
 the patient is quite aware he is about to do wrongs the will becomes 
 overpowered by the force of irresistible impulse." Here, gentlemen, 
 is a difference, but is the Pn>vincial Judge to be found fault with ? I 
 certainly think not ; ihe fault lies with the Dominion Government for 
 never having defined where responsibility terminated. I will now, for 
 your information, and in support of my views, given before this Socity 
 three years ago, and for the information of our Legislature, quote the 
 highest authority in England, both legal and medical. In Th? Jour- 
 7ial of Mental Science (edited by Drs. Mandsley and Clouston) for 
 April, 1878, page 22, is the following from the pen of David Nicolson^ 
 M.D., Deputy Superintendent State Criminal Lunatic Asylum, Broad- 
 moor, England, " a bill introduced into the House of Commons in 
 1874, by Mr. Russell Gurney, with the view of amending the Law of 
 Homicide led to the appointment of a committee, before which most 
 important and hopeful evidence was given. The following evidence 
 of Lord fustice Blackbnrn speaks for itself, and virtually displaces the 
 legal dictum of right and wrong" " We cannot fail to see that there 
 are cases where the person is not clearly responsible, and yet knows 
 right from wrong. I can give you an instance. It was in the case of 
 that woman of whom I was speaking, who was tried for wounding a 
 girl with intent to murder. The facts were these : The woman had 
 more than once been insane, the insanity being principally brought 
 on by suckling her child too long, which was the cause that had pro- 
 duced it before. She was living with her husband and had the charge 
 of this girl, of about fifteen who lay in bed all day ; she was very kind 
 to her, and had treated her very well ; they were miserably poor, and 
 very much owing to that, she continued to nurse her boy till he was 
 nearly two years old ; and suddenly, when in this state, she, one 
 
114 Philo80j)hy of Insanity. 
 
 morning, about eleven o'clock, went to the child lying in bed, aged 
 fifteen, and deliberately cut her throat ; then she went towards her 
 own child, a girl of five or six years of age, of whom she was exceed- 
 ingly fond, and the girl hearing a noise, looked up and said : " What 
 are you doing?" " I have killed Olivia, and I a' going to kill 
 you," was the answer. The child, fortunately, instead of screaming^ 
 threw her arms round her mother's neck and said : " No. I know you 
 would not hurt your little Mopsy." The woman dropped the child, 
 went down and told a neighbor what she had done, that she " had 
 killed Olivia, and was going to kill Mary ; but when the darling threw 
 its arms round my neck, I had not the heart to do it." She clearly 
 knew right from wrong, and knew the character of her ace. For some 
 little time after that she talked rationally enough, but before night she 
 was sent to a lunatic asylum raving mad, and having recovered she 
 was brought to be tried before me at a subsequent Assize. She did 
 know the quality of her act, and was quite aware of what she had done, 
 but I felt it impossible to say she should be punished. If 1 had read 
 the deposition in Magnantin's case, and said , " Do you bring her 
 within that?" the jury would have taken the bit in their own teeth, 
 ^nd said, " Not guilty on the ground of insanity," and I think rightly. 
 He is well borne out by the following extract made from a statement 
 sent to the Committee by the Lord Chief Justice of England (Sir A. 
 Cockburn) : " As the law as expornded by the Judges in the House 
 of Lords now stands, it is only when mental diseases produce incapa- 
 city to distinguish between right and wrong that immunity from the 
 penal consequences of crime is admitted. The present Bill introduces 
 a nao element; the absence of power of self-denial. I concur most 
 ■cordially in the proposed alteration of the laze, having been always 
 strongly of opinion that, as the pathology of insanity abundantly 
 establishes, there are forms of mental disease in which, though the 
 patient is quite aware he is about to do 7i>rong, the will becomes over- 
 powered by the force of irresistible impulse, the power of self control 
 when destroyed or suspended by mental disease becomes, I think, an 
 essential element of responsibility." 
 
 In the July number of the same journal (1875), page 258, is the 
 following from the pen of Dr. Bucknill : " Responsibility depends 
 upon power and not upon knowledge and feeling, and a man is 
 responsible to do that which he can do ; not that which he feels, or 
 knows it right to do." 
 
 There is the other side of the question. There are the facts I 
 
Crime and Responsibility. 115 
 
 placed in the hands of Mr. Curran, Q.C., and which he brought before 
 the Court in the tr-al of Hayvern. 'I'he highest legal authority in 
 England, Lord Justice Ulackburn, and the Lord Chief Justice of 
 England (Sir A. Cockburn) by their evidence displaced the legal 
 dictum of right and wrong as a test of sanity. 
 
 If thfn, as I have already said, the medical expert for the defence 
 can possibly know that it is the intention of the Court to declare in 
 his charge to the Jury every man responsible for his acts who knows 
 the difference between right and wrong, or even who knows that the 
 act he is doing is wrong, u.iless •^he expert can prove the contrary, 
 which is hard to do, he had bett it once drop the case and spare 
 hini-elf furdier argument. I wnl Mi])pose the expert to have gone 
 through his examination-in-chief in reply to his own lawyer, and that 
 he has closely adhered to the report he made to said lawyer ; that he 
 has clearly and distinctly laid down all his reasons why, from the 
 man's conduct, his whole life conduct ; why from the character oi the 
 crime, the manner in which it was, and the circumstances under which 
 it was, committed ; why from his examination of him, physiologically, 
 psychologically and pathologically or clinically, he came to the conclu 
 sion that when the man committed the crime he was irresponsible for his 
 act. Because he committed it under an uncontrollable insane or imbecile 
 desire, or under an uncontrollable insane or imbecile impulse. Then 
 comes the cross-examination by the prosecuting counsel. We will sup- 
 pose the case to be an imbecile, whose whole life had been the life of an 
 habitual criminal, as was Hay vern's life. The prosecuting counsel asks 
 the question, " Do you mean to say that a man with ordinary intelli- 
 gence could not, if he wished, live such a life of recklessness and crime 
 as the prisoner has led? " No ; in the first place, in abstract questions 
 you have no right to assume the possible. I say no, because a man of 
 ordinary intelligence would be so in virtue of his physical mental 
 organization, as the prisoner at the bar is an imbecile and criminal 
 because of the structural defects in his mental organization ; and as the 
 criminal at the bar is what he is in virtue of his physical organization, 
 the intellectual man would be the very contrary in virtue of his mental 
 organization; therefore the intellectual man, the man, as you put it, 
 with ordinary intelligence, could not wish and consequently could not 
 live such a life as has been led by the prisoner at the bar. The 
 prisoner at the bar obeyed his abnormal mental organization, the man 
 of ordinary intelligence obeys his normal mental organization. For 
 every physiological effect there must be anatomical cause j therefore 
 
116 Philosophy of Insanity. 
 
 the man of ordinary intelligence is so from anatomical cause, and his 
 physiological actions are the outcome of anatomical cause. He 
 consequently recognizes that he owes a duty to society, of which he 
 is part, the duty to i/o hii best to live in obedience to all natural and 
 social laws, and in doing his best he very generally succeeds. We do 
 not find such men criminals. Moreover, an intellectual man's physical 
 organization would suffer so acutely from such a life, from such priva- 
 tion, from exposure to the inclemency of the weather, that he would 
 die of suffering, when the man of a low imbecile organization would 
 not suffer at all ; therefore from physical reasons it would be impossible 
 for the intellectual man to lead such a life. But, says the prosecuting 
 counsel, do you not. Doctor, recognize the historical fact that some 
 of the greatest criminals who ever lived were men of not only ordinary 
 but even extraordinary intelligence? it altogether depends upon 
 what you should define as a proof of intelligence. I recognize that 
 some great criminals have exhibited great knowledge, great cunning, 
 great talent for deception, great memory, even great eloquence. I even 
 agree with that very clever writer Helen Campbell : " That love of the 
 fine arts could exist in men capable of every social crime ; and that 
 music, being the last and most artificial of all arts, had an infinite 
 power to charm and fascinate those who had exhausted the other 
 avenues of sci.sation.'' 
 
 But that is not the definition I have given of intelligence. I call the 
 intelligent man, the man with an even-balanced mental organization, the 
 man who seeks for truth for truth's sake, the man who does his best to do 
 right because it is right, and who avoids, as far as he can, wrong because 
 it is wrong, the man of benevolence, justice, and charity ; such would 
 be the characteristics of the man that I would call an intelligent man, 
 the man of an intellectual organization ; and I deny that such a man 
 coidd be an habitual criminal, could live in the breach of all natural 
 and social laws, could prefer evil to good. When such a man commits 
 crime, he does it in virtue of a pathological change in his physical 
 mental organization. I maintain that the more a man lives in accord- 
 ance with this standard that I have just given, the greater proof does 
 he give that he is an intelligent man ; and that the nearer does he live 
 to this standard, the more perfect is his physical mental organization. 
 In answer then to your question, could not a man of ordinary intelli- 
 gence, if he wished, live as did the prisoner at the bar, a life of crime 
 in the breach of all natural and social laws? I answer, no. 
 
 Then, Doctor, you deny that man is a free agent, and that he has a 
 
Crime and Responsibility. 117 
 
 free will ? I deny nothing of the sort, on the contrary, I hold that 
 every man has a free will, but I deny that every man under all and 
 every circumstances can control his imbecile or insane desire by the 
 force of his will, or his imbecile or insane impulses by the force of his 
 will. Moreover, I maintain that an imbecile or insane desire or imi)ulse 
 very frequently, indeed generally, is quite independent of the will. * 
 But what of the man of ordinary intelligence ? The man of ordinary 
 intelligence, as a rule, controls his desire by his v/ill. I do not deny 
 but that such men are, sometimes, under extraordinary circumstances, 
 at least extraordinary one's to him, led to be guilty of crime, and that 
 they are responsible for their act. But I deny that such men ever 
 can become habitual criminals. I maintain that the habitual criminal 
 is such in virtue of his undeveloped organization, or in virtue of a 
 pathological mental organization. In either case they are what they 
 are, in virtue of their mental organization, and consequently should 
 not be held responsible (legally) for their criminal acts. Nevertheless, 
 the non-criminal class of society should be protected from the criminal 
 class. 
 
 But, says the prosecuting lawyer, I suppose, Doctor, you have 
 heard of very wicked men being converted and becoming very great 
 saints, how do you account for such a change? I have not heard of 
 very wicked men becoming very great saints, that is, I never heard of 
 an habitual criminal becoming a saint. I would not myself like to 
 trust such saints. However, if an habitual criminal become a .saint, 
 no matter what the remote cause of such a change might be, I would 
 certainly consider the immediate cause to be a physical change in his 
 mental organization. I cannot conceive a saint with a defective brain, 
 or a distorted one like an imbecile, more particularly as the history 
 we have of saints has been the history of men of the very highest 
 order of intellect. But with your views, Doctor, where con , in legal 
 responsibility? Just where I have already placed it, a man is legally 
 responsible to do what he can do, not that which he knows it is right 
 to do. There ore I maintain that the insane man is not legally 
 responsible for his acts because he is insane in virtue of pathological 
 defect in his mental organization. The imbecile and habitual criminals 
 are not legally responsible for their acts, because of a leratological 
 defect in their mental organization, but the man of ordinary inte'Hgence 
 
 * See note to page 48. 
 
118 Philosophy of Insanity. 
 
 is, at least under ordinary circumstances, responsible to the law for 
 his acts, because, in virtue of his normal mental organization, he can 
 control his desires and actions by his will. 
 
 But who is capable of deciding in each individual case whether a 
 man has a normal or abnormal mental organization ? Not a judge 
 and jury most decidedly. To decide this ques^'on belongs to 'le 
 medical profession; yet I would be far from saying that every medical 
 man is or should be capable of deciding so grave a question. No 
 medical man, no matter !io\v ta! ,-nted he may be. no matter how well 
 read he may be, could possibly be capable of deciding such a ques- 
 tion, unless he had years of experience in the treatment of the insane, 
 in an insane asylum, and even that would not be sufiicient. unless the 
 man were a hard-working student, who studied and labored for his 
 very love of his profession. In fact, he must be an enthusiast — but an 
 enthusiast with wide views, nothing small or contracted in his ideas — an 
 intellectual man, as I have defined an intellectual man, and he must 
 necessarily be a benevolent man, basing his benevolence upon justice. 
 To such a man or a board of such men the Governments of every country 
 should submit for examination all habitual criminals,all persons accused 
 of heinous crimes against the person, more particularly all those in 
 whose defence the plea of insanity has been set up. For him or them 
 to adjudicate upon the mental capacity of the accused, before any sen- 
 tence was passed upon them for their crime, and the adjudicating of 
 such a man, or such a board of men, should be final. Then would be 
 prevented such scandals as took place on the trials of Hayvern and Gui- 
 teau ; then would the insane man be sent to an insane asylum, to be 
 treated for his pathological mental organization, and when recovered 
 returned to society ; then would the imbecile be sent to a proper 
 asylum to be cared for, and if ever his defective mental organization 
 became so developed, which is very improbable, as to fit him for 
 society, he would be restored to it ; then would there be provision 
 made for the habitual criminal, who is such in virtue of his defective 
 or deformed mental organization, whereby he would be completely 
 sei)arated from society till such time as his deformed or defective 
 organization became normal, when he could be restored to society. 
 But in the case of the insane, in the case of the imbecile, and in 
 the case of the habitual criminal, if the insane never recovered, 
 and if the imbecile intellect never became developed, and the 
 criminal brain never became developed, then they could never be 
 
Crime and Responsibility. 119 
 
 restored to society ; but they must be treated with humanity and not 
 harshness ; they must be treated as classes deserving of pity and not of 
 blame. 
 
 A move in the right direction.— \ cHpped the following from the 
 Montreal 6^rt[s^'//^ of February 17, 1882: 
 
 " Departmental Reports — Penitentiaries. — The acting 
 warden states that the discipline has suffered very much from the 
 conduct of ' half-witted convicts.' In examining the report book, 
 during one of my visits of inspection, I found that, by far the greatest 
 number of reports for violation of rule, misconduct, etc., had been 
 rolled up by a comparatively few prisoners, nearly all of the class — 
 ' half-witted' — mentioned by the acting warden. It is a very difficult 
 task to deal properly with these characters. They are not so far gone 
 as to warrant their being sent to the lunatic asylum ; they are not 
 sensible enough to hold them rict observation of rule, or punish 
 
 them for its violation. It wou je well were there s- 'Tie asylum for 
 imbeciles, other than the mad-house or penitentiary, where tho.se 
 unfortunate beings could be cared for, without being, on the one hand, 
 forced to become the companions of raving maniacs, or, on the other, 
 of habitual and vicious criminals." 
 
 So far so good, and just what might be expected from such an intel- 
 ligent and humane man as the Inspector of Penitentiaries, Mr. Mrylan. 
 It is to be hoped that the Government will do that which he recom- 
 mended — it would be an earnest of something more in the near future. 
 
 So much for criminal irresponsibility. What is to be done with 
 the criminals, if there are any, responsible for their acts ? It is a 
 hard question to answer, one thing is certain, and that is, having made 
 proper provision for the irresponsible criminals, crime would be 
 reduced to such a minimum that there would be ample time to con- 
 sider what had best be done with such criminals. Of course if there 
 were proof that the law and punishment has been a terror to evil- 
 doers, that punishment has prevented crime, and not only turned 
 the criminal from the commission of one form of crime to the 
 commission of another, then punishment would be justifiable. 
 But that is the question. As for my part I believe that it would 
 be impossible to prove any thing of the sort ; and here I would 
 say a few words on the philosophy of crime and punishment. \\'hat 
 is legal criminality ? One w d can answer this question : all 
 crime comes under one head disobedience. Why is it the nature of 
 every man to resist obedience, for it is evijry man's nature ; no man 
 
120 Philosophy of Insanity. 
 
 wishes to be controlled, and when men coni.ent to be controlled it is 
 because, from experience and education, they find it is good for all to 
 be under control ; therefore the intellectual man finds it no burthen to 
 submit to control, to submit to the law ; providing he finds the law, 
 to be just, and not contrary to what he considers a higher law, the 
 law of conscience. But with the non-intellectual man it is different : 
 he is incapable of reasoning himself to the conviction that it is for his 
 good to be controlled : he consequently obeys his abnormal nature and 
 lesists the law, and becomes a criminal in the eye of the law. His 
 desire is to be free, and to be a law unto himself. From whence comes 
 the idea that such a class of individuals could be brought to 
 obey the law by inflicting on them punishment? I suppose 
 it originated with our barbarian forefathers having discovered that 
 the nature of every man and every other animal was to shrink 
 from suffering,* and they got the happy idea that men could be 
 brought into subjection by the fear of punishment, consequently 
 we have had punishment in every shape and form inflicted by man on 
 his fellow for thousands upon thousands of years, that the stronger 
 might bring the weaker into subjection and obedience. From this 
 origin, no doubt^ came the idea to which we yet hold, that the criminal 
 can be rendered non-criminal by the fear of punishment. It has 
 never entered into our philosophy to search and see the reason for 
 men being criminals, if we had we would have seen that we never 
 could remove the cause by the fear of punishment ; that punishment, 
 nor the fear of it, never could develop an undeveloped mental 
 organization ; nor could punishment, or the fear of it, remove a 
 pathological defect from a mental organization. It must be under- 
 stood that in these remarks I do not allude to what is well understood 
 as political crimes, the cause of which is now and always has been 
 C/ivSARisM trying to destroy individualism and individualism always 
 resisting Coesarism since ever we have had a history of man. The 
 stronger have endeavored to lord it over the weaker, and have always 
 succeeded ; and the weaker, when they had the opportunity, have 
 taken revenge upon the stronger, when the stronger have treated the 
 weaker as criminals, for having, as they maintained, resisted and 
 broken the law. But what law ? A law made by their oppressors to 
 keep them in subjection, a law to which the oppressed was never 
 asked to consent. f A law in the forming or framing of which the 
 
 * See note page t Russia for example. 
 
Crime and Responsibility. 121 
 
 oppressed had no voice whatever, and to which the}' never assented. 
 These so-called criminals I am not speaking of, nor would I classify 
 them as criminals, much as I might regret and condemn their acts. 
 I fully recognize that every man who claims the protection of the law 
 should not only support but submit to the law, but I do not believe 
 in Caesarism and the destruction of individualism. No laws can be 
 just that are not made for the good of the people, as a whole, and 
 received and assented to by the people, as a whole ; neither can any 
 laws be just that will not bear the test of scientific truth. There can 
 be no fact in law that is not a fact in science. 
 
 In \\\Q Journal of Mental Science for January, 1882, page 5581, 
 there is one of those lucid editorials, not uncommon in that periodical, 
 which no man can read and not feel refreshed from the perusal there- 
 of; in fact, it gives him food for thought. The article in question is 
 headed, "The Case of Lefroy alias Mapleton." The author says 
 " Criminal responsibility, says Gasper, is the psychological possibility 
 of the efficaciousnessof the Penal Code." 
 
 " It is not a question of disputing whether the existing Penal Code 
 has or has not, with respect to the community at large, any efficacy 
 in restraining from crime. We trust that it has, or, as good citizens, it 
 would be our duty to endeavor to induce our legislators to introduce 
 such modifications into it as would imbue it with such efficacy. But 
 putting to ourselves the question whether there existed in the case of 
 Lefroy such mental defect as destroys the possibility of any restrain- 
 ing influence being exercised by the Penal Code of England, as it at 
 present stands, we can come to no other conclusion than that his con- 
 duct gave a very decided negative to such a question." (H. Tuke.) 
 
 No doubt of it, and the same thing can be said of every man who, 
 having ordinary intelligence, is guilty of crime ; statistics show 
 very clearly that the Penal Code is not efficacious in restraining the 
 imbecile class of society, and in the case of Lefroy we have proof, if 
 indeed proof were required, that the Penal Code is not efficacious in 
 restraining the supposed-to-be man of ordina y intelligence. No man 
 will have the hardihood to say that those who do not commit crime, 
 or the non-criminal class, would commit it were it not for the res- 
 training influence of the Penal Code, yet of two things one : the non- 
 criminal is non-criminal either in virtue of, or independent of, the 
 Penal Code. Now I maintain that as the Penal Code has proved itself 
 inefficacious in restraining from crime the criminally disposed, so it 
 is not in virtue of the Criminal Code that the non-criminal is not 
 
122 Philosophy of Insanity. 
 
 criminal, consequently that the Criminal Code, as it now stands, is not 
 only useless ^ it burthensome to society, therefore, I conceive it to be 
 the duty of every good citizen to endeavor to induce our legislators 
 to i roduce such modifications into it as would imbue it with such 
 efl[icacy. But how is this to be done ? By legislators recognizing the 
 scientific truth, so well established by the Penal Code, that every man 
 is what he is in virtue of his physical organization — the idiot, the 
 imbecile, the insane, the criminal, and non-criminal ; and, having 
 recognized this as a scientific truth, to legislate accordingly, and make 
 provisions to completely separate the criminal from the non-criminal 
 class of society, that the latter, being protected from the former, 
 might live in peace and security, and that the former might be pro- 
 tected from themselves. 
 
 No doubt but that very many, even a large majority of the com- 
 munity, will differ very widely from my views ; and, amongst those, 
 men of high scientific attainments, whose teachings will be, as they 
 now are, to add to the severity of the Penal Code ; to whip and starve 
 the criminal. But these persons forget that all this has been tried in 
 the past and has failed ; that the more severe the Penal Code, the 
 greater were the number of criminals : that when men were hanged for 
 the stealing of a sheep, there were more sheep stolen than there have 
 been since that barbarous law was wiped off the statute books. 
 However, all men of science who recognize that every man is what he 
 is in virtue of his mental physical organization, to be logical, must 
 accept my views, and if he be honest must maintain them ; bearing 
 in mind, v/hat I have already said, that nothing can be a fact in law 
 which is not a fact in '' science." 
 
 During this month, March, 1882, the Court of Queen's Bench 
 was held in this city of Montreal, when a man by the name of 
 Smith was found guilty of manslaughter, and sentenced to twenty 
 years in the Penitentiary. Now if the learned judge hoped by 
 this sentence he would set an example to evildoers, that the law 
 would be a terror to them, he will surely meet with a bitter disap- 
 pointment. Why should Smith's punishment strike terror into the 
 criminally disposed, when the hanging of Hayvern, in the month of 
 December, 1881, and the hanging of Moreau, in the month of January, 
 1882, not two months past, did not strike terror into Smith and save 
 him from being a homicide ? In one month from the day of Smith's 
 incarceration, not one out of a thousand will remember that Smith 
 ever existed, and in one year society will not remember there ever 
 
CHme and Be^ponsibUlty. 123 
 
 was such a man. If the learned judge considered Smith to he man 
 who lou/i/ not control his actions, and consequently was dangerous to 
 society, then it were better he should have sentenced him to prison 
 for life, or during the Queen's pleasure. For if he be such a man, he 
 will not be the less dangerous after he has been in the prison for 
 twenty years. But then such a sentence, for such a cause, would be 
 recognizing that Smith was not responsible for his acts or for the 
 particular act which made him a homicide. 
 
 It appears to me that there is one new theory upon which the 
 punishment can be justified, and that is the theory of retributive 
 justice, that Smith should suffer because he had caused others to suffer. 
 But is this the object of the Penal Code ? The pretence i.s otherwise. 
 Smith, however, gave another proof that the Penal Code is not efiica- 
 cious in restraining crime, as has the Lunatic McLean who fired at 
 our gracious Queen, and in this case England will show how far civil- 
 ization is in advance of our American cousins.* We are proud that 
 no sane man would try to injure Her Majesty, that no one ever has 
 attempted to injure her but lunatics. Our American friends would 
 not have Guiteau insane, they preferred to believe that their President 
 was killed by a sane man. If ever there was a retrograde movement 
 it is treating Guiteau as a sane, responsible being. As far as I c:in 
 judge, every crime that is committed, no matter by whom committed, 
 gives additional proof that the Penal Code as it now stands is ineffi- 
 cacious in restraining crime, and that it should therefore be modified ; 
 and it appears to me that if every criminal was considered as such, 
 whether he be the habitual criminal, the habitual drunkard, or the 
 impulsive criminal, or the occasional criminal, in virtue of his abnormal 
 mental organization, in virtue of teratological or pathological defect, 
 and treated accordingly, that it would be the most efficacious, because 
 the most scientific, means of restraining crime. 
 
 There can be no possible doubt of the great differences that there 
 are in men, and no doubt but that such differences are due to the differ- 
 ences in men's mental organization. Whether this be the result of here- 
 dity, accident before birth, during birth, or after birth, '.vhether it be 
 the result of education or habit, whether it be due to teratological or 
 pathological defect, has nothing to do with the question. The fact is 
 there, that man intellectually is whac he is in virtue of his mental, 
 
 • Since the above was written England has shown her civilization ; she has 
 properly treated McLean as a lunatic. 
 
124 Philosophy of Insanity. 
 
 organization, and that this fact should never be lost'sight of by law- 
 makers or those who administer the laws. They should remember, to 
 quote Dr. Bucknill again, that ''Responsibility depends upon />ower 
 and not upon knowledge and feeling ; that a man is resi)onsible to do 
 that which he can do, not that which he feels or knoxvi it right to do." 
 And we never again should hear of the legal dictum, that the know- 
 ledge of right from wrong constitutes responsibility. The question of 
 man's responsibility is not a matter of law but science, and it should 
 be sufficient for judge and jury, when qualified medical mental experts 
 pronounce a person insane or an imbecile, for judge and jury to treat 
 the accused as one irresponsible for his acts. Until this is the law, 
 my advice to a mental scientist, if called upon by a lawyer to 
 examine into the mental capacity of a man accused of crime, is not 
 to accept the proffered honor, to have nothing whatever to do with 
 the case. The medical expert can do no good no matter how great 
 may be his experience, no matter how clear may be his evidence of 
 the man's insanity or imbecility. The Crown can bring forward any 
 number of medical men to contradict all that the experienced expert 
 has sworn to ; and as a Doctor is a Doctor and nothing more nor less, 
 to a jury, the jury will give a verdict with the majority. It was so in 
 the case of Hayvern, it was so in the case of Guiteau, and it was so 
 in the case of Bulmer, * and it will be so as long as the law remains as 
 it is. Bringing medical experts into Court, while the law remains as it 
 is, is simply a farce, and it is much better that the medical expert should 
 refuse to pla ." a part in it. Let the expert leave the responsibility to 
 the judge and jury, until human laws are made or founded on the 
 basis of benevolence and justice. The mental scientist must be con- 
 tent to teach scientific truth because it is truth, and hope that in time 
 men will learn to do right because it is right, and not because they fear 
 punishment or hope for reward. Until that time comes I, for my part, 
 should be glad to see the Penal Code so modified that all criminals 
 should be considered such in virtue of a teratological or pathological 
 defect in their mental organization, and be separated from the non- 
 criminal class of society, not for any given period, but during Her 
 Majesty's pleasure, till such time as there was scientific assurance 
 that such unfortunates were fit to be restored to society. And as 
 drunkenness is temporary insanity, I would make it a criminal act for 
 any man to sell sufficient liquor to be drunk in his tavern or bar- 
 
 • See note to page 85. 
 
Crime and Responsibility. 125 
 
 room to another person that would render him drunk. Teratologi- 
 cal defect causes a man to be a drunkard and a criminal, and on the 
 other hand, drunkenness produces pathologicr.l defect in the menu-.l 
 organization, rendering a man insane and a criminal. As the law 
 now stands, punishment is most unjustly meeted out to the unfortunate 
 drunkard, when it is those who supply the liquor who are the actual 
 criminals. I do not speak of liquor dealers as a class, far from it, but 
 
 1 hold the man, who will for money supply liquor to a man till 
 he becomes drunk, to be a criminal of the worst sort; and a liquor 
 dealer, who supplies liquor to a man whom he knows is an habitual 
 drunkard, is, if possible, a greater criminal still. I conceive such a 
 man to be the meanest of all mean men ; as mean as the man who, 
 having no argument to use against the science of evolution, or any 
 other science, resorts to ridicule. 
 
 If any one doubts the inefficacy of the Penal Code in the Domin- 
 ion of Canada for the prevention of crime, the foikowing statistics will 
 remove those doubts : 
 
 The report of criminal statistics of the Dominion for the /ear end- 
 ing 30th September, 1880, is just out. It shows for the year previous : 
 — Charged with offence against the person, 6,622 ; convicted, 4,507. 
 Of those convicted, Ontario had 3,030 ; Quebec, 907 ; Nova Scotia, 
 229 ; New Brunswick, 187 ; Prince Edward Island, 74; Manitoba, 
 64 ; British Columbia, 5 ; Keewatin, 7 ; North-West, 4. Of those con- 
 victed, 2.136 lived in cities and towns and 496 in rural districts ; 182 
 were '"T;ricultural men, 432 commercial, 174 domestic, 590 industrial, 
 2^6 pro.''2ssional and 94-3 laborers; 1,199 were married, 94 widowed, 
 and 1,359 single. Charged with murder in the Dominion, 32 ;Ontario, 
 19 ; Quebec, 10 ; Manitoba, i ; British Columbia, i ; North-VVest, i. 
 Convicted of murder, 5 ; Ontario, 4 ; Quebec, i ; resident in cities and 
 towns, 3 ; in rural districts, 2 ; natives of Canada, 2 ; United States, 
 
 2 ; Ireland, i. Convicted of manslaughter in Canada, 7 ; charged with 
 ditto, 18 ; charged with shooting and stabbing, wounding, etc., with 
 intent. 139 ; convicted, 47 ; charged with rape, 39 ; convicted, 9 ; 
 char.ed with endangering safety of passengers on railways, 18; con- 
 victed, 8 ; charged with concealing birth of infant, 8 ; convicted, 4; 
 charged with abortion and attem])t to procure the same, 9; convicted, 
 5 ; charged with sodomy and bestiality, 7 ; convicted, 4 ; charged 
 with bigamy, 10 ; convicted, 4 ; charged with abduction, 7 ; convicted, 
 2 ; charged with aggravated assault and inflicting bodily harm, 253 ; 
 
1 20 Philosophy of Tihsanity. 
 
 convicted, 120; charged with indecent assault and attempt to rape, 
 67 ; convicted, 37 ; charged with assault and battery, 5,576 ; convicted, 
 3,957 ; charged with robbery and demanding money with menace, 
 104; convicted, 45 ; charged with burglary and having burglars' tools, 
 114; convicted, 53; charged with house and shop breaking, 132; 
 convicted, 78 ; charged with horse, cattle and sheep stealing. 82 ; con- 
 victed, 43; charged with larceny and receiving, 4,104 ; convicted. 
 2,248; charged with embezzlement, fraud and false pretences, 377 ; 
 convicted, 89 ; charged with arson, etc., 70; convicted, 14; charged 
 with killing and maiming cattle and other malicious injury to property, 
 987 ; convicted, 624 ; charged with counterfeiting, forgery and utter- 
 ing, 125 ; convicted, 41 ; charged with drunkenness, 11.655 ; convicted, 
 8,435 > charged with keeping houses of ill-fame, inmates and frequen- 
 ters, 1,045; convicted, 721 ; charged with cruelty to animals, 216; 
 convicted, 165 ; grand total of persons charged with all kinds of 
 crimes and offences, 40,874; convicted, 28,209. Of those convicted 
 Ontario furnished, 18,311 ; Quebec, 5,866 ; Nova Scotia, 1,655 > New 
 Brunswick, 1,473 ; P. E. I., 469; Manitoba, 271 ; British Columbia ; 
 47 ; Keewatin, 98 ; and the North-West, 17. Resident in cities and 
 towns, 16,856; in rural districts, 3,059; agricultural persons, 998; 
 commercial, 3,307 ; domestic, 1,563; industrial, 4,100 ; professional, 
 228; laborers, 7,213; married, 7,683; widowed, 1,242; single, 11,- 
 279 ; unable to read or write, 4.877 ; elementary education, 14,762 ; 
 superior education, 289 ; under 16 years, 1,046; between 16 and 21 
 years, 2,671 ; between 21 and 40 years, 10,816 ; over 40 years, 5,860 ; 
 age not given, 7,814 ; males. 25,059 ; females, 3,140 ; users of liquors, 
 moderately, 7,411 ; users of liquors, immoderately, 11,736 ; natives of 
 England and Wales, 2,112 ; Ireland, 3.833 ; Scotland, 874; Canada, 
 12,296; United States, 942; other foreign countries, 372 ; other 
 British po,ssessions, 102 ; religions : Baptists, 507 ; Roman Catholics, 
 10,826; Church of England, 2,497 i Methodists, 1,406; Presbyterians, 
 1,508. 
 
 SOME EXPERIENCES OF A BARRISTER'S LIFE. 
 
 BY MR. .SERJEANT BALLANTINE. 
 
 I had finished my manuscript, and had it ready for the printer, 
 when a book bearing the foregoing title was put into my hands by a 
 very valued friend, Dr. David. A more interesting or entertaining 
 
Crir.ie and Reaponmhility. 127 
 
 book it has never been my good fortune to read. But to me it has 
 been more particularly interesting for many reasons : First, that I 
 have such r. lively recollection of so many of the incidents recorded 
 in it. Secondly, that so many of the characters were personally known 
 to me, one most intimately, in his youth, the splendid handsome boy 
 of fourteen years old, A\'illiam Howard, who met with so sad an end, 
 son of one of the most honorable, kind-hearted gentlemen that ever 
 lived, quite independent of his title, one who was very kind to my 
 father and to me in my youthful days. When I think of William 
 Howard as I knew him it is hard to conreive that Serjeant Ballantine 
 should have been able to write such a sad history of him, yet it is all 
 true. Thiriily, it has interested me because I find my views of 
 criminal insanity sustained by so great a lawyer, a man of such 
 wonderful legal experience, as Mr. Serjeant Ballantine. My readers 
 will thank me that I quote largely from his book, entertaining to any 
 reader, but to the Bench and Bar a gem of the first water. 
 
 *' MURDER OF MR. DRUMMOND. 
 
 In the commencement of the year 1843, ^^ ^ gentleman named 
 Drummond was walking down Parliament street, he was fatally 
 wounded by a pistol shot, fired by a man of the name of MacNaghten, 
 a Scotchman. It was clear that he was mistaken by him for Sir 
 Robert Peel, whom it was his intention to have killed. As Mr. 
 Drummond was a man generally respected, and of the most inoffen- 
 sive habits, it was not unnatural that a storm of indignation should 
 arise against the perpetrator of the act, whilst the patience exhibited 
 by his victim during the few days that he survived the attack added 
 to the general sympathy of the public. 
 
 MacNaghten was placed upon his trial for murder in the following 
 February, Sir Nicholas Conyngham Tindal, Chief Justice of the Com- 
 mon Pleas, presiding. I have had occasion to refer to this judge, 
 although not at any length, when giving an account of the Courvoisier 
 trial. He was certainly not a man of startling characteristics, but 
 upon the bench presented a singularly calm and equable appearance. 
 I never saw him yield to irritability, or exhibit impatience. I should 
 say in fact that he was made for the position that he filled, and sound 
 law and substantial justice were sure as far as human power could 
 prevail, to be administered under his presidency. 
 
 It required a judge of this calibre to control the violent feelings of 
 indignation launched not unnaturally against the accused. Sir William 
 
128 Philosophy of Insaniv' 
 
 Follet conducted the prosecution, and the late Lord Chief Justice, 
 then Mr. Cockhurn, was retained for the defence. 
 
 The facts were easily proved, and the only question that was in 
 issue was whether the prisoner at the time of the commission of the 
 crime was of sound mind, and the onus of showing tiie contrary prac- 
 tically devolved upon the prisoner's counsel. MacNaghten h>id 
 been treated as a lun.tic, and he appears to have imagined that Sir 
 Robert Peel was bent upon his destruction, which he intended to 
 prevent by the assassination. 'I'here was no ground whatever for 
 even the belief that Sir Rol)ert Peel knew him. 
 
 In a case not altogether analogous, but bearing some similarity to 
 it, Krskine had made a most masterly and argumentative speech, 
 dealing with the difierent phases of insanity, and Cockburn in his 
 defense of MacNaghten had the advantage ol this great advocate's 
 views and treatment of the subject. This, however, did not detract 
 from the merit of one of the most masterly argumenis ever heard at 
 the English bar. Several witnesses were called, and the facts that I 
 have briefly stated were fully proved. Before the evidence was con- 
 cluded, the Chief Justice appealed to Sir William Follet, who admitted 
 that he must submit to a verdicf acquitting the prisoner upon the 
 ground of insanity, and this verdict was accordingly pronounced A 
 storm of indignation followed it. Mad or not, the prisoner ought to 
 have been hanged. Such was no uncommon expression, and a general 
 denunciation of mad doctors, and some not very complimentary 
 remarks upon lawyers, might not unfrequently be heard. This outciy 
 resulted in a very singular proceeding on the part of the House of 
 Lords, which had no precedent, and fortunately has never been 
 repeated. The judges were summoned by their lordships to expresjj 
 their opinions upon the law applicable to insanity in criminal cases. 
 It seems to me surprising that they did not point out that such a pro- 
 ceeding was extra judicial, and that their opinions could only properly 
 be given upon certain facts arising before them in their judicial capa- 
 city, and that what was asked of them was to make a law in anticipa- 
 tion of facts that might hereafter arise. The same proceeding also 
 might be adopted in relation to any subject, civil or criminal. How- 
 ever, the judges went and sat in solemn conclave, but as might be 
 expected, being called upon to found abstract opinions with no facts 
 to go upon, they have not greatly assisted the administration of justice. 
 
 The important points propounded by the judges seem to be as 
 follows : — 
 
Crime and ReMponmhility. 129 
 
 * The only ground upon which an alleged lunatic is entitled to an 
 acquittal is that he did not know the difference between rij^ht and 
 wron^ in the act that he committed^ If they had proceeded to say 
 upon what principles this question was to be determined, some benefit 
 might have arisen from their opinions. 
 
 The judges further say, 'that although a person may in a particu- 
 lar matter act under an insane delusion, and act in consequence 
 thereof, he is equally liable with a person of sane mind.' I presume 
 this to mean that unless it be shown that the delusion destroyed his 
 knowledge of the difference between right and wiong, which is to be 
 discovered and proved independently of the admitted delusion, he 
 must be considered of sane mind. If these dicta are to be received as 
 law, then a totally different principle governs civil and criminal cases, 
 and a person incapable of making a will or executing a deed may, 
 nevertheless, be liable to be executed for the commission of what in a 
 sane person would be a crime. However startling this pro])osijon 
 is, it cannot be controverted, and it appears to me that the subject is 
 one worthy of further consideration and much more careful analysis 
 than have ever been applied to it. In the observations that 1 have 
 already made, and in those that follow, I do not pretend to lay down 
 any proposition or dictate any solution of the difficulty, but merely 
 wish to suggest certain matters that in the course of my practice have 
 presented themselves to my mind, with a view of attracting the atten- 
 tion of better informed and more experienced men. 
 
 That insanity exists to a most deplorable extent is testified by the 
 numerous establishments, lioth public and private, for the care of 
 lunatics, and the question of how far mental derangement, admitted 
 to exist upon a particular point, affects the conduct of an individual 
 beyond the scope of that point, is a subject worthy of the research 
 both of medical men and lawyers. Doctors have introduced the 
 term ' uncontrollable impulse,' r'ld an excuse has been sought under 
 this term for violent bursts of passion rising from natural causes ; but 
 are not such symptoms also the result of insanity? Have we not 
 numerous instances in which under such influences the victims have 
 destroyed themselves ? It is not difficult to presume that they knew 
 they were doing wrong ; and, indeed, the cunning that in many cases 
 attends their acts indicates that they did ; but assuming one of the 
 qualities of the sane human mind to be self-restraint, and supposing 
 this barrier has been removed by insanity, ought the sufferer to be 
 
130 Philosophy of Insanity. 
 
 held criminally liable for his acts, although evidence existed that he 
 was conscious of the difference between right and wrong ? 
 
 When Ravaillac assassinated Henry IV. of l<rance, he believed 
 that in doing so he was commending himself to God, and as many 
 enthusiasts at all times and in all countries have acted under such 
 impressions, it would be a dangerous doctrine to declare that because 
 the sense of right and wrong had disappeared, a criminal should be 
 deemed irresponsible ; and ) et, on the other hand, an utter lunatic 
 may possess a sense of righi and wrong in many actions of his life. 
 The case is well known of a madman who was cross-examined by 
 Erskine ineffectually for some time. At last the counsel obtained the 
 clew, and in answer to a question ht put the witness said, " I am the 
 Christ.' Upon a subsequent occasion, when again cross-examined, 
 he carefully avoided the admission that had defeated hi. upon the 
 former occasion. He was admittedly a lunatic, but certainly if he 
 had been charged with a crime it might fairly have been contended 
 that he knew the difference between right and wrong. 
 
 As I have said already, a civil act is destroyed by proof that the 
 person performing it was at the time subject to mental delusion upon 
 one subject, although in every other perfectly reasonable. The only 
 principle upon which this rule can be founded is that the mind is one 
 and entire, and if diseased it is impossible, whatever m?.y be the 
 external signs, to say to what extent, and in what dii xtior, the dis- 
 ease extends. If this be good reasoning, surely it is equally applic- 
 able to the mind of a person charged with a crime. I cannot think 
 that where an insane delusion is clearly proved, although numerous 
 facts may be brought forward to show that the lunatic distinguished, 
 up to the time of the offence, the difference between right and wrong, 
 he ought to be consigned to the gallows. The gout that has taken 
 possession of a man's toe suddenly leaps to his heart. When a man 
 believes himself to be the Saviour how is it possible for human skill 
 to tell what thought or opinion is likely to control any act of his life ? 
 The law must yield to the dispensations of Providence, however much 
 prejudice and passion may seek to sway its administration. 
 
 I was witness of the result of the outcry that Drummond's assas- 
 sination occasioned in a case tried before Baron Alderson at the 
 Central Criminal Court. That very learned judge summed up strongly 
 for an acquittal upon the ground of insanity. The jurj , however, 
 took the matter into their own hands, and convicted thv'^ prisoner. 
 The judge made urgent recommendations to the Home Secretary, but, 
 
Crime and Reaponsihility. 131 
 
 nevertheless, the man was executed. It will not, I think, be uninter- 
 esting to record here one or two cases involving these questions, and 
 in which I have at different periods of my career been engag«.J as 
 counsel. One of them was of a very distressing character. 
 
 A iady of the name of Ramsbottom, the wife of an eminent physi- 
 cian, herself of middle age and generally respected, was suspected of 
 pilfering from a draper's shop in Baker street, Portman Square. She 
 was watched, followed, and her person was searched, and several 
 small articles were found concealed in different parts of her dress. 
 She was given into custody, went through the painful ordeal of an 
 inquiry at the Marylebone Police Court, and was committed for trial 
 at the Middlesex sessions. At the period when this occurred, Mr. 
 Serjeant Adains waL the presiding judge. He was thoroughly impar- 
 tial and knew all the law necessary for his position, but i , was not 
 very well packed in the receptacle of his brain, and the particles con- 
 stantly came out at wrong times and places. The case, however, 
 could hardly have been confused ; the facts were perfectly clear, the 
 whole of the lady's life, as far as its history was known, was not only 
 free from reproach, but thoroughly rational. The only point that 
 could be relied upon for the defense was that the articles stolen were 
 so trivial that no sane object could exist for intentional theft, and the 
 only suggestion that could be made in her favor was that she was not 
 responsible for her actions, being compelled by an uncontrollable 
 impulse, or, to use a technical term, that she was the victim of klepto- 
 mania, not a very popular defence before a jury of tradesmen. P jw- 
 ever, after having been locked up for some hours, they were ultimate- 
 ly discharged without giving a verdict, a result arising probably more 
 from compassion for the lady's husband than any doubt about the 
 facts. 
 
 I thought at the time that if, instead of laying a trap for her, the 
 proprietor of the shop had conveyed a hint either to herself or to the 
 doctor, it would have been the kinder course, and subsequent circum^ 
 stances showed that in reality her conduct was attributable to insane 
 influences, although certainly she knew thoroughly well that she was 
 acting wrongly. 
 
 She died very shortly after the ordeal she had undergone, broken 
 down in health and spirit with the shame and disgrace, and I was 
 consulted, after her death had taken place, by Dr. Ramsbottom under 
 the following circumstances. Every drawer and cupboard in the 
 house was found to be full of new goods, which she must have been 
 
 I 
 
132 Philosoiihy of Insanity. 
 
 in the habit of abstracting during many years, and I believe that in 
 every instance they were contained in their original wrappers. Mrs. 
 Ranisbottom was a religious woman, and I cannot doubt that every 
 Sunday she listened with respect and veneration to the lessons taught 
 in the church, and fully realized the commandment of " Thou shalt 
 not steal." And it is clear that she by the acts she committed incurred 
 danger and obtained no advantage. I advised Dr. Ranisbottom not 
 to make the discovery public, and the articles found were distributed 
 amongst different charitable institutions. Can any one doubt that 
 insanity irresistibly controlled her conduct ? 
 
 Many instances are upon record in which this extraordinary mania 
 is alleged to have developed itself. And one case is known where an 
 attendant always accompanied a lady of high rank when she went out 
 shopping, and paid for the articles she stole. Supposing in aiiy of 
 these instances the parties had commiiced a crime of a different 
 description, would it be just to hold them responsible ? The question 
 is not unimportant, as such acts, if clearly proved, would, as the law 
 now stands, invalidate a will. 
 
 Certainly the most remarkable and interesting case connected with 
 mental derangement in which I acted as counsel was in connection 
 with a will of a lady named Thwaites. She died at an advanced age, 
 leaving a very large fortune, which she bequeathed to different per- 
 sons with whom she associated during '.er lifetime, and none of whom 
 were her relatives ; and her next of kin disputed the will upon the 
 ground that she was insane at the time of making it. 
 
 She had inherited the fortune in early life, unexpectedly, upon the 
 death of her husband, and had administered it with judgment a: id 
 discretion. She was neither niggardly nor profuse- She was chari- 
 table without being recklesS; ^nd kept her accounts, which were some- 
 what complicated, witl accuracy and in excellent order. No restraint 
 of any kind was ever placed upon her. She played whist, and, I am 
 told, played it fairly well. She endured pain on different occasions 
 with great resignation, and moreover there was nothing extraordinary 
 in the disposition of her property, as she had never held much inter- 
 course with her own relatives. 
 
 Unquestionably, however, she was guilty of some very extraor- 
 ninary proceedings, and expressed some singular views. She asserted 
 that she had been chosen by our Saviour to receive Him upon His 
 return to earth, and that this event would therefore occur during her 
 lifetime, and she indicated the reality of this belief by making very 
 
Crime and Besponsibllitij. 133 
 
 extensive preparations for His reception, principally in the upholstery 
 line, and there was a great deal of absurdity exhibited in the arrange- 
 ments she made. Lord Penzance, before whom the case was tried, 
 left it to the jury to say whether she was laboring under an insane 
 delusion, and they found that she was, and he accordingly held that her 
 will was invalid. The circumstances of this case suggest reflections as 
 to how far religious opinions, absurd and ridiculous as they may appear 
 to others, are to be accepted as proof of insanity. The main idea round 
 which every thought and act rotated in her mind was the approaching 
 return of the Saviour to earth. This surely cannot be treated as insane. 
 The notion that she was selected to receive Him might be the pro- 
 duct of vanity and the misunderstanding of some of the mysterious 
 passages that occur in portions of the Scripture, whilst the prepara- 
 tions she made were only the natural consequences of such a belief 
 on the part of a person of utterly unrefined ideas ; and it is to be 
 noted that she was a woman of no education, and from her earliest 
 youth had been the object of fulsome attentions and flattery. 
 
 But a grave doubt has occurred to me as to whether the belief in 
 o'vstion really had full and undivided possession of her mind, and 
 whether there was not rather a pride in putting forward the claim. She 
 sacrificed nothing of personal interest and comfort, and never 
 appeared to undervalue the good things of this world in consequence 
 of the great honor that was in store for her. 
 
 These speculations, however, are beside my main object in dis- 
 cussing the subject. For that purpose 1 assume that a delusion, 
 utterly inconsistent with sanity, had taken possession of her senses, 
 and that, therefore, she was unfit to execute any legal document. In 
 what manner ought she to have been dealt with if she had committed 
 what in a sane person would have been a crime ? Her whole life 
 showed that she understood the distinction between right and wrong, 
 and if the issue left to a jury had been narrowed to that question, 
 unless the fact that she was under a delusion upon the subject of the 
 Saviour's returning to earth and becoming her guest could be treated 
 as evidence that she was unable to tell right from wrong, she must 
 have been convicted. 
 
 I have been engaged in many cases of interest since the constitution 
 of the Probate and Divorce Court, before the Uuee judges who have 
 severally presided, and, amongst others, the very unhappy one of Lady 
 Mordaunt. 1 his unfortunate lady became insane after a confinement, 
 and continued hopelessly so from that period. This was an instance 
 
134 Philosophy of Insanity. 
 
 where the mind was entirely destroyed, and therefore it presented none 
 of those difficulties which I have pointed out in other cases, and which 
 I venture to think deserve the attention both of those who make the 
 laws and those who administer them. 
 
 Having mentioned the Court of Probate and Divorce, this may 
 not be an improper place to allude to its formation and the judges 
 who have presided in it. When first constituted, Mr. Justice Cress- 
 well, then a member of the Co.:rt of Common Pleas, was selected as 
 its head, and it would have been difficult to make a better choice. He 
 was a most able lawyer and a man of the world. He had been a 
 successful leader at the bar, was an acute cross-examiner, and an utter 
 despiser of all shams. He narrowly watched the demeanor of the 
 witnesses who gave evidence before him, and usually formed just con- 
 clusions. I wish I could finish my sketch without a word of reproach 
 or blame, but, in justice, I must say that his manner was too often 
 supercilious, thus detracting from his high qualities. At the same time 
 ht, was eminently just, and nev carried any feeling he might have 
 shown against either counsel or witness into the comments he made 
 to the jury, and his perfect impartiality will, I am sure, be admitted 
 and remembered by every one who knew him. He tried one very 
 remarkable probate case, in which I opposed a will propounded by a 
 person named Smethurst, presenting features which I think are of a 
 very singular character. This man succeeded in upholding the will, 
 which I attribute to one of the most admirable speeches I ever heard 
 from Dr., now Sir John, Phillimore, who was his counsel. 
 
 Lord Penzance, a Baron of the Exchequer, succeeded Cresswell, 
 who died from the result of an accident. He possessed all the high 
 judicial qualities of his predecessor, whilst his demeanor was most 
 courteous to every one, and, if it was his duty to differ from counsel, 
 he did so with good taste and gentlemanly bearing. He had mixed 
 much in the world, and thus obtained that knowledge which in the 
 Divorce Court is peculiarly required. It was a matter of sincere 
 regret when, in consequence of ill health, he was obliged to retire 
 from office. 
 
 It would not become me to discuss *he merits of Sir James Hannen, 
 the present presiding judge, but I m^_, say that I have been engaged 
 with and against him in many cases, whilst he was at the bar, and I 
 never knew a more conscientious or painstaking advocate." 
 
 " When first I met the subject of the above sketch, there was a 
 contemporary of his, moving in the same circles, also accomplished 
 
Cvime and Responsibility. 135 
 
 and popular. His name was Walsh. When I was in the lowest class 
 at St. Paul's School he was in the highest, and when I joined the Home 
 Circuit he was leader of the Kent Sessions. He married a lady of 
 mature age, but possessing considerable fortune. When, many years 
 after meeting him in London society, I was staying in Florence, I 
 heard he had a villa there, and sought him out. He was in a deplor- 
 ably hypochondriacal state, and nothing seemed capable of rousing 
 him. Some time after this I was taken professionally to the house of 
 a medical man in the Finchley Road, to assist in the examination of 
 an alleged lunatic, and there I found my poor friend, hopelessly and 
 miserably insane. I have every reason to believe that he was treated 
 with skill and kindness, although I utterly disapprove of private 
 lunatic asylums, it being naturally to the advantage of their keepers 
 that the patient should remain under their care. 
 
 It is not many years ago that I became acquainted with a pregnant 
 example of this evil. I was asked by a member of the bar to visit his 
 brother at a private lunatic asylum of high class. He was confined 
 thf e contrary to his brother's wishes, who did not think he was judi- 
 ciously treated or required confinement. The family were wealthy, 
 and a large sum was paid for the maintenance of the gentleman in 
 question. I accordingly went down, and, calling at the house and 
 sending in my card, requested permission to see the patient. I was 
 told that the proprietor was not at home, and that in his absence I 
 could not be permitted to do so, although I produced the brother's 
 authority. I insisted, and threatened to move the Court of Queen's 
 Bench if the refusal was persisted in, and at last I was admitted, and 
 found the patient lodged in a very handsome suite of apartments, 
 opening out ujjon some beautiful grounds. He made no complaint 
 of his treatment, and was manifestly under the influence of insane 
 impulses ; but my astonishment was extreme, upon looking at the 
 hterature with which he was supplied, to find that it was of a charac- 
 ter eminently calculated to foster the peculiar form of disease to which 
 he was subject. An inquiry was subsequently held before a master 
 in lunacy ; the result was that he was released from the asylum, and 
 put under the charge of a skilled person, and, subsequent to such 
 superintendence, permitted his liberty. His removal was opposed by 
 the proprietor, who lost by it a net profit of at least ;^6oo per annum. 
 
 My old friend Charles Reade has described in works of fiction, 
 with great power and ability, the evils that may arise from these 
 institutions when in unscrupulous hands ; and the existence of such 
 
136 ndlosoplty of Insanity. 
 
 men as Dr. Tuke, and others whom I could name, whose sense of 
 honor and general character place them above all suspicion, does not 
 in my judgment make the system one to be trusted or approved of, 
 and I am afraid that the protection intended by the law to be afforded 
 by independent opinions is too often imperiled by a near connection 
 existing between the proprietors of these asylums and the medical men 
 who certify for the reception of persons supposed to be lunatics. 
 
 The whole subject of insanity, as I have elsewhere endeavored to 
 show, deserves supervision — the nature of it, its obligations, and its 
 treatment ; and if the statistics upon it are correct — and it is true that 
 of late years there has been a great increase of the malady — no social 
 evil better deserves a thorough legislative investigation." 
 
 THE PELLIZZIONI TRIAL. 
 
 During the year 1864 a trial took place at the Central Criminal 
 Court which presents features worthy, for more reasons than one, to be 
 recorded. In the first place, the life of a perfectly innocent man was 
 placed in jeopardy, and in the next the course pursued by the police 
 deserves attention and calls for remark. 
 
 It a[ipeared that upon the 26th of December in the previous year 
 a serious disturbance had taken place in a public-house situated on 
 Saffron Hill, Clerkenwell. This locality was at the time inhabited 
 by the humbler class of Italians, and a squabble arose between them 
 and some Englishmen in the neighborhood, resulting in the death of 
 a man named Harrington, who was mortally wounded, and in serious 
 injury to another man of the name of Rebbeck. 
 
 In both cases the injuries inflicted were by some sharp instrument, 
 and in all probability by the same one. An Italian named Pellizzioni 
 was found lying upon the body of the deceased man, and was then 
 seized by the police, who naturally inferred that he was the perpe- 
 trator of the acts. He, however^ declared that he had only come in 
 after they were committed, was endeavoring to quell the disturbance, 
 and in the scuffle still going on \ .is thrown upon the body of Harring- 
 ton, who was not quite dead. No weapon of any kind was found near 
 the spot. After some examinations at the police court Pellizzioni was 
 committed for trial, and tried before Mr. Baron Martin upon the charge 
 of wilful murder. 
 
 This learned judge had been a very successful advocate upon the 
 Northern Circuit, where, however, he had not had any experience in 
 the criminal courts, and, although essentially humane and kind-hearted, 
 
Crime and Responsihilify. 137 
 
 was hasty in forming opinions, and slow in changing them ; and it was 
 obvious that very early in the case he took a strong view against the 
 prisoner, and summing up in accordance with it, a verdict of guilty 
 was pronounced. Sentence of death was passed, the judge stating in 
 the course of it that " he had never known more direct or conclusive 
 evidence in any case.'' It would serve no useful purpose to discuss 
 the testimony given by the various witnesses called, and I shall dismiss 
 the question with this remark — that it was extremely conflicting, and 
 there must have existed upon one side or the other very gross perjury. 
 Several policemen were called and were examined at great length. 
 A^o kuife 7i.ias produced or alluded to on the part of the prosecution. 
 
 The conviction of Pellizzioni produced a great sensation in the 
 neighborhood where he resided, and where he bore the character of a 
 singularly inoffensive man, and those who have known him entertained 
 a very different opinion from Mr. Baron Martin, and a shrewd sus- 
 picion, if not a certainty, existed amongst them as to who the culprit 
 really was. Doubts were ventilated through the columns of the Daily 
 Telegraphy and the proprietors of that journal took a strong personal 
 interest in the matter. Mr. Negretti, the well-known optician, who 
 was also a countryman of the convict, was indefatigable in his behalf, 
 and ultimately the force of public opinion in the neighborhood, and 
 the interference of a Catholic priest, induced a man named Gregorio 
 Mogni to confess that he was the person who had committed the crime, 
 although, as he alleged, in self-defense. 
 
 Mogni was committed and tried at the following sessions of the 
 Central Court upon a charge of manslaughter. It fell to the lot of 
 Mr. Justice Byles to try the case. This learned judge possessed great 
 acuteness, but showed very clearly that he was influenced by the 
 strong view previously taken by Mr. Baron Martin. 
 
 I was instructed by the friends of Pellizzioni to prosecute, and 
 Mr. Montagu Williams, upon very slight materials, and with very great 
 ability, defended. Mogni was convicted, nor can I see how any other 
 result could have been arrived at. This, however, brought about a 
 very peculiar state of things, as there were two men now lying in 
 Newgate convicted of the same crime. In the one ca.se the judge had 
 declared that he had no doubt of Pellizzioni's guilt ; in the other Mogni» 
 who could not be mistaken, declared that he alone committed the 
 crime. Fortunately for the ends of justice, whoever killed Harrington 
 also stabbed Rebbeck, and so, to solve the diflBculty, the Government 
 put Pellizzioni through the ordeal of a trial for this latter offence, and 
 
138 Philosophy of Insanity. 
 
 Mr. Giffard prosecuted on their behalf, which insured the certainty 
 that the evidence would be fully sifted. The case occupied some time, 
 I forget how long, and Mogni was called, and adhered to his confes- 
 sion. He was cross-examined very rigidly, but in the end the jury 
 without hesitation acquitted the prisoner ; and I do not entertain the 
 slightest doubt that he was perfectly innocent, and very unpleasantly 
 for himself, and at the risk of his neck, illustrated the old lines com- 
 mencing " Those who in quarrels interpose." It is, however, very 
 seldom that a man who has engaged solely in the endeavor to prevent 
 strife has been placed in such jeopardy, and it is worthy of consider- 
 ation to what this can fairly be attributed ; I believe it arose from the 
 haste and impetuosity with which the police first adopted a conclusion 
 and afterward adhered to it, although they were well aware of circum- 
 stances that strongly militated against its correctness. 
 
 It will be remembered that upon the first trial no weapon was 
 produced or alluded to on the part of the prosecution, though it will 
 scarcely be credited that the knife with which both injuries were 
 inflicted had been for some time before in the hands of the police. 
 This fact was not brought before those who conducted the prosecution, 
 nor before the jury who tried the case, and it is difficult to find satis- 
 factory reasons for this concealment. The knife had been found at 
 some distance from the spot where the crime had been committed, and 
 could not have been conveyed there by Pellizzioni. It was known 
 throughout the neighborhood that it was Mogni's knife, and it is 
 difficult to believe that the police alone were ignorant of this fact. 
 
 Upon the subsequent trials it was produced, and identified by 
 Mogni. He hadj after stabbing the two men, handed it to a fellow-coun- 
 tryman named Cetti, who had thrown it in an out-of-the-way place, 
 where it was subsequently found. 
 
 The public house in which the occurrence took place was evidently 
 of a very low description, and the witnesses called upon the trial were 
 not unlikely to be influenced by the opinion of the police. The police 
 had the practical management of the prosecution before it came into 
 court ; and I have felt that in calling attention to its remarkable details, 
 I am performing a useful duty to society. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that very few in the position of Pellizzioni 
 would be likely to receive the aid of a powerful journal, or obtain the 
 sympathy and assistance of influential friends. 
 
 Upon the original trial certain death-bed statements made by 
 Harrington, when in extremis, were sworn to by a policeman, which 
 
Crime and Responi^ibiUty . 130 
 
 inculpated the prisoner, and which were said to be taken down by 
 another constable. This circumstance doubtless was instrumental in 
 obtaining the first verdict, but through the conduct exhibited by these 
 witnesses it was entirely discredited by the juries upon the two sub- 
 sequent investigations. 
 
 A short time after the acquittal of Pellizzioni I received a visit 
 from the Marquis D'Azeglio, the Sardinian Minister, who was instructed 
 to convey to me the thanks of his Government for my exertions in the 
 case. This was the means of my forming a most agreeable acquaint- 
 ance. The Marquis was very popular in English society, and I met 
 him occasionally in London, and subsequently at Homburg, where, 
 through his introduction, I passed many pleasant hours. 
 
 I understood from him that the services rendered to Pellizzioni in 
 this country had been very warmly appreciated in his own. I believe 
 that the Marquis died not very long after I had the pleasure of know- 
 ing him, and, if so, it must have been in the prime of life. 
 
 It is manifest that in all investigations in criminal matters, the 
 police must form a very material element, and the correctness of the 
 result must greatly depend upon their truth and accuracy. It is, there- 
 fore, most important that those who preside upon such inquiries should 
 understand the characteristics of the body, and know something of 
 their organizations. I fear that without such knowledge very serious 
 mischances, and perhaps fatal ones, are likely to arise. I have had 
 constant opportunities, of forming a judgment, and my remarks are 
 not founded upon any prejudice against a necessaiy, and in many 
 respects trustworthy, body of men ; but from the conclusions that my 
 experience has forced upon me I am obliged to say that the evidence 
 given by the police ought to be viewed with a considerable amount of 
 caution. 
 
 Wherever men are associated in a common object, as in their case, 
 an esj>rif de corps naturally arises, and this not unfrequently colors 
 the testimony of individual members. Their duties are extremely try- 
 ing, and calculated frequently to cause anger and irritation, feelings 
 which almost invariably induce those possessed by them to exagt^erate, 
 if not to invent. The classes against whom they appear are usually 
 without the position that commands consideration, and consequently 
 statements made to their prejudice meet with the more ready belief. 
 
 The feeling of sanctity that probably once attached to an oath 
 becomes deadened in the minds of those who are taking it every day, 
 and an easy manner and composed demeanor are acquired by persons 
 
140 Philosophy of Insanity. 
 
 constantly in the witness-box. There exists a very bad habit in the 
 force of communicating their opinions at the outset of an inquiry, 
 thus pledging themselves to views which it is damaging to their saga- 
 city to retract. The Pellizzioni case furnishes an example of the evil 
 arising from this habit. Everybody knows that " an experienced and 
 intelligent officer has, with his accustomed acuteness," secured the 
 murderer, etc. ; and in this case the police did not like publishing the 
 fact that they had committed a flagrant blunder, and so an innocent 
 man was very nearly being executed. On the other hand, in many 
 cases where constables have discharged their duties in a most exem- 
 plary manner, and may have been either disabled or killed, I cannot 
 think that their services are sufficiently considered or properly reward- 
 ed ; and, as I ha. ■ said in a former portion of these pages, I do not 
 think that nearly sufficient protection is thrown around them by ade- 
 quate punishments being meted out to those from whom they have 
 been subjected to serious injuries. In the earlier days of their exist- 
 tence they were very unpopular, and it was only natural that the 
 Executive should use every effort to support them, and magistrates 
 were censured occasionally for the views they took in certain cases 
 against members of the force. Now, however, I am sure that as 
 efficient a control as is possible is exercised by the Commissioners, 
 and the magistrates perform their duties without dread of the Home 
 Secretary, formerly a feeling not wholly without justification. As far 
 as my observation has enabled me to form a judgment, the police pre- 
 serve order in the streets with good temper and firmness. 
 
 I'he preceding reflections are made in no unkind or unfriendly 
 spirit, but now especially, when judges who have never been inside a 
 criminal court are called upon to preside in trials where the issues 
 possibly involve the life of a human being, and where the police per- 
 haps are material witnesses, my observations may not be altogether 
 out of place or unworthy of consideration, 
 
 I am unable to furnish the date of the following case, in which I 
 was engaged on the part of the defendant, a policeman ; it was, how- 
 ever, after the trials of which I have in the last chapter given an 
 account. In relating the circumstances I shall not express any belief 
 as to the truth or falsehood of the charge made, but the view taken by 
 the jury justifies me in quoting it as an illustration of some of the 
 observations that I have presented to the reader. 
 
 In a certain district in St. John's Wood, shortly before the case I 
 am recording, a number of burglaries had occurred, and great indig- 
 
Crime and Responaibllity. 141 
 
 nation had been expressed at tlie supineness of the police, not unac- 
 companied by insinuations of a graver kind. 
 
 Two young men, of perfect respectability, as far as appeared from 
 evidence that was adduced, were walking on their way home some- 
 what late one night in the neighborhood which had been the scene of 
 the burglaries, and, according to their own account, they had done 
 nothing that was calculated to excite suspicion, nor had anything upon 
 their persons unusual for respectable people to possess. To their 
 astonishment they were seized by three policemen, and charged with 
 attempting to break into a house. 
 
 The diree officers declared that they had watched them, and caught 
 them in the act, and had actually taken from them the implements of 
 burglary. 
 
 It is obvious that, if the young men told the truth, one of the most 
 wicked cases of conspiracy ever known had been planned by the i)olice, 
 and was carried out by flagrant i)erjury. 
 
 The accused were discharged, and they, in their turn, prose- 
 cuted the three officers at the Central Court. The case stood for trial 
 before the Recorder, Mr. Russell Gurney, who^e name I have pre- 
 viously mentioned, r'^d who, whilst thoroughly impartial, was rather 
 inclined to the side v^t authority than otherwise. 
 
 The charges were for perjury, and it is right that I should mention, 
 for the benefit of the general reader, that only one person can be 
 included in an indictment for that particular offence. 
 
 This being so, the defendant charged was able to call, and did 
 call, his two companions. The case was very ably conducted by Mr. 
 Serjeant Sleigh, and he had the advantage, ''.ot on such an occasion a 
 small one, of a reply. A very clear summiiig-up followed, and the jury, 
 after some deliberation, convicted the accused. 
 
 It will be quite understood that I express no opinion as to the 
 correctness or the reverse of this verdict. I thought, however, that it 
 was of such very grave importance that I advised that the two remain- 
 ing indictments should be removed into the Court of Queen's Bench, 
 which was accordingly done, and the sentence upon the person already 
 tried was postponed until the result of the further investigations. These 
 were not, however, proceeded with, no public prosecutor existing at 
 the time, and it is likely that the expen.se deterred the young men, 
 who had sufficiently vindicated their characters, from proceeding any 
 further in the matter." 
 
 I have in former chapters taken occasion to refer to the character 
 
142 Philosophy of InMinify. 
 
 of particular classes of witnesses, to the temptations that exist in some 
 matters to falsify facts, and the occasional deliberate manner in whic^h 
 this is attemjited. And it ought to be remembered that the Crown 
 Courts are the arena upon which beginners are launched in the pro- 
 fession. Unlike the Civil Court, the judc-t. may not have, and gener- 
 ally has not, the assistance of the ablest and most cxi)ericnced advo- 
 cates to take all human care that nothing shall escape notice that 
 requires consideration, and therefore much more must necessarily be 
 left to his experience and a mind assumed to be practiced. In a civil 
 proceeding, however small the stake, he can be corrected if he should 
 err, and iii)on this ground new trials frequently take place. liut no 
 court of appeal exists to which a fellow-creature condemned to expiate 
 a real or supposed crime upon the scaffold has a right to resort for 
 correction of erroneous law or a wrong conclusion of fact. 
 
 In the account I have given of a previous case, I have shown the 
 imperfect means existing in the hands of the Home Secretary, and 
 the mischievous results that occurred from there being no others. 
 
 I wish that my observations should be of service and produce 
 inquiry, and this object would not be attained by any exaggeration. 
 T am confident of the earnest desire of those who are called upon to 
 fulfil their novel duties to accomplish the object, but they cannot by 
 intuition jump into the knowledge that is required to do so. 
 
 As I conscientiously believe that the employment of untrained 
 men to try grave criminal charges is a great and serious evil, I wish 
 to show my entire absence of prejudice by quoting the admission 
 from all quarters of the bar of the agreeable manner in which they 
 have hitherto presided, but this is only what would be expected of 
 highly-educated, kindly gentlemen. And I am by no means sure that 
 a barrister likes a judge the less because now and then he lets him 
 get a verdict that he has no right to expect 
 
 I have often ihought over the subj'jct o^ 'cal in criminal cases 
 
 before it was forced so prominently fo*^ now is by the appoint- 
 
 ment of barristers to the bench whc lO experience in this class 
 
 of work, and I believe no one doubts ...r a moment the principle, but, 
 as I am aware, great and serious difficulties surround the subject, 
 and it threatens an inquiry into the whole system of criminal proce- 
 dure : and although I have neither the pretension nor ability to be a 
 law reformer, my experience may enable me to give some hints not 
 altogether useless to those who may be called upon elsewhere to deal 
 with this subject. 
 
Crime and BesponsihUifij. 143 
 
 Let me lay down some axioms which I heh'eve are sound : 
 
 Harshness and over-sa>crity affect seriously the administration of 
 justice., by rendering juries unwilling:; to convict, and acquittals obtained 
 through weakness encourage the criminal classes in the pursuit 0/ their 
 career. 
 
 In grave crimes, such as murder, a faihire on one side or the 
 other, through want of experience on the part of tlie judge, is ahvays 
 damaging, and may j)roduce shocking consecjuences. 
 
 A commission composed of very learned men has been engaged 
 lately in j^reparing suggestions for a code of the criminal law; and no 
 doubt if such a production could be accomplished, it might materially 
 facilitate the administration of justice throughout its different channels. 
 I am doubtful, however, notwithstanding the energy and labor of Sir 
 James Filzjames Stephen and his associates, whether we shall ever 
 see it accomplished. Ikit I think that at very little expense or trouble 
 much simplicity might be intrc need where it is greatly wanted, and 
 that in many instances tolerabl;, iccurate definitions might be .secured, 
 I think, also, that many offences clearly defined might be accurately 
 classified and that each person before his trial might, with advantage, 
 be supphed with a statement of his offence in intelligible everyday 
 terms. 1 do not think any real. substantial good can be effected without 
 the creation of more judges, and it has occurred tome that this might 
 really be made the means of saving, instead of creating, expense, and 
 at the same time effecting the much-desired object of a court of appeal. 
 I think that rucrubcis of the new body should sit throughout the year, 
 as the police magistrates do — a quorum of them to hear appeals, an \ 
 the others relieving the different jails. I should give the right of appeal 
 in all cases, subject to certain limitations determined by the punish- 
 ment inflicted — at all events, to begin with. 
 
 The court of appeal ought to have the power of both diminishing 
 and increasing the punishments inflicted by the judges of first instance. 
 It would not be called upon to rehear the cases, but decide as is done 
 at present by the tribunals who hear motions for new trials in 
 civil suits, members of the Criminal Appeal Court being embodied 
 with the High Court of Justice, and receiving aid from their brother 
 judges. In the above sketch of a plan that has long occurred 
 to my mind as being a basis to go upon and in any endeavor to 
 amend the present state of things, I should not, of course, interfere 
 with the privilege of the Crown to remit sentences, but should give it 
 
144 Philosophy of Insanity. 
 
 the assistance now so fatally wanting in coming to a conclusion upon 
 substantial grounds. 
 
 The facilities and cheapness with which the metropolis can now 
 be reached induce me to think that the ambit of the Central Court 
 might be extended wit'i advantage to further distances, and that a 
 court upon similar principles might be established in the larger 
 towns. 1 "iiere would be no objection to the aldermen still pursuing 
 the duties that they now so innocently perform, but elective judges 
 ought summarily to be abolished. 
 
 I wish a'lso that our legislators would give their attention to the 
 question whether a system of transportation could not be established. 
 I am confident, as I have said already, that it is the most preventive 
 punishment (unkss death is exceptc'^ that has been intlicted in 
 modern times, and I look upon con> v.l prisons and the system pur- 
 si'.ed in th'='m with great mi ""ings. The inmates appear to me to 
 have a sodden appearance, and there is a painful similarity in their 
 faces to thoi^c v/hor.i a visitor will see grouped in lunatic asylums. I 
 believe that with no small proportion of the criminal class the hope 
 of their being reformed is utterly contradicted by experience, and yet 
 the idea of imprisonment for life is repugnant to our feelings, and in 
 many instances would be unjust. Hoiv can society be benefited by the 
 convict of some four or five years being handed back to his old asso- 
 ciates ? Even if he have the desire to reform, he has overwhelming 
 temptation to follow his old courses. 
 
 Society, too, gives him no aid in an honest endeavor. Where is 
 the householder who will, knowingly, take the released felon into his 
 establishment? And, therefore, if he succeed in obtaining any em- 
 ployment, he must do so by concealment, really amounting to a fraud 
 upon the employer — a bad beginning for an honest service. And there 
 are the eyes of two sections of mankind constantly upon him — his 
 former accomplices, and his more recent, but not less dangerous, 
 acquaintances, the police." 
 
Crime and Resportaibility, I45 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 I have read my manuscript over for the last time, before --' xing 
 it in the hands of the printer, and I am not satisfied with it. 1 ..nd I 
 have not said all I have to say, and that what I have said could very 
 eas'ly have been better said ; yet I am determined to let it stand, for 
 if I once began to alter and change there would be no end of it, and 
 probably I -Duld only make it worse instead of better. I am afraid 
 Dr. Bucknell, if he considers it worth his notice at all, will say my 
 facts are thrown together " like a heap of stones." Well, I had some- 
 thing to say, or I thought I had, and I had to say it in my own way, 
 certainly not elegant or stylish, nor yet sentimental, but I lay claim io 
 truthfulness, and to having done my best ; moreover, I have not " set 
 down aught in malice," nor have I presumed to try and raise the veil 
 between the natural and supernatural ; I have confined my investiga- 
 tions to the natural order. To me science is one thing, my faith is 
 another. I am very much indebted to a large number of my friends 
 for assistance rendered me, amongst whom are John Reade, Esq., 
 Doctors F. W. Campbell, R. P. Howard, C. A. Wood, Geo.' Ross' 
 Angus C. Macdonald, A. H. David, W. de M. Marler, P:sq., and 
 the very learned Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, of Montreal, also to Dr.'j. G. 
 Kiernan, of Chicago ; and Dr. Workman, of Toronto ; to these 
 last six named gentlemen my thanks are more particularly due as 
 they have in various ways rendered me such valuable assistance, and 
 given me, from time to time, such useful information, that I feel I 
 owe to each and all of them a debt that I never can repay excei)t by 
 gratitude. 
 
 To those gentlemen, judicial, legal and medical, who differed 
 from me in the views I held of the mental state of Bulmer and the 
 unfortunate Hayvern, I beg to assure then of my highest respect and 
 esteem ; and if during the heat of discussion I made use of one 
 word that caused any of them annoyance, I did so unintentionally, 
 and ask to be permitted to withdraw that woid.