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The following diagrams Illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent iue filmAs A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour fttre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmi d partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de qauche i droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthcde. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ti i u i m j^<(<'^ 8 QEORQE V SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a A. 1918 BIOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 19; 5-17 NOTES UN THE HABITS AND DISTRIBUTION OF TEREDO NAVALIS ON THE ATLANTIC COAST OF CANADA BY E. M. KINDLE Ph.D., etc. OTTAWA 3. Dl UABROQUGRIK TACH6 PRINTER TO TUB KINO'S M08T BXCBLLENT 1IAJE»TT 1918 2336&— lo QL^^^ r^.. i.-wood bor.0 by r«-.do ««.».<. -^'^;';«— • ^^ ' ' «"»•'- ' ■"'""' "' ■"''"" i<»i« minted to thn MuMum of Uio (^tnadimi Oenlogio*! 8urv«y by ¥r. H. E. Miller. aecomiMDied by notM ^bowinn the dates withia whicli tho d«atructi»fi work had been awwmpliihod. Allhou«h a wnaiderabli? literature esiata on th« deatruetive work of Teredo, rooorda of iu hahltH and work in (^nadian watcn arc tu/Bcifntly noHn^e to juatify rpcording Mine of tho int« rcatin* facU which have been .!oim«unicat('d to the writer ^y Mr. U. K. Uillor In the .rourie of hia work aa an ewiineRr in the Depart- ment of^I'"''''" ^'^'^' '" '«»«*''« wharrea. jii'in«. and other iieaiihore .trueturoa in Princo Edward laland. Mr. Miller him had unaaual opportunitira to become H'liuainted with th« work of the Tereao. Tho daU rolatin* to the habiu of tho borinK moUiMB, popularly known aa the ship worm, which are recorded in thJH paper hare born sup- plied chiefly by Mr. Miller. The diatribution of Tfrrnio navalia preacnta wiine novel features. It affords an eaamplo of discontinuoun diatribution which pnrallola that of the common oyat.r in (,anadmn water.. It in aaaociated with the K«ilf of St. Lawrence colony of the Acd.an fauna but ita distribution varies rather widely, as will be pointed out. from that of Home of the other MpecicK .)f thiH northern Aeadinn colony. IIABITII. Ooiwiderable human interest attaches to the borinfr work of the mollusc Teredo uaoalu. because it is equally capable of destroying wharves, or railway bridgn or .«mk'»jg Ships when precautions to check its ravaffea are neglected. The depredations Teredo arc not confined to sny particular parts of the world's coast lines. Its work 1!. well known on the Pacific coast, where the laopod. Limnoria lentbrant. is locdly even more destructive.' In Europe • i extraordinary increase in the numbers and .ibundance of Teredo at various wit separated periods have several timea brougiht it mto very prominent notice. Duri . one of these periodic increases in its numbers —about naO-82— Holland was imperilled by the threatened deatruction of ita sea dykes.' The rapidity with which timbers arc frequently destroyed by Teredo navalie is shown by the accompanying photograph (fig. 1) of a portion of a beech timber which was 18 inches square when placed in the water. The timber w«s perfectly sound when placed in the tidal lone just west of the entrance to Oharlottetown harbour. Prince Kdward Island. The completely honeycombed condition shown in the figure was accomplished in a period of sixteen mon «. This is a much more rapid rate of I Publlahcd with the permlHton of the Director of the aealoi'<»l Burvsy. » Harrinston. N. R. and Ortffir, B. B. Notes on the ^trlbutlan and hsblta of aome PumI Sound Invertebrates. Trans., N.V. Acad. 8cl., litl, pp. 5*»-9. » « oi -ome i ufei = ..'^"ir^'ir''*);""' F- ^r'^'J*"^." *""• '•■ depredation, (translated from Archives of Holland. Vol. I). Popular Science Monthly, vol. XIII. 1878, pp. 400-410, S45-i5l. 238*0—1 lo ' •.#yf i\ DiPAKTMBUT Of Tll» Wi^it tMr/M ■ OIONOt V. A, HI* a^trucuo.. .h.« h.. b«,a rjw u. iu .ijr ;;'7,7j;J*Ki7«''.ih -t^ H« .Utc th.t -upon the K«f»«nt «J^'^*;^^ „^,ht«n mo.»h.." l>r. D-U Pino .ml fir ot« a foot '« •»'r"*".'! . !!« of ard..tn.'tion of tb« .A" rt- of . ,„^l pic -nade of pile. ? »« » '~Jj ::,2:S;f «r«.u.i« i. -^ «bund.nt .od b,^ In .i, wMik*. PTof. A. E. 7*™*JVbI,,^ At my wmmar borne on ... i.l.i"l no oMe intwMct or cut into B.«h oth«. _^ ..__ .. n. Miller, i. .n imporUnt Th. tim. of y..r .t which |'«f»' ^7,^.'TJ5^^^o^immu«• from th. r...g-; factor In di.t.nninin, th. «t*«t to '^^•'* 'Vi. fwm October to J.nutry gW. much of the T««lo. '• Tra«. cut Jj'^^. ^'Z tV.^ th^^Te tree, cut from Febru.r, arctm »wii«t.noe or .r. \•«• teotod, "being Tery freely •^'^^^iv ^» .juek unprotected Te»-1 hulU m freely .. "To ft gre.t «itent the ^r*^ T^f ''^Jf ,^»^^h of time. €on.t.nt motion ta«l timber. prticuUrly if """"i"* ' JJ'J;,; 'tSl .tSm^ot of the -p.wn to «,me Swugh the w.ter, howerer. .ppem ^^*»''";»^^* . «,ppo, or m.rine Pointing .nf UU. ..tent Such P!?»f *»"• 1*;;T; long " ho proS^ing Njent '•«•;- -f«t^' creo*,tlng prore. .a 'ff*^''* «•""" ^l^^^ ^u> the timber U below »»"-tlde =«■*• " Th. point of entry of ^^.^J^TZ^^^^r^ oondition (t«y much .fter the A peonlUrity U tJ»«^ •t*"*"* V^^TlZoni tTvwo f«rt .boTe low-w.t.r .pnng tide tXn produo.^ by the ^r\'ijT,^7^ of 9 to 11 feet. From thi. point S«k in looiJitle. where .p«ng "J?* ^'VrntoTnot p.»ing the line of the b.,ttom. ^^t.r;X/bun!rtr.«te*':^'o^-"- - --• •• '^-^ ^^ ^^ •-^-X'SSt'o* the c-^ S?j;~e1?oo^S':it?Tr: ^udT:" T'p the .Utoment to me. th.t if ^^-^^'of^W^ .i^n XT^P'^'^*' ^ ^•'»*'" '* ''' *^* S kept immune though the enttyof^Terrio^^^ ^^^.^^ ^^ ^^^^ .11 other thing* being equ.1 tPV*'°"'"l .^^--^nain. .bore Mid bottom i. wndy. „uSmoreprev^.ntimdde.truct.vejJ««th^u^ ^^^^ .tick .ffecU|d ^-r.^U amount -J «--,--•/- ^^^X;^^^^^!^ that at Chriitianii^wherejhejro^^ _ "*-Vv.rHr/t B. t..«« to th. author rrtruary .1. 1»»7. ibJlJir from tt It MlU.r. to th. .uthor. ItBIP WQRM oy ATLANTIC 00A8T SESSIONAL PAPER No. 38a piles had been creosotcd (ten pounds to the equare foot) before they were driven in, but not to much purpofto."* The palmento of the southern states and some of the Australian woods are said to be immune from the attacks of Teredo. The papers by Putnam* and Cunningham" contain much information on the habits of Teredo. An loelandio naturalist* has made some interesting obserrations and experi- ments on the hahits and biological characteristics of Teredo norwegica. the speoiee found on the southern and weatem coasts of Iceland Mr. Frita Johansen has kindly furnished the following translation and summary of these from the Danish: "The propagating (spawning) season continues through the whole summer (April- August). No larviB are found in the mantle-oavity or in the sea ; but numerous very small ones (burrows Iram. long OSmm. wide) are found in driftwood from Faxcbugt (W. coast) dt the end of July. " The growing period is mostly limited to two years as shown by experiment : I kept some pieces of wood with Teredo taken from the false keel of a fishing boat and kept it in a shaded cool place; the animals remained alive ten days; but inside of two weeks all were dead. Kept in a temperature of 6" C. for two days they all froze stiff, but were alive when thawed out again. In fresh water they only lived two to three hours; tiiree hours in half sea and half fresh water or in putrid sea water. " It is mostly only on two places that ships are attacked; at the waterline and in the false keel (or if this is missing the lower part of the keel itself). That this keel part is attacked is because it is buried in the sand, when the ship is beached, and thus gets no paint or tar. The " waterline " part of the ship gets easily its protection ,of paint or tar scraped off when loading, anchoring, etc. Plank edges are first and most attacked. " The Teredo avoids leaving the wood in which it bores. Hence from the false keel only a few had penetrated to the true keel, and tho burrows avoided the outer surface of the false keel. Where two parts of the false keel joined, the burrows never went through the contact but stopped short of a couple of inches. But how does the Teredo know when to stop burrowing! Maybe by sound-sense? In piers at Reykjavik, where Limnoria lignorum Ratk. .burrows together with Teredo, one frequently sees that Limnoria eats away the woodparta surrounding the Teredo burrows and the calcareous lioing of the Teredo burrows are exposed. Teredo therefore protects itself by thicken- ing its calcerous lining 3 to 4 times the usual thicknese by internal secretions. " Boats on the water at the south and southwest coast are attacked by it " In later ycare it has been very numerous and destructive in sea-going shipa belonging to the southwest coast ; in many cases Teredo has been imported with shipa bought in England, but some ships built in Iceland or lumber put into ships in Iceland have been attacked. Ships belonging to the north and northwest coasts (beached during the winter) seem to be free of Teredo. Maybe the many English ships bought and the unusually mild winter, and the fact that the ships are on the sea all winter are the causes of its frequency at the southwest coast for the last five or six years. " The largest Teredo I have seen measured 27.5 cm. (to the base of the siphons) siphons ca. 2-6 cm.; average size of Teredo 19-18 cm., built in 1892." > INd. p. 1}5. * Putnam, J. W. — The PreBH-vntion of Timber, aclentlflc AmertCHn Supplement, Vol. X.-No. J3«, July 10, 1880, 3T8t-3T«8. *CunnlnKham. J. T.— Teredo. Enoyclopaedla BriUnnica, 8th Ed., Vol. XXIII, 18S8, pp 184-186. * BaemundKin, H Zoolow. Heddal. fra bland (ZooL Notes from Iceland, p. 43, i^ i%Mi^ Vldmikab. ICeddaL frm Natnrhlit. Korea Kbhn. (or Aared 1903 (aolentiflo papers ff4MJM^|||P' History Society In Copanhacen for year 1(03). ; «*.f„'^™J^'"f which wa. aubmerged two years, four feet below low water at P.ctou. xj.8. ^t Woods Hole, Mass.. it has been found living at a depth of 13 fathoms* and .n New York haXur r 586 fathom..» Three well-known rock and clay-boring molluscs are found in the same general region with Teredo navalin. These are:— t'ttricoia photadiformit, Zirfaea criapata. Saxicava aretiea. P. pholadiformii appoars to be most common near the inter-tidal -/one. but it has been drwlged at a depth of 30 fathoms it. St. Marys bay by Dr. A. G. Iluntsman. 1 he JSUTfange of Z crUpata » from low tide to 70 fathoms in Canadian waters. Off ^Maiue c^ast it is recorded by VerriU* at from 23 to « fathom* At Woods Hole it «lso oconra at a considerable depth below low tide. Saxicava a*-^**^* »%"°°*^" J^ bpS shell which has a considerable range below the tide line. On the Iceland co«t it is found between tide in8rk9« while off the Labrador coast it is common at 10 to 90 ^'^'n^eyman reported limestone boulders bored by Saxicava which were found at a depth of 68 fathoms off the Nova Scotia coast.'' i • i The rook-lboring habit gives to molluscs which practise it a special geological significance, as pointed out by Barrows' The rock cells of such molluscs gradually expand as the rook is entered from the smaU aperture on the surface drilled ty the very yonng shell into chambers corresponding to the sixe of the adult moUusos which thus leave no avenue of escape for the shell even after iu death. The i.mproibab.lity of the removal of boring shells by current action to waters deeper or shallower than the living animal occupied permits the fossil moUuscan rock-bonng sheila to yield information which is precise within the limits of their vertical range concerning the depth of the sea in which they lived. , mSTBIBVTIOK. The genus Teredo has a wide distribution around the coasts of the North Atlantic. None of its several species however belong properly to the Boreal fauna although there are outlying cotenies of some ^)ecie8 which are surrounded by the boreal fauna, r. noTvegica, which is the prevailing indigenous species on the eastern side of the North Atlantic, affords in its European di8trib>:»:on an interesting example of such discon- tinuous distribution toward the northern limite of its range. This species ranges through the Mediterranean and up the west coast of Europe into the waters of S.W. Norway. But G. O. Sars* states that "the only place inside of the Arcti c iProe. and Trans. N.8. In»t. Nat Scl., Vol. 6, 18»1, P- »T«. tig. 4 ^.,.„„, wood. Hole .Summer. P. B. Ortufn. R.C., Col., U J. A. Blotojjcal Survey of "!« W*tenio<; Wood. Hole and irtc"nlty. Bur. of Fl.herle.. Bull. HU, Vol. XXXI. Part II, 8eo. HI. P. 702. s^rSo and Tran». N.8. Inat. of Nat 8cl.. Vol. V. 1881, p. S7«. Ha. 14. ***" «. Barrow* A, U Th. O«olo»l« Blgnmcnc of Poaall Rock-Borlw Animal, (read bafor. the pS^cSb&I Sooitt, of America). Bull. ??'• B'J«„ A^.V/"' "' "" « MollHsrswftWnii Aretiete Norvaslw. p »«, Chriatlana. 1878. 8BIP WORM Of/ ArLANTW OQAST «l EIIE6SI0NAL PAPER No. 38a region whet* this form hw been notioed i» at Oenf jord in Went Fiumark, wh«» Hay ffkth<^ found it boring in piW . ^ _. * .i_ »i. Thii Finnurk colony of Tondo norvegtca it far to the north ol the nortJtwro mawia of the continuous diltribution zone of the speoiee on the Norwegittn ooMt. B. S«umund*on» writee ae foUowa regarding the occurrence of Teredo in Ice- landic waters: "The Icelandic name of Teredo, 'tren-dkux,' was «rat mentio^^ loelandio by E. Olafaaep i^v hit journey through I<«l«>i«,8oroe in 1772. Ttrt^ navali, uUr» ligr^ni is the bad worm, which spoils the driftwood' (West Ic^^land). Later it is mentioned by Mohr. J786 (Icelandic Natural History) and *y J«««h (Fauna MoUusc. Isla^dX 1868, bath on the authority of Olafseen, so that neither ot these two men haTC noticed it i» Iceland themaelves. , The species was foupd living in a pier at Reykjavik by me five years ago, and definitely determined by Ad. Jenaen as T. norweviga Spengl. The speoiee is found in driftwood all around the island. It was found by me only in standing lumber (piers) at Reykyavik (West coast)." ..„„.,, j A Teredo listed as 3'. navaliaf and T. dentieulata is included iii Mollier s ana MorchV lists of the moUusca of Greenland. Posselt* refetn MoUcr-s T. »kii> Index Molluacorum Oroenlandlca, 1S42, p. 21- a MIddeMaar au Qronland. Vol. XXIX. 19««. pp. !8t-SSI. ♦ Middel. or Oronland, B«nd M, 1S»S. p. 101, liKPARTMSSr OF THF, NATAL SKRVICB a QEORQE V, A. 1911 T ^'■''l'^'" Murphy who made a ipecial invMtigation of the di.tribution of S^t" r ^~«" T*^ ^^^ •' ^y'*""'' *^''^'"' <^-P« Breton island, Nor. /;,, T*^. f ". *• <''**'"«'''o i* not more no than at any of the poinU on our l«".t «a H?Jf ■^"'»^"* alonir the coaata of Northumberland Htrait hh far west at leaat a» Bhediac. How much farther northwcet ita range extends i. not known but probably not much farther. Murphy states that the fone of Tercdo'H operation, on the eaat coast of Nova Scoti* begins about Mu«,uodoboit harbour and extends from there IL r i4n V*'t/°,'?"** *••■* '^ '^'"n*' *«"«« «" *>>« Atlantic ooH.t between the strait of Oanso and Halifax. From Halifax scuthweBt along the Nora Scotia coaat 01 \y traoM of Teredo aro found and thty are neither numerous nor deatruetiTe a<%ord- ing to Murphy. The writer has not observed Teredo on the Bay of Pundy coast of * lu ^ \ . ^"^r^^' ''°*' ""* "PI*" *" '"'^'^ •«*" '* t»»«re. Dr. A. O. Huntsman of the St. Andrews biological station inform* the writer that "we obtained it once near one of the Western isles, that is ve»y close to Fiyo's island. In some sunken timber, and at anothe. < ime we obtained it from some floating blocks which had, quite evidently. ?r.V T II ""' "!J*!"1^ "'"'"'''y ^""" '^^ ^"^^ St""""- I* " '•"> probable therefore. ^tl^° n""* '»«''«?'«>"•' to the Bay of Fundy. but comes in periodically in float- ing wood. Professor Ganong reported in ISflS that « a broad and strong tide-dam was completely undermined and destroyed by them (T. navalis) within the space of SIX years at Fryes island which i* located in the lower and wider part of the bay. I his author at a later date however modified this statement by saying that the destruo- lin^^ Fryea island was the combined work of Teredo and the crustacean Limnoria /•flnorum. It i. powible that it was altogether the work of L. lignorum sh Huggeated by Verrill Whiteavea* records T. navalu from St. John in a ship's hull. But that this record repreae^nts exotic specimens appears certain from Professor Ganong-s state- ment that in St. John harbour the Teredo is not only absent but "ships which enter of P^i'w^'v"'^ •'' ''ir ""l^"* '""" *•'•"" '''t^'" t^" ''»y«"'' Th*^ testimony of Professor VerriU regarding the occurrence of Teredo in the Bay of Fundy is important because of li.s intimate knowledge of the Bay of Fundy fauna. He writes that so far as I remember I did not find Teredo naval's in Bay of Fundy dufiiiK the seven summers I collected there. I think T did find T. norvegica a few times in Duoys. . . At Eaatport, Me., I found Lnminaria very abundant in piles, fish- weir stakes, etc., but found no Teredo with it there. "• , t.^V®"*V"** '*''*®'* ""* P™bably active in excluding T. navalu from the Bay of Fundj. Temperature is doubtless one of these. The area in which Teredo is most abundant is speaking broadly, essentially the same as that of the isolated colonies of oysters ,n the waters about the southern shore of the gulf of St. Lawrence. Although the waters in winter are much colder than those of the Bay of Fundy. during the critical period of the spawning time they are warmer. Professor E. W McBride^ has pointed out how the existence of the oyster in this region depends upon the warrnhj wiZTJ^lTZ! r*"' T? ^•'«'«.'»'°«« they can exist during the spawning season. l^l^J !? earlier caDr-l attention to the special temperature conditions which f^il'^l T!^. 't "J. '"^^"'^ "* ^''*- ^-""""''^ » «»"««"'«• environment for « northern colony of the Acadian fauna. UH.'^'lir.''" ^' *"■ *"" ''«"">'"<». il°'"«« of Acadl.. N.B. Nat HUt. Soc. Bull. No. VII. < Catalorie or Marine InvAriabratei of Buitam Canada. 1»01, p. 16 1 •Oanoiw W F. Nat. Hlrt Soc. N.f. Bull 4. p. »9, 1885. '•"'"■ ,ic" • *• ^ letter to the author, FVbruary »1, HIT 'The Canadian Oyeter, Can. Ree. Sd., Vol. IX. l»05. pp. 15<-S •CaUIotue of Marine Invertebrata of Eaiit.m Canada, p. 15, Can. Qeol. Survey 1*01 BMIP WORU OK ATLANTIC OOABT SESSIONAL PAPER No. 3ta Another ftotor of importance in eoutrolling the diitribution of Teredo ii talinity. There eppeera to be general agreement among shipping men and other* familiu with the work of Teredo that any conaiderable amount of freeh water ia fatal to it. On th>i point, Mr. H. E. Miller aUtea that "where the flow of freab water i« lufflcient to have any effect on lalinity there ia an rntire absenne of Teredo."' The tpeedy dertruotion of T. navolu already alluded to which resulti when it le brought into St. Johni harbour on ahipa is doubtleia due to its inability to withstand brackish water. While this factor would explain iU absence from certain bays and estuaries of the Bay of Fundy, neither salinity nor temperature will afford a satisfac- tory explanation of the general scarcity or absence of Teredo in these waters. If tem- perature alone were sufficient to bar Teredo from the Bay of Fundy it is difficult to understand how lllyanaiua obtoUta, one of its congeners in the Acadian colony of the gulf of 8t l4iwrenoe should be able to make its way into the shallow bays on t^VJJ^* side of the Bay of Fundy, where I have found it at moat points where I have dredged. This species on the opposite side of the Bay of Fundy is rare or Bbnetit.' One of the peculiarities of T. navolu is iU aversion to water containing sedimenta or other impur- ities in suspension. Various writers have noted this aversion. The waters of the Bay of Fundy are unique in their extreme turbidity: no other waters on the American coast approach them in this respect. This is due to the very high tides, and the corre- spondingly swift currents in the estuaries which keep the waters near the coaat every- where turbid with sediment. In the Bay of Fundy there is a tidal range of 40 to 60 feet. In Northumberland Strait where Teredo is abundant the tidal range is in the neighbourhood of 10 or 12 feet. The turbidity of the Bay of Fundy waters, par'.icularly in the upper and narrower portion of the Bay, exceeds that of Northumberland strait in somewhat the same proportion as its tides exceed those of the strait. The high turbidity of the estuarine waters of the Bay of Fundy is believed to be chiefly respon- sible for the general absence or scarcity of Teredo. Barrows* has pointed out that a definite correlation exists between the rock boring habit and a location on the open coast. The need of protection from the wavps at and near the tide line on open coasts doubtless developed rock boring as a protective measure. This normal open-coast environment which involved exposure to the surf included the normal salinity of the open sea and comporative freedom from silt. The heavily silt laden waters of the upper part of the Bay of Fundy afford the very antithesis of the open coast environment which is normal to rook boring molluscs and in this fact is to be found the explanation of the absence or scarcity of T. nanalU as well as the rock borers Zirfata eriapata snd Peirioola pkoladiformU in the Bay of Fundy. ASSOCIATED 8PECIB8. A small crustacean, Limnoria lignorum. is associated with Teredo in some parts of 'ts range whose wood-destroying habits aro similar to those of Teredo. These two species which are similar only In habits, differ sufficiently in their preference for certain environmental factors to lead them to reach their maximum numbers and development along different parte of the coast line. Their zones of haSitat, however, overlap according to Murphy. This author states regarding the areas occupied by these two species that "wooden wharves or bridges along the Bay of Fundy and from there along the Atlantic coast as far as Whitehaven suffer from the Limnoria, while the location of the Teredo is farther east and north." . . . "There is no neutral ground between *'.iem. Their domains overlap for a few miles, each of the little borers becoming less abundant as we advance farther into the territory of the other."* < Lictter to th* writer. I Huntsman. Dr. A. Q. Ktter to the writer, February R, l»17. • Biurows. A. L. TTie G!3o>oglc Str'inp""''* "f »'«»!i!l Rock-Bonnn AnlmHla. Bull. Oeoi. 8oc. Am«r.. Vol. 1917. « Proc. and Tram. N.S. Ina*. Scl.. Vol. 8. 1S9». p. 218. 100 otK*, .-/»*♦ a/ TBa y4v.a. ^n$riv» ■ Of ^fWt V. A- 1»»» « rSSded it »t »TO«i » to 70 i-thon- '^♦''f^^y ^' J"£ ,f Sydney. Llk. Te"*>; S?r i» tl.- »»y »' l^'^ r' 'Jj: ™i'tSl itltSc coMr^uth of the B.y .t X. cr«p.<<. W". •« ^.r'r 1 "L"' hi . wS^ di.trlb«tion. On P.o.«c ooMt B-undy. Thi« •«»«•". »>1" '^ "*"*'"■ "^5 ' o.lifomi*. by C.rpentef.' It « di.- (row Cburlottetow... P.E.I. /^-"P"'"'?* ,£",", "Uk o< the guW of St. Lwrwioe ' pTiricoto pfcoW--."-»''^»"^ ^S and Z. ^P-*«. which diminate. them the di«»ntinuou. d..tr.but.«n of r. ^ gay of Fundy. from the fauna of the upper part of the Hay 01 r "j . u i# „# «t rjiwrence to an iaolate««. faunai group Teredo naval» belong* in the «"»! °*J,\.i*C^» The .ubboreal or .yrtens.an which i. confined to ^^^^^JT^^^^ oJ^e gulf of ' St. Lawrence are excluded from faun, of the central and northern J-^ of the guu ^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^j^^ ^„d tW. fauna. Conocming thi. ^•;|'"»' ^'^*°.') . '^ord. to the more deHcate manno tSt^LtriiThZat than they cl find in the Boy of ^ndy or even on ^^'•^rg'rlractcri.tic .peci.^which .n.pri. thi. Northumberland .r... oolonyTf the Acadian fauna are the followmg:- Otlrea virginica. VenuB MereeiMria. g; Zirfaea erupaln. Aatarie undata. Crtpidula fomicaia. Crepidvla plana. llyan^ ob,oleta. „..,,^H« are entirely .b«nt from Some of the.e .pec-e.. ^»0.^ra*n.a and V ;'-^7^%„,i,i, .w„t on the Uu, Bay of Fundy waters. 8"^, °™"' ''^ the warm .hallow inleto on the ea.tem '.^"^^*"S•^^" ""■"■'■•- ■• "'■ "'■ ""■ ' '""■ -a* 1 wk«f lion < wc»» eeo« nan tod Ijoi ha« t\ il di ^rtM^I fffffP WOHU OS Ari.ANTIC VOiST m SESSIONAL »AI»EII N* M« — ,... .hi. -..i«. w....." •'■'--•'' -~:.i':rti%5i"i*M fiiuiuil diffireiKf* -imiUr to tho*. dnK.-rib«l aU.v.- KUMUKN UWTHIBI TI.IN ..»• TIIL NOHTIIt MHk*. ^M> » M NX. reiani oriBin. u« » „,Htwiird h» Moiitrtm !>t one timr duriiiK Uw I le»»to- „pe.r. to Imv.. ««';:'>^^'i "./"mu„Tmw*.u wrote : " I h.v« im'kcd up . U>^ .IHvl- cone. 8«v«nil year, ago Hir WiIUbiu ""^riV^ , f„^:i ...^cimci from fl.r I.«dn cUy. „,en .t H.CO which h«« th« .ppeorHH,* ?' ^"*' *;;;'' ''^;" .„e ..M to have oome „„d Mr. Pai*W h«, sent me •P"'''""^"*/'^'",^''^^^^ Morr ccrntty Kdwnrd Ardlcy* from Plt.Uto..eno bed. lU feet fr.m the M.rf.c^ u,, o^Th/ .urtV.-. H.^n-iated with nSbl" *^hf:;^rcoMt of Nova 8..tia ...e fluk.. of anchor. hr.n« u,. uum.rou. > .d o,.tor .h.,nH. where the "vi;.K oy.ter U "''»'■;?*'; ^^ j,^„ ^, ,;.,„ „, An-hao- the Maritime Provinrr. .uflSoioutly m.ld o B.ve '^c oy.ter anu a |°^^ ' tinuou. diMTibution from nouthern Now K..gla..d to thn Kulf of St. l.««rcnre. „, Morrj:. '"otuw. N.'ura...t. Vo,^,. tn« P • ^^ :rp 'c"c:^.m.r..^. coro;r. .rjui/noow: n... «. .m3. m. .:.-.. Jj4 ^At^ Are" where Teredo is abaent or rare Is shown without black border. ■ :fr*:r*.4;' >A 0,