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Miciocorr hsoiution tist chaut 
 
 (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 21 
 
 ^ ^PPl JED ItVMGE Inc 
 
THE DEri:NCE 
 
 of our 
 
 
 With 
 
 .speckil l^cfci'dicc 
 
 to Ginci(k) 
 
 Coloiiel PcilUlanti Whitcii 
 Lafel{oi|alArtillerg,CM.(.. 
 
 AO^ 
 
90o506 
 
lifrtMM Im ikt IMIIv "llliw.»*««i.w," uucoawr, |,c. 
 
 Cbc Defence of Our empire 
 
 -«» CtkMi faiiMM mmn. Kit Htyai xnikry, c. m. s. 
 
 '• I 
 
 I. 
 
 Tlie uiir in whUh ih»' Ilrltlch Kmplre 
 hnit bi't-n liuulved duilnff tht> list two 
 years and a-hnlf. oon*<idereil tospther 
 with Ihe tr^mt-ndciud 1shu*'« which have 
 teen at Btukn, inukcH It a duty lo every 
 cItiz.M! tc» study the .lanuei- w,' have 
 bpen In, and to take jiiich ftijis itit art- 
 jORmhlo 1(1 prevent a repetition of so 
 dangcrou? a ulsls. The rni.-Rtioti Is 
 not one a« Tu the Fafrty. proffi-p««p nv 
 iiro^iteiity f.i ihat one paiiliulai- portion 
 -•f the Enipin- In which uf may have 
 ir home, but It \h a. .[u-stion i.f th'- 
 safety and prosjjerily i>r thf* vast unit 
 cf which we foim a part. The openly 
 declart^d hostlilty of most of the foflen 
 Powers. showM us. aa Lord Salisbury 
 pflys, that "We have no sccuilty ex- 
 cept in the elflcacy of our own de- 
 fence, and the stren,^th of air own 
 right mm.*' Kveryonc of )ur grt>at lend- 
 ers has warned uh f»f the danger which 
 we stand In, and even so cold and dls- 
 rn^RfoneU a man as Lord Klnibcrley 
 tells us: "Never was ther' so unfriend- 
 ly a feolInK all over Euiope towards 
 this country as there is now." 
 
 This strrm of liostlUty does not 
 threaten Great Brilnin alone; it endan- 
 gers an brrnchea of the BritlPh Empire* 
 i.nke. r-anada. New Zealand, Austral- 
 I ia. British India, every continent or Is- 
 j land where the British colors fly. Let 
 
 Hnipii- with h.r b.aind- 
 ur ev.i-iiioaderiinK Kiig- 
 
 th.tl ■■oc,M 
 icHH honitu 
 land." 
 
 I pr-pos.. in a f.w chapters to j^oint 
 out thf iiiiideciuaty of our pn-ceni t-yp- 
 I. in to 1, .^'t Ihe hostility of a possible 
 ■ i>mblMall()n of our enemies, whose mili- 
 tary Htivn^th I will put iH'fore yuu. I 
 udl .-P'lt-avor to show that it n-nis with 
 niiistlve» to injike our delencg .suffl- 
 iient to meet any poshlhU- wtiain, and 
 I hope to be i.ho ;,hle to mak- you 
 understand Ihat it Is our dulv and nl- 
 fo to our ndvantaK" th n we should 
 fhaiv the burden of a Kreat national 
 oldigatlon. 
 
 THE NAVY. 
 
 The British Kmi.iie has incteased in 
 
 the power of our island home be brok 
 eii. and but a short time would elapse 
 before the other p'^rtlons of our heritage 
 would be Ktrugffllng to maintain and 
 defoi d their Independence. T'^e British 
 Empire must stand as a wi ole. and 
 each part of It is identified with the 
 necessity of maintaining the pre-emin- 
 ent position of that portion which la 
 the heart of the whole organisation. I 
 allude to that 
 
 "One Isle, one Isle, 
 That knows not her own greatness: if 
 she knows 
 And dreads it we are fallen": 
 
 population fioni 2.*.ftOO,Ot>0 (n ISiX) to 
 M.'.ooo.ooo In 1S!W. Hf area has incieas- 
 <d ill ihiit period of time from l.r.iX(.0<iO 
 tu 11.400.(100 s.juare miles. if« ivvenue 
 has risen from £.'!7,5O0.0O0 lo JEIW 0OO.0O0. 
 Th** exr>oria and Iniport.t froia t;67.(H>0.- 
 00(» in 1800. amounted In ISUS to C7«4 - 
 *><)0.000. while the tonnage of British 
 shipptng.whU^h in IS.XJ v\ m^ l.sr.e.Oft) tons 
 was in im W.S2->.im. . i.rotect our 
 
 first line of defence is the British Navy 
 —and here at once I enter my first plea. 
 that It is the iuanlf*8t duty and it 
 should be the willing dutv of every 
 portion of the Britf.^h Empire to bear 
 ■ts share of the burden in guarding the 
 Interest of this vast iK..-!>-e.«.*ion .ind 
 trade, and to take its proportionate 
 share in the maintenance of the Navy, 
 which srlvea security to the whole Em- 
 pire. 
 
 It Is the opinion of our highest po- 
 lilical and naval authorities that our 
 fleet mu.st be kept up to a strength 
 not less than will equal the possible 
 combination of any two other Powers. 
 Such a balance of naval power we now 
 possess and there is no reason to be- 
 lieve that any government which may 
 come into power will be allowed to 
 neglect the m»intenanre of our naval 
 
■ tr*>nKth. It In In tho matter of iti>> 
 in«-n lu man tiur Heft nnit iht* rt-jei-ve 
 b«hlnii them thiit uiir itu-at dinirulty 
 lien. In llKil our navtl n-Kerve w m 
 only :;.s,(M)u, ^\hvrej« Hi'.tnjo wnn ncf.-ti- 
 ■ury. i'luuirani:'! PiiwfiM l>y ni»*uiii 
 of (iinipulMory ■crvli't. I'omiiiitnd 
 li lull Nupply •»' hLithly tniliic I 
 ■uanii'n will! whli h to tiitm their rte.*l 
 and to nil up the wante caUM"^! by 
 war. 
 
 Conpiiected with the dllllculty of tt.- 
 tBbllKhlnsr u r<utlU'lt-nt nnvnl r<-<iervt> In 
 the fviT incrt'uclng pioportlor of fn-- 
 elgniTs in our mercantile marine. Thli 
 proportion him rlwen from 9 per cenl. 
 In \m*i t'» 40.1 per cent, hi IttM, find 
 to 45 per cent. In li^iW;: To dhow hn»v 
 liiadfiiuate our prefient nuviil reneiV'^ 
 in It may b.' nt'cenwiry to ntnte thit 
 when It WHS urged that "■There t-houM 
 always he an effective reserve nquiid- 
 rnn iib.'<olutely eunfliied to horn* wi- 
 tem. sufflclent to hold the Ohiinncl huh 
 protect the coants and co.nriierce." Th • 
 Loniii of the Admiralty replied. "Thl.-J 
 would be Impossible," 
 
 Enough will have been ahown to 
 prov that, accordinc to our pres- 
 ent voluntary system, we are uiiabl-? 
 to maintain our naval r"»'rve In :-u;n- 
 clent and effective strenRth to insure 
 an ample supply of seamen to min all 
 the vessels of war we niay desire to 
 e<|Uilp. and to havo 1 es'des a sufflclency 
 of well-trained seai.ien to (ill up .h"" 
 casualties and waste if war. 
 
 THE ARMY. 
 
 Before considering the strennth of 
 what may be deemed our neceseaiy 
 military orsanisatlon for defence. It 
 Is in the first instance necessary to 
 ta-ke note of the armed strength of 
 those nations, some of whom might be 
 led into taking part In a hostile de- 
 monstraUon against u.s, and we mint 
 compare their number.-.' with the army 
 which Great Britain ean put Into the 
 feld, first for home defence and sec- 
 ondly, to protec-t any distant part of 
 our widely scattered Empire. 
 
 Armed Strength of European Po».'cr^. 
 
 Austria -Hungary S.-Wj.rtOO 
 
 Belgium ir)5.0OO 
 
 Prance 4.666J00 
 
 Denmark 53.000 
 
 Germany 6.213. IWO 
 
 Italy 3.325.000 
 
 Netherlands 130.000 
 
 Hus.dii 4,000,000 
 
 Hweden and Norway 3f)fi,O0D 
 
 Hpaln im.'MM 
 
 Hwltierland IMH.00<> 
 
 Turkey.. .. ,smi, )')«» 
 
 Th" HrltlHh IN my of TU.riOO is exclu- 
 sive of the native army In India, but 
 includes ;ii.U«(t F:urnp.»an voIuntf»'rs In 
 that country. But li>>fore aco-ptlnu 
 the nuiiib.'rs of Tia.iMXl. It N advlHuble 
 to look Into the dflalln »hlch go to 
 mak.-* up this total, for w will s#»e iii-- 
 iin examlnati«.n that vi'iy large dedu. - 
 tlnns wilt have to be m;iiJf from tho; p 
 partU'iihi Itcmti which make up th^ 
 most efft', ■«. numbers of I'Ur rt'i7ii. 
 larly tralntnl forces: 
 The Ufjrular Army at home and 
 
 abr<i:id. In.ludltiK India. In.. .. 2K.?M> 
 The Keserv*' In estlmatitl at . . 7s.h:1'J 
 Ti. ■ Militia. InrhuilnK the militia 
 
 reserve 110.980 
 
 Or iL total of soldier ' who have 
 undergune legulur training '.if 4J M:!» 
 
 Vhe iegular army has always b^'Oii 
 kept up on the voluntary system, and 
 It can be most eonfldi-ntly stnt»'<l th.it 
 this voluntary system has invariably 
 be»'n founi to fall in tliii'? of greatest 
 need, .vhenever It becamt' necesrury !>> 
 Increase the t rmy or In time of w ir. 
 On suc|] occaFions it has been found 
 ■--"eo3ary to resort to offers of boun- 
 ties to attract soldiers Into onllstin.T. 
 The wages given to the soldier have 
 always b^t^n inadequate to Induce men 
 to quit the more advantageous proi- 
 pt-ct of <lvll life. The btuntlea offersd 
 to recruits havf- varied from £3 In 17-15 
 to £1« in 1803, and £8 to £10 in IH-'^S. 
 In 1900 OR much as £22 wa.h offered to 
 men in the reserve battalions for onfl 
 year's engagement, p.nd £''i bed then 
 to Ite offered to recruits for the MiMlIa. 
 
 Bat it has r.ot only been found 
 necessary to offer money Inducements; 
 It was beslcifei nei essary to reduce tho 
 physical standard and the limit of afft 
 on enlistment, so that mor-^ weeds of 
 boys were allowed to enter the ranks 
 of our f^Khtlng army. Even these means 
 are Insutflclent to keep up our es- 
 tablishments, for Oen. G. S. Ciarke 
 says in 1900 that the Mllltiar waa 27.S30 
 telow strength, the Yeomanry 1.739 and 
 the Volunteers 34.276. In .jOl-1902 the 
 army establishment of 898,452 had a de- 
 ficiency of 142.870. Recruits cannot be 
 obtained In sufficient numbers, and 
 
.4,l)0i),0(W 
 . 300,00l> 
 
 . Hitn,rM> 
 
 half an In.h. Th. In.n>..ior of It/ r u i ..! .1 'l'l'>-r<^ In lh» n. 
 
 Wh.Micvrr ihp utrnln nf w.ir „,, l..iii|.,.inry |,r,>f..i..l,.„ „f n.-,. Ii •, - 
 
 upon m th.. voluntary .y.tiiii. l„i»-.l '' r'nrlly i.,h, , tlmr unil in. - to nil „ut 
 .1» It ia now bnaffl Ljion a low nn I "lul litrt-nKih^'n thli. row niit'-j|;"l intl 
 uninviting r.itH nf wnrH.. l.mik. .lo«n, H rmulr..» on nil minm.' Hvo U ir< 
 ami Mur Ken,.,„l. In th.. Il,,l,l lln.l iv„,. l-fo". thl, r.ni-ult l. fit i„ ,„k..'i>i-t 
 aelvia obllitmi to rvport miln ill., I In thp li:l»,r nii.l Irliil, of ,i ,;imi>fil|rn- 
 nBiiln upon l>i.. un»Btli.fu.t™y m.itcT. I" th.- mnnuhil,- If «o1,II.t« nre Iru- 
 lal that la aint to them to till up th> piTatlvly r.TiulTOl iit thi- f.ont the 
 gap» mad.- I>y ill»i.iiit,.. u.iuncU iin'l nc-fmaiy niutirliil hna to hr mimht for 
 death. Lor.l Haitian, wi lllnif froti ihe In the Millthi. of whiclh ■"■■rvhe we will 
 Cflmea. aalil: "Those l.i.t sent were next Ireiit. 
 ao yuuoK an 1 unfoim' rl ii.it th.-y fell II. 
 
 vIetlm.H to illsinfe, ar.il ive.e sweot THK MILITIA, 
 
 nway like files." Heraonally I , an 
 
 "I'enk nl many hiinln.la of ynunif .".>1- '''*'''' ''"''i". Iniluillnu the Mllltlii Rv 
 dleis sent to India in IR,-.S. an.l r-a;i '*''ve. waa in im-i a nominal strength 
 tealify to the truth uf the »t;it.inent "' "".S^l nien. Hut there are very large 
 th.Tt "Durlni; the Indian Mul oi-n deduetlons to he laade from this. In 
 
 wei-e Sfnt out who wt i e at i tiut ""' "'"^^ Inat.inv- It is offltlallv adinit- 
 
 Into t'le ho«]>Jlnl." HIati.ry haa r. |,eu- "''' """ '"•""" "' Ihe-e enlistee. Into 
 •■d Itself during the Hoel War. and ""' ""<' '>"'• have been eour.ted twlee 
 we know of Imperial Yeomnnrj' and '"■'"'■ ^"" 'he MllltIa Hesepve la MOt 
 others \s-ho had to he s. nt baek to Kn*. '' '■""•'"•r to the .Militia at all. but a 
 land from South Aflleu as nuite unlit ""''' "' "><-' Anay Reserve; thirdly, 
 for any military duty what^o. ver. Ihi're were no less than S.TIfl deserters 
 
 To Rive a uenerul Idei of the efTee- '" ***■ deducted, and. finally, the MllltIa 
 tlveiiesH or 'Jtb"r«lse of oar rpgultr '^ always many thousands short of the 
 foi-ee I may t^tate that In lS7:t th>.-e ''^labllshm-nt (no less than l!l.a.-,4 m 
 were, out of .-,,l.«.-> n.en stationed at '*"*'■ f'lU' " resulte.1 that in IsiW. out 
 home, no less than l.j.liiO under 21 or "' "" establishment of l?,2.t!t:i, only 111.- 
 over -If) years of age. In iv.w. out of ^'^^ '^^'*^ enrfilled. and 9S.(HJ only w?re 
 e2.S:{0, there were 29.044 in the sam" P"<aent at the month's training, anii 
 category, ind in the latter year there ^"'u mis number w. have to .teduet; 
 were 27. MJ men !n the ranks v;io ,,,,,., 
 
 would not have been passed as tit for i ',', " ""•■"'' 'l.'MS 
 
 servl.v in tlie fontlnental armies .,f '^"'''"'"■nt to I.lne and Navy. . .. 13.M3 
 Europe on atvaint of age only. 37 per "'""'"' •'nliatment and m.n from 
 
 tliouRand being actually under 17 years nes ve 
 
 of aire' ites. . \ e 2.000 
 
 .ri . . J Deserters ,-,, 
 
 The Mandaid of height nru" oh'-t •'" 
 
 2:z^ii::z'^»^. 'i7:r'Lw; "-"" ''^''-•'-" =^ 
 
 1899. In this latter year 1,S.2SS reertilts H invasion had reaMv , , .""'■'";"^"' 
 
 joined who weighed under 125 lbs., -.nd 11 <e 40TO) men of ,M ' '"""■"•I"* 
 
 25.0,7 out „f_ 40^701 were under 1^ ,b,. llrde^eru^'" Wa "^r 'Vrn' Tv':^: 
 
 in wcrtt. .,0 aor,lo,al,.e ba» been the ter. M. P.. very far wrong wnenTi 
 
r»ll«I the Mllllln II. a ,y n ■ \ ,,,- A «:ir «llh llr-nl ll,li«l„ I, nn <),>uh' 
 
 t»nl Hn.l r-..,.„i,„i.,.,l tr.iu.:-- t ou«,i- „ „„: «,th th- llrlll.h Kiiiplre. Th.^ 
 
 to iiiHnIl..n h. ■.• lh;M I h.iv.. ,„ r-i. llilll.h Kmiilr.. I. n..t ,i m.T» .■..ml'-m. 
 
 m.«ll>- l„k>-n my f^i. t, „ii.l hk.ii ■. i ..f lM.le,,..n.lp|,! nn.l nien.ily .Miri 
 
 fri.,,, Mr. ■■,....,«,. F. Hh.-. M, A.. .11. I „. „,;„„ ru,..|„n l'..iv.r. w..ul,l ,l...lr,' 
 
 hi. bi.«-huiv. •Th- llrll..ii-. Fh.i l,u- t„ n..„ „» aw\ Iti.lur, u> h. v|..» our- 
 
 ly. vvrttl.ii l«„ y,.,ii. „„.,. U «..u:l ,flv,.. ir.ii.-h w.r.- Ihr .ii.i it xcul.t 
 
 bf 11 tt;iitl.-r i.f ■.,ul.r,i,,l..r. If « ul.l In 1 ,„„. „,,,|, r»a.ll.» 
 
 .M II rhiini,.. f,„ th.. h.lt.r h.i.l l.i,k 11 th- .l-f...,. e, ,ir ih,. Mmpir ■. IV.. iirf 
 
 pliiiH In 1.... ,.ln.v.. ,1..„rlhp.l »i,it- ,f «,,. iin.l In.llyUII.I.-, Thi. .™ iH.n..r..t 
 
 BflTalr.. I.ui ihl. 1. n,.i ,ii- ...i.e; th.. i;,,:.i li,,,;,in h „j n.....s...ry I.. I'lin- 
 
 ''''' '" ""!' ">•■ ">"t.lll ll'..|t; It !. a.l... Au.trullu. .N,.« Zr.ilan.l an.l M..uih 
 
 VBin t.> hi.i... r,.r ■im..|lnr„tl.in ui.tu ih.. Am. a ,i« ili.. ,..»„ui. .-. the ..n.-ra/ 
 
 wh..l.. •■.y.leni' I. .-hanu,.!. Thf \r. „,„1 ni.Mih...,.l of lir.ai.r llrlli.ln ir.- 
 
 llvp an.l llfttulnr Aiiny ha. n..t ,1 -.I'- ni...«.i.iy 1.1 Ihi- .M..th..r Ciunlry 
 fli'h.nt r.«"iv' t.. fall hick u|.iin. II.. 
 
 numhrr ..r pir...llv,.» 1« ,|ep|..|.,l :,v lll;si HI!. 'KS i)K liljKVTKI! 
 hflvlHK t.. turn a li.i.ly of w'ak. iin.l.i- 
 
 fe«l r.'i-rultM Int.. Hlronu. .i.^ll tniln .1 TlltlTAIX. 
 »olclli.r... r,, tli.it the MIMlla I.... .1111 - 
 
 thi. only M.iiir.e fioin whi.h th. An..' |..in..ii of th" Hrltli.h Kinplrc 
 
 ran I... fi.l \ih..n..v..i a m..r.. Ih .11 or- '">'""' ""' """ tn.iy. for ih" pur|.(i«p 
 
 dinarlly v..v..r.. .tr.iln I. pni up.,11 It "' '"'I'-'iiil .lcf.-nie. h.. ,ljn.!,.,| into 
 
 Hi-n.v «.i ilii.l that In iiinni,.ni. «li .1 '"" ' at. t..i !.■«. I m.. rr|.r..i.fnt..il by th" 
 
 the Knipli.- Is fiillv l.ik.n i.p with »oi.i- *"'"' »'-ll'-K">"r"lnK Cil'ml... an.) the 
 
 grpat war .iv. r ..-a. at the v.-iy tliii. '*"''''' '■^l"""'"" '" '"lonle.. pin.t.M.lon. 
 
 ti-h.n an .n.-niy ..r ...niMnatlon nf ,n.- "'"' '•<■"'"'•"'"'■• n..t lii.la.le.l In th.> 
 
 mli'ii r.ie inont llk.'lv to put pr....ii.,- '■"■""■r latecry. I will hrw ..nimP'rat- 
 
 up<m u., thnn. iit that moai.nioiia in- ""'"'■ "■ I'-l""-''"''!* ('..l.mli.. whl.h, if 
 
 «lant of anxlitv nn.l .innR.r w,. Iin.l ""' "'""I"""" ii'"> . In th.. full KlKnlll- 
 
 (hnt »,. ar.. 111. 1.1 lMil.i..pare.l to pro. '''""'" "' '*'"' '*■''"■ "■''' "" '■"■ lvi>«ult..l 
 
 tei't our ..nil «hoi-..i an.l th.' h in of "' "'"''' '"'">'"l"ii' li.il.-p.ndeme an I 
 
 the p;niplr.. l.s exiio«.il to h.i«tll» at- '"'"'*■ P"ti-ntlalltii.» that thiy ear. be 
 
 tflek. Klven a i.la.f un.l..r that h.-adlns. 
 
 j;ir:;rt,:^';;;-h:.r-;:!;^ ^^'-h-: rfrFf, --Fr r 
 ^rar ; :;:;:". n,.T;:- ,.;.e" : ---Vr B ?-'"-- 
 
 tide, „„ th.. Invi.lon Of KnKlanl For ""'" '" ""'"■'•"" "-'""''■^ 
 
 t. e to have done .0 would have 1i...>ti. ,, . 
 
 a. I wrot.' In inNWer t.. one of th.- r - if^enue. 
 
 que.it.. the a.t of a traitor. My ,..r- iMnada E|.iir;ii60,i 
 
 respondent ...neurrud In my onlnloi .Newt.mndland 4.-.0 W 
 
 when I Informed him, to hl.s utter aa- Au.tralla 5 <K)s'i»» 
 
 tonl.hment. tint w ha.l n.it fortv ?„„,!, Afi-ka f 2<;i IW) 
 
 field (Ttin.s left In Knuland to hrln.e into 
 
 the battl. -rteUI. I vfKitr.1 ■ our Kxpnrts nn.l Import.. 
 
 larRO cam;'!', and r pri alely In- 
 
 tlmate<l tn hls"h -luthoiltlfs on i^annda iTfi.fWi.ooo 
 
 both sld')' or the War Offli'c my opinion N'«^vvfoiMuil.) ■ .1 3!:;flil'onf> 
 
 that takintf into nciount iho ae-Hcien y Austrjilla 129.ni(Kl!ooo 
 
 of gunn. th*^ compl'-te nhsenop of or- South Aftifu M.OOo'uO) 
 
 ganinrttlon of the inwipa In England for 
 
 Home DeffHte, nn.l their <ieferttv ■ Population. 
 
 fthooting and tralnhiK. a hostile rmre r*- nn^n e .»™ 
 
 of 50.000 wPll equipped and trained rei?- VMwfo7,n^t = n '. 'S™ 
 
 ular soldiers could walk through K,v,. '1,'I.T. ^"'V\... ^^''^ 
 
 land from one end to the other • * • TZtfi'''^'^ ^''''' '''''' ^■^"^'iS 
 
 This terrible ri«k must not h. run ^"^^'"^"'^ 5.000.000 
 
 '^'^*'"" I have taken these figures irom 
 
7 
 
 WblUk.r'. Alinaiin.k tor Iwi; ,i,„i „h 
 
 ni.> «r,,,i ,h„„ „ imbuMy .p„r.„|. k';- ";,.',",' " •""" "' """'•>'•"- ln..|.. 
 
 uf ti.« .umi.M.r.-, h.rr ,ti„. „ „,. '' '""■"" •■frmviiu., , iihili,,,, „„,, ,^ , 
 
 "•• h..» ulj i„„K>ri.„n It ^ ih;tl 11,.. ,',',"1."'" '■ "" """"" >■•' I 'if 
 
 Jiwilly „„a vitally ,.„,,„.j ,„ ,;„ "•;!'■ 1"« 'h- Aii.l,.,, „„ „,„^, ,. „„, 
 
 uuili.trnam, .,„„„,,„.,. ,.,„„,_„'^'" ^ U' l" ImH.ii.i, .u,h ,, ,i„,„,„„„, 
 
 II. the ,«ti. KuuiairiK „f ,h» p„^,.,,, ,'""'.";"■" ■■■"■•■" "«.".- ,„ „„rK 
 
 •hl,n I. ,..,,K,i u,.,l,.i tl.,. ,m, „ '.' "' '" '" ■■"'""K" -M-. 
 
 of our Kmiih.. A, »,■ h.n . an... . * """■ """• " "I "l.|i-al r.,1 
 
 II«urr. whl.li Miak.. up ih.. i,m,,.r „'.',i i!'' "''I' «">''i"l"« -,l„i„,., ,„ ,,,,. 
 
 w-a..„ „r „u, «,,.ai .•'„,„„.,,';;": ::;; ■•;;",•• •;' •"•■ ■'■ ' .r th,. K ', !,,;: 
 
 illT.- to give similar iiarl„ulai» tui il„. I, .'. '",' ""' '' '' '"'"'" "' "'*'" '>!""•■■ 
 
 Unit.-,! KlngUoai: u,.v„u,.. ilHTTi. u, ,^;,'. uj'!" "' ""■' """"'nlnK i„.,y ,,.. 
 
 Poiiuliitlon. Jl,«u„j„«. '■.".wi, Jloth,., »„i„.y. «•■■ l,;,v,. an . Aauipl- 
 
 «i".-.. t..„auu.,u.i„. „„. ...„,, „, „,. ;;,..,, '':,/':,;.;;: ;;';|;x "■;'■ ";'■ '■""■'- 
 atio,. o.r..„.„ .■on,,,,,,,,,..!' ,y „t,;. "p-n .*::;,:«.:",".■";,,,, :,:"'-■■' 
 
 Bl»nola or Au.tialla. .all^U -Th.- Hur- ."Hx ,„ ■l.^larewh. ' IT "'" 
 
 den of Empire.- In „hlwi eal.ulutl..,,. '"v Pr-..,, .i, ,,,.., r „ . ," ""'' 
 
 are niad» of ihe u.i of ,le...„ i . ..r iKL ■ '' "'" ""I'ln 
 
 o« the .tatLtK, or ;j»..t: "The Tu v^i^ ',"; „",:„r" ,"" "•""•'"" "> ""■ 
 
 thorllle. not within i„y ,eaih heie I, vk 
 
 Vantou.v..r or Hrltl.h Oolun"la Mr „,l^r ,r'"T""' '" ""•'" "■■■'" 
 Blgnold »lve. the ,,„t of .ef", , e of tLe nL ' 1 ^"T '" '"" "•'■'" •"'• '-■ 
 EiuWre in that year a. .K'^^Jm .In^i ""^iT'l^^'T"' '"■ '""*■ "' ^' " '^'• 
 »laie» that tv- ,xi--,„l"ui ■ Ml n.. , "» m nied link, in the .hulnn oi ,oi„- 
 
 K.eat ,el,.go» rnl .„ r,^ ,„ . '",;"" ""'"I""!"" "hU-h l,ln,l the Kinpl. • .,- 
 .hit period. ,n<.lumn; lo ■ .^^ ,';' ap irr^,,""'',!:- "'''T''"'-' ■"'""■ """'■ 
 amounted to .uiii, a. under ! ,„h * v.',""*' "'■"""■<"■ J"n,ai. ,, 
 
 aiHi otneia whlih are ntle« at enor- 
 
 Cap, Colony p.,.„ „„ ,";"''; «"' ,'" ""'■"■•' '■''l'»lr» to yen. -l, 
 
 Nalal.. .. *-;^? "" "' ""■■ ""'1 ""'I.-; Plnee. fully arm-.l 
 
 Canada "j'" " "."'"■■'•" "• " " -"'■'ou, att.iek. The 
 
 Australia -r-,™ t^n ,''""''-'""""'""" """I""''" ""'' 
 
 '■■■'""' ■'■I'.ll'irle, nffordlnK markets fo, ,|ie 
 
 He further statea that the direct ton- '""''"'■'' "' "" l'a''» "f our Kmpire. or 
 trlbutlon of these four rountrk-a to the ?," ''''''' "» '" 'i' neee.saary aec,al»l- 
 Imperlal forces was filfcMJOD '" , '" <"'"<''■ <■> Prevent their oecu- 
 
 U appears reasonable and logUnl ''"'"" ">' """'i' Po.>«i.ble hostile l'o„- 
 IhBt the coat of the defence of our Km- v"' , ' ""^ '""'"''^ lalandc. Urltlai, 
 Pire should he based on the revenue l.ulnea and FIJI are subservient 
 
 population and aen-bome trade of e.ich „" " , """"''" "Pliendaites of Austrn- 
 ponlon of that Empire. If the weal'h 1!,'i°?k, "''!;'."' ^'"'"h'': "hlle llermuda 
 of each component part ivere propo"-- ^ , ' '"""^ Islands are sen- 
 
 tlonately equal. If weilth were equally [';" '"""J "■"<1'' with the 
 distributed the burden to be bo-ne , "" American countrlea. Mau- 
 would work out with the following re. J"j„ .""" S^-vrhelles. Ascension 
 suit: * ""d St. Helena. It not under the Brlt- 
 
 On a ba»l, of revenue, the four- n?tlo"n°*w„'!l'M """""'""«> »>■ -^y "her 
 named colonics would be charged ar tide he, Z^ """''" ""■ ""■" •■■' 
 
 annual .„„, of £18.«ffl,o«>. "nTt'l- l-t l « . I" *"""•■ ^'"'■'^ """ "•- 
 Of population they would pay ^.o.oio,: ^'^nd trPacMc'S^ea'nr '"*■ ^•""- 
 
P.ofeanor Seelj, In hli work. The 
 Eipanslon of England," says: "With 
 u. Empire building has Uken the for.n 
 of pure evolution, Httle heeded In the 
 proMM and almoM wholly without 
 guidance." If thla In the caw, a kind- 
 ly Providence haa taken a very care- 
 ful supervision of our affairs, for as 
 far as human judgment goes, the build- 
 era of the British Empire have founl- 
 ed colonies and forged chains of com- 
 niunlcatlon which give us powers of 
 offence and defence of Incomparable 
 strength. The struggle between na- 
 tions In the future and the certain 
 cause of future wars will most cer- 
 tainly be due to commercial competi- 
 tion, and the search for markets. In 
 this matter we find that Britain nas 
 not been lagging far behind, for we 
 find the following British ".protector- 
 ates lately formed, opening vast ar-as 
 to unrestricted trade: 
 
 Southern Nigeria. Northern Nigeria 
 Somalliand Protectorate. East Africa,! 
 Protectorate, Uganda Protectorate, 
 Witu Protectorate, Zanzibar Protector- 
 ate, British Central African Protector- 
 All these lately organized territories 
 added to the n^wly opened and rkli 
 South African Transvaal and Orang,. 
 Rl.-er Colonies offer great fields to ihe 
 Industry and commerce of our rac.> 
 But they must be guarded, or th,.y 
 might fall Into the hands of tho.=e hun- 
 gry nations who by protective tariffs 
 drain the. earnings from unlndurtrlal 
 and subservient races, so as to enrich 
 alone their own manufacturers anl 
 merchants, and to do so bar out any- 
 thing like open or alien competition It 
 will thus be seen that the benefits to 
 be derived from the acquisition of new 
 countries and markets are not b»neflts 
 to the Mother Country only, but are 
 shared by nil of the Empire alike, and 
 If the cost of acquisition falls upon the 
 United Kingdom only. It Is only fair 
 and reasonable that the cost and bur- 
 den of maintaining and guarding 
 should fall upon every portion of the 
 Empire which shares in the benelits 
 There is a restlessness growing am- 
 ong Britons beyond the seas that the 
 children should bear a share In the 
 trials and the honors which belong to - 
 mighty Empire; there Is a longing to 
 bind the scattered fragments of our 
 power into one harmonious and mighty 
 bond. The freedom of the press and 
 speech, the action of our courts of 
 
 law, the particular mode of carryla 
 on municipal aad public aJt.lr. 
 thouaajid polnta peculiar to Anglo 
 Saxon clvlll.atlon-all these lead uT I, 
 that parMcular con<tuct and ettltud, 
 which nvalie ue hateful to other na, 
 tlona, and force us Into ever-tlghten 
 Ing bonds Of alll«nce for mutual pro. 
 tection. The time must soon come-In. 
 deed, every Incident In the life of th< 
 Nation shows that the hour haa come- 
 when the Empire shall be made one 
 tor the defence of each separate and 
 individual part. 
 
 III. 
 
 THE SBCRETART OP STATE FOR 
 
 WAR AND HIB PROPOSALS, 
 
 At the present time the first duty of 
 every citizen Is to make sure that the 
 Vital centre of our Imperial power Is 
 secure, and the second duty is to assist 
 to carry out an organization for the 
 defence of every part of our great Em- 
 pire. The combined resources of our 
 Nation are so vast that it is not to 
 be credited that any statesman of any 
 nation upon earth would dare to 
 hazard a war against us If-ir we were 
 thoroughly organized tor defence. We 
 must, however, always bear In mind 
 that the vast extent of surface of the 
 earth which Is covered by our flag and 
 the great distances which divide differ- 
 ent portion of our domain render 
 some part of It always likely to be In- 
 volved In disagreement with a foreign 
 Power, and dangerously open to sudden 
 attack at a distance from the seat of 
 our power. For guarding our dlstani 
 points the Navy Is of course of para- 
 mount Importance, but it is easy to see 
 that our Navy, even If it were of dou- 
 ble the strength It is at present, would 
 yet be unable to ensure every po-tlon 
 of the Emplr? ,tgalnst attack, and we 
 must besides remember that our land j 
 
 ■"-■ null Lfui luna 
 
 fiontlers, bordering posslble/-nlt!onH, 
 
 enormous In extent, are prob/bly grea«. 
 er than the land frontiers of any oth"r 
 Power, To defend Uiem we must have 
 land forces, well equipped, well trained 
 and perfectly organized— forces not ne. 
 cessarily confined to the defence of 
 their own Immediate frontiers but 
 ready to move at an instant's notice 
 to give assistance In the defence of 
 any other portion of the Empire whose 
 .n.pgrlty and interests are threatened. 
 The war In South Africa has proved 
 
9 
 
 plre Into one bond. It all our foT™ „, V, , """""y ""1 <« heavy batterle. 
 were united Into a reasonable a^dpow "he .° he",'„'e"; ^" ""' '" '"''"''"■ ^' 
 ertul organization. It would be a h,,„L ,„1. ''°*' ''°' '" 'he very leaae 
 
 thing for th. Brill.,, K^pire^aT"? ZuM T. l^ ^" "'" "^ "««"^ 
 happy thing for the Dearen;,h.,J^ should he beeome Involved In a war 
 I have ,ho«v„ that ?hr:„Tun?ar;°y3- gagl.''"un''l» '"f""'^" "'^ "-»"""" 
 
 p™..?n:;-l^rh,Xi"„4'^:.l ? g^'v- - -- -;;■'„-- 
 
 'u^ ?r-"-ftnSa!' 'tl- '7- J '^^'a-iUd.'' ^^^ — '' 
 ended for service abroad, the oth" "'"' "°"'^ '"■■"« "'^ e„i„,ated to b.: 
 
 y llmlterin^.H""""' """ '"'"- '''*'- ««■""■» ■• •■ ,«^ 
 
 y limited In the number of effective Reserve 155.000 
 
 ■orthv T"^ '" ■"■'"'•"■"■ "'"' "''«™" «"' » ■ .■. '"■"«' 
 
 sketched h .S^o""- ^^ "■"I""' Yeomanry ^^'W 
 
 "var7„ h.^^ Secretary of state for Volunteer "^'^ 
 
 douh.ed, '."""""'"■'■'"^"f' a'-"""- '^•°°" 
 
 en, ,,„, ' *S '■"Prov.^ment on the pre,. Total,. 
 
 Of the r I *"■" ""■" '"'""■' ""-"^ '^'""^ 
 
 Miii'tkrd r:n°i.^,:„v7„rr-=t -r-"-e,^:'biL"rn",;irrd°.' 
 
 s™tland the third In Ireland should o7 he'p"""'"'' '™-'**' ""■" av^Hable 
 he Whole three army corps of Rcku ,™^^, f '■'"''^ ""'' '""• ™"n« upon SO, 
 , . " beeo,„e nec*»..ary In the ope™- IrTn^'^! ,'°"" °.' -"*'■"*'■ -N-""-. oon- 
 i tlons of war abroad. It Is quite certain „ 7™h^* .^"i "'^ ""^ '"'<i "ver tha' 
 that the Cher army corp, o? MUiMa Z^ " ®°""" '*^"-"-« f'' the Ian 
 
 : and Volunteers will he called UM,n,. i '^'"''' " '"O"' '»« m a «ar of 
 1 strengthen the forces In the fleld ?hH .n.^'^f '"">"•■"■'"« than whaj V, 
 I ;;-ult IS a, certain a, that the ?un ha"4"f„ ? "il'l 'I'"' "•" """'<' »' ™ce 
 tiso.,, and once more will we ,oe th" m„nr! J * """" ""'' -^'"itla, Yeo- 
 : Home Defences weakened at th° very Z.T "." ^ "'""ti-eTs,- that Is. we 
 , time wi,e„ danger will he mo, i„ ..^^i which wfh" "V""' '"""".uate force 
 ; ent. When the best of the MllitH are f J i ""■'" '"'' '>"' """.-isary de- 
 I ,^™°I«1 'tn,n ihelr own ranks m"l till hers X°"; "'"''"■ ' '"'"" "^<- "" t^" 
 he ih.nned b-.ttallon. In the ,ie!d manrv n?™'^,'" ™^""''l'■■ "*'")0). Teo- 
 
 «11 become once more neces.a;y t vE,, f '' ""'' ^'"'"""■"s (250.000) 
 pick up the weak immature recruit more ,L '"'"''"'""'''"' ''''I'^-ln^ that 
 and feed him and teach him at ./^"'^'^"'t niore than or.e-half would be fonnrt 
 -nt that our encny^^'ilfi?,^ ,? ,."1°; ^^r.^otr' h'' r J"''' "" '"^ ""' 
 to he knocking at our gates. Mr. Brod^ f\e, ,h,, ^he '"f '''■■»'■ ""^ Know anj 
 rick also propose, to raise eight Brifis', or„ ',',""' equipment, training, and 
 and five Indian battalions for g„rr,so„ be ™ h t" "' "■" ""'-'"'" "■" w"b 
 ' ?he';m"\'' *°"''- •>"*'« <1°" nPtTee" S^rusTa'^^^ ""«'" nottobS 
 
 he d,fflc.,I,ie, which are n„|„,ed „Z ,>f h ,M "" """'" ""merical fore 
 
 Incleel. it makes |t ,„ f.. ?Z ""',^ "' highly-trained regular troop. « 
 ■"ffl-ult that we will bavrto flnd .;: o" En^,°""! '"■ """"■" ""■ '"^ '■>'•"''"" 
 -serves for the eight addit onif Brit! cert^lnll , „H "lit" ""■ ">"""" the 
 Ish battalions. If they are »eHn,T.i,. '^"alnty with whl< h an army can b« 
 
 imaged, and suffer „Z b v bat ,° or d,"" ahr?'™,"^'' ""^ ""■"""•» "Ow avad! 
 ™se. Mr. Brodil.k also propose, ," "hi ,.,nL, V'""'""""'™ '" troop.. 
 
 K've additional pay of 4d. .0 the so - move anL",:"" """''■ transport. ca» 
 ^ cr Who ha., completed Army. Color may kttend co" ">"'''"'''•""'" ""l^" 
 o- P..-~crvt. se.vice. for Joining the Mil 1^^ , "Concentration when a com- 
 
 Itia Reserve. Th„ J„ ^41 I'll '",""" °f """'h' enemies is d!;.,..^ 
 IS ■•till Inadequate for a full measure Ihc ', "'• " "™'' '""'In", to entrust 
 - -<o„ce. The best part of MrBroT Z^^^' "TJ-'Mt^" » ^ -,' 
 
10 
 
 trained troops, thoroughly organized 
 and In the highest state ot discipline 
 and efficiency. The reader may Judge 
 for himself by the study I have given 
 ot the past, whether or no the Mothe.- 
 Country could count upon an elreciivo 
 defence. If we were engaged In a war 
 abroad similar to that of !<•» and wi, 
 when her Jlllltia (the very heart of our 
 Home defence) would be called upon to 
 supply the Army in the Held, and when 
 we bear In mind the history of the ef- 
 fective sti-cngth of our liegulnr iimv 
 and Militia, as given by me in the ca-- 
 ller portion of my n ritlng. I maintain 
 and repeat th.it this voluntaiy system 
 In spite of the changes iiroposed by the 
 Secretary of State for War. Is totally 
 Inadequatt to ensure our safety or to 
 aatlefy the desires of the citizens of our 
 Empire. We can run no rlsits; we aie 
 able to malic our safety certain; It is 
 our duty ><i ,io so. and we should ne\,.r 
 rest till our full responsibility ., real- 
 ized and our Kmpire safe bevond ques- 
 tion or doulit. 
 
 UNIVBRSAL MILITARY SERVirE 
 
 OI-R OXLY SAFEGL-AUD. 
 
 I have said that It rests with our- 
 selves to make our defences sufficiently 
 strong to meet any possible strain, and 
 this method lies In the adoption of the 
 principle that 'It is the Inherent duty 
 of every citizen to defend his country " 
 Every aMe-bodied British citlz-n 
 throughou'. the Empiie. betwee.i the 
 ages of IS and. say. 21. should be mad- 
 to underso a pciiod of military to- 
 naval) training, and earn certificates 
 of efnclency In drill and shootln.g. Only 
 such as ai-e in possession of such certi- 
 flcates should be entitled to enter the 
 Regular or Active Army; all otht-rs to 
 pass Into the Militia Reseive. whi<-h 
 Militia Reserve couid be divided Imo 
 three categories: the First or Active 
 Reserve, the Second or War Reserve 
 and the Thii-d or Home Reserve. 
 
 Comp.tring our population with that 
 of Prance, this would give the United 
 Kingdom. : :. army when on a war 
 footing, of over S.OOO.OOO men. It woubl 
 allow the iecrult to undergo his full 
 training before entering the Regular 
 Army; It would ensure the Regular 
 Army receiving Into Its ranits highly 
 efflclent men. and it would give an op- 
 portunity m all rljsf-s to rntcr liir 
 mllltary service as a profession; a de 
 
 sire that burns strongly In the bosoms 
 of our countrymen to-day as It did in 
 the bosoms of our forefathers. 
 
 The same system would and should 
 be adopted throughout the Empire (In- 
 deed. It has already been partially In- 
 iroduced Into Xcw Zealand and Aus- 
 tralla) In a more or less modified forn 
 as may be best suited to the particular 
 circumstances existing In e ich .ountry. 
 The niguments commonly used 
 iigilnst universal military servi.'e are 
 h.is.d on false assertions and Improper 
 pleas. The cn.ses arc different as re- 
 gards home, defence and foreign nr- 
 vbe. and it is allowed that foreign ser- 
 vice must lie kept up by voluntary ,n- 
 Ilstm.ut into the Regular Active Armv 
 The Militia Raliot Act shows that uni- 
 versal personal .service Is ngr-eable to 
 the Constitutional Law of England. 
 The .Mate ha.s the right to demand 
 the services of e^ ery able-bodied citi- 
 zen m defence of the country. .MPls 
 says In his "Essay on Liberty" that 
 society Is juBtlHed In enfoiclng. at all 
 costs, vhat each person bear his shlr» 
 of the labois and .sacrlloes Incuiied In 
 defcullng society. When Hampden re- 
 tu.srd to pay ship money, it was admit- 
 ted that "defence against Invasion lav 
 as a burden upon all." In the time ot 
 Charles I the law reci gnlzcd "the obli- 
 gation of every citizen to bear arms" 
 Ry the Statutes of Winchester 12ii.- 
 "eyery freeman between 1,", and 60 was 
 oliieed to be provided with armor to 
 preserve the fieace. ■ In Henry VII time 
 the duty of every subject was "to serve 
 an,I assist his sovereign at all seasons 
 where need shall re.jiilre." As late as 
 ISCC. the principle of the Le,y-en-Mas8e 
 Bill rested "on the undoubted prero- j 
 gative ot the Crown to call upon the 
 services of all liege subjects." In 1,S07 
 Lord SIdmouth asserted without con- 
 tr.idiction "the risht of the S'ate to 
 denian.l military service of all or every 
 member of the community for the ;inr- 
 pose ot domestic denfence." The law 
 of l^ngland is clear on this point, that 
 oniversBI military service can be enforc- 
 ed fcr the defence of the country. 
 
 Let us next deal with the arguin»nts 
 used against compulsory military ser- 
 vice. ;:• is urged that it is an In- 
 frlngem.nt ot the Ubei-y of the sub- 
 ject. But the foundation of our liberty 
 Is i-eslstance to an Invader; our per- 
 sonal and social freedom depends unon 
 the liberty which goes with the de- 
 fence ot our countiy. Another one 
 
urffes that universal military BervUe 
 would Injure business an-l trade. But 
 that thl.s Is not the ease is shown by 
 the result In Germany, where increase 
 in trade and cornin^i-ee has Ron-- hand 
 in hand with Inereastd strktness in 
 military univeisal servk-.-; Indeed em- 
 ployers ha\e universally stated that 
 the habits of (iiseipline and punctuality 
 Inculcated by military training have 
 proved of the ([rentcst benefit. Inns- 
 much as universal military servic- 
 , means a better insurance ag-ain?t lios..!l- 
 ble national ruin. It u advantaseous to 
 ; every man. woman and child who has 
 an Interest in the maintenance of our 
 Einpii ■. others urge th.Tt univers;;l 
 military seiviie would prove an Intiii- 
 erable burden. Hut why? and uiion 
 whom? Tens of thousands bear the 
 : burden voluntarily now. and these are 
 men of bu.«lness and activity eniploved 
 In civil affairs. Xo: the burden is so 
 i described nio.st geneially by men who 
 j are con.-tiutionally lazy and oppcsed 
 j to even so .short a restriction upon 
 I thoir comfort and idlcn.'ss. This so- 
 i called Inirden would by such a class 
 be gladly bought off by the continued 
 maintenance of an expensive and Inettl- 
 clent standing Army. 
 
 Universal military service mav be a 
 sacrifice to many, but is it not a proud 
 privilege to be allows il to offer sacri- 
 fice for the maintenance of our heri- 
 tage and for the defence of our homes? 
 Surely all classes are agreed that ti'C 
 protection of our tamllies and proper- 
 ties is not only a duty laid upon every 
 able-bodied man, but Is the proudest 
 duty upon which he can be employed. 
 Our nobility baa shown its readiness to 
 share in the risiis and hardships of x 
 foreign war. Our middle classes hive 
 given up comfort and safely to pnitect 
 the boundaries of the realm. The 
 "common soldier." Thomas Atkins, has 
 once more borne himself not only as a 
 brave but as Lord Roberts calls him 
 a "gentle" man. The spirit to dare 
 and to suffei-. to bear and to endure, is 
 as parainount in the Rriton of to-day as 
 it ever was In the Rriton of th- past. 
 Should occasion show that universal 
 military service is necessary for the 
 defence of the Empire, there can be no 
 doubt as to the respons which the Na- 
 tion will give when the question Is 
 asked. 
 
 I believe I have shown that such a 
 course is necessary. I bplieve that this 
 great q-uestlon will shortly be put. To 
 
 prepare for such a contlngemy. I have 
 ventured to put forward facts and 
 figures so as to prelmre the minds of 
 tho.*e among whom I am now i>lactd. 
 In my next letters I win venture lo 
 deal with the ndlltary .luestlon und.-r 
 universal military service, and offer 
 .suggestions as to how our drf.-nslv.- 
 position may he hettoreil without im- 
 posing unrciisonablc strain uj.on our 
 economic icsourccs. cspeciailv In Can- 
 ada. 
 
 IV. 
 
 V.MVEHSAL MlblTAlIV SBRVICf: 
 I.V THB rXITED KINGDOJI. 
 
 The nations of Europe who make un!- 
 ver.sal service the basis of their mill- 
 tar.- powei'. (all I ^ their manhood 
 
 in following pi'oportioti: 
 
 Auatrin-IlunKary, about one man for 
 every SO of populalion. 
 
 Be. glum. ai)out one man for everv 
 "0 of poijulntien. 
 
 France, about one man for every U 
 of population. 
 
 Denmark, about one man for every 
 -0 of population. 
 
 Oermanv. about one man for eve v 
 16 of population. 
 
 Italy, about one man for e\erv n 
 of population. 
 
 The I'nlted Kingdom, with her poi.u- 
 latlon of 3S n.lllions, could, therefor, 
 easily raise .1,0lli),( 00 men, but her m- 
 sular position does not render such a 
 force necessary, and exemptions might 
 be allowed to clns.ses who are not ex- 
 empt in .such countries as Fiance and 
 Germ.iny, Besides it Is reasonable to 
 believe that the voluntary spirit whiia 
 has taken such a hold upon the BiitNh 
 race would lead a very large proirar- 
 tion of our young men to voluntarily 
 arouire a military training, whiih 
 wcuM exempt them fronr the annual 
 c..ui-..e of training to which otheis 
 would become llalde. 
 
 The Regular Forces. Ina.smuch as 
 they have to serve abroad, must con- 
 tinue to be composed of volunteers 
 At present It is estimated that .i.MJWI 
 recruits are required to m lintain the 
 effective strength of the ?32.,^i)il wi„cn 
 composes the Regular Army. Now, If 
 the regular forces are supplied only 
 from „„.n of the .Mlliti:, who have ,-„„,. 
 pleted their annual training, who have 
 acquired certificates of having passed 
 in drill and shooting, and who are of 
 
good I'harafter and physique, then 
 these 55,000 men can atep at once Into 
 the ranks as fit and flghtlng material, 
 and we need no longer fear the scandal 
 of our ever- Increasing percentag* of 
 desertions nor contem-plate the long 
 rolls of death and disease caused hy 
 the Immature youths. We would b« 
 saved the humiliation of seeing about 
 one-third of our Regular Army classed 
 as jnservlceable, and the staff of our 
 battalions would be saved the time and 
 worry of feeding up a weakened body 
 to undergo ihe tedious study of being 
 made Into a soldier. 
 
 TTie different counties of the I'ntted 
 Kingdom would r^ecelve their annua ■ 
 contingents at specified centres to un- 
 dergo the first annual training, which 
 need not be more than for a period oi! 
 six months. In the second and subse- 
 quent years the drill could be carried 
 out at the headquarters of the Militia 
 Army rorp.«! — of which the Secretary or 
 Statf '"^ir War statps there are to be 
 three, one In England, one In Scoiland. 
 and nne In lerland — for aa long t.s the 
 militiaman Is in iho First or Active 
 rteserve. say for a pei'^d of five years,- 
 
 The militiaman would then pa^s Into 
 the Second o" War Reserve; he would 
 thrn be liable to attend manopuvres 
 for a shorter period of time, and after 
 say five years, he would pass into the 
 Third or Home Reserve, and be exempt 
 from military -•'erviii.'. 'xcept in tnf 
 event of the country being threaien.'d 
 or Invaded. 
 
 In PHltzerland It is the law thnt p.ll 
 men who are exempt from military ser- 
 vice on account of some legal disability. 
 should be .subject to special taxallon. 
 where such are taxed at thi' rate of 
 per man, iiiul is. 6d. on each £50 
 iM net Income; it would appear only 
 fair that exemption from a national 
 duty Fhould be paid for In all <(»un- 
 tries. 
 
 The Artillery and Cavalry br;;iTiohPs 
 of the services require a longer train- 
 ing than does the Infantry, and the 
 full proportion of these arms must b3 
 ninintained In the Jliiltia as much as 
 in the Regular Army. It is well to 
 mention here that it i^ only fair and 
 reasonable that all retired olHcers of 
 the Re^'ular Army should, if ihcy re- 
 ceivt-' pensions, ' ll.tbte for service in 
 the Militia Forces. The enormous non- 
 effective list caused by the retirement 
 of officers who are still in the vigor 
 of life, is becoming a severe Imrden 
 
 upon the puiblic, and there Is no Justlfl- 
 cation for It. Besides the employment 
 of able professional officers will be not 
 only a benefit, but almost a necessity 
 when the Militia system Is extended. 
 
 The duties at the Mllilla depots and 
 centres will require a large staff ot 
 able non-commisflloned officers and 
 men. These can be found by employ- 
 ing men of the Regular Army when 
 these have fulfilled their full service 
 with the colors. Tt may be urged that 
 such employment may weaken the Re- 
 serve, but this loss will be more than 
 compensated for by the great Induce- 
 ment which lengthened military service 
 will hold out to men who desire to make 
 the military rervlce their profession. 
 With the advanced rate of piy whl?h 
 Mr. Brodrick proposes to Intrmluce, 
 and the Increased prospects of perman- 
 ent employment, there need be llttl"? 
 fear of the 55.000 men who are requirad 
 aniiunlly for the Regular Army not be- 
 ing obtained from the Militia wno nave 
 completed their annual training. 
 
 I do not dwell further -m), or entei" 
 into the details of a possible organiza- 
 tion which may be necessary on the in- 
 troduction of universal military wer- 
 vlce Into the Ignited Kingdom, except 
 to state that the seiiboard couniie* 
 should provide a contribution to the 
 Naval Reserve on the same principle 
 as obtains now In Fri.nce and Ger- 
 many; which countries have at com- 
 mand a large and well-drilled body of 
 'seamen to man their navy in the event 
 of war. nnd to fill up casualties during 
 its continuance, 
 
 UNIVERSAL SERVICE IN CANADA. 
 
 Canada has a population of Ti.S.sa.COO 
 people, and a revenue of SJl.OflO.ftW; a 
 frontier of about 60 riegrees of longi- 
 tude divides her from a people count- 
 ing over 70,030.000, and nossessing a 
 revenue of $670,000,000. If Canada 
 were a nation free and Inderendent, 
 without any claim upon and not 
 forming a part of a sreat and mighty 
 Empire, she would in case of disa- 
 greement with the United States fall 
 within the fullest scope of the Monroe 
 Doctrine, and await with mixed feelings 
 the slow but sure progress of the law 
 *ff attraction by cohesion. The peoples 
 ■^jorth and south of this arbitrary 
 boundar> aie alike in cLvillzation. race 
 ant" religion, they mix freely, they in- 
 termarry, and carry on business wltH- 
 
out queHtlonlng or conaiderlnfr their population as a pusHlble maximum, 
 
 nationality. The sole difference In Canada possessett a vtry great iiilvan- 
 
 oplnlon lies In the questions of tariffs tage In military strength over thf^ 
 
 and customa dutlea. Hweep away the<>e countries of Europe. Her sonH aro 
 
 artificial cobwebd, and the two people hardy In constitution, accustomed to 
 
 would be one within a few years. I live In the open air, able to turn their 
 
 ■ay they would be one. and so they hands to many kinds of work, to use 
 
 woulvl be but for a seemingly slight rifle or gun, to ride and manage horse-i 
 
 dlveigence of opinion— the northern —all this to an extent that Is unusual 
 
 portion worshipping a crossed flag in older countries. Robust In body, 
 
 called the Union Jack, wihlle the aouth- ready of resource, they are a material 
 
 em portion falls down with the same from which tan bu formed an excep- 
 
 devolion befoi.? another flag called tne tionally fine body of flghtlng men, who 
 
 Stars and Stripes. Each flag is dear on their own ground would nnn to:- 
 
 to Its people, and represents, in uui nmn be impossible to beat, by even th'^ 
 
 opinion, all that is glorious, free nna best disciplined troops. Their prmclpal 
 
 progressl\e upon this planet on whlc!! requirement is discipline, an artificial 
 
 we live. Once, long ago — thank God, product which would be readily acquir- 
 
 long agn'— thoce flag! stood opposed In ed by ^ood organization and a certain 
 
 deadly antagonism, and hatred ensued, amount of drill. 
 
 We have seen them entwined here and It would require no driving, or very 
 elsewhere to the delight of all who little, to get the martial (for it Is mar- 
 were wise, thoughtful and dlscrlniinat- tlal) male population of Canada to 
 Ing of either people. Long may our adopt a unlverpal military orgtnlza- 
 Irlendslilp last! But though that la tion. A tax upon all who ilo lun lire 
 my most earnest prayer, I am bouna a certain number of rounus at rlH* 
 b'' the love I bear to this country of practice, and thus prove themselves 
 niy adoption to enwure myself, and this efficient to defend the country, would 
 Canada of which I am an humble clti- do much, or else an exemption from 
 zen, against any wild and unexpected some genera, tax for those who do at- 
 attack from those who are now our tend. Again, if the law states that a 
 nearest and dearest friends. man should be a military ettlclent In 
 Canada, in case of attack upon her order to defend his country, it wnul 1 
 on the part of the United States, would be reasonable to allow the franchise tn 
 have to put forward her fullest those only who have acquired a oertltl- 
 strength until Great Britain and the cate of military efflcfency. Once the 
 sister colonies pushed their shields be- principle was established that universal 
 tween the unequal combatants, and lift- military service was the law of the 
 ed their spears to Join the war. I say land, there would be little difficulty in 
 that Canada would ha^ve to put for- oarrying the principle into I'ffect. 
 ward her fullest strength, and that The method of carrying out the d--- 
 means the whole manhood of her war- fense of our frontier la a different mat- 
 like race, ""'o half measures would do. ter. and to be treated separately. 
 The nunibr - which the United State*? 
 could rut into the field, backed by .i 
 courage and skill which is unsurpassed 
 by any other nation, would sweep over 
 the plains, and could only be checked 
 
 V. 
 
 THE DEFKNCE OF CANADA. 
 
 If there Is one ]■• 
 
 tlon of the British 
 by natural barriers which would give B;mplre Beyond n. Seas which rc- 
 our outnumberfd citizens a chance to (juires to be prcj xred for war, it is the 
 stem the tide. Dominion of Canada. The Austi alian 
 
 What could Canada do In the way Cominonwpr,lth and New Zealand ar>^ 
 of military defence? Her best and only so far away from any possible dange.- 
 protection against an unlikely and Im- ous enemy, that the adventure of an 
 probable, but still a possible attack, attack against them carries with It 
 would be universal military service, too many hazards to be undertaken 
 With a population of over 5,000,000. she unless the British fleet has first been 
 could doubtless at a stretch put ;IJ0,- destroyed. A combination of Powers 
 000 armed men Into the field; but as which gave a tempor ary supr ema cy on 
 her people are scattered over enor- the_Begfl,tj)., fiiir^n irri ilfck wouM " « tf F ^u^-~ 
 mous areas, it may be better to count 'fTrgjn^fitlfv tht* aeapatch of an InvaffT- 
 upon ?/M>,ft(>fl, or nne-seventeenth of Iiei'"!^!? host against lhe*ip distant Briti-'h 
 
K" 
 
 Hut It i# 
 
 oih?r\vl?e nny furttitr intllmlnorlfH thun a call to 
 iirmn. Siu-n all urganlzation would 
 nntuially bo a. i' rrllorlal on-, each 
 irruvlncL* iiflnif divitled into <11«trl*'t". 
 No bt'tter arniiiK* im-nt « nul<l bi- inntl- 
 (uted thun to inake these tht? ordinary 
 ficfturni distriitu; bi:l thi,"--e, where 
 ertulii that the I'nlted Suites lural, should be m imw d Inio Riajpa, 
 could, iinl woiilil, if she no deslnM it, over which, at all timer*. th*^i<' would 
 I lit nr army into the Held which Can- be the ne<e«("ary staff. This staff would 
 ada, 'inprejfited ;;» i^he If .it present, be reflpor.slbk' for, and carry out the 
 eouUi not legist at nny part of her ftnnu:il traiiilnsr and be a record ofHce 
 boundurle« b.-lween the ) treat Lakes nt* to the liashifleation of the diffsrent 
 
 l^ossefFionF, 
 with rana'la. The Navy of Great Urlt- 
 nln can give no protection, ami the 
 Army at the whole Kmpire would take 
 time to arruy It^eir for the defene*« of 
 tiiiiada should the Unit -d States of 
 America determine to invade our land. 
 It 
 
 arid the HoekicF. From tlie Creat 
 Lukes eastwaiii the line of ilefftHe Is 
 stroiiKer, and the pnpul:itlon theie is 
 so dens* that a waitiiiK lace mlKht bi? 
 louKht out aK.Hnjt fiUe. Similarly the 
 rapses of the Uockies. of tile Selkirk 
 nnd Coast ranK'.-s of mountain'* would 
 [resent militiiry positions whl-h < ould 
 be held by hundreds against thou- 
 sand!»- This resistance miBht [wsslbly 
 be permanently sutcesHful. Hut I ^eo 
 no means by whi<'h the result of on In- 
 vasion or I'anadtan dnnitnion lietween 
 the (Ireat Lakes and the Uoeky Moun- 
 tains can possibly be more than tem- 
 IxHarilv nirertte-J, until sueh time as 
 ; Id eonies from tliose parts of the Em- 
 lilie v.l.,i-h lie beyond tbt Atiantli- and 
 PadCc oceans. , 
 
 tlasses of Active, War and Home Mil- 
 itia, and have In charfte the arm^, am- 
 munition and aeioutrements for the 
 Oisiricts forming Ihc particular Kroup, 
 The tnobtlizatlon of the urban popu- 
 lations would be founded on the basis 
 of the present military, or rather Mil- 
 itia ortriinli'.ztion, but it would appear 
 advisable that the titles should fur- 
 nish the attlllery and ravali y, as aI»o 
 ''uch infantry as may be deemed to re- 
 lulre a more thorouffh drillinK than 
 :ouId be fjiv^n to the rural levies. The 
 artillery pi.rlicul*ly could be more 
 'horouphly t,\uKht in the eili.s where 
 (iuns and stores can be kept, and where 
 there would be more hijrhly ttalned nffl- 
 eers availnble. It Is in the rural dla- 
 
 triets wh( re we v.oubl count upon 
 may assure ourselves in case of farming that very valuable arm of the 
 that the Eastern fiiui Western service, the inotmted Infantry. The 
 ices ef Canada would be threat- Militia men of these agrlrultural por- 
 ngiy that all the available lions would mostly possess horses, they 
 !'re nearly all good riders, they ire 
 tLceustomed to the ride and gun, -^.nd 
 ihey would possess a thorough knowl- 
 edge ot the country in which operations 
 were canied on. It Is Impossible to 
 reckon too highly the importance of 
 il'is magnificent material. 
 
 Tht avrnngements necessary for car- 
 rying nut such an organization as that 
 irdlcn'ed Mould ol course taKe time to 
 rerfect, anu it would have to b-j Lupple- 
 inented by the establishment of stores 
 for arms and accoutrements: as also 
 by the ei-^ction of centra! and local 
 magaiznes for ammunition. At the 
 
 W'c 
 war. 
 yrovini 
 (.ned fi 
 
 foi<'fs belonging to those parts will be 
 li'ld for till Ir o« n defence, and that 
 a Cfiiire column would cross the prair- 
 ifs In order to seize the Canadian Paci- 
 fic and any other railways, thus cut- 
 ting lines of communication from Ea^t 
 \i< West. It is ditRcult, if not impossi- 
 lile, to see how, with the miliC.iry forces 
 at our dlspoi-al, ihe success of this i^lan 
 of a c-impaign can be averted. It will, 
 theivfore, be evident to even the hum- 
 blest of non-mllltury critics, that it is 
 imperatively necessary that the organ- 
 ization and provisions for deff n^ e of the 
 West should be independent nf the or- 
 
 Kanlzatlon and ,.ro>lslons t„r defence pVeBenttlmr: noneluch 'exlsi's, I bellevJ! 
 ot he I.a.t. I allude more particularly f„r ,he whole distance between the Pa^ 
 to th- maBa^ne,, arsenal, vv..,k»hop». ^m,, ooa.f and the Lakes. Thla 1, a 
 and ,t„re. npon which not oily the a,a,e uf nnpreparednes!. whioh can 
 preparatlona tor war but ai™ Us main- ,n,y be accounted tor by an absolute 
 tcnanco arc dependant. ,^„h ,„ ,be pacific intentiona of our 
 
 It would be well that Canada should friends and cousins across the line. It 
 at once e&tabli».h a military orgatiiza- Is true that these may be similarly un- 
 lion throughout every provlnfe. which rrepared, but then they can afford to 
 would allow the manhood of the coun- wait. Our population is relatively so 
 try to be put on a war footing without small, and our weakness is so great 
 
ihal we are inuih Ilkt- n lamb ftediriK 
 en or.'? pfde nt u <hulktMl line with n 
 linn rjamtn? on Ihe other. Tho lion 
 in th-' mopt pcHcptul of lions— but BtUl, 
 hf iR Ji li(Hi. 
 
 It Ic now time l<» Bummnrlzf what 
 the nrnirtl HtrenKlh of ("anadn mlffht 
 htfomt- If unlveisal BervU-e was intro- 
 ducMtl: 
 
 Uiitlah C'olutnbin. with a population 
 of nay l77.0fM(. will turn out Ifi.tlOO men, 
 of ulioni .1.000 could be mounttd In- 
 fantry. 
 
 Manitoba, with n p. ulalton '>f :;r»i.- 
 ci.O. (ould f»tM'I>ly l-.lKni men. of whom 
 v.OOU would bi- mounted. 
 
 New Brun.swirk, with 331,00<1 poi>uln- 
 tion, c-ould furnish :;r>,000— H.OOO of these 
 iiuiunted Infantry, 
 
 Nov. Sfotln. with 459.r00 ptipulatlon. 
 loulfl ruintj-h JT.iiun mt-n "f thes^ 4,iM)n 
 wuuld be mounted Infantry. 
 
 Prince Edwai'd I.^land. population 
 no.mio. could furnish 6.4<X) mt'ii. 
 
 f»ntHrlo, with a population of 2.1Si,- 
 !t47. liiiK^ht tU'i; out WHOIM). jind of Ehea^ 
 12.0*1) miffht be mounted. 
 
 Quebec, with hor l,«4!<.OilO tK)i.ulatlon. 
 could furrlr.h 100.000 and of thesi- >;,00« 
 iidght be mounted. 
 
 The Xorth-West Territories yt:\r. -i 
 population of l.">H.{i)0: she would no 
 doubt supply 't.OOO men. ;ivid of these as 
 many as 6,Wi would probably form iin 
 tncoiiip; ijrble mounted arm. 
 
 I do not think that this would be an 
 excessive number to count upon, if uni- 
 versal fiervice was put Into force. It 
 (fives an anned .strengrth of about id !,- 
 ()00 men. 
 
 We will now look at the existing 
 state of C;inadlan military afrnir.s. 
 
 Tlw- Permanent Military Force of 
 Canada consists at present of the fol- 
 lowing: 109 Uragroons. 60 Mount>^d 
 Rifles, 229 Field Anillerymen, with 12 
 fJTUns. S09 Garrison Artillery, 397 In- 
 fantry. 
 
 The Active Militia has the following 
 establishment: 2,876 Cavalry; H6 kup« 
 of Field Artnieo'. with 1,62X men; 2,21') 
 Garrison Artillery; 212 EnKlneera; 597 
 Mounted Rifles; 29.766 Infantry, Includ- 
 ing the Rocky Mountain RangerE. 
 
 Tho efficiency of the permanent fores 
 
 mnot be questioned, and It Is a proof 
 ■ 'f what could be done with the mater- 
 ial at the disposal of the country; but 
 when we come to look inio the effici- 
 ency of the Active Militia, we find that 
 the coAralry are unsuitable, aa shock 
 
 tactics urv unnuitftble to any body 
 which has* but a llmlterl tralidng. and 
 they would undoubtedly he l)etter util- 
 ized a* mounted infantry; that the field 
 urtlUery havt- no (tet^>nd line of waff- 
 ona, so absolutely e*«cnti:tl for field 
 Hervlce, and no magazines from which 
 to draw duji'iill •'.'«. ti» say nnthlng of the 
 pattern of thrlr guns; that the garrison 
 artillery have no iii<>dern ordnani.'e to 
 practice with to make them»*e!vea con- 
 veisint with their dulU'H; that the In- 
 fantry are never exercised In bodies 
 under the r district conimJinders. are 
 group:Hl without legard to their organ- 
 ization for war, are wanting In staff. 
 In moilern arms. In (fiulpment. In re- 
 t|ulrem"iits for ranvping. f.n- miTblllty, 
 for suriply. for ratlmilng— are In fact 
 un immobile, inert, wcll-nlgh unarmed 
 body, without every ej'nenti;!! which i« 
 known to he mcts-nary in support, feed 
 i'nd supply an army in the lleM. 
 
 Let me give one examide of thi** state 
 if uniirts'i'.'ediiesw. I h;i\e «:ild that 
 the line of advance which our supposeil 
 *;Kriy will most certainly take Ih that 
 striking uci-oss the prairies lo cut the 
 line of Lhe ("inadlun Pacific IJallway 
 a; ."ome pnlni between Winnipeg and 
 .Medicine Hal. The force to meet an 
 enemy consists of the Pnh Dlatrlet 
 <"niamand and consists u{ one tleld 
 battery one. company nf mount- 
 ed rilles. one battalion of in- 
 fantry, and one itearei- com- 
 pany. There is no organization for a 
 levy of any other portion of the Militia, 
 no statT which could call such an or- 
 gatdzation into existence, no arsenal 
 where arms could b^■ obt lined and ne- 
 cessary sto-res suplied in the emerffency. 
 no magazines from whl<h ammunition 
 lan be d''awn; and worst of all there 
 Is no supply base of any kind to the 
 West, so that the blow which destroyed 
 leslstance in the centre of our line, 
 would, for u timf, paralyze the West 
 also. Yet Manitoba ana the Xortli- 
 West Territories could, undtr universal 
 military service, put 21.000 men Into the 
 field, of which some 14,000 might be 
 mounted, a body of mobile sharpshoot- 
 ers who would so harass an invading 
 force of three times their number, aa to 
 seriously threaten the enemy's lines of 
 communication unles.s these were most 
 carefully and strongly guarded. The 
 difference between the present condi- 
 tion and that which might be, Is so 
 great that the most Indifferent mind 
 is bound to pauae before he accepts 
 
r 
 
 \Va 
 
 £8 10 
 S 10 
 1 U 
 
 the former bh hclnir elth *i nudlrtent 
 «• f»itl«fu(tor.v. 
 
 ▼I 
 
 The co#t of thf mulnt**nanc? of the 
 • -m;«< of the Cfmclnf nr of Kurop;- ! -v- 
 hfd under lann of uiilviTfal mil tarv 
 MTvUe In an under: 
 
 I'eire. 
 Oeriii'iny, copt per man..£'>t 
 FrRm* cost p*r num.... \9, 
 
 RuMtii rout per n>an .14 
 
 AurtrlH- Hungary, roitt 
 
 per man l^n i.'i fi 1 
 
 Italy, rout per mun 4-10 7 
 
 In thf> L'nitf'l KlnRiIom undpr th- 
 voluntary pystfin Ih** coHt, per man U 
 £123 and C49 i.>Hpe.tlv>ly. Taklm? Into 
 con»lilprjitl(in the bettiT claim of ra- 
 tions, the superior clothing, higher 
 rates of pay and pension enjoyed by 
 British troop?, the rost pt-r ir"*:. uiid-r 
 unlvfiwal milltuiy servU-f In nt>t likely 
 to fall to lefs than C7i» In peare and 
 £12 fn war, If It can te brought to as 
 low a point art thi«. If we assume siirh 
 a rate It muat Ix? undei-wtooil to b^ on** 
 an a minimum In any f-ilculatlon that 
 we may arrive at. 
 
 Should Canada adopt the pcheiiie of 
 unilverfial military j-ervlte In a prac- 
 tical form (not theoretically as «he doe.* 
 at present), her .SOO.Oud on a war foot- 
 ing would cost her at the rate of $8.) 
 per head, a sum of JlS.OfO.OOO per an- 
 num. Tills Is exactly one-third of her 
 revenue, and v »uld undoubtedly he a 
 •eveie strain upon her renources; yet It 
 would be lesB than the strain which the 
 United Kingdom haf; borre during the 
 period which h-^s elapsed .since the out- 
 break cf the Boer War. for fireat Rrl;- 
 aln with a revenue of eH4.(Wa.«'l) 
 expended In 1 1-2 years a purn of 
 million!*. We must also bear In .ii*nd 
 that the Tnlted Kingdom expends over 
 £23.000.000 upon her navy; the benefit 
 of these enormous forces is equally 
 Shared by Canada and the other pni- 
 tlon« of the Kmpire. 1 submit there- 
 fore tiiat the expenditure or a posalbl-' 
 gum of |]S ,00<).O00 or even double thit 
 amount liua war for our very existence 
 Is not too hli;h a price to pay in tTie 
 way cf Insurance. 
 
 W en we come to estimate the 
 Btre ath w^lch our forces should pos- 
 sess upon a peace footing, we should 
 flrst of all estimate the cost and per- 
 sonnel of the staff whloh Is to farry 
 out fihe organisation of this miiUtla 
 force, and spcondiv the cust of crrction 
 and maintenance of the arwenals, ma^- 
 
 rm 
 
 ;*z:ne'. Hlnres, imd barrarks throughout 
 ['.'■ I [ minimi. ! hope i make myself 
 «n ler mid In the matter. I iepe.it 
 thtt th" p-rpianent force, (hat 1" the 
 I'imv of I'anitda on n penre footing, 
 rhoutj he. and must be, thi' .-kelet^n 
 upt n w!il( h 1« to Me built up th- army 
 when call' d out on full war fnotlns 
 
 Tlie;e .=^;inuld hr :i central war office 
 at Ottawa, there should be head ijua-- 
 ters and staff at ea<h Provincial capi- 
 tal, and there should be a permanent 
 Ffiff ard if'S'H C.I the local centi>s 
 where the annual levies are asoembl*d 
 and drilled. The strenjfth of the ^taff« 
 .nd or the iiermareiit cmprt niuyf vary 
 In pvpfiition to rh:' poptilatlon of ih* 
 Province, and th'' material which Is to 
 be formed, whether Into artillery, tav- 
 elr>, mounted infantry or Infantry. In 
 ruch a rhort space rh I can be accord- 
 ed it would b" Idle for me to attempt 
 a detail 'd statement of such an o;- 
 KTn:zatl()i: as I have indicated above; 
 but w^ iin example and a practical 11- 
 lustriitlon I would say as reffirdf* Van- 
 couver, with a population of ii^,Oiift, this 
 (lly would Fupply 1.500 men on a war 
 footing, ('f these .>iV) wo'j..' be l^ th-' 
 active class, 500 In the wa class, an 1 
 450 In the home class. The 5.'>0 on th- 
 ncllve li.'t would in my opinion be b».'t^ 
 formed Into three field b w t t w ll m iv an-l * 
 a corps of mounted infantry, whl-tli 
 field hnttallnnti with guns and equlp- 
 ttient complete would be inainlalned 
 here, as also the miagazlne npces.sary 
 for the reserve ammunition lur the 
 whole Mainland. The rio-unted infan- 
 try would be nn escort for the gun« 
 ivlT^n ordered Into the field. At Vic- 
 toria, which his a population of 31.000 
 .-ouls, there would be abmit '30 on the 
 first or im tive Il^t. 00 on ihe war an 1 
 :i.")0 on the home category. These 450"' 
 men of the active list would seemingly 
 be best utill*^ed as garrison artillery to 
 man tne guns at F'.?quimaU and garri- 
 son the works at that pl'ice. The towni 
 of Rossland and New Westminister 
 would apparently also be suita.bl^ 
 pla<'es for the orgjn'saiion. drill, and 
 storage of artillery, while those con- 
 stituencies where t'le population Is 
 more widely scattered would be b?st 
 suitable for mounted infantry and rtfle 
 regiments. 
 
 ORGANISATION FOR DEFENCE OF 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 I have dealt wMh the probable co-it 
 
 to Canada, should her forces of oOU,'l''i> 
 
 ■be placed upon a war footing, but 1 
 
ughout 
 my Heir 
 If peat 
 I- ihf 
 L>otlnK. 
 tflettn 
 ' liimy 
 tins. 
 
 havt" tlpluyed to ih'' e:i(l Wfnrt' iloillng 
 u-i(h the rout \vht<h nraftlrnl untvei-M»l 
 mllltfiiy jifrvlce. h r*or(r-inlii;itlnri of 
 hor mlHi'a forreii and the nere»«ary 
 prepnrailoi.ft for war would fntalL Tne 
 r*or(fnniitHtlon of the personnel and i*h- 
 perlalty (vf th» staff of her nrmy would 
 have li> be very thorouRh, l>irt fm- nw»»l 
 fxpfnj»ive duty which would befall, 
 would hr the prectton of nnffazlne.", ^.^- 
 #^naln. j-ttirfii find perhiipn b:irrni'ks. 
 Panada muiit i.iak • up her mind to 
 cniTy out these nwenaary works. The 
 Minister of Militia h:.s alreM^v int'- 
 inateil that the mllitl:i will be reartned 
 and Titles manufactured within th'i l>o- 
 mtnlon: but thtre must be nrsenc^' roi 
 a complete ><i:pplv of ariiis und stor' m 
 within renrh nf the forces when crill-'d 
 out. if not 111 e;ich Frovlnie. yet 10 
 plat't'd thiU the dla rlbntlon can be 
 made within (fhort no ce. Lai-Re maK;t- 
 zlneK for- ffun and ride ammunltlnn 
 and foi- explosive* must also be built, 
 rncl these Phoutd be pl;ic^d where th-y 
 cannot lie readily reached by an in- 
 vndtnir army; smaller m igazlnes must 
 be maintained in all dlRtrlcts. The 
 Inrifer inasazlr.e** iind araenals mu..t be 
 connected by rail with the different 
 railway Hnes, The Western Province:-. 
 mu?t have their implies Intact, and 
 Independent cf th( . In the Eaxt. Th'- 
 artillery Runa, stores, and ammunition 
 must be of the latest pattern and "uT- 
 flclent in amount for IS months expen- 
 diture. Harn«>i*, saddlery, clothing and 
 accoutrements will also have to be fur- 
 nished, and the essential necessaries 
 connected with th- hospital and co;n- 
 mltaarlat departments are Important 
 factors to be provided for. A skeleton 
 organisation capaible of g'reat and liM» 
 f<^d-='n expansion has also to be provld-'d 
 t.'i the transport and remount 
 branches of the service. 
 
 It will thus be manifest that the 
 calls upon the Oovernment of Canada 
 to provide for a possible war. and to 
 be prepared in e^very way to meet auch 
 a calaiulty are of a most onerous na- 
 ture. They represent an initial expen- 
 diture^ Gi large amount, and it would 
 be well that the taxpayers should pre- 
 pare himeelf to bear a burden on this 
 account, somewhat anelofrous to what 
 the people of the iTnlted Kingdom have 
 to bear. It would be folly to attempt 
 to Impose an addition of one-fifth to 
 the present taxation, but It iB an equ;]il 
 folly, indeed it is a worae foUy, to con- 
 
 tinue on the linm of the poj^t and th-' 
 ITcent ndlltury nymem. 
 
 A thorough and ;'ompl>'te ortfanliia- 
 tlon of the military forc.M vt Cmndi 
 l>:(Bed uiK>n compulsory mllit:iry servli' • 
 wnuld re(|ulre not only > pernianent 
 w.ir ofllic KtafT. but iilf'o Ji iwrmnne'it 
 staff at thf hi- idquartcrs of the dlffer- 
 
 •it Province", For sume years to c«»me 
 Hn(.' until the military »ystem ip- 
 proarh'd complellon, the full stren/th 
 of ihese oHlrrs would nut bi' ntieimary. 
 but w'her» ihf wholf manh lO 1 of th* 
 Tlominlon w;ii on the arnieil strengtii 
 we might exi'ect to .^ee HUch entaWUl.- 
 nients as the followinK: 
 
 WAR orFIl'E STAFP. 
 
 The (tcneral CommiLding and Htr^ff. 
 
 The Adjutunt-Oeneral, Staff and 
 ("ifflc.-. 
 
 The yuarterniiister-r.vneral, StaH 
 and Oilice. 
 
 The Inspector-deneral of Drdnniice 
 aiid Magasslneii, Staff and Office. 
 
 The t'ommisi-ary Oenernl. Staff and 
 Office. 
 
 The 9urR-eon-(ieneral. Staff and of- 
 ilne. 
 
 The General of Transport and Army 
 Kemounts. Stjff and (Office. 
 
 The Insppctor-Oeneral of Artillery 
 and Mounted Servicia and Office. 
 
 The Auditor and Accountant-General. 
 Staff and Office. 
 
 The Judge Advocate-General. St tfT 
 and Office. 
 
 HEADQUARTERS STAFF OF 
 PROVINl'ES. 
 
 The Officer Commanding and Staff. 
 
 The Assistant Adjutant-General and 
 Assistant Quartermaster-General and 
 Office. (These two offlcea would at 
 first be combined.) 
 
 The Officer Commanding Royal Ar- 
 tillery. 
 
 The Officer In Charge Commilssariat 
 and Tranepo*-t an-d Office. 
 
 The Assistant Auditor and Account- 
 ant-General and Ofllce. 
 
 In 1900 the sunii of $1,860,000 only was 
 voted by the Parliam»nt of Canada for 
 the maintenance of the i>oniiinilon 
 Forces: It Is manifest that siich a 9um 
 
 , 
 
iR tntnlly lniul«>quat4> for all practli'al 
 )>urp<*«eii of defence — -but the fivut wvll 
 t>f th** prfMfnt iMf-i'ulliHl nilUtury v/iit^^i 
 In thut thU vote lan l>« utIUietl loi- 
 polltUat |>ur|HMit*ii cm\y, at the abnolutf 
 ■dlMtTetlon ut th« Mtnlmer of Militia. 
 Th^ handii (»f the i^en^ral Commanding 
 are tt> all Intent* and pur|M»4«H. t1f*<l, 
 even In BUi'h iiiutterii tin dlH'luline 
 ami the I'ftlc'lept'y of the o(tl- 
 (■em iif tht" forcPH. The pow« r* of 
 the KxtH'utlve (_)ffli>eni wlil have to b* 
 tieiiily (leflnt'd, ik> that thfre nt-eil b-* 
 none nf thtwe lamentable dlRcuMloiiji 
 whli'h have miii'ked the pa*t rslatlo.T; 
 of thf Civil .ind Military ihl.'f«. Th*> 
 military fori-e:« munt hitve no relation" 
 with polllU-al prtrtlen. and there mum 
 bf no paynienl of politloal nuppirt by 
 promotion and appolnttnentR In th<^ 
 aniiv. 
 
 An loHK* iifi the Oenernl OommHndlnR 
 the MllltliL \h an offli'er of the Imperial 
 Army, there will be a tendeney to pat- 
 roiitiK*-' belnsr exei-fl»ed by the Mlnlstei- 
 of Militia hlmcelf. WTien the General 
 Commanding and the Ottawa War Of- 
 fice offlfialB are men of the country. 
 thlRKu will Roon right theiiiBelveii, bo 
 the sooner the government of the army 
 Is tiiken over by Canada herself, the 
 iM^tter It will be for the etflrlency *ft 
 the Foi-ceH. It in Idle to nay that there 
 are no nlHcers of atlllty and knowl- 
 edge suftU'lent to perform the duties 
 in a perfc-iUly satUfactory mannei. 
 
 It has been shown that the Unlt?d 
 Klnrfdimi provides about one-fifth of 
 Its revi ;iue for the Land ForceH only, 
 quite Indfpondent of the sum she ex- 
 pends upon Cie Navy. Canada mig^it 
 i-easonably commence by (tettlug apart 
 a sum of 8.1 y one- tenth her revi^nuw 
 for her miUtiry service*. Thin would 
 amount to $."i,oon,a)o, and would serve 
 as a fund on w lilch to buUd up the 
 skeleton of her future organization. It 
 would, however, be necessary to Initi- 
 ate a programme w'hlch would allow 
 of an annual increase In thl* Item of 
 her public expenliture until the total 
 sum necessary for the completion of 
 the programme Is reached. Her first 
 re<iulreni"ntK are a supply of guns, 
 rifles, ammtinltion and stores. With 
 these the pressent unorganized citizens 
 could maJie some show of a defence — 
 without theHe and without organiza- 
 tion, the country la as nelpless as e. 
 sulltid ox. 
 
 We have seen how the natlonn of 
 Europe, with little exception, have 
 
 baited our country duiinc the ftouth 
 African War. Fortunately they rear»d 
 to t lose with ttM Empire In fight, but 
 other dayit and other reaaons nilftit 
 hearten up our enemlea to attempt 
 what they lately would not dare. Tto-* 
 United Klngdmn might have t<> uae h-ir 
 every mni) and every ahlp In defence 
 of her own whore*. At mich a moment 
 how would Canada be able to deal with 
 an ent.ny? Hhe has ahores to defend 
 against a hostile fleet, and muiiiy port* 
 whicfh could be aelaed and laid under 
 contribution. When the Brltioh fleet la 
 called off, the struggle to malntnln her 
 land inviolate will fall entirely upon 
 Che LAnd Fo>rces. Let us beware lest 
 any enemy believe that » Jch an at- 
 venture ua the seizure of our jwrta 1* 
 an easy thing. The silly tttatem'^'nt 
 whl'h Is gi^en out that <'anada i)0<(- 
 MesM>ss a HcMerve of Militia o>f 1,000,000, 
 U of no more value than were the 
 painted w.xxlen guns on Chinese forti- 
 ficrtllons. The armed nations of the 
 world know to a gun and a man what 
 the mllllary strength of every country 
 Is, and our unpreparedness and our 
 weakness are well gauged and p..Mfect- 
 ly understood. We can, however, now 
 satisfy ourselves that the world has 
 learned what the stublmrn courage an'l 
 ■ fldierllke capacity of th* Canadian 
 siddler are, and once we take up the 
 matter of armament and reorganiza- 
 tion, we may rest assured that respect 
 for the Dominion of Canada will grow 
 more ami more, giving weight and em- 
 phasin to what our diplomatists may 
 urge. 
 
 The present is a most excellent time 
 to Inaugurate such a change as in ne- 
 cessary In our military system. There 
 are many offlceri* who have served with 
 marked ability during the war in South 
 Afrii-a, and 'have that experience no 
 necessary for the matter in hand. 
 These otllcers are in the prim? of man- 
 hood and full of zeal and energy. Wc 
 may expect that they will closely 
 strdy the details of the organization 
 of the particular service that will fall 
 under their charge, and they will take 
 .1 particular pride In building up the 
 solid edifice on which will stand the 
 safety of their country and i>eople. It 
 is quite lmpo8Sll>le that the state of 
 dependence of Cana?-i upon the Pie*-, 
 and Army, and also up"'n the resc-jrces 
 of the Mother Country csn i*ontinue 
 mu<'h longer. Canada Is bound to pre- 
 pare hei-Mrir for maintaining her claim 
 
 n 
 
to be a "nutlun." No ttei>pl>> run Juatly 
 • ItLlm riK'h u tttlc uniMM thfy can 
 maintain or hot>t> to miiliitiiln th<-lr Itt- 
 tl)>lM>nilpnf** lurulnKt hontlle attack. A 
 ■nation" aluo ntunt Ih- tn a iMHittlon to 
 nppiMMt fon-H to forri'. If htT tnlert-nt* 
 tir thn lnteiv«ti« of h'-r pfopl" .tfi* 
 thri'att-nvil. Cunatla In th**'- nimtem i* 
 aljiioluti'ly and li«»I[>lfiwlv tl«<pfnd»*nt 
 upon thr powtT of thf Mother Toun- 
 iry. \Vi> Hhould lM>ar In miliKl th« out- 
 . ry Hgalnut tiii* Hay of FHimly P*li*hei y 
 ArhrtratUm. and ihf dllflculty ►'Xp»*ri- 
 '■incrt In the Pwhrlnic H^a Arbitration 
 Hhe muitt "f*" that (|UPi«tlonii ifiiiirlf 
 dtllfat* yt't tlrn ha;vdH'iir ni** alw" * 
 ; tropplnir up. which In Uttlf or no ^v 
 i directly affect the IntPFfHtJ" of thp i . ^t 
 \of the Kmpliv. It In tht-rt-fitn- rniiwon- 
 >iM.' to fxpfct thil w.' RhmiM In- pr*-- 
 
 pai-Ml to nuiifrt our rlifhta, with iioint* \ 
 hope that the ple^ of mir hi-iiikMnt-aii 
 Hill not hurry [h« d*n-ti»lu!i of a imm*1- 
 blf hoatllc [Hitple aitalniit um In tht* firat 
 inomenta of |H»pular clanior. Wh«t 
 nacrin fn uiv rnad** by other cmintr1««, 
 i>ut h KHirlrt* fo arc Wf prepare*! to 
 make. The gTowih of bhln liomlnlon In 
 [Hipulutlon, (•i>intiH'rre. wt'iilth. and In 
 the pride of race. warrantH u» In pre- / 
 parlntr for n great future. If the In- / 
 tereHiM i»f thU louiitry and the lnter«ifta / 
 »r the HrltUh KmpIre denmnd that we/ 
 tic)ul(i htiir a greater burden In defeneej 
 .,f thew Interi'HtN nnd rljfhtH. It mayl 
 be arcepteil that the (teople at lar^el 
 will cheerfully annwer the <nll of thoa«l 
 who have the honor of the Dominion' 
 tn their rharite.